"21 to 35" WHAT THE DRAFT AND ARMY TRAINING MEAN TO YOU By William H. Baumer, Jr. and Sidney F. Giffin Instructors at the United States Military Academy West Point New York: 1940 PRENTICE-HALL Copyright, 1940, by PRENTICE-HALL, INC. 70 Fifth Avenue, New York all rights reserved. no part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means. without permission in writing from the publishers. Printed tn the United States of America B55.2 832t Preface This book is in no sense an official government publication, although much of the data contained herein has been taken directly from official government pamphlets. When it became obvious that some sort of Selective Service Act would shortly become law, the authors felt that a definite public need might be met by an explanation of that Selective Service Act and its application. Further, an explanation of the United States Army and the obligations and opportunities of the trainees in the service seemed in order. This book attempts to cover that ground. It is factual, for the most part: there are subjects presented upon which the War Department has made no final decisions and upon which the authors have attempted to indicate the probable procedure as deduced from army experience and doctrine. The authors wish to make grateful acknowledgment of their indebtedness to help obtained from personnel of the War Department and of the Joint Army and Navy Selective Service Committee, for information received from Army Regulations and from The Army of the United States, published by the Government Printing Office, 1940, and for the editorial assistance of Alice Brough Baumer. William H. Baumer, Jr. Sidney F. Giffin West Point Contents PART L�THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM PAGE Chapter I. Selective Service�The System......................... 1 Purpose of the Selective Service System............................. 1 Scope and meaning of the Selective Service Act....................... 2 National organization of the system............................... 2 State organization of the system................................... 2 Local boards .................................................. 3 Boards of appeal............................................... 3 Registration .................................................. 4 Classification as to availability for service........................... 5 Selection and induction......................................... 5 Application of the system to war.................................. 6 Chapter II. Classification and Selection.......................... 7 Man power requirements of the Navy and the Marines................ 7 Classification requirements itemized................................ 7 Class I and its subclasses�available for service....................... 8 Class II and its subclasses�deferred for occupational reasons........... 8 Class III and its subclasses�deferred because of dependents............ 8 Class IV and its subclasses�miscellaneous deferments................. 8 Appeal from classification by local board........................... 13 Appeal to the President ......................................... 14 Selection and induction ........................................ 15 PART II. THE ARMY Chapter III. The Army�Organization........................... 16 Function of the Army.......................................... 16 Command and staff elements of the Army.......................... 16 Component parts of the National Army............................ 17 The arms and the services. . ..................................... 17 Composition of army units ...................................... 18 Composition of the triangular division............................. 19 Composition of the rifle company................................. 20 Chapter IV. The Army�The Arms............................... 21 The Infantry................................................. 21 The Cavalry .................................................. 23 The Field Artillery............................................. 24 The Coast Artillery Corps....................................... 25 The Air Corps ................................................ 27 The Corps of Engineers......................................... 28 The Signal Corps .............................................. 29 The Armored Corps............................................ 31 v CONTENTS PAGE Chapter V. The Army�The Services............................. 32 Purpose of the services.......................................... 32 The Adjutant General's Department .............................. 32 The Inspector General's Department .............................. 33 The Judge Advocate General's Department......................... 34 The Quartermaster Corps ....................................... 34 The Finance Department........................................ 35 The Medical Department........................................ 36 The Ordnance Department...................................... 37 The Chemical Warfare Service ................................... 37 The Corps of Chaplains......................................... 38 Military Intelligence ............................................ 38 PART III. YOUR ARMY SERVICE Chapter VI. Your First Days in the Army......................... 40 Size of the Army under Selective Service............................ 40 First induction of Selective Service men............................. 42 Subsequent induction of Selective Service men....................... 42 After registration, certain men will be notified of their selection for active duty with the Army.................................... 43 Articles of War under which all Selective Service men are legally bound after signing Form 150 ................................. 44 Movement of men to reception centers at various posts and stations...... 47 Entraining ................................................... 47 Appointment of leaders and assistants.............................. 47 Papers to be taken from local boards to reception centers.............. 48 Location of reception centers..................................... 48 Arrival at the reception center................................... 49 Checking station............................................... 49 Intelligence tests and ratings..................................... 51 Mess�eating in the Army for the first time.......................... 53 Interviewing and its purposes.................................... 54 Physical examination and groupings according to fitness............... 54 Special Training Battalion Clearing Board for unusual cases............. 55 Fingerprinting and clothing supply................................ 56 Records ...................................................... 56 Vaccinations .................................................. 56 Last steps in the four-day reception center period..................... 56 Requisition and assignment of Selective Service trainees................ 57 Special training battalion and its functions.......................... 57 Oath of enlistment for the Regular Army........................... 58 Occupational classification after interviewing ....................... 58 Army seeking occupational as well as military specialists............... 58 Ratings of occupational specialists as journeymen and apprentices....... 58 Card entries for inducted man's qualifications........................ 61 Birthplace of parents and self................................ 61 Name, race, and other information............................ 61 Schooling ................................................. 62 CONTENTS vii PAGE Conversational abilities in foreign languages.................... 62 Other pertinent information, marital status..................... 62 Civilian occupations ........................................ 62 Main occupation�one most desired to work at............... 63 Name of firm for whom worked........................... 63 Leadership abilities ......................................... 65 Previous military experience ................................. 65 Classification as occupational specialist or as a combat soldier............ 66 Numbering and tabbing of your qualification card on basis of interview and classification....................................... 66 Interview and classification ...................................... 66 Table showing requirement rates of military and occupational specialists for various branches of the Army......................... 67 Table showing requirement rates of occupational specialists per 1,000 men in the Army .......................................... 76 Estimated occurrence rates in the corps areas......................... 76 Table showing occupational specialists not listed above and the branch of service they are probably best fitted for..................... 79 Chapter VII. Life at the Unit Training Center................... 93 Movements from reception centers................................ 93 To Regular Army units..................................... 93 To Regular Army Inactive units (newly created) ................ 93 To National Guard units called into service..................... 93 To overseas replacement depot................................ 93 To enlisted replacement center ............................... 93 Recruit training to be of 13 weeks duration.......................... 96 Unit training (recruit training) variations.......................... 97 Selective Service trainees taught seven fundamental requirements of a soldier ............................................... 98 Understanding basic rules under which he lives, plus elementary training. . 98 Discipline ................................................ 98 Military courtesy........................................... 99 Hygiene and first aid ....................................... 100 Articles of War and army and post regulations................... 101 Pay and allowances and furloughs............................. 102 Close order drill, mainly for individual......................... 104 Interior guard duty�general and special orders.................. 106 Morale ................................................... 107 First week of training for a machine gun unit........................ 108 Proper care and maintenance of arms, weapons, and equipment in the field ................................................. 109 Proper physical condition for field service........................... 110 Skill in the use of the weapon with which he is armed or serves (instruction) ............................................ 110 Seventh week of training for a machine gun unit..................... 111 Understanding effects of weapons and characteristics of toxic chemicals, projectiles, and the means of gas defense..................... 112 CONTENTS PAGE Understanding terrain forms, cover and concealment, and representation of terrain forms on maps.................................. 114 Practice in the duties of the individual soldier on the march (foot or motor), in shelter, and in combat................................ 116 Close and extended order drill for the squad and platoon............... 116 Whistle and arm signals......................................... 117 Night training ................................................ 118 Duties of a scout............................................... 118 Explanation of divisions of requirements into disciplinary and basic, technical, and tactical training............................... 119 Battalion and higher tactical training from tenth week onward.......... 120 Chapter VIII. Life at the Replacement Center, and Subsequent Schooling ........................................... 121 About 20 per cent of total trainees will go to replacement centers on first induction and selection.............................. 121 Training for occupational specialists and chosen leaders................ 121 Numbers of specialists required in each branch....................... 121 Types of specialists�usual and unusual............................ 121 Qualifications for unusual specialists............................... 121 Their military training...................................... 122 Their schooling in both army and civilian schools................. 122 Outstanding leaders ............................................ 124 Their military training...................................... 124 Their schooling ........................................... 124 Movements of all men in the enlisted replacement centers out to old and new organizations ..................................... 125 Use of enlisted replacement centers after first induction of Selective Service men not only for occupational specialists, but for unit training (recruit training) of the men as well . .................... 125 Chapter IX. Your Opportunities in the Army..................... 127 Transferring from one unit to another.............................. 127 Occupational specialists will increase their knowledge.................. 127 Health ....................................................... 128 Leadership training ............................................ 128 Normal opportunities for promotion .............................. 128 Little or no opportunity to gain offiicer's commission.................. 129 May fulfill qualifications for Reserve commission..................... 129 Little opportunity for travel..................................... 129 General Leonard Wood on preparedness training...................... 130 Appendix ........................................................ 131 Registration card .............................................. 131 Registration certificate.......................................... 132 Questionnaire ................................................. 133 ********************** Part I THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM ********************** CHAPTER I Selective Service�The System THE conscription of our man power, which was fantasy before the peace of Munich, is fact after the Battle of France. Some 16,500,000 United States males are liable to immediate military service, and more millions will become so liable during the next five years. Several millions will see active service, enduring a change in their habits and conditions of living which must press its mark upon the whole character of our country. What is Selective Service? What is its purpose? What steps has a democratic country taken to guard its democracy in compelling military service? A mobilization of man power which took men regardless of the individual factors involved would not be selective; it would disturb the internal life of the nation. The purpose of the Selective Service Act of 1940 is to mobilize the fighting man power of the United States with a minimum of disturbance to the economic, political, and social balance of the nation. In essence, the act says that the President is authorized to register all male residents of the United States over twenty-one years of age and under thirty-six. He is authorized to require one year of military service during peacetime (and until the act expires in May 1945) of all such registrants. If Congress declares a national emergency to exist, the period of service can automatically be extended to cover the duration of the emergency. In peacetime, 900,000 men per year may be selected for military service, so that a maximum of 4,500,000 men may receive training during the life of the act. No man selected for induction into the military service can avoid service by paying a bounty or l 2 SELECTIVE SERVICE�THE SYSTEM by finding a substitute, nor can he purchase a discharge from the military service. Men selected under the act can be required to serve only in the United States and its possessions, including the Philippines. When his active service has been completed, each man becomes a member of the organized reserves, liable to emergency call for ten years or until he is forty-five. Each man retains his right to vote, subject to the laws of his state. The act protects the interests of selected men by guaranteeing their return to permanent employment, as follows: reemployment by the federal government is mandatory; reemployment by state governments is urged; reemployment by private employers is mandatory unless the private employer's circumstances have so changed as to make it impossible or unreasonable to restore the returning trainee to his old position or a similar position. Returning trainees not rehired can appeal to the federal district courts and receive the free services of federal attorneys. In each case, the returning trainee must apply for reemployment within forty days after his period of service is terminated. By invoking the soldiers and sailors civil relief act of 1918, the act of 1940 extends the following benefits to selected men: trainees' wives and children are guarded against eviction from homes for which the rent is less than $50 per month; the real and personal property of trainees�mortgaged or purchased on the installment plan prior to their service�can be repossessed only by court action. If the trainee's military service prevents him from meeting payments on, for example, an automobile purchased before his induction into the military service, courts can stay the matter until after his service is completed. The act provides stiff penalties for men who evade registration or falsify statements required for their registration and classification. The act further empowers the President to prescribe the regulations under which it is to be administered; out of this clause grows the Selective Service System. Simplicity of organization, decentralization of authority, and civil rather than military control are the main characteristics of the system selected. The President appoints a Director of Selective Service who is charged with the execution of the act. His headquarters are in Washington, and he is responsible only to the President. The Senate confirms his appointment. In each state the governor is responsible for execution of the act. The SELECTIVE SERVICE�THE SYSTEM 3 governor designates a State Executive for Selective Service and sets up an office of record called State Headquarters for Selective Service, the federal government paying the bill. This is the central organization within the state. The governor divides the state into local board areas�the vital parts of the whole country-wide system. Some 6,500 such areas are required to cover the nation. The local boards are made up of three members each. These members must be male citizens of the locality, over thirty-five years of age, and civilians. They are reputable, responsible men, familiar with local conditions. Their service is voluntary and without pay. In administering the Selective Service Act they have full jurisdiction within their area, subject, of course, to appeal. Members of the local board cannot act in the cases of registrants who are closely related to them by blood or in the cases of employees or employers. Each local board has the services of an examining physician and of a government appeal agent, both appointed by the President on recommendation of the governor. The government appeal agent serves in an advisory capacity, protecting the interests of the government. The state is further divided into Board of Appeal areas, each including appellate jurisdiction over about twenty local board areas. The Board of Appeal has five members whose qualifications for office are the same as those for the local board members and who are appointed in the same way. Board of Appeal members may include one doctor, one lawyer, one member from industry, one member from labor, and, if practicable, one member from agriculture. The Board of Appeal can, on appeal, review and change decisions of local boards in its area. If a registrant wishes, he has the further privilege of appeal to the President. The governor appoints an advisory board and medical advisory boards. The advisory board is normally made up of three lawyers whose duties require them to assist registrants in preparing questionnaires and claims. Medical advisory boards assist local boards in determining the physical qualifications of registrants. The registrant nowhere pays for any service. Legal advice is free to him by the advisory board. He pays nothing for the preparation of claims or appeals. He pays nothing for physical examination. 4 SELECTIVE SERVICE�THE SYSTEM The operation of the Selective Service System involves the following processes: registration, classification, selection, and induction. Registration is a special census, an inventory of our male citizens of military age. Classification is the process by which the local boards determine the relative availability of registrants for military service. Selection is the process of choosing men for active service from among those classified as available. Induction is the process by which the selected registrant changes from civilian to military status. Registration, like voting, involves an appearance on an appointed day (October 16 for 1940) at local polling places. Annual registrations are contemplated for the purpose of registering men coming of age during each year. The cards there filled out (see Appendix) remain in the office of the local board. This registration has no other purpose than to place in the hands of the local board the names and addresses of all local men subject to the provisions of the act. Provision is made for men absent from their own areas. Each man on registering is furnished a registration certificate (see Appendix), his proof that he has registered. He receives, in addition, a bulletin of information explaining his rights and privileges under the act and his duties as a registrant. The registration card has spaces provided for "Serial Number" and "Order Number." These spaces are filled in by the local board. When registration in its area has been completed, the local board mixes registration cards at random and places a serial number on each card, the numbers running from 1 to the number indicating the total registration of the area. Serial numbers are posted at the local board offices. Order numbers are determined by means of a lottery conducted in Washington. Numbers equal to the highest total registration in any local board area are placed in a bowl and drawn therefrom in a public ceremony. This drawing supplies the order number of each registrant. If the first number drawn from the receptacle is 258, local boards throughout the country write the number 1 in the space provided for order number on the registration cards carrying serial number 258. If the tenth number drawn is 1, each registrant whose serial number is 1 receives order number 10. Order numbers are posted at the local board offices. SELECTIVE SERVICE�THE SYSTEM 5 The order numbers on the registration cards determine the order in which registrants receive questionnaires. Chance has dictated, first, the registrant's serial number, and, second, his order number. The process of registration is completed with the assignment of order numbers. Classification of registrants is the next step. Each registrant, as his turn comes, receives a questionnaire (see Appendix). The local board classifies each registrant's availability for active service on the basis of information received in this questionnaire, placing him tentatively in one of four general classes. Class I consists of those available for immediate service. Class II consists of those whose service is deferred, or postponed, because of the importance of their services to the nation. Class III consists of those whose service is deferred because of their obligations to dependents. Class IV is a miscellaneous classification consisting of registrants deferred by law and of registrants whose service would not be to the interest of the government. Classification will be a continuing process, since changes in an individual's status may cause the local board to move him from one class to another. After initial classification, however, state totals of Class I registrants are forwarded to headquarters in Washington, where state quotas are assigned. The state then assigns a quota to each local board area. Quotas are assigned on the basis of the number of Class I registrants in the nation, in the state, and in each local board area. After receiving its quota, the local board begins the process of selection, calling the number of men required according to their order numbers. If thirty men are required, the local board calls the men whose order numbers run from 1 to 30, inclusive, except that it may select first those registrants who have volunteered for selective service. Each registrant called for service is again physically examined, this time by the military authorities. He may at this point be either accepted or rejected. If he is rejected, his local board area has not completed its quota and must call the next Class I registrant by order number. Local board areas receive credit against their quotas for the number of men in the area already in the active military service of the United States. When a registrant is selected for service, he is formally inducted into the military service by his local board, and he changes from civilian to military 6 SELECTIVE SERVICE�THE SYSTEM status. At this point the local board is no longer concerned with him. Until the registrant reports at the reception center he has had no contact with the military authorities. All his dealings have been with the civilian members of the local board, the medical examiner, the government appeal agent, or an advisory board. Now and henceforth he must look to the military authorities. If War Comes Both the Selective Service Act and the system are based on our World War experience of selective service, when about 30,000,000 men were registered, about 17,000,000 classified, and about 3,000,000 inducted under a plan in many respects identical to the present one. The functioning of that plan is considered by experts a model for personnel procurement in time of war. Should the emergency of troubled peace become the emergency of actual war, it is to be expected that the system as embodied in the present law and regulations will be substantially continued. Age limits may be changed. Deferments may be placed on a different basis. But the United States will be committed to a system which attempts, with as little economic disturbance as possible, to distribute the procurement of man power impartially throughout the country. CHAPTER II Classification and Selection BY FAR the greater percentage of men selected for service will receive military rather than naval training. The Navy requires fewer men than the Army. Even with our naval expansion program well under way, voluntary enlistments provide the Navy today with a waiting list of applicants whose induction is delayed until they can be accommodated at naval training stations (the bottlenecks of this service, already filled to capacity). The Navy prefers volunteers: it feels that one-year trainees could not be sufficiently schooled for service aboard modern fighting vessels.1 The Marine Corps requires few men and can depend on volunteer enlistments. Most of the men selected for service from the vast panel of registrants will come from the lower half of the age list, although nothing in the act itself or in the system by which it is administered states that this is so. A consideration of the classification system indicates, however, that the qualifications for Class I registrants will be met most frequently by younger men, and it is from Class I registrants that trainees will be chosen. Indications are that the Army will take 400,000 trainees in 1940, most of whom will be single men, and thereafter only 800,000 men each year, rather than the 900,000 men the law allows. Classification has two phases. The local board classifies its registrants, in the first phase, from an inspection of the questionnaires, plus whatever other information or evidence it wishes to use. This classification is preliminary and tentative. In the second phase, registrants in Class I are examined physically and retained in Class I or moved to Class IV as a result of this examination. Classifications are continuing rather than final. A registrant now physically fit and in Class I may at some future time be incapacitated and hence rendered ineligible for active service. He would be moved to Class IV. A registrant in 1 Statements regarding the Navy's man-power needs are taken from the testimony of Rear Admiral C. W. Nimitz before the Senate Committee on Military Affairs, July 1940. 7 8 CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION Class IV because of physical incapacities might have those defects corrected, becoming eligible for Class I. Deferments are based on various grounds, but selection and induction into active service is contingent basically upon physical fitness. Class I consists of registrants available for service. Class II consists of registrants deferred because they are necessary in civilian occupations. Class III consists of registrants deferred because of dependent relatives. Class IV consists of registrants deferred by law or because they are obviously unfit for military service. These four main classes are further subdivided as shown below, Class I-A being considered the highest qualification, and Class IV-E the lowest. Both the subclasses and the qualifications indicated in this chapter are tentative. College students deferred from service until July 1, 1941, may, for example, be listed in an additional subclass. Present indications are that local boards will be instructed to exercise both sympathy and liberality in judging the deferment claims of registrants. CLASS I Class I-A: available; fit for general military service. Class I-B: available; fit only for limited military service. Class I-C: member of land or naval forces of United States. CLASS II Class II-A: necessary man in essential business. Class II-B: necessary man in nonessential business. Class II-C: necessary federal, state, county, municipal employee; necessary federal or state inferior officer. Class II-D: elected county or municipal officer. CLASS III Class III-A: man with dependent wife or child. Class III-B: man with other dependent relatives. CLASS IV Class IV-A: official deferred by law. Class IV-B: nondeclarant alien. CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION 9 Class IV-C: conscientious objector excused from service. Class IV-D: minister of religion or divinity student. Class IV-E: dead, or physically, mentally, or morally unfit. Class I Deferments Registrants become Class I automatically if it appears to the local board that they do not fall within the limits of any other classification. Those for whom deferment is claimed must furnish supporting affidavits, enabling the local board to make a considered decision on the claim for deferment. If the local board then places the registrant in Class I, there remains for him the right of appeal. Class I-A is made up of registrants who, having been placed in preliminary Class I, are physically examined and found to be fit for general military service according to standards set by army doctors. Standards set for insurance examinations do not necessarily govern here, since the physical activity of the soldier is greater than that of the normal civilian. The Army wants men who, in emergency, can be trained to march until they are exhausted�and then take one more step and fire one more shot. Registrants will not be acceptable by the standards set for selective service if they are under 60 inches in height, or if they weigh less than 105 pounds, or if they are greatly overweight. Registrants in Class I-A must see well and hear well, within reasonable limits. They must have hearts capable of standing physical stress. Flat feet will not necessarily cause physical rejection. It is to be expected that the men inducted during peacetime will come from Class I-A. Class I-B is made up of registrants who, having been placed in preliminary Class I, are found to be fit by army standards only for limited military service. If in emergency more men were needed than could be found in Class I-A, these registrants would be called into service. Class I-C includes residents of the local board area, whether registered or not and regardless of their age, who are members of the Regular Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the Coast Guard, the federally recognized active National Guard, the Officers5 Reserve Corps, the Regular Army Reserve, the Enlisted Reserve Corps, the Naval Reserve, and the Marine Corps Reserve; cadets, United States Military Academy; midshipmen, United States Naval 10 CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION Academy; and cadets, United States Coast Guard Academy. Local board areas get credit for men on active duty in this subclass against their induction quotas. It is entirely possible, theoretically, that a local board area might furnish no Selective Service men during the life of the act if the quota of the area is equalled or exceeded by the number of men it has volunteered. Registrants inducted into the military service are transferred to this subclass, retaining this classification upon completion of their service. Class II Deferments When the immediate removal of a registrant from his civilian job would cause real and definite damage to the national interest, he is placed in Class II. The word "necessary" is the key to deferment qualification in Class II, each individual case being considered on its own merits and on the basis of positive proof offered to support a deferment claim. Deferments exist for six months, with renewals dependent on proof of their necessity. An "essential business" is an industry, occupation, employment, or particular agricultural enterprise whose discontinuance or serious interruption, or material drop in production, or delay in planned expansion hampers the national defense program or seriously affects the national well-being. A "necessary man" is a registrant employed in an industry, occupation, employment, or agricultural enterprise who satisfies the following conditions: 1. He must be actually engaged in the enterprise, in the capacity stated in the claim for deferment. 2. His replacement cannot be satisfactorily effected because of the shortage of workers with his special qualifications in that capacity. 3. His removal would cause direct, substantial, and material loss of effectiveness in that business. Class II-A contains registrants found to be "necessary men" in "essential businesses" in the sense of the definitions given above. As a guide to local boards the Director of Selective Service may publish two lists, one list indicating essential businesses, and the other indicating occupations in which a shortage of trained men exists; neither list will, if published, be necessarily either entirely restrictive or entirely complete. Class II-B contains "necessary men" in industries, occupations, employments, or agricultural enterprises which, although not essential to the national CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION 11 existence, are useful and productive and contribute in a substantial and important way to the employment and economic well-being of the community. Class II-C contains "necessary men" who are federal, state, county, or municipal employees, or who are inferior federal or state officers, and who held such employment at the time of the enactment of the Selective Service Law. An inferior federal officer is one whose appointment does not require Senate confirmation; an inferior state officer is one who is not deferred by law. To receive this subclassification, registrants must be "necessary men." The mere fact that the registrant is an inferior officer or government employee does not provide automatic deferment. Class II-D contains registrants holding elective county or municipal offices in which vacancies cannot be filled by appointment. If he is otherwise eligible for Class I-A or Class I-B, a Class II-D registrant will be deferred only until after the expiration of that term of office to which he was elected prior to his registration for Selective Service, after which term his Class II deferment terminates. Class III Deferments The regulations governing the operation of the Selective Service system state: "The local board should apply intelligence and sympathy to claims for Class III deferment. No hard-and-fast rules will work. What is enough income in one locality or in one set of circumstances may not be enough in others. The local board must prevent the slacker from dodging military service, but on the other hand it should give decent protection to the weak and helpless." The word "dependent" is the key to deferment qualification in Class III. All of the following conditions must be satisfied before a dependency deferment will be allowed: the claimed dependent must be the registrant's wife, child, parent, foster parent, grandparent, brother, or sister; the claimed dependent must be either a United States citizen, or live in the United States, its territories, or possessions; the registrant must actually and regularly contribute an adequate support to the claimed dependent, and not merely a minor fraction of the dependent's support; and the claimed dependent must not have enough income for reasonable support (excluding public charity) if the registrant is inducted. 12 CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION Local boards, using all available information in each case, are enjoined by regulations to consider the following factors: if the dependent's own income, the registrant's income while in military service, and the income which may be expected from any other person who is legally obligated to contribute to the support of the dependent, together will provide adequate support for the dependent, the part of any claimed contribution by the registrant (except for his wife and children) that is actually payment for his own food and lodging; the support the dependent would receive from government provisions during the registrant's military service; and the effect of legacies. Local boards take into consideration the extra income necessary to support more than one dependent. If the dependents provide deferment claims in more than one subclass, the lowest is selected. Class III-A contains registrants deferred because of a dependent wife or child. Payment of alimony to a divorced wife may provide grounds for deferment. A dependent child may be an unborn child, a child legally adopted before enactment of the Selective Service Law, a foster child when the support and relationship of parent and child existed before enactment of the Selective Service Law, or an illegitimate child of the registrant who has actually been supported by the registrant before enactment of the Selective Service Law. The child must be a boy under 16, a girl under 18, or an invalid child of any age. Class III-B contains registrants upon whom are dependent, in the sense defined above, a mother or foster mother, an aged or invalid father or foster father, an aged or invalid grandparent, a brother under 16, a sister under 18, or an invalid brother or sister of any age. A "foster mother" or "foster father" includes a person who has been supported in good faith by the registrant in a relationship similar to that of parent and child. Class IV Deferments Registrants who are deferred by federal law or who are obviously unfit for military service are placed in Class IV. Federal law defers to Class IV-A registrants who are Vice President of the United States, or are higher officers�legislative, executive, or judicial�of the United States or of a state. CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION 13 Federal officers eligible for this classification are those who are elected or whose appointments are subject to Senate confirmation. The following state officers are eligible for Class IV-A: those elected at large; judges of state Courts of Record; members of state legislatures; and state officers appointed by the governor, the legislature, or the highest court, provided that there is no intermediate superior between the appointing power and the appointee, that the function or jurisdiction of the office of the appointee is coextensive with the boundaries of the state, and that the duties of the office represent the principal occupation of the appointee and require the substance of his daily work and time. Lesser officials, not entitled to this class of deferment, may be placed in Class II (see above). Aliens (not alien enemies) who have never declared an intention to become United States citizens are placed in Class IV-B. In this class are placed citizens of the Philippine Commonwealth. Such aliens are not, however, barred from induction if they waive deferment. Conscientious objectors who, after investigation, have been excused from all military service (including noncombatant military duty) are placed in Class IV-C. In Class IV-D are placed registrants who are regular or duly ordained ministers of religion engaged in the discharge of ministerial functions as a main and primary occupation. Included in this subclass are registrants preparing for the ministry in theological or divinity schools that have been recognized as such for more than one year before enactment of the Selective Service Law. In Class IV-E are placed those registrants who have died before induction, or who prove to be mentally, morally, or physically unfit for military service. Local boards may place registrants in this classification without physical examination if such registrants have physical, mental, or nervous disabilities permanently disqualifying them for any form of military service. In this classification, also, are placed registrants who are habitual criminals, persons subject to insanity, and sexual perverts. Conviction of a crime is not in itself cause for deferment. Local boards, in finding cause for placing registrants in one class or another, have wide discretion and broad powers of investigation. They are guided by the ruling principle that every registrant is in Class I until positive cause for 14 CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION deferment is established. It is left to the discretion of the local board to determine what the term "positive cause" may mean in each case. A local board interviewing a man with a wooden leg would no doubt find positive cause for placing him without further investigation in Class IV. The Class II deferment claim of an office boy in a brewery might, and probably would, merit assent only after further investigation. If the office boy's wages supported his dependent mother, the local board would place him in Class III, for registrants claiming deferment are placed in the lowest classification to which they are eligible. Except for those registrants deferred by law, deferment is not a right. A registrant is deferred because it serves the national interest to defer his service: the deferment continues as long as it serves the national interest to defer him rather than to induct him. The classification given a registrant by the local board may be appealed by the registrant, by a dependent of the registrant, by the employer of the registrant, or by the government appeal agent attached to the local board. If no appeal is filed, the presumption made by the local board is that the registrant has no claim to deferment and that he must remain in his preliminary classification. The local board can, however, defer a registrant for whom no appeal is filed if it feels that he properly belongs in a deferred classification. A claim can be made to the Board of Appeal by a registrant who has been deferred by the local board and feels that he should be placed in Class I, available for service. If the Board of Appeal fails to alter a registrant's classification, he may, under certain circumstances, appeal further to the President. The Board of Appeal must have placed the registrant in Class I with at least one dissenting vote. The appeal must be on grounds of dependency. The appeal must be made within five days after the Board of Appeal classification is mailed. It must be made by the registrant, a dependent of the registrant, or by the government appeal agent. A member of the local board, the government appeal agent, or the governor must explain in writing that great and unusual hardship will follow induction of the registrant, and must specifically recommend deferment. CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION 15 Selection Class I-A and Class I-B registrants are physically examined under the direction of the local board and are either retained in Class I or moved to Class IV as a result of this examination. Registrants now retained in Class I are eligible for induction into the military service. They will await the summons to report for induction which will be sent out by the local board in accordance with the order number system. Registrants so summoned will be inducted into the military service by the local board. The local board will advise inducted men when and where to report and what clothing is necessary. The expense incurred in sending men to military reception centers�transportation and food�will be paid by the federal government through the local board. After induction by the local board, registrants undergo physical examination at the hands of the military authorities. If at this time they are rejected for military service, registrants return at federal government expense to their local board areas, report the fact to the local board, and move from Class I to Class IV. ********************** Part II THE ARMY ********************** CHAPTER III The Army�Organization THE Army is an instrument of our government. Its principal function is to protect the United States from its enemies by land and air. It also has other functions. National disaster relief calls for army aid. River and harbor work and administration of the Panama Canal is in the hands of the Army. The Alaska Communications System, many details connected with administration of the Civilian Conservation Corps, and supervision of many public works projects form a part of the Army's large number of nonmilitary activities. The President is Commander in Chief, but under the Constitution it is Congress which has the power to "raise and support armies." Politically the War Department is headed by the Secretary of War and the Assistant Secretary of War, who are representatives of the President. Military leadership is in the hands of the Chief of Staff and two Deputy Chiefs of Staff, under whom the War Department General Staff originates, develops, and carries out the Army's plans for national defense. The assistant chiefs of the General Staff are G-l, chief of the personnel division; G-2, chief of the military intelligence division; G-3, chief of the operations and training division; G-4, chief of the supply division; and the head of the war plans division. Also responsible to the Chief of Staff are the four army commanders and the commanders of the nine corps areas into which, for administrative purposes, our country is divided (see map on back cover). The Chief of Staff directs United States Army activities in 16 THE ARMY�ORGANIZATION 17 Panama, Hawaii, the Philippines, Alaska, Puerto Rico, and in the bases recently leased from Great Britain. The Regular Army assists the training of the other five component parts of our Army: the National Guard of the United States; the National Guard while in the service of the United States; the Officers' Reserve Corps; the Organized Reserves; and the Enlisted Reserve Corps. The three major parts of the Army are the Regular Army, the National Guard, and the Organized Reserves. Modern armies are made up of specialized teams, or branches, which have different functions, use different weapons, and apply different tactics. The combat branches�the arms that collectively make up the line of our Army �are the Infantry, Cavalry, Field Artillery, Coast Artillery Corps, Air Corps, Corps of Engineers, and Signal Corps. The Armored Corps should be included in this group, though it has not the status of a separate branch. The services, whose function is to supply and serve the arms, are: the Adjutant General's Department, the Inspector General's Department, the Judge Advocate General's Department, the Quartermaster Corps, the Finance Department, the Medical Corps, the Ordnance Department, the Chemical Warfare Service, and the Corps of Chaplains. Units of all arms and services are combined for training and combat in large units called divisions, corps, and field armies. Each arm and service has a chief in Washington whose duty it is to look after the special interests of his branch, to advise the Chief of Staff on matters concerning his branch, and to cooperate with the chiefs of other branches in matters requiring joint action. In peacetime, only large army posts such as Fort Benning, in Georgia, or Schofield Barracks, in Hawaii, harbor more than the personnel of one arm plus detachments from the services. The Army is scattered throughout the continental limits of the United States (see map on back cover), but also has strong detachments in Panama, Hawaii, the Philippines, Alaska, and Puerto Rico. For tactical and administrative purposes the Army is divided into flexible units, each successively larger unit being in general composed of two or more subordinate, smaller units. The following table indicates the composition of army units: 18 THE ARMY�ORGANIZATION Units Squad...... Section..... Platoon..... Company . . . Battalion . . . Regiment . . . Brigade..... Approximate War Strength 12 20-25 40-55 80-200 Normal Rank of Commander Sergeant or corporal Sergeant Other Units of Similar Size First or second lieuten- "Sub-flight" in the Air ant Corps Captain "Battery" in the Artillery; "troop" in the Cavalry; "flight" in the Air Corps 300-850 800-3100 5000-6300 Lieutenant colonel or "Squadron" in the major Cavalry and Air Corps Colonel Brigadier general "Group" in the Air Corps "Wing" in the Air Corps Division (Infantry di- 14,000 in triangular in- Major general visions are of two types � triangular and square. There is one type of cavalry division) Corps (sometimes called "army corps" to distinguish it from arms and services whose names in-clude the word "corps") Army (or "field army," to distinguish it from the whole Army of the United States) fantry division; 18,-500 in square infantry division; 10,000 in cavalry division 65,000�90,000 Lieutenant general 200,000�400,000 General THE ARMY�ORGANIZATION 19 The triangular (streamlined) infantry division has a composition in many respects typical of army organization in larger units. Under the commanding general is a general staff, responsible for personnel, military intelligence, plans, and supply matters; a special staff, to advise the commander on administrative and service, as well as tactical, matters; and the units shown in the following table: Three Infantry Regiments: Division Artillery: Special Troops: Each infantry regiment in- The division artillery in- Headquarters and military eludes the regimental eludes the artillery com- police company. commander and his staff, mander and his staff, a Reconnaissance troop (cav- a headquarters company, headquarters battery, one a service company, an medium artillery bat-antitank company, and talion, and three light ar- Engineer battalion, three battalions of inf an- tillery battalions. try. Medical battalion. Each battalion of infantry Each light artillery battal- Signal company. includes a battalion com- ion includes a battalion mander, a headquarters commander, a headquar- Chaplain section. detachment, a heavy ters battery, a supply and Quartermaster battalion, weapons company, and ammunition battery, and three rifle companies. three 105-mm. (milli- meter) howitzer batteries. The medium artillery battalion includes a battalion commander, a headquarters battery, a supply and ammunition battery, three 155-mm. howitzer batteries, and a 7 5-mm. antitank battery (8 guns). Despite the presence of troops representing other arms and services (typical of larger combat units in our Army), nearly two thirds of the personnel in the triangular division is infantry. The square infantry division, containing four rather than three infantry regiments, has the same proportion of infantry troops. 20 THE ARMY�ORGANIZATION For tactical purposes the basic infantry element is the battalion; for administrative purposes, the company. The rifle company is organized as follows: company headquarters is composed of first sergeant, communications sergeant, mess sergeant, supply sergeant, clerk, buglers, cooks, messengers, armorer-artificer, a first lieutenant, and the company captain, who also commands the following units: Three Rifle Platoons One Weapons Platoon Each rifle platoon is under a second lieutenant, who, with the platoon sergeant and two messengers, makes up platoon headquarters. He commands three rifle squads and one automatic rifle squad. Each rifle squad, under a corporal, is composed of 12 men, each armed with shoulder rifle, bayonet, and grenade. The automatic rifle squad, under a corporal, contains eight men armed with the automatic rifle. The weapons platoon is under a first lieutenant, who, with the platoon sergeant, chauffeur, and two messengers, makes up platoon headquarters. He commands a 60-mm. mortar section and a light machine gun section. The 60-mm. mortar section, led by a sergeant, is composed of three 5-man squads, each squad armed with one mortar. The light machine gun section, led by a sergeant, is composed of two 5-man squads, each squad armed with an air-cooled machine gun. CHAPTER IV The Army�The Arms The Infantry INFANTRY remains "Queen of Battles." Despite the spectacular tactics of modern special troops, it is the foot soldier who gains ground and holds it in the attack, and whose final defense may stop an invader. Infantry (and cavalry) troops habitually meet the enemy face to face on the ground. The man with the rifle is the basic fighting unit in our Army, as in all armies, but our Infantry uses other weapons besides the shoulder rifle. Chief in importance are the machine gun and tank. The hand grenade, the caliber .30 automatic rifle, the pistol, the caliber .50 and 37-mm. (antitank) guns, and the 60- and 81-mm. mortars are also infantry weapons. The accuracy and quantity of the bullets and shells (or bombs) which troops can bring to bear against an enemy constitute "fire power." The Infantry has fire power in its own weapons. For attack against a strongly intrenched enemy, or for defense against well-equipped and determined troops, infantry needs the added fire power of other arms as well. The triangular infantry division has organic artillery, engineer, cavalry, and signal troops. Larger units have these supporting troops and in addition support from the Air Corps and the Coast Artillery (antiaircraft). Our Army's combat team is basically the infantry-artillery combination. Air corps support for infantry is being accorded constantly increasing weight. The Army's Field Service Regulations say: "The primary mission of the Infantry in the attack is to close with the enemy and destroy or capture him; in defense, to hold its own positions, check the enemy's advance, and throw him back by counter-attack. "Infantry acts by fire, movement, and shock action, combining these means of action in combat. By fire, it inflicts losses on the enemy and neutralizes his 21 22 THE ARMY�THE ARMS combat power; by movement, it closes with the enemy and makes its fire more effective; by shock action, it completes the destruction of the enemy in close combat. ". . . Infantry has the hardest task in battle; its losses are also the greatest. Its combat potver rests primarily on the morale and fighting ability of the individual soldier and the leadership of its subordinate commanders." The rifleman goes heavily loaded into battle. Besides his clothing (steel helmet, shoes, underclothing, shirt, trousers, leggings, and outer garments according to the season) he carries a gas mask, intrenching tool, first aid kit, emergency ration, blanket, tent, and toilet articles. He carries rifle and bayonet, a hand grenade, and 136 rounds of rifle ammunition. His load is over 60 pounds. Vehicles of the infantry regiment carry for him one day's ration of food and water, and additional ammunition. Infantry weapons are adapted to its needs; the automatic weapons are of great value in defense; weapons like the mortars and grenades are of great value in dislodging protected troops in attack. Infantry weapons have the following characteristics: Caliber Maximum Kate of fire Weapon (diameter of range (rounds per bore in inches) (yards) minute) Rifle, M1903 ............... .30 5,500 7-10 Rifle, Ml (semi-automatic) ... .30 5,500 15-30 Automatic rifle............. .30 5,500 150 Machine gun............... .30 5,500 525 Antitank gun.............. .50 7,500 500 37-mm. (antitank) gun...... 1.4 7,500 30 60-mm. mortar............. 2.4 1,300 30-35 81-mm. mortar............. 3.2 1,600 30-35 Pistol ..................... .45 50 Hand grenade.............. ... Tanks are habitually allotted from a general headquarters reserve to larger infantry units as they are required. They constitute a powerful maneuvering force and, as a rule, are employed to assist the advance of infantry foot troops. The tank carries heavy armor and machine guns, moves at about 3 5 miles an hour over roads, and is capable of rapid movement over rough terrain. Tanks are organized in separate units, as follows: the regiment has 162 tanks, with THE ARMY�THE ARMS 23 121 officers and 1,870 men; the battalion has 54 tanks, with 54 officers and 522 men; and the company has 17 tanks, with 6 officers and 123 men. The Cavalry There are two distinct types of cavalry, horse and mechanized. These are combined in the cavalry division, which is now equipped with 6,000 horses and 800 motor vehicles. Cavalry, according to Field Service Regulations, "... is characterized by a high degree of mobility; its special value is derived from the rapidity and ease with which its power can be displaced from one position or locality to another. "Cavalry finds its most intensive application under conditions which permit complete freedom of maneuver and the exercise of its power of mobility; its utility becomes limited as conditions are created tending to restrict freedom of maneuver." Several missions are allotted to the Cavalry. It can be used as a mobile combat force in the hands of higher commanders, especially for the purpose of circling an enemy position and striking at its rear. Cavalry can frequently be used for reconnoitering missions and counter-reconnaissance, and it may also be used to screen the movements of larger forces. Cavalry, in cooperation with the Air Corps, locates and maintains contact with the enemy, procuring essential information for the higher command. Cavalry is used to exploit victory in the pursuit of a defeated enemy. The cavalryman, like the foot soldier, meets the enemy face to face on the ground. Horse cavalry, except in the case of attack on small enemy units, dismounts and fights on foot, resembling in this respect mounted infantry. Mechanized cavalry, as a rule, fights from armored vehicles. Horse cavalry uses weapons similar to those of infantry; it uses the .45 caliber submachine gun and the 4.2-inch mortar. The heavier weapons are carried by pack animals. For rapid communication and increased range in reconnaissance, horse cavalry is equipped with scout cars. Portee cavalry is horse cavalry with the addition of motor transportation for its animals and men: it can transport units rapidly by road to the rough terrain over which the men must fight and maneuver. 24 THE ARMY�THE ARMS Mechanized cavalry is employed principally on distant missions for purposes of reconnaissance or to deliver rapid thrusts against the enemy. Unless it is promptly backed up by the ground troops of other elements it cannot normally hold a position against determined attack. It is equipped with armored fighting vehicles, carries weapons similar to those of horse cavalry, but predominantly automatic in type, and uses radio as its principal means of communication. It is vulnerable to air attack and artillery fire. Used at a decisive point in battle, mechanized cavalry is an effective means of attack. The Field Artillery The Field Artillery is a supporting arm. Unlike the Infantry and the Cavalry it does not as a rule meet the enemy face to face; its personnel is equipped with small arms for this eventuality; it carries machine guns for use against attacking aircraft. Relatively long-range fire is the Field Artillery's means of combat. It applies that fire in discharging its two principal combat missions: the support of infantry and cavalry by fire on those targets which are most dangerous to the supported arms; and the extension of combat by counterbattery fire, by attack on hostile reserves, and by the disruption of the enemy's command and communication systems. Field Artillery's flexibility of fire makes possible the shifting of great destructive power without movement of troops, weapons, and supplies. This quality of the Field Artillery makes it the logical team mate of the Infantry, which is subject in battle to thrusts in the directions it is least prepared to meet. Fire of field artillery covers the long-range deficiencies of infantry and compels hostile troops in the open to abandon close formations. In the attack the artillery preparation reduces enemy fire power and, especially, neutralizes his machine guns and mortars. The various units of field artillery are classed according to the caliber of their cannon as light, medium, or heavy artillery. Light, or division, artillery is used principally in the direct support of infantry and cavalry. It fires mainly on enemy personnel and light weapons and installations. Medium artillery is used in the division for general support of all units and in the corps for fire against hostile batteries and hostile defenses. Heavy artillery is under the THE ARMY�THE ARMS 25 control of the field army; it is employed to assist corps artillery and for long-range destruction fire. Field artillery units are classified, in addition, according to their means of transport, as horse, horse-drawn, pack, and truck-drawn (motorized) artillery. The Field Artillery accompanies motorized troops with motorized artillery; horse cavalry with horse and pack artillery; and foot troops with horse-drawn artillery. Since targets are often obscured from the guns, field artillery is frequently assisted by air corps balloons and planes. Observers in the air (or on the ground, when it is feasible) adjust the fire of field artillery batteries by radio or telephone. Guns are employed in groups in order to make their fire most effective, the field artillery battery customarily being made up of four cannon. The following table indicates the diversity and characteristics of field artillery weapons: Weight Weapon Caliber Range of shell (millimeters) (yards) (pounds) Howitzer (pack) ........... 75 9,500 15 Gun, model M2............. 75 13,600 15 Howitzer.................. 105 12,140 33 Howitzer.................. 155 12,400 95 Gun ...................... 155 26,000 95 Howitzer.................. 240 16,400 345 Howitzer.................. 8 (inch) 18,700 200 The path, or trajectory, of the projectile fired from a gun is flat�like the bullet pass in football; howitzer trajectories combine the flat trajectories of guns and the high, looping trajectories of mortars. The Coast Artillery No arm in the service handles more variegated weapons than does the Coast Artillery, which differs sharply from the Field Artillery in that it is not primarily a supporting arm for other troops. The Coast Artillery has two primary missions: the attack of enemy naval vessels by artillery fire and submarine mines; and the attack of hostile aircraft by means of fire from the ground. For purposes of coastal frontier defense, coast artillery is more closely 26 THE ARMY�THE ARMS allied with our Navy than is any other arm, sharing with it the defense of water areas adjacent to our principal harbors and ports. Coast artillery regiments are of two kinds�harbor defense, and antiaircraft. Harbor defense regiments vary widely in their composition, manning numerous types of cannon as well as electrically controlled submarine mines. The fixed cannon in harbor defenses range in caliber from 3-inch to 16-inch. They are strategically located and permanently emplaced, frequently fortified, and employ permanent communication facilities and stations for the control of their long-range fire. Coast artillery also employs mobile cannon of two types: railway, and tractor-drawn. The railway artillery ranges in caliber from 8-inch to 14-inch. Tractor-drawn artillery is 155-mm. in caliber. Mobile cannon are used to reinforce the fire of a harbor defense or to fortify threatened points along our coast. Harbor defense artillery employs guns for searching and long-range fire, and mortars for the plunging fire designed to penetrate the lightly armored decks of heavy naval vessels. It employs powerful searchlights and listening devices to detect the enemy at night arid in periods of poor visibility. Antiaircraft artillery (now in the process of expansion) is the groundling's answer to war from the air, for as Tom Jenkins, wrestling coach at West Point for many years, told generations of cadets, "There ain't no holt which can't be broke/' Antiaircraft artillery reinforces the antiaircraft measures of other troops. In cooperation with the Air Corps it operates against hostile aircraft flying beyond the range of weapons employed by other troops. It provides antiaircraft protection for vital command and supply installations, for airdromes, for harbor defenses, and for important industrial and defense centers. The antiaircraft effort is twofold: it is designed to cope with both high-and low-flying aircraft. Coast artillery mans fixed and mobile guns of 3-inch, 90-mm., and 105-mm. calibers, electrically controlled, and supplemented by searchlights, detecting devices, and range finders. The mobile units are capable of travelling more than 300 miles per day and of firing 25 rounds per gun per minute at antiaircraft miles above the earth. In addition to these larger cannon, designed to fire at high-flying bombardment planes, coast artillery mans heavy machine guns and small automatic cannon designed to fire against low-flying aircraft and dive-bombers. THE ARMY�THE ARMS 27 Coast artillery cooperates with the Air Corps in defense against hostile aircraft and in establishing the intelligence service to warn of approaching enemy aircraft. It depends upon the Air Corps for the observation and adjustment of its long-range cannon fire against hostile ships. The Air Corps The Air Corps has the general mission of preparing for, and executing, air operations as a part of the field forces of the Army. Tactically, this general mission is accomplished in three ways: by air attack on surface targets; by combat with enemy aircraft in the air; and by observation and reconnaissance from the air. With its combat aviation the Air Corps attacks enemy aircraft, enemy personnel on the ground, and military objectives in territory held by the enemy. For this purpose it uses bombardment planes and pursuit planes. Bombardment planes are characterized by their ability to carry heavy loads of bombs over long distances for attack against surface targets; their attack resembles the fire of artillery except that it is of greater range. They are also limited in that they must return to a base for additional ammunition. Light bombardment operates in direct support of ground forces, extending and reinforcing the fire of artillery. It carries, for this purpose, light bombs and chemicals. For its own defense it carries machine guns. Medium and heavy bombardment are the principal striking power of the General Headquarters Air Force, which is directly under the orders of the army commander. These bombardment planes carry bombs of great destructive power and have a wide radius of action, heavy bombardment being able to operate at greater ranges than medium bombardment. Fighters and interceptor pursuit make up the remaining combat aviation of the Air Corps. Fighters are designed to accompany long-range bombardment aircraft and to assist it in fighting off enemy pursuit planes. Interceptor pursuit is designed to defend ground installations against enemy air attack. It is coordinated with antiaircraft artillery for this purpose, operating beyond the range of fire from the ground. Observation and reconnaissance aviation includes both planes and balloons. The planes are designed to operate deep in hostile territory, obtaining infor- 28 THE ARMY�THE ARMS mation by visual and photographic means. Both planes and balloons furnish observation for the adjustment of fire from artillery. Noncombatant aircraft of the Air Corps include cargo and transport, training, and experimental planes. In carrying personnel and essential supplies, transport aviation is indispensable for facilitating the rapid movements of the Air Corps. It is also useful for increasing the mobility of foot troops in an emergency. Communication is by two-way radio except in the case of balloons, which are equipped with telephones. Air corps subflights include 3 to 5 planes; flights include 6 to 8 planes; squadrons include 13 to 28 planes; groups include 61 to 121 planes; and wings include 125 to 250 planes. Flying personnel is in the minority in the Air Corps, a large ground establishment being necessary for the servicing of planes and equipment. Since much of the equipment pertaining to aircraft is complex and highly technical, its operation requires highly trained combat crews and its repair requires the skill of specialized mechanics. After the Navy, the Air Corps is our principal defense against attack from overseas. It will cooperate with the Navy in such an emergency. The Corps of Engineers The Corps of Engineers is both an arm and a service. Its combat regiments are equipped for attack and defense as well as to assist the combat measures of other troops. The Corps of Engineers has a double mission: one mission is to facilitate the supply and movement of our own troops; the other is to hinder the movement of the enemy. In assisting the movement of our Army, the engineers accomplish a multitude of tasks. They construct extensive road systems, both in the zone of combat and in the rear areas from which supplies must be moved up. They operate railways, water supply systems, and electric light and power systems. They procure, store, and issue all materials for the construction of defense systems, as well as for all other engineering work. They construct and maintain buildings, bridges, and other structures. They do surveying and mapping, not only preparing maps but also producing and distributing them in quantity during the rapidly changing operations of war. THE ARMY�THE ARMS 29 Engineer combat work includes military mining�the digging of tunnels under enemy fortifications for the purpose of destroying them. Countermining operations are also in the hands of the engineers. Engineers demolish bridges, viaducts, roads, and other structures that might be used by the enemy, and must frequently work under fire. They construct emergency bridges under fire. Engineer combat regiments (armed with the rifle) can in emergency be utilized as reserve infantry troops. Engineers assist other troops in the construction of field fortifications such as trenches, breastworks, and barbed wire obstacles. There are two general classifications for engineer troops: general, and special. General engineer troops include the combat engineer units of divisions, as well as the general service regiments and separate battalions of larger units. Their duties are of a pioneering nature and are frequently performed in the combat zone. Special engineer troops perform the engineering duties that require specialized technical equipment and training; these troops are usually assigned to field armies and execute their work under direction from army headquarters�public utility and road building work would normally be so performed. Nearly all engineer units are motorized for greater mobility. They have modern and efficient civil and mechanical engineering equipment, as well as other equipment specially developed for military use. River and harbor work and much flood control in the United States is in the hands of the military engineers. The Signal Corps Like the engineers, the Signal Corps is an arm with characteristics of a service. The combat mission of the Signal Corps is to provide signal communication for the large units to which it is assigned. It provides channels of signal communication and transmits and receives orders, reports, and other messages for unit headquarters. The Signal Corps has the additional duty of supplying other arms and services with the technical equipment necessary for their own systems of signal communication, and with providing technical supervision over the entire signal service of the field forces. 50 THE ARMY�THE ARMS The basic means of signal communication is wire transmission by means of telephone, teletype, and telegraph. The Signal Corps leases commercial telephone and telegraph lines in the area of war operations, using commercial wires, poles, and switchboards for military purposes. Where wire lines are necessary along the battle line, signal troops lay field wire for the large units by the use of cross-country wire-laying trucks, reels drawn by soldiers, and reels carried by soldiers: when breaks occur in these lines during battle, signal corps linemen make rapid repairs in order that vital communication between higher commanders and fighting troops may be kept open. The Signal Corps uses motorcycle messenger, aircraft, radio, and carrier pigeon as important auxiliary means of communications when wires are not feasible or available. It develops and procures signal, meteorological, and photographic equipment for the Army, and produces photographs and moving pictures for training purposes and for historical record. Signal communication at the headquarters of larger units than the brigade is handled by troops of the Signal Corps. In smaller units of infantry, cavalry, and field artillery, personnel of those branches install and operate signal equipment supplied by the Signal Corps and under its technical direction. Signal troops assigned to large units are comprised of construction units, whose function is to install wire circuits; operating units, whose function is to operate message clearing centers, messenger services, and communication equipment; and units whose function is to facilitate the supply and servicing of signal equipment. Special signal troops assigned to field armies include intelligence, photographic, and pigeon units. The signal intelligence service is concerned with the interception of enemy wire and radio communications, the decoding of enemy messages, the location of enemy radio stations and airplanes by means of direction finders, the location of unauthorized radio stations, the supervision of radio traffic over our own stations, and all matters pertaining to the preparation and solution of codes and ciphers. The Signal Corps is instrumental in developing new and improved means of radio communication, especially for the use of tanks and aircraft. Special air corps radio equipment supplied by the Signal Corps includes radio beacons, radio compasses, and sets for work between planes, and between planes and ground. THE ARMY�THE ARMS 31 The Armored Corps The Armored Corps is a special element of our combat forces which has not the status of a separate branch. Its personnel comes from the Infantry, the Cavalry, and the Artillery, and it possesses some of the characteristics of all three branches, intensified by its great mobility. It is designed to utilize the shock action, speed, and fire power of tanks in first breaking through enemy battle lines and then exploiting the initial break-through unsupported by strong units of other arms (except air corps). Armored divisions are composed of light (about 12 ton) tanks, medium (about 18 ton) tanks, and, possibly, heavy tanks, with organic motorized infantry, motorized engineers, and mechanized artillery. Each division includes reconnaissance scout cars and planes. The armored division will include approximately 700 armored vehicles and hundreds of supply and maintenance vehicles, manned by approximately 9,000 men. Ten such divisions are now contemplated for an army of 1,200,000 men. CHAPTER V The Army�The Services IF THE LINE of the Army can be compared to the shock troops of business �the sales forces which daily keep flowing the products of industry� then the Army's vital service troops can be compared to the design, purchasing, and production departments of business and industry, without which the sales forces could never function. It is axiomatic in warfare that many must work at home that one may fight on the battle line. In complex modern warfare it is equally axiomatic that several soldiers are required to keep one soldier on the battle line. Such maintenance is the function of the services. Since many service units must also operate in the presence of the enemy, they resemble combat troops in this respect. Much of the work of the services is concerned with the supply of an army in the field. For this purpose, rail centers, depots, supply dumps, and distribution points are established behind the battle lines. Supplies are divided for simplicity and for administrative convenience into several classes: (1) articles consumed at an approximately uniform daily rate irrespective of combat operations and terrain, and which do not require special adaptation to individual needs�for example, food and gasoline; (2) articles of equipment which, though consumed at an approximately uniform rate, require individual adaptation�for example, gas masks and clothing; (3) those articles of equipment which must be replaced as they become broken, worn, or lost�for example, weapons and motor vehicles; and (4) items of supply which are consumed at a rate depending directly on the operations of war�for example, ammunition and fortification materials. The supply of articles in the first class is automatic, but units are required to submit requisitions for the supply of articles in the other classes. The Adjutant General's Department (AGD) The personnel of the Adjutant General's Department records, authenticates, and transmits to the troops and individuals in the military service all orders, 32 THE ARMY�THE SERVICES 33 instructions, and regulations issued by the Secretary of War through the Chief of Staff or through other channels. The department administers the handling of administrative records, especially those pertaining to personnel. The procurement of officers and men for the Regular Army and for the Organized Reserves, as well as for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and the Citizens' Military Training Camps (CMTC) is controlled by the Adjutant General's office. This office is also responsible for matters pertaining to the general education and recreation of enlisted men, for providing information as to the military records of ex-service men, and for the publication and distribution of War Department regulations, manuals, and other documents. The Washington office of the Adjutant General houses in about 100,000 filing cases some 656,000,000 records pertaining to the 33,000,000 men who have been connected with the service since 1776, among them such priceless documents as the original oath of office signed by General Washington and his staff at Valley Forge in 1778, and the personal messages of President Lincoln during the years 1864-1865. The Inspector General's Department (IGD) The Inspector General's Department is the special efficiency department of the Army. It is made up of officers of field rank (major to colonel) detailed from other arms and services for varying periods. The Inspector General and his department operate under the direct control of the Secretary of War, inspecting activities under War Department control and making special investigations ordered by higher authority. The department makes periodic inspections of all army posts, camps, and stations, as well as the United States Military Academy at West Point, all service schools, and all armories, arsenals, and depots. Recruiting stations, national cemeteries, army transports, disciplinary barracks, and the United States Soldiers5 Home at Washington are subject to periodic inspection by officers of this department. The money accounts of regular army disbursing officers, national guard units, and accounts of United States property and disbursing officers in the various states are inspected and supervised by Inspector General Department officers. 34 THE ARMY�THE SERVICES Inspector generals observe the conduct, discipline, and efficiency of both officers and troops, reporting the irregularities and deficiencies they observe, and making suitable recommendations for their correction. The Judge Advocate General's Department (JAGD) The Army requires constant legal advice, both as regards its own system of laws (by which it carries out military justice) and as regards the many ways in which it is affected by laws that are not purely military. The Judge Advocate General's Department supplies this advice. Its personnel is made up entirely of commissioned officers who are graduates of law schools. Besides examining all records of trial by court-martial and advising commanding generals regarding the legality and substantial justice of the sentence, and of the action to be taken upon the record, judge advocates deal with questions relating to claims by and against the United States which may arise from army activities. The office of the Judge Advocate General handles legal matters relating to army property and army regulations, patents on inventions by army personnel, and the government's property rights in army inventions. It deals with all legal questions concerning real estate under army control, as well as questions concerning river and harbor work, bridges over navigable streams, and the sale of real and personal property under control of the War Department. Judge advocates are included on the staffs of commanders of large units. The Quartermaster Corps The Quartermaster Corps is the housekeeping branch of the Army. It takes care of the fundamental requirements�food, clothing, and shelter. It obtains, stores, and distributes supplies, and builds and repairs permanent and temporary housing for all branches of the Army. Rail and water transportation of the Army is in the hands of the Quartermaster Corps. Its personnel operates army transports which carry troops and supplies from the United States to overseas points. The Quartermaster also provides and operates many other vessels used by the Army. Most of the motor vehicles used by the Army (with the exception of tanks and armored types) are obtained and serviced by the Quartermaster Corps. THE ARMY�THE SERVICES 35 Many of these vehicles are purchased from commercial manufacturers who are able to meet quartermaster specifications; others are developed and manufactured in whole or in part by quartermaster factories. Horses and mules of the hardy type necessary for army service are obtained by the Quartermaster Corps, which maintains breeding stations and remount depots for this purpose. Trains of pack animals are operated by quartermaster units in tropical army stations where wagons and trucks are unable to travel. Quartermaster supplies are obtained both by manufacture in quartermaster depots and by direct purchase. The warehouses of this branch are utilized for the storage of essential items of housekeeping equipment, against the day when emergency may necessitate their use. Among other important quartermaster duties are the installation, operation, and repair of the utilities necessary at army posts and stations. Quartermaster personnel supervises and assists the construction and repair of barracks and quarters, as well as the road systems in use on army posts and reservations �other military road work falls to the engineers. Infantry and cavalry divisions include organic quartermaster units which function to secure, transport, and furnish the essential items of housekeeping equipment for the troops of the division. Such units contain truck and car companies, as well as a repair and replacement motor maintenance company. The Finance Department The Finance Department is responsible for disbursing the funds appropriated by Congress for army use. It is also responsible for the accounting that accompanies expenditures of government money. Finance personnel audits the accounts of army property kept by all arms and services: these accounts include property as well as money�arms, equipment, clothing, trucks, and animals. Finance officers are so distributed throughout the United States and its overseas possessions that payment of army bills can be prompt and adjustment simplified. The Army can take advantage of cash discounts, and can frequently obtain better prices for this reason. The chief of this department is budget officer for the War Department, and is responsible for preparing the advance annual estimates of army expenditure. 36 THE ARMY�THE SERVICES The Medical Department The Medical Department has the duty of maintaining the Army's health, treating its sick, and healing its wounded. Its personnel, like that of several other services, must operate in the field of battle, frequently exposed to enemy fire. Although protected by international conventions, hospital installations in forward areas are subject to accidental attack: medical troops engaged in collecting the wounded must expose themselves to the risks inherent to the combat arms. Four medical regiments accompany each army in the field. The medical regiment includes a battalion that functions to collect the wounded, an ambulance battalion, a hospital battalion, and a veterinary company. Strong detachments of medical troops are attached to smaller units. The medical service of the field army establishes and maintains twelve evacuation hospitals, ten surgical hospitals, one convalescent hospital, a medical laboratory, a medical supply depot, three veterinary evacuation hospitals, and one veterinary convalescent hospital. In battle, medical aid stations are established for battalions and squadrons, with additional aid stations for regiments. Wounded men are brought to the rear through the aid stations to division collecting stations, and then to division hospital stations. The seriously wounded are evacuated further to the field army's surgical hospitals and evacuation hospitals. Subsequently they may be brought back to general hospitals and convalescent camps. Army doctors select through physical examination sound and healthy men for admission to the Army. All army personnel is subject to periodic physical examinations designed to discover and remedy any defects that may have developed. The health of troops in the field and in permanent stations is guarded by sanitary measures under medical department supervision. Medical officers advise commanders on the choice of camps, on the arrangement of barracks, on clothing requirements, on the choice and handling of food and water, on the hours and conditions of army work, and on the control of disease-bearing insects. Several large general hospitals are maintained by the Army for the treatment of serious and stubborn medical cases. The Medical Department includes a dental corps and a veterinary corps. THE ARMY�THE SERVICES 37 The Ordnance Department To the Ordnance Department falls the task of furnishing the fighting arms with the tools of war. It cooperates with the combat branches to furnish them the best and most powerful weapons possible. In order to accomplish its purpose the ordnance works during peace and war to develop new weapons and to improve old ones. More than 2,500 separate items are contained on the list of weapons, ammunition, and other materials for which the ordnance is responsible. These items together have more than 250,000 separate parts. In addition to pistols, rifles, machine guns, trench mortars, and cannon of all sizes (with their ammunition), the Ordnance Department must furnish tanks, armored cars, scout cars, instruments for controlling and directing the fire of weapons, bombs, and pyrotechnics for signalling purposes. In time of peace this department not only designs and tests new weapons, but procures and stores arms and ammunition against future emergencies. Much of the department's work is concerned with the procurement of items from commercial manufacturers throughout the United States. For purposes of industrial mobilization, ordnance officers in fourteen "procurement districts," with headquarters in our principal cities, are constantly assessing the industrial capacity of the country. They make contracts with manufacturers for essential war supplies, survey their plants, and determine how the procurement load must be divided in emergency, when about 90 per cent of the essential tools of war must be produced by private industry. The Ordnance Department maintains six manufacturing arsenals of its own through which most of the Army's peacetime requirements are met. These arsenals can be expanded in war to handle ten per cent of the Army's requirements. Weapons and ammunition are tested at the Aberdeen, Maryland, proving ground. Ordnance officers are specially trained for their work, both at department special schools and in graduate engineering colleges. The Chemical Warfare Service If the Corps of Engineers is both an arm and a service, the Chemical Warfare Service is both a service and an arm. It is a procurement branch, concerned 38 THE ARMY�THE SERVICES with designing, procuring, storing, and distributing items of chemical equipment. It is also a fighting branch, for, in any war in which chemicals are used, chemical warfare units take active part in battle. In addition to developing methods of chemical attack, the chemical service is vitally concerned with developing protection against chemicals. For this purpose its personnel has developed gas masks, protective clothing, and methods of neutralizing the chemical agents that may be used by an enemy. The Chemical Warfare Service develops smokes, gases, and incendiary materials, and the weapons from which to fire them. It also trains troops in the use of these agencies of war. The principal weapons of chemical troops are the Livens projector, the chemical mortar, and the portable chemical cylinder. The Livens projector, though large, is neither expensive nor complicated. It can be moved easily and fired without difficulty. It fires a 60-pound chemical shell to a range of 1,450 yards and is generally emplaced in a battery of similar weapons in order to discharge large quantities of gas simultaneously against the enemy. The chemical mortar is of 4-inch caliber and fires a 2 5-pound shell to a range of 2,400 yards. It can fire 20 rounds per minute with accuracy. Portable chemical gas cylinders operate by means of gas pressure and are employed to discharge quantities of gas down wind against the enemy. These weapons are all serviced by troops of the Chemical Warfare Service. Procurement problems for this service are handled in a manner similar to that used by the Ordnance Department. Chemical officers are assigned to the fourteen procurement districts to supervise industrial preparations for chemical warfare. At its Edgewood, Maryland, Arsenal the service maintains a factory and proving ground, as well as a school for the dissemination of chemical information throughout the Army. The Corps of Chaplains The Corps of Chaplains is composed of officer-ministers representing many sects. Chaplains accompany units in the field. Their function is to supervise the religious needs of all troops and to assist recreational activities. Military Intelligence Military intelligence is not an arm or a service. It is an activity directed by the chief of the military intelligence division, who is an officer on the General THE ARMY�THE SERVICES 39 Staff. Military intelligence activities in our own and in enemy territory are correlated and coordinated by his office. Military intelligence in the combat zone is the concern of all commanders. Units as large as the regiment include staff officers whose function is to coordinate and disseminate military intelligence, which may be combat intelligence relating to the strength, organization, movements, and intentions of the enemy, or which may be counterintelligence information designed to deny the enemy information of our own forces. All units and all troops in contact with the enemy assist in obtaining intelligence of the enemy. ********************** Part III YOUR ARMY SERVICE ********************** CHAPTER VI Your First Days in the Army BEFORE we discuss specific details of the entrance into the army of inducted men under Selective Service, it is well to show the size of the present Regular Army, and of the National Guard, which was recently called into service. From a consideration of the Army, it may then be shown where Selective Service soldiers are likely to be moved. The Regular Army is moving toward its allotted strength of 375,000 men, obtaining recruits entirely by voluntary enlistment. During mid-September, 1940, the number enlisted had passed 300,000. The National Guard, with a 1940 peacetime strength of 235,000 men, has been called into the service of the United States. On September 15, therefore, the Army of the United States showed 535,000 men actually preparing for service. The continuation of voluntary enlistment for both the Regular Army and the National Guard, plus the action of Selective Service, is counted upon to raise the total number of men to 1,300,000 early in 1941. The War Department is striving to build as a minimum a powerful, mobile army, thoroughly trained and properly equipped, consisting of twenty-seven infantry divisions, two cavalry (horse) divisions, and four armored divisions, plus the necessary supporting troops coming under designations of corps, army, and GHQ units. The last units are heavy artillery, engineers with equipment for large bridges and other installations, air corps, and other groups of vitally needed troops to aid the infantry and armored divisions. (See chart of army setup.) The total strength of this mobile army should be 850,000 men; 150,-000 more are needed in order to continue the large-scale expansion of the Air Corps. 40 9 TRIANGULAR DIVISIONS , Regular Army basis 18 SQUARE DIVISIONS , National Guard basis 2. CAVALRY DIVISIONS 4 ARMORED DIVISIONS CORPS TROOPS ARMY TROOPS 42 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY To these 850,000 ground troops and 150,000 air troops, 100,000 men must be added to garrison our overseas possessions. The outposts in the Philippine and Hawaiian Islands, in Alaska, in Puerto Rico, and in the Panama Canal Zone provide security for naval and air bases. Fifty thousand additional men are to be sent to fixed harbor defenses for the protection of seaports and naval bases in continental United States. Finally, to bring the total to 1,300,000 men, 150,000 men will be needed by the various service agencies, such as ordnance, medical, and quartermaster. Other troops from among the last figure will be needed to operate the installations for the induction and training of recruits under Selective Service. Included in the total of 1,300,000 men in the armed forces of the United States are 90,000 officers distributed through the arms and services. This officer personnel will include 15,000 Regular Army officers already in the service, 15,000 National Guard officers who were called on September 16 and later in the fall of 1940, and 60,000 reserve officers. The last group represents in large measure the Organized Reserve group that has graduated from the various Reserve Officer Training Corps in our colleges and universities during the past fifteen years. They, like the Selective Service soldiers, will be sent to Regular Army, National Guard, and newly created Regular Army (called Regular Army-Inactive) units. Many of these officers will be sent through "refresher" courses in their branch of the service, so that they may brush up on the duties expected of them under this expansion of the Army. The first induction of Selective Service men into the Army during the fall of 1940 will be made through the reception centers and thence directly into units of the Regular Army, National Guard, and Regular Army inactive, mentioned previously. At the unit training centers, Selective Service men will take up their recruit instruction. This movement of the inducted men into the expanded army is necessary in order to build a powerful army quickly. The second group of Selective Service trainees entering during the first six months of 1941 will be inducted as usual through a reception center, but will not go directly to units of the Army until there are vacancies to be filled. The second group will therefore have its recruit training at selected camps, and will then await the process of being fed into the units as openings occur. This recruit training period in a replacement pool (enlisted replacement center) will YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 43 allow the authorities further time to classify the inducted men as to occupational specialties and will cause more efficient placement of men of high intelligence and leadership abilities. In turning to the specific details of movement into the Army by Selective Service men, it is well to recall the first application of the system at home, where registrants deal only with civilian authorities. After registration on October 16, 1940, and subsequent classification, you await further instructions. On a memorable day, you, as Class I registrant, are notified that your number has come up. You have been selected. You report to the local board as directed and are selected for induction into the armed forces of the United States. The term "inducted" refers to the process of changing your status from a civilian to a military one. The Selective Service Form 150 (see Appendix) then handed to you informs you of your selection for immediate military service. From the day and hour specified, you will be in the military service and subject to its laws. S.S. Form 150�Order of Induction Into Military Service op the United States (Stamp of local board) (Date of mailing) order op induction into military service op the united states (Prepare in duplicate) The President op the United States, To ................................................................. (First name) (Middle name) (Last name) Order no............. Serial no. Greeting: Having submitted yourself to a local board composed of your neighbors for the purpose of determining the capacity in which you can best serve the United States in the present emergency, you are hereby notified that you have now been selected for immediate military service. You will, therefore, report to the local board named above at.................. (Place of reporting) ........at................m., on the...........day of.............., 19..., for (Hour of reporting) military service. From and after the day and hour just named you will be in the military service of the United States. (Member of local board) (The term "military" shall comprehend both Army and Navy, including Marine Corps, except where such construction would be unreasonable.) (See instructions on reverse side.) S.S. Form 150. (See sees. 133 and 136, S.S.R.) 44 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY S.S. Form 150�Order of Induction Into Military Service of the United States (Reverse side) IMPORTANT INFORMATION TO ALL MEN SELECTED FOR MILITARY SERVICE AND ORDERED TO REPORT TO A LOCAL BOARD FOR MILITARY SERVICE The day and hours specified on the classification record of this local board and on the order and notice of induction into military service contained in this notice for you to report to this local board for military service is the time that marks the change in your status from civil to military. Failure to report promptly at the hour and on the day named is a grave military offense for which you may be tried by court martial. Willful failure to report with an intent to evade military service constitutes desertion, which, in time of war, is a capital offense. Upon reporting to your local board, you will not need, and you should not bring with you, anything except hand baggage. You will not be permitted to take trunks or boxes with you on the train. You should take only the following articles: A pair of strong comfortable shoes; not to exceed four extra suits of underclothing; not to exceed six extra pairs of socks; four face and two bath towels; a comb, a brush, a toothbrush, soap, tooth powder, razor, and shaving soap. It will add to your comfort to bring one woolen blanket, preferably of dark or neutral color. This blanket should be tightly rolled, the ends of the roll should be securely bound together and the loop of the blanket roll thus formed slung from your left shoulder to your right hip. You should wear rough strong clothing and a flannel shirt, preferably an olive-drab shirt of the kind issued to soldiers. Articles of War The Articles of War provide that the articles shall be read to every soldier upon enlistment and once every six months thereafter. Article 1 defines "officer," "soldier," and "company" as used in the articles. Article 2 emphasizes the fact that all soldiers belonging to the Regular Army are subject to "military law." Article 29 says that if a soldier is acquitted at a court-martial trial, the result will be announced at once in open court. Article 58 states that persons subject to military law who desert or attempt to desert the service of the United States, shall, if the oflFense is committed in time of war, suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. If the oflfense is committed at any other time, any punishment, except death, may be directed by the court-martial. Article 59 states that similar punishments as in Article 58 will be directed for a person guilty of advising, persuading, or assisting another to desert. Article 61 provides punishment for any soldier who absents himself without leave. Article 62 provides for punishment of any person subject to military law who uses contemptuous or disrespectful words against the President, Vice Presi- YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 45 dent, Congress of the United States, the Secretary of War, or the governor or legislature of any state or possession of the United States. Article 63 provides punishment for any person who is disrespectful to a superior officer. Article 64 states that a person subject to military law who assaults, or willfully disobeys, his superior officer shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. Article 65 provides similarly for punishment for any soldier who is insubordinate toward a noncommissioned officer. Article 66 provides for death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, for mutiny or sedition. Article 67 states that any officer or soldier who knows of an attempt to mutiny and does not try to prevent it shall suffer death, or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. Article 68 provides punishment for a person who refuses to obey a lawful order to abandon a quarrel, fray, or disorder. Article 69 provides for the arrest or confinement of persons charged with a serious offense and includes punishment for escape from confinement or for breaking arrest. Article 70 requires that a person subject to military law sign the charges and specifications against an accused; that the accused be given a prompt trial; and that no soldier shall be tried by a general court-martial until after an impartial investigation and an opportunity to question the witnesses against him, and to present testimony in his own behalf. Article 73 provides penalties for releasing a prisoner without authority. Articles 75 to 82 inclusive define and provide punishments for war offenses. Death, or such other punishment as the court-martial directs, is provided for any person subject to military law who misbehaves himself or runs away before the enemy, tries to compel his commander to surrender, makes known the countersign to unauthorized persons, overcomes a guard stationed to protect property, or assists the enemy. Failing to turn over to the United States any property captured from the enemy, or dealing in captured or abandoned property is liable to punishment, excluding death. All spies shall suffer death in time of war. 46 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY Article 83 states that a person subject to military law who willfully or negligently loses, damages, or wrongfully disposes of military property shall make good the loss and in addition suffer punishment. Article 84, like Article 83, provides punishment for soldiers who sell, lose, or damage any equipment issued to them. Article 8 5 provides punishment for being drunk on duty. Article 86 provides punishment for any sentinel found drunk or sleeping on post. In time of war the penalty may be death. Article 8 8 forbids the abuse or intimidation of any person bringing supplies into an army station. Article 89 requires that persons be orderly and provides punishments for any soldier who destroys property, and requires that reparation be made to the injured party. Article 92 provides the death penalty, or imprisonment for life, for any person found guilty of murder or rape. In time of peace the trial cannot be held by a court-martial if the offense was committed within the continental limits of the United States. The case must be tried in civil courts. Article 93 provides punishment for various crimes, such as manslaughter, burglary, robbery, larceny, perjury, forgery, and assault. Article 94 provides for punishment of any person subject to military law guilty of theft or embezzlement of government property. Article 96, a general article, states: "Though not mentioned in these articles, all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and military discipline, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the military service, and all crimes or offenses not capital, of which persons subject to military law may be guilty, shall be taken cognizance of by a general or special summary court-martial, according to the nature and the degree of the offense, and punished at the discretion of such court." Article 104 allows organization commanders to award company punishment summarily within certain limits. The soldier, however, has the right of trial by court-martial, if he prefers. Article 105 provides for the stoppage of pay of soldiers to reimburse owners of private property for damages caused by the soldiers' fault. A board of officers may also be called to determine the amount of damages, and assess them. YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 47 Article 106 makes it lawful for civil officers to arrest deserters. Article 107 requires a soldier to make good the time lost in deserting, and while absent without leave for more than one day, while in confinement, or as the result of his own misconduct. Article 108 provides that no soldier shall be discharged without a discharge certificate, or before his term has expired, except by order of the President, the Secretary of War, or the commanding officer of a department (corps area), or by sentence of a general court-martial. Movement of Inducted Men to Camps and Stations As soon as the group of Selective Service men from one district are prepared to leave home, the local board designates one suitable member of the party as a leader, and an assistant leader for each squad of eight, and instructs them in their responsibilities. A warrant of appointment on Selective Service Form 158 (shown below) is presented to the leader and his assistants, outlining responsibilities and charging them with the care of the party en route, arrangements for supply, discipline, and safe delivery. S.S. Form 158�Warrant op Leader or Assistant Leader and Special Police Officer Office of the Director of Selective Service, Washington. To whom it may concern: Special confidence being placed in the integrity and ability of................... {lfiadsr / assistant leader}and sPecial P�lice officer of the contingent of selected men from local board for................................. He is therefore charged with the enforcement of the regulations governing selected men en route to camp during the journey from..................................... to........................................, and all men under him are directed to obey his lawful orders during the journey, or until reported to higher military authority. By order of the Director of Selective Service: (Chairman of local board) Date....................... INSTRUCTIONS TO LEADER OR ASSISTANT LEADER AND SPECIAL POLICE OFFICER Transportation, meal, and lodging tickets of the party will be kept in your personal possession. Accompany the transportation agent through the train (or bus), identifying the men of your party, and deliver the transportation tickets to the transportation agent. Should there be any difference between the number of men covered by any ticket and the number of men in the party, endorse on the face of the ticket the actual number of men for whom transportation is furnished and sign said endorsement. Make the necessary arrangements at eating places, identifying the members of your party, and give to the person supplying the meals the proper voucher for the number of meals supplied. Make the necessary arrangements at lodging places, identifying the members of your party, and furnish the proper voucher to cover such lodging. 48 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY Make frequent inspections of the railroad cars (or busses) and list and report to the commanding officer at the reception center any damage which may be done to the transportation equipment or any other property, specifying the name or names of the member or members of the party responsible for such damage and the name or names of the assistant leaders in charge of the squad or squads to which the member or members of the party responsible for such damage are assigned. You are responsible for the safe arrival and good conduct of your party. In case of the necessity, telegraph to a station ahead for such police assistance as may be needed. In case of accident, protracted delay, or other incident requiring instructions, inform the commanding officer of the reception center by telegram and request instructions. No man shall be permitted to leave the train except when wearing his coat, overcoat, or raincoat, but he may remove his coat, overcoat, or raincoat, in the coaches of the train. No party shall be ordered or permitted to leave the vicinity of the train, except under a leader or assistant leader who will be held responsible for its conduct while absent. Just prior to arrival at the reception center, inspect the party to see that all members are present and ready to leave the train. On arrival at the reception center, keep the members of your party together in one compact group until they are taken in charge by an officer or noncommissioned officer. You are responsible for the safe-keeping of the mobilization papers of your party and their prompt delivery to the officer or noncommissoned officer at the reception center who is authorized to receive them. The authority herein conferred does not extend to the arrest of civilians. S.S. Form 158. (See sec. 139, S.S.R.) Before leaving for the reception center, the leader and assistant leaders see that each inducted man is wearing an arm band stitched on the sleeve of his coat just above the left elbow. The leaders, in turn, have brassards bearing the letters "S.P.," meaning "special police." At the railroad or bus station, the representative of the local board delivers to the leader of the party the necessary transportation, meal, and lodging tickets, and papers to be delivered to the military authorities at the reception center. These papers include the following: (1) Report of Physical Examination (Selective Service Form 200) for every man. This is the usual physical examination form with a blank endorsement for each agency that may act on the registrant, as examining physician, local board, medical advisory board, board of appeal, medical examiners at the reception center, and the camp commander. (2) The third and fourth pages of the questionnaire (Selective Service Form 40) shown in Appendix. (3) Entrainment list showing men being sent forward to the reception center. Some of the reception centers now being prepared for the inducted men under Selective Service are: Fort Dix, New Jersey; Fort Bragg, No. Carolina; Fort Custer, Mich.; Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Fort Lewis, Wash.; Fort Dev-ens, Mass.; Fort Sheridan, 111.; Fort Snelling, Minn.; Fort Leavenworth, Kan.; Fort Benjamin Harrison, Ind.; and Fort George G. Meade, Md.; Fort Thomas, Kentucky; and Presidio of Monterey, Calif. YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 49 Reception Center When the inducted men arrive by train at their near-by reception center, they will see city and farm men, industrial and white collar workers. There will be well-tailored young men, and suspendered men. As each group from its local board area steps off the train, papers in hand, it will go through a series of tests to determine the place in the army best suited to each man. The reception center is an army encampment or post at which the inducted men are sorted, classified, examined physically and mentally, clothed and equipped, and their original records completed. Reception insures each army organization that it will receive men whom it can use, train, and keep. After leaving the reception center, many recruits will subsequently obtain specialized training at an enlisted replacement center, at special schools, or at their assigned units in the Army. Since any duplication of effort among the latter three groups would be a waste of time, the reception center's efforts at accurate sorting of men is well worth while. It would be wasteful, for instance, if the Army were forced to train clerks for truck drivers in one place and truck drivers for clerks in another. Rare experts must not be wasted in nonessential duties. New organizations must not be forced to transfer their trained personnel to newer organizations; organizations must not be forced to waste time in finding the deficiencies of ineffective and useless men; organization commanders must not be forced to sacrifice training so as to complete initial records and administration of new soldiers. These sprawling, encampment reception centers, then, are vitally necessary for better handling of the man power made suddenly available to the Army. Years later, most of the men who stepped off the train into army life will remember only vaguely that they spent four days, or slightly longer, in a reception center. Checking Station Since the reception center will usually be in your corps area, the other men there will probably be civilians from your vicinity. A soldier will meet you at the train and direct your group to a certain checking point. The soldier will line you up alphabetically and the clerk will see that he has the following records pertaining to you: RAILROAD CHECKING STATION CHECK FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES DELOUS1NG STATION INTELLIGENCE TESTS INTERVIEW PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (SHOWER) SPECIAL TRAINING BATTALION CLEARING BOARD FINGERPRINT xx AND CLOTHING \. SUPPLY ^, RECORDS MEDICAL BOARD RELEASE STATION VACCINATIONS GOVERNMENT INSURANCE AND ALLOTMENTS PERMANENT ASSIGNMENT (3 DAYS) ASSIGNMENT TO ARMY ORGANIZATIONS AND ENTRAPMENT FOR NEW STATION YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 51 1. Physical Examination Report (SS Form 200) 2. Questionnaire�third and fourth pages (SS Form 40) 3. Entrainment list (SS Form 151) (for group) The clerk will call out your names alphabetically from the local board's list. He will then hand you your papers and you will move forward to another clerk who will check to see that your name has been recorded in the same way on each paper. Giving your full name, correctly spelled, will be important, for in the last war it sometimes happened that men with similar names were mixed on pay, insurance, and death rolls. The second clerk, having determined that your records are accurate, will remind you always to sign your name in the same way that it is shown on the records. Next the clerk will place around your neck a tag giving your local board, temporary assignment to quarters (such as Cantonment Building No. 38), and name. As soon as the group from your local board is checked, the soldier guide will conduct you to the hospital for a preliminary medical check to see that you have no contagious diseases. This check usually consists of an examination of your throat and chest. If anyone is detected carrying lice, he is immediately sent off to a delousing station. After the medical checkup, the group goes to quarters�either tents or cantonments� where blankets and messkits, with knife, fork, and spoon, are issued. The cantonments are large frame structures where men sleep in dormitories, called squad rooms. Row on row of beds fill the rooms, and one's first reaction is the lack of privacy afforded. Outside the cantonment is a smaller building housing the toilet facilities. This too is numbered and is allotted solely to the men living in the near-by cantonment. Here again facilities such as wash basins and showers are alined in rows. Intelligence Tests�Army General Classification Test Assuming that you have arrived at eight o'clock in the morning, an hour has now passed. There is no time to slip to your bunk for an appraisal of your new life. After drawing bedding and a bed assignment, you are led to another building for an intelligence test. The intelligence, or general classification, test cannot possibly measure your honesty, leadership, experience in specific lines of work, educational training, and the like, but it is a helpful element in determining what you are fitted for. 52 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY It is a quick and reasonably dependable classification of men according to their ability to learn new duties. Assuming that you are literate and can speak English, you are given the No. 1 test. This is a one-hour test which can be answered without writing, merely by marking the sheet. These No. 1 tests are scored mechanically by stencils, thereby eliminating the marker's personal judgment. Any literate man who fails to make a grade of IV, or higher, in this objective No. 1 test is then held for the No. 2 test, which is normally given to foreigners and illiterates. In the latter test, also of one hour's duration, the instructions are given by pantomime and demonstration. Like the No. 1 test, it measures general intelligence, but uses concrete or picture material instead of printed language. If any man, whether literate or illiterate, fails to qualify with a grade of IV in the No. 2 test, he is held for the individual examination. There are three forms of individual tests: the Yerkes-Bridges point scale, the Stanford-Binet scale, and the performance scale. In the last, the instructions are given by gestures and demonstration. A high score may be obtained by an intelligent man who knows no English. The inducted men are then rated according to their intelligence examinations in the following categories: Grade I. Very superior intelligence. About 7 men of each 100 earn this rating. They are definitely of officer caliber if they have leadership qualities. Grade II. Superior intelligence. About 24 men earn this rating and should become commissioned and noncommissioned officers if they show other necessary capabilities. Grade III. Average intelligence. About 38 per cent of the soldiers are so classified. Noncommissioned ratings and specialist privates emerge from this group. Grade IV. Inferior intelligence. About 24 per cent of the men fall in this group. They will make fair soldiers, but will take longer to train. Grade V. Very inferior intelligence. This remaining group (7 per cent) will have to be discharged or placed on labor assignments. A man's rating furnishes a fairly reliable index of his capacity to learn, to think quickly and accurately, and to analyze a situation. It indicates to a certain extent the state of mental alertness and shows his probable ability to understand orders and instructions. Schooling has little influence on such tests. By this test of general intelligence, the men are given an immediate and de- YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 53 pendable classification which will aid in discovering those eligible for advancement, special training, and special duties. Conversely, it will show up those inferior persons who are suited for selected assignments or who must be eliminated as a burden or menace to the service. Normally, in making assignments to permanent organizations in the Army, it is important that each unit have its proportion of superior, average, and usable inferior men, as rated in the intelligence tests. After the general classification test, the inducted men will probably be marched back to their quarters to wash up and prepare for the noon meal. For many it is the first experience of eating out of a messkit. This utensil should be washed thoroughly in hot soapy water, then sanded with anything which will cut through the grease that may be in the metal, and then cleansed with clear, hot water. Soap or grease in the messkit may cause diarrhea. Mess After the mess line is formed, the men march past a line of food containers. One soldier puts on the inverted messkit lid a piece of bread, butter or jam, and often a fruit dessert. Into the messkit go the meat course, potatoes, and vegetable. Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, or lemonade are put into a large cup. The food is wholesome and plentiful, but the soldier has to take what is handed out. From the cafeteria line, the men move to long picnic-type tables where they sit on benches attached to the eating board. The mess line is continuous, and as soon as one man leaves the table, another takes his place until all are fed. If a man wishes "seconds" on the meal, he is usually allowed to fall in at the end of the line. After eating, the men return individually to their barracks and prepare to turn out in a few minutes for processing�a military term for the schedule of classification, medical examination, fingerprinting, drawing of clothing and equipment, vaccination, record completion, and temporary assignment in the reception center. The group, arranged according to the typewritten list received from the local board, proceeds to the receiving station. Their intelligence test ratings will have preceded them. Each man will be given a large envelope containing his records, including the questionnaire sheet and the original physical exam- 54 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY ination record brought with him. From the information, the clerk partially completes the qualification card. This done, the recruit goes on to the interviewing room, where his qualification card is further completed. The Interview The interviewer is interested in obtaining the most correct and accurate data as to the person's qualifications. Being human, he will probably be influenced against the man who tries to overstate his qualifications. The candidate then has the task of putting his case in clearcut language and form so that he achieves a deserved rating. The interviewer is looking for specialists, such as mechanics, radio and telephone men, bakers, electricians, and draftsmen, but he is also on the lookout for non-English speaking men, illiterates, conscientious objectors, and doubtful types. For the latter men, a notation in an improvised code is placed on the card. (See subsection of this chapter for discussion and charts on classification.) Physical Examination After the interview, the inducted men pass to clerks at the exit of the room who check the qualification cards for correctness. Next, the men move to undressing and shower rooms. Here they are given envelopes for their valuables, much as in public bathing beach dressing rooms. These envelopes will be sealed and signed by the individual and then deposited with the noncommissioned officer for delivery at the other end of the processing building when the recruit has completed the circuit. The identification tag about one's neck is the redemption certificate for one's valuables. All men turn their civilian clothes over to an express agent for shipment home in case of acceptance into the military service. The clothes are returned if the man is discharged. After a shower, each man proceeds to the medical examiner. If it is cold, blankets will be provided; otherwise the men go about in the nude. The physical requirements are more elastic than those during normal voluntary enlistment periods. The object of the medical authorities under Selective Service is to procure men who are physically fit, or can be made so. At the local board's physical examinations, men have already been grouped according to YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 55 their physical fitness: Group A, fit for general military service; Group B, qualified for limited service; all others, disqualified for military service. All doubtful cases have been investigated by advisory medical boards in the local districts. Now, at the reception center, the final decision as to each man's physical fitness is made. The physical examination takes place in a large room where the doctors are able to observe carefully the candidates for Selective Service. All doctors are looking for malingerers or men who by some self-abuse are trying to disqualify themselves for military service. There were rare cases in the last war of forced vomiting, and of cutting off of a finger. Normally, able-bodied men who have resorted to such ruses will seldom be disqualified. Every inducted man is given eye, ear, nose, throat, dental, heart, and lung tests. The physicians look at the skin, head, and spine of the person as well as the remainder of the body. The inducted man's height and weight are taken and he is tested for abdominal troubles, for venereal diseases, and nervous and mental troubles. All doubtful physical cases are thoroughly inspected by a medical board, which is allowed great elasticity in interpreting requirements. When examination is completed, the men are placed as follows: 1. Men accepted under group A and B classification are marked with a final physical qualification. 2. A conglomerate group who for one reason or another are sent temporarily to a special training battalion clearing board, where they will be accepted or rejected. The medical examiner knows, from the code notation on the qualification card, whether these men are suspected of being doubtful members for the military service. He sends them direct to the clearing board. The special training battalion clearing board studies the cases referred to it by the interviewing and medical officers and decides whether the questionable men are fit for immediate or later military service. The board refers physically qualified men of the following groups: 1. Non-English speaking men 2. Conscientious objectors 3. Men of inferior intelligence to their special training battalion. Unfit cases are sent back to the chief medical examiner for release. 56 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY Fingerprinting and Clothing Supply After the medical examination, the accepted inducted men are fingerprinted and sent to the supply room for clothing and equipment. Fingerprint records are made on War Department, Adjutant General's Office, Form No. 22. In the supply room every candidate is given a barracks bag (large laundry bag) which contains equipment and a recruit kit, including pack, shelter half, toilet articles, and any other item which does not have to be sized. Forms 32 and 33, which indicate sizes of the recruit's clothing and amount drawn, are started at this time. When inducted men receive additional clothing, it is recorded on the forms and they are asked to initial the issuance of each article. Records The handling and assembling of all records is then done in the records section. The inducted men hand over their envelopes containing all records received at their local board and at the reception center. Each card is checked for accuracy and completeness. Only the vaccination record is missing. The service record, No. 24, which accompanies the individual in the Army, is filled out with the data including qualifications, residence, intelligence tests, and pay allotments. Vaccinations With the assembled records completed, the inducted man is then given his service record and an immunization register to take to the vaccination room. On one arm a vaccination against smallpox�a needle prick on the skin�is given; on the other arm a vaccination against typhoid fever�shooting of serum into the veins�is given. The typhoid vaccinations are in series of three inoculations given several days apart, and in alternate arms. Processing is then completed by assigning accepted men to new quarters in the reception center. Usually the men remain in camp for three full days while their records are being completed. All necessary equipment is issued and the men are sorted so that they can be efficiently sent to organizations at various army stations. Last Steps in Reception Center All rejected men are given a card showing that they have been released rather than discharged from the military service. The local board then sends the next man to fill the vacancy. YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 57 The inducted men, successfully completing processing, will hear talks concerning army regulations, military courtesy, sanitation, and the Articles of War during their second and third days at the reception center. There may be time for an hour or two of the new infantry drill. At some time during the period, the recruits are given a talk on the provisions of government insurance and how it applies to them. Allotments of their pay to dependents is also explained. Recruits are then allowed to apply for insurance and to allot part of their pay to dependents. Monthly checks are sent by the government direct to the insurance agency or to dependents. Requisition and Assignment After Selective Service men have been processed and accepted by a reception center, most of them are available for corps area assignment by requisition of numbers and types of men required. The data and place of assignment by organization will be contained in the requisition so that the inducted men when leaving the reception center on the fourth day for unit training elsewhere will know for what place they are entraining or entrucking. They will probably receive their second typhoid inoculation on that day. Specialists among the accepted men, such as mechanics, radio technicians, accountants, and so forth, are sent direct to the corps area organization requiring them, or to schools, or special pools (replacement groups) in the reception center. On the fourth day, therefore, 75 per cent of the arrivals on a sample day at the reception will have been taken care of and sent elsewhere. Special Training Battalions The special training battalion at the reception center trains and cares for inducted men whose assignment is delayed past the few days usually necessary for processing. Experience has shown that approximately one fourth of the arrivals at each reception center will pass through the special training battalion. Of this training battalion group, two thirds of the men will be in medical groups A and B and will remain for a few days, but only until difficulties in their classifications or medical examinations are cleared up. They will then be sent to organizations at army stations. Eight per cent of the sample-day arrivals at the reception center are held 58 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY longer than ten days. Five eighths of them are venereal cases, one fourth have other serious diseases or require operations, and the remaining one eighth are non-English speaking men and conscientious objectors. None is held longer than three months from the date of arrival. Each of the groups is segregated in the special training battalion. Progress charts will be kept on individuals, and all will be given some military training. They will live under army discipline, sanitation, and hygiene. The progress charts will assure clearance of the eight per cent from the reception center as recruits or "rejects" within three months. The oath of enlistment which accepted men will be required to take is given as follows (Article of War 109): "I,......................, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the United States of America; that I will serve them honestly and faithfully against all their enemies whomsoever; and that I will obey the President of the United States and the orders of the officers appointed over me, according to the rules and Articles of War." Occupational Classification After Interviewing In the interviewing room of the reception center (or in the interviewing room of any organization, if recruiting is direct), the inducted men under Selective Service will be asked questions for approximately ten minutes. For every man enlisted, inducted, "called," or "ordered" into the Army of the United States, the interviewer will fill out Qualification Card (War Department, A.G.O., Form No. 20). He will attempt to classify him so that training, experience, and occupational qualifications of men from civil life are utilized to the best advantage in increasing the eflSciency of the Army. (See facsimile of Qualification Card, pages 60 and 61.) The army is seeking specialists, but will rarely find military specialists such as machine gunners, tank drivers, and so forth, among the inducted men at the reception center. Such training will be obtained later and the classification added to the card. During the first day at an army station, the authorities are therefore seeking occupational specialists, as bakers, cooks, photographers, pharmacists, and so forth. After an evaluation of the data obtained in the interview, a decision YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 59 is made by the classification section as to the capabilities of the individual. Their purpose is to classify all men properly before assignment is made so that: 1. All units and installations obtain a proportionate share of the abilities possessed by personnel coming directly from civil life. 2. Combat units obtain a proportionate share of personnel possessing military training and qualities of leadership. 3. Men with occupational skills are assigned to units or installations requiring those skills in the proportion and to the extent available. As the inducted man meets the interviewer, he finds that the officer or soldier has before him the Selective Service questionnaire sheets from the local board, giving his history. Also, the interviewer has the qualification card Form No. 20 which he fills out as the inducted man answers questions. The interviewer realizes the importance of completing the card carefully because he knows it supplements a soldier's service record and follows wherever a soldier is transferred. Oftentimes it is the sole means of information of a man's qualifications as to education, intelligence, aptitudes, previous military experience, and civilian occupational skills. After the national emergency is past, the completion of the qualification card with such additions as are made in the army service may mean a job in civilian life. The card shows the individual's occupational, educational, and military experience. Since the interviewer is making a "search for talent" for the Army, he will probably be more affable and friendly than most other army questioners, who are trying to speed up the placing of Selective Service men in training. Card Entrees for the Inducted Man's Qualifications 1. Name, grade, race�The interviewer takes your name, army serial number, grade (private), and race, and prints them on the classification card. 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Birthplace�Where were your father and mother born? What city and state in the United States? What foreign country (if applicable) ? Next tell where and when you were born (city, state, or foreign country). If foreign born, be prepared to give the number of years you have lived in the United States, your citizenship status�date you received your final papers, or when you took out your first papers. 62 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 7. Education�How much schooling have you had in grammar and high school? What further education have you had? If you have attended college or university, how many years were you in attendance, what degrees did you receive, and what specialized study did you follow? What is the name of the college or university, and what was the main course studied? If you have attended a technical school, or a trade, night, or business school, much the same questions will be asked. Postgraduate schooling will be noted only if such work was done by a college man with a degree; postgraduate courses after completion of high school, trade school, business college, correspondence school, or institute will not be counted under this heading. Many men, having completed vocational study, have received a "vocational training record," containing information as to the type and amount of specialized training. Similar evidence of training will be in the hands of former Civilian Conservation Corps enrollees. 8. Ability to converse in languages�Can you speak any language other than English? Fairly well? Fluently? Whenever possible, men claiming ability to speak a language will be tested by an interviewer. Study of language at high school or college alone is considered of little value and will be disregarded except in unusual cases. The Army needs interpreters and also "handy men" around an organization who know foreign languages. 9. 10. Your marital status, as married, single, widower, or divorced, and the number of children you have will be asked by the interviewer. He will also want the name and address of your nearest relative. 11. Duty desired�When the interviewer asks what you would like to do in the Army, be prepared with a definite answer. Tell him what arm or service you want to be in and the type of work, such as "Air Corps mechanic," "Signal Corps switchboard operator," "Infantry rifleman." (See Table III for suggested branches for occupational specialists.) 12. Your talent for furnishing public entertainment will also be a question asked by the interviewer. Civilian occupations�What is your present age and the age at which you completed or left school? The difference between these two figures must be accounted for in occupation totals, or in any other way you may have spent YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 63 the intervening period. Each time you mention an occupation in which you were engaged for some time, the interviewer will check his occupational qualification chart to find out under what heading it belongs. He will also want to know your approximate degree of skill in that occupation. You should be ready to state what you consider to be your main occupation. The interviewer is not interested in this occupation with regard to its use to the Army, but later a classifier takes into account your experience in so far as it concerns the needs of the Army and decides on whether or not you will be called to that work. For his decision he will have your completed classification card to evaluate your worth. Meanwhile the interviewer is attempting to find out everything about your abilities and skills so that he can best fit you to the Army. 13. Main occupation�When your main occupation has been determined, the interviewer will ask for exact information on the character and type of your work and the time you have devoted to it. He will ask you just what work you did, and you should answer as closely as possible, that is "rodman on a surveying gang; some experience with a transit." How good were you at your job? This will call for an appraisal of your ability so that the interviewer will be able to classify you as a "skilled," "semiskilled," or "unskilled." (a) Skilled�this rating indicates that the inducted man fully measures up to the Army's occupational specifications. Without further training, this individual can be given an occupational assignment in his field. Given the tools or papers of his trade or profession, he is able to complete satisfactorily his work in the Army. Skilled ratings may be given subsequently to men who prove their ability through actual trade tests, or furnish other proof. (b) Semiskilled�this rating indicates that the soldier has had some experience in the listed occupation, but not enough for a skilled rating. Semiskilled ratings will be given for the following: (1) Ability sufficient to be of use, under proper supervision, as an assistant or understudy to a skilled specialist, or as an emergency substitute for a skilled specialist. (2) Amateur ability along such lines as telegraphy, photography, radio, and so forth, which by further training can be developed into army usefulness. When the name of your employer or firm is asked, the answer expected is that of the firm's usual listing in the telephone directory, and not the name of 64 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY your immediate boss or foreman. Next will come the address of the firm you last worked for, and the listing of the department, shop, or branch in which you worked. What kind of business was the firm doing? The primary object of this entry is to determine the type of industry, such as oil refinery, textile mill, utility, railway, and so on. Lastly, under this heading, your weekly wage is of interest. Explain this by showing that the wages in your section of the country are higher or lower for such work, that you were earning apprentice wages, were working on piecework, or that you were receiving overtime before being inducted into the service. Since all of us like to exaggerate our wages, the interviewer will be looking for such additions. After interviewing many men previously, he will have a good indication of your accuracy. 14, 15. Next, your second and third occupations will be listed, though no names of employers will be asked for. In addition, the Army will want to know any additional occupations, hobbies, or skills that you have been engaged in, or know. "Student" is considered as an occupation provided you were doing no other work at the time. "Professional soldiering" will of course be considered as an occupation, under this heading. 16, 17, and 18. If trade tests are available and it is believed that one should be given, the interviewer will send you to that section as soon as he completes the remainder of the qualification card. The trade tester will mark the card with "W" for well informed; "S" for some information of the work; and "L" for little information. Four types of trade tests have been developed. These are the oral, picture, performance, and written. (a) The oral test is a list of questions pertaining to a particular job. (b) The picture test contains pictures of the tools or apparatus used in the occupation, and the applicant is asked to name them, and describe their use. An electrician, for instance, is shown the parts of an electric motor and asked to name them. (c) The performance test involves use of the tools and materials of the occupation and the applicant is asked to make a specified product. The applicant is given a grade on his work in this test. Typing applicants are given the standard exercises. (d) The written tests may consist, for example, of a list of questions with YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 65 three or four answers shown, and the applicants are asked to check the correct answer. The Army's general classification tests have been taken when the inducted man first reaches the reception center, and the grade in roman numerals is now placed on the card, as it is received from the records section. Aptitude tests will usually be given in the unit training centers to men tentatively selected for special training. That space on the card will be completed later. 19. Your experience in management of men is the following question. What is the greatest authority you have ever held over a group of persons? You may have been foreman of a section gang on the railroad, head usher in a theater, president of a fraternity. 20, 21. Tell the interviewer here what your hobbies and favorite sports are. (The card is now turned over.) 22. Previous military experience�What previous experience have you had in the Regulary Army, Navy, Marine Corps, National Guard, Organized Reserves, Revenue Cutter Service, or Public Health Service? Have you had duty in a foreign army; have you had military training at school or college, in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, or at a Citizens' Military Training Camp? Were you enrolled in the Civilian Conservation Corps? What specialist training have you had in the military unit? Were you a machine gunner, a company cook, a platoon leader? In your answer, give the length of time served in that capacity in years and months. 23. Have you an army service school certificate as a former enlisted man who attended a course in motor transport, baking, or chemical warfare? Was the certificate obtained in a foreign army? 24. Limited service men are those who do not meet the requirements for general military service but who may be used for certain limited types of duty. There are two types of limited service men: (a) Those having physical defects. (b) Those certified as conscientious objectors by local boards. These men will only be used for noncombatant duty. 25. 26, 27, and 28. There are several spaces that the interviewer does not fill in, but it is well to know what they are. No. 25 is filled in by the classifier; 66 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY No. 26, with your military specialties, such as cannoneer, mess sergeant, antiaircraft searchlight man, and so forth, by the commanding officer of your organization. Several months after you enter his organization, the commanding officer of your organization will also fill in a notation that you are or are not correctly placed according to the classification given to you. If he believes you are correctly placed in your classification, you will usually not be disturbed, transferred, or moved from that organization. Your record of service (28) will be completed during the year. Aptitude tests determine your ability to do mechanical or clerical work. Men who might be selected to take a course at a special service school, for example, will be given an aptitude test prior to enrollment. Other data will be filled in by the questioner. If you are illiterate, the interviewer will note that. Also, if he suspects you of disloyalty, that fact will be noted under remarks (24), but it may be removed by the classification commander if he has reason to believe otherwise. Only in rare cases is this disloyalty mark made, and in most such cases the medical examiners and other persons with whom the individual comes in contact at the reception center will be able to concur, or disagree, with such an appraisal. Both you and the interviewer sign the qualification card at the end of the questioning period. Each time you have mentioned an occupation, leadership qualities, entertainment abilities, and other material, the interviewer has placed on your qualification card certain prearranged specification serial numbers and checks. When the interviewer has completed his work, the classifier is able to punch the card and to determine your qualifications accordingly. All the information on the soldier's qualification card is considered in classifying him: schooling, age, civilian experience, military training, firm worked for, leadership, intelligence, and so on. From an estimate of these facts, the classifier will make his recommendation (25) of your place as follows: 1. As a specialist in an occupation designated as still photographer or cameraman, specification serial number 152, for instance. 2. As a combat soldier�leadership probable (or latter remark concerning leadership left blank). Since every man may be an occupational specialist of sorts, as well as a potential combat enlisted man, the classifier will recommend incjucted men YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 67 with no outstanding specialty for duty where they are most needed. For example, if classifiers are recommending more men as basic carpenters than needed, some of them may be sent as riflemen where shortages exist. This procedure changes no facts on the qualification card; only the recommendation (25) is affected. TABLE I. Requirement Rates, Military and Occupational Specialists DIVISIONAL INFANTRY Classification Rate per 1,000 men Agent: Howitzer company ............... 1 Machine-gun company ............ 4 Ammunition corporal, howitzer company 1 Armorer .......................... 5 Artificer ..................... 4 Barber ............................ 5 Basic: Howitzer company................ 15 Machine-gun company ............ 120 Bugler Carpenter ........... Chauffeur ........... Clerk............... Cobbler............. Cook ............... Draftsman, topographic Electrician, radio ..... 10 3 5 15 2 20 2 1 Classification Rate per 1,000 men Gunner: Howitzer company ............... 5 Machine-gun company............. 15 Leader, platoon, section, squad......... 145 Lineman, telephone ................. 10 Mess sergeant ...................... 5 Messenger ......................... 75 Observer and scouts, intelligence....... 25 Operator: Radio .......................... 10 Telephone switchboard ............ 4 Rifleman, rifle company............ 360 Auto, rifle company............... 60 Signal sergeant ..................... 10 Stenographer ...................... 2 Supply sergeant .................... 5 Tailor ............................ 5 Motor transport, additional........... 51 DIVISIONAL CAVALRY Classification Rate per 1,000 men Armorer .......................... 2 Basic ............................. 350 Bugler ............................ 15 Chauffeur ......................... 28 Clerk ............................ 20 Cook ............................. 20 Demolition man.................... 5 Driver ........................... 50 Driver, armored car................. 10 Farrier............................ 6 First sergeant ...................... 7 Gunner: Machine rifle .................... 15 Submachine gun.................. 10 Horseshoer ........................ 25 Intelligence observer ................ 100 Leaders, platoon, section, squad........ 135 Classification Rate per 1,000 men Machine gunner.................... 30 Mechanics and gunners.............. 12 Mechanic, general Mess sergeant . Messenger .... Military police Panel operators ............... 5 ............... 7 ............... 55 ............... 5 ............... 5 Radio operators .................... 15 Saddler ........................... 6 Sergeant major..................... 5 Stable sergeant .................... .6 Stenographer ...................... 1 Supply sergeant .................... 12 Wagoner.......................... 35 Wagonmaster ...................... 1 Wheelwright ...................... 1 68 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY FIELD ARTILLERY Rate per 1 $00 men Regt. Sound 7 5-mm. Regt. Regt, and 7 5-mm. Horse Regt. 7 5-mm. How. Flash Classification Mtzd. Drawn 15 5-mm. Pack 240-mm. Bn. Agent...................... 15 15 13 13 7 8 Ammunition corporal......... 6 2 5 20 20 Ammunition server........... 50 50 50 ... 100 Barber ..................... 8 8 5 Basic....................... 25 23 100 53 40 Bugler ..................... 12 12 12 12 10 8 Caisson corporal ............. ... 40 22 Cannoneer .................. 165 165 165 130 275 Cargador ................... ... ... ... 11 Chauffeur .................. 286 2 275 ... 150 155 Clerk ...................... 15 15 10 13 12 45 Cobbler .................... 1 1 1 1 1 Computer and plotter......... ... ... ... ... ... 56 Cook ...................... 25 25 25 24 25 25 Draftsman.................. ... ... ... ... ... 25 Driver ..................... ... ... ... 193 Driver: Artillery ................. ... 260 Tractor .................. ... ... ... ... 125 28 Electrician, telephone......... ... ... ... ... ... 6 First sergeant ............... 8 8 8 8 6 5 Gunner .................... 35 15 15 18 10 Horseshoer.................. ... 16 ... 30 Instrument man ............. 16 12 20 13 10 Intelligence scout ............ 22 22 25 23 16 3 Leader, section............... 45 35 40 23 20 8 Lineman, telephone........... 30 30 30 ... ... 148 Lineguards.................. ... ... ... 25 17 ... Mechanic: Artillery ................. 10 10 10 14 25 Auto .................... 30 ... 20 ... 15 General .................. 15 15 7 ... ... 14 Messenger................... ... ... ... 4 Mess sergeant................ 8 8 10 8 6 8 Motorcyclist ................ 10 10 10 2 35 28 Motor sergeant .............. 10 ... ... ... 5 ... Observer, range.............. ... ... ... ... ... 85 Operator: Flash switchboard.......... ... ... ... ... ... 11 Instrument ............... 10 10 10 6 5 Radio.................... 25 25 20 6 7 12 Sound switchboard......... ... ... ... ... ... 11 Telephone ................ 40 25 25 50 25 Telephone switchboard...... 15 15 15 ... ... 15 Packer ..................... ... ... ... 230 Packmaster ................. ... ... ... 13 Photographer................ ... ... ... ... ... 28 Range finder................ 5 5 5 6 5 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 69 field artillery�Continued Classification Rate per 1,000 men 7 5-mm. Utzd. Regt. 7 5-mm. Horse Drawn Sound Regt. Regt. and Regt. 7 5-mm. How. Flash 155-mm. Pack 2 40-mm. Bn. 11 2 2 1 1 20 19 8 16 8 10 8 10 6 Saddler............. Sergeant major ...... Signal man, wire, radio Stable sergeant....... Supply sergeant...... Tailor.............. Topographer ........ Truckmaster ........ Wagoner ........... Wagonmaster........ 4 30 8 8 10 4 20 8 8 8 60 3 10 19 155 6 COAST ARTILLERY CORPS Classification Antiaircraft Regt 155-mm. Regt. Rate per lyOOOmen Harbor defense Railroad Type Type Type Arty. tfA" �B" rfC" Regt. Regt. Regt. Regt. Type ttjy> Separate Bn. Agent .................. 15 10 Armorer ................ 5 Ammunition corporal...... 13 Ammunition ............. 14 Basic ................... 235 Bugler .................. 14 Cannoneer ............... 98 Chauffeur ............... 140 Chief of breech........... ... Chief of section, squad..... 63 Clerk ................... 14 Cobbler ................. 1 Cook ................... 20 Communications .......... 10 Electrician............... Electrician, searchlight..... 6 Engineer, locomotive....... Firemen, locomotive....... Foreman, R R section...... Gun commander.......... Gun pointer.............. 7 Instrument man .......... 38 Intelligence observers...... 46 Lineman, telephone........ 30 Listener, locator .......... 20 Machine gunner, AA....... 60 72 20 17 12 10 14 12 64 42 141 128 169 140 70 45 119 205 88 180 16 15 13 12 8 16 224 320 170 160 200 179 70 40 70 60 40 26 15 15 11 14 11 5 15 26 22 28 23 15 13 13 12 14 8 1 3 8 6 8 7 26 20 21 20 26 21 20 20 30 25 26 40 2 12 21 19 20 22 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 16 12 11 14 11 16 15 12 11 14 11 40 40 22 20 19 18 5 15 13 12 12 14 35 40 15 13 14 14 45 20 18 18 14 70 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY coast artillery corps�Continued Classification Rate per 1,000 men Harbor defense Type Anti- Railroad Type Type Type trD" aircraft 155-mm. Arty. "A" tt T>� ttS~*� Sepa- Regt. Regt. Regt. Regt. Regt. Regt. rate Bn. Master gunner......... Mechanic: Artillery ........... Auto .............. Gas engine.......... General ............ Mess sergeant.......... Messenger ............ Motorcyclist .......... Operator: Controller-comparator Radio .............. Telephone .......... Telephone switchboard Searchlight.......... Sound lag corrector . . . Plotting-room man..... Range setter .......... Searchlight corporal .... Sergeant major ........ Scouts and spotters..... Section hands, R R..... Signalman, R R........ Supply sergeant........ Switchman, R R....... Tractor driver......... Truckmaster .......... 24 1 7 20 7 20 10 20 7 10 2 10 3 2 10 25 10 8 33 10 32 6 40 2 20 10 40 12 9 2 2 2 5 6 5 5 10 3 12 10 10 14 4 8 8 9 7 3 3 2 2 3 38 8 7 7 16 18 3 3 3 4 25 35 32 32 26 20 18 15 7 12 10 11 7 60 90 85 106 94 15 12 10 14 6 15 18 9 3 4 5 16 2 3 4 3 AIR CORPS Classification Observation Group Rate per 1,000 men Bombard-Attack ment Group Group Pursuit Group Armorer ........... Basic .............. Cabinetmaker ....... Chauffeur .......... Clerk .............. Cook .............. Electrician.......... Fabric worker....... First sergeant ....... Gunner ............ Instrument repairman 85 80 30 95 180 135 145 145 3 2 3 2 100 90 110 115 95 30 30 50 25 25 25 30 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 5 5 5 5 140 215 2 1 2 1 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 71 air corps�Continued Classification Observation Group Rate per 1,000 men Bombard-Attach ment Group Group Pursuit Group 2 1 2 1 30 25 25 30 10 5 5 5 215 370 255 445 4 4 4 5 8 6 6 8 20 15 20 20 2 1 1 2 15 10 10 10 75 12 2 1 1 1 85 25 70 5 2 7 3 4 2 4 3 10 9 10 10 3 5 5 2 2 3 Machinist, bench lathe............ Master sergeant, flight chief........ Mechanic: Auto ........................ Airplane and engine............ Parachute rigger............... Mess sergeant.................... Messenger....................... Meteorologist.................... Motorcyclist .................... Photographer.................... Sergeant major .................. Signalman, radio operator.......... Stenographer-typist .............. Stockkeeper ..................... Supply sergeant.................. Tractor driver................... Transportation sergeant, truckmaster CORPS OF ENGINEERS Classification Rate per 1,000 men General Service Separate Regiment Battalion Combat Regiment 215 580 300 7 5 10 15 10 20 19 75 25 95 40 25 33 16 10 17 7 5 10 30 20 33 10 5 11 20 5 20 1 1 7 1 1 20 2 3 Basic........ Blacksmith Bugler ...... Carpenter: Bridge General . . . Chauffeur . . . Clerk ....... Cobbler ..... Cook ....... Draftsman . . . Electrician: General . . . Telephone . Power Engineer: Locomotive Stationary . 72 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY corps of engineers�Continued Classification Fireman: Basic ......................... Locomotive .................... Fitter, pipe...................... Foreman: Construction................... Construction, concrete........... Construction, R R.............. Construction, road .............. Leader, platoon, section, squad....... Lineman, power................... Lithographer ..................... Machinist........................ Man, demolition .................. Mason, stone..................... Mechanic: Auto ......................... General ....................... Mess sergeant .................... Operator: Electric plant .................. Filter ......................... Mimeograph ................... Pile driver..................... Road roller .................... Steam shovel ................... Winch ........................ Packer .......................... Painter.......................... Photographer..................... Quarryman ...................... Rifleman, auto.................... Rigger, general ................... Riveter and driller................ Stenographer..................... Supply sergeant................... Tool corporal .................... Topographer ..................... Truckmaster ..................... Welder ......................... Worker: Concrete ...................... R R section.................... Sheet metal .................... Structural iron ................. Motor transport, additional....... Kate per 1,000 men General Service Separate Combat Regiment Battalion Regiment 1 7 35 6 7 6 110 1 1 75 7 1 1 1 1 7 2 7 8 1 35 30 1 1 8 20 2 5 1 6 20 20 20 61 2 1 50 130 35 5 1 2 2 5 1 30 25 5 10 55 1 95 1 5 35 3 45 10 10 3 1 35 35 35 11 4 10 86 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 73 DIVISION AND CORPS SIGNAL CORPS UNIT Rate per 1,000 men Division Signal Signal Classification Battalion Company Basic ...................... 80 85 Bugler..................... 4 6 Chauffeur .................. 75 75 Clerk: Headquarters ............. 45 55 Code .................... 5 5 Cook...................... 20 25 Draftsman ................. 2 5 Electrician: Radio ................... 10 20 Storage battery............ 6 12 Telegraph ................ 6 6 Telephone ................ 10 6 Lineman, telephone ..........410 300 Man: Instrument .............. 4 ... Telephone maintenance..... 85 45 Classification Rate per 1,000 men Division Signal Signal Battalion Company Mechanic: Auto .................... 6 10 General .................. 15 10 Mess sergeant ............... 4 5 Motorcyclist ................ 50 35 Operator: Radio ................... 50 140 Telegraph ................ 40 35 Telephone switchboard ..... 60 55 Pigeoneer ..................... 5 Splicer, cable ............... 5 5 Supply sergeant ............. 6 5 Truckmaster................ 2 5 Motor transport, additional....... 45 QUARTERMASTER CORPS Classification Division Quartermaster Regt, Motor Repair Regt, Rate per 1,000 men Quartermaster Remount Regt. Regt, Corps Quartermaster Regt, Service Motor Transport Regt. 45 2 1 3 15 6 7 30 190 1 25 240 10 320 20 60 12 14 5 12 25 20 1 23 2 20 20 1 25 1 15 15 40 75 1 30 2 2 63 5 125 147 132 150 5 45 5 Blacksmith ............ Carpenter ............. Chauffeur ............. Clerk ............. Cook ................. Draftsman............. Electrician ............. Foreman, mechanic...... Horseshoer ............ Horse trainer........... Inspector, motor transport Leader, section squad..... Machinist.............. Mechanic: Auto ............... General ............. Mess sergeant........... Motorcyclist ........... Painter................ Plumber............... Saddler................ Sheet metal worker...... Stable sergeant.......... 75 10 35 3 525 4 1 30 7 10 7 6 74 8 30 1 1 5 10 1 40 8 25 74 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY quartermaster corps�Continued Classification Storekeeper, spare-parts expert Supply sergeant............ Truckmaster .............. Unrated .................. Upholsterer ............... Wagoner ................. Wagonmaster ............. Welder................... Wheelwright .............. Motor transport, additional . . . Rate per 1,000 men Division Quarter- Quarter-Quarter- Motor master master Motor master Repair Remount Regt. Regt. Transport Regt. Regt, Regt. Corps Service Regt. 20 10 300 30 8 100 30 30 15 10 654 12 14 417 218 5 770 10 20 340 ordnance department Rate per 1,000 men C dnance Ordnance Company Company Medium Heavy Mainte- Mainte- Classification Armorer ................... 90 75 Basic...................... 280 325 Blacksmith ................. 15 15 Carpenter .................. 15 15 Clerk ..................... 25 45 Cook ...................... 15 20 Coppersmith................... 6 Electrician ................. 15 10 First sergeant............... 7 3 Instrument maker ........... 15 7 Master mechanic ............ 7 4 Machinist.................. 40 30 Machine operator............... 40 Classification Mechanic: Artillery ...... Auto ......... Gas engine .... General ....... Tank-tractor . . Mess sergeant .... Riveter and driller Saddler ......... Section chief..... Stockkeeper ..... Supply sergeant . . Tool corporal .... Toolmaker ...... Welder ......... Rate per 1,000 men Ordnance Ordnance Company Company Medium Heavy Mainte- Mainte- 50 90 15 165 15 7 15 55 7 7 7 15 28 300 3 6 25 40 6 3 6 6 10 CHEMICAL WARFARE SERVICE Classification Rate per 1,000 men, Cml. Regt. Mtz. Ammunition: Carrier ......................... 192 Server .......................... 36 Sergeant ........................ 18 Barber............................ 8 Basic ............................. 6 Bugler............................ 12 Cannoneer ........................ 336 Rate per 1,000 men, Cml. Regt. Classification Mtz. Chauffeur .................... ..... 33 Chief of section, squad.......... Clerk ..................... 80 ..... 12 Cobbler ..................... ..... 2 Cook ........................ ..... 21 Communication sergeant....... Draftsman .................. 6 ..... 2 Gunner ..................... ..... 48 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 75 chemical warfare service�Continued Rate per 1,000 men, Cml. Regt. Classification Mtz. Intelligence observers................ 20 Mechanic: General ......................... 6 Motor .......................... 10 Mess sergeant ...................... 8 Messenger ......................... 52 Motorcyclist ....................... 12 Observer, meteorological............. 10 Rate per 1,000 men, Cml. Regt. Classification Mtz. Operator: Telephone ....................... 30 Telephone switchboard............. 23 Stenographer ...................... 1 Supply sergeant .................... 7 Tailor ............................ 2 Transportation sergeant.............. 7 medical corps Classification Artificer ............... Basic .................. Baker .................. Bugler ................. Butcher ................ Carpenter .............. Chauffeur .............. Clerk .................. Cobbler ................ Cook .................. Leader, platoon, section, etc. Mechanic: Auto ................ Gas engine............ General .............. Mess sergeant ........... Motorcyclist ............ Operator: Electric plant ......... Telephone switchboard . . Pharmacist.............. Photographer, X-ray...... Stenographer ........ Supply sergeant.......... Technician: Dental ............... Laboratory............ Medical .............. Sanitary .............. Surgical .............. Veterinary ............ Truckmaster ............ Typist ................. Motor transport, additional . Medical Regiment Evacuation Hospital Rate per 1,000 men General Hospital Surgical Hospital Station Hospital 8 375 10 150 30 35 144 15 7 1 120 10 30 7 1 41 375 7 3 20 24 55 58 3 10 7 2 7 7 7 10 7 7 295 13 70 2 600 2 5 2 2 30 35 2 65 61 10 5 7 2 10 12 100 2 20 2 15 445 35 35 45 58 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 125 8 140 8 8 7 600 55 50 7 50 54 7 7 21 7 7 7 15 7 21 7 35 7 15 76 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY Table I shows the requirement rates of the various branches of the Army for military and occupational specialists per 1,000 men. You will notice that the number and types of specialists vary with the technical degree of the service. The Ordnance needs far more technicians than does the Infantry. The word "basic" refers to soldiers in the ranks; noncommissioned officers are shown under "leader, platoon, section, squad." The "artificer" is a general handy man who is carpenter, repair man, and who can do all types of odd jobs. An "agent" is a messenger in the field and coast artillery. Most of the other terms are descriptive in themselves. TABLE II Table Showing Requirement Rate per 1,000 Men of Occupational Specialists for the Army and the Estimated Occurrence Rate per 1,000 Men, 21-30 Years of Age, in Each Corps Area Estimated occurrence rate in each corps area per 1,000 men, 21-30 years of age Requirement rate per 1*000 Occupational specialists men Bakers.................... 2.0 Blacksmiths ............... 2.5 Cabinetmakers ..............1 Carpenters ................ 8.3 Conductors, R R............8 Cooks ....................25.5 Coppersmiths...............002 Dispatcher, R R.............07 * Trainmaster ................02 Yardmaster ................13 Driller, well................15 " Electrician: General................. 1.00 Plant....................006 Power...................25 Radio ...................46 Searchlight...............40 Storage battery...........14 Telephone and telegraph.....30 Engineer: Locomotive ............. 0.40 Stationary ...............80 Firemen, locomotive.........40 Fitter, pipe (plumbers).......20 Foremen: Road of engines...........01 Engine house.............10 R R car repair............05 R R section..............70 Wrecking................01 Construction ............4.30 Horseshoer (see also Blacksmith) ............... 4.10 First Corpi Area Second Corps Area Third Corps Area Fourth Corps Area 1 Sixth Corpi Area Seventh Corp Area Eighth Corpi Area Ninth Corp. Area 4.5 5.0 4.0 1.8 3.2 4.3 3.8 3.2 4.3 1.0 .8 1.6 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.4 2.6 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.0 .6 1.2 1.7 .68 .4 1.4 19.2 20.5 14.4 9.6 11.0 13.0 9.0 11.5 13.6 .2 .8 .5 .3 .7 .4 .43 .23 .4 5.4 5.3 3.1 3.0 2.5 3.4 3.0 4.2 10.0 .15 .1 .01 .04 .03 .05 .04 .08 .08 1.2 1.0 .20 .45 .03 .17 .3 .28 .2 2.0 12.0 15.0 12.0 4.7 8.0 10.4 5.51 5.7 11.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.47 0.4 0.8 4.0 5.6 5.3 2.7 4.6 4.5 3.10 8.0 7.1 .8 1.6 2.3 1.6 3.4 2.1 2.24 2.5 2.2 9.8 12.3 8.0 3.1 5.0 5.8 3.20 4.3 4.0 .5 .47 .5 .9 .6 1.23 1.0 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 77 TABLE II�Continued Estimated occurrence rate in each corps area per 1,000 men, 21-30 years of age Requirement rate per 1,000 Occupational specialists men Linemen: Construction, telephone and telegraph ..............25 Telephone and telegraph. ... 8.50 Man, telephone maintenance. . . .60 Splicer, cable................05 Wire, chief.................07 Lithographers: General..................06 Transfer.................008 Machinist ................ 4.00 Machinist, master...........14 Maker: Boiler ...................17 Pattern..................01 Man: Demolition...............44 Foundry molder...........04 Telephone maintenance (see also Lineman, telephone and telegraph)..........60 Mason, stone................15 Mechanic: Automobile .............16.80 General.................10.20 Tank-tractor ............ 2.60 Aviation................ 5.10 Repairman: Camera..................02 Instrument...............26 Signal ...................06 Rigger, balloon.............13 Vulcanizer .................15 Welder ....................80 Wheelwright ...............26 Meteorologist ...............25 Millwright .................005 Operator: Chief telegraph............08 Telegraph................60 Telegraph switchboard......04 Locomotive crane..........004 Steam shovel.............40 Winch ..................15 . Radio .................. 8.0 Pharmacists ............... 1.0 Photographer .............. 1.0 Photographer, X-ray.........35 M0.5 3.7 4.4 3.0 1.5 3.0 4.0 3.24 2.2 3.7 4.14 .2 .5 .2 .01 .21 .26 .08 .04 .1 24.0 19.0 19.0 7.3 23.7 30.0 9.57 8.4 13.4 .5 .7 1.3 .7 1.1 .9 .96 1.5 1.2 1.2 .6 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.5 .26 .07 .4 1.5 .7 1.5 1.2 2.2 2.4 .80 .4 4.8 7.1 4.3 2.3 3.1 4.5 1.82 1.9 1.8 M8.8 56.3 39.0 33.0 20.0 50.0 62.0 26.4 25.0 25.7 .72 .5 .5 .3 1.1 1.3 .35 .16 .5 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.9 .8 } .55 1.10 1.5 3.5 $.9 3.4 2.0 .8 .7 1.9 .4 .4 .2 .15 .08 .10 .08 .15 .7 2.6 2.5 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.7 3.0 1.35 1.1 .27 .5 .8 .42 .5 1.3 78 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY TABLE II�Continued Estimated occurrence rate in each corps are* per 1,000 men, 21-30 years of age Occupational specialists Require- tnent rate per 1,000 men orps orps orps orps f orp. orpi 'orp O n o * o * o * o � � a U * o � V * � 2 *> First Ar Second Ar Third Ar Fourth Ar Fifth Ar Sixth Ar Eighth Ar Ninth Ar 9.8 13.3 8.0 3.1 5.0 5.8 3.2 4.3 4.0 1.0 1.2 .9 .28 1.1 1.2 .75 .4 .9 7.4 8.4 5.0 2.0 4.5 6.7 3.9 2.0 4.4 2.3 .8 3.0 1.5 3.4 1.0 1.7 .9 1.0 Plumber ...................05 Pressman, rotary lithographer. .03 Printers .................008 Quarrymen................ 2.00 Radio, plant chief............16 Repairmen: Camera (see also Mechanic) .02 Instrument (see also Mechanic) ...............26 Signal (see also Mechanic) . . .06 Rigger: Balloon (see also Mechanic) .13 General................. 2.20 Saddler ................... 2.20 Sawyer ....................003 Shoemaker ................ 1.80 Splicer, cable (see also Lineman, telephone and telegraph) ... .05 Stenographer-typist ......... 2.50 Tailor .................... 2.70 Technician, Medical Corps. . . .16.00 Toolmaker .................18 Topographer ...............80 Trainmaster (see also Dispatcher, RR) .................02 Upholsterer ................01 Vulcanizer (see also Mechanic) Welder (see also Mechanic) . . . Wheelwright (see also Mechanic) ................ Wire chief (see also Lineman, telephone and telegraph) . . . Worker: Canvas ................. Cordage ................ Fabric ................. Gas .................... Sheet metal.............. Structural iron........... Yardmaster (see patcher, RR) . . also Dis- .2 .1 .11 .09 .08 .2 .30 .09 .10 .7 .25 .50 1.9 .80 .60 .5 .4 2.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 .9 .8 .8 .7 .8 .9 1.2 2.3 2.1 .9 1.3 1.5 1,4 1.6 1.6 2.1 4.1 2.3 1.8 1.3 2.3 1.7 2.5 2.7 4.5 2.0 .8 .03 3.1 7.0 .3 .04 .3 1.6 1.8 1.3 .5 1.4 3.3 1.0 .4 1.7 0.15 . . . .80 ... .26 ,03 0.1 0.13 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.4 ,10 2.7 .1 .09 .03 .05 .05 .07 .00 .04 15 11 ,60 2.0 2.3 2.1 .8 2.4 3.3 1.5 .8 1.8 ,45 1.0 1.7 .8 .43 .7 .8 .5 .35 .8 .13 Table II shows the requirement rate per 1,000 men of occupational specialists. The estimated occurrence rate per 1,000 inducted men, 21-30 years of age, in each corps area is added. These figures are based upon the Occupational Statistics, Bureau of Census, 1930, and necessarily are based upon the law of averages. The shortage of some types of occupational specialists indicates either that such types of men will have to be transferred from one corps area to another, or that there will have to be a call for men to fill these occupations in the Army. Table No. Ill lists most of the occupational specialists needed in the Army, suggests the branch, or branches, of the Army where they will be placed, and shows in what civilian fields such specialists are normally found. OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS NEEDED THE ARMS THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN WHICH FOUND t ^ ^ -s u, *C 3 a a ^ .JO "�< J* It a C/5 > Aerial cameraman, motion pict. Aerial cameraman, still camera. Aerial photo-compiler........ Aerial photographic lab. tech.. . x X Aerial photo-topographer................ x Airbrake mechanic, railway................ Airplane engine mechanic................ x Airplane fabric and dope worker.......... x Airplane inspector..................... x Airplane mechanic..................... x Airship inspector...................... x Airship mechanic...................... x Apparatus man, tel. and tele...... x x x x x Armature winder (also gen. elect.).......... Armorer ......................... x x x Artificer (gen. mechanic)....... x x x x x Artillery mechanic................. x x Auto carburetor mechanic....... x x x x x Automobile chassis assembler ..... x x x x x Automobile electrician .......... x x x x x Automobile engine assembler ..... x x x x x Automobile mechanic, Diesel..... x x x x x x x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X...... X...... X X X X X X XXX XXX XXX XXX X X X X * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." Motion picture cameraman Aerial, commercial, industrial, news-reel photographer Surveying and railroad survey draftsman; map cartographer Aerial photographic lab. worker; indust. photographer (Same as above) Airbrake inspector; locomotive mechanic Airplane or auto mechanic Cutter and cloth fitter; upholsterer; auto-top maker Airplane mechanic Airplane mechanic Inspector, airship factory Airship or balloon rigger Insideman, telephone systems Electrician; lighting wireman Gunsmith, gun mechanic, locksmith Skilled helper; handy man General or repair machinist; master mechanic Automobile machinist or mechanic Automobile machinist or mechanic Auto or expert general electrician Automobile machinist or mechanic Diesel engine auto mechanic OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS THE ARMS THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN NEEDED WHICH FOUND 1 1 I $ � G ^ ^ I8 s r^ i 00 -S, a O 5 O O 8� �5 *.(5 4f w > Bricklayer, general....................... x.......... x Bridge carpenter........................ x.......... x Bridge inspector, railway.................. x.......... x Bugler (bandsman) ............ x x x x x x x x........ Butcher...................... x x x x x x x x...... x Cabinetmaker......................... x............ x Cable splicer, tel. and tele........ x x x x x x x x........ Cable tester, tel. and tele......... x x x x x x x x........ Cameraman, motion picture............. x . . x Camera repairman, still camera........... x . . x.......... Canvas worker........................ x............ x Car builder, railway...................... x.......... x...... Car carpenter, railway.................... x.......... x...... Car distributor, railway................... x.......... x...... Car inspector, railway..................... x.......... x...... Car mechanic, railway.................... x.......... x...... Car shop sup't., railway................... x.......... x...... Cargador....................... x x........................ Carpenter, general ............. x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Carpenter, packer.................................... x x x Caterer ...................... x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Chauffeur (truck driver)........ x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Checker (shipping clerk).............................. x x x Chemical laboratory man.................................. x x Chief clerk................... x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Chief loader.................... x...... x.............. Chief planter, submarine mines......... x...................... Chromium plater...................................... x x Clerk, general, including basic, battery, classification, company, general office, message center, operations, personnel, postal, and troop ................ x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Cobbler (shoe repairman)....... x x x x x x x x...... x x x x * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." Bricklayer Railway carpenter, mine timberman, construction carpenter Bridge construction foreman; RR draftsman Band or orchestra player Retail butcher, packing house carver Furniture maker, skilled carpenter Cable splicer with telephone and tele. cos. Cable tester with tel. and tele. cos. Cameraman in motion picture production Repairman in camera mfg. plant q Sail or awning maker; canvas sewing machine c* operators Postal clerk, railway mail clerk, letter carrier, mailing clerk in industrial firm x Typist, office clerk Shoemaker, shoe repairer t* Car or locomotive mechanic �j Railroad or house carpenter ^ Railway or yard clerk �-J Car or locomotive mechanic Locomotive mechanic, boiler or tank maker ^ Foreman, car or locomotive mechanic ��< CO Mule packer, cattle ranch hand House or mill carpenter ^ Department store or mfg. plant shipper Restaurateur, hotel chef, steward Auto driver, mechanic, or chauffeur W Shipping and warehouse clerks ^ Medical or chemical laboratory technician, col- $& lege chemistry students � Office manager, head clerk Explosive man, quarry foreman, mine boss Boatswain on freight steamer Electroplater, nickel plater X H< OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS NEEDED THE ARMS THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN WHICH FOUND I1 �> ^ �* � a CO 6 o e> 2^ � � 8 M ^Q -�^Q **?0 3 I 3. a - 3 *Q CO Cold storage worker. x x X X X X X X Combination man, tel. and tele. x x x Conductor, railway................... Construction chauffeur, tel. and tele...................... x x x : Construction foreman................. Cook........................ x x x : Cook, hospital............................. Coppersmith............................ x Copper tinsmith................... ...... x Cordage worker................... x . . x Crane hoist operator...................... x Crane shovel operator..................... x Deckhand, steamship................. x Demolition man................. x...... x Dental student............................ Dental technician.......................... ........ x............Storage worker in packing house, produce, or refrigerating car x....................Installer-repairman on telephone systems ........ x............Freight conductor, brakeman Dining car steward............. x x x x x x Dispatcher, motor transport...... x x x x x x Dispatcher, railway...................... x Draftsman, commercial ............. x x Draftsman, mechanical ............. x x Draftsman, railway ...................... x Draftsman, railway shop.................. x Draftsman, structural.................... x Draftsman, tel. and tele..................... Draftsman, topographical ....... x........ x x x................ . . . . Lineman on telephone systems ......... x............ Sup't. of construction, labor or gang foreman x x...... x x x x...... Hotel, restaurant, dining car cook ............... x ...... Special training in dietetics ......... x x.......... Sheet metal worker, tin or copper smith ......... x x.......... (Same as above) ......... x............ Rope factory worker, rigger, rope splicer ......... x............ Hoisting engineman, stationary engineer ......... x............ Crane hoist operator ......... x............ Able seaman, boatman ......... x............ Explosive man, quarry man, mine boss ............... x ...... College dental student ............... x ...... Former dental student, dentist's helper, prosthetic lab. tech., dental x-ray man x x x x ...... Steward x x x x ...... Taxicab dispatcher, foreman express delivery x............ Railway telegraph operator, dispatcher x x x........ Detailer and tracer, architectural man x x x........ Mechanical engineer, draftsman x............ Civil engineer, mechanical and shop draftsman x............ Mechanical engineer, or draftsman x............ Civil or architectural engineer .................. Plant engineering ass't and draftsman .............. Surveying draftsman, map cartogiapher x x o c! d > 0/3 Hi SB w > Electrician, general and interior wireman ................. x x x x x x x x............ Electrician, range detail......... x x x x x x x x...... x x x Electrician, telephone........... x x x x x x x x............ Electric plant operator................ x x x........ x x x Embalmer.......................................... x Engineer, steamship.................. x.............. x Engineman, gas, oil, and gasoline, .xxxxxxxx...... xxx Engineer, stationary steam............. x.............. x Feed dealer, livestock............. x x................ x File clerk .................... x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Filter operator, water supply............... x................ Fireman, portable or stationary boiler ............................. x.......... x x Flue machine operator.................... x.......... x x Forage inspector, or Sergeant....... x x................ x Foreman, mechanic ............ x x x x x x x x...... x x x Forging machine operator................................ x Foundry foreman...................................... x Frameman, tel. and tele......... x x x x x x x x............ Freezerman......................................... x Furnace, heat treater.................................. x x Gas engine mechanic............ x x x x x x x x...... x x x Gas worker......................................... x Generator and switchboard tender....................... x Groundman, tel. and tele........ x x x x x x x x............ Gunsmith .................... x x x x...... x........ x Headquarters clerk............. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Heat treater.......................................... x Horse trainer and shoer............ x x................ x Hydraulic press operator................................. x Ice house man, platform man, loader, puller, and foreman......................... x Ignition mechanic ............. x x x x x x x Inside man, tel. and tele..................... x * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." . . Wireman and electrician Lineman of telephone systems Installer-repairman of telephone systems Isolated plant engineer, factory electrician Undertaker Chief engineer, steam vessels . . Isolated plant engineer, gasoline engineman . . Power station steam engr., stationary engr. Feed dealer, stable boss, livery stable man x Typist, office clerk q . . Filtration plant worker cj Marine boiler or locomotive fireman �ri Boilermaker, pneumatic tool operator ^ Feed dealer, stable boss, livery stable man ,-j Boss mechanic in phase of work involved Drop forge or press operator; forge blacksmith ^ Steel foundryman 1-4 Frameman or wireman on telephone systems Packing house, produce storage worker S Steel mill or malleable iron furnaceman Auto machinist or mechanic hj Production of gases and storage of them W Dynamo or switchboard tender, plant electric j> Lineman, telephone systems 5# Gunsmith, locksmith, gun mechanic � x Office manager, head clerk Steel mill or malleable iron furnaceman Horse fancier, country blacksmith, farrier Drop forge or press operator Packing house and produce storage man, or refrigerating car worker Auto or general repair electrician Insideman, telephone systems * OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS NEEDED THE ARMS THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN WHICH FOUND � 5 .5 O ^ *� If I s s t i �2. S ^ ^a $a *?3 3 a a fc 42, a SI ? 6 i o o Installer and installer-repairman, tel. and tele............... x x x x x x Instrument maker and repairer. x x x x x x Instrument Sergeant (surveyor)............. x Iron worker, erector...................... x Junk dealer.............................. Lathe operator, heavy....................... Laundry foreman and worker................. Leather worker ................. x x ...... Line chief, aviation..................... x Line and station repairman, tel. and tele...................... x x x x x x Line foreman, tel. and tele., earth borer, field work................... x Line surveyor, tel. and tele....... x x x x x x Linotype and monotype operator.............. Lithographer, general, process printer, and transferer................ x Lithographer, photo transferer.............. x Lithographic draftsman......... x........ x Locomotive engineer, foreman, hostler......................... x . . x Locomotive fireman.................. x x x x....................Installer and installer-repairman of telephone systems x x x x x........Toolmaker, tool-room machinist, model maker ........................Transitman, levelman, or rodman of surveying group; college civil engr. student x x..........Structural millworker, boilermaker, pneumatic-tool operator .......... x............Foreman of junk shop; salvage man in RR yards; foreman in clothing, shoe, etc., factory .......... x x..........Lathe operator, boring-mill operator .......... x............Laundry manager and machine operator .......... x x..........Leather cutter, harness maker, saddler ........................Chief aviation mechanic x x.................... Installer-repairman on telephone systems ........ ................ Chief lineman of telephone systems x x.................... Engineering ass't on telephone systems x...................... Compositor, typesetter, linotype mechanic x X X Lithographic process printer, plate worker Lithographic transferer or plate worker Topographic draftsman; draftsman x............Locomotive engineer x............Locomotive crane fireman, steam-shovel, or steam-tractor fireman O c! U > X w > S Locomotive mechanic, inspector, and engine house foreman......... x Machine woodworker................... x x.......... x x Machinist, general, bench and machine shop sup't.................... x x.......... x x Magazine keeper, ammunition........ x x x.............. x x Maintenance man, auto, switchboard ............................... x.............. Maintenance-of-way machinery supervisor...................... x x.......... x Man, range section............. x........ x.......... x Marine fireman Master, steamship................... x.............. x........ Mate, steamship..................... x............ x........ Meat and dairy inspector.............................. x . . . . x Mechanic, general.............. x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Mechanic, tank.............................. x........ x ...... Medical student........................................... x Medical technician......................................... x Mess Sergeant................. x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Metal plater.......................................... x...... Meteorologist......................... x................ x Millman, woodworker.................. x x.......... x x...... Millwright, general...................... X.......... X........ Mimeograph and multigraph operator ..................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Molder.............................................. x...... Motion picture animation artist, cutter, electrician, equipment repairman, laboratory supervisor, technician, model maker, and projectionist...................... X.................. Motor chief and inspector........ x x x x x x x x...... x x x x.. Motorcycle mechanic........... x x x x x x x x................ Munitions worker, ammunition....... x x................ x x.. * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." Locomotive mechanic or engineer, roundhouse mechanic Wood mill and machine mill worker General or repair machinist, master mechanic Ammunition factory worker Dial switchman for telephone systems Crane and shovel operators *� Transitman, levelman, or rodman on surveying ^ party; C.E. student J# Boiler fireman on craft, stationary boiler or ^ locomotive fireman G Master or chief mate of ocean-going vessels ^ Master or mate, commercial vessels Packing plant or municipal inspector O Skilled helper, handy man ^ Auto machinist, or mechanic c/5 Medical student m Graduate male nurse, medical students ^ Restaurateur, chef, steward >-j Plated ware manufacturer 3J Weather or laboratory observer Wood mill or machine wood worker ?> Plant maintenance engr.; factory millwright |2 h-x Mimeograph and multigraph operators Steel foundry molder From same jobs in motion picture work Chief auto mechanics, machinists Motorcycle or auto mechanics Ammunition factory worker OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS THE ARMS NEEDED THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN WHICH FOUND S <3 o S s % o 6 o o �t� g ^Q f Q f O *> �* �o �� OQ II i Cj ^8 i o �^ co O Musician (bandsman) .......... x Office manager................ x Oiler, locomotive................ x x X X X X X X X X X X Oiler, steamship..................... x Oven foreman.......................... Packer, mule and packmaster....... x x Paint mill foreman....................... Painter, general, sign, and sign letterer .................. x x x x x Parachute mechanic............ Pattern maker ................ Pharmacist, medical and veterinary Photographer, amateur expert, still cameraman, copy cameraman, developer, finisher, portrait, printer, retouching artist, and laboratory supervisor....... x x.................... Players of musical instruments xxxxxxxxxxxx Office manager, chief clerk x............ Locomotive mechanic, oiler hostler x............ Oiler, marine or stationary engines x............ Hotel, restaurant, or commercial baker ........................ Mule packer, cattle ranch hand .......... x............ Paint mill chemist, mill worker x x........Sign, tank, house painter, and card and door letterer ............Fabric worker x..........Cabinet maker, joiner, wood carver x ......Druggist, veterinary pharmacist Photoradio operator........................ x Physical laboratory man................. x x Pigeon breeder, expert fancier, feed man, trainer.......................... Pile driver operator....................... x Pipe fitter.............................. x Pipe fitter, railway....................... x Plumber, general.......................... Power lineman, general...................... x......................Amateur and commercial photographers, retouching artist, news syndicate supervisor ................ x . . Photoradio operator in commercial radio companies ....................Technical engineer, instrument man x...................... Member of homing pigeon fanciers' ass'n. .......... x............ Crane and hoist operators .......... x............ Steam fitter, plumber .......... x............ General pipe fitter .......... x............ Plumber's helper, pipe fitter x........ x............ Power or electric light lineman O � to a > CO -1 > Powerman, telephone....................... x........ x.......... Press feeder and rotary lithographic pressman........................... x.................... x Printer, general, and press operator.......... x.................... x Punch and shear operator.................. x............ x........ Quarryman ............................ x...................... Radiator repairman ............ x x x x x x x x...... x x x...... Radio amateur, or commercial operator, or receiving engineer, or traffic chief .............. x x x x x x x x.................. Radio draftsman .............. x x x x x x x x........ Radio electrician, mechanic, machinist, or repairer.......... x x x x x x x x........ Radio rigger.............................. x.......... Railway mechanic ................... x .. x.......... x Railway Sergeant .................... x x.......... x Railway shop dispatcher................... x......... x Railway shop superintendent. Railway signal mechanic, inspector, and supervisor.................. x .. x.......... x...... Railway towerman, signal operator...... x x.......... x...... Range finder.................. x . . x........................ Receiving and shipping clerk..... x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Record clerk ................. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Refrigerator superintendent........................... Repair foreman, tel. and tele..... x x x x x x x x..... x Repeaterman, tel. and tele....... x x x x x x x x............ Restaurant manager............ x x x x x x x x...... x x x Rigger, general.......................... x.......... x x Riveter and driller, pneumatic.............. x * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." Powerman, telephone systems Rotary press operator, pressman, printer Foreman, general printer, printer's devil Boilermaker or tank maker Drill runner, rockman, subway rockman Tinsmith, coppersmith, solderer Amateur operator; commercial company operator or receiving engineer, or traffic chief ^ Draftsman, commercial radio companies cj Same jobs with commercial radio companies *ri Rigger with commercial radio company �d Railway mechanic or machinist J^ Maintenance-of-way machinery supervisor Mechanical engr.; works manager; efficiency ? expert; rate setter; production or shop clerk h< Enginehouse foreman, locomotive mechanic, ^ carbuilder 2 Railway signal mechanic, inspector, or super- �j visor frj Dispatcher, RR telegraph operator, telephone ^ dispatcher ^ Transitman, levelman, rodman; C.E. student S Receiving and shipping or warehouse clerk x Typist, office clerk Foreman of packing-house storage workers Chief of installer-repairmen on telephone systems Repeaterman, tel. and tele, systems Restaurant manager Machinery erector, structural steel or bridge erector Pneumatic tool operator, riveter, boiler maker 55 OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS THE ARMS THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN NEEDED WHICH FOUND ^ ^ a .3. � i s 2> � o � ^ �g�Q ^O 8 A SI ��a to UQ tC to .2 *� -* �*� 3 o �^co O Road grader and road roller operator...................... Rodman and chainman, survey. Rope and cordage maker................... x Saddle and harness maker.......... x x...... Sail, awning, and tent maker................. Salt man................................. Salvage engineer......................... x Salvage man.............................. x x Sanitary technician and inspector....... Screw machine operator.............. Secret ink laboratory technician........ Section hand and foreman on RR....... Sergeant, communications....... x x Sewing machine operator.'................... Sheet metal worker....................... x Shift engineer, radio........................ Ship carpenter...................... x . . x Ship steward....................... x x Shipping packer............... x x x x x x Shoe repairer.................. x x x x x x Shoeing Sergeant ................ x x...... Shop engineer, railway.................... x Shovel operator, gas engine................. x Sound recording, equipment repairman, motion picture......,............. x............ Portable gasoline engineman, tractor field expert, tractor demonstrator, truck driver .......... x............ Topographical axman, rodman, chainman; C.E. student .......... x x.......... Rope factory worker, rigger, rope splicer .......... x............ Leather worker, cobbler, trunk and bag maker .......... x............ Sail maker, awning maker, canvas worker .......... x............ Cold-storage worker .......... x............ Railway salvage engineer .......... x............ Junk shop foreman, RR salvage foreman, clothing, shoe, canvas factory foreman ................ x...... Public health workers, and students ............ x.......... General machinist, machine tool operator .............. x x Chemical laboratory technicians .......... x............ Railway section hands and foremen x x.................... Chief lineman of telephone systems .......... x............ Tailor, garment and tent maker .......... x x.......... Tinsmith, plate worker x...................... Engineer with radio commercial company .......... x............ Timber carpenter, boat builder .......... x............ Ship steward x x...... x x x x...... Department store or mfg. plant shipper x x...... x x x x...... Shoemaker, repairer, cobbler .......... Chief horseshoer, or blacksmith .......... Plant or construction engineer .......... Gasoline tractor operator; gasoline engineman x X Maintenance operator, repairman, and supervisor of sound recording equipment O -I d ? X w > Sound recordist, motion picture............... x.................. Spring maker........................... x............ x...... Stable Sergeant, or foreman........ x x................ x........ Station agent, railway..................... x.......... x..... Statistician............................................... x Stenographer ................. x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Stock record clerk, and storekeeper x x x x x x x x...... x x x x.. Stone mason............................ x.......... x........ Storage battery electrician............. x x x........ x .. x Student, architectural engineering........... x.......... x........ Student, chemical engineering.............................. x Student, civil engineering.................. x.......... x........ Student, electrical engineering.......... x x x x.......... x ...... Student, mechanical engineering............. x............ x...... Supply clerk and Sergeant....... x x x x x x x x...... x x x x.. Surgical technician......................................... x Surgical technician, veterinary. Survey signalman.............. x........ x.......... x...... Surveyor, general.............. x........ x.......... x...... Surveyor, instrument man....... x........ x.......... x...... Surveyor, photographic survey.............. x.......... x...... Surveyor, railway........................ X.......... x...... Surveyor, topographic and triangu- lator.............................. x.................. Switchboard installer, automatic and manual telephones...... x x x x x x x x.............. Switchman, railway.................. x x.......... x...... Tailor ....................... x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Tank driver.................. x x.......... x.............. Tank maker........................................ x x Teamster ...................... x x........................ Telegraph operator ............ x x x x x x x x.............. Telegraph printer operator................... x................ Telephone and telegraph lineman x x x x x x x x.............. * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." Motion picture sound recordist Spring forger, springsmith Stableman, stock farmer, livery-stable man Railway telegraph operator, ticket agent x Statistician, census collector x Typist, correspondent, clerk Receiving, shipping, and warehouse clerk Bricklayer, concrete worker Battery electrician, battery charger College architectural student ^ College chemistry courses for engr. degree O College civil engineering courses ~jj . . College electrical engineering courses College mechanical engineering courses i-i . . Shipping and warehouse clerk ^> Operating-room technician, office ass't., medical undergraduate, maker artificial limbs O Operating-room assistant and student in veter- ^ inary hospital ^ Topographical signalman; C.E. student � Civil engineer, instrument man ^ Transitman, levelman, rodman; C.E. student H Surveying draftsman, map cartographer � Civil engineer, instrument man of survey Map and highway surveyor, civil engineer g Installer, commercial telephone cos. Brakeman, trainman, yard tender Bushelman, cutter, clothing factory worker Tractor or truck driver Boiler and tank maker, pneumatic tool operator Lumber teamster, driver Telegraph operator with commercial cos. Telegraph printer of commercial cos. Lineman of commercial companies oo OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS THE ARMS THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN NEEDED WHICH FOUND � I � 0 ^ ^ If s 6 a a l o J. 3� *5 a i� IS 3" o J* X X X X X X X X Teletypeman ............................. x....... Test boardman, tel. and tele...... x x x x x x x x..... Tire repairer.................. x x x x x x x x..... Toolmaker........................................ Toolroom keeper .............. x x x x x x x x..... Topographical computer........ x x x x............ ...... Toxicologist.............................................. x Trackman, railway....................... x.......... x...... Tractor driver................ x x x x x x...... x x Trainmaster, animal-drawn vehicles . . x x........................ Trainmaster, railway..................... x........ x...... Truck driver ................. x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Truckmaster ................. x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Typesetter......................... . . x.................. Typist....................... x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Undertaker......................................... x...... Upholsterer ...................... x................ x...... Veterinary medical student.................................. x Veterinary technician...................................... x Veterinary technician, sanitary............................... x Vulcanizer ................... x x x x x x x x...... x x x x Wagonmaster................... x x........................ Warehouseman................ x x x x x x x x..... Waste classifier.................................... x XXX X X X X X...... Water service supervisor......... ,. ., ., .. x Teletypeman of telephone and telegraph cos. Wire chief of commercial telephone cos. Tire manufacturing worker, vulcanizer General machinist Stockkeeper, tool maker, machinist Mathematician, teacher Medical laboratory technician Section hand, railway track laborer Tractor and truck driver Chief lumber teamster, chief driver Freight conductor, brakeman Chauffeur, auto driver, auto mechanic Taxicab dispatcher, foreman of delivery or express service Compositor, printer Clerical work, copyist Undertaker Carriage and furniture upholsterer Veterinary student Horsemen, ranchers, grooms, veterinary students Public health officers dealing with veterinary problems Rubber mill or cable worker Lumber teamster, driver Railway freight handler, storage man Junk shop foreman, RR salvage worker, foreman in clothing and shoe shops Municipal water supply engineer o c 9* 9* <*> d > -I > uuara, watcnman, policeman.....-^ with military police 01 arms and witn army and corps troops r. Sheriff and detective............J................................ x . .\. Intelligence duty Water supply engineer.................... x........................ Civil, hydraulic, and sanitary engineers Welder, general, electric arc, oxy- acetylene, and thermit................ x.......... x x.......... General blacksmiths, welders, acetylene welder Well driller............................ x.......... x............ Artesian or oil-well driller Wheelwright ................... x x................ x x.......... Wheelsmith, furniture factory worker Winch operator......................... x........................ Hoisting or stationary engineman Wire chief, tel. and tele......... x x x x x x x x.................... Wire chief of telephone systems Wire worker.......................... x.......................... Wireworker, aircraft factory Wreckmaster, railway.................... x.......... x............ Car mechanic, crane hoist operator X-ray photographer........................................ x...... X-ray technician, physicist Yardmaster, railway..................... x.......... x............ Freight agent, conductor, and traffic supervisor O a The above table has covered most specialists in a varied group of occupations. It has not covered to any great extent the occupation S* group of Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry, with its subsection of Mining, because only 30 per cent of these groups were placed in Class I 2 for Selective Service in 1917. From among their group, the Army could use a few lumbermen with the Engineers, and other members of �g the group would have either to serve in the ranks or to be sufficiently versed in some secondary occupational specialty to make themselves q eligible for some branch of the Army needing that special training. ^ The Manufacturing and Mechanical Industries are covered in the above table. Chemical and allied industries; clay, glass, and stone �� industries; clothing industries; food and allied industries; iron and steel, machinery and vehicle industries; metal industries; leather; lumber 2 and furniture; paper, printing, and allied industries; textile; miscellaneous industries are in this group. [~J Transportation and Communication are likewise covered thoroughly from the Army's standpoint in the above table. Water; road and w street; railroad; express, radio, telephone and telegraph; air transport; and so on are in this group. ^ Trade has not been so well covered. Some additions are as given here and on next page: S Advertising agent............................................. x . . Advertiser of commercial goods Staff worker, executive............................................ x Banker, businessman Foreman ..................... x x x x x x x x...... x x x........Foreman Inspector...................................................... x Inspector Retail dealer.................. with secondary abilities or as line soldier Public Service as follows: Fireman........................................... x............Fireman Guard, watchman, policeman.....-> with military police of arms and with army and corps troops /-Military police * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS NEEDED THE ARMS THE SERVICES OTHERS CIVILIAN OCCUPATIONS IN WHICH FOUND NO f ^4 IS a 0 * o 3 (3 ] i i HI p ft p p I! t! 5? ^< � 1 e> v O I* Professional Service as follows: Actor and showman......... Author, editor, and reporter. Lawyer ......................J*.................... x..............-{ JAGD work fUnder AGD for welfare and recreation work Intelligence Teachers of athletics............I................ x Librarian and social welfare workerj................ X Radio announcer and official (nontechnical) ............................................... x Domestic and Personal Service as follows: Waiter ...................... used in any branch of the Army where food is served. Clerical Occupations: Bookkeeper..................................... x .. x...... x Cashier.................................................... x Accountant.................................... x x...... x AGD for recreational work AGD for recreational work Intelligence Waiter Bookkeeper Cashier Accountant * Armored Corps at present is composed of mechanized cavalry vehicles and infantry tanks. Note.�Possible placement in the Army is shown by "x." o c I�I s* CO H 0 > CO X W > CHAPTER VII Life at the Unit Training Center HEN inducted men under Selected Service have successfully passed through the reception center and have been accepted as recruits in the Army of the United States, they may be moved as follows: 1. To Regular Army units at their home stations to bring them to full strength. 2. To newly created Regular Army units (Regular Army Inactive) which are stationed in cantonments or tents and are in the process of being brought to full strength. 3. To National Guard units which have been sent to encampments near their homes, and if possible within their respective states. 4. To overseas replacement depot for assignment to American possessions. 5. To enlisted replacement centers, where specialists and certain other men are sent for training while awaiting orders to any of the organizations noted in Nos. 1 to 4 above, while awaiting orders to either an army or civilian specialist school, or while awaiting orders and undergoing training so as to go out as one of the cadre (framework) for a newly created unit. (Replacement centers are to be covered in Chapter VIII). Unit training center means a station�post, training camp, or other place �where training is given to recent recruits who have just passed through the reception center. At this station the trainees will remain in a recruit school for several weeks before joining their units. "Unit" refers to any army organization from a platoon to a division, and may mean training under any of the heads from Nos. 1 to 4 above. (See Chart showing above movements.) Under (1) the recruit may be sent to a Regular Army organization, operating at peace strength, but being brought up to war strength. This usually 93 w f FIRST INDUCTION OF SELECTIVE SERVICE MEN-1940 { RECEPTION CENTERS UNIT TRAINING (RECRUIT) ~ CENTER | (Special recruit camps) or regular stations) UNIT (RECRUIT) TRAINING CENTER REGULAR ARMY INACTIVE UNITS I OVERSEAS (foreign possessions) REPLACEMENT DEPOT (Doubtful, for . % selective service) I REGULAR ARMY ISERVICE SCHOOLS! I ENLISTED REPLACEMENT CENTER (Some recruit training for specialists) CIVILIAN VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS UNIT (RECRUIT) TRAINING CENTER I NATIONAL GUARD UNITS I LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 95 means not only the addition of more men to the rifle companies (as in a Triangular Division), but the creation of new organizations, such as antitank companies, within the division. Wherever the Selective Service recruit joins his Regular Army organization�in camp or post�he will find conditions much more stable and static than at any other organization* The units will have lost some of their noncommissioned officers to form cadres for newly created units elsewhere, but sufficient experienced soldiers will remain to fill the gaps, with no appreciable loss of efficiency. Recruit training will probably be smoother and life less hectic. The regular officers in command positions will have had considerable study of training methods. This should increase the interest of recruit training. Under (2) the Selective Service recruits will have a situation that will challenge the best in them. These newly created units, usually divisions of the Regular Army, will be officered in command positions by regular officers and will have a cadre, or nucleus, of regular army sergeants drawn from active units. These noncoms will in many cases be newly promoted one grade upward in their transfer. They will not have had time to give the stability to their organizations found in the usual outfit. But they will be on their mettle; they will be working hard to put in the necessary installations for proper training and living conditions; and they will be searching among the new recruits for capable noncoms and first class privates. With the lessened stability of the unit, and under field conditions, probably in an encampment of tents or cantonments, opportunities for promotion among Selective Service men will be greater. Under (3 ) recruits will be sent to complete active National Guard divisions that were called into national service in the fall of 1940. By the time that the first Selective Service recruit arrives at a National Guard division, it will probably be operating smoothly. Its officers and men will have made the same arrangements and preparation for recruits as have Regular Army units. As was shown by the chart in Chapter VI, there will be twice as many National Guard divisions as there are Regular Army divisions, and they will be larger because they are square divisions rather than triangular. Because National Guard divisions will, if possible, remain in training centers in their own states, the Selective Service trainee may be serving with men from his own locality. 96 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER Under (4) a few Selective Service recruits may leave the reception center for a replacement depot for foreign service stations, possibly in Puerto Rico and Panama. The troops in foreign service stations are rotated, if possible, every two years. This total will never be large because foreign service personnel represents a small percentage of the total number in the national armed forces. The one-year term of service of Selective Service recruits will limit such opportunities for foreign service. Under (5) the recruit will move to an enlisted replacement center and there receive some training under the unit training plans. Naturally, this training will be shortened in many cases because of the necessity of sending specialists to schools, and of sending out certain individuals who have had considerable military training as key men to start new units. In almost no case will the training be as long as for the usual recruit in a unit training center, because such exhaustive military grounding will not be necessary. To return to the problem of unit training centers�we find that they will exist in almost any part of the country and that the service will be with any one of three different kinds of units: Regular Army units, National Guard units, and newly created (called Regular Army inactive) units. The possibilities for promotion vary with the unit, but there is definitely a place in the ranks above a buck private's rating for any man who shows soldierly qualities. The recruit training, of thirteen weeks' duration, is planned in broad outline at the War Department, the local commander having the authority to vary it as the conditions of the men, their capacity for learning, and the climate permit. The training will be individual (that is, within the company) until at least the end of the tenth week. During the eleventh and twelfth weeks, emphasis will be on battalion training or teamwork within that unit; the last week the recruit will find himself operating as a member of the regiment. After completion of thirteen weeks' training, the recruit, though assigned to a small unit like a company (infantry), battery (field or coast artillery), or troop (cavalry), will find that concentration is now directed toward making the larger unit�battalion, regiment, and division�a smooth-working, tactical team. LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 97 DETAILED PROGRAM, UNIT TRAINING CENTER (A guide rather than the actual program) Field Artillery, Gun, or Howitzer Battery (See Table I, Chapter VII) Total Hours Hours per week Subject Recruit Period 1 2 Battery Period Battalion Period Regiment Period 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | 13 Basic, entire battery: Articles of War; regulations and discipline. . . 2 Military courtesy; hygiene, and first aid...... 5 Care and display of equipment............. 5 Interior guard duty ..................... 3 Defense against chemical attack............ 5 Dismounted drill and physical training....... 34b Pistol marksmanship..................... 8 Inspections............................. 26 Total basic training ................. 88 Technical, entire battery: * Cannoneers' instruction .................. 8 Motor operation or horse driving............ 8 Motor maintenance or stables; care of material (guns, etc.) ......................... 11 Overnight marches...................... 32 Gun or howitzer firing.................... 68d Entrainment with equipment............... 4 Subtotal ........................... 131 Other technical instructions: Cannoneers' instruction, including difficult traction, care of guns, and camouflage and field fortification...................... 203 Drivers' and chauffeurs' instruction, including motor vehicle operation or horse driving, maintenance, camouflage and field fortifications ................................ 203 Instrument and scouts' instruction, including firing data, survey, map reading.......... 203 Telephone and switchboard operators, linemen, and visual signalmen with communication instruction ............................ 203 Total technical training............... 334 Tactical, entire battery: Field exercises for battery, battalion, and regiment ................................ 108 Total tactical training................ 108 Open time for extra instruction in above work. 42 a a 2...................... 4 1.................... 2 3.................... 3 (Additional training while on actual guard duty) 2 3.................... 6633 332221 11 4 4 (Additional training as technical subject) 2222 222222 22 25 19 5 4 4.. 4 4.. 6 5.. 8 8 4 4 8 4 4 .. .. 8 .. 8 8 8 8 ...... 4 8 8 14 21 8 4 12 8 8 16 12 8 8 28 32 28 20 21 21 13 14 10 10 .. .. 28 32 .. .. 28 32 .. . . 28 32 14 21 36 36 28 20 21 21 13 14 10 10 28 20 21 21 13 14 10 10 28 20 21 21 13 14 10 10 32 32 29 29 29 26 18 18 6 6 6 14 4 4 8 8 8 12 20 20 24 4 4 8 8 8 12 20 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 24 3 Total recruit training................. 572 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 a All trainees will receive the same training for the first two weeks. b Weekly totals will be divided into daily periods of equal length. Ceremonies and organized athletics will be conducted outside scheduled training hours. c Men will be trained in more than one type of duty, i.e., cannoneers must know something of motor vehicle operation, and vice versa. d Includes the firing of subcaliber and service ammunition. Ammunition will be apportioned so that there is sufficient for field exercises. 98 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER Unit Training There are certain qualifications fulfilled through military training that all soldiers must possess. These requirements, or standards, extend to all the arms �Infantry, Cavalry, Field and Coast Artillery, Air Corps, Engineer and Signal Corps; and to such services as Quartermaster, Medical, Ordnance, and Chemical Warfare. In the various branches of the Army, basic military requirements must be met or fulfilled in different degree. Soldiers who normally will never be called to the theater of operations need comparatively little military training; soldiers who may expect front line service need all the military training they can get. More military training is required of the combatant personnel�rifleman, machine gunner, cannoneer, antitank and antiaircraft gunners�than of the specialist personnel�as supply sergeants, clerks, artificers, cooks, mechanics. During their year of duty and especially during the first thirteen weeks at their unit training centers, the Selective Service trainees will be taught seven fundamental military requirements, as listed below under italicized headings. 1. Understanding of the basic rules of military life, and knowledge of elementary training. This group is further subdivided in seven parts, the first of which is discipline. (1) In any organization, from a football squad to a business corporation, discipline is essential. In the Army, this is doubly true, for without discipline, the Army would be nothing more than an armed mob�dangerous in peacetime, worthless in war. Discipline is said to be a mental attitude which makes obedience instinctive under all conditions. It means orderly effort, or teamwork. Every soldier knows his team will operate successfully if every man does his share. Orders come down and everyone springs to his post. Each man is obeying orders; each one sees his comrades doing their jobs. Confidence is evident along the line, for each member of the team knows that the other members are doing their part. Military discipline is generally indicated in a unit or in the individual by smart and neat appearance, and by such respect for one's leaders that execution of their orders is willing and capable. LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 99 (2) A corollary of discipline is military courtesy. It is the outward evidence of respect for authority and the recognition that authority must exist for mutual protection. No surer argument for military courtesy could be given than that in the people's army of Soviet Russia the salute has been restored for the best interests of the army. The military salute is a sign of courtesy and an indication of the willingness of the subordinate, who gives the salute first, to execute promptly any orders given. The soldier or officer saluting will hold his head high if he has pride in his profession and organization. The salute is a privilege; only soldiers in good standing may have that right. Your salute will always be returned by the officers to whom you raise your hand. If they are in formation, the senior officer will return your salute. Officers of the Regular Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and of the National Guard and Organized Reserves in uniform are entitled to recognition. Normally a soldier salutes officers in civilian dress when they are known to him. The salute is given at quick time (usual marching or walking pace), and if running, the soldier comes to quick time before saluting. If the officer stops to converse with a soldier, the salute is again given at the termination of the meeting. When a group of soldiers is approached by an officer, the one first noticing him, or the leader of the group, calls them to attention. All soldiers then salute if the group is not in formation; otherwise, the commander salutes for the group. Since salutes are usually given only in places where greetings are exchanged between acquaintances, the formal movement of the hand is unnecessary when the officers or soldiers are playing a game, are eating, riding in a public conveyance, or attending a social function or amusement. When the soldier is under arms (that is, with rifle, belt, and other equipment) , he does not take off his hat to enter the office or room of an officer. He always knocks before entering and salutes as he arrives, two paces from the officer's desk. He then says, "Sir, Private........reports as directed," or says, "Sir, Private........has the permission of the first sergeant to speak to the company commander." At the conclusion of the business, the soldier steps back one pace, salutes, about faces, and withdraws. 100 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER When the officer enters a room, office, or workshop full of soldiers, they continue their work; if it is a messhall, they stop eating, though they remain seated. Details at work outside do not salute, though the noncommissioned officer in charge salutes if not actively engaged at the moment. When the national anthem is played, or "To the Colors" is sounded, all soldiers and officers on foot come to attention facing the music. The salute is held from the first through the last note of the music. All vehicles are stopped, and the occupants alight and salute at attention. The drivers of vehicles sit at attention. During a military funeral, all military personnel uncover and salute the casket as it passes by, when it is carried to and from the caisson, and during the services at the grave. ( 3) Hygiene, or the art of keeping in good health, is another of the basic rules a soldier must learn. Large numbers of men living in close contact increase the dangers of diseases manyfold. In the field, the soldier must be particularly careful of drinking water. Only water approved by the medical officer may be drunk, a regulation that eliminates the dangers from casual streams, springs, and wells. The medical officer will place a sign of approval near any water that he has passed as pure; otherwise he will issue orders that all water will be boiled, or purified in a Lyster bag by means of a purifying powder. The peculiar taste of such water should not keep you from drinking it. Drain the water from the faucets and do not dip your cup into the Lyster bag. Wash your messkit and eating utensils in hot water and rinse them in boiling water after they are used. Other hygiene rules are: use the latrine provided; use your mosquito net; bathe as often as possible; brush your teeth at least twice daily; keep your bowels open; do not sit or lie on damp ground when you are hot; hang your blankets and clothing in the air to get the sun's drying and germ-killing powers. Take care of your feet by wearing well-fitted shoes, large enough to give room to the muscles developed by walking. On the march, never wear a new pair of shoes. Put on light woolen socks that have not been darned, or that have no holes in them. Change socks daily and use foot powder until the feet have hardened. Alum water dip used for a short time will harden the feet. The toenails must be cut square across. LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 101 Sex hygiene is particularly important. Avoid venereal diseases as you would the plague. Inducted men under Selective Service who have such diseases are segregated. If you contract a venereal disease, you will not be a soldier in good standing. You will lose your pay and the respect of the other men. Since venereal inspections are made monthly in the Army, all cases are noticed in sufficient time for careful treatment. One more precaution that you must take for the protection of your comrades in the service is to report to the medical officer at sick call if you have a sore throat, a cold, or a fever. First aid is an important subject that every soldier learns. There is no assurance that a medical officer can be found when accidents occur. The best handling of the case, after you have sent for the doctor, is a quiet gentleness in dealing with the injured man. Do not move the soldier; wrap him warmly; do not pour liquids down his throat; stop bleeding by applying a tourniquet upon the artery between the wound and the heart; open clothing around the wound so that there is no interference with blood circulation or with breathing. The first aid packet worn on the belt is for protection of wounds. Pull the ring to open it. The packet contains two sterile dressings, each wrapped in wax paper, and safety pins. Each dressing is a gauze bandage with a compress in the middle. For fainting give the patient air, loosen his clothing, and lower his head while his feet are raised. Let him revive of his own accord unless there is good reason for quick recovery. Cold water applied to the face is the solution in the latter case. (4) The fourth subdivision under basic rules includes the Articles of War and Army Regulations. Both the Articles of War and the oath of enlistment were given in the preceding chapter. The recruits in a unit training center will be reminded of the Articles of War by reading and explanation. They will learn also the Army Regulations. Some of the more important regulations are these: The War Department will regulate the number of noncommissioned officers of the different grades to be allowed each organization under Selective Service. Company noncommissioned officers are appointed by the regimental commander upon the recommendation of the company commander. The latter 102 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER officer appoints all privates, first class, in his unit, and he also has the power to reduce them in rank. A noncommissioned officer may be reduced by the sentence of a court-martial or by the appointing officer because of misconduct or inefficiency. No reduction may be made while the soldier is absent because of sickness contracted in line of duty. Privates, first class, and privates who are especially qualified to perform certain duties, such as mechanics, musicians, clerks, or telephone operators, may be rated as specialists and receive additional pay. (See chart of pay and allowances.) The commander may rate a specialist and may disrate him for unauthorized absence, misconduct, or lack of efficiency. A transfer to another organization automatically disrates a specialist. MONTHLY PAY OF ENLISTED MEN OF THE ARMY UNDER THE "SELECTIVE TRAINING AND SERVICE ACT OF 194 0" (Base and Longevity Pay)* Years of Service Grade Rank Less than Over Over Over Over 4 4 8 12 16 1 Master Sergeant ................ $126.00 $138.60 $144.90 $151.20 $157.50 2 Technical Sergeant or First Sergeant 84.00 92.40 96.60 100.80 105.00 3 Staff Sergeant .................. 72.00 79.20 82.80 86.40 90.00 4 Sergeant ...................... 60.00 66.00 69.00 72.00 75.00 5 Corporal ...................... 54.00 59.40 62.10 64.80 67.50 6 Private, 1st Class............... 36.00 39.60 41.40 43.20 45.00 7** Private ....................... 30.00 33.00 34.50 36.00 37.50 Specialists* Rating........................... 1st Class 2d Class 3d Class 4th Class 5th Class 6th Class Monthly rate ..................... $30.00 $25.00 $20.00 $15.00 $6.00 $3.00 * Enlisted men shall receive, as a permanent addition to their pay, an increase of 10 per centum of their base pay and pay for specialists' ratings upon completion of the first four years of service, and an additional increase of 5 per centum of such base pay and pay for specialists' ratings for each four years of service thereafter, but the total of such increases shall not exceed 25 per centum. ** The monthly base pay of enlisted men with less than four months' service during their first enlistment period and of enlisted men of the seventh grade whose inefficiency or other unfitness has been determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary of War, shall be $21.00. When there is a good reason, enlisted men may be transferred from one unit to another at their own request. Corps area commanders may transfer men within their commands. Transfers are usually made in the grade of private, and therefore the noncommissioned officer usually loses his chevrons. Each soldier receives a fixed issue of clothing to equip him initially and to LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 103 maintain him. For the duration of the emergency the usual monetary clothing allowance is discontinued. Each soldier is required to have in his possession at all times, and in good condition, articles of the war set of clothing, and other items which the commanding officer considers necessary. Soldiers may take allotments of pay to family or dependent relatives, or for payments of premiums on life insurance. The money allotted is withheld from the pay and a check mailed direct to the allottee. Allotments are made for a certain specified number of months, and may be discontinued or remade at any time. Savings deposits of more than $5.00 are accepted by the Finance Officer at any time. The government retains the money until the soldier is separated from the service, when it is paid in full with four per cent interest if held for over six months. In event of death, the beneficiary is paid the same sum. On active duty, each enlisted man is required to designate a beneficiary� wife, child, or dependent relative (related by blood or marriage)�to whom six months' pay is made in case of death. Absence without leave by persons subject to military law has been mentioned under Article of War 61. This offense is considered more serious in time of emergency because such conduct lessens the available number of men for national defense. If a soldier, through misconduct or misfortune, finds himself separated from his unit, he should make every effort to rejoin it immediately to avoid any possibility of being considered an intentional deserter. Sometimes it is better to report to the nearest post, stating your case, and asking that you be returned to your proper station. All expenses will be paid by you, and you will be required to make up lost days in service time. There are many regulations concerning furloughs, or leaves from the organization for a certain time. In times of emergency, leaves will be given only for grave reasons. Short weekend leaves, t 'passes/' as they are called by soldiers, are given to the men of the command as long as there are sufficient men left to operate the post. The day on which a soldier goes on furlough is a day of duty, so he usually tries to leave at noon or in the afternoon to gain some time for himself; the day of return is a day of absence, so the signing in may be done any time before midnight. A three-day pass might therefore extend from 104 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER Thursday noon until Sunday at midnight. Accidental injuries incurred while on authorized leaves are considered in line of duty. Since enlistments are for specified periods of one or three years, the time served must actually be "good" time, with none lost for misconduct such as absence without leave, desertion, venereal cases, drug or liquor diseases. At the completion of the enlistment period, the soldier is given a certificate of discharge with a certain character rating, as excellent, very good, fair, or poor. If a commanding officer feels that your service does not rate as "good," he must so notify you and the regimental commander 30 days before discharge. A board of officers is then convened and you are given an opportunity to present your case. If the rating remains "good" or lower, the discharge is not dishonorable, as that can be given to a soldier pursuant only to a court-martial sentence, but it is on blue paper instead of white. Enlisted men who become physically disabled for military service are retained in a hospital until they will not be benefited by further treatment, but in no case beyond the enlistment period. When by death or disability the members of a soldier's family become dependent upon him, he may, in the discretion of the Secretary of War, be granted an honorable discharge. (5) Close order drill, another basic rule, now much telescoped, and extended order drill, are means of instilling teamwork and discipline into an organization. Other purposes of drill are: to enable a commander to move his men in an orderly manner; to provide simple formations (extended order drill) from which troops can readily move into combat; and to give junior officers and noncommissioned officers practice in commanding troops. Because of the elimination of the former evolutions of "Squads right and left," "On right into line," and other complicated maneuvers, the drill will be of shorter duration and the periods less frequent than formerly. Smartness and precision will be requisites of all drill periods. In general, a recruit should know that the drill may be done at double time as well as at the normal quick time pace; that a command may be revoked by ordering, "As you were"; and that squads, sections, and platoons are numbered from left to right and front to rear throughout the company. The first drill is performed without the rifle. In the position of attention, the body is erect with the weight distributed upon both feet, and the feeling is LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 105 of alertness. The heels are on the same line, and the feet are turned out equally, forming a 4 5-degree angle. The knees are straight without stiffness, the hips are level, the chest is lifted, and the shoulders are square. The arms hang straight down so that the thumbs are along the seams of the trousers with palms toward the thighs and the fingers held naturally. The head is erect and squarely to the front with the chin drawn in, the neck is straightened and nearly vertical at the nape, and the eyes are to the front. At a halt, the commands are "Fall out,55 "Rest,5' "At ease," and "Parade rest.55 At the first command the soldiers disperse; the next two commands allow freedom of movement as long as one foot is kept in place. "At ease" calls for silence in this free position; "Rest," does not. The command "Parade rest," is executed by moving the left foot smartly 12 inches from the right foot, keeping the legs straight and putting the weight equally on both feet. At the same time, the hands are clasped behind the back, palms to the rear, thumb and fingers of the right hand clasping the left thumb. The soldier must remain immobile and keep silence. Facing movements to the left, right, and to the rear are the next movements taught to the trainee. For the hand salute the right hand is moved smartly until the tip of the forefinger touches the rim on the cap's bill, above and slightly to the right of the right eye. The thumb and fingers are extended and joined, palm pointing downward, upper arm horizontal, forearm inclined at 45 degrees, hand and wrist straight. The head and eyes are turned toward the person saluted. The completion of the salute is accomplished by dropping the hand quickly to the side in the normal position. This salute is made when six paces from the officer, and is held until he has returned the salute or has passed. For the steps and marching, young America is well prepared. Young men instinctively start to move with the left foot first. The counting for marching is always with "one" and "three" on the left foot. When marching the step should be 30 inches long, and the arms should swing naturally in an arc, 6 inches to the front and 3 inches to the rear of the seam down the sides of the trousers. Other methods of moving by marching are double time, half step, forward, side step, back step, to the flank, and mark time for continuing of movement in place. 106 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER With a command of this basic close order drill, the recruit can look forward to the day in his unit training camp when he is given a rifle to work with. The first and last command when drilling with rifles is "Inspection arms." Cartridges are never carried in the chamber or magazine except when specifically ordered. Bayonets are fixed on the end of the rifle only when ordered. Automatic weapons are carried slung when "Right shoulder, arms" is commanded. Under the present drill, all rifles are carried to the shoulder before :ommencing to march. This eliminates the movement known to millions of young men of moving off and throwing the rifle to the shoulder during the first few steps. The manual of arms is a method of moving the rifle about from one shoulder to the other and from one position to another. The manual is executed only when standing, and the present movements are much simpler than those of a few years ago. (6) The sixth requirement the recruit must master under basic rules is interior guard duty, the name given to the sentinels placed around a camp or post, and their duties as such. They preserve order, protect property, and enforce police regulations while preparing themselves for the more important sentry duty in camps within range of the enemy. The guard, operating under orders from the commanding officer of the station, consists usually of the following persons: officers of the day and of the guard, sergeants and corporals, privates, and buglers. Privates of the guard are assigned to reliefs and to posts which they walk for two hours of each six in the 24-hour stint of the appointed guard. Privates of the guard must be familiar with the general orders for sentinels in the Army, and with special orders for their particular sentry post at their camp or station. All sentries are required to memorize the following general orders: 1. To take charge of this post and all Government property in view. 2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert, observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing. 3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce. . 4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guardhouse than my own. LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 107 5. To quit my post only when properly relieved. 6. To receive, obey, and pass on to the sentinel who relieves me all orders from the commanding officer, officer of the day, and officers and noncommissioned officers of the guard only. 7. To talk to no one except in line of duty. 8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder. 9. To call the corporal of the guard in any case not covered by instructions. 10. To salute all officers, and all colors and standards not cased. 11. To be especially watchful at night and, during the time for challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post, and to allow no one to pass without proper authority. (7) Morale, the last of the basic rules we shall discuss, is something about which the recruit will hear much. When your organization is the first to reach the top in a charge or assault against the enemy position while on a tactical problem; when your organization is proud of its record on the rifle range; when you can tell others that the food served in your dining hall is the best in the regiment; when you can talk the language of pride in your organization; then you are well on the way to having a high morale. Morale is a measure of your contentment and satisfaction with your group, your pride in what it can and will do, and has done. When the going is toughest during recruit or dog days, it is the ability to carry on because you do not want to let the outfit down. No commander is worth his saber if he does not engender in you the spirit of a top notch outfit. Your very training, if carried out well, is an influence toward better morale. Your treatment, your living conditions, your success in accomplishing the work of the day, your confidence in learning new military training each week, all are influences in the factor of morale. In every unit training center, the example of your officers, the training, the recreation, the life itself will be factors contributing to the development of those intangible characteristics which make for a high state of morale. Among the characteristics, we can enumerate the following: loyalty, patriotism, spirit of national service, discipline, pride, cheerfulness, enthusiasm, initiative, aggressiveness, determination, and tenacity. 108 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER FIRST WEEK OF TRAINING FOR A MACHINE GUN UNIT Day and Period Subject Equipment Remarks Monday l/z hr. Physical Training............. None. Blouse or shirt to be removed if weather permits. 1 hr. Close Order Drill ............ None. Position of the soldier�Rests, facings, salutes. 1 hr. Sex Hygiene................. Lantern slides, or films. Lecture by medical officer. l/2 hr. Close Order Drill............. None. Steps and marchings. 1 hr. Articles of War.............. None. Read and explain. 1 hr. Close Order Drill............. None. Steps and marchings. 1 hr. Hygiene and Sanitation........ None. Personal hygiene�causes, treatment, prevention of diseases�health rules, in the field�care of feet. 1 hr. Care and Maintenance of Equipment ..................... All individual equipment; Lecture and demonstration. Assembling, pistols and belts. adjusting, and wearing of equipment. 1 hr. Interior Guard Duty.......... Pistols and belts. Explanation by company officers. Demon- stration, practical work. Tuesday Vz hr. lhr. 2hrs. 54 hr. lhr. lhr. 2hrs. Physical Training ............ None. Blouse or shirt to be removed if weather permits. Close Order Drill............. Pistols and belts. Steps and marchings. Review previous instruction. Machine Gun Mechanical Training ...................... 12 guns, 12 tripods, 5 Description of gun. Disassembling and as-dummy cartridges per sembling. Each phase of instruction gun. explained and demonstrated. Close Order Drill ............ Pistols and belts. Review previous instruction. First Aid ................... First aid packet. Explanation by medical officer. General in- structions as to use. Close Order Drill............. Pistols and belts. Squad drill. Practice March .............. Pistols, belts, light packs. Instruction in march discipline. Short talks by officers during half. "Wednesday l/2 hr. Physical Training ............ None. y2 hr. Close Order Drill ............ None. 2 hrs. Motor Transportation ......... Trucks. 1 hr. Articles of War.............. None. 1 hr. Guard Duty ................ Pistols and belts. 1 hr. Military Courtesy ............ None. 2 hrs. Machine Gun Mechanical Train- ing ...................... 12 machine guns, 12 tripods, 5 dummy cartridges per gun. Blouse or shirt to be removed if weather permits. Squad drill. Demonstration and practical work. Read and explain. Formations; reliefs; orders for sentinels. Lecture and explanation of text. Disassembling and assembling, disassembling of groups. Detailed LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 109 FIRST WEEK OF TRAINING FOR A MACHINE GUN UNIT�Continued Day and Period Subject Equipment Remarks Thursday l/2 hr. Physical Training............. None. Blouse or shirt to be removed if weather permits. 1 hr. Close Order Drill............. Pistols and belts. Section drill. 2 hrs. Machine Gun Mechanical Train- ing ...................... 12 machine guns, 12 tri- Removal of steam tube and packing of pods, 5 dummy cart- barrel; demonstration only. Review as- ridges per gun; packing. sembling and disassembling. l/2 hr. Close Order Drill ............ Pistols and belts. Platoon drill. 2 hrs. Motor Transportation ......... Trucks. Demonstration and practical work. 2 hrs. Practice March............... Pistols and belts. Instruction in march discipline. Friday 1 hr. Close Order Drill............. Pistols and belts. Squad, section and platoon drill. 2 hrs. Machine Gun Mechanical Train- ing ...................... 12 guns and tripods, 5 Care and cleaning of gun. Mechanical dummy cartridges per functioning of gun and tripod, gun, hot water, cleaning rod, sal soda, patches, oil. 1 hr. Display of Equipment and Tent Drill ..................... Full field. 4 hrs. Open Time.................. To be used as desired by the unit com- mander. Saturday 4 hrs. Inspection .................. Inspection of barracks, grounds, mess, equipment, uniforms. Responsibilities of NCO to be stressed. Note:�Saturday P. M. available to unit commander for repetition of instruction missed by absentees. 2. Proper care and maintenance of arms, weapons, and equipment in the field. Instruction in the second requirement of a soldier is most important and will fill many hours in the early days of recruit training. Away from a permanent post, the soldier has little of the material with which he can normally take good care of his rifle, pistol, or other weapon. Rain, dust, powder filings, and other extraneous matter may in time cause a weapon to refuse to function. When the team depends on the best functioning of every member, such failure due to lack of care is criminal. Personal danger either from the enemy or from explosion of the piece are possible because of improper care. Ammunition must be kept dry, and sand must not be allowed to cling to cartridges 110 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER and projectiles. Mechanical equipment must be kept thoroughly oiled and greased for the heavy, valuable service they perform. Leather equipment, such as shoes, straps, and so forth, will be more comfortable and will wear longer if kept oiled when subject to moisture. No soldier should allow his shoes to become dry and brittle in the field. Messkits should be kept free from greasiness, and should not be allowed to rust. 3. Proper physical condition for extended field service. The third requirement for the military groundwork of the recruit in the unit training center is accomplished without much of what appears as physical exercise, or calisthenics, in the training. The recreation, sports, practice marches, close and extended order drill, and life in the open quickly make the recruit into a hardened soldier, with endurance and the ability to stand rough going. A soldier must be able to use his eyes, ears, and body to advantage both in daylight and darkness in order, for instance, that he may not give away a position while on night patrol within the enemy position. Finally, no soldier is physically conditioned for field service if he does not know and follow instinctively the rules of sanitation and hygiene. 4. Skill in the use of the weapon with which he is armed, or with which he serves. The infantry soldier may be a rifleman, machine gunner, automatic rifleman, mortar gunner, 37-mm. gunner, or a grenade thrower. Most of the infantry (privates and corporals) carry a bayonet; noncoms and specialists carry the pistol. The field artilleryman must know his light, medium, and heavy guns; the coast artilleryman, his huge seacoast defense guns and the smaller antiaircraft weapons; the Air Corps and the Cavalry use weapons that are either similar to, or variations of, the infantry and field artillery arms. The signal corps and combat engineers are armed much as the infantryman. Skill in the use of the weapon one works with and lives with is a twofold requirement; one must know the technical aspects of the piece, and also its tactical operation if he is to get the most good out of its fire. Any course in technique of weapons follows a definite pattern. The teaching is usually in this order for all arms: LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 111 (1) Nomenclature�the naming of and acquaintance with the various parts. (2) Stripping and assembling�taking the weapon apart and putting it back together again. (3) Care and cleaning. (4) Markmanship training without the use of live or real ammunition�preparatory work in learning sighting and aiming, positions (rifle), trigger squeeze (rifle), and rapid fire (rifle). (5) Range practice-�safety, loading, and firing. SEVENTH WEEK OF TRAINING FOR A MACHINE GUN UNIT Day and Period Subject Equipment Remarks Monday 1 hr. Physical Training ............ None. 1 hr. Close Order Drill ............ All transportation. 1 hr. Gun Drill .................. Equipment for elementary gun drill, with manipulation target on stand. 1 hr. Motor Drill ................. Transportation, loaded, without ammunition. 4 hrs. Direct Laying of Gun......... Each section: 2 guns on T-bases, aiming circle, portable blackboard, 8 chests ammunition tracer and ball, 5 to 1. l/z hr. calisthenics; l/z hr. mass games. Formations of the regiment with transportation. Commence firing, suspend firing, cease firing; to zero dial. To move to the rear. Range estimation, 1 hr.; field firing�section problems. Tuesday 1 hr. Gun Drill................... Same as Monday. To lay off and measure angles. 3 hrs. Instruments ................. Aiming circle, goniome- Practice in use of instruments. ter, angle of site instrument, range finder, compass, field glasses. 4 hrs. Direct Laying of Gun.......... 4 guns on T-bases, aiming Field firing�platoon demonstration, 1 hr.; circle, portable black- platoon problems, 3 hrs. board, 7 chests ammunition per gun, ball and tracer 5 to 1, per platoon. Wednesday 1 hr. Physical Training ............ None. 3 hrs. Direct Laying of Gun.......... Same as Tuesday. 4 hrs. Open Time ................. l/z hr. calisthenics; l/z hr. mass games. Same as Tuesday. To be used as desired by unit commander. 112 CLASSIFICATION AND SELECTION SEVENTH WEEK OF TRAINING FOR A MACHINE GUN UNIT�Continued Day and Period Subject: Equipment Remarks Thursday 1 hr. Close Order Drill ............ Pistols and belts. Formations of the regiment. 3 hrs. Direct Laying ............... 12 guns on line, 5 yard Overhead fire�gunner's and leader's rule� intervals; portable black- safety precautions. Demonstration and board; 3' x 5' screen practical work. target; numbers 1 to 15 jointed on 6' x 6' target frame. 2 hrs. Direct Laying ............... Same as preceding period, Overhead fire. Demonstration and prac- with ammunition, ball tical work, and tracer, 5 to 1. 1 hr. Gun Drill .................. Same as Tuesday. To lay off and measure angles; to put out base and aiming stakes* 1 hr. Motor Drill ................. Same as Monday. On and off trucks. Friday 4 hrs. Direct Laying ............... Same as Thursday. Same as Thursday. 4 hrs. Field Fortifications and Camouflages ..................... Organization entrenching Hasty works; standard types. Demonstra- equipment. tion and practical work. Saturday 2 hrs. Inspection .................. Pistols and belts; transpor- General inspection of barracks, grounds, tation. personnel, stables, and equipment. 2 hrs. Gun Drill................... Same as Thursday. To put on and measure quadrant elevation. 5. An understanding of the effects of weapons, the characteristics of toxic chemicals and projectiles, and the means of gas defense. Because the effects of gas are greatest when surprise is attained, the individual soldier must know how chemical attacks are made, when to expect such attacks, and what to do when attacked. He must recognize favorable conditions for gas, and must also be able to distinguish between different kinds of gas. Chemical attacks may be made by candles and cylinders or by shells from projectors, mortars, airplanes, tanks, artillery, or grenades. Attacks by candles and cylinders may be identified by the hissing sound of escaping gas, and during daylight by the cloud of gas itself. Projector attacks make a tremendous explosion, a brilliant flash, and a large cloud of dust, smoke, and debris. The approaching shell may easily be seen. Artillery and mortar shells and airplane bombs filled with gas make a thud when they land. Usually a thin haze surrounds the burst for a few moments. LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER 113 Fairly moderate temperature, overcast skies, and steady winds from three to twelve miles per hour are the most favorable conditions for gas. There are three classes of chemical agents: nonpersistent, persistent, and blinding smoke. Nonpersistent agents are not dangerous for more than ten minutes. The gas mask gives necessary protection for the lungs. Persistent gases may be dangerous for as long as two weeks. Though such agents affect the lungs and eyes, their principal effect is against the skin. Consequently, the mask does not give full protection. Blinding smokes have no injurious effect when breathed, and no protection is needed. One such smoke material, white phosphorus, causes very severe burns. Chemical can usually be identified by their odors. Training is given in recognizing the odor of all chemicals that are likely to be used. The fact that the odor of gas is not noticeable does not mean that it is not present. In a gas attack, keep your head and act promptly but quietly. Adjust your mask and wear it until you are are absolutely safe from nonpersistent chemicals. The following rules will be given during gas training: (1) Handle your gas mask carefully so as not to damage it. (2) Give a gas alarm only when gas is present. (3) Hold your breath after the gas alarm is given until you are sure that your mask is well adjusted to your face. Clear the face piece of gas by blowing vigorously into it while holding the outlet valve. (4) Do not enter into a dugout during or immediately after a gas attack, but avoid unnecessary movement and remain quiet. (5) Remove clothing contaminated with mustard gas as soon as possible. (6) Avoid water or food contaminated with chemicals. (7) Remember that all gas cases require rest, warmth, and fresh air, in that order. During recruit training, all men are taught the effects of weapons and projectors. A recruit should know the difference between the crack of bullets in flight and the whine or shriek of the projector passing through the air. A shell from a gun has a comparatively flat projectory, or path through the air; a howitzer has a more curved projectory and is able to reach targets located 114 LIFE AT THE UNIT TRAINING CENTER behind ridges; 75-mm. guns and 155-mm. howitzers fire higher explosive shells and shells containing smoke and gas. A high explosive shell consists of a hollow case filled with explosive. The charge, which is exploded by the fuse, bursts the steel case into fragments. High explosive shells are usually used against personnel. A barrage, or so-called curtain of fire, can often be passed through successfully. Once beyond the barrage, the infantryman need no longer fear it, for the "overs" and "shorts" will not cover any considerable depth. The dispersed, or scattered, formation of the infantry attack offers the smallest target to hostile artillery. 6. Understanding of terrain forms, cover, and concealment, and representation of terrain forms on maps. Cover and concealment: (1) The soldier is taught to distinguish between cover and concealment and to know their proper use. He is trained to recognize terrain features that give cover against fire and those which afford concealment from observation only. He must understand that concealment affords protection only when the terrain feature is not known or suspected to be occupied. He is shown that ground which to the untrained eye may appear flat often contains small depressions and humps affording cover against flat-trajectory fire. (2) The soldier is trained to present only a small and inconspicuous target. He is shown how to take advantage of the shape and color of the ground and background. He is warned against taking cover behind isolated trees and bushes or occupying positions which stand out against the skyline or are in sharp contrast to the surrounding terrain. He avoids all unnecessary movement. He looks and fires around the right side of trees or other concealment. Unless the outline is broken, he avoids looking over the top of cover. In observing, he takes the position which will most reduce his exposure to view. He is practiced in observing from the prone position. When practicable he keeps in the shade so as to cast no shadow which might reveal his position. (3) By demonstration, the soldier is shown that: (a) Visibility may sometimes be diminished by staining the face with mud. (b) Cloaks made of gunny sacks or sandbags covered with leaves may be used to conceal men who must remain in a fixed position for a long time. (c) Observation over a sandbag parapet may be facilitated by the use of a sandbag drawn over the head with a few strands taken out in front of the eyes. YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 115 (d) White garments are useful on a snowy terrain, especially on a cloudy, windy day. Care should be taken that the wearer's shadow does not reveal his position. (4) The correct and the incorrect method of utilizing cover and concealment is taught by practical demonstration. In the unit training camp every recruit is taught mapping. He must not only know how to read a map which shows the things of military value, but must be able to visualize such features of military importance as hills, depressions, towns, roads, woods, springs, ridges, and buildings. On any troop movement, maps are used. In training, soldiers will be given missions involving more or less independent movement, such as scouting. Scouts should be able to orient a map by using compass or resection methods. A soldier should know the conventional signs and should be able to determine elevations from contours. He should be able to scale distances on the map and get a clear idea of the ground from seeing it on a map. Every map has a scale which shows that the distance on the maps bears a fixed relation to the corresponding distance on the ground. Scales may be stated either in words or figures; for instance, three inches equals one mile; or they may be expressed by representative fractions; for instance, 1/62,500 means that one unit of distance, as an inch, on the map represents 62,500 of the same units of distance on the ground. Since the exact shape of the ground has influence on military operations, a map must convey to the reader a picture showing depressions and elevations. On a flat map, convention signs are necessary to show these ground forms. The conventional sign�a contour line�represents an imaginary line on the ground every part of which is at the same height above sea level. If you walk along a contour line, you will always stay on a level. The vertical distance, usually in feet, between contour lines is the distance you would have to move in going from one contour line to the next one above or below. Directions on most maps are indicated by two arrows. The arrow with a star at the end points to the north pole. The arrow with half a barb points toward what is known as the magnetic pole. The latter pole is some distance from the true north pole because it has certain magnetic qualities which attract a compass needle. 116 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY A map is oriented when the north and south arrow on the map points north on the ground. A map reader is oriented when he knows his own position and the directions on the ground. There are several ways to orient oneself: by orienting the map with a compass; by picking out two points on the ground that can also be located on the map; by the sun and watch method; and, by night, from the Big Dipper and North Star. From his map study and from knowledge of the use of a compass to find direction, the recruit should be able next to go out on the ground and sketch in the military features, contours, and scale and direction in rough form. Along with the study of maps goes the study of aerial photographs. At first they may appear to be a hodge-podge, but soon the reader can begin to pick out streams, ridges, roads, and finally military locations. From his study of aerial photographs and from the mistakes which they show of the military personnel on the ground, the recruit will come to an appreciation of camouflage. Paths, holes, and piles of dirt are immediately noticeable in an aerial photograph. 7. Practice in the duties of an individual soldier on the march (foot or motor'), in shelter, and in combat. Before a recruit can fulfill this requirement he must have drilled as a member of a squad. In order to accustom the individual soldier to acting as a member of a group he is first given close order drill of squad, as described under the first requirement. When commanded to fall in, each man, except the one on the left, extends his left arm laterally at shoulder height so that the tips of his fingers touch the man on his left. The palm of the hand is down and the fingers are extended and joined. Each man, except the one on the right, turns his head and eyes to the right and places himself in line. As soon as the proper intervals have been obtained, each man drops his arm smartly to his side and turns his head to the front. The older method, or right dress, is now commanded by "At close interval, fall in." The left hand is placed on the hip, with the heel of the hand touching the hip, the fingers and thumb facing downward, extended and joined. The elbow is in the plane of the body, and the man on the left moves on line until his right arm touches the elbow. The former commands of "Squads right and left" are gone, and thus much time is saved. If the recruit knows the facings, YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 117 flank movements, and column movements, he is probably a fairly well-drilled soldier. Close order drill, with its teamwork, is only a means to an end. Next the squad learns extended order drill in order to deploy, in an orderly manner, in the field. From the extended order movements, it is an easy step to real combat training. For this drill, there are no set intervals between the men, since such intervals will be determined by the terrain, enemy fire, and other existent factors. During practice, straight lines are avoided, and the men usually operate at five-pace intervals. A deployed unit halts, moves to the flank, or to the rear, or changes direction at the command of the squad leader. The unit watches him for signals which indicate whether to halt, to take cover, or to crawl from one place to another. The squad leader gives the commands for firing range, or battle sight, and when to commence, increase, or stop firing. The squad may be disposed in such formations as squad columns, as skirmishers, as skirmishers right or left, or as a squad wedge. The squad leader may send his men forward in combat, one or two men at a time, or he may take them all forward at one time with a signal to prepare to rush ("Follow me"). There are whistle and arm, or hand, signals. Every recruit must learn both types of signals for such commands as attention to order, cease firing, and air or tank warning. The arm signals are more numerous, and indicate whether to move forward, to halt, to take cover, to double time, to change direction, to fix bayonets, to assemble, to range, to commence firing, or to cease firing. With the basic knowledge of close and extended order drill and of hygiene, the soldier is ready to make marches and to camp or bivouac in the field. If he marches on foot, he must learn to use a steady gait and to keep closed up. Rifle men sling their pieces or carry them at the right or left shoulder. The muzzle must be well elevated so as not to endanger or interfere with other men. During halts, the men fall out on the right side of the road, keeping road junctions clear. The soldier sits or lies down so as to take the weight of his pack off his shoulders. He drinks sparingly from his canteen. If the march is made by motor truck, he must be ready to guard against plane and tank attack. He should be alert to leave the truck if danger threatens. There are many signals for motor vehicles, but the recruit can pick them up by observation. 118 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY After the day's march a bivouac is made for the night in a concealed position. Equipment is placed under bushes or close to the trunks of trees. Objects of regular shape must not be left in the open, as they may be apparent to hostile aircraft. Shelter tents, if pitched, are distributed irregularly and covered with a few branches to break their outline. Camouflage may be used advantageously when vegetation is lacking. Night training is begun on familiar terrain in twilight in order to demonstrate the difference between the day and night appearance of objects. Individual night training comprises movement in darkness, maintenance of direction, and eye and ear training. Training in silent movement is given by demonstration and practice. Exercises are held wherein blindfolded men try to detect noises made by others approaching. Methods of crossing obstacles noiselessly, cutting wire entanglements, and moving out of trenches are practiced in the unit training center. Concealment afforded by proper use of shadows is contrasted with the clear silhouette of a man on a skyline. The soldier is trained to fasten his equipment so that it does not rattle or reflect light. In addition, men are taught the following: When the enemy is using many flares, he probably has few patrols out; the eyes should not be strained by concentrating on one object too long; sounds of men walking are best heard with the ear close to the ground; sounds are transmitted a greater distance in wet weather than in dry. As individual soldiers, there are a number of special military duties which all recruits, should learn. If they are sentinels as part of a security detachment sent out to protect a larger body of troops, they must have such information as the probable route of approach of the enemy, location of friendly outguards, instructions concerning challenging, and conduct in case of attack. Recruits will also be taught messenger duty. In crossing open terrain they must not expose themselves unduly or betray the location of sending or receiving stations. They must be able to orient a map, remember oral messages, and, if delayed or lost, explain their situation to an officer and ask for advice. A scout's mission is to get information of the enemy and the country. In order to see and not be seen, he must be an expert in the use of cover. He should observe from the prone position, keep off the skyline, and look around the right side of a tree or rock. When he stops in the open, he should lie motionless, flat YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY 119 on the ground. Abrupt movements must be avoided, except when he has to cross an open space, which should be done at top speed. The value of a scout depends on his ability to see things which the average soldier overlooks. He looks at the ground nearest him first and searches a narrow strip from right to left parallel to his front. He then searches from left to right a second strip farther away, but overlapping the first. He continues in this manner until the entire field is covered. If he thinks he sees an enemy he looks a little to one side of the suspected spot, for then the eye responds more quickly to slight movements. Since the scout's information must often be depended upon, he should be very accurate in reporting enemy activity, such as the sizes of unit on march or in camp. The strength of troops may be estimated by the length of time the column consumes in passing a given point, or by the width of front on which they are deployed. Infantry on the march raises a low, thick cloud of dust, and horse cavalry a high, thin cloud. Motor trucks raise a heavy, rapidly moving cloud. For most patrolling, the scout must take his cue from the American Indian in his walking and crawling in the presence of the enemy. Since the final purpose of all army training is to make individual soldiers into a cohesive team and to develop initiative and confidence in all leaders of all units, tactical training is most important. All disciplinary and basic, as well as technical, training is merely a forerunner of tactical training with its ultimate objective of victory. The first three requirements of a soldier, as taught in a unit training center, are disciplinary and basic. Technical skill with the weapon of his arm is a fourth soldierly requirement. The last three requirements are tactical in character and prepare the soldier for group combat training. After technical understanding of the rifle, pistol, and other weapons is reached, the tactical handling of the weapon follows. When the troops have completed their marksmanship course, those in the infantry are trained in musketry firing and combat firing. Musketry is the means of getting the fire power of any unit, squad, or larger organization upon a target. The corporal, first of all, trains his men in estimating the range to the target. Then, by describing the target and by reference to a prominent feature on the terrain, he locates the target for the men. The unit fires by certain prescribed routine, usually cover- 120 YOUR FIRST DAYS IN THE ARMY ing the target from left to right, by the men on the right of the line, and vice versa. In musketry firing there is no forward action by the troops, and all concentration is placed upon fire control and fire discipline. Soldiers are taught to make every shot good and to conserve their ammunition. The next step is combat firing, in which the squad or larger unit not only fires at designated and "surprise" targets but also moves toward them. No forward movement may be made, however, unless the volume of fire is greater than that of the enemy. In combat firing, during the noise and movement, each soldier is on his own, though he must look to the corporal for fire and movement signals. There will be no careful designation of targets as there was in musketry, and hence each recruit must have learned how to find and to fire on enemy targets. During the first ten weeks of the thirteen-week recruit training program under Selective Service, the emphasis is on individual basic, technical, and tactical instruction. These various subjects will be fused into weekly schedules which alternate periods of physical effort and lectures. During thie eleventh and twelfth week, training will be with the battalion, designated the smallest tactical unit. The last week will be in regimental tactical training. During the last three weeks of recruit training, the new soldier will find himself in the transition from a recruit absorbing his background knowledge to a full-fledged soldier using his background knowledge in tactical teamwork. The training will in a large measure be the tactics of the attack, and will concentrate on the methods to be used in the approach march, fire fight, assault, reorganization, and pursuit. In the defense, emphasis will be placed on position in depth and in the practice of making fox holes with intrenching tools. At the opening of the fourth month of training the Selective Service trainee will have become a soldier of the Army. True enough, his military education has not been too thorough, nor has he had an opportunity to enter into any extensive field problems or maneuvers. Nevertheless, with his three-month recruit training as a background, he can use it as a springboard to increase his technical and tactical knowledge. CHAPTER VIII Life at the Replacement Center, and Subsequent Schooling AFTER leaving the reception center, most of the Selective Service men during the late 1940 and early 1941 induction periods will go to unit training centers. Ten to twenty per cent of them, however, will be assigned to replacement centers, either at the same post or at other posts, depending on what branch of the service they are ultimately heading for. The group chosen for this training will include: 1. Occupational specialists, usual and unusual. 2. Men who by reason of superior intelligence or education have been singled out for training in military leadership. The term "specialist" in its military meaning does not indicate, as it does in civilian terminology, that the individual is particularly outstanding in his profession or trade. It simply means that he has a trade or skill, useful to the Army, above and beyond the basic military requirements demanded of the buck private. For his extra qualification he receives extra pay. The bugler, for instance, usually has a rating which gives him from $3.00 to $10.00 extra per month. The cooks, mechanics, clerks, and so forth, come under this group, which we shall call the usual specialists. Rated higher than the usual specialist because of their technical education and scarcity are the unusual specialists, such as topographic draftsmen, radio operators, instrument repairmen, and photographers. The number of specialists required in each branch of the Army can be computed from Table I, Chapter VI. During the hearings on the Selective Service Bill before the Committee on Military Affairs of the United States, the following specialist figures were given: "In the Infantry, 21 per cent are specialists; Cavalry, 28 per cent; Field Artillery, 48 per cent; Coast Artillery, 38 per cent; 121 122 LIFE AT THE REPLACEMENT CENTER Engineers, 60 per cent; Air Corps, 78 per cent; Signal Corps, 69 per cent; Chemical Warfare Service, 21 per cent; Ordnance Department, 51 per cent; Medical Department, 47 per cent; Quartermaster Corps, 63 per cent; Finance Department, 74 per cent." The unusual specialist will be the one sent to the replacement centers from the first group inducted under the Selective Service Act. There will be too great a demand in the rapidly expanding units for cooks, cobblers, tailors, mechanics, telephone linemen, machinists, and so on, to hold them in an enlisted replacement center. Most of these usual specialists will receive their basic and disciplinary training as soldiers in unit training centers. First, at the replacement center, the unusual specialists will be given whatever basic military training is considered necessary for their understanding of the branch to which they will be assigned. Then follows a one to three months5 course in their occupational specialty. After this, the specialist will either be sent to civilian schools for advanced training or he will be assigned to duty with troops. He may even be sent to a reception center to test and check men declaring qualifications in his line, or to set up a specialist school. Army specialist schools in mechanical training for airplane, tank, and other mechanics will be plentiful. They will take men with previous mechanical training and seek to supplement it with knowledge of military engines. New schools will be set up to the limit of the personnel available for operation. Where necessary, civilian vocational and trade schools will supplement the army schools. Even correspondence courses, completed under an officer's direction, will be given if the schooling problem becomes too great for the army and civilian schools to handle. In general, when a group of occupational specialists is sent to a civilian school, the institution will teach them their work but will give them no military training. The Army will pay for the courses, and an officer will be in charge of the 50 or more men. He too will probably be enrolled in the course. After school hours, he will supplement the school's course with military training and will be responsible for discipline in the group at all times. Since the procedure for training the hundreds of different specialists for army service obviously will vary widely, it is impossible to do more than glance quickly at two or three types of specialists who will go through the replace- LIFE AT THE REPLACEMENT CENTER 123 SAMPLE TRAINING PROGRAM�ENLISTED REPLACEMENT CENTER (Field Artillery Motor Sergeants, Motor Mechanics, Motor Technicians) Subjects Basic (Entire Battery)* Dismounted drill............................ Physical training............................ Inspections ................................ Total basic ............................. Technical Drawing tools; maintenance methods............. Power transmission systems..................... Steering mechanisms, linkages, wheel bearings...... Brakes, hydraulic and mechanical; shock absorbers. . . Internal combustion engine, construction adjustment, maintenance .............................. Fuel systems, operation, adjustment, maintenance. . . Electrical systems, operation, adjustment, maintenance .................................... 6000-mile maintenance service; practical tuning adjusting ................................... Driver training, driver maintenance, capabilities of vehicles; tractor operation and maintenance...... Lubricants, tires, records, maintenance problems; maintenance inspections, field expedients; map march ................................... 1000-mile maintenance service.................. Total technical .......................... Tactical Field exercises, marches, camps.................. Total Hours ,----- " Hours per week � �\ 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 b10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 40 4444444444 4 4 . . 24 24 . . 24 8 16 24 8 24 24 74 34 24 24 20 8 24 24........ 12 28 28 6 . . ......22 12 8 16 . . 4 20 288 36 36 36 36 28 28 28 20 20 20 72 ........ 8 8 8 16 16 16 Open time . Grand total 40 440 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 a All men will be assigned to basic batteries for the first two weeks and all will receive the same instruction. They will then be assigned to specialist or basic batteries, depending upon their qualifications, for the remainder of the training period. b Ceremonies and organized athletics will be conducted during other than scheduled hours. ment center. It will take longer, for instance, to train an aerial photo-topographer, who must add a great deal of military knowledge to his civilian training, than a mule packer who has been doing very similar work in civilian life, perhaps as a cattle ranch hand. The photographer, after perhaps a month's basic military training at the replacement center, will be sent to a Signal Corps special training school for a short course on military aspects of aerial photography. His probable assignment after such schooling would be with observation aircraft in the GHQ air force. If the Army wants some other type of 124 LIFE AT THE REPLACEMENT CENTER specialist training in photography that he is unlikely to have in its entirety, he will be sent to a civil school. A similar procedure will be followed in training denticians and medical helpers for the Army. Most of these men will receive their basic military training at replacement centers; some of them at unit training centers. All of them, however, will probably go on to a base hospital for a specialized course before being put on regular duty with the medical service. Early in the administration of the Selective Service Act, one of the problems of the corps area commander will be to place specialists on duty as soon as possible. If perhaps he has not received his expected quota of specialists (Table II, Chapter VI) he can take one of two steps: 1. He may query the War Department to find out if there is a surplus of such specialists in other corps areas. 2. He may put out a special call through War Department channels and thence to the local boards asking that this type of specialist be sought and asked to volunteer or obtained by voluntary enlistment for the Regular Army. The second group at the replacement centers, who are chosen for their outstanding qualities in leadership, might include such men as these: A newspaper reporter will perhaps show up well in the interview and in the intelligence tests at the reception center. He will immediately be spotted as the type of man who can fit into the military intelligence division of the Army. Since he may not have had military training, he will be sent through the essential recruit training at the replacement center. With that background, he will next be sent off to an army specialist school for military intelligence instruction. Here he will learn various functions of important staff work. Perhaps he will be detailed to public relations duty. Perhaps his bent will lie along the lines of combat intelligence, where his abilities to notice and report upon what he sees will be of especial value to a commander in the field. The young executive of a business house may say, "What is there in the Army for me?" He will be picked out in the reception center for those qualities which will have brought many punches on his classification card. After a month or so of intensive training in an enlisted replacement center, he will next learn how to put basic military training across to others. Perhaps he will find his place with the cadre of a new unit. There, as a noncommissioned officer, his leader- LIFE AT THE REPLACEMENT CENTER 125 ship will be a real aid to the Army. Perhaps his talents lie along the lines of administration, and at a new unit he may find that his ability to size up new situations, and to act upon them, will make him an able staff worker in the headquarters. In this group, too, we should include the men who have been selected for the replacement centers because their records indicate considerable prior military training and service. They will be put through a rapid refresher course and then sent out as members of a cadre to a new unit. Even though at the beginning there are only 27 divisions of infantry, 2 of cavalry, and 4 armored divisions, there will be many others formed as soon as officers and noncoms for trained cadres are prepared. % sfr sfr * After January 1, 1941, when the Army is rapidly being organized and trained, further Selective Service calls will be made. The men then inducted will pass through the reception center, training centers, and enlisted replacement centers, but, instead of being assigned immediately to duty with troops, they will be held at large encampments, or "pools," from which all vacancies in the Army will be filled. The second and later groups of Selective Service men will be given recruit training in their encampment, and will be more carefully sorted and classified. There will be more opportunity for schooling in these groups. Shortages of various occupations will have appeared, and such vacancies can be filled by men who have been given the necessary special schooling. RECEPTION CENTER INDUCTION OF SELECTIVE SERVICE MEN ( 1941 ANO THEREAFTER) ENLISTED REPLACEMENT CENTER 13 WEEKS UNIT (RECRUIT) TRAINING FOR NONSPECIALISTS THEN MOVEMENT ONLY TO FILL VACANCIES VARYING PERIODS OF RECRUIT TRAINING FOR OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALISTS REGULAR ARMY SERVICE J SCHOOLS | CIVILIAN VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES CHAPTER IX Your Opportunities in the Army HEN inducted men under Selective Service have been classified at a reception center and have moved on to unit training centers or to enlisted replacement centers, they will have an opportunity to observe their duties in relation to the Army. In World War I, divisions sometimes suffered a transfer of three and four times their normal complement in less than 18 months. For this reason, every effort has been made in drawing up the military training plans under the Selective Service Act to avoid any possible repetition of such a heavy turnover in personnel. Transfers from one division to another will be discouraged except where absolutely necessary. Naturally, some transfers will be necessary. Some men will find that they are square pegs in round holes; others will be over their heads in occupational specialties to which they have been assigned. Such transfers, however, can usually be made within the division. In each division, square or triangular, there is room for many different types of men. No matter what your military assignment under Selective Service, you will undergo the same disciplinary and basic training as all others. At the same time, you will be familiarizing yourself with the weapons of your branch. Lastly, you will engage in tactical training, divisional in extent, with your own unit. After divisional training, there will be corps and army maneuvers in the field. Surveying your year as a Selective Service trainee, you can appraise the opportunities in the Army. First of all, you will be healthier. Life in the open, physical effort, regular hours, and good food will be of particular benefit if you have previously held a desk, or inside business, or shop, job. Occupational specialists qualified under civilian training indicated in Table III as meteorologist, balloon rigger, stationary engineer, aviation mechanic, and so forth, during their army training should find that experience an aid in ob- 127 w 128 YOUR OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ARMY taining a better civilian job upon discharge. Some men will have learned a new occupation to add to their chances of gaining employment in civil life. If your employer is holding your job open, he will probably find you a healthier, better poised man upon your return. The Army trains leaders, giving them knowledge, courage, activity, and the ability to put themselves across to others. Your training will be intensive; you will have to face squarely issues that arise when large numbers of men live and work together. Your activity will be accelerated, and smartness will characterize your attitude. You will get training in putting yourself across to others when you rise to even the rank of a private, first class, where you will be in charge of details assigned to put up tents, dig trenches, or teach rifle marksmanship. During the year of army training under Selective Service, trainees will be given normal opportunities for promotion. The 10 to 20 per cent occupational specialists will more likely receive, in addition to their grade from private to sergeant, various extra payments as shown in the pay and allowances table. The first cook in a company of 18 8 soldiers will normally be a "first and third/' meaning that he will draw the pay of a first class private and in addition the third class specialist allowance of $20.00, making his monthly check $50.00. Mechanics almost without exception will receive extra pay for their work, up to "first and first"�first class private and first class specialist, $60.00. Clerks may be promoted to private, first class, with specialist ratings added. Time itself is really the only limiting agency in promotion, because the ability of some inducted men will naturally qualify them for the highest enlisted grades in the Army. By the time these high caliber men have completed passage through reception, unit training, and possibly the enlisted replacement centers, they will have completed from a third to a half of their year's service. Jobs for which they would be eligible normally will probably have been filled temporarily. While the incumbent is receiving a fair trial, further months are ticking away. Moreover, when an inducted man is nearing the end of his year's service, the commanding officer will not want to place him in a high position for only a month or so. Capable men who enter the Army under Selective Service and wish to continue in the service will automatically make themselves eligible for the top positions. YOUR OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ARMY 129 None of the Selective Service group inducted into the Army for one year's service will be made officers, unless they hold qualifications much needed in the Army's commissioned ranks. The chances of obtaining a commission are indeed very slight because the Army has 120,000 members of the Officers' Reserve Corps who have actively participated in correspondence work over a period of years and have attended summer camps whenever such duty could be obtained through the War Department. Because of their interest, these men�to a total of 60,000�will be given the first opportunities to fill the officers' ranks for this army of over a million men. The annual number of graduates of the Reserve Officers' Training Corps in our colleges and universities is about 9,000�sufficient to fill most vacancies. Trainees under Selective Service will probably be given the same opportunity offered to any enlisted man of the Regular Army to receive a commission in the Reserves. Educational qualifications are set up and military and physical examinations must be completed satisfactorily. Military qualification is assured by satisfactory completion of correspondence courses. Naturally there will be some difficulty in sandwiching such study into the intensive schedule of the 1941 Army. Travel in the Army for trainees under Selective Service will be to unit training centers and schools. Their year of training will be completed normally in that same location, or at one reasonably close by. Very few trainees will be sent to foreign service because the usual term of service is two years, and only Puerto Rico or perhaps Panama would be feasible unit training centers and permanent stations for trainees. Later, if a trainee wishes to make the Army his career, and to enlist for three years voluntarily, there is a good chance that he will subsequently be sent to foreign service in the Philippine and Hawaiian Islands, in Alaska, Panama, or Puerto Rico. From a family standpoint, the Selective Service trainee will find that life will be rather unstable during the period of the emergency. In normal peacetimes, the first three grades of sergeants�Master, Technical or First Sergeant, and Staff�are furnished homes on army posts. At the present time, the Army does not give a private permission to marry and remain in the Army. Lastly, you will have felt that you have done something more than talk about the advantages of being an American. 130 YOUR OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ARMY General Leonard Wood, writing in the Medical Pickwick of May, 1917, had this to say of preparedness training for World War I: "We are not preparing our country for aggression but to resist it. We must train them under a brief system of intensive training and return them to their normal occupations the better for their training, not only physically but morally and from the economic standpoint; also from the standpoint of good citizenship and, consequently, from the standpoint of national efficiency. They will come from their training with better physical bodies, with greatly increased knowledge of how to take care of themselves to ward off disease. They will be better economically from the habits of discipline, thoroughness and promptness which will come from the military training. "They will be better citizens morally because they will have learned to respect the law and the constituted authority. They will bring away with them a better idea of their individual obligation to the nation and an appreciation of the fact that the real foundation of democracy is equality not only of opportunity and privilege but also of obligation. "Preparedness is of vital importance to us from every standpoint. Training all together, at the same period of our lives, for a brief space of time, say six months, will not only bring about a condition which will be the best possible insurance against war but it will put in being a force which will exercise the strongest possible influence in bringing about a sense of nationality, a feeling of obligation for service to the nation . . ." Appendix This is the registration card filled out by registrars in local polling places when, on registration day, you make your first contact with Selective Service. SERIAL NUMBER! 1. Name (Print) (First) (Middle) (Last) ORDER NUMBER 2. Address (Print) (Number and street or R. F. D. number; city, town or county, and State) 3. Telephone 4. Age in Years 5. Place of Birth 6. Country of Citizenship Date of Birth (Town and county) (Exchange) (Number) (Mo.) (Day) (Yr.) (State or country) 7. Name op Person Who Will Always Know Your Address 8. Relationship of That Person (Mr., Mrs., Miss) (First) (Middle) (Last) 9. Address of That Person (Number and street or R. F. D. number) (Town) (State) 10. Employer's Name 11. Place of Employment or Business (Number and street or R. F. D. number) (Town) (State) I Affirm That I Have Verified Above Answers And That They Are True. REGISTRATION CARD 16-00000 DJ3.S. Form 1 (over) (Registrant's signature) COMPLEXION Sallow Light | Ruddy Dark Freckled Light brown Dark brown | Black strant WEIGHT (Approx.) HAIR i of Regii Blonde Red Brown Black Gray jBald scriptior HEIGHT ! (Approx.) EYES 4> Q Blue Gray Hazel Brown Black RACE i c -<-b a iz > D ) Oriental Indian Filipino ft to !3 o J5 o a o OS 0) > �* S3 �S'E-S o ^ �-S B at .� w �2 � S o lis * 5 � g G$ ^ r53 ^ 03 c3 *a * 5 3"? - S * "* S w � 131 132 APPENDIX This is the card you receive from registrars at local polling places on registration day�your proof that you have registered. REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that in accordance with the Selective Service Proclamation of the President of the United States (First name) (Middle name) (Last name) (No. and street or R.F.D. No.; city, town or county, and State) has been duly registered this......day of..................., 19___ (Signature of registrar) Registrar for............................................ (Precinct) (Ward) (City or county) (State) RF AT FRT i Keep *n t�ucn w^n your Local Board. ( Notify Local Board immediately of change of address. CARRY THIS CARD WITH YOU AT ALL TIMES D. S. S. Form 2 16--0000 DESCRIPTION OF REGISTRANT Race Height (Approx.) Weight (Approx.) Hair Complexion Sallow ! White Eyes Light Blue Blonde Ruddy Negro Gray Hazel Red Dark Oriental Brown Freckled Brown Black Light brown Indian Black Gray Dark brown Bald Black Filipino Other obvious physical characteristics that will aid in identification U. S. Government Printing Office 16�00000 APPENDIX 133 On this and succeeding pages is printed the type of Questionnaire you will fill out and return to your local board when your turn comes. The Questionnaire you will receive may diflfer from this one in the wording of the questions. If you wish to remember what you have told the authorities, it might be advisable to record your answers here. S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire (page 1). Series I. PHYSICAL CONDITION.* (Confidential) INSTRUCTIONS: Every registrant must answer each question in this series. 1. Have you any physical defect?........If so, state it:...................... 2. Are you a patient of an asylum, hospital, or other institution (yes or no) ?...... If so, state ailment or reason ................................................... and the name and location of the institution....................................... NOTE: If the registrant is a patient of an institution and is unable to answer the above questions, the executive head of the institution will communicate these facts immediately to the Local Board. Series II. DEPENDENCY.* (Confidential, except as to names and addresses of claimed dependents.) INSTRUCTIONS: Every registrant must answer question 1 (a) of this series, and if his answer is "yes," he must answer the remaining questions in the series and secure the supporting affidavits required by the form on page 2. 1 (a). Have you dependent upon your physical or mental labor for support a wife, child (embraces only boys under 16 years of age and girls under 18 years of age and includes unborn child, stepchild, and child legally adopted, prior to declaration of war, and child with respect to whom, prior to declaration of war, the registrant has in good faith assumed and fulfilled the obligation of parent, and an invalid child of any age), mother, foster mother, aged or invalid father or foster father, aged or invalid grandparents, brother under 16 years of age, sister under 18 years of age, invalid brother or sister regardless of age?............... (b) If so, state which.......................... 2. Are you single, married, widowed, or divorced? (State which) ...... 3. If married, state the place,........................; the date 4. Concerning each person now dependent upon you for support, state: Age Relationship to you Address When support began During last 12 months Do you and dependent live together? Name Amount contributed by you Earned by dependent Period dependent was employed * Confidential, except for use by Government officials. (See Sec. 59, S.S.R.) S. S. Form 40, Questionnaire (pages 1 and 2). 5. If any of the amount contributed during the last twelve months to any dependent, other than your wife and children, was actually in payment of board and lodging for yourself and/or others, state: Amount $.............To whom........ .................................. For whom .................................. 6. In what calling, if any, is your wife trained or skilled?..................... 7. Has your wife ever been employed?..............If so, in what calling and when? ........................................................................ 8. State the condition of your wife's health: ................................ Series II. DEPENDENCY (Continued) 9. Does your wife live with her parents, or your parents, or any one of them? If so, state which: ............................................................. 10. If any claimed dependent (other than wife or child) has a brother, sister, father, mother, husband, wife, or child, state as to each such relative the following: Name Age Relationship to such dependent Address Occupation To which dependent related Amount contributed by such person to claimed dependent 11. Has any one, other than the persons named in Question 10, contributed to or provided for the support of said dependent or dependents during the last twelve months? .............. If so, give names of such dependents, contributors and amounts....................................................................... 12. State your total income from all sources during the last twelve months, in cash $............, in other things of value $............. 13. How much of the preceding amount, or amounts, was obtained by your own labor, mental or physical ?................. 14. Have you filed any income tax report within the last year? ................ Where?.................................. 15. Give the following information concerning all property owned by you: Present value Incumbrances During past tax year During past twelve months Taxes To whom taxes paid Gross Income Net Income Real Estate All other property S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, page 2. 16. State net income, during the last twelve months, from any property held in trust for you......................... 17. Do you or any of your family or dependents own the house in which you live? ........If so, state owner................................................. ... 18. State the name of each of your dependents who owns the house in which he (or she) lives: ......................................................... 19. Do you rent the house in which you live?..........If so, state the monthly rent, and the name and address of your landlord: ................................. 134 20. State the value of all property owned by, or held in trust for, each of your claimed dependents, incumbrances thereon, if any, and his or her gross and net incomes therefrom during the last twelve months: Name of dependent Value of property Incumbrances, if any Gross Income Net Income 21. State any other facts which you consider necessary to fairly present your status concerning dependents: .................................................. SUPPORTING AFFIDAVITS OF DEPENDENTS OVER 16 YEARS OF AGE State of.........................., County of......................., ss: We, the undersigned, do solemnly swear (or affirm) each for himself and herself individually, that we have read or had read to us the foregoing questions and answers under the heading "DEPENDENCY", of ............................., registrant; that we understand the same; that we are named as dependents; that the statements contained therein as to the name, age, residence, relationship, and dependency of each of us toward said registrant, and the statements of his contributions and the contributions by other persons to the support of each of us, and the statements of the financial and material condition of each of us, and of the income of each of us from all sources, are true. (Signature of affiant) (Signature of affiant) (Signature of affiant) (Signature of affiant) Subscribed and sworn to before me this............day of............, 19... (Signature of officer) (Designation of officer) S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, page 3. Series III. INFORMATION FOR MILITARY (INCLUDING NAVAL) AUTHORITIES INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant must answer all of the questions in this series. 1. State your name: ...................................................... (First Name) (Middle Name) (Last Name) 2. Give any other names by which you are or have been known: ................ 3. Give home address: ................................................... (No. and Street or R.F.D. No.) (City,town or county) (State) 4. State date and place of birth: ........................................... 5. To what country do you owe allegiance?...........................Are you an applicant for citizenship in the United States? ................................ 6. Are you white, Negro, Indian, Oriental, or Filipino? (State which)........ 7. Are you single............, or married............Number of children, if any............................ 8. State name, address and relationship of nearest relative (next of kin) : ...... 135 Series III. INFORMATION FOR MILITARY (INCLUDING NAVAL) AUTHORITIES (Continued) 9. State name, address and relationship of person to be notified in case of emergency: .................................................................... (First name) (Middle name) (Last name) (No. and St. or R.F.D. No.) (Town or city) (State) (Relationship) 10. What is your usual occupation?.........................Number of years so engaged....................Usual weekly wage or income.................... Specify work performed: ...................................................... 11. Are there any other things (including hobbies) that you do well? If so, name the two you do best, giving experience in each................................... 12. State previous military experience, giving school, or college, or organization, extent of training and rank or rating held in each............................... 13. Schooling: Grade reached in school ............................; years in college........................; years in technical school........................ Name of college and/or technical school ......................................... Subjects of specialization or courses pursued..................................... 14. Underline languages you speak: English, French, German, Spanish. State any other ..................................................................... INSTRUCTIONS:�The Local Board that prepares the mobilization papers will fill in the following: The registrant named herein has Order No............. and Serial No.............. Date and hour of induction (from column 24 or column 27 of the Classification Record) .......................... (In case of alleged desertion) he reported..........19.. (month) (day) was apprehended ...............................19... (month) (day) If not entrained by the Local Board of origin, place of entrainment................. (Changes 1933) (Stamp of Local Board of origin) S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, pages 3 and 4. Opinion of Local Board as to occupation for which registrant is best fitted ... Is the registrant known personally to any member of Local Board?......... Comments of Local Board on answers of registrant in Series IV (next page) This page has been extracted from the sworn Questionnaire of the registrant named herein. Member of Local Board Series IV. RELIGIOUS CONVICTION AGAINST WAR INSTRUCTIONS:�A registrant claiming exemption from combat service on account of religious convictions must answer all of the questions in this series and file with his Local Board a certificate of membership in the sect or organization upon which exemption is claimed, signed by the elder or pastor or person holding like position. 1. Of what well-recognized religious sect or organization, opposed to war, are you a member? .................................................................... 2. State location of its governing body or head: .............................. 3. When did it adopt opposition to war as a part of its creed?................. 136 Series IV. RELIGIOUS CONVICTION AGAINST WAR (Continued) 4. Give name and address of your particular church or organization: 5. When, where and how did you become a member of such sect or organization? Series V. LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL OFFICERS (Not Employees) INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant who is a Federal, State, Territorial, County or Municipal Officer must answer the questions in this series. 1. State exact designation of your office: .................................... 2. Were you elected by popular vote? ............ or appointed? ............ 3. How much of your time is actually devoted to your position? ............... 4. State date your term of office will expire................................... Series VI. FEDERAL, STATE, TERRITORIAL, COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYEES (Not Officials) INSTRUCTIONS:�If the registrant intends to claim deferred classification under this heading, he must answer the questions in this series and must file with the Local Board an affidavit from the official having direct supervision and control of the branch of public service in which the registrant is engaged. This affidavit must contain information as to the exact nature of the registrant's duties, the degree of his training, the length of time that he has been continuously employed in his present position; and whether or not he can be replaced without substantial and material detriment to public interest. The affidavit must be endorsed "Approved" or "Disapproved" by the head of the Department, or Independent Bureau, Office, Board or Commission, or his authorized representative. No deferment shall be allowed to a registrant whose appointment has been made after war is declared and who otherwise would have been placed in Class I. 1. If a Federal, State, Territorial, County, Municipal employee, state which:___ 2. State the exact designation of your office: 3. State the nature of your work: ........ (Changes 1933) S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, pages 4 and 5. 4. How long have you been continuously employed in your present position?..... 5. State the character and duration of your education, training and experience for your position: ................................................................ 6. How much of your time is actually devoted to your position?................ Series VII. MARINE PILOTS INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant who is a licensed ocean, river or Great Lakes pilot must answer the questions in this series. If registrant intends to claim deferred classification as a licensed pilot, he must file with the Local Board an affidavit signed by the collector or deputy collector of the port from which he regularly sails, stating how long he has been a licensed pilot and that he is regularly employed as such. 1. How long have you been a licensed pilot? ................................. 2. From what port do you regularly sail? ................................... 3. If you are engaged in any other occupation, state what it is and what part of your working time you give to it: ............................................... Series VIII. MINISTER OF RELIGION INSTRUCTIONS:�If a registrant intends to claim deferred classification as a minister of religion he must answer all of this series of questions. 1. State when.............., where........................, and the manner in which you became a minister of religion: ...................................... 137 Series VIII. MINISTER OF RELIGION (Continued) 2. Are you now authorized to preach or promulgate the doctrines of your religion? ............If so, state name and address of church organization to which attached and position held by you: ...................................................... 3. What part of your time do you give to your religious labors?................ 4. Have you any other occupation; if so, what?.............................. Series IX. AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATION INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant engaged in agriculture must answer the questions in this series that apply to him. If he intends to claim deferred classification on account of agricultural occupation, he must secure the supporting affidavits required by the forms on pages 6 and 7 in conformity with the following instructions: a. If the registrant is an employee, affidavit No. 1 must be made by his employer and affidavit No. 2 by a near neighbor. 6. If the registrant is the sole owner of the land, both supporting affidavits shall be made by near neighbors. c. If the registrant is the owner of the land with another, affidavit No. 1 shall be made by the co-owner and affidavit No. 2 shall be made by a near neighbor. d. If the registrant is a tenant of the land or a tenant with another, affidavit No. 1 must be made by the owner of the land or the latter's agent, and affidavit No. 2 by a near neighbor. 1. How many years have you been engaged in agriculture and what special training have you had? ............................................................. 2. State your relation to agriculture, as laborer, overseer, hired manager, share cropper, renter, owner, etc.: .................................................... (Changes 1933) S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, page 5. 3. What part of your working time do you give to the agricultural enterprise? ....................................... If not all, in what other business are you engaged? ...................................................................... 4. Are you now living upon any of the farms with which you are connected?..... If not, why not, and how far away? ............................................. 5. If you do not own the farm, state the name, address, age and relationship to you of the owner or renter, for whom you work or from whom you rent: ............ Does he live upon the farm?..........If not, how far away does he live?.......... 6. If you are a renter or share cropper^when does your lease or agreement end? Is any other person interested with you in the lease or agreement? ................. If so, state the name, age, address, relationship to you, and the extent of interest of each such person: ............................................................. 7. If you are part owner of the farm, state your interest, the name, age, address, occupation and extent of interest of each co-owner: ............................... 8. If you are the sole owner, explain fully how you operate your farm (for example, personally, with your father or brother, by tenant, or hired manager) : .......... 9. State the quantity of each product of the farm or farms (including crops and dairy products, poultry products, livestock, and products of every character) produced during the last twelve months: .................................................. 10. State for each crop the number of acres cultivated: 11. State the quantity of each farm product (including any that may have been purchased) consumed by the persons and livestock on the farm or farms during the last twelve months: ............................................................ 138 Series IX. AGRICULTURAL OCCUPATION (Continued) 12. State the number of each kind of livestock on the farm or farms and the number of each kind sold during the last twelve months: ......................... 13. Give the following information as to each of your relatives over 16 years of age residing on or near the farm where you work: Name Age Relationship Living on same farm Living ... miles from farm Occupation Classification under SSR S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, pages 5 and 6, 14. Why cannot any one or more of your relatives, or some other person, continue your farm operations during your absence? ...................................... 15. State any other facts which you consider necessary to present fairly the agricultural enterprise you have described or your connection with it as a ground for deferred classification: ......................................................... Series X. OTHER OCCUPATION INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant engaged in an occupation other than those enumerated in Series V to IX must answer all of the questions in this series that apply to him. If he intends to claim deferred classification on account of occupation, he must secure the supporting affidavits required by the forms on pages 6 and 7, in conformity with the following instructions: a. If the registrant is an employee, affidavit No. 1 must be made by his immediate superior and affidavit No. 2 by the executive head of the enterprise. If the business extends into more than one State, affidavit No. 2 may be made by the head of the division or plant in which the registrant is actually employed. If the registrant's superior is also executive head of the enterprise, affidavit No. 1 shall be made by such executive, and affidavit No. 2 by a substantial citizen. b. If the registrant is part owner of the enterprise as a stockholder or partner, affidavit No. 1 must be made by a stockholder or co-partner, and affidavit No. 2 by a substantial citizen. If he is the sole owner, both affidavits must be made by substantial citizens. 1. What is your occupation? ............................................... 2. State the name and address of the enterprise with which you are connected: 3. What is produced or what service is performed by the enterprise ? 4. State your connection with the enterprise: ................... 5. What work do you do? ..................................... 6. Are you an apprentice?................or a journeyman?___ 7. What part of your working time do you give to this enterprise? 8. If engaged in other work or business, state what it is: ........ 9. State your education, training, and experience for the work you are now doing: 10. How long have you been connected with the enterprise you have described? 139 Series X. OTHER OCCUPATION (Continued) 11. How many persons are doing the same kind of work that you are, in the plant where you work? .............................................................. 12. If you are a partner, state the name, age, residence, relationship to you, and occupation of each of your partners:............................................ S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, pages 6 and 7. 13. Have you a relative or some other person who could take charge of your occupational interests if you are called into service?..............If not, state reasons: 14. State any other facts which you consider necessary to present fairly the occupation you have described or your connection with it as a ground for deferred classification: .................................................................. Affidavits to be used in support of claims under Series IX or X. Supporting Affidavit No. 1 State of...................., County of....................ss: I,................................, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I reside ..........miles from.............................., the registrant named herein; that my occupation is........................; that my blood or marriage relationship to said registrant is...................; that my business relationship with the registrant is............................; that I have read the foregoing questions Nos........to......., inclusive; that my connection with the enterprise mentioned in the answers to said questions is.........................; that I know the answers to questions Nos..................are true; that I am reliably and fully informed and believe that the answers to questions Nos...............are true; and that I believe ...........................to be period required for his replacement. (Signature of affiant) Subscribed and sworn to before me this........day of................., 19... (Signature of officer) (Designation of officer) Supporting Affidavit No. 2 State of ...................., County of....................ss: I,................................, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I reside ..........miles from.............................., the registrant named herein; that my occupation is........................; that my blood or marriage relationship to said registrant is...................; that my business relationship with the registrant is............................; that I have read the foregoing questions Nos........to......., inclusive; that my connection with the enterprise mentioned in the answers to said questions is.........................; that I know the answers to questions Nos..................are true; that I am reliably and fully informed and believe that the answers to questions Nos...............are true; and that I believe .........................to be period required for his replacement. (Signature of affiant) Subscribed and sworn to before me this........day of................., 19... (Signature of officer) (Designation of officer) 140 S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, page 7. Series XI. CITIZENSHIP INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant must answer the first question in this series. If not a citizen of the United States, he must answer the remaining questions that apply to him. 1. To what country do you owe allegiance? .................................. 2. State date and place of birth: ........................................... 3. If you are not a citizen of the United States and not an Indian born in the United States� (a) In what countries and how long in each did you reside before the outbreak of war? ................................................................ (6) Have you taken out first papers, that is, declared your intention to become a citizen of the United States? ......................................... (c) If so, state when, where and in what court: .............................. (d) State birthplace and present residence of both your parents: Father.............................................................. Mother .............................................................. (e) How long, if ever, has each of your parents resided in the United States? (/) If either or both of your parents are naturalized citizens of the United States, state when and where each was so naturalized: ........................ (g) Have you ever voted or registered for voting anywhere in the United States? ..........If so, state when and where: ............................... 4. A citizen or subject of a country neutral in the present war, who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, may be relieved from service in the public armed forces by withdrawing his intention to become a citizen of the United States, but such action shall forever debar him from becoming a citizen of the United States. Do you desire to withdraw your intention to become a citizen of the United States? ............... Note�If your answer is "yes," immediately apply to your Local Board for the necessary blank forms for withdrawing your declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States. Such form must be completed and returned with your Questionnaire to your Local Board. 5. If you are an Indian born in the United States and claim you are not a citizen (a) State the dates you, your father and your mother were allotted: .......... (you) (father) (mother) (b) Have you received a patent in fee to your land?.......................... (c) Do you live separate and apart from your tribe?.......................... (d) If your answer to (c) is "yes," state how long you have lived away from tribal life and when you intend to return to tribal life: ....................... S. S. Form, Questionnaire, pages 7 and 8. Series XII. COURT RECORD* (Confidential) INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant must answer all of the questions in this series. 1. Have you ever been convicted of a crime?.........If so, state (a) the name of the crime.............; (6) the approximate date of conviction..................; (c) the name and location of the court..........................................; and (d) the sentence imposed ................................................... 2. Are you now in jail?.........If so, are you (a) awaiting trial........., or (b) serving sentence.........; and state name and address of institution: ........ 3. Are you at large on bail, probation, or parole ?....................If so, state name and address of court or institution: ........................................ * Confidential except for use by Government officials. (See Sec. 59, S.S.R.) 141 Series XIII. CLAIM OR WAIVER OF CLAIM FOR DEFERRED CLASSIFICATION INSTRUCTIONS:�Every registrant must answer the following question. 1. Do you claim deferred classification? ......... If so, state on which of the following grounds: Physical condition � Dependency � Occupation � Alienage � Moral Unfitness: ......................... (For what period? ........................) (Answer for Series IX and X oniy) REGISTRANT'S AFFIDAVIT INSTRUCTIONS:�1. Every registrant must make the registrant's affidavit. 2. If the registrant cannot read, the questions and his answers thereto must be read to him by the officer who administers the oath. State of....................., County of......................ss: I, ....................................., do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I am the registrant named and described in the foregoing questions and answers, that I know the contents of my said answers, and that all and singular the statements of fact in my said answers to said questions, respectively, are true, to the best of my knowledge and belief. (Signature or mark of registrant) Permanent mail address .................................................... (No. and Street or R.F.D. No.; city, town or county, and state) Subscribed and sworn to before me this.........day of...................., 19... (Signature of officer) (Designation of officer) If the registrant has received assistance from an adviser, the latter will sign the following statement: I have assisted the registrant named herein in the preparation of his Questionnaire. (Adviser) S. S. Form 40�Questionnaire, page 8. MINUTE OF ACTION ON REQUEST FOR EXTENSION OF TIME FOR FILING CLAIM OR PROOF The application of the registrant to have the time for filing claim and proof extended to................., 19... 9 is refused ^or ^e reason that............... (Date) (Member) MINUTE OF ACTION BY LOCAL BOARD The Local Board classifies the registrant in Class.................., Subdivision ...................., because it finds that................................... (Date) (Member) 142 Series XIII. CLAIM OR WAIVER OF CLAIM FOR DEFERRED CLASSIFICATION (Continued) APPEAL TO BOARD OF APPEAL I hereby appeal from the classification by the Local Board in Class....... Subdivision ....................... (Date) (Signature of claimant) MINUTE OF ACTION BY BOARD OF APPEAL The Board of Appeal classifies the registrant in Class................, Subdivision ....................because it finds that.................................... (Date) (Member) I hereby appeal to the President from Classification by the Board of Appeal in Class ..................., Subdivision .......................... Certificates and recommendations required by section 109 S.S.R. are attached. (Date) (Signature of claimant) (Pages 237 & 238 omitted) 143 Where You May Receive Your Army Training