Q

ILLINOIS

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PRODUCTION NOTE

University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign Library
Brittle Books Project, 2015.COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION

In Public Domain.
Published prior to 1923.

This digital copy was made from the printed version held
by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
It was made in compliance with copyright law.

Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
by

Northern Micrographics
Brookhaven Bindery
La Crosse, Wisconsin

2015J •». V %

.I'i

HAND

mmUNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
LIBRARY

Class	Book	Volume

' - v ^

Ja 09-20MINTRODUCTORY.

I'his Hand Book iias been prepared with the purpose of reaching and intt
gating all classes. In the following pages will be found information upon ever,
phase of the Tariff question in connection with our financial and industrial life.
The first voter and student will find a complete exposition of our present fiscal
policy presented in a terse manner, accompanied by explanatory tables. The
editor and speaker will find gathered in compact form invaluable information for
use during the campaign, while the general reader will find the work an ever
ready vade mecum for constant reference.

Protectionists do not base their contentions upon theories or suppositions.
Every argument is founded upon actual experience. Our Tariff history and the
results of the operation of our various Tariff laws present the best and really
the only arguments for a continuation of our present law and a maintenance of
our Protective policy.

It is believed that the questions—What has Free-Trade—What has Protec-
tion done for the United States?—are fully answered in the following pages and
in a manner irrefutable. The figures are not prize statistics, nor one-sided tables,
but are in every instance complete, official and authoritative. The simple conclu-
sion which they show is: That under Free-Trade we have, had adversity, while
under Protection we have had Prosperity. This proven beyond question, the
issue, while a momentous one in its far reaching influence, is yet a simple one to
study and comprehend. Under Protection we are employed and well paid for
doing our own work, instead of doing, as we are compelled to do under Free-
Trade—stand idle and purchase, as long as we have money to buy, the wares of
foreign producers, till we must finally succumb to bankruptcy and ruin. We have
tried and well tried both policies, and we have experienced both results. There
need be no hypothesis in the matter whatever; we are able to point to actual
experience and positive effects. The evidence is presented clearly in the following
pages. Its careful examination is commended to all who would profit by knowl-
edge either in self instruction or in the teaching of others.

In the tables used the period from 1890 to the latest for which complete
data can be found is used. This includes the years under the McKinley Tariff,
under the Gorman-Wilson law, and under the Dingley law to the present time.
In these tables are shown the transition from prosperity under the Protection
of the McKinley law to the adversity under the Free-Trade law of 1894, and the
return to Protection and prosperity with the enactment of the Dingley law and
its continuance since. It is believed that a brief allusion to our earlier history
will be found both interesting and instructive, and some tables are carried back
prior to 1890 for general comparison. The work is purposely made, for the most
part, non-continuous, and generally every page or two is complete in itself, so
that the busy man can open anywhere and in a few moments' time gain a brief
but comprehensive view of an entire subject.

All figures are taken from the Statistical Abstract, Census Reports, or other
official reports of the Government, except the figures concerning iron and steel, for
which acknowiedgment is made to James M. Swank of the American Iron and
Steel Assoeiation.	41

looOii .. i

Protection and Free-Trade*

A Tariff is a tax imposed by a country upon the exports of its own products
the imports of foreign productions. As the Constitution of the United States
ohibits a Tariff on exports, only import duties need be considered. These
uport duties are laid either for the purpose of revenue or for Protection, or both.
Where no duties at all are imposed upon imports, absolute Free-Trade ensues, and
yet it has been agreed by our economists that a Tariff for revenue only is also
practical Free-Trade. At the outset, then, it would be well for us to define and
explain clearly just what is meant by the terms Protection and Free-Trade.
There is probably no better definition of the term Protection than that given by
Senator George F. Hoar, as follows:

Protection, as used in our political and economic discussions, is the imposing of such
duties on the importation of foreign products as will prevent a domestic producer of the
same article from having his business destroyed by the competition of the foreign import,
while he establishes it; or will enable him to maintain the production, without its being
destroyed or rendered unprofitable by the competition of the. foreign article after it is
established, when he could not otherwise so establish or maintain it; or the enabling him
to pay larger wages in such production than he could pay if he were subject to the foreign
competition.

The term Free-Trade has never had a better explanation than that given by
its foremost apostle and advocate in this country. Professor W. G. Sumner:

Free-Trade: The term " Free-Trade," although much discussed, is seldom rightly de-
fined. It does not mean the abolition of custom houses, nor does it mean the substitution
of direct for indirect taxation, as a few American disciples of the school have supposed.
It means such an adjustment of taxes on imports as will cause no diversion of capital from
any channel into which it would otherwise flow, into any channel opened or favored by the
legislation which enacts the customs. A country may collect its entire revenue by duties
on imports and yet be an entirely Free-Trade country, so long as it does not lay those duties
in such a way as to lead any one to undertake any employment or make any investment he
would livoid in the absence of such duties; thus the customs duties levied by England, with
a very few exceptions, are not inconsistent with her profession of being a country which
believes in Free-Trade. They either are duties on articles not produced in England, or they
are exactly equivalent to the excise duties levied on the same articles if made at home.
They do not lead any one to put his money into the home production of an article, because
they do not discriminate in favor of the home producer.

It therefore follows that duties which are not Protective, in other words
duties which are not fully equal to the difference in the cost of labor in the
United States and the cost of the same or similar labor on the same article
abroad, are Free-Trade duties, in fact, and-in effect, just as much as if there
were no duties whatever upon the commodity, so far as they affect our ability to
produce that commodity at a prevailing labor cost. If, for instance, a duty of
thirty cents ^ is necessary upon a yard of cloth to keep out a yard of similar
foreign made material, and the duty is then lowered to twenty-five cents a yard,
thereby enabling the foreign producer to pay the duty and enter our markets at
the same or a lower price than is quoted on our own production, then the duty of
twenty-five cents results in Free-Trade in that commodity. - When, therefore,
Free-Traders are shy of using the term and resort to the terms of Tariff Reform,
Tariff Reduction, Tariff Revision, etc., they are begging the question and deceiving
both themselves and their followers. Our duties must be either Protective duties
or, Free-Trade duties, and the moment they cease to be Protective they result in
Free-Trade. The terms Protection and Free-Trade will, therefore, be used, and
used honestly and fairly throughout this work.3

Duties—Specific and Ad Valorem.

_ There are various methods of imposing duties on imports, the principal of
which are known as specific duties and ad valorem duties.

A specific duty is an impost of specified amount upon any object of a par-
ticular kind, or upon a specified quantity of a commodity, that is to say, a fixed
amount upon a yard, a pound, a ton, a square foot, a gallon, etc. For instance, a
duty of $28.00 upon a ton of steel rails, or 25 cents upon a bushel of wheat, without
reference to their declared value, would be a .specific duty.

An ad valorem duty is, according to the meaning of the term, an impost laid
at a stated per cent, of the value of the goods imported, and of course the amount
of this duty will vary with any changes in the declared value of the goods
imported. In many cases both a specific and an ad valorem duty is imposed on
the same article, as, for instance, a duty is imposed upon Brussels carpets under
the present law of 44 cents per square yard and 40 per cent., which would be
equivalent to, an ad valorem duty of 82.72 per cent, upon a yard valued at one
dollar and three cents.

Most of our economists agree that the ad valorem method is vicious, unjust
and unwise, because in the first place there is constant temptation to under-
valuation, thereby defrauding the Government of its rightful revenue; and then
again the varying changes in the price of a commodity may render a duty of to-day
absurd and unjust to-morrow. For instance,* let us suppose that a yard of cloth
is subject to a duty of 25 per cent., which when the duty is imposed is fully
Protective. * Let us suppose that the value of this yard of cloth was at the time
the duty was imposed one dollar, making the duty 25 cents. Now, if in a few
weeks or a few months the foreign price of this yard of cloth should fall to 60
cents, then the ad valorem 25 per cent.. duty would be 15 cents, which might,
perhaps, be inadequate to overcome the difference of labor cost in producing that
yard of cloth, thereby without a change of schedules or change of law, making
what was intended to be a Protective duty now a Free-Trade duty. One of the
reasons why the Tariffs of 1846 and 1857 were so iniquitous in character and so
destructive in effect was because ail duties had been laid by the ad valorem
method, although the method had been condemned by Free-Traders as well as
Protectionists since the foundation of the Government. Again, the duties laid
by the Wilson-Gorman law were largely ad valorem, while, on the other hand, the
duties laid by the McKinley law and by the Dingley law, now in operation, are
largely specific. It is specially true of the Dingley law that where ad valorem
rates are used they are almost invariably in connection with a specific rate upon
the same article.

The Outcome of Protection.

Says Mr. Mosely, in summing up the Report of the Industrial Commission to
this country from England:

My personal conclusion is that the true-born American is a better educated, better
housed, better fed, better clothed and more energetic man than his British brother, and
infinitely more sober; and, as a natural consequence, he is more capable of using his brains
as well as his hands.

And it is all due to American wages, the outcome of Protection which has
built up and maintains our home market4

Our Tariff History in a Nutshell.

From the time of the landing of the Pilgrims in 1620 to the formation of our
Government under a constitution in 1789 there were in this country no general
duties upon imports; in short, we were living under Free-Trade, and foreign
nations were able to place in our market without restraint every article which
we were liable to buy. After we had secured independence and were united as a
confederacy during the years from 1783 to 1789, when we existed as a union of
colonies, this Free-Trade was accompanied by most disastrous results. The wares
of foreign countries, and particularly of Great Britain, were dumped upon our
shores, for which our money went abroad until we were drained of all our specie
and had not even a dollar left as a circulating medium. Because of the goods
which came from abroad our own laborers were idle, and nothing but debt and
ruin stared us in the face.

This state of affairs was one of the principal causes which led to the adoption
of a constitution and a uniform Government throughout the States in 1789. It
is not surprising, then, that the first law placed upon our statute books affecting
the people was a Tariff law intended not only as a means of revenue, but for the
encouragement and Protection of manufactures. The effect was at once seen in
the industrial progress which we made in both agriculture and manufactures, in
spite of the attempts of the mother country to crush out every industry in the
States.

From time to time the Tariff was revised and strengthened by increases, and '
on July 1, 1812, a law was enacted imposing double duties, or, as it was known,
the War Tariff. Nearly all importations then ceased, and rapid progress was
made in all lines of industry, and in spite of the hard times and the great strain
upon our resources made necessary by the war with England, we made constant
j and most substantial progress.

In 1816 a new Tariff law was enacted, and our Congress, thinking that even
with a repeal of many of the war taxes the Tariff would still remain sufficiently
Protective, made many reductions. But A\hey were mistaken; duties were left not
sufficiently high to keep out importations, and with determination on the part of
Great Britain to throttle and ruin our growing industries, the years following this
Tariff proved most disastrous. Bankruptcy and general financial ruin followed,
values shrunk, and the evils of low duties or Free-Trade were most apparent.
The agitation for higher duties became so earnest that in 1824 a new Tariff law
was passed which restored many duties to a Protective point and gave our indus-
tries a new start and our agriculture great impetus. The effect was almost
magical in all parts of the new and growing country, and so effective were the
results that many of our statesmen like Daniel Webster, who had previously been
Free-Traders, became at once most stanch advocates of a Protective Tariff. The
result was that in 1828 a new law was enacted, which was called the " Tariff of
Abomination" by its enemies, but which proved to be a most beneficial law
because of its thoroughly Protective features.

John Cr Calhoun, who had been a Protectionist in the early years, now
believing that Free-Trade was better for the South, because, as he thought, it
must always reniain a?i agricultural country, and would benefit more by selling
itg QW staple product, cotton, as dear as possible, a»4 buying manufactured goo<J§5

as cheap as possible, became an advocate of low Tariffs, and was followed by
th^ entire slave power of the South, who saw the advantages which the North
was gaining under the so-called American System of Protection. The Southern,
leaders now saw that they could use the Tariff as a means to further their own
ends, and they demanded that the Protective system be utterly and absolutely
abandoned.

In 1832 some concessions were made to the Southern demands, but they were
not satisfactory, and the South demanded most important changes or threatened
to secede from the Union. In fact, an Ordinance of Nullification was adopted in
South Carolina, which declared that the Tariff acts of 1828 and 1832 were " null,
void and no law, nor binding upon the State, its officers or citizens." It also
prohibited the payment of duties under either act within the State after Feb-
ruary 1, 1833. Then followed the so-called Compromise Tariff, which provided
for a gradual reduction of duties by a sliding scale of one-tenth biennially of
all duties in excess of 20 per cent. The result under the second reduction was
most apparent, and soon the country suffered one of the most terrible and
disastrous financial periods of its existence. Both the Government and the
people became absolutely bankrupt. There was idleness on every hand, and the
most intense suffering by all classes of people; and yet in spite of this terrible
condition of affairs the Democratic National platform of 1840 condemned Protec-
tion and indorsed Free-Trade in its platform.

Most fortunately, however, for our country and its people, the Whigs were
successful in 1840, and elected a President and both Houses of Congress. The
result was the Tariff of 1842, which had to be passed.over the veto of President
Tyler. The result was indeed marvelous. Throughout the length and breadth
of the land the beneficent results of Protection were again seen, and soon pros-
perity reigned as never before; and yet when the Democratic party again came
into power four years later, in 1844, having elected its President and Vice-
President through deception, the majority of citizens believing that they had
voted for candidates who were not hostile to the industrial interests of the
country, a new Tariff law was framed known as the Walker law, or the Tariff
©f 1846. Not only were duties lowered below a Protective point, but these duties
were in every instance made ad valorem in character, a most pernicious and
unjust way of imposing duties. There were many circumstances both at home
and abroad whi,ch gave us spasmodic prosperity under this law, but when these
unusual causes ceased the law proved to be most ruinous and disastrous to all
our industries.

In spite of our increasing poverty, however, in 1857, the duties were still ,
further reduced, and then bankruptcy and ruin came swift and sure. A new
political party, however, had been born, and in 1860, the Republicans having a
plurality in the House of Representatives, a thoroughly Protective Tariff law
was passed known as the Morrill Tariff, and when the Southern Senators
resigned their seats it also passed the Senate, and President Buchanan signed it
on March 2J 1861. Thus it will be seen that the first great act of the Republican
party was the passage of a Protective Tariff law. As was the case in 1824 and
1842,. the beneficial effect was immediate and substantial. After the breaking out
of the war the Tariff was amended repeatedly by so-called war measures, many
of which were repealed at the close of the war, but our Tariff, as a whole,6

remained Protective till the enactment of the Gorman-Wilson law in 1894. In
1867 the Tariff was amended with higher duties upon wool, which resulted in
immediate benefit to the sheep raising industry of the country. In 1870 the duty
upon steel rails was made Protective, and that industry immediately started up
and soon reached most formidable proportions. In 1883, however, the so-called
Commission Tariff law was enacted, which reduced duties upon many articles,
particularly wool, with the result that this industry was severely affected.

In 1890 the so-called McKinley law was enacted, which corrected many of the
inequalities of the then existing law, and brought greater prosperity to our people
than had ever before been known; and yet through deception somewhat similar to
that practiced in 1844, the Free-Traders again came into power at the election of
1892 and in 1894 passed the so-called Gorman*-Wilson Tariff, which became a law
without the President's signature. This brought such immediate financial and
industrial disaster, however, that it was at once severely condemned, and in 1896
William McKinley was elected President, together with a Republican majority
in both Houses of Congress. | The so-called Dingley law was at once framed and
immediately enacted, going Into effect in August, 1897, and it has proved to be
the most beneficent Tariff law that we have ever enjoyed, bringing such pros-
perity as never was known before in the history of the world in this or any
other country. {

A Record Breaker*

The Dingley law will be a record breaker in many respects. No Protective
Tariff law of our history has remained unchanged or unamended longer than
seven years and a half. The so-called Tariff Commission law of 1883 went into
effect July 1 of that year, while the McKinley law went into effect October 6,
1890, seven years and three months later. The Dingley law went into effect July
24, 1897, and about the time of the next Presidential election will have been in
force longer than any other Tariff law on our statute books. It is not likely that
the law will be revised for some time after that date, however, so that it will
easily rank as not only the Tariff law remaining longest unrevised, but the most
successful in its operation, and the most beneficial in its results of any Tariff law
wkicbt we have ever had since the foundation of the Government.

Result of Free-Trade In Great Britain.

John Bright : " Nearly one-third of the whole people dwell in homes of only
one room; and more than two-thirds of the people of Scotland dwell in homes of
not more than two rooms. We find poverty and misery. What does it mean? It
means more than I can describe, and more than I will attempt to describe; and
as need begets need, so poverty and misery beget poverty and misery. In fact, in
looking at the past, to me it is a melancholy thing to look at; there is much of it
Which excites in me not astonishment, but horror. The fact is, there passes before
my eyes a vision of millions of families—not individuals, but families—fathers,
mothers and children—passing, ghastly, sorrow-stricken, in never-ending proces-
sion from their cradles to their graves."7

Our Principal Tariff Laws.

Date of such act.	Character of the bill and other remarks.	_

1789,	July 4........Specific and ad valorem rates, latter from 5 to 15 per cent.

1790,	August 10"......Specific and ad valorem rates, latter from 3 to 15V2 per cent.

1791,	March 3........This act only affected " spirits " paying specific duties.

1792,	May 2.......... Specific and ad valorem rates, latter from 7y2 to 15 per cent.

1794, June 7..........Specific and ad valorem rates, latter from 10 to 20 per cent.

. 1795, January 29......This act affected but few articles paying specific and ad valorem

rates.

1797, March 3*........This act affected but few articles paying specific and ad valorem

rates.

1797, July 8....... .. .This act only affected salt paying a specific duty.

1800, May 13.........This, act affected but few articles paying specific and ad valorem

rates.

1804, March 26.......This act, commonly called "Mediterranean fund," imposing an addi-
tional duty of 2y2 per cent, in addition to the duties now im-
, 5 posed by law.

1804, March 27. ......This act affected but few articles paying specific rates.

1812,	July 1..........This act imposed DOUBLE DUTIES, known as WAR DUTIES.

1813,	July 29.........This act only affected salt paying a specific duty.

1816, February 5......This act continued the double duties to 30th June, 1817.

1816, April 27........Specific minimum and ad valorem rates, latter from 7% to 30 per

cent.

1818, April 20........Tliis act affected but few articles paying specific rates.

18.19, March 3........This act only affected "wines" paying specific rates.

1824, May 22.........Specific, minimum, compound and ad valorem, latter from 12 to 50

per cent., the first really Protective Tariff. Results were most
beneficial.

1828, May 19.........Known as the Tariff of Abominations. Specific, minimum, com-
pound and ad valorem, latter from 20 to 50 per cent.

1828, May 24.........This act only affected "wines" paying specific rates.

183.0, May 20.........This act only affected "coffee, tea and cocoa," paying specific rates.

and reducing the rate.

1830, May 29.........This act only affected "molasses" paying specific rates.

1830, May 29.........This act only affected "salt" paying specific rates.

1832, July 13........ .This act only affected " wines of France " paying specific rates.

1832,	July 14.........Specific, minimum, compound and ad valorem, the latter from 5 to

50 per cent.

1833,	March 2........Compromise act—looking to a reduction of duties to 20 per cent.

1841,	September 11.... Specific and ad valorem, latter from 12% to 20 per cent.

1842,	August 30.......Specific, minimum, compound and ad valorem, the latter from 1 to

50 per cent.,

1846, July 30.........The rates of duty imposed by this act were exclusively ad valorem,

and arranged by schedules.

1857, March 3........A further reduction of rates which were exclusively ad valorem,

arranged by schedules.

1861, March 2........Went into effect April 12, 1861. Intended to raise the necessary

revenue for the Government expenditures and afford Protection
to our labor and industries.

1861, August 5.......First of the war Tariffs, large increase in duties.

1861,	December 24.....Duties increased on sugar, tea and coffee.

1862,	July 14......... Went into effect August 2, 1862. Further increase of rates. ~

1863,	March 3: 1864,

April 20, June 30;

1865, March 5; 1866,

March 15, July 28...Bills changing and generally increasing duties.

1&67. March 2. ...... . Rates increased on wool and woolens, giving great benefit to those

industries.

1869, February 24.....Rates increased on copper.8

iStO, July 14, Decern-	^

ber 20..............General changes. Free list iargely reduced. £>uty of $28 ton

on steel rails.

187:2, May. 1..........Tea and coffee made free.

1872, June 6,.*.*.....Went into effect August 1, 187& Reduction of 10 per cent. In-

'	creased free list.

1874,	June 22... *. *.. Revised statute, with slight and unimportant changes.

1875,	February 8......Known as the 4< Little Tariff Bill." General changes.

1875, March 3........Rates increased on sugar. Repeal of 10 per cent, reduction of act

of June 6, 1872.

1879, July 1..........Quinine made free.

4880, July 14.........A few unimportant changes.

1882,	May 6 and De-
cember 3...........Repeals discriminating duty.

1883,	March 3........Went into effect July 1, 1883. Known as the Tariff Commission

Bill. General revision, reductions and increased free list. Se-
vere blow to wool industry.

1890, October 1.......Went into effect October 6, 1890. Known as the McKinley Bill.

Changes from ad valorem to specific rates. Enlarged free- list.
Sugar made free, a bounty being substituted. Reciprocity law.

1894, August 27......Known as the Gorman-Wilson Bill. Became a law without the

President's signature. General reduction of duties. Wool put
;	on free list. Results, both anticipatory and actual, were dis-

astrous to all industry and labor.

1897, July 24...;.Known as the Dingley Law and is still in operation unchanged.

The most perfect and successful Tariff law ever enacted. Has
brought and still maintains unprecedented prosperity.

Tariffs of the United States.

When	Went into	When	Went into

passed.	Character.	effect.	passed.	Character.	effect.

July 4, 1789.....Protection.....August 2, 1789	August 30,1842.. Protection----August 30, 1842

August 10,1790.. Protection____January 1, 1791	July 30,1846----Free-Trade. .December 1, 1846

May 2,1792.....Protection________July 1, 1792	March 3, 1857----Free-Trade.......July 1, 1857

June 7,1794.....Protection.......July 1, 1794	March 2,1861----Protection......April 2, 1861

May 13, 1800____Protection.......July 1, 1800	July 14,1862----Protection.-----August 2, 1862

May 26, 1804.. . .Protection.......July 3, 1804	June 30,1864----Protection.......July 1, 1864

July 1,1812.....Protection.......July 1, 1812	March 2,1867----Protection......March 2, 1867

April 27,1816____Free-Trade.......July 1, 1816	June 6> 1872.....Protection..... August 1, 1872

May 22, 1824____Protection.......July 1, 1824	March 3,1875----Protection......March 3, 1875

iq icoo 5 Protection. J September 2, 1828	March 3, 1883.... Protection.......July 1, 1883

May iy, ±sz»... (protecti0n. j.....July 1, 1829	October 1,1S90.. Protection____October 6, 1890

July 14,1832.. . .Protection......March 4, 1833	August 18,1894, .Destruction.. .August 28, 1894

March 2, 1833... .Free-Trade. . .January 1, 1834	July 24, 1897... .Protection.......July 25, 1897

An Invariable Rule.

Mr. D. H. Mason says: 44 All the prosperity enjoyed by the American people
—absolutely all the prosperity without any reservation whatever—from the foun-
dation of the United States Government down to the present time, has been under
the reign of Protective principles ; and all the hard times suffered by the American
people in the s^me period have been preceded either by a heavy reduction of
duties on imports (or by a threat of such reduction) or by insufficient Protec-
tion; thus refuting all Free-Trade theories on the subject."9

Tariff Planks in National Platforms.

1856.

REPUBLICAN.—None.

DEMOCRATIC.—Reaffirmed; and this plank also adopted:

T^at there are questions connected with the foreign policy of this country which
are inferior to no domestic Question whatever. The time has come for the people of
the United States to declare themselves in favor of free seas and progressive Free-
Trade throughout the world, and. by solemn manifestations, to place their moral influ-
ence at the side of their successful example.

I860.

REPUBLICAN.-—That, while providing revenue for the support of the general Government
by duties upon imports, sound policy requires such an adjustment of these imposts
as to encourage the development of the industrial interests of the whole country; and
we commend that policy of national exchanges which secures to the workingmen lib-
eral wages, to agriculture remunerative prices, to mechanics and manufacturers an
adequate reward for their skill, labor and enterprise, and to the nation commercial
prosperity and independence.

e DEMOCRATIC.—Reaffirmed.

(The eighth section of the Confederate Constitution contained these words:
Sec. 8. Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and ex-
cises for revenue necessary to pay the debts, provide for the common defense, and
carry on the Government of the Confederate States; but no bounty shall be granted
from the Treasury, nor shall any duty or tax on importations from foreign nations be
laid to promote or foster any branch of industry,)

1864.

REPUBLICAN.—None.

DEMOCRATIC.—None.

1808.

REPUBLICAN.—None.

DEMOCRATIC.— ... A Tariff for revenue upon foreign imports, and such equal taxa-
tion under the internal revenue laws as will afford incidental Protection to domestic
manufactures, and as will, without impairing the revenue, impose the least burden upon
and best promote and encourage the great industrial interests of the country.

1872.

.. REPUBLICAN.—Revenue, except so much as may be derived from a tax upon tobacco and
liquors, should be raised by duties upon importations, the details of which should be
so adjusted as to aid in securing remunerative wages to labor, and promote the indus-
tries, prosperity and growth of the whole country.

DEMOCRATIC.— . . . Recognizing that there are in our midst honest but irreconcilable
differences of opinion with regard to the respective systems of Protection and Free-
Trade, we remit the discussion of the subject to the people in their Congressional, dis-
tricts, and to the decision of the Congress thereon, wholly free from executive interfer-
ence or dictation.

1876.

REPUBLICAN.—The revenue necessary for current expenditures and the obligations of the
public debt must be largely derived from duties upon importations, which, so ,far as

y possible, should be adjusted to promote the, interests of American labor and advance
the prosperity of the whole country,

DEMOCRATIC—We demand that all custom house taxation shall be only |or reyenue.

1880.

REPUBLICAN.—Reaffirmed,

DEMOCRATIC.—A Tariff for revenue onlv.

I

I	1884.	f

J ftEPUBLICAN.—It is the first duty of a good Government to protect the rights and prol
I mote the interests of its own people; the largest diversity of industry is most prodycl
/ $ive of general prosperity gmd of the comfort apd independence of the people,10

We therefore demand that the imposition of duties on foreign imports shall be
made, not for "revenue only," but that, in raising the requisite revenue for the Gov-
ernment, such/ duties shall be so levied as to afford security to our diversified indus-
tries and Protection to the rights and wages of the laborer, to the end that active and
intelligent labor, as well as capital, may have its just reward and the laboring man his
J full share in the national prosperity.

Against the so-called economical system of the Democratic party, which would de-
grade our labor to the foreign standard, we enter our earnest protest; the Democratic
party has failed completely to relieve the people of the burden of unnecessary taxation
by a wise reduction of the surplus.

The Republican party pledges itself to correct the inequalities of the Tariff, and to
reduce the surplus, not by the vicious and indiscriminate process of horizontal reduc-
tion, but by such methods as will relieve the taxpayer without injuring the laborer or
the great productive interests of the country.

We recognize the importance of sheep husbandry in the United States, the serious
depression which it is now experiencing, and the danger threatening, its future pros-
perity ; and we therefore respect the demands of the representatives of this important
agricultural interest for a readjustment of duty upon foreign wool, in order that such
industry shall have full and adequate Protection.

DEMOCRATIC.—The Democracy pledges itself to . . . reduce taxation to the lowest
limit consistent with due regard to the preservation of the faith of the nation to its
creditors and pensioners.

- Knowing full well, however, that legislation affecting the occupations of the people
should be cautious and conservative in method, not in advance of public opinion, but
responsive to its demands, the Democratic party is pledged to revise the Tariff in a
spirit of fairness to all interests.

But in making reduction in taxes it is not proposed to injure any domestic indus-
tries, but rather to promote their healthy growth. From the foundation of this Gov-
ernment taxes collected at the custom house have been the chief source of Federal
revenue.: Such they must continue to be. Moreover, many industries have come to rely
upon legislation for successful continuance, so that any change of law must at every
step be regardful of the labor and capital thus involved. The process of reform must
be subject to the execution of this plain dictate of justice.

All taxation shall be limited to the requirements of economical government.. The *
necessary reduction in taxation can and must be effected without depriving American
labor of the ahility to compete successfully with foreign labor, and without imposing
lower rates of duty than will be ample to cover any increased cost of production which
may exist in consequence of the higher rate of wages prevailing in this country.

Sufficient revenue to pay all the expenses of the Federal Government, economically
administered, including pensions, interest and principal of the public debt, can be got,
under our present system of taxation, from custom house taxes on fewer imported
articles, bearing heaviest on articles of luxury, and bearing lightest on articles of
necessity. '*

We. therefore denounce the abuses of the existing Tariff, and, subject to the pre-
ceding limitations, we demand that Federal taxation shall be exclusively for public
purpose, and shall not exceed the needs of the Government economically administered.

18SS.

REPUBLICAN.—We are uncompromisingly in favor of the American system of Protection;
we protest against its destruction as proposed by the President and his party. They
serve the interests of Europe; we will support the interests of America. We accept
the issue, and confidently appeal to the people for their judgment. The Protective sys-
tem must be maintained. Its abandonment has always been followed by general dis-
aster to all interests, except those of the usurer and the sheriff. We denounce the
. Mills bill as destructive to the general business, the labor and the farming interests
Qf the country, and we heartily indorse the consistent and patriotic action of the Re-
, publican Representatives in Congress in opposing its passage. We condemn the propo-
sition of the Democratic party to place wool on the free list, and we insist that the
duties thereon shall be adjusted and maintained so as to furnish fi&U $»<][ adequate
Protection to tUat industry throughout the United States.,11

The Republican party would effect all needed reduction of the national revenue by
repealing the taxes upon tobacco, which are an annoyance and burden to agriculture,
and the tax upon spirits used in the arts and for mechanical purposes; and by such
revision of the Tariff laws as will tend to check imports of such articles as are pro-
duced by our people, the production of which gives employment to our .labor, and
release from import duties those articles of foreign production (.except luxuries), the
like of which cannot be produced at home. If there shall still remain a larger revenue
than is requisite for the wants of the Government, we favor the entire repeal of inter-
nal taxes rather than the surrender of any part of our Protective system at the joint
behest of the whiskey trusts and the agents of foreign manufacturers.

DEMOCRATIC.-—Reaffirmed.

The Democratic party of the United States, in national convention assembled, ra-
renews the pledge of its fidelity to Democratic faith, and reaffirms the platform adopted
by its representatives in the convention of 1884, and indorses the views expressed by
President Cleveland in his last earnest message to Congress as the correct interpreta-
tion of that platform upon the question of Tariff reduction, and also indorses the
efforts of our Democratic representatives in Congress to secure a reduction of excessive
taxation.

The Republican party controlling the Senate and resisting in both Houses of Con-
gress a reformation of unjust and unequal tax laws, which laws outlasted the necessi-
ties of war and are now undermining the abundance of a long peace, deny to the people
equalitj' before the law, and the fairness and the justice which are their right. Then
the cry of American labor for a better share in the rewards of industry is stifled with
false pretense, enterprise is fettered and bound down to home markets, capital is dis-
couraged with doubt, and unequal, unjust laws, can neither be properly amended nor
repealed.

The Democratic party will continue with all the power confided to it the struggle
to reform these laws in accordance with the pledges of its last platform, indorsed at
the ballot box by the suffrages of the people. Of all the industrious freemen of our
land the immense majority, including every tiller of the soil, gain no advantage from
excessive tax laws, but the price of nearly everything they buy is increased by the
favoritism of an unequal system of tax legislation. All unnecessary taxation is unjust
taxation.

It is repugnant to the creed of Democracy that by such taxation the cost of the
necessaries of life should be unjustifiably increased to all our people. Judged by Dem-
ocratic principles, the interests of the people are betrayed when, by unnecessary taxa-
tion, trusts and combinations are permitted to exist, which, while unduly enriching the
few that combine, rob the body of our citizens by depriving them of the benefits of
natural competition. Every Democratic rule of governmental action is violated when
through unnecessary taxation a vast sum of money, far beyond the needs of an econom-
ical administration, is drawn from the people and the channels of trade, and accumu-
lated as a demoralizing surplus in the national treasury. The money now lying idle
in the federal treasury, resulting from superfluous taxation, amounts to more than
one hundred and twenty-five millions, and the surplus collected is reaching the sum of
more than sixty millions annually. Debauched by this immense temptation, the remedy
of the Republican party is to meet and exhaust, by extravagant appropriations and ex-
penses,, whether constitutional or not, the accumulation of extravagant taxation. The
Democratic policy is to enforce frugality in public expense, and abolish unnecessary
taxation. Our established domestic industries and enterprises should not, and need not,
be endangered by the reduction and correction of the burdens of taxation. On the con-
trary, a fair and careful revision of our tax laws, with due allowance for the differ-
ence between the wages of American and foreign labor, must promote and encourage
every branch of such industries and enterprises by giving them assurances of an ex-
tended market and steady and continuous operations in the interests of American labor,
which should in no event be neglected. Revision of our tax laws, contemplated by the
Democratic party, Should promote the advantage of such labor by cheapening the cost
of necessaries of life in the hojpe of every workingman and at the same time securing
to him steady, remunerative employment Upon this question of Tariff reform, so12

closely concerning every phase of our national life, and upon every Question involved
in the problem of good government, the Democratic party submits its principles and
professions to the intelligent suffrages of the American people.

(Additional Resolution.)—That this convention hereby indorses and recommends
the early passage of the bill (Mills bill) for the reduction of the revenue, now pending
in the House of Representatives.

1892.

REPUBLICAN.—We reaffirm the American doctrine of Protection. We call attention to its
growth abroad. We maintain that the prosperous condition of our country is largely
due to the wise revenue legislation of the Republican Congress.

We believe that all articles which cannot be produced in the United States, except
luxuries, should be admitted free of duty, and that on all imports coming into competi-
tion with the products of American labor there should be levied duties equal to the
difference between wages abroad and at home.

, We assert that the prices of manufactured articles of general consumption have
been reduced under the operations of the Tariff act of 1890.

We denounce the efforts of the Democratic majority of the House of Representatives
to destroy our Tariff laws piecemeal, as is manifested "by their attacks upon wool,
lead and lead ores, the chief products of a number of States, and we ask the people
for their judgment thereon.

We point to the success of the Republican policy of reciprocity, under which our
export trade has vastly increased and new and enlarged markets have been opened for
^ the products of our farms and workshops.

We remind the people of the bitter opposition of the Democratic party to this
practical business measure, and claim that, executed by a Republican administration,
our present laws will eventually give us control of the trade of the world.

DEMOCRATIC.—We denounce the Republican Protection as a fraud, a robbery of the
great majority of the American people for the benefit of the few. We declare it to be
, a fundamental principle of the Democratic party that the Federal Government has no
constitutional power to impose and collect Tariff duties, except for the purpose of
revenue only, and we demand that the collection of such taxes shall be limited to the
necessities of the Government when honestly and economically administered.

We denounce the McKinley Tariff law enacted by the Fifty-first Congress as the

- culminating atrocity of class legislation; we indorse the efforts made by the Demo-
crats of the present Congress to modify its most oppressive features in the direction
of free raw materials and cheaper manufactured goods that enter into general con-
sumption, and we promise its repeal as one of the beneficent results that will follow
the action of the people in intrusting power to the Democratic party. Since the Mc-
Kinley Tariff went into operation, there have been ten reductions of the wages of
laboring men to one increase. We deny that there has been any increase of pros-
perity to the country since that Tariff went into operation, and we point" to the dull-
ness and distress, the wage reductions and strikes in the iron trade, as the best pos-
sible evidence that no such prosperity has resulted from the McKinley act.

1896.

REPUBLICAN.—-We renew and emphasize our allegiance to the policy of Protection as the
bulwark of American industrial independence and the foundation of American develop-
ment'and prosperity. This true American policy taxes foreign products and encourages
home industry ; it puts the burden of revenue on foreign goods ; it secures the American
market for the American producer; it upholds the American standard of wages for the
American workingman ; it puts the factory by the side of the farm, and makes the
American farmer less dependent ,on foreign demand and price ; it diffuses general
thrift, and founds the strength of all on the strength of each. In its reasonable ap-
plication it is just, fair, and impartial, equally opposed to foreign control and domestic
monopoly, to sectional discrimination and individual favoritism.

We denounce the present Democratic Tariff as sectional, injurious to the public
; credit, and destructive to business enterprise. We demand such an equitable Tariff
on foreign imports which come into competition with American products as will not
only furnish adequate revenue for the necessary expenses of the Government, but will13

Protect American labor from degradation to the wage level of other lands. We are
not pledged to any particular schedules. The question of rates is a practical question,
to be governed by the conditions of the time and of production; the ruling and uncom-
promising principle is the Protection and development of American labor and industry.
The country demands a right settlement, and then it wants rest.

We believe the repeal of the reciprocity arrangements negotiated by the last Re-
publican administration was a national calamity, and we demand their renewal and
extension on such terms as will equalize our trade with other nations, remove the
restrictions which now obstruct the sale of American products in the ports of other
countries, and secure enlarged markets for the products of our farms, forests and
factories.

Protection and reciprocity are twin measures of Republican policy and go hand
In hand. Democratic rule has recklessly struck down both, and both must be re-
established. Protection for what we produce; free admission for the necessaries of
life which we do not produce; reciprocity agreements of mutual interests, which gain
open markets for us in return for our open market to others. Protection builds up
domestic industry and trade and secures our own market for ourselves; reciprocity
builds up foreign trade and finds an outlet for our surplus.

We condemn the present administration for not keeping faith with the sugar
products of this country. The Republican party favors such Protection as will lead
to the production on American soil of all the sugar which the American people use,
and for which they pay other countries more than $100,000,000 annually.

To all our products—to those of the mine and the fields, as well as those of the shop
and factory; to hemp, to wool, the product of the great industry of sheep husbandry,
as well as to the finished woolens of the mills—we promise the most ample Pro-
tection.

DEMOCRATIC.—We hold that Tariff duties should be levied for purposes of revenue, such
duties to be so adjusted as to operate equally throughout the country, and not dis-
criminate between class or section, and that taxation should be limited by the needs
of the Government, honestly and economically administered.

We denounce as disturbing to business the Republican threat to restore the Mc-
Kinley law, which has twice been condemned by the people in national elections, and
which, enacted under the false plea of Protection to home industry, proved a prolific
breeder of trusts and monopolies, enriched the few at the expense of the many, re-
stricted trade, and deprived the producers of the great American staples of access to
their natural markets.

Until the money question is settled we are opposed to any agitation for further
changes in our Tariff laws, except such as are necessary to meet the deficit in revenue
caused by the adverse decision of the Supreme Court on the income tax. But for this
decision by the Supreme Court there would be no deficit in the revenue under the law
passed by a Democratic Congress in strict pursuance of the uniform decisions of that
court for nearly one hundred years, that court having in that decision sustained con-
stitutional objections to its enactment, which had previously been overruled by the
ablest judges who have ever sat on that bench. We declare that it is the duty of
Congress to use all the constitutional power which remains after that decision, or
which may come from its reversal by the cpurt as it may hereafter be constituted, so
that the burdens of taxation may be equally and impartially laid, to the end that
wealth may bear its due proportion of the expenses of the Government.

We hold that the most efficient way of Protecting American labor is to prevent
the importation of foreign pauper labor to compete with it in the home market, and
that the value of the home market to our American farmers and artisans is greatly
reduced by a vicious monetary system, which depresses the prices of their products
below the cost of production, and thus deprives them 6f the means of purchasing the
J products of our home manufactories; and, as labor creates the wealth' of the country,
| we demand the passage of such laws as may be necessary to Protect it in all its rights.

\	1900,	——-

REPUBLICAN. —We renew our faith in the policy of Protection to American labor; in that
policy our industries have been established, diversified and maintained. By Protecting14

the home market competition has been stimulated and production cheapened. Oppor-
tunity to the inventive genius of our people has been secured and wages in every de-
partment of labor maintained at high rates, higher than ever before, and always dis-
tinguishing our working people in their better condition of life from those of any
competing country. Enjoying the blessings of the American common school, secure in
the right of self government, and Protected in the occupancy of their own markets,
their constantly increasing knowledge and skill have enabled them to finally enter the
markets of the world. We favor the associated policy of reciprocity so directed as
to open our markets on favorable terms for what we do not ourselves produce, in re-
turn for free foreign markets. . . .

The Dingley act, amended to provide sufficient revenue for the conduct of the war,
has so well performed its work that it has been possible to reduce the war debt in
the sum of $40,000,000. So ample are the Government's revenues and so great is the
public confidence in the integrity of its obligations that its newly funded 2 per cent,
bonds sell at a premium. The country is now justified in expecting and it will be
the policy of the Republican party to bring about a reduction of the war taxes.

DEMOCRATIC.—We condemn the Dingley Tariff law as a trust-breeding measure, skillfully
devised to give the few favors which they do not deserve and to place upon the many
burdens which they should not bear.

Different Kinds of Reciprocity.

Up to date there have been found in Democratic speeches a dozen kinds of
different Reciprocity, as follows:

Competitive Reciprocity,	Genuine Reciprocity,

Non-Competitive Reciprocity,	McKinley Reciprocity,

Republican Reciprocity,	Cuban Reciprocity,

Democratic Reciprocity,	Canadian Reciprocity,

Free-Trade Reciprocity,	Real Reciprocity,

Modern Reciprocity,	Any-old-kind-of Reciprocity.

And yet reciprocity is—reciprocity; nothing more, nothing less. As Senator

Gallinger pointed out so clearly in his recent speech in the Senate, reciprocity

can have but one interpretation—namely, an equality of exchange. Any exchange

of commerce or markets which is unequal is not reciprocity.

Free-Trade " Prosperity."

" Hunt's Merchant's Magazine " for June, 1852, after discussing the 41 reign
of panic and distrust," prints the following:

DEPRESSION IN THE SHOE MANUFACTURE.

The depression, it is stated in the Newburyport (Mass.) " Herald," which has weighed
heavily upon all our other manufactures for two or three years past had at last reached
the shoe business, and that among the departures for California were many who had been
thrown out of business in this department of industry. We find, so far as our inquiries ex-
tend, that the reduction of wages in the shoe manufacture, in all branches except the first
class of work, is 30 per cent. We find that shoes which last year workmen obtained 10 or
12 cents a pair for making, are now made at 6 to 8 cents; those for which employers
formerly paid 15 and 17 cents, they now pay 10 or 12 cents; and those for which 30 cents
was formerly paid are now made for 20 to 28 cents. There are a great many journeymen
shoemakers now employed on ordinary work, 12 to 15 hours a day, who earn less than 50
cents a day.

It is a significant contrast to $2 and $3 given now for eight to ten hotirs of
work, with a Tariff on hides, too.15

Our Home Market and Internal Commerce.

Our annual bank clearings, which have for several years been largely in
excess of $100,000,000,000, indicate the enormous home market and internal com-
merce enjoyed by the people of the United States, These bank clearings^ of course,
include many dunlicatiohs in business transactions, and include the many stbck
and bond sales of Wall Street and other financial centers. What the exact figures
are which represent our actual annual purchasing power cannot be definitely
stated, and yet it will not be difficult to get at the approximate amount. 1 In the
first place, the value of our manufactures probably now exceeds $10,000,000,000—
add to this the value of farm products amounting to at least $8,000,000,000/ the
product of our mines which is $1,500,000,000, and our forests and fisheries wortU
at least a billion dollars more, and we have a total of nearly $27,000,000,000. But
in connection with this amount we must consider the vast sums of money expended
in transportation and distribution, in merchandising and in _the thousand and one
petty avenues of trade and commerce throughout the country.

It must be considered that the retail value of all products is largely in excess
of the products at the factory or at the farm, and this latter more nearly measui'es
the purchasing power of the people and the amount annually expended for the
necessaries and luxuries of life. Thirty billions of dollars is most conservatively
estimated as the amount of money annually expended by the people of the
United States^ It has been estimated by most conservative statisticians con-
nected with our mercantile agencies that the amount is in excess of forty billions.
The exact figures, however- are not necessary to know, when we do know to a
certainty their approximation. It is well to compare this amount for, a moment
with the markets of the entire world. According to the Bureau of Statistics, the
imports of the world at the present time are but a little in excess of $10,000,000,-
000, the exports amounting, of course, to a similar sum. When, therefore,^ the
imports and exports of the world are added together to make up the sum total
of all foreign commerce, we have an amount exceeding somewhat $20,000,000-
000; and yet it is clear that this amount as compared with our own purchasing
power already given above is erroneously doubled, that is to say,, the entires
markets of the world for foreign products are worth only about $10,000,000,000,
while our own market is worth at least $30,000,000,000. If we were to add both
sales and purchases bur market would have a value at least $60,000,000,000.

However, then, we may figure this market value, whether we take the figures
of purchases alone, or double them by including both sales and purchases, we
are very safe in making the statement, that the home market and internal com-
merce of the United States is fully three times in value the entire markets of the
world for foreign products, even including our own share of that foreign com-
merce In other words, if we cou-ld sell all the goods that are purchased in every
foreign port on the face of the globe, it would be only about one-third the.value
of our ownfhome market and internal commerce,

We must consider in this connection also the fact that there are freights and
many handlings of goods which go from country to country; there is much loss
in carriage and decay; there are several profits to be considered, and as com-
pared with the market wWch we have at our very doors, even if our own market16

were only equal Instead of three times the value of foreign markets, still it would
be far more desirable In every way.

When, therefore, Free-Traders wish us to open our markets to the producers
of other countries in order that we may enlarge somewhat our sales abroad—a
very questionable conclusion, moreover—we should consider just what we would
be giving to foreign competitors, and just what we are likely to receive in return.
We should be slow, indeed, to sacrifice any portion of our splendid home market,
and should feel quite satisfied that it is of such proportions as to be three times
the value of all the markets of the world combined, if we could have every one of
them without contest and without competition.

For over a century we have been building up this splendid market and this
splendid home trade, and it would be the sheerest folly to abandon or sacrifice
one iota of what we have so sure in hand for the chimerical and illusionary mar-
kets thousands of miles away.

Bank Clearances.

Our total bank clearances since 1890 are seen in the following table:

1890........................................$58,845,279,505	1898..................... 65,924,820,769

1891.....................................57.298,737,938	1899..................... 88,909,661,776

1892.........................................60,833,572,438	1900..................... 84,582,450.081

1893..........................................58.880,682,455	1901..................... 114.819,792,086

1894.........................................45,028,496,746	1902..................... 115,892,198,634

1895.......................................50,975,155,046	1903..................... 114.068,837,569

1896......................51,935,651,733	1904................................

1897..................................$54,179,545,030

The Tariff and Exports.

Mr. Chamberlain's speeches give some very interesting facts regarding the
result of Free-Trade in Great Britain for the last half century as compared with
Protection in the United States during a considerable portion of that time. For
instance, he shows that although Free-Trade was expected to make Great Britain
the workhouse of the world, yet in the twenty years from 1880 to 1901 her imports
of manufactured goods increased over 71 per cent., while the increase in imports
of manufactured goods to the United States-during the same period was only 20
£er cent. When it comes to exports of manufactured goods, it is found that the
increase of the United Kingdom was only 11 per cent., while the increase of the
United States was 300 per cent, during the twenty years from 1880 to 1901.
During the same time Germany increased her exports of manufactured products
73 per cent., and even France increased her exports of manufactured goods by 22
per cent., or just double the increase shown by Great Britain. This is a most
terrible indictment against the contention that free raw material is necessary for
the increased sales of manufactured goods abroad.

Result of Free-Trade.

John Morley: " It is an awful fact—it is really not short of awful—that in
this country (Great Britain) with all its wealth, all its vast resources, all its
power, forty-five per cent.—that is to say, nearly one-half—of the persons who
reach the age of sixty are or have been paupers. I say it is a most tremendous
fact, and I cannot conceive any subject more ^Qrtby of the attention of the Legist
owe worthy the attention of all."17

Free Raw Material.

For nearly a century the Free-Trader of the United States has been deceiving
himself and others, as far as possible, with his demand for so-called free raw
material.

Before investigating the subject it should be thoroughly understood just what
raw material is. No explanation in so few words covers the subject so well as
the following by Henry C. Carey in his manual of Social Science:

All the products of the earth are in turn finished commodity and raw material. Coal
and ore are the finished commodity of the miner, but the raw material of pig iron. The
latter is the finished commodity of the. smelter, yet only the raw material of the puddler,
and of him who rolls the bar. The bar is again the raw. material of sheet iron, and that,
in turn, becomes the raw material of the nail and the spike.

So every product, however crude, upon which labor has been expended and
which enters into the manufacture of a more finished product is not raw material,
but itself more or less of a finished production. With the exception of the unmined
mineral in the depths of the ground and the unfelled trees in the forest, there
is no such thing as absolutely raw material. The absurdity of the whole proposi-
tion is shown when we try to estimate the value of this so-called raw material.
Let us take, for instance, the printing press worth $100,000. What was the raw
material worth of which that most valuable machine is composed? Twenty
dollars at the most. Take a locomotive, or a great war vessel, or a telescope, or
a watch, or any finished product whatever, and go back and find the value of the
wood or metal used in its construction before any labor whatever had been
expended upon this primary material, and we wiil find that it was almost value-
less.

We are well within the bounds of truth then when we say, there is no such
thing as raw material having any computative value. , But for the sake of argu-
ment, suppose it is conceded that certain etude or half manufactured material,
which is gathered together for assembly in a finished product, is meant by the
Free-Trader when he talks of raw material. Why should we import this free of
duty any more than the finished "product? Certainly more labor is expended upon
the materials which go to make up the finished product than upon the final opera-
tions. The value of our products of manufacture in 1900 amounted to $13,091,-
876,790, of which $7,377,907,079 represents the cost of materials used, and this
cost of materials, it may be added, is over 90 per cent, labor cost. We should then
be striking a blow at our labor far more than at our capital by admitting free of
duty the more than $8,000,000,000 worth of so-called raw material which we are
now using in our manufactures.

It will be most interesting in this connection to show the inconsistency of
our Free-Traders in the past when framing a Tariff law with the intention or
pretention of helping our industries, but which had the opposite result and ruined
or greatly injured them. The Tariff of 1846 is held up by Free-Traders as one of
the most perfect works of man since the framing of our Declaration of Independ-
ence or the Constitution of the United States. This law, as is well known,
repealed the Tariff of 1842, and followed by only a few months the change in
Great Britain from Protection to Free-Trade. The changes made abroad as well
as changes emd? by our owa Free-Traders were most significant, and ar§18

brought out fully in Curtiss' " Protection and Prosperity," through the following
table prepared by Mr. Edwin Williams in an article in " Fisher's National Maga-
zine" for September, 1846.

	Tariff of	Tariff of	British
	1842.	1846.	Tariff.
Coarse wool................;...........		30 per cent.	Free.
Raw hides and skins...................		5 per cent.	Free.
Wood, mahogany, etc..................		20 per cent.	Free.
Other kinds, except timber..............		30 per cent.	Free.
Antimony, crude.......................		20 per cent.	Free.
Barilla ..............................		10 per cent.	Free.
Bark of the cork tree.................		15 per cent.	Free.
Berries used for dyeing..............		5 per cent.	Free.
Brimstone or sulphur..................		20 per cent.	Free.
Dye woods ............................		5 per cent.	Free.
		20 per cent.	Free.
Cochineal ............................		10 per cent.	Free.
Crude saltpetre........................		5 per cent.	Free.
Burr stones, unwrought................		10 per cent.	Free.
Brass old.............................	...... Free.	5 per cent.	
Gum arabic.......................... .	...... Free.	10 per cent.	
India1 rubber...........................	...... Free.	10 per cent.	
Kelp ..................................		10 per cent.	
Kermes ••.............................	...... Free.	5 per cent.	
Precious stones.........—..............	...... 7 per cent.	10 per cent.	
Pearl, mother of.....................^		5 per cent.	Free.
Ivory, unmanufactured.. ...............		5 per cent.	Free.
		5 per cent.	Free.
Palm leaf, unmanufactured.............		10 per cent.	Free.
Rattan and reeds, unmanufactured......	...... Free.	10 per cent.	Free.
		5 per cent.	Free.
		5 per cent.	Free.
Weld .................................		5 per cent.	Free.
Tin, in sheets or plates................		15 per-cent.	
Tin, in pigs, bars, or blocks..............		5 per cent.	
		5 per cent.	Free.

" We might extend this list," says Mr. Williams, "but enough is given to shcjw the
comparative legislation of tlie American and British Governments, with regard to raw
materials and other articles essential for the use of manufactures and in the arts. While
the British Parliament are removing all duties on articles required for the use of their
manufactures, our American Congress have increased the burdens of our manufactures, by
additional duties on the raw materials imported for their use; at the same time they have
reduced the Protective duties. Was*there ever a parallel case of injustice in the history
of legislation in any country?

/ " The plain truth is, and it is folly to attempt to conceal it, that the worst evil the
skill, capital and labor of this country have to contend with, is its own present Govern-
ment, who, not content with demanding specie in all payments made to them by the peo-
ple, have, by the enactment of the Tariff of 1846, legislated against America, and In favor
of England."

This argument of the Free-Trader is used very commonly and very ignorantly
ill connection with a pretended desire to increase our sales abroad by means of a
lesser cost in manufacture through so-called free raw material, for in the last
three Tariff laws one can find the following paragraph: •

That where imported materials on which duties have been paid are used in the manu-
facture of articles manufactured or produced in the United States, there shall be allowed19

oil the exportation of such articles a drawback equal in amount to the duties paid on th£
materials used, less 1 per centum of such duties.

In other words, we have practical free raw material for use in the manu-
facture of goods for export trade with every advantage that is possible in such
manufacture. But we have and have had free raw material without importing
it, and it will be well to simply glance at the result and see if our exportation
of goods manufactured from this free raw material is any greater than the
goods manufactured from the raw material which is not on the free list. For
instance, we have free cotton. During the fiscal year 1903 we exported $32,000,-
000 worth of cotton manufactures and imported $52,000,000 worth. Of iron and
steel manufactures, material entering into which is not on the free list, we
imported $51,000,000 worth and exported $96,000,000 worth. When we had free
wool we lost not only our foreign markets for our manufactured goods, but our
own as well. When we had free hides we were not exporting one-third of the
manufactured leather we are now exporting with hides on the dutiable list.

Our raw material, however crude, which enters into our own manufactures
should be protected just as much as any finished product, and even more, repre-
senting as it does a greater amount of labor.

The Tariff and Manufacturers* Material.

A Free-Trade paper is concerned over a computation which it has made
showing that we are squandering a few millions because of the Tariff on manu-
facturers' materials. Of course, it assumes that we pay all the duty, a contention
Wjiich can readily be disproved. But even if we do pay a considerable part of it
we are immeasurably the gainers.	&•

We use manufacturers' materials annually exceeding $8,000,000,000 in value,
of which we are now importing some $400,000,000 worth, or 5 per cent. The
paper says the increased cost by reason of the Tariff is 12 per cent. Suppose we
call it $50,000,000. Now, lower or abolish the Tariff and import $4,000,000,000
worth instead of the $400,000,000 worth, what would be the result? Why a loss
of $3,600,000,000, most of which is labor, to the American wage earner. Certainly
an investment of $50,000,000 for a return of $3,600,000,000, or 70 for 1, is a pretty
good turn. But we do not have to pay the $50,000,000, and the Free-Trader well
knows it.

Another Tribute to Protection.

The status of women in various countries is illustrated by the fact that the
percentage of women employed stands lowest in the United States, being only
14.3 per cent. In Germany the percentage of females employed to the total self-
supporting population is 25, while in England it runs up to 27. In most of the
other civilized countries the female population, on account of unfavorable economic
conditions, has to contribute in a still larger degree to the support of the families.
In Italy the percentage is 40, and in Austria 47.

The American system of Protection enables the men to earn enough to provide
not only the necessaries but comforts and luxuries for their families. Then,
again, the women who do work in this country do no hard manual labor, but enjoy
the light work, the short hours and splendid wages which obtain under Protection
in the United States.'20

Taxation and Source of Revenue.

Wherever there is civilization and government there must be taxation to
meet civil expenditures and the various necessary disbursements for defense and
general progress. This taxation can be either direct or indirect, or both.

First, there are village, town or'municipal taxes to meet the expense of roads
and streets and sewers; of police and fire protection; of schools, parks, lighting,
water, etc. Then there are the State taxes for Government and public institu-
tions. These first two classes of taxes are directly laid upon real and personal
property.

But the general Government has ordinary annual expenditures of some $500,-
000,,000, and the necessary revenue for this is gained for the most part in two
ways—by so-called internal revenue or taxation of spirits, tobacco, liquor, etc.,
and by duties on imports. On the opposite page can be found the amounts of
our Government receipts (customs, internal revenue and miscellaneous) and our
expenditures for the fiscal years 1890-1903. { These figures show that only during
Free-Trade and war times do our expenditures exceed our receipts. This is due
both to the fact that in a Protective Tariff law the schedules and duties are judi-
ciously made up, and under such a Tariff prosperity brings ample receipts both in
customs duties and internal revenue. The wisdom of this form of indirect taxa-
tion, much of which is paid by foreigners for the privilege of placing their goods
in our market, is therefore most apparent, and aside from its Protective fea-
tures, such a Tariff has always been found more successful as a revenue raiser
than a Tariff for revenue only or a Free-Trade Tariff. ^

Both our customs duties and internal revenue and consequent total receipts
were low under the Wilson-Gorman Tariff, resulting in a deficit. In 1898, 1899,
1900 and 1901 our internal revenue was swelled largely by war taxes. Twice
these taxes have been repealed, and yet the internal revenue added to our large
customs receipts is sufficient to meet our expenditures, even though these expend-
itures have increased in keeping with our growth and progress. A large surplus
is not desirable, and during the fiscal year 1904 our receipts will about equal
our ordinary expenditures, as was the case in 1892-1893 under the McKinley
law. In normal times of peace and prosperity, such as was experienced
under the McKinley law, and which we are enjoying under the Dingley law—
both scientifically framed Tariff laws—we reach the ideal condition of a small
but* sufficient surplus after all'expenditures are provided for. This is by no means
a chance result, it is the wisdom of Republican legislation which not only provides,
but protects.

The total receipts of the United States from the beginning of the Government,
1789 to 1903, have been:

From customs..............$9,181,235,870 From public lands........... 315,918,498

From internal revenue....... 6,557,640,968 From miscellaneous......... 1,065,372,395

From direct tax............ 28,131,944	-

Total, excluding loans............................................$17,796,607,706

The total expenditures of the United States from the beginning of the Govern-
ment, 1789 to 1903, have been:

For civil and miscellaneous. .$3,527,976,062 For pensions................ 3,174,896,524

For war .................. 5,911,697,001 For interest................ 3,072,362,591

For navy................... 1,779,611,632	-

For Indians................ 402,226,153	Total..................$17,868,729,22721

It will be seen that considerably more than half of our receipts have beeii
from customs duties, a large part of which have been paid by foreigners for the
privilege of placing their goods in our market. The expenditures which now
amount to over eighteen billions of dollars have all gone into the hands of the
people and used to purchase the necessaries and luxuries of life.

Receipts and Expenditures, 1890=1903.

Customs.

229,
219i
177,
203,
131,
152,
160,
176,
149,
206,
233,
238,
254,
284!

$

668,585
522,205
',452,964
,355,017
818,531
158,617
021,752
554,127
,575,062
,128,481
,164,871
,585,456
,444,708
,479,582

Internal
revenue.

$

142,606,706
145,686,249
153,970,072
161,027,624
147,111,232
143,421,672
146,762,865
146,688,574
170,900,641
273,437,162
295,327.927
307,180;664
271,880,122
230,810,124

Miscella-
neous.

$

30,805,
27,403,
23,513
27,436!
18.792,
17j809,
20,191,
24,479,
84,845,
36,394,
38,748!
41,919,
36,153,
45,106;

692
993
,748
,987
256
786
583
004

Total.

Expend-
itures.

Receipts.

403,
392,
354
385
297,
313,
326,
347,

I

632|405,

,977
,054
217
403
968

515,
567,
587.
562!
560;

080,983
612,447
',937,784
,819,628
,722,019
,390,075
,971,200
721,905|365,'
,321,3351443,
,960,6201605,
,240,852|487;

318,
365!
345;
383
367,
355,
352;

685,337
,478,233
396,674

509,
47i:
506

040,

773,
,023,
,477,
525,
195,
179,

774,
368,
,072
,713!
,967,
,190,
,099,

85,040,272
26,838,542
9,914,454
2,341,674

I

711

905
330
954
280
298
446

159| ........

5831 ........

,180| ........

,792179,527,060
353177,717,984
,858191,287,375
,007154,297,667

1

Southern Industries.

Not only does the South now take more than half of the cotton output used
In this country, but on June 30 last there were 29 cotton mills under construction.
But the South is making gigantic strides in other directions as well as cotton
manufacture. The tons of mine products in the territory traversed by the
Southern Railroad alone increased by 1,190,166, or 17 per cent., last year over
the preceding year. In the same territory during the year investments in lumber
and other wood working enterprises completed, amounted to over $5,000,000, and
in additions to existing plants to about $2,500,000. The capital invested in tan-
neries completed during the year amounted to about $600,000, and in additions to
existing plants to about $380,000. Our Protective Tariff is accomplishing
wonders for the South and dissipating the old Free-Trade sentiment. Is it not
about time that this sentiment should be expressed at the polls?

Foreign Trade Fallacy.

English papers, to prove that Great Britain is not retrograding under Free-
Trade, assert that the aggregate foreign trade of their country is $155 per capita,
while that of the United States is only $45 per capita: Hence Great Britain is
three or more times as prosperous as the United States.

Let us look at one item in the proposition. We are, in round figures, buying
$100,000i000 worth of foreign sugar year by year, and, equally, exporting a like
value with which to pay for the sugar. Sugar adds to our statistical evidence of
prosperity $200,000,000, or $2.50 per capita per annum. If we made all of our
sugar and paid our o\yn farmers $100,000,000 for it, we would by this standard of
prosperity all lose $2.50 per year! Reductio ad absurdum.22

Occupations of Our Wage Earners.

Population at Least 10 Years of Age Engaged in Gainful Occupations, Classified
by Sex and Specified Occupations, 1890 and 1900.

		1890.-	-	r r	1900.-	-^
Occupation.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.
agricultural pursuits.						
Agricultural laborers.............	2,556,957	447,104	3,004,061	3,747,668	663,209	4.410,877
Dairymen and dairywomen.......	16,161	1,734	17,895	9,983	892	10,875
Farmers* planters and overseers...	5,055,130	226,427	5,281,557	5,367,169	307,706	5,674,875
Gardeners, florists, nurserymen, etc.	70,186	2,415	72,601	58,928	2,860	61,788
Lumbermen and raftsmen........	65,838	28	65,866	71,920	100	72,020
Stock raisers, herders and drovers.	70,047	682	70,729	83,056	1,932	84,988
Turpentine farmers and laborers..	*	♦	♦	24,456	281	24,737
Wood choppers .................	33,665	32	33,697	35,962	113	36,075
Other agricultural pursuits........	*19,058	*462	*19,520	5,287	243	5,530
Totals ......................	7,887,042	678,884	8,565,926	9,404,429	977,336	10,381,765
professional service.						
Actors, professional showmen, etc..	23,200	4,583	27,783	27,903	6,857	34,760
Architects, designers, draftsmen, etc.	17,134	327	17,461	28,483	1,041	29,524
Artists and teachers of art........	11,681	10,815	22,496	13,852	11,021	24,873
Clergymen .....................	87,060	1,143	88,203	108,265	3,373	111,638
Dentists .......................	17,161	337	17,498	28,858	786	29,644
Electricians ....................	f	f	t	50,308	409	50,717
Engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors	143,115	fl24	f43,239	43,155	84	43,239
Journalists .....................	20,961	888	21,849	27,845	2,193	30,038
Lawyers .......................	89,422	208	89,630	113,450	1,010	114,460
Literary and scientific persons....	8,453	2,764	11,217	13,082	5,984	19,066
Musicians and teachers of music..	27,636	34,519	62,155	39,815	52,359	92,174
Officials (Government)............	77,715	4,875	82,590	78,488	8,119	86,607
Physicians and surgeons..........	100,248	4,557	104,805	124,615	7,387	132,002
Teachers and college professors, &c.	101,276	246,066	347,344	118,519	327,614	446,133
Other professional service........	7,582	481	8,063	11,525	2,339	13,864
Totals ......................	632,646	311,687	944,333	828,163	430,576	1,258,739
domestic and personal service.						
Barbers and hairdressers.........	82,157	2,825	84,982	125,542	5,574	131,116
Bartenders .....................	55,660	146	55,806	88,377	440	88,817
Boarding and lodging house keepers	11,756	32,593	44,349	11,826	59,455	71,281
Hotel keepers...................	38,800	5,276	44,076	46,264	8,533	54,797
Housekeepers and stewards.......	5,947	86,089	92,036	8,224	146,929	155,153
Janitors and sextons............	23,730	2,808	- 26,538	48,544	8,033	56,577
Laborers (not specified)..........	1,858,558	54,815	1,913,373	2,505,287	123,975	2,629,262
Launderers and laundresses......	31,831	216,631	248,462	50,683	335,282	385,965
Nurses and midwives............	6,190	41,396	47,586	12,265	108,691	120,956
Restaurant keepers...............	16,867	2,416	19,283	28,999	4,845	33,844
Saloon keepers. . . ...............	69,110	2,275	71.385	81,660	2,086	83,746
Servants and waiters............	238,152	1,216,639	1,454,791	276,958	1,283,763	1,560,721
Soldiers sailors and marines (U.S.)	27,919		27,919	43,235		43,235
Watchmen, policemen, firemen, etc.	74,350	279	74,629	129,711	879	130,590
Other domestic and personal service	12,134	3,463	15,597	27,633	6,964	34,597
Totals ......................	2,553,161	1,667,651	4,220,812	3,485,208	2,095,449	5,580,657

* Turpentine farmers and laborers included in other agricultural pursuits,
t Electricians included in engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors.

* Turpentine farmers and laborers included in other agricultural pursuits,
t Electricians included in engineers (civil, etc.) and surveyors.23

		—1890.—	-N		1900.-	—--x
Occupation.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	.Female.	Total.
TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION.						
Agents ........................	169,707	4,875	174,582	230,606	10,556	241,162
Bankers and brokers.............	35,458	510	35,968	72,984	293	73,277
Boatmen and sailors............	76,823	51	76,874	78,253	153	78,406
Bookkeepers and accountants.....	131,602	27,772	159,374	180,727	74,153	254,880
Clerks and copyists..............	493,139	64,219	557,358	544,881	85,246	630,127
Commercial travelers.............	58,080	611	58,691	91,973	946	92,919
Draymen, hackmen, teamsters, etc.	368,265	234	368,499	538,029	904	538,933
Foremen and overseers..........	35,109	975	36.084	54,032	1,418	55,450
Hostlers ........................	54,014	22	54,036	64,850	79	64,929
Hucksters and peddlers..........	56,824	2,259	59,083	73,734	2,915	76,649
Livery stable keepers............	26,710	47	26,757	33,466	190	33,656
Merchants and dealers (except						
wholesale) ....................	634,884	25,355	660,239	756,802	34,084	790,886
Merchants and dealers (wholesale).	30,890	196	31,086	42,032	261	42,293
Messengers and errand and office						
boys .........................	48,446	2,909	51,355	64,959	6,663	71,622
Officials of banks and companies..	f39,683	1*217	$39,900	72,801	1,271	74,072
Packers and shippers............	18,426	6,520	24,946	39,557	19,988	59,545
Forters and helpers (in stores, etc.)	24,002	354	24,356	53,625	566	54,191
Salesmen and saleswomen..,.....	205,943	58,451	264,394	461,909	149,230	611,139
Steam railroad employees........	460,771	1,442	462,213	580,462	1,688	582,150
Stenographers and typewriters....	12,148	21,270	33,418	26,246	86,118	112,364
Street railway employees.........	37,423	11	37,434	68,873	46	68,919
Telegraph and telephone linemen.	$10,465	$669	$11,134	14,757		14,757
Telegraph and telephone operators.	43,740	8,474	52,214	52,459	22,556	75,015
Undertakers ....................	9,808	83	9,891	15,866	323	16,189
Other persons in trade and trans-						
portation ........:............	15,341	895	16,236	49,734	3,700	53,434
Totals ......................	3,097,701	228,421 '	3,326,122	4,263,617	503.347	4,766,964

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL
PURSUITS.

Building trades.

Carpenters and joiners...........	618,044	198	618,242	599,707	545	600,252
Masons (brick and stone)........	160,804	41	160,845	160,638	167	160,805
Painters, glaziers and varnishers.	220,960	1,273	222,233	275,782	1,759	277,541
Paper hangers..................	12,315	54	12,369	21,749	241"	21,990
Plasterers ......................	38,987	15	39,002	35.649	45	35,694
Plumbers and gas and steam fitters.	61,185	46	61,231	97,659	126	97,785
Roofers and slaters..............	7,040	3	7,043	9,065	2	9,067
Mechanics (not otherwise specified)	15,472	13	15,485	9,351	41	9,392
Chemicals and allied products.						
Oil well and oil works employees..	14,724	47	14,771	24,573	- 53	24,626
Other chemical workers!.........	6,530	1,726	8,256	12,035	2,779	14,814
Clay, glass and stone products.						
Brick and tile makers, etc........	60,070	144	60,214	49,455 .	478	49,933
Glass workers................	32,572	1,710	34,282	47,377	2,621	49,998
Marble and stone cutters......	61,012	* 58	(51,070	54,317	143	54,460
	12,939	1,989	14,928	13,200	2,940	16,14Q

MANUFACTURING AND MECHANICAL
PURSUITS.

Building trades.

t Includes officials of mining and quarrying companies (number not stated), classified
in 1900 with manufacturers and officials under " Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits."

% Includes electric light and power company employees (number not stated), claggiflect
in 1900 under " Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits,"24

r		1890.-	--^	|,-	1900.-	-x
manufacturing and MECHANICAL						
pursuits—continued.						
Occupation.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.
Fishing and mining.						
Fishermen and oystermen........	59,899	263	60,162	67,715	462	68,177
Miners and quarrymen...........	386,872	376	387,248	562,501	1,365	563,866
Food and kindred products.						
Bakers ........................	57,910	2,287	60,197	74,860	4,328	79,188
Butchers .......................	105,339	117	105,456	113,578	378	113,956
Butter and cheese makers........	10,808	403	11,211	18,593	648	19,241
Confectioners ...................	17,577	5,674	23,251	21,980	9,214	31,194
Millers ........................	52,747	94	52,841	40,362	186	40,548
Other food preparers.............	8,115	1,610	9,725	23,640	5,142	28,782
Iron and steel and their products.						
Blacksmiths ...................".	209,521	60	209,581	226,284	193	226,477
Iron and steel workers...........	*217,515	*2,913	*220,428	287,241	3,370	290,611
Machinists .....................	186,677	151	186,828	282,574	571	283,145
Steam boiler makers............	21,333	6	21,339	33,038	8	33,046
Stove, furnace and grate makers. .	8,912	20	8,932	12,430	43	12,473
Tool and cutlery makers..........	17,449	536	17,985	27,376	746	28,122
Wheelwrights ...-...............	12,855	1	12,856	13,495	10	13,505
Wire workers...................	11,238	1,081	12,319	16,701	1,786	18,487
Leather and its -finished products.						
Boot and shoe makers and repairers	180,871	33,704	214,575	169,393	39,519	208,912
Harness and saddle makers and re-						
pairers .......................	42,647	833	43,480	39,506	595	40,101
Leather curriers and tanners.....	39,461	292	39,753	40,917	1,754	42,67.1
Trunk and leather case makers, etc.	5,458	821	6,279	5,472	1,579	7,051
Liquors and leverages.						
Bottlers, soda water makers, etc. .	6,681	549	7,230	9,725	794	10,519
Brewers and maltsters...........	20,294	68	20,362	20,687	275	20,962
Distillers and rectifiers..........	3,305	-9	3,314	3,114	30	3,144
Lumber and its remanufactures.						
Cabinet makers..................	35,891	24	35,915	35,552	67	35,619
Coopers ........................	47,438	48	47,486	37,087	113	37,200
Satf- and planing mill employees. .	f 138,386	1292	f138,678	161,251	373	161,624
Other wood workers.............	$92,053	$6,098	$98,151	104,468	6,805	111,273
Metals and metal products other						
than iron and steel.						
Brass workers...................	§16,352	§913	§17,265	25,870	890	26,760
Clock and watch makers and re-						
pairers .......................	20,556	4,696	25,252	19,305	4,815	24,120
Gold and silver workers..........	16,914	3,349	20,263	19,732	6,380	26,112
Tin plate and tinware makers....	56,623	902	57,525	68,730	1,775	70,505
Other metal workers.............	|| 36,127	||1,385	|| 37,512	54,282	2,320	56,602
Paper and printing.						
Bookbinders ....................	12,298	11,560	23,858	14,646	15,632	30,278
Box makers (paper).............	4,714	13,043	17,757	3,796	17,302	21,098
Engravers ......................	8,017	303	8,320	10,698	453	11,151
Paper and pulp mill operatives...	18,856	8,961	27,817	26,904	9,424	36,328
Printers, lithographers and press-						
men .........................	110,848	12,211	123,059	139,166	15,981	155,147

* All molders, classified in 1900 under " Iron and steel workers," " Brass workers," and
t1-Other metal workers."

| Includes door, sash and blind makers.

t Includes piano and organ tuners (number not stated), classified in 1900 under "Other,
miscellaneous industries."

§ Brass molders included under Iron and steel workers."

|| Holders (metals) Included under " iron and steel wotkers."25

	——-*	—1890.—	i , ...r ^	/t~"- " 1	—1900.—	-^
Occupation.	Male.	Female.	Total.	Male.	Female.	Total.
manufacturing and mechanical						
pursuits—continued.						
Textiles.						
Bleachery and d?e works operatives	12,503	1,707	14,210	20,493	1,785	22,273
Carpet factory operatives........	$11,546	$10,756	$22,302	10,371	9,017	19,388
Cotton mill operatives......<.....	80,177	92,965	173,142	125,788	120,216	246,004
Hosiery and knitting mill opera-						
tives .........................	8,745	20,810	29,555	12,630	34,490	47,120
Silk mill operatives..............	14,192	20,663	34,855	22,023	32,437	54,460
Woolen mill operatives..........	47,638	36,471	84,109	42,566	30,630	73,19ti
Other textile mill operatives......	§61,661	§46,637	§108,298	53,437	51,182	104,619
Dressmakers ...................	836	292,668	293,504	2,090	344,794	346,884
Hat and cap makers............	17,319	6,694	24,013	15,110	7,623	22,733
Milliners .......................	395	61,291	61,686	1,739	86,120	87,859
Seamstresses ...................	4,001	146,043	150,044	4,837	146,105	150,942
Shirt, collar and cuff makers......	5,132	15,975	21,107	8,491	30,941	39,432
Tailor^ and tailoresses...........	123,516	64,509	188,025	160,714	68,935	229,649
Other textile workers............	114,931	||10,708	|| 15,639	8,925	21,042	29,967
Miscellaneous industries.						
Broom and brush makers........	8,949	1,166	10,115	8,643	1,577	10,220
Charcoal, coke and lime burners..	8,689	15	8,704	14,405	43	14,448
Engineers and firemen (not loco-						
motive) ......................	139,718	47	139,765	223,318	177	223,495
Glove makers...................	2,741	3,675	6,416	4,503	7,768	12,271
Manufacturers and officials, etc... .	11153,468.	1414	11153,882	239,649	3,433	243,082
Model and pattern makers........	10,159	141	10,300	14,869	204	15,073
Photographers ..................	17,839	2,201	20,040	23,361	3,580	26,941
Rubber factory operatives........	9,706	6,456	16,162	14,492	7,374	21,866
Tobacco and cigar factory opera-						
tives .........................	83,634	27,991	111,625	87,955	43,497	131,452
Upholsterers ...................	23,918	1,748	25,666	28,663	2,158	30,821
Other miscellaneous industries....	**177,916	**33,207	**211,123	380,490	90,810	471,300
Totals ......................  Grand totals..............	4,650,540	1,027,928	5,678,468	5,772,788	1,313,204	7,085,992
	18,821,090	3,914,571	22,735,661	23,754,205	5,319,812	29,074,117

t Includes carpet (rag) makers.

Includes textile mill operatives (not otherwise specified), and also mill and factory
hands for whom the specific branch of industry was not reported.

|( Carpet (rag) makers included with factory operatives.

*h Officials of mining and quarrying companies included with officials of banks and com-
panies under " Trade and transportation."

** Electric light and power company employees included with telegraph and telephone
linemen under "Trade and transportation," and piano and organ tuners included with
piano and organ makers, classified in 1900 uader " Other woodworkers."

President Roosevelt said in bis speech at Minneapolis, April 4, 1903:

This country has and this country needs better paid, better educated, better fed and
better clothed workingmen, of a higher type than are to be found in any foreign country.
It has and it needs a higher, more vigorous and more prosperous type of tillers of the
soil than is possessed by any other country. The business men, the merchants and manu-
facturers and the managers of the transportation interests show the same superiority
when compared with men of their type abroad.26

Area, Population and Wealth.

Population

Area.*	Popula- per

Years. Square miles.	tion. square mile.

1800............... 827,844	5.308,483 6.41

1810.,...........,1,999,775	7,239,881 3.62

1820............... 2,059,043	9,658,453 4.68

1830.-.............. 2,059,043	12,866,020 6.25

1840............... 2,059,043	17,069,453 8.29

1850............... 2,980,959	23,191,876 7,78

1860e............... 3,025,600	31,443,321 10.39

1870V........ .,..... 3,025,600	38,558,371 12.74

1880............... 3,025,600	50,155,783 16.57

1890................. 3,025,600	62,622,250 20.70

1895............... 3,025,600	68,934,000 22.78

1900................ 3,025,600	76,303,387 25.22

1903................ 3,025,600	80,372,000 26.56

1904.......:.............................

Total.
Dollars.

-Wealth.t-

7,135,
16,159,
30,068,
42,642,
65,037
77,000
94,300

780,000
,616,000
518,000
,000,000
,091,000
,000,000
,000,000

Per
capita.
Dollars.

307.69
513.93
779.83
850.20
1,038.57
1,117.01
1,235.86

* Exclusive of Alaska and islands belonging to the United States,
t True valuation of real and personal property.

Immigration Into the United States, 1820=

Total alien
Year. passengers.
1789to 1820 est. 250,000

182	0....... 8,385

182	1....... 9,127

182	2....... 6,911

1823. . _____ 6,354

182	4....... 7,912

182	5........ 10,199

182	6....... 10,837

182	7....... 18,875

1828....... 27,382

182	9....... 22,520

183	0....... 23,322

1831...---- 22,633

183	2....... 60,482

183	3--------- 58,640

1834....... 65,365

183	5....... 45,374

183	6....... 76,242

183	7........ 79,340

183	8....... 38,914

183	9....... 68,069

1&40....... 84,066

Total alien
passengers.. Year.
. . . 80,289
. . .104,565
. . . 52,496
. . . 78,615

Year.

1841.

1842.

1843.

1844.

184	5.......114,371

184	6.......154,416

184	7.......234,968

184	8.......226,527

184	9.......297,024

185	0.......369,986

185	1.......379,466

185	2.......371,603

185	3.......368,645

185	4.......427,833

185	5.......200,877

185	6.......195,857

185	7.......246,945

185	8.......119,501

185	9.......118,616

186	0.......150,237

186	1....... 89,724

186	2....... 89,207

Total
immigrants,

186	3.......174,524 -

186	4.......193,195

186	5.......247,453

186	6.......163,594

F'c'l y'rend'g June 30

186	7.......298,967

186	8...... .282,189

186	9.......352,569

187	0.......387,203

187	1.......321,350

187	2.......404,806

187	3.......459,803

1874. . . . . 313,339

187	5.......227,498

187	6.......169,986

187	7.......141,857

187	8.......138,469

187	9.......177,826

188	0.......457,257

188	1.......669,431

1882'.......788,992

1883.......603,322

1903.

Total

Year. immigrants.

188	4.......518,592

188	5.......395,346

188	6.......334,203

188	7.......490,109

188	8.......540,889

188	9.......444,427

189	0.......455,302

189	1.......560,319

189	2.......623,084

189	3.......502,917

189	4.......314,467

189	5.......279,948

189	6.......343,267

189	7.......230,832

189	8.......229,299

189	9.......311,715

190	0----, . '.448,572

190	1.......487,918

190	2.......648,743

190	3.......857,046

1904.........

Total. .21,758,862

Keep These Dates in Mind.

The McKinley law or Tariff of 1890 went into effect October 6, 1890. The
Gorman-Wilson law or Tariff of 1894 went into effect „August 28, 1894. The
Dingley law or Tariff of 1897 went into effect July 24, 1897, and is still in opera-
tion.Analysis of the Principal of the Public Debt of the United States, Etc., 1877 to 1904.

Debt, less
cash in the

					Total of debt,	Population	Treas-	Interest
	Debt on which	Debt bearing	Outstauding	Cash in the	less cash in	of the	ury, per	per
	interest has ceased.	no interest.*	principal.	Treasury.	Treasury.	United States,	capita.	capita.
July 1—	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	June 1.	Dollars. Dollars.	
1877.....	. . . 16,648,860.26	476,764,031.84	2,205,301,392.10	186,025,960.73	; 2,019,275,431.37	46,353,000	43.56	2.01
1878.....	. . . 5,594,560.26	455,875,682.27	2,256,205,892.53	256,823,612.08	1,999,382,280.45	47,598,000	42.01	1.99
1879.....	. . . 37,015,630.26	410,835,741.78.	2,245,495,072.04	249,080,167.01	1,996,414,905.03	48,866,000	40.85	1.71
1880.....	. . . 7,621,455.26	388,800,815.37	2,120,415,370.63	201,088,622.88	1,919,326,747.75	50,155,783	38.27	1.59
1881.....	. .. 6,723,865.26	422,721,954.32	2,069,013,569.58	249,363,415.35	1,819,650,154.23	51,316,000	35.46	1.46
1882.....	. . . 16,260,805.26	438,241,788.77	1,918,312,994.03	243,289,519.78	1,675,023,474.25	52,495,000	31.91	1.09
1883.....	7,831,415.26	538,111,162.81	1,884,171,728.07	345,389,902.92	1,538,781,825.15	53,693,000	28.66	.96
1884.....	, , 19,656,205.26	584,308,868.31	1,830,528,923.57	391,985,928.18	1,438,542,995.39	54,911,000	26.20	.87
1885.....	4,100,995.26	663,712,927.88	1,863,964,873.14	488,612,429.23	1,375,352,443.91	56,148,000	24.50	.84
1886.....	, . 9,704,445.26	619,344,468.52	1,775,063,013.78	492,917,173.34	1,282,145,840.44	57,404,000	22.34	•79 K,
1887.....	6 115 165 26	629,795,077.37	' 1,657,602,592.63	482,433,917.21	1,175,16S,675.42	58,680,000	20.03	.71 3
1888.....	2,496,095.26	739,840,389.32	1,692,858,984.58	629,854,089.85	1,063,004,894.73	59,974,000	17.72	• <>D
1889.....	1,911,485.26	787,287,446.97	1,619,052,922.23	643,113,172.01	975,939,750.22	61,289,000	15.92	.53
1890.....	. . . 1,815,805.26	825,011,289.47	1,552,140,204.73	661,355,834.20	890,784,370.53	62,622,250	14.22	.47
1891.....	1,614,705.26	933,852,766.35	1,545,996,591.61	694,083,839.83	851,912,751.78	63,844,000	13.34	.37
3892.....		1,000,648,939.37	1,588,464,144.63	746,937,681.03	841,526,463.60	65,086,000	12.93	.35
1893.....	2,094,060.26	958,S54,525.87	1,545,985,686.13	707,016,210.38	838,969,475.75	66,349,000	12.64	.35
1894.....	1,851,240.26	995,360,506.42	1,632,253,636.68	732,940,256.13	899,313,380.55	67,632,000	13.30	.38
1895.....	3,721,590.26	958,197,332.99	1,676,120,983.25	774,448,016.51	901,672,966.74	68,944,000	13.08	.42
3896.....	1,636,890.26	920,839,543.14	1,769,840,323.40	814,543,069.70	955,297,253.70	70,254,000	13.60	.49
3897.....	, , . 1,346,880.26	968,960,655.64	1,817,672,665.90	831,016,579.76	986,656,086.14	71,592,000	13.78	.48
1898.....	. . . 1,262,680.26	947,901,845.64	1,796,531,995.90	769,446,503.76	1,027,085,492.14	72,947,000	14.08	.47
1899.....	1,218,300.26	944,660,256.66	1,991,927,306.92	836,607,071.73	1,155,320,235.19	74,318,000	15.55	.54
1900.....	. , 1,176,320.26	1,112,305,911.41	2,136,961,091.67	1,029,249,833.78	1,107,711,257.89	76,303,387	14.52	.44
1S01.....	. . . 1,415,620.26	1,154,770,273.63	2,143,326,933.89	1,098,587,813.92	1,044,739,119.97	77,647,000	13.45	.38
1902.....	, 3,280,860.26	1,226,259,245.63	2,158,610,445.89	1,189,153,204.85	969,457,241.04	79,003,000	12.27	.35
1903......	. , 1,205,090.26	1,286,718,281.63	2,202,464,781.89	1,277,453,144.58	925,011,637.31	80,372,000	11.51	.32

Debt, less
cash in the

1904

1904

The column of " Debt bearing no interest M includes certificates issued against gold, silver and currency deposited in the Treasury.28

Merchandise Exported and Imported.

					Total	Excess of	Excess
					exports	exports i	of imports
Year	,-	—Exports.			and	over	oyer
ending	Domestic.	. Foreign.	Total.	Imports.	imports.	imports.	exports.
June 30—	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.
1553.......	189,869,162	13,620,120	203,489,282	263,777,265	467,266,547		60,287,983
1854.......	215,328,300	21,715,464	237,043,764	297,803,794	534,847,558		60,760,030
1855. ......	192,751,135	26,158,368	218,909,503	257,808,708	476,718,211		38,899.,205
1856.......	266,438,051	14,781,372	281,219,423	310,432,310	591,651,733		29,212,887
1857.......	278,906,713	14,917,047	293,823,760	348,428,342	642,252,102		54,604,582
1858.......	251,351,033	20,660,241	272,011,274	263,338,654	535,349,928	8,672,620	
1859.......	278,392,080	14,509,971	292,902,051	331,333,341	624,235,392	........	38,431,290
1860.......	316,242,423	17,333,634	333,576,057	353,616,119	687,192,176		20,040,662
1861.......	. . 204,899,616	14,654,217	*219,553,835	289,310,542	508,864,375		69,756,709
1862.......	. . 179,644,024	11,026,477	130,670,501	189,356,677	380,027,178	1,313,824	
1863.......	186,003,912	17,960,535	203,964,447	243,335,815	447,300,262		39,371,368
1864......	143,504,027	15,333,961	158,837,988	316,447,283	475,285,271		157,609,295
1865.......	136,940,248	29,089,055	166,029,303	238,745,580	404,774,883		72,716,277
1866. ......	337,518,102	11,341,420	348,859,522	434,812,066	783,671,588		85,952,544
1867.......	. . 279,786,809	14,719,332	294,506,141	395,761,096	690,267,237		101,254,955
1868.......	269,389,900	12,562,999	281,952,899	357,436,440	639,389,339		75,483,541
1869.......	275,166,697	10,951,000	286,117,697	417,506,379	703,624,076	•/•......	131,388,682
1870.......	. . 376,616,473	16,155,295	392,771,768	435,958,408	828,730,176		43,186,640
1871.......	428,398,908	14,421,270	442,820,178	520,223,684	963,043,862		77,403,506
1872. .	428,487,131	15,690,455	444,177,586	626,595,077	1,070,772,663		182,417,491
1873......	505,033,439	17,446,483	522,479,922	642,136,210	1,164,616,132		119,656,288
1874.......	. . W 569,433,421	16,849,619	586,283,040	567,406,342	1,153,689,382	18,876,698	
1875.......	499,284,100	14,158,611	513,442,711	533,005,436	1,046,448,147		19,562,725
3876.......	. . 525,582,247	14,802,424	540,384,671	460,741,190	1,001,125,861	79,643,481	
1877.......		12,804,996	602,475,220	451,323,126	1,053,798,346	151,152,094	
1878.......	680,709,268	14,156,498	694,865,766	437,051,532	1,131,917,298	257,814,234	
1879.......	698,340,790	12,098,651	710,439,441	445,777,775	1,156,217,216	264,661,666	
1880____	823,946,353	11,692,305	835,638,658	667,954,746	1,503,593,404	167,683,912	
1881--------	883,925,947	18,451,399	902,377,346	642,664,628	1,545,041,974	259,712,718	
1882.......	733,239,732	17,302,525	750,542,257	724,639,574	1,475,181,831	25,902,683	
1883. . .____	804,223,632	19,615,770	823,839,402	723,180,914	1,547,020,316	100,658,488	
1884.......	724,964,852	15,548,757	740,513,609	667,697,693	1,408,211,302	72,815,916	
1885.......	726,682,946	15,506,809	742,189,755	577,527,329	1,319,717,084	164,662,426	
1886.......	665,964,529	13,560,301	679,524,830	635,436,136	1,314,960,966	44,088,694	
1887.......	703,022,923	13,160,288	716,183,211	692,319,768	1,408,502,979	23,863,443	
1888.......	683,862,104	12,092,403	695,954,507	723,957,114	1,419,911,621		28,002,607
1889.......	730,282,609	12,118,766	742,401,375	745,131,652	1,487,533,027		2,730,277
1890.......	845,293,828	12,534,856	857,828,684	789,310,409	1,647,139,093	68,518,275	
1891.......	872,270,283	12,210,527	884,480,810	844,916,196	1,729,397,006	39,564,614	
1892.......	. 1,015,732,011	14,546,137	1,030,278,148	827,402,462	1,857,680,610	202,875,686	
1893.......	831,030,785	16,634,409	847,665,194	866,400,922	1,714,066,116		18,735,728
1894.......	869,204,937	22,935,635	892,140,572	654,994,622	1,547,135,194	237,145,950 '	
1895.......	793,392,599	14,145,566	807,538,165	731,969,965	1,539,508,130	75,568,200	
1896.'......	863,200,487	19,406,451	882,606,938	779,724,674	1,662,331,612	102,882,264	
1897.......	. 1,032,007,603	18,985,953	1,050,993,556	764,730,412	1,815,723,968	286,263,144	
1898.......	. 1,210,291,913	21,190,417	1,231,482,330	616,049,654	1,847,531,984	615,432,676	
1899.......	. 1,203,931,222	23,092,080	1,227,023,302	697,148,489	1,924,171,791	529,874,813	
1900.......	. 1,370,763,571	23,719,511	1,394,483,082	849,941,184	2,244,424,266	544,541,898	
1901.......	. 1,460,462,806	27,302,185	1,487,764,991	823,172,165	2,310,937,156	664,592,826	
1902.......	. 1,355,481,861	26,237,540	1,381,719,401	903,320,948	2,285,040,349	478,398,453	
1903.......	. 1,392,231,302	27,910,377	1,420,141,679	1,025,719,237	2,445,860,916	394,422,442	
1904.......							Domestic Exports by Sources of Production.

	Exports of domestic merchandise other than manufactures.*												Exports of		Total ex- ports of do-
Year ending													domestic		
	Agriculture.		Mining.		Forest.		Fisheries.		Miscellaneous.		Total.		manufactures.		mestic mer- chandise.
June 30—															
	Values.	P. ct.	Values.	P.ct.	Values.	P.ct.	Values.	P.ct.	Values.	P. ct.	Values.	Per ct,	Values.	Per ct	Values.
	Dollars.		Dollars.		Dollars		Dollars.		Dollars.		Dollars.		Dollars.		Dollars.
1860.....	256,560,972	81.13	999,465	0.31	10,299,959	3.26	4,156,480	1.31	3,879,655	1.23	275,896,531	87.24	40,345,892	12.76	1 316,242,423
1870.....	361,188,483	79.35	5,026,111	1.10	14,897,963	3.27	2,835,508	.62	2,980,512	.66	386,928,577	85	68,279,764	15 1	| 455,208,341
1880.....	685,961,091	83.25	5,863,232	.71	17,321,268	2.11	5,255,402	.64	6,689,345	.81	721,090,338	87.52	102,856,015	12.48	823,946,353
1881.....	730,394,943	82.63	7,401,282	.84	19,486,051	2.20	5,556,439	.63	6,854,013	.78	769,692,728	87.08	114,233,219	12.92	883,925,947
1882.....	552,219,819	75.31	8,175,692	1.11	25,580,264	3.50	6,197,752	.85	6,271,856	.85	598,445,386	81.62	134,794,346	18.38	733,239,732
1883.. .	619,269,449 '	77	10,446,719	1.30	28,636,199	3.56	6,276,375	.78	5,366,807	.67	669,995,549	83.31	134,228,083	16.69	804,223,632
1884.....	536,315,318	73.98	15,022,255	2.07	26,222,959	3.62	5,614,111 J	[ .77	5,417,322	.75	588,591,965	81.19	136,372,887	18.81	724,964,852
1885. .	530,172,966	72.96	15,797,885	2.18	22,014,839	3.03	5,955,122	.82	5,554,607	.76	579,495,419	79.75	147,187,527	20.25	726,682,946
1886.....	484,954,595	72.82	13,654,286	2.05	20,961,708	3.15	5,138,806	.77	4,713,156	.71	529,422,551	79.50	136,541,978	20.50	665,964,529
1887. .	523,073,798	74.41	11,758,662	1.67	21,126,273	3.01	5,155,775	.73	5,173,310	.73	566,287,818	80.55	136,735,105	19.45	703,022,923
1888.....	500,840,086	73.23	17,993,895	2.63	23,991,092	3.51	5,518,552	.82	5,218,392	.76	553,562,017	80.95	130,300,087	19.05	683,862,104
1889.. ,	532,141,490	72.87	19,947,518	2.73	26,997,127	3.70	7,106,388	.97	5,414,579	.74	591,607,102	81.01	138,675,507	18.99	730,282,609
1890. . ,	629,820,808	74.51	22,297,755	2.64	29,473,084	3.49	7,458,385	.88	5,141,420	.61	694,191,452	82.13	151,102,376	17.87	845,293,828
1891.....	642,751,344	73.69	22,054,970	2.53	28,715,713	3.29	6,208,577	.71	3,612,364	.41	703,342,968	80.63	168,927,315	19.37	872,270,283
1892. ,	798,328,232	75.60	20,692,885	2.04	27,957,423	2.75	5,403,587	.53	3,838,947	.38	856,221,074	84.30	159,510,937	15.70	1,015,732,011
1893.....	615,382,986	74.05	20,020,026	2.41	28,127,113	3.38	5,541,378	.67	3,936,164	.47	673,007,667	80.98	158,023,118	19.02	831,030,785
1894. ,	628,363,038	72.28	20,449,598	2.35	28,000,629	3.22	4,261,920	.49	4,400,944	.52	685,476,129	78.86	183,728,808	21.14	869,204,937
1895.....	553,210,026	69.73	18,509,814	2.33	28,576,235	3.61	5,328,807	.67	4,171,974	.52	609,796,856	76.86	183,595,743	23.14	793,392,599
1896.....	569,879,297	66.02	20,045,654	2.32	33,718,204	3.91	6,850,392	.79	4,135,762	.48	634,629,309	73.52	228,571,178	26.48	863,200,487
1897., , ,	683,471,139 -	€6.23	20,804,573	2.01	40,489,321	3.92	6,477,951	.63	3,479,228	.34	754,722,212	73.13	277,285,391	26.87	1,032,007,603
1898.....	853,683,570	70.54	19,410,707	1.60	37,900,171	3.13	5,435,483	.45	3,164,628	.26	919,594,559	75.98	290,697,354	24.02	1,210,291,913
1899.....	784,776,142	65.19	28,156,174	2.34	42,126,889	3.49	5,992,999	.50	3,286,872	.27	864,339,076	71.79	339,592,146	28.21	1,203,931,222
1900.....	835,858,123	€0.98 1	37,843,742	2.76 '	52,218,112	3.81	6,326,620	.46	4,665,218	.34	936,911,815	68.34	433,851,756	31.65	1,370,763,571
1901.....	943,811,020	64.62	39,207,875	2.68	54,317,294	3.72	7,683,353	.53	4,510,740	.31	1,049,530,282	71.86	410,932,524	28.14	1,460,462,806
1902.....	851,465,622	62.83	39,216,112	2.90	48,188,661	3.55	7,705,065	.57	5,265,000	.38	951,840,460	70.23	403,641,401	29.77	1,355,481,861
1903.....	873,322,882	62.73	39,311,239	2.81	57,835,896	4.16	7,805,538	.56	6,429,588	.46	984,705,143	70.72	407,526,159	29.28	1,392,231,302
1904.....															

* The group " Other than manufactures " embraces substantially all articles crude or only slightly enhanced in value by manufacture.

* The group " Other than manufactures " embraces substantially all articles crude or only slightly enhanced in value by manufacture.30

Values of Principal Articles of Domestic Manufactures Exported from the
United States from 1870 to 1902.

Year
ending
June 30.

1870-----

1875..

1880____

1885____

1890. .

189	1____

189	2____

1893. .

189	4.....

189	5____

189	6____

1897. .. .
1898.. . .

1899.....

1900.. . .

1901.'...	.

1902	.____

1903.....

1904. .

Iron and

steel
manufac-
tures.
$13,483,163
19,534,215
14,716,524
16,592,155
25,542,208
28,909,614
28,800,930
30,106,482
29,220,264
32,000,989
41,160,877
57,497,872
70,406,885
93,716,031
121,913,548
117,319,320
98,552,562

Copper
manu-
factures.
$504,741
1,085,688
793,455
5,447,423
2,349,392
4,614,597
7,226,392
4,525,573
19,697,140
14,468,703
19,720,104
31,621,125
32,180,872
35,983,529
57,852,960
43,267,021
41,218,373

Agri-
cultural
imple-
ments.
$1,06S,476
2,625,372
2,245,742
2,561,602
3,859,184
3,219,130'
3,794,983
4,657,333
5,027,915
5,413,075
5,176,775
5,240,686
7,609,732
•12,432,197
16,099,149
16,313,434
16,286,740

Wood
manu-
factures.
$2,613,715
4,053,370
3,975,694
4,780,495
6,509,645
5,987,322
6,062,789
6,058,896
6,773,724
6,249,807
7,426,475
8,592,416
9,098,219
9,715,285
11,232,838
11,099,643
11,617,690

Mineral
oils.
Refined.
$30,431,668
28,485,447
34,291,418
44,354,114
44,658,854
46,150,282
39,704,152
37,574,667
37,083,891
41,498,372
56,261,567
56,463,185
51,782,316
51,070,276
68,247,588
64,425,859
66,218;004

$673,331
7,423,796
6,760,186
9,692,408

Leather,
and

Chemicals, manu-
drugs, factures
dyes, etc. of.
$3,118,984
3,757,935
4,174,070
4,806,193
5,424,279 12,438,847
5,406,781 13,278,847
4,691,582 12,084,781
5,766,425 11,912,154
6,537,401 14,283,429
7,130,334 15,614,407
8,138,789 20,242,756
8,792,545 19,161,446
8,655,478 21,113,640
10,042,916 23,466,985
12,132,373 27,293,010
13,660,346 27,923,653
12,141,011 29,798,323

Paper,

Cot-	and
ton manufac-

manu-	tures
factures. of.

$3,787,282	$514,592
4,071,882 740,258

10,467,651	1,201,143
11,836,591 972,493

9,999,277	1,226,686

13,604,857	1,299,169

13,226,277	1,382,251

11,809,355	1,540,886

14,340,886	1,906,634

13,789,810	2,185,257

16,837,396	2,713,875

21,037,678	3,333,163

17,024,092	5,494,564

23,566,914	5,477,884

24,003,087	6,215,833

20,272,418	7,438,901

32,108,362	7,312,030

Note.—-These nine groups form
exported.

about 80 per cent, of the total value of manufactures

Imported Merchandise Entered for Consumption According to Degree of

Manufacture and	Uses.

Articles
manufactured
wholly
or partially

for use as	Articles	Articles of

materials	manufactured voluntary

in mechanic ready for	use,

arts	consumption,	luxuries, etc.	Total.

Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.

84,700,568	154,469,354	107,468,732	773,674,812

109,262,436	147,428,403	111,534,342	854,519,577

80,479,597	142,074,936	93,537,936	813,601,345

94,604,856	153,813,885	108,447,655	844,454,584

65,720,999	99,320,455	69,097,719	636,614,420

83,768,478	140,773,811	92,714,887	731,162,090

79,451,708	160,203,601	89,282,219	759,694,084

69,822,999	165,021,884	92,480,037	789,251,030

58,170.755	94,709,211	74,587,283	587,153,700

60,062,540	110,735,447	89,064,764	685,441,892

80,575,042	130,577,155	103,908,719	830,519,252

74,866,686	135,754,499	112,507,715	807,763,301

80,645.277	151,410,397	128,184,041	899,793,754

97,194,094	169,259,497	145,814,933	1,007,960,110

Crude

Food	articles for

and live	domestic

animals.	industries.

Year. Dollars.	Dollars.

189	0........... 248,600,646	178,435,512

189	1.......... 290,376,776	195,917,620

189	2______________ 299,66S,507	197,840,869

189	3.......... 269,277,229	218,310,959

1894	.......... 275,831,974	126,643,273

189	5.......... 226,422,171	187,482,743

189	6.......... 228,906,058	201,850,498

189	7____________ 254,657,954	207,268,155

J898.......... 170,745,733	188,940,718

1899. . . . ...... 207,468,197	218,110,941

1000........... 216,107,303	299,351,033

1901.......... 213,933,490	270,701,511

1902.......... 205,047,442	328,506,597

1903.......... 212,057,293	383,634,293

xm.........................31

Our Foreign Trade Per Capita.

Our foreign trade for the fiscal year 1903 amounted to $2,445,610,417, the
largest amount by over $100,000,000 ever before known. Of this, $1,419,991,290
were exports, and $1,025,019,127 imports, leaving a favorable balance of trade
amounting to $394,372,103. Our imports have since passed the billion dollar
mark, and as compared with a few years ago, seem enormous, and yet they only
amount to $12.54 per capita.

Let us compare this with other years, as follows:

Imports Per Capita.

Dollars.	Dollars.

1860.........1125 1875.........11.97

Dollars.
1890.........12.35

3810,...........11.80	1861......... 9.02 1876.........10.29	1891.........13.38

1820......... 7.71	1862......... 5.79 < 1877......... 9.49	1892.........12.50

1830......... 4.87	1863......... 7.29 1878......... 9.21	1893.........12.73

1840......... 5.76	1864......... 9.30 1879......... 8.99	1894......... 9.41

185	0......... 7.48	1865......... 6.87 1880.........12.51	1895.........10.61

185	1......... 8.78	1866..,......12.26 1881.........12.68	1896----------10.81

185	2......... 8.36	1867.........10.44 1882.........13.46	1897.........11.02

185	3.........10.30	1868......... 9.33 * 1883.........13.05	1898......... 8.05

185	4.........11.27	1869.........10.45 1884.........12.16	1899......... 9.22

185	5......... 9.46	1870.........11.06 1885.........10.32	1900.........10.88

185	6.........11.05	1871.........12.65 1886......*...10.89	1901.........10.58

185	7.........12.05	1872.........13.80 1887.......,.11.65	1902.........11.39

185	8......... 8.85	1873.........15.91 1888.........11.88	1903.........12.54

185	9.........10.83	1874.........13.26 1889.........12.10	1904.............

It will be seen in past years imports per capita have been equaled or
exceeded many times, and going back 100 years we find that our per capita
imports of to-day are only about 77 per cent, of the per capita imports of 1800,
which were $17.19. Our imports, then, though large, are not excessive for a
nation of nearly 81,000,000 people, worth $100,000,000,000, with a yearly spendable
income of about $30,000,000,000.

A glance at our per capita exports will also be instructive:

Exports Per Capita.

Dollars.

. .10.61

	Dollars.
1800.....	
1810.	____ 9.22
1820	---- 7.22
3830,	
3840,,.	
1850	____ 6.23
1851	.... 7.87
3852. ,	..... 6.73
1853	.... 7.94
1854.	----- 8.97
1855.....	..... 8.03
1856.,	.....10.01
1857.....	.....10.16
1858. ,,	. . . 9.14
.1859.....	..... 9.57
The excess of e	

1860____

186	1......... 6.85

186	2......... 5.83

186	3......... 6.11

186	4......... 4.67

1&65......... 4.78

186	6......... 9.84

186	7......... 7.73

186	8......... 7.29

186	9......... 7.29

187	0......... 9.77

187	1.........10.83

187	2.........10.55

187	3.........12.12

187	4.........13.31

Dollars.

1875.........11.36

1876. .......11.64

187	7.........12.72

187	8.........14.30

187	9.........14.29

188	0.........16.43

188	1.........17.23

188	2.........13.97

188	3.........14.98

188	4.........13.20

188	5.........12.94

188	6.........11.60 ^

188	7.........11.98

188	8........ .11.40

188	9.........11.92

Dollars.

189	0....... . .13.50

189	1.........13.66

189	2.........15.61

189	3.........12.98

189	4.........12.85

189	5.........11.51

189	6.........12.29

189	7........ .14.42

189	8.........16.59

189	9...........16.20

1900.........17.96

190	1.........18.81

190	2.........17.16

190	3.........17.32

190	4.............

still quite favorable, and as our exports seem to be again on the increase future
balances may be larger. For over a century we have been buying less and less
per capita, while our sales per capita show a constant increase.		Bank	Deposits.			
	National banks					
Years	(individual			Loan and		
ending	deposits).	Savings banks.	State banks.	trust companies.	Private banks.	Total deposits.
June 30—	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.
1890..............	......... 1,521,745,665	1,524,844,506	553,054,584	336,456,492	99,521,667	4,035,622,914
1891..............	......... 1,535,058,569	1,623,079,749	556,637,012	355,330,080	94,959,727	4,165,065,137
1892..............	......... 1,753,339,680	1,712,769,026	648,513,809	411,659,996	93,091,148	4,619,373,650
1893..............	......... 1,556,761,230	1,785,150,957	706,865,643	486,244,079	68,552,696	4,603,574,605
1894..............	......... 1,677,801,201	1,747,961,280	658,107,494	471,298,816	66,074,549	4,621,243,340
1895..............	......... 1,736,022,007	1,810,597,023	712,410,423	546,652,657	81,824,932	4,887,507,042
1896..............	......... 1,668,413,508	1,907,156,277	695,659,914	586,468,156	59,116,378	4,916,814,233
1897..............	......... 1,770,480,5.63	1,939,376,035	723,640,795	566,922,205	50,278,243	5,050,697,841
1898..............	......... 2,023,357,160	2,065,631,298	912,365,406	662,138,397	62,085,084	5,725,577,345
1899..............	......... 2,522,157,509	2,230,366,954	1,164,020,972	835,499,064	64,974,392	6,817,018,891 w
1900..............	......... 2,458,092,758	2,449,547,885	1,266,735,282	1,028,232,407	96,2p6,049	7,298,814,381 **
1901..............	......... 2,941,837,429	2,597,094,580	1,610,502,246	1,271,081,174	118,621,903	8,539,137,332
1902..............	......... 3,098,875,772	2,750,177,290	1,698,185,287	1,525,887,493	131,669,948	9,204,795,790
1903..............	......... 3,200,993,509	2,935,204,845	1,814,570,163 ,	1,589,398,796	133,217,990	9,673,385,303
1904*.............	......... 3,372,000,000	3,176,000,000	1,987,000,000	1,690,000,000	157,000,000	10,382,000,000

* Estimated from early reports.

But little explanation is necessary in connection with the above table showing our bank deposits. For the most
part, the individual deposits in National banks, State banks, Loan and Trust Companies and private banks reflect the
transactions in business, while the deposits in savings banks are, for the most part, the little amounts put away by wage
earners. It will be noted that from 1893 to 1896 there were in different years withdrawals from all our banking institu-
tions in excess of deposits, while from 1893 to 1897 the gain was only about $400,000,000; from 1897 to 1904, however, the
gain has been over $5,000,000,000, a most remarkable contrast and a most positive and emphatic denial of the Free-Trade
and Democratic assertion, that the price of living has increased mote than incomes during these years.Savings Banks, Depositors, and Deposits in the United States Every Ten
Years from 1830 to 1890 and Annually Since*

	Number				Number		
	of >	Number of			of	Number of	
Year.	banks.	depositors.	Deposits.	Year.	banks.	depositors.	Deposits.
1830..	.. 36	38,085	$6,973,304		.1,017	4,875,519	$1,810,597,023
1840..	.. 61	78,701	14,051,520	1896..	. . 988	5,065,494	1,907,156,277
1850..	.. 108	251,354	43,431,130	1897..	. . 980	5,201,132	1,939,376,035
I860..	.. 278	693,870	149,277,504	1898..	. . 979	5,385,746	2,065,631,298
1870..	. . 517	1,630,846	549,874,358	1899..	. . 942	5,687,818	2,230,366,954
1880..	. . 629	2,335,582	819,106,973	1900..	. .1,002	6,107,083	2,449,547,885
1890..	. . 921	4,258,893	1,524,844,506	1901..	. .1,007	6,358,723	2,597,094,580
1891..	..1,011	4,533,217	1,623,079,749	1902..	. .1,036	6,666,672	2,750,177,290
1892..	. .1,059	4,781,605	1,712,769,026	1903..	. .1,078	7,035,228	2,935,204,845
1893		4,830,599	1,785,150,957	1904..			
1894..	. .1,024	4,777,687	1,747,961,280				

Number of Depositors and Amount of Deposits in European Countries.

[Latest reports received by tlie Comptroller of tbe Currency.]					Average
					
				Average	deposit
		Number of	Total	deposit	per in-
Countries.	Period.	depositors.	deposits.	account.	habitant.
Russia (in Europe)......	1903	4,517,342	$491,317,622	$108.76	$3.48
Finland ................	1900	181,269	15,700,000	86.61	5.87
Germany...............	1900	14,863,956	2,103,5^2,754	141.52	37.32
♦Prussia ...............	1901	9,034,937	1,367,768,065	151.38	39.67
Japan .................	1901-02	6,506,717	35,852,467	5.51	.80
Austria ................	1901-02	4,946,307	876,941,933	177.29	33.47
Hungary ...............	1900	1,202,889	283,995,000	236.09	14.85
United Kingdom.........	1902	10,803,555	959,236,637	88.80	22.86
France ................	1901	11,051,979	854,879,328	77.35	21.94
SItaly .................	1901	6,021,662	431,764,353	71.70	13.30
Belgium ...............	1901	1,908,463	150,191,761	78.69	22.08
^Canada ...............	1902	211,762	58,438,188	27.60	10.88
Holland ................	1900-01	1,256,451	69,831,686	55.58	13.48
Sweden ................	1901	1,865,596	143,418,740	76.87	27.71
flndia .................	1901	816,651	32,583,673	39.90	.14
Australasia, including New					
Zealand ..............	1901-02	1,252,219	195,273,475	155.94	14.26
Denmark...............	1901	1,176,853	176,244,144	150.00	71.95
Norway................	1901	695,524	86,292,423	124.06	38.52
Totals .............  United States...........  Grand totals		69,279,195	$6,965,544,184	$100.54	$10.43
	1903	7,035,228	$2,935,204,845	$417.21	$36.52
		76,314,423	$9,900,749,029		

* Included with Germany.

t Data for P. O. savings banks only.

t Post Office and Government banks only.

§ Exclusive of co-operative savings banks and ordinary credit companies.

Labor's Double Gain.

In 1870 the wholesale annual cost of necessaries for one person was $165.47 ;
in 1903 it was less than $100, and yet to-day skilled labor is getting twice what
it was in 1870. Even on a gold basis the index number of prices in 1870 was $134.
Fact of the matter is, cost of living is less to-day than it was in 1870, 1875, 1880,
1888 or 1889, while wages are very much higher.34

Commercial Failures.

Commercial failures, to some extent, seem to be a most necessary accompani-
ment of trade and commerce, but prosperity and substantial business relations are
reflected by the comparative figures of these failures during a series of years. In
spite of the vast number of concerns which have consolidated during recent years,
it can be seen from the following table, that since 1897 the number of business
concerns have increased constantly every year, and naturally an increase in num-
ber of failures and liabilities is to b*e looked for, and yet although the number
of business concerns increased in this time by over 200,000, yet the amount of lia-
bilities of concerns which failed were almost identical in 1897 and 1903, while In
the intervening years the figures are very much less. The table is one that speaks
for itself and will bear the closest study:

		Number of	Per cent.		
	Number of	business	of	Amount of	Average
Calendar years.	failures.	concerns.	failures.	liabilities.	liabilities.
1890................	. 10,907	1,110,590	.98	$189,856,964	$17,406
3891..............	. . 12,273	1,142,951	1.07	189,868,638	15,471
3892..............	, ,10,344	1,172,705	.88	114,044,167	11,025
1893..............	.15,242	1,193,113	1.28	346,779,889	22,751
1894..............	. .13,885	1,114,174	1.25	172,992,856	12,458
1895..............	. .13,197	1,209,282	1.09	173,196,060	13,124
1896...............		1,151,579	1.31	226,096,834	14,992
1897..............	. .13,351	1,058,521	1.26	154,332,071	11,559
1898...............	. .12,186	1,105,830	1.10	130,662,899	10,722
1899..............	. . 9,337	1,147,595	.81	90,879,889	9,733
1900..............		1,174,300	.92	138,495,673	12,854
1901..............	. .11,002	1,219,242	.90	113,092,376	10,279
1902..............	. .11,615	1,253,172	.93	117,476,769	10,114
1903............	. .12,069	1,281,481	1.12	155,444,185	12,879

1904

1904

Patents.

The products of our inventive minds seem to follow the general trend of
prosperity, as can be seen from the following table. During the Free-Trade period
following 1893 fewer patents were issued, while under the operation of the Dingley
law the number has largely increased:

	Applica-	Caveats	Patents and			
Year.	tions.	filed.	reissues.	Cash received.	Cash expended.	Surplus.
3890...	. . .41,048	2,311	26,292	$1,340,372.66	$1,099,297.74	$241,074.92
1891 ,	. . .40,552	- 2,408 -	23,244	1,271,285.78	1,139,713.35	131,572.43
1892, ,	.. .40,753	2,290	23,559	1,286,331.88	1,110,739.24	175,592.59
1893...	. . .38,473	2,247	23,769	1,242,871.64	1,141,038.45	101,833.19
1894,	. . . 38,439	2,286	20,867	1,187,439.58	1,100,047.12	87,392.46
1895...	. . .40,680	2,415	22,057	1,245,246.93	1,106,389.49	138,857.44
1896. ,	. . .43,982	2,271	23,373	1,324,059.83	1,113,413.71	210,646.12
1897...	. . .47,905	2,176	23,794	1,375,641.72	1,122,843.13	252,798.59
1898.,.	. . .35,842	1,659	22,267	1,137,734.48	1,136,196.20	1,538.28
1899...	. ,. 41,443	1,716	25,527	1,325,457.03	1,211,783.73	113,673.30
1900. ,	. . .41,980	1,731	26,499	1,350,828.53	1,260,019.62	90,808.91
1901. . .	. . .46,449	1,842	27,373	1,449,398.16	1,297,385.64	152,012.52
1902 . . .	. , . 49,641	1,851	27,886	1,552,859.08	1,393,345.54	159,513.54
1903...	. . .50,213	1,771	31,699	1,642,201.81	1,448,645.81	193,556.00
1904...	• • • • • • •	....	.....			Mineral Products*

Total
value all

Calendar	mineral

years.	Gold.	Silver.	Copper.	Coal.	Stone.	products.
1890........	----$32,845,000	$70,464,645	$30,848,797	$176,804,573	$47,000,000	$619,512,173
1891........		75,416,565	38,455,300	391,133,135	47,294,746	623,000,644
1892........		82,099,150	37,977,142	207,566,381	48,706,625	648,675,081
1893........	---- 35,950,000	77,575,757	32,054,601	208,438,696	33,885,573	574,299,886
1894........	____ 39,500,000	64,000,000	33,141,142	186,141,564	36,534,788	526,624,139
1895........	---- 46,610,000	72,051,000	38,682,347	197,769,043	33,319,131	621,259,000
1896........	---- 53,088,000	76,069,236	49,456,603	196,640,166	30,142,661	622.533,216
1897........'	---- 57,363,000	69,637,172	54,080,180	198,869,178	34,667,772	630,853,929
1898. .......		70,384,485	61,865,276	208,000,850	36,607,264	698,550,398
1899........		70,806,626	101,222,712	256,077,454	44,090,670	972,152,208
1900........		74,533,495	98,494,039	306,671,364	44,321,345	1,063,620,548
1901........		71,387,800	87,300,515	349,010.469	55,615,926	1,085,590,721
1902........		71,757,575	76,568,954	367,032,069	64,559,099	1,260,649,265

1903
1904,

1903
1904,

Production of Coal in the United States.

The following table gives the production of all kinds of coal in the United
States in gross tons from 1870 to 1902. Authentic statistics for earlier years
than 1870 are not available:

	Pennsylvania	Bituminous	Total.
Years—Gross tons.	anthracite.	and all other.	Gross tons.
Census year 1870.............	.......... 13,973,460	15,369,120	29,342,580
Census year 1880...........	.......... 25,572,160	38,250,670	63,822,830
Calendar year 1881...........	.......... 28,500,016	48,365,341	76,865,357
Calendar year 1882...........	.......... 31,358,264	60,861,190	92,219,454
Calendar year 1883...........	.......... 34,336,469	68,531,500	102,867,969
Calendar year 1884...........	.......... 33,175,756	73,730,539	106,906,295
Calendar year 1885...........		64,840,668	99,069,216
Calendar year 1886...........	.......... 34,853,077	66,646,947	101,500,024
Calendar year 1887...........	.......... 37,578,747	79,073,227	116,651,974
Calendar year 1888...........	.......... 41,624,611	91,107,002	132,731,613
Census year 1889.............	.......... 40,665,152	85,432,717	126,097,869
Calendar year 1890...........	.......... 41,489,858	99,377,073	140,866,931
Calendar year 1891...........	.......... 45,236,992	105,268,962	150,505,954
Calendar year 1892...........	.......... 46,850,450	113,264,792	160,115,242
Calendar year 1893...........	.......... 48,185,306	114,629,671	162,814,977
Calendar year 1894...........	.......... 46,358,144	106,089,647	152,447,791
Calendar year 1895...........	.......... 51,785,122	120,641,244	172,426,366
Calendar year 1896...........	.......... 48,523,287	122,893,103	171,416,390
Calendar year 1897...........	........... 46.974,714	131,801,356	178,776,070
Calendar year 1898...........	.......... 47,663,075	148,744,306	196,407,381
Calendar year 1899...........	.......... 53,944,647	172,609,988	226,554,635
Calendar year 1900...........	.......... 51,221,353	189,567,957	240,789,310
Calendar year 1901...........	.......... 60,242,560	201,632,276	261,874,836
Calendar year 1902...........	.......... 36,940,710	232,336,468	269,277,178

Calendar year 1903					

Calendar year 1904					

Calendar year 1903........................................................................................

Calendar year 1904........................................................................................

Insurance Statistics.

There is no better form of saving or wiser disposition of a part of one's
surplus earnings than in life insurance. It is only necessary to call attention to
the following figures to show how large a surplus our people have eujoyed in36

recent years, and how a considerable portion of that surplus has been put aside
for death or future adversity. Attention should be called to the immense increase
in industrial insurance, which has developed so largely during our recent pros-
perous years among the working classes, who may pay their premiums in weekly
or monthly instalments. This class of insurance did not increase very rapidly
during years 1894, 1895 and 1896, but since 1896 it will be seen that it has
increased by over a billion dollars, which is about one-third as much as the
increase in ordinary insurance, which in itself includes thousands of our better
paid wage earners:

Insurance in Force.

Years end'g, ■ ■-Ordinary.—..... ^ ,--Industrial.----N f--Total.-—

December Number of	Number of	Number of

31— policies. Amount. policies. Amount. policies. Amount.

189	0.....1,819,561 $3,620,057,439 3,883,529 $429,521,128 5,203,090 $4,049,578,567

189	1.....1,465,459 3,964,491,593 4,319,817 481,919,116 5,785,276 4,446,410,709

1892	._____1,531,231	4,314,204,343	5,200,777	583,527,016	6,732,008	4,897,731,359

1893	.----1,754,303	4,629,774,861	5,751,514	662,050,129	7,505,817	5,291,824,990

1894.... .1,868,954	4,765,220,494	6,833,439	800,946,170	8,702,393	5,566,166,664

1895.....1,940,945	4,917,694,131	6,952,757	820,740,641	8,893,702	5,738,434,772

1896.____2,024,927	5,054,800,906	7,388,119	888,266,586	9,413,046	5,943,067,492

1897.... .2,201,193	5,329,980,648	8,005,384	996,139,424	10,206,577	6,326,120,072

189	8......2,419,850 5,714,964,251 8,798,480 1,110,073,519	11,218,330	6,825,037,770

189	9.....2,820,950 6,481,154,483 10,050,847 1,293,125,522	12,871,797	7,774,280,005

190	0.....3,176,051 7,093,152,380 11,219,296 1,468,986,366	14,395,347	8,562,138,746

190	1.....3,693,702 7,952,989,395 12,337,022 1,640,857,553	16,030,724	9,593,846,948

190	2______4,160,088 8,701,587,912 13,448,124 1,806,890,864	17,608,212	10,508,478,776

190	3..... ..................................

190	4.........................................................

Postal Statistics.

Our postal revenues present one of the greatest indications we have of the
prosperity of the people. They reflect business transactions of every nature as
well as interchange of social communications. While the figures below show the
immense increase which has taken place during the last few years, yet it may be
added that the receipts for the present fiscal year 1904 will be about $150,000,000,
while the appropriations made for the fiscal year 1905 are somewhat in excess of
$170,000,000.

Post	Total

Year ending June 30—	Offices.	Revenue. expenditure. Deficit.

189	0.......................... 62,401 $60,882,097 $65,930,717 $5,048,620

189	1.......................... 64,329	65,931,786	71,662,463	5,730,677

1892.......................... 67,119	70,930,476	76,323,762	5,393,286

1893.......................... 68,403	75,896,933	81,074,104	5,177,171

1894.......................... 69,805	75,080,479	84,324,414	9,243,935

189	5.......................... 70,064	76,983,128	86,790,173	9,807,045

189	6.......................... 70,360	82,499,208	90,626,297	8,127,089

189	7.......................... 71,022	82,665,463	94,077,242 ll,411r779

1898.......................... 73,570	89,012,619	98,033,524	9,020,905

189	9.......................... 75,000 95,021,384 101,632,161	6,610,777

190	0.......................... 76,688 102,354,579 107,740,267	5,385,688

190	1.......................... 76,945 111,631,193 115,554,920	3,923,727

190	2.......................... 75,924 121,848,047 124,809,217	2,961,170

190	3.......................... 74469 134,224,443 138,784,488	4,560,045

190	4......................................... .......... ........Yei

1871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880,

1881,

1882

3 883,

1884

1.885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

18.98

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

Raw wool retained
for consumption.
Total per
capita. Foreign.

Pounds. Per cent,

...5.73	29.4

____6.75	45.3

...5.67	33.2

...4.81	17.5

____5.28	22.1

...5.21	18.3

____5.10	16.3

____5.28	16.9

____5.03	14.2

____6.11	34.9

____5.66	17.3

____6.36	19.0

____6.62	18.7

____6.85	20.6

____6.69	18.0

----7.39	28.9

----6.68	27.4

____6.31	28.9

____6.33	3L.8

____6.03	27.0

----6)44	30.8

----6.75	33.1

-----7.10	35.7

____5.13	14.2

.....7.39	40.0

----6.98	45.9

----8.40	57.8

----5.44	32.8

____4.51	19.2

____5.72	34.4

____5.18	24.9

----6.07	34.1

----5.74	37.8

	37					
pita and Percentage Statistics.						
			^-Public schools.—*			
					Expen-	
	Imports				ditures	Immi-
Tonnage	and				per	gration :
of ves-	exports	Post Office			capita	Per
sels : An-	of mer-	Department.		Pop-	of pop-	cent, of
nual in-	chandise		Expen-	ulatioji	ulation	annual
crease or carried in		Rev-	diture	5 to	5 to	increase
decrease American enue per			per	18 years 18 years		5 of pop-
;■■(_}_ or—).	vessels.	capita.	capita.	of age.	of age.	ulation.
:. Per cent.	Per cent.	$	$	Millions.	$ Per cent.	
+ 0.85	31.9	0.51	0.62	12.3	5.62	32.24
+ 3.62	29.2	.54	.66	12.6	5.90	38.89
+ 5.82	26.4	.55	.70	12.8	5.95	42.53
+ 2.23	27.2	.62	.75	13.1	6.11	28.00
+ 1.10	26.2	.61	.79	13.4	6.23	19.70
— 11.83	27.7	.63	.74	1.3.7	6.06	14.33
— .86	26.9	.59	.72	14.0	5.67	11.67
— .70	26.2	.62	.72	14.4	5.49	11.12
— 1.02	23.0	.62	.69	14.7	5.18	14.02
— 2.43	17.4	.66	.73	15.1	5.17	35.45
— .25	16.5	.72	.77	15.4	5.43	57.71
+ 2.66	15.8	.80	.77	15.7	5.67	66.92
+ 1.67	16.0	.85	.81	16.0	6.05	50.44
+ .84	17.2	.79	.86	16.4	6.29	42.58
— .12	15.3	.76	.89	16.7	6.61	31.96
— 3,16	15.5	,77	.88	17.1	6.63	26.61
— .60	14.3	.83	.91	17.4	6.65	38.41
-4- 2.10	14.0	.88	.94	17.8	6.98	42.26
+ 2.74	14.3	.92	1.01	18.2	7.28	34.06
+ 2.71	12.9	.97	.1.11	18.5	7.60	34.16
+ 5.88	12.5	1.03	1.14	18.8	7.85	45.86
+ 1.71	12.3	1.09	1.19	19.2	8.12	50.17
+ 1.26	12.2	1.14	1.27	19.6	8.31	39.82
— 2.90	13.3	1.11	1.27	20.1	8.49	24.51
— 1.03	11.7	1.12	1.31	20.4	8.60	21.50
+ 1.47	12.0	1.17	1.34	20.9	8.84	26.01
+ 1.38	11.0	1.15	1.34	21.1	8.89	17.25
— .40	9.3	1.22	1.39	21.6	9.01	16.92
+ 2.41	8.9	JL.28	1.41	21.9	9.13	22.73
+ 6.18	9.3	1.34	1.46	21.4	10.04	22.58
+ 6.96	8.2	1.44	1.52	22.0	10.35	36.31
+ 4.95	8.8	1.54	1.59	22.3	10.57	47.84
+ 4.99	9.1	1.67	1.73	No data	No data	62.6038

Consumption Per Capita,

Wheat
and Corn

Raw wheat and corn	Distilled Malt

cotton. flour. meal. Sugar. Coffee. Tea. spirits, liquors. Wines.
Pounds. Bushels. Bushels. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pf.galls. Gallons. Gallons.

1871.......	.....14.10	4.69	27.40	36.2	7.91	1.14	1.62	6.10	0.40
1872......		4.79	21.09	40.4	7.28	1.46	1.68	6.66	.41
1873......	.....15.19	4.81	22.86	39.8	6.87	1.53	1.63	7.21	.45
1874.......	.....13.60	4.46	20.95	41.5	6.59	1.27	1.51	7.00	.48
1875......	.....11.90	5.38	18.66	43.6	7.08	1.44	1.50	6.71	.45
1876------	.....14.77	4.89	28.14	35.2	7.33	1.35	1.33	6,83	.45
1877......		5.01	26.13	38.9	6.94	1.23	1.28	6.58	.47
1878......	.....13.71	5.72	26.37	34.3	6.24	1.33	1.09	6.68	.47
1879.<____	.....15.90	5.58	26.61	40.7	7.42	1.21	1.11	7.05	.50
1880......	.....18.94	5.35	23.88	42.9	8.78	1.39	1.27	8.26	.56
1881......	.....19.64	6.09	31.64	44.2	8.25	1.54	1.38	8.65	.47
1882......	.....16.15	4.98	21.92	48.4	8.30	1.47	1.40	10.03	.49
1883......	.....20.80	6.64	29.24	51.1	8.91	1.30	1.46	10.27	.48
1884......	.....16.30	5.64	27.40	53.4	9.26	1.09	1.48	10.74	.37
1885......	.....15.16	6.77	31.04	51.8	9.60	1.18	1.26	10.62	.39
1886......	.....19.59	4.57	32.60	56.9	9.36	1.37	1.26	11.20	.45
1887......	.....16.84	5.17	27.68	52.7	8.53	1.49	1.21	11.23	.55
1888......	.....19.59	5.62	23.86	56.7	6.81	1.40	1.26	12.80	.61.
188D......	.....17.22	5.34	31.28	51.8	9.16	1.29	CO	12.72	.56
1890_______	.....18.50	6.09	32.09	52.8	7.83	1.33	1.40	13.67	.46
1891......	.....22.38	4.59	22.84	66.3	8.00	1.29	1.43	15.31	.45
1892......	.....24.58	5.94	30.48	63.8	9.67	1.38	1.51	15.17	.44
1893......	.....17.84	4.89	23.83	64.4	8.31	1.32	1.52	16.20	.48
1894_______	.....16.45	3.44	22.96	66.7	8.30	1.36	1.34	15.32	.31
1895......	.....22.75	4.59	17.18	63.4	9.33	1.40	1.13	15.13	.2$
1896......	.....18.67	4.85	29.18	62.5	8.11	1.33	1.01	15.38	.27
1897......	.....18.77	3.95	29.40	64.8	10.12	1.58	1.02	14.94	.54
1898..----	.....25.76	4.29	23.19	61.5	11,68	.93	1.12	15.96	.28
1899......		6.09	23.51	62.6	10.79	.98	1.17	15.28	.35
1900._____	.....22.57	4.74	24.44	65.2	9.81	1.09	1.27	16.01	.40
1901._____	.....25.94	3.95	24.77	68.7	10.60	1.14	1.33	16.20	.37
1902......	.....25.65	6.50	18.92	72.8	13.37	.94	1.36	17.49	.63
1903......	.....24.64	5.81	30.45	71.1	10.79	1.30	1.46	18.04	.48

£9041871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

1878.

1879.

1880.

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

1885.

1886.

1887.

1888.

1889.

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894,

1895.

1896,

1897,

1898,

1899,

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

39

Revenue Per Capita.

/-—Internal revenue.—s

Expenses

Collected	of

per capita,	collecting.

Dollars.	Per cent.
____3.62	5.30

____3.22	4.36

____2.75	4.69

----2.39	4.40

....3.52	3.89

____2.59	3.38

____2.56	2.99

____2.32	2.96

____2.32	3.10

____2.47	2.95

____2.64	3.20

____2.79	2.80

____2.69	3.06

____2.21	3.47

____2.00	3.42

____2.03	3.06

____2.02	3.22

____2.07	2.92

____2.13	2.88

____2.28	2.65

____2.28	2.75

____2.36	2.52

____2.43	2.57

____2.17	2.55

____2.08	2.62

_____2.09	2.62

....2.05	2.46

_____2.34	2.17

_____3.68	1.59

_____3.87	1.51

.....3.96	1.43

.....3.44	1.60

.....2.87	1.94

Merchandise
imported for Duty
consumption collected
per capita, per capita.
Dollars. Dollars.

12.65

13.50
15 91
13.26
11.97
10.29

9.49

9.21
8.99

12.51
12.68

13.64
13.05
12.16
10.32
10.89

11.65
11.88
12.10
12.35

13.38
12.50
12.73

9.41
10.61
10.81
11.02
8.05

9.22
10.88
10.58

11.39
12.54

5.12
5.23
4.44
3.75
3.51

3.22

2.77

2.67
2.73

3.64

3.78
4.12
3.92
3.47
3.17
3.30

3.65
3.60
3.60
3.62

3.40

2.68

3.00
1.92
2.17

2.23

2.41
1.99
2.72

3.01
3.06
3.17
3.49

—Customs revenue.->

Expenses
. ^ Average ad	of

valorem rate of duty, collecting
On On free and customs
dutiable, dutiable, revenue.
Per cent. Per cent. Per cent.
43.95

41.35

38.07

38.53

40.62

44.74
42.89

42.75
44.87
43.48
43.20
42.66
42.45
41.61
45.86
45.55
47.10

45.63
45.13
44.41
46.28
48.71
49.58

50.06
41.75
39.95
42.17
48.75

52.07
49.24

49.64
49.78
49.03

38.94	3.18
37.00	3.21
26.95	3.76
26.88	4.49
28.20	4.47
30.19	4.53
26.68	4.96
27.13	4.47
28.97	3.96
29.07	3.23
29.75	3.22
30.11	2.95
29.92	3.07
28.44	3.44
30.59	3.58
30.13	3.33
31.02	3.16
29.99	3.27
29.50	3.14
29.12	2.98
25.25	3.17
21.26	3.74
23.49	3.32
20.25	5.15
20.23	4.43
20.67	4.52
21.89	4.01
24.77	4.78
29.48	3.57
27.62	3.20
28.91	3.23
27.95	3.13
27.85	2.98Government Finance, Per Capita.

Amount	,-Year ending June 30.-

		of money						Dis-
		in the	Money	Debt, less	Inter-			burse-
		United	in cir-	cash in	est on	Net		ments
	Population.	States	culation.	Treasury public		rev-	Net ex-	for
Year.	June 1.	July 1.	July 1.	July 1.	debt.	enue.	penses. pensions.	
		Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.				Dollars.
1871.......		18.75	18.10	56.81	2.83	9.69	7.39	0.84
1872.......		18.79	18.19	52.96	2.56	9.22	6.84	.74
1873____		18.58	18.04	50.52	2.35	8.01	6.97	.70
1874......		18.83	18.13	49.17	2.31	7.13	7.07	.71
1875.......	......43.951,000	18.16	17.16	47.53	2.20 _	6.55	6.25	.68
1876.......		17.52	16.12	45.66	2.11	6.52	5.87	.63
1877.......	......46,353,000	16.46	.15.58	43.56	2.01	6.07	5.21	.62
1878.......	.....47,598,000	16.59	35.32	42.01	1.99	5.42	4.98	.56
3879.......	.....48,866,000	21.15	16.75	40.85	1.71	5.60	5.46	.69
1880.......		23.64	19.41	38.27	1.59	6.65	5.34	1.14
1881.....		26.30	21.71	35.46	1.46	7.00	5.08	.98
1882.......	.....52,495,000	26.85	22.37	31.91	1.09	7.68	4.91	1.03
18 S3.......		27.42	22.91 .	28.66	.96	7.41	4.94	1.13
1884.......	.....54,911,000	27.08	22.65	26.20	.87	6.36	4.44	1.04
1885.......	.....56,148,000	27.38	23.02	24.50	.84	5.76	4.63	1.17
1886.......		27.20	21.82	22.34	.79	5.86	4.22	1.13
1887.......	.....58,680,000	27.84	22.45	20.03	.71	6.33	4.56	1.27
1888.......		28.20	22.88	17.72	.65	6.32	4.46	1.33
1889.......	.....61,289,000	27.06	22.52	15.92	.53	6.31	4.88	1.45
1890.......	.....62,622,250	26.91	22.82	14.22	.47	6.43	5.07	1.73
1891.......		26.28	23.42	13.34	.37	6.14	5.73	1.95
1892........		26.92	24.56	12.93	.35	5.45	5.30	2.07
1893.......	.....66,349,000	26.21	24.03	.12.64	.35	5.81	5.78	2.40
1894____	.....67,632,000	26.69	24.52	13.30	.38	4.40	5.43	2.09
3 895.......		26.39	23.20	13.08	.42	4.54	5.16	2.05
1896.______		25.62	21.41	13.60	.49	4.65	5.01	1.98
1897.......		26.62\	22.87	13.78	.48	4.85	5.11	1.97
1898.......		28.43	25.15	14.08	.47	5.56	6.07	2.02
1899.......		29.47	25.58	15.55	.54	6.94	8,14	1.88
1900.......		30.66	26.94	14.52	.44	7.43	6.39	1.85
1901.......		31.98	27.98	13.45	.38	7.56	6.56	1.79
1902.......	.....79,003,000	32.45	28.43	3 2.27	.35	7.11	5.96	1.75
1903.......		33.40	29.42	11.51	.32	6.93	6.26	1.72
1904.......								

Government Finance, Per Capita.

Amount	,	Year ending June 30.-Gold and Silver.

Bullion
value of
TJ. S. silver
Annual dollar at
Coin	average average

value of Commer- price of price of

	paper	cial ratio	silver in	silver ex-	Coinage per		Production per	
	money	of silver	London change at		capita of—		capita of—	
	July 1.	to gold.	per ounce.	par.	Gold.	Silver.	Gold.	Silver.
Year.	Cents.	Ratio.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.			
1871........	...... 89.0	15.57	1.326	1.025	0.53	0.08	1.11	0.58
1872........	...... 87.5	15.63	1.322	1.022	.54	.06	.89	.71
1873........	...... 86.4	15.93	1.298^	1.004	1.37	.10	.86	.86
1874........	...... 91.0	16.16	1.278	.98909	.82	.16	.78	.87
1875........	...... 87.2	16.64	1.246	.96086	.75	.35	.76	.72
1876........	...... 89.5	17.75	1.156	.90039	1.03	.54	.88	.86
1877........	...... 94.7	17.20	1.201	.92958	.95	.61	1.01	.80
1878........	...... 99.4	17.92	1.152	.89222	1.05	.60	1.08	.95
1879........	......100.0	18.39	1.123	.86928	.80	.56	.80	.84
1880........	.......100.0	18.05	1.145	.88564	1.24	.55	.72	.78
1881........	.......100.0	18.25	1.138	.87575	l.gO	.54	.68	.84
1882........	.......100.0	18.20	1.136	.87833	1.26	.53	.62	.89
1883........	.......100.0	18.64	1.110	.85754	.54	.54	.56	.87
1884........	.......100.0	18.61	1.113	.85904	.44	.52	.56	.89
1885........	.......100.0	19.41	1.065	.82379	.49	.51	.57	.90
1886.......	.......100.0	20.78	.995	.76931	.50	.56	.61	.89
1887.......	.......100.0	21.10	.978	.75755	.41	.60	.56	.91
1888.......	.......100.0	22.00	.939	.72683	.52	.57	.55	.99
1889.......	.......100.0	22.10	.935	.72325	.35	.58	.53	1.05
189Q.......	.......100.0	19.75	1.046	.80927	.33	.63	.52	1.13
1891.......	.......100.0	20.92	.988	.76416	.46	.43	.52	1.18
1892.......	.......100.0	23.72	.871-	67.401	.53	.19	.51	1.26
1893.......	.......100.0	26.49	.780	.60351	.86	.13	.54	1.17
1894.......	.......100.0	32.56	.635	.49097	1.18	.14	.58	.95
1895.......	.......100.0	31.60	.654	.50587	.86	.08	.68	1.05
1896.......	.......100.0	30.59	.674	.52257	.67	.33	.76	1.08
1897.......	.......100.0	34.20	.604	.46745	1.06	.26	.8.0	.97
1898.......	.......100.0	35.03	.590	.45640	1.07	.32	.88	.97
1899.......	.......100.0	34r36	.602	.46525	1.50	.35	.96	.95
1900.......	.......100.0	33.33	.620	.47958	1.30	.48	1.04	.98
1901.......	.......100.0	34.68	.596	.46093	1.31	.40	1.01	.92
1902.......	.......100.0	39.15	.528	.40835	.60	, .38	1.01	.91
1903.......		38.10	.543	.41960	.54	.25	.93	.91
£904.......								M42

Exports of

Exports
of agri-
cultural
products,
per cent.
Exports of total
per capita, exports.
Year.	Dollars Per c't.

187	1..............10.83 70 74

187	2..............10.55 74.13

187	3.............12.12 76.10

1.874..............13.31 79.37

187	5..............31.36	76.95

187	6..............11.64	71.67

187	7..............12.72	72.63

1878. .............14.30	77.07

1879..............14.29	78.12

1380..............16.43	83.25

188	1..............17.23	. 82.63

188	2..............13.97	75.31

1883..............14.98	77.00

1884..............13.20	73.98

188	5...............12.94	72.96

188	6..............11.60	72.82

188	7............. 11.98	74.40

188	8..............11.40	73.23

1889..............11.92	72.87

1890..............13.50	74.51

-1891..............13.66	73.69

1892..............15.61	78.60

1893. .............12.98	74.05

1894...............12.85	72,28

1895..............11.51	69.73

189	6..............12.29	66.02

189	7..............14.42	66.23

1898...............16.59	70.54

1899..............16.20	65.19

1900..............17.96	60.98

190	1..............18.81 64.62

190	2..............17.16 62.83

1903..............17.32 62.73

1904,....................

Domestic Merchandise.

Exports of
products
of man-
ufacture,

per cent.

of total
exports.

-Per cent, of product exported.-
Wheat

16.57
17.08
21.16
17.79
16.72
12.48
12.92
18.38
16.69
18.81
20.25
20.50
19.45
19.05
18.99
17.87
19.37
15.61
19.02
21.14
23.14
26.48
26.87
24.02
28.21
31.65
28,14.
29.77
29.28

	and	Corn		Crude
	wheat	and corn	Bitumi-	mineral
Cotton.	flour.	meal. :	nous coal. oil.	
Per c't.	Per c't.	Per c't.	Per c't.	Per c't.
72.39	22.30	0.98		78.96
67.44	16.88	3.60		71.23
65.47	20.80	3.68		85.70
70.03	32.54	3.86		73.06
70.69	23.60	3.53		58.13
70.75	25.34	3.86	0.85	56.77
68.97	19.73	5.66	1.11	97.02
71.23.	25.29	6.49	1.03	72.67
67.74	35.16	6.33	.81	71.47
65.73	40.18	6.43	.67	61.17
68.47	37.38	5.46	.50	43.22
67.23	31.82	3.71	.65	58.85
67.20	29.33	2.58	.76	47.22
67.56	26.49	2.99	.90	62.35
68.96	25.86	2.95	.93	67.24
64.68	26.48	3.35	.82	76.07
68.71	33.66	2.48	.97	60.13
65.83	26.23	1.74	.99	57.77
69.33	21.31	3.57	.92	63.30
68.15	22.31	4.85	1.33	53.09
67.36	26.60	2.15	1.48	43.80
65.13	36.88	3.72	1.62	37.35
65.99	37.20	2.89	1.57	45.10
71.20	41.47	4.11	1.90	53.26
69.83	31.46	2.36	2.24	50.76
65.00	27.07	4.70	1.86	47.44
70.59	33.93	7.83	1.94	44.78
6,7.82	40.91	11.14	2.04	47.17
65.12	32.97	9.21	2.34	45.73
65.18	34.00	10.30	3.14	45.13
62.87	41.36	8.62	3.04	43.83
64.47	31.37	1.84	2.68	42.6$
65.01	30.28	3.04	2.24	28.32

-Per cent, of product exported.-
Wheat43

Duties Collected, Percentages of Free and Dutiable Goods, Average
Rate Per Cent, and Amount Per Capita Collected Upon
Imports Entered for Consumption Bach
Year, 1791 to 1904.

			Average ad		f-4	& '  o g
			valorem		&	
			rates of		TJ	
Year	Per cent.	Amounts of	duty on -		ll	Xfl 3 t»
end-	of	duty-			!=3 ft O	
ing-	free.	collected.		Free	o 3	h
			Duti-	and	&	
			able.	duti- able.	1	Is
			Per	Per	Dol-	Dol-
Sept. 80		Dollars.	cent.	cent.	lars	lars.
1791. ..	« • •	6,494,225		22.24	1.61	
1792. . .		4,938,074		15.68	1.19	
1793. . .		6,598,445		21.22	1.54	. ..
1794. . .		8,588,382	.. .	24.82	1.95	
1795.. .		9,238,455	. . .	13.96	2.03	
1796...	• • .	12,581,162		15.45	2.68	
1797. . .		12,866,984		17.07	2.66	
1798. . .		11,402,185	...	16.63	2.28	
1799...		15,251,952	. ..	19.29	2.96	
1800. . .		16,003,779		17.54	3.01	
1801. . .		29,594,396		26.57	5.40	
1802. ..		14,843,132		19.45	2.63	7.17
1803...		14,265,346		22.06	2.45	8.76
1804. . .		19,888,622		23.40	3.30	8.10
1805. ..		22,299,968		18.49	3.59	10.86
1806. . .		24,285,592		19.18	3.88	10.79
1807. . .		25,530,989		18.43	3.86	11.94
1808. . .		10,662,507		18.71	1.56	6.46
1809.		10,845,756		18.26	1.54	5.50
1810. . . 1		15,268,356		17.88	2.19	8.43
1811.		9,880,868		18.55	1.33	5.02
1812.. .		14,373,782		18.66	1.87	8.93
1813. . .		7,200,583		32.72	.91	2.43
1814. . .		4,241,482		32.72	.52	1.58
1815. ..		38,050,760		33.66	4.55	12.72
1816,. .		32,829,923		22.32	3.81	15.09
1817. . .		22,134,078		22.30	2.50	9.01
1818. . .		25,860,237		21.24	.2.84	11.21
1819. . .		21,345,915		24.50	2.27	7.24
1820. . .		16,591,215		22.29	1.72	5.84
1821. . .	3.97	18,883,252	35.97	34.64	1.90	4.40
1822. . .	5.20	24,095,336	31.73	30.17	2.36	6.69
1823. . .	5.12	22,416,277	32.71	30.93	2.13	4.87
1824. . .	5.72	25,515,966	37.53	35.36	2.36	4.97
1825. . .	5.59	31,683,096	37.10	35.13	2.84	5.95
1826. . .	8.07	26,108,254	36.06	33.43	2.28	5.02
1827 . . .	5.26	27,962,145	41.35	39.20	i 2.38	4.65
1828. . .	6.00	29,966,472	; 39.36	36.99	> 2.46	; 5.51
1829. . .	6.36	i 27,769,769	' 44.30	41.39	i 2.22	! 4.38
1830. . .	7.09	28,417,055	48.88	45.31	2.21	. 3.85
1831... 1832. . .	6.65	i 26,623,070	i 40.81	38.19	' 2.77	| 6.26
	9.29	' 29,356,056	; 33.83	; 30.86	1 2.16	! 5.54
1833. . .	24.21	24,196,103	: 31.96	23.95	i 1.73	; 5.97
1834. . .	45.67	' 18,987,952	! 32.67	17.48	1 1.32	i 6.05
1835. . .	47.37	' 25,931,232	! 36.04	: 18.95	i 1.75	; 8.25
1836. . .	44.15	J 30,991,510	I 31.65	i 17.55	! 1.04	t 10.44
1837. . .	44.9S	1 18,191,605	i 25.36	i 13.94	: 1.16	; 7.24
1838.	. .  1839.	. .	1 44.09	i 19.998.861	37.84	: 20.84	t 1.24	t 5.37
	44.7f	1 25.63188*	! 29.9C	I 16.3?	! 1.55	i 8.79
1840. . .	48.82	! 15;i78,97P	; 30.37	r 15.45	I .8? 5 1.13	1 5.05
1841. . .	49.72	! 19,941,09(	) 32.2C	l 16.22		! 6.52
1842. . .	| 26.53| 16,686,34:		L| 24.00| 17.31		J\ .91| 4.85	

June 30
.843. .a

44.	. .

45.	. .

46.	. .

47.	. .

50.	. .

51.	. .

52.	. .

53.	. .

54.	. .

55.	. .

56.	. .

57.	. .

58.	. .

59.	. .

60.	. .
61. . .

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

872.

873.

874.
5.

876.

877.

878.

879.

880.
881.
882.
883.

886.

887.

888.
SS9.

890.

891.

892.

893.

894.

895.

896.

897.

898.

899.

900.

901.

902.

903.

904.

31.03

17.31
14.83

16.94

13.62

10.63
10.34

9.74
8.93
11.08
9.89
8.17
12.91

16.77
14.98

22.78
21.10
20.34
24.55

27.95

13.32
12.67

19.12
13.49

4.50
4.40

5.50
4.74
8.12

8.51
26.90
26.73
27.83

30.26
32,02
32.34
32.45
33.15

31.13
29.42

29.52

31.15
33.28
33.83
34.11

24.27
34.61
34.39
45.41
56.30
52.60

59.53

51.55

48.56
48.39
49.65
43.72

44.16
41.!
44.01
43.38

7,508,627
29,395,762
30,978,558
30,484,716
28,137,922
33,034,306
31,027,772

40.181.813
48,626,600
47,577,633

58.467.814
64,931,607
54,119,676
64,084,400
63,664,863
42,046,722
48,894,683
52,592,421
39,038,269
46,509,214
63,729,203
96,4,5,957
80,635,169

177,056,523
168,503,750
100,532,779
176,577,584
191,513,974
202,446,673
212,619,105
184,929,042
160,522,285
154,554,983
145,178,603
128,428,343

25.73
35.13
32.57
31.45
26.86
24.97

24.73
25.85

25.44
25.96
25.93

25.61
26.
25.05

22.45
22.44
19.56
19.67
18,
36.19

32.62
36.69
47.56
48.33
46.67

48.63
47.22
47.08
43.95
41.35
38.07
38.53
40.62

44.74
42.89

127,195,1591 42.75

133,395,436
182,747,654
193,800,880
216,138,916
210,637,293
190,282,836
178,151,601
189,410,448
214,222,310
216,042,256
220,576,989
226,540,037
216,885,701
174,124,270
199,143,678
129,558,892
149,450,608
157,013,506
172,760,361
145,'
202,072,050
229,360,771
233,556,110
251,453,155
a-280,762,197

44.87
43.48
43.20
42.66
42.45
41.61
45.86
45.55
47.10

45.63
45.13
44.41
46.28
48.71
49.58

50.06
41.75
39.95
42.17
48.80

52.07
49.24

49.64
49.78
49.03

17.70
28.65
27.37
25.85
22.98
22.22
21.97
23.16

23.07
22.94

23.37
23.52
23.36
21J
19.09
17.33

15.43

15.67
14.21

26.08
28.28
32.03
38.46
41.81
44.56

46.49
44.65
42.23

38.94
37.00

26.95

26.38
28.20
30.19

26.68
27.13
28.97
29.07
29.75

30.11
29.92

28.44
30.59
30.13
31.02
29.99

29.50

29.12

25.25

21.26
23.49
20.25
20.23
20.67
21.
24.77
29.48
27.62
28.91
27.95
27.85

•I

a Export duty Philippine Islands included.44

Prices of Staple Commodities.

	,-Per ton.*-							
		Steel	Middling Standard		Standard			
	Pig iron	rails,	cotton	sheet-	prints,	^-Washed Ohio fleece wool,-		
	No. 1,	standard	per	ings per	per		July 1.	
	foundry.	sections.	pound, f	yard.	yard.	Fine.	Medium.	Coarse.
Years.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents.
1800								
1810.................................. ......................								
1820...................................... .... ........................								
1830						60	50	40
1840...	27.88					45	39	33
1850...	20.88		12.34	7.87	10.62	45	37	30
1860...	22.75		11.00	8.73	9.50	55	50	40
1867...	44.12	166.00	31.59	18.28	16.58	55	49	45
1870.,. .	33.25	106.75	23.98	14.58	12.41	■ 46	45	43
1880.*.	, 28.50	67.50	11.51	8.51	7.41	46	'48	42
1890..r	^ 18.40	31.75	11.07	7.00	6.00	33	37	29
1891...	17.52	29.92	8.60	6.83	6.00	31	35	29
1892...	15.75	30.00	7.71	6.50	1 6.25	28	34	30
1893...	. 14.52	28.12	8.56	5.90	5.25	24	26	25
1894...	. 12.66	24.00	6.94	5.11	4.90	20	21	18
1895...	13.10	24.33	7.44	5.74	5.25	18	21	19
1896...	12.95	28.00	7.93	5.45	4.66	17	18	17
1897...	12.10	18.75	7.00	4.73	4.70	21%	23%	21
1898...	11.66	17.62	5.94	4.20	3.96	28	29	24%
1899...	19.36	28.12	6.88	5.28	4.25	29	3iy2	27
1900. . .	19.98	32.29	9.25	6.05	5.00	28%	31%	27%.
1901...	15.87	27.33	8.75	5.54	4.62	25	26	22
1902...	22.19	28.00	9.00	5.48	5.00	26	26%	25
1903...	19.92	28.00	11.18	6.25	5.00	31%	3iy2	27
1904...		*						..

Prices of Staple Commodities.

* At Philadelphia. f Net prices.

* At Philadelphia. f Net prices.

Comparative Cost of Living in the United States.

In the following table Dun's Index Number is given for July 1 each year,
beginning with 1860. Figures are separated into the seven principal classes for
convenience of comparison. Many hundred commodities are embraced in the table,
which covers practically all the necessaries of life. In explanation of the Index
Number it should be stated that quantities of each commodity are taken in accord-
ance with the annual per capita consumption, so that no article receives more or
less than its relative position of importance. As the same quantities are taken
Sf the same articles at each date, the record gives a faithful representation of
the course of prices. Owing to the impossibility of obtaining accurate retail
prices, wholesale quotations are taken. Consequently, to obtain the actual cost
of living per capita, it is necessary to add a certain percentage of profit to the
retailer. Otherwise the Index Number shows the actual wholesale cost of a
year's supplies of all the necessaries of life for a single individual at each date.
There is no question of percentages, the exact figures being given. Thus, prod-
ucts costing $115.19 and one-tenth of a cent on July 1, 1860, rose to $278.98 in
1864, declined to $72.45 in 1897, and were $99.45 at the latest date:45

Dun's Index Number op Commodity Prices Proportioned to Consumption.

		Bread-		Dairy and	Other			Miscel-	
	July 1—	stuffs.	Meats.	garden.	food.	Clothing.	Metals.	laneous.	Total.
1860..,		, .. $20,580	$8,973	$12,662	$8,894	$22,439	$25,851	$15,842	$115,191
1861...		, .. 15.749	7.485	10.813	7.653	21.147	22.500	16.573	101.920
1862.. .		,.. 18.057	7.150	13.406	10.987	28.413	23.207	17.290'	118.510
1863...			10.115	13.530	16.359	45.679	37.079	24.264	173.180
1864. . .			15.685	26.053	27.303	73.485	59.192	31.653	278.987
1S65..,		,. . 25.404	16.112	18.049	21.057	49.307	38.956	25.551	194.436
1866. . .		, . . 31.471	17.153	23.472	20.821	45.377	41.762	27.922	207.973
1867. ...			14.278	18.418	20.167	38.169	35.426	25.529	188.524
1868.. .		, . . 38.416	13.210	23.614	19.720	35.694	27.385	24.786	182.825
1869 .. .		. . . 29.116	13.181	18.121	16.347	35.309	28.355	24.201	164.630
1870. . .			14.161	16.112	13.308	31.480	26.612	21.786	148.781
1871.. .		, . . 24.809	12.177	20.799	13.823	30.624	27.371	21.907	151.510
1872.. .			11.055	16.019	14.845	32.427	32.643	21.319	150.479
1873. . .		, .. 20.460	10.114	15.629	13.625	29.411	32.298	21.552	143.089
1874. . ,		. . . 25.657	11.560	19.142	13.678	27.260	25.254	19.582	143.133
1875. . .		____24.848	13.287	14.918	14.418	25.318	23.515	18.398	134.702
1876. . .			10.726	15.912	12.914	21.747	20.452	15.951	116.479
1877. . ,		21.812	10.036	11.790	13.321	21.850	15.578	15.160	109.547
1878. . ,		, . . 15.672	8.181	10.608	11.346	19.836	15.789	14.836	96.268
1879		. . . 17.054	8.239	10.253	9.884	20.420	15.149	16.286	97.285
1880. .		, , . 17.461	9.230	12.594	11.539	21.984	18.708	17.139	108.655
1881			11.381	11.311	11.663	20*982	19.295	16.900	111.901
1882. ,		, , 25.494	13.740	14.685	11.627	21.202	19.832	16.650	123.230
1883. .		, . . 19.018	11.210	12.250	10.726	20.209	18.071	15.764	107.248
1884,			11.172	11.369	9.323	19.014	16.272	14.685	99.706
1885,		. . 16.370	9.205	10.872	8.712	17.740	14.132	13.666	90.697
1886.		. . 15.311	8,906	10.241	8.570	18.063	14.466	13.669	89.226
1887. .		, 15.156	8.667	11.188	9.252	18.174	16.035	15.153	93.624
1888, ,		. . 16.984	9.416	11.849	9.917	17.447	15.366	14.155	95.134
1889,		. . . 14.351	8.244	9.695	10.912	17.107	14.782	14.600	89.691
1890. ,		, 14.867	8.036	10.711	9.749	17.264	15.506	15.416	91.549
1891. .		, . 19.782	9.217	12.455	9.339	16.501	15.107	13.691	96.092
1892, ,		, . . 17.426	8.700	10.403	8.733	15.648	14.827	14.252	90.105
1893		, . . 14.963	10.135	11.710	9.188	15.871	14.030	14.716	90.613
1894			9.389	10.394	8.478	13.860	12.015	14.041	83.292
1895. .			8.622	9.874	8.689	15.315	11.021	13.233	81.519
1896			7.058	7.872	8.529	13.602	13.232	13.520	74.317
1897, ,			7.529	8.714	7.887	13.808	11.642	12.288	72.455
1898. .			7.694	9.437	8.826	14.663	11.843	12.522	77.768
1899		. . . 13.483	7.988	10.974	9.157	15.021	15.635	12.969	85.227
1900, ,			8.906	10.901	9.482	16.324	14.834	16.070	91.415
1901, ,		, . 14.904	9.430	11.030	9.086	15.098	15.344	16.617	91.509
1902, ,		. . . 20.534	11.628	12.557	8.748	15.533	16.084	16,826	101.910
1903,		. . . 17.473	9.269	13.083	9.186	17.136	16.544	16.765	99.456

Dun's Index Number op Commodity Prices Proportioned to Consumption.

1904

1904

Note.—Breadstuffs include many quotations of wheat, corn, oats, rye and barley, be-
sides beans and peas; meats include live hogs, beef, sheep, and many provisions, lard, tal-
low, etc.; dairy and garden products include eggs, vegetables and fruits; other foods include
fish, liquors, condiments, sugar, rice,- tobacco, etc.; clothing includes the raw material of
each industry, and many quotations of woolen, cotton and other textile goods, as well as
hides, leather, boots and shoes; metals include various quotations of pig iron, and partially
manufactured and finished products, as well as minor metals, coal and petroleum. The mis-
cellaneous class embraces many grades of hard and soft lumber, lath, brick, lime, glass,
turpentine, hemp, linseed oil, paints, fertilizers and drugs.46

The Tariff and Prices.

Those Free-Traders who are so much concerned over the higher prices of com-
modities should read the speech of Representative Hill of Connecticut, delivered
in the House February 18, 1904. In this speech Mr. Hill presents the two tables
below as showing the difference in the prices of certain commodities July, 1896,
and since. He takes a certain number of articles on the free list and a certain
number of the dutiable list in order to show what effect the Tariff may have had
upon the change in prices. The two tables are as follows:

Items on Free List.

	July,	July,	July,	July,	January,
	1S96.	1901.	1902.	1903.	1904.
Anthracite stove coal (f.o.b. N. Y.), ton. .. .	.$3,881	$4,236		$4.80	$4.75
Anthracite broken/f»oal (f.o.b. N. Y.), ton		3.509		4.55	5.00
Copper, lake, ingot (New York), per pound..	. .115	.17	$0.1225	.1425	.125
Flax, Kentucky, per pound...............	. .08	.10	.095		
Jute, spot, per pound...................	.035	.035	.0325	.045	.045
Petroleum, crude (at well), per barrel......	1.0825	1.1337	1.22	1.50	1.85
Petroleum, refined, per gallon............	. .069	.069	.074	.14	.15
Petroleum, ref. (150 p. c. test, for exp.),per gall. .1087		.1075	.11	.1005	.1405
Rubber, island, per pound.................	.84	.86	.77	.87	.94
Sisal, spot, per pound....................	. .0362	.0562	.095	.0762	.075
Binder twine, per pound.................	. .0675	.0975	.1425	.145	.145

Items on Free List.

Items on Dutiable List.

Items on Dutiable List.

July,	July,

1896.'	1901.

Alcohol (94 p. c.), per gall. . .$2.31	$2.43

Brick, per thousand.. !..... 5.25	5.75

Bread, Boston crackers, lb. .. .065 .08

Cotton flannels, per yard.....065 .0625

Cement, Rosendale, per barrel .85 1.00

Fish, canned salmon, per doz. 1.65	1.70

Ginghams, per yard.........0425 .0475

Glassware, pitchers, per doz. 1.25	1.30

Wire nails; per keg......... 3.15 2.40

Cut nails, per keg.......... 2.90 2.10

Fresh beef sides, per pound. .075 .09

Salt beeif, per barrel........16.00	21.50

Salt pork, per barrel....... 8.25	16.75

Hams, smoked, per barrel... .10	.115

Pig iron, foundry, Phila., ton.. 12.75	15.87

Rice, per pound.............0525 .0537

Sugar, centrifugal, per pound .035 .0425
Sugar, granulated, per pound .046 .0524

Steel rails, Pittsburg, per ton.28.00	28.00

.Ashton salt, per bushel.....2.10 2.25

Tin plate, per cwt......... 3.45 4.19

July,
1902.
$2.5.1
6.25

.95
1.65

July,
1903.
$2.48
5.25
.08
.08
.90
1.65
.08

January,
1904.
$2.40

.07

.95
1.65
.08

2.10
2.05

22.50
19.75

.125
22.75
. .0575
.0337
.0475
28.00
2.25
4.19

2.05
2.20
.125
11.50
17.75

.1375
18.50
.55
.0356
.047
28.00
2.25
4.00

2.00
1.95
.125
11.00
13.50
.12
15.00
.04
.0347
.0436
28.00
2.25
3.80

Duty.
$2.25 per gall.
25 p. c.

20 p. c.
50 p. c. & up.
8c> per lb.
30 p. c.

45 p. c.

40 p. c.

%c. per lb.
6-10c. per lb.
2c. per lb.
5c. per lb.
25 p. c.

5c. per lb.
$-1 per ton.
2c. per lb.
$1,825 per cwt.
$1.95 per cwt.
$7.84 per ton.
12c. per lb.

l%c. per lb.

i Ot'o$le e,leven items on the free list every one of them has greatly advanced in price
since 1896, the average advance on all being 53.54 per cent.

Of the twenty-one items on the dutiable list twelve have, advanced in price three are
the same now as then, and six have been reduced.	" <	'

7he £vfrage advance on the dutiable list is 8.6 per cent., as against 53.54 per cent, on
tUG IF66 list.

■. The articles are all taken from the list of articles controlled by trusts, found in the
H™8!"	Pag° 369' and includes every artic,e Damed

froPthe BureauTf Statistics.902 W thereiU SiVeD' and the 1903 and 1904 Prices are47

Reciprocity.

In the McKinley law or Tariff of 1890 provision was made for the negotiation
of so-called reciprocity treaties with certain countries, particularly those south of
ns. These reciprocity treaties were entered into and carried out entirely upon a
basis of non-competing products, and the result of such treaties proved largely
advantageous to our exporting classes.

The law of 1894, known as the Gorman-Wilson Tariff, repealed the reciprocity
features of the McKinley law, the Democratic platform of 1892 having denounced
them and demanded their repeal, and most of the treaties which had been entered
into under the reciprocity section of the McKinley law were soon abrogated.

The Dingley law again made provision for certain so-called reciprocity trea-
ties, if such should be entered into within two years, but as that time expired
before any treaties were ratified, there has been my reciprocity legislation except the
so-called Cuban reciprocity treaty, which was entered into by the present Con-
gress. The Free-Trade press, however, despairing of any immediate change in the
Tariff, have sought most vigorously during the past two or three years to foster
a sentiment looking toward reciprocity treaties with other countries, and particu-
larly with Canada. The American Free-Trade League frankly acknowledges that
such reciprocity treaties would be a long step toward Free-Trade, and has even
said that reciprocity is Free-Trade, and in this case Protectionists are quite will-
ing for once to concede that Free-Traders are frank and honest.

The reciprocity, however, which is advocated to-day by Free-Traders looks
to an exchange in natural products as well as manufactured products, and would
have us open our market of 80,000,000 people to the products of Canada in
. exchange for that market of 6,000,000 people to such of our products as they may
wish to buy.

The wage earners of the United States are more fully employed and much
more highly remunerated than are the wage earners of Canada, giving us much
« greater comparative purchasing power, and a reciprocity treaty with that country
in natural and competing products, even though the number of people were the
same in both countries, would place us at a most decided disadvantage. When,
therefore, it is considered that the purchasing power of the United States is fully
twenty times that of the purchasing power of Canada, it will be seen what a
decided advantage that country would have, and what a very one-sided arrange-
ment would result. So it would be with other countries, and a single example
will serve to illustrate the whole.

A treaty has been negotiated with France, but not ratified, and it is hoped
that At never will be ratified, providing for a twenty per cent, reduction upon
certain lines of goods, among others of which we may mention hosiery and knit
goods. The average Tariff now upon those goods is fifty-five per cent., and a
reduction of twenty per cent, would mean that our manufacturers must reduce
their selling price by about eleven per cent. Such a reduction would necessitate a
considerable lowering of wages, or a shutting up of our factories altogether. We
have thirteen hundred such factories, employing seventy-five thousand people,
earning on an average six hundred dollars a year each. The closing of these fac-
tories and the idleness of these employees would therefore reduce our purchasing
power by fully $45,000,000 annually, and this is but a small part of the price that
wc would have to pay for reciprocity with France in competing products.4.8

As, however, the entire argument which has been promulgated by the so-
callecl Iowa and Minnesota and Massachusetts idealists is for reciprocity with
Canada, it will suffice to give in this connection the statistics connected with our
trade with that country. First, the following table is offered, showing the trade
between the United States and Canada from 1852 to 1868, which includes the two
years preceding and the two years following the operation of a former reciprocity
treaty, which existed from September 11, 1854, to March 17,1866:

Imports into	Exports from	Imports into	Exports from

( United States	United States.	United States. United States.

Fiscal years, from Canada,	to Canada.	Fiscal years, from Canada.	to Canada.

185	2............$5,469,445	$10,229,608 1861...........$23,724,489	$22,676,513

185	3............. 6,527,559 12,432,597 1862........... 18,511,025	20,573,070

185	4............ 8,784,412 24,073,408 1863........... 17,484,786	27,619,814

185	5............15,118,289 27,741,808 1864........... 29,608,736	26,574,624

185	6............21,276,614 29,025,349 1865........... 33,264,403	28,829,402

185	7............22,108,916 24,138,482 1866*.......... 48,528,628	24,828,880

185	8............15,784,836 23,604,526 1867........... 25,044,005	21,020,302

1859..........-.19,287,565 28,109,494 1868........... 26,261,379	24,08.0,777

3860............23,572,796 22,695,928

♦ Nine months of year under reciprocity.

It will be seen that preceding this treaty we were selling the Canadians twice
as much as we bought from them, while before the termination of the treaty the
position was reversed, and they were selling us twice as much as we were selling
them. That was the result of our previous experience in reciprocity with
Canada. It will be instructive now in connection with the above table to examine
the following figures showing our trade with Canada during the past few years.
This table shows that we are now selling Canada a considerable more than twice
what she is selling us, and that, too, without sacrificing any of our home market.

Imposts and Exports of Merchandise Into and From the United States and Canada.

Fiscal year. Imports.	Exports. Fiscal year. Imports. Exports.

189	7...........$40,309,371	$64,928,821	1901...........$42,482,163 $105,789,214

189	8........... 31,870,486	83,714,086	1902........... 48,076,124 109,642,993

189	9........... 31,220,967	87,974,961	1903........... 54,660,410 123,472,416

1900........... 39,369,074	95,319,970	1904..............................

Canada has given a Tariff preference to Great Britain first of 12y2 per cent,
from 1897 to 1898, then of 25 per cent, to 1900, and of 33 1-3 per cent, since that
time. Now, let us see the effect on imports of manufactures into Canada from
Great Britain, and the United States during those years:

Canadian Imports of Manufactures.

From	From	From	From

Year.	Great Britain. United States.	From Great Britain. United States.

1898...........$26,243,000 $41,510,000	1902........... 41^675,000 $69,536,000

189	9........... 31,187,000 49,362,000	1903........... 50,473,000 76,291,000

190	0........... 37,328,000 60,473,000	1904...................

190	1........... 36,469,000 62,643,000

Great Britain has increased her sales of manufactures to Canada since 1898
by $24,000,000. During the same time the United States has increased her sales
of manufactures by nearly $35,000,000, and has increased her total exports to
Canada since 1S98 by over $40,000,000 and since 1896 by over $83,000,000*49

Farmers and Reciprocity.

It is easy to understand that Canada would be glad to enter into a reciprocity
agreement with the United States that should include natural products only.
Equally obvious is the reason why she should decline to swap trade privileges in
manufactured products. Her natural products seek a nearby market, and it
would be tremendously to her advantage if she,could sell her surplus in the
United States instead of shipping it to Europe. But in industrial production she
is only a beginner. She is trying to develop her manufacturing industries. In
the event of Free-Trade in natural products Canada would do all the selling and
none of the buying, while Free-Trade in manufactures would swamp every one
of her youthful industries. The American farmer objects to reciprocity restricted
to natural products only. With good reason he objects to having all of Canada's
surplus of grain dumped on the American market. He knows that to remove
the Protective Tariff from Canadian cereals would not only be disadvantageous
to his interests now, but would in the near future help to build up a competition
overwhelming in its magnitude.

Canada's grain-producing possibilities are practically unlimited. The total
acreage of the lands in Manitoba and thence west to the Rockies, and running
GOO or 700 miles north of the boundary line, is 2,230,000,000 acres. Of this about
25,000,000 acres are being utilized or have been transferred by the Crown to rail-
ways, for homesteads and other purposes of production. Of these 25,000,000 this
year only 3,128,663 acres were under cultivation. The actual yield of grain of all
kinds this year was 110,000,000 bushels, an increase of 10,000,000 over last year.
The wheat yield was 57,163,032 bushels, an increase of about 4,000,000.

As rapidly as immigration can be induced and lands placed under cultivation
these countless millions of acres are to be added to the wheat-producing area of
North America. It is the dream of Canada to become the great wheat-producing
country of the world. Reciprocity in natural products would greatly hasten the
realization of this dream. Already large numbers of farmers from the United
States are moving over to the Canadian Northwest and locating upon lands within
reach of railroad transportation. There will be more railroads, more accessible
lands, more farmers rushing over to take and till them. This is what Canada
wants. It is not, however, what the American farmer wants. He prefers to retain
as long as possible the advantages which the present Tariff gives him in the
matter of a profitable market for his food stuffs. Hence his opposition to reci-
procity in natural products.

Is it unreasonable or unnatural that another great body of American farmers
should be unwilling to relinquish the advantages which the Dingley Tariff gives
them, and to surrender to foreign competitors the control of the immense market
for their sugar cane, their sugar beets, their early fruits and vegetables, their
oranges, lemons and pineapples, and their tobacco?

Well did MeKinley, the great apostle of Protection, once declare, referring
to the period under the Tariffs of 1846 and 1857, "If that was a golden era of
prosperity, may God save the country from any more such golden eras,"50

McKinley and Reciprocity.

The last words of President McKinley have been so garbled and misquoted
that we give his utterances on Reciprocity as follows:

My fellow-citizens, trade statistics indicate tliat this country is in a state of unex-
ampled prosperity. The figures are almost appalling. They show that we are utilizing
our fields and forests and mines, and that we are furnishing profitable employment to the
millions of workingmen throughout the United States, bringing comfort and happiness to
their homes, and making it possible to lay by savings for old age and disability.

That all the people are participating in this great prosperity is seen in every American
community and shown by the enormous and unprecedented deposits in our savings banks.
Our duty is the care and security of these deposits, and their safe investment demands
the highest integrity and the best business capacity of those in charge of these depositories
of the people's earnings.

We have a vast and intricate business built up through years of toil and struggle, In
which every part of the country has its stake, which will not permit of either neglect or
of undue selfishness. No narrow, sordid policy will subserve it. The greatest skill and
wisdom on the part of the manufacturers and producers will be required to hold and
increase it.

Our industrial enterprises, which have grown to such great proportions, affect the
homes and occupations of the people and the welfare of the country. Our capacity to
produce has developed so enormously and our products have so multiplied that the problem
of more markets requires our urgent and immediate attention.

Only a broad and enlightened policy will keep what we have. No other policy will
get more. In these times of marvelous business energy and gain we ought to be looking
to the future, strengthening the weak places in our industrial and commercial systems
that we may be ready for any storm or strain.

By sensible trade arrangements which will not interrupt our home production we
shall extend the outlets for our increasing surplus.

A system which provides a mutual exchange of commodities is manifestly essential
to the continued healthful growth of our export trade. We must not repose In fancied
security that we can forever sell everything and buy little or nothing. If such a thing
were possible it would not be best for us or for those with whom we deal. We should take
from our customers such of their products as we can use without harm to our industries
and labor.

Reciprocity is the natural outgrowth of our wonderful industrial development under
the domestic policy now firmly established. What we produce beyond our domestic con-
sumption must have a vent abroad. The excess must be relieved through a foreign outlet,
and we should sell everywhere we can, and buy wherever the buying will enlarge our sales
and productions, and thereby make a greater demand for home labor.

The period of exclusiveness is past. The expansion of our trade and commerce is
the pressing problem. Commercial wars are unprofitable. A policy of good will and
friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals. Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with
the spirit of the times; measures of retaliation are not.

If, perchance, some of our Tariffs are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage
and protect our industries at home, why should they not be employed to extend and
promote our markets abroad?

Our Great Free List.

One would imagine from the howl that is frequently set up over the present
Tariff that the free list amounted practically to nothing, while as a matter of fact
free imports constitute almost one-half of our total imports. Thus, last year, out
of a total of one billion dollars of imports nearly 45 per cent, were admitted free
of duty. This is a volume of free imports almost equal to our total imports in
1879, less than twenty-five years ago. This increase has taken place, too, with-
put disturbing the growth and development of home industries.51

AGRICULTURE.

Value of Farm Products.	#

Our various Census Reports have given the value of our farm products in
recent census years, as follows :

1870 (gold value)..........$1,958,030,927 1890 ...................... 2,460,107,454

1880 ...................... 2,212,540,927 1900 ...................... 4,739,118,752

While the census returns for 1900 were more complete and comprehensive than
of any previous census, yet they by no means show the total value of our farm
productions. Volume five of the Twelfth Census, after putting the value of farm
crops, in 1899, at $3,020,128,531, and the value of specified animals, products and
poultry raised, animals sold and animals slaughtered on farms, in 1899, at
$1,718,990,221, making a total of $4,739,118,752, adds that this amount is an unques-
tionably closer approximation to a complete value of farm products than has ever
before been obtained by the United States Census. It says, however, that it is not
believed to be complete, and may be as high as $5,225,000,000. The report refers to
a previous report by Superintendent Walker, giving his reasons for what must
always be an imperfect report to the Superintendent of the Census of the value
of these farm products. So vital is this point that we quote it as follows:

It Is undoubtedly true that, after making the foregoing allowances, the returns of the
aggregate value of farm products are likely to be inadaquate, by reason of the utter indis-
position of the average agriculturist to reckon whatever is consumed upon the farm for him-
self and his family among the products he is called upon to appraise. The spirit of the
command, " Thou sha-lt not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn " has a wider applica-
tion in the mind of the farmer than to the dumb animals he employs. It would be alto-
gether alien and repugnant to his sentiments to give a value, for the purposes of a statis-
tical return, to the garden truck that is carried into the house, the fuel picked out of his
woods, the fruit that his children eat, the corn that is sent to the mill for home use, or even
the pig that is killed at Christmas. It stands in his mind like the corn which the unmuzzled
ox in the olden days caught up as he made his round among the grain on the thrashing floor.
The statistician may just as well accept this limitation of the returns of the value of farm
products first as last.

Here, then, we find a vast amount of farm values which are not included in
that generally given out as such by the Census Bureau or the Agricultural Depart-
ment. There are in this country agriculturists and their families to a number
exceeding thirty millions. For the most part this entire population produces its
own food, much of its building material and some clothing. The estimate of such
product consumed can certainly be put at an average of $2.00 per week, or $100
a year for each person, which will give us a total value of $3,000,000,000 to be
added to our more than $5,000,000,000 already accounted for.

But there are many other most substantial items which should be considered.
There are thousands upon thousands of farmers who from ten to twenty weeks
in the summer take so-called summer boarders. These boarders are given the
best of food raised upon the farmer's land, for which the farmer charges and
receives a large price, but for which no return to the census is made. Again, if
we wish to pursue the matter still further, there will be found almost count-
less gardens throughout the country, some carried on for commercial purposes,
and some only for the household of the owner, but all of which make no return
to the Census Bureau, and the aggregate product of the value of such we may52

laaost conservatively estimate at $200,000,000. We shall find, then, in adding
our various products, that we have a value of fully $9,000,000,000 for our annual
agricultural products, and it is quite likely that if we went into the matter even
more deeply, we coul<i easily figure out a total value of $10,000,000,000. Surely
the meat and the vegetables which go upon the farmer's table, the grain which
is fed to his own cattle, the wood which goes into his own buildings ought to be
considered just as much as the products sold in the cities, and for which a return
may have been made to the census enumerators.

In connection with the value of our farm products, it should be remembered
that there is no connection whatever between quantity and value. For instance,
our corn product in 1896 amounted to 2,270,000,000 bushels, while in 1901 the
amount harvested was only 1,522,000,000 bushels, yet in 1896 the value was only
$491,006,967, while in 1901 the value of the much lesser product was $921,555,768.
So with the entire product of our farms and the value of our farm animals.

Under Free-Trade when our people are idle or working upon short time at
low wages their consumption must be curtailed and the price naturally falls.
Under Protection, when every one is employed who wishes to be employed, at
high wages, there is a demand for the farmers' entire output and at prices which,
while reasonable and equitable, are still most profitable to the hard working
agriculturist. There are no more conservative agricultural journals in the
United States than the papers known as the " American Agriculturist," " Orange
Judd Farmer " and " New England Homestead." These journals have estimated
that the annual value of farm products for the past three or four years has been
considerably in excess of $1,000,000,000 greater than in the year 1896, which from
the standpoint of quantity was a banner year in American agriculture. Says an
editorial in one of these great journals: " Even billions of dollars .can inade-
quately express the improvement in agricultural values and incomes compared to
the depths of the late depression."

Free-Traders are wont to sneer at claims of Protectionists, that a Tariff
affects the crops of the farmer. They point to the fact that the sunshine and
the rain and the farmer's own energy have something to do with his crops, but
no Protectionist has ever denied this or made any counter-assertion whatever.
No Protectionist has ever claimed that a Tariff affects the size of the farmer's
crop. What he does claim is, that it affects the value and the money which the
farmer gets in return for his labor. This has been demonstrated so repeatedly in
our history, and particularly during the past decade, that it needs no further
proof than a comparison of present values with those of 1896.

The Hay Crop.

The " American Agriculturist" estimates the hay crop for 1903 at 57,806,400
tons.. At $10 per ton the value would exceed $578,000,000, more than either the
cotton or wheat crop. The American farmer certainly has reason to be thankful
for prosperity. Also he has reason to object to a reciprocity treaty which Would
admit free of duty the cheaper hay of Canada, along with the cheaper grain,
potatoes, eggs, butter, etc.Value of Farm Property, 1850 to 1900.

Per cent, of value of—
Land, Imple-
with ments

-Value of--\ improve- and

Implements	ments, ma-

and	including chin- Live

machinery. Live stock, buildings, ery. stock.
$151,587,638 *$544,180,516 82.5 3.8 13.7
246,118,141 *1,089,329,915 83.3 3.1 13.6
336.878,429 *1,525,276,457 83.3 3.0 13.7
406^20,055 ?1,576,884,707 83.7 3.3 13.0
494,247,467 $2,308,767,573 82.6 3.1 14.3
749,775,970 ||3,075,477,703 81.3 3.7 15.0

* Including only the reported value of live stock on farms.

t Values for 1870 were reported in depreciated currency. To reduce to specie basis of
other years they must be diminished one-fifth.

$ Including estimated value of live stock on ranges.

§ Value of land, with improvements, except buildings, $13,058,007,995; value of build-
ings, $3,556,639,496. The Twelfth Census was the first to collect separate statistics of
buildings on farms.

|| Including value of live stock on ranges as well as on farms. Value of domestic ani-
mals, $2,979,197,586. This figure is more nearly comparable than that in the table with
the returns for value of live stock at earlier censuses.

Year.
1850...
1860...
1870f..
1880...
1890...
1900...

All farm
property.
.$3,967,343,580
. 7,980,493,063
.11,124,958/747
.12,180,501,538
.16,082,267,689
.20,439,901,164

Farm land, with
improvements, in-
cluding buildings.
$3,271,575,426
6,645,045,007
9,262,803,861
10,197,096.776
13,279,252,649
§16,614,647.491

Farm Statistics.

The following agricultural statistics of

Farms, total number....... 5,739,657

Farms with buildings............5,537,731

Acreage, total ............ 841,201,546

Acreage, improved......... 414,793,191

Acreage, unimproved....... 426,408,355

Value of farm property.....$20,514,001,838

Value of land and improve-
ments ..................$13,114,492,056

Value of, buildings......... $3,660,198,191

Value of implements and ma-
chinery . ............... $761,261,550

Value of live stock......... $3,078,050,041

Value of products in 1899. . $4,739,118,752
Value of products fed to live

stock in 1899........... $974,941,046

the United States are for June 1, 1900
Value of products not fed to

live stock in 1899....... $3,764,

Expenditures in 1899 for la-
bor ....................

Expenditures in 1899 for

fertilizers ..............

Number of farms operated by

owners.................

Number of farms operated by

cash tenants............

Number of farms operated by

share tenants............

Number of farms operated by

white persons............

Number of farms operated by
negroes ................

$365,
$54,

177,706
305,921
783,757
713,371
752,920
273,366
970,129
746,717

Farm Products and Duties Thereon.

Articles*	Law of 1883. Tariff of 1890. Dem. Tariff of 1894.

Barley .. .............10c. per bushel.	30c. per bushel.	30 per cent, ad valorem.

Buckwheat.............10 per cent.	15c. per bushel.	30 per cent, ad valorem.

Corn....................10c. per bushel.	15c. per bushel.	20 per cent, ad valorem.

Oats....................10c. per bushel.	15c. per bushel.	20 per cent, ad valorem.

Wheat.................2uc. per bushel.	25c. per bushel.	20 per cent, ad valorem.

Butter..................4c. per pound.	6c. per pound.	4c. per pound.

Cheese..................4c. per pound.	6c. per pound.	4c. per pound.

Beans...................10 per cent.	40c. per bushel.	20 per cent, ad valorem.

Eggs...................Free.	5c. per dozen.	3c. per dozen.

Hay....................$2 per ton.	$4 per ton.	$2 per ton.

Hopis...................8c. per pound.	16c. per pound.	8c. per pound.

Potatoes...............15c. per bushel.	25c. per bushel.	15c. per bushel.

Flaxseed, &c......... .20c. per bushel.	30c. per bushel.	20c. per bushel.

Garden seeds.........,20 per cent.	20 per cent.	10 per cent, ad valorem.

Bacon and hams........2c. per pound.	5c. per pound.	20 per cent ad valorem.

Beef, mutton, &c.......lc. per pound.	2c. per pound.	20 per cent, ad valorem.

Wool, 1st class.........10c. per pound,	lie. per pound.	Free.

Wool, 2d class..........12c. per pound.	12c. per pound.	Free.

Wool, 3d class......... 2%c. per pound. 32 per cent.	Free.

Wool, 3d class ......5c. per pound.	50 per cent.	Free.

Leaf tobacco, stemmed.$l per pound.	$2.75 per pound.	$2.25 per pound.

Not stemmed...........75c. per pound.	$2 per pound.	0 per pound.

All other stemmed.....40c. per pound.	50c. per pound.	50c. per pound.

Flax. .. .,....,..$20p6r ton.	--Free.

plums and prunes......lc. per pound.	2c. per pound	l^c. per pound.

Rep. Tariff of 1897.
30c. per bushel.
15c. per bushel.
15c. per bushel.
15c. per bushel.
25c. per bushel.
6c. per pound.
6c. per pound.
45c. per bushel.
5c. per dozen.
$4 per ton.

12c. per pound.
25c. per bushel.
25c. per bushel.
30 per cent, ad val
5c. per pound.
2c. per pound.
11c. per pound.
12c. per pound.
4c. per pound.
7c. per pound.

t2.50 per pound
1.85 per pound.
50c. per pound.

t5 per ton.

p. per pound.54

Cereal Crops of the United States.—Estimated Production and Value.

CORN.

,--A verage.-—s

Value of
yield

				Value per		per
	,--	—————Total.-		bushel	Yield	acre
			Farm value	Decem-	per	Decem-
Years.	Area.	Production.	December 1.	ber 1.	acre.	ber 1.
	Acres.	Bushels.	Dollars.	Cents. Bushels. Dollars.		
1890........	____ 71,970,763	1,489,970,000	754,433,451	50.6	20.7	10.48
1891........	____ 76,204,515	2,060,154,000	836,439,228	40.6	27.0	10.98
1892........	---- 70,626,658	1,628,464,000	642,146,630	39.4	23.1	9.09
1893........	____ 72,036,465	1,619,496,131	591,625,627	36.5	22.5	8.21
1894........	_____ 62,582,269	1,212,770,052	554,719,162	45.7	19.4	8.86
1895........	____ 82,075,830	2,151,138,580	544,985,534	25.3	26.2	6.64
1896........	---- 81,027,156	2,283,875,165	491,006,967	21.5	28.2	6.06
1897........	____ 80,095,051	1,902,967,933	501,072,952	26.3	23.8	6.26
1898........	____ 77,721,781	1,924,184,660	552,023,428	28.7	24.8	7.10
1899........	____ 82,108,587	2,078,143,933	629,210,110	30.3	25.3	7.66
1900........	____ 83,320,872	2,105,102,516	751,220,034	35.7	25.3	9.02
.1901........	____ 91,349,928	1,522,519,891	921,555,768	60.5	16.7	10.09
1902........	____ 94,043,613	2,523,648,312	1,017,017,349	40.3	26.8	10.81
1903........	---- 88,091,993	2,244,176,925	952,868,801	42.5	25.5	10.82
1904........			..........			....
		WHEAT.				
1890.......	____ 36,087,154	399,262,000	334,773,678	83.8	11.1	9.28
1891........		611,780,000	513,472,711	83.9	15.3	12.86
3 892........		515,949,000	322,111,881	62.4	13.4	8.35
1893........		396,131,725	213,17.1,381	53.8	11.4	6.16
1394.........	---- 34,882,436	460,267,416	225.902,025	49.1	13.2	6.48
1895........	. . . , 34,047,332	467,102,947	237,938,998	50.9	13.7	6.99
1896........	____ 34,618,646	427,684,346	310,602,539	72.6	12.4	8.97
1897........	..... 39,465,066	530,149,168	428,547,121	80.8	13.4	10.86
1398........	. . . . 44,055.278	675,148,705	392,770,320	58.2	15.3	8.92
1899........	---- 44,592,516	547,303,846	319,545,259	58.4	12.3	7.17
1900........	. . . . 42,405,385	522,229,505	323,525,177	61.9	12.3	7.61
1001........	____ 49,895,514	748,460,218	467,350,156	62.4	15.0	9.37
1902........	, . , 46,202,424	670,063,008	422,224,117	63.0	14.5	9.14
1903........	. . , 49,464,967	637,821,835	443,024,826	69.5	12.9	8.96
1004........						
		OATS.				
1890........	. , . , 26,431,369	523,621,000	222,048,486	42.4	19.8	. 8.40
1891........	25,581,861	738.394,000	232,312,267	31.5	28,9	9.08
1892........	27,063.835	661,035,000	209,253,611	SL7	24.4	7.73
1893........	____ 27,273,033	638,854,850	187,576,092	29.4	23.4	6.88
1894........	27,023,553	662,036,928	214,816,920	32.4	24.5	7.95
1895........	____ 27,878,406	824,443,537	163,655,068	19.9	29.6	5.87
1896........	, 27,565,985	707,346,404	132,485,033	18.7	25.7	4.81
1897........	. . , 25,730,375	698,767,809	147,974,719	21.2	27.2	5.75
1898........	____ 25,777,110	730,906,643	186,405,364	25.5	28.4	7.23
1899.......	26,341,380	796,177,713	198,167,975	24.9	30.2	7.52
1900........	. . . , 27,364,795	809,125,989	208,669,233	25.8	29.6	7.63
1901........	---- 28,541,476	736,808,724	293,658,777	39.9	25.8	10.29
1902........	____ 28,653,144	987,842,712	303,584,852	30.7	34.5	10.60
1903........		784,194,199	267,661,665	34.1	28.4	9.68

1904

190455

Years.

1890...
1891...
1892...
1893...
1894...
1895...
1896...
1897...
1898...
1899...
1900...
1901.
1902...
1903...
1904...

1890.

1891.

1892.

1893.

1894.

1895.

1896.

1897.

1898.

1899.

1900.

1901.

1902.

1903.

1904.

1890..
1891..
1892..
1893..
18,94. .
1895..
1896..
1897..
1898..
1899..
1900..
1901..
1902..
1903..
*904.,

RYE.

f-Average.-

Value of

					yield
			Value per		per
	Total		VmcsV* A!	Yield	acre
r			UUoiiCi		
		Farm value	Decem-	per	Decem-
Area.	Production.	December 1.	ber 1.	acre.	ber 1.
Acres.	Bushels.	Dollars.	Cents. Bushels. Dollars.		
2,141,853	25,807,472	16,229,992	62.9	12.0	7.58
2,176,466	31,751,868	24,589,217	77.4	14.6	11.30
2,163,657	27,978,824	15,160,056	54.2	12.9	7.01
2,038,485	26,555,446	13,612,222	51.3	13.0	6.68
1,944,780	26,727,615	13,395,476	50.1	13.7	6.89
1,890,345	27,210,070	11,964,826	44.0	14.4	6.33
1,831,201	24,369,047	9,960,769	40.9	13.3	5.44
1.703.561	27,363,324	12,239,697	44.7	16.1	7.18
1,643,207	25,657,522	11,875,350	46.3	15.6	7.23
1,659,308	23,961,741	12,214,118	51.0	14.4	7.36
1,591,362	23,995,927	12,295,417	51.2	15.1	7.73
1,987,505	30,344,830	16,909,742	55.7	15.3	8.51
1,978,548	33,630,592	17,080,793	50.8	17.0	8.63
1,906,894	29,363,416	15,993,871-	54.5	15.4	8.39

f	Average.	

Value of

BARLEY.

3,135,302	67,168,344	42,140,502	62.7	21.4	13.44
3,352,579	86,839,153	45,470,342	52.4	25.9	13.56
3,400,361	80,096,762	38,026,062	47.5	23.6	11.18
3,220,371	69,869,495	28,729,386	41.1	21.7	8.92
3,170,602	61,400,465	27,134,127	44.2	19.4	8.56
3,299,973	87,072,744	29,312,413	33.7	26.4	8.88
2,950,539	69,695,223	22,491,241	32.3	23.6	7.62
2,719,116	66,685,127	25,142,139	37.7	24.5	9.25
2,583,125	55,792,257	23,064,359	41.3	21.6	8.93
2,878,229	73,381,563	29,594,254	40.3	25.5	10.28
2,894,282	58,925,833	24,075,271	40.8	20.4	8.32
4,295,744	109,932,924	49,705,163	45.2	25.6	11.57
4,661,063	134,954,023	61,898,634	45.9	29.0	13.28
4,993,137	137,861,391	60,166,313	45.6	26.4	12.05

BARLEY.

BUCKWHEAT.

844,579	12,432,831	7,132,872	57.4	14.7	8.45
849,364	12,760,932	7,271,506	57.0	15.0	8.56
861,451	12,143,185	6,295,643	51.8	14.1	7.31
815,614	12,122,311	7,074,450	58.4	14.9	8.67
789,232	.12,668,200	7,040,238	55.6	16.1	8.92
763,277	15,341,399	6,936,325	45.2	20.1	9.09
754,898	14,089,783	5,522,339	39.2	18.7	7.32
717,836	14,997,451	6,319,188	42.1	20.9	8.80
678,332	11,721,927	5,271,462	45.0	17.3	7.77
670,148	11,094,473	6,183,675	55.7	16.6	9.23
637,930	9,566,966	5,341,413	55.8	15.0	8.37
$11,164	15,125,939	8,523,317	56.3	18.6	10.51
804,889	14,529,770	8,654,704	59.6	18.1	10.75
804,393	14,243,644	8,650,733	60.7	17.7	10.75
			«• t		

BUCKWHEAT.56

Hay Crop.—Estimated Production and Value for 1903.

		Yield per		Price	''
	Acreage.	acre.	Production.	per ton.	Farm value.
States and Territories.	Acres.	Tons.	Tons.	Dollars.	Dollars.
Maine ....................	. . 1,265,541	0.98	1,240,230	10.20	12,650,346
New Hampshire............	619,592	0.92	570,025	13.26	7,558,532
Vermont ..................	861,997	1.18	1,017,156	10.88	11,066,657
Massachusetts .............	577,119	1.36	784,882	16.72	13,123,227
Rhode Island..............	65,901	1.07	70,514	18.95	1,336,240
Connecticut ...............	475,246	1.11	527,523	15.19	8,013,074
New York..................	. . 4,813,428	1.26	6,064,919	10.96	66,471,512
New Jersey................	416,243	1.28	532,791	15.39	8,199,653
Pennsylvania .............	. . 3,072,329	1.27	3,901,858	13.50	52,675,083
Delaware .................	74,846	1.64	122,747	14.83	1,820,33S
Maryland ................	295,161	1.24	366,000	14.02	5,131,320
Virginia ..................	463,455	1.30	602,492	13.73	8,272,215
North Carolina............	129,492	1.60	207,187	13.42	2,780,450
South Carolina............		1.46	89,526	11.72	1,049,245
Georgia ..................		1.53	136,110	15.15	2,062,066
Florida ..................	13,297	1.47	19,547	18.82	367,875
Alabama .................		1.77	100,786	12.39	1,248,739
Mississippi ...............	46,201	1.74	80,390	11.60	932,524
Louisiana ................		2.04	44,278	11.35	502,555
Texas ...................		1.84	765,852	8.20	6,279,986
Arkansas ................	79,389	1.60	127,022	9.48	1,204,169
Tennessee ................		1.58	558,497	12.29	6,863,928
West Virginia.............		1.38	721,492	13.80	9,956,590
Kentucky .................	495,202	1.46	722,995	12.07	8,726,550
Ohio ....................		1.42	3,892,024	10.00	38,920,240
Michigan ................		1.37	3,035,239	8.93	27,104,684
Indiana..................		1.47	2,600,199	8.56	22,257,703
Illinois ...................		1.54	4,273,258	8.33	35,596,239
Wisconsin................		1.89	3,316,428	7.50	24,873,210
Minnesota................		1.84	1.579,732	6.61	10,442,029
Iowa ....................		1.78	5,631,852	5.46	30,749,912
Missouri .................		1.57	4,745,312	6.68	31,698,684
Kansas ..................	. . 1,813,380	1.58	2,865,140	4.81	13,781,323
Nebraska .................	561,962	1.68	944,096	4.48 '	4,229,550
South Dakota.............	191,291	1.45	277,372	/ 4.63	1,284,232
North Dakota.............		1.18	175,775	4.64	815,596
Montana .................	335,558	2.08	697,961	8.81	6,149,036
Wyoming ................	174,753	2.14	373,971	6.67	2,494,387
Colorado .................		2.56	1,592,758	7.48	11,913,830
New Mexico...............	68,473	2.36	161,596	11.12	1,796,948
Arizona..................	79,805	3.46	276,125	10.34	2,855,132
Utah ....................		2.95	1,026,196	6.84	7,019,181
Nevada ..................		3.12	443,046	9.97	4,417,169
Idaho ....................		2.82	979,084	6.86	6,817,516
Washington ..............	313,178	2.41	754,759	12.77	9,638,272
Oregon ..................	364,149	2.07	753,788	10.18	7,673,562
California................		2.08	1,144,562	11.66	13,345,593
Oklahoma ................		1.34	333,112	5.61	1,868,75S
Indian Territory...........		1.50	57,736	5.91	341,220
United States.........		1.54	61,305,940	9.08	556,376,880
f1902........	. , 39,825,227	1.50	59,857,576	9.06	542,036,364
1901........	. . 39,390,508	1.28	50,590,877	10.01	506,191,533
Totals.. {1900........	. . 39,132,890	1.28	50,110,906	8.89	445,538,870
11899........	. , 41,328,462	1.35	56,655,756	7.27	411,926,187
11898........	- 42,760,8^7	1.55	66,376,929	6.90	398,060,64757

Potato Crop.—Estlmated Production and Value for 1903.

		Yield per		Price per	
	Acreage.	acre.	Production.	bushel.	Farm value.
States and Territories.	Acres.	Bushels.	Bushels.	Cents.	Dollars.
Maine ...................	87,077	196	17,067,092	56	9,557,572
New Hampshire........	18,277	98	1,791,146	65	1,164,245
Vermont .................	26,590	138	3,669,420	50	1,834,710
Massachusetts . . . f........	28,874	96	2,771,904	71	1,968,052
Rhode Island..............	6,764	125	845,500	82	693,310
Connecticut ..............	29,322	96	2,814,912	78	2,195,631
New York.................	. 394,870	89	35,143,430	56	19,680,321
New Jersey...............	57,684	99	5,710,716	69	3,940,394
Pennsylvania .............	. 244,153	91	22,217,923	62	13,775,112
Delaware ................	6,180	84	519,120	56	290,707
Maryland ................	28,513	70	1,995,910	60	1,197,546
Virginia .................	49,520	84	4,159,680	64	2,662,195
North Carolina............	24,641	, 67	1,650,947	74	1,221,701
South Carolina............	8,555	81	692,955	104	720,673
Georgia..................	8,628	73	629,844	94	592,053
Florida ..................	3,489	82	286,098	126	360,483
Alabama .................	9,643	67	646,081	96	620,238
Mississippi ...............	5,635	82	462,070	88	406,622
Louisiana ................	8,140	50	407,000	91	370,370
Texas ...................	26,437	67	1,771,279	88	1,558,726
Arkansas ................	23,073	70	1,615,110	79	1,375,937
Tennessee ................	25,085	66	1,655,610	64	1,059,590
West Virginia.............	31,226	80	2,498,080	66	1,648,733
Kentucky ................	36,165	73	2,640,045	68	1,795,231
Ohio .....................	161,947	83	13,441,601	61	8,199,377
Michigan ................	. 268,230	78	20,921,940	49	10,251,751
Indiana..................	77,888	76	5,919,488	66	3,906,862
Illinois ..................	143,369	72	10,322,568	72	7,432,249
Wisconsin ................	252,522	58	14,646,276	58	8,494,840
Minnesota ...............	140,015	64	8,960,960	61	5,466,186
Iowa ...................	. 162,741	56	9,113,496	75	6,835,122
Missouri .................	86,977	66	5,740,482	76	4,362,766
Kansas ..................	72,143	58	4,184,294	85	3,556,650
Nebraska .................	80,599	64	5,158,336	65	3,352,918
South Dakota.............	32,437	89	2,886,803	54	1,558,922
North Dakota.............	24,200	84	2,032,800	48	975,744
Montana .................	12,904	176	2,271,104	44	999,286
Wyoming ................	3,665	167	612,055	57	348,871
Colorado ................	50,758	145	7,359,910	60	4,415,946
New Mexico..............	1,297	87	112,839	84	94,785
Utah ....................	11,776	177	2,084,352	47	979,645
Nevada .................	2,522	117	295,074	70	206,552
Idaho ..................	11,672	160	1,867,520	46	859,059
Washington .............	29,411	145	4,264,595	36	1,535,254
Oregon .................	35,367	107	3,784,269	50	1,892,134
California...............	46,536	130	6,049,680	66	3,992,789
Oklahoma ...............	, 10,227	78	797,706	98	781,752
Indian Territory..........	9,111	70	637,770	86	548,482
United States........	2,916,855	84.7	247,127,880	61.4	151,638,094
(1902.......	2,965,587	96	284,632,787	47.1	134,111,436
1901.......	, 2,864,335	65.5	.187,598,087	76.7	143,979,470
Totals.. { 1900.......	. , 2,611,054	80.8	210,926,897	43.1	90,811,167
11899.......	. . 2,581,353	88.6	228,783,232	39	89,328,832
11898 .....	.. 2,557,729	75.2	192,306,338	41.4	79,574,772Farm Animals.

[From the annual reports of the Department of Agriculture.]

January 1-

Horses.

Number. Value

Mules.

Number. Value

Milch cows.

Number. Value.

1880
1881
1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

11,201,800
11,429,626
10,521,554
10,838,110
11,169,683
11,564,572
12,077,657
12,496,744
13,172,936
13,663,294
14,213,837
14,056,750
3 5,498,140
16,206,802
16,081,139
15,893,318
15,124,057
14,364,667
13,960,911
13,665,307
13,537,524
16,744,723
16,531,224
[16,557,373

613,296,611
667,954,325
615,824,914
765,041,308
833,734,400
852,282,947
860,823,208
901,685,755
946,096,154
982,194,827
978,516,562
941,823,222
1,007,593,636

992.225.185
769,224,799
576,730,580

500.140.186
452,649,396
478,362,407
511,074,813
603,969,442
885,200,168
968,935,178

1,030,705,959

1,729,500
1,720,731
1,835,169
1,871,079
1,914,126
1,972,569
2,052,593
2,117,141
2,191,727
2,257,574
2,331,027
2,296,532
2,314,699
2,331,128
2,352,231
2,333,108
2,278,946
2,215,654
2,190,282
2,134,213
2.086,027
2,864,458
2.757,017
2,728,088

105,948,
120,096,
130,945,
148.,732,
161,214,
162,497,
163,381,
167,057,
174,853,
179,444,
182,394,
178,847,
174,882,
164,763,
146,232,
110,927,
103,204,
92,302,
96,109,
95,963
.111,717,
183,232,
186,411,
197,753,

319
164
378
390
976
,097
,096
,538
,563
,481
,099
,370
,070
,751
.811
,834
,457
,090
,516
,261
,092
1,209
704
1,327

• I

12,027,
12,368,
12,611,
13,125,
13,501,
13,904,
14,235,
14,522,
14,856,
15,298,
15,952,
16,019,
16,416,
16,424,
16,487,
16,504,
16,137,
15,941,
15,840,
15,990,
16,292;
16,833;
16,696;
17,105

1

000
653
632
685
206
722
388
083
414
625
883
591
351
087
,400
,629
,586
,727
,886
,115
,360
657
802
,227

279,1
296,:
326,
396, i
423,-
412,
389,
378,
366,
366,
353,
346,
351,

357,

358,

362,

363,
369,
434,
474,
514

505;

488
516,

$

899,420
277,060
489,310
,575,405
486,649
903,093
985,523
789,589
252,173
226.376
152,133
397,900
378,132
,299,785
,998,661
,601,729
,955,545
,239,993
,813,826
,233,925
,812,106
,093,077
.130,324
711,914

Jan. 1-

Oxen and other cattle.

Number.

Value.

Sheep.

Number.

Value.'

Swine.

Number.

Value.

Total value
farm animals.

1880..
1881..
1882..
1883..
1884..
1885..
1886..
3887..
1888..
1889..
1890. .
1891..
1892..
1893..
1894..
1895..
1896..
1897..

1898.	.

1899.	.
19()0. .
1901..
1902..
1903..
1904..

21,231,
20,938,
23,280,
28,1)46,
29,046,
29,866,
31,275,
33,511,
34,378.
35,032;
36,849;
36,875,
37,651,
35,954,
36,608,
34,364,
32,085,
30,508,
29,264,
27,994,
27,610,
45,500,
44,727,
44,659

000 341,761,154
710 362,861,509
238 463,069,501
0771611.549,109
1011683,229,054
573]694,382,913
,242)661,956,274
,750 i 663,137,926
,363)611,750,520
,4171597,236,812
,024|560,625,137
,6481544,127,908
,2391570,749,155
,1961547,882,204
168 536,789,747
482,999,129
508,928,416
507,929,421
612,296,634
637,931,135
689,486,260
906,644,003
839,126,073
824,054,902

,216
,409
,408
,197
,225
,054
,213
797
,206

40,765,900
43,569,899
45,016,224
49,237,291
50,626,626
50,360,243
48,322,331
44,759,314
44,544,755
42,599,079
44,336,072
43,421,136
44,938,365
47,273,553
45,048,017

42.294.064
38,298,783
36,818,643
37,656,960
-39,114,453

41.883.065
59,756,718
62,039,091
63,964,876

?

90,230,537
104,070,759
106,595,954
124,366,335
119,902,706
107,960.650
92,443,867
89,872,839
89,279,926
90,640,369
100,659,761
108,397,447
116,121,290
125,909,264
89,1.86,110
66.685.767
65,167.735
67,020,942
92,721,133
107,697,530
122,665,913
178,072.476
164,446,091
168,315,750

34,034,100
36,247,683
44,122,200
43,270,086
44,200,893
45,142,657
46,092,043
44,612,836
44,346,525
50,301,592
51,602,780
50,625,106
52,398,019
46.094,807
45,206,498
44,165,716
42.842,759
40.600,276
39,759,993
38,651,631
37,079,356
56,982,142
48,698,890
46,922,624

$

145.781,515
170,535,435
263,543,195
29.1,951,221
246,301,139
226,401,683
196,569,894
200,043,291
220,811,082
291,307,193
243,418,336
210,193,923
241,031,415
295,426,492
270,384,626
219,501,267
186,529,745
166,272,770
174,351,409
170,109,743
185,472,321
353,012,143
342,120,780
364,973,688

1,576,917,556
1,721,795,252
1,906,468,252
2,338,215,768

2.467.868.924
2,456,428,383
2,365,159.862
2,400,586,938
2,409,043,418
2,507,050,058
2,418,766,028
2,329,787,770
2,461,755,69S
2,483,506,681
2,170,816,754
1,819,446,306
1,727,926,084
1,655,414,612

1.888.654.925
1,997,010,407
2,228,123,134
3,011,254,076
2,989,170,150
3,102,515,540

* The value given is ior December 1.59

Tobacco Crop.—Estimated

Years.

188.1..............

1886..............

1887... ...........

1888..............

189	3...............

189	4..............

189	5..............

189	6..............

1899f.............

190	2..............

190	3..............

1004..............

* The value given is for December 1.

f Census ligures.

$ Exclusive of Hawaii.

Thomas B. Reed and Wages.

The following from the speech of Thomas B. Reed in 1888 during the discus-
sion on the Mills bill will be found most interesting:

Now, let me come for a moment to this question of wages. The gentleman says that
it depends upon supply and demand. I say that is an utterly exploded doctrine. Wages
depend upon the amount of the market, and also upon the nature of the workingman him-
self. I . anticipate what the gentleman is going to say in response to the suggestions of
other gentlemen on his side, that what they need is a more extensive market; that what
they need is to go forth to the rest of the universe and obtain a market; and the method
they propose is to obtain a market somewhere else by giving up the market that we have
here. But we on our side believe in enlarging the market in a different fashion. We do not
mean to go to the ends of the earth and struggle with the cheaper labor of the whole world.
What we mean to do is to elevate the market of this country by giving higher wages to the
laborers, and thereby constituting a market as broad as our production. ... So
that it is not the arbitrary fixation of wages, but it is the growth in intelligence, the
growth in desires and wants of the laborer that forces a rise of wages. What is the direct
means by which the laboring men reach this result? By labor unions, by combining, by
making manufacturers understand that they must give higher wages. How are the manu-
facturers enabled to give higher wages? By increasing their product, which increase can
only take place by the larger market which comes of these larger wages.

That is the secret of this matter. But there are limitations in this case just as there
are to all human tendencies. The laboring man is struggling to supply his wants. He
makes his demand on the manufacturer. The manufacturer is set to work to devise new
inventions, and by the assistance of these he is able to supply these wants. But there is a
limitation to inventions; there is a limitation to the capacity of the employer to enlarge
his market. And those two things struggle together. In this country, with the laborer seek-
ing to obtain higher wages and fewer hours of work and the demand of the public for lower
prices, there is going on a tremendous struggle; and that is all the struggle that the in-
ventive power of this country can sustain.

Now you propose by bringing us in contact with a lower civilization without Protec-
tion, to make the success of that struggle an absolute impossibility You are crushing
-down the laboring man by your efforts, and you are thereby intensifying this struggle be-
tween the employer and his employees, which is liable to be fought out as long as selfish-
ness reigns in this world. But, thank Heaven, the success, the good fortune, and the
prosperity of the laboring man do not depend on these men, s, who rend the heavens with
their shouts of praise, but upon the laws of the Lord God Omnipotent. And among the
laws of the Omnipotence is the use of human brains by aid of law to provide the laborer
with opportunities for work.

Annual Acreage, Product and Value.*

,-	Total.	-
Area.	Product.	Value.
Acres.	Pounds.	Dollars.
752,520	562,736,000	43,265,598
750,210	532,537,000	39,468,218
598,620	386,240,000	40,977,259
747,326	565,795,000	43,666,665
702,952	483,023,963	39,155,442
523,103	406,678,385	27,760,739
633,950	491,544,000	35,574,220
594,749	403,004,320	24,258,070
$1,101,460	$868,112,865	$56,987,902
1,030,734	821,823,963	80,472,506
1,037,735	815,972,425	55,514,62760

Our Wool Industry.

A glance at our production and imports of wool during recent years, at our
sheep census, and at the various prices of wool, will show more clearly than any
explanation can convey, the benefits of Protection to this great industry of our
country. Free wool has been made one of the rallying cries of Free-Traders for
many years, and finally after various attempts we were given a Tariff in 1894
that carried in its schedules free wool to our manufactures. The result was
most disastrous. Our sheep were killed, our farmers could not get profitable
prices for their wool; and during the operation of that Tariff we imported from
abroad over 800,000,000 pounds, displacing, of course, to that extent the American
production. Our manufacturers had free raw material indeed, and yet their
mills were closed and their hands were idle and their dividends were passed.

We are only now beginning to recover fully from the blow which was dealt
to both manufacturers and sheep raisers by the Free Wool Tariff, which was in
operation from 1894 to 1897, and yet in the face of that experience our Free-
Traders would again if they had the opportunity place wool upon the free list.

Wool Statistics.

			Total	
			consumption.	Foreign.
June 30—	Pounds.	Pounds.	Pounds.	Per cent.
1890..............		105,431,285	377,911,776	27.0
1891..............		129,303,648	411,373,603	30.8
1892..............		148,670,652	439,460,633	33.1
1893..............		172,433,838	471,276,343	35.7
1894.....t........	...... 298,057,384	55,152,585	346,712,315	14.2
1895..............		206,033,906	509,159,716	40.0
1896..............		230,911,473	490,413,964	45.9
1897..............	...... 259,153,251	350,852,026	601,305,908	57.8
1898..............	...... 266,720,684	132,795,202	396,889,915	32.8
1899..............		76,736,209	334,832,204	19.2
1900..............	...... 288,636,621	155,928,455	436,662,516	34.4
1901..............		103,583,505	402,295,766	24.9
1902..............	...... 316,341,032	166,576,966	479,690,057	34.1
1903..............  1 QAl	...... 287,450,000	177,137,796	461,075,882	37.8

Wool Statistics.

Shoddy vs. Tariff Revision.

The following diagram illustrates how Democratic Tariff revision, which
culminated in the Wilson act of 3894, caused an increase of 10,623 per cent, in
the imports of shoddy, rags, waste, etc., in the three years 1895, 1896 and 189T,
over the imports during the three years 1891, 1892 and 1893 when the McKinley
act of 1890 was in force.

It also shows the decrease of 98% per cent, in the average yearly imports of
these articles during the-six years of Protection, 1898 to 1903, inclusive, after the
Wilson act had been displaced by the Dingley act of 1897.

In the nine years of Protection. 1891 to 1893 and 1898 to 1903, inclusive, under
both the McKinley and Dingley acts, the average yearly imports of shoddy, rags,
waste, etc., were only 353,364 pounds, as against the enormous yearly average of
27,411,576 pounds during the free shoddy Wilson act, 1895, 1896 and 1897.

The yearly average of imports of shoddy, rags, waste, etc., of the Wilson act
period was 7657 per cenf. larger than in the nine years of Protection under the
McKinley and Dingley acts.^JfcWV.

%Ai<\A
: A%(\ 5

So-VoX'.

vMfq <\

o

=§Mqo A
S.A<\o Z
^4qo 5

, 2/4 £.<1 4 *
.. 2)^4.5 S (»
. i

A lVt.0lt-0



,<] 0 ? c\ z i

.&0&M <M
•2,0.'] A 8.4 A 0

v^.o A A.A Hr<^
iVilr.5 o S.A 1 o

8 ls>.£. l» b.b «) 0

*5 ~<\A <n
5/ l-'ii >1
b 1
l-UU 8
So <\.A S S
.2M a.?U \

8awovc^?V&/'

&/vvvgv\X$V&/

I

^/OX&YVUX/YV *W
k)>W/wvws/i>vcw62

Washed Ohio Fleece Wool Prices.

(Data furnished by Messrs. Mauger & Avery, New York.)

-January.-r---April.--,-July.--,-October.-*

Medi-	Medi-	Medi- •	Medi-

Fine. um. Coarse. Fine. um. Coarse. Fine. um. Coarse. Fine. um. Coarse.

Year.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents.	Cents. Cents.		Cents.	Cents. Cents.		Cents. Cents.	
1890..	. 33	37	29	32	36	29	33	37	29	33	37	31
1891..	. 33	37	31	32	37	31	31	35	29	31	35	30
1892..	. 30	35	31 -	29	34	31	28	34	30	29	33	29
3893..	. 29	33	29	30	32	31	24	26	25	23	24	21
1894..	. 23	24	21	21	23	20	20	21	18	19	21	19
1895..	. 17%	20	19	16%	20	18	18	21	19	18	21	19
1896..	. 19	21%	19	19	21	18	17	18	17	18	19	18
1897..	. 19	21	19	21	22%	20	21%	23%	21	27	29	25
1898..	. 29	30	26	29	29%	25%	28	29	24%	28%	30	24%
1899..	• 26%	29	24	25%	28	24	29	31%	27	31	33%	29
1900..	. 35	36%	31%	32%	35%	30%	28%	31%	27%	26%	28%	26y2
1901..	. 27	29	26	25	27	24%	25	26	22	25	26%	23
1902..	. 25%	26%	24	25	26%	24	26	26%	25	28	28%	25%
1903..	. 30	31	27	29%	30%	26	31%	31%	27	32	31%	28
1904..												

Washed Ohio Fleece Wool Prices.

(Data furnished by Messrs. Mauger & Avery, New York.)

	January.	r-	April.	,	July.	,	October.	*

Medi-	Medi-	Medi- •	Medi-

Fine. um. Coarse. Fine. um. Coarse. Fine. um. Coarse. Fine. um. Coarse.

Note by Messrs. Mauger & Avery.—This table exhibits in a concise form the prices
of the three grades of a standard domestic fleece wool in the seaboard markets at the be-
ginning of each quarter. In its present shape it is deemed to be intelligible to all inter-
ested in wool. In the special features of character and condition, " Washed Ohio Fleece
Wool" is less subject to variation than any other description, and thus is more a basis
of value than any other class. Wool, owing to its wide variety, difference in character and
condition,-and liability to shrink in cleaning, is precluded from speculative operations,
which apply to products which may be dealt in as " futures." For these reasons the
prices of wool are not liable to the same changes as cotton, wheat, etc.

Cotton Crops and the Annual Exports and Takings of United States Spin-
ners from 1848 to 1903.

(Compiled by Mr. Alfred B. Shepperson, of New York.)

• .	Retained	Per cent.

Total t--Exports.--^ r~for home consumption.-^ of crop

	com-		To all		By	By	taken by	
	mercial	To United	other		Northern	Southern		United
Year ending	crop.	Kingdom.	countries.	Total.	mills.	mills.	Total.	States
August 31—			Tr> f*Vir\nc*o*nrlc Af Holnc .					^ mills.
	r		III tliU lloiliivli!) U1 UtilvKi*					
1850.........	2,204	1,107	483	1,590	488	107	595	27
1860.........	4,861	2,669	1,105	3,774	793	186	979	20
1870.........	. . 3,114	1,475	704	2,179	777	80	857	28
1880.........	. . 5,761	2,554	1,310	3,864	1,574	221	1,795	31
1CD0.........	. , 7,297	2,854	2,052	4,906	1,780	545	2,325	32
1301.........	. , 8,674	3,345	2,446	5,791	2,027	613	2,640	30
1892.........	9,018	3,317	2,541	5,858	2,172	684	2,856	32
1893.........	6,664	2,301	2,089	4,390	1,652	723	2,375	36
1894.........	7,532	2,861	2,371	5,232	1,580	711	2,291	30
1895.........	9,837	3,449	3,277	6,726	2,019	852	2,871	29
1896.........	7,147	2,299	2,328	4,627	1,605	900	2,505	35
1897.........	8,706	3,022	2,957	5,979	1,793	999	2,792	32
1898.........	11,216	3,544	3,996	7,540	2,211	1,254	3,465	31
1899.........	11,256	3,525	3,788	7,313	2,217	1,415	3,632	32
1900.........	9,422	2,343	3,603	5,946	2,047	1,597	3,644	39
1901.........	10,339	3,050	3,488	6,538	1,964	1,583	3,547	34
1902.........	10,768	3,041	3,601	6,642	2,066	2,017	4,083	38
1903.........	10,674	2,849	3,826	6,675	1,966	1,958	3,924	37
		. ..	» . » ..	.....	.. ..»	* t. .»	, ,.	♦ fImports of Sugar.

Average

cost per
pound in

Year		■v		Duty	foreign
ending	Dutiable.	f-Free and	dutiable.-^	collected.	country.
June 30—	Pounds.	Pounds.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Cents.
1890.......	. . . 2,709,554,549	2,934,011,560	96,094,532	53,985,873.85	3.28
1891.......	, . .1,839,147,334	3,483,477,222	105,728,216	32,303,692.63	3.04
1892.......	, . . 14,880,402	3,556,509,165	104,408,813	76,795.14	2.94
1893.......	, . . 33,405,081	3,766,445,347	116,255,784	163,956.25	3.09
1894.......	. . 58,965,576	4,345,193,881	126,871,889	250,763.50	2.92
1895.......	. , . 1,127,279,779	3,574,510,454	76,462,836	15,354,290.00	2.14
1896.......	. . 3,544,163,288	3,896,338,557	89,219,773	29,808,140.30	2.29
1897.......	. .4,487,708,753	4,918,905,733	99,066,181	41,253,753.00	2.01
1898.......	. . .2,190,154,053	2,689,920,851	60,472,749	29,378,937.81	2.25
1899.......	. .3,517,950,689	3,980,250,569	94,964,120	61,428,331.87	2.39
1900.......	. . . 3,513,373,425	4,018,086,530	100,250,974	57,417,772.33	2.49
1901.......	. . 3,975,005,840	3,975,005,840	90,487,800	62,680,260.03	.2.28
1902.......	. . 3,031,915,875	3,031,915,875	55,061,097	52,622,601.01	1.82
1903.......	.4,216,108,106	4,216,108,106	72,088,973	63,214,744.61	1.71
1904.......					

Thomas B. Reed on Protection,

The following from a speech of Thomas B. Reed in the House of Repre-
sentatives, May 19, 1888, will be found, most interesting:

Perhaps the best argument I can make for Protection is to state what it is and the
principles on which it is founded.

Man derives his greatest power from his association with other men, his union with
his fellows. Whoever considers the human being as a creature alone, by himself, isolated
and separated, and tries to comprehend mankind by mathematically adding these atoms
together, has utterly failed to comprehend the human race and its tremendous mission.
Sixty millions even of such creatures without association are only so many beasts that
perish. But sixty millions of men welded together by national brotherhood, each support-
ing, sustaining, and buttressing the other, are the sure conquerors of all those mighty
powers of nature which alone constitute the wealth of this world. The great blunder of
the Herr professor of political economy is that he treats human beings as if every man
were so many foot-pounds, such and such a fraction of a horse-power. All the soul of man
he leaves out.

Think for a moment of the foundation principles involved in this question, which I
now ask. Where does wealth come from? It comes from the power of man to let loose
and yet guide those elemental forces the energy of which is infinite. It comes from the
power of man to force the earth to give her increase, to hold in the bellying sail the
passing breeze, to harness the tumbling waterfall, to dam up the great rivers, to put bits
in the teeth of the lightning. Foot-pounds and fractions of a horse-power will never do
this. It takes brains and the union of foot-pounds and fractions of a horse-power working
harmoniously together.

^ For a nation to get out of itself or out of the earth all the wealth there is in both it
is'not necessary for the nation to buy cheap or sell dear. That concerns individuals alone.
What concerns the nation is how to utilize all the work there is in man, both of muscle
and brain, of body and of soul, in the great enterprise of setting in motion the ever-
gratuitous forces of nature. How shall you get out of the people of a nation their full
powers? Right here is precisely the dividing line. The let-alone school say leave in-
dividual man to his own devices. The .Protectionist school say let us stimulate combined
and aggregated man to united endeavor.64

Summary of Manufactures, by States and Territories, 1890 and 1900»

f	Value

of products,

va	including

Number	^-Wage earners.—N	Cost of	custom

of estab-	Total	materials	work and

State or	lish-	Capital.	Average	wages.	used.	repairing.

Territory. Year, ments.	Dollars,	number.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.

Alabama ............1890 2,977	46,122,571	31,137	10,799,747	28,432,281	51,226,605

1900	5,602	70,370,081	52,902	15,130,419	44,098,671	80,741,449

Arizona ............1890 76	616,629	458	302,146	353,814	947,547

1900 314	10,157,408	3,266	2,369,065	8,464,410	21,315,189

Arkansas ...........1890	2,073	14,971,614	14,143	4,649,186	12,397,261	22,659,179

1900	4,794	35,960,640	26,501	8,686,291	23,963,768	45,197,731

California ..........1890	7,923	146,797,102	72,696	41,172,918	120,243,683	213,403,996

1900	12,582	205,395,025	91,047	47,425,947	188,125,602	302,874,761

Colorado ............1890 1,518	26,651,840	15,016	9,872,405	20,848,516	42,480,205

1900 3,570	62,825,472	24,725	15,146,667	66,886,016	102,830,137

Connecticut .........1890 6,822	227,004,496	140,514	66,465,317	123,183,080	248,336,364

1900 9,128	314,696,736	176,694	82,767,725	185,641,219	352,824,106

Delaware ...........1890 1,003	33,695,400	20,479	8,630,475	21,161,752	37,571,848

1900	1,417	41,203,239	22,203	9,259,661	26,652,601	45,387,630

District of Columbia. .1890 2,295	28,865,089	20,406	12,264,142	17,194,666	39,331,437

*1900 2,754	41,981,245	24,693	14,643,714	19,369,571	47,667,622

Florida .............1890 805	11,110,304	13,119	5,918,614	8,021,854	18,222,890

1900 2,056	33,107,477	34,230	10,683,038	15,637,520	36,810,243

Georgia .............1890 4,285	56,921,580	52,298	14,623,996	35,774,480	68,917,020

1900 7,504	89,789,656	83,842	20,290,071	58,232,202	106,654,527

Idaho ..............1890 140	1,048,916	667	255,907	638,673	1,396,096

1900 591	2,941,524	1,477	862,088	2,055,368	4,020,532

Illinois .............1890	20,482	502,001,512	280,218	142,873,265	529,019,089	908,640,280

1900	38,360	776,829,598	395,110	191,510,962	739,754,414	1,259,730,168

Indiana ............1890	12,354	131,605,366	110,590	42,577,258	130,119,106	226,825,082

1900	18,015	234,481,528	155,956	66,847,317	214,961,610	378,120,140

Indian Territory......1890 20	204,329	167	73,222	127,864	248,932

1900 7 89	2,624,265	1,714	553,899	2,225,730	3,892,181

Iowa ...............1890 7,440	77,513,097	51,037	20,429,620	79,292,407	125,049,183

1900	14,819	102,733,103	58,553	23,931,680	101,170,357	164,617,877

Kansas .............1890 4,471	43,926,002	28,237	13,288,175	78,845,167	110,219,805

1900 7,830	66,827,362	35,193	16,317,689	129,485,320	172,129,398

Kentucky ...........1890 7,745	79,811,980	56,558	21,326,831	63,677,583	126,719,857

1900 9,560	104,070,791	62,962	22,434,185	82,830,415	154,166,365

Louisiana ...........1890 2,613	34,754,121	28,377	10,122,569	33,282,724	57,806,713

1900 4,350	113,084,294	42,210	15,385,715	82,299,893	121,181,683

Maine ..............1890 5,010	80,419,809	70,374	22,962,582	51,520,589	95,689,500

1900 6,702	122,918,826	74,816	28,527,849	68,863,408	127,361,485

Maryland ...........1890 7,485	119,667,316	97,808	34,441,414	92,059,390	171,842,593

1900 9,879	163,147,260	108,325	38,748,551	144,397,680	242,552,990

Massachusetts.......1890	26,923	630,032,341	447,270	205,844,337	473,199,434	888,160,403

1900	29,180	823,264,287	497,448	228,240,442	552,717,955	1,035,198,989

Michigan ...........1890	12,127	262,412,240	148,674	54,982,906	154,521,918	277,896,706

1900	16,807	284,097,133	162,355	66,467,867	199,559,905	356,944,082

Minnesota ..........1890 7,505	127,686,618	69,790	30,371,123	118,481,941	192,033,478

1900	11,114	165,832,246	77,234	35,484,825	173,425,615	262,655,881

Mississippi ..........1890 1,698	14,896,884	14,465	4,191,754	10,064,897	18,705,834

1900 4,772	35,807,419	26,418	7,471,886	21,692,092	40,431,386

Missouri ............1890	14,052	189,558,546	124,203	59,643,429	177,582,382	324,561,993

1900	18,754	249,888,581	134,975	60,719,428	214,988,018	385,492,784

Montana ............1890 289	4,293,794	2,386	1,652,413	2,375,093	5,507,573

1900 1,080	40,945,846	10,117	7,969,886	32,702,650	57,075,824

Nebraska ...........1890 3,014	37,569,508	20,450	10,271,478	67,334,532	93,037,794

1900^ 5,414	71,982,127	24,461	11,570,688	102,197,707	143,990,102

* Includes, for comparative purposes, 85 Governmental establishments in the District of
Columbia, having products valued at $9,887,355, the statistics of such establishments for 1890
not being separable.65

Summary of Manufactures, by States and Territories, 1890 and 1900.—

Continued.

Value

of products,
including

		Number		r--Wage earners.—		Cost of	custom
		of estab			Total	materials	work and
State or		lish-	Capital.	Average	wages.	used.	repairing.
Territory.	Year.	ments.	Dollars.	number.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.
Nevada ............	. .1890	95	1,211,269	558	376,535	439,058	1,105,063
	1900	228	1,472,784	601	416,732	826,138	1,643,675
New Hampshire.....	, ,1890	3,229	79,375,160	60,111	21,927,290	47,754,152	85,770,549
	1900	4,671	100,929,661	70,419	27,620,247	66,348,594	118,709,308
New Jersey.........	, .1890	9,225	250,805,745	173,778	82,944,118	189,365,740	354,573,571
	1900	15,481	502,824,082	241,582	110,088,1505	360,945,843	611,748,933
New Mexico........	, ,1890	127	965,938	849	470,361	691,420	1,516,195
	1900	420	2,698,786	2,600	1,350,586	2,914,138	5,605,795
New York..........	,.1890	65,840	1,130,161,195	752,066	370,380,559	871,264,085	1,711,577,671
	1900	78,658	1,651,210,220	849,056	408,855,652	1,143,791,776	2,175,726,900
North Carolina......	, .1890	3,667	32,745,995	33,625	6,552,121	22,789,187	40,375,450
	1900	7,226	76,503,894	70,570	13,868,430	53,072,388	94,919,663
North Dakota.......	, ,1890	382	2,894,553	1,499	759,132	3,087,161	5,028,107
	1900	1,130	5,396,490	2,398	1,222,472	5,615,793	9,183,114
Ohio ..............		28,673	402,793,019	292.982	128,447,799	341,016,464	641,688,064
	1900	32,398	605,792,266	345,869	153,955,330	447,849,677	832,438,113
Oklahoma ..........	.1890	72	95,519	147	52,326	56,518	180,445
	1900	870	3,352,064	2,054	807,826	4,449,944	7,083,938
Oregon ............	.1890	1,523	32,122,051	16,760	9.559,734	21,793,578	41,432,174
	1900	3,088	33,422,393	17,236	8,333,433	26,108,313	46,000,587
Pennsylvania .......	.1890	39,339	991,243,115	570,393	263,375,215	773,734,637	1,331,794,901
	1900	52,185	1,551,548,712	733,834	332,072,670	1,042,434,599	1,834,790,860
Rhode Island.......	, .1890	3,377	126,483,401	81,111	33,239,313	76,253,023	142,500,625
	1900	4,189	183,784,587	98,813	41,114,084	96,392,661	184,074,378
South Carolina......	, .1890	2,382	29,276,261	22,748	5,474,739	18,873,666	31,926,681
	1900	3,762	67,356,465	48,135	9,455,900	34,027,795	58,748,731
South Dakota.......	, .1890	499	3,207,796	2,011	832,693	3,523,840	5,682,748
	1900	1,639	7,578,895	3,121	1,544,409	7,827,110	12,231,239
Tennessee ..........	.1890	4,559	51,475,092	37,487	13,557,180	40,463,782	72,355,286
	1900	8,016	71,814,038	50,504	16,647,638	63,857,511	108,144,565
Texas .............		5,268	46,815,181	34,794	15,148,495	36,152,308	70,433,551
	1900	12,289	90,433,882	48,153	20,552,355	67,102,769	119,414,982
Utah ..............	. .1890	531	6,583,022	4,249	2,191,265	4,252,030	8,911,047
	1900	1,400	14,650,948	6,615	3,388,370	12,858,954	21,156,183
Vermont...........	. 1890	3,031	32,763,291	22,119	8,427,553	20,433,174	38,340,066
	1900	4,071	48,547,964	29,455	12,237,684	29,858,824	57,623,815
Virginia ...........		5,915	63,456,799	53,566	15,816,930	50,148,285	88,363,824
	1900	8,248	103,670,988	72,702	22,445,720	74,851,757	132,172,910
Washington ........	,1890	1,543	34,369,735	18,677	11,011,894	19,917,057	41,768,022
	1900	3,631	52,649,760	33,806	19,106,873	49,099,182	86,795,051)
West Virginia.......	, .1890	2,376	28,118,030	19,340	6,911,779	23,729,089	38,702,125
	1900	4,418	55,904,238	33,272	12,969,237	43,006,880	74,838,330
Wisconsin .........	,1890	10,417	246,515,404	120,006	42,958,267	145,437,016	248,546,164
	1900	16,187	330,568,779	142,076	58,407,597	908,838,167	360,818,942
Wyoming ..........	.1890	190	1,411,184	1,022	787,169	1,084,432	2,367,601
	1900	334	2,411,435	2,241	1,386,140	1,885,449	4,301,240
Totals ..........	1880	253,852	2,790,272,606	2,732,595	947,953,795	3,396,823,549	5,369,579,191
	1890	355,405	6,525,050,759	4,251,535	1,891,209,696	5,162,013,878	9,372,378,843
	1900	512,276	9,831,486,500	5,314,539	2,327,295,545	7,346,358,979	13,010,036,514
Alaska ...........	. .1890	10	105,727	78	18,625	30,198	58,440
	1900	63	3,600,409	2,263	1,395,709	1,785,776	4,250,984
Hawaii ............		395	11,541,655	4,587	1,886,756	12,848,663	24,992,068
Grand totals.	. . 1880	253,852	2,790,272,606	2,732,595	947,953,795	3,396,823,549	5,369,579,191
	1890	355,415	6,525,156,486	4,251,613	1,891,228,321	5,162,044,076	9,372,437,283
	1900	512,734	9,846,628,564	5,321,389	2,330,578,010	7,360,993,418	13,039,279,566

of products,
includingm

Summary of Principal Manufactures, 1890 and	1900.

(From reports of the	Census.)

Value of
products,
including

Number	/-Wage earners.-^ Cost of	custom

~ —--------- of estab-	Total	materials	work and

Iish- Capital.	Average wages.	used.	repairing.

Industry. Year,	ments. Dollars,	number. Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.

Agricultural implements.......1890	910 145,313,997	38,827	18,107,094	31,603,265	81,271,651

1900	715 157,707,951	46,582	22,450,880	43,944,628	101,207,428
Blacksmithing and wheelwright-

ing .......................1890	28,000 34,500,139	26,539	13,499,738	14,645,096	54,304,639

1900	51,771 54,976,341	36,193	17,974,264	24,701,632	85,971,630

Boots and shoes, factory product.1890	2,082 95,282,311	133,690	60,667,145	118,785,831	220,649,358

1900	1,600 101,795,233	142,922	59,175,883	169,604,054	261,028,580

Bread and other bakery products.1890	10,484 45,758,489	38,841	19,120,259	72,507,579	128,421,535

1900	14,917 81,049,553	60,271	27,893,170	95,221,915	175,657,348

Brick and tile...............1890	5,828 82,578,566	104,176	29,709,357	12,639,597	67,770,695

1900	5,423 82,086,438	61,979	21,883,333	11,006,148	51,270,476

Carpentering ................1890	16,917 81,542,845	122,952	79,355,029	137,847,002	281,195,162

1900	21,315 71,327,047	123,985	71,049,737	142,419,410	316,101,758

Carriages and wagons........1890	8,614 104,210,602	64,259	32,665,301	49,889,173	114,551,907

1900	7,632 118,187,838	62,540	29,814,911	5.6,676,073	121,537,276

Cars and general shop con-
struction and repairs by

steam railroad companies. .1890	716 76,192,477	106,632	60,213,433	66,561,526	129,461,698

1900	1,295 119,473,042	173,595	96,006,570	109,472,353	218,113,658

Cars, railroad and street, and
repairs, not including estab-
lishments operated by steam

railroad companies..........1890	166 48,460,687	35,148	18,579,304	47,528,561	76,352,199

1900	193 106,721,188	44,063	23,342,763	70,046,354	107,186,359

Cheese, butter and condensed

milk ......................1890	4,712 16,624,163	12,601	4,422,101	51,364,574	62,686,043

1900	9,355 36,508,015	12,865	6,170,670	109,151,205	131,199,277

Chemicals ..................1890	563 55,032,452	15,038	7,308,411	33,694,927	59,352,548

1900	459 89,091,430	19,054	9,401,467	34,564.137	62,676,730

Carpets and rugs, other than

rag....................... 1890	173 38,208,842	28,736	11,122,259	28,644,905	47,770,193

1900	133 44,449,299	28,411	11,1^1,383	27,228,719	48,192,351

Clothing, men's...............1890	18,658 182,552,938	217,270	87,714,314	179,425,661	378,022,815

1900	28,014 173,034,543	191,043	79,434,932	197,742,067	415,256,391

Clothing, women's, factory

product ...................1890	1,224 22,259,528	39,149	15,428,272	34,277,219	68,164,019

1900	2,701 48,431,544	83,739	32,586,101	84,704,592	159,339,539

Confectionery ...............1890	2,921 23,826,799	21,724	7,783,007	31,116,629	55,997,101

1900	4,297 35,155,361	33,583	10,867,687	45,534,153	81,290,543

Copper, smelting and refining. .1900	47 53,063,395	11,324	8,529,021	122,174,129	165,131,670

Cotton goods.. ...............1890	905 354,020,843	218,876	66,024,538	154,912,979	267,981,724

1900	1,055 467,240,157	302,861	86,689,752	176,551,527	339,200,320

Electrical apparatus and sup-
plies ..............:......1890	189 18,997,337	8,802	4,517,050	8,819,498	19,114,714

1900	580 83,130,943	40,890	20,190,344	48,916,440	91,348,889

Flouring and grist mill prod-
ucts ......................1890	18,470 208,473,500	47,403	18,138,402	434,152,290	513,971,474

1900	25,258 218,714,104	37,073	17,703,418	475,826,345	560,719,063

Foundry and machine shop

products ..................1890	6,500 383,257,473	231,331	129,282,263	171,363,925	413,197,118

1900	9,324 665,058,245	350,327	182,232,009	286,357,107	644,990,999

Furniture, including cabinet-
making, repairing and up-
holstering .................1890	5,973 93,642,147	83,587	40,816,566	55,125,830	135,627,332

1900	7,972 117,982,091	100,018	42,638,810	65,499,877	153,168,309

Gas, illuminating and heating. .1890	742 258,771,795	12,996	8,499,625	14,037,087	56,987,290

1900	877 567,000,506	22,459	12,436,296	20,605,356	75,716,693
Hats and caps, not including

wool hats..................1890	705 13,724,002	25,931	12,650,917	16,160,802	37,311,599

1900	816 25,095,798	31,425	14,144,552	24,421,052	49,205,667

Hosiery and knit goods......1890	796 50,607,738	59,588	16,578,119	35,861,585	67,241,013

1900	921 81,860,604	83,387	24,358,627	51,071,859	95,482,566

Iron and steel...............1890	645 372,678,018	148,715	78,977,900	295,777,843	430,954,348

1900	668 573,391,663	222,490	120,820,276	522,398,932	803,968,27367

Number
of estab-
lish-	Capital.

Industry. Year,	ments.	Dollars,
Iron work, architectural and

ornamental .................1890	724	21,968,172

1900	672	33,062,409

Lead, smelting and refining... .1900	39	72,148,933
Leather, tanned, curried and

finished ...................1890	1,787	98,088,698

1900	1,306	173,977,421

Liquors, distilled.............1890	440	31,006,176

1900	967	32,551,604

Liquors, malt................1890	1,248	232,471,290

1900	1,509	415,284,468

Lumber and timber products. .1890	22,607	557,775,327

1900	33,010	611,429,574

Lumber, planing mill products,

including sash, doors and

blinds .....................1890	3,670	120,271,440

1900	4,204"	119,271,631

Marble and stone work.......1890	3,373	37,115,193

1900	6,070	67,509,533

Masonry, brick and stone......1890	7,715	54,969,408

1900	8,333	48,070,239

Oil, cotton seed and cake.....1890	119	12,808,996

1900	369	34,451,461

Painting and paper hanging. . .1890	10,043	23,135,781

1900	16,939	27,217,086

Paper and wood pulp........1890	649	89,829,548

1900	763	167,507,713

Patent medicines and com-
pounds ....................1890	1,127	18,596,823

1900	2,026	37,209,793

Petroleum, refining...........1890	94	77,416,296

1900	67	95,327,892

Plumbing, and gas and steam

fitting ................... 1890	5,327	29,335,247

1900	11,870	47,111,264

Printing and publishing......1890	16,566	195,387,445

1900	22,312	292,517,072

Rubber and elastic goods......1890	139	13,703,787

1900	262	39,304,853

Saddlery and harness.........1890	7,931	35,346,620

1900	12,934	43,354,136

Shipbuilding ................1890	1,010	53,393,074

1900	1,116	77,362,701

Shirts......................1890	869	14,273,611

1900	986	20,312,412

Silk and silk goods..........1890	472	51,007,537

1900	483	81,082,201
Slaughtering and meat packing,

not including retail butcher-
ing .......................1890	1,367	118,016,066

1900	1,134	190,706,927

Soap and candles............1890	578	24,821,069

1900	558	38,068,334

Sugar and molasses, refining. .1890	393	24,013,008

1900	832	184,245,519

Tinsmithing, coppersmithing

and sheet iron working......1890	7,002	38,434,900

1900	12,466	55,703,509
Tobacco, chewing, smoking, and

snuff .....................1890	395	30,841,316

1900	437	43,856,570

Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes. 1890	10,956	59,517,827

1900	14,539	67,706,493

Woolen goods................1890	1,311	130,989,940

1900	1,035	124,386,262

Worsted goods...............1890	143	68,085,116

1900	136	132,168,110

^--Wage earners.-
Total

Average wages,
number. Dollars.

17,158 10,235,701
20,646 11,111,226
8,319 5,088,684

42,392	21,249,989

52,109	22,591,091

4,762	2,246,064

3,722	1,733,218

30,257	20,713,383

J9,532	25,826,211

311,886	87,915,659

283,179	104,563,603

Value of
products,
including
v Cost of custom
materials work and
used. repairing.
Dollars. Dollars.

18,620,510	37,745,294

31,140,636	53,508,179

144,195,163	175,466,304

122,946,721	172,136,092

155,000,004	204,038,127

14,909,173	104,197,869

15,147,784	96,798,443

64,003,347	182,731,622

51,674,928	237,269,713
242,532,098 437,898,942
317,832,865 566,621,755

79,923
73,627
31,728
54,370
110,618
93,568
5,906
11,007
45,336
59,191
31,050
49,646

7,058
11,809
11,403
12,199

35,457
53,916
136,836
162,992
9,183
20,405
22,672
24,123
24,811
46,781
31,207
38,492
49,382
65,416

44,812
69,441
7,821
9,487
7,043
14,262

31,377
45,575

29,790
29,161
87,000
103,462
76,915
68,893
42,978
57,008

42,221,856
32,685,210
21,342,623
28,663,241
69,311,083
53,152,258
1,493,780
3,143,459
28,787,331
34,822,819
13,204,828
20,746,426

2,955,383
4,407,988
5,872,467
6,717,087

21,915,314
31,873,866
78,810,319
84,249,954
3,663,976
8,082,738
10,908,918
10,725,647
14,833,977
24,839,163
9,193,495
11,425,101
17,762,441
20,982,194

104,926,834
99,927,707
23,868,904
30,443,297
96,207,162
87,280,964
14,363,126
45,165,823
23,110,359
26,304,784
44,228,480
70,530,236

11,030,916
18,185,513
67,918,723
102,859,341

37,735,671
65,334,689
68,858,915
86,856,290
11,113,528
33,485,694
24,674,225
33,127,926
16,925,109
33,486,772
15,704,353
23,662,317
51,004,425
62,406,665

24,668,202
33,923,253
3,416,854
3,754,767
2,385,654
6,945,811

15,610,265
22,155,039

6,947,158
7,109,821
36,475,060'
40,925,596
26,139,194
24,757,006
14,944,966
20,092,738

482,897,381
686,860,891
28,687,412
33,143,230
107,758,811
222,503,741

31,217,522
50,329,282

29,192,249
35,038,287
50,298,960
57,946,020
82,270,335
71,011,956
50,706,769
77,075,222

183,681,552
168,343,003
62,595,762
85,101,591
204,165,642
203,593,634
19,335,947
58,726,632
74,067,998
88,396,852
78,937,184
127,326,162

32,620,182
59,611,335
85,001,198
123,929,384

80,905,925
131,852,567
275,452,515
347,055,050
18,708,917
52,627,030
52,970,801
62,630,902
40,342,115
74,578,158
33,638,593
49,022,845
87,298,454
107,256,258

564,667,035
790,252,586
43,600,285
53,231,017
123,118,259
240,969,905

66,653,746
100,310,720

65,843,587
103,754,362
129,693,275
160,223,152
133,577,977
118,430,158
79,194,652
120,314,344Total Production of Rolled Iron and Steel.

The total production of all kinds of iron and steel rolled into finished forms in
the United States from 1887 to 1902 is given below:

				Plates		
		Bars, hoops,		and sheets,		
Years.	Iron and	skelp		except	Cut nails.	Total.
Gross tons.	steel rails.	and shapes.	Wire rods.	nail plate.	Gross tons.	Gross tons.
1887.......	. 2,139,640	■2,184,279		603,355	308,432	5,235,706
1888.......	. 1,403,700	2,034,162	279,769	609,827	289,891	4,617,349
1889.......	. 1,522.204	2,374,968	363,851	716,496	259,409	5,236,928
1890.......	. 1,885,307	2,618,660	457,099	809,981	251,828	6,022,875
1891.......	. 1,307,176	2,644,941	536,607	678,927	223,312	5,390,963
1892.......	. 1,551,844	3,033,439	627,829	751,460	201,242	6,165,814
1893.......	. 1,136,458	2,491,497	537,272	674,345	136,113	4,975,685
1894.......	, 1,021,772	2,155,875	673,402	682,900	108,262	4,642,211
1895.......	. 1,306,135	3,005,765	791,130	991,459	95,085	6,189,574
1896.......	. 1,122,010	2,731,932	623,986	965,776	72,137	5,515,841
1897.......	. 1,647,892	3,081,760	970,736	1,207,286	94,054	7,001,728
1898.......	. 1,981,241	3,941,957	1,071,683	1,448,301	70,188	8,513,370
1899.......	, 2,272,700	4,996,801	1,036,398	1,903,505	85,015	10,294,419
1900,......	2,385,682	4,390,697	846,291	1,794,528	70,245	9,487,443
1901.______	. 2,874,639	5,785,479	1,365,934	2,254,425	68,850	12,349,327
1902..,----	. 2,947,933	6,683,545	1,574,293	2,665,409	72,936	13,944,110
1903.......						
3904.......						

The total production of all kinds of steel ingots and castings in the United
States from 1890 to 1902 is given in detail in the following table, in gross tons:

Totals.
Ingots and

Open hearth. Crucible. Miscellaneous. castings.
513,232	71,175	3,793	4,277,071

579,753	72,58.6	4,484	3,904,240

669.889	84,709	4,548	4,927,581

737.890	63,613	2,806	4,019,995
784,936 51,702 4,081 4,412,032

1,137,182	67,666	858	6,114,834

1,298,700	60,689	2,394	5,281,689

1,608,671	69,959	3,012	7,156,957

2,230,292	89,747	3,801	8,932,857

2,947,316 101,213	4,974 10,639,857

3,398,135 100,562	4,862 10,188,329

4,656,309	98,513	5,471 13,473,595

5,687,729 112,772	8,386 14,947,250

Years.—Gross tons. Bessemer.

189	0..................3,688,871

189	1..................3,247,417

189	2..................4,168,435

1893...................3,21.5,686

1894..................3,571,313

1895..................4,909,128

1896..................3,919,906

1397..................5,475,315

189	8...................6,609,017

189	9..................7,5S6.354

1900..................6,684,770

190	1..................8,713,302

190	2..................9,138,363

190	3........................

190	4........................

Production of Iron Ore in the United States.

Previous to 1870 no iron ore statistics for the United States are complete.
The figures for 1870 and 1880 are for census years ending on May 31 of those
years. For 1889 (census year) and subsequent years they are for calendar years.

Years.	Gross tons.

1870.......... 3,031,891

1880.......... 7,120,362

1889..........14,518,041

1890..........16,036,043

1891..........14,591,178

1892......... ,16,296,666

Years.	Gross tons.

189	3..........11,587,629

189	4..........11,879,679

189	5..........15,957,614

189	6..........16,005,449

189	7......... .17,518,046

189	8.......... 19,433,716

Years. / Gross tons.

189	9..........24,683,173

190	0..........27,553,161

190	1..........28,887,479

190	2..........35,554,135

1903..................

1904..................69

Production of Pig Iron in the United States.

The total production of pig iron in the United States in the past ninety-three
years is shown in the following table. Prior to 1854 the statistics given were
compiled by various Government and other statistical agencies. For 1854 and all
succeeding years the statistics were gathered by the American Iron Association
and its successor, the American Iron and Steel Association. The statistics for
1810, 1840 and 1850 are census figures. The figures for 1820 and 1830 are esti-
mates made by early statisticians; census statistics for these years are wanting:

Years.
1810..
1820..
1828..

Gross tons.
53,908
20,000
,. 130,000

1829.......... 142,000

1830.

1831.

1832.
1840.
1842.

1846.

1847.

1848.

1849.

1850.
1852.

1854.

1855.

1856.

1857.

1858.

1859.

..........165,000

__________191,000

..........200,000

..........286,903

..........215,000

..........765,000

..........800,000

..........800,000

..........650,000

..........563,755

..........500,000

..........657,337

..........700,159

..... 788,515

..... 712,640

..... 629,548

..... 750,560

1860....................821,223

Years.	Gross tons.

186	1.......... 653,164

186	2.......... 703,270

186	3.......... 846,075

186	4.......... 1,014,282

186	5.......... 831,770

186	6.......... 1,205,663

186	7.......... 1,305,023

186	8.......... 1,431,250

186	9.......... 1,711,287

187	0.......... 1,665,179

187	1.......... 1,706,793

187	2.......... 2,548,713

187	3.......... 2,560,963

187	4.......... 2,401,262

187	5.......... 2,023,733

187	6.......... 1,868,961

187	7......; . . . 2,066,594

187	8.......... 2,301,215

187	9.......... 2,741,853

188	0.......... 3,835,191

188	1.......... 4,144,254

188	2.......... 4,623,323

Years.	Gross tons.

1883.......... 4,595,510

1884.......... 4,097,868

188	5.......... 4,044,526

188	6.......... 5,683,329

188	7.......... 6,417,148

188	8.......... 6,489,738

188	9.......... 7,603,642

189	0.......... 9,202,703

189	1.......... 8,279,870

189	2.......... 9,157,000

189	3.......... 7,124,502

189	4.......... 6,657,388

189	5.......... 9,446,308

189	6.......... 8,623,127

189	7.......... 9,652,680

189	8..........11,773,934

189	9..........13,620,703

190	0..........13,789,242

190	1..........15,878,354

190	2..........17,821,307

190	3..........18,009,252

190	4..........

Total Production of Steel in the United States.

The production of steel in the United States in the census year 1810 is
returned at 917 gross tons. We have no further steel statistics until the census
year 1860, when 11,838 gross tons are reported to have been made. No additional
statistics are of record until 1863, when the production fell to 8,075 tons. From
1867 until 1902 the production of all kinds of crude steel, including all kinds of
steel castings, and crucible, blister and other kinds of steel, is given below. In
1901 the production of steel castings amounted to 317,570 gross tons:

Years.	Gross tons.	Years.	Gross tons.	Years.	Gross tons.

3867............ 19,643 1880............1,247,335 1893............. 4,019,995

1868............ 26,786 1S81............1,588,314 1894............ 4,412,032

186	9............ 31,250 1882............1,736,692 1895............ 6,114,834

187	0............ 68,750 1883............1,673,535 1896............ 5,281,689

187	1............ 73,214 . 1884............1,550,879 1897............ 7,156,957

187	2............142,954 1885.:..........1,711,920 1898............ 8,932,857

1873. ... . ._____.198,796 1886............2,562,503 1899............10,639,857

187	4............215,727 1887............3,339,071 1900............10,188,329

1875	*...........389,799 1888............2,899,440 1901............13,473,595

1876*... .........533,191 1889............3,385,732 19Q2............14,947,250

1877............569,618 1890............4,277,071 1903....................

3 878............731,977 1891............3,904,240 1904....................

1879............935,273 1892............4,927,58170

The World's Production of Pig Iron and Steel.

In the following table is given the production of pig iron and steel in all
countries in 1901, except in three cases, when figures for 1900 are given. Tons of
2,240 pounds are used for the United States, Great Britain, Canada and " other
countries," and metric tons of 2,204 pounds for all other countries, metric tons
being used as the equivalent of English tons in ascertaining the total production
for all countries. The statistics of steel production for the United States, Great
Britain, Germany and Luxemburg, France, Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Russia and
Finland, Sweden, Spain and Canada embrace ingots, and in some cases direct
castings, but for Italy complete ingot statistics are not available and the statistics
for finished steel have been used:

	(-	-Pig iron.—	--^	(-	-Steel.--	—--N
		Production-	Per-		Production.	Per-
Countries.	Years.	Tons.	centage.	Years.	Tons.	centage.
United States...........	,.1901	15,878,354	39.34	1901	13,473,595	43.92
Great Britain............	. .1901	7,928,647	19.65	1901	5,000,000	16.30
Germany and Luxemburg.	..1901	7,860,893	19.48	1901	6,394,222	20.84
France .................		2,388,823	5.92	1901	1,467,815	4.78
Belgium................	,,1901	764,180	1.89	1901	515,780	1.68
Austria-Hungary* .......	..1900	1,496,347	3.71	1900	1,157,215	3.77
Russia and Finland......	..1901	2,831,680	7.02	1901	2,077,889	6.77
Sweden ................	..1901	528,375	1.31	1901	269,897	.88
Spain ..................	..1901	296,858	.73	.1900	150,634	.49
Italy ...................		15,819	.04	1901	123,310	.40
Canada .................		244,976	.61	1901	26,084	.09
Other countries (about)..	..1901	121,048	.30	1901	23,559	.08
Totals..............		40,356,000	100.00		30,680,000	100.00

♦ Includes Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In tables that have appeared in the annual report of the Iron and Steel Asso-
ciation the world's probable total production of pig iron in 1800 is estimated at
825,000 English tons, in 1830 at 1,825,000 tons, in 1850 at 4,750,000 tons, in 1870 at
11,900,000 tons, in 1880 at 17,950,000 tons, in 1890 at 27,157,000 tons, and the total
production in 1901 is estimated as amounting to 40,356,000 tons.

Nearly twenty-five years ago the world's production of steel in 1878 was esti-
mated as amounting to 3,021,000 English tons. Subsequently the production in
1889 was estimated as amounting to 10,948,000 tons. The figures given in the
above table show that the production had increased in 1901 to 30,680,000 tons.

A Loss of $10,000,000,000 a Year.

There were, according to the census, 29,074,117 persons engaged in gainful
occupations in 1900. There must be fully 32,500,000 now. The income of these
people will certainly average over $2 a day, or $20,000,000,000 annually altogether.
The sum is probably nearer twice that amount. But suppose we were to lower
our Tariff or abolish it as the Free-Traders wish, our incomes would certainly
be cut into and reduced by at least $10,000,000,000 a year. In ten years that
would be a sum equal to our total wealth. Think of what the loss of $10,000,000,-
000 a year in incomes means. No wonder the great majority of the people want
to let well enough alone, and put off revision either up or down till some years
hence.71

Production and Prices of Bessemer Steel Ralls in the United States.

The following table gives the annual production in gross tons of Bessemer
steel rails in the United States from 1867 to 1902, together with their average
annual price at the works in Pennsylvania and the rates of duty imposed by our
Government at various periods on foreign steel rails. Prices are given in cur-
rency :

Price.	Duty.

Years.
1867.
1868...
1869...
1870...
1871...
2872...

Gross tons.
2,277
6,451
8,616
, . 30,357
. 34,152
, . 83,991

187	3................ 115,192

187	4................ 129,414

187	5................ 259,699

187	6................ 368,269

187	7................ 385,865

187	8................ 491,427

187	9................ 610,682

188	0................ 852,196

188	1................1,187,770

1882. ...............1,284,067

188	3................1,148,709

188	4................ 996,983

188	5................ 959,471

188	6................1,574,703

188	7................2,101,904

1888. ...............1,386,277

188	9................1,510,057

189	0................1,867,837

189	1................1,293,053

189	2................1,537,588

189	3................1,129,400

189	4................1,016,013

189	5................1,299,628

189	6................1,116,958

189	7................1,644,520

189	8................1,976,702

189	9...........'.....2,270,585

190	0................2,383,654

1901................2,870,816

190	2................2,935,392

190	3.....................

190	4.....................

$166.00 1

t J

158.50
132.25
106,75
102.50 1
112.00
120.50
94.25
68.75
59.25
45.50
42.25
48.25
67.50
61.13
48.50
37.75
30.75
28.50 j
34.50 I
37.08 f
29.83 I
29.25 J
31.75 "j

\ 45 per cent, ad valorem to January 1, 1871.

$28 per ton from January 1, 18.71, to Au-
gust 1, 1872; $25.20 from August 1,1872,
to March 3, 1875; $28 from March 3,
1875, to July 1, 1883.

29.92

30.00
28.12 j
24.00 1
24.33
28.00
18.75
17.62
28.12
32.29
27.33
28.00
28.00

$17 per ton from July 1, 1883, to October
6, 1890.

$13.44 per ton from October 6, 1890, to Au-
gust 28, 1894.

$7.84 per ton from August 28, 1894.

Our Annual Gift to Europe.

A single steamship takes a thousand first-class passengers and $500,000 in
gold, which about covers the expenditures of the tourists at an average of $500
each—a very conservative estimate. Here we can account for at least $75,000,000
a year of our favorable balance, and it must be remembered that this $75,000,000
or more is simply a gift to Europe for which we get no material commodities in
return. It is spent in transportation, hotels and sight seeing, most commendable
ways for those who can afford them. At the same time the millions are dumped
into English and Continental pockets with no appreciable return. All of which
proves "our wonderful prosperity and wealth under our excellent Tariff.72

Tin Plate Industry.

Perhaps there is no single American industry which has been so much con-
sidered during the past few years as the tin plate industry. This is not due sq
much to the importance of that industry as compared with other industries of our
country, hut more because of the assault made upon the imposition of a duty by the
McKinley bill, and the most emphatic example of the immediate and substantial
workings of a Protective Tariff, which has been afforded by the rapid and success-
ful establishment of that industry.

Going back to 1864 we find that in that year a duty of 2^ cents per pound
was fixed on tin plate, the wording being as follows:

On tin plate, and iron galvanized or coated with any metal by electric batteries or
otherwise, two and one-half cents per pound.

On July 22 of that year, William Pitt Fessenden, the Secretary of the Treas-
ury, rendered a decision which is embraced in the following letter to Hiram
Barney, Collector of the Port of New York:

It would appear that an error of punctuation was made by some one; most probably
a clerk who engrossed that part of the act. If the comma which is inserted after the word
"plate" be omitted, and a comma be placed after theword " iron/' the true sense will be
had, which unquestionably is, that tin plates, as well as iron, must be galvanized or coated
with any metal by electric batteries or otherwise, in order to bring them within the pro-
Vision.

The same Tariff law contained a clause which read as follows:

Tin in sheets or plates, terne and taggers' tin, 25 per cent, ad valorem.

Tin plate consequently was made subject to an ad valorem duty of twenty-five
per cent, instead of two. and one-half cents per pound. No attempt, therefore, was
made to manufacture tin plates in this country until 1873, when four mills were
started and an attempt to establish the industry developed the fact that we could
make just as good tin plate in this country as we had been importing. At that
time" the price of tin plate was from $11.00 to $12.00 per box of one hundred
pounds. The American manufacture was, however, no sooner found to be a suc-
cess than the Welsh manufacturers reduced their price from $12.00 a box to $4.50
a box. The result was that our mills were closed, and just as soon as this hap-
pened the foreigners again put up their price, and for nearly twenty years we
paid whatever they chose to demand. The McKinley law of 1890, however,
imposed a duty of 2.2 cents per pound, although that clause of the bill did not go
into effect till July 1, 1891. The result of that duty is most clearly seen in the fol-
lowing tables :

First, let us see about these thousands of concerns which it has interfered with
or ruined; let us find out how many canning factories were compelled to reduce
wages, and discharge hands, and pay lower prices for vegetables and fruits. Let
us look into this enormous loss to the farmers. It must be remembered that
in 1890 we had no tin plate industry in this country; that we were importing all
we used. Let it be remembered also that ten years later the industry was firmly
established in this country, and that we were making almost our entire consump-
tion. The following from the Census of 1900 shows the condition of our canning
and preserving industry in fruits and vegetables in 1890 and 1900:

1900.	1890.

Number of establishments................................ 1,808	886

Wages .. ...............................................$8,050,793	$4,651,317

Cost of material........................................37,527,297	18,665,163

Value of products...........•............................56,668,313	29,862,41673

The following shows the canning and preserving industry as regards fish for
the two dates 1890 and 1900:

1900.	1890.

Number of establishments............................... 348	110

Wages ................................................$4,229,638	$1,128,143

Cost of materials......................................13,232,001	4,710,309

Value of product.......................................22,253,749	6,972,218

The following shows our exports of fish, fruit and vegetables, canned or pre-
served, in 1890 and 1900 :

1900.	1890.

Fruits.................................................$5,438,577	$1,207,481

Fish .................................................. 4 019,450	3,593,522

Vegetables............................................. 1,099,830	466,494

$10,557,857	$5,267,491

Surely these figures do not sustain the assertion that our canning industries
have been interfered with and ruined. The fact of the matter is, that few indus-
tries in this or any other country can show the great progress and advance which
is shown by our canning factories during the past decade, or since w^e began to
make our own tin plate.

Now as to the tin plate industry itself. The following table will give at a
glance its whole history:

Production and Importation of Tin Plate.

Import	Import

price,	price,

Imports. Production, cents,	Imports.	Production, cents,

Year. Gross tons. Gross tons, pound.	Year. Gross tons.	Gross tons, pound.

1800..........329,425 None. 3	1898.......... 66,775	326,915 2.2

189	1..........327,882 999 3	1899.......... 58,915	360,875 2.3

189	2..........268,472 18,803 2.9	1900..........-66,055	302,665 3.2

189	3..........253,155 55,182 2.8	1901.......... 52,625	399,291 3.2

189	4..........215,068 74,260 2.6	1902.......... 88,837	412,000 3

189	5..........219,545 113,666 2.4	1903.......... 48,931	442,000 3

189	6..........119,171 160,362 2.3 1904.

189	7.......... 83,851 256,598 2.3

McKinley law duty, 2 2-10 cents per pound, went into effect July 1, 1891. WilSon-
Gorman law duty, 1 1-5 cents; Dingley law duty, 1% cents.	/

Just why Free-Traders in the United States have always had such an aver-
sion to American tin plate has never been determined, unless it is such a perfect
example of the benefit of a Protective Tariff that it has been assailed for that
reason.

It will be remembered how, in 1893, whefi Mr. Lascelles Carr, editor of the
Cardiff, Wales, " Western Mail," visited this country for the purpose "of looking
into our tin plate works, President Cleveland said to him:

Well, Mr. Carr, when you do find them be sure and let me know their exact locality,
for we have been searching for these tin plate works for some years and have failed to find
them.

Although the industry had not then been fully established, yet we were
actually turning out more than a million boxes annually, and the prices had
already dropped considerably. We may say, in conclusion, that we have not only
established this industry in the United States sufficiently to meet all our own74

requirements, but we are now making goods for export trade; that we are paying
wages to American workingmen in excess of $20,000,000 a year, because of this
industry; that these workingmen are individually earning $2.00 and $3.00 a day,
against less than half this amount in Wales for the same work, and that we are
paying no more for our tin, either for roofing, canning or for any other purpose,
than we -would have been paying had we been at the mercy of foreign trusts
instead of our own. The peculiarities of the industry are such that it is confined
for the most part to one locality, and there is a community of interest between
the different establishments which conserves to both economy in production, to
better material and to higher wages of workingmen, without any increase of
prices, excepting as the price of material may fluctuate.

Republicanism and Protection.

From " The Republican, Party."

The general impression in recent years has always been that the Morrill Tariff was a
war measure. This point should be distinctly understood. The Morrill bill was intro-
duced early in 1860, some time prior not only to the Presidential election of that year,
but even to the nominating conventions. It was framed and passed the House of Repre-
sentatives by Republican votes, because the country needed such a measure to check im-
portations of commodities and the exportation of gold; to restore confidence to the financial
interests of the country; to build up our manufactures, and restore prosperity to the agri-
cultural interests of the country.

Even though the slavery question, with the attendant Kansas crime, the John Brown
raid, and the heated controversy over "The Impending Crisis," augmented by the provoca-
tion caused daily by the workings of the Fugitive Slave law overshadowed all else, in
spite of all these the Republican plurality framed this law and passed it through the House
of Representatives. A great part of the credit of this work, from sub-committee to the
final passage of the law, is due to Justin S. Morrill, a Representative from Vermont, and
afterwards a most honored United States Senator.

The ad valorem features of the law of 1857 were to a large extent substituted by spe-
cific duties, and not only was the question of revenue fully considered, but it was intended
to give a considerable, if not ample, Protection to American labor and industry. There
was no thought whatever of providing for war in the Morrill Tariff. There was no thought
of doing anything except to correct the existing Tariff, and credit must be given to the
Republican party, then having only a plurality in one branch of the National Legislature,
for framing and presenting a law that was a purely Protective measure.

It had not been done before, simply for the reason that there had been no opportunity.
The National platform of 1856 contained no allusion whatever to the Tariff question, and
while its leaders knew that the party would stand for a Protective Tariff at the first op-
portunity, still it was thought wise to devote its whole attention to the great paramount
question of the day, the non-extension of Slavery.

Perhaps the first adoption of a Protective Tariff plank in any Republican platform was
that found in the resolutions of the Vermont State convention, which met on July 13, 1854,
in which the demand was made for " a Tariff for revenue, with proper discrimination in
favor of American industry/' This, it will be seen, was adopted just one week after the
date which we give as the formal birth of the party at Jackson, Mich. It is well to
identify the Republican party with the great principles of a Protective Tariff from the
start as second only to the one great purpose for which the party was formed. From the
first its devotion and adherence, for the most part unqualified and uncompromising, have
been given to the Protection of American labor and industry. It was fitting that Mr. Mor-
rill's name should be attached to the first Republican Tariff law, even though it was signed
by a Democratic President, when we find that the first allusion made to Protection in any
Republican platform was that given by the little Republican band in Vermont, the home of
Mr, Morrill, only seven days after the party was born in the far West75

Protection in Relation to Financial Results.

In 1840, I860 and 1896, after years of Free-Trade in each instance, our
National Treasury was empty, there was an annual deficit and a necessity for
selling bonds or issuing Treasury notes to meet the expenses of the Government.
William Henry Harrison in 1840, Abraham Lincoln in 1861 and William McKinley
in 1897, became Presidents of a country with impaired credit, depleted Treasury,
deficient revenues, ruined industries and bankrupt people.

The deficit under the compromise Tariff was $38,429,089; under the Walker
Tariff it was $45,624,863 and under the Wilson-Gorman law it was $155,864,185.
In this latter we include the deficit of 1894, for the falling off in revenues that
year was due solely to the anticipation of the new Tariff to be enacted. Previous
to 1894 wre had a surplus with one exception every year since 1865. We had a
surplus during the Tariff of 1842, and we had a surplus under the Tariffs of 1824
and 1828.

In 1840 an attempt to place a loan abroad met with failure. A quarter of
a million was offered at from 8 to 32 per cent, interest, and yet only seven years
before the Treasury had an annual surplus.

In 1860 President Buchanan offered bonds for sale, but there being little
response Congress authorized the issue of Treasury notes, one-twentieth only of
which were bid for at from 12 to 30 per cent, discount. The National debt under
the Tariff of 1857 had doubled in three years. Mr. Cleveland again, under our last
Free-Trade Tariff, sold bonds to the amount of $262,000,000, increasing our debt
to be paid by nearly half a billion dollars. The Republican party with a Pro-
tective Tariff had reduced the National debt from 1869 to 1893 by $1,881,367,873.
The Democratic party with Free-Trade increases it by half a billion in two years.

Since 1860 we have disbursed $3,000,000,000 in pensions, $2,000,000,000 of
debt, and $2,700,000,000 of interest. To-day we are the only important nation
reducing its debt. We are going to build an isthmian canal; we are extending our
rural free delivery; we are improving our rivers and harbors; building fortifica-
tions and defenses, increasing our navy; besides scattering the blessings of free-
dom and enlightenment to the islands of the sea.

" Uncle Sam's Balance Sheet" shows that our wealth per capita in 1860,
after fourteen years of Free-Trade, was $514. In 1890, after thirty years of Pro-
tection, it was $1,038, while in 1900 it was $1,235. The proportion of debt to
wealth in the United States is only about, one per cent., while in the United King-
dom it is 6 per cent.; Germany, 8 per cent.; Russia, 11 per cent., and France, 13
per cent.

The effect of Free-Trade and Protection upon our national finances has
always been in opposite directions and is clearly seen in the following:

Protection.	Free-Trade.

A Surplus. Bonds at Premium.	A Deficit.	Bonds at Discount.

Debt Reduction. Increase of Gold.	Debt Increase.	Decrease of Gold.

Bond Buying. High Credit.	Bond Selling.	Low Credit.

And it is hardly necessary to add that these conditions are reflected in every
business concern, in our railroads and banks and through every avenue of trade
to each individual. Free-Trade has always brought financial adversity; Pro-
tection has always brought prosperity.76

Protection to Woolen Industry.

One of the witnesses who testified before the Industrial Commission was Wil-
liam G. Steel of Philadelphia. His experience is that of many of our manufac-
turers who have been compelled to close their mills, even to moving to England
and moving back, according as Free Trade or Protection prevailed in this coun-
try. The following portion of his testimony, given verbatim, will be found not
only interesting, but instructive:

Q. How long have you been engaged In the manufacture In this country? A. Since
1892.

Q. Were you engaged in it in any other country previous to that time? A. Yes; in
England. I went over there for that purpose. I am an American—born in this city.

Q. How long did you manufacture in England? A. About eight years.

Q. Were most of your English made goods exported? A. With very few exceptions
they were sent to this country.

Q. What induced you to give up the manufacture there and establish it in this coun-
try? A. The change in the Tariff. The increased duties on imported goods compelled us
to abandon our operations over there and transfer them back to this country.

Q. Did you bring over any of your machinery or your help? A. Brought a large por-
tion of the machinery which was operated for our account over there. We brought none
of the help. Some few of them followed us and came over here and got employment after
we were established, or partially established. Prvious to 1884 we were importers of for-
eign goods, and we handled largely goods madeof American, manufacture. That was by
far the larger part of our business—goods made by American mills. We used to make
contracts with those mills for certain lines of their product, sometimes for the whole
product of their mill, and have the exclusive control of them. The proposed changes of the
Tariff In 1883 were made under the operation of the commission that traveled through
the country taking evidence. That took so much time that people engaged in the business
were forewarned of what was going to take place, and 1 immediately watched the proceed-
ings very closely as related to the goods that we were handling. As I say, we were im-
porters of foreign goods, and we knew the relative cost of laying those down compared
with the products of American mills that we handled. That change was not a very heavy
change, but it was so great as to entirely destroy our business in American woolens. After
that Tariff went into effect we never ordered one piece of American woolens. As we had
been importers, we knew the localities to obtain such goods as we used from American
mills, and I went over with that purpose in view. It resulted in our building up quite
a large business in foreign goods to take the place entirely of the American goods we had
been using. We never ordered another piece of American goods after that time; the whole
business was in foreign markets. We continued that operation until there was a change
the other .way in the Tariff, which entirely blocked our operations over there; and then
I made a purchase of machinery and transferred it to this country, and located it in Bristol,
Pa., where we still run it. A few of the hands that had been employed by us followed us
over here, particularly weavers. Quite a portion of the hands that we employed were
minors ; of course, they could not come without their parents, so we had practically to open
a school in our mill to teach that class of labor. And we have since carried on our busi-
ness, only interrupted by the change to low Tariff again. Owning mills here,, we could
not very easily transfer them back to England, although under that Tariff we could have
done better by so Hoing.

Q. Do you refer now to the Wilson Tariff? A. Yes.

Q. How did that affect your business? A. It compelled us to stop our mills for a
while and to. discharge our employees. We could not compete with the importation of the
class of goods we made.

Q. Was that on account of its reduction of the duties on piece goods? Yes; entirely.

Q. You were speaking of the class of persons largely employed in your works in Eng-
land. How would that class compare with the class you employ here as to age and capa-7?

bility? A. The age is about the same. I think the capability of the English work people
in the textile trade, in my branch of it, is superior to that of the American. That is owing
largely, though, to the more rigorous conditions under which they work over there. They
are not so independent as our people. In fact, there is a surplus of good labor over there, and
the employers can be more exacting and compel them to perform their work carefully and
properly. Here that is scarcely possible.

Q. How do the wages compare? A. The wages are much higher here than there.
I will give you an instance showing that in one department of the business—that is, the
weaving department—the weavers over there, as a rule, are highly skilled weavers, they can
only get work as learners unless they are skilled and capable. I just speak of this one in-
stance, although it is a good comparison of the great number of workers—there was one
woman—and the weavers in England are mostly women ; here they are largely men. This
woman was a very good weaver, but the highest wages that I remember of her making were
about $5 a week. She came to our mill and she worked on the same loom and on the same
class of goods orecisely—not made out of the same wools, but the character of the goods was
similar—and she made $14 in our mill—and we have people now—men—that earn as high
as $18 a week; but I never knew of a man weaver over there making over $7.50.

Q. Have you looked up the comparative expense of living so as to be able to make •
a comparative statement of the real wages? A. To a certain extent. I was quite familiar
with many of those work people. One thing about them, they retain their places. They
seem to be contented if they are making a living, and they are pretty sure of retaining
their places. 1 took an interest in some of them, and they were really an excellent class
of people—good type of English work people. My conclusions were that the cost of living
is something lower there, generally, but among work people it is almost as high as it is
here. The prices of food, if anything, are higher there than they are here, which is an
essential factor in the cost of living. As I lived over there and kept house, that was a
question I rooked into somewhat. The only article that I ever discovered over there that
was cheaper than in this country was potatoes That in some sections is a very important
article of diet. But they live fairly well o1 \r there; they do not consume a great deal
of meat; their food is more of the character of cereals-bread, "and things of that kind.
Over there, instead of living in houses as they do here, they live in rooms. We have work
people in our town living in houses by themselves that have all the necessary conveniences,
such as bathroom, heater and gas. . . .

Q. Is it not an advantage to the American people—American labor—to reduce the
scale of wages to the foreign level? A. No, we cannot do not. I think that the purchas-
ing power of the people in this country, owing to the higher wages, is one great cause of
the prosperity of the country. The work people, the common class of people in Europe,
have no purchasing power practically. They confine themselves per force entirely to neces-
sities, mostly food. Their clothing, while it is good enough, they make last a long time,
and they do not consume much in the way of anything but food and shelter.

Q. Given the proposition that the Tariff shuts out the foreign importations, what is
your competition in this country? Is it close? Is it severe? A. It is among our own
people.

Q. What are your average dividends in fairly good years in your business? A. If we
can clear 5 per cent, we think we have done very well. . . . You asked me something
about the price of goods on the other side. I just think now of clothing. There is no
country in the world that I know of, no civilized country, where the ready-made clothing
business has developed to such an extent as it has in this country, nor where the garments
are so well made, not only in point of workmanship, but style, and the general character
of the garment. Those goods are sold to consumers, I think, quite as cheaply as the pro-
duction of the ordinary class of tailors in England. Germany I do not know so much
about. I never bought any clothing there, but I presume about the same conditions pre-
vail.

Q. With the Tariff on wool, with the Tariff on machinery, with double the wages in
this country, yet you say ready-made clothing is sold at equal prices»over here. How do
you account for it as a business proposition? A. I think it is largely owing to the extent
of the business, the magnitude of the manufacture of clothing in this country, the methods
that are carried on by clothing manufacturers to obtain their work cheaply.78

Protection and Railroads.

It is said that the more than one million employees of the railroads of the
United States are non-protected workingmen, and yet the assertion, so glibly
repeated by Free-Traders, is easily shown to be an empty one when an examina-
tion is made of the railway statistics for the past decade. These non-protected
workingmen who were getting about $450,000,000 in wages during 1895 and 1896
are now getting more than $700,000,000 annually, or a gain of over $250,000,000 .
per year. It would seem, then, as if the employees as well as the stockholders
were most vitally protected and very substantially effected by a Protective Tariff.

Our railroads for several years have been taxed to their utmost capacity in
carrying farm products from the West to the East, and going back not with
empty cars, but with cars filled with the manufactures demanded by our farmers,
and the luxuries and comforts that have gone to all parts of the country in
response to the demand of most liberal buyers.

The tables herewith presented concerning our railroads can well be studied
as showing the difference in condition under Protection and under Free-Trade.

First, it will be interesting to learn who owns our railroads. From a recent
report of the Interstate Commerce Commissioners the following figures are taken:
Stocks outstanding.................................................. $5,845,579,593

Owned by railway corporations.................................... 1,470,218,972

Not owned by railway corporations................................ 4,375,360,621

Bonds.............................................................~^^00^626^823

Owned by railway corporations................................... $472,831,377

Not owned by railway corporations................................ 427,795,446

Total stocks and bonds..............................................^^J467206^416

Owned by railway corporations................................... $1,943,050,349

Not owned by railway corporations............................... 8,803,156,067

Who owns the railroads, then? Here are a few figures:

xt __ * j i	Stockholders.

New York Central................................... ..... . .	15 000

Pennsylvania ......................................................................28,000

New York, New Haven and Hartford................................................................................10,000

Union Pacific..........................................................................................................................14,000

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy........................................................................................13,000

Northern Pacific......................................................................................................................10 000

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe......................................13',000

Illinois Central..............................................................................5 000

Southern Railway............................................................................................................4 700

Erie..........................................................................................................................................3)450

On the opposite page will be found most interesting statistics covering all
features of our railroad business and finances. They will be found very valuable
in showing the comparison at different periods and under different Tariffs. It
will be seen that the traffic in both passengers and freight fell off under the
Gorman-Wilson Tariff, and both have increased enormously under the operation
of the Dingley law. Strikes and severe weather have effected our railroads dur-
ing the past few months, and about 5 per cent, of the employees have been tem-
porarily laid off, but with the moving of the crops normal High conditions will be
restored.	_

Exports of Boots, and Shoes.

In 1895 our exports of boots and shoes were 822,412 pairs; in 1902 the exports
were 3,999,7.66 pairs, or nearly five times as many. These figures do not show
much of a burden from the Tariff that exists on certain grades of hides. In fact,
hides are practically free when made into shoes for the export trade.79

Railroads.

		Annual	t- - -	Gross traffic earnings.-—%		Net traffic
	Miles	increase	From	From	Total gross	
Calendar	in opera-	ot	passengers.	freight.	receipts.	earnings.
year.	tion.	mileage.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.	Dollars.
1890.....	. . .166,703	5,427	272,320,961	734,821,733	1,086,039,735	342,071,296
1891.....	. . .170,729	4,026	290,799,696	754,185,910	1,125,381,994	350,748,483
1892,.	. . .175,170	4,441	293,557,476	794,526,500	1,169,036,840	352,817,405
1893..,	. . .177,516	2,346	310,442,870	808,494,66§	1,207,106,026	358,648,918
1894.....		1,899	275,352,190	700,477,409	1,066,943,358	317,757,399
1895..,	. . .181,065	1,650	260,929,741	743,784,451	1,092,395,437	323,196,454
1896.....	. . .182,769	1,704	265,313,258	770,424,013	1,125,632,025	332,766,979
1897.....	. . .184,591	1,822	253,557,936	780,351,939	1,132,866,626	342,792,030
1898.....	. . .186,810	2,219	272,589,591	868,924,526	1,249,558,724	389,666,474
1899.., ,	. . .190,818	4,008	297,559,712	922,436,314	1,336,096,379	447,741,014
1900.....	. . .194,334	3.516	331,402,816	1,052,835,811	1,501,695,378	483,247,526
1901.....	. . .198,768	4,434	360,702,686	1,126,267,652	1,612,448,826	520,294,727
1902.....	. . .203,132	4,364	396,513,412	1,197,212,452	1,720,814,900	560,026,277
1903.....						
1904.....						

Average
receipts

Dividends Net	per
Dividends per earnings. passenger

paid. cent, of mile. Passengers	per mile.

Years. Dollars. stock. Dollars. carried.	Cents.

189	0........ 83,575,705 1.82 2,162 520,439,082	2,17-

189	1........ 89,099,757 1.87 2,136 556,015,802	2.18

189	2........ 93,862,412 1.93 2,068 575,769,678	2.17

189	3........ 94,295,815 1.88 2,069 597,056,539	2.07

189	4........ 83,478,669 1.66 1,803 569,660,216	2.03

189	5........ 81,685,774 1.58 1,804 529,756,259	2.07

189	6........ 81,528,154 1.52 1,840 535,120,756	2.03

189	7........ 83,680,040 1.49 1,884 504,106,525	2.03

189	8........ 94,937,526 1.70 2,111 514,982,888	1.99

189	9........109,032,252 1.90 2,272 537,977,301	1 2.00

190	0........140,343,653 2.42 2,519 584,695,935	2.03

190	1........156,887,283 2.62 2,668 600,485,790	2.03

190	2........178,173,752 2.93 2,830 655,130,236	2.03

190	3....................................

190	4.....................................

t-Placed under receiverships.-t—

Stocks

Number and bonds. Number	of

Years. of roads. Miles. Dollars. miles.	Mites.

189	0........26 2,963 105,007,000 29	3,825

189	1........26 2,159 84,479,000 21	3,223

189	2........36 10,508 357,692,000 28	1,922

189	3........74 29,340 1,781,046,000 25	1,613

189	4........38 7,025 395,791,000 42	5,643

189	5........31 4,089 369,075,000 52	12,831

189	6........34 5,441 275,597,000 58	13,730

189	7........18 1,537 92,909,000 42	6,675

189	8........18 2,069 138,701,000 47	6,054

189	9........10 1,019 52,285,000 32	4,294

190	0........16 1,165 78,234,000 24	3,477

190	1........ 4 73 1,627,000 18	1,139

1902........ 5 278 5,835,000 18	693

190	3........ 9 229 18,823,000 13	555

190	4.......... ............. ••	......

Av. receipts
per
ton

Freight per
carried. mile.

Tons. Cents.
691,344,437 93
704,398,609 93
730,605,011 94
757,464,480 89
674,714,747 86
755,799,883 84
773,868,716 82
788,385,448 80
912,973,853 76
975,789,941 73
1,071,431,919 75
1,084,066,451 76
1,192,136,510 76

-Sold under foreclosure.-

Stocks
and bonds.

Dollars.
182,495,000
169,069,000
95,898,000
79,924,000
318,999,000
761,791,000
1,150,377,000
517,680,000
252,910,000
267,534,000
190,374,000
85,808,000
39,885,000
15,885,00080

THE SHIPPING QUESTION.

An American Merchant Marine a Necessity.

BY CAPT. W. W. BATES* FORMER COMMISSIONER OF NAVIGATION.

Having a soil and climate adapted to all the industries, a people numerous
and wealthy, enterprising and inventive, of • immense productive power, sur-
rounded by the ocean on nearly three sides, the United States would be the lead-
ing nation in the world, if one more condition were filled—if it carried on its own
commerce. On the land we are independent—no nation more so—but on the
ocean few maritime nations are more dependent. Aspiring to the first rank on
land, on the sea we hold a subordinate place, below inferiors in other respects.
We have a marine of 800,000 tons, but we need one of 8,000,000 tons. Rival
nations are exploiting our foreign trade and transportation to the extent of more
than 90 per cent. Foreigners are our merchants, our shipowners, shipbuilders,
underwriters, bankers, engineers and seamen. Our own people are practically
excluded from the ocean, and the pursuits that should occupy five per cent, of
our citizens, thereby to secure our independence in commerce, finance, and the
industries related to international intercourse. Through the conditions thus exist-
ing the annual loss to our nation much exceeds two hundred millions of money,
while the sacrifice of advantage and self-respect cannot be estimated.

OBJECT OF OUR GOVERNMENT.

It is a maxim as old as navigation itself, that maritime nations who do not
use the sea miss the best means of developing national power. This fact the
American people should never forget. The object of national life under the
Union and the Constitution is the attainment of power; first, for political security;
second, as a means of public welfare—power that shall protect our institutions and
perpetuate our liberty; power in every branch of industry, in every science and
art, in every sphere of desirable action, and on the sea as on the land. Of late we
have lost sight of this object. Our carrying trade has been lost and our ships
remaining are few. Measured' by our miserable dependency on the ocean, our
Government is not a success.

OUR DUAL SHIPPING POLICY.

In contrast with our situation in the foreign trade, we have the best coast-
ing, lake and river service in the world. We have it because we protected it
from foreign competition. So it was with our ocean service before unprotected
competition was permitted by a radical change in our shipping policy, begin-
ning in 1815, emphasized in 1828, and gradually applied since, according as
foreign nations demanded. Thus,, under two distinct policies we have two dis-
tinct and different results—the shipping under Protection has flourished, the
shipping under Free-Trade has perished. Had the original Protective policy been
continued we would have continued to hold our carrying trade in ocean com-
merce as in domestic traffic; but if we had allowed Free-Trade in every branch
of navigation, then every branch would have been lost. So the question of a
marine is a problem of Protection for it. Nearly all nations have found this true.81

ORIGINATION OF OUR EARLY POLICY.

To understand the shipping question well, we must know its history. From
the settlement of the country our people desired to carry on their own commerce
so far as they possessed the means. The British disapproved of this, one of the
ways of holding colonies in subjection being the control of their trade. Discour-
agement of American navigation being a principle of our ~ foreign rulers, it was
quite in order for the King of England, after reluctantly conceding political inde-
pendence in 1783, to proclaim that the ports of his remaining possessions in
America—colonies and islands—were closed to American vessels. All the com-
merce permitted must be carried by British ships. Thus would he continue our
commercial and shipping dependence, and prevent the rise of a future rival. The
" States " must not develop into a naval power. Our people desired a commercial
treaty, but it was refused. Concerning this Rufus King said in 1818:

ENGLAND GAVE US OUR CONSTITUTION.

Had England entered into a liberal treaty of'commerce with the United States, this
convention [the Constitutional] would not have been assembled. Without so intending
it, the adherence of England to her unequal and exclusive syst: A trade and navigation
gave to this country a constitution.

By giving us a Constitution England gave us our early marine, which but
for the Union had never been. The Continental Congress failed in 1784-1785 In
two important efforts; one was to get the consent of the States to collect a gen-
eral revenue from importations; the other was to get consent to establish a uni-
form system of regulations suitable to the Protection of American shipping. The
failure of these efforts convinced the people that we must have a closer union, a
National Constitution, and a Federal Government. The Government that had
lasted through the Revolution was ready to dissolve. It had no certain source
of revenue and was bankrupt; it had no navy and no means of building one; the
only marine was a few fleets belonging to the citizens of the several States, run-
ning under different laws, the vessels of one State foreign in the ports of other
States. Each State had for itself such revenue and navigation systems as its
Legislature pleased. Under such circumstances no national power would ever
develop. Sooner or later disunion, interstate warfare, foreign wars and loss of
liberty would follow. It was fortunate that British obstinacy was indulged. For-
tunate also that, in the words of Webster, " maritime defense, commercial regu-
lations and national revenue were laid at the foundation of our national com-
pact ; " that " they are its leading principles and causes of its existence."

NO NOVELTY IN THE SHIPPING QUESTION.

Thus the shipping question is an original one in our politics. Its impor-
tance may be judged by the sentiments of our ablest statesmen during the forma-
tive period of our national history. Much of the time of our first Congresses
was given to foreign commerce and navigation. These interests have always been
considered as National and entitled to the care of Congress. In 1822 memorials
were presented, praying a repeal of trade restrictions with the British West
Indies, then closed to our vessels. Senator Rufus King, from the Committee on
Foreign Relations, reported in vindication of our policy then looking to the open-
ing of ports, as follows:

Navigation and maritime industry, for a peculiar reason, call for national Protection,82

for the art of navigation is an expedient of war as well as of commerce, and in this respect
differs from every other branch of industry. Though it was once doubted, doubt no longer
exists that a navy is the best defense of the. United States, and this maxim is not more
true than that a naval power never has existed, and can never exist, without a commercial
marine; hence the policy of encouraging and Protecting the ships and seamen of the United
States.

So the question is not one of private, but of important public interest. Ship-
building and navigation being the keys to naval power, must be carried on for
the welfare of the Republic and the security of its People. To be carried on
voluntarily, these industries must be fairly profitable. It is the business of the
Government to see to this; and it is a question how it may properly be done. A
policy of exposure to excessive foreign competition for many years has broken
up these essential and vital interests, and now the problem is before the country
to examine and find the remedy for our unfortunate situation.

THE COMPACT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION.

Such was the situation of the shipping of the States at the time of the Con-
stitutional Convention, that! no«one objected to the propriety of encouraging naviga-
tion. In each of the different drafts of a constitution which were offered a
grant of power for this purpose appeared. The only debate recorded concerned
the majority requisite to pass navigation bills. The resolution of committee pre-
scribed two-thirds. In committee of the whole this provision was changed, it
being tantamount to no power at all in certain cases. The debate in committee
was closed by Mr. Gorham of Massachusetts, as follows:

If the Government is to be so fettered as to be unable to relieve the Eastern States,
what motive can they have to join it, and thereby tie their own hands from measures which
they could otherwise take for themselves? The Eastern States were not led to strengthen
the Union by fear for their own safety. He deprecated the consequences of disunion, but
if it should take place it was the Southern part of the continent that had the most reason
to dread them. He urged the improbability of a combination against the interest of the
Southern States, the different situations of the Northern and Middle States being a security
against it. It was, moreover, certain that foreign ships would never be altogether ex-
cluded, especially those of nations in treaty with us.

PREFERENCE FOR AMERICAN VESSELS.

The amended resolution was agreed to in the House, new. con. Thus
Clause 3 of Section 8 of Article 1 of the Constitution, specifically intended to
empower Congress to so " regulate " our commerce as to maintain an American
marine, received practically the unanimous assent of the convention. The means
were to be " navigation laws; " in other words, discriminating tonnage and
Tariff duties, and in certain cases, the exclusion of foreign vessels. Preference
was thus to be established for American vessels for American traffic. This was
the principle of the State laws in favor of the shipping of each State. The com-
pact was that this principle should be applied by Congress to the shipping of the
Union. It was so done by our early Congresses, and soon we had a system of
ship encouragement and Protection that operated successfully. Our navigation
flourished; our commerce and our maritime industries came into the hands of
our own people. Our wealth increased and our independence took deeper root
from year to year.83

OUR POLICY CHANGED BY COERCION.

But what is the situation now? There has been a great change following a
reversal of policy. What was the cause, the spring head of this change of policy?
None other than British ambition, rivalry and hate. Carthage must be destroyed.
American ship Protection must be abolished. History fills many pages in recital
of the endeavor, nay, the warfare, of Great Britain to procure an abandonment
of our shipping policy, at least in respect to foreign trade, for which she was
determined we should accept the British ship. The War of 1812 was purposely
provoked with intent to sweep our flag from the ocean. When peace came to be
made a condition was insisted on that we make a convention for what was called
" maritime reciprocity "—the unprotection of navigation on both sides in direct
trans-Atlantic trade. The proposition was submission or continuance of the war.
The term of convention was fixed at four years—to make the pill easy to swallow.
Occasions were found for renewal, and, although it is terminable on notice of one
year, it continues its detrimental work. This is not as it should be.

In reconciling one power we had to look to the accommodation of all. Our
act of Congress in 1815 had to be general, for direct foreign trade. Protection
to the employment of our vessels in the domestic trade remained; and in 1817
this trade was wholly reserved, foreign flags being excluded therefrom ever
since. In 1817, also, the indirect trade was secured to our vessels, except in
cases where there was reciprocation. As no such cases existed then, it will be
seen that most of our ship Protection remained. The British still refused to
open their West India ports, and in 1818 we entered upon a course which was
intended to induce the opening of all ports then closed against our shipping. We
closed our ports to all vessels coming from interdicted ports and places. While it
lasted, this act, and a supplementary one of 1820, proved highly Protective. Our
tonnage increased, and our carriage rose in percentage culminating in 1825-1826 at
95.2 for imports and 89.6 for exports.

FOREIGN INFLUENCE AGAIN AT WORK.

In 1822, Norway, then having a convention for reciprocity in direct trade,
asked for reciprocity in carrying indirect—to admit her shipping from every
part of the globe, with cargoes of all kinds, the products of every people, she to
reciprocate, no Protection to exist on either side. This proposition for Free-
Trade was not entertained by Congress. In 1825 the British Parliament passed
an act partly based on this principle—if we would admit British shipping from
all foreign ports whatever, our vessels might trade to the West Indies forth and
back. This, unequal proposal was rejected. Finally, in 1828, our Executive,
thinking a fair proposition made to England would be accepted and the Indies
opened, had Congress pass an act for full reciprocity on the basis suggested by
Norway; but England refused the overture, fearing to open her navigation so far;
and although, by our passing a special act, she opened the West Indies, in 1830,
she did not avail herself of our act of 1828 until 1850. Meanwhile other countries
were wiser and many made conventions, but still considerable Protection
remained. It was after the British took advantage of our law that we suffered
most. By the beginning of the Civil War we had lost 24 per cent, of carriage
in our own commerce as a consequence of the present policy, a period in which
we had the best ships in the world. During the war we lost 37 per cent, of car-M

riage, and since the restoration of the Union we have lost all but 8 or 9 per cent.
There is no use assigning this cause, that, or the. other, for the situation as we
find it, the efficient cause is non-Protection. We had no business to change our
shipping policy to conciliate or please any foreign nation, whether Great Britain,
Norway, or all of Europe. Our right to carry our own commerce is as certain and
as absolute as our right to political independence. We have never presumed to
ascendency and the monopoly of navigation, as Great Britain has done. We desire
to encroach on no nation's right, and should not fail to maintain our own in the
time to come.

MARITIME RECIPROCITY A FRAUD.

A few nations have benefited by the policy of shipping reciprocity and become
carriers of commerce not belonging to their vessels; but all have resorted to
expedients Protective in character, while none have honestly adhered to the prin-
ciple of Free-Trade but the United States. We protect every other industry from
excessive foreign competition. We continue to protect the domestic trade abso-
lutely, apparently, because the act of 1817 would be difficult to repeal. England
has long wanted it repealed, so she might monopolize our coastwise and lake
carrying, and it is a wonder she has not been gratified, some of our people are
such loyal tories. But we should repeal the act of 1828, as the mainspring of our
shipping decline. Its principle is a fraud. There is no such thing as true, equal
and just reciprocity. Take the case of Norway, our vessels carry nothing to that
country; Norwegian vessels carry comparatively nothing, but they carry largely
in our commerce with all other countries, taking the employment belonging to our
own ships. Our marine must exist, but it cannot exist without the employment
belonging to it. The existence of an American marine is not an economic problem,
but a question of State. We must have it. We must regulate our trade so as to
have it. Why should Congress permit foreign nations, one or all, to sidetrack
our train by diplomatic trickery?

THE PRESENT POLICY A VIOLATION OF COMPACT.

By our act of 1828 all laws then in force, as to foreign trade, creating prefer-
ence for our own vessels, were conditionally suspended. From time to time con-
ventions were made with particular nations to suspend for a period all encourage-
ment and Protection to our shipping—for which the Union was in large part
formed and the Constitution made and adopted. In this act and by these conven-
tions the compact of the Constitution was broken, the benign work of our fathers
partly undone, and, consequently, the use of the American ship has almost ceased.
Nothing else could have been expected. There are now no " navigation laws"
encouraging and Protecting the shipping of any State, as was promised when
Clause 3 of Section 8 of Article 1 was agreed to nerrt. con. Not a single State can
pass any. Great Britain has the Federal Government standing to-day in an atti-
tude of opposition to American interest, denying and defying the rights of the
seaboard States and their people, taking advantage also of its own wrong, hiring
'foreign vessels for national use, and postponing the Protection of our own. These
are not flattering facts.85

WHAT OUR GOVERNMENT PRACTICALLY SAYS.

Our Government is saying practically to the shipping States: " Yes, I prom-
ised to respect your commercial rights and the national interest as well, but I
was tempted to conciliate Great Britain and immensely please Norway, nations
ambitious of an extension of power on the ocean. I thought mainly of opening
the West Indies to our own vessels, and thus doing more good than harm. My
navigation laws worked rightly, but the British claim the sovereignty of the
seas; we could, it seemed, spare a little space there and have peace forever. So
I knuckled under, violating the Constitution, but I prayed all the while that we
should not feel the need of the Protection which I cast off. I hoped wre would not
lose our marine and our carrying trade, but these have starved and perished I
am sorry to say. It was a bad job, but cannot be helped now. How would it do
to resort to subsidizing, as France, Italy and other inferior nations have done?
Possibly my royal friend ruling in London would agree to a simple remedy like
that."

BUT ONE PROPER REMEDY.

In view of the facts of history, the subsidy suggestion cannot be taken
seriously. Subsidy to the general marine would have no relation to the cause of
its decay; that cause should be removed. It would establish no preference and
be unprotective to employment, which is the only true medium of industrial
encouragement. It would have no connection with the revival of compact for
navigation laws—it would not restore the rule of the Constitution. It ignores our
right to carry our own commerce; it raises privilege to the dignity of right, and it
recognizes the propriety of one or a few nations gaining and holding, if possi-
ble, a monopoly of navigation. Its principle is false, and its action would be bad.
In no way does subsidy, as a shipping remedy, comport with our Constitution or
with true statesmanship. Congress is without authority to adopt' it. It is, on
the other hand, dead against public policy to continue our "maritime reci-
procity " conventions. It is incompatible with our national character longer to
set aside the compact with the States for effective " navigation laws." And we
should ever bear in mind that foreign dependence disagrees with the American
disposition. The course of the Government is becoming unpopular.

Our Constitution provides a specific mode of doing justice to ourselves in the
matter of navigation. Regulation of our commerce is absolutely within our right.
It is given to no foreign nation to declare that our marine shall not be protected
in the way that our Constitution provides, and no one will presume so to do. We
want only the carrying trade that of right belongs to our vessels. We want no
reciprocal privileges. Our shipping industry has died of these. Rights are
jewels, but privileges are frauds. Under a continuation of our present reciprocal
system no amount of subsidies would ever recover our lost carrying trade. It is
mere mockery to tell our shipowners that they can go forth, and as fast as they
can regain their trade they will receive " Treasury aid! " What vessels need, and
must have or perish, is employment. Regulations of trade secure this sine qua
non by creating preference, while subsidy will reward owners, if they secure it
themselves! That is the stick—the securing of it with nothing but open compe-
tition to do it with, and a dozen flags conspiring for defeat. We have been
beaten by rivals who managed to prevent our vessels getting employment, and to86

provide it for their own. As a shipping remedy, that is only a nostrum which will
not secure employment.

A preference for American vessels can be created by trade regulations, and
- the function of preference is to secure its object. Really, only preferred ves-
sels compete for business at any time or place.

THE OCEAN POST?.

While our commercial interest has suffered much from the want of our own
marine, it has also been injured greatly for want of postal communication with
all parts of the world. We are dependent entirely upon foreign service to many
countries, letters going indirect and slowly, our Treasury supporting foreign
steam lines instead of our own. If we had an adequate marine, one-tenth of it
would consist of mail carriers for the accommodation of passengers and fast
freight, adapted to the purposes of naval warfare. The proper system was insti-
tuted by act of March 3, 1845, authorizing the building of " Mail and Naval
steamers." Subsequent acts sought to extend the system, but political troubles
coming on, the system was abandoned. The Civil War broke up our foreign com-
merce, and proper attention to the restoration of it, strange as it may seem, has
yet to be given by our Government. Mail lines to all the important centers of
business existing are the first things essential to be established. Ample power
resides in Congress to establish these lines, under the heads of postal and
naval necessities. Subsidies may be paid to support these lines, at least par-
tially. The postages will return part of the outlay, the naval preparation will
return another part of it, and the carriage of passengers and freight will furnish
the balance of remuneration to owners. Under proper regulations of trade, postal
lines will need much less support for their service to the Government than under
the present system of compelling our steamers to run unprotected in employ-
ment, or tie up. Protection to their employment would cost the Government
nothing,, but would save money for it and insure profit to the owners. We shall
never be able to control immigration until this business is brought under our
own flag, where it belongs. If we consent to receive immigrants, we may condi-
tion their transportation—reserving this to our own vessels. This rule would not
apply to ordinary passengers—that trade should be free when direct

FREE SHIPS.

A general mistake of superficial students of the shipping question is made
in assuming that it concerns private interest only, that the laws should look to
this alone, and that the only object of any laws at all should be to secure cheap
service by any vessels whatever, built anywhere. We have legislators, even, who
take this narrow and false view, in misconception of the truth. Navigation is a
subject, in its relations to the interests of the people, peculiar and exceptional in
several respects. Our country is not merely a community, but a nation. Our
self-defense, independence, prosperity and advancement depend greatly upon our
shipping power—the ability to build and to sail. Shipbuilding and navigation
are naval as well as civil arts, which we must possess and can only have by
practice and experience, but without which the mechanics and seamen employed
in these arts will not reside among us. The national interest in these arts
greatly exceeds that of all our corporations, firms or individuals concerned in87

them, and the body of our marine law must contemplate this ruling idea. Reasons
of State, therefore, not those of sharp private advantage, govern in the maxim
that American vessels must be built at home, not imported; that materials for
vessels must be American-mined and made, not let in free or otherwise; that our
ships must be American-officered and manned, not run by crews of foreigners, and
that even our merchants and underwriters should be citizens. In fine, our ship-
building, navigation and commerce must be in our own hands, on penalty of unpre-
paredness for war, of exportation and spoliation both in peace and war. Neces-
sarily, also, our " navigation laws " must be framed in view of the practices and
regulations of other countries, not to suit some theory of economy or to con-
ciliate any foreign nation. The case being as thus stated, it goes without saying
that the Government has a duty to perform on its part, and that is the thorough
Protection of shipbuilding, navigation and commerce, so that citizens, and not
foreigners, shall be able to carry on these trades as profitably as others may be
conducted.

THE MARINE COMMISSION.

We have a bow of promise at last. Congress has recently appointed a com-
mission of Senators and Representatives to thoroughly examine the shipping
question and to report a proper measure at the next session. Giving attention to
the history of American navigation—its grand rise and ignoble fall, all the diffi-
culties met and overcome, all the evils experienced and the ruin following the
false policy now prevailing—it will be easy enough to resolve the problem of
shipping rehabilitation. But the commission has no holiday outing before it.
Foreign influence will be powerfully exerted to have the least damaging remedy
prescribed. This influence would say amen to subsidy, if it thought a thorough
measure of trade regulation was likely to materialize. But that the American
interest lies in adopting the specific mode of the Constitution, there can be no
doubt whatever.

Our Merchant Marine.

From McKinley's Last Speech.

Then, too, we have inadequate steamship service. New lines of steamers have already
been put in commission between the Pacific Coast ports of the United States and those on
the western coast of Mexico and Central and South America. These should be followed up
with direct steamship lines between the eastern coast of the United States and South
American ports.

One of the needs of the times is direct commercial lines from our vast fields of produc-
tion to the fields of consumption that we have but barely touched. Next in advantage to
having the thing to sell is to have the convenience to carry it to the buyer.

We must encourage our merchant marine. We must have more ships. They must be
under the American flag, built and manned and owned by Americans. These will not only
be profitable in a commercial sense; they will be messengers of peace and amity wherever
they go.88

Value of Foreign Carrying Trade of the United States in American and

Foreign Vessels, Etc.

—[Merchandise and specie to 1879, inclusive; merchandise only after 1879.]

Total United States Imports and Exports,

				Per cent, ih
Year ending	In	Ifl		American
June 30—	American vessels.	foreign vessels.	Total.	vessels.
1859............		$229,816,211	$695,557,592	66.9
1860............		255,040,793	762,288,550	66.5
1861............		203,478,278	584,995,066	65.2
1862............		218,015,296	435,710,714	50
1863............		343,056,031	584,928,502	41.4
1864............		485,793.548	669,855,034	"27.5
1865............		437,010,124	604,412,996	27.7
1866............	..... 325,711,861	685,226,691	1,010,938,552	32.2
1867............		581,330,403	879,165,307	33.9
IS,68............		550,546,074	848,527,647	35.1
1869............		586,492,012	§76,448,784	33.2
18.70............		638,927,488	991,896,889	35.0
1871............	... .. 353,664,172	755,822,576	1,109,486,748	31.9
1872............	...... 345,331.101	839,346,362	1,184,677,463	29.2
1873............		966,722,651	1,313,029,243	26,4
1874.........		939,206,106	1,289,658,100	, 27.2
1875............		884,788,517	1,199,046,309	26.2
1876............	..... 311,076,171	813,354,987	1,124,431,158.	27.7
1877...-........	..... 316,660,281	859,920,536	1,176,580,817	26.9
1878............		876,991,129	1,190,042,035	-26.3
1879............		911,269,232	1,183,284,924	23
1880............	..... 258,346,577	1,224,265,434	1,482,612,011	17.4
188.1.............	..... 250,586,470	1,269,002,983	1,519,589,453	16.5
1882............	..... 227,229,745	1,212,978,769	1,440,208,514	15.8
1883............	_____ 240,420,500	1,258,506,924	1.498,927,424	16
1884............	..... 233,699,035	1,127,798,199	1,361,497,234	17.2
1885. ...........		1,079,518,566	1,274,384,309	15.3
1886............	. . . , 197,349,503	1,073,911,113	1,27.1,260,616	15.5
1887............	..... 194,356,746	1,165,194,508	1,359,551,254	14.3
1888. ......".....	..... 190,857,473	1,174,697,321	1,365,554,794	14
1889............	, . . 203,805,108	1,217,063,541	1,420,868,649	14.3
1890............	, . , 202,451,086	1,371,116,744	1,573,567,830	12.9
1891............	, , 206,459,725	1,450,081,087	1,656,540,812	12.5
1892............	..... 220,173,735	1,564,559,651	1,784,733,386	12.3
1893............	..... 197,765,507	1,428,316,568	1,626,082,075	12.2
1894............	, . 195,268,216	1,273,022,456	1,468,290,672	13.3
1895..:.........	. , 170,507,196	1,285,896,192	1,456,403,388	11.7
1896............	, 187,691,887	1,377,973,521	1,565,665,408	12
1897............	189,075,277	1,525,753,766	1,714,829,043	11
1898..........:.	161,328,017	1,582,492,479	1,743,820,496	9.3
1899............	160,612,206	1,646,263,857	1,806,876,063	8.9
1900............	195.084,192	1,894,444,424	2,089,528,616	9.3
1901............	, , 177,398.615	1,974,536,796	2,151,935,411	8.2
1902............	185,819,987	1,919,029,314	2,104,849,301	8.8
1903............	214,695,032	2,026,106,388	2,240,801,420	9.1

Total United States Imports and Exports,

1904

190489

Vessels Built.

Tonnage of, in. the Several Sections of the United States, from 1884 to 1904.
[From the reports of the Bureau of Navigation.]

Tear ending On the New
June 30— England coast.

No. Tons.

188	4..........250 84,046

188	5..........173 48,128

188	6..........Ill 30,624

188	7..........101 24,035

188	8..........150 33,SI 3

188	9..........174 39,983

189	0..........208 78,577

189	1..........327 105,491

189	2..........366 60,624

1S93..........152 37,091

189	4__________ .192 28,665

189	5..........145 26,783

189	6..........163 39,582

189	7.......... 98 21,942

1898. .*........127 23,944

189	9..........144 68,761

190	0..........199 72,179

190	1..........201 82,971

190	2..........225 75,851

190	3..........203 66,973

190	4................

554
6 j 3

On the entire

seaboard.
No. Tons
962 178,419
722 121,010
64,458
83,061
708 105,125
769 111,852
756 169,091
1,066 237,462
1,127 138,863
690 102,830
80,099
67,127
511 102,544
673 103,504
742 112,879
937 196,120
1,107 249,006
1,094 291.516
1,197 290,122
1,038 288,196

650
527

On the Missis-
sippi River and
its tributaries.
No. Tons.
93 ■ 16,664
81 11,220
76 10,595
79 10,901
84 11,859
83 12,202
104 16,506
114 19,984
99 14,801
9,538
9,111
8,122
95 15,771
98 11,792
123 13,495

214	23,552

215	14,173
311 22,888.
161 9,836
150 11,112

91
82
74

On the
Great Lakes.
No. Tons.

Total
tonnage built.

135
117

85
152

999

30,431
26,826
20,400
56,488
101,103
225 107,080
191 108,526
204 111,856
45,969
99,271
41,985
36,353
117 108,782
120 116,937
54,084
80,366
125 130,611
175 169,085
133 168,873
123 136,844

169
175
106
93

87
122

No.
1,190
920
715
844
1,014
1,077
1,051
1.384
1,395
956
838
694
723
891
952
1,273
1,447
1.580
1,491
1,311

Tons.
225,514
159,056
95,453
150,450
218,087
231,134
294,123
369,302
199,633
211,639
131,195
111,602
227,097
232,283
180,458
300,038
393,790
483,480
468,831
436,152

Tonnage of Iron and,Steel Sailing Vessels. Steam Vessels and Barges Built in the
United States from 1884 to 1904.

Year ending	^-Sailing vessels.-^		/—Steam vessels.-^		,-Barges.--		(-Total.-,	
June 30—	Number.	Tons.	Number.	Tons.	Number.	Tons.	Number.	Tons.
1884.........	. , . , 3	4,431	35	32,836		....	38	37,267
188.5.........	. , . , 2	756	48	43,415			50	44,171
1886.........	2	118	24	14,505	,.		26	14,623
1887.........	. . 1	92	34	36,226			35	36,318
1888.........	3	317	43	37,921	1	428	47	38,666
1889----------	, , 2	95	52	62,261			54	62,356
1890.........	, 2	184	61	79,342	5	5,133	68	84,659
1S91.........	.... 4	251	81	102,630	6	6,305	91	109,146
1892.........	, , . , 5	415	52	45,896	4	4,958	61	51,269
1893.........	____ 8	2,012	61	S2,933	9	11,717	78	96,662
1894.........	2	4,647	38	46,889			40	51,536
1895.........	, 3	5,267	37	43,335	5	704	45	49,306
1896.........	, , , 6	15,800	47	82,311	7	3,487	60	101,598
1897.........	10	31,424	48	83,140	13	11,521	71	126,085
1898.........	---- 2	6,724	52	48,569	10	. 7,041	64	62,325
1899.........	. 5	16,152	83	112,781	4	2,823	92	131,756
1900.........	11	29,168	81	167,957			92	197,125
1901.........	12	21,746	102	236,159	7	4,825	121	262,730
1902.........	3	8,406	102	270,932	2	1,024	107	280,362
1903.........	, , 4	12,184	100	240,107	4	5,928	108	258,219

1904

190490

Export Discounts.

Every mercantile country without regard to its fiscal policy practices the
. business methods of at times selling its products abroad cheaper than at home.
This, practice is probably carried on by the manufacturers of the United States
to a less degree than by any other country, and the percentage of such sales is
so insignificant as to make them worthy of no. particular attention were it not for
the pretended concern displayed by Democrats and Free-Traders, who have mag-
nified the matter into a campaign issue, and for that reason a brief explanation
seems necessary.	\

This matter was taken up in detail by the Industrial Commission, and its
report gives the clearest exposition of the matter which can be had. A set of
questions was sent to all our manufacturers, and the report says:

The great majority of the answers indicated that prices are no lower abroad than
they are for domestic consumers, and a considerable number indicate that foreign prices are
higher.

Those who stated that at times a portion of their goods were sold abroad for a
less price than in the domestic market gave the following reasons therefor:

Cash payments and large purchases in the foreign trade, whereas the domestic trade
is based on credits and small purchases.

The drawback or rebate of the Tariff on imported raw material of goods manufactured
for export.

To overcome the Tariff of other countries.

To secure new markets.

To hold a market against new competitors.

To clear out surplus stock or to prevent a shut down and increased cost of produc-
tion by keeping mills running and men employed.

To get rid of samples and out of date goods.

Because the expense of selling and advertising is less abroad than at home.

It was found that $1,500,000 would cover the amount of sales so reported, and
yet as reports were not received from every manufacturer it has been conserva-
tively estimated that $4,000,000 would be a large amount to cover such entire sales
abroad by our manufacturers, and that the average difference in price would be
less than five per cent. The matter is then reduced to the following:

Our present manufacturing output is at least..........................$15,000,000,000

Our exports of manufactures exceed................................... 400,000,000

The value of exports sold at lower prices abroad........................ 4,000,000

We have, then, of these export sales a total amounting to not more than one
per cent, of all our manufactured goods sold abroad, and as our exports of manu-
factured goods are less than three per cent, of our entire output, the goods sold
abroad for a less price than at home are less than three one-hundredths of one per
cent, of our total manufacturers.

The report of the Industrial Commission referred to shows that with one
exception agricultural implements were not sold for a less price abroad than at
home. It showed that no textile manufactures sold for less abroad than at home,
while typewriters and stoves, household utensils and all ordinary wares are
either sold abroad at the same or a higher price than at home. In fact, it may be
said in this connection, that a large portion of our manufactured goods are sold
abroad at a considerably larger price than is obtained for the same goods in the
United States. The export discounts are a matter of business, and are carried on91

legitimately and for good and sufficient reasons. In no instance is the consumer
of such goods in this country injured, while, on the contrary, a large additional
amount of labor is secured for our wage earners by reason of the disposition of
surplus stock abroad at a somewhat lower price. Moreover, it can be stated that
the practice is not a general one, but exceptional to meet certain unusual condi-
tions, or for purposes of gaining or retaining at a certain time some foreign
market. If it were necessary and worth while instances innumerable could be
cited where the same practice is carried on by foreign countries and especially by
Great Britain, which proves beyond question that even if the practice were
pernicious the Tariff has nothing whatever to do with it. It is practiced by coun-
tries having a high Tariff, by countries having a moderate Tariff, and by countries
having an absolute Free-Trade Tariff.

A most important point in connection with the export discount question seems
to have been overlooked. No apology need be offered by any one for selling cer-
tain articles abroad at less price than in the domestic market, for our last three
Tariff laws have distinctly provided for this very result. By referring to page
18 of this book the drawback clause of our Tariff law will be found, which pro-
vides for a rebate of 99 per cent, of the duty imposed on material imported which
enters into manufactures exported. This clause was in the McKinley law, the
Gorman-Wilson law, and is retained in the Dingley law. It was manifestly, then,
the intention of our law makers—Republican in 1890, Democratic in 1894, and
Republican in 1897—to enable our manufacturers to compete in foreign markets
on nearly equal terms as far as cost of imported material goes, while at the same
time the employment of our own people and American wages are conserved in the
process of changing this raw material into the finished product. The Democratic
hue and cry against this limited practice of our manufacturers, for the reasons
stated, is insincere and dishonest, for the practice was made possible and pro-
vided for not only in the Republican Tariff laws of 1890 and 1897, but as well and
in the same terms in the Democratic Tariff of 1894. The custom, then, is not a
partisan one; it is not Republican or Democratic legislation and practice; it is an
American provision for American exports. When it is considered that the rebates
or drawbacks amounted last year to over $9,000,000, the importance of the pro-
vision will be appreciated. Innumerable examples of the articles and material
affected could be given, but the few which follow will suffice:

Agricultural machinery and implements made with use of imported steel billets and
pig iron.

Sugar and syrups made from imported raw sugars.

Tin cans made from imported tin plate.

Aluminum made wholly from imported alumina.

Aluminum wire rods made wholly from imported aluminum ingots.

Asbestos roofing made with the use of imported burlap.

Locomotives and parts thereof made with use of imported steel billets and pig iron.

Refined asphalt and products therefrom made with the use of imported crude asphalt.

Babbitt metal made with the use of imported lead and antimony.

Bags made wholly from imported burlap and cloth.

Beer made with use of imported hops.

Black varnish and japan made with use of imported palm oil pitch and Asiatic nut oil.

Boots, shoes, etc., made with use of leather from imported hides.

Bound books made with use of imported printed sheets.

Camel's hair press cloth made with use of imported Russian hair.

Carpet sweepers made with use of Chinese bristles and tin plate.92

, Carpets, mats and rugs made with imported wool.

Casks and kegs made with imported hoop steel.

Chewing gum made with imported chicle and sugar.

Cigarettes and tobacco made with imported leaf tobacco.

~ Confectionery made with imported raw sugar.

Corsets made with imported coutil and laces.

Diamond and other dyes, etc., made with imported aniline and coal-tar colors and coal-
tar products.

Doors made with imported white pine lumber.

Electric elevator engines made with imported motors.

Electrical apparatus made with imported mica.

Felts made with imported wool.

Fish nets made with imported flax and cotton yarn.

Hats made with imported furs.

Hydraulic hose made With imported flax or linen yarn.

Iron castings and pipes made with imported pig iron.

Ladies' shoes,- etc., made with imported patent and enamel leather.

Lard compound made with imported oleostearin, tallow and lard.

Lead pipe and sheet lead made with imported lead.

Leather belting made with imported hides.

Medicinal preparations made with imported alcohol.

Mirror plates made with imported polished cylinder glass.

Plaster of paris made with imported rock plaster or crude gypsum.

Royal baking powder made with imported argols and crude tartar.

Silks, printed or dyed, made with imported pongee or habutai silks.

Steam engine governor tops made with imported steel strips.

Steel products made with imported stabs, billets or sheet steel.

Steel wire rods made with imported steel billets.

Sweet chocolate made with imported sugar and cocoa butter.

Typewriter ribbon made with imported woven-edge cloth.

Umbrellas and parasols made with imported silk and cotton cloth.

Wire nails and rods made with imported steel billets.

The Fruit of Free-Trade#

All students of economical systems and every man of affairs should consider
and reflect upon the terrible condition of the English working classes, as shown
in the recent investigations of Mr. Charles Booth, and published by the Mac-
millans. The revelations of Mr. Booth show a condition of poverty and wretched-
ness almost incredible, and yet no one questions Mr. Booth's figures or doubts that
his pictures are true in every particular. Almost one-third the population of
London, or, to be exact, 1,292,737 people, are living in abject poverty. Think of it.
disciples of Cobden! 11,279 families, comprising* four persons, living in a single
room. Think of that, Free-Traders! 99,151 families, consisting of two or three
persons, living in two rooms. Think of that, American grumblers!

Two-thirds of the total population of the British capital dwell in " homes "
not exceeding four rooms.

Think of that, New England pessimists! And in these " homes " of one, two
and four rooms was found dirt and filth and degradation most appaling in char-
acter. No wonder the women are driven to the street and brothel and the men
to dives of every sort. Immorality is rampant on every hand, and the marriage
relations are ignored by thousands. What a school for the youth of London—a
youth without parentage! What a future must be in store for such a people!93

Nearly sixty years ago Richard Cobden and Ms associates succeeded in having
England repeal most of her duties on imports, and to-day England is reaping the
harvest. First her agriculture was destroyed, driving the people to the shops of
London, and Liverpool, and Manchester, destroying a large market for manu-
factured products and cheapening wages affd cheapening men. In the meantime,
Protected America and France and Germany and other Continental countries
have forged ahead, and England is no longer the workshop of the world—no, not
even to the full extent of her own market. And so there is not work enough for
half, and without work there can be no wages, but instead idleness and poverty
and licentiousness and despair and degradation and death.

What a contrast to Protected, prosperous, busy, happy America, where two-
fifths of the population are on the farms, getting good prices for their products,
and themselves forming a market for manufactures greater than all Great Britain
combined.

Picture the British hovel and the one and two room home, without furniture
or food, and then compare such to the well-furnished American houses owned by
thousands and tens of thousands of laborers in the United States, whose wives and
children are well dressed, well fed, happy and contented.

Democracy and Disaster,

The Democratic party seems to be united upon one thought in connection
with making an issue for the coming campaign. The leaders in Congress, as well
as the Democratic and Free-Trade press throughout the country, seem to think it
necessary to show in some way that prosperity is on the wane. It is, in fact,
made very clear that Democratic success depends, in a large measure, upon adver-
sity. It is certainly a very curious condition of affairs that only through commer-
cial disaster can the Democratic party hope to be successful in the coming or any
subsequent campaign.

It will be remembered that the two successes of this party in a Presidential
election since the Civil War were during periods of great prosperity, although
the Democratic managers succeeded in making the masses believe that they were
not well off, or could be much better off under a Democratic administration. This
was tried very successfully in 1892, and it is evident that the Democratic mana-
gers are intending to play the game over again during the coming campaign. It
will hardly be so successful this year as it was twelve years ago. The " high
price " contention will not avail this time, when the workingman in addition to
the splendid living which he is getting can pull out his bank book and show what
he is able to save, because his full employment and good wages enable him to have
a surplus after he has paid for all the necessaries and luxuries which he desires.
The very desperation of Democratic leaders will lead to a campaign based upon
deception. They know that it will be impossible to win in any other way.
It is therefore the duty of Republicans from now until the close of the campaign
to simply tell the truth, carrying out the advice of the lamented Senator Hanna,
to stand pat and let well enough alone.94

UNCLE SAM'S BALANGE SHEET.

Official Statistics.

Year
Ending
June 30.

Excess of Rev-
enue Over
Expenditure.

Excess of Ex-
penditure
Over Revenue.

Interest-Bearing
Debt of the
United States.

Wealth

Per
Capita.

Democratic
Administration
Free-Trade.

1856

1857

1858

1859

1860

$4,485,673
1,169,604

$27,529,904
15,574,511
7,065,990

$514

Republican
Administration

War of the Rebellion.

1861
1862

1863

1864

1865

25,036,714
422,774,363
602,043,434
600,695,870
963,840,619

$2,381,530,295

Period
of

Republican
Protection
to

American
Labor
and
Industries.

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880
1881
1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

37,223,203
133,091,335
28,297,798
48,078,469
101,601,916
91,146,756
96,588,904
43,392,959
2,344,882
13,376,658
29,022,241
30,340,577
20,799,551
6,879,300
65,883,653
100,669,404
145,543,810
132,879,444
104,393,625
63,463,771
93,956,588
103,471,097
111,341,273
87,761,080
85,040,271
26,838,541
9,914,453

2,332,331,208
2,248,067,388
2,202,088,728
2,162,060,522
2,046,455,722
1,934,696,750
1,814,794,100
1,710,483,950
1,738,930,750
1,722,676,300
1,710,685,450
1,711,888,500
1,794,735,650
1,797,643,700
1,723,993,100
1,639,567,750
1,463,810,400
1,338,229,150
1,226,563,850
1,196,150,950
1,146,014,100
1,021,692,350
950,522,500
829,853,990
725,313,110
610,529,120
585,029,330

780

850

1,038

Democratic
Administration

FREE-TRADE.

1893
1894'

1895

1896

2,341,674

69,803,260
42,805,223
25,203,246

585,037,100
635,041,890
716,202,060
847,363,890

*847,365,130
*847,367,470
*1,046,048,750
1,023,478,860
987,141,040
931,070,340
914,541,410

Protection.
Prosperity.

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

79,527,060
77,717,984
91,287,375
54,297,667

18,052,454
*38,047,247
*89,111,560

1,326

* Spanish War period.95

UNCLE SAM'S BALANCE SHEET.

• Value of Domestic Exports.	Value of Imports.	Wages Paid.	Product of Manufacture.	Depositors in Savings Banks.	Total Deposits. All Banks.	Year Ending June 30.
$266,438,051 278,906,713 251,351,033 278,392,080 316,242,423	$310,432,310 348,428,342 263,338,654 331,333,341 353,616,119	$378,878,966	$1,885,861,676	487,986 490,428 538,840 622,556 693,870		1856 1857"  1858  1859  1860
204,899,616 179,644,024 186,003,912 143,504,027 136,940,248	289,310,542 189,356,677 243,335,815 316,447,283 238,745,580			694,487 787,943 887,096 976,025 980,044		1861 1862  1863  1864  1865
337,518,102 279,786,809 269,389,900 275,166,697 376,616,473 428,398,908 428,487,131 505,033,539 569,433,421 499,284,100 525,582,247 589,670,224 680,709,268 698,340,790 823,946,353 883,925,947 733,239,732 804,223,632 724,964,852 726,682,946 665,964,529 703,022,923 683,862,104 730,282,609 845,293,828 872,270,283 1,015,732,011	434,812,066 395,761,096 357,436,440 417,506,379  435.958.408 520,223,684 626,595,077 642,136,210 567,406,342 533,005,436 460,741,190 451,323,126 437,051,532 445,777,775 667,954,746 642,664,628 724,639,574 723,180,914 667,697,693 577,527,329 635,436,136 692,319,768 723,957,114 745,131,652  789.310.409 844,916,196 827,402,462	775,584,343 947,953,795 1,891,209,696	4,232,325,442 5,369,579,191 9,370,107,624	1,067,061 1,188,202 1,310,144 1,466,684 1,630,846 1,902,047 1,992,925 2,185,832 2,293,401 2,359,864 2,368,630 2,395,314 2,400,785 2,268,707 2,335,582 2,528,749 2,710,354 2,876,438 3,015,151 3,071,495 3,158,950 3,418,013 3,838,291 4,021,523 4,258,893 4,533,217 4,781,605	$2,182,512,744 2,150,629,791 2,057,196,222 1,901,260,654 1,834,175,887 2,134,234,861 2,538,570,371 2,755,743,582  ^'305,091,171 3,419,343,819 3,757,249,426 4,035,622,914 4,165,065,137 4,619,373,659	1866  1867  1868  1869  1870  1871  1872  1873  1874  1875  1876  1877  1878  1879  1880 1881 1882  1883  1884  1885  1886 1887 188S  1889  1890  1891  1892
831,030,785 869,204,937 793,392,590 863,200,487	866,400,922 654,994,622 731,969,965 779,724,674			4,830,599 4,777,687 4,875,519 5,065,494	4,603,574,605 4,621,243,340 4,887,507,042 4,916,814,233	1893  1894  1895  1896
1,032,007,603 1,210,291,913 1,203,931,222 1,370,763,571 1,460,462,806 1,355,481,861 1,392,231,302	764,730,412 616,049,654 697,148,489 849,941,184 823,172,165 903,320,948 1,025,719,237	2,320,938,168	13,000,149,159	5,201,132 5,385,746 5,687,818 6,107,083 6,358,723 6,666,672 7,305,228	5,050,697,841 5,725,577,345 6,817,018,891 7,298,814,381 8,539,137,332 9,204,795,790 9,673,385,303	1897  1898  1899  1900  1901  1902  1903  1904
						96

INDEX.

Subject.	Page.

Agriculture ..................................................51

Area of the United States........................26

Bank Clearances ........................................15

Bank Deposits....................32,	33

Barley ..........................................................55

Boots and Shoes, Export of......................78

Buckwheat ..................................................55

Canada, Our Trade with............................48.

Coal, Production of....................................35

Corn ..............-..................................54

Cost of Living....................33,	44

Cotton Crops................................................62

Cows ............................................................58

Dates of Recent Tariff Laws..........26

Debt of the United States, Analysis of.	27

Democracy and Disaster............................93

Dingley Law, A Record Breaker..............6

Duties Collected, etc..........................43

Duties on Farm Products........................53

Duties, Specific and Ad Valorem..............3

Exports and Imports..................................28

Exports and the Tariff..............................16

Exports by Sources of Production............29

Export Discounts........................................90

Exports of Principal Manufactures____30

Exports Per Capita....................................31

Failures ........................................................34

Farm Animals ............................................58

Farm Products and Duties......................53

Farm Products, Value of..........................51

Farm Property, Value of..........................53

Farm Statistics............................................53

Foreign Carrying Trade............................87

Foreign Trade Fallacy..............................21

Foreign Trade Per Capita........................31

Free List, Our Great..................................50

Free Raw Material......................................17

Free-Trade, Definition of..........................2

Free-Trade " Prosperity," from " Hunt's

Magazine" ..............................................14

Free-Trade, Result of, in England.6, 16,	91

Hay Crop.........................52,	56

Home Market, Value of............................15

Horses ..........................................................58

Immigration .....................................26

Imports According to Degree of Manu-
facture and Uses..................30

Imports Per Capita....................................31

Insurance Statistics....................................35

Internal Commerce, Value of....................15

Iron and Steel..............68, 69, 70,	71

Iron Ore............................................68

Manufacturers' Material and the Tariff.	19

Manufactures, Principal Exports............30

Manufactures, Summary of. .64, 65, 66,	67

Subject.	Page.

Mason, D. H., Quotation from....................8

McKinley and Reciprocity........................50

Mineral Products........................................35

Mosely Commission Report, Extract

from ....................................3

Mules .......................................................58

Oats ...........................................54

Occupation of Our Wage Earners......22

Oxen ............................................................58

Patents..........................................................34

Per Capita Statistics. .37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42

Pig Iron..........................69,	70.

Population of the United States.......26

Postal Statistics..........................................36

Potato Crop..................................................57

Prices and the Tariff................................46

Prices of Staple Commodities....................44

Protection, Definition of............................2

Protection in Relation to Financial Re-
sults ..............................75

Protection, Thomas B. Reed on........63

Railroads ....................................................78

Receipts and Expenditures........................21

Reciprocity....................47, 49,	50

Reciprocity, Different Kinds of................14

Reed, Thomas B.4 and Protection, 63,

and Wages................................................59

Republicanism and Protection..................74

Revenue and Taxation..............................20

Roosevelt, Theodore, Extract from, Re-
garding Workingmen..............................25

Rye ................................................................55

Sheep ............................................................58

Shipping Question......................................80

Shoddy ........................................................60

Southern Industries....................................21

Steel Rails....................................................71

Sugar, Imports of....................63

Swine .......................................................58

Tariff and Prices........................................46

Tariffs .of the United States ................8

Tariff History in a Nutshell....................4

Tariff Laws, Our Principal......................7

Tariff Planks in National Platforms...	9

Taxation and Source of Revenue.......20

Tin Plate Industry....................................72

Tobacco Crop................................................59

Uncle Sam's Balance Sheet......................94

Vessels Built.......................................88

Wages, Thomas B. Reed on......................59

Wealth of the United States....................26

Wheat ..........................................................54

Women Employed in Different Countries	19

Woolen Industry and Protection.......76

Wool Prices..................................................62

Wool Statistics......................60This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
It is made in compliance with copyright law
and produced on acid-free archival

60# book weight paper
which meets the requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).

Preservation facsimile printing and binding
by

Northern Micrographics
Brookhaven Bindery
La Crosse, Wisconsin
2015