ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign library Brittle Books Project, 2014.COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2014Win. Read & Sons r_ at 5- W 3 c cd 9 m £ a m|S| OS . a M C | s w» " 11J m q S3 5 5 S FANEUIL HALL SQUARE, BOSTON. DEALERS IN FINE GUNS, SHOOTING! FISHING TACKLE flglp3 Constantly on hand a large stock of Double and Single Guns, comprising EVERY VARIETY and make, muzzle-loading and breech-loading, and ALL articles pertaining to them. ALL THE BEST BREECH-LOADERS, "Scott's," "Westley Richard's," " Webley's," "Greener's," "Moore's," "WVRich- ard's, of Liverpool," " Ellis's," and all others. Also the " Roper," -v and other American makes. We make a specialty of i(W. & C. Scott & Son's 99 fine Hreech-Load- ing Double Guns, which for fine, elegant finish, and close and strong shooting powers are unsurpassed. Scott's New Hook on Breech-Loaders, elegantly bound in Morocco, sent on receipt of 25 cts• £6 FINE MUZZLE-LOADERS, m IN GREAT VARIETY, v FOR SNIPE, PLOVER, & DUCK SHOOTING,. Bored to Slioot Close and Strong. Persons ordering from a distance, by stating SIZE, BORE, WEIGHT, &c., will be served as well as if present. Fine Breech-Loading or Muzzle-Loading Guns imported to order of any make or size. "FISHING-TACKLE" IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. ALSO, FINE "BRONZE YACHT-GUNS," One-pounders, mounted on Mahogany Carriages, complete. Also, "BUSSET'S" PATENT GYKO-PIGEON ANE TBAP A Substitute for live Birds in Shooting-Matches. MAYNARD'S, WESSON'S, WINCHESTER'S, AND ALL OTHER RIFLES! CLOSING OUT, A SMALL LOT Off "Ballard" Breech-Loading Rifles at $18.00 — all new and of latest^ model — regular price, $38.00! ' f ~m- SEND FOR PRICE-LISTS AND CIRCULARS.ADVENTURES IN THE WILDERNESS, OR, Camp-Life in the Adirondack^ By REV. WILLIAM H. H. MURRAY. 1 vol. 16mo. $ 1.50. Tourists' Edition, containing an excellent map of the A rondack Willderness, indicating all the Routes, Lakes, and notable Places ; also Ma and Tables showing routes and distances to this summer resort which Mr. Murray fascinating book has brought so prominently to public notice. $2.00. 41 In the little book before us, Mr. Murray describes the incidents of a summer's rambles ir the Adirondacks, spent in fishing and hunting. He not only tells you how to i rig ' a line bait a hook, manage a gun, kill, cure, and cook game, with all the zest of the professions sportsman, but he enters right into the heart of Nature, and pictures her in all her vary ing phases.....We know of no sportsman who writes so lovingly and so graphical! unless it be immortal Kit North, and Mr. Murray's trout is worthy to rank with the latter' famous capture of the salmon." —Chicago Tribune. "This book is a guide to the best hunting and fishing region of America. It is more for its descriptions are charming, and the pure gold of enchantment is thrown over them, n that the book is bewitching to a novice in the sportsman's art. We predict for it an im- mense sale and a multitude of enthusiastic friends." — Providence Pre#s* ON THE WING: A BOOK FOR SPORTSMEN. By JOHN BUMSTEAD. FULLY ILLUSTRATED. .... 16mo. $2.50. * "' A Book for Sportsmen.' A more accurate description would be ' a book which no sportsman can do without.' Mr. Bumstead is authority upon all the topics of which he treats, including clear instructions for the selection and use of guns, very full and valuable hints for the student's guidance in different kinds of shooting, in buying gunpowder, in training dogs, and in fitting himself out for the woods, a very interesting description of how gun-barrels are made, and an appendix which is full of practical information." — Hartfort Courant. " All fond of sporting will find in it valuable suggestions as to selecting guns and caring for them, shooting woodcock, quail, grouse, snipe, rabbits, and all kinds of water-fowl, together with interesting details as to the manufacture of guns, gunpowder, &c.M — Rura New Yorker. "It is the best work of the kind ever published in this country." — Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. V For sale by Booksellers. Sent, post-paid, «on receipt of price !>y the Publishers, JA9IES R. OSGOOD A CO., Boston.917.4 S wBn.NEW ENGLAND: A HANDBOOK FOR TRAVELLERS. A GUIDE TO THE CHIEF CITIES AND POPULAR RESORTS OF NEW ENGLAND, AND TO ITS SCENERY AND HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS : WITH THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN BORDERS, FROM NEW YORK TO QUEBEC. With Six Maps and Eleven Plans. NEW EDITION, REVISED AND- AUGMENTED. ^HDlFTCa BOSTON: JAMES R. OSGOOD AND COMPANY, Late Ticknor & Fields, and Fields, Osgood, & Co. 1874.Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 18TB, BY JAMES R. OSGOOD & CO., in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. University Press: Welch, Bigelow, & Co., Cambridge. ,r3(1.4 S w 3 n PKEFACE. \ The chief object of the Handbook for New England is to ^ supply the place of a guide in a land where professional guides ^ cannot be found, and to assist the traveller in gaining the greatest H possible amount of pleasure and information while passing through the most ancient and interesting district of Anglo- w) Saxon America. New England has hitherto been but casually ^ treated in books which cover wider sections of country ; special localities within its borders have been described with more or less fidelity in local guide-books ; but the present volume is the first which has been devoted to its treatment according to the most approved principles of the European works of similar purpose and character. The Handbook is designed to enable travellers to visit all or any of the notable places in New ^England, with economy of money, time, and temper, by giving Vjlists of the hotels with their prices, descriptions of the various routes by land and water, and maps and plans of the principal -^cities. The letter-press contains epitomes of the histories of the rfjold coast and border towns, statements of the principal scenic ^attractions, descriptions of the art and architecture of the cities, /^biographical sketches in connection with the birthplaces of eminent men, and statistics of the chief industries of the included ^States. The half-forgotten but worthy and heroic records of the yearly colonial era and the French and Indian wars have received special attention in connection with the localities rendered classic Ijtn those remote days, while numerous Indian legends will be Qfound in various places. The operations of the Wars of the Revolution and of 1812 (so far as they affected this section of ^the Republic) have been carefully studied and localized, and the rise of the great modern manufacturing cities has been tracediv PREFACE. and recorded. The famous summer-resorts — among the moun- tains and by the sea — with which New England abounds, and which are thronged by visitors from all parts of the country, have been described at length in these pages. The plan and structure of the book, its system of treatment and forms of abbreviation, have been derived from the European Handbooks of Karl Baedeker. The typography, binding, and system of city plans also resemble those of Baedeker, and hence the grand desiderata of compactness and portability, which have made his works the most popular in Europe, have also been attained in the present volume. Nearly all the facts concerning the routes, hotels, and scenic attractions have been framed or verified from the Editor's personal experience, after fifteen months of almost incessant travelling for this express purpose. But infallibility is impossible in a work of this nature, especially amid the rapid changes which are ever going on in America, and hence the Editor would be grateful for any bond fide correc- tions or suggestions with which either travellers or residents may favor him. He would also thankfully acknowledge his indebted- ness to the gentlemen who have revised the book in advance of publication. The maps and plans of cities have been prepared with the greatest care, and will doubtless prove of material service to all who may trust to their directions. They are based on the system of lettered and numbered squares, with figures corresponding to similar figures attached to lists of the chief public buildings, hotels, churches, and notable objects. The most trustworthy time-tables are found in " Snow's Pathfinder Railway Guide," with map, published weekly at Boston (price 15 c.). The hotels indicated by asterisks are those which are believed by the. Editor to be the most comfortable and elegant.CONTENTS. page I. Language........... . 1 II. Money and Travelling Expenses.......1 III. Railways and Steamboats. The Check System . . . . 1 IV. Excursions on Foot..........2 V. Hotels.............3 VI. Round-Trip Excursions........ . .4 VII. Climate, and Dress..........4 VIII. Miscellaneous Notes..........4 NEW ENGLAND. route 1. Boston . ............5 2. Environs of Boston ...........20 1. Boston Harbor. The Route to Nahant ...... 20 2. Nahant . . . . . .......21 3. The Route to Hull, Hingham, &c........22 4. Hull . . *...........23 5. Hingham. Charlestown.........24 6. Chelsea. Revere Beach.........27 7. Lexington and Concord....... . .28 8. Cambridge. Harvard University.......29 9. Mount Auburn...........33 10. Brookline............35 11. Roxbury............36 3. Boston to New York by Newport . . . . . . .36 1. Newport ............40 2. The Approach to New York........47 4. Boston to S. Duxbury ..........48 5. Boston to Plymouth..........51 6. Boston to Cape Cod . . . . . . . . . 54 1. Fairhaven Branch . . . .......54 2. Marshpee............56 7. Boston to Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket . . . .58 1. Gayhead............60 8. Boston to New York by Providence.......62 r 1. Providence...........63 2. Providence to Newport. Narragansett Bay.....65 3. Providence to "Warren and Bristol....... 60vi CONTENTS. ROUTE PAGE 4. Narragansett Pier..........68 5. Watch Hill Point...... . . . . 70 6. Stonington to New York. Block Island......71 7. New Haven...........77 9. Boston to New Bedford ..........90 1. New Bedford to Martha's Vineyard. The Elizabeth Islands . 92 10. Providence to Worcester.........93 11. Providence to Hartford and Waterbury . . . . .94 12. New London to Vermont.........96 1. S. Vernon to Keene..........102 13. Norwich to Nashua . ..........104 14. Saybrook to Hartford..........106 15. New Haven to Northampton........108 16. Bridgeport to Winsted . ........Ill 17. Bridgeport to the Berkshire Hills . . . . . . 114 18. S. Norwalk to Danbury....... • . 115 19. Boston to New York (by Norwich).......117 1. Boston to Woonsocket.........120 20. Hartford to Salisbury and Millerton . . . . . 120 21. Boston to New York (by Springfield).......124 1. S. Framingham to Lowell and to Mansfield . . . . 125 2. S. Framingham to Fitchburg . . , . ... 126 3. Worcester.................127 4. Springfield ... . . . . . . . . 131 5. Hartford . - .........134 22. Boston to Albany, Saratoga, and the West.....141 23. The Berkshire Hills.........142 1. Pittsfield and its Environs........144 2. Stockbridge ..."........149 3. N. Adams ............154 24. New York to Quebec. The Connecticut Valley towns . . 157 1. Mount Holyoke..........160 2. Lake Memphremagog.........171 25. Boston to the Hoosac Tunnel........175 26. Boston to Burlington (and Montreal)......179 1. Fitchburg to Peterboro'......... 179 27. Rutland to Bennington.........184 28. Rutland to Albany . . ....... . 187 1. Rutland and Washington Line.......187 29. Boston to Lowell, Concord, and Montreal ..... 188 1. Lowell..........." 189 2. Nashua to Wilton..........192 3. Concord to Claremont.........196 4. St. Albans to Richford...... . . . 206 5. St. Albans to Rouse's Point.......207 30. Boston to the Franconia Mountains......209 31. Boston to the White Mountains...... . 213 1. Rochester to Portland........ .213CONTENTS. vii Route page 32. Lake Winnepesaukee and the Sandwich Mountains . . ,.t 215 1. Centre Harbor to Conway ........ 219 2. Chocorua and Ossipee....... . , 220 63. The White Mountains and North Conway.....221 1. North Conway ..........223 2. North Conway to the Glen House and Gorham . . . .225 3. Gorham.......... . . 227 4. Gorham to the Notch......... 229 5. North Conway to the Notch.......230 6. The Crawford House to the Profile House.....233 7. Mount Washington.........234 34. The Franconia Mountains and the Pemigewasset Valley . . 238 1. The Profile House to Plymouth.......241 2. Waterville and Campton ......... . . 242 35. The P^rcy Peaks, Dixyille Notch, and Lake Umbagog . . 243 1. Colebrook to Umbagog and Rangeley . . . . . . 244 2. Connecticut Lake ..........245 36. Boston to Cape Ann ......... 245 37. Boston to Portland and St. John.......248 1. Peabody, Lowell, and Lawrence Branches ..... 255 2. Marblehead Branch.........255 3. Essex Branch ...........257 4. Amesbury Branch ...»......261 5. The Isles of Shoals ..........265 6. Portsmouth to Concord........267 7. Portland and its Environs........270 8. Casco Bay ...........274 38. Boston to Portland..........275 1. Wakefield to Newburyport........276 2. Lawrence to Lowell or Manchester......279 3. Dover to Lake Winnepesaukee.......282 39. Portland to the White Mountains.......284 1. Lake Sebago......... ^ ■ 284 40. Portland to Quebec and Montreal . . . . . . . 287 1. Mechanic Falls to Canton........287 2. Bethel to Lake Umbagog ... * 289 41. Portland to Farmington and the Western Maine Forest . 291 1. Farmington to the Rangeley Lakes.......292 42. Portland to the Upper Kennebec.......293 43. Boston or Portland to Moosehead Lake ..... 295 44. Portland to Rockland.........297 1. Wiscasset to Boothbay . . . ... . . . . 299 2. Damariscotta to Bristol and Pemaquid.....299 45. Portland to Mount Desert............ 1. Castine ............... 2. Bar Harbor.............. 3. Southwest Harbor.............306 4. Mount Desert to Machiasport.......307viii • CONTENTS. route page 46. Portland to Lewiston and Bangor......307 47. Portland to Augusta and Bangor.......309 48. Boston to Bangor. The Penobscot River.....316 49. Bangor to St. John . . . *r........318 1. Fredericton, N. B. . ........319 2. St. John River...........320 50. The New Brunswick Border, Eastport to Madawaska . . 321 THE WESTERN AND NORTHERN BORDERS OF NEW ENGLAND. 51. New York City ...........325 1. Central Park.......... . 336 2. Brooklyn ............339 52. New York to Albany. The Hudson River . . . . 34ft 1. Tlie Highlands...........343 2. The Catskill Mountains........347 3. Albany............348 53. Albany to Montreal..........350 1. Saratoga ............350 2. Fort Edward to Whitehall or Caldwell . . . . 355 3. Lake George . . ....... . . 357 4. Lake Champlain....... . . . 361 54. Montreal and its Environs........368 1. Lachine Rapids .......... 372 2. Victoria Bridge...........373 55. Montreal to Quebec. The St. Lawrence River ... 373 56. Quebec .............375 1. Ste. Anne and Chateau Richer.......384 2. The Saguenay River.........385 MAPS. 1. General Map of New England : in pocket. 2. Map of the Environs of Boston : in pocket. 3. Map of Nahant. 4. Map of Lake Winnepesaukee. 5. Map of the White and Franconia Mountains. 6. Map of the Hudson River. PLANS OF CITIES, &c. Boston, Hartford, Montreal, New Haven, New York, Newport, Portland, Providence, Quebec, Central Park, Mount Auburn Cemetery. ABBREVIATIONS. M. = mile; hr. = hour; min. = minute ; ft. = foot or feet; r. = right; 1. = left N. = north; S. = south; E. = east; W. = west. ASTERISKS denote objects deserving of special attention.NEW ENGLAND. " Nobis eternum reliquerunt monumentum, Novanglorura mcenia." "Nova Anglia": a Latin poem by Morrell, 1625. New England is the northeastern portion of the United States, and comprises the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. It is bounded on the S. by the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island Sound, 011 the W. by the State of New York, on the N. by the Province of Quebec, and on the E. by the province of New Bruns- wick and the Atlantic Ocean. It lies between the latitudes 41° and 48° N. and the longitudes 67° and 74° W. from Greenwich, and has an area of 65,000 square M., with a population of 3,487,924 (census of 1870). The principal religious sect is the Congregational, which has 190,473 members; the Episcopal Church has 38,098; and the Methodists have 70,000. The Catholics and the Baptists (114,000) are also strofig in numbers, while Unitarianism has here its chief power. A high standard of education prevails among the people, and is supported by an extensive school-system and several renowned colleges. The New-Englanders have always been distinguished for a marked individuality of thought, by reason of which the most advanced and radical schools of philosophy, politics, and religion have arisen or have been developed here. The nature of the climate and of the soil has rendered agriculture less profitable than at the West, and the strength of the section has been found in the establishment and maintenance of vast manufacturing indus- tries. The coast extends in a direct line for over 700 M., with many spacious harbors; and the maritime cities are celebrated for their skilful seamen and for their large fleets of merchant-ships. This district was granted by James I. to the Plymouth Company (in 1606) under the name of North Virginia; but Capt. John Smith, having surveyed and mapped the coast in 1614, gave it the name of New England. Maine is bounded on the S. by the Atlantic, on the W. by N. H., on the N. by Canada, and on the E. by New Brunswick. It is the most northeastern of the United States, and the largest of the States of New England. It has an area of 31,766 square M., with a population of 626,915, and a valuation of $223,254,860. It is divided into 16 counties, and has 13 small cities,X MAINE. the chief of which is Portland, while the capital is Augusta, at the head of ship-navigation on the Kennebec River. The coast of " hundred-har- bored Maine" is remarkably picturesque, with deep fiords running up between bold peninsulas, and with archipelagos of beautiful islands resting in quiet and extensive bays. The direct line of the coast from Kittery Point to Quoddy Head is 278 M., but the deep curves of the bays and estuaries give an actual shore-line of nearly 2,500 M. Mt. Desert (60,000 acres} is the largest of the many islands which front the ocean, and Mon- hegan is the most distant from the mainland. The great rivers Penob- scot, Kennebec, and St. Croix empty into the sea on this coast, and furnish wide and convenient harbors. Nearly f of the area of Maine is still covered with primeval forests, and the lumber-trade is the chief industry of the State. The trees are felled and hauled to the water- courses during the winter, and in the spring they are united in vast rafts and floated down to the river cities. In the S. and E. of the great forest is a broken range of mountains, the loftiest of which is Mt. Katahdin (5,385. ft. high). -fa of Maine is covered with water, the principal lakes being Moosehead, Chesuncook, and the Rangeley, Madawaska, and Schoodic groups. The Maine coast was first visited by Gosnold in 1602, and in 1607 the short-lived Sagadahoc colony settled at the mouth of the Kennebec River. The French colonies at the St. Croix River and Mt. Desert were but ephemeral, and several other attempts proved equally unsuccessful, partly owing to the hostility between the claimants of the territory (the French and English), and the distrust of the Indians for both of them. The island of Monhegan was settled in 1622, and Saco was founded in 1623. When the Plymouth Company broke up, in 1635, Sir Ferdinando Gorges received by royal charter the province of Maine (then first so called). In 1642 his son founded the city of Gorgeana (York), but in 1651 Mass. absorbed Maine, being sustained by the exigencies of the times and by the Puritan Parliament of England. After some resistance on the part of the Maine proprietors, Mass. bought out their interest, and thenceforward ruled the northern province for nearly 170 years with a firm and beneficial sway. From 1675 until 1760 a disastrous succession of Indian wars ensued, in which every twentieth settler was killed or captured and many towns were destroyed. The bombardment of Port- land (1775) and the naval battle at Castine (1779) were the chief events during the Revolution, but the coast was badly harried during the War of 1812. In 1820 Maine was admitted into the Union as the twenty- third State. New Hampshire is bounded on the S. by Mass., on the W. by Vt., on the N. by the province of Quebec, and on the E. by Maine and the Atlantic. It has anNEW HAMPSHIRE—VERMONT. xi area of 9,280 square M., with a population of 318,300, and a valuation of $ 162,987,177. It is divided into 10 counties, with 234 towns and 5 cities, and the capital is Concord, on the Merrimac River. There is an ocean- front of 18 M., which is bordered by level plains stretching inland, while just off the coast are the remarkable Isles of Shoals, formerly famed for their fisheries and now a favorite summer-resort. Beyond the sea-shore plains the country assumes a more rugged and broken appearance, with numerous isolated summits and hill-ranges which culminate in the White Mts., covering over 40 square M. of a picturesque district which is called " the Switzerland of America." The lakes of N. H. cover 110,000 acres, and the most beautiful of their number is Winnepesaukee, which has 69 square M. of extent, and contains 300 islands. The soil of the State is not fertile, but it has much mineral wealth; and the climate, though severe, is very healthful. There are extensive primeval forests in the N. (Coos County), in whose recesses wolves and bears still are found ; and the remote lakes and streams afford fine fishing. The Connecticut, Saco, and Merrimac Rivers have their sources in N. H., and on the water-'power afforded by the latter large manufacturing cities are located. There are 42 national banks, with a capital of $5,135,000 ; and 54 savings-banks, with deposits amounting to $ 25,303,235. The manufactures of cotton and woollen goods, iron and leather, are the chief mechanical industries, and centre at the cities of Manchester and Nashua. The press of the State consists of 8 daily papers, 36 weeklies, and 6 monthlies. The N. H. coast was first visited by the Europeans in 1614, and settle- ments were founded at Dover and Portsmouth about 1623. The district was for many years under the government of Mass., and was afterwards ceded to N. Y., while the incessant inroads of the Indians devastated the frontiers for nearly 80 years. The chief incidents of these wars were the destruction of Dover (1689), and the battle of Pequawket. In 1741 N. H. became a royal province, and in 1776 it led the secession from the British Empire, giving freely of its men and money to the cause of independence. Vermont is bounded on the S. by Mass., on the W. by N. Y. and Lake Champlain, on the N. by Canada, and on the E. by N. H. It has an area of 9,056 M., with a population of 330,551, and a valuation of $ 142,612,356. It is divided into 14 counties, and has but 2 small cities, the great majority of the people being engaged in farming. The centre of the State is trav- ersed from N. to S. by the Green Mts., whose smooth and rounded sum- mits form a marked contrast with the sharp peaks of the White Mts. The chief of the Green Mts. are Mt. Mansfield (4,359 ft.), Camel's Hump (4,188 ft.), Killington and Pico Peaks, and Mt. Ascutney. The E. slope is watered by several streams which flow into the Connecticut River,xii MASSACHUSETTS. while the W. slope sinks into the broad and fertile plains which "border Lake Champlain and are traversed by Otter Creek and the Winooski, Lamoille, and Missisquoi Rivers. The Lakes Memphremagog, Willpughby, Dunmore, Bomaseen, and St. Catharine are pleasant summer-resorts, and the great Lake Champlain affords an avenne for an extensive international commerce, whose chief centre is the port of Burlington. The evergreen forests on the mountains alternate with broad pasture-plains, and the deciduous groves on the lowlands are interspersed with tillage-fields of rich loamy soil, so that Yt. has become the most agricultural of the Northern States, and exceeds all others (proportionally to her population) in the production of wool, live stock, maple sugar, butter and cheese, hay, hops, and potatoes. In 1871 there were made here 8,000 tons of butter, 2,400 tons of cheese, and 4,500 tons of maple-sugar. Extensive quarries of fine statuary and variegated marble and serpentine have been opened in the S. counties, and vast quantities of slate have been exported from the same region. The first European who saw Yt. was Jacques Cartier, who, in 1535, looked upon its high ridges from Mount Royal (Montreal). Its coast was explored by Champlain and others in 1609, and prosperous French settle- ments were made (in Addison) later in the 17th century. In 1724 Mass. built Fort Dummer (near the present town of Brattleboro); but the num- bers and ferocity of the Indians prevented colonization until after the conquest of Canada (1760). The territory was then partly occupied under grants from N. H., until it was ceded to N. Y.; and thereafter ensued a controversy in which the settlers successfully resisted the authorities of N. Y. until the outbreak of the Revolution, when they proclaimed Ver- mont (Verts Monts, or Green Mts.) an independent State. Congress twice refused to acknowledge the new State, although its soldiers (" the Green Mountain Boys ") captured Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and annihilated the flower of Burgoyne's German auxiliaries at the battle of Bennington. In 1791, after paying New York $30,000 in liquidation of all claims, Vt. was admitted into the Union (the 14th State), and since that time has prospered and steadily increased in wealth and population. Massachusetts is bounded on the S. by Conn, and R. I., on the W. by N. Y., on the N. by Vt. and N. H., and on the E. by the Atlantic. It has an area of 7,800 square M., with 1,457^351 inhabitants, and a valuation of $2,132,148,741. The soil is not fertile, but considerable crops are gained by careful cultivation ; and the best land is found in the valleys of the Connecticut and Housatonic Rivers. There is but little level land in the State, and in the W. counties the Taconic and Hoosac Ranges of mountains afford great diversity of scenery. The Connecticut River flows through a garden-likeMASSACHUSETTS. xiii valley, with several prosperous towns ; and the Merrimac (in the N. E.) affords a vast water-power to Lowell and Lawrence, and passes , into the sea at Newburyport. The climate is severe in the hill-countries, and is very variable on the coast, — the mean temperature being between 44 ° and 51 As far back as 1855 the annual farm products amounted to over $ 21,000,000, and at that time the State had 2,250,000 apple-trees. Profit- able beds of iron ore and glass sand have been developed, and the exporta- tion of marble (from Berkshire County) and granite (from Quincy and Cape Ann) has become a lucrative business. The State has been celebrated for the number and excellence of its ships, and for the skill and enterprise of its seamen. Granite, ice, and fish are among the chief articles of export; the latter being brought in by the large fishing-fleets of Cape Cod and Gloucester. The manufacturing interests of the State are of immense extent and wide variety, and their products for the year 1870 were valued at $ 550,000,000. Boots and shoes, cotton goods, woollens, iron, and paper, are the chief manufactures (named in the order of their importance). There are 160 savings-banks, with deposits amounting to $163,535,943. In 1871 the State debt was $ 29,630,364, of which $ 12,000,000 was for railroad loans, and $16,500,000 represented the unpaid balance of the war loan. The prevailing religious sect is the Congregational, the Baptist, Meth- odist, and Unitarian churches being also strong, while the Roman Catholics are rapidly attaining great power and influence. The educational insti- tutions of the State are admirably arranged and have a high reputation, their efficiency being assured by the maintenance of four normal schools, five colleges, and Harvard University. The militia is kept in a state of high efficiency and discipline, and is mostly composed of veterans of the War of 1861-5. The coast of Mass. was first visited by the Norwegian mariners Leif and Thorwald, about the year 1000. After several attempts at colonization, which were frustrated by the powerful native tribes, the Norsemen aban- doned the-country (which, from its fruitfulness, they had named Vinland). In 1497 John and Sebastian Cabot cruised along the coast, and were fol- lowed by Cortereal, Yerrazzani, and Gomez. In 1602 Gosnold explored the S. E. islands, and planted an ephemeral colony on Cuttyhunk, near New Bedford. Pring, Champlain, and Weymouth soon after passed along the coast, while Capt. John Smith, following them in 1614, made a map of the coast and islands. Dec. 21, 1620, the ship '^Mayflower " arrived at Plymouth with 102 Pilgrims, who had been driven from England by- religious persecution, and who founded here the first permanent colony in Mass. Salem was settled in 1628, and Boston in 1630, by Puritan exiles, and the Atlantic coast and the Connecticut valley were soon dotted with villages of bold and hardy immigrants.xiv CONNECTICUT. The Pequot War (1637) and King Philip's War (1675-6) caused a fear- ful loss of life and property, and several of the valley towns were utterly destroyed before the colonial forces could crush the insurgent tribes. In 1689 the province revolted against the royal authorities, and the country- people took Boston and its fortifications and guard-frigate, and imprisoned the governor (Sir Edmund Andros). In 1692 Plymouth was united to Massachusetts, and thereafter, until the conquest of Canada in 1760, the province was foremost in the wars with the French colonies in the N. Many of her towns were destroyed by Indian raids, and the W. frontier was nearly depopulated; but the general prosperity was unchecked, and when the British Parliament commenced its unjust oppressions, the prov- ince had 250,000 inhabitants, many of whom were trained veterans of the Canadian Wars. In face of the royal army which had been moved into Boston, the men of Massachusetts opened correspondences which brought about a colonial union for mutual defence, and enrolled themselves as minute-men, ready to march against the British troops at a minute's notice. The battles of Concord and Lexington were followed by a general appeal to arms; and the siege of Boston, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the American occupation of the city came in rapid succession. After these events the scene of war was transferred to New York and the South, where the Massachusetts regiments won high honor, especially in the victorious campaign against Burgoyne's invading army. In 1780 the State Constitution was framed, and in 1786 a serious revolt occurred in the W. counties, caused by the pressure of enormous taxes. This rising (which was headed by Daniel Shays) was put down after a few skirmishes. In the War of 1812 the State theoretically confined her exertions to the de- fence of her Own coast, though thousands of her seamen entered the national navy. Extensive manufacturing interests now rose rapidly into view, and a network of railroads was stretched across the State. During the War for the Union (1861 - 5) Massachusetts put forth her utmost strength, and gave 158,380 men to the armies of the Republic, besides incurring a war-debt of over $ 50,000,000. Connecticut is bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, on the W. by New York, on the N. by Mass., and on the E. by R. I. It has an area of 4,730 square M., with 537,454 inhabitants, and a valuation of $ 532,951,061. There are 8 counties, 160 towns, and 7 cities. The soil is usually rugged and com- paratively unproductive, although the river-valleys afford some rich lands, and considerable crops are raised by laborious cultivation. The tobacco- crop of 1870 amounted to 8,328,798 pounds, and in the same year were made 6,716,007 pounds of butter and 563,328 tons of hay. " The manu- factures of the State are more general, multifarious, and productive thanCONNECTICUT. XV those of any other people of similar means," — clocks and carriages, fire- arms, tin and brittania ware, sewing-machines, iron and rubber goods being the chief articles of production. There are 66 savings-banks, with deposits amounting to $ 55,297,705, and many wealthy and powerful insurance companies. New Haven has a lucrative West India trade, while New London has a considerable number of vessels engaged in sealing and whaling. The Conn. River is famous for its valuable fisheries, which have been revived by stocking the stream (1867-70) with 154,000,000 young shad. The chief religious sect is the Congregational, and the Episcopal Church has more strength here than in any other State (proportionally to the population). There are three colleges, Yale (Cong.), Trinity (Epis.), and Wesleyan (Meth.), with 4 schools of theology. The educational interests of the State are well and efficiently carried on, under the support of the great funds derived from the sale of the Western Reserve lands. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State are remarkable for their influence and efficiency. The ingenuity, enterprise, and individuality of the men of Conn, have given them an advanced place in the mercantile and political activities of the Republic; and " probably no country of similar extent has sent abroad so vast a horde of emigrants in proportion to its population." The coast and rivers of Conn, were first explored by Adrian Block and other Dutch mariners (1614-33); the district was in the English Plymouth Patent of 1620, and was chartered in 1631. About that time the river Indians were subjugated by the Pequots, and Seguin, their chief,; sent to New York, Plymouth, and Boston for help. In 1633 a small Dutch colony landed at Hartford; and in the same year a Plymouth vessel passed up to Windsor, where a settlement was planted. These were merely trading-posts, but Wethersfield was occupied in 1634, and in 1636 three nomadic churches were led by their pastors through the wilderness from Boston to the Conn. River, where they settled at Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield. Saybrook was founded and fortified in 1635, and in 1637 the first legislature declared war against the Pequot Indians, who were defeated and speedily crushed by the colonial train-bands, aided by the friendly tribes. In April, 1638, New Haven was settled, and soon after the other coast-towns were founded. In 1639 a remarkable consti- tution (which acknowledged no higher human power than the people of Conn.) was adopted, and in 1662 a royal charter was obtained. After the union of the independent colonies of Conn. (Hartford) and New Haven, in 1665, the two towns were made semi-capitals of the province (and State),, and so remained until 1873, when Hartford was made the sole capital. The State stood honorably among the foremost during the Revolution,, although the towns along the coast were pillaged and destroyed by raids from the Hessian and Tory garrison at New York.xvi RHODE ISLAND. Rhode Island is bounded on the S. by the Atlantic, on the W. by Conn., and on the N. and E. by Mass. It is the smallest State in the Union, and has an area of 1,046 square M.,.with 217,353 inhabitants, and a valuation of $ 296,965,- 646. There are 5 counties, with 32 towns, and 2 cities. The soil is un- productive, and but little fanning is done save on the fertile plains of the Island of Aquidneck. The State is nearly cut in two by Narragansett Bay, which runs inland for 30 M. (with a width of 3-12 M.), and contains several islands, the chief of which is Aquidneck (or Rhode Island) on whose S. end is the famous summer-resort, Newport. 11 M. S. E. of Point Judith is Block Island, which pertains to this State. The climate is mild and equable, from its vicinity to the sea and exposure to the S.; and the greater part of the State is a region of low hills or sea-shore plains. The principal mechanical industries are at Providence, Pawtucket, Woon- socket, and Westerly ; and as far back as 1860 the State reported 1,200 manufacturing establishments, with an aggregate capital of $ 24,380,000, using annually $24,410,000 worth of raw material, and producing over $ 50,000,000 worth of goods. The 33 savings-banks of the State hold in deposit $36,289,703. The charitable and correctional institutions are mostly about Providence, where is also the seat of Brown University, a flourishing school under the care of the Baptist Church, which is the prevailing sect in the State. Rhode Island was probably colonized by the Norsemen in the 10th and 11th centuries, but was afterwards abandoned for centuries, until the coming of Verrazzani in 1524. He remained at Aquidneck (which was then thickly populated by Indians) for two weeks. In 1636 Roger Williams, having been banished from Mass., came down the Seekonk River with 5 companions, and founded a settlement which he named Providence, in acknowledgment of "God's merciful providence to him in his distress." In 1638 Wm. Coddington and another party of exiles founded Newport; in 1642 a third banished company settled at Warwick; and in 1643 and 1663 these colonies united under a royal charter. The powerful Narra- gansett Indians dwelt in Rhode Island, and when King Philip's War broke out they ravaged all the outlying settlements and killed many of the colonists. The New England colonies, ignoring the existence of heret- ical Rhode Island, and rejecting its advice, marched an army across to the Narragansett country, and, after a terrific assault, stormed the Indian stronghold and crushed the tribe. The little province gave freely of her men and money in the French wars, and sent some of the best troops to the American siege of Boston. In Dec., 1776, Newport was taken by the British, who held it for 3 years, but were prevented by the New England militia from passing farther into the country. In 1861 the men of Rhode Island were among the first to reach the imperilled national capital.INTRODUCTION I. Language. The people of New England claim that they speak the English lan- guage more correctly than it is spoken elsewhere in the world. Be this as it may, it is certain that this one language is universally used through- out the six States, and the traveller is delivered from the trouble caused in Great Britain by its four languages and numerous dialects, or in France by its three languages and provincial patois. The European tongues are taught in the high-schools all over the country, but the instruction is purely theoretical, and the number who can talk French, German, or Ital- ian is very small. Tourists, who wish to travel among the remoter dis- tricts of New England, should be well acquainted with the language, which is "the English of Elizabeth," with a few local idioms. II. Money and Travelling Expenses. Since the war for the Union (1861 - 65) gold and silver coin has disap- peared from circulation, and been replaced by U. S. Treasury notes and National Bank bills for values upwards of one dollar, and by fractional currency issued by the Treasury, of the values of 10, 15, 25, and 50 cts. Nickel and mixed coins of 1, 2, 3, and 5 cts. value, abound. This paper currency is at a discount for gold of from 10 to 15 per ct. The cur- rency of Canada is either coin or paper at a coin value. It is more expensive to travel in New England than in any part of Western Europe. The usual charge per day at the best hotels is $ 4 to $ 4.50, with considerable reductions when a prolonged stay is made at one place. Tourists who travel slowly through the country and stop at the less pretentious hotels (which are usually comfortable, and always Safe) may easily limit their expenses to $ 25 or $ 30 per week. Those who fre- quent hotels of the highest class, and indulge much in carriage-riding, will find $ 45 to $ 50 per week none too much. At most of the sea-beaches board can be secured at $ 10 or $ 15 per week; while in the quieter and less fashionable villages about the mountains, substantial fare may be found in broad old farm-houses, for $6 to $10 per week. III. Railways and Steamboats. Railway travelling in America is much more comfortable, yet more ex- pensive and dangerous, than in the Old World. There is but one cla&s of2 INTRODUCTION. tickets, the average fares being about three cts. a mile. On each train is a smoking-car, easily accessible from the other cars, and fitted with tables for card-playing. It is prudent to decline playing with strangers, as gamblers sometimes practice their arts here, in spite of the watchfulness of the officers of the train. To nearly every through train on the grand routes is attached one or more Pullman cars, which are richly carpeted and curtained, and profusely furnished with sofas, easy-chairs, tables, mirrors, and fronted with broad plate glass windows. These cars being .well balanced and running on twelve wheels, glide over the rails with great ease. By night they are ingeniously changed into sleeping-rooms, with comfortable beds. The extra fares on the palace cars are collected by men attached to them; the price of a night's lodging (in which time one can go from Boston to New York) is $ 2. The fares by steamboat are somewhat lower than by rail, and (in case of a night passage) include a sleeping-berth in the lower saloon, but generally do not include meals. A state-room in the upper cabin costs extra, but insures better air and greater comfort and privacy. State-rooms (in the summer season) should be secured in advance at the company's office in New York, Boston, or Portland. Great lines of stages still run among the mountains and in the remote rural districts. Persons travelling by this way, in pleasant weather, should try to get a seat on the outside. The Check System. — The traveller, having bought a ticket for his des- tination, shows his heavy baggage (trunks, &c.) to the baggage-master, who attaches a small numbered brass plate to each piece with a leather thong, and gives to the traveller a check for each piece of baggage, simi- lar in form and number to that appended to such piece. The railroad now becomes responsible (within certain limits of weight and value) for the baggage, which is to be given up only on the presentation of the du- plicate check which is in the traveller's possession. Trunks may be thus despatched from Boston to Montreal, Boston to Chicago, &c., without trouble, and if their owner is delayed on the route, they are stored safely at their destined station until he calls. On presentation of the check at the baggage-room of the station to which the baggage has been sent, it is given up to the owner, or his hotel porter. The large hotels have coaches at the railroad stations, on the arrival of through trains, and their porters will take the duplicate checks, get the trunks and carry them to the hotel. IV. Excursions on Foot. It is remarkable that pedestrianism has never been popular in this country. The ease and perfect freedom of this mode of travelling, its highly beneficial physical effects, the leisure thus afforded in which to study the beautiful scenery in otherwise remote and inaccessible dis- tricts, all mark this as one of the most profitable and pleasant modes ofINTRODUCTION. 3 summer recreation. To walk two hundred miles in a fortnight is an easy thing, and it is infinitely more refreshing for a man of sedentary habits than the same length of time spent in lying on the sands of some beach, or idling in a farm-house among the hills. " For a tour of two or three weeks, a couple of flannel shirts, a pair of worsted stockings, slippers, and the articles of the toilet, carried in a pouch slung over the shoulder, will generally be found a sufficient equipment, to which a light overcoat and a stout umbrella may be added. Strong and well-tried boots are essential to comfort. Heavy and complicated knapsacks should be avoided; a light pouch, or game-bag, is far less irksome, and its position may be shifted at pleasure." — Baedeker. One or two books might be added to this list, and a reserve of clothing may be sent on in a light valise, at a trifling cost, to the town which is the pedestrian's objective point. It would be well for inexperienced walkers to bdgin at eight to ten miles a day, and gradually increase to sixteen to eighteen miles, or six hours' walking. During the heats of summer the travelling should be done at early morning and late afternoon, thus spending the hottest part of the day in coolness and rest. The best time for a pedestrian tour is between late September and late October, when the sky is clear and the air bracing, — the season of the reaping of harvests, the ripening of fruits, and the splendor of the reddening forests. Among the most interesting "districts in New England for the pedes- trian, the following may be mentioned: The picturesque valleys, lakes, and mountains of Berkshire County, Mass.; the valley of the Connecticut from Springfield to Greenfield; the ocean-surrounded arm of sand, Cape Cod, with its quaint and salty old villages (Thoreau's " Cape Cod " is the best guide there) ; the lake region of New Hampshire ; the White and Franconia Mountains (frequently explored by walking parties from the colleges during the summer vacation); and in Maine, the romantic Island of Mount Desert. The east bank of the Hudson River, from New York to Albany, affords a walk of rare interest, and the west shore of Lake George presents a short walk through peerless scenery. But the most in- teresting ramble is from Quebec through the C6t6 de Montmorenci to Cape Tormente, there crossing the St. Lawrence, and passing down the south shore through the quaint old Norman Catholic villages of Mont- magny, L'Islet, and Kamouraska. This route can be traversed only by an experienced traveller who is well posted in French. There are but very few hotels in this ancient and primitive district. V. Hotels. The hotels of the United States will certainly bear comparison with those of any other country. The European plan has been adopted in many of them (as Parker's, at Boston; the St. Julian, at Portland), while in many others it is used in combination with the American plan, — $4 to4 INTRODUCTION*. $4.50 per day at the more fashionable houses, $ 2.50 to $ 4 per day at the comfortable hotels of the smaller cities, and $1.50 to $2.50 per day in the smaller houses in the rural districts, are the charges which cover all ordinary requirements. No costly array of sundries and extras is at- tached to the bill, and the practice of feeing the servants has never obtained to any extent, nor has it been found necessary. VI. Bound-Trip Excursions* During the summer and early fall the railroads prepare series of ex- cursion tickets at greatly reduced rates. Information and lists of these routes may be obtained from the central offices in Boston. The office of the Hoosac Tunnel Route (to Saratoga, &c.) is at 69 Washington St., Boston ; the Connecticut and Passumpsic River Railroad is at 87 Wash- ington St.; the Boston, Concord, and Montreal is at 5 State St.; the Grand Trunk Railroad is at 134 Washington St.; where is also the pas* senger office of the Eastern Railroad (to Portland, the Eastern Provinces, and the White Mountains), conducted by Geo. F. Field, Esq. The Ver- mont Central Railroad (office 65 Washington St.) publishes a twenty-four page book of round excursions (with their prices) to every part of New Hampshire,. Vermont, the Province of Quebec, Eastern New York, and also to Niagara Falls, Chicago, St. Paul, and Duluth. VII. Climate and Dress. The climate of New England is subject to the most sudden and severe changes* from heat to cold or from cold to heat. The summers are usually much hotter and the winters much colder than in England, and during the latter season great falls of snow are frequent. The summer sun is often fatal in its power, and long-exposure to its vertical rays should be avoided. At the same time warm clothing should be kept at hand, and woollen, or at least heavy cotton, underclothing should be worn, in order to guard against the sudden changes which are so frequent. VIII. Miscellaneous Notes* Passports are of no use in the United States in time of peace. The examination of luggage at the Canadian frontier and at the ocean- ports is usually very lenient, and conducted in a courteous manner. Traffic is made easy from the fact that fixed charges exist in the shops, and the tiresome processes of chaffing and beating down are unnecessary. There are no professional guides in New England, but the people are prompt and willing to answer all civilly put questions. Gentlemen from abroad will remember that there is here, especially in the country, no class of self-recognized peasantry, and that a haughty question or order will often provoke a reply couched in all " the native rudeness of the Saxoa tongue." _______. —__NEW ENGLAND HANDBOOK. L Boston. Hotels* Those in the heart of the city are most conveniently situated. Tre- mont House (PI. 18), on Tremont St., corner of Beacon, and the * Revere House (PI. 9), on Bowdoin Sq., are large, commodious hotels, near the State House, and carried on by the same company. The * American House (PI. 10), on Hanover St., is a large and elegant brownstone structure, with 300 rooms. Board at $ 4 to $ 4.50 per day. *The Parker House (PL 19), a noble marble building on School St., opposite King's Chapel and the City Hall, is kept on the European plan, and is a famous resort of the young men of New England. Young's Hotel (PL 20), Court Ave., is on the European plan, and is much resorted to by city merchants. The following hotels are less expensive : Adams House (PL 28), 371 Washington St., $3; Marlboro' Hotel (Pl. 2tj), 227 and 229 Washington Street; Sherman House; Temple House, Bowdoin Sq. ; Milliken's (PL 22), Washington St. Near the great Northern railroad stations are the Arlington House (European plan) and National House. Opposite the Albany Railroad Station is the exten- sive United States Hotel (PI. 33). In Brattle St. are the City Hotel and the Quincy House. At the South End.—*St. James Hotel, on Franklin Sq., a vast and elegant structure, 400 guests, $ 4 a day, $ 15 to $ 25 a week. * Commonwealth Hotel, a new marble building on Washington St., stretching from Worcester to Spring- field St., 200 to 250 guests, $4 a day. Also on Washington St., the Erskine, Lancaster, Everett, Warwick, and St. Denis Houses; and on Tremont St., the Clarendon and the St. Cloud, — smaller and less expensive houses. The French system of Hotels Garnis in its various forms is very popular in Boston. The principal hotels of this class (with family suites) are the Evans House, 175 Tremont, and the Hotel Pelham, corner Tremont and Boylston Streets, both fronting on the Common. Opposite this, the superb Hotel Boylston, one of the noblest buildings in the city. The Hotels Berkeley and Kempton, and the Hotel Hamilton (on Commonwealth Ave.), at the West End, and the Hotels Flor- ence, Bradford, &c., at the South End, are of this class. The Norfolk House (in Roxbury) and the Maverick House (in East Boston) are large, quiet, and inexpen- sive suburban hotels. Restaurants. — * Parker House (with ladies' dining-room attached)* famous for its excellent dinners. (Charles Dickens called Parker's the best hotel in America.) * Young's, near Old State House, with an elegant dining-hall, much patronized for society and festal dinners. * Charles Copeland's, 4 Tremont Row, — a dainty saloon, frescoed and fountained, much visited by ladies. The Copeland restaurants at 208 Washington St., and 128 Tremont St., opposite Park St., are frequented by ladies. Higgins's, 126 Court St., is famous for fine oysters. Wilson's Lane, Spring Lane, Brattle St., and the vicinity, abound in good eating- houses. Lager Beer may be had at many German saloons throughout the city. Ice-creams and confections at Copeland's, Fera's (343 Washington St.), Southmayd's, Webers, &c. Billiard-Rooms. — The finest hall of the kind in New England is on Wash- ington St., near the Boylston Market. The Revere billiard-rooms, near Bow- doin Sq,, are large and brilliant. Artemus Ward's quaint saying is well known, — that Harvard College is located in the billiard-room of the Parker House. Other comfortable, though smaller rooms are scattered through the city. Hatbsu — Turkish, sulphur-fume, and electro-chemical, rear of the Marlboro*6 Route 1. BOSTON. Hotel* 231 Washington St. Turkish baths, 1427 "Washington St., 17 Beacon St. Bath-rooms in the hotels. Reading*Rooms (open evenings also). In the Public Library are the prin- cipal European periodicals, and a large number of American papers, &c. — The Young Men's Christian Union (300 Washington St.) and the Young Men's Chris- tian Association (corner Tremont and Eliot Sts.) have large and well-supplied reading-rooms, free to all. An introduction from a member is necessary for entrance to the Atheneeum reading-rooms. Most of the hotels devote a room to numerous files of the newspapers of the day. Theatres. — The Boston Theatre (PI. 27), on Washington St., near West, is the largest in New England. The principal tragedians of (or visiting) America have played here, and the building is often engaged for Italian and German Operas. The elegant Globe Theatre, " the Parlor of Comedy," was destroyed in the great Memorial Day fire (May 30, 1873), but it is to be rebuilt immediately. The Museum, Theatre (PL 15), on Tremont, near School St., is conducted by a stock company, and is called the " Orthodox" or "Ministers' Theatre," since no spec- tacular or questionable plays are allowed there. William Warren, the great comedian,* is a member of the Museum company, with which he has played for 26 years, winning a wide and enviable reputation. On Howard St., near Court, is the Howard Athenaeum (PI. 11), devoted to varieties, and entertainments by negro minstrels. Classic music in Music Hall by the Handel and Haydn Society, the Thomas Orchestra, and the Apollo Club. Also semi-weekly organ concerts. Consulates. — Austrian, 80 State St. ; Belgian, 6 Central Whf. ; British, 127 State St. ; French, Italian, 17 Broad ; German, 80 State; Russian, 49 India Whf. ; Swedish, 6 Central Whf. Horse-cars traverse the city in all directions. Tremont St., between Temple Place, and the Tremont House, Bowdoin Sq., and Scollay Sq. (corner Court and Tremont Sts.), are the principal centres of horse-car traffic. Cars leave the Tremont House every few minutes for the Northern Depots, Chelsea Ferry, Mt. Pleasant (in Dorchester), Warren St. (Roxbury), Grove Hall, Dorchester, Norfolk House (Roxbury), Egleston Square, Forest Hills, Lenox St., Jamaica Plain, Brook- line, Beacon St., and E. Boston. Also from Temple Place to Dudley St. (Rox- bury), and Grove Hall, via Shawmut Ave. From Scollay Sq. cars run to So. Boston, City Point, Bay View, Charlestown Neck, Bunker Hill, Maiden, Winter Hill, Medford, Union Square (Somerville), Chelsea, Revere Beach (in summer), Lynn, Swampscott. From foot of Summer St., cars to Dorchester and Milton. From Bowdoin Sq., cars on 20 routes to the western suburbs, Cambridgeport, Riverside Press, Brighton, Newton Corner, Harvard Sq. (University), Mount Auburn, Watertown, Arlington, Somerville (via Craigie's Bridge). Omnibuses. — From Salem St., Charlestown, via Warren Bridge and Wash- ington St., to Concord St. Carriages. — 50 cts. each passenger for a course within the city proper ; from south of Dover St. to the North End, $ 1. A tariff of fares is hung in each carriage. • Steamers leave Boston as follows (in the season of navigation) : — For Augusta and Bath, Me., semi-weekly, from Union Whf. ; for Baltimore, from India Whf. ; for Bangor, semi-weekly, from Foster's Whf. ; for Calais, Me., Sat- urdays, from Commercial Whf. ; for Dover, from Battery Whf. ; for Eastporfc and St. John, N. B., tri-weekly, from Commercial Whf. ; for Gloucester, daily, from 234 Broad St. ; for Halifax, N. S., Pictou, and Prince Edward's Island, every Saturday, from T Whf. ; for Hull, Hingham, and Nantasket, semi-daily in summef, front Liverpool Whf. and 234 Broad St. ; for Long Island, Quincy Point, and North Weymouth, daily in summer, from Rowe's Whf. ; for Nahant, daily in summer, from India Whf. ; for Philadelphia, semi-weekly, from Long Whf. ; for Portland, daily, from India Whf. ; for Provincetown, from Central Whf! ; for Savannah, every ten days, from T Whf. ; for Liverpool (Cunard Line), every Tuesday, from Cunard Whf., East Boston (cabin, $80 and $100 in gold ; steerage, $ 30 in currency). Sailing packet-lines connect Boston with nearly every port of New England. Churches. — There are in the city 18 Baptist churches, 22 Congregationalist, 27 Unitarian, 15 Episcopal, 22 Methodist, 7 Presbyterian, 17 Roman Catholic, 6 Universalist, and 14 other religious societies. There is a German Lutheran church, Corner of Shawmut Ave. and Waitham St.; a German Reformed church, 8 Shaw-A W fTHML THE i^FE Sfl&PROV A C^MFIiirTl eytBilt)- STTRAN©SR§., the s grLtPran«&€?^182%sHiK6^-31 EO^'tokMASS. < PUBLISHER'S' '0 r ' ' ' ' ' j* ' C - jfegfrrs^ gSS-^v: TOTS f; JM DfW', V0, W.n \ f ^ & w; 1^ feU__ Ferry % 1 ercwO. SCcazd 13 'SiW. ^ fiH dB^beanxDitoml j B : D /Scale of £eeb. ' soc tooo ifiyo 'ThisMap is diviMwicSquares marled. mihLetters&Ftgwes rciuulits edge TbHic-Bmldaujs, Hotels,R.R Depots, btiaces afJbmuserrcervtarewanbered. ,• tfa> Guide. beMm' 7-e/b*tet/'WseMmibep$ fctkeip location. u% the. Syrmres. m ! Square j HOTELS till m Square. PLACES OFAMUSElJSl 8 c. sr j Revere 40 E. 8 Glob© Theatre 10 C.9. America n 42 £. 8 James . 18 ».9.l Tremorit 27 D 8 Boston 35 E .9. i United States 25 D 9, Music Hall. 19 D.9. | Parker's. 11 C 9 Howard Athene 28 I H. k&ams 15 :n 9 Mviseum . 26 D . 9 Mai-lb or o . 50 E. 5. Coliseum of 1872. 47 0 5 lomuiouwealtL PUB"? BUILDS HI 20 D 9- Sherman ■13 D . 8. State House 22 D 9 . Parks 16 1) 10 raneuil Hall 48 G-5. S* James 31 E . B. Public library. 20 B.9 Youog's. .24 D . 10: Custom House. El D . 10 Pyst Qftve: 4» B . a Geii-f Hospital. RJ-R?DEPO£ snm D . 9 City Hall. - 2d E.7. ! Providence. * * D. 9 Tremoxit Teaiple. 6 C 10 ! IVo^oft&lvfoiiu: o B 6 Natural HistoijSor. 2 B 9 1 Eastern. 44 D . 9 New Post Office. 3 B 9. ; Lowell 45 K 8 Masonic Hall ' 36 r.9. Old Colony X : B .5. j PreeCil\ llos|Hifi 1 1 35 B 10 F.8 Fftchbur« . Boston ecAIbaiLV \9 ;h 1 ! Ptangs. Ihi-ouio }i ovlsc | " 59 EiV ; Hartford & Me i ! ! i _________ —.-------------1 Cfturc/m 4- Schools ~W> 1 Rail-Roads \llorse,BMRds wmmm Boundary ^War(k -------.......'J. 'ThisMap is diviMwicSquares marled. mihLetters&Ftgwes rciuulits edge TbHic-Bmldaujs, Hotels,R.R Depots, btiaces afJbmuserrcervtarewanbered. ,• tfa> Guide. beMm' 7-e/b*tet/'WseMmibep$ fctkeip location. u% the. Syrmres. H E'Mered according to aci of congress in tixevear'.BOSTON. Route 1. 7 miit St. ; a German Methodist church, 541 Shawmut Ave., and a Synagogue of German Jews, on Pleasant St. Newspapers. — 8 daily papers are published in the city ; also 3 semi-week- lies ; 72 weeklies ; 8 bi-monthlies ; 70 monthlies (mostly magazines) ; and 14 quarterlies. Boston. (Shawmut, or " Sweet Waters "), the Puritan City, was first settled by a recluse Anglican clergyman, Willam Blackstone, about the year 1623. The adventurous colonists who landed at Salem, in 1630, soon moved a large party to Charlestown ; but, finding no water there, they crossed to the peninsula of Shawmut) under the leadership of Isaac Johnson, landing on the present site of Boston, September 7 (O. S.), 1630. The name Boston was given to the place by order of the Court, in honor of that English city from which came Johnson and John Cotton, two of the early church fathers of the new settlement.* In 1634 Blackstone, declaring "I came from England because I did not like the lord bishops, but I can't join with you, because I would not be under the lords brethren," sold the peninsula to the colonists for £30,. and went into the wilderness. Governor Winthrop had previously constituted Boston the capital of the colony, and a strong tide of immigration set in. In 1631 the barque " Blessing of the Bay" was launched ; in 1632 the first church was builtand in 1636 - 38 Harvard College was founded. In 1663 Josselyn writes : " The buildings are handsome, joining one to the other as in London, with many large Streets, most of them paved with pebble-stones. In the high street towards the Com- mon there are faire houses, some of stone," &c., — a great change since 1630, when one declared it to be " a hideous wilderness, possessed by barbarous Indians, very cold, sickly, rocky, barren, unfit for culture, and like to keep the people miserable." In the Pequot War of 1637, and King Philip's War (1675 - 76), Boston bore a large share, and hundreds of prisoners were guarded there. " Philadelphia was a forest, and New York was an insignificant village, long after its rival (Bos* ton) had become a great commercial town." The town gave men and money freely in defence of the frontiers against the Franco-Indian attacks, and fleet after fleet left its harbor to do battle on the eastern coasts. In 1704 the first American newspaper (the " Boston News-Let- ter ") appeared here ; in 1710 a massive wall of brick and stone foundation, with pannon on its parapets, and with two strong gates, was built across the isthmus, or neck, on the south, near the present Dover St. This, with the walls on on the water-front, 2,200 feet long, 15 feet high, and 20 feet thick, and the forts on Castle Island and Fort Hill, effectually guarded against attacks by the Dutch or French. In 1711, 5,000 of Marlborough's veterans, and a large Provincial force, encamped at East Boston, and thence sailed on Admiral Walker's disastrous ex- pedition against Quebec. In 1739 sailed the fleet destined to attack Cuba, and of 500 men sent from the Massachusetts colony but 50 ever returned. Meantime France had erected a powerful fortress at Louisbourg, far in the north, and 4,100 soldiers, in 13 vessels, mounting 204 guns, sailed from Boston in 1745. They were joined at Canseau by 10 royal frigates ; the " Massachusetts," 24, captured the French frigate " Vigilant," 64 ; and after firing 9,600 cannon-shot into Louis- bourg it surrendered, with 2,000 men and 76 heavy guns. Restored to France by London treaty-makers, the work had to be done over again, and in 1758 Amherst and Boscawen gathered a royal and provincial army and fleet at Boston, attacked Louisbourg with 7,000 men and 57 sail, lost 400 men, and took the fortress, with 5,600 soldiers, 39 heavy guns, 6 line-of-battle ships, and several frigates. In 1745 the Duke d'Anville, with 16 ships of the line, 95 frigates, and a large army, was sent to retake Louisbourg and demolish Boston. A frightful storm shattered this armada, but he landed a strong force at Halifax, which annihilated a Massachu- setts army in a battle at Grand Pre, and filled Boston with mourners. The feel- ing of discontent which had been growing since the forfeiture of the colonial charters in 1688, and whieh had been increased by arbitrary acts of royal gov- ernors and of the London cabinet, arose rapidly in 1762-65, on the passage of the " Writs of Assistance" and the Stamp Act. In 1768 two royal regi- founded in 1W7, is 245 by 98 teet, ana can accomraooare o,uuu peyuw. " windows, and a famous tower 280 feet high (modelled after one at Antwerp), which is visible for leagues at sea. * Boston, in Lincolnshire, Eng., was founded in 650 b. Saxon and the patron-saint of English sailors. It is on tl -__J. „ !■ T Uam "I K AfWl in V% n Kttnnfa , Ck PKlt1»/»n8 Route 1. BOSTON. ments from Halifax moved into the town, and riots and outrages >egan to be frequent. Reinforcements were sent again and again to the garrison, and Lieu- tenant-General Gage, the commander of the British forces, was appointed (1774) Governor of Massachusetts. Then ensued the gathering of the patriot armies at Cambridge, the blockade of the city, and consequent distress among its people, and the bombardments from the American lines. When Lord Howe was forced to evacuate the city, March 17, 1776, 3,000 loyalists chose to go with him, and on the same day the Americans took possession of battered and hungry and depopu- lated Boston. " Since the close of the Revolution the city has been engaged in great internal improvements, the construction of a network of railroads to all parts of New England, and the preservation and extension of its commerce. Great manufac- turing interests centred here, and the city boundaries were again and again en- larged. In June, 1872, the Universal Peace Jubilee was held here (as projected and managed by P. S. Gilmore) in an immense wooden building on the Back Bay. This edifice (called the Coliseum) was 550 feet long, 350 feet wide, and 115 feet high, thus having an area greater than that of the Milan and Cologne Cathe- drals united, or of St. Paul's (London) and St. Sophia (Constantinople) united. The Roman Coliseum held 87,000 spectators, but the Boston Coliseum could accommodate only 40,000 to 50,000. Great galleries ran around the hall, parlors r &c., were plentiful, and a forest of flags and national symbols was draped within and Dtoated outside. Strong forces of police, firemen, and artillerists were constantly 9n duty at the Coliseum. Some of the music was emphasized by the booming of cannon near the building and the ringing of the city bells, while a large company of uniformed firemen accompanied the oft-repeated Anvil Chorus with ringing blows on anvils. Strauss, the Austrian composer of waltzes, and violinist, Mes- dalnes Peschka-Leutner, Rudersdorff, and Goddard were there ; also the bands of the English Grenadier Guards, the French Garde R£publicaine, and the Prussian Kaiser Franz Grenadier Regiment. These were aided by a grand orchestra of 2,000 musicians, and a chorus of 165 well-drilled societies, comprising 20,000 voices, the Jubilee lasted for 3 weeks (without accident or mischance), and was varied by a great Presidential Ball. Early in the next year the Coliseum was taken