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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPA1GN

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^ffiELLOW- MEMBERS of the great brotherhood of students—we
^11 greet you ! From whatever distant parts of the earth you come;

from whatever remote hamlet which may seem in another world
from this, or from whatever crowded city, where one meets so many men,
and comes to knoW so few* from rugged mountain-peaks or sun-kissed
tropic isles, from northern frozen shores or burning desert sands, we greet
you ! Unto this Republic of the New World, unto the hills and dales
of Ithaca, unto our fair Cornell, above the blue waters of Cayuga, and
unto our homes of cheer, with best of hospitality, we welcome you !

May your stay with us be full of goodness and pleasure, may our
Work and play together, and our walks and talks together, be fraught
with such a spirit of good-will that all that we do shall prosper.

We deem it an honor, indeed, and a most pleasant and fortunate task>
to entertain you, students of the world, at this first meeting in the United
States; for the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs of North America has
always heartfelt sympathy and earnest good wishes towards all members
of Corda Fratres, and towards all organizations and individuals, wherever
they may be, who are, like us, ever working and looking towards the
Light which heralds the dawn of the Era of Love and Peace among men.

The Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, as your host, welcomes you most
heartily and warmly into its halls and hearth, and extends its most cordial
greetings to all the delegates who shall participate in this meeting. In
the years to come may this little souvenir book serve to remind you of the
spirit aud the work of the Eighth International Congress of Students at
Cornell, and to inspire you to give freely of your strength, your mind,
your heart and your life, in the service of Humanity.(UnniPttta

The International Student Movement :

page

The Significance of the International Student Movement----------13

International Student Movements before 1898--------------------------------15

The Foundation of the " Corda Fratres " International Feder-
ation of Students--------------------------------------------------------------------------17

Growth and Progress of the Past Two Years--------------------------------23

The Task of the Ithaca Congress------------------------------------------------------32

Historical Appendices :

Appeal of the Founder of the " Corda Fratres," Dr. Efisio

Giglio-Tos--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30

Fundamental Articles of the " Corda Fratres "----------------------------43

Address of Frederick Passy at the III. International Congress

of Students------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44

Address of W. T. Stead at the VI. International Congress of

Students------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47

Chronological Table of the International Student Movement—	66

The American Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs----------------76

Histories of the Cosmopolitan Clubs------------------------------------------85Sty*

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By Gborgk W. Nasmyth.

The Significance of the International Student Movement.

HE International Federation of Students is the representative in
the Universities of the world of one of the greatest movements
of the Twentieth Century,—the movement for friendship and
understanding between nations and for the organization of the world
in justice and peace. The legislation of all countries for the next
fifty years will be concerned chiefly with problems of social reform,
but these problems cannot be solved until international conditions
have been greatly improved. Barriers of race prejudice and national
hatred must be broken down, fallacious theories of social Darwinism
in international relations must be subjected to the search light of
modern science, and the essential solidarity of the human race must
be proclaimed and emphasized in a thousand forms before the way
can be prepared for the union of the creative and productive forces of
all nations in the cause of the progress and the welfare of humanity.

This is a work for which the students of the world are eminently
fitted ; it is the work which the international student movement, at
first without a clear conception of its goal, but guided by a sure in-
tuition and the high ideals of youthful aspiration, has already begun.
In recent years this great spiritual force, arising simultaneously among
the students of many countries, has received a scientific foundation
and powerful intellectual support from the works of Jean Finot on
Race Prejudice, from that of Novicow on Social Darwinism and other
subjects in Sociology, and from that of Norman Angell on the
Economic Interdependence of Nations in his epoch-making work,
" The Great Illusion ". With these new forces and the wealth of
material which is constantly becoming available, a new science of
international relations is growing up, destined to replace the old ideas
of international cannibalism by new principles of international coop-
eration, emphasizing the community of interest and the essential
unity of the entire human race, and leading to the organization of the
world in justice, law and peace as the foundations for the further
advance of civilization and national welfare.14

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

It is from this point of view of the welfare of humanity, with which,
as we are now beginning to recognize, the welfare of every nation is
bound up, that we must consider the growth and plan the future of
our international student movement. At the beginning, two great
functions of the International Federation stand out in bold relief,—
functions which one who seeks for realities beneath the form of sym-
bols will find in the hemispheres joined in friendship and the torches
of learning of the Cosmopolitan seal. These aims may be thus
expressed :

1.	To unite student movements and organizations throughout the
world, to facilitate foreign study, and to promote among all students
closer international relations, mutual understanding and friendship.

2.	To encourage the scientific study of the facts of international
relations, and to spread a knowledge of these facts among the students
of all nations.

It is possible to follow these aims without "furthering or opposing
any special political, religious or economic principles/' trusting to the
power of the truth and the logic of the facts, once they are known, to
bring about the intellectual revolution in the commonly accepted ideas
of international relationships which alone can permanently assure
better international conditions for the human race. From our advance
towards a true science of international relations we shall receive much
aid in our work for international friendship among students, and in
both these efforts we shall gain deep satisfaction from the fact that we
are rendering a great service to humanity, and that it is our high
calling to help lift a heavy burden of poverty and suffering from the
shoulders of millions of workers and to prepare the way for a new era
in which a nobler humanity shall take possession of a united world.The International Student Movement Before 1898.

The students of the Mediaeval Universities were preeminently in-
ternational in character. Enjoying the advantages of an inter-
national language, Latin, wandering from one center to another
to sit at the feet of a famous teacher or to drink deep of the waters of
the intellectual life, the students of the Middle Ages were unconsci-
ously cosmopolitan and universal in their outlook on life.

With the rise of national consciousness in the period of the Renais-
sance and Reformation, the spirit of cosmopolitanism and the consci-
ousness of unity, though no longer embracing the world, was greatly
deepened and expanded by passing from the possession of the learned
classes and permeating all society, widening the mental horizon of the
peoples from the limits of the manor or town to the larger boundaries
of the nation.

The third step in the great process of social evolution,—beginning
with cosmopolitanism confined to a limited class, proceeding to na-
tionalism uniting the whole people and finally in our age entering con-
sciously into its third era, international conciliation uniting the na-
tions of the world into a new, a deeper and a broader cosmopolitanism,
began at the opening of the eighteenth century with a renewed inter-
national migration of students which has now reached unprecedented
proportions. At the present time more than 25,000 foreign students
are studying in the universities of Germany, France, England, Bel-
gium, Switzerland, the United States, Japan, Austria and Italy. The
influence which this picked body of young men, carrying the results
of their studies back with them to their native countries, has had up-
on the diffusion of civilization among backward nations, upon inter-
national understanding and friendship and upon the growth of the
feeling of human solidarity and the unity of the world has been un-
paralleled in history. This influence has been reflected into the stu-
dent world and has led in turn to conscious and organized effort to
attain that international conciliation and unity of the world towards
which the growth of international communication and international
migration had been unconsciously working.

The first traces of an organized international student movement are
found about the middle of the last century among the Scandinavian
students. In 1842 a small meeting of Danish, Norwegian and Swed-
ish students was held in Lund, and this was followed by a larger Con-l6	THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

ference at the University of Uppsala in June 1843. The second large
conference was held, at the invitation of the Danish students, in Co-
penhagen 1845, June 22-28, and for many years these Scandinavian
Student conferences were an important factor in the northern coun-
tries of Europe.

The first attempt to found an international student movement on a
large scale is to be found in Germany in the year 1848. Of this at-
tempt Dr. Henriette Goldschmidt, the president of the Women's Uni-
versity in Leipsic, has written an illuminating account, in the second
number of " Zur Internationalen Kultur-Bewegung."

" It was in the year 1848, that a Committee of Students in the University of
Breslau sent out an appeal to their comrades in the German and foreign universi-
ties calling upon them to organize a Federation which should prepare the way for
a Brotherhood of the Students of all Nations.

"The Appeal found a hearing, representatives of many universities assembled
in Breslau, where deliberations tock place. As far as I am aware, no organization
resulted. This effort also fell a sacrifice to the political reaction which entered so
quickly.

" This little episode from a much ridiculed and still a wonderful time gives of
course no answer to the question you have asked me, 4 What can the student do
for the international movement?' but it can serve to answer the objection which
might be made, that your movement contains an anti-national element.

" Never was the unity of Germany and the feeling of patriotism more passion-
ately emphasized than in the year 1848,—but never was the international ideal,
the humanitarian Cosmopolitan ideal, as it was then called, expressed with
deeper enthusiasm."

It was just before the beginning of the Twentieth Century, when
men's thoughts were turning with deeper longing toward the ideal of
the Federation of the World and the deep currents were beginning to
set in which led to the calling of the First Hague Conference, that
the movement towards international organization and unity among
the students of the world began to take on a permanent form.

A group of half a dozen Christian student leaders meeting together
a Conference at Vadstena Castle, Sweden, in 1895 laid the foundations
for what was destined to be the first permanent international organi-
zation of students, the World's Student Christian Federation. Under
the statesmanlike direction and devoted service of John R. Mott who
has been the General Secretary of the Federation from its beginning,
the movement has grown steadily in power and effectiveness. The
Tenth International Conference of the Federation, held 1913, June
2-8 at Lake Mohonk, New York, was attended by 350 delegates fromTHE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT

17

practically every country of the world. The Federation includes 12
national and international student Christian movements, it publishes
a quarterly international review " The Student World ", and is today
one of the most powerful agencies for international conciliation in the
university field.

The Foundation of the " Corda Fratres."

It was no accident that the year preceding the First Hague Peace
Conference witnessed the birth of the " Corda Fratres " International
Federation of Students. The object of the federation is to unite the
students of the world, while maintaining a neutrality in regard to
their religious or political professions, to abolish race prejudice, to
further international contact and international hospitality among
students. The hopes for a new era in the world's history which were
in the hearts of all men and which is the most precious legacy which
the Nineteenth Century has given to the Twentieth are reflected in
every document connected with the founding of the " Corda Fratres."
The Appeal1 of Dr. Efisio Giglio-Tos to the students of the world
which led to the foundation of the Federation is filled with the spirit
to which Goldwin Smith has given expression in the Cosmopolitan de-
vice, "Above all Nations is Humanity." The Fundamental Articles 2
after stating the principal object of the Federation and pledging each
member to work with all the means in his power for international
friendship and against all manifestations of international prejudice
and hatred, reflects the spirit of the age clearly by declaring :

" The International Federation of Students purposes also to support,
with all the means in its power, the work of peace and arbitration be-
tween nations."

The early history of the International Federation of Students is a
history of remarkable success, the impetus of the idea and the
enthusiasm of the founders carrying all before them. The first In-
ternational Student Congress of the Movement, held at Turin 1898,
November 12-20, was attended by delegates of the university organiza-
tions of seven countries-Belgium, France, Holland, Hungary, Italy,
Roumania and Switzerland. On November 15, the Federation was
founded and a Federal Council consisting of seven vice-presidents, one

^ee Historical Appendix I, 1.

2 Historical Appendix, I, 2.18	THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

from each of the countries represented, together with a president
(Dr. Giglio-Tos) was elected.

On November 24 the Foundation was proclaimed with due ceremony
in the historic Forum Romanum.

The second International Congress of Students, held at Paris in
1900, was attended by the representatives of Universities of 18
countries (including Finland, Portland and Bohemia, which were
allowed a status as separate nations in the Congress.) In order to
strengthen the organization the officers were divided into two inter-
national bodies, a Senate of Alumni consisting of a president and
seven national vice-presidents, and a Federal Council of Active
Students, consisting of a president and 18 national vice-presidents.

The four years of growth and expansion were interrupted in 1902
by a development of which the beginning may be traced even in the
first Congress in 1898. This was due to the strong participation in
the movement of the students of a country where the conditions were
most unfavorable for the development of international conciliation,
Austria-Hungary, the storm center of the national struggles of Europe.
The Italian students of Austria and the Roumanian students of
Hungary claimed the right to be included in the Italian and Roumanian
delegations respectively. Instead of applying the principle of tolerance
and allowing each student to follow his own desires, as a policy based
on a clearer understanding of the true principles underlying inter-
national conciliation would have dictated, the national divisions based
on territorial boundaries were arbitrarily enforced. The growing
discontent with this rigid policy was retarded by the compromise of
1900, which recognized the national existence of Finland, Poland and
Bohemia, but the failure to apply the principle of tolerance universal-
ly led to a crisis in 1902. The preparations for the Third International
Congress at Budapest had been almost completed under the favoring
auspices of the Hungarian government, when the question of the
nationality of the Roumanian students of Transylvania became so
acute that the president of the Federal Council resigned and the
Budapest Congress became impossible. The schism in the organization
was healed as far as possible at a hastily arranged international
reunion at Venice, on the first of October, 1902, but the national
problem again came to the front here, being complicated by antisemi-
tism, as the Roumanian section refused admittance to the Jewish
students of Roumania. The Congress finally passed a resolution pro-THK INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT

19

posed by the French and Italian students, abolishing the special section
for Jews, and declaring that every student of a state, no matter what
his religion, has the right to be registered in the national section of
his country. The differences between the Hungarian and Roumanian
students proved insoluble, however, and no further international con-
gresses were held for three years.

At the Sienna Convention of the Italian section in 1904 it was re-
solved to establish a Bureau of Propaganda and Reorganization at
Naples ; this Bureau was officially recognized by the President of the
Federal Council, and immediately entered upon the laborious task of
reorganizing the movement and preparing for an international Congress.

With the Iyiege Congress begins an era of reorganization and new
conquests for the <f Corda Fratres " movement; all national sections
were abolished and the students of all countries, without regard to
their religious or political professions, were joined together as direct
members of the International Federation. This radical solution led
to the reconciliation of the Hungarian and Roumanian representatives.
New statutes were drawn up and approved unanimously by the dele-
gates from the universities of six countries, Belgium, Bohemia, France,
Italy, Roumania and Hungary. The new statutes provided for a
President to have the moral direction of the Federation, and a Central
Office for Propaganda and Administration. President Provancal was
re-elected President of the Federation. Dr. Giglio-Tos, to whose
tireless efforts the reconstruction of the movement was due, received
the well-earned honor of the title President-Fondateur, and Naples
was chosen as the location for the Central Office for Progaganda and
Administration.

The Iyiege Congress is memorable not only for its reconciliations and
constructive work which was done, but also for the inspiring address
delivered by the great French pacifist Frederick Passy.1

The Fourth International Congress at Marseilles in 1906 marked a
new advance in the process of reconstruction. Paolo Masci was elected
Federal President in recognition of his work as general secretary of
the Central Office of Propaganda and Administration at Naples; the
Central Office was removed to Budapest and placed in charge of Dr.
Etienne Zsembery, with Dr. Zoltan de Hindy as Secretary. Bordeaux
was selected as the site of the Fifth International Congress in 1907,
at which the officers were re-elected. During these years the Italian,

1 See Historical Appendix 3.Seventh Corda Fratres Congress, Rome, 1911THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT

21

the Holland and the Hungarian sections, as well as the French, had
been especially active in peace work in the student field. In 1908 an
International reunion of students was held at Budapest, an active cor-
respondence was carried on with the organizers of the First Interna-
tional Congress of American Students at Montevideo, Uruguay. The
catastrophe of Calabria on the 28th of December wrought forth a
manifestation of student solidarity and sympathy, contributions being
received at the Central Office in Budapest from as far as the University
of Tokio, and a sum of more than 14,000 francs in all being raised for
the sufferers.

The Sixth International Congress at The Hague in 1909 marks the
first expansion of the International Federation outside the limits of
Europe, Secretary Iyochner bearing with him the adherence of the
Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs and thus uniting the two student
movements which had grown up so similar in aim, but entirely inde-
pendent of each other, in Europe and America. The rise and union
of these two movements, extending over so large a portion of the
civilized world, is a striking witness to the growth of internationalism
and the strength of the currents which are setting in the direction of
the organization of the world.

The Hague Congress was also memorable for an address by W. T.
Stead1 the English journalist with the international mind, in which he
outlined in inspired words the part which " The Picked Half-Million "
students of the world are to play in drawing the nations closer together
and in the international organization of the world.

According to the agreement made at the Hague Congress, it was
decided to hold the biennial Congresses alternately in Europe, and
America, and to transfer the executive offices to America at the Rome
Congress in 1911.

The International Federation received also the adhesion of the As-
sociation generate des Etudiants de Paris and the Union 7iationale des
Associations d'Etudiants de France at the Hague Congress. Pierre
Julien of the Paris Association was elected president of the Federa-
tion and three other members of the Paris Association were elected
first and second secretary and treasurer. A wave of chauvinism
which broke over the French universities shortly afterwards however,
completely discouraged the officers, and the work of preparing the
well-organized and successful Seventh International Congress, held at

*See Historical Appendix I, 4.22

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

Rome 1-6 September, fell upon the Italian members of the Central
Committee, Mario Marini and Dr. Angelo Landra.

At the Rome Congress, which was attended 1)3' about 70 delegates
from 12 countries, it was resolved to leave the election of the president

Dr, George W. Nasmyth
President of the Central Committee "Corda Fratres",

International Federation of Students

and secretary of the Central Committee to the next following Conven-
tion of the " Corda Fratres " Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, and
this election resulted in the choice of the present officers. At the in-
vitation of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club it was also decided at the
Rome Congress that the site of the Eighth International Congress in-
1913, should be Ithaca.THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT

23

Growth and Progress of the Past Two Years.

The two years since the Rome Congress in 1911 have witnessed
an unprecedented expansion of the movement. The adherence of
student associations of four new countries of Europe and of all

Louis P. Lochner
Editor of " The Cosmopolitan Student "

Secretary of the Central Committee, " Corda Fratres",

International Federation of Students

the countries of South America has been obtained, and the way
has been prepared for a further expansion into other countries of Eu-
rope and Asia by the sending out of a large quantity of literature and
a number of Corda Fratres missionaries, by tours of propaganda, per-
sonal letters and articles in student publications. While Secretary
Eochner has strengthened the movement in America and built up the
organization of the international movement by correspondence, I have
visited the universities of a score of countries in Europe, establishingGoettin^en Internationaler Studenten VereinTHE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT

25

International Student Clubs, addressing student audiences, and con-
ventions, conferring with student leaders, writing articles for student
magazines and striving in every possible way to extend the movement
and to create a better understanding of our aims. The details of the
activities of the American members of the Central Committee have
been published in the series of circular letters. A brief summary of
the chief results attained is all that is necessary here.

The greatest expansion of the movement has been in Germany,
which now represents, next to the United States, the strongest national
group in the Federation. The two Internationale Studenten Vereine
of Berlin and Leipsic, which declared their adhesion to the Interna-
tional Federation in February, 1911, doubled their number by the ad-
dition of Clubs at Munich and Goettingen before the time of the first
Convention, held at Goettingen 1912, July 30-August 1. At this con-
vention a Verband der Internationalen Studenten Vereine an deutschen
Uochschulen, (" Corda Fratres ") was formed. At the second conven-
tion, held at Leipsic, 1913, May 14-18, the number had almost doubled
again by the addition of clubs at the universities of Bonn, Heidelberg
and Freiburg. The following month the number of clubs was in-
creased to eight by the addition of the " Corda Fratres ", Interna-
iionaler Stude7ite?i Verein Zurich in German-speaking Switzerland.

The remarkable activity maintained by these clubs is shown by their
■detailed reports published in the propaganda organ " Zur Interna-
tionalen Kultur-Bewegung " which is distributed in an edition of 12,-
-000 copies to the students of the German universities at the beginning
«of each semester. The German movement has created also a monthly
organ, " Vaterland und Welt" which serves as a bond of unity and
stimulus between all the members of the individual clubs. The mental
horizon has been widened and a better understanding of the people
and civilizations of foreign countries has been spread among the Ger-
man students by hundreds of '4 National Evenings" held by these
clubs. A great stimulus to the study of international problems in the
Oerman universities was given by a lecture tour of Norman Angell,
during which 40,000 copies of an " Open Letter to the German Stu-
dents " pleading for a scientific study of international relations on the
lines laid down in his epoch-making book, "The Great Illusion."
Prizes have been offered for essays on the economic interdependence
of nations and an intellectual ferment has been produced which has
led to a renewed interest and reexamination of international problems
in the light of modern facts.Heidelberg Intematiorialer Studeriten VereinTHE INTERNATIONAL, STUDENT MOVEMENT

27

At the annual convention of the " Deutsche Freie Studentenschaft,"
held at Weimar, May 13-14, 1913, I extended a cordial invitation to
this powerful student organization, which has 34 chapters in the Ger-
man universities and technical colleges, and which publishes a large
number of student magazines, to adhere to the Corda Fratres move-
ment on the basis of the Rome platform, and to elect official represent-
atives to the Congress at Ithaca. This invitation met with a warm
response, and two delegates were elected to attend the Congress and
report at the next convention at Weimar, June 2-5, 1913.

It was also decided that the " Freie Studentenschaft" in coopera-
tion with the " Verband der Internationalen Studenten-Vereine," the
German student societies " Freischar," "Freibund," the Abstinence
Student Club and the Secretaryship for Social Work in Munich-Glad-
bach, should organize a study tour of the United States in connection
with the International Congress of Students and in this tour 35
German students are enrolled.

Following my visits to the universities of Prague and Helsingfors
the Association of the Czecho-Slavic Students (Svaz Cesko-Slovanskeha
Studentstva) and the Student Corps of Finland joined the Interna-
tional Federation.

The conquest which the Corda Fratres movement has made in
South America is due to the tireless work of Ricardo d'Alessandro of
the Central Committee and his colleagues at Buenos Aires, who have
now succeeded in uniting the " Liga de los Estudiantes Americanos "
including the student organizations of all South American Universi-
ties, with the International Federation. The Liga has accomplished
much in the three Congresses of American Students which it has held
at Montevideo, Uruguay, Buenos Aires, Argentine and Lima, Peru in
the past six years, and the broadening of its international work from
a continental to a world scale which the union with the International
Federation inaugurates will be of deep significance for the future de-
velopment of international currents in South America.

Of greatest significance for the future are the relations which have
been opened up with the students of Asia. With the aid of members
of the Cosmopolitan Clubs and the hiternativnale Studenten Vereine
from Japan, China and India, relations of correspondence have been
entered into with student organizations in these three countries, and
the way is being prepared for the last step in the progress of theDelegates and Visitors from Internationale Studenten Vereine, Berlin, Leipsic, Munich, Goettin£en, Bonn, Heidelberg, Freiburg, Zurich, at
Second Annual Convention of the " Verband der Internationalen Studenten Vereine an Deutschen Hochschulen,

" Corda Fratres," Leipsic, 14-17 May, 1913THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT	29

International Federation of Students towards a world movement—its
extension to Asia.

My experience in the Russian universities has convinced me that a
great future awaits the international student movement in this country,
so important for the future of the world. At the universities of
St. Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw, where I addressed various
groups of students on the Corda Fratres movement I met^with a most
sympathetic and enthusiastic response. The Russian students, shut
out from political activitj- and unable to throw themselves into re-

Rlcardo D'AIessandro
Member of Central Committee for South America

ligious work on account of the superstition and alliance with the
forces of reaction of the Orthodox Russian Church are seeking an
outlet for the idealism of their nature and are ready to throw them-
selves without reserve into a great movement, neutral in religious and
political principles but fraught with promise for the future of Human-
ity. Great changes are impending in Russia, and this student field
should be a center of concentration for our most earnest efforts during
the next few years.

Austria is another strategic position for the international student
movement. Torn by the internal dissentions among its nationalities
which make this county the storm center of Europe and prevent the30	THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

rise of a democratic movement, Austria presents a field of special diffi-
culty for an international student movement. But a beginning is
being made which will have the support of all thinking men of Austria,
for a successful entrance of the Corda Fratres movement in Vienna
and the other leading universities, pointing the way towards a union
of all the progressive forces in the cause of humanity and progress,
would bring untold blessings to this distracted country. The same
conditions prevail in all South Eastern Europe and the efforts which
had been begun in the universities of the Balkans just before the war
must be taken up again as soon as conditions will permit. In Turkey
the Cosmopolitan Club established at Robert College in April, 1912, is
in the direction in which the only possible hope for this empire lies,
the reconciliation of the different races and religions and the union of
all progressive forces, and it is hoped that the opportunity will soon
open to extend the movement to the other colleges of the Near East.
In Great Britain a remarkably effective work which has been started
by the International Polity Clubs in several of the universities will be
the subject of a special paper at the Congress.

The work accomplished by the Cosmopolitan Clubs in America and
by the branches of the Corda Fratres movement in other countries
will be treated in special reports submitted by Secretary Iyochner and
other members of the Central Committee at the Congress.

From present indications the Ithaca Congress will be the largest and
most successful ever held by the Federation. The 200-300 delegates
will include practically all of the student leaders of the world who are
contributing to the work of international conciliation, and plans will
undoubtedly be made at the Congress for future work on a more com-
prehensive scale than ever before. Much of the credit for the success
of the Congress is due to the devoted work of the chairman of the
Congress committee, Mr. Carlos L,. Iyocsin, who has given a year of
his time and his exceptional organizing ability to the task of prepara-
tion. The Congress committee has been greatly aided in its under-
taking by a subvention of $3,000 from the American Association for
International Conciliation, and has raised nearly $2,000 additional for
the expenses of the Congress. Many of the Central and South American
governments have appropriated funds for the expenses of delegates to
the Congress and this official recognition of the Federation is due
largely to the efforts of Secretary Lochner.

As the importance of the International Student Movement in anTHK INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT	31

-enlightened foreign policy becomes more widely known, it will be
possible to obtain funds from government sources and stronger support
from the university professors and authorities. Noteworthy beginnings



Carlos L. Locsin
Chairman of Cornell Congress Committee

in this direction have been made by the five governments of South
America which have made appropriations for the expenses of delegates
to the Ithaca Congress, and in the official aid which several American
universities have given the Cosmopolitan Clubs.32

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

The Task of the Ithaca Congress.

One of the chief tasks of the Ithaca Congress will be the reorgani-
zation of the Federation along the lines laid down in the program sub-
mitted by the American delegates at the Rome Congress in 1911.
With the marvelous growth which the movement has experienced, a
complete change in the character of its membership, which no longer
consists chiefly of individual students, has come about. This has
rendered necessary a new determination of the principles which shall
govern the international relations of the Federation, whose most im-
portant elements now consist of adhering national groups or organiza-
tions. In the following proposal for reorganization, the relations of
the individual student members in the Federation are not considered,
but it is sought to establish the relation among the adhering associa-
tions on the basis of complete autonomy, together with a cordial co-
operation which will insure effective organization for the attainment
of the high aims of the movement.

I submit the following :

Principles to Govern the International Relations of the Associations^
Adhering to the International Federation of Students,

Cor da Fratres".

I.	Object. To unite student movements and organizations through-
out the world, and to promote among students closer international re-
lations, mutual understanding and friendship.

To encourage the study of international relations and problems.

To stimulate a sympathetic appreciation of the culture, problems-
and intellectual currents of other nations.

To facilitate foreign study, and to increase its value and fruitfulness.

The Corda Fratres movement seeks to unite the students of the
world on the basis of their common ideal of education, the develop-
ment of body and spirit to the highest perfection and most complete
personality. The movement is neutral in all special religious, politi-
cal and economic principles.

II.	Organization, a) Each national group shall be an independent
unit, and as such shall preserve its absolute autonomy.

b) No national group shall be under any finan-
cial responsibility to any other or others.THE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT

III.	Cordial Cooperation. There shall however be the most cordial
cooperation between these national groups, in the following ways
among others :

International Congresses. The Federation will hold international
congresses of students biennially in different countries, and will en-
courage congresses of less extended groups of students, as Pan-Ameri-
can Congresses, Pan-European Congresses, etc.

International Correspondence; The Federation will provide means
for placing the students of political economy, languages, theology,
medicine, law, engineering, etc. in the different countries in corre-
spondence with the students of the same subjects in other countries in
order that they may obtain a wider knowledge of conditions and
methods of study. It will facilitate the international interchange of
student publications and will secure foreign correspondents for stu-
dent magazines which desire them.

International Hospitality and Interchange of Students. The Federa-
tion will assist in the organization of international student visits and
of study tours of student organizations or individual students ; it will
furnish information and advice to students wishing to study in a for-
eign university, and will strive to make their period of study abroad
as fruitful and suggestive as possible.

IV.	Organs: Central Committee. Two members from each country
shall constitute a central committee (international permanent commit-
tee) whose function it shall be to extend the Federation and devise
ways and means for carrying out its objects. The members of this
committee shall be on the basis of equality, but the representatives of
one country, known as president and secretary of the Central Com-
mittee, shall direct the work of the Committee. The country whose
representatives shall be charged with the direction shall be named at
the biennial congresses.

Board of Representatives. Each local branch of an adhering associ-
ation shall be entitled to elect a member of the Board of Representa-
tives who shall act as corresponding secretaries and cooperate in the
carrying out of the objects of the Federation.

International Bureau of Students. The Central Committee *s
charged with the task of establishing a permanent international bureau
of students with branches in all countries, for which the necessary
financial support can be found, for the purpose of carrying out the ob-
jects of the federation.34

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

International Student Review. The Federation will seek to estab-
lish an international student magazine and to publish editions in all
the languages of the adhering associations, in so far as ways and means
can be found. The international standard size, World Form IX,
16 x 22.6 cm. shall be adopted for all publications of the International
Federations of Students.

This plan of reorganization is based on the recommendation of
report of the American delegates to the Rome congress, and in
accordance with the following resolution of the Fifth Convention of the
C. F., A. C. C.: " Resolved, That at the next International Congress
these four articles with any necessary modifications constitute articles
of confederation under which, however, both the C. F., F. I. D. E.
and the C. F., A. C. C. shall preserve their own constitutions.M

The plan is here extended from a relationship between the two
organizations to a general international plan for the relations of all
the adhering associations. Under this plan the older Federation would
remain unchanged and individual members desiring to join the Federa-
tion directly would sign the Fundamental Articles as before. The
adhering associations, however, would be bound only by the new
principles, the relation being one of cordial cooperation, with complete
autonomy and financial independence.

The few changes which have been made in the principles have been
the result of experience since the Rome convention. There has
been a general objection to the aim of international friendship and
understanding alone, the object originally suggested, unless a common
ideal, common interests and common work are added to serve as a basis
upon which friendship and understanding can be founded. The Board
of Representatives has been added to the Central Committee in the
effort to establish more direct relations between all the individual
organizations in the different countries. With the growth of the
Central Committee due to the entrance of new countries it will become
necessary to have a smaller executive committee to carry on the active
work, and I suggest a consideration of this question as well as that of
the by-laws governing the practical working of the movement and the
organization of the Congresses.

The International Bureau of Students is the most essential feature
in the plan of reorganization if the growth and progress of the past two
years is to be maintained in the future. From the point of view of
the best interests of the movement, I would urge the removal of theTHK INTERNATIONAL, STUDENT MOVEMENT

35

Central Office of Administration and Propaganda from Budapest, where
the disturbed conditions of South Eastern Europe have rendered it
impossible to work to the best advantage in recent years, to America,
where devoted workers can be obtained to give their time and energy
to the task, where funds can be raised for the expenses of the Office
and for the carrying on of the work on an adequate scale, and where the
advantages of a neutral ground in a Republic on terms of friendship
with all the nations of the world presents a most favorable center for
international effort.

A Central Office of Administration and Propaganda should be only
one side of the activities of such an International Bureau of Students,
however. The Bureau should seek to serve the cause of Interna-
tionalism in every possible way, to be of assistance to students con-
templating foreign study even though they have no connection with
the Federation, to furnish a means by which students can be kept
informed concerning international movements and encouraged to study
international problems, and to provide a medium by means of which
students of similar subjects, such as Sociology and Political Economy,
may be placed in correspondence with students of similar subjects in
other countries. This work would soon lead to the formation under
conditions of cordial cooperation with the Federation of other inter-
national student organizations based on special interests, such as an
International Association of Students of Political Economy, or an
International Association of Student Abstinence Clubs for which stu-
dent societies exist is a dozen countries without having found as
yet a medium for international contact.

The need for such a Bureau has already been felt in many places,
and a number of institutions are already in existence having similar
aims. Montevideo, for example, has an International Bureau of Stu-
dents founded by the Uruguayan government, Iyondon has a Bureau
of the Association for the International Interchange of Students; at
Berlin and Leipsic Universities Bureaus of Information are especially
designed for the aid of foreign students going to the German univer-
sities ; at Chengtu in China a Bureau of Information is being estab-
lished to aid the Chinese students going to America or Europe. From
nearly all of these Bureaus assurances of cordial cooperation with the
project which I have outlined for the Federation have been received.

As a basis for discussion I submit the following :36

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL, CONGRESS

Preliminary Plans for an International Bureau of Students,

The International Bureau of Students is created in the service of the
students of all nations, and seeks to establish the unity of ideals and
the community of interests of the world's new generation. Its aims
are :

1.)	To unite student movements and organizations throughout the
world and to promote among them closer international contact, mutual
understanding and friendship.

2.)	To encourage the study of international relations and problems
in the universities and colleges.

3.)	To encourage the study of the culture, problems and intellectual
currents of other nations.

4.)	To facilitate foreign study, and to increase its value and fruit-
fulness.

The International Bureau of Students endeavors to further these ob-
jects by the following activities :

1.)	Cooperation in the arrangements for (a) International Congresses
of Students ; and (b) International Visits of Students.

2.)	The publication of an International Student Magazine.

3.)	Arranging for correspondence and exchange of publications be-
tween student organizations indifferent countries and between students
devoted to the same branches of study.

4.)	The collection and distribution of information concerning the
requirements for admission and degrees, fees and cost of living, special
advantages offered in various fields by the different universities, schol-
arships, fellowships, and all other subjects of interest to students con-
templating foreign study.

5.)	Suggesting the appointment of advisers for foreign students and
the establishment of university bureaus of information.

6.)	The provision of lecturers on international relations and
problems.

7.)	Cooperation with organizations having similar objects in all
countries.

One of the most useful instruments in the work of the Central
Office and International Bureau would be an International Students
Review, which would serve as a bond of union between all branche
of the International Federation and a powerful medium for the spread
of our ideas and our movement. The plans for this Review, whichTHE INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT

37

might be called " The International Student " should be worked out
with careful consideration for cooperation with the existing publica-
tions of the movement; '4 The Cosmopolitan Student'' of the As-
sociation of Cosmopolitan Clubs ; the excellent " Corda Fratres Re-
vista " of the Italian Consulates, the two periodicals " Vaterland und
Welt " and/' Zur Internationalen Kultur-Bewegung " of the German
International Clubs ; as well as the " Akademische Rundschau" of
the Freie Studentenschaft, which has shown an increasing interest in
and sympathy with the aims of the international student movement.
The relationship to the publications which serve as mediums of com-
munication to the French students, " 1/Universite de Paris " and to the
South American students, the " Revista " of the Federacion Uni-
versitaria at Buenos Aires, should also be carefully considered in this
connection. The adoption of a standard international size, World
Form IX., 16 X22.6 centimeters, would greatly facilitate the exchange
of cuts and the insertion of monographs, reports and special messages
and articles in all the publications of the movement, and would con-
tribute to the solution of many of the problems of an international
publication.

From the preliminary work already undertaken I am convinced that
such a Bureau can be financed in America, and that it will be the most
powerful instrument yet created for the spread of the ideas for which
the International Federation of Students stands.

The plans for the future of the movement will occupy a large share
of the time of the Ithaca Congress,, and these should be laid with the
greatest care and a statesmanlike view of the future. The dates and
places for the next two International Congresses, in 1915 and 1917,
should be determined, and committees appointed which should begin
the work of preparation at once. Committees should be appointed
also to prepare exhaustive reports on the moral, economic, hygienic
and social reform problems common to the students of all nations in-
cluded under the practical objects of the Ithaca Congress. Returning
students should be commissioned to work for the international cause
in new fields. L,astly, student leaders of proved ability and executive
power should be chosen for the work of organization and propaganda
for the future, leaders devoted to the ideals of the International Fed-
eration and on fire with the passionate desire for service to Humanity.HISTORICAL APPENDICES.

I. FOUNDING OF " CORD A FRATRE5 " AND ITS
DEVELOPMENT*

1. Appeal to the Students of the World by Dr. Efisio

Giglio-Tos.

HE idea of an International Federation of Students was conceived
at the International Conference held in Paris on August ioth,
1889, having as an ardent supporter the student Pietro Bandin,
who became afterwards Minister of Public Works. It was again
taken under consideration at the Congress of March, 1891, held at
the University of Gand ; discussed on the occasion of the International
Festival of Caesi in 1894, again at the Hungarian Convention of
Debrecenz in March, 1895, and finally at the Fourth National
Congress of the University of Pisa on the 9th of April, 1897.

The first proposal, however, had been made by an Italian student in
1889 in the Reveil du Quartier, a university paper of Paris, and by the
Italian Martini it was reintroduced at Caen, and by Gino Masi at Pisa,
where the proposal was approved. Finally it is to an Italian, inspirer
of the two former, to whom belongs the praise of having realized the
idea. This young man was Dr. Efisio Giglio-Tos, at that time Presi-
dent of the University Association of Turin, who 011 May 29th, 1898,.
addressed to all the students of the world an appeal, shot through with
the passionate enthusiasm for brotherhood and humanity of the ardent:
Italian nature, as follows :

1' Fellow Students: After having examined the statistics of the
students registered in all the universities and in all the higher schools
of learning of the world, I realize that their number amounts to almost
half a million.

" In the midst of this great ocean of human intelligence, I thought,,
let us spread an idea which shall expand beneficently and fruitfully
among men. Let us sow in the fertile soil of young consciences the
seed which should germinate and develop under the shelter of science ;
and, little by little, in spite of the sterility and apathy of the times,

* Translated from the original Italian in the Storia della " Corda Fratres""
Federazione Internazionale degli Studenti by G. de Grassi, Cornell.FOUNDING OP " CORDA FRATRES"

39

Dr. Efisio Gi£lio-Tos
Founder of the Corda Fratres

shall bloom on a vigorous stem the beautiful flower of Peace and Uni-
versal Brotherhood.

" L,et us fraternize, let us assemble in one great powerful association
which shall affirm the long-hoped-for solidarity and which shall
carry our spirit beyond the boundaries of our country to our distant
companions. Like us, they are called by destiny to fight for a bare40	the eighth inter national congress

existence, to solve the problem of life; like us they are laborers of
thought, triumphing or succumbing ; like us fervent agitators of ideas
which forerun the times; like us, men filled with the spirit of love, on
fire with enthusiasm, or mourning in grief ; like us, I say, they desire
a Brotherhood based on those fraternal tendencies and aspirations which
can be felt only at the age of twenty and not at the age which is indif-
ferent to noble ideals and great, enthusiastic movements.

"What I propose to you now is an ' International Federation of
Students.' (Federazione Universale degli Studenti.) I am perfectly
convinced of the difficulty of the enterprise. But if I dare to attempt
this task, it is because I have stronger confidence and faith in the
common co-operation of us all, than in my own will and strength.

"The vastness of the enterprise and the lack of preliminary accords,
are the causes which have so far handicapped, perhaps, the accom-
plishment of something concrete and practical. It would be sufficient
for me, however, to know for the moment how many of you will
answer this appeal, and what will be your ideas and valuations in
regard to it. An association of such a nature cannot be proposed at
once with definite rules ; because one can easily understand that to
those which I shall outline, many more will be added by those who
will examine my plan. Here is the reason why instead of a scheme
for a constitution, I formulate merely the general principles upon which
the statute itself will be shaped ; in other words, I draw a few outlines
describing the fundamental basis upon which we shall build our edifice.

" We may be few in number, perhaps, to begin the work but these
few will prove that the idea has taken root. Moreover, it is not a
faction that I want to form—a faction aspiring to a sudden attainment
of a goal long desired—but only a handful of workers, or better, of
apostles, who, inspired by their high ideal of brotherhood and peace,
within the limits of their own existence and the expansion of their
own individuality, will work constantly and serenely toward the
triumph of a cause just and honest.

" I have said that there should be few rules and I think this is rea-
sonable, because too many rules would prevent the manifestation of our
sentiment. If we lose our time in vague discussions we shall not
accomplish anything. Furthermore, all discussions would be useless
since we can condense the most necessary results in a few fundamental
principles.

<l We hold it as self-evident, that all men have social tendencies.
The whole history of progress proves it.FOUNDING OF 4' CORDA FRATRKS ''

41

" It is a common duty to strive with all our power that each of our
actions shall aim to advance harmoniously the individual and collective
welfare ?

" What can separate us from our fellow-men ? Distances, mount-
tains, seas, religions, races, nations, and languages compel us to dis-
regard our fellow-creatures ? Can they hinder the natural, spontaneous
combination of these social atoms, which strive to unite themselves by
a chemical affinity of the senses ?

" But there is an obstacle which handicaps, an obstacle inherent in
human nature and so tenaciously attached to it that it cannot be
separated, .that is, egoism.

'' This is all true ; but there is another sentiment—latent first, feeble
later; but now growing stronger and stronger every moment—which
we can oppose to egoism, not to destroy or suffocate it, for it is the pivot
of individual development, but only to counterbalance it, and that
is a universal, mutual sympathy. Human consciences are like so
many scales which need an adequate counterpoise in order to avoid
the dangerous preponderance of innumerable personal interests. This
is our task. It is for us to find the counterpoise in order to secure
the equilibrium of the balance ; it is our duty to try to free ourselves
from the incoherences of principles which drag us fatally to struggles,
wars, and ruin.

" Some of the most benevolent of our adversaries will say that this
task is in vain. No; perhaps it will be slow, but never in vain.
There will also be some skeptic who will doubt, and some ignoramus
who will mock us, but what does this matter ? Doubt and mockery
will be powerless against the man who has faith in himself, courage in
his convictions, and tenacity in his enterprises. No ; it is not a useless
task for us ; energy produces its work and work produces its own
reward. It is not an unattainable ideal, because even those ideals
which in their embryonic state seemed to be Utopias, became later
natural facts.

'' Whenever we have the opportunity, let us dedicate only one
thought, one single action, in the service of this common enterprise,
and among us all,gradually a few—and after us many others—will throw
into the vortex of the past, all the scoria of hatred, desires for revenge
and prejudices, which divides men, and then they will really become
friends, and sincere alliances will be established among all nations,
which, ever retaining worship and veneration for the glorious tradi-
tions of their own past, will extend their hands above this sterile
egoism to greet one another as brothers.42

the eighth international, congress

" Even if it is distant, this is the future of the great idea which will
blend harmoniously all opinions ; this great idea which is fruitful, not
of hatred and vengeance, but of humanitarian sentiments and charity.
It is this same idea which will give a purpose to our life, more energy
to our actions, more vigor to our thoughts; and it is for this that we
shall waken the students from their fatal torpor, inexcusable in
youth, for lack of generous ideals they are groping without an object,
they are weak as if they had been suffering from a slow disease which
had dulled their intellect and troubled their heart. But this disease
is merely apparent.

" Let each one of us examine himself; he will feel those pulsations
which later on will waken him, at the dawn of a new era.

" I address myself to you, my comrades, even without knowing your
nature, your character, your ideas or your difficulties. I hope, never-
theless, that you will co-operate with my endeavor, giving me strength
and will to persevere, for you are young and possess hearts full of
ardor and enthusiasm. And I am sure that your keen intelligence,
too, has dreamed of the great union of all these spirits which work
toward a common and collective welfare. You also, therefore, believe
in the brotherhood of young hearts. Our hearts are and must be
brothers. " Corda Fratres," here is our device. Here is the motto
which we shall inscribe on the white standard of our phalanx emerging
from the great ocean of humanity.

"It is this young vanguard, which, leading the masses, will pass
through the olive orchards of Liguria, self-confident and proud in its
high mission, marching toward the Janiculum, where a blonde figure,
"Peace," majestically surrounded by the aureole of her redeeming
work, is waiting for them.

I. Efisio Giglio-Tos."

N. B. In order to carry out the scheme which I have been studying
for several years, I have submitted for the approbation of the repre-
sentatives of the Italian University Congress held the first day of
April, 1897, the appeal which I now address to all university students
of the world. The delegates carried by acclamation the following
motion presented by the student Mr. Alfredo Pozzolini :

" The assembly of the Fourth National University Congress, having
seen the project of Mr. Efisio Giglio-Tos, applauds his ideas and
hereby charges him to plan all resolutions and proposals to be pre-
sented to the First International Congress of Students to be held in
Turin."FUNDAMENTAL ARTICLES OE THE '' CORDA FRATEES '' 43

2. Fundamental Articles of the "Corda Fratres"
International Federation of Students.

HE fundamental articles were approved at the first International
Congress of Students of (Turin, Italy) 12-20, Nov., 1898.
I. The name of the Federation is : Federation Internationale
des Etudiants, translated into the national language of the section
and preceded by " Corda Fratres " (Hearts are Brothers) as the motto
of the Federation.

II. The principal aim of the International Federation of Students
is to support and spread the idea of unity and brotherhood among
students.

II. Every student registered in a university or in an institution of
higher instruction has the right to become a member of the Federa-
tion, without regard to the religion or political belief which he pro-
fesses.

IV.	Each member on entering the Federation pledges himself upon
his honor, to use without ceasing the means which his social position,,
his ability and his work furnish him, to further cordial relations be-
tween the youth of different nations, and to support all manifestations
which he believes useful in order to dissipate in all classes of persons,
the prejudices, rancor and hatred which causes states to be reciprocal-
ly hostile and on a permanent war basis.

V.	The International Federation of Students purposes also to
support, with all the means in its power, the work of peace and arbi-
tration between nations.

VI.	The aim of the federation is also to place students in cor-
respondence with each other, and in particular those who are devoted
to the same branches of science, in order to facilitate the exchange of
information and scientific researches of which they may have need be-
fore and after taking the doctorate degree.

VII.	To secure hosts and friends in distant cities on the occasion of
voyages of individuals or parties to foreign lands, in order that these
voyages may be more easily undertaken and accomplished.

VIII.	These fundamental principles having been unanimously
adopted, shall govern the Federation.

IX.	They cannot be modified.44

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

3. Address of Frederic Passy at the Third International
Student Congress, held at Lie£e, 4-8, Sept., 1905.

AT more is there to say after that which the preceding speakers
11J have already related ? M. Beernaert has given you a remark-
able account of the horrors and cruelties of war : he has told
you of the disgrace which shames humanity at the present time. Thus
you are able to recognize the necessity that the youth of today should
continue the tasks of the pacifists of an earlier time and wrin victory
after victory because in this work there can never be a definite victory.
X,aw must reign among the nations as among individuals.

In this task which is about to become yours many new difficulties
will present themselves at first. For a long time we have been con-
sidered dreamers by the sceptics ; by those who still adhere to the old
theories of barbarism, we have been considered Utopians ; but, now
that we have come ifito power, we are heard and public opinion is turn-
ing in our favor. Such expressions as : " The United States of Eu-
rope " " The International Federation of Nations " have now entered
into common usage. Nevertheless, there are still many who are timid
and who would say that you have a false conception of patriotism and
that you are fostering cowardice. Well yes, we are afraid of war but
we would not refuse to fight, if in spite of our efforts to prevent war,
it actually threatened our country. One would then see that these so-
called humanitarians, these enemies of war would be among the brav-
est defenders of their land. But at the present time, this kind of
patriotism also makes it our duty to defend ourselves against war, to
leave nothing undone for the protection of human beings against slay-
ing one another.

You have a two-fold duty ; that of defending the independence of
your country if it should be unjustly attacked and also that of defend-
ing it against the violence and calamities of war.

This is the language of true patriots and of the ardent friends of
humanity. It is in this language that I now address you.

Do not let yourselves be deceived by sophisms.

He who is loyal to his country of course desires for her all the ad-
vantages of industry, the arts, science, letters, justice and liberty. He
who desires all this for his own country will desire it for other coun-
tries also.ADDRESS OF FREDERIC PASSY

45

It must be admitted that if one's own country shuts itself off from
other nations, one cannot love that country completely without disre-
garding the progress of other nations. But the time is past when a
people can isolate itself ; international intercourse is a necessity today.
We are under obligations to all nations for that which we know.

Novicow, the great Russian sociologist, proved this to us at The
Peace Congress at Hamburg. In giving a toast at a banquet, Novicow
who spoke several languages perfectly, said in German, every man has
two mother countries. That in which he is born and that to which
he owes his education and his culture ; I drink to my foster mother-
country-Germany. Then he repeated his toast. I drink to my foster-
mother-country France ; thus Novicow proved to us that we need each
other and that each man must live for humanity.

Let us use another illustration. One day a friend of mine, Dr.
Richet, found himself in a certain corner of Germany when a weaver,
at the foot of a tomb in which were buried 300 French soldiers, con-
fessed to him that he had no prejudice against France in spite of the
injury they had committed against his country because it was from
them that he had learned the art of weaving by means of which he
gained a livelihood for himself and family. We, too, are weaving
each day the fabric of the unity of mankind. This must be equally
your task. Do not fear that you will be less patriotic to your own
country because you are working for humanity. Rest assured that
nothing is lost which is done with resolution and energy.

If one had told me 40 years ago when I began to work for peace
how much effort it would cost me, I would not have pursued it. But
if on the other hand I had been told that at the beginning of the next
century the cause of international justice would achieve that success
which has been accorded to the Hague Conferences I would not have
believed it, although I was known as a visionary. But the world
moves on, that which one dared not say formerly without being
accused of cowardice, one can admit today because Peace is the desire
of all hearts.

You, the youth of the nation, who in the past, on account of most
honorable scruples, did not dare to declare your hatred of war, today
may announce what lies in the depths of every righteous soul. The
nations have sacrificed enough to the fears and suspicions of diplomats ;
they realize at last what war really is—namely, the destruction of the
grain in the fields before it is ripe for the harvest ; an industry of46

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

slaughter in which there remains nothing of personal bravery, a great
mechanical slaughter in which the man is a wheel which knows not
whither it goeth nor whence death may come. Public opinion is be-
ginning to realize the role which it is playing.

The world moves on ! " E pur si muove," said Galileo, and Galileo
only affirmed a fact. Here the world moves too, justice is extending
its sphere. The nations have begun to understand that there is a
duty above patriotism, that all men are brothers.

The world moves on because it has learned the route along which it
must advance. And it is especially your duty to lead the minds of
men. This grand mission must be fulfilled but on one condition,
namely, that in this movement we must be at the same time ardent in
our hopes, prudent, realizing our difficult role— not compromising by
a too-ambitious zeal its achievements of wisdom and moderation.
Some expressions, wrongly interpreted, have deceived many. There
is an enthusiasm which is not prudent, for example, some one has pro-
claimed that there is no national flag. These are indeed dangerous
acclamations. When we see that an aim for which men strive is not
for the common good, it is necessary to respect men and their symbols
but combat their opinions. It is not necessary to dishonor the flag
because above all there is a common flag ; every flag should be re-
spected. Instead of destroying flags let us unite the flags and above
them let us raise the banner of Fraternity, of Liberty, of Justice and
Right. M. Beernaert and I may not see the dawn of this day but we
earnestly hope that you, the youth, will see it. Long live Humanity
and over it reign Peace !

mb ttn longer fnrot ita brazrn portals
hlaat af War'* grret argatt alyak*a ttj* aktra;
Hat beautiful aa aanga af Unmnrtala,

Ifrilg meloifaa nf Inn* aria*.

—Longfellow, The Arsenal at Springfieldto the picked half million

47

4. To the Picked Half Million.

An Appeal to the University Students of the World.*
By W. T. Stead.

AT the close of last month a small but significant gathering of
university students was held at the Hague. It was the annual
meeting of the International Association for mutual help and
good comradeship, which is known as Corda Fratres. Rumours had
iDeen current as to a possible split in the camp. The rival claims of
the French and Italian students to the Presidency of the Association
threatened to result in a secession of the French group—an event that
wrould have been the more regrettable as the Conference had every
prospect of being able to extend its range of usefulness by effecting an
alliance with the Association of American Students. Fortunately,
after much argument and protracted debate, the ambitions of France
were reconciled with the existing rights of Italy, and provisional
arrangements were made for affiliating to Corda Fratres the influential
and numerous American group. Corda Fratres, therefore, instead of
perishing of inanition and internal dissensions, has issued from the
crisis stronger than ever with a much more promising outlook for the
future.

The meeting of the Conference of the reconstituted and extended
Corda Fratres seemed to me opportune for issuing an appeal to the
university youth of all nations to band themselves together to promote
the evolution of the International World-State. The thought that
university students may play as great a rdle in promoting the unity of
the race as the university youth of Germany, Italy, and the United
States played in promoting or defending the unity of their respective
countries has never left my mind since my visit to America two years
ago, when I saw the enthusiasm with which Harvard and Yale men
responded to the suggestion of a pilgrimage of peace. I therefore
welcomed the opportunity afforded me by an invitation to address the
•Conference of Students at the Hague on the subject of the world's
peace. The gist of my address is, the half-million university students
of the world might, if they chose, or even if only one in ten chose,
exercise a most useful influence on the evolution of society by banding
themselves together in an International Students' League for the Peace
-of the World. I append a full report of what I tried to say, and will
be glad to hear from any student in any university who would care to
form a group among his fellow collegians for the furtherance of the
objects set forth in the following address :—

* Published in the Review of Reviews, London, September, 1909.S 'Tfctf!



s#

_____

:-*y i/,'.

Sixth Corda Fratres Congress at the Hague 1909TO THE PICKED HALF MlLtlON	4^

T is an honour and a privilege to be requested to address the Iri--
ternational Association of University Students on the subject-
of International Peace. Especially at this time. For we stanch
at a critical moment in the history of the human race, and it will
greatly depend upon the graduates of our universities how that
crisis is solved. Permit me, who has never been a graduate at any
university—having been compelled to leave school at the age of
fourteen to help to earn my own living—to speak as an outsider to
you, whom I may regard as a representative audience of the half
million students who are at the present time enjoying the advantages
of a university education.

THE ELECT HALF MILLION.

I say half a million, but that is an outside estimate. In rough
numbers there are in public and private colleges and universities in
the United States 125,000 students, in Germany 50,000, in France
30,000, in Italy 25,000, in Russia and Great Britain fewer than 20,000
each. That leaves about a quarter of a million for the rest of the
world, which is probably too large by half. But take it at that.
Estimating the number of human beings who woke up this morning
on this planet at 1,500 millions, each university graduate roughly re-
presents 3,000 men, women, and children who have not your ad.
vantages, who may be regarded as your constituency. To you it has
been given to acquire learning and the wisdom of the ages, not for
yourselves alone, but that you may see for others, hear for others,
and transmit to the others the garnered wealth of the culture of the
world. In an age of democracy you are the intellectual aristocrats of
the world, the natural and accepted leaders of the human race. Your
sceptre lies in your brain, to the development and efficiency of which
the ablest men of the elder generation have devoted their lives.

THE LORDS OF THE FUTURE.

On your bowed head the awful past
Has laid its consecrating hands ;

The Future in its purpose vast

Paused waiting your supreme command.

What word of command are you to give to the Future? For it is
yours to command. The Future will obey. Not collectively, but in-
dividually, it is you men and women in the universities to-day who
will for the next fifty years shape the history of the world.

315°

THE EIGHTH INTERNATION AL, CONGRRSS

THE FIRST WORD OF THE CENTURY.

You will observe that I say men and women. I emphasise women ;
because this recognition of the right, the power, and the duty of
women to share, and share equally, with men in all that goes to the
guidance and the governance of the world is the first great word of
the Twentieth Century. It lies on the threshold of human progress,
and those who deny it, however excellent they may be in other re*
respects, are men of the Reaction, who do not count save as the im-
pedimenta which impede the march of the army of progress.

THE HERITAGE OF THE PAST.

The world of the future is your domain, and you have all the lore
of the world stored in your libraries to teach you how to rule it. It
is because I do not think half of you—nay, that 10 per cent, of you—
have ever realized that conception that I have accepted your invitation
to address you to-day.

The world, I say, is your inheritance. Into your hands in a few
years will pass all the accumulated treasures of civilization. All the
glorious monuments reared by the piety or the patriotism of your
ancestors, all the laboriously acquired science, and the records of the
great inspirations of the world will be yours. Heirs of all the ages, I
salute you ! We of the older generation hand you the title-deeds of
your Empire. What are you going to do with it ?

A CLARION CRY.

I have a message to you, which I hope I may be able to deliver with
no uncertain sound. Would that it might ring in the ears of the
whole half million university graduates of the world like the note of a
silver clarion summoning them to battle. And I speak as if to soldiers
suddenly roused from heavy slumber, who confusedly ask, Where is
the enemy ? What is the word of command ?

THE UNITY OF THE RACE.

First, I say, realise your responsibility as the foremost citizens and
destined rulers of this planet. Spare a few moments every day from
your classes and your sports to remember that the world is a whole
and not a mere heterogeneous jumble of disconnected fragments. It
is your duty, your destiny, and your glory to assist in the evolution
of the unity of the race from the chaos of jarring atoms. It used toTO THE PICKED HAIyF MILUON

51

be said of Cecil Rhodes that, while some men thought in parishes and
others in countries, he thought in continents. I want you to rise still
higher, and think of the planet as a unit, and the human race as one
great family. The more you realise that idea the more clearly you
will see the splendour of the task which lies before you and the im-
mense significance of the present moment in the evolution of the
World-State.

A GUIDING STAR.

Nothing is more important for man than at the outset of his career
to grasp firmly some idea great enough to serve him as a guiding star
during the whole of his career. Nothing is worse for a man than an
inadequate ideal, or an ideal which can easily and speedily be realised-
The ideal which I offer for your inspiration and direction is neither
easy to be realised nor one which can be attained in a few years. It
is one that demands, and is worthy to demand, the devotion of the
rest of your lives.

WHAT UNIVERSITY STUDENTS HAVE DONE.

Iyooking back over the history of the nineteenth century, nothing
stands out more conspicuously than the splendid service rendered by
the university youth of Germany and of Italy in the realisation of the
unity of their respective nationalities. Not less splendid was the
enthusiasm with which the colleges of America gave up their noblest
and their best to save the unity of the United States. But the unity
of Germany, of Italy, and of the United States—these were but
parochial trifles compared with the greater unity to which I invite
you to dedicate your efforts.

WHAT THEY NOW MAY DO.

For the great achievement that calls for your patient labour, your
heroic endeavour, it may be for the sacrifice of your heart's blood, is
the achievement of the unity of the world, the federation of mankind,
the evolution of the Universal World-State. That ideal is so vast, al-
though it is by no means so remote, that it can only appeal to those
whose intelligence is of a comparatively high order. The very concep-
tion will appear absurd to some. It will be inconceivable to others. But
to you, the Slite of the educated youth of the world, it should appear
neither ridiculous nor incomprehensible. For, as I will proceed to
show, it is slowly being evolved, almost unconsciously, amidst us,52

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

and it may in the next few years suddenly be forced forward with a
sudden leap by the coming of the aeroplane.

If you follow me so far, I will now venture to adduce some con-
siderations which justify me as a practical politican in summoning
you to this high emprise.

THE UNPOPULARITY OF PEACE.

I am announced, I see, to speak on International Peace. It is an
unpopular theme, especially with young men. I sympathise with the
young men. The theme of peace is the mother of barren platitudes
which seldom lead to effective action. Peace, as usually represented,
is a negative thing. " Thou shalt not fight." Negations seldom stir
enthusiasm. Men, especially young men, require something more
positive to live for, and, if necessary, to die for, than a mere absti-
nence from fighting. I am not here to preach platitudes. I want
to rouse you to action, action which may involve fighting, and
certainly will involve risk of war. No national unity has ever been
achieved without some bloodshed, and international unity is not like-
ly to be brought about without some sacrifice of life.

THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF WAR.

That is, indeed, one of the attractions of this ideal. No ideal ever
really rouses the hearts of men to great effort that does not offer them
as reward some of the privations, the sufferings, the sacrifices which,
as a practical matter of fact, are summed up briefly in the word war.
It is always the blood of the martyrs which is the seed of the Church.
If you want to enlist men for a great cause offer them wounds, im-
prisonment, death—these are the magnets that attract the heroic soul
—not soft feather-beds, comfortable salaries and snug pensions.

DISARMAMENT IMPOSSIBLE.

Neither am I here to preach disarmament. I have been at two
Hague Conferences, and I know by bitter experience that it is utterly
impracticable to propose disarmament. No Power dare reduce its
armaments even by a single soldier unless all agree, and all Powers
will not agree. To put disarmament before the establishment of the
World State is to put the cart before the horse. Armaments, more-
over, are working out their own damnation. Nor must it be forgotten
that the ruinous expenditure on armaments is a substitute for the far
more ruinous expenditure on war. Nations do not test their strengthTO THE PICKED HALF Mil,LION

53

by war ; they have substituted for this the less bloody test of competi-
tion in preparation for war. No nation has spent more on its army
than Germany, but since 1871 no German soldier has been summoned
to shed his blood in European war. No nation has spent more on its
navy than England, and although she has built and rebuilt her navy
half a dozen times in the last fifty years, none of her warships has
ever had to go into action on the high seas. We are, indeed, living
in a period of unparalleled peace and of unprecedented expenditure as
an insurance against war.

THE WORLD AT PEACE.

Compare the thirty-eight years that have elapsed since the end of
the Franco-German war with the corresponding thirty-eight years of
the preceding three centuries, and you will be struck by the extra-
ordinary contrast between the peace of Europe now and the wars
which racked it then. From 1771 to 1809, from 1671 to 1709, from
1571 to 1609 war was chronic in Europe, During the periods repre-
sented by Napoleon, Louis Quatorze, and Henri Quatre war was
normal. To-day not a graduate in any university in Europe has ever
heard a shot fired in war within the confines of his native land. That
is a great advance. And it is this prolonged period of peace which
has made it possible to levy upon the labour of the world the con-
stantly increasing tax of the cost of armament.

THE GROWTH OF INTERNATIONALISM.

But it is not only wealth that has increased during this prolonged
peace. Under the cover of the iron shield of war-preparations inter-
nationalism has been growing silently to an extent very little realised
by any of us. Trade, commerce, railway, shipping, science, are all
international. The post office, the international railway, the cosmo-
politan character of modern science, the newspaper, the magazine, all
are weaving a web of internationalism under the surface. A French
writer recently called the attention of the American public to the fact
that the wrork of realizing the new ideal is going on constantly all
around us. He said :—

World organism is no longer an ideal, but is an accomplished fact. The founda-
tions in international life have been laid by the slow working of economic and
social cause, guided by the conscious will of man, but responding and logically
expressing the deepest needs of human life. All those activities cannot be ade-
quately protected or advanced by isolated States. There are in existence over
sixty-five public international unions composed of States. Of these thirty are54

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

provided with administrative bureaus or commissions. We must realize our inter-
dependence in practical affairs. It is through the creation of international organi-
zations for all the interests of human life that a positive content of the feeling of a
common humanity is being provided. For this purpose adequate institutions are
to be created so as to take international action out of the field of resolutions and
to make it a part of the realities of human life. The void which the old cosmo-
politan ideal left between the individual and humanity is thus being filled up by
the creation of living institutions through which the individual may gradually
learn to co-operate, in many groups, with all his fellow-men. The most important
fact of which we have become conscious in our generation is that the unity of the
world is real.

EVIDENCE OF GROWTH.

There was recently published at Brussels a volume to which I invite
your attention, which sets forth in detail the names and addresses of
all the existing International Associations, and the number, the range
and the variety of these Associations will very much surprise those of
you who do not look beneath the surface. In this city of the Hague
two public-spirited citizens, Messrs. Eyckmann and Horrex, have
formed a centre of internationalism which has as its immediate ob-
jective the foundation of a city which shall be the international capital
of the world on the dunes to the north of Scheveningen.

THE COMING POWER.

When a crab has cast its shell it is weak and helpless until its new
shell forms. During that period of defencelessness it seeks refuge in
a crevice in the rocks, where, safe-sheltered from its adversaries, it can
grow strong and once more venture out into the sea. The interna-
tional and cosmopolitan spirit of mankind during last century was very
much like the defenceless crab. It took shelter out of sight under
huge over-hanging masses of armaments. But there in its retreat the
beneficent work of nature has gone on, and now it is about ready to
emerge once more visible and triumphant as a dominant force among
men. Those of you who desire to array yourselves on the side of the
coming truth will do well to hasten to assist the growth of interna-
tionalism by all means in your power.

WHAT EACH CAN DO.

How can you do it ? you ask.

First, by constantly thinking of the ideal of the International
World-State ; secondly, by never losing an opportunity to communicate
to others the faith that is within you, especially to those who areTO THE PICKED HALF MIUJON

55

opposed to you ; and, thirdly, doing whatever you can to promote
between the nations the good feeling that prevails between the various
provinces of a single State.

That is your work as an individual in your colleges, in your homes,
in your localities. But there are certain great objects which must be
kept constantly in view.

THE HAGUE CONFERENCE.

First, there is the promotion of a healthy public opinion on the sub-
ject of the Hague Conference. That body, much derided by the fools
of the world, represents a faltering, stumbling forward step of
humanity towards the creation of an International World-State, with
its periodical Parliament and its permanent court of arbitral justice.
The first Hague Conference of 1899 was confined to only a section,
although the larger section, of the human race. The second Hague
Conference contained representatives of every sovereign State save
Abyssinia, Morocco, Liberia and Costa Rica. The Hague projects are
working plans drawn up by responsible Governments of the world for
the foundations of the International World-State. It is upon these
lines that the human race is progressing to unity. Waste no time in
declaiming concerning the pressure of armaments. Rejoice rather
that the very ruinously costly expenditure on armies and navies acts
as a constantly increasing pressure upon all nations to pay more and
more attention to the creation of that central federal World Tribunal
and World Legislature. In this as in many other ways good comes
out of evil, and the result is exactly contrary to the intent.

THE SPECIAL URGENCY OF THE MOMENT.

It may be said that this is all very well ; but there is nothing heroic
in merely thinking and talking—although some of the world's greatest
heroes only thought and talked, while their thoughts and words made
the world act—and that there is nothing very urgent in the Hague
Conference, which will not meet again for five or six years. To which
objection I reply, that since the Hague Conference met a new factor
has come into the international situation which alters everything.
We have all often heard that water will not freeze, no matter how low
the temperature may be, until the surface is stirred. The water
remains liquid until it is touched—although but with a pin point.
Instantly the water congeals, and a solid surface presents itself to the56

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

touch. This is exactly the position in which we find ourselves to-day.
The warlike temperature of the world has been steadily falling these
last thirty years. But still there is no sign of that settled peace which
ought to result from the steady fall in the temperature. Now at the
crucial moment a new factor is introduced—the aeroplane dashes into
the international waters, and we may confidently expect the crystalli-
zation of the elements into a stable state.

It is this advent of the aeroplane which constitutes the special
urgency of the present moment.

THE AEROPLANE AND ARMAMENTS.

It may seem a paradox to some that, at a moment when every nation
is increasing its naval construction to the uttermost, I should speak so
confidently of the aeroplane as likely to lead to the discontinuance of
the building of Dreadnaughts. It is probable that the trade of the
armourer was never more brisk than in the decade immediately before
the use of gunpowder rendered armour a cumbrous and useless impedi-
ment to fighting efficiency. The artificers of bows and arrows probably
looked down with supreme contempt upon those who warned them
that the battles of the future would be decided not by the grey goose
shaft but by villainous saltpetre. Nevertheless coats of armour must
now be sought for in museums, and the long-bow and the cross-bow
alike survive only as the toys of the schoolboy.

It does not require much prescience to foresee that armaments will
soon go the way of armour, and that twelve-inch guns will soon be as
obsolete as the six-foot bow. The coming of the aeroplane will revo-
lutionize everything.

VIEWS OF SOVEREIGNS AND STATESMEN.

Austria, it is said, is about to launch out into a huge expenditure
on Dreadnaughts. The King of Italy showed a keener insight into
the probabilities of the future when he said two years ago : " Why
should we spend two millions over a huge ironclad when there is every
reason to believe an aeroplane costing no more than a motor-car may
reduce it to old iron before it leaves the stocks ? " I still have a lively
sense of the emphasis with which M. d'Aehrenthal assured me on the
eve of the late Hague Conference that peace apostles could not be
more profitably employed than in urging the Parliaments of the world
to make grants for the building of airships, for when the airships comeTO THE PICKED HAL,F MILLION

57

frontiers, fortresses, fleets—everything goes. The German Minister
for Foreign Affairs told me in 1907 that they never for a moment
allowed themselves to lose sight of the airship. Because when that
that comes it will revolutionize everything. The airship has come, and
come to stay. The deliberate judgment of the Italian military aero-
nauts that in 1912 there will be as many aeroplanes in the air as there
are now motor-cars in the streets bids fair to be an accomplished fact.
I have been repeating these things for the last five years. Everyone
is beginning to admit that there may, after all, be something in it.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AEROPLANE.

This week the attention of the world has been riveted upon the
exploits of the aviators at Rheims. The public is at last beginning to
realize that the conquest of the air is no longer a phrase, but is an
actual fact. The success with which the Channel was crossed by
M. Bleriot profoundly stirred the imagination of mankind, but at
present we are only at the beginning of things. When the Russian
triplane, which is waiting its trial at Chalons, makes its advent, we
shall be able to form a better idea both as to the capacity of the aero-
plane to cover great distances without descending to earth to replenish
its supply of petrol, and also as to its rapidity of flight, as well as the
facility of handling machines driven by 100-h.p. and weighing three-
quarters of a ton. Mr. Edison has publicly predicted that within five
years' time all mails and express passengers will be forwarded by
aeroplanes travelling at the rate of 100 miles an hour. We do not
need to believe that such a prediction will be fulfilled to the letter, but
it is obvious we are entering upon an era in which the old methods of
warfare and the old barriers between States will appear as fantastic
anachronisms.

THE TREMENDOUS ALTERNATIVE.

It is admitted, even by the sceptics, that there may after all be
4t something in it." But what that something is few persons save
imaginative speculators like Mr. H. G. Wells have even dimly begun
to conceive. What the airship carries beneath its planes is the most
far-reaching revolution that has ever transformed the world. That
revolution may be beneficent beyond the hopes of the greatest Utopians
or it may be maleficent beyond the fears of the worst pessimist. The
aeroplane may be called the avant-courier of the international World-
State or the herald of the ruin of civilization. " Be my brother or I58

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

will slay thee," the French Revolutionist's formula, will now be
revived with an infinitely wider application ; because the airship repre-
sents an addition to the force of destruction so vast, so incalculable
that it places human society at the mercy of any of its component
parts. The aeroplane dashing through the air at 100 miles an honr
capable of dropping 100 lbs. of high explosives or of asphyxiating
shells on any point from any height is the nearest approximation which
mankind has made to the discovery of Vril. It was by the invention
of Vril—that potent compound of electricity and dynamite by which
a child could destroy an army by waving a wand—that Lord Lytton
prophesied the ultimate extinction of war. The aeroplane is the next
step to Vril. For it places illimitable forces of destruction at the dis-
posal of anyone who can raise ,£10,000 and find half a dozen des-
peradoes to do their bidding.

Captain T. G. Tulloch, writing in th z Nineteenth Century, said : "I
have no hesitation in stating that it would be quite possible by sec-
ondary means to render both the Navy and Army powerless in a very
short space of time with half-a-dozen airships acting under a certain
plan. I am not romancing, and I make the above statement in all
seriousness."

THE NEED FOR THE WORLD-STATE.

What this means is that the human race, which has hitherto organ-
ised itself for defence from enemies on or below the world's surface, is
absolutely unprotected from attack from above. The opportunity
which this gives to the Anarchist and the desperado was perceived
years ago by M. Azeff when he recommended the Russian Revolu-
tionists to resort to the aeroplane as the most effective means of de-
stroying the Government. If the Governments do not cease their
absolutely fatuous habit of preparing for war with each other they may
find themselves confronted by forces of disorder armed with new and
invincible wreapons, against which they themselves will be powerless.
Should they let hell loose by making war upon each other, Heaven
itself would rain hell fire upon the modern cities of the plain. In
sheer self-defence the instinct of self-preservation ought to compel
Governments to federate into one international World State, with in-
ternational tribunals interpreting the laws of an international Parlia-
ment, whose decisions would be enforced by an Executive without
whose command appeal to force on earth, or air, or sea would be abso-
lutely forbidden.TO THE PICKED HALF MIIJJON

59

THE AEROPLANE AND TARIFFS.

This may read like Utopia. But it is the only alternative to the
destruction of civilisation. If we refuse to recognise that the aero-
plane will soon render war impossible, human society may find itself
hurled with hideous ruin and combustion down to bottomless perdi-
tion, like Lucifer and his hosts in " Paradise Lost." The minds of
men, especially of ruling men, are slow to perceive the signs of the
times. But the aeroplane, which renders armaments obsolete, will
probably open their eyes to its significance by abolishing frontiers.
The smugglers of the air will have everything their own way. It will
be impossible to enforce the payment of Customs duties on any goods
save those which are imported by the ton. The drying up of the
Customs revenue may predispose Governments first to reduce and
then to abandon their armaments. But meantime all the more
thoughtful among us will do well to fix our minds upon the supreme
question : When the aeroplane comes and the old order goes, what is
to take the place of war ?

THE OPPORTUNITY OF THE UNIVERSITY STUDENT.

If this be so, the question immediately arises as to what part the
youth of the universities should take in view of possibilities so
momentous. We are face to face either with so tremendous a catas-
trophe as a world wasting war waged from the air, or on the other
hand, with the possibility that, realising the consequences of such a
disaster, the statesmen and sovereigns of the world may recognise the
fact that war has become an anachronism, and set about devising
some other means for settling the controversies of nations.

I would like to suggest for your consideration whether it would be
possible to organise groups of university graduates in every university
for the purpose of joint action. The university youth can do a great
deal more than has at present been attempted.

A PRACTICAL, PROGRAMME.

If in every university there were a group of, say, a dozen young
men and women who firmly grasped the fundamental truth that the
International World-State is coming into existence, and that the aero-
plane will probably precipitate the advent of this new mode of organ-
ising the world, and if they were to think and discuss together how
best to meet this new and portentous issue, a good deal might be done6o

the eighth international, congress

to lead public opinion in the right direction. But you might ask me
what can be done? If the aeroplane is to render modern war on land
or sea impossible on the old lines, and if you deprecate the carrying
on war into the air, what can be done? Nations, like individuals,
must have some way of settling disputes. Better decision by spinning
a coin in the air or drawing lots than no decision at all. Fortunately
there is no necessity to refer to such a haphazard method of solving
disputes. If once it is recognised that an appeal to war might mean
the destruction of civilization, the Powers would sooner or later be
able to agree as to the constitution of the International Supreme
Court which foundered at the last Hague Conference on the question
of the selection of the Judges.

the hague tribunal.

The Tribunal already exists on paper, and there exists also a
general agreement that resort should be had to such a Tribunal in a
great number of specified classes of dispute. What is wanted is just
a little increased emphasis. The Powers universally agree that a
certain course is the best course to take, but, unfortunately, while
they are prepared to assert that it is the best course for all their neigh-
bours, they are not always of opinion that it is the best course for
themselves. It is, therefore, necessary to put pressure upon any re-
calcitrant Power. The method of doing this is plainly indicated by
the Proceedings of the Hague Conference.

a neglected duty.

All the Powers who sign the Hague Convention recognise it as their
duty, whenever a dispute arises to threaten a breach of the peace, to
remind the disputants of the existence of the Hague Court, and to
call their attention to the recommendations of the Hague Convention.
The question as to who should take the initiative in giving effect to
this recommendation was unfortunately left undecided at the first
Conference, and an attempt to solve the problem was equally unsuc-
cessful at the second Conference. It is quite obvious that if any seri-
ous dispute arose between great Powers, unless this duty of calling
attention to the existence of the Hague Court were definitely imposed
upon some Powers, or some Chancellery receiving instruction from all
the Powers, it is one which is never likely to be fulfilled. What is
anybody's business is nobody's business.TO THE PICKED HALF MILLION

6l

A FIRST STEP.

Our late Prime Minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman, sug-
gested that it would be well if a League of Peace could be formed, in
which all those nations which sincerely desired to secure peace would
enter into a covenant with each other to take joint action, and which
might result, among other things, in the reduction of armaments.
What we are looking after just now is not the reduction of armaments
so much as the removal of the occasion which might bring these
armaments into use. I would suggest to the International Students'
Association for the Promotion of International Peace that they might
adopt as their first object an appeal to all the signatories of the Hague
Convention to enter into an agreement to the effect that, should any
dispute arise threatening war, each of the parties to that agreement
would individually or collectively, or both individually and collec-
tively, appeal to all the other signatories of the Hague Convention to
discharge the duty which they have of acting under Article VIII.

A LEAGUE FOR THE GENERAL PEACE.

If this suggestion were adopted a certain number of Powers might
be willing to enter into such a League for maintaining the general
peace. Even if a single Power, such as the United States, which is
almost the only Power in the world that can act independently, should
undertake this, other Powers might be willing to support this inita-
tive, and by this means any States which threatened to go to war
would find themselves confronted by a significant reminder from all
the other signatories of the Hague Convention that the Hague Tribu-
nal exists for the settling of such disputes, and that in the common
interest it would be well if they adopted some of the peace-making
methods laid down in the Hague Convention. It was a great thing
to recognise that all the Powers in the world owe a duty to each other
in this matter. From this it is a natural corollary to proceed to pro-
viding betimes for the performance of this duty. This could be done
if Article VIII. were strengthened in the manner which I have
suggested.

(i) DIPLOMATIC PRESSURE.

But it may be said that this does not carry us very far, and that at
the best it would only confront any Power, which refused to appeal
to the Hague Convention or to invoke special mediation, with the62

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL, CONGRESS

unanimous opinion of the rest of the civilised world in condemnation
of an appeal to arms. Such an expression of opinion would enable
whichever disputant accepted arbitration to go into battle with the
moral support of all the neutral Powers.

This would not in all cases deter every Government from appealing
to the sword. But no Power, not even the strongest, would like to
go to war branded by the rest of the world as the lawless disturber of
the general peace. Such a declaration would increase the chances,
with which every prospective belligerent has to reckon, that some or
other of the neutral Powers might regard it as their duty for their
interest to take sides in the war before it was fought to a finish. But
I would not have the International States League for International
Peace confine itself solely to putting in motion the diplomacy of
Foreign Offices. That is a good thing to do, but more remains behind.

(2) THE INTERNATIONAL BOYCOTT.

If the strengthening of Article VIII. should be the first object of
such a League, the recommendation of an international boycott should
be the second, and it is to this that I attach far the greatest import-
ance. It is too often forgotten that the peoples of the world have
another and very effective means of bringing pressure to bear upon
any belligerent who sets at defiance the moral sense of mankind, with-
out resorting to the ultima ratio of Kings. The members of the
Hague Conference were reminded during their stay at the Hague that
the use of the boycott against any Power which refused arbitration
was the only method of coercion which was expressly authorised by
the founder of the Christian religion. Jesus Christ never suggested
any method of enforcing the principles of the religion which He came
to teach excepting in one instance, and that is the case in point. As
this is a matter of so much importance, it is well to quote the exact
words. It will be found in the eighteenth chapter of Matthew, and
the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth verses :—

Moreover if thy brother shall trespass against thee, go and tell him his fault be-
tween thee and him alone : if he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother.

But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the
mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.

And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church : but if he neglect
to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican.TO THE PICKED HALF MII^ION

63

AN EVANGElylCAIy METHOD.

Here we have distinctly set forth : First, the direct method of
•diplomacy ; secondly, the appeal to friendly mediation; thirdly, the
reference to an impartial tribunal which Christ called the Church, but
the like of which in our day can only be found at the Hague. If any
Power in dispute refuses to refer the question to the Hague Tribunal,
or, having referred it, refuses to abide by its verdict, then the duty of
all Christian nations is clear : the recalcitrant disputant must be
treated as the heathen man and the publican. He must be treated as
a man with whom the other States can have no dealing. In other
words, he must be boycotted. There would be, of course, practical
difficulties in the way of enforcing this boycott. But if the moral
sentiment of the nations were aroused it might be carried out to an
extent that would exercise a very considerable pressure upon the
•offending Power.

ITS EFFECTIVENESS.

In the first place, no loan could be raised in any neutral country.
No neutral money would be forthcoming to enable the belligerent to carry
on his campaign, while all the money markets of the world would be
open to the other party to the dispute who had been willing to refer
the question to arbitration and had the war forced upon it against its
will. In the second place, a general agreement to refuse to buy or
sell with the subjects of the offending Power would strike at the trade
which every nation is anxious to develop. The Chinese boycott
against American goods proved a very effective weapon against the
anti-Chinese policy which America at one time seemed disposed to
adopt. There is a boycott of Japanese goods at the present moment
going on in Canton which is exercising a marked influence upon the
•counsels of the Japanese Government. But the most striking instance
occurs nearer home. After the seizure of Bosnia, the Turkish people
decided upon a boycott of Austrian goods. The movement was en-
tirely spontaneous and afforded a welcome outlet for giving expression
to the offended moral sense of the Turkish peoples. It has been so
efficacious that the Austrian Government is talking about issuing an
ultimatum and withdrawing its Ambassador if the boycott is not
raised. But the Turkish Government has replied with strict correct-
ness that the Government has nothing to do with the boycott, which64

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL, CONGRESS

has been instituted and is being enforced solely by the wish of the
people to abstain from purchasing goods sold by the subjects of a
Power which, in their opinion, had violated international law and per-
petrated an unwarrantable outrage upon the integrity of their country.

THE REVIVAL OF THE INTERDICT.

The international boycott is the revival of the old interdict of the
Church of Rome, adapted to modern uses, and wielded in the interest
of international and general peace. It is a definite programme and
free from all sentimentality or impracticable idealism. First let us
ask that the signatories of the Hague Convention should agree to take
collective action under Article VIII., thereby placing under the ban
whichever disputant refused to refer the dispute to the Hague Tri-
bunal or to special mediation. Secondly, should either of the dispu-
tants precipitate war by refusing the appeal to arbitration, then let our
groups of students take the initiative in organising in all countries a
great international boycott, which would have the effect of cutting off
the subjects of the offending Power from the markets of the world.

WHAT AMERICA COULD DO.

It is hardly too much to say that if public sentiment in the United'
States of America were sufficiently raised to close the American mar-
ket against any European belligerent thus placed under the ban for
refusing arbitration and disregarding the recommendations of the
Hague Convention, no Power in Europe would become belligerent.
The force of such international boycott would increase in effectiveness
with every additional nation which joined to enfore the interdict.

All this has been true ever since the Hague Convention started, but
it has become more than ever urgent today, for if the aeroplane renders
the old armesand navies obsolete, and if we dare not carry war into
the air on any great scale without the risk of wrecking civilisation,
then it is obvious that some method of bringing recalcitrant States to-
obedience must be adopted. I see no other method of coercion that
is at once so simple, so effective, and so capable of being brought into
general action than by a general agreement to enforce a universal
boycott against the subjects of any State which refused to refer its-
disputes to the adjudication of a central tribunal of arbitral justice.TO THE PICKED HALF MILLION

65

HELP TO REALISE THE GREAT IDEAL !

Such, gentlemen, seem to me the lines of advance which will be
made in any case, but the way may be much longer than it might be
if the youth of the world, fired by generous enthusiasm and a clear per-
ception of the possibility before them, were to band themselves together
to bring about the realisation of the great ideal of the International
World-State. It may seem strange to some to speak of the aeroplane
as if it were the herald angel of the reign of peace, but fifty years ago
Tennyson for ever linked together the coming conquest of the air with
the abolition of war.

L,et me close this address by quoting once more the familiar lines in
which the poet embodies his prophetic vision in the middle of last
century :

Men, my brothers, men the workers, ever reaping something new ;

That which they have done but earnest of the things that they shall do :

For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see,

Saw the Vision of the world, and all the wonder that would be ;

Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic sails,

Pilots of the purple twilight, dropping down with costly bales ;

Heard the heavens fill with shouting, and there rained a ghastly dew

From the nations' airy navies grappling in the central blue ;

Far along the world-wide whisper of the south-wind rushing warm,

With the standards of the peoples plunging thro' the thunder-storm ;

Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and the battle-flags were furl'd

In the Parliament of Man, the Federation of the World.

There the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe,

And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law.

" ®tjat man's tfjr brat dmimapalite
UrotB Ijia natiu? rnuttlnj brat/'

— Tennyson.II. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE INTERNA-

TIONAL STUDENT MOVEMENT.

1842—Lund—First	Scandinavian Student Conference.

1843—Uppsala—Second	Scandinavian Student Conference (June).

1845—Copenhagen—Third Scandinavian Student Conference (June 22-28).
1848—Breslau—Call to an International Student Congress, by the German Stu-
dents. (Prevented by political reaction).

1851—Christiania—Fourth Scandinavian Student Conference.
1856—Stockholm—Fifth Scandinavian Student Conference.
1862—Copenhagen—Sixth Scandinavian Student Conference.
1868—Christiania—Seventh Scandinavian Student Conference.
1875—Uppsala—Eighth Scandinavian Student Conference.
1884—brussels—International Reunion of Students.
1888—Bologna—International Reunion of Students.

1890—MonTpeliER—International	Reunion of Students.

1891—Lausanne—International	Reunion of Students.

1892—Madrid—International	Reunion of Students.

1:895—Wadstena, Sweden—First World Student Christian Conference.

1896—GoTeborG—Sweden—Ninth	Scandinavian Student Conference.

1897—Williamstown,	Massachusetts—Second World Student Christian
Conference.

Pisa, Italy—April 9—Formation of the International Federation of Stu-
dents proposed by Efisio Giglio Tos.

1898—Turin,	Italy—Nov. 12-20—First International Congress of Stu-
dents " Corda Fratres."

Turin, Italy—Nov. 15—Formation of "Corda Fratres", International
Federation offStudents.

1898—Rome, Italy—Nov. 24—Proclamation of the Foundation in the Forum
Romanum.

1898—Eisenach,	Germany—Third World Student Christian Conference.

1899—Christiania,	Norway—Tenth Scandinavian Student Conference.

1900—Versailles,	France—Fourth World Student Christian Conference.
Paris,'France—(August)—Second International Student Congress,

6 4 Cor da Fratres.''

1902—Soro, Sweden—Fifth World Student Christian Conference.
Copenhagen—Eleventh Scandinavian Student Conference.
Venice—October—(transferred from Budapest) International Student
Reunion.

Rome—May—First Italian " Corda Fratres " National Cangress.CHRONOLOGIC AI, TABLE

67

I9°3—Madison, Wisconsin—Wisconsin International Club founded March 12.
Pai^rmo—Second Italian National "Corda Fratres" Congress.

Founding of the Rhodes Scholarships at Oxford.

1904—Ithaca, New York—Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, founded Nov. 30.
Sienna—Third Italian National Congress.

I9°5—zeist, Holland—Sixth World Studenl Christian Conference.
Naples—October 7-14—Italian " Corda Fratres " Congress.

Liege—Third International Student Congress, " Corda Fratres."

1906—Milan—Fifth	Italian " Corda Fratres" National Congress and Inter-
national Reunion.

Ann Arbor—Michigan—Cosmopolitan Club, founded January 13.
Urbana—Illinois—Cosmopolitan Club, founded October 28.

Cambridge, England—Cambridge University East and West Society
founded.

Marseilles—August 31-Sept. 7—Fourth International Students'
Congress " Corda Fratres."

1907—Tokyo,	Japan—Seventh World Student Christian Conference.

Catania, Italy—(May)—Sixth Italian "Corda Fratres" Congress.
Lafayette, Ind.—Purdue Cosmopolitan Club, founded October 15.
Columbus, Ohio—Ohio State Cosmopolitan Club founded November 16.
Chicago, III.—Chicago Cosmopolitan Club, founded November 29.
Bordeaux—(Sept. 1-8)—Fifth International Student Congress,

" Corda Fratres."

Oxford, England—Oxford Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Madison, Wis.—First Convention of Cosmopolitan Clubs December 28-30.
Formation of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.

1908—Montevideo,	Uruguay—(Jan. 26-Feb. 2)—First International Congress
of American Students.

Budapest—International Reunion of Students.

Cambridge, Mass.—Harvard Cosmopolitan Club, founded March.

Ames, Iowa—Iowa State College Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Palo Alto, California—Leland Stanford Jr., Cosmopolitan Club

founded, March.

Columbia, Mo.—Missouri Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Oberlin, Ohio—Oberlin Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Iowa City, Iowa—State Univ. of Iowa Cosmopolitan Club, founded
January.

seattle, Wash.—Univ. of Washington Cosmopolitan Club, founded Janu-
ary 30.

Florence—Seventh Italian '4Corda Fratres" National Congress.
Ann Arbor, Mich.—(December 31-January 2) Second annual Convention
of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.68

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL, CONGRESS

1909—Oxford,	England—Eighth World Student Christian Conference.

The Hague, Holland, (Aug. 24-27) Sixth. International Student
Congress 6< Corda Fratres

Ithaca, N. Y.—(December)—Third Annual Convention of the Association
of Cosmopolitan Clubs.

Delaware, O.—Ohio Wesleyan Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Parkville, Mo.—Park College Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Philadelphia, Pa.—Pennsylvania Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Syracuse, N. Y.—Syracuse Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Worcester, Mass.—Worcester Cosmopolitan Club founded.

New Haven, Conn.—Yale Cosmopolitan Club founded.

1910—Bombay,	India—Student's Brotherhood Association founded.

BoSToNj Mass.—Technology Cosmopolitan Club, founded March 5.

Buenos Ayres, Argentine—Second International Congress of American

Students, July 12-16.

E. Lansing, Mich.—Michigan Agricultural Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Lincoln, Neb.—Nebraska Cosmopolitan Club founded.

state College, Pa.—Pennsylvania State Cosmopolitan Club, founded
February 19.

Urbana, III.—Fourth Annual Convention of the "Corda Fratres" Asso-
ciation of Cosmopolitan Clubs, December 28-31.

1911—Berlin,	germany—First International Studenten Verein, founded Feb-
ruary 3.

Leipzig, Germany—Second International Studenten Verein, founded
July 8.

Constantinople, Turkey—Ninth World Student Christian Conference.

Home, (Sept. 1-6) Seventh International Student Congress 6i Corda
Fratres."

Poona, India—Students' Brotherhood founded at Fergusson College.

Constantinople, Turkey—Cosmopolitan Club, founded at Robert College
(April).

Guelph, Canada—Ontario College Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Corvallis, Oregon—Oregon Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Lafayette, Ind.—(December 28-30)—Fifth Annual Convention of the
"Corda Fratres " Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.

1912—Minneapolis,	Minn.—Minnesota Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Worcester, Mass.—Clark Cosmopolitan Club founded.

New York, N. Y.—Columbia Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Manhattan, Kan.—Kansas Cosmopolitan Club founded.

Lima, Peru—Third International Congress of American Students.

Munich, Germany—(March 2)—Third International Studenten Verein
founded.

GoTTingen, Germany—(May 10)—Fourth International Studenten
Verein founded.CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

69

1912—GoTTingen,	Germany—(July 29-August 1st)—First Convention of Inter-
national Studenten Verein. Formation of Verband der Internation-
al Studenten Vereine an deutschen Hochschulen "Corda Fratres."

Glasgow, Scotland—International Polity Club, founded.

Cambridge, England—Cambridge University War and Peace Society
founded.

Manchester, England—Manchester University War and Peace Society
founded.

Bristol, England—Bristol International Polity Club founded.

Bonn, Germany—(December 13)—Fifth International Studenten Verein
founded.

Heidelberg, Germany—(December 16)—Sixth International Studenten
Verein founded.

Philadelphia, Pa.—(December 27-30)—Sixth Convention of the "Corda
Fratres," Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.

1913—Lake	Mohonk, N. Y.— Tenth World Student Christian Conference.

Ithaca, N. Y.—Eighth International Student Congress "Corda

Fratres."

Freiburg, Germany — (May 5)—Seventh International Studenten-
Verein founded.

Leipzig, Germany—(May 14-17)—Second Annual Convention of the
Verband der Internationalen Studenten-Vereine an deutschen Hoch-
schulen 4' Corda Fratres.''

Zurich, Switzerland—(June 23)—Eighth Internationaler Studenten-
Verein founded.

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT MEETINGS PLANNED
FOR THE FUTURE:

1913—Iowa	City, Iowa—(End of December)—Seventh Annual Convention of
the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, '' Corda Fratres.''

1914—Munich,	Germany (June 4-6)—Third Annual Convention of the Verband
der Internationalen Studenten Vereine an deutschen Hochschulen
" Corda Fratres."

1914—Santiago de Chili—(July)—Fourth International Congress of American
Students.

1914—	- (End of December) Eigthth Annual Convention of the Associa-

tion of Cosmopolitan Clubs, " Corda Fratres."

1915—The	Hague, Holland—(July)—International Reunion of Students.
1915— - (August)—Ninth. International Student Congress u Corda

Fratres."

1915—Budapest,	Hungary—(June)—Meeting of the Executive Committee of the
World's Student Christian Federation.

1916—Tien-Tsien,	China—Eleventh World's Student Christian Conference.

1917—	- Tenth. International Student Congress " Corda Fratres."dorim Jratres AaHnrtatinn

of

(Enaittopolttmt (ElubaTHE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COSMO-
POLITAN CLUBS.

BY IvOUIS P. IyOCHNKR.

HE Cosmopolitan Club Movement in the United States dates back
to the year 1903. On March 12 of that year, eighteen students,
sixteen of them foreigners, at the University of Wisconsin
banded themselves together in an International Club, the primary
purpose of which was the cultivation of friendship between students
from different countries. We read of the organization of a similar
society at Oberlin College, Ohio, during the same year, but that or-
ganization was so short lived that it never extended its activities
beyond the first year.

In 1904, however, we find the same idea of a league of universal
brotherhood among students taking living form at Cornell University,
where the first Cosmopolitan Club in the United States was founded.

For two years these two isolated groups continued to lead an inde-
pendent existence, until in 1906 they not only discovered each other,
but found that similar clubs had been created at the Universities of
Michigan and Illinois. Two additional Cosmopolitan and two Inter-
national Clubs were organized during the following year, bringing the
total up to eight.

It was inevitable that these various groups should enter into a closer
relation with each other ; nevertheless, even the most sanguine among
the early pioneer wTorkers were pleasantly surprised to find every one
of the eight existing clubs accepting the invitation of the Wisconsin
International Club to a convention at Madison late in December, 1907.

For three days the delegates, twelve in number, labored over the
drafting of a constitution for an Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs,
and over the numerous questions of internal and association manage-
ment that presented themselves. The result was the formation of the
Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, which at the present writing
numbers thirty active and associate members.

The value of organized effort became apparent at once, for not only
was the number of chapters doubled during the year following the
first convention, but the Association was enabled to publish a year
book—an Annual—that proved of tremendous value in acquainting
other universities with the aims of the Cosmopolitan and International
Clubs.K)

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First Convention of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, Madison, Wis., 1907THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COSMOPOLITAN CLUBS 73

The second convention, held at Ann Arbor, the seat of the University
of Michigan, at the close of the year 1908, witnessed the initiation of
steps of great portent for the future development of the movement.
First and foremost among these was the resolution, unanimously
adopted, "That the A. C. C. in convention assembled declare itself
heartily in favor of an affiliation with the ' Corda Fratres' International
Federation of Students." With this resolution was also passed a
motion empowering the Board of Directors to appoint an official dele-
gate to the Sixth International Congress of Corda Fratres. The
writer was later honored with this appointment.

It was at this convention, too, that the Association was first ac-
quainted with the organized movement for world peace, and that
initial steps were taken looking toward the cordial co-operation of the
Cosmopolitan with the Peace Movement.

There followed another year of continued expansion and internal
development. The Association received recognition through the facts
that its then president, George W. Nasmyth, was invited to present a
sketch of the movement to the annual Lake Mohonk Conference on
International Arbitration, and that the secretary, the writer, was
similarly invited to address the Second National Peace Congress,
which met at Chicago in May, 1909.

Throughout that year a standing committee studied the question of
an affiliation with the Corda Fratres Movement, and when in Septem-
ber Messrs. L,ochner, Fulk and Ochsner returned from the Hague,
filled with enthusiasm for the Corda Fratres, the committee unani-
mously recommended the linking together into one brotherhood of the
Corda Fratres and the Cosmopolitan Clubs.

The Association met for its third annual convention at Ithaca as the
guests of the Cornell chapter. The discussions centered chiefly around
the Corda Fratres question. The Association amended its constitution
by changing the official name to read " Corda Fratres, Association of
Cosmopolitan Clubs" ; and the delegates without dissenting voice
adopted the recommendation of the special convention committee,
" that the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs affiliate itself with Corda
Fratres to form an international organized federation of similar student
societies."

Another important step taken was that of deciding upon the publi-
cation of a monthly organ of the society. In March, 1910, The Cosmo-
j>olitd7i Student made its first appearance, and, in spite of many financialSecond Annual Convention of the A. C. C, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1908THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COSMOPOLITAN CLUBS 75

difficulties that have confronted it, it is now in the middle of its fourth
year of publication. Its value in keeping the members and the chap-
ters informed concerning the problems of the A. C. C. and the student
movements in the world at large cannot be doubted.

It was at this convention, too, that greater publicity was given to
the Illinois scheme of appointing special faculty advisers for foreign
students, who aid the students from far-away lands in selecting their
courses, determining their requirements for admission, and in many
other ways proving of service to them. This system has been intro-
duced at most of the institutions at which there is a Cosmopolitan
Club, and in many cases the officer thus appointed becomes a veritable
godfather to the foreign students.

Through the inspiring addresses of Dr. Andrew D. White, Edwin D.
Mead, and Dr. Benjamin F. Trueblood the delegates to the Ithaca con-
vention became still further enthused over the world peace ideal, and
they recommended that all chapters observe May 18th, Peace Day, by
appropriate public exercises.

Another fact in connection with this third convention deserves
elaboration. For over a year a special committee had been investi-
gating into the advisability of publishing a special handbook of
information for the guidance of foreign students contemplating
matriculation in an American university or college. The committee
requested the various chapters to hold round table discussions to de-
termine what were the facts that the foreigner did not know when he
prepared to take up work here. All these facts were assembled in a
carefully prepared report, and upon motion of the convention sub-
mitted to the United States Commissioner of Education with the
request that such a handbook be issued in several languages. This
handbook has not materialized yet, but the Department of Education
has repeatedly assured the A. C. C. that steps are soon to be taken to
carry out the suggestion.

One other important step in advance was taken in Ithaca. Up to
this convention, the presidency and the secretaryship of the Associa-
tion were shifted from place to place annually. This was not only the
cause of many delays, but it was positively detrimental to the best
development of the work of the Association. The element of con-
tinuity and stability was lacking. Realizing this fact, the delegates
amended the constitution by creating the office of general secretary
with the understanding that the office be located at the same placeThjrd Annual Banquet of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, Ithaca, N. Y., 1909THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COSMOPOLITAN CLUBS 77

and have the same incumbent, other things being equal, for a period
of years. For three years this office included also that of editor of
The Cosmopolitan Student, but at the last convention these two offices,
due to the great expansion of work in each, were separated, though in
such a manner as to make it still possible to have continuity in both
offices. The presidency shifts annually, as before.

Quarrels will happen in the best regulated families. The A. C. C.,
too, went through a storm-and-stress period immediately following the
Ithaca convention. There were those who maintained that in declaring
itself for the peace ideal the A. C. C. was losing its identity. There

The Fourth Annual Convention, Urbana, 111., 1910

were those also who held that before the association go any farther in
its affiliation with Corda Fratres, the terms of union should be more defi-
nitely defined, and that a more thorough investigation be made of the
present status of Corda Fratres. The Cosmopolitan Student in its early
numbers is replete with discussions pro and con on these two ques-
tions. Throughout the year the Corda Fratres and the Peace Problems
formed the all-absorbing topics.

Things came to a climax at the historic fourth convention, held at
the University of Illinois during the closing days of 1910. The upshot
of it all, as is usual in cases of this kind, was the adoption of a com-78

the eighth international congress

promise on each of these two controverted matters. On the peace
question the convention agreed as follows : " Resolved, that, while we
sympathize with the world peace movement, our cardinal object is the
establishment and encouragement of friendships between men of
different nations in the universities. And be it further resolved, that
we do not look with favor upon affiliation with organizations whose
main object is the propagation of world peace, but that we heartily
approve of co-operation with such organizations in so far as this does
not overshadow our main purpose."

The Fifth Annual Convention, Purdue University, 1911

The Corda Fratres question was disposed of by the following
resolution :

" Whereas, affiliation with Corda Fratres is of the greatest signifi-
cance to the A. C. C., from which far reaching consequences must in-
evitably flow ; and

" Whereas, genuine union can only be built upon a mutually clear
understanding ; and

"Whereas, it seems that such understanding does not exist;
therefore, be itTHE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OE COSMOPOLITAN CIUBS 79

" Resolved, That the A. C. C. send four delegates to the meeting of
Corda Fratres, to take place at Rome in 1911, for the purpose on the
one hand of more fully acquainting our European brothers with our
aims and purposes, and on the other hand of becoming more fully in-
formed with reference to Corda Fratres. Be it further

" Resolved, That this committee be authorized to make such arrange-
ments and assume such obligations as it deems necessary, subject to
gratification by the following annual convention; be it further

Tsoerun L. Lin£

President of the A. C. C.

" Resolved, That these delegates be elected at this convention, and
that they represent the two shades of opinion prominent on the floor
of the convention."

During the year preceding this convention the system of dividing
the North American continent into vice-presidential districts was in-
augurated. By this division into four districts, one vice president was
given general supervision over all the clubs in his district, and a
wholesome rivalry ensued to found new clubs in each territory. The8o

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

general secretary keeps in touch with all the chapters everywhere, but:
only in a general way ; specifically, the vice presidents enter into more-
detailed relations, each with the clubs in his district. The system has-
worked out well, and at the last convention the number was increased-
to six.

Manuel A. Gonzales
General Secretary of the A. C. C.

An interesting manifestation of the broad humanitarianism which
underlies the Cosmopolitan movement occurred in April, 1911, when,
a terrible famine broke out ill China along the Yang-tse River. Upon*
the appeal of a Hindu student, who had himself been a witness to the
horrors of a famine in his own country, the Association of Cosmo-THE! AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF COSMOPOLITAN CLUBS 81

politan Clubs raised a relief fund among the various institutions at
which it was represented. Over two thousand dollars were cabled to
the Red Cross Society in China—" as a testimonial of sympathy from
the American students, and as a tangible evidence of goodwill and co-
operation in the world's progress."

There followed the inspiring Corda Fratres Congress at Rome in
September, 1911, at which Messrs. Lochner, Nasmyth, Ochsner, and
Otto, represented the Cosmopolitan Clubs of America. The result

Bhupendra N. Mukherji
Treasurer of the A. C. C.

of the deliberations, which covered a number of days of hard, earnest
labor, was the adoption by the congress, and the signing by the two
wings of the American delegation, of the Platform which has been
published in both the first and the second Congress Circulars, and
which therefore needs 110 repetition here.

Thus at last a basis for a world confederation of students had been
found that was satisfactory to the representatives of both shades of
opinion prevalent in ti e A. C. C. When this delegation reported at82

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

the fifth annual convention of the A. C. C., at Purdue University, its
findings were unanimously accepted by the delegates to this 4 ' get-
together" convention, and later ratified by the individual chapters.
Under the provisions of this Platform, Messrs. Nasmyth and the writer
were elected president and secretary, respectively, to the Comite Cen-
tral of " Corda Fratres," International Federation of Students.

The relations with student bodies of other countries and with other
world movements continued to expand. The First Universal Races Con-
gress, at which the writer, representing the A. C. C., presented a paper
on the Cosmopolitan Movement, furnished the occasion for entering
into relations with the Cosmopolitan Club of Oxford University. The
establishment of Internationale Studentenvereine in Germany through
the instrumentality of American Cosmopolitans led at once to most
cordial correspondence between officers of the A. C. C. and of these
Vereine. At Rome the delegates had met representatives of the Liga
de los Estudiantes Americanos. These connections proved of great
service in working up the Eighth Corda Fratres Congress.

In short, when another year was completed, and the A. C. C. met
to celebrate its fifth anniversary at the inspiring sixth convention at
Philadelphia, everybody present was carried away with the idea that
indeed the Cosmopolitan Movement had piospered beyond the fondest
hopes of the founders, and that the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs
was part of a world movement, respected everywhere, full of energy,
pregnant with tremendous possibilities for good, and demonstrating to
the world that universal brotherhood was not merely a dream, but an
accomplished fact.

humanity.

3flor I5r, utlui gaur tljta oast nutrlnur to roll,

IBrrathrti Htfe Ut them, tn «a a Ueaanning g>nul:
®ljat kinbrrii frrlinys miyht mir state iuiyrour
Attit mutual wants rnniiuft to mutual lout.

—Juvenal: Satire X V. lines 203-6.®he (Eliaptcrs.THE INTERNATIONAL CLUB OF THE UNIVERSITY
OF WISCONSIN.

by Stewart Schrimshaw.

3T was in the Spring of 1903 that the idea germinated in the mind
of a Japanese student to have an International Club at Wiscon-
sin, with, perhaps, the only aspiration of having a social gather-
ing of the foreign students a few times during the school year. Little
did Karl Kawakami dream that this idea would lead to a world-wide
organization in so short a time. No similar organization existed else-
where in the United States. The action of the first fifteen members
was original, unsolicited, and unprecedented. A club where rich and
poor, black and white, foreign and American were to meet on an equal
basis of mutual friendship and brotherhood, was indeed an innovation,
a startling surprise, even to the most radical. The first year at once
shattered any doubts as to its future success. Hagopian, an Arme-
nian, was the first president, a Norwegian the vice president; a
Japanese, South American, and a German respectively, filled the offices
of secretary, treasurer, and censor.

The Club at once realized the necessity of spreading its views by
having open meetings, consequently its social activities soon took a
prominent place in university affairs. From mere formal discussions
of contemporaneous problems, the programs have broadened until they
include a series of " National Nights." Here the members attempt to
give first hand and reliable information to the public on the customs of
their native lands, and to spread their principle : " Above all Nations
is Humanity." More recently there has grown up the practice,
among some prominent members of the faculty, of entertaining the
members of the Club in their homes. This has meant a great deal to
the members, and has given them an opportunity to learn of American
home-life and hospitality.

That the Wisconsin chapter was world-wide in its sympathies was
demonstrated in the big Chinese Famine, when it took the initiative
and raised through its efforts $2,000 for the sufferers. It was the In-
ternational Club of Wisconsin that pushed a campaign for funds, that
spread to many other Universities.

At the Second National Peace Congress at Chicago in 1907, three of
the delegates were from the University of Wisconsin representing the86

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

International Club. At the 1910 Lake Mohonk Conference on Inter-
national Arbitration, it was the delegate from Wisconsin that made
the memorable speech on the Cosmopolitan Clubs.

The early meetings of the Club were held in rooms of the University,
which although inadequate and inconvenient were a stepping stone to
something better, for soon the Club rented a "flat" in the " L,atin
Quarters," and for some time made it their home. However, during
the past few years the Club has rented a whole house,- which has
proved the life and center of the organization, and truly the head-
quarters of the University's Internationalism.

Wisconsin International Club House

As to the spirit of the Club, the past year has proved a Renaissance.
There is now an unusually vigorous spirit manifest, and we expect by
the time that this article goes to the press, to be negotiating for a
permanent home for the Chapter, that its future may be enhanced.

In April of this year we celebrated the tenth anniversary of the
International Club of Wisconsin. Two nights were devoted to the
celebration. On the first there was held a public meeting addressed
by prominent men, followed by a playlet adapted for, and presented
by, members of the Club. At the end of this interesting program,the chapters

87

those who take delight in dancing were given a splendid opportunity
to enjoy that social pleasure. On the second night the members were
" good fellows " at a banquet, which the old members say exceeded
the limits of their wildest dreams in its good fellowship, unity of
feeling and unanimity of spirit.

A literal history of the International Club of the University of Wis-
consin cannot yet be written. It will be only after the passing of
sufficient years to put the first decade in perspective that an adequate
history can be told to the world. At that time, we predict, will be
portrayed an interesting, fascinating, and significant series of events,
which will cause all members in any way connected with the Interna-
tional Club of Wisconsin to turn with much profit to the source of the
" biggest little " organization that most of us know anything about.

The following are the officers of the University of Wisconsin Inter-
national Club :

President —---------------------Stewart Schrimshaw

Vice Pres. ----------------------------G. M. KamanTigue

Secretary--------------------------------F. Margarida

Cor. Sec____________________________________John Wong

Treas. -_________________________________W. H. Towurst

Cosmo. Student, Bus. Manager---------------W. E. KEMEN

Cosmo. Student, Local Editor--------------T. F. Jenkins

THE CORNELL COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by Suh Hu.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY was destined from the very beginning
to become one of the strongholds of cosmopolitanism. Nowhere
else are the atmosphere and tradition more favorable for the
establishment of an organization dedicated to the cause of humanity
and international brotherhood. Upon the university gate, erected by
ex-President Andrew D. White, one of the greatest " international
minds," hangs the university seal with these words of the Founder,
Ezra Cornell : "I would found an institution where any person can
find instruction in any study." It was in interpreting this highly
democratic, nay, truly cosmopolitan spirit of its founders that Presi-
dent J. G. Schurman declared, in 1911, that " at Cornell all universityTHE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

Modesta Quiro£a
Founder of the Cornell Cosmopolitan ClubTHE CHAPTERS

89

doors must remain open to all students irrespective of race or color or
creed or social standing or pecuniary condition." But still more sig-
nificant to us Cosmopolitans is a stone bench on the campus, one of
the numerous gifts to the university from the great historian and
scholar, Gold win Smith. On this bench he caused to be engraved, in
the memorable year of 1871, these words, which 35 years later were
adopted as the motto of the Association of the Cosmopolitan Clubs :
" Above All Nations is Humanity."*

It was in this atmosphere that the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club was
born. In the spring of 1904, there came to the University a young
man from the Argentine Republic. This young man was Modesto
Quiroga, the Founder of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. A few
months after his arrival at Ithaca, when a group of Latin-American
students were discussing the affairs of their own countries, Adalberto
Fagundes, a Brazilian student, incidentally suggested the idea of a
cosmopolitan club. Mr. Quiroga, whose vision "took in the whole
world," immediately seized the idea and set to work at it with enthu-
siasm. After several conferences a meeting was called at the residence
of Professor Thomas F. Hunt, November 7th, 1904, to discuss the
Preliminary Proposition drawn up by Quiroga. To show the broad
vision of the founder, 1 here quote the fifth article of the Proposition :

" V. For such purpose, the particular business and earnest duty of
the Club shall be :

" (1) To maintain in the city of Ithaca the head office of the Club
and a Club room or a Club house whenever possible.

" (2) To aid and protect foreign students coming to the University,
and to promote social intercourse between them and American students.

" (3) To organize, for the immediate benefit of foreign students,
special classes for the practical study and conversation in English.

" (3) To maintain ever open a free tribune, where lectures can be
delivered on moral, practical, speculative and cultural subjects.

" (5) To promote friendly and commercial relations between the
several countries, and a higher standard of order, justice and living.

" (6) To promote the individual welfare of the members of the
Club in their several countries through business relations.

*This was at first the motto of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, and it was later
adopted by the Association after Professor F. A. Fetter had toasted it at the ban-
quet held during the first Convention, 1907. In these words, Prof. Fetter con-
cluded his toast : "As he (Goldwin Smith) carved upon the bench in letters of
stone, so let us, ere we part, write upon our hearts in the indelible characters of
the spirit, the cosmopolitan motto : ' Above all nations is humanity.' "9°

the eighth international congress

11 (7) To promote the organization of societies with similar aims irt
other universities, and in those countries sending their youths to the
United States."

The last clause is of particular significance, for it indicates that even
amidst the birth-pangs of the Club, a world-wide organization of
Cosmopolitan Clubs was already conceived in the mind of its founder.

The Proposition was discussed and adopted with certain alterations,
and a public meeting was called in Barnes Hall, November 10th, 1904,,
at which 60 persons were present and the revised Proposition was
again considered. Another meeting wTas called in Boardman Hall,
November 30th, and a constitution which had been previously formu-
lated was read, discussed article by article and finally adopted and
signed by 76 persons, representing 20 nationalities. At this meeting
the following officers of the Club wrere also elected :

President _________________W. A. Reece of New Zealand

First Vice President-------J. I^orenz of U. S. A.

Second Vice President-----K. L,. Wu of China

Secretary _________________C. Bues of Germany

Treasurer_________-_______F. D. Colson of U. S. A.

Assistant Secretary--------F. Aleman of Argentina.

Board of Trustees_________Modesto Quiroga of Argentina

A. A. Freedlander of U. S. A.
Professor T. F. Hunt
Professor E. W. Olmsted
Professor F. A. Fetter
Professor G. P. Bristol
Thus was born the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club. The newly-born
club had its first club-rooms at 313 Eddy Street, where it remained
until the completion of the new club house in 1911. A house-warming
party was held on January nth, 19^5, Founder's Day at Cornell Uni-
versity. On April 14th, 1905, three months after the opening of the
club-rooms, the first ''National Night," the first in the history of
Cosmopolitan Clubs, was inaugurated by the British members. Thus
was established the most characteristic feature of Cosmopolitan enter-
tainments by means of which, to use the words of President Schurman,
" our foreign students have laid before our American students accounts
of the contributions which their respective countries have made to the
civilization of the world, and compelled from them a respectful and
even a sympathetic consideration."IT" ^

• - * s8[

*• : ^ ,r.





Cornell Cosmopolitan Club House an<3 Members92

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

The founders of the Club, as I have already stated, had from the
very start conceived the idea of a world-wide organization of interna-
tional brotherhood, and so the first constitution, adopted November
30th, 1904, contained this preamble: "We, as members of Cornell
University, being desirous of promoting an international society,
known as the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, agree to form a sec-
tion as follows." This dream began to be realized when it was dis-
covered that, one year prior to the founding of the Cornell Club, an
International Club has been organized, in the University of Wiscon-
sin. The two clubs were soon united and the " platform" of the
Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs, formulated by the Cornell Club at
its founding, was adopted by the Wisconsin International Club, Octo-
ber 7th, 1905. This marked the beginning of the A. C. C., although
the formal organization did not take place until the Madison Conven-
tion, December, 1907. The Cornell Club had published in 1907 a
Cosmopolitan Annual, which by the action of the Madison Convention
was converted into the official organ of the A. C. C. The Annual of
1908 was published by the Cornell Chapter for the Association. The
Wisconsin Chapter published the 1909 volume. Since that date it has
been made a monthly publication.

While the Club was busily engaged in the propaganda of the na-
tional organization, its internal growth was nothing short of marvellous.
Realizing the inadequacy of the rooms on Eddy Street to meet the
rapid increase in membership, the Club undertook, as early as 1907, to
raise funds for a Club House of its own. The work was continued
for a number of years with moderate but steady progress. The pro-
ject first received its definite shape when a number of prominent busi-
ness men of the city of Ithaca became interested in the Cosmopolitan
Club movement. A site was finally purchased in 1908 and ground
was broken in the Christmas recess of the following year. Actual
work of construction, however, did not begin until July 28th, 1910.
The edifice was not quite completed when the members began to move
in about the end of February, 1911. The new house was informally
opened to the public on March 25th. Its formal opening and dedica-
tion took place on November nth with Dr. Andrew D. White as the
guest of honor and principal speaker.

The Club House was a tremendous undertaking. Its total cost was
$50,000. This sum was made up (1) by donations, $2,500; (2) by
sale of bonds to members, $3,500; (3) by sale of bonds to businessTHE CHAPTERS

93

men and investors, $15,000 ; and (4) the remainder by mortgage 011
the property. The business management of the enterprise was put
entirely in the hands of a Building Committee, composed of Mr. Frank
L,. Morse of the Morse Chain Company, chairman ; Mr. Fred Robin-
son, photographer, vice-chairman ; and the following officers of the
Club : the president, the treasurer, and the chairman of the Board of
Directors. The generous and enthusiastic support of these men and
the tireless energy of our beloved Professor Fred Asa Barnes, our
Treasurer since 1906,—these alone have made possible the realization
of the dream of seven years. " But for these men," said one of our
members, " our concrete castle would still be a structure of air."

With the completion of the new house, the Club has now definitely
settled down with ample energy for further development. The club
house has become the real home of foreign students in the university.
Here under many flags, men of every color and nationality, of every
birth and creed, eat together, talk together, play together, and live
together as brothers. Here members and their friends are enabled
each year, through the National and International Nights, to circle
the globe and

"Survey mankind from China to Peru."

Here are witnessed such scenes as the fantastic dances of the Filipino
country folk, or the shuttlecock game of the Chinese children. Here
are heard the sonata of Tchaikowsky and the " Ultimo Adios" of
Dr. Jose Rizal. In a word, it has become the home of cosmopolitan-
ism as well as of Cosmopolitans.

During the past nine years, the Club has grown to be the largest
and the "most significant" student organization in the University.
Its membership has reached the 300 mark, representing 29 nationalities
and including 56 faculty members and 12 associate members. The
total membership since its founding is now over 800, and we can say
without hesitation that the sun shines upon no corner of the earth
without discovering one or more of our alumni.

The Cornell chapter has not only been ever active in the support of
the Association of the Cosmopolitan Clubs, but also, through its son
and apostle, Dr. George W. Nasmyth, has taken a leading part in
spreading and awakening cosmopolitanism in Europe. This year the
Club has been honored with the privilege to act as host of the dele-
gates to the Eighth Congress of " Corda Fratres." The Committee
appointed by the Club to take charge of the arrangements, has seized\ • ^-1

The First "International Banquet" in the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club Housethe chapters

95

this opportunity to make the congress not a mere convention of the
affiliated chapters and consulates of the " Cord a Fratres," but an
assembly of students of the world at large, by issuing invitations to all
.•student organizations and large educational institutions in all parts of
the world. It is the sincere wish of the Club that this Congress will
serve to accelerate the coming together of the East and West, and
.hasten the realization of the dream of

"The Parliament of man, the Federation of the World."

Officers of the Cornell Cosmopolitan Club, 1913-14 :

President------------------------------------Suh Hu, '14

First Vice President_______________F. E. Geldenhuys, '13

Second Vice President_____________________K. Z. Lin, '14

Recording Secretary______________Robert E. Candee, '14

Assistant Recording Secretary____________R. E. Siaca, '15

Corresponding Secretary_______________C. H. Baixou, '14

Alumni Secretary----------------------H. A. Cahen, '13

Treasurer------------------Prof. Fred. Asa Barnes, '97

Assistant Treasurer______________________C. S. Chen, '15

Associate Editor----------------------H. Riegelman, '14

Business Representative________________G. H. Cooper, ' j6

Chairman of the Congress Committee----C. L. Locsin, '12

THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN COSMOPOLITAN

CLUB

by Fred B. Foulk.

AINLY through the efforts of K. S. Inui the Cosmopolitan Club
was organized at the University of Michigan on Jan. 13, 1906.
It was the third organization of its kind started in an American
university. For two years the club prospered but in 1908 it undertook
to do too much in attempting to have a club house. Through the
failure of the house financial obligations were heaped upon the mem-
bers and as a result the club experienced a set back. It was barely held
together from 1908 to 1910 by a faithful few for the sake of keeping
the identity of the club.

The present development and prosperity of the club had its be-
ginning in December, 1911, when William W. Welsh was electedMichigan Cosmopolitan Clubthe chapters

97

president. By means of a publicity campaign and cooperation with
the Michigan Union and the University Y. M. C. A. a phenomenal
growth was experienced. The membership jumped from 20 to more
than 60 in that year and at the end of the present college year it has
reached 100.

During the last year, 1912-13, it seemed that the whole Michigan
Campus became cosmopolitanized. A series of public national nights
were given and at every performance the average attendance was 600.
The faculty of the University, realizing the importance of the foreign
students, instituted a system of advisers for the foreigners, through
the cooperation of the Club. A systematic campaign among the foreign
students was also begun so as to get every one acquainted and estab-
lished in the town. Especially was this accomplished in the fall, and
extensive preparations have been made for taking care of the new
students next fall.

Probably the greatest undertaking of the club during the last year
was the campaign for a $50,000 club house. From present indications
Michigan will have the new structure in at the most two years.

A new constitution was also provided for and an administrative
board consisting of five students, two members of the faculty and two
business men was instituted. The new constitution went into effect
the last of April and so far has proved to be much superior to the old
one. With this new board and under the guidance of President John
Bonilla, prospects are bright for the most successful year in the history
of the University of Michigan Cosmopolitan Club during 1913-14.

officers.

President

Juan A. Bonilla

Board of Directors.

students.

Fred B. Foulk, Secretary
Kinsaku Tonouchi
William M. Johnston
C. P. Wang

business men.

A. C. Jennings
George J. Burke

faculty
J. A. C. Hildner, Treasurer
J. P. Bird.Club House of the Purdue Cosmopolitan Clubthe chaptkrs

99

THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by O. H. Anderson.

HE Purdue Cosmopolitan Club was organized October 20, 1906
by Jose Reveira, a Filipino student, who was elected president
of the Club. The other officers were : M.J. Arsuaga, of Spain,
vice president ; L,. C. Yen, China, secretary ; F. S. Formoso, Phili-
ppines, assistant secretary, and F. K. Sail, China, treasurer.

Meetings were held in the Agricultural Hall by permission of the
President of the University. There were about thirty members at the
start, representing seven nations.

I9°7_'oS —a successful year for the club.

1908-'o9—Butler,	U, S., president, little activity.

1909-'10—J.	Francia, Philippines, president. Club rented a house
and board was furnished first semester after which it was discontinued.

1910-'11—P.	L. Yang, China, president. House was given up in
September and a private hall rented and furnished. The hall was a
failure and was discontinued before the end of the year.

1911-'12—N.	S. Fuleihan, president. During the summer a com-
mittee secured a house and provisioned it and secured a housekeeper ;
a three year lease was drawn up and signed. The house was well ac-
cepted by the members and the year proved to be a very successful
one and from that date the club has held its proper place as one of the
leading organizations of the University. In December the Club was
the executive chapter of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs and
host of the Annual Convention.

1912-'i3—C.	Q. Chiu, China, president. A year equally as pros-
perous as 1911-12 and Cosmopolitanism has made itself felt through-
out the university body.

THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO COSMOPOLITAN

CLUB

by A. A. Freedeander.

HE Cosmopolitan Club of the University of Chicago dates its
existence since 1906. Originally organized as ''The Interna-
tional Club," it soon decided to call itself by the title that is
used by a majority of the chapters. After a period of preliminaryUniversity of Chicago Cosmopolitan Clubthe chapters

IOI

work, a substantial organization was affected by J. T. Lee and Con-
rado Benitez. Under the presidency of Shiro Tashiro, the organiza-
tion began to attract attention around the Campus. Compelled by
university duties to give up liis active work in the club, Tashiro re-
signed and was succeeded by Mr. Hauser who was able to continue for
the summer of 1911 only. At the beginning of fall work, Mr. A. A.
Freedlander, formerly of the Cornell Chapter, was chosen temporary
President, Mr. Pope being elected permanently in the winter after his
return from work outside thecity. Mr. Pope's successor was Mr. L. H.
Fernandez who directed the destinies of the Club from October, 1912,
till June, 1913. At the last election, Mr. Bosworth was chosen Presi-
dent and confident expectations are being entertained that the Club
will begin to enter upon the good fortune it deserves, inasmuch as the
University of Chicago is a fine field for a Cosmopolitan Club. The
standing of the Chicago Chapter in university circles is high, several
well-remembered International Nights having been " pulled off"
with great success before big audiences. The Club now has a club-
room, situated in Ellis Hall, fitted out with magazines, etc., and
frequent social and business meetings are held. The total membership
:numbers forty.

Officers.
1912-13.

Record. Sec'y
Corres. Sec'y
Treasurer----

President _
Vice Pres. -

Leandro H. Fernandez, Philippines

______Arthur Monasewitch, Russia

---------------Toshio Ishida, Japan

---------------Cyril Bellik, Russia

-------Brent D. Alliuson, U. S. A.

board of directors.

Erwin J. Palda, Chairman Shiro Tashiro
Lawrence G. Dunlap	John T. Lee

Leandro H. Fernandez, ex-officio.

1913-1914.

President-----

Vice Pres.---

Record. Sec'y
Corres. Sec'y-

Wm. B. Bosworth, U. S. A.

___Wm. H. K. Achi, Hawaii

____Chang Lok Tau, China

___Dudley Grant, U. S. A.

Rest of officers yet to be elected.Ohio State Cosmopolitan Clubthe chapters

103

THE OHIO STATE COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by Benjamin Levitin.

^flEMOCRACY, which is the watchword of the Ohio State Uni-
1;i versity, has made this institution susceptible to new ideals.

Such was the case with the Cosmopolitan movement. No sooner
had it made its appearance in this country, than a group of forty en-
thusiastic foreigners and Americans joined together into an or-
ganization with the aim of promoting the idea of friendship and soli-
darity among students irrespective of their race, color or creed. One
year later, in 1908, this new organization secured a charter and thus
became a chapter of the American Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.

Where the Ohio State Cosmopolitan Club Meets

Since then the club has grown slowly but steadily. It was difficult
to overcome the prejudices our American friends held against the for-
eigners and that necessitated a thorough "Internal Cultivation" in
order to make true cosmopolitans of our members. The year 1912-13,
however, marked a new era in our development. The membership has
increased to 90 including representatives from 15 different nationalities.
The Cosmopolitan Club is at present one of the leading organizations
on the campus.104	the eighth international congress

The " National Nights " have largely been responsible for the pop-
ularity of our club. It is there, that our American friends get a true
insight into the mode of living of the peoples in foreign lands. It is
there that they get a real conception of the civilizations beyond the
American border. There is no wonder, therefore that our meetings
have drawn the attention of the most prominent men and women in
the University. The club has in fact become the social center for
those who are interested in the promotion of friendship and interna-
tional peace among the inhabitants of the globe.

The Cosmopolitan Movement has come to stay and its future is very
promising. The students, representing various nationalities, who are
to become the leaders on return to their respective countries will carry
the idea of cosmopolitanism with them and thus help to spread the
spirit our club stands for : " Above all Nations is Humanity."

Officers.

President_______________________________I. Wishnevsky

Vice- President--------------------------------Stevenson

Secretary----------------------------------------VoGEiv

Treasurer--------------------------------------Udovitz

Associate Editor-----------------------------B. Levitin

THE STANFORD COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by A. P. Low.

HE significance of the existence of Cosmopolitan Clubs in Cali-
fornia cannot be too strongly emphasized on account of the
peculiar economic and social conditions to be met with on the
Pacific Coast. The foreign student is constantly being embarrassed,
often humiliated and ever reminded of his being a stranger. In the
more important social activities, he is unheard of, his student life is a
life among books and men of his own color.

Conscious of these facts, a number of Stanford men put their heads
together and held their first formal meeting on Jan. 24, 1908, for the
purpose of forming a Cosmopolitan Club in the University. Within a
few months, the membership roll numbered over fifty. The club ap-
plied for membership to the A. C. C. and was granted a charter on
Sept. 10, 1908, being admitted as the ninth member of the Federation.w
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Stanford Cosmopolitan Clubi06	the eighth international congress

An ever increasing interest is displayed by the members and our
membership roll has not decreased in number. We are greatly in-
debted to our faculty members, whose support has made possible the
existence of our club. A very successful year has just been closed,
and we hope to carry on our work with equal zeal and vigor next year.
Below is given the list of men who have led the club since its-
formation :

President.	Nationality.	Date of Administration.

Y. Ichihaohe--------Japanese---------------Jan., 1909

J. G. Bayley---------Australian-------------Sept., 1909

L,. Ardzoroni--------Armenian--------------Feb., 1910

C. C. Wheaton------.Armenian--------------Sept., 1910

H.	S. Chuck---------Chinese----------------Jan., 1911

G. D. Keyston-------American--------------Sept., 1911

C. J. Park___________American---------------Jan., 1912

I.	M. Akohosli-------Japanese--------------Sept., 1912

J. B. Cox_____________American--------------Jan., 1913

A. P. Low____________Chinese----------------Sept., 1913

THE IOWA STATE COLLEGE COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by Mogens R. Tolstrup.

HE Cosmopolitan Club of the Iowa State College was organized
on the 27th of January, 1908. The officers for the first year
were President, K. A. Kirkpatrick, U. S.; Vice-President, E.J.
Creel, Mexico ; Secretary, J. Iy. Shannon, Barbados ; Assistant Secre-
tary, M. M. Cruz, Philippines ; Treasurer, F. Horcasitis, Mexico.
The membership consisted of 35 students from 12 different countries.-
At the beginning the club held meetings at regular intervals. At the
end of these meetings a social hour, followed by light refreshments,
was enjoyed. Once each semester an international program was pre-
pared and presented to the public. These programs were well attended
and well received. At first, a number came because of curiosity ; but
they soon found out that those meetings were exceedingly interesting:
and profitable to attend. In other words they were educational in as-
pect and gave information first handed.

At present there are about 75 members of the Club representing 17
different nations. The social part has been cut off from the meetings,THE CHAPTERS	107

but in place of it the members have at irregular intervals, banquets,
picnics and other social stunts. During these social gatherings a royal
good time is enjoyed. The International Night programs are becom-
ing more elaborate affairs and are looked forward to with pleasure by
the whole college community.

Among the Cosmopolitan Club members are found students who
enter into the other college activities to the fullest extent. There is
not a single branch in which they cannot be found. In scholarship

m

Alumni Hall, Meeting place of the Cosmopolitan Club, Iowa State College

nearly all of them rank very high. The graduates of the club are
making names for themselves the world over, by helping in making
this world a better place to live in.

The real purpose of the club is best understood when one mentions
some of the things which the club is doing towards helping others.
For example during the famine in China a few years ago and also dur-
ing the recent flood in the United States, the club collected consider-Iowa State CollegeTHE CHAPTERS

109

able sums of money and sent it to help the suffering ones. Also,
the Japanese and Chinese ball players when traveling in this country
were generously entertained. Thus the club is fullfilling its motto,
" Above all Nations is Humanity," by extending a glad hand of fel-
lowship and helpfulness to the new incoming strangers from foreign
lands.

THE HARVARD COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

BY NAI AAB.

HE Harvard Cosmopolitan Club was organized 011 February 12,
1908, " to unite for their mutual benefit, social and intellectual,
Harvard men of all nationalities ; to promote throughout the
world knowledge of Harvard and its resources ; to increase the resort of
foreign students ; to help those before and after their arrival, to fulfill
the object of their coming."

The Club's constitution was signed by 53 charter members. Since
that time the membership has more than tripled. The growing mem-
bership has obliged the Club to have its present quarters, a double
suite in Holyoke House, Cambridge.

The Harvard Corporation has shown its appreciation of the Club's
opportunities for effective service to the University by remitting one-
half of the regular rent on the Club rooms. This generous action,
and the practical co-operation of graduate associate members in Cam-
bridge and Boston, have made it possible to emphasize the Club's
democratic character by keeping the membership fees low.

Each week the Club members listen to an informal talk by one of
their own members or by men of prominence ; once a month there is a
more formal lecture or program of international entertainment, the
latter being readily provided by Club talent. An information bureau,
conducted by members of the Club for the benefit of newly arrived
foreign students, a reception to all foreigners in the University at the
beginning of each college year, an annual dinner with speakers of in-
ternational prominence are other phases of the Club's activity.Harvard Cosmopolitan ClubTHE CHAPTERS

111

THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA
COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

BY IVAE MCPEAK.

State University of Iowa chapter of the Association of Cosmo-
politan Clubs was organized in 1908 with eight charter members,
and the charter from the national organization was received in
June of the same year. Since that time the club has enjoyed five
years of uninterrupted prosperity. We have now 011 the roll fifty-four
active members representing nearly a dozen nationalities.

This was one of the first chapters to admit women students to full
active membership, and, so far, has been the only one to send a woman

Close Hall, University of Iowa, Meeting Place of the Cosmopolitan Club

as delegate to a national convention. Mrs. Beatrice Mekota, together
Mr. Sudhindra Bose, represented the chapter at the last convention
held in Philadelphia.

During its short history the Iowa University Club has twice re-
ceived special recognition from the national body. Sudhindra Bose
held the office of Vice-President of the third district last year. This
year, having been chosen the executive chapter, we elected Tsoerun U-
lying, President, and Bhupendra Mukherji, Treasurer, of the Associa-
tion of Cosmopolitan Clubs.State University of Iowa Cosmopolitan Clubthe chapters

U3

The next national convention will meet here, and this will be the
first time that such a meeting has been held west of the Mississippi
River.

During the last year the club has made real advances in many ways.
An active interest in the upbuilding of the club and hearty co-operation
among the members have been distinguishing features of the year's
work.

THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI COSMOPOLITAN

CLUB.

by Rodolfo Petrucci.

NINETEEN enthusiastic members answer to
roll call at meetings of the Missouri chapter
of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs.
Nine countries are represented. Val Nalty, E.
P. Roberts and F. W. Shorter represent Australia;
Hugh J. MacKay, Canada ; S. T. Chang and O.
H. Tsang, China ; Misses C. E. Meyer and M. E.
Meyer, Germany ; Rodolfo Petrucci, Italy ; K.
Horii, Goro Ida, S. Shiina, H. Tsuchiya and
A. K. Yamagishi, Japan ; E. K. Cho, Korea ;
Miss Sophia Hersch, Roumania ; C. M. Elliot,
F. A. Varrelman and W. C. Whitehouse, United
States.

For the last year and a half the eudeavor of the
club under the presidencies of Hugh J. MacKay,
last year's president, and Rodolfo Petrucci, present president, has
been to create a feeling of goo 1 fellowship and enthusiasm for cos-
mopolitan work in the local chapter. This has resulted in a splendid
friendship among the different foreign students in the University of
Missouri and has brought them into intimate contact with native
students. The foreign students are thus a strong influence in
student affairs at the University.

The Missouri chapter of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs was
organized in 1908. It has had five years of continuous existence, gain-
ing in influence and in worth to its members as it lost the aim of a

Rodolfo Petrucci

President of Missouri
Cosmopolitan Club114

the eighth international congress

spectacular chapter roll and devoted itself to the larger good of smaller
numbers who needed it and who were willing to work in the truly cos-
mopolitan spirit of inner good not outward show. The Missouri
chapter of the Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs believes that it has
found itself in a work as big as Brotherhood. Students of the world,
you have a welcome at Missouri.

THE OBERLIN COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by A. H. Lybyer.

HE Oberlin Cosmopolitan Club was founded in 1908, under the
name of the Oberlin International Club. The change was made
in 1911, for the reason that the older name emphasized separa-
tion into nations, while the newer name regards mankind as a unity.
Oberlin has had during these years from thirty to forty foreign stu-
dents at a time, of whom usually about two thirds have been active
members of the club, while from ten to twenty American members
have filled up the number. Several members of the Faculty, with
their wives, have been honorary or associate members. Since the
spring of 1910, there has been an official Adviser of Foreign Students,
who is by the Club's constitution adviser also of the Club.

This Club has fulfilled its purpose of promoting friendship among
students of different nationalities mainly through meetings of a literary
and social nature. Conditions at Oberlin do not favor the attempt to
obtain a special house for residence. Besides this, the number of the
foreign students is so few, and their circumstances so restricted that
such a house could hardly be maintained. The meetings have usually
been held in Council Hall, though for a time in the Men's Building.
The latter place was abandoned in order that ladies might become
members of the Club, and increase the interest of the social meetings.
The Club has held open meetings with addresses by qualified persons,
and has held receptions, banquets and picnics.

The Oberlin Cosmopolitan Club has won a distinct place for itself in
the life at Oberlin. It has striven also to maintain its place in the
Corda Fratres—A. C. C., by sending a delegate to each annual con-
vention. It has perhaps not made the showing it might in the Cosmo-
politan Student, because its members are so few and so busy with
self-support and study. But it has in it a genuine life and power of
growth, and the promise of a long and useful future.the eighth international congress

THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by George E. Nitzsche.

^JfHE Cosmopolitan Club of the University of Pennsylvania was or-
ganized in 1908 for the purpose of mutually benefitting socially
and intellectually men of all nationalities, and to aid in various
ways foreign students coming to the University of Pennsylvania ; to
arrange for lectures and entertainments ; to promote the individual
welfare of the members, and friendly and commercial relations and a
higher standard of order and justice between different nationalities.

The Club has enjoyed success from the very beginning, and each
year has given many entertainments and held interesting meetings.
I^ast spring a new constitution and by-laws were adopted whereby any
student registering from a foreign country becomes a member of the
Club. The American members are elected from the various state
clubs.

The present officers are: President, D. S. Hanchett, P. G. Wh.;
Recording Secretary, Raul Bernett, '14 M.; Corresponding Secretary,
H. O. Miranda, '14 D; Treasurer, S. M. Hanna, '14 D., Assistant
Treasurer, (Dr.) E. S. Tyau ; Associate Editor " Cosmopolitan Stu-
dent", Umetaro Sato, '14 Wh.; Associate Business Manager " Cos-
mopolitan Student", A. D. Chiquoine, '14 Wh. Working in con-
junction with these officers and members, the following Faculty Advi-
sory Committee has been appointed by Provost Smith to give aid and
advice to the Club from time to time: Joel H. Hildebrand, L,eo S.
Rowe, E. C. Stowell, A. W. Stevenson, Secretary. George E.
Nitzsche, Chairman.

For more than a score of years the courses at the University of
Pennsylvania have attracted students from all parts of the world, and
within the last twenty years there is not a civilized country from
which Pennsylvania has not drawn some students. There are now
usually from 225 to 250 students from foreign countries matriculated
at the University of Pennsylvania each year ; this number, of course,
does not include those foreigners who have come to Philadelphia to
stay and who therefore registered from some place in the United
States ; there are perhaps almost a hundred of these every year.
Usually from forty to fifty foreign countries are represented annually,Houston Hall—The Home of the University of Pennsylvania Cosmopolitan Club118	THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL, CONGRESS

and practically every state in the United States is represented by stu-
dents. The University of Pennsylvania, therefore, is a particularly
good field for an organization such as the Cosmopolitan Club.

The University of Pennsylvania had its origin in the Charity School,
which was organized in 1740, and which occupied a building at Fourth
and Arch Streets, Philadelphia. Nine years later Benjamin Franklin,
the great American statesman and philosopher, and the founder of the
University, published a pamphlet on 4 4 Education of Youth in Penn-
sylvania," which resulted in the foundation of an Academy which
began its first session on January 7, 1751, in the building on the west
side of Fourth Street below Arch, originally constructed for the
Charity School.

In 1753 the Trustees secured their first charter for the Academy ;
and two years later, by virtue of a second charter, the Academy was
converted into a college with full power to confer the usual collegiate
degrees. The first Commencement was held on May 17, 1757, when
the degree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred upon seven students. In
1765 a school of medicine, the first in America, was added to the col-
lege. In 1779 all the charter rights and privileges of the college were
absorbed by a new organization, called in its charter "The Trustees
of the University of the State of Pennsylvania." These rights were
restored ten years later, and in 1791 another charter was granted
jointly to the Trustees of the Charity School and Academy, of the
University and of the College, under the corporate name of The
University of Pennsylvania," which name it has borne ever since. Its
early history was closely associated with the principal events in the
history of the colonies, and also in the War with Great Britain for
Independence, in which many of its sons took a leading part. Among
the signers of the Declaration of Independence were ten men who were
either graduates of the college or among its founders.

In 1802 the University buildings were removed to Ninth and
Chestnut streets, where, a century and a quarter after its organization,
the University found itself located in one of the most congested sections
of Philadelphia. In 1873 it removed to its present site in West Phila-
delphia. Here its growth was most remarkable. In 1874 the Uni-
versity Hospital was established ; the year following the Towne Sci-
entific School was added to the college, and in quick succession
followed the Department of Music, Department of Philosophy and
Graduate School, Department of Veterinary Medicine, the Veterinary
Hospital, the Department of Physical Education, the Department of
Archaeology and University Museums, General Library, Training
School for Nurses, Wistar Institute of Anatomy, Teachers' School,
Flower Astronomical Observatory, the Evening School, and the
Summer School—so that the curriculum now covers practically every
branch of higher education and scientific research.THE CHAPTERS

II9

Provosts' Tower, University of Pennsylvania DormitoriesWorcester Cosmopolitan ClubTHE CHAPTEPS

121

THE WORCESTER COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

BY Y. C. MEI.

TTI UE to the energetic work of Y. S. Chin, the rather diminutive
fJrl local chapter was first organized and shortly afterwards ad-
mitted to the A. C. C. on May 20, 1909. At that time there
were only seven students and four members of the faculty as charter
members ; now the club has forty-two on its membership roll, com-
posed of undergraduates, members of the faculty and graduates. The
■club has grown slowly, until now it has twenty-four active members,
the largest number during its history.

Worcester Cosmopolitan Club House

The club occupies the rooms at 2 Hackfeld Road, which is situated
at a short distance from the campus. Here the bi-weekly business
meetings are conducted together with the social gatherings which
occur at intervals of three or four weeks. The latter give ample op-
portunities for the mixing together of its members and friends from
outside. Interesting speakers are invited to address the meetings on
-current events or cosmopolitan subjects.

It is the aim of the club to serve the student body, especially those
who come from abroad, and any students interested in cosmopolitanism
and cosmopolitan affairs are given the opportunity to join the club.
The chapter has never really become very large in size on account of
the small number of students in the Institute from other countries;
but it has grown in strength and usefulness to serve the cause of
world-brotherhood.122

the eighth international, congress

THE SYRACUSE COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by Eric Bodine.

HE Syracuse University Cosmopolitan Club was organized in the
fall of 1909, under the leadership of T. Groner, Carlos Valverde,
M. Hurwitz, F. Di Bartolo, Dean Graham and Prof. R. A.
Porter. The new club quickly increased to 35 members. A banquet
at The Yates Hotel, which followed close upon the organization,

Syracuse Cosmopolitan Club House

proved to be a great success and tended to place the club upon a
permanent basis. T. Groner of Norway became the first president.
He was followed in this office, in the order given, by Carlos Valverde
of Peru, F. Di Bartolo of Italy, M. Hurwitz of Russia, F. I. Li of
China and G. E. Archilla of Porto Rico. During Archilla's presi-
dency the club became incorporated.124

the eighth international congress

The officers for the last semester of the school year r 912-1913 were :

President-----------------------__Eric Bodine of Sweden

Vice President-----------------------L. Queral of Cuba

Treasurer-------------_-----Prof. R. A. Porter, U. S. A.

Assistant Treasurer — --------------G. Adams of U. S. A.

Secretary-----------------------V. Obreshkove of Bulgaria

Assistant Editor------------------H. G. Westcoff of U. S. A.

Business Manager----------------V. S. de Barros of Brazil

During the last semester the constitution of the club has been
revised in accordance with the charter of incorporation. A club
house, located .at 914 Irving Ave., has been leased from the first of
-September, 1913.

The officers for the first semester of 1913-1914 have been elected as
follows :

President---------------------------------V. S. de Barros

Vice President----------------------------V. Obreshkove

Treasurer-----------------------------Prof. R. A. Porter

Assistant Treasurer--------------------------G. H. Adams

Corresponding Secretary-------------------_F. Di Bartolo

Recording Secretary-----------------------_C. A. Guarini

Assistant Editor-------------------------------Eric Bodine

Business Representative------:-----------------B. Deutsch

Chairman of the Board of Directors-----Prof. G. A. Wilson

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE COLLEGE
COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by E. Rodriguez.

HE Cosmopolitan Club of the Pennsylvania State College was
founded in the year 1909 by a group of Russian and Eatin stu-
dents. The limited number of foreigners in the college and the
indifference of the remaining students hindered for a while the pro-
gress of the club. But our principle that " Above all Nations is Hu-
manity " became more and more popular in " State," and at last the
society won recognition from the college authorities and from the
student body.

To-day it is composed of forty-five members of different nationalities,
Russia, the United States of America, Argentine Republic, Peru,
China, Greece, Armenia, Hungary, Euthuenia and Porto Rico beingTHE CHAPTERS

125

Pennsylvania State CollegePennsylvania State College Cosmopolitan Clubthe chapters

127

represented. Originally we had few North Americans among us, ow-
ing to the wrong assumption by the students, that the Cosmopolitan
Club was exclusively for foreigners. That we fought successfully
against this local prejudice is shown by the fact that we now can see
the Anglo-Saxon, the I^atin, and the Mongolian working side by side
in the realization of our ideal.

In 1912 the chapter entered the " Corda Fratres Association of Cos-
mopolitan Clubs," which has done much toward increasing its mem-
bership. Also the illustrated lectures and readings offered free by the
club ; the exhibitions concerning interesting features of various coun-
tries ; and the " National Nights monthly entertainments where the
student gets a personal description, by members of the club, showing
how men are and live in the lands remote,—are our best means of en-
larging the organization.

The chapter has not been able to accomplish much on a large scale ;
it is too young, and has just entered the period of efficient activity.
But the sentiment of mutual help and understanding is necessarily
flowing out of the heart of students here and every where,—a fact that
makes us believe in the complete development of our organization in
the near future.

THE CALIFORNIA COSMOPOLITAN CLUB.

by Sarangadhar Das.

all the States in the Union, California is the State which has a
y|j7 climate to suit people from any part of the globe, has a sun
that shines uniformly all the year round, has an abundance of
natural resources yet undeveloped, and is one of the last in the Occi-
dent for civilization to pass through in its march westward. With all
these assets on her side, it is 110 wonder that California and her Uni-
versity attract students from all the countries of the world. It was
rather strange that such a cosmopolitan University had so long been
without a Cosmopolitan Club.

It was left to Otto Koeb, '13 (California), who hails from Basel,
Switzerland, to press the button, although two Americans and a Hindu
were contemplating on the necessity of a club. With the strenous
-efforts of Otto Koeb, '13, B. M. Cherrington, Secretary of the Uni-yriiversity of California Cosmopolitan Clubthe chapters

129

versity Y. M. C. A., Sarangadhar Das, '14, T. K. Ching, '14, and
Prof. Arthur U. Pope, late of the Cornell Chapter, the California
Chapter was formed on the 22d of September, 1912, and promises to
have a bright future.

We extend our cordial greetings to all the delegates who will
assemble this fall at Cornell ; and hope to welcome them again in the
City of the Golden Gate where the International Students' Congress
will meet in 1915.

THE INTERCOLLEGIATE COSMOPOLITAN
CLUB OF NEW YORK CITY.

by Harry E. Edmonds.

HE Intercollegiate Cosmopolitan Club of the City of New York
unites for their mutual benefit, socially, intellectually and
morally, students of all nationalities in the colleges, universities
and professional schools of New York. It occupies a house at 554
West 114th Street which furnishes permanent living accommodations
for a few members and is a rendezvous for practically the entire
foreign student colony of the city.

The Club endeavors to promote friendly relations among its mem-
bers and to bring them into intimate contact with American home life
and American institutions. One of its chief activities is a supper
served in the Club House every Sunday evening throughout the col-
lege year ; prominent speakers give addresses immediately afterward
and the occasion is one of great profit, the attendance on many occas-
ions being from 100 to 125 members.

The Intercollegiate Cosmopolitan Club of New York has a unique
place in the North American Association of Cosmopolitan Clubs be-
cause of its location at the great port of New York. Many students,
just landed, seek its door for advice and temporary accommodations
before starting for interior institutions ; others come to it during
vacation time or while passing through the city to visit their fellow
students in other colleges. In a peculiar sense therefore the New
York Club belongs to the students of the country quite as much as to
the students in New York, and it is hoped that an increasing number
of the former will so regard it.13°

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

Intercollegiate Cosmopolitan Club of New York Citythe chapters

131

Officers.

President----------------------N. P. Aghnides, Turkey

Vice-President--------------------S. G. Naravani, India

Corresponding Sec'y---------------S. J. Miyagawa, Japan

Treasurer----------------------------C. Y. Chan, China

General Sec'y______________H. E. Edmonds, United States

THE COSMOPOLITAN CLUB OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON.

by Arthur E. L. Nelson.

HE Cosmopolitan Club of the University of Washington, was or-
ganized on December ir, 1908, by the adoption of a constitution
and by the election of officers for the college year 1908-09, viz :—
President, Enoch Karrer ; Vice-President, S. Deva ; Recording Secre-
tary, W. Wenrich ; Corresponding Secretary, Harold Goddard ; Treas-
urer, Lew Kay. At the time of organization forty members signed
the roll representing twelve different nationalities, America, Canada,
England, Holland, Germany, Norway, France, Austria, Russia,
India, China and Japan, respectively.

During the first year of the club monthly meetings were held, but
since the beginning of the second year fortnightly sessions have been
the rule. Soon after the opening of college each year the club holds a
mixer for the purpose of increasing the membership. The mixer con-
sists of a very interesting program furnished by the members, followed
by refreshments, to which prospective members are invited, together
with their lady friends. The first Peace Day Banquet was held in
1910 and has now become an annual event marking the close of the
work of the club for each college year just before the period of the
final examinations.

The different nationalities and races are well represented at the Uni-
versity of Washington, particularly those of the Orient. India, China
and Japan contribute a considerable colony to the student body, among
whom they are cordially welcomed. A total of twenty different na-
tionalities has been represented in the membership of the club includ-
ing among the Americans one of the aborigines.





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University of Washington Cosmopolitan ClubTHE CHAPTERS

*33

The local chapter has started many movements for the benefit of
foreign students, and was especially instrumental in starting the relief
fund for the sufferers from the Chinese famine in 1910. The faculty
and the administration of the University have been very sympathetic
toward the club, acceding to nearly every request made by the club.

The past year has been very successful not so much in the increase
of membership as in placing the club on a firm foundation. We have
not yet progressed so far as to have a building but we at least' have a
room for our exclusive use in the Men's Building on the campus.

For the college year of 1913-14 the following officers have been
♦elected, viz :

President._______________________________Jogesh C. Misrow

Vice-President-----------------------Farnsworth Wright

Treasurer —----------------------------------Don L,ew

Recording Secretary-------------------George Grimstvedt

Corresponding Secretary--------------Arthur E. L. Nelson

Associate Editor_______-____________________M. J. Naimy

FOUNDATION DATES OF CHAPTERS FROM WHICH
HISTORIES HAVE NOT BEEN RECEIVED.

The Illinois Chapter was organized in 1906.

The Ohio Wesleyan Chapter was organized in 1909.

The Park College Chapter was organized in 1909.

The Yale University Chapter was organized in 1909.

The Michigan Agricultural College Chapter was organized in 1910.
The Ontario (Canada) Agricultural College Chapter was organized
in 1911.

The Oregon Agricultural College Chapter was organized in 1911.
The University of Minnesota Chapter was organized in 1912.
The Clark College Chapter was organized in 1912.

The Kansas Agricultural College Chapter was organized in 1912.134

THE EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS

CONCLUSION.

^SJROTHERS, we are meeting in a country which has ever stood for
im fairness and justice between nations ; we are meeting at a uni-
versity which is renowned for its liberality and unselfishness in
unrestrictedly offering all its advantages to all humanity. We are
meeting at an institution from whose gates have gone forth men and
women, inspired by this place, to give their lives in the service of
their fellowmen. And we are meeting in the home of one of the
broadest, strongest and most earnest of student organizations, the
Cornell Cosmopolitan Club.

L,et us catch something of the spirit of this place ; let us feel the
ennobling sentiments of those who dwell or have dwelled here ; let us
be lifted up and inspired by the lives of these great brothers of ours,,
that their lives may not have been lived in vain.

May our bonds of union be here strengthened, that our organization,
Corda Fratres, may be more efficient, more complete, more strong to-
do her work in the world, more firmly endeared in the heart of each
one of us. Thou, Corda Fratres, must ever sail on, as a great ship on
the ocean of life, ready and striving to help all mankind, uniting the
nations of the world into one great alliance of peace and good-will
among men. As the poet Longfellow has expressed it:

We know what master laid thy keel,

What workmen wrought thy ribs of steel,

Who made each mast, and sail, and rope,

What anvils rang, what hammers beat,

In what a forge and what a heat
Were shaped the anchors of thy hope !

Fear not each sudden sound and shock,

'Tis of the wave, not of the rock ;

'Tis but the flapping of a sail,

And not a rent made by the gale !

In spite of rock and tempest's roar,

In spite of false lights on the shore,

Sail on, nor fear to breast the sea !

Our hearts, our hopes, are all with thee,

,	Our hearts, our hopes, our prayers, our tears

Our faith triumphant over fears,

Are all with thee,—are all with thee!

4 4 The Building of the Ship.''This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
It is made in compliance with copyright law
and produced on acid-free archival

60# book weight paper
which meets the requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).

Preservation facsimile printing and binding
by

Northern Micrographics
Brookhaven Bindery
La Crosse, Wisconsin
2014