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University Extension Lectures

UNDER THE AUSPICES OF

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY

FOR THE

EXTENSION OF UNIVERSITY TEACHING

SYLLABUS

OF A

COURSE OF SIX LECTURES

ON

1 THE CRUSADES

■ ... ; •• • ¥

BY

HI LAI RE BELLOC

Late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford
Staff Lecturer in History for the American Society

]fe.l3	Price, 10 cent*

Copyright, 1896, by

The American Society for the Extension of University Teaching
in South Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.	''fList of Books.

Archer : '' The Crusades." (" Story of the Nations " Series.)
Archer : 4'The Crusade of Richard I."

Michaud : " Bibliotheque des Croisades.1' (Especially volume iv.)

KiTCHIN : " History of France."

Michei<ET : '' History of France.''

MiivMAN : "History of Latin Christianity.''

Gibbon : " Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.5"

Joinvii,i,E: " Vie de St. Louis."

Cox : a The Crusades."

Freeman : " Historical Essays." Series I.

Bohn's series : " Chronicles of the Crusaders."

Michei*ET : "Histoire des Croisades."

perry : "History of the Crusades."

Von SybeI/ : 41 History and Literature of the Crusades." (Trans-
lated by Lady D. Gordon. i86i.)

Bryce : 4' Holy Roman Empire.''

Seebohm : " English Village Community."LECTURE I.

The Awakening of Europe.

Introduction. —Europe j ust before the Hildebrandine move-
ment. The stagnation which had preceded it. A descrip-
tion of the social state of tenth-century Christendom. The
Manor as a unit of society. Three main needs of that
period: (i) commerce between the different political units;
(2) interchange of ideas upon the arts and sciences, with
civilization outside the narrow group of Western Christen-
dom; (3) a recognition of the extent of Western Europe as
compared with the rest of the world. Examples drawn
from a comparison of Byzantium, the Saracen world, and the
far East, as compared with Western Europe. Again, the
difficulty of appreciating the true position in military affairs,
which had till then been very greatly felt.

The result of the Hildebrandine movement. The unity
of the Church completes the unity of Western Christendom.
Pope Urban seizes the opportunity to preach the Crusade at
Clermont-Ferrand. The enthusiasm awoken by his speech.
Reasons for this. Peter the Hermit. The growing difficulty
of the pilgrimages, the Reconquista, etc. Way in which the
movement spread. Remarkable to us, but explicable under
the conditions of Europe at that time. The whole of Western
Christendom takes fire. One or two remarkable points in
this movement. Absence of the leading Princes of Europe.
Presence of great and undisciplined mobs. Extreme imagi-
native quality with which the movement was imbued.
Reasons for these.

How will these various elements combine toward a for-
ward movement ? The Normans in the South; the Gascons
and the Northern French. They form three definite armies
and move upon Jerusalem.

(3)4

LECTURE II.

The Marches and Battle-Grounds of the Crusades.

The three main routes taken by the first Crusade. The
Danube route; the central land route; the Appian Way.
Various advantages and disadvantages of these routes. Note
that until later the sea route was not tried. The condition
of Hungary, of the Macedonian mountains, of the Southern
Greek Empire. The condition of Asia Minor through
which the first Crusade joined its forces to march on the
Holy Land.

A note upon the other methods of arriving at that spot.
It is important to pay attention to these, and to apply one's
conclusions upon them to the Lectures upon the second and
third Crusades.

(i) The method of crossing Asia Minor, combined with
skirting the sea-coast with the fleet (second Crusade).
(2) The method of crossing Asia Minor, combined with a
direct sea route (third Crusade). The sea was obviously
the way of getting at it, but the lesson was learnt too late.

The Holy Land itself. Its conformation in parallel valleys
and ridges. The difficulty of forming a mediaeval state
under such conditions.

The state of the population. The Christian peasantry
and the Turkish garrisons. The Emirates. Danger to the
Crusaders in the consolidation of the Emirates. How this
finally occurred, and the way in which it completed the
downfall of Christian Palestine (second and third Crusade).

A few remarks on the equipment, the armament, and the
method of attack during these wars. Their development
was part of the general development of Europe, for which
they were responsible (see Lecture VI).5

LECTURE III.

The First Crusade. The Conquest.

The three great armies. The Northern French, Godfrey
and the Duke of Normandy. The Southern French, Rai-
mond. The Normans of Sicily, Boemond. They meet at
Constantinople. The difficulties which are to beset the
Crusades are at once apparent. The different ways in which
the three parties treat their responsibilities. The Northern-
ers stolid and angry, the Gascons vivacious and overcunning,
the Normans acquiring the material advantages.

The march through Asia Minor. Nicaea. Dorylaeum.
The siege of Antioch; its capture. The battle with Ker-
boga. The quarrel as to who is to possess the city. In this
quarrel the double character of the Crusade is for the first
time thoroughly apparent. The nobles discuss the condi-
tions of holding the city; the people organize roughly and
march on Jerusalem. Effect of this popular movement on
the future reverence toward the leaders. Prominence of
Godfrey de Bouillon entirely due to this episode.

The advance on Jerusalem and its capture. Godfrey's

I position. Apparently complete success.

j How far was the first Crusade really a final victory ?

I	■

i. It depended upon the isolation of the Emirates.

I 2. It depended upon the loyalty of the conquerors to the
main idea.

3. It depended upon help from without.

The next lecture will show how all these three conditions
Med.6

LECTURE IV.

The Second Crusade. The Defence.

In the last lecture three conditions were laid down as
principally necessary for the maintenance of Christian power
in Palestine:—(i) the isolation of the Emirates; (2) the
loyalty of the Christian feudatories; (3) the help from with-
out. All these failed.

1.	The Emirates consolidated (as might have been fore-
seen) under external pressure. Nature of the religion helped
this. The North-East is cut off on the fall of Edessa. The
exception of Damascus and the folly of the Crusaders in
dealing with it.

2.	The Christian powers in Palestine are all at war. Dr.
Stubb's theory accounting for this. Add to this explanation
the geographical conditions, and the fact that no one was
traditionally the head man. Importance of this in a feudal
state

3.	Help from without had been partial, from the very fact
that the first Crusade had begun that development of Europe
which made it more and more difficult to get away from
home, and create new and engrossing home interests.

The second Crusade starts, motived by the success of the
new Mohammedan power. The two branches of it, Louis
VII and Conrad of Germany. The two routes they take.
Why did Conrad's crossing of Asia Minor fail? Second
method of skirting the seacoast. Louis's disaster in the
Taurus mountains. Finally he takes the sea route (the only
true way) and is joined in Palestine by the remnant of Con-
rad's army. Their foolish assault on the neutral Emirs.
Their failure. Its result upon the powers now slowly closing
in upon the Christian kingdom.

Could this kingdom yet have been saved ? It could—-if
Antioch had actively helped Jerusalem; if the western world
had kept up communications with Palestine. They failed to
do so. There followed the rise of Saladin and the tardy and
futile attempt to reconquer the Holy Land, which is cahed
the Third Crusade.7

LECTURE V.

The Third Crusade. The Attempt at Reconquest.

Chiefs of this war, Barbarossa and Richard I of England.
They were two of the greatest names of the middle ages.
Position of Barbarossa. The high-water mark of the Ger-
man Empire in the middle ages. His practical success in
Italy. The headship universally allowed to him. Richard I.
His character. His great fame on the continent. His
splendid inheritance as the son of Henry II. Reasons for
the late appearance of England in the Crusades.

The chiefs were all that the times demanded. The arma-
ment and tactics were highly developed. Part of that gen-
eral development of Europe which the Crusades directly
brought about. Their attempt was comparatively simple,
viz., to reconquer the small territory of Palestine, quite half
of which was still held by Christians. Why did they fail?
Because the strategy was too much a matter of routine, and
because the attempt was made too late.

Story of Saladin's rise and the capture of Jerusalem.

Barbarossa marches through Asia Minor. This had been
proved time and again to be a mistake, but it was a tradi-
tion. Failure of this march. Legendary obscurity sur-
rounding it. The death of the Emperor. Its effect upon
Saladin.

Richard comes by sea. Obviously the direct route, but
tried too late. He besieges Tyre in company with the king
of France. The international jealousies (due again to that
development of Europe which the Crusades themselves had
brought about). Philippe of France opposes Richard in
every point. Tyre is taken, and Richard marches alone
against Jerusalem. The marches and countermarches
between Joppa and the mountains. The attempt on Jeru-
salem fails, and Richard sails homeward and falls prisoner
to his enemies in Europe.

The Crusades had then virtually failed. Land is held in
Palestine for a hundred years, but only in sparse garrisons.
A summary of the causes of their failure.8

LECTURE VI.
The Effect of the Crusades.

Had the Crusades any effect, though they were apparently
a failure ? They had a very direct and momentous effect,
which it is almost impossible to overestimate.

Reference to the first lecture. Europe needed (i) inter-
communication, (2) recognition of its relative position,
(3) lessons from exterior civilization.

All these the Crusades had given it, for (1) trades sprang
up on all sides on account of the increased travel. Examples
of this effect in our own time. Its prominence in the twelfth
century. The new trade routes. The growth of shipping,
and above all the breaking up of the narrow territorial
units.

(2)	It appreciated the danger on its boundaries, and united
to repel it in a way the value of which we, now that the
danger has disappeared, hardly understand. The struggle
lasted till two hundred years ago. It also helped enormously
the unity of Christendom, e. g., the thirteenth century
friars.

(3)	The lessons from without. The architecture. The
military education. The command of the Mediterranean,
The sciences which came in from Byzantium and from
Granada. Perhaps the Greek authors would be unknown
in Europe but for the Crusades; and perhaps, but for them,
when Constantinople fell, the Eastern Empire would have
become so alien as to make no impress on the west of
Europe.

Summary.—The century of the Crusades (1096-1200) is
the watershed of mediaeval history. The bearing of a com-
parison of epochs upon an appreciation of that time. The
Universities, the growth of the towns, the representative
system, all are ultimately to be traced to the century during
which this great upheaval took place.9

QUESTIONS.

LECTURE I.

1.	What were the main causes of the Crusades ? To which do you

attach most importance ? and why ?

2.	" Isolation, both in the units and in the whole group, is the note

of the period " (900-1050). Comment on this.

LECTURE II.

1.	Had the Crusades to be fought over again, what general plan would

you suggest for the attack ? (Map.)

2.	"Geographical conditions are ultimately the controlling condi-

tions of Historical Development.'* How far is this borne out
by the Crusades ?

LECTURE III.

1.	Compare the characteristics of the three armies. Which do you

sympathize witli most ? and why ?

2.	Describe briefly the siege of Antioch and estimate its importance

in the war.

LECTURE IV.

1.	Give examples from Mussulman history of rapid combinations.

How does Islam lend itself to these ? Have we any modern
examples ?

2.	How far was the Christian view of Greek Policy just ?

LECTURE V.

1.	The character of Richard Cceur de Lion.

2.	Why, in your opinion, was the main object of the Crusades (Jeru-

salem) saved from the successful Kings ?

LECTURE VI.
No essay subjects.University Extension Publications.*

Any of the following publications will be sent post-free upon receipt
of the price. They may be ordered by the numbers.

package containing pamphlets, specimen syllabi and copies of
THE CITIZEN, giving a fairly complete idea of the whole movement,
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THE CITIZEN is the regular publication of the Society. It is
published monthly, and the subscription price is $1.00 per year.

GENERAL CIRCULARS.

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B.	" Instructions to Extension Organizers,"................ "	100

C.	"Instructionsto Extension Lecturers,"................ . "	200

D.	" History and Organization of University Extension,"......... "	3 00

E.	"Instructions and Suggestions to Local Committees," .......single copy,	25

F.	" Lecture Courses,"........................ . "	15

G.	Price List, .............................................free

BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.

1.	Hand-book 9f University Extension (being Vol. I., July, 1891-June, 1892, of

University Extension) 400 pp., octavo, cloth.................$ 50

2.	Proceedings of The First National Conference, containing in full all the ad-

v dresses and reports, (pp. 292),...................... 1 50

3.	An Address before the American Society. By R. G. Moulton, Cambridge Uni-

versity Extension Lecturer, (pp. 19), ................... 10

4.	Lecturer's Notes on the Working of University Extension. By R. G. Moulton.

(pp.8),................................... 10

5.	The University Extension Movement in England (1885). By R. G. Moulton.

(pp. 61),................................... 20

6.	University Extension; Its Definition, History, System of Teaching, and Organi-

zation. (pp. 8),..................................10

7.	What Should be the Position of University Extension? By Sidney T. Skidmore.

(pp. 12),................................... 10

8.	University Extension as Seen by a Lecturer. By C. Hanford Henderson.

(PP.15),........ • • .................... 10

9.	Report on the Movement in England, (pp. 31),................. 10

10.	University Extension as viewed by prominent American Educators, (pp. 44),. . 15

11.	The Development of the University Extension Idea. By Michael E. Sadler,

Secretary Oxford Delegacy, (pp. 20),....................> 10

12.	The University Extension Lecturer. By E. J. James, President of the American '

Society, (pp. 18),.............................. 15

13.	The Function and Organization of a Local Centre. By Michael E. Sadler.

(PP. 8),................................... 10

14.	The Y. M. C. A. and University Extension. By Walter C. Douglas, General

Secretary of the Philadelphia Y. M. C. A. (pp. 7).............. 10

15.	The Church and University Extension. By J. S. Macintosh, (pp.7),..... 10

16.	The Class in University Extension. By Edward T. Devine, Staff Lecturer of

the American Society, (pp. 6),....................... 10

17.	The Place of University Extension in American Education. By William T.

Harris, (pp. 14), .......................................................15

18.	The Place of University Extension. By Simon N. Patten, Ph. D. (pp.36), . .	10

19.	The First Annual Report of the American Society,..............................15

20.	The Ideal Syllabus. By Henry W. Rolfe, Staff Lecturer of the American So-

ciety. (pp. 3),............................... 10

21.	Some General Considerations on University Extension. By E. J. James, Presi-

dent of the American Society,....................... 10

22.	Oxford Reformers; Colet, Erasmus, and More. By W. Hudson Shaw, M. A. (pp.

83),.....................................

23.	Greek Life and Thought. Outlines of Lectures in Summer Meeting, 1895. (pp.32), © 10
34. Statement of the Board of Directors, 1894, American Society for the Extension of

University Teaching, ............................ 10

•Brief circulars explanatory of University Extension will be sent free on application.SYLLABI. SERIES 1890-91.

Mo. 4. Milton's Poetic Art. Richard G. Moulton, Ph. D.,.... ........*

" 6. Story of Faust. Richard G. Moulton, Ph. D.,..............10

44 1. Shakespeare's Tempest with Companion Studies. Richard G. Moulton,

Ph.D.,............................................................*•

1" 9. Stories as a Mode of Thfftking. Richard G. Moulton, Ph. D.,..........to

u 11. Electricity. Henry Crew,................................................*•

" 12. Four Studies in Shakespeare. Richard G. Moulton, Ph. D.,............xo

" 15. Animal Life. Considered as a part of Universal Energy. Spencer Trot*

ter, M. D.,..........................................*•

<£ 16. Modern Essayists. F. E. Schelling, M. A.,. . . .........................XO

" 20. Algebra. George E. Fisher, M. A.t.................. •	15

" 21. Botany; Structural. JosephT. Rothrock, M. D.,..................10

" 22. Geology and Palaeontology. Part I. (Illustrated.) E. D. Cope, Ph. D.,. •	ao

SERIES A. 1891-92.

A. No. 1. Political History of Europe since 1815,...............

Parti. 1815-1848. lC. M. Andrews, Ph. D.,
1848-1881. •»

Part II. 1848-1881.

2.	Constitution of the United States. F. N. Thorpe, Ph. D........

3.	English Literature—Chaucer to Tennyson. R. E. Thompson, S. T. D.,

4.	Epochs in American History. 1620-1892. F. N. Thorpe, Ph. D., . . .

5.	Europe Finds America. F. N. Thorpe, Ph. D.,..... •••••«

6.	Civil Development of the United States. F. N. Thorpe, Ph. D.....

7.	Mathematics as Applied to Mechanics. E. S. Crawley, B. S., . . • •

8.	Representative American Authors. Josiah H. Pbnniman, B. A., . • .

9.	Earlier Plays of Shakespeare. James O. Murray, LL. D........

10.	English Literature. Albert H. Smyth, M. A.,............

11.	Political Economy. R. E. Thompson, S. T. D.,............

12.	Modern Novelists. Felix E. Schelling, M. A., ...........

13.	Central Europe in the Nineteenth Century. E. P. Cheyney, M. A.,. •

14.	Typical English Poets. Henry S. Pancoast,.............

15.	Modern Industrial History. E. P. Cheyney, M. A.,

16.	Poets of America. Willis Boughton, M. A.,............

17.	Dynamical Geology,..........................

Part I. \ w B ScoTT> Ph. D.,................

Part II. i	................

18.	Economic Condition of the People of the United States, between 1789 and

1816. J. B. McMaster, Ph, D., .

19.	American Literature. A. H. Smyth, M. A.,

20.	English Literature in the Nineteenth Century. Henry W. Rolfb, M. A.

21.	Structural Botany. (With an Outline Course of Study.) Joseph T

Rothrock, M. D.,...............

22.	The Brook Farm Community. Willis Boughton, M. A,

23.	Electricity. A. W. Goodspeed, Ph. D.,.........

24.	Prose Fiction in America. George F. James, M. A., . .

25.	The Strength of Materials. Henry W. Spangler, . . .

26.	Political Economy. (With an outline of reading.) Edward T. Dbvinb

Ph. D.,

27.	American History—Administration of Government. Francis N. Thorpe,

Ph. D.,............................

28.	Robert Browning. Henry S. Pancoast,...............

29.	Studies in English Poetry of the Nineteenth Century. Paul SfiORHY,.

30.	The Modern View of Energy. George F. Barker, M. D.,......

31.	English Poets of the Revolution Age. W. Clarke Robinson, Ph. D.„

32.	A Bird's-eye View of European History, from the Battle of Marathon

the Fall of the Eastern Empire. Ida M. Gardner, ....

33.	Literature of the Queen Anne Period. C. T. Winchester, L. H. D,

34.	History and Theory of Money. (With an outline Course of Study.) Sid-

ney Sherwood, Ph. D.,....................

35.	Plant Forms and Plant Functions. (With an outline Course of Study.)

John M. MacFarlane, F. R. S. E.,............

36.	Renaissance, Historically Considered. C. M. Andrews, Ph. D., . .

37.	Light. A. W. Goodspeed, Ph. D„.................

38.	Shakspere: The Man and His Mind. W. Clarke Robinson, Ph. D.,

39.	Revolutions in Conynerce. H. D. Mackinder, M. A.,.......

40.	Socialism: Past, Present, and Future. (With an outline Course of Study.)

Michael E. Sadler, M. A.,................. .

41.	The Change in Political Economy. (With an outline Course of Study.)

Michael E. Sadler, M. A,,.............

42.	The Literary Study of the Bible. Richard G. Moulton, Ph. D,

xo
10

XO

XO
XO
XO
XO

m

XO

I*

XO
XO
XO

XO
XO
XO
XO

XO

XO

XO
XO

xo
XO
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XO
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90

is

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15

XOSYLLABI. SERIES B. 1892-93.

&No. 1. American Statesmen. f. n. Thorpe, Ph. D., . . . . . . . • ...... $0 so

•* " 2. Astronomy. C. A. Young, Ph. D., LL. D., . . ..... . . . . ....	JO

m " 3. The Making of a Federal Republic. w. c. Webster, M. A.,..... .	10
** " 4. English History as Illustrated by Shakespeare's Plays. Beverley E.

Warner, m. a., . . . ....................to

** •' 5. The Development of the United States.'* e. D. Warfield, LL. D., . . .	10

.j11 6. American Authors. j. h. Penniman, b. a., . .....................10

M " 7V Florentine History. W. Hudson Shaw, M. A., . ...................20

44 ** 8. Art of Music. Hugh A. Clarke, Mus. D., ...................10

44 41 9., Prose Writers of the Nineteenth Century. H. W. Rolfe, M. a., ....	10

** " 10. Puritan Revolution. W.Hudson Shaw, M. A./ ...................10

44 44 11. Electricity. Geo. S. Hull, Ph. d.,.....................10

44 44 12. Age of Elizabeth. W. Hudson Shaw, M. A.,. . . ................xo

44 " 13. Causes of National Prosperity. Edward t. Devine, Ph. d.,............xo

44 44 14. Development of American Nationality. J. L. Stewart, Ph. B., ....	15

•' " 15. History of American Literature. R. e. Thompson, S. t. D.,............10

44 " 16. History of Venice. W. Hudson Shaw, m. a., ....................25

" •« vj. English Social Reformers. W. Hudson Shaw, M. A., .........	10

44 44 18. Birth of American Institutions. Edwin e. Sparks, M. A.,.......* 1$

" " 19. American Political History. L. p. Powell, B. A.,...........•	15

" " 20. United States History. c. F. A. Currier,.............. .	xo

SERIES C. 1893-94.

C.	No. 1. The Protestant Reformation. J. H. Dubbs, d. d., ...........	15

44 44 2. Shakespeare. Homer b. Sprague, Ph. d.,......................xo

44 44 3. Electricity. William l. Puffer, . . ..............• . .	xo

44 44 4. Topics in Algebra. Edwin s. Crawley, B. s................35

44 " 5. Milton, Paradise Lost and Goldsmith. Homer b. Sprague, Ph. D., . .	15

44 M 6. Life in Ancient Cities. Edmund m. Hyde, Ph. d., ............xo

44 44 7. Reformation, Historically Considered. C. m. Andrews, Ph. D., ....	15
44 44 8. Some Formative Influences in the History of the American Union. John

Fiske, m. a., . ..............................xo

44 ** 9. English Novelists. Josiah H. Penniman, B. A.,....................15

44 44 10. Literary Study of Homer. Wm. C. Lawton, b. a*, . . . . .............xo

44 44 11. Egypt and Israel. Robt. W. Rogers, Ph. D.,............................J$

44 44 12. Comparative Religion. R. E. Thompson, s. T. D., . . . ....... .	tJ

•*"' 44 13. The Problem of Money. H. H. Powers, M. A.,.................so

•4 " 14. Experimental Psychology. Lightner Witmer, Ph. D., ........	xo

44 " 15. Citizenship and Government. Edward T. Devine, Ph. D...........xo

SERIES D. 1894*95*

D.	No. x. Early English Literature. W. Clarke Robinson, Ph. D., .......	15

44 " 2. Browning and Tennyson. Stockton Axson, M. A., ..........	xo

44 44 3. Money and Banking. Robert Ellis Thompson, s. t. D.,...... .	xo

44 " 4. Poetry and Romance in New England. William Cranston Lawton, B.	15
44 44 5. Development of Classical Music from Palestrina to Beethoven. Thomas

Whitney Surette,..........................xo

" " 6. Bayard Taylor and his Friends. Albert h. Smyth, B. a., . . . . , .	xo
•• 44 7. First Quarter of the Nineteenth Century in the United States. John Bach

McMaster, Ph. d.,........ . . .................xo

w 44 8. Representative English Authors of the Nineteenth Century. Henry W.

Rolfe,M. A.,.......................................15

44 44 9. The Poetry of the Nineteenth Century—Wordsworth, Byron, Shelley,

■4.. Browning, Tennyson. Stockton Axson, . . . . - . . . . . .	10

44 44 10. The Making of England, 449-1215. W. Hudson Shaw, M. A., ......	70

" 44 11. Mediaeval England, 1215-1514. w. Hudson Shaw, m. a., .......	25

•* 41 12. English History. Edward P. Cheyney, M. A.,....................i®

44 44 13. The American Railway. Emory R. Johnson, Ph. D.,...... . , .	xo

«• 44 14. The American Citizen. Albert A. Bird, Ph. dm................xo

44 44 15. Special Studies in English Literature. Alfred Cope Garrett, Ph. D.,	Xo
14 44 16. Certain Poets and Prose Writers of New England. Henry W. Rolfe,

M. A., ........................................15

it# •« Puritan Revolution. Frederick w. Nicolls,..................15

•* " 18 Current Topics. linuhley Miller keasbey, Ph. D., . ............10

m " 19. The Life of Plants. wrpjam P. Wilson, Sc. D.,. .1 ..............xo

• M 20 Between the Two Wars—1812-1860. Henry W. Elson, M. A., . . . . .	V*This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
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