ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPA1GN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2014.COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2014EAST INDIA (INDENTURED LABOUR), REPORT TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ON THE CONDITIONS OF INDIAN IMMIGRANTS IN FOUR BRITISH COLONIES AND SURINAM, BY Mr. JAMES McNEILL, INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE, and Mr. CHIMMAN LAL. Part II.—SURINAM, JAMAICA, FIJI, and GENERAL REMARKS. to fcoti) louses of parliament i)|> Commantr of iHftalfstj). 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Correspondence relating to a Bill to regulate Immigration into the Union of South Africa ; with special reference to Asiatics. [Cd. 6940] of Session 1913. Price 5d., post free 6icl. Correspondence relating to the Immigrants' Regulation Act and other matters affecting Asiatics in South Africa. [Cd. 7111] of Session 1914. Price 8\d., post free lid. Report of the Indian Enquiry Commission. This Report, presented to the Union Parliament on 17th March, 1914, deals with the enquiry into the Disturbances in connection with the strike of Indians in Natal, the causes and circumstances which led to the Strike, the amount of force used in the Suppression of the Disturbances, and the necessity for the use of Such force. [Cd. 7265] of Session 1914. Price 4d., post free 5d. Correspondence relating to the Indians Relief Act, 1914. 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H.C. 148—Ind. of Session 1913. Price 9d., post free 11 •[,# 320 63. Summary 821 Appendix. Page. Appendices. Appendix. 46. Number of deaths from Suicide and the ratio per million of 324 population in the different Provinces of India, during each of the years 1904 to 1908. & A. Memorandum of instructions for the guidance of officers 325 deputed to the Colonies importing Indian labour. B. List of States visited once or oftener for the purpose of 327 obtaining information. C. (a) Number of Indians despatched to, and the number returned 328 from, Trinidad. C ( ■° $ ° a © a • OS © sjj O rrj cj 2*67 2*68 3*46 2*60 316 2'79 2*89 3*17 2'92 2*71 279 2*93 2-96 2*89 2*89 «■§ A © O CD m *4 m -4-2 -r^> a © C3 ta © C3 bp.Srd ®.S R 813 * 1*98 1*83 1'33 1*68 1*50 1*97 1'60 1*42 1*59 1*56 1*59 1*89 1*62 1*46 1*62 43 W GQ 2 "rO P| S «M O > , o ® m ii si rf3 P* bD"g O & ©nd J§ g c5 O cu Births. 2*90 3*10 2"90 3*25 2*74 3*32 3*06 3'27 3*18 310 3*37 3*35 3'28 3*12 Deaths. 2*04 2*68 2*39 2*48 2*42 2*76 2*48 2*65 2*73 2*48 2*87 2*97 2*83 2-65 2*74APPENDIX 20. Statement showing the weekly average earnings op British Indian immigrants for the past piye years, 1908 to 1912 for each estate. Weekly average earnings in florins and cents. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 193.2. Name of the estate, Remarks, Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women Men. Women# Men. Women. District Nickerie. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Waterloo, Nursery and Hazard 3 06 1 98 3 ... 2 2 98 1 80 1 90 2 10 2 82 2 One florin of 100 cents (Surinam) = Margarethenburg ... ... ... ... ••• one shilling and 95 75 % eight pence or one Crappahoek 2 95 1 80 2 88 1 2 1 2 0 ; 1 48 2 60 1 60 rupee and four 90 60 1 annas. 't Lotland No. 36... 3 ... ... ... 2 1 2 82 60 2 60 1 50 2 80 1 0 District Saramacca. Caledonia 2 80 1 0 2 8 1 30 3 05 1 36 2 93 1 07 2 65 1 25 de Dankbaarheid ... 2 95 1 80 2 76 1 92 3 09 1 86 3 37 1 78 2 98 1 51 Catharina Sophia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 71 2 18 2 74 1 47 Broederschap 3 08 1 8 2 69 1 45 2 88 1 61 3 06 1 37 2 50 1 73 deMorgenster 3 2 3 05 1 5 3 ... 1 84 2 78 1 46 2 81 1 95 La Poule and Monitor 2 2 1 95 2 65 1 42 2 ... 1 55 8 14 1 25 2 43 1 58 Fredericks gift ... 2 95 1 84 2 92 1 60 3 03 1 ... 3 37 2 08 2 69 1 30 District Lower Surinam. de Morgenstond ... 2 93 2 42 3 16 2 35 3 02 2 62 2 91 2 35 3 ... 2 31 Geyersvlijt 3 2 10 2 98 2 3 11 2 08 3 57 1 94 3 13 1 79 MaBetraite ... ... ... 3 12 2 55 3 49 2 22 3 52 2 27 Meerzorg 2 99 1 84 3 38 2 25 3 12 1 56 3 58 1 86 3 4 1 66 Weekly average earnings in florins and cents.District Lower Para. Beekhuizen 1 Tout-lui-faut 2 96 District Upper Para. Acoaribo 3 04 1 67 2 68 Waterland 2 62 1 38 2 84 Boxel LaRessourca 2 94 1 34 2 80 Vredeuburg 2 6 1 45 2 95 District Upper Surinam. Peperpot 2 82 1 46 2 72 Petersburg Maagdenburg 3 10 1 66 2 65 La Libert^ 3 08 1 42 2 98 St. Barbara 3 10 1 57 Quineesehe Vriondschap 2 53 1 98 3 07 District Lower Commiwyne. Jagtlust 3 25 2 08 3 05 Dordrecht 2 91 1 97 2 75 Lust en Bust Belwaarde 3 24 2 01 3 64 Susanna's daal ... Voorburg 3 20 2 04 3 31 Marienburg 2 51 1 28 2 42 Zoeleu 2 35 1 26 2 63 Oeertrnidenberg- ... ... ... ... Leliendaa! 2 65 1 32 2 75 Sorgvliet ... • •• Mon Tr^sor 2 92 1 61 2 65 129CID 2 • 95 1 93 3 28 2 86 3 32 2 02 3 12 1 9 3 70 1 90 2 74 1 92 2 8 1 82 2 55 1 65 2 70 1 95 2 62 1 94 2 65 1 44 3 06 2 15 2 76 1 65 2 77 1 60 3 ... 1 5 3 05 1 97 2 60 1 49 2 61 1 49 2 40 1 63 2 32 1 46 ... 2 72 1 17 2 56 1 62 3 07 1 75 3 14 1 59 2 35 1 64 2 73 1 77 2 76 1 34 2 68 1 26 2 70 1 46 2 SO 1 •46 2 58 1 54 2 67 1 35 2 78 1 45 2 45 1 46 3 13 2 10 3 01 3 36 2 05 3 01 1 93 2 98 1 91 2 85 1 63 3 29 1 94 3 - 1 84 3 16 2 01 3 01 1 96 3 28 12 3 19 2 10 2 69 1 66 2 61 1 54 2 41 1 CI 2 49 1 24 2 25 1 51 2 23 1 65 2 91 1 96 2 73 1 45 2 61 1 61 2 74 1 71 2 63 1 62 2 31 1 48APPENDIX 20—contd. Statement showing the weekly average earnings op British Indian immigrants for the past five years, 1908 to 1912 for each estate—Contd. Weekly average earnings in florins and cents. Name of the estate. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. Remarks. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women# Men. Women. District Lower Commewyne—-contd. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents, Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents. Fl. Cents* Fl. Cents. Katwijk 2 75 1 41 2 68 1 75 2 62 1 91 2 91 1 51 2 68 1 59 Wederzorg ... ... 3 02 03 3 08 2 3 1 98 3 05 01 3 16 05 Vriendabeleid en Ouderzorg 2 93 1 91 3 1 75 2 85 08 3 07 1 98 3 1 81 Spieringahoek 2 94 1 94 3 1 83 3 02 1 63 2 84 1 71 2 96 1 99 't Vertrouwen 3 08 1 84 3 1 78 2 78 2 65 1 89 2 73 1 75 MonSouci 2 84 1 60 3 1 90 2 87 1 91 2 65 1 91 2 60 1 71 Killenstein 3 03 1 43 2 91 1 60 2 87 1 51 2 75 1 45 2 38 1 36 t Kroonenburg ... Heerendijk 2 84 1 49 3 16 1 51 3 1 61 2 91 1 73 2 53 1 61 Brouwerslust ... Marienboscb 2 91 1 63 3 06 1 54 3 1 71 2 85 1 74 2 97 1 72 Guadeloupe 3 10 1 51 3 02 1 63 2 74 1 43 2 91 1 50 2 70 1 43 Elisabetlisboop ... ... Berlijn ... ... d.9 Maasatroom 2 98 1 63 2 91 1 43 3 07 1 61 2 73 1 83 2 81 1 60 Johannisburg 3 07 1 54 2 80 2 03 2 92 1 54 3 1 61 2 53 1 52 RustenWerk 2 68 1 44 3 09 1 54 2 81 1 61 2 71 1 48 2 62 1 41 Pieterszorg 3 17 1 61 2 74 1 51 3 1 70 3 01 ( 1 71 2 43 1 56 1 District Upper Commewyne. Nieu w-Clarenbeek District Cottica. Alliance choonoord Nieuw Meerzorg ... de Nieuwe Grond Constantia Zorg en Hoop Slootwijk 2 84 1 91 2 75 1 51 2 3 16 1 98 3 2 3 3 12 2 30 3 02 1 98 3 2 90 1 48 ... 2 3 05 1 65 2 97 1 71 3 2 99 1 43 3 18 2 3 3 40 1 99 3 68 1 95 2 80 1 20 2 56 1 ... 12 1 62 3 40 1 90 3 60 2 13 ... 3 02 1 83 ... 50 2 36 3 1 65 3 25 1 52 69 1 79 2 60 1 56 2 75 1 30 38 1 68 3 20 1 76 3 30 1 50 37 1 86 3 25 1 60 2 85 1 40 31 1 91 3 70 2 10 3 95 2 Year. 1878 1879 18S4 1886 1887 1889 1890 1891 1895 1897 1*98 1899 1900 1903 1904 1905 1907 1909 1911 180 APPENDIX 21, TEMENT SHOWING MONEY AND JEWELLERY DEPOSITED BY RETURN IMMIGRANTS FOR PAYMENT TO THEM ON ARRIVAL. Immigrants, Name of the ship. Men. Women. Children. Total. Amount deposited to be handed at Calcutta, Estimated value of the coins and trinkets. Florins. Florins. Philosopher 265 114 57 436 44,100*25 2,20365 St. Kilda 207 80 46 333 23,116*85 2,350* Silhet ... 298 131 108 537 115,387*565 9,218* British Peer I 331 136 156 623 78,668-425 8,900* John Davie 290 98 92 480 37,908*015 10,333' Jumna I ... 237 142 148 587 95,126-345 20,045' Jumna II ••• 333 116 121 570 71,675-18 10,746* British Peer II .** 360 122 119 601 86,034*095 16,563- Grecian ... 339 142 124 605 89,687-88 15,501*35 Foyle (vid Demerara),.. 131 49 33 213 26,8'57*37 3,697 60 Arno ... ... 434 157 152 743 91,588-72 14,750- Clyde (vid Demerara)... 157 36 21 214 35,933-765 2 50350 Earne (vid Demerara).«• 142 49 38 229 40,600-30 5,572*25 Rhone (idem) 236 50 32 318 48,245-54 5,673- Indus (idem) 189 41 35 265 27,787-425 5,099- Avon ... ... 485 134 115 734 80,084-71 11,433*50 S. S, Mutlah (vid Deme- rara.) 182 29 20 231 33,311' 4,322*50 S. S. Mutlah II 371 76 54 501 38,700*525 4,026 50 S. S. Sutlej 418 105 80 603 57,995*86 10,800* (One florin = one shilling and eight pence or one rupee and four annas.) (One florin = one shilling and eight pence or one rupee and four annas.)181 APPENDIX 21—contd. Tee following gives the amount of money remitted by British Indian immigrants from 1890 to 1912, and also the letters forwarded to and received from india. Remitted through the Immigration Department, Lettees Year. Number of the remitters. Forwarded to India. Received for the greater part from India. Remakes. Florins. 1890 1891 Ml ••• 1,316-50 3,306- 25 24 (One florin ~ ono shilling and eight pence or one rupee and four annas,) 1892 2,082* 30 1893 »>• ••• 3,723* 66 Ml 1S94 .<« ••• 4,048* 101 • •• 1895 2,300' 64 • • • 1896 >»• 3,946* 111 1897 III ••• 7,830*50 205 • « « 1898 ••• ••• 8,644*50 187 711 627 1899 9,463* 205 820 653 1900 1901 • •• ... ••• 4,197' 6,083- 135 126 545 596 404 433 Resides an amount of florins 39,605*20 remitted by the Surinam Bank. Id. id. of florins 57,724*85 1902 5,494* 155 498 351 Id. of florins 30,817*375 1903 7,014* 112 514 366 Id. do. 2,228* 1904 4,394* 122 471 381 Id. do. 15,630-825 1905 •tt ••• 3,866* 96 26 4 242 Id. do. 23,170* 1906 ••• ••• 4,970*65 106 397 331 Id. do. 16,190* 1907 «•« ••• 5,994-50 108 516 466 Id. do. 23,913*60 1908 ••• 4,342' 148 701 355 Id. do. 24,065* 1909 ••• 5,616-50 187 1.053 849 Id. do. 13,627' 1910 ••• ••• 7,834- 217 1,244 1,011 Id. do. 6,017* 1911 ••• ••• 6,448- 146 901 882 1912 5,710*25 102 851 791 Note by the Immigration Agent* General* Above mentioned letters were formerly transmitted to India independently of the Immigration Department. At the end of 1895 rules regulating the transmission of letters from Indian immigrants to British India in accordance with the rules in force in British Guiana, came into operation. Stamped envelopes of 1 and 2| annas were obtainable at the Immigration Department and District Comixissariats at the rate of 7^ and 15 cents (Dutch currency) respectively. At present the rate is respectively | and 2 J annas, 5 and 15 cents ( Dutch currency). The addresses and also the letters when required, are written for the senders free of charge at the Immigra- tion Department and at the office of the District Commissary. The senders enclose in their letters when required a stamped envelope of 2^ annas, bearing their address when they wish the reply to be transmitted to them directly or a stamped envelope of 1 anna when they wish reply to be forwarded to them by the Emigration Agent at Calcutta. The letters delivered to the District-Commissaries by the immigrants are transmitted free of charge to the Immigration Agent-General and forwarded by him free of charge for the senders in a registered packet to the Emigration Agent at Calcutta who provides for their further despatch. A printed translation in Hindustani Nagri of the above mentioned rules was issued. 129CID 50182 APPENDIX 21—concld. The following statement shows the amounts at credit of British Indian immigrants in the Colonial Post Office Savings Bank on the 31st December, each year from 1890 to 1912, both inclusive. Year. Depositors. Amount. Remarks. Florins. 1890 1891 »ti ... ... 3,248 1,239 1,96,775-18 1,40,38037 (One guilder or florin =one shilling and eight pence or one and quarter rupees or one-twelth of a sovereign.) 1892 ... 1,338 1,98,282-95 1893 ... ... 1,528 2,33,897*77 1894 ••• ... ••• 1,357 2,97,811-98 1895 ... 1,357 2,16,564-72 1896 ... 1,761 2,70,062-075 1897 ... ... 1898 ... 1,105 2,49,377*78 1899 1,385 2,55,466-07 1900 M. .«• 2,331 2,83,410-73 1901 ... ••• ••• 2,981 3,05,212*14 1902 3,105 2,79,544-03 1903 1904 ••• +•* ... • M 2,099 2,35,459-21 The figures could not be obtained in consequence of the transfer of the Colonial Savings Bank in the Colonial Post Office Savings Bank. 1905 ••• ••» ... 1,823 2,18,621-34 1906 ••• ... ••> 2,000 2,30,000- 1907 ... ... ... 2,097 2,23,299-40 1908 ......... 2,188 2,17,239-37 L909 ... ... ... 2,304 2,24,918-76 1910 I«« ... .*• 2,498 2,42,820- 1911 ♦.» ill 2,585 2,14,585-64 1912 ... 2,711 2,65,642-97 Note by the Immigration Agent-General, The table given above does not in any way represent the actual wealth of the coolies now in Surinam, but only that small portion of it which they keep in the Colonial Post Office Savings Bank. Most of their money is invested in far more lucrative undertakings and they are not content to receive the low rate of interest 2*4 per cent payable by the Savings Bank. The various statements contained herein show how far the Colonial Government is officially cognizant of their various properties; but there is much of which no official record can be obtained ; the large sums of money lent out at interest, the crops growing on the large area of land they own or of which they are lessees or occupants, the value oi the stock in their shops and packs or invested in cattle, carts, mules and donkeys.183 APPENDIX 22. Paramaribo, Surinam, 10th April 1913. txen'jlemen, We the undersigned of the " Surinam Immigration Union " do hereby avail ourselves of the opportunity to welcome you to the shore of our adopted land, We are proud of the fact that the Government of India has go expressively shown her care and sympathy for the British Indians by delegating you to investigate into the condition in which her subjects live abroad. All we hope and pray is that during your brief stay in this Colony you may enjoy the blessings of good health, and that through your visit abundant and rich results to the advantage of all British Indian Immigrants, and to this Colony in general, may be effected. We very much appreciate your presence in our midst, We beg you on your return to India to be the bearers to the entire British Indian popula- tion of our good wishes and of the tidings that their countrymen in Dutch Guiana are well cared for, and that, though separated by thousands of miles, they are still cherishing the love of their native land. One and all are happy and contented, and many are doing well in the Jand they have adopted for their new home. In conclusion we are glad to express our sincerest wishes that the long voyage you have undertaken to study the conditions of immigrants in tlie West Indies may be crowned with -success. We have taken the liberty to hand you a petition for your earnest consideration, assured that the granting of the things therein contained will lead to the improvement and well-being of the British Indian community in this country. We beg to remain always, Your humble servants, In the name of the €l Surinam Immigration Union" etc., etc., (Sd.) LUTCHMAN SINGH, Chairman. We, the members of the " Surinam Immigration Union " Acknowledging with gratitude that the treatment extended to British East Indian Im- migrants in this Colony is a good one, giving us much reason to be content. Trusting that though the open eyes which the Immigration Agent-General and the Dutch Government have shown to have towards the British Indians this will be of continuing and increasing nature in the future. Humbly request the kind attention and due consideration of the Honourable Delegates from British India to the following Firstly :—According to the Convention existing between the Netherlands and Great Britain, each shipment of Immigrants shall include a proportion of women equal to at least 50 per cent of the number of men. This proportion which is the same for the British Colonies is the cause of a great dispropor- tion existing between the two sexes in this country ; the number of men far exceeds that of women, This ill-condition is leading to gross immorality which incessantly incites jealousy. This jealousy, very strong with the British Indian, is the sole cause of wounding and manslaughter amongst the British Indians. A change in this important matter is therefore highly necessary, if not indispensable, for if the percentage of women introduced were raised, each man would be able to procure his own helpmate and thus reduce the chances of becoming infatuated with his ■countryman's wife. If the undersigned are not mistaken, the Dutch Government must be aware of this serious situation and has attempted to bring about a change. The women in India seem not to feel inclined to emigrate, at least not under contract. Perhaps there are means which may lead to the desired end, e. gthe introduction of familes with daughters, and of separate young women. The increase of the percentage of women therefore highly deserves commendation. Secondly :— We also wish to call attention to another important question. This regards Indian marriages.184 Immigrants arriving in the Colony who declare to have been married in India, are recorded in registers kept for that purpose, and are regarded as married couples. In connection with the required age, the consent to contract marriages, etc. Marriages, however, contracted after Indian notions and customs, are not acknowledged as le^al by the Colonial Government. A fact it is that especially those marriages are io favour with the majority of British Indians. Many do not wish to marry otherwise. The consequence is that children horn from these marriages are regarded by the Government as to be born out of wedlock, hence illegitimate. This condition is therefore detrimental to the civic relation which should exist between members of the same family. It is an undesirable condition. The undersigned express their desire that through your influence an end might be put to it, and the great deficiency filled, whereby, according to our ancient notions, marriages contract- ed and solemnized by an acknowledged Indian priest may be declared legal. While the undersigned fully understand that it is not always easy to frame different laws for each class of the community they at the same time find it justifiable that an exception should be made in this special case, inasmuch as Hindu and Mahomedan marriages are institu- tions totally based on their religions. On the other hand it is desirable that in regard to the above question the contracting of marriages between children should be prohibited, since the parties concerned do not keep their marriage vows abroad. A limitation of age at which Indian marriages may be contracted is therefore much needed Thirdly In conclusion the undersigned solicit kind attention to the following :— Of recent times it occurs that immigrants are being transported in this country who in point of physical and mental condition are less desirable. Such individuals feel themselves very unhappy in a foreign environment, they not being resistant to the struggle for life in which they soon miss the assistance of their former surrounding. For the Hindustani communi- ty in this Colony they are of no use. They would do better to stay at their Indian home. The prospects in this country for able-bodied Indians are very favourable, Vast tracts o£ fertile land lie uncultivated waiting for the new-comers who have free access to the soil aud are encouraged in every way. On very easy terms immigrants may receive grants to apply themselves to the soil or become owners of plots of lands. And many time-expired immigrants have availed themselves of these opportunities. The total number of British Indians who live here amounts to J of the population. If the Indian community is to grow and flourish so that it may become a settlement of which the home country may feel proud, the continual influx of strong and healthy tribesmen is essential. These may depend on a hearty and hospitable welcome, For the above reasons the Union feels it its duty to strongly recommend tie advice that selection should take place. Finally the Union thinks it its duty to speak a word of appreciation about the Colonial Government and the Immigration Agent-General for the way ia which the interests of the British Indians in this Colony have been taken to heart. Thereby the Indian community though of younger birth than those in the neighbouring West Indian Colonies, has been enabled to take the standing it is holding now. In the name of the a Surinam Immigration Union " (Sd.) LUTCHMAN SINGH, Chairman*.w bo CO a APPENDIX 23. Colonial Emigration Form No. 5. Form op Agreement for intending emigrants. Particulars of emigrants executing a contract for service in Surinam. Registration. Emigrants. Dependents. Sex. Age. Caste. Occupation. K esidence- Successor to Estate in India. Bate. Number. Name. Father's name. Name. Relation- ship to labourer. ^ District. Thana. Village or Town and Mahalla. Name. Residence. Father^ Name. Relationship. District. Thana. Village or Town and Mahalla. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 i 10 | 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 , OK M I agree to emigrate on the conditions of service specified on the reverse. Executed in my presence, Begistering Officer, Bated at the 19 M A—This form is to be filled up in the Office of the Begistering Officer in English in duplicate. Fit to emigrate. Civil Surgeon_ Emigrant, 'U//V0/„ rr OFAPPENDIX 23—condd. Conditions op Service and Terms of Agreement which the Recruiter is authorised to offer on behalf of the Agent to Intending Emigrants. o ^ rd "+-> 2 s a.2 O r^5 A & a? £ » a :2 * cr3 rgl 2 ? ^ 5 o o •B s Si? W >1 © a a if e3 03 ej ® © O cc ££ A •*■85 O WORK. 0 r<3 o {3 a £ P rd j£» s-s ® J .2 § ,rH © ».S ** c3 ® nd ho ^ S OS © •S ® 5.g a § grS Pi bpc« _E3 , fl © > t> © p (rf rS a a-" 13 § £ O °£ >» ~ t>iO W *3, a Classification of Emigrants. Able-bodied adult males of and above 16 years. Adult males ; not able-bodied female adults or minor of and above 10 years; and under 16 years. Children under the age of 10 years. Wages minimum rate claimable. TIME WORK. The equivalent of Twenty-four Cents of British Guiana Currency, which in British Indian money may fluctuate more or less but is for the present (June 1899) about twelve annas (the Rupee calculated at Is. 4cL) for the actual performance of a full day's work extending1 over seven hours in the fields, or ten hours in the buildings; and rates in proportion for every extra hour of time work. Should work not be provided on any working day, a full day's minimum rate of wages will be paid notwithstanding. TASK WORK. Such rate as is paid unindentured labourers on the same or neighbouring plantations ; or to indentured labourers on the neigh- bouring plantations ; and which rate may be more, but will never be less than the minimum daily rate payable for time work. The equivalent of Sixteen Cents of British Guiana Currency, which in British Indian money may fluctuate more or lass but is for the present (Juno 1899) about eight annas (the Rupee calculated at Is. id.) for each day's work on similar conditions as above. RATIONS. Prescribed Scale. FOR ADULTS OF BOTH SEXES. Rice Dall Cocoanut Oil or Ghee (Jurry Mussala Sugar Salt Vegetable Fuel if for a mess seers ; or for a single person Rations will be served, cooked or uncooked at option of labourers. Sr. Ch, 0 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 K. 0 0 2 1* 0 1 0 18 0 For minors of both sexes j ' No fixed rates, as work is optional ; but should work be under- taken, the rates will be proportional to capacity for work. Wages will be payable weekly on the same day in every week in money after deduction at the authorized rates of the cost of the rations supplied during that week only. J O o5 half the above scale for i § adults. 1 r u ^3 b c3 <3 »c f ® I © For infants of both sexes | g, one*third of the above scale ^ £ for adults. j ^ -g .3 a ■8" a fi 9 ft 0 g * A PR ^ m J2 © SP d g © 2 3,8 S go ®J-s c8 fl be .8-a.s !?, a £ w p* a c © _ s-g.2 £8>s © CO Ft* o & . © -+3 © © © - a © o U © Ph CO la ° a © o Remarks. the presence of j Protector of Emigrants• Emigration Agent for Surinam.APPENDIX 25. Statement containing information regarding settlements. Names of the settlements* Year of the establishment. Purchase amount (in florins or guilders of 20 pence). Costs of establishment j and upkeep till 31st i December 1908. Number of plots allotted. Area allotted till 31st December 1910. Bemarks. H. A. Totness ... ... ... 1862 605-0 6,258-82 265 179 1 H. A. 2-47 acres. Nieuw-Am sterdam 1875 15,000*0 289-05 125 116 Damburg 1877 15,000-0 62,561-03 250 315 La Kencontre ... 1897 15,179-94 • • • 172 247 Laaewijk 1901 2,704-47 36,854-98 161 164 Alkmaar 1894 16,050-0 39,224-535 232 232 Paradise 1898 4,000-0 37,509-775 265 278 Hecht en Sterk 1902 6,500-0 31,997-235 192 179 Kroonenburg ... 1903 56,790-0 51,939-12 507 656 Niew-Waldeck . 1902 230-0 27,934-92 88 136 Joham en Margaretha 1903 6,000- 64,490-62 190 174 Livomo ... 1904 15,506-45 29,299-36 306 354 Lelydorp ... ••• 1904 Ift* 3,44,529075 1,688 3,727 Sarmaccapolder.. 1906 13,00,000-0 262 443 192 APPENDIX 25—contd. Statement showing the value of landed property purchased by British Indian immigrants and the amount paid by transfer of plantings and premises on plots of crown land. Year. Amount paid for the acquisition of land frotn private individuals. Amount paid by transfer of plantings and premises on plots of Crown land. Total amount paid. Florins. Florins. Florins. 1903 ... 36,868* 21,014- 57,372* 1904 ... 28,367* 24,871* 52,738* 1905 ... . 85,459* 17,751* 53,210* 1906 ... 25,852* 27,640- 58,492* 1907 ... 56,346- 25,160-30 81,506 30 1908 ... 51,852- 26,987* 78,339* 1909 ... 44,084* 27,378-50 71,412*50 1910 ... 60,877- 26,789- 87,616* 1911 ... 40,622* 12,877* 53,499-APPENDIX 25—conoid. Statement, showing the number op British Indians who have plots of Crown lanes in free use, in lease or in property and the superficial area in H. A. for the last ten tears. IN FREE USE. IN LBASE. IN PEOPERTY. | Lessees op lani>owked by Plots allotted, Plots allotted. Plots allottbp. Total number of immigrants to whongi plotts were allotted in free use, in lease or in property. Total superficial area in H* A. private individuals. Year. Number, of immigrants. Superficial area in H, A. Number of immigrants- Superficial a$ea in H. A. 1 Number of immigrants. Superficial: area in H, A. Number of immigrants. % Superficial area in.H. A. 1903 ... ... 1,243 1,997 161 323 568 3,419 1,972 5,739 567 590- 1904 ... 1,8-71- 2,420 212 358 698 4,159 N 2,781 6,937 761 591, 1905- — 1,940 2,204 496 733 793 4,626 3,229 7,563 644 333' 1906: ... ... 2,247 2,295 480 791 794 4,636 3,521 rm 574 602; 19p7: ... 1,949 3,607 653 845 1,147 5,900 3,749 10,352 753 674 1,432 2,491 937 1,982 1,259 6,561 3,628 11,034 697 350 1909 #• 1,219) 2,276 1,186 1,906 1,359 6,897. 3,764 11,079 670 510 1910 • M 1,246 2,399 1,480 2,310 i 1,448 7,269- 4,174 11,973 718 464 1911 1,080 > 1,859 1,607 2,514 (One H; ; 1,563 A. 2*47 acres)- 7,9^9 : 4,250 | 12,322 736 349 Note by the Immigration Agent-General* M CO co Note by the Immigration Agent-General* The plots are allotted t in free use ' during the period of six years with exemption from land and income taxes. After the lapse of these six years the immigrants become lessees of the plots. As for^Crown land out of settlement occupants are entitled gratis to possession of the title deeds when they deliver after two years proof that they have regularly cultivated the land. The immigrants renting land in the outskirtsjof Paramaribo where they keep cattle and occupy themselves with horticulture are not included in the above mentioned figures; their number is on the increase* M CO co 129CXD 53194 APPENDIX 26. Ordinance of 19th April 1895 (G. P. No. 24). Containing Regulations con ducive of the settling of Immigrants as Colonists in the Colony. # In the Name o£ the Queen ! The Governor of Surinam, Taking into consideration that in the interest of the Colony it is desirable to pro- mote the settling of immigrants as Colonists in the Colony; Having heard the Privy Council, after the approval of the Colonial States (Legislature) ; Has decreed the following Ordinance : Article I. To immigrants transported through the intermediary of the Colonial Government, who have faithfully fulfilled their contracts and are provided with a certificate of good conduct, to whom, whether on footing of the Publication of August 1st, 1863 (G. P. No. 23), whether on settlements established by the Government for that purpose land has been granted after the 20th of August 1894 and thereby have lost their right to a free return passage to the place of origin, a free return passage shall be given at their request to the charge of the Colonial Treasury on the same footing and to the same extent as they formerly were entitled to in virtue of prevailing Ordinances or in virtue of the agreement contracted with them. Article II. Immigrants, to whom grants have been awarded on the Government settlements, will be entitled to cultivate them during 6 years with exemption from ground and personal taxes. The stipulation of Article 7 of the Publication of August 1st, 1863, G. P. No. 23 is applicable to them. Article III. Immigrants mentioned in Article I who have cultivated their grants to the satis- faction of the Government, and have renounced their right to a free return passage, as they are entitled to by that article, shall receive a bonus of one hundred guilders (fl. 100). Article IV. The required documents, necessitated jby the stipulations of this Ordinance, will be given free of charges. Article V. This Ordinance shall come into force on the day of its publication. Paramaribo, etc. State Paper No. 23. Proclamation of the 1st August 1863, regulating the conditions on which the es- tablishment of persons and families as farmers may take effect in the Colony of Surinam. Article /.—That to European Immigrants furnished with good certificates, coming with the object of settling themselves as farmers in the Colony for their own account, and to occupy themselves in the cultivation of the soil, land specially claimed for that purpose and taken from the Crown domain shall be awarded, in proportion to the resources which they can command for the attainment of such object. Article 11'.—The land thus awarded shall be given in use of the Immigrants men- tioned in cl. 1, and they shall, during the period of six years, cultivate the same with exemption from land and personal taxes. After the lapse of two years by delivering proofs that they have regularly cultivat- ed the said lands, they shall be entitled gratis to possession of the title-deeds of such lands, together with a certificate of citizenship, if they have not already obtained the same. During that period of time if they wish to transfer their rights on the soil in favour of a third party, they shall, for that purpose, first obtain the consent of the Government, and this having been obtained the new proprietor shall enjoy the same rights and privileges as are by this clause assured to his predecessor.195 APPENDIX 26—conoid. In the event of it being clearly demonstrated that within two years of their taki: possession, the soil has not been brought into proper cultivation by them, or that th have suffered their pasture to lie waste, the Government shall be empowered to disp< of the same in manner as they may deem expedient. Article 11L—Immigrants who have faithfully fulfilled their contract, and furnisi with a certificate of good conduct, as well as freed men, who for their good qualities I pursuance of cl. £0 of Law of 8th of August 186£, State iPaper No. 164, Gaze No. 6) have been released from State supervision, are in this respect placed on t same footing with the Immigrants mentioned in cl. 1. Article 1F.—The Colonial Government is empowered to concede the same prr leges to other than European Immigrants who seek to establish themselves with a li object in the Colony, and who are furnished with good letters of recommendati issued or certified by Netherlands Consuls. Article F.—The Immigrants mentioned in clauses 1 and 3, in order to obtain poss< sion of the land desired by them, shall betake themselves to the Inspector of Cro\ Lands of Industry and Agriculture, who shall keep a separate Register of the herei mentioned farmers for the purpose of making, at the proper time, the proposj arising out of the regulations comprised in clause 2. Article FL—The awarding of land, and afterwards the distribution of Title-Dee< as well as of the certificate of citizenship, shall be effected without payment of any t; or expense. Article FIL—The Colonial Government is empowered to make small advances money to the Colonists who, under the terms of this Ordinance, come to establish ther selves, or are already established in Surinam, provided that they give satisfactory e^ dence of their good conduct and industry. As far as is required a sum intended for this purpose shall be in each year assign* by the Budget of the Colony of Surinam. And this decree shall in the usual way be published in the Government Paper. Paramaribo, 1st August 1863.196 APPENDIX 27. Translation. Contract for lessees of tracts ofr lands on Contract birnfreeff the District the Saramacca polder. Cotnmissary of Exempt from stamp duty. of the firit pari, and of the sedond part, For leasing out a tMdt comprising an area of Hectares, lying on the drain land No. and known as Lot parcelled out to the contracting party of the second part pursuant to the Govern merit Resolution of to the Govern merit Resolution of The contracting party of the second part binds him (her) self to pay, from the......... .......... the undermentioned rent for the tract parcelled out to him (her); that is to say: For the 1st year....*...;...no rent. Do. 2nd „ F. 1 per Hectare per annum Do. 3rd „ „ 2 do. do. Do. ^th „ 4 do. do. Do. 5th „ „ 6 do. do. Do. 6 th ,, ,, 8 do. do. Do. 7th and sub- sequent years 10 do. do. Artitle /. The contracting party of the second part binds him (her) self, after expiration of the term for which the tract was allotted to him (her) in freehold by virtue of the Ordinance of 19th'April 1895 (official Gazette No. 24) to pay, from the................., an annual rent of F. 10 per Hectare. Article 2. The contracting party of the second part shall be always entitled to have this con- tract terminated on making a declaration to the effects before the District Commissary, in which case the provisions of Article 7 shall be applicable with regard to the preparing or cultivating of—and the erections on—such land. Article 3. The contracting party of the second part binds him (her) self— (a) to be regularly engaged in agricultural, or horticultural pursuits, or stock farming on the said land ; (S) in case the land, being parcelled out should not be under cultivation, to commence therewith within three months from the date of the Resolution by virtue of which the tract was allotted in lease or freehold; (c) to cultivate the Hand so that within 1 year after the aforesaid date at least l-10tb, and within 2 years at least l-5th, of the area of such land shall be under proper cultivation, or otherwise beneficially utilized ; (d) to lay out and keep in good repair in accordance with the directions of the District Commissary within 1 year after the aforesaid date, a footpath to a width of 2 metres by a length corresponding to tie front parts of such land; (e) where such footpath requires being dug through with a view to draining the same, to see to a " Koker" or an ordinary temporary bridge being made and kept in good repair for the use of pedestrians ; (f) to co-operate, as far as possible, with one of his neighbours in jointly estab- lishing adrainage for 2 tracts, and, in case this should prove impossible,197 to construct the main drain at such portion of the District-Commissary, and thereby enabling the two tracts, and also securing thereby a common passage through a sewer so that every two such tracts lying close to each other will need only one " Koker93 or a temporary bridge to be jointly constructed and kept in good repair by the Lessees of both tracts; (ff) where the Government has laid out roads instead of the footpaths as referred to in paragraph (d) to see to the roads and the trenches along the roads, for so far as they may be along such laud, being duly kept open and clear; {h) where the tracts have been parcelled out along the " Saramacca^ canal or u "Wanica", to keep properly open and clear the bank thereof to a width corresponding to the front parts of the tracts, and where such tracts have been allotted along the Polderdams, to keep the same also clean as far as the foot of the "talus " (that is to say free from, weeds, stumps, or fallen trees or shrubs), and to fill up the holes, which may have occurred with a suitable species of clay; (i) to grant, free of cost for the benefits of other Lessees, to the discretion, so far as possible, at' the District-Commissary, the right of way and pass- age; the Lessees of the tracts lying aback of such land being bound at the same time to contribute half of the costs towards maintaining such way and passage over the entire length of both tracts lying aback of each other and the " Koker" or the temporary bridge as referred to in the paragraphs (d) and ( 129CID 54198 if)> (9)3 (^)> (*}» (/) an(l (0 works therein r3ferred to shall be carried out by order of the District-Commissary at the expense o£ the contracting party o£ the second part, for which works an amount, not exceeding F. 1*25, shall be chargeable for each day which the District-Commissary may think requisite or still wanting for the entire completion of such works and for the costs of the materials for the " Koker 33 on the temporary bridge. These costs shall be paid within one month after the amount therefor shall have been determined by—or by direction of—the District-Commissary. Article 6. Planting on the public roads, footpaths and polder is prohibited. Article 7. Failure to pay the rent or to comply with the provisions of Article 3 (a), (b), (e), ( (°) an<^ (jp)> or satisfy the costs owing by the contracting party of the second part shall entitle the Government to cancel the lease and to freely dispose of the land without being bound to any compensation whatever for any work carried out or for any cultivation of—such land, for what other matter sewer. On the lease being withdrawn, the contracting party of the second part shall be bound to pull down and remove from the land, within one month after a notice thereto, any buildings erected thereon, whilst the Government shall reserve the right, in case the contracting party of the second part should be in default to pull down such erections as aforesaid to have this done at his expense. Article 8. The contracting party of the second part shall be at liberty on an agreement being entered into for the purpose, or in the case of any testamentary disposition to transfer to some other person the lease of the tract or part thereof, provided that no smaller tracts than 1 hectare be formed thereby, if and so far as the Government may have raised no objection against any needy Lessee, and provided also that such other Lessee shall make a contract for the purpose with the Government, the provisions of which contract shall be determined by the Government. In case the Government should have any objection against such successor, or if he (the successor) should fail, within one month after the date of the Resolution by virtue of which the request for an approval of the contract or the testamentary disposition was granted, to make the said contract to be drawn up by the Government then the provisions of Article 7 shall be applicable with regard to the preparing and cultivating of the tracts and the buildings erected thereon, and on condition also that the buildings must have been pulled down and removed within one month after the date of the decision taken in res- ponse to the application made as referred to in this Article. Article 9. This contract shall terminate— (/z) in case of a withdrawal of the lease, or freehold ; (b) in case the contracting party of the second part should die ; (c) in case the land is appropriated for the purpose of being utilised in favour of any works of public interest; In the case referred to in paragraph (c) the children of the contracting party of the second part, his heirs, the woman to whom he was married or with whom he has been living in concubinage and who may be desirous of obtaining the land may make appli- cation thereto to the Government within two months after the death of the contracting party of the second part. The Government shall be at liberty to either grant the request under such condi- tions as His Excellency may determine, or to reject the same. In case the tract be not parcelled to any of the applicants, or if the applicant to whom the tract was parcelled out should fail, within one month after the date of the Resolution by virtue of which the tract was parcelled out, to enter into the contracts drawn up by the Government then the provisions of Article 7 shall be applicable with regard to the preparing or cultivating of such tract and the buildings erected thereon, and on condition that the party interested shall pull down and remove such buildings in the first instance, within one month after the date of the Resolution by virtue of which the application was rejected, and in the latter case, within one month after the date of the Resolution by virtue of which the tract was parcelled out. Article 10. This contract has been drawn up in triplicate. One of the copies shall be in the keeping of the Administrator of Finance, the second one in that of the District Com- missary whilst the third copy shall be handed to the contracting party of the second part. This contracted as...................................................................................................................on this ............................day of.................................................................................................... The District-CommissaTy of............................................................................................................... Contracting party of the second part.199 APPENDIX 28. Agreement between the District-Commissary of and concerning the rent and occupancy of a lot of land situated on the Government Settle- ment Number H. A. granted the second uudersigned by Resolution of the Governor. Article 1. The second undersigned binds himself, on the expiration of the period of , during which he is allowed the use of the land free of rent, to pay yearly a rent of fl. per H. A. Article 2. The second undersigned by a declaration to the District-Commissary is at liberty to end this contract at any time. In this event the working and planting of the ground together with the buildings erected thereon will be subject to the stipulations of Article 6 of the Government Ordinance. Article 3. The second undersigned hereby binds himself— (a) to use the land alone for cultivating and pasturage and cattle breeding ; (5) to begin work within three months from the date of this agreement; (c) to plant within one year after date of this agreement at least one-fourth or make it useful in some other manner so that in four years the whole surface if it does not exceed 2 H. A. is utilised for cultivation or cattle breeding; fd) to keep the drainage of the lot clean and in good condition in compliance with instructions of the District-Commissary ; (e) to place a board, visible from the public road, on which is clearly painted the number of the lot. This board first supplied by the Government free of cost he will keep in good condition and renew when necessary ; (/) not to give the ground over to another party to live on or cultivate without permission of the Government which only in exceptional cases will be granted for lots less than 1 H. A.; iff) to submit to decisions of persons appointed by Government in case of dispute regarding boundaries; (h) to allow free of charge to the occupier of the land behind a right of way or footpath and use of drainage. Article 4. Without permission of the District-Commissary no one is allowed to plant on the public road. Article 5. Failing to pay rent or not fulfilling the terms stipulated in Article 3 the Governor has the right to cancel the contract as stipulated in Article 6 of the Ordinance. Article 6. In accordance with Article.#.».»of the Ordinance of......permission to use or rent the land will be withdrawn if the occupier repeatedly disturbs the peace, opposes the Commissary, refuses to comply with the Ordinance or incites others to transgression of the Ordinance. Article 7. V The second undersigned with the permission of the Colonial Government is permit- ted to transfer the rent or the use of the land on condition the party to whom the200 transfer is made enters on agreement with the Government the conditions of which will be stipulated by the Governor. In case the Government does not agree to transfer the rent or the use of the land to another party or in case this party fails to sign the agreement within one month after permission is granted the articles as stipulated in Article 6 of Resolution of are valid. Article 8. This agreement is ended— (a) by cancelling the rent ; (4) by the death of the second undersigned. In the latter case if the children of the second undersigned, his heirs, his wife or his reputed wife should wish to rent and occupy the land they must apply within one month after the death for permission to the Governor. In case permission is not granted to any of these, or the contract is not signed within one month after the date of the permission; then Article 6 is valid in regard to the dwelling or cultivation on the lot. Article 9. This contract has been made in duplicate, one in the possession of the Adminis- trator of Crown land and one in possession of the second undersigned.201 JAMAICA. 36. Housing of immigrants.—The sites for immigrants' dwel- lings are chosen with the approval of the medical officer and on all estates visited were satisfactory. The dwellings are similar to those in other colo- nies, namely, long ranges of buildings divided into rooms of 120 square feet with a covered verandah five feet in width. The mean height of rooms is from 9 feet upwards. Floors are usually boarded and raised from 1-| to 2 feet above ground level. In some cases rammed earth well raised above ground level is used. Ventilation, other than through the door and window of each room, is provided by jalousies or apertures in the gables, the solid wooden partitions between rooms being replaced about seven feet from the floor by bars or wire screens to prevent inter-communication while allowing the air to pass. The Demerara pattern is better. The Ordinance requires vegetation to be removed for a distance of 20 feet from buildings. The prescribed distance might be 20 yards. The dwellings must be whitewashed once a year, or oftener if the medical officer so directs. The regular whitewashing seemed to be carried out. The space allotted to immigrants is, as in Trinidad and Demerara, 50 square feet per adult, or 120 square feet for three single men or a man, his wife, and two children. This is, of course, exclusive of verandah space. We saw no single rooms of 50 feet floor space but mention is made of them in estate returns. Separate cook- rooms are not provided. The rules in force regarding dwellings are given in Appendix 29. In Jamaica latrines have been provided but of a pattern which it is hopeless to expect immigrants to use. An open trench with a wooden bar about a foot high running longitudinally along the edge of the trench is the usual type. They are very seldom used. Some trouble and expense has been incurred in constructing these unserviceable latrines. The Fiji latrine might be taken as a model. It was introduced into Fiji after ascertaining what sanitary type of latrine was in fact being used in India. The necessity of providing suitable latrines and arranging to have them properly cleaned has been urged at considerable length earlier in this report. Jamaica is fortunate in that abundant water for drinking and bathing is ordinarily obtainable from wells, springs, and rivers. The supply may be diminished during seasons of drought which recur at intervals, but we neither saw nor heard of any estate with an insufficient supply. Amongst the nume- rous names applied to this very beautiful island is the " Land of Springs ". Some estates have cement lined drains; others have not. The rules are silent on the subject, but it would seem that the medical officer decides each ease on the merits. With a large number of estates each employing a few labourers who are housed in dwellings erected on sloping sites on hard ground possibly a hard and fast rule is unnecessary. It might, however, be well to insist on cement drains unless the medical officer in writing dispensed with this requirement. Medical officers visit estates and inquire into sanitary conditions once a month. In one medical district the duty imposed on a single medical officer in this respect seemed to be excessive. We were informed that nineteen scat- tered estates in a hilly country were to be visited in addition to medical charge of a large hospital, ordinary out-door dispensary work, and general medical duty. The absence of suitable latrines is a serious defect on most estates and should be remedied without delay. It will involve some initial outlay and recurring expenditure but with ankylostomiasis responsible for such a large pro- portion of sickness and mortality it is necessary both to incur expenditure and insist on immigrants using latrines. The necessary improvement in ventilation can be effected gradually, as what is defective now is that privacy rather than health suffers owing to the system of ventilation adopted. Screened bathing places might also be provided, as even where a running stream is available the use of warm or tepid water may often be desirable. Employers have not failed to comply with the existing regulations on sanitary matters. The regula- tions made twenty years ago require revision, and the experience of other colonies will suggest to their expert advisors the instructions which should be issued for the employers' guidance. 129CID 55302 37. Medical arrangements.—Since 1869 the system of treating patients in estate hospitals has been abandoned. All patients are now treated in public hospitals. The distance of each estate from the nearest hospi- tal is shown in Appendix 30. Speoial ambulance carts with springs are provided for patients who must be conveyed to hospital. The following rules issued for the guidance of medical officers will convey clearly the nature of the medical arrangement provided for indentured immigrants:— + (1) The District Medical Officer must visit each estate in his district on which indentured immigrants are located at least once in every calendar month, and oftener i£ necessary or if summoned by the manager, the interval between the regular monthly visits to be not less than two weeks. (2) The immigrants must be mustered on every occasion and each one individually examined on each monthly visit. (3) The medical officer should inform the manager beforehand of the time of his' intended visit so that the immigrants may be at hand for inspection and examination. (4) The medical officer must write a short and concise report of tbe conditions of the immigrants and of the sanitary state of their barracks, grounds, water supply, latrine accommodation, etc., on the occasion of each monthly visit, in a book to be kept on the property for the purpose. (5) The medical officer must treat or supervise the treatment of immigrants suffering from ankylostomiasis, on the estates when necessary. (6) The medioal officer must treat all infective diseases that may occur, on the estates, if they cannot be admitted to hospital. (7) The medical officer must be responsible for the collection and forwarding to the Bacteriologist in Kingston of all blood and excreta that may be required for in- vestigation. (8) The medical officer must attend without extra fee all confinements on the several estates in his District when summoned by the manager, under the provisions of clause 19 of the Rules of the Immigration Department approved by the Governor in Privy Council on the 3rd November 1891. (9) He must be responsible for the general medical care of the immigrants. In comparing the merits and demerits of the central hospital system with those of the estate hospital system we labour under obvious disadvantages. "We are not medical men, we have seen a comparatively small number of estates employing indentured immigrants, and on the estates visited we could not devote our sole attention to this question. On the whole we prefer the system under which estates, or small group of estates, provide separate hospitals for immigrants. Clinical treatment of serious cases is doubtless more efficient where the medical officer sees all his patients daily in a well equipped hospital. Against this may be set the cost, trouble, and delay of removing patients to hospitals. Trivial cases which might receive all needful attention from a com- pounder in a few minutes may result in the loss of one or two days work to the labourer and to his employer. A good worker will not go to a distant hospital with a petty ailment, and may eventually be incapacitated for a longer period than if he was promptly treated. There is no means of knowing at present if minor ailments make any noteworthy contribution to tbe percentage of days absent with leave. Mild indisposition on the part of a steady and sensible worker might in any Colony result in his being allowed to take a day off work without requiring him to undergo medical examination, but these occasional holidays would not probably exceed two per head per year. Shirkers will frequently go to central hospitals for a rest cure. Malingering is facilitated* Diseases such as malarial fever and ankylostomiasis deserve attention otherwise than as ailments of individuals, preventive measures being at least as important as curative treatment. A compounder in an estate hospital can treat petty ailments promptly, carry out systematically the orders of medical officers as regards both curative and preventive measures, and in more serious cases give immediate information to the medical officer. Where estate hospitals are visited even twice a week very few oases for removal to a public hospital will arise. The compounder can also see to the proper issue of rations or diet to convalescents and to women before and after203 childbirth. Discharge from hospital does not always imply restoration of normal health and capacity to do normal work. The compounder can also see to the general distribution of quinine. He will be especially useful in ankylostomiasis cases which require periodic treatment spread oyer a few weeks throughout which the patient need not be absolutely idle. During a very successful course of treatment of newly arrived immigrants at Kingston last year the latter indulged in regular exercise and sea-bathing. The exercise might have been economically valuable on an estate. Moreover, under the central hospital system it is more difficult to keep in view the health record of each estate, to recognise depressing factors, and to deal with each estate syste- matically and comprehensively. A medical officer may refresh his memory before his monthly visit, and often he has in his mind a fair general impression of the health conditions of estates in his charge. But that is obviously not the same as uninterruptedly dealing with the sickness of each estate locally, valu- able assistance being derived from the information supplied by the resident compounder and the estate records. Some central hospitals are at times crowded and though Indian patients may like an individual doctor they do not like a general hospital. A reference to the annual reports will show that while an accurate statis- tical record of absence on account of sickness is abstracted from estate regis- ters in connection with work and wages no analysis made for medical and sanitary purposes or for general information is prepared and published. The Medical Department has its own returns and reports in which the statistics of estate cases are incorporated. But the returns compiled and prepared by the Immigration Department do not compare the incidence of serious and prevent- ive ailments on the several estates or contrast the recorded result on the same estate throughout a series of years. A perusal of the entries in the tabular statement of work and wages appended to the last annual report of the Immigration Department, vide Appendix 32, indicates the need for a separate analytical statement of medical cases recorded on estates and a brief com- mentary. The twentieth estate in serial order shows 29*08 per cent, of working days as lost to men by sickness, the average number of workers being 29f. The second estate included in Portland Parish with an average of 114J- labourers shows 31*93 per cent, of working days lost by sickness. Many estates show over 20 per cent, of working days lost by sickness and a few over thirty per cent. Taking working days as only 270, a labourer who loses 20 per cent, is incapacitated for 54 days. The sickness on non-working days is additional. Even allowing for days lost in returning from hospital, especially in the case of ailments of brief duration under treatment, the entries suggest that inspecting officers, both lay and medical, and employers would benefit by the compilation and publication of more detailed information. The time at our disposal was not sufficient for a complete inquiry, carried out partly on estates and partly at hospitals, into the exact meaning of these high percentages. "We recommend that for each estate registers be kept in the forms shown in Appendix 2 and that the annual report of the Protector of Immigrants should include a return summarising the results recorded in each estate with such comments or explanations as seem needful. The Surgeon-General, or, to give him his more lengthy official designation, the Superintending Medical Officer, cordially ex- pressed his willingness to assist in having medical statistics for estates compiled in any form which was regarded as desirable. The health conditions on estates had attracted his earnest attention and we found him equally willing to assist us with information or listen to our suggestions. While we think that the balance of advantage is generally with the separate hospital system conditions in Jamaica point in our opinion to combin- ing that system with the central system. Where an estate is less than one mile distant from a public hospital a separate hospital would obviously be unnecessary Where each of two estates, about 2 or 3 miles apart and about 5 or 6 miles distant from a hospital, employed less than a dozen labourers each, it might be better to deal with these from a central hospital than for both to combine in providing a joint hospital. The time spent by the medical officer on travelling in proportion to the time devoted directly to medical work is obviously a factor to be considered. On the other hand in the case of an estate204 with over 100 labourers and a continuously high sick rate it seems obviously better to keep a compounder or dispenser on the spot and enable the medical officer to travel 6 or 7 miles by motor three times a week than to have a steady stream of incoming and outgoing patients on the road. It seems undesirable to consider merely which of two systems is better for the Colony as a whole. "What is to be determined is the best way of supervising and preserving the health of immigrants on each estate or in each medical district. For one estate or group of estates one system may be suitable and in another locality a different system may be suit- able. We recognise that the existing strength and distribution of the medical staff, which provides also for the needs of the general public, must be considered, though by no means necessarily regarded as inalterable. If a re- arrangement of the duties and the entertainment of a few more medical officers would reduce the sickness rate by one-half the trouble and cost would be justified by the result. Having regard to the population the existing medical staff seems neither to be excessive nor to be extravagantly remunerated for the duties performed. From such inquiries as we were able to make we believed that the recorded rate of sickness represented not the health conditions of estates but the time wasted by the system under which medical relief was provided. Men desirous o? a casual holiday go to hospital, undergo examination, and return in the evening with a ticket stating that they are fit for work. Men with trivial ailments may lose two days instead of two hours. We regarded the lost time as a serious matter for the immigrant and thought that employers in their own interests might have been more dissatisfied. Where the time lost is not 6 or 7 per cent, but 26 or 27 per cent, of the working days five labourers are doing the work and earning the wages of four. We would recommend that a local committee be appointed to inquire into the whole question and report to the Governor. Possibly the committee would be strengthened if a medical officer with personal experience of the estate hospital system in Demerara or Trinidad was added to the local members. The principal diseases are malaria, ankylostomiasis, and phthisis. Quinine is distributed regularly on most if not all estates, and efforts are made to render conditions on estates unfavourable to malarial infection. The improvement of the defective latrine arrangements should diminish the sickness due to ankylos- tomiasis. More than half of the immigrants arrive from India infected with this disease. Special expenditure was incurred in all districts in 1912-13 in having immigrants treated for this disease by qualified dispensers working under the medical officers. As regards phthisis there appears to be need for careful and sustained medical inquiry. In 1912-13, it was responsible for 19 deaths among indentured immigrants, that is more than twice as many as malarial fever and fifty per cent, more than ankylostomiasis and more than one-fourth of the total deaths. Whether the existing method of ventilating dwellings is an important contributory cause is at present a matter of specu- lation but similar methods of ventilation in other colonies do not seem to be followed by similar results. What may be stated with apparent probability is that the predisposing conditions and immediately exciting causes of this disease would be more readily ascertained if medical officers treated patients on estates and were familiar with their working and living conditions. The available statistics throw no light on the incidence of this disease on individual estates, nor do they indicate whether men and women are equally subject to attack. The births and deaths among the ordinary Indian population are not separately recorded. Amongst indentured immigrants the births and deaths during each of the last five years were as under :— Year. Population. Births. Deaths. Pee Mille. Births. Deaths. 1908-09 2,607 70 40 26*8 164 1909-10 3,722 110 58 29-5 15*5 1910-11 2,938 87 87 29*6 29*6 1911-12 2,910 60 90 20*6 30-9 1912-13 3,066 61 68 20 0 22-1205 The liigli death-rate in 1910-11 and 1911-12 seems to have been, due to malaria and phthisis. The systematic distribution of quinine has been followed by a steady reduction in the deaths due to malaria, which numbered 16 in 1910-11, 12 in 1911-12 and 8 in 1912-13. The treatment of all immigrants with thymol in connection with ankylostomiasis has probably raised their vitality and increased their general resistance power. The reduction of the mortality due to phthisis awaits accomplishment. The birth-rate is low but the proportion of adult women to men is 4 to 10. The health conditions on estates in 1910-11 and 1911-12 seem to be reflected in the birth-rate of 1911-12 and 1912-13. In the three earlier years the birth-rate was high having regard to the proportion of adult women in the population. It would correspond to a birth-rate of about 50 per 1,000 in a normally constituted population. The general birth-rate for the island is approximately 39 and the death-rate between 22 and 23 per 1,000. The deaths among the general population are constituted, as to over 30 per cent, of infants of under one year, and, as to over 40 per cent, of children under two years. The infant mortality amongst inden- tured immigrants is not ordinarily shown in the reports. In 1911 -12, for which figures ai*e available, out of 89 deaths 13 were of infants under one year. In this generally unfavourable year, therefore, the infantile mortality compares very favourably with that recorded among the general population. In the case of free immigrants the arrangements for medical relief seem, as in other West Indian Colonies, to be susceptible of improvement. Apart from the general rules relating to medical relief, immigrants who have resided for less than 10 years in the colony are entitled to be treated gratis in Public General hospitals. The general rules regarding medical relief are given at length in Appendix 31. The system as it affects the ordinary settled Indian arranges for medical relief at reduced cost on production of a ticket issued by any one of a number of persons authorised for each locality. Indians have complained to us that even the reduced fee (usually two shillings for advice and treatment at a dispensary, with mileage fees in addition for treatment at home) is beyond the means of the majority. Reasons already urged for lowering the cost of medical treat- ment apply here also. The existing system would be harsher in operation but for the generosity with which medical officers interpret it. Probably no system will work satisfactorily if medical officers insist on full legal remuneration in all cases, but it seems unfair both to doctors and patients to adopt a system which is generally unsuitable. Medical officers soon know enough about the residents of their districts to distinguish the poor from the well-to-do patient. It would seem possible to dispense with tickets and lay down a general rule that all persons with- an annual income not exceeding £30 should receive free treatment at - hospitals and dispensaries. If tickets are considered essential they might be given as certificates valid perhaps for a whole year, and at least for six months. Sub-committees of parochial boards, in consultation with the Inspector of Poor, might issue them to applicants. Reduced mileage rates might also be prescribed. In this case also we think it desirable to state that we do not mean to propose that the medical officers should suffer by the abolition of the present system. If the proposals outlined by us are adopted the payment of additional salaries or allowances to medical officers might be a necessary consequence, but we think the additional cost would be fully justified by the increased industrial efficiency alone. We do not know how far the employment of dispensers or compounders for the treatment of simple but troublesome ailments would be suitable in this island, but there seems to be a waste of energy and skill as well as a restriction of medical relief in employing only 'men of first class qualifications for the treatment of all cases with the result that many cases must escape attention. The size and population of districts are much larger than would be entrusted to a doctor in the United Kingdom, where tropical diseases are unknown. The 38 medical districts include a population of about 850,000. 38. Tasks, hours and wages.—The Jamaica Ordinance {vide sec- tion 47 et seq of 18 of 1879) provides that day workers shall be paid one shilling in the case of adult males, and nine pence in the case of minors and females. Each immigrant is bound to work on all days, except recognised holidays, and to 129CID 56206 perform oil each day a ' fair day's work of nine hours.' The section does not expressly provide for any interval or resting period during the nine hours, and the omission should he supplied. In Jamaica a day of nine hours with inter- vals aggregating in all to not less than one hour would he fair. The scale of task work must be such as to enable an adult to earn a shilling a day with only ordinary exertion. It would be better to fix the task as the amount of work which a labourer of average physique can perform in 7 hours of actual labour without extraordinary exertion. In 1912, an amending Ordinance provided that no task should be approved unless it was such as permitted an able-bodied trained male of 18 years of age or upwards to earn one shilling and six pence a day for a fair day's work of nine hours with ordinary exertion. The object was to secure that labourers should after about two years be able to earn one shilling and six pence on each day worked. The working day is, however, taken at nine hours, presumably including necessary stoppages for food, etc. We think that it is simpler to have one standard as above suggested. If that standard is observed a ' trained able*bodied male' may in nine hours earn one shilling and six pence. But it is at least as important that the task should be reasonable in the case of the untrained male, and if the average man's capacity is taken as the basis of calculation all degrees of efficiency will he justly re- munerated. It is also undesirable that an inclusive day of nine hours should he the time measure in the case of task work. The rule and practice of British Guiana are souM and satisfactory. We think that the labourer should not be hound by law to work for more than five and-a-lialf days or after he has earned five shillings and six pence in any week except during certain short seasons when special demands may reasonably ha made. In practice, very few labourers work for 5| days weekly in any season, and to attract labourers to make unusual exertion special inducements must be offered. The actual wages earned are usually good. The statement appended as Appendix 32 shows that in 1912-13 men's wages per day worked varied on estates from ten pence half penny to one shi lling and five pence three farthings (10| annas to Re. 1-1-9). On one estate the average was one shilling and eight pence farthing (Re. l-di-3) hut indentured labourers were employed for only half the year. Ordinarily the average earnings of an estate will be increased or decreased according to the percentage of old or new hands. The average labourer works on two working days out of three. Women, strange to say, work on almost as many days, and their earnings vary from 1\ pence to one shilling and three farthings (7^ to 12f annas) per day worked. The loss of time owing to 'sickness' has already been commented upon. Notwithstanding their maternity duties women generally lose no more days by sickness than men, and on some estates they lose much fewer days. It may be well to remember that days lost by sickness also involve no outlay on food, etc., by the labourer. The best male labourers earn up to eight shillings a week on ordinary work, and on special tasks, that is, manual work not supervision, etc., earn from twelve shillings to eighteen shillings weekly. Of course those employed constantly on special tasks are a small number of skilled men on each estate. It is, however, satisfactory that labourers who combine strength, skill and intelli- gence may earn by manual labour three times as much as they were promised when recruited. As in other colonies, a labourer is, during about one-third of his indentured period, being trained into reasonable efficiency. For the first three months it is customary to pay even inefficient men a minimum daily wage of one shilling and as the labourer sees that he is being treated generously while he is obviously inferior to the average of his fellow^ workers he is suffici- ently pleased with his employer and dissatisfied with himself to induce him to make cheerful efforts to earn what he receives. The task work system is good for the self respect of the labourer, and this system of tempering its rigour during the first three months turns the labourer's attention to his own obvious incapacity rather than to its unsatisfactory equivalent in wages. We saw the labourers at work on most of the estates visited and were satisfied that tasks were carefully and equitably assigned. But successful appeals on the part of labourers to the Protector are not unknown. On some estates task work which will yield high wages in return for great exertion, e.g,207 carrying out bananas from an undulating field to the roadside, is assigned to the labourers in turn, so that each may undergo the strain for a short time and all able-bodied adults may have a chance of the enhanced earnings. We hare seen labourers at work who were making from two shillings to half a crown a day at this task. It seems very desirable to assign this work in rotation not merely on account of the distribution of earnings but because labourers anxious to earn money will over-exert themselves. Pew will adopt any hygienic precautions to minimise the injurious effects of the strain. It should be under- stood that no labourer need strain himself as he is paid by results but the work is congenial and tends to competitive effort while the labourer is also conscious of the money value of every headload. The employer wants to save time and assigns such a task as will induce labourers to take advantage of the rate. There is no provision in the Ordinances similar to section 116 of the Trinidad Ordinance or section 97 of the Bx'itish Guiana Ordinance which debar an employer from requiring from a labourer, classed as non-able-bodied, the performance of a full task. Though we have no reason to suppose that Jamaica employers ever fail to make allowances for individuals of inferior physique we think it is desirable that the Ordinance should expressly empower the medical officer to restrict not the work which a labourer may voluntarily do but the amount which may be re- quired from him. We found that in practice weak labourers were given special light work without any reduction of wages or were permitted to do less than a normal task. The grant of small plots of land and provision of facilities for cow-keeping are almost unknown. Some employers encourage labourers to breed ponies by giving grazing, etc. One indentured labourer whom we met kept a very use- ful pony for his own recreation, and on Saturdays and Sundays went on long riding excursions. The obstacle to cow-keeping apparently is that many em- ployers themselves breed cattle of a good type and object to the risk of mixture with inferior animals. This risk seems to arise only if labourers are allowed to keep bulls. On many estates a more abundant supply of milk would be advan- tageous. We think that fourth and fifth year immigrants whose work and conduct have been satisfactory should be permitted to keep cows. It is both equitable and expedient that some system of rewarding continuous efficiency and good conduct should be introduced, and that proposed is popular with the labourers. For combined inefficiency and bad conduct adequate provision is made. Rations are supplied to immigrants for three months according to the following scale:— Non-adults receive one-half of the adult ration. The cost is deducted from the immigrant's wages except for days on which he was unable to work. From 1880 to 189 l the recoverable cost per week was fixed at three shillings and six pence (Rs. 2-10-0), and since 1S91 the cost has been fixed at two shillings and six pence (Re. 1-14-0), that is about eight pence or nine pence under the ordinary retail cost. The difference is a perquisite of the labourers. Many labourers do not eat fish or goat's flesh, and barter this item for some prefer- able substitute. The Protector of Immigrants should have power to order that for any item an immigrant might claim one of a number of substitutes, e.g.,. sugar, dhall, wheat, flour, etc. The Demerara morning ration might also be introduced, though in view of the liberal minimum wage arrangement for new comers in Jamaica the cost of this ration might be deducted. Daily. Weekly. 1| lbs. or 3 ozs. or 3 ozs. or 10£ lbs. rice or wheat flour. 1 lb. 5 ozs. fish or goat's flesh. 1 lb. 5 ozs. dhall or peas. 6 ozs. cocoanut oil. 1| ozs. pepper or J lb. salt.208 As elsewhere recommended pregnant and suckling women should be entitled to receive rations. Rations ar ; in fact issued to such women for varying periods in Jamaica. The wages paid to labourers are generally satisfactory but the loss of working days owing to ' sickness' is excessive, probably owing to the system of medical relicc. We have already suggested that existing medical arrange- ments be made the subject of detailed enquiry. It is, however, desirable to call attention lo the fact that the amounts returned as weekly wages in the body of annual reports do not represent weekly wages in the ordinary sense. The amounts returned represent not the average weekly wages of the total workers but the total earnings divided by the average number of men employed daily. Our recommendations as to the manner in which earnings should be shown in all colonies are contained in a separate paragraph later. Appendix 32 is a copy of a page of a monthly return taken at random from the returns submitted by estates and checked by the officers of the Immi- gration Department. It shows that men, whether occasionally incapacitated or not by real or nominal sickness, work with varying rates of energy from week to week, that all workers take casual holidays, and that women may be exempt- ed from work, though not classed as ' sick and provided with free rations for many weeks successively. This last fact is not without bearing on the unex- pectedly favourable rate of sickness among women as compared with men. Free labourers earn one shilling and six pence daily, and for work involv- ing more than average effort or skill receive one shilling and nine pence to two shillings. The effect of levying fees for the employment of 'second term immigrants ' is discussed later. The cost of living in Jamaica is apparently slightly higher than in Trinidad owing to the fact that rice, of which only about 100 acres are locally cultivated, is dearer. A fair estimate of the total cost of living would be about three shillings and six pence weekly for" an able-bodied man. In a few localities remote from market towns this might even be exceeded if individual labourers bought their foodstuffs in small quantities and did not, as they almost always do, combine to purchase as well as cook their food. 39. Administration of justice.—Justice is impartially adminis- tered. In this colony from 1879 to 1889 complaints against immigrants for offences under the Ordinance were tried by the Protector or an Inspector. Since 188), Resident Magistrates exercise concurrent jurisdiction. The results during the years 1910, 1911, and 1912 are shown in the table "A" printed as Appendix 34 The table, which was specially compiled for our information, indicates that in both classes of trials account is taken of palliating circum- stances in favour of the accused. The statement in Appendix 34-B. is copied from the annual report for 1912-13. The reduction in the number of com- plaints b(»lowl2 per cent, of the indentured population in 1912-13 is satisfactory. As pointed out by the Protector in the report a substantial number of the cases arose out of ordinary disputes between labourers themselves though classed as offences under the Ordinance. Excluding these cases the proportion of com- plaints to labourers just exceeded 10 per cent. The number of cases in which immigrants were prosecuted once only is not known. As the percentage of cases to labourers falls information on this point becomes especially valuable. Even with a 10 per cent, record an employer might be showing reasonable patience and restraint. For example, on an estate with 20 labourers there might well be one disorderly and idle man who was justifiably prosecuted twice within a year. That alone gives the estate a 10 per cent record. If no other com- plaint were filed it might be confidently stated that the employer had been commendably patient and considerate with the other nineteen labourers unless they were abnormally regular, industrious, and well-behaved. During our tour in Jamaica we gathered that the Protector and the Inspector did not proceed with complaints if the accused had a good record, and his offence was not prima facie of an aggravated kind. The labourer was not required to make any statement. He was informed before any inquiry into the merits was made that formal cognisance was not yet taken of the complaint209 that the enquiry would proceed if he so wished, and that otherwise the employer would be asked to withhold the complaint until the Protector or Ins- pector's next visit. The complaint did not re*appear as the employer was content if the labourer did not again offend. If a new offence was com- mitted that would be matter for a new complaint. It may be taken for granted that in 99 cases out of 100 the accused labourer is in some measure in fault, though whether or not he requires judicial punishment is obviously another matter. In the hundredth case a nagging and unscrupulous overseer or head- man may have misrepresented or exaggerated or suppressed facts so as to give a criminal colour to an inoffensive act or omission. Some employers are more impatient and stricter disciplinarians than others, and some are less competent to control labourers, headmen, and overseers than others, but it is at least highly improbable that a single complaint is not regarded by the prosecuting employer as true. The average labourer treated in the manner above described feels that he has had a warning and is grateful that he has neither been publicly accused nor judicially reprimanded, and neither he nor his fellow-workers harbour resentment. In this Colony there were comparatively few grumbles about prosecutions or complaints about the omission to inform emigrants of the penal clauses. Recently the majority of the complaints against labourers were disposed of by the Protector or the Inspector on estates. So far as we could ascertain the cases sent to magistrates were usually those in which the employer thought an immediate trial was necessary, but individual employers exercised their own option. The Protector and a single Inspector had to visit all estates and a complaint arising very soon after the visit of one or other would not ordinarily be held over but placed before a Resident magistrate. It will be seen that more sentences of imprisonment without the option of a fine were inflicted by magistrates, but it is just to recognise that they would pro- bably deal with a larger proportion of intractable labourers. The Protector or the Inspector would, however, usually deal with organised disorder. Registers of prosecutions are not kept on estates so that we are unable to make any confident generalisation regarding the comparative severity of sentences. The records of the Immigration Department showed that sentences passed by departmental officers were reasonable, and labourers made no specific complaints against magisterial proceedings, Their silence may be taken as showing that there was no serious or general cause for dissatisfaction. It is very desirable that registers of prosecutions should be kept on estates. We found that five minutes' discussion of the entries in such a register was more informing than a prolonged study of magisterial records, as the industrial and health records of the offenders were at hand in the pay sheets. While we have no specific grounds for criticising the disposal of cases by magistrates we think it would be better to have all cases tried by the Protector and Inspectors if possible. The reason for the change in the system in 1889 seems to have been the reduction in the staff of the Immigration Department. The number of indentured labourers is smaller than in other Colonies but it is increasing. On 31st March 1913, there were 4,152 indentured immigrants on 83 estates distributed in all parts of the island. Either the Protector or the Inspector must remain at headquarters so that only one officer is permanently available for touring duty. Apart from magisterial work this seems to provide inadequate supervision even allowing for the facilities for travel in Jamaica. It is greatly to the credit of both officers, but specially creditable to the Pro- tector, that so much good work was done and such close touch kept with conditions on estates. The departmental organisation will be dealt with later. If an additional Inspector is appointed all cases might again be tried by depart- mental officers. Neither employers nor labourers nor witnesses would lose time in attending courts. An officer of the Immigration Department will require no interpreters and is in a far better position than a magistrate to weigh the evidence advanced and to estimate the gravity of an offence. The fact that comparatively few cases come before individual magistrates may be urged as an argument for withdrawing all cases, as each magistrate's knowledge of the conditions under which cases arise and of the people accused is more limited than if cases were more frequent. In this Colony the Indian population is about 2J per cent of the total, so that acquaintance with Indian customs and thoughts and methods of expression is not to be expected from all magistrates. 129CID 57210 The labourers imprisoned went to the ordinary gaol b ut were as far as possible kept separate from offenders against the ordinary criminal law. We think that the detention of labourers who refuse to pay fines or are sentenced to imprisonment in places distinct from the common gaols is desirable and practicable. Employment may be found on a Government farm, and a strong staff of warders is unnecessary. Absconding from this place might be punish- able with imprisonment in a common gaol. The penal clauses are antiquated and the maximum penalties severe. They should be revised as suggested in the case of other Colonies, distinction being made between major and minor offences and between first and subsequent offences. Imprisonment should be avoided by allowing time for the payment of fines and recovering small periodic instalments from wages. 40. Provisions of the Ordinance.—The following modifications in the provisions of the Ordinance are suggested:— Law 23 of 1879.—In section 3 ' non-adult' means an indentured immigrant under the age of twelve years and above the age of one year. This excludes children born on an estate, who are not covered by the definition of ' immigrant' as in Trinidad. The Ordinance apparently recognises neither rights nor liabili- ties in connection with such children, who are not' immigrants Sections 36 and 37 do not give the Protector power to make inter-transfers of immigrants, and in the interests of peace and order we think this power should be conferred. Under Law 22 of 1896 a Resident Magistrate may in cer- tain cases transfer an immigrant to another estate, though the liability of the new employer under that section is not clearly stated. A Resident Magistrate will ordinarily be less fitted to exercise such power than the Protector. Though the annual reports refer to commutation of service by money pay- ments the Jamaica laws do not seem to recognise the procedure. Under section 38 a labourer who is incapacitated for work may obtain a certificate of exemp- tion (coupled with a free return passage under section 52) if the employer so desires. The right of commutation should be recognised as already proposed earlier in this report. Sections 41 to 43 relating to re-indenture are inoperative and should be deleted. In dealing with ' tasks, hours and wages' we have made suggestions affect- ing the labour law as enacted in sections 48 to 50, and proposed the adoption of a provision similar to Section 116 of the Trinidad Ordinance regarding ' invalids Section 58 which relates to land grants in lieu of return passages is inoper- ative. If estate hospitals are re-introduced the provisions relating to the medical care of immigrants will require revision, and the adoption of suggestions made by us regarding buildings and rations would necessitate recognition in the sec- tions relating to 4 Dwellings and Food of Immigrants'. Apart from modifica- tions in the medical system medical officers should be empowered to prescribe ' rations' or diet to any indentured immigrant, or his wife, child, or dependent living with him. The mother of an ' infant' of whom either parent is under indenture should when not in receipt of rations as a nursing mother be allowed one shilling per week in cash. Section 88.—Desertions should be reported to the Protector or to an Ins- pector or to both but not, at least necessarily, to the police. Section 89.—-Neither police constables nor rural constables should be empowered to arrest immigrants absent from estates. We have already stated our views as to the persons who may be authorised to apprehend absentees. Section 95 which recites the offences punishable under the Ordinance should be recast and amended as proposed by us in the previous paragraph.211 Clauses (12) and (17) for reasons explained already should be omitted. Clause (21) is unintelligible. Clause (23), added in 1881, panalises a patient who leaves a hospital, and for reasons already given is objectionable. Law 4 of 1889.—It maybe desirable that Reside at Magistrates should retain jurisdiction to try cases in case of necessity but the Ordinance should make its exercise conditional on the issue of special orders by the Governor. We recommend that complaints under the Ordinance be disposed of by the Protector or an Inspector. Law 20 of 1881. Sections 11,12 and 13. The employment of an immigrant who has served the full term of his in- denture but has not completed ten years industrial residence—< the second-term immigrant'—should be as unrestricted as that of any other labourer. As regards section 13 it is objectionable because it cannot be strictly enforced. The recovery from an employer of a shilling for an engagement of less than a week cannot in practice be effected. A single labourer may work for three distinct employ- ers for two days each in a single week. Each employer is liable to pay one shilling, so that the tax on employment is six pence per day. In practice a daily proportionate fee is accepted in most if not all cases. When the demand for labour is slack the section must operate inequitably. Employers have told us that the demand for labour is never slack but labourers have vehemently contradicted this and stated that the section injuriously affected tliem. The liability is not confined to employers of agricultural labour but extends over the whole field of industry. Mere asseveration that a restriction on the em- ployment of about one per cent, of the whole labouring class will not be felt by those affected owing to the general demand for labour obviously cannot carry conviction. Prima facie it is much more probable that the sum collected by the treasury is much smaller than the loss caused to the labourers locally known as second-term immigrants. Another drawback to the operation of this section is that it is partial in its incidence and puts a premium on dishonesty. Apart from conscious dishonesty no employer looking for a temporary hand in Kings- ton or in any busy centre is likely to question a casual Indian closely, and if he did the latter is not likely to assist in disqualifying himself from employment. Moreover, it compels Indian labourers to keep certificates and produce them when seeking employment. An Indian labourer who has served his term of indenture should be in just the same position as any other labourer. He may be entitled to receive a certificate but not compelled to produce it as a prelimin- ary to working for his livelihood. We were not instructed to inquire regarding fiscal arrangements but we note that fees collected under section 13 approx£ mated to £1,680 in each of the last two years, representing collections for about 800 labourers engaged during 40 weeks annually. It is fairly certain that how- ever active the demand for labour may be the average labourer will not work for more than 40 weeks in all. Between 1903 and 1907 the number of adults introduced was 2,722. Deaths and departures would account for nearly twenty per cent leaving 2,200. If as many as 500 of these found independant occupa- tions and did not work for employers, there would remain 1,700. Of these at most 300 more might be women who did not want employment. Exclusive of those who had reached adolescence since 1903 there would remain not less than 1,400 Indians working or willing to work under employers while the fees represent collections from about 800. Either work is not so abundant as some employers think, or the provisions of the section are very freely evaded. While labour is oidinaiily in demand there are in all localities and in most occupations busy and slack seasons, and during the latter the ' second-term immigrant' is at a discount. In the year preceding our visit drought and storms greatly damaged crops and temporarily reduced the demand for labour very considerably. It would un- doubtedly be more equitable to repeal this provision, which is not and cannot212 be enforced as enacted, and either (a) to re-adjust the incidence of medical charges and make a direct grant from general revenuess or (&) raise the inden- ture fees. If the 4 second-term immigrant' could readily acquire land the section though both theoretically and practically objectionable would be less invidious. He has not in recent years found it easy to acquire land on the expiry of his indentures. He must wait five years for his assisted passage, and in the interval his employment as a day labourer is impeded by the levy of a tax which does not effect the employment of 99 per cent of the whole labour- ing class. Under Law 12 of 1879 as amended by 2 of 1899 and 13 of 1903 an im- migrant must claim his return passage within two years after the right to an assisted passage accrues. Although he has an interval of five years follow- ing the expiry of his indenture to make up his mind the two-year limit seems narrow, "While he waits five years for an assisted passage the immigrant must put his intelligence and energy to some use and it is undesirable that he should be restricted in the pursuits to which these are directed by anxiety lest he may have to forego his passage claim or abandon an occupation or undertaking before the fruit of his industry and enterprise had fairly matured. If he waits five years before his claim accrues the claim should be retained for a further period of five years. "We accept the reasonableness of putting a time limit on the exercise of the right, but as ten of the best years of an immigrant's life must pass before the claim arises he should be given opportunities of prospering for fifteen before he elects to abandon the right or return to India and commence a new life. Probably the number of return passages will not be * seriously affected, but immigrants will be more contented and less unsettled and a fair adjustment will have been made. Section 2 of Law 13 of 1905 requires a 'second-term immigrant' to report his residence to the Protector or at a police station once in three months. No such liability should be imposed. Section 6 (c) of that law penalises an immigrant who falsely (not fraudu- lently) pretends that he has completed ten years industrial residence. False or fraudulent representations by immigrants should be no more and no less pun- ishable than similar representations by other people. The object of these invidious provisions is apparently to facilitate the levy of the tax on employers imposed under Law 20 of 1891, an additional argument against that imposition being thereby furnished. The Marriage Law relating to immigrants is contained in Law 22 of 1896. In this as in other Colonies we think that a number of Hindu priests and Musalman kazis should be recognised and that no person's previous certifi- cate or permission should be required to validate a marriage solemnised bet- ween unmarried persons of a marriageable age after due public notice had been given. Here as elsewhere undue anxiety to have the validity of proposed marriages guaranteed before solemnisation has had the effect of discouraging both Hindu and Musalman immigrants from trying to satisfy the requirements of the local law. 41. Relations between employers and labourers.—The relations between employers and labourers are on the whole satisfactory, A few employers show more firmness than tact or managing capacity, and occa. sionally an overseer or headman gets into trouble for rough treatment. Habi- tual illtreatment is not and could not be practised. In the annual report for 1911 reference is made to the transfer of all the immigrants from an estate where there was too much friction and wages were unsatisfactory. Disputes about tasks sometimes cause temporary discontent, but on the great majority of estates the superior staff is neither exacting nor unreasonable. On some the employer's attitude may be described as indulgent. It was consoling when immigrants were being subjected to leading questions about possible grievances to find cases in which labourers with no consequences to fear were anxious to acknowledge the kindness with which they had been treated and admit abso- lutely nothing which might reflect on their employers. The consistent and suc- cessful efforts made in recent years on mest estates to keep down prosecutions213 bare apparently borne fruit. Complaints about prosecutions were fewer and allegations of specific hardship were less common than expressions of general home-sickness which were less indicative of discontent than of the natural feel- ing aroused in the course of conversation with.labourers regarding their home life, their emigration, their present condition and their intentions as to the future. One matter about which complaint was commonly made was not con- cerned with conditions on estates, namely, the difficulty of acquiring land. But dissatisfaction with opportunities in prospect is not calculated to promote im- mediate contentment, and employers anxious to induce and preserve a cheerful spirit, among their workers would do well to co-operate with Government in settlement operations. What is, however, more immediately desirable is the grant of plots of land and permission to keep cattle, as already recommended. Th i trouble involved will be amply repaid by the results. Labourers will be more contented and disciplinary control will be strengthened. The orderly-room system seemed to have few supporters among employers. On small estates no regular system may be necessary. On the larger estates labourers should have regular and frequent opportunities of putting forward complaints or requests regarding their treatment or their private concerns. On more than one estate labourers have complained of difficulties in gettiDg a hearing. Labourers expect an employer to be something more personal than the almost invisible fount whence statutory wages How and subordinate estate officers derive authority. Indian headmen are much preferred by Indian labourers but are more cheerfully obeyed if the latter are sure that the former's control is exercised with the full knowledge and approval of the employer. The headmen on most if not all estates are Indians. As a class they are both reasonable and trustworthy, but all thoughtful managers realise that they need constant supervision. That a few should be found wanting reflects no serious discredit on the class or on the system. While it is a good thing that the labourers should continue to believe that employers mean to pay them and treat them justly and that the Immigration Department holds the scales im- partially when disputes arise it would be better if some employers were more accessible, and if all devised a simple system of rewarding regular work and steady conduct. Disputes about tasks though not frequent occur sufficiently often to merit notice. The somewhat vague definition of a task, on which comment has already been made, may account for most of the (misunderstandings. When labourers, as well as employers, know what a task means inadequately super- vised headmen or careless or parsimonious employers will seldom make mis- takes, while factious labourers will find it more difficult to organise strikes when tasks are reasonable. It is important not only that tasks should be reasonable (Appendices 32 and 33 show that ordinarily they must be so) but that even ignorant and credulous labourers should have no reasonable excuse for believ- ing them to be otherwise. 42. Facilities for (a) lodging complaints, (b) meeting friends, (c) celebrating festivals.—(«) Labourers enjoy ample facilities for making complaints to the Protector or a magistrate. A perusal of the annual reports will show that though serious complaints are infrequent real grievances are redressed. The employment of an additional Inspector would, however, be an improvement. It should not result in the receipt of a larger number of complaints or requests of importance, but might well reduce these by arresting the growth of causes of serious complaint. (b) No obstacles are placed in the way of labourers anxious to meet friends, etc., on week-ends or general holidays. Casual holidays are given for reasonable cause. The entries in Appendix 33, which are believed to be typical, show that casual leave of absence is taken freely. The entries in the wages return (Appendix 32) regarding the days lost by 'holidays' show that some employers do not distinguish clearly between public holidays and casual leave of absence. (o) Labourers meet with no difficulties in performing marriages or other ceremonies or in celebrating religious festivals, and as in other Colonies are frequently assisted by their employers. 129CIDW 58214 43. Repatriation.—The arrangements for repatriation from Jamaica are similar to those adopted in other British West Indian Colonies, but owing- to the fact that during the nine years from 1896 to 1904 less than 2,000 immigrants arrived in the colony the number of persons seeking repatriation in recent years has been very small, and in the two years 1911 and 1912 no repatriations were made. No complaints were made to us regarding the system/ but we think that the proposals made as regards Surinam might here also be adopted. It is unlikely, especially if land settlement is facilitated, that the demand for passages by steamers sailing in alternate years would exceed four or five hundred. The cost of an assisted passage will be reduced if large steamers, already fitted and regularly employed for this purpose, are chartered. Ninety-five per cent of those who return will prefer a cheap passage direct to Calcutta in alternate years to a more expensive passage with the risk of transfer to a Trinidad or Demerara return steamer. The number of Indians annually despatched to and repatriated from Jamaica since 1891 are shown in Appendix C. 44. The Protector and staff.—The superior staff of the Immi- gration Department consists of the Protector of Immigrants, in receipt of a salary of £367, and an Inspector on £200. With such slight assistance in the work of supervision the duties of the former are especially onerous aid res- ponsible. The salary is utterly inadequate. Mr. Doorly, who was Protector of Immigrants during our visit and for some years previously, has recently accepted an appointment as Assistant Immigration Agent in India where he is better paid for lighter and less responsible work. In addition to the duties performed by officers of the Immigration De- partment in other colonies the staff in Jamaica disposes of the majority of the complaints made against labourers under the local Immigration laws. At the close of 1912-13 the number of immigrants under indenture exceeded 4>000 employed on 83 estates, and the local demand is not likely to de- crease in the immediate future, frequent and regular visits to estates cannot be made by the present staff. The activity and zeal of the late Protector, who was loyally assisted by his Inspector, .minimised the injurious consequences of reducing supervision to a few hurried visits to each estate yearly. Mr. Doorly not only did his technical work quickly and well but had acquired the confi- dence of the labourers. Of the 4,000 immigrants under indenture almost 2,000 arrived within the year. As the proportion of old hands increases the attitude of the labourers will become more critical. A labourer generally takes a year or more according to his intelligence and general disposition to realise that he can question almost any order issued with impunity if he goes the right way about it, and when he is conscious that he is not nominally but really protected he is not always reasonable. The best means of obviating neglect or any other form of mismanagement by emplbyers or the development of either well founded dis- satisfaction or mere factiousness amongst labourers is the regular and frequent visiting of estates by competent independent officials. With an additional Inspector practically all cases under the Immigration Laws could be decided by the departmental staff, and if this can be done in Jamaica it can and ought to be done in other colonies. It would also be possible to devote more syste- matic attention to the condition and needs of the ' second-term immigrants' and the Indian settlers. The duty of intervening between employers and labourers requires a good deal of tact and character, and to secure and retain the right stamp of men as Inspectors it would seem necessary to hold out to them the definite prospect of attaining to a salary of at least £400 a year. A competent Proteotor is certainly not overpaid on twice that sum. The colony has been fortunate in the personnel of the Department in recent years, but should strengthen the staff and increase the pay if efficient organisation and supervision are required. We observe that while the Protector was paid A yearly salary of £367, section 8 of Law 28 of 1879 enacts that he shall receive a salary of £600. The salary actually paid was nearly 40 per cent below the statutory amount. If immigration is to continue the question of enhancing and not of reducing the legal salary will deserve consideration. It215 is essential but not always easy to secure an efficient Protector, who should not ordinarily look for promotion outside his own department. 45. Free Indiana.—The free Indian population in Jamaica is approxi- mately 16,000. Tbe abstract printed as Appendix 34(a) of this report is extract- ed from the report of the Jamaica Census of 1911, when a special enumeration of East Indians was made at the request of the Secretary of State for India At that time the total Indian population was I7jo80, including those under indenture. About one-half of the total Indian population were employed as agricultural labourers. A few hundred were farmers or market gardeners, and another few hundred traders and shop-keepers. The few engaged in pursuits classed as professional included one qualified medical practitioner. Some hundreds were employed in one or other of about fifty different manual occupations More than 100 persons, excluding children, were returned as living on their means, and 10 were classed as paupers. The prosperous busi- ness men include those who went to Jamaica in the ordinary way as business men and not under indenture. The Indian population is small compared with that of Trinidad or British Guiana, and while many have prospered in a small way annual incomes of over one thousand pounds are still apparently unknown. From figures supplied by the Collector of Taxes it appears that Indian landowners own over 10,000 acres of land, valued at nearly £f:0,000, and live stock worth £10,000 The Protector of Immigrants is confident that the value of live-stock is under-esti- mated. The total above given does not include the value of stock in one parish containing one-seventh of the entire land held by Indians. Law 23 of 1879 authorised the grant of 10 acres of land to each immigrant in lieu of return passage, but until its repeal in 18-7 the law remained inoper- ative. Again in 1 03 a similar provision was re-enacted and in 3903-04 allot- ments aggregating 648 acres were granted. Up to 1910 there were granted 28 allotments of 3,214 acres. The Surveyor-General reported in 1913 that 188 of these latter allotment® were never used, 45 were sold, and 31 grantees settled and cultivated or sublet their lands. From the papers which we were permit- ted to peruse it would appear that commutation of passages and not land settle- ment was the object mainly in view. The grants were originally made to applicants willing to relinquish their right to passages and not to selected individuals or bodies of men. Some of the allotments were in localities likely to attract industrious settlers and some were not. The Surveyor-General noted that some of the grantees sold their lots to other Indians who proved good cultivators, a fact which indicates that it is well to distinguish between the Indian who wants to settle and the Indian who wants a holding as a specula- tion. The same officer thinks that some good land was not cultivated because it was in a mountain district. An industrious Indian who wants to settle on land will cultivate land in any position if it gives him a fair return for his industry and if he is near even a small Indian community and has no difficulty about water to drink. A man who has saved enough to enable him to build a small house on his allotment may safely be advanced a small loan on this security either for maintenance or for purchase of stock until his land becomes remunerative. We saw some Indians settled on land which they had purchased in the ordinary way and some cultivating as lessees. The occupants in freehold were contented. Some of the lessees grumbled at their rents and some at the weather conditions of the previous year, but all were industrious cultivators. One group were assisted in every way by a very considerate landlord. If land is made available in suitable localities and the Protector chooses the occupants it should be easy to settle from 500 to 3,000 acres yearly. The genuine settler will agree to a condition requiring him to build a house within a year and to pay an annual assessment after two years. The Surveyor-General estimates the value of the land assigned in recent years at £1-10-0 per acre. We found Indians paying rents of ten shillings and upwards per acre. If land is required for settlement and can be bought at even £3 per acre it would apparently be possible to subdivide it into lots and let it on permanent leases for five shillings an acre without loss. As land in Jamaica is likely to rise in value the assess- ment might be liable to revision at intervals of 30 years, the maximum increase at each revision being limited to 25 per cent. The size of an allotment should216 in our opinion be such as would yield gross produce worth about £40, taking bad years with good. It is not the acreage but the capacity of the allotments, large or small, to support an average family that should be the basis of settle- ment. Suitable Crown land is scarca. Individual Indians anxious to buy from 5 to 10 acres cannot easily get plots of this size, and when properties of considerably larger size are in the market it is practically impossible for the land-seeking labourers from eighty different estates to organise schemes of joint purchase for subsequent sub-division. The exclusion of the Protector from direct concern with settlement operations has had much the same results in Jamaica as in Demerara. The results have been disappointing, partly because no Indian could be expected to settle on some of the land and partly because land was assigned to applicants at random and under conditions which dis- couraged rather than stimulated industrious cultivation. A well devised system of settlement operations would add greatly to the attractions of Jamaica to Indian emigrants and need cost the Government of the colony nothing. In commercial and industrial undertakings the Indian has a fair field. There are many openings for men with enterprise, intelligence, and integrity. The imports and exports of Jamaica each aggregate to about £3,000,000 annually. So far Indians have prospered in a small way as retail traders, but their successors whose energies are not hampered by their parents' defective education and ignorance of English will doubtless be more enterprising, i or the immigrant of to-day, however, it is most important to have facilities for acquiring land, and this can bo ensured only by settlement operations in which the officers of the Immigration Department are invited to assist. 46. Education.—The ordinary primary schools in Jamaica are open to Indian children. No fees are charged. The Governor in Council mf.y direct that attendance of children between 6 and 14 years of age shall be compulsory in defined areas, but it has been found possible to exercise this power in only a few localities. Complete and accurate statistics regarding the attendance of Indian children at schools are net available, but the director of Education was kind enough to supply us with such information as could be readily obtained. Out of 699 schools in the island 469 sent in returns from which it appears that these schools are attended by 455 Indian boys and 272 Indian girls, while over 900 children of each sex were within reach of the schools but did not attend. Approximately, one boy in three and one girl in five attend primary schools. A few years ago three special East Indian schools were established under a spe- cial vote. Two of these schools were under the management of the Society of Eriends and one under that of the Presbyterian Church. The average attendance at the three schools was 90. The parents are said to be apathetic but a reason for the generally poor attendance is the absence of Indian teachers. Most parents would like their children to be taught Urdu, or Urdu and English, but they are not anxious to have them taught English only or through the medium of English solely. Eear of proselytism may in a few cases be a deterrent, though in this respect conscientious objections are always respected. About 200,000 of the total population of the island are of a school-going age. Of these nearly one-half are enrolled as pupils and nearly one-third attend regularly. As the Indians are mostly of the labouring class the attendance in the case of boys, as indicated in the returns abovementioned,^ is almost as good as could be expected. The occasional selection of promising Indian, boys in the primary schools for places in the Training College at Kingston, would probably render the whole educational system more attractive^ to Indians. The Government of the colony cannot in reason be asked to organise separate schools for Indians who comprise about 2 per cent, of the population scattered over a wide area. It seems a pity that the painstaking thoroughness of the Canadian Presbyterian Mission in Trinidad cannot be more generally imitated by school managers in localities where Indians are numerous. There is in Jamaica every desire to educate Indian children without inter- fering with their religious convictions. If further experiments are made they might include in a rural area the trial of a Government Morning School under a possibly untrained Indian teacher so that the elder boys might work in the afternoon. It is likely that in the area served a good many more Indian children would receive a solid primary education.217 APPENDIX 29. Regulations for the guidance of the Protector, Inspector, and Medical Officers engaged in carrying out the provisions of the Immigration Laws, in deciding as to the fitness of dwelling houses proposed to be provided on estates for inden- tured Immigrants. I, Where on any estate to which it is proposed to allot indentured labourers, there are no buildings which have been approved of and used as dwelling houses for such labourers, so that it is necessary to erect new buildings for the purpose of such dwelling houses, the employer shall give to the Protector or Inspector and the District Medical Officer due notice of his inten- sion, either to appropriate certain existing buildings or to build new houses for that purpose, and no building shall be approved of as a dwelling to be assigned to an Indentured Immigrant unless the following conditions are complied with :— &. The site must be approved of by the Protector or Inspector and a Medical Officer. 3. The gronnds shall be smoothed off and sloped towards the drains. 4. The dwellings shall be of one storey with a gallery, one to leeward being preferable, 5. The floors shall be made— (a) either of banked earth well rammed to a height of at least 12 inches above the ad- jacent ground level so as to prevent dampness, or (b) of well laid boards of an elevation of not less than 2 feet above the adjacent ground level. 6. The roofs shall be— (a) shingled, or (3) boarded or sarked and covered with galvanised iron, or (c) thatched with palmetto or other durable material to be approved by the Medical Officer. 7. The walls shall be made of— (a) boards, or (b) concrete, or ( Port Antonio. Williamsfield • •• 4i )) » Red Hassell ... 14 »> 93 "Fellowship and Stanton 4 99 Tom's Hope ... 3 9} Golden Yale ... 5 ;> 39 Windsor ... 7 }) 33 Burlington ... 5 i) „ 1 mile to Railway Station^ *Unity Valley ... 8 >? „ 3 miles „ „ *Mount Pleasant • . • 8 CO Bound Brook ... 1* }) 99 Woodstock ... 1 mile Buff Bay. Windsor Castle ... 5 miles D Mid Layton ... 3 )) n Low Layton ... 4 99 „ 1 mile to Railway Station^ * Paradise and Shrews- 11 99 „ 8£ miles „ „ bury. Gibraltar ... i mile Annotto Bay. Iter Boreals ... 1* miles Fort Stewart ... 5 a 39 Upper Fort Stewart... 6 99 93 Lady Hole ... 99 Osborne... ... H 39 93 Fort George ... 41 J) 93 Gray's Inn • •1 2 » » Coleraine 4 99 Agualta Yale ... H JJ 99 Chovey ... ... 6 » Orange Hill ... 5 99 33 Newry ... 0*» 5 » 39 Green Castle ... 7 99 V Nutfield... ... 9 9) 39 Sheerness ... 8 99 9! "Water Valley ... 6 it 9) Kosend ... ... 6 9) 39 Cape Clear ... 8 9) 99 Koninsberg ... 10 V 99 Clermont *•'« 8 99 219 Halcot Farm »•« 9 miles from Hospital at Annotto Bay. Esher •«« 9 » 93 „ 1 mile from Railway Station, * Plat field ••• 15 3i 99 „ 5 miles 99 99 ^Montrose ... 11 93 9) ,, 1 mile 99 99 Frontier A mile 9) 39 Wentworth ... 1 99 99 99 Trinity ... 2 miles 33 >1 Brimmer Hall ... 3 99 99 99 Nonsuch ».. 6 39 33 3) Tremolesworth ... 7 99 39 99 Hopewell . • • 10 93 9> 99 Charlottemburg ... 12 33 i9 99 *Blair Pen ... 3 39 39 at Spanish Town. *Riversdale ... 15 33 39 2 miles from Railway Station, *New Hall ... 14} 99 99 99 ^2 JJ 99 99 *Harker's Hall ... 18 33 99 99 ^ 99 99 99 *Hyde ... ... 13 93 99 93 3 39 99 97 *Mount Olive ... 17 93 99 „ 1 mile „ 33 99 *Rio Magno ... 20 93 99 „ 4 miles 99 39 *Pear Tree Grove • i • 25 $9 99 39 99 39 99 Worthy Park 14 99 99 at Linstead 7 „ 39 99 Monymusk • • • 2 99 a at Lionel Town. Amity Hall * H 99 99 99 91 Chesterfield • •• 1 mile 99 99 99 Bog ... 1 99 99 99 99 Hillside... ... 2 miles 99 99 39 Moreland 3 99 9) 99 99 Shrewsbury ... 6 99 99 at Sava-la-mar. Friendship • •• 6 99 99 Meylersfield 5 99 99 99 99 Blue Castle ... 4 9) 99 99 99 Mesopotamia in 5 99 99 99 99 Fontabelle • • i 5 99 99 99 99 Frome ... in 6 99 99 99 99 Belleisle ... 7 99 99 99 93 Mount Eagle • •• 9 99 99 S9 99 Retrieve • • • 10 99 99 99 99 New Hope • • * 10 99 33 99 79 Phoenix • • • U 99 39 at Lucea. Providence • i • 6 99 3} at Montego Bay. Rose Hall • • • 10 99 99 99 99 *Seven Rivers ... 15 99 99 „ 1 mile from Railway Station, fMocho ... in 26 99 99 „ 5 miles 99 99 * The immigrants from these estates are sent to Hospital by train from the nearest Railway Station. * The immigrants from these estates are sent to Hospital by train from the nearest Railway Station. f Special arrangements have been made by the United Fruit Co. for a medical officer to visit this estate every fortnight, and attend the immigrants.220 APPENDIX 31. Under instructions conveyed in Colonial Secretary's letter No. 6106-6163, dated the 7th October, 1886, District Medical Officers subsequently appointed are required to regulate their charges by the following tariff of medical fees which has been approved by the Legislative Council. Tariff of Medical Pees. 1. Advice and medicines at the District Medical Officer's residence or private or Government Dispensary ... ... ... ...4s. For each subsequent visit as above in the same case ... 2s. 2. For each visit in town from 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. within a radius ofNone mile from the centre of the town ... ... ,,f ... 6^. 3. For each visit in the country within a radius of one mile from the District Medical Officer's residence ... ... ... ... 6s. 4. Mileage in addition to fee for visit for any distance over one mile from District Medical Officer's residence Is. 6d. per mile or part of a mile one way: that is to say; the mileage paid for the outward journey to cover the return ... ... ... ... ...... The above charges to include ordinary medicines „• 5. For night visits from 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. oae-half fee and half mileage extra 6. If asked to stay for a day or night according to agreement ... ... 7. Consultation as Physician or Surgeon 21s. with mileage at the above rates Consultation means a in consultation with another medical man " ... Every subsequent consultation on same case with mileage at above rates ... 10$. 6d. Consultation by letter and medicines supplied, if necessary ... ... 6$. 8. A medical certificate ... ... ... ... ... 21$. A medical certificate if attending patient ■ ... ... ... 10$. 6^. 9. Midwifery—Ordinary cases for attendance at delivery £2 is. 0d. and mileage. Instrumental eases: extra according to circumstances ... ..c 10. Surgical operations—Minor operations ... ... 10s. 6d. Fracture of upper and lower extremities 21s., appliances extra. Major operations accord- ing to agreement. 11. This scale of charges is not intended to interfere with any arrangements made between the medical officers and their patients and it is intended to apply cash payments only, that is, at the termination of visit, or monthly, if attendance should be necessary for more than one month. 12. The Tariff does not apply to any but bona fide residents in the island. Medical attendance on ihe poor.—The subject of medical attendance on poor persons who, although not paupers, are unable to pay the fee of four shillings, nominally considered the lowest charge by the Medical Practitioners, having been under consideration for some time, the Governor, pending the establishment of Government Dispensaries throughout the island, passed in September 1880, certain rules for affording medical aid to them by a ticket-system. These rules were amended in September 1904, and stand as below 1. The Government will, on the nomination of a Chairman of a Parochial Board or other- wise, appoint gentlemen to be Distributors of Medical Relief Tickets, who will be furnished by the Superintending Medical Officer with copies of these Rules and with tickets of the respec- tive values of 3s. and 2s. as respects all parishes other than Kingston and of the values of 2$. and 1$. as respects Kingston ; and any appointment so made shall be subject to revocation. 2. Any person not on the Pauper Roll, who is really unable to pay the assumed minimum fee of 4s. may, if considered deserving of the relief, obtain from any of the gentlemen so selected a ticket which, on presentation at the Government Dispensary, or where there is no such Dispensary at the residence of the District Medical Officer, will entitle the holder, on payment of the fee represented on the ticket, to medical advice and medicines. 3. A separate ticket must be presented on the occasion of each application at the Govern- ment Dispensary or Medical Officer's residence ,* but, in the event of a second or third visit being necessary during the treatment of the case, two-thirds only of the amount represented on the ticket first presented will be demanded, and half for subsequent applications during the continuance of same illness.221 4. Any person in receipt of a ticket who may be unable to attend at the Government Dispensary, or at the Medical Officer's residence, by reason of serious illness or infirmity (a note to this effect being made 5 on the ticket Ijy the gentlemen making the recbmmendatidn) will be attended at hoifca by the district Medical Officer of the district, if the applicant is able to pay the cost of mileage as well as the fee represented on the ticket. 5. Any such ticket presented to the Medical Officer of the District will require him to attend at the home of the patient, on payment of an amouht for mileage at the rate of Is. per mile going and 6d. returning. 6. The fees represented on such ticket must be paid by the applicant for relief together with the cost of mileage in cases where the Medical Officer is required to attend at the home of the patient. 7. In case of prescriptions prepared at Government Dispensaries, or with Government Drugs, one-third of the fee received with the ticket shall be credited to the Government to cover the cost of the medicines and two-thirds to pay the Medical Officer; when made up by the Medical Officers from their own drugs the entire sum represented on the ticket shall be their fee. 8. Medical Officers having charge of the Government Dispensaries will attend to the holders of tickets between the hours of 9 and 11 o'clock a.m. on two days in the week, which will be fixed by the Medical Officer. 9. Prescriptions to be made up at Government Dispensaries will be attended to daily Sundays excepted, between the hours of 11 a.m. and 4 p.m# Admissions to the public hospitals are now restricted to the following classes of cases by order 1. Cases of serious accident. Cases of acute disease requiring hospital treatment. 3. Cases likely to be benefited by operation, and, of course, constables and coolies who have to be admitted under the law. Accidents and Acute Illness.—Cases of serious accident or acute illness, if in a condition to be moved, should be sent to the nearest Public General Hospital, where they will be admitted at any hour of the day or night. If the person is too poor to pay for a conveyance the police should be informed and they will in such special eases make the necessary arrange- ment for removal to the Hospital. The following are the rules governing the admission of patients to the Public Hospital, Kingston, and to Public General Hospitals :— Kegulations for the guidance op the Outdoor Department at Public General Hospitals. 1. There will be an outdoor department at each Public General Hospital. The outdoor department will be opened daily. Patients must attend between the hours of 9 and 10 a. m., Sundays excepted, or between such other hours as the Governor may sanction, and those patients only who come within those hours will be attended to by the District Medical Officer. 3. (1) Persons entitled by law or regulation to free medical attendance may, on present- ing themselves, be treated as outdoor patients without prejudice to any other claim they may have on the services of the Medical Officer, such as persons on the pauper roll, constables, and East Indian Immigrants, (2) Other persons seeking medical aid under this system must produce a written recom- mendation from a person authorised by the Governor in that behalf. A person with a ticket from a Ticket Distributor may also attend the provisions of sub-section (4>). (3) Medical Officers may also treat under this system-— (a) persons who come without a recommendation but whose circumstances are known to them, and who are deserving cases for treatment; (b) persons seeking admission to Hospital but whose cases are unsuitable for treatment there ; (c) persons for whom there is no room in Hospital. (4) Persons presenting tickets from distributors of medical relief tickets may also be treated, and for this purpose distributors are authorised to issue tickets representing fees of 3s., 2s., and Is., respectively, the amount being determined in accordance with the measure of relief necessary in each case. One-third of these fees is to be credited to Government to cover the cost of drugs, etc., and two-thirds to be retained by the Medical Officer. 4. Any person who, except under the instruction of the District Medical Officer, has allowed more than one month to elapse between visits or applications for medicine must produce a fresh recommendation. 129C1D222 5. Persons authorised to grant recommendations shall be appointed by the Governor, and the Custos or senior Resident Justice of the Peace o£ each parish may nominate suitable persons to the Governor for such responsibility, and any appointment so made shall only be held during the pleasure of the Governor, who may at any time cancel the appointment. 6. Persons authorised to grant recommendations for outdoor treatment at a hospital must in each case state from their own personal knowledge that the person reoommended is unable to pay any fee for medical advice. 7. Each patient treated and prescribed for shall have his name, age, and sex, with date of attendance, noted in a book to be called the "Register of Out-patients". 8. The treatment given to each patient shall also be entered in the register on each occasion on which he attends hospital and the name of the patient and date of attendance shall in each ease be marked on the bottle or package of medicine delivered. Medicine shall not be prescribed for more than one week at a time. 9. Every patient shall provide his own bottle or may pay 1 d. for a bottle. 10. Medicines shall be made up by the Government Dispenser at the Hospital daily.APPENDIX 32. Work and Wages—Men. PERCENTAGE OP WORKING DAYS. AVERAGE EARN- INGS. Parish. Mean number Worked by each. Lost by bach by : £ 1 Plantation. Employer. of labourers employed. Unlawful ab- sence. : Absence with leave. t i o o o 03 o Sickness. Bad weather. Holiday. Per working da Per day ac worked. St. Mary Green Castle Hon. Sir John Pringle ... 45 7-12 65-14 •22 8-48 •09 •60 17-47 6-66 1-32 5. d. 0 7f s. d. 1 0§ Coleraine Ditto 50 1—6 60*51 •46 9-68 •05 4-28 13-47 10-67 •90 0 7f 1 li Chovey Ditto 58i 65*29 •13 10-72 -03 4-29 9-31 9-25 -98 0 8| 1 U Agualta Yale Ditto 17f 74*02 • •• 9-75 IM ... 6-42 8-07 171 0 9f 1 2 Cape Clear Ditto 29 5-12 58-97 •18 9-20 • •• -62 15*12 15-01 -89 0 7f i it Koningsberg Ditto 25 11—12 55-46 8-12 • M 2-53 15-88 17-11 •90 0 8 1 2|- Hopewell Ditto 30 7-12 69-06 •32 8-07 •10 1-31 17-45 2-89 -81 0 9 1 1 Tremolesworth Ditto ... 47 1—12 69-98 •01 11-64 ... -09 15-70 1*72 -97 0 9 1 1 Brimmer Hall Ditto m 67-71 •35 , 8-13 •16 4-59 15-05 3-03 -97 0 9i 1 If Trinity Ditto 36i 65-32 -02 7-50 Ml 1-85 22-53 193 -85 0 8 1 0 Nutfield ... Ditto M# 54* 62-37 -33 11-49 IH 2-47 16-57 5-91 •85 0 8 1 1 Nonsuch Ditto 47f 72-25 ... 9-63 •13 -16 14-86 2-11 -87 0 8f 1 Of Newry... Ditto 52* 68-93 -13 9-41 •01 -31 13-72 6-51 •98 0 8£ 1 0£ Orange'Hill Ditto 51* 68-64 2-43 8-56 •07 1-32 12-02 6-13 •83 0 si 1 0JWork and Wages—<-Men—contd. PERCENTAGE OF WORKING DAYS. AVERAGE EARN- INGS. Plantation. Mean number Lost by bach by : £ !=j c3 P o Parish. Employer. of labourers employed. Worked by eacl Unlawful ab- sence. Absence with leave. ! i ■j-s t- 0 © ; o "o «8 o Sickness. Bad weather. i Holiday. Per working ds Per day i worked. s. d. s. d. St Mary— eoncld. Upper Fort Stewart Lower Fort Stewart Hon. Sir John Pringle... Ditto m 38 7—12 65*21 63'62 •23 -31 8-37 10-31 •07 4-58 1-64 15-24 20-34 5-42 2-89 •89 •89 0 7} 0 6f 0 10i 0 11 Sheerness Ditto n 80-20 ... 8*88 ... ... 7-16 3*15 •56 0 9* 0 Hi Gibraltar ... A. C. Westmoreland 27 5—12 75*26 -11 12-85 -04 •09 9-78 •96 •91 0 9 1 1 Esher ... Ditto 23 7—12 72-14 •16 12-38 •01 •21 11-50 2-50 100 0 8f 1 0i Fort George Ditto 29| 60-43 -05 6-96 •14 •14 2908 2-58 •62 0 7 0 111 Water Valley Est, C. E. Isaacs 31| 74*42 •31 10-47 -15 •39 12-27 1-26 •74 0 9 1 01 Rosend E. E. Broughton ... 22 59-91 -09 15-95 •10 1-69 19-02 2*58 •66 0 71 0 10J Osborne ... R. L. Benbow ... 15f 67*89 •07 9-74 •14 ••• 13-41 7*86 •89 * 0 9 1 11 Cbarlottenberg »„ W. H. Westmoreland ... 14| 8317 '40 8*49 •60 •65 3*64 2-13 -93 1 Of l li Gray's Inn Clermont Elmslies Gray's Inn Est. Ltd. H. G. Constantino 51 11-12 si 63-35 81-14 1-18 13.92 11-64 •02 -09 17-89 3-25 2-72 3-00 •84 •97 0 8 0 11} 1 0| 12 Fontabelie # ••• Hon. R. P. Simmonds ... 7 68*63 ... 16-24 IH 18-47 ••• •69 1 Of 1 Si Quebec • Ditto ••• 6 f 70-69 '' 16-04 ... ... 10-72 • o ioi i 1 2iPortland Wentworth United Fruit Co. 16 1—12 72-34 Platfield ««• T. M.Gray... 20 49-33 Haloot Farm Ml H. D. Graham 16f 75-85 Montrose ... J. M. Fletcher 10 66*04 Frontier • •• Administrator General... 271 64-28 Iter Boreale ... E. E. C. Hosack ... 35 5—6 73-12 Lady Hole Ditto 18 11—12 65-82 Golden Grove ... Ditto M 64-55 Golden Yale ««• United Fruit Co. 64. 11—12 68-58 Windsor Ditto 114? 54-23 Tom's Hope Ditto ... 47 5-12 58-93 Stanton and Fellow- ship. Paradise Ditto Ditto •• 53J 38 58-52 75*62 Unity Valley Ditto ••• 6 5—6 69*63 Bed Hassell Ditto ••• 13| 85-39 Williamsfield ... Ditto 17! 69-89 Burlington ... Mrs. E. A. Miller 10| 68-60 Low Layton Cold Harbour E. B. Hopkins & E. P. Binns. J. H. Baker 19 20 76-06 73-21 Woodstock III Hon, S. S. Steadman ... 13 70-84 Mid Layton ... J. O. Mason 7f 61-06 Windsor Castle ... Mrs. A. E. DaCosta ••• 6 58-74 * 2 Months only. 129CID 17-31 •16 •33 7-62 1*25 •99 0 11 1 -58 9-29 -04 •08 18-05 1-76 -87 0 10 1 2i 1-58 8-38 -13 •07 10-62 2-4S •92 0 9| 1 0| 2*48 10-98 ««i 2-84 16-95 •71 0 8! i i* •19 11-79 -40 •45 18-26 3*82 •81 0 9J l 2! -27 10*36 -01 '69 9-37 5-46 •71 0 9| 1 1! •10 8*93 •19 ... 12*97 11-05 •94 0 7! o lif ... 9-84 05 -13 15-46 8-81 1-16 0 8J 1 Oi -38 8-24 •05 1-10 20-35 •52 •79 0 9! 1 2i 1-44 9-48 ... 1-86 31-93 •29 •78 0 7 1 Oi -38 8-67 -14 •57 29-61 •94 •78 0 8 1 H -08 7-95 -02 4-23 27'53 •71 •93 0 6! l o! •18 7'2 7 •05 •04 14-68 1-35 •75 0 11 1 2 -27 18-08 ... •27 4-73 6-08 •94 0 11 1 4 Ml 4-81 ••• Ml 8-88 ... -92 0 m 1 3 ► la 10-98 •25 1'29 16-68 ... •92 0 9i 1 U ... 12-23 • • • 16-85 1*40 •92 0 9 l 0! -02 8-93 •03 225 8*70 2-99 1*01 0 9| l 0! • i* 12-29 ... •29 9-42 3-78 1-01 0 9J i oi ... 20-23 ••• -25 512 2-62 -94 0 8| 1 0 9-95 11-83 4-20 12*36 ... •59 0 7 0 llf ... 10*64 ... 1-24 27*55 •99 •84 0 1\ 1 o§ t 3 Quarters only.Work and Wages—Men—concld. PERCENTAGE OP WORKING DAYS. I AVERAGE EARN- INGS. Parish. Plantation. Employer. Mean number ri LOBT BT EACH BY : £ Per day actually worked. of labourers employed. Worked by eacl Unlawful ab- sence. Absence with leave. t* 0 © O •o e3 o Sickness. Bad weather, Holiday. Per working da s, d, s. d. Portland— concld. Mount Pleasant ... Bon-d Brook * ... 0. L. M. Sanguinetti ... United Fruit Co. 7 18 72-72 77-19 •13 14-64 7-06 •28 1*06 7-42 13-89 2-84 •91 1-86 0 7§ 1 1 1 If 1 H Clarendon Money musk Hon. Lt.-Col. C. J. Ward 35 11-12 71-31 1-27 14*62 •10 •16 10*54 1-19 •81 0 8| 0 Uf Moreland and Hillside Yere Estates Co., Ltd. ... 92% 66'57 •31 16-99 ... •49 14-55 •30 •79 O 8 1 0i Amity Hall Cbescerfield-Perrins Farquharson and Milhol- land. Ditto ■29} 23 73-10. 72-17 •46 •22 18-68 17*53 •39 2-37 5*61 6-38 -69 1-07 •93 0 8i 0 7f 0 llf 0 11J Bog ... Alfred Pawsey m 64*41 •16 1747 ... 2-01 15-05 • •• •90 0 8 1 1} Westmoreland Belleisle Belleisle Ests. Co. Ltd, 35| 73-69 ... 9-62 •14 ... 12-77 2-49 1-29 0 9| 1 0J Frome Ditto 32| 64*20 .0. 8-57 'Co ... 17-36 9-20 •64 ; 0 8J 1 1! Fontabellei Ditto 33* 64*26 ... 9-77 •42 18-48 602 1-00 0 8f l if Retrieve ... John Hudson 28 7—12 78-42 ... 9-95 •06 •01 6-95 3-57 104 0 11 1 2* New Hope Ditto ... 19 1—12 71-38 ... 7*90 -25 •02 16-98 2-61 •87 0 lOf ; 1 2 Shrewsbury S. E. Morris 19 79'67 ... 11-22 ... ... 6-74 1-81 -57 o in 1 2i Blue Castle* Ditto 11 79-39 ... 16-67 ... ... 3-94 in ... 0 9| 1 0J Friendship C. S. Farquharson 26 59-94 •48 13-57 ... •08 24-97 -29 •66 0 7 10*St. Thomas ... St. Catherine,, St. James Philipsfield United Fruit Co. 24f 71-86 Golden Grove Ditto ... m 67*16 Belvidere J. H. Baker m 76-32 Duckenfield ... V. A, Michelin 16| 61*03 Brown's Gully ... D. Marchalleck 7f 71-20 Eastern Potosi * ... V. A. Michelin 7 83-47 Western Potosi * ... J. Hamilton 7 75-90 Riversdale A. R. Mcintosh 80-15 New Hall New Hall Co. 14 5—6 65*04 Hyde t J. H. Baker B| 72-98 Blair Pen C. G. Hudson 6 77-23 Pear Tree Grove ... A. E. Fouche 101 53-08 Harker's Hall ... A. S. Lecesne ... 7 67*49 Worthy Park Hon. J. V. Calder IB J 61*26 Providence W. L. Ken- .131 7304 Mocho ... United Fruit Co. 16 11 — 12 65-11 Cinnamon Hill : Northern Estates Co., Ltd. 21 72-81 Seven Rivers * ... F. H. DeLisser 20 76*95 St. Thomas ... St. Catherine,, Months only. » M 17*82 -02 ... 9-02 •61 -68 1 1 1 5f *46 7-43 -04 -58 22-74 -91 -68 0 9J -93 8-88 •53 -17 11-88 •46 •83 0 8 1 2} 3-18 12*06 ... 8-01 14-09 •64 •99 0 10* 1 2| 1-66 14-75 •59 2-32 3-50 5-09 •87 0 llf 1 5f 3*92 ... ... 8*69 ... 3-92 0 10 1 0 ... 8-33 ... ... 12-20 ... 3*57 0 9 0 llf ... 5-18 ... ... 12-97 ... 1-71 0 9§ 1 0 6-84 10-18 ... ... 16-53 -59 •82 0 8| 1 1* 13-86 ... 11-92 *28 •95 0 11 1 2 3'23 8-89 ... 7'58 2-08 -99 0 10} 1 If •16 13*09 -16 3*77 21*97 7*20 -56 0 6i 0 llf ... 14*98 ••• 803 8-83 •67 0 8f 1 1 •94 9-59 -09 2-10 2208 3-24 •69 0 1\ 1 0* -02 9-47 -37 1-99 12*49 1-52 1-11 0 9 1 0| 05 16-01 ... 17-73 -45 •65 0 8J 1 If •30 11-71 ... ... 11-34 1-37 •47 0 8J 1 OJ ... 9-48 »«> ... 11-04 -44 2-09 0 9i 1 OJ f 3 Quarters only.Work and Wages—Women. Parish. Plantation. Employer. PERCENTAGE OF WORKING DAYS. AVERAGE EARN- INGS. Mean number of labourers employed. Worked by each. Lost by each by : f Per working day. Per day actually worked, j Unlawful ab- sence. Absence with leave. Court. Gaol. Sickness. Bad weather. Holiday. s. d. s. d. St. Mary Green Castle Hon. Sir John Pringle ... H]«0 r—1 69-58 Ill 9-43 •03 in 11*88 7*56 1-59 0 6J 0 9£ Coleraine Ditto 18} 50-52 -17 26-41 •23 12-36 9-49 •80 0 6 1 0 Chovey Ditto 20 66-02 ... 15*42 8-36 9-29 •91 0 6J 0 10 Agualta Yale Ditto n 57*93 •30 17-64 III in 16-52 6-24 1*40 0 5} 0 9} Cape Clear Ditto 7 5-6 51-45 ... 9-42 • • ♦ • i* 23-47 14-74 •93 0 4| 0 9£ Koningsberg ... Ditto 10 1—12 57*96 •09 13-98 Ml • •• 8-18 18-78 1*01 0 7 0 11 Hopewell Ditto ... 11 11-12 6609 -24 11-8S III 18-26 2-76 •76 0 6 0 10i Tremoles worth Ditto 20 5—12 60-47 -14 14-30 999 21*13 3-11 •84 0 6 o CD Brimmer Hall ... Ditto m 60-80 -03 18-53 • 99 17*04 3-22 •89 0 4| 0 7f Trinity Ditto 16 5-12 53*11 ... 9-84 • •• •66 34*03 1-58 -78 0 4| 0 9i Nutfield Ditto 20| 63-04 •22 19-88 •09 •10 9*74 599 -95 0 7 0 10i Nonsuch Ditto ... 20| 71-16 ... 16-26 •03 ••• 9-39 2-25 •90 0 7 0 91 Newry Ditto M, 22J 70-59 ... 13-27 •03 ... 8-05 7*05 1*01 0 7f 0 10J Orange Hill | Ditto 20| 63-54 2-39 15-60 •04 *•« 9-87 7-72 •84 0 6i 0 9fUpper Fort Stewart... Ditto 15 5—12 69*24 Lower Port Stewart... Ditto 16| 67'24 Sheerness Ditto 3 58-58 Gibraltar >.. A. C. Westmoreland 13* 69*47 Esher Ditto 7 11—12 67*54 Fort George Ditto ... 9|- 51*23 Water Valley ... Est. C. E. Isaacs 12 5—6 73*45 Rosend ••• C. E. Broughton 7t 44*41 Osborne R. L. Benbow 6* 61*49 C harlot tenburgh W. H. Westmoreland ... 6 5—6 79-35 Gray's Inn Elmslie's Gray's Inn, Est. Ltd. 17* 63*69 Clermont H. G. Constantino 3 83*36 Fontabelle * Hon. R. P. Simmonds ... 2 46-89 Quebec* Ditto 4 60-26 Went worth ... United Fruit Co. ««• 4 7—12 53-92 Platfield T. M. Gray 8 58-05 Halcot Farm H. D. Graham 7f 71-81 Montrose J. M. Fletcher 4 61-72 Frontier Administrator-General ... 6 5—6 61-78 Iter Boreale E. E. C. Hosack ... 14J 66-91 Lady Hole Ditto ... 6f 64-15 Golden Grove Ditto t#. 11 5-12 59-57 12SCID ... 11-01 CO © •86 12-04 5*82 -99 0 6f 0 9* -17 15-88 ... ... 12*56 3*20 *95 0 5f 0 8i ... 24*27 ... • M 13-89 2-85 *46 0 5| 0 8f 1-05 13-86 *05 ... 13*73 *90 *94 0 6 0 8| •12 15 57 ... ... 13-20 2*68 k99 0 6J 0 9J -08 11*32 ... *35 33-52 2-87 -63 0 5 0 8f -13 14*39 ... ... £•97 2-18 •87 0 6 0 8.J ... 20-16 •*• *18 33 *27 1*48 '50 0 4 0 8f •17 15-06 •09 ... 14*53 7-87 -79 0 6f 0 11| •05 13*04 ... ... 4-55 2*08 -92 0 7| 0 9f -13 18*57 ♦01 *54 13-54 2*68 *83 0 6* 0 10 ... 11*94 ... -81 3*01 -88 0 9| 0 11* ... 2694 ••• 21-45 ... *69 0 4f 0 11* ••• 23-36 ... • • • 15-82 ... -56 0 6 0 9f ... 22*42 -13 • •• 21-61 1*02 *90 0 61 0 9f *•« 22-46 *03 • • • 16-99 1*72 *75 0 5* 1 0§ in 8-79 -04 16*01 2-56 -75 0 7± 0 9| 3-56 15-53 ... •28 18-14 ... *77 0 5 0 8* -17 10*26 -28 1-29' 20-53 4*80 *89 0 Si 0 9* •08 11*48 ... ... 15-26 5-32 -96 0 6J 0 9* •i • 7*49 • M ... 16-07 11-36 -93 0 6 0 8i ... 14*81 -02 •42 15*21 8*75 1-22 0 6* 0 lOf 2 Quarters only.Work and Wages—Women—contd. PERCENTAGE OF WORKING DAYS. AVERAGE EARN- INGS. Mean number Worked by each. Lost br each by -. j 1 r—i «S P Parish. Plantation. % Employer. of labourers employed. Unlawful ab- sence. Absence with leave. -+a *- § o "o cs o Sickness. 1 Bad weather. Holiday. Per working da Per day ac worked. s» d» s. d. Portland ••• Golden Vale United Fruit Co. ... m 67-38 •16 8-97 •06 •23 2150 *80 •89 0 6 0 8f Windsor Ditto m 57-33 1-06 15*08 58 24*45 •67 •82 0 6 0 101 Tom's Hope Ditto 5742 *04 10*98 •04 •64 28-92 102 •92 0 5| 0 9i Stanton and Fellow- ship. Ditto 20 5—12 57-24 •05 11*64 •01 2*22 2 6*56 1-38 •93 0 6f 0 11 Paradise Ditto 71 73-90 ... 11-54 ... ... 12-31 1-44 •81 0 7£ 0 9| Unity Valley ... Ditto 1 5—6 66-32 ... 23-24 ... •32 3-47 5-90 -75 o 6J 0 9| Red Hessell Ditto 5 52-72 ... 29*07 ... • ei 35*62 1-67 •92 0 5£ 0 10} Williamsfield Ditto .., 6f 67-16 ... 13-99 •22 ... 17-70 ... •92 0 6| 0 9f Burlington Mrs. E. A, Miller 4 63-24 ... 15 76 ... ... 1854 1 62 *84 0 6| 0 lOJ Low Lay ton E. B. Hopkins & E. P. Binns. 18J 65-99 13-13 •17 •50 16-56 264 102 0 5| 0 8| Cold Harbour J. IT. Baker 9} 60-91 •07 1659 •52 16-72 4-36 •83 0 5i- 0 9 Woodstock ... Hon. S. S. Steadman ... 1 5 63-66 ... 21*07 ... ... 1198 240 -89 0 6| 0 10i Mid Lay ton ... J. 0. Mason 3 60-68 1*05 16-96 ... •88 18-89 •65 0 5f 0 10Clarendon Westmoreland, St. Thomas ... Windsor dastle Mrs. A. E. DaCasta ... 2 81*33 ... Mount Pleasant 0. L. M. Sanguinetti ... 3 64-64 •83 Bonnd 3rook * ... United Fruit Co. ... 7 75-89 ... Money musk Hon. Lt.-Col. C. J. Ward 12 11—12 68*12 '68 Moreland and Hill- side. Vere Estates Co., Ltd. ... 36f 67-06 -02 Amity Hall Farquharson and Milhol- land. 13 74*54 -02 Chesterfield- Perri n s Ditto 11 69-22 -22 Bog ... Alfred Pawsey ... 6 63*70 -16 Belieisle Belieisle Estates Co., Ltd. 59*75 ... Frome Ditto ... 14J 56-20 1-16 Fontabelle ... Ditto ... 13| 51-20 ... Ketrieve John Hudson »•» 114 72-49 New Hope Ditto ... 8f 65-73 Shrewsbury S. E. Morris ... 7| 67-94 ... Blue Castle * Ditto 4 82-50 Friendship ... C. S. Farquharson ... 8 5-12 49-49 1-17 Phillipsfield ... United Fruit Co. ... lit 69-89 ... Golden Grove ... Ditto IN m 69-24 •14 Belvidere J. H. Baker • • 9 71*28 107 Duckenfield V. A. Michelin • •1 61 58-40 4-84 Brown's Gully •.« D. Marchalleek 3 69-52 ... Eastern Potosi * ... V. A. Michelin 3 85-30 ««. Western Potosi # ... J. Hamilton ... 3 87-50 ... Westmoreland, St. Thomas ... • 2 Months only. 9'06 ... ... 00 1-95 •84 0 7£ 0 10 28-12 ... 6*02 7-20 2-22 97 0 5J o o 12-50 ... 10-12 ... 1-49 GO O 0 101 20-34 -05. ... 8*68 1-29 84 0 6£ o 91 20-31 ... ... 11-32 -31 -78 0 6i 0 9f 18-94 •06 4-82 -69 •93 0 6f 0 9J 25-40 -39 4-32 -85 0 6i 0 9£ 23-51 ... 11-68 ... -95 0 7} 0 9} 13-77 ... 2343 1*97 1-08 0 6 0 10* 15-30 -04 18-59 8-06 •63 0 5i 0 10} 24-25 ... 18 31 5*39 -90 0 5i 0 10 13*51 ... 9-46 3-56 -98 0 7i 0 9i 8'96 ... 21-92 2-53 •85 0 6} 0 9} 21-82 ... 8'33 1-32 -58 0 7 0 10} 16*67 ... -83 ... ... 0 7i 0 9 26-64 ... •09 21-88 -26 -48 0 4| 0 9f 19-88 ... 8-42 •85 95 0 9 1 Of 10-67 *04 18*04 1-16 •71 0 8j 0 llf 14-80 •18 11-37 42 •88 0 7 0 9} 21-26 13-80 -75 •95 0 6| 0 111 20-51 *59 3-80 4-91 -69 0 8} 1 0 3-92 ... 6-86 ... 3-92 0 8 0 9 8-33 ... *.» ... 417 0 8i 0 10Work and Wages—"Women—concld. PERCENTAGE OP WORKING DAYS AVERAGE EARN- INGS. Mean number Worked by each. Lost by bach by : Parish. Plantation. Employer. of labourers employed. Unlawful ab- sence. Absence with leave. Court. •o c8 o Sickness. Bad weather. i Holiday. Per working da Per day actual worked. e s. d. s, d. St Catherine Hiversdale A. R. Mcintosh 3 76'7o ... 7-53 ... 14-18 ... 1*53 0 7 o 00 New Hall ... New Hall Co. ... 5 72-47 ... 12*41 ... • • « 13-99 •56 •57 0 n 0 10 Hyde t J. H. Baker 2 44-73 ... 33*02 in 21-13 *21 •91 0 0 11 Blair Pen C. G. Hudson ... 3 65 80 ... 7*67 hi III 23-46 2-08 •99 co o 0 5} Pear Tree Grove ... A. E. Fouche 3f 4220 •10 1721 • II 34-51 5*69 •30 0 3f 0 8f Harker's Hall M« A. S. Lecesne 3 62-73 • •• 20-16 III 9*41 7-03 •67 0 5J 0 8J Worthy Park ... Hon. J. V. Calder 5 5—6 41-07 2-09 16*29 •43 2-26 33-53 2-63 •70 0 3| 0 91 St. James Providence ... W. L. Kerr 6 72-66 Ml 14-67 •28 9-85 T44 1-09 0 61 0 9i Mocho United Fruit Co. n 59-57 ... 24-13 M4 • •• 15*58 •30 -62 0 6| 0 10i Cinnamon Hill Northern Estates Co., Ltd. 8* 67-98 •24 11-36 ... Ml 18*24 1-51 •67 0 5f 0 8| Seven Kivers * F. H. DeLisser 9 76-85 • •l j 9-49 94 • 11-11 •46 209 0 7| 0 Of * 2 Months only. f 3 Quarters only. * 2 Months only. f 3 Quarters only.Li U. 369 197 115 371 372 435 436 198 143 144 193 192 331 202 199 375 332 203 200 478 110 632 333 201 state APPENDIX 33. bn or Wages earned by Coolies ex " Indus 1911, on Estate, for the month op April 1913 re< Section 23 op Law 20 op 1891. Name. Sex. Week ending 5th April 1913. Week ending 12th April 1913. Week ending 19th April 1913. Week ending 26th April 1913. Week ending 3rd May 1913. Total amount earn- ed during the month. ---- Baladin Male. 4-10| 4-9 5-7! 3-3 4'7* 1 3 14 Pahdel » 63 5-10i 6'6 5*6 7*9 1 11 10* Nages war ... if 30 ... 6 •3 0 3 9 Malai fj 5-6 4-9 5 6 5-0 6-3 17 0 Bhikari ... tt 7'9 3-0 5-4* 4*9 2-6 1 3 4* Kamdhani ... 8-9 6'7* 3-6 3-7| 63 18 9 Ramnares ... >t 7*9 5-7* 7*9 4-6 5*1* 1 10 9 Rasul Baksh a 3 0 5*3 6' 1 * 3-1 h 6'0 13 6 Ramcharan,.. •9 7-3 3*0 6'4J 3-10* 6*1* 1 6 7* Teri if •3 ... ... ... ••• 0 0 3 Jokhu ... }> 7-10| 3-0 610* 5-4* 6-H 19 3 Biragee ... )i 7-9 5*6 7-3 5-10* 8*l| 1 14 6 Teree tt 56 4*4* 34* 3-10J 3-10| 110 Ram Baksh... 19 6-7* 4-204 7'4* 60 7-3 1 12 1* Bidesi ... a 7-4| 49 7*11 6-4* 8-4J 1 14 0 Ramkirpal ... 19 60 . 6-0 6-0 6*0 6-0 1 10 0 Sheoraji Female. 3-4| 2*10* 23 •6 3*7* 0 12 7* Babuti 4*4* 8-1* 5-1* 14* 41* 1 3 If Sheomoti ... 99 2-6 2-6 2*6 2-6 2-6 0 12 6 Badalia ... }» 44* 4'4| 1'6 2'7§ 4-l| 0 17 0 Bambassi ... it 4-1* 410J 2*9 41* 4-3 10 1* Umrai , ... • •• 9t 3'4-J 3-4* 3'4* 3*4* 3'4§ 0 16 10* Siripat (Non-adult M). 13 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3 0 6 3 Ramragai ... (Non-i adult F,) 1*3 j *3 1*3 1-3 1-3 0 6 3 21* 21 26* . (Non-adult ( N on-adult 25| 26 5 26| 20 20! 23! 21 19! 1 Q 21* 25 23| 24* 26* 30 m 24 cS P 1 221 '*6 6 3 3 7 29$ 3 *3 1 10 1 21* 21 26* . (Non-adult ( N on-adult P 2| 3 J 21 3 2* 1* 4 H "k 4 2* 3* 2 "2* 4 30 2* 5 2k on rations on rations cd m fS- CS P OS P "3 CS P o2 P I, , do solemnly and sincerely declare that the above is a true Return of the Wages earned and paid to the Indentured Immigrants on during the month of April 1913. 'Manager of £st< Declared before this day of 19234 APPENDIX 34. Table A. Table showing Result of Complaints against Labourers on each Estate: in the years 1910,1911 and 1912. «"C5 d g &0 a B K—1 e-H o © a P+ © a ■E & PH © a f-4 & PH © a u c3 © a u CD a CD a s-> c3 PU PM PH | Cu p d .2 si So B d bH -p £ P d #o ~cs So a a HH 3 P d '-4-3 «_> d P d o *42 -jj u d o Q d o •5 d p d .2 in p d .2 "cs Ejd a s H-f ■fi d o u a CJ V* u rO B & o S P4 6 a P3 fi bD a a 1-4 3 a p4 s- bD a a 1—( O c£ S5 &D a a Hi O sa S be a a O a pi r i 1910 64 1 1 3 1 i Amity Hall 1 " i i i 1911 1912 1910 40 40 20 Hi ... 4 ... ... 114 3 1 7 ... Agualta Yale 1 i i 1911 1912 22 22 — ... ... ... l II I ... ... ... r • 1910 60 ... ... 11; ... 1 3 ... 3 3 3 Belleisle 1 ' I r i 1911 1912 1910 31 48 33 ... 2 — 6 ... 1 4 2 2 2 1 ... 1 i Bel vide re I i 1 1911 1912 1910 38 36 9 I«l ... .e. 1 5 ... 2 1 l l ... 5 7 9 8 ... 1 1 ... 2 3 Blair Pen I i i 1911 1912 1910 9 9 40 ... ... ... ... ... 1 3 2 ... *14 ei 2 Bog 1 i 1911 1912 28 25 ... ... • « « lit ... l l ... 5 1 1 2 ... 4 1 Bowden ... i i 1910 1911 ... Inclu ded in Ph illipsi field ... ... ... ... ... « ... 1 1912 ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 ... ... ... Hi • 1910 39 ... 2 ... ... 1 1 ... ... ... Ml Brimmer Hall 1 •••■{ i i 1911 1912 46 57 ... ♦ ♦ • in ... ... 4 ••• 1 1 3 6 2 3 5 4- 2 r i ...-{ i i 1910 10 ... • •• it* ... ••i ... ... ... ... 1 • • • ... Burlington 1911 7 ... • • • ... ... in • • i ... ... ... ... Ml ... 1912 15 ... ... ... • #t ... ... ... ... ... Carried over ... •it 1,008 ... 2 4 14 1 12 4 4 49 43 8 1 4 16235 With- drawn before Court. With- drawn in Court.^ Dismiss- ed. Kepri- manded.. Fine paid. Fine not paid. Prison without option of fine. s a a» a fx © a © a -+a i-i S3 o> a -p © n H © a P-i f4 «3 O* a Q rt •4-3 Q g -4-S o £3 o Q « o © A g 5-i ft g p d o C rS © o a 2 HH o « • iH ~03 S-i fcJO a a HH 3 o O a PS 1® 'a a i—t S3 O o a I-. 6D 'a a HH p* o O a rf So a a hh £ o O a f4 Brought forward •• e.. 1,008 ... 2 4 14 1 12 4 4 49 43 8 12 4 16 r 1910 24 ... ... 4 ... 2 ... ... ... 1 Cape Clear I < 1 I 1911 30 ... ... ... 1 2 ... ... ... 1912 37 ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... 2 r i i 1910 18 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 ... ... 3 ... Charlottenburgh r.. 1911 16 ... ... 3 2 1 1 1 ... L r 1912 1910 22 71 ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 1 1 ..0 Chesterfield ■i 1911 37 ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... i i 1912 35 ... ... ... ... 3 1 ... ... 1 — r 1910 97 ... ... ... ... ... 2 1 2 3 1 1 ... Chovey ... i ■5 1 I 1911 91 ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... 3 2 3 9 9 ... 5 1912 77 t«< 11 ... 1 1 7 2 ... 2 2 r l r 1910 91 ... ... ... ... 1 ••• ... 1 ... 1 ... ... Coleraine i •f 1 I f • 1911 1912 1910 77 68 23 2 ... 4 1 1 4 9 4 9 4 4 1 3 2 11 3 Cold Harbour 1 < \ L 1911 35 ... ... ... ... 3 ... 3 2 5 ... 1 ... 1912 28 ... ... 4 ... ... ... ... 2 ... 1 ! r 1910 24 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Duchenfield l -! 1911 22 ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... ... i i i L 1912 22 ... 3 2 1 3 1 .... r « 1910 33 1 ... 9 ... 1 8 1 ... 1 Esher ... 1 < 1911 25 ... ... ... 1 ... ... 4 3 ... i i i L 1912 34 ... 1 ... 1 3 1 1 ... 1 r 1910 41 ... ... 2 ... 3 1 ... ... Fellowship - 1911 1912 56 66 ... ... 6 2 ... ... ... 3 9 8 4 5 8 1 ... r ■ 1910 65 ... 2 ... ... ... 2 1 3 I Pontabelle 1 -! 1911 34 ... ... 2 ... ... ... 1 2 1 ... 1 | i L 1,912 51 ... ... ... ... ... r 1 3 3 ... .»» Cariied over ... ... 2,338 ... 2 4 46 4 l 37 11 30 122 91 49 43 6 52236 ♦73 © With- drawn before Court. With- drawn in Court. Dismiss- ed. Repri- manded, Fine paid Fine not paid. Prison without option of fine- Estate. tz c3 C8 S~. fciO a a H-) -t-S 2 O O 3 -4-< © a eS p. © ft O fi &D a a HH p o O a P3 -+•9 a cd a cS pl, © A a .2 "cS bD "a a i—( -4-3 u a o O » © J a -4-3 rm c3 oi © ft a o 1 bJO a a HH 13 a o O P3 -4-3 P o> a t-4 a P< © ft S3 .2 "Is be a a HH "P 1 o S c4 -i-3 P © a s p< © ft a a tS) 'a a ♦—f £ o O P4 Brought forward ... ... 2,338 2 4 46 4 37 11 30 122 91 49 43 6 52 r i Fort George ••• "j 1910 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1911 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... »«« ... i 1912 38 3 ... ••• 34. ... ... ... r i 1910 29 13 ... 1 ... 3 4 ... 10 9 ... Fort Stewart 1911 87 ... • • • 3 6 ... 2 3 9 1 8 i 1912 85 ... ... 6 29 ... 8 3 4 7 4 ... \ 1910 55 ... ♦ * • i 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... .»« i JYome ••• j 1911 31 1 ... ... »©» ... ... ... ... ... ... I 1912 47 ... ... 5 ... ... ... 1 ... ••• r i Frontier "j I 1910 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. • 1911 22 ... 1 ... ... .... ... ... ... ... 1912 37 ... ... 4 ... 2 1 6 ... 4 r j 1910 49 ... 14 1 ... ... 5 1 ... 1 ... Gibraltar '••'j 1911 43 ... ... 2 1 ... 4 2 3 2 ... «•» I 1912 40 ... 1 11 I 2 2 ... ... 1 f j 1910 48 ss. ... • •t 2 ... 1 ... 1 ... ... Gray's Inn •••■! | 1911 36 ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... 3 3 ... I 1912 72 ... ... ••• ... ... 2 ... ... ... f I 1910 43 ... 1 ... ... ... ... 7 2 1 ... 1 F Golden Grove St. Thos. { 1 1911 55 ... 1 ... 4 l ... 3 2 ... ... 2 \ i 1912 92 .•i 4 ... ... 6 ... 15 1 2 2 r i Golden Grove St. Mary ■{ l 1910 1911 1912 f~ ^ © i i § J .Spa l~sJ ... 1 1 ... 1 1 4 3 2 1 6 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 4 r i 1910 69 ... 9 ... ... ... ... 6 2 ... ... i Golden Vale >•>-{ 1911 88 ... 5 ... 4 ... ... 4 5 13 8 { 1912 97 ... 12 2 1 1 6 3 6 4 r j 1910 48 ... ... 1 ... • •• 6 •t. ... ... 1 Green Castle I 1911 55 ... ... 1 ... • r* 3 ... ... ... 1 I 1912 63 • H ... 3 1 Ml •«r ... 1 1 r i 1910 34 ... 3 ... ... • •• 2 ... ... i Halcot Farm 1911 32 ... • • ' ... j#* ... • • t ... Hi i 1912 26 ... »»« ... ... ... ..i 3 Carried over ... ... 3,763 2 4 111 18 120 22 60 186 153 91 92 9 61237 Estate. c3 >* Brought forward ... f j 1910 Hillside... ... -{ i 1911 1 i. 1912 r 1910 1 1911 1 1912 Hopewell ... i \ 1910 \ | 1911 i L 1912 1910 Iten Boreale ... 2911 1912 1910 Koningelburg ... -{ 1911 1912 1910 Lady Hole ... •{ 1911 1912 1910 Mid Lay ton ... 1911 1912 1910 Low Layton ... ^ 1911 1912 1910 Mocho ... ... «{ 1911 1912 1910 Mont Rose ... *j 1911 1912 Carried over T3 CD With- drawn before court. With- drawn in Court. Dismiss- ed. Repri- manded. Fine paid. Fine not paid. Frison i without option of fine. No. of Immigrants employ Iramigration Department. R, M. Court. j | Immigration Department. R. M. Court. 1 Immigration Department. E. M. Court. Immigration Department, g o S3 03 Immigration Department. R. M. Court. Immigration Department. | R. M# Court. [ Immigration Department. -4-S u © o 05 3,763 ... 2 4 111 18 120 22 60 186 153 91 92 9 61 ... ... ... ... l»9 1 3 ... 2 1 1 *». ... 40 I 1 1 4 5 1 I 1 48 ... 3 ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... 48 ... ... ... *•« 3 11 1 1 ... 1 7 ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... 5 ... ... ... , ••• ••• ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 ... ... ... .V, ... ... ... ... ... 126 ... ... ... 1 5 1 ... 5 3 1 5 7 130 ... ... ... ... 1 1 4 3 11 3 ... 2 112 ... 1 2 ... 4 ... 3 1 ... ... 31 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 33 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... 37 ... ... ... 3 ... 5 ... 3 ... ... Included in ^ the Boreale. ... ... 12 1 1 3 5 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 *4 • 11 ... ... 1 ... ... 1 1 2 1 ... 9 ... ... ... 1 ... ... 1 4 ... ... 35 ... ... 1 ... 3 ... 1 6 1 3 ... ... 29 ... ... ... ... 2 ... 4 ... 5 ... ... ... 27 ... ... .V. *•« 1 3 1 5 2 ... ... 24 •• ... ... 1 2 ... ... ... 15 ... ... ... 1 ... ••• ... 1 ... t#4 ... 14 ... 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .14 ... ... ... 5 ... • •• ... ... 2 ... ... 4,566 ... 2 4 128 18 135 45 71 228 179 : 135 117 10 74 129CID 642-38 With- With- Prison drawn drawn Dismiss- Repri- Fine Fine without before in ed. manded. paid. not paid. option of Court. Court. fine. T3 O* 'Pi -4-> 2 o» -4-3 P O "P © p 03 •4J P CD a s & a a a a a Estate. 03 «3 •4-i cB "E -4-3 !>. C3 ctf ts P O) cu & Pt p- PH PH e3 t-> bn ft p ft o & Q p • r-t 3 P .2 •+3 Ui p o -iS i-t a .2 s p .2 -4-3 !- p .2 12 p o £ P P P 0 P P a! O O "cS o aS O si o c3 o "§ O «4-( bG u 5f O 5b O fcb So O #&D o c3 O "a a 'a S 'a a a a a a 'a a >* o £ a & a i—i i 03 a P5 a hH p4 a P3 a V—( a HH Brought forward 4,566 ... 2 4 | 128 18 135 45 71 228 179 135 117 10 74 r 1910 43 M ( ... ,,, *•* 4 ... 3 I Monymusk ... ■ 1911 47 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... 1912 44 ... ... 3 ... 1 ... 5 8 ... 2 ... ... 1910 182 ... ... ... ... ... 1 4 ... 1 Moreland 1911 89 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1912 165 ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 4 1 3 ... ... 1910 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Mt. Pleasant ...K 1911 10 .. • ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1912 10 ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... 3 1 ... ... 1910 24 ... ... ... ... ... 6 ... ... ... ... ... New Hall 1911 18 ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... 1912 16 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1910 ... , ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... New Hope 1911 29 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1912 28 ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... ... ... 1910 64 2 ... 1 1 3 3 ... 3 ... ... Newry 1911 60 ... ... ... ... 8 2 2 1 - ... 1912 76 ... ... ... 2 ... 3 ... ... 1 ... ... 1910 52 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 ... ... Nonsuch 1911 64 ... ... 3 ... 3 9 ... .< 1912 67 ... ... ... ... 4 5 ... 1 1910 65 ... ... ... 4 1 1 ... 1 Nutfield ...• 1911 62 ..< 3 ... 1 3 3 6 ... 2 1912 74 ... ... ... 2 ... 1 1 ... 2 V 2 1910 73 ... ... 5 ... 2 7 2 1 1 3 Orange Hill 1911 70 ... ... 4 ... 6 ... ... 7 2 5 ... ... 1 1912 69 ... ... 2 ... ... 3 2 2 1 ... 7 1910 28 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 1 ... ... Osborne ... 1911 27 ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 1 ... ... 1 1912 22 ... ... ... ... ... ... 8 1 2 ... ... ... Carried over ... 6,144 ... 2 4 137 21 153 50 78 314 222 162 1 133 ! 10 96 2-38239 H3 © With- drawn before Court. With- drawn in Court. Dismiss- ed. Repri- manded. Fine paid. Fine no^ paid. Prison without option of fine. Estate. Ss (3 -V> 0 +2 -M a ■4-3 Estate. -• o3 & CD a •43 c3 a* <0 a -4-3 f-4 J0 a a H-t P -*a Q 0 O p § i£ P g P 0 P P g P O O +=> fi bJO a a HH 53 O O • iH " O © a a l-H £ S3 05 a a Hi ftS a B s 03 S P3 Brought forward ... 6,844. ... 4 4 144 21 160 55 79 367 251 175 140 175 97 1910 50 »». #•« 10 ... ... 2 1 «.« 2 ... 7 Tremolesworth ... { 1911 1912 1910 61 64 37 *«t S 1 3 1 1 ... ... 5 11 2 2 6 1 ... 2 Trinity ... ...-{ 1911 1912 1910 40 54 24 • • • ... ... 1 2 1 ; 1 1 2 ... 1 3 Unity Valley ... -{ 1911 1912 1910 9 9 36 ... ... 1 1 1 1 1 6 5 1 ... Walter Valley ... 1911 1912 1910 27 45 52 #«« ... 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 Wentworth ... { 1911 3912 1910 26 19 30 *»• 4 4 1 5 «*. 2 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 ... 1 Williams, G. ... ^ 1911 1912 1910 28 26 130 • •• 2 12 1 ... 1 2 2 2 14 3 2 8 ... ... Windsor ... •{ 1911 138 »*• ••• 4 6 ... 1 3 6 20 21 ... 1 1912 157 12 ... ... 2 4 11 21 18 t.. ... 1910 8 ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... ... • V ... ... Windsor Castle 1911 1912 1910 8 7 18 ... • • • — 1 ... ... 19* • « • 1 1 *•* • •• Ml 1 ... Woodstock ...4 1911 1912 1910 17 17 ... »«• Ml Ml ... ... ... 2 • • • • •• • •• 1 2 • • • itt »•« W'orthy Patk 1911 1912 Ml 20 ... ... ••• ... 2 2 1 4m t : Carried over (... ... 8,001 ... 4 4 192 21 184 66 89 394 317 237 201 14 108241 With- drawn before Court. With- drawn in Court. Dismiss- ed. Repri- manded. Fine paid. Fine not paid. Prison without option of fine. a> 1 f __o "p* a n a -t-2 I Estate. Ss a> s a a «+-i o o ' Immigration Departmei R. M. Court. Immigration Departmer -w SH C3 o O rf Immigration Departme: R. M. Court. Immigration Departmei 'B o o a j Immigration Departme] R. M Court. Immigration Departmer -1-3 u 0 o O S p4 Immigration Departmer E3 O O a c£ Brought forward ... ... 8,001 4 4 192 21 184 66 89 394 3171 237 201 14 108 r i 1910 14 ... mi 1.4 ... 1 «•• M. T Clermont 1 ...j i i 1911 11 ... ... Ml ... «u • •• . . • ... ... IM 1912 12 ... oo« Ml Ml m« Ml Ml ... Ml ... r I 1910 ... ... i.t ... Ml • i. Ml M. ... ».< ... Ml ..r Brown's Gully 1 1 I 1911 1912 12 11 • •• ... • »t ... Ml M« ... Ml 1 1 • M Ml 3 Ml 1 r i ...-{ i i 1910 19 Ml ... • • • Mi ... ... Ml ... M ; ... • ii *«• Red Hessel 1911 1912 19 19 ... ... ♦ i« ... ... M 1 ... .i. M. eat • •• Ml — Sheerness •• 1912 11 ... m« ... • 9. ... M. Ml ... ... M. ... M. IM Harku's HaU ••• 1912 10 ... Ml ••f ... • .. • •I M. ... ... ... ... Ml Rose Hall ... 1912 29 ... Ml • •• ... ... I • •'* Friendship 1912 32 • •• M. ... ... ... ... • •• ... ... Grand Total ... 8,200 ... 4 4 192 21 184 66 89 394 820 237 204 14 109 129CID gg242 APPENDIX 34. Table B. Statement showing the number of cases brought against Indentured Immigrants tor breaches op the Immigration Laws, during the year 1921-13. • - Before the Protector and Inspector of Immigrants. Before Resident Magistrate. Number of Indentured coolies on 31st March 1913 ,«» 4,152 4,152 Wilful indolence—Law 23 of 1879, Section 95 (15) 121 63 Unlawful absence fr< m work—Law 23 of 1879, Section (15) 64 10 Desertion—Law 23 of 1879, Section 95 (16) ... ... ... 35 26 Keeping dwellings in a dirty condition—Law 23 of 1879, Section 95 (11) 2 ... Assault—Law 23 of 1879, Section 95 (14) ... ... 16 26 Threatening of abusive language - Law 23 of 1879, Section 95 (14) 26 5 Drunkenness and disorderly conduct—Law 23 of 1879, Section 95 (14) ... 17 22 Through negligence, etc,, causing employer's property to be damaged— Law 23 of 1879, Section 95 (14). 6 ... Unlawfully refusing to perform work assigned—Law 23 of 1879, Sec- tion 95 (15). 14 41 Breach of hospital regulations—Law 1 of 1891, Section 1 (12) ••• 10 9 Total cases brought against Indentured Immigrants 311 202 •'Convicted ... ... ... ... •«« 296 202 Dismissed ••• ... ... ... e«. ... 15 ... Percentage of convictions to population ... 7-12 4*86243 APPENDIX 34(a). Occupations of Fkee Indians. tic). Total 3— Commercial. Barkeepers ... Clerks - Mercantile and General. Cab-Drivers and Coach- men. Commercial Travellers ... Draymen ... ... Fruit and Vegetable Sel- lers. Hawkers and Pedlars ... Higglers Li very Stable Keepers Merchants ... Motormen ... Office Messengers ... Oil Sellers ... Produce Dealers ... Seamen (Merchant) Shopkeepars... Speculators and Traders... Stationers and Booksellers Store-servers and Storemen Watchmen and Watch- women. Total ... 4 ~ Agricultural, Beekeepers Cart and Wagon Drivers Cattlemen ... Engine Drivers Firemen Fishermen ... Gardeners (Market) ... Grooms Jockeys ... ... Labourers, Banana Labourers, Pen Labourers, Sugar Labourers, Other Overseers ... Penkeepers and Proprie- tors. Planters, Banana ... Planters, Cane 91 11 1 12 11 1 2 2 4 1 4 245 6 1 21 56 386 4 78 45 2 2 24 92 4 1 3,446 98 1,077 512 2 8 110 13 152 130 1 "*49 3 204 30 1,877 50 1,177 326 30 4 Occupations. M. F. Total. 1—Professional. Chemists ... ... 1 1 Dispensers and Druggists 2 2 Fakirs ..» 2 2 Interpreters,.. 5 ... 5 Medical Practitioners 1 ... 1 Ministers of Religion, 16 1 17 Evangelists and Reli- gious Workers. Nurses (Accoucheuse) ... ... 3 3 School-Teachers 5 3 8 students 2 4 6 Yergers ... 1 ... 1 Total 35 11 46 2—Domestic. Dorr est ic Servants ... 54 134 188 Gardeners (Domestic) ... 37 6 43 Housekeepers ... 4 4 Nurses (Sick and Domes- ... 8 8 tic). 243 4 9 11 1 12 7 12 4 1 3 2 4 3 1 4 375 7 1 70 59 590 4 78 45 2 2 24 122 4 1 5,323 148 2,854 838 2 9 140 17 Occupations. Planters, Cassava Planters, Coffee Planters, Provision Planters, Rice ... Planters, Sugar Planters, Tobacco ... Ploughmen ... Pruuers Persons assisting in Cul- tivation. Rangers and Headmen Stablemen ... Total 5 —Industrial. Apprentices (Trades) Bakers ... Basket Makers Blacksmiths ... Bricklayers and Masons Butchers Carpenters ... Cigar-makers and workers Coal Burners ... Coopers ... ... Distillers ... Fish Sellers... Goldsmiths and Jewellers Hairdressers Hatmakeis Machinists and Mechanics Milliners and Seamstresses Milk Sellers Oil Boilers ... ... Painters !t. ... Plate-layers... ... Printers and Compositors Ropemakers Saddlers and Harness Makers. Ship Chandlers Shoemakers... Street Cleaners Sugar Boilers Tailors and Tailoresses Tinsmiths ... Tobacconists Washerwomen and Laun> dresses. Total Indefinite and Non- productive. Paupers .. ... Private Means Children and persons of no occupation. Total Summary. 1—Professional 2 — Domestic ... 3—Commercial 4—Agri cultural 5—Industrial ... 6—Indefinite and Non- productive. Grand Total M. 20 F. 14 1 15 394 71 265 94 44 138 1 1 12 1 13 24 24 4 ... 4 56 120 176 106 ... 106 6 ... 6 6,649 3,734 10,383 12 2 14 3 1 4 1 1 4 ... 4 4 ... 4 5 a*. 5 14 • «< 14 1 2 3 2 ... 2 1 ... 1 1 1 ... 3 3 57 57 9 <) ' 2 2 1 • •• 1 0.. 46 4 6 1 2 3 1 ... 1 3 3 1 1 2 ... 2 1 ••. 1 2 ... 2 1 1 2 7 ... 7 1 ... 1 2 2 26 1 27 1 1 2 ... 2 ... " 17 17 165 78 243 8 2 10 43 70 113 2,551 3,201 5,752 2,602 3,273 5,875 35 11 46 91 152 243 386 204 590 6,649 3,734 10,383 165 78 243 2,602 3,273 5,875 9,928 7,452 17,380 20 22 Total 22245 FIJI. 4T. Housing Of labourers.—The local rules regarding housing of labourers are as follows 1. WHENEVER an application shall be made for the allotment to a plantation of a greater number of Indian immigrants than has heretofore been employed on such plantation or whenever an application for any such immigrants shall be made in respect of a plantation to which none are indentured, the applicant, before he can be permitted to take up any allotment that may be made to such plantation, shall furnish to the Agent-General; in writing, the following particulars, viz.:— (а) The number and measurements of the buildings provided for the accom- modation of indentured immigrants. (б) The material of which such buildings are constructed, and the respective measurements of such buildings. (c) Particulars of site. (d) Nature of the water supply. (e) If there is no certified hospital on the plantation, a statement of the proposed arrangements for the treatment in hospital of sick immigrants. 2. Throughout the following regulations the H lines" of a plantation shall be deemed to mean arid include the dwellings assigned to indentured immigrants, the site of such dwellings, aud an area of one chain in extent surrounding any such dwelling. Dwellings. 3. No dwelling assigned to an indentured immigrant shall be deemed a suitable dwelling under the provisions of the Indian Immigration Ordinance unless the internal dimensions slriall be sufficient to provide not less than fifty superficial feet space for each adult. Provided that any one apartment shall be deemed a suitable dwelling which provides the proportion of not less than one hundred and twenty feet of superficial space for three single men, or one man and one woman with not more than two children. 4. Dwellings may be constructed of wood or such other permanent material as may be approved. Houses constructed wholly or in part of bamboos, reeds, or thatch of any kind shall not be used for the accommodation of indentured immigrants unless by the special permission of the A gent-General. 5. The walls shall be made close-fitting and weather-tight, and shall be white- washed internally at least once a year. 6. The roofs of dwellings may be constructed of shingles, tiles, or galvanised iron. If the latter material be used, special provision for ventilation shall be made. 7. The floor of each dwelling shall be raised not less than six inches above the surrounding area. 8. Inner partition-walls shall be continued from the top of the wall-plate to the roof, by strong battens two inches apart, or by strong wire netting. 9. A verandah of not less than five feet in width shall be provided to each dwelling and shall be furnished with spouting and down-pipes. 10. The door of each apartment shall be provided with a hasp and staple or other secure outside fastening. 11. No indentured immigrant shall occupy on the plantation any other dwelling than that allotted to him by the employer, and shall not, without the express permission . of the employer, permit any person to reside therein other than an immigrant to whom such dwelling has been assigned. 12. Every employer shall keep a register of all the dwellings on his plantation which are assigned, or are intended to be assigned, to indentured immigrants for their habitation, and shall as soon as possible enter on the register the names of all indentured immigrants to whose use any part of those dwellings has been assigned. Such register shall be one of the books of the plantation, and the Inspector or the District [Medical Officer shall from time to time note in writing therein his views as to the condition of any of these dwellings which he may consider defective or unfit for habitation. 0; 13. The provisions of Regulation No. 3 in respect of the superficial space to le provided for adult immigrants shall apply only to dwellings to be erected or reconstructed after the coming into force of these regulations. 129 CID 66246 Kitchens. 14. There shall be provided to each dwelling, for the use of the immigrants to whom such dwelling may be assigned, a kitchen or cooking shed roofed with galvanised iron and of such dimensions as may be necessary. Such kitchen shall be placed at a distance not exceeding thirty feet from the dwelling to which it appertains. Lines. 15. There shall be a clear space of not less than sixty feet between each building or range of dwellings. Provided that in case of any two buildings situated either in the same line or at right angles to each other the open space between such buildings shall not be less than thirty feet. A space of not less than one chain in width surrounding the lines shall be kept entirely clear of crops, weeds, and refuse of any kind. 16. The ground in the immediate vicinity of any dwelling shall be so sloped as to secure the absence of damp in such dwelling, and drains shall be provided in order to carry away the surface water from back and front of each dwelling, and from the open area included in the lines. The employer shall at all times keep such drains in order and shall, at the request of the medical officer or Inspector of Immigrants, construct such other drains in the lines as may to such medical officer or Inspector seem necessary. 17. No person shall be allowed to erect any building wherein to keep goats or other animals in the lines. 18. Any employer who shall permit cattle or other animals to stray in the lines, or the owner of any cattle found straying in the lines, shall be subject on summary conviction to a penalty not exceeding one pound. Line Nurseries. 19. The employer shall provide when necessary a room or rooms in the lines for the separate accommodation of infants and young children of indentured immigrants during the absence of their parents or guardians in working-hours, and shall provide a nurse or nurses to have charge of each such nursery. The construction and main- tenance of such nurseries shall be subject to the supervision and approval of the District Medical Officer and the Inspector of Immigrants. Latrines and General Sanitation of Lines. 20. The form of latrine to be used on any plantation shall be approved by the medical officer of the district, and such latrines shall be erected at such place or at such distance from the lines as the medical officer may direct. 21. Cesspits may not be used without the sanction of the local sanitary authority. 22. A latrine to contain not less than three receptacles shall be provided for the use of every fifty immigrants residing in the lines, and each latrine or latrines shall be screened by an inclosure of not less than five feet in height. 23. There shall be an adequate number of separate latrines set apart for the exclu- sive use of women and young children. 24. Any person using a latrine other than the one appropriated to his or her sex shall on summary conviction be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten shillings. 25. All latrines shall be cleansed and the receptacles emptied daily. 26. The employer on every plantation shall provide a place or pit where the refuse of the dwellings and " lines " may be deposited, and shall remove all such refuse to a* sufficient distance daily. 27. All refuse and house-sweepings shall be deposited outside the dwelling at such time as may be fixed by the employer for removal, and any immigrant who may refuse or neglect to comply with this regulation shall on summary conviction be liable to a penalty not exceeding ten shillings. Water Supply. 2S. Whenever it shall appear to the Agent-General of Immigration, or the medical officer of any district, that there is not a constant supply of pure running-water within a convenient distance from the lines on any plantation the employer shall make such pro- vision for the supply of pure water to the indentured immigrants as shall be approved by the Chief Medical Officer or the medical officer of the district. 29. Where the water supply on a plantation consists of rain-water cdHserved in iron or concrete tanks, the capacity of such tanks shall be at the rate of one hundred gallons for every indentured immigrant residing on such plantation, and all down-pipes or spouting connected with such tanks shall be maintained in good repair by the employer.247 30. Where the water supply is obtained from a well or wells, each well shall be surrounded with a parapet and covered over and provided with a suitable hand-pump. 31. The medical officer of any district shall visit every plantation on which inden- tured Indian immigrants are employed at such regular periods as may from time to time be determined for the sail district by the Chief Medical Officer, and shall submit a report on the conditions of such lines, nurseries, and water supply to the Chief Medical Officer, who shall transmit such report to the Agent-General for his information. 32. If in the opinion of the District Medical Officer the condition of the water supply, house accommodation, or sanitation on any plantation is not satisfactory or in accordance with the requirements of the Ordinance, it shall be his duty to inform the em- ployer in writing, and such employer shall be bound to comply with the directions thereby made by the District Medical Officer in so far as such requirements are in accordance with the Ordinance and with the regulations. 83. A breach of the foregoing regulations, or of any provision contained in them for which no penalty has been herein specifically provided, shall render the offender liable on summary conviction to a penalty not exceeding ten pounds. On all estates visited by us the houses were good, the water supply good and sufficient, and the latrines well designed, in good order, and in regular use. One of the general managers of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company was kind enough to supply us with a plan of the latrines erected on one of the estates under his control. It furnishes a model which might suitably be imitated by employers in other colonies who have hitherto failed to discover a type of latrine which meets with the approval of both labourers and sanitary authorities. On a few large estates septic tanks have been installed. Though the latrines are regularly used by the majority of the labourers a few of the latter may contri- bute to the spread of ankylostomiasis by defecating in cane fields, etc. But in the last year all plantations combined recorded only 651 cases of ankylosto- miasis among an indentured population exceeding 15,000, and it is unlikely that the majority of these patients were infected in Fiji. The well kept latrines seem to justify the opinion of sanitary experts. On some estates cement drains have been constructed at the request of the inspecting officers, and the adoption of a rule compelling all employers to make this sanitary provision would be desirable. The erection of separate kitchens, which are popular, seems to be an improvement. In one small detail such kitchens might hereafter be improved. They are rows of small rooms in a single building opening towards the dwellings, the roof of the building sloping down from front to back. The fire is lighted at the back of the kitchen and the smoke usually finds its exit by the front door, that is, the person cooking is well smoked during cooking operations. If the roof sloped in the other direction so that its highest point was above the fire the smoke would escape away from the cooking labourer. On some estates good bathing and washing arrangements are provided, and in this respect also a general rule might be laid down. Both from the appearance of the estates and from a perusal of the reports of the Agent-General of the Immigration and the Chief Medical Officer it appears that there has been a steady improvement in sanitation in recent years. The necessity of maintaining a satisfactory standard is accepted by most mana- gers cheerfully, and inspecting officers, lay and medical, testify to the general readiness to comply with requisitions. In a few cases delay or neglect on the part of employers has resulted in criminal prosecutions. The general attitude of employers and the atmosphere of a young colony which trebled its foreign trade in the ten years preceding 1911 minimise sympathy with procrastination. The colony is fortunate in being free from malarial fever, but the very low rate of sickness from all other diseases (vide return of work and wages printed as Appendix 37 (6)) furnishes conclusive proof of the efficiency of the general sani- tary arrangements. Making all allowances for the favourable climatic condition the record is highly creditable. What is perhaps still more satisfactory is that neither employers generally nor inspecting officers thought that in sanitary matters was there any hope of rest for either good or wicked. On one estate visited in Taviuni new dwellings had just been completed with rooms 140 feet square, verandahs 7 feet wide, and concrete floors throughout. Compliance with formal sanitary requirements could have been effeoted at about half the cost. The owner of the estate was in this as in other respects much less concerned ■with official rules than with securing the health and comfort of his labourers. We found nurseries on all estates visited, the food of the children being kept in fly-proof safes.248 Though the general record may be described as very good cases of indi- vidual neglect will, it is thought, be moire readily noted if the hospital forms proposed are adopted. The Chief Medical Officer and District Medical Staff of this colony have, with the co-operation of employers and the Inspectors of Immigrants, achieved praiseworthy results which are clearly reflected in the wage-earning capacity of labourers. There is, however, work to be done before the health record can be regarded as entirely satisfactory as the following facts will indicate. 48- Medical arrangements.—The majority of the indentured im- migrants are treated in plantation hospitals each of which serves a group of estates. Some estates send patients to public hospitals. In the case of most hospitals there is railway communication with each estate, served and small ambulance trucks are kept on each estate. In some cases communication is by boat. The statement printed as Appendix 35 gives particulars of the inden- tured population of each estate and its distance from the hospital in which patients are treated. The plantations on some islands are at a considerable distance from hospitals. On the island of Taviuni additional hospitals were being erected. The distance between estates and hospitals in Lau is in most cases considerable. From the average earnings in past years it would seem that this had not in fact interfered with the working efficiency of the labourers employed. Unless the provision of hospital accommodation can be accompanied by regular and frequent visitation by a medical officer it is not of much service, and with the present medical staff the ad- ditional duty of visiting small outlying estates several times weekly cannot be im- posed. We think that the special conditions of the Fiji Group of Islands must be taken into account and we hesitate to recommend the adoption of a hard and fast rule, especially in the case of estates with consistently high average earnings per working day and no criminal prosecutions. The employers on small outlying estates must possess a small but practically useful amount of medical knowledge whether they employ indentured labourers or not. Perhaps the nearest ap- proach to a practical working rule would be insistence on the provision of a hospital either on the estate or within one hour's journey for all estates with more than 30 labourers, provided a medical officer could visit the hospital twice weekly. With the growth of the population the medical staff must be strength- ened. We went over plantation hospitals on each of the three islands visited and found them well built and apparently well equipped. The treatment and attend- ance were satisfactory. Some of the Superintendents of these hospitals, though not qualified medical men, were wanting in nominal rather than real and techni- cal qualifications. An interesting experiment carried out by one superintendent under the immediate control of the medical officer of Navua District was the removal of patients and convalescents from a large hospital to a hulk moored off the shore. The patients' rapid gain in weight was surprising. The principal diseases are dysentery, tuberculosis, dengue fever, febfi- cula, skin diseases, and ankylostomiasis. Children suffer from diseases of the digestive and respiratory system. In 1910 more than half, and in 1911 and 1912 about one-third, of the annual deaths on estates were those of children under one jear old. On some estates venereal diseases contribute substantially to the record of sickness. Some cases of syphilis were apparently cured by the salvarsan treatment as were also a few cases of yaws. This latter disease seldom attacks Indians, though common among Fijians. The detailed return printed as Appendix 36 which is abstracted from the latest annual report of the Chief Medical Officer gives details of the cases treated in plantation hospitals where the patients include a small number of Indians whose indentures have expired. The death rate per mile amongst indentured immigrants in each of the last five years was as follows:— 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 30-7 23-0 40-7 41-3 25-9 249 These rates average nearly ten per cent, higher than those shown in the aunual reports, as deaths from accident and violence are included in the rates here given. It is desirable that the total death rate should be shown in the annual report, the deaths from accident and violence being also particularised as at present. The death rates for individual estates are not now as formerly shown in the annual report. For purposes of comparison it would be well to publish for each estate the birth and death rates for the year and the average for the three preceding years. The high rates in 1910 and 1911 were apparently due to dysentery. Yearly the deaths of a considerable number of children under one year are attributed to ill-defined or unspecified causes. While anything but blame is to be attached to medical officers for conscientious hesitation to assign deaths to some conveniently comprehensive ailment the absence of any assigned cause, coupled with the high death rate among infants, causes uneasiness. Perhaps attention would be focussed on the subject if the annual report of medical officers devoted a special paragraph to infantile mortality on planta- tions. The co-ordination of observation and experience could hardly fail to be practically beneficial. The returns do not show what proportion of these deaths occur in estates and what proportion in hospitals. Pregnant women are en- couraged to go to hospital and nursing women to stay there but compulsion is not used. We have recommended that pregnant and nursing women should be entitled to rations or diet as may be ordered by the medical officer. The latter might also be empowered to make the grant of one or other conditional on the recipient's residence in hospital for any part of the time. Neither the Agent- General's reports nor the medical reports of the colony enter into any detail regarding the probable causes of deaths among infants. We understand that some are ascribed to congenital debility and many to improper feeding and general want of attention. The facts point to the need for special inquiries preliminary to special measures and also for fuller notice in the annual report. That drastic action is taken when regarded as necessary in this colony is shown by the complete removal of the dwellings on one estate to a healthier site when a severe outbreak of dysentery occasioned anxiety in 1910. The causes of this general epidemic seem to be obscure. But for the prevalence of dysentery and the number of jleatlis due to accidents or violence (including suicide) the death rate would be reasonably low. The births among indentured immigrants in each of the last five years were:— Year. Population at close of year. Births. Kate per mille. 1908 11,999 541 45-1 1909 12,248 549 44-8 1910 12,757 648 50*8 1911 14,462 ' 519 85-9 1912 15,869 m 48-2 The general average rate for the five years exceeds 43 per mille. The adult male population is nearly three times as large as the adult fe nale popula- ion. The birth rate shown in the annual reports is calculated on the adult X29C1D250 population only. The corresponding figures for the ' free' Indian population are Year. Population at close of year. Births. Average rate per mille. 1908 21,151 744. 1909 23,163 820 1910 26,557 839 i y 85-6 1911 29,758 1,271 1912 32,482 1,068 j The excess of births in a single year of the quinquennium calls for no special comment. The adult males are returned as more than twice as numerous as the adult females. The Agent-General thinks the total' free' population may be larger than the number returned but unless the 1911 census was seriously inaccurate there is not much room for error. The births recorded in both tables exclude still-births. When allowance is made for the abnormal sex constitution of the population the birth rates recorded suggest no defect in the general sani- tary or health conditions. The arrangements for medical relief of the' free' Indians might be improved. The figures above given show that the Indian population is rapidly increas- ing acd it tends to flow over the unoccupied land. If our views regarding land settlement are accepted the spread of the Indian population will be accelerated. The existing staff and the existing hospital accommodation and dispensary arrangements cannot keep pace with its requirements. Possibly one of the best solutions would be the employment of Indian Sub-Assistant Surgeons, though hereafter Indians trained locally might be recruited. The ordinary medical needs of the Fijians are supplied by trained Fijian practitioners. The two races, Indian and Fijian, now regard each other with too much aloofness to encourage the hope that the Fijian practitioner will be called in to attend Indian patients. A young Indian licentiate who went to Fiji on Government service should find the employment immediately remuner- ative and might look forward to a substantial private practice amongst the rapid- ly growing Indian population. As already stated the Indian who has been accustomed to good medical treatment on an estate and colonial.born Indians regard competent medical advice and treatment as a primary need. As regards the recovery of fees medical officers in Fiji seem to exercise a generous discre- tion, but here as elsewhere a poverty limit, probably below £30 income yearly, should be recognised for the purpose of free hospital and dispensary treatment. On the island of Taviuni the same officer combined the duties of medical officer and Magistrate and in each capacity inspired confidence and respect. The combination is, however, unsatisfactory and as the population increases the clash of duties becomes more marked. If relieved of his magisterial duties the medical officer would find ample employment in a very extensive district with a scattered and increasing population. 49. Tasks, hours and wages.—In this colony one shilling is the minimum wage for a working day of nine hours, exclusive of stoppages for meals, and also for a task representing six hours steady work of an ordinary able-bodied adult male having the experience of the immigrant to whom it is assigned. As elsewhere most of the work is done as task-work, the local Ordinance in this colony empowering the employer to assign work as task-work. The time-work day of nine hours plus intervals for meals aggregating one and-a- half hours is too long in the case of field work, even though time-workers do not exert themselves as task-workers do. Especially in the case of women who cook for their husbands on return from the field the 101 hours day is unduly long. In the case of factory work, where the labourer is under cover, is not251 called on to exert himself, and works in co-operation with others who can carry on his duties while he takes a casual rest, an inclusive day of 10| hours involves neither mental nor physical exhaustion. We have questioned factory Lands who worked for special wages on twelve hour shifts and found that they preferred this work to field-work with a task of six hours. Their health did not suffer from the long hours. The working day by time should not include more than eight hours actual work in the field. Except in crop-time no labourer should be compelled to work in the field during more than 40 hours weekly, and in crop time he should be entitled to limit his week's work to 45 hours. The unit of task work is very reasonable, but we doubt the propriety and practicability of. adapting the task to the labourer's experience. An employer cannot always or usually arrange to allot separate work to first year men, second year men, etc., and grade the tasks accordingly. If he combines old and new hands in one gang he cannot reasonably be expected to work out the wage of each on a separate task scale. Moreover, it seems hard on the experi- enced man that as his experience and skill increase and his services to his employer become more valuable his unit task should also increase. The object of the existing provision recently enacted is of course to protect the less ex- perienced man. It seems safest and most equitable to base the task on the average man's capacity, the average man being understood by us as a man who would do one-sixth of the work performed by three able-bodied men in their third or fourth year and by three able-bodied men in their first year who knew how to set about their work and to use their tools with reasonable skill. Though we take exception to the verbal wording of the definition of a task, we approve of the manner in which it has been interpreted by employers generally. The average earnings on estates employing labourers in each of the last five years are shown in Appendix 37. The detailed return for 1912, in the form recom- mended by the Sanderson Commission, is also included in this appendix. It will be seen that the average earnings of male labourers per working day (not merely per day worked) exceeded one shilling except in 1910 when an epidemic of dysentery swept through the colony. In that year the earnings were eleven pence three farthings. On a few estates the earnings fell below ten pence per working day, and on one in 1912 the average was less than nine pence. We saw the people at work on almost all estates visited and found the tasks to be reasonable. On the cocoanut plantations we found wages lower than on sugar plantations. The tasks seemed to be reasonable but employers, with one known exception, had not succeeded in getting the skilled labourers to exceed the task in the field. Another employer whose estate was not visited but who had heard that we had compared the earnings on cocoanut estates unfavourably with those on sugar-cane estates satisfied us that on one class of work, copra cutting, high wages were earned by many of his labourers. Though cocoanut cultiva- tion has been carried on for many years in these islands the employment of Indian labourers on a large scale is comparatively recent and many employers do not understand their labourers well enough to get the maximum of cheerful work out of them. Unless improvement can be speedily effected there would seem to be justification for the enforcement of the payment of a bonus to industrious workers, perhaps ten per cent, of monthly earnings exceeding twen- ty-five shillings. It would, of course, be preferable to let employers stimulate their labourers to work up to a satisfactory standard of industry but if they profess inability or unwillingness there is in our opinion ground for interfer- ence. A special reason exists for seeing that earnings are high on cocoanut estates, namely, that the work is not an apprenticeship to subsequent settlement as independent cultivators. At least in the immediate future cocoanut culti- vation, usually combined with stock rearing, must be managed by employers with capital. An ignorant and untrained labourer may be acclimatised and become more generally efficient as a worker after 5 years' employment on a cocoanut plantation but he has not learnt a business which he can carry on later on his ovrn account. Hitherto, the grant of small plots or of facilities for keeping cows has seldom been made. These and other little privileges have been conceded by a few employers. It is desirable that on each estate a regular system of rewards in this or some equally suitable form should be established. We think that permission to keep cows is a desirable concession because of the supply of milk252 provided for other immigrants, and the cultivation of small plots is useful also as a preparation for independent cultivation. We recognise that some trouble to the employer will usually arise but think that the trouble may justly be imposed and that it will be repaid by the strengthening of his personal authority. The addition to the incomes of the industrious men, who cannot all receive special billets, will not appear in the pay sheets but will mean much to the recipients. In this colony much of the labour done by hand in other colonies is done by using horses or mules, and to the ordinary observer the whole operations seem much more highly organised. We have seen some excellent specimens of Indian ploughing but were unfortunately unable to witness any of the plough- ing matches which the employers organise. These matches add no little zest to the life of these labourers, some of whom have been known to rig up a bed in the stable above their teams so that neither by accident nor design could the fitness of these animals to compete be endangered. The employment of horses renders cane cutting a much larger percentage of the total manual labour than in sugar plantations in the West Indies. The weekly wages of an ordinarily skilled man at cane cutting amount to 9 or 10 shillings, that is about seven rupees, while habitually a few men of superior strength and skill earn up to seventeen shillings and six pence weekly. The highest weekly wage found to be paid for this work was nineteen shillings. The labourers very seldom work for more than 6J days weekly. For loading cane into trucks men earn from one shilling and three pence daily upward. The weekly wages of headmen, always Indians, range from ten shillings to twenty-one shillings. The Ordinance recognises the classification of labourers according to their physique as 'able-bodied', 'three-quarter task labourers', and 'half task labour- ers \ The medical officers most carefully exercise the authority vested in them regarding classification. We came across several cases in which labourers voluntarily exceeded the limit of work which could legally be exacted from them but found no cases of weak men being required to do ordinary tasks. In 1912 one in twelve of the labourers imported was placed on a limited task. This fact may usefully be borne in mind in examining the wages return, as average earnings include the earnings of men and women who are classed as physically incapable of doing a full day's work. The limited task list in Fiji corresponds to the invalid list in other colonies. The ration scale is as under:— Article. Adults. Children over 5 years of age. Children under 5 years of age. Rice or flour ... or Rice ... ... and flour,.. ... £2 oz. n „ ii One half of the adult ration of rice, flour and dal and salt and 2 oz. sugar. Db<1 •«« »*• 4* )) Glu it* . •» 1» " Mustard oil ... ... Curry-stuff ... i v i „ . -or Ghi 1| oz. t Sugar ... ... * „ Salt ... »*• 1 * i Milk (fresh if procurable) ... • ... 1 imperial pint. Either the Agent-General or the District Medical Officer may order raiions- to be given to any immigrant or the child of an immigrant for a period not exceeding six months. No deduction may be made for rations issued to $ child253 and a deduction for rations issued to an immigrant may be made only for seven days prior to the deduction. From a man who has been unable to work and earn wages no deduction can be made. Medical officers should be formally authorised to direct the issue not only of rations but of diet of any kind. In practice, an employer never refuses to supply to an immigrant anything which the medical officer thinks necessary. Rations are supplied to immigrants for six months and to their children for twelve months after arrival. The retail cost of a week's full ration in Fiji ranges from three shillings to three shillings and six pence. Employers on a small scale may obtain rations at a cost of from two shillings and nine pence to three shillings and two pence. To employers purchasing very large whole- sale quantities the cost may be from two shillings and four pence upwards. The Agent-General prepared for us a table, printed as Appendix 38, showing the quantity and cost of rations in 1884, 1889 and 1913. The cost therein shown is the cost to purchasers on a large scale and not the retail price at small shops in rural districts. It will be seen, that the ration was increased in quantity and variety in 1895. In all cases the employer may not deduct for rations supplied more than four pence daily or two shillings and four pence weekly. The difference between the retail cost and the amount deducted is gain to the labourer. The cost of food and clothing in Fiji is slightly higher than in other colonies, The price of rice, 5 lbs. to 6 lbs. per rupee, is high considering that it can be conveyed direct from India and that upwards of 10,000 acres are grown in the colony. It would be interesting to know the result of an experi- mental importation of bajra for sale to labourers from Northern India and of this or other food grains for Madras labourers. The small country shopkeeper seems in Fiji to be very much in the hands of the large trader, and though we do not consider ourselves justified in ascribing the high prices in Fiji to the general wickedness of the trading community we think that an enterprising Parsee trader might do worse than look into the trading prospects in this colony which owes much of its growing prosperity to the industry of his fellow country- men. Naturally the Indians who go as labourers do not combine business capacity with the possession of capital or credit. The ration for all children under 5 years of age is identical, namely, one pint of milk (fresh if procurable). The Ordinance does not formally empower the Agent-General to permit or direct the supply of any substitute. A pint of milk is generally sold retail, at two pence, so that the money value of this ration is adequate. It would be well to authorise the Agent-General to approve of either a cash payment of two pence or of the issue of any other articles of the value of two pence, especially as the ration schedule recognises possible difficulties in the supply of milk. "We have not visited or heard of any place where fresh milk was not procurable. We were, however, told that some labour- ers regard condensed milk as more palatable. But unless a child's diet is given under medical directions it will probably be less troublesome and less wasteful to give the parents the money equivalent of the necessary food. It will be seen from the statement of wages that the percentage of days worked is very much higher in Fiji than in other colonies. This result is due to the facts that the colony is healthy, the sanitary conditions are good, and the work is less monotonous and, for about half the year, very remunerative. The labourers seem to like the division of the year into a period of hard work for good earnings and a period of quiet steady work for moderate earnings. The regular and substantial decrease in prosecutions notwithstanding the equally marked rise in the number of labourers under indenture in the last five years shows that the labourers are stimulated and not driven to work regularly. Free labourers in Fiji earn about one shilling and six pence daily on work requiring no special skill, and if a little skill and experience are required two shillings will often be paid. The following paragraph extracted from the annual report of 1912 is a fair description of the free labourer's wages in various em- ployments :— "Under the above Ordinance* 765 immigrants were engaged under registered agree- ments, of whom 413 were engaged for work in sugar ^Masters' and Servant's Or dinance mills for the crashing season at wages varying frotn of general local application. Is. Qrf, per diem, to 2 s per diem the majority being engaged at a rate o£ Is. 9d. por diem. Locomotive drivers, at 15s. to 18s per week. The wages of immigrants engaged for plantation 126CID 68254 work were from Is. 3d. to 2s. per diem without food, and in a few instances labourers were engaged at £12 per annum with food. The wages of domestic and store servants varied from £14 per annum, usually with food provided, the average wages given being £2 to £4 per mensem." The good wages earned by the free Indian labourers account for the small number of repatriations, and when the arrangement for land settlement and education are improved industrious labourers emigrating from densely populated districts in India to this sparsely populated colony will find either a comfort- able living or prosperity. In Appendix 39 are given copies of forms of agree- ment entered into between the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, Limited, and free Indian labourers. The bonus system seems to work well. No com- plaints of its abuse were made. A list of wages as actually paid to free Indian labourers during the busy and slack seasons at one of the large mills is also included in Appendix 40. 50 Administration of justice and penal clauses of the Ordinance.—Justice is impartially administered and there is no reason to suppose that a labourer receives a fairer trial in Calcutta or Bombay than in Fiji. Labourers prosecuting employers or defending themselves seem ordinarily to experience no peculiar difficulties. They can seldom afford the high fees which are charged by local solicitors or barristers. The officers of the Immigration Department, however, rendered effective assistance on several occa- sions in recent years to labourers who were complainants or accused persons. The proportion of labourers prosecuted to indentured population has steadi- ly and substantially decreased in recent years as the following table extraoted from the annual report of 1912 will show :— — 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. Number of adult indentured immigrants in the colony throughout the year 11,978 11,988 12,673 15,852 16,111 Total number of complaints made by em- ployers 2,237 1,924 1,91 1. 1,520 1,256 Total number of immigrants complained against 1,501 1,311 1,217 1,010 1,007 Total number of convictions for offences against the labour law 1,981 1,747 1,717 1,372 1,135 Total number of sentences involving im- prisonment with hard labour >.. 405 510 449 446 186 Total number of sentences involving: exten- sion of indenture, with or without im- prisonment with hard labour ... 852 567 446 447 447 In 1908, the ratio was 1 to 8 and in 1912 was 1 to 16. The ratio of con- victions to population fell from 1 in 6 to less than 1 in 14. It will be seen that the number of convictions has always exceeded the number of immigrants as a certain number of labourers are convicted of more than one offence. The number of labourers sentenced to imprisonment has fallen from 1 in 30 to 1 in 86. In this colony fines are recoverable by instalments and gradua. payment is always allowed by magistrates when necessary. "When la- bourers are imprisoned they are, as far as possible, separated from the ordinary convicts. In some cases the labourers sentenced to imprisonment were kept at the rural lock-ups and employed like ordinary labourers keeping the roads and grounds near public offices clean and in good order. The penalties imposed by the Fiji Immigration Ordinance as compared255 ■with the corresponding penalties provided in other colonies are generally reasonable and moderate. In most cases the maximum penalty for a first offence committed by an immigrant is ten shillings, while imprisonment may seldom be imposed as a substantive punishment. In the case of unlawful absence and even of desertion imprisonment may not be inflicted as a substan- tive punishment until the fourth conviction. The principle underlying this provision deserves extended application. The maximum fine for a first offence should usually be lower than the fine for a subsequent offence, and in most cases five shillings will be sufficient as a maximum penalty for a first offence. The penalty for selling or bartering rations* should now be abolished in this colony also, though the purchaser's liability may be retained so long as the provision is supposed to benefit the ignorant immigrant. Section 171 of the Ordinance penalises persons who employ immigrants who do not produce certificates of industrial residence. "While we think that an immigrant should be entitled to demand such a certificate we think that its production should not be necessary to legalise his employment. Before we had carefully studied the Ordinance we rendered ourselves liable to prosecution under this section. As a duplicate of a lost certificate cannot be obtained in less than a month or without substantial cost (vide S. 197) the strict enforcement of the provision might operate very harshly. It was copied from other Ordinances and its enforcement is neither practicable nor desirable. Recently, another objection- able provision has been copied from other codes, namely, that by which a police constable is empowered to stop an immigrant suspected of being an absentee or deserter and call upon him to produce his certificate of completion of service. We have already stated our objections to such a provision, enacted as Section 11 of the Fiji Amending Ordinance of 1912. Section 12 of the same Ordinance is also in our opinion objectionable. An Indian immigrant should be neither more nor less liable than any other resident of the colony to give an account of himself or his antecedents. We recommend that offenders punished with imprisonment for breaches of the labour laws be segregated from ordinary convicts. Sentences of imprison- ment are being steadily reduced and only hardened offenders will incur this punishment. Probably most sentences of imprisonment could be served under the supervision of the Stipendiary Magistrates if accommodation were provided at out-stations. There are many petty works of a useful kind on which the prisoners could be employed under the Magistrate's orders without any special supervising establishment. The Agent-General and the Inspectors of the Immigration Department should, in our opinion, be empowered, concurrently with Magistrates, to dispose of complaints relating to breaches of the labour laws. An Inspector's sanction, should be obtained before a complaint is laid before a Magistrate unless the offender is charged with desertion. 51. Other provisions of the Ordinance —The provisions of Part VI of the Ordinance relating to indentures should be modified in accor- dance with recommendations already made as regards other colonies. An immi- grant should be entitled to commute his indentures at any time on paying a sum decreasing steadily during each month of indenture. For the present, at any rate, commutation as of right might be limited to ten per cent, of the indentured population of each estate in a single year. In the case of female immigrants the sanction of the Agent-General of Immigration should be obtained. We recognise that this proposal will probably deprive employers of some of their best worker^ long before the indentures would expire in the ordinary course, but in our opinion the reasons in favour of the proposal outweigh this disadvan- tage. It may be noted that the provisions relating to re-indenture in Fiji were repealed in 1912. The Agent-General should be empowered to make transfers and inter-trans- fers of labourers* independently of the consent of either employer or labourer. Under Section 70 a Magistrate is empowered to order the extension of the indentures of an immigrant convicted of unlawful absence or desertion. We256 think tliat power of extending the period of indenture should be granted only to the Agent-General and, for reasons set forth earlier in this report, sparingly- exercised. The Agent-General is best fitted to exercise discretion in this matter and his orders are more likely to be consistent with uniform principles than the orders of a number of Magistrates haying more or less knowledge of the conditions under which immigrants live on each estate. While immigrants avail themselves more freely of Section 6 of the Fiji Marriage Ordinance of 1912, than of similar provisions in other colonies, all marriages solemnised according to the Hindu and Mahomedan religions are not notified and registered. We recommend that in this colony also a certain number of Hindu priests and Musalman kazis be recognised as Registrars and that all marriages solemnised by these Registrars after due notice be regarded as valid provided that the parties were of marriageable age, that is fifteen years in the case of males and twelve in the case of females, and that no bar existed by reason of consanguinity or relationship or of either party having a wife or husband still living. The fee charged for notification or registration should be very small, possibly two shillings. 52. Facilities for (a) lodging complaints, (b) visiting friends and(c) performing religious ceremonies.—Labourers are subjected to no unreasonable restrictions in regard to any of these matters and the right of complaint is fully understood and acted upon. A reference to the annual reports will show that well-grounded complaints are redressed by either Magistrates or the Immigration Department. The celebration of either marriages or festivals is attended with no difficulties. As in all other colonies employers are either considerate or generous in assisting immigrants to fulfil religious or social obligations. Week ends and general holidays are spent by labourers in visiting friends, and on special occasions leave is given. 53. Relations of employers and labourers.—On the major- ity of estates the relations between labourers and their employers are satisfac- tory but on some they leave something to be desired. The employment of Indian labourers has been steadily extending with the result that each year brought labourers into contact with employers who had little or no knowledge of the language or ways of Indian labourers. Some employers familiar with the efficient workers of Australia and New Zealand failed to make due allowance for the failings of some of the Indian labourers or to give the latter as a body sufficient credit either for their patience and industry or for their responsiveness to kind treatment. Some employers also impose too much trust in or exercise too little control over their Indian headmen and set the latter a bad example in the matter of impatient roughness in word and act. Judging from our conver- sations with labourers under indenture and with ' free ' Indians as well as with Indian labourers in other colonies who had worked formerly in Piji, the Indian labourer of to-day is much better treated than his predecessors of about 10 or 15 years ago. There are now a considerable number of employers who have had long experience of Indian labourers and their example influences the conduct of their less experienced neighbours. There are also more opportunities of training the managers of the future under-men whose guidance is not the less valuable because their own views have undergone a steady process of enlarge- ment. Though, as above stated, matters have improved very greatly in recent years there are still too many cases of assault proved against overseers and headmen. The officers of the Immigration Department have frequently assist- ed labourers appeai'ing in Court either as complainants or accused persons, and the Courts have awarded severe punishments when labourers were treated not merely roughly but brutally. An isolated case of roughness will hot result in the removal of an overseer or headman but an isolated case of brutality is not condoned. For the peccant employers the palliating circumstances may be recorded that they have been taught in a school which shows very little consideration for neglect or incompetence and the impatience which they manifest towards the Indian is exactly the same as they manifest to all others. While censuring the conduct of some employers it is pleasant to have to record that we met not a few others who treated their labourers considerately and kindly and had earned their respect and gratitude. In a colony with only one generation257 of Indian settlers and with no settled tradition of sympathetic manage- ment the officers of the Immigration Department, assisted by the influence of experienced employers, will for some years have to insist on the patient and considerate treatment of labourers. Persistence in the present system of removing those who have shown manifest unfitness to exercise authority will assist all employers to unite firmness with self-control. We recognise as clearly as the most aggrieved employer that a few factious labourers may be a source of constant irritation but we think that he must learn voluntarily or under pressure to put up with a certain amount of behaviour which is literally provok- ing. We have already recommended the general introduction of a system of re- warding industry and good conduct, a course which some employers have already adopted. We also think that on all but very small estates a regular orderly room system would bring employers into closer touch with their labourers and enable them to know not only about their grievances but their personal troubles. In Appendix 41 are given details of prosecutions for breaches of the labour laws in each of the years 1910, 1911 and 1912, It will be seen that the percentage of prosecutions to adult labourers was 11-5 in 1910, 9 in 1913, and 7*4 in 1912. On one estate with a high prosecution record in 1912 an overseer and two headmen were convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for ill-treating labourers. A satisfactory feature in the returns is the example set by the responsible managers at the large factory centres, though they are by no means the only employers who exhibit self-reliant and temperate exercise of just authority. Inquiries made on estates with high percentages of prosecutions suggested that the employers were wanting in experience and judgment and were either badly served by the headmen or placed too little trust in them. As an instance, a whole gang of men were in one case prose- cuted for unfinished work apparently under the belief that the labourers would be impressed by the act and would in future have more respect for the authority of the headman and of the employer. That employers generally have come to regard recourse to the Courts as a corrective and deterrent in extreme cases only is shown by the continuous decrease in the percentage of pro- secutions. Labourers' complaints about prosecutions were much less frequent and much less acid in Fiji than in some of the colonies visited earlier. We think that the relations of employers and immigrants might be improved if, in addition to the rewards above-mentioned, separate quarters with plots of land were provided for a few families, representing about one-sixth of the total number of ^bourers. We make this suggestion here and not in connec- tion with the housing arrangements because it is not prompted by considerations of health or sanitation and because we do not think it reasonable to insist that such accommodation should invariably be provided. But the prospect of being promoted to a small separate house with a plot of land in the last half of their indentured service would be cheering to most married immigrants, and the relation between the occupants and their employers would take on some of the character of the relation of a landlord and tenant in good accord. Another reason is that though sanitation and health receive careful attention and wages are good the country is thinly populated and the labourers have less variety and distraction in many localities than they have in other colonies. Anything that would add not merely comfort but interest and variety to resi- dence on estates would be beneficial. It will be remembered that this arrange- ment was made on the Government Farm in Surinam and appreciated by the labourers. We know that on some estates in Fiji employers are willing to give this a trial. The families to whom the plots are given should be selected by the employers and not by any one in subordinate authority. 54. Repatriation.—The general arrangements for repatriation are the same as in other British colonies, except that in Fiji the right to a free passage after ten years has not yet been modified. The tabular statements printed as Appendix 42 give details of the immigrants landed and repatriated since 1879 when Indian labourers were first introduced. The total number of persons landed was 51,454, and the number repatriated was 9,63?. Of the latter a 129C1D 69258 substantial number, probably exceeding one-sixth of the whole, were children born in the colony. The number of persons who returned within ten years paying their own passages is not stated in the tables supplied to us. In each of • 1908 ...... H2 the five years 1908 to 1912 the total num- 1909 ...... 128 ber of adults and children who so returned 1911 163 were as shown in the margin,* the figures 1912 ...... 171 being abstracted from the annual reports. They form nearly one-fourth of the immigrants repatriated in those years. This high proportion of persons who prefer to return without waiting for a free passage is evidence of the good wages earned by labourers under indenture, but in our opinion also indicates that facilities for acquiring land under reasonable conditions as to tenure and rent hare in the past been inadequate. "We saw in the dep6t at Calcutta some of these persons who, having spent all their savings within two years, were returning cheerfully and expectantly to Fiji. The state- ment showing the number repatriated incidentally throws some light on the fluctuations in the physical standard for recruitment, the number ' rejected ' (that is repatriated forthwith) in 1910 and 1911 being unusually high. A, com- parison of the statements will show that nearly 8,700 persons, exclusive of those rejected, landed in 1900, 1901 and 1902. In 1910, 1911 and 1912, when the return passage of the above persons accrued, the total repatriated as entitled to free passages was 859, including children born in the colony. Reckoning the loss by death between 1900 and 1912 as one-fifth of the total number landed it will be seen that less than one in four of those alive and entitled to passages returned to India. If our proposals regarding the grant of land to Indians are adopted the proportion returning to India will be much smaller still. If settlement on land is facilitated and the educational arrangements now pro- jected are carried into effect an assisted passage might with perfect equity be substituted for a free passage. Since 1906 immigrants claiming free return passages must exercise the right within two years after the completion of ten years' residence. In the case of free passages the limitation of the exercise of the right to a comparatively restricted period is not unreasonable. The full passage money from Fiji is less than the cost of an assisted passage from Trinidad or Jamaica. Consequently, we do not, think it necessary to recommend any change in this condition. An immigrant must give notice in October of his intention to return to India in one of the steamers sailing usually in February, March or April. He is informed as soon as possible of the probable date of sailing and instructed to present himself in advance at the Immigration depot for identification and disposal of business connected with remittance of money and custody of valuables. While these matters are being transacted immigrants are maintained free of cost at the depdt until they embark. The whole arrangements connected with repatriation are efficiently organised and are understood by all intelligent Indians. 55. Staff of the Immigration Department —The work of the Immigration Department has during recent years been steadily increasing with the larger number of immigrants under indenture and the growth of the resident Indian population. The Agent-General is assisted by three Inspectors each residing in his own district, an Inspector residing at headquarters and supervising the Suva and Navua groups of estates and, since last year, a Travelling Inspector. There were at the time of our visit more than 200 estates employing indentured labourers and while most of these estates were situated on the three larger islands some were on smaller islands at a considerable distance from the main group. The staff of Inspectors is not excessive having regard to the conditions under which their work must be peformed. We found evidence of careful and conscientious work in the three islands visited and as regards the organisation and execution of the present work of the Inspectoral staff wish to suggest only one modification. An Inspector on visiting an estate now copies from the pay- sheets into his own register a complete nominal pay-roll, from which he supplies statistical information regarding earnings to the Agent-General. We think that responsible officers should be relieved of this laborious duty and that if detailed statements are required they should be prepared and submitted by employers.259 •The long hours spent on this copying work would be much more profitably as well as more cheerfully devoted to disposing of complaints now tried by Magis- trates and to assisting the Commissioner of Lands or other departmental officers in attending to the needs of Indian settlers. An Inspector's immediate con- cern with the pay-sheet of an estate visited is to ascertain if any individuals are not earning good wages and if so how this can be remedied. If necessary statistical information is supplied by the employer a few minutes will be sufficient to check its accuracy and the Inspector can then inquire into the general conditions under which the labourers live and work and listen to com- plaints or applications for assistance. As regards the form in which information regarding earnings is now compiled and published in all colonies a recommenda- tion will be found later in this report. "While employers are entitled to credit for their temperate use of the penal provisions of the Ordinance in recent years the influence exercised by the Agent- General personally and through the Inspectoral staff both as regards the reduc- tion of prosecutions and the repression of harshness or violence towards labourers deserves commendation. The Agent-General's office staff includes three Indian clerks employed on three year agreements at annual salaries of £130 to £160. The pay of the Inspectors ranges from £250 to £290; The officers now serving have all been appointed within the last few years. If immigration at the present rate is maintained and a satisfactory standard of work is to be kept up we think that provision will have to be made for periodic increments in all cases. The pay of the Agent-General, £575 per annum, might well be enhanced considering the importance of his duties and the great increase in the amount of work in recent years. The annual reports contain much valuable information regarding the con- dition of both indentured labourers and other Indians. Statistical information regarding cases under the Ordinance would be more valuable if offenders were classified as having been once, twice, or more than twice convicted. During visits to Indian settlements we realised that Inspectors did not merely collect statistics regarding the residents but kept themselves very well informed regarding the personal welfare of individuals. Statistical information regarding cases would be more valuable if offenders were classified as having been once, twice, or more than twice convicted. We recommend that if immigrants are indentured to serve under Government officers a quarterly return of prosecutions be submitted to the Colonial Secretary through the Agent-General of Immigration. The value of the good example set by most private employers is seriously depreciated if immigrants employed on Government work are freely prosecuted. In the case of a Government department the inauguration of a successful system of reward- ing good work would be an object worthy of achievement, and a record of the result could not fail to enhance the interest and value of the annual report of the Agent-General of Immigration. 56. Free Indians.—The following table abstracted from the Census Report of 1911 will show the occupations followed by Indians other than indentured labourers:— Occupations of Indians, other than Indentured Plantation labourers> — Persons. Males. Females. Total persons Agricultural-^— Proprietors of Land and Capitalists Planters and Husbandmen Total, Agricultural 25,976 16,000 9,976 80 10,277 59 8,517 ai 1,760 10,357 8,576 1,781260 — Persona. Males. Females. Commercial— Bcardinghouse keepers ... ... ..< 6 6 ... Hawkers ... ... ... 36 14 2 Storekeepers 243 201 42 Other commercial occupations not distinguished ... 265 218 47 Total Commercial 530 439 97 Industrial— Bakers and Confectioners 9 9 ... Barbers 18 18 • . • Cabmen; Stablemen and Carters ... ... 34. 34 • . . Carpenters and Painters ... 11 11 a • t Dairymen ... ... ••• ••• 16 16 ... Saddlers and Bootmakers ... ... 6 6 • • • Goldsmiths and Silversmiths 21 21 t ♦ • Tailors ... 12 10 Watermen and Launch-drivers 37 37 ... Other industrial workers not distinguished 1,732 928 804 Total Industrial 1,896 1,090 806 Domestic- Cooks 88 86 2 Domestic servants, Nurses, and Laundry men 261 228 33 Women, including girls of 10 years and upwards en gaged in domestic duties. Total Domestic 3,497 ... 3,497 3,846 314 3,532 Sundry- Clerks and Interpreters ... 20 20 Lighthouse keepers ... ... ..• 19 19 • • • Police and Warders ... 49 49 >* • Priests and Teachers 38 35 3 Total Sundrt 126 123 3 Occupations not stated ... ••• 1,490 1,487 3 Unoccupied- Children under the age of 10 years returned as not employed. 7,731 3,971 3,760261 We met one professional Indian who has recently engaged in practice as a barrister. As we have already stated we think it would be well if'Indian licentiates of medicine or Sub-Assistant Surgeons could be employed in attend- ing Indian settlers in Fiji. The settlement of free Indians on land in Fiji has been retarded by the fact that most of the land is owned by the Fijians, who practise a very inferior form of cultivation in an insignificant portion of the cultivable land. The greater part of the land has been waste from time immemorial. To obtain a lease for even a short period much bargaining and the adoption of a circuitous procedure have hitherto been necessary. The Acting Commissioner of Lands was good enough to summarise the facts regarding land settlements in the following note:— e< 1. The settlement of Indian Immigrants upon the land after expiry of their terms of indenture has been encouraged by the Government sinoe the introduction of Indian labour to the Colony. " 8. Except for a few isolated leases, settlement by Indians might be said to have commenced about the year 1888, since which date applications have been received in steadily increasing numbers until the annual number of leases granted now amounts to 600 per annum. " The bulk of the land taken up is owned by the natives of the Colony and applicants usually approach the owners of the land desired and arrange terms with them. They then inform the Stipendiary Magistrate of the District, who fills in a form showing particulars of application and transmits it to the Native District Council for consideration. Approval of the application by the District Council is signified by the Bull (Chief of the District) signing the form, which is then transmitted by him back to the Magistrate who countersigns it, if he approves of it, and forwards the form with his recommendation to the Commissioner of Lands, who, in turn, transmits it with his recommendation, for consideration by the Governor-in-Executive Council. The date of approval by the Governor-in-Council is taken as the date of commencement of lease and the applicant is informed of the approval of the application. He is then at liberty to enter into occupation and is expected to make early arrangements for the survey o£ the land with some licensed surveyor in private practice, who charges fees which are regulated by the Government. Leases are drawn by the Lands Department after receipt and examination of plans of survey and transmitted to the Magistrate for execution by the lessee. l< 4. No discrimination is made between Indians and Europeans in the method of application for land, both being on the same footing and follow the same course in accordance with the established rules, but in 1910 the Government by Executive Council's order decided that the maximum area to be allowed to Indian applicants should not as a rule be more than 5 acres of good agricultural land or 10 acres of grazing land, except under special circumstances. This rule was considered advisable as many Indians become lessees of more land than they could utilise by their own labour and disposed of the surplus area to sub-tenants at high rentals and almost invariably without proper survey or titles. Such sub-tenants could be turned off the land at any time, and for lack of proper titles had no redress against holders of the lease. Abuses were created difficult to remedy except by limiting the amount of land which might be held by one individual. Husband and wife are not usually allowed to hold two lots, but members of a family may obtain land in their own right provided they are old enough to work it themselves. " 5. Transfers of leased areas in whole or part are allowed in accordance with the Real Property Ordinance of 1876, but owing to the excessive sub-division of areas in many eases the Government in 1913 defined the limiting fractions into which areas might be divided by transfers. The limiting fractions are as follows, viz. £ of areas 5 acres in extent or under; J of areas over 5 acres up to 10 acres; J of areas over 10 acres up to 20 acres ; y1^- of areas over 20 acres. Any application for a transfer by a transferee who already holds 5 acres or more of agricultural land is considered by the Governor-in-Council before approval, the object being- to prevent the accumulation of land by one individual for the purpose of sub- leasing. c: 6. As before mentioned, applicants may, under special circumstances, obtain larger areas than 5 acres of agricultural hnd or 10 acres grazing land. Should it be shown that the applicant has the means whereby he may utilise the area applied for wii hout sub-leasing, his application would be favourably considered. 129CID 70262 " 7. In August 1911, the Government decided to confine settlement by Indians as far as possible to certain of the more settled districts. It bad been found that uncontrolled settlement by Indians tended to retard settlement in some respects by the fact that areas which were large enough to be taken up as estates were spoiled by small portions being taken lip within the block by Indians. It was also considered undesirable to allow unrestricted settlement among natives in districts where, by reason of distance and absence of European Officers, it was not possible to exercise complete police supervision. However, it was not intended that the rule should be applied arbitrarily, for should it be shown that Indian applicants for land in the closed districts were of good character or that good reason existed for the approval of the application as, for instance, the establishment of a store in a locality where a store would be a convenience to the community, it would be considered by the Governor-in-Council as a special case, and in most instances granted ie 8. In order to facilitate Indian settlement and to reduce the expense to Indians of obtaining land the Government have from time to time obtained areas by purchase or lease from the native owners and have sub-divided the best portions into regular blocks of £ to 5 acres each. A statement is attached showing information respecting each settlement. u 9. The method of obtaining land within these settlement areas is of the simplest. No formal lease is given (except in the case of Qeldradra block) but a " License to occupy." The applicant, bringing with him his certificate of Industrial Residence, makes personal application to the Officer in charge of the settlement who enters his name against the number of the allotment desired and takes six months rent in advance, giving him one copy of license, the duplicate copy being retained for reference. The license may be determined by either party at termination of period for which rent has been paid. Transfers are allowed on payment of a fee of Us. 5. " 10. On settlement blocks where the whole of the land is not suitable for sub- division into agricultural allotments, the balance of area forms a Common used for grazing purposes by tenants keeping stock. An agistment fee of Us. 2-6-0 or Rs. 5 per head for cattle and Re. 1 per head for goats per annum is charged, the smaller amount being charged on the Koro No. 1 settlement. " 11. On Qeldradra settlement of 506 acres proper leases for 10 years are given for such parts as are applied for. The block was set apart for settlement this year as it was found that four leases were granted to applicants for what appeared to be native land but found by the surveyor to be part of Government freehold. i(12. On Namau Block in the Ba district there are eleven leases for periods of 15 years. These leases were granted prior to the purchase of the land by the Govern- ment in 1908. et 13. The soil on some of the older settlement areas, as 'Vatuwaqa' near Suva, has been impoverished by injudicious cultivation with the consequence that lots have been abandoned, (< 14*. The Signal Station settlement is occupied for the most part by Indians who have some occupation in Suva so that the land is leased for residential purposes and the exhaustion of the soil by long continued cultivation is not so much considered. " 15. Nacobi settlement, 1,066 acres, at Nadi is a new one, having been opened this year. Survey has just been completed and the Surveyor reports that the indications are that very shortly the whole of the 58 allotments will be occupied. "16. The Stipendiary Magistrate, Macuata, reports that none of the allotments on Lolotua and Nacawa settlements are at present occupied. The probable reason is that the land is 35 miles from Labasa and in a district to which general settlement has not yet spread. Wainikoro block was not well taken up, at first, for the same reason, but as the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, Limited, extended operations in the district the land became more desirable for occupation until at the present time there are only 8 vacant lots out of 187." In Appendix 43 are given details of the Crown Land allotted to Indians under the system outlined in this note. Recently, however, the needless difficulty and expense of the present procedure was recognised and at the time of our visit revised regulations dealing with the grant of lands awaited only the sanction and approval of the Secretary of State. The needs of Indian settlers were considered but existing customs regarding leases seem to have been given undue weight. The most important change ia that negotiations for leases will be made solely through Government Officials ? nd no land will be leased unless the native owners first hand it over263 to Government. This is a very great improvement as negotiations were often tedious and costly, tenures were insecure and in some cases rents were unreason- ably high. The presence of Indians has raised the rental value of land in Fiji very greatly. If only Fijian labour were available rents would necessarily be nominal. It is essential that the Indian whose labour creates the value of land should have facilities for obtaining holdings from the very great area of waste land available at rents which reflect the present economic value and are not merely the effect of a State-aided monopoly. To return to the proposed regulations, of which we were permitted to see the draft, it would seem that allotments in Government settlements for Indians are to be granted on a very unsatisfactory and insecure tenure. The license to occupy may be determined at any time on six months' notice being given and is not transferable without written permission. The license does not specifically authorise the removal of buildings erected by the licensee. We think that while the right of transfer might be restricted for ten years to prevent land speculation the tenure should be permanent and the rent liable to revision at intervals of not less than 25 years. As regards the native land the conditions are more reasonable, but might in our opinion be very advantageously modified. In the first place the land is unsurveyed and the applicant after he gets a lease must employ and pay a licensed Surveyor. He must in his application describe the unsurveyed land and have it valued by the local Magistrate, who will communicate with the Lands Commissioner, who will fix the rent and upset price or premium from which the cost of issue of the lease and of registration are to be deducted. These leases of native land are apparently put up for sale, whether one or more persons apply for the land, and the sale purchaser employs the Surveyor. It would obviously be much quicker and cheaper to have whole blocks officially surveyed, subdivided, and assessed, apart from the much greater accuracy of both surveying and mapping. The area of native land granted to the ordinary Indian applicant is limited to 5 acres of agricultural landor 10 acres of pasture land. As a result of our in- quiries we think that 10 acres of agricultural land in rural areas should be regard- ed as a normal grant so that in years of moderate yield a settler's income maybe not less than £40. Of course very near centres of regular employment small- er grants would be suitable, as the occupant would not depend for his livelihood solely on the produce of ids land. The proposed rules contemplate the grant of larger areas in deserving cases, and we think it would be well to authorise each Inspector of Immigrants to allot a definite maximum area annually in this way. We do not question the equity of restricting the bulk of the grants to an area which will support a family, but there should be an opportunity for the occasional man of enterprise and capacity. The terms of leases will be for 5,10 or 21 years, twenty-one year leases being renewable for one equal term at a revised rental. The leasehold should be perpetual subject to general revision at periods of not less than 25 years, and after the first ten years the lessee should, have unrestricted right of transfer. There is far more land than can possibly he cultivated for very many years to come. It is estimated that one-tenth of the whole land has now been leased or sold. Under the circumstances a premium extracted from a settler who has no capital to spare seems to have no justification. In many localities roads are badly needed to open up tracts for settlement and unless construction and maintenance proved very costly the outlay might be largely covered by a charge on the rent or assessment of land in the district served. The Indians who had obtained leasehold land under the existing regulations complained of the high rents. We found that rents ranged from 5 shillings to one pound per acre, that leases were for short terms, and that Indians did not understand whether their titles were good or bad. There was also an objectionable amount of very costly and unnecessary litigation regarding titles. Holdings were usually of from 5 to 10 acres. Sometimes they were of only one acre near centres of employment. We met one Indian who had leased in all M6 acres and had shown considerable enterprise and skill in bringing the land under cultivation. Another had leased nearly 100 acres, mostly under sugar-cane, and was a skilful and prosperous cultivator. Apart from high rents and insecurity of tenure the Indian settlers complained of the multiplicity of petty taxes, e.g., house-tax, dog-tax, and cattle-brand tax. We do not question the propriety of levying these taxes, but think that the rents which are created by Indian industry might fairly he264 rendered liable to taxation in the interests of the population as a whole. The- recipients of these rents have contributed practically nothing to the development of the colony which apparently needs only capital and Indian labour for the exploitation of its natural wealth. Capital will take care of its own interests. The Indian labourer's path to the occupancy of land on secure tenure at a reasonable rent needs to be shortened and rendered smoother, and the surplus wealth which he creates for others seems at least as fair an object of taxation as his slender income. We were neither authorised nor expected to inquire into the fiscal arrangements of the colony, but we had opportunities of studying its resources and learning a little about its needs, and wo think that the future needs of the Indian immigrants will be inadequately met if the rental value of land escapes taxation. However, what we wish definitely to recommend is that emigration to Fiji should be conditional on the creation of facilities for the occupation of land by Indian settlers on conditions such as we propose. We also think that lessees under existing leases should be protected from the risk of having to pay extortionate premia for the renewal of their leases on general conditions identical with those under which new settlers receive grants. We have every reason to believe that both the local administration and. those interested in the industrial and commercial development of the colony will cheerfully accept any conditions which are finally settled as reasonable. There is no desire to treat Indians unfairly though their needs have been only partially recognised. We also recommend that the Government of the Colony, as in Surinam, should make advances to cultivators who can give adequate security and take steps to organise co-operative credit societies. Some Indians deposit their savings with traders at little or no interest and others borrow from traders at high interest. The supervision of a loan system and of co-operative societies would doubtless necessitate the employment of a full time officer at any rate for several years until initial difficulties were overcome and the work had fallen into routine channels. If facilities for acquiring land on permanent leases are provided and the officers of the Immigration Department co-operate in the work of settlement the main drawback to emigration to Fiji will be removed. When, in addition, the educational system has been organised the positions of Indians in Fiji will be such as to justify consideration of proposals for the substitution of assisted for free return passages. The annual reports of the Agent General give full information regarding the condition of the Indian settlers and the property owned by them. That officer was good enough to have information collected as far as possible for 1913 and supplied to us as printed in Appendix 44 of this report. The details are unfortunately incomplete but the total value of land, buildings, stock, and implements was upwards of £400,000 or sixty lakhs of rupees. A thoroughly organised triennial valuation of this kind would supply useful matter for the annual reports on Immigration of this and other colonies. In appendix 46 is given information regarding savings deposited and sums remitted to India and conveyed to India by repatriated immigrants. The rules relating to remittances are also appended. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company, which is by far the largest employer of Indian labour, has recently in more than one locality made experiments in sub-dividing estates, formerly cultivated by the company, amongst Indian sugar-cane cultivators. The latter are assisted in most cases in the actual work of cultivation and obtain advances on their crops. The cane is taken over by the company and paid for according to quantity and quality. Some of the cultivators complained to us that they received six-pence per ton of cane less than the neighbouring European planters. We discussed the matter with officers of the company and were satisfied that the deduction was reasonable and equitable. The supervision, transport, and valuation of a large number of small consignments is obviously more costly than the purchase of thousands of tons of cane from a single supplier. One of the Inspectors of the Immigration Department extracted information from the books of one mill for our benefit. In 1913 the crops of sixty Indian growers were estimated as worth £5,000 at 13 shillings per ton of sugar-cane, the suppliers cultivating from one acre to 188 acres and averaging about 11 acres per head while the outturn varied from four tons per acre (a very low265 figure) to 18 tons per acre. In 1912 the price paid was 13 shillings and two pence (nine rupees and fourteen annas) per ton. The production and prices above quoted are a fair sample of the return to Indian cane growers cultivating under expert supervision. On at least one estate owned by this company industrious indentured immigrants were allowed to commute their indentures at reduced rates on condition that they took up holdings as sugarcane cultivators. Another of its estates was ahout to be subdivided on a well considered system, the anticipated result being that apart from the produce of a plot planted mainly for domestic consumption the gross produce of a holding would be worth more than £80 and the net receipts of the occupant £43 yearly or about sixteen shillings and six pence weekly. This company is of course primarily concerned with the interests of its own share- holders and makes no other profession but it is capable of taking a far-sighted view of its own interests and of securing these by a fair recognition of the interests of others. While we have urged the claims of Indians to hold and cultivate land on their own account we recognise that a substantial percentage will prefer eventually to settle down near the scene of their first employment in a state of secure semi-independence. All Indian emigrants are by no means robust pioneers and it is very much to be hoped that this company's experi- ments will result in the transfer of considerable areas to cultivating tenants. Another company, the Vancouver Fiji Company, purchases cane on a large scale from Indian growers, the 1913 crop for delivery at a single mill being estimated at 38,000 tons. The Government of the Colony has recently undertaken experiments in cotton growing by Indian cultivators, and if this crop is added or rather restored as a staple the prospects of settlers will be still more favourable than at present. A small detail affecting the cost of living of the Indian population may be noticed. The import duty on rice is two pounds per ton and on ' dhall and gram' three pounds per ton, while on flour one pound per ton is now levied. The ascending scale of duty is in order of values but the progression seems to be very disproportionate. Of course the rice growers who are Indians benefit by the duty on imported rice, but the duty on ' dhall and gram ' is very high. Possibly this is imposed to counterbalance the exemption of Indians from payment of indirect taxes on intoxicants which may not ordinarily be sold to them. We venture to doubt if the ordinary Indian taxpayer in Fiji really appreciates the opportunity of consuming supper-taxed food in order to provide fiscal consolation for his involuntary total abstinence. The rental values which he is creating might provide an alternative source of revenue. The Indian in Fiji has as in the other colonies the same general rights of citizenship as other residents. The provisions of the Immigration Ordinance which impose special liabilities or restrictions of an objectionable kind have been noticed in detail in other paragraphs. At the time of our visit the total Indian population was in round figures 50,000, of whom 16,000 were under indenture. 57. Education.—Speaking generally the Indian community has derived very little benefit from the educational arrangements in Fiji. The primary schools are almost all State-aided schools managed by the Methodist, Roman Catholic, and Anglican Missions. At Suva, the capital of the colony, the Methodist and Roman Catholic Missions have each a school primarily intended for Indians. The Methodist Mission has schools for Indians in each of three industrial centres, and one Indian school has been established at a fourth centre by the Anglican Mission. None of these special schools are under Government control. A branch of the AryaSamaj was granted a plot of land in 1908 for a place of worship in one locality and inoluded in its aims the imparting of general instruction. A few Indians attend the ordinary primary schools but neither Fijians nor Indians generally wish to attend schools common to both communities. The association of races at the Marist (Roman Catholic) school at Suva has, however, been apparently successful, In some, possibly many localities Indians are employed privately to give elementary instruction to small groups of Indian children. In 1909 a Commission was appointed to inquire into the whole question of education in Fiji and its report was submitted in 1910. The Agent General of Immigration, who was examined as a witness 129C1D 71266 before this Commission, strongly urged the necessity of providing elementary instruction for Indians either wholly or partly at Government expense. The Commission found that Indians were more unfavourably situated than any other section of the community and recommended that employers of indentured labour should be required to provide schools and equipment at centres of employment while Government should "appoint and pay the teachers, and that in other localities public schools should gradually be established or grants-in-aid made to Missions and other persons establishing schools. The adoption of the Committee's recommendations as regards the general educational system involved legislation which still awaits the approval of the Secretary of State for the Colonies. But by an Ordinance of 1912 the Agent General of Immigration was empowered to require each employer to provide and equip such school buildings as may be necessary for the education of children between six and thirteen years of age indentured on his plantation. The Governor in Council was also empowered to make regulations providing for the compulsory attendance of children at schools established by Government in the vicinity of plantations. The actual application of the recently enacted provision imposing liabilities on employers may present difficulties other than that of finding and paying suitable teachers. On many estates children of a school-going age are very few, and it would be unreasonable to require a single employer to build a school for & or 5 children. The Colonial Sugar Refining Company, which is the largest employer of indentured labour, is willing to build aud equip a school for Indian children and provide a teachers' house at all milling centres provided the Government of the Colony supplies the teachers. All employers, however, cannot imitate this admirable example. What seems to be needed is power to levy from employers a small sum annually per Indian child of school-going age residing on a plantation within a distance of two miles from a school established wholly or partly for Indian children. A reason- ably accurate approximation to the annual cost per child of building and equip- ping schools is easily ascertainable. But it is questionable if the whole cost of building and equipping schools for the instruction of the future Indian residents of the colony should fall on employers of indentured immigrants. While we do not suggest "that any source of revenue be earmarked for this purpose we think that as the general revenues of the colony are now apparently unable to furnish all the funds required the provision of schools for Indian children should be secured by taxing the rents created by Indian labour. The Commission recommended that the schools should teach Urdu or Hindi with English as a ' foreign' language. There is a very marked contrast between this view and the practice of other colonies. Provision has been made in the 1914 estimates for the salaries of five teachers to be brought from India and for the erection and equipment of five school buildings. 11, is intended that the children shall first learn Urdu or Hindi and then English from these masters, and as the majority of the children must remain in the colony it is essential that English should be taught. The supervision and testing of the Urdu or Hindi teaching may tem- porarily present some difficulty. Before the Commission fears were expressed that if English were taught generally the pupils would all be unfitted for industrial pursuits. English may, but need not, be taught so as to produce that result. If every Indian child is taught English the great majority will earn their live- lihood in just the same way as if they did not learn English while a few who combine character with exceptional intelligence will have wider opportunities. We gathered that on the part of the Eiji Government as well as of employers the defects of the educational system as regards the Indian community were recognised and deplored but that the main difficulty was that educational needs had grown much more rapidly than the revenues of the colony. We have suggested the only method known to us of overcoming this difficulty but provided the object in view is attained the choice of methods need not concern anyone outside the colony. In the Commission's report it was suggested that the proceeds of a special tax on land should be earmarked for supporting native {i.e., Fijian) schools in the province in which the taxation is levied. We do not feel justified in recommending that funds .should be earmarked but if anyone has a special claim to benefit by such taxation it is the community wuose industry renders the taxation possible.267 APPENDIX 06. Return showing the Indentured and Unindentured Immigrant Popula- tion of Plantations and distances from each Plantation op the Hospitals to which Immigrants are sent for treatment (under Section 140 of Ordinance I of 1891). Plantation. Immigrants on Plantation on 30th June 1913. Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. Indentured. Free. Hospital on Plantation. j Other Planfcation hospital. Distance. Public hospital. ' Distance, i 1 Adults. ri a> ' S-l 5 'J3 o 00 3 <1 Children. BA. Miles. Barawai ... ••• 637 105 ... ... P'Hosp. ... ... ... Vunisamaloa 81 17 ... ... ••• Rarawai. 2* ... ... Navatu ... 63 8 ... : ... ... » 1 ... ... Koronubu A. 112 17 9 •• ... 99 3 ... Koronubu B. 110 13 3 1 ... » 3 ... ... Veisaru ... 141 20 ... ... » 1 ... ... Navoli 126 22 ... ... >> 1* ... ... Varoko ... ... 142 25 ... ... »> 2 ... ... Tavua 147 28 ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... ... The Gap, Tagitagi 71 15 ... ... do. Tavua ... ... ... Mataniqara 88 9 ... ... Karawai. 2 ... ... Yalalevu ... e#. 97 19 ... >i 1 ... ... Benai ... ... 60 10 .. ... if 2 ... ... Korowabuta ... ... 52 10 ... ... „ 3 ... • «« Nabutolu 5) 4 ... ... 3 ... • «« Nasausau 28 7 ... ... »> 1 ... Ml Naikubukubu ... ••• 27 10 ... 2 ... ... Natawarau ... 99 I 30 *** ... 9 ... ... Tadravale 59 9 ... ... Tavua. 1 ... Nabnna ... ... 51 11 ... ... 3> 1 ... Ea-Lautoka Tramline ... 39 4 ... ... if 1 Vagia ... 74 5 *•* »»» Rarawai. 3 «•» Etotoko ... ... 60 6 ... ... ?» u ... ... Yaladro 50 5 *•« ... ... Tavua. i ... ... Balata ... 59 13 ... ... ... ... LAUTOKA AND NADI. Lautoka 575 130 137 ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... ... ... Lova ... 155 22 3 ... Lautoka. 2 ... Ml Drasa 136 16 4 ... „ 6 *** Vitigo 138 30 4 ... »> 4 ... «•« Saweni ... 129 22 ... ... 6 ... • M Esivo ... 131 20 ... 10 ... Tevilavila ... ... 51 5 Ml • •• *> 2 ... t»V Lautoka Exp. Farm 14 f 6 ... ... • » ■ M Mt268 APPENDIX 35—oontd. Plantation. Immigrants on Plantation cn 30th June 1913. Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. Indentured. Free. Hospital on Plantation. Other Plantation hospital. Distance. Public hospital. Distance. Adults. j Children. Adults. 1 Children. LAUTOK A AND NADI—eontd. Miles. Navo 67 13 ... Nadi ... 7 ... Natova 136 18 >» 6* Navakai 44 6 ... ... »> I ... Enamame 58 1 ... ... if i *•« Wasina 57 6 ... ... it 3f ... Solovi 56 4 ... ... 3f ... Navo 69 17 ... 7i Qeleloa 60 9 ... ... » 5 Tunalia ... 95 27 ... ... » 10 Votu Leva ... ... 80 21 ... ... i* H Wagadra 70 15 11 ... »> 2f Sikitura 56 15 ... ... if 2 Miegunyah i.. 77 15 J) 4 Malolo 90 25 >.. ... ft 81 Lavuso 48 3 ... ... ft 5 Togo 33 7 ... ... f* 5 >*< Naikorokoro 50 8 ... ... ft 6* Waloko 33 3 3 ... tf 4* MACUATATA. Labasa 451 75 • • # ... 1 FHosp. ... ... Mataniwai 48 3 ... Nagigi... 3 Navua Levu ... ... 26 2 Ml ... Wainikoro 1 Wailevu ... ... 49 8 ... ... Labasa... 2 Tuatua ... 50 14 «•• ... ft 3 Batanikama 79 12 IM ... ft 1 Nagigi 58 5 4 ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... Tatnici 42 3 1 ... ... Nagigi'... 2 Wainikoro 76 7 ... ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... Daku 69 10 ... ... ... Wainikor. 1 ... Laga Laga 70 13 ..r ... ... >> ... 1 Nubu 28 8 ... ... ... f> ... 2 Na Leba 89 9 25 ••• ... Nagigi ... 1 ... Coqueloa 106 14 7 ... ... tf ••• 2 Ka Tabucola ... 184 9 ... ... ... Labasa .. 3 Vuo ... 85 18 ••• ... ... tt ••• 4 ... Vumvutu 71 6 ... ... ... Wainikoro 6 Korowj-ri >.. 84 14 ... ••• Labasa ... 2 Koroiloma ... 16 2 ... ... 1 P'Hosp. ... • M ...269 APPENDIX 35—contd. Plantation, Immigrants on Plantation on 30th June 1913. Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. Indentured, Free. Hospital on Plantation. [ Other Plantation hospital. Distance. Public Hospital, __ Distance. Adults. Children. Adults. Children. CAKATJDROVE. Miles. "Vuna ... ••• 98 18 1 P'Hosp. ... Wai Yevo 3 Mt. Veron ... 37 6 ... ... ... Rabi ... 59 11 1 P'Hosp. «•« ♦ M Wai Yevo 8 Devo ... ... •«« 17 6 a 2 Vatu Ula 27 4 ... ... ... a ... 8 "YVaiaiqere 28 3 ... ... ... 4 Mua ... 31 4 ... ... » ••• 2 Qacavula ... 16 4 ... • ti a 8 Ardmore ••• 15 ... ... if ... 5 Nagasau 22 4 ... ... • 64 st 6 Nabuono 11 ... ... ... • •• « « • ... .Selialevu 79 9 1 P'Hosp. • «« Wai Yevo ... Nakawadawadawa 10 ... ... ... ♦ • « ... )9 ... 5 Vunilage ••• 24 ... ... ... j, ... 15 T^laweni ... 32 2 ... ... ... )i ... 1 TJdu ... 6 ... ... if ... 20 Nabou... ... 6 ... ... ... • M ti ... 5 Waikava 6 ... ... • •• • M it ... 9 Tuvamila 24 1 ... • M >> *«. 8 Vunivasa 10 ... ... • •• it 9 Matei 8 ... ... ... ... «*• it 7 Waitavala 7 ... ... ... ... 5 NAVUA Tamanua 596 133 49 24 1 P'Hosp. ... ... • M ... Lobuu ... ... 251 30 1 • »» Tamanua 6 • •• ... Uuku-inavua ... 177 22 1 • •• H ... 3 ... ... Raiwaqa ... ... 51 20 ... it .«» * 3 ... Togaleka ... ... 156 28 7 4 ... 99 2 ... ... Batinikia 65 7 6 2 ... *> ... 8 ... ... Waidoi ... ... 114 14 ... ... ... ... ... Suva... 15 Yarawa 46 13 ... ... Qaraniqio ... ... ••t Qaraniqio ... 98 4 3 1 P'Hosp. ... ... • •• 'Taunovo ••• 53 8 ... ... «* Qaraniqio ... !Naloa ... ... 35 5 ... ... ' a ••• Ill ... ... Vakabalea ... 4 ... • •• ... Tamuanua 4 M4 Toko Toko 3 ... ... a ♦.. 1 • M 114 Naboro ... <«• 21 Ml ... ... ... , ... Suva.,^ j S 129CID 72270 APPENDIX 35—contd. Immigrants on Plantation, 30th June 191.3. Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. Indentured. Free. p #o tp c3 ""<3 -ta 'p4 on O Plantation. 1 £ a o a S3 "c3 3 co Adults. Children. Adults. Childien. -4-J *cL oa O a 03 E u CD O Distance. O w S3 £ D-» Distance. SUVA. Lami ... 59 17 5 ... ... ... ... Suva •• 3 mles* Works Department ... 30 10 ... ... ... ... » •-** 1 m ile. Cemetery M. 6 ... ... ... ... ... >, i NasSnu ,•» • It 5 1 ... ... ... ... 9i ••• 8 miles. Samabula e». Mi 10 1 ... ... ... ... ... H 4 „ Kasinu Exp. Station ... 14 8 ... ... ... ... » 5 „ Tamavua 24 ... ... ... ... ... ... » ... 2 9t Yeisari ... ... 15 1 ... ... ... #*♦ » ••• 2 „ Naiyooa ... 9 ... ... ... ... 9\ ••• CAKAU DROVE. Yalaln ... ... 19 ... ... ... ... ... YVaiyeve 16 „ Nukudamu ... 14 3 ... • •• ... ... i> ••• 9 )> LAU. Mago ... 63 17 ... ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... Cicia ... 34 2 ... ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... ... ... Naitaba ... 22 6 1 ... ... ... ... Loma Lorn a. 20 miles. Lomaji »•» 1 ... ... ... ... St . .. 30 „ Na Bavatu ... ... 13 ... ... jj ... Vj „ Muni ... 14 ... ... • •• 12 I iJ ,5 Y/ainiyabia ... 6 2 ... ... ... ... ,, KADROGA. Nadovi IH 121 20 13 1 1 P'Hosp. ... ... ... ... Veivadravadra ... 152 24 ... ... ... Cuva ... 7 miles... ... ... Lomawai ... ... 135 12 4 1 P'Hosp. ... ... ... ... Naqaqa ... ... 61 12 ... ... Lomawai 8 miles.*, ... Savu Savu ... • •• 63 13 ... ... }> 6 „ ... ... ... Wareba ... 87 23 ... ... ... ... ie ... ... Idiri ... 90 9 ... ... » 4 miles .. ... ... Waica ... ... 13 1 ... ... » ... ... ... Malaqereqere ... 19 6 ... - Cuva ... 4 miles .. ... ... Sana Sana 50 8 ... Kan ana'- sau- 6 ... ... Yalavu ... 133 11 ... ... 2 „ ... ... ... Olosara ••• ... 50 9 17 ... Cuva ... 9 tf ... ... ... IJciwai ... ... 54 14 ... ... Navakai 8 j i ... ... Simu Sam ... 64 6 2 ... Kava'sau 2 „ ... ... ... Qere Qers n» ... 2 ... ... ... ... » • ••271 APPENDIX 35—contd. Immigrants on Plantation, Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. 30th June 1913. Plantation. Indentured. Free. Hospital on Plantation. Other Plantation hospital. Distance. Public Hospital. Distance. Adults. Children. Adults. Children. NAD ROGA—contd. Rasikula ... 8 ... ... ... ... Kava'sau 2 miles... ... ... Kavanagasau 180 27 ... ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... ... ... BUA. Wainunu ••• 85 18 3 ... 1 P'Hosp. ... ... ... ... Korovatu 6 ... ... ... ... ... ... Bua ... 16 miles. RA. Penang ... 396 94 25 1 „ ... ... ... ... Caboni ... 38 8 ... ... ... Penang,., 8 miles... ... Ellington 15 10 ... ... ... ..... 6 „ ... ... Veileka ... ••• 7 4 ... ... ... 39 ... 2 „ ... ... ... XiOMAIVITI. Mokogai 33 8 ... 1 P'Hcsp. ... ... ... ... Levuka Hospital ... 3 ... ... ... ... • •fc ... Onivero 2 ... ... ... ... ... ... REWA. Nausori 187 16 ... ... 1 P'Hosp. ... Ml ... Korociriciri 70 14 ... ... Nausori. 2 miles,,. ... Vucimaca 63 5 ... ... do. 3 „ ... ... Naitasiri ... 105 22 ... ... do. 10 „ ... Manaiweni ... ..» 96 23 ... ... Bau Levu 2 ,> ... ... Bau Levu 101 6 9 #• 1 P'Hosp. ... ... Koronivia 68 17 ... ... 1 do. ... ... ... Yiti ... 79 12 ... ... ... Bau Levu 1£ miles,.. ... ... Uluicalia 62 10 ... ... Nausori... 5 „ ... ... Yerata 21 2 ... ... » • • • 3 „ ... Nakadi 15 4 ... ... ... 55 ... 4 „ ... ... Navuso ... ... 81 6 ... ... ••• 3* „ ... Navutoka ... 81 23 ... 33 ... 2 „ ... Kscalia ... 38 8 ... ... ... V 1^ 99 ... ... Yiria 92 9 ... ... it 20 „ ... Nukumotu 19 ... ... 91 4 j» ... Pavuilevu 35 4 ... ... ... Koronivia a mile... Vunivutu ... 23 6 ... ... Nausori... 3 miles... ... ... Burecagi 30 2 ... ... Koronivia 1 mile ... ... ... Nukuvoca ... ... 27 4 ... lit »> ••• 1 „ ... ... Naiscgovou ... ... 99 15 Nausori... 4 miles... ... Neuma S5 13 ... ... ... » 4 „ ... ... Kaqavavralu 14 5 ... ... ... 9) ••• 5 „ ... Immigrants on Plantation, Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. 30th June 1913.2.72 APPENDIX 35—concld. Immigrants on Plantation, Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. 30th June 1913. r ° Plantation. Indentured. Free. Hospital on Plantation* Other Plantation hospital. Distance. Public Hospitals# O o 0 £ m s Adults. Children. Adults. i Children. REWA- contd. Wainilumu 11 1 ... Ml Bau Levu 1| miles Lakena 68 15 ... ... • « • Nausori... 1 mile... Lau Lau ... 10 1 ... • M )> ... 6 miles Manoca 55 2 ... ... • M fi ••• 2 „ Ml • M INaitalasese 84 23 1 ... • II f j ... 4 „ •41 III Waila 27 5 ... ... • •• » ... 1 mile... • •1 Ml Naselai 62 8 ... ... • « • >} ••• 4 miles • M Veikau 29 2 ... ... >9 ••• «> it Ml prekenikelo ... 3 1 • M ... Ml 3 9> • M Waisavu 22 4 ... ... III Bau Levu 8 „ Ml Wainiuraura 20 ... ... ... 9> ••• 9 „ III Kavi Ravi ... 29 2 ... ... » 4 • >} ... 10 „ III -Rewa Road ... 20 1 ... ... HI Nausori... 3 „ III Nabalawa ... ... 30 ••• ... Bau Levu 8 „ III Waitakala , . ... 16 ... ... ... ••I » ••• 10 „ ••1 Waisa ... 12 1 ... ... • •• » ... 9 a Naisogo 10 1 ■ ... Ml a 5 »> M« ... Immigrants on Plantation, Hospital to which Immigrants are sent for treatment. 30th June 1913. r °APPENDIX 36. Plantation Hospitals-APPENDIX 36. Plantation Hospitals. Table showing number and causes for admissions and deaths. Ba. Bua. Labasa. Latjtoka. Nadi. Navua. Nadboga. Ra. Rewa. Total. Cases. Deaths. [ Cases. Deaths. I GO to c8 o Deaths. Cases. Deaths. t/2 C'J CO 3S 0 Deaths, 1 Cases, Deaths. Cases, Deaths. ! Cases. J Deaths. Cases. Deaths. Cases. Deaths. INFECTIVE DISEASES. thicken pox ... 8#, Measles ... ... ... ... • •• 10 I3 IB 1 3 10 r«« 21 fti ... • •• 2 ... ... ... 39 38 1 Mumps ... ... ... 1 ... 1 ... M 1 ... 1 ... 1 ... 4 ... Dengue fever ... ... 94 46 • •• 95 ... 83 1 ... 2 ... 336 ... 657 ... Influenza ... ... ... 3 ... ... 23 ... 5 ... 25 ... 1 ... 36 ... ... ... 93 Ml Pneumonia ••• ... ... ... 2 ... ... #»• ... 2 1 ... 4 1 Eebricula 207 ... 164 136 21 ... HI 123 126 ... 206 ... ... 983 Enteric fever ... ... ... ... *•* 2 "1 ... ... Ml 1 1 • «« .. 6 ... 9 2 Dysentery 104 3 ... 131 4 34. 6 40 1 184 23 20 1 43 «*• 128 9 684 47 Dysenteric Alberitis ... ... et. ... ... • •• Ml ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... 2 • «» Malaria ... ... ... • • t ... ... ... ... 18 «»• ... ... ... Ml 1 ... 19 ... Srysipelas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • •• ... ... ... • •• ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Pyrtxia 1 ... ... ... ... ... HI * •* ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ...Septicaemia ... 1 ... • •• • •• ... ... Tetanus ... ... ... .«* 1 1 2 Tubercle ... ••• ... 8 5 5 1 5 4 9 Frambcesia 4 ... ... .•1 ... ... ... Lebrosy ... ... ... ... ... 2 1 ... Syphilis, primary ... ... ... • •• 21 ... 13 Syphilis, secondary 29 ... ... ... 53 ... 27 Syphilis, inherited ♦ e. 3 ** ... 3 1 1 Gonorrhoea ... 284 ... 124 43 Acute rheumatism ... ... ... ... • «S ... ... Rheumatism ... ... 49 ... 28 ... 69 ... 25 Head stroe 5 ... ... ... Beriberi ... ... ... ... ... ... ... INTOXICATION. Alcoholism ... ,,, ... ... ... ... • «« Poisoning ... - ... ... - 1 ... 3 GENERAL DISEASES NOT INCLUDED ABOVE. Ancemia ... ... 3 ... ... ... ... ... ». Diabetes ••• •*. ... ... ... ... ... ... Scurvy - ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Carried forward ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... in ... 1 1 ... ••• 2 1 1 ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 4 3 7 1 ... ... 3 1 4 3 31 14 66 35 3 ... ... ... ... 9 ».. 16 ... ... ... 4 ... ... ... 6 ... 12 1 1 41 ... 14 ... 2 ... 51 ... 143 ... 10 ... 2 1 34 ... 17 ... ... ... 172 1 ... 3 ... 4 1 ... ... .*» ... 14 2 51 20 ... 153 ... 24 ... 74 ... 773 ... ... ... ... — ... ... 1 1 1 1 11 15 59 ... 25 ... 148 ... 429 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 ... ... ... ... 1 1 ... ... .. 1 1 3 ... 1 4 3 ... 1 ... 1 ... 10 4 ... ... ... 26 1 ... 1 1 31 1 •• ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... •• ... ... ... • •• ... ... ... ... ... ...APPENDIX 36—contd. Ba. Bua. Labasa. Lautoka. Nadi. Navua. Nadboga. Ra. Rewa. Total. w 02 w Ja •j. .x: m 02 W rl a? fM o 02 g3 cc Cfi -4-3 c3 q5 © *C§ OP to , ... ... t»# ... 3 ... Rignworm ... 32 ... ... Parturition 9%1 5 ... • •• 12 7 10 Observations ... ... 71 ... 4 • 01 23 ... ... Meningitis ,.. 15 ... ... ... ... ... ... Total ... 2,112 85 446 2 2,617 40 1,116 129CID 129CID 16 98 1 228 9 138 3 121 2 254 7 1,563 50 ... ... 6 ... 2 1 ... 5 85 2 1 3 2 ... ... ... ... 6 2 15 4 58 22 ... 37 ... 4 15 233 ... ... 21 25 1 43 1 11 10 1 204 6 ..i 10 7 ... 2 ... 15 4 ... 43 1 ... 64 17 ... 81 ... 15 232 ... 757 2 ... 84 2 79 ... 134 ... 15 73 ... 1,290 2 ... 1 1 6 ... 16 • • • 1 1 ... 29 2 2 111 ... 171 ... 167 75 133 1,452 7 ... ... ... 4 3 ... ... ... 3 ... 8 3 1 32 «•# 100 3 5! ... ... ... ... 190 4 ... 3 ... ... ... ... ... 1 6 ... ... l*k ... ... *•» ... 8 ... ... 8 ... 2 32 1 *«• ... 2 369 3 651 11 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 ... 97 ... • •• ... ... ... ... 8 ... 11 Hi ... ... ... ... ... ... M* ... 32 ... ... 5 ... ... 18 1 ... 20 ... 70 2 — 60 ... 17 ... ... ... 40 ... 215 ui ... ... ... ... ... Ml ... ... - 15 44 912 9 1,334 52 1,300 18 744 13 2,217 49 12,798 262 74APPENDIX 37 (a). Average Earnings or Indian Immigrants. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. Per Per day Per Per day Per Per day Per Per day Per Per day Estate. working actually work- working actually work- working actually work- working actually work- working actually work- day. ed. day. ed. day. ed. day. ed. day. ed. M. F. M. P. M. P. M. i ! M. P. M. F. M. P. M. F. M. F. M. F. "Viti ... 10*89 7*41 11*91 8*34 10*27 6*5 0 11*42 7*91 10*43 6*33 11-39 7-57 11*19 7-54 12*43 7*87 10-36 6*69 11*38 8*18 Banlevu 9'94 4-89 11*11 6*65 9*34 5-89 10 84 7*20 9-21 5-89 10-98 733 9*25 6*30 1070 7*53 9*65 6*64 10-85 8*17 Naitasiri ,,, 11-53 7*96 12-52 9*45 12*48 8-19 IB 71 9*65 11*65 8i06 12 77 9*30 11*09 8-76 12-13 10-02 12 09 9*67 13-15 10*86 Uluiealia 11*06 6*84 11-54 8-17 9*55 6*26 10*79 7*77 9-38 6-06 10*12 7*48 1265 7 32 14*82 7*99 11-38 8-52 12-93 9*56 Nakadi and Tole ... M# 9*32 5*82 11*03 635 9-70 6-33 11*18 6-97 9*58 5-10 11-11 6*59 13*45 8 22 14*21 9-26 11*49 6-79 12-03 7*79 Verata 10*34 5-79 11-10 7-40 . 10*92 7*C6 11-96 7*92 9-97 5*68 11*25 8 30 9*68 6*96 1075 8*15 11*76 8-22 12*42 8*69 Drekenikelo 10*83 7*46 12*21 8-28 9*74 5-27 11*56 7*08 10*60 6'29 12-00 819 15*47 6-71 16-04 11-32 ... ... ... Navuso ... 10*15 7*33 11*25 8-06 9*84 6*02 11-24 7*10 9-59 6-27 1064 7-58 9*85 8*47 1086 10-07 14-25 6-07 16-23 7*4 7 Navutoka 11*64 6*89 12*21 8-01 9-25 6*92 10*27 8-15 11-28 6-99 12*34 8*12 14*48 7*91 15*51 11*41 11-33 6-26 11-86 8*18 Na Calia 11-28 6*36 12-91 8 50 10*95 5*99 12*36 8*40 11-51 5 72 12-I| 6*78 12*17 6 07 12*80 8-29 12-09 6-17 12*68 9-y9 j Davuilevu 10*80 5*00 12-55 7*00 11*86 623 33*44 8-06 11-70 5*87 12-93 7*79 11*42 7*32 12-36 CD qo 00 12-22 6*86 12*89 811 J Burecagi. ... 11*89 8*60 1254 9-54 11*74 " 6*76 12-84 9*69 11*39 5*62 12-53 9 07 11-74 7*78 12*49 9'60 12*14 3-63 1306 5*91 Koronivia ve, ... 10*58 6*99 11-26 ' 8*48 11*06 7*48 12*24 8*85 10-75 7*17 1205 8-38 11-94 6*50 12-74 7-82 10-98 6*36 11*45 7*72 Nukuvoca ... 10*97 8*41 12-56 9*06 11*70 8*91 . 12*44 9*57 10-78 6-70 12-C4 8*54 11*28 8-30 12-06 8*60 12*05 7*50 12*62 8*29 Nukumotu M, 11*92 817 12-23 9-25 10-98 605 11-78 965 Yucimaca • it 1217 6'97 33-01 8-98 12'65 624 13-42 8-41 Naisogovou IM 9'95 7-60 11-29 8-88 8-80 5-85 10*54 7-12 < fc. Nansori ... Oil 12-11 5-92 13-39 7 63 14-28 5-16 15-58 8-08 H P3 i . Vina 10-76 5-42 11-66 7-68 10-95 6-41 11-68 8-27 Muanaweni ... 11-91 8-58 12-64 1011 11-97 859 12-68 9-80 Korociri'ciri «<• 1211 5*92 1339 7-63 11-67 6-49 12-46 8-60 Manoca • It • • • ... ... M • 10-74 6-71 12-11 8-27 Lakena ... • • • in III 1004 6-23 11*91 7-82 Naganvalu ... • M HI • •• 111 12-25 6-27 12*72 8-01 1 [ Yunivutu ... III in ... ii« • • « 11-64 7-84 12*24 8-42 Neuma IM • • • • i • t I • 10-50 7-53 11-62 8-58 Naitalasese • II id in III 1019 5-30 11-53 6-88 Nasogo Ml Mt Ml III 11-00 8-98 11-75 9-19 Lau Lau Ml IM • •I • M 9-35 7-42 10-56 8-53 Nailega Ml Ml III 11-77 8-40 12-30 8*78 Wainilamn M* ... ... • •1 9-50 655 10-32 7*92 Naselai ... Ml • •• ... • •I • M in in ... i Waila ... ... >•1 IM Ml ... I Yeikau • M Ml III • •I ••• •tt I Wainiurauxa 1 ••• Ml III IM ••• ... j Eewa Eoad Board,„ Ml • # • M« ... ... (.Waitakala ... ... ... Ml ... ... ... ... 10-66 6 94 11-86 913 9-91 5-89 11-59 7-88 9-89 6*73 11-19 8*32 12 28 6-74 1309 8*36 11*12 6-59 12-03 8-48 11-51 6-45 12-22 6-99 914 013 1081 7'23 10-79 7'06 1197 8-13 10-68 5-79 11-86 8-01 1532 ... 16-27 ... 17*04 *•* 18-12 ... 15-58 6-19 16-48 7-65 10*51 5-41 * 11*54 7-91 11-97 6-29 12-85 8-75 11-86 704 12-64 8-76 10-78 8-44 11-67 1004 13-15 1001 13-38 1088 12*47 8-41 13 27 11-02 10-48 6-72 11-96 8-09 10-71 5-42 12-11 7*47 11-92 6<89 12*09 8-95 9-90 6-30 11-92 8-29 11-96 6-22 13 42 7*61 11-99 6-60 12-89 7-72 9-39 5-02 11-01 7-04 11*64 5-13 13-79 6-78 10-63 595 11-88 6-90 12-71 7-62 tf'35 9-17 13-04 9-37 13-59 9-40 12-90 7-72 1358 8*96 10-93 5 08 12-07 6-53 12-94 6-76 13 99 8-23 11-52 8-14 13-26 9-05 10-73 5 66 12-10 7-82 11-61 5-56 12-36 7-92 12-35 10-03 13-63 13'20 11-78 6-24 12*55 7-52 13-74 5-44 14-53 8-03 , 15-38 6-49 16-38 8-69 13*19 ... 13-82 9-85 8-55 10*95 9-04 12-55 6-19 12-83 8-71 9-00 6*66 10-41 7-68 10-41 6-83 11-13 7-94 13-01 9-84 13-53 10-50 12-13 838 12-64 8-97 12-04 o\ GO 12-23 8-42 11-35 5-29 11-74 813 10-57 6*26 11-12 7-28 9-60 4-20 10-90 5-73 10-91 6*39 11-52 7'92 11-88 7*29 12-96 8-91 11-90 5-77 13-07 7-07 12-90 6-87 13-61 8-17 10-91 7-93 11-82 8-14 9-99 7-69 11-20 8-10 9-11 7-89 10-18 833 in IM • it III 8*77 5-54 9-53 5-82 1034 6-02 11-32 7-50 M. IM Ml • • • 8-30 6'89 9-54 7*68 10-41 8-29 1130 9-03 ... IM M Ml ... 11-18 6-11 12-07 8-C0 ... ... ill Ml ... ... ... 31-29 7*48 11-72. 9-41APPENDIX 37 {a)—contd. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. Estate. Per work id g day. Per day actually work- ed. Per working day. Per day actually work- *ed. Pel- working day. Per day actually work- ed. Per working day. Per day actually work- ed. Per working day. Per day actually work- ed. M. F. Mv F. M. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. S CJ> rNabalawa it • •i. 11-46 7-75 11-84 8-32 S 1 8 I Waisavu ... ... ... in ... lit ... ... ... ... ««. ... ... ... ... ... 11'35 5-29 r 11-74 813 i 1 < &: Eavi Eavi ... ... ... ..1 • •• • ii ... ... •t. ... ... ••• ... ... 10-56 7-65 11*16 8-35 pa w t Vuni Cibi Oibi ... ... ».« »•« ... ... in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17-55 ... 19-62 ... rTamunua ... 10-41 5*64 12*31 7*87 10*21 6*08 1221 813 11*19 4-68 12-73 6-70 11-17 4-90 12-48 6-47 12*13 7-43 13-34 9-28 Lobau ••• 10*41 5*64 12*31 7*87 10-21 6-08 12-21 8-13 8-49 5-24 10-92 7-37 9-41 6-22 10-70 7-49 10-48 7-08 11*27 7 91 Togaleka ... • • • ... ... ... ... 10-21 6-08 12-21 8-13 11-19 4-68 12-73 6-70 10-99 5-22 12-89 6-43 10-27 5-33 11-97 6-91 Raiwaga 11-12 6-95 12*60 8*95 10-40 5-87 1223 8-17 10-17 6*68 11-56 7-97 1055 6*22 11-87 7-57 11*68 6-33 12-49 803 Batinikia ... ti% ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • i* ... 10-69 4-83 11-81 6-62 11*40 6-31 12*25 7-72 Euku-i-Navua ... »•! ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 58 609 11*22 7-9 7 9'67 6-84 10-92 8-49 10*31 6-92 11-33 7-81 I Yarawa • •• ait ill ... ... 10-15 6S92 11-12 8-20 ... ... ... 10-94 6-14 11-97 8*55 1028 658 10*49 7*65 Taunovo ... »•« ••• ... in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • •• ... ... 11-67 7'62 12-30 9-00 Qaraniqio ... • M ... ... ... ... in ... ... ... ... ... 11-87 7-60 12*48 8-75 11*36 7'35 11-90 8-22 Waidoi ... 10-50 7*30 11*81 930 10'46 7'38 1217 8*85 ... ... >«• 12*47 9-4,1 12-76 10-59 11-31 5-89 1213 7-81 Nalva • ii ... *•« ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • ii III ... ... 1091 6-47 11-81 7 71! Naboro ... »•« • • i in ... • M (_Vakabalea 7* 97 hi 11*41 • •a 1004 7*45 11-50 8*32 "Nasinu Expl. Stn. *«. 10-25 11*94 «•* 11-52 8-43 12-17 8-92 Samabula ... ».» ... ... • • • ... ..t ... III ... Central Eoad Board ... Ml 11-22 8-54 11*79 8*91 ■< Tamavua ... ... ♦it ... ... ... ... ... ... oc Lami m 9*68 6-79 14*63 8*59 10*80 6-70 12-22 7-78 Nasinu ... ... • •• ... ... ... ... ... ' wNaivoca ... ... ... I.I (*» ... r All Estates, C. S. R. Co. 12*10 6-36 13*61 8*18 11-84 6*55 13*26 8-75 Mataniqara 10*98 6*62 12*17 8*46 12-02 5*94 13*32 7*76 Yalalevu 11-72 6-21 12-94 7*87 10*12 5*82 13*12 8-50 Benai ... ... 11*40 7-16 12*62 7*80 11-85 613 12*14 7*97 Korowabuta 12*38 7'M 12-90 8-73 12-48 6*63 12*87 8*38 Nabutolu ... ... 13*10 6-64 14*06 7-43 12*94 6-10 13*50 8-02 i: Naikubukubu ... 11*00 8-3S 13-03 9*00 9*92 733 11*88 8-04 Nasausau ... ... 12-09 8-20 13-30 8*73 1290 6*32 13-52 8-47 Na Tawai'au 10*99 7*18 12-30 7-97 10*63 6*04 12-07 7*28 i Veisaru 1210 6-36 13-61 8-18 10-65 5-93 12 60 8*47 Navoli ... 1210 6-36 13*61 8*18 11*70 6-22 13*69 8-52 Navatu 12*10 6-S6 13*61 8*18 12-47 6*26 13o9 7'78 JVaroko ••• ... 12*10 636 13-61 8-18 11-15 6*56 12-89 8-26 ... ... ••• ••• III ... ... ... 11*54 8*82 11*97 9-58 10-71 2-51 11*39 6-54 ... ... ... ... ... •< . ... • ii 11-89 6'40 12*60 9 07 11-70 7-02 12*22 9*68 12*40 7-58 12-60 9-07 11*71 12-22 • •• • II ... 12*61 863 12-61 8-63 H. • •• ... • •• Ml *•« ... 11-55 6-04 12*03 8*63 *•% .#1 • •• ... • II ... M« 15*40 10*96 15*51 10*96 11*45 7-46 12-10 8-42 11-87 7-80 12-58 8*90 11*12 7-81 12*26 9*04 VII • •• ... 10*80 ... 11-91 ... 10-45 ... 12*66 • i. Ml tit #11 ... ... ... • l< ... 11-44 Ill 1203 • II • •• • •• •Ol ... • i. III ... ... I.I in • •• 12*40 5*94 13-75 7-60 13-37 6*65 15-61 00 CO 12*02 6*63 13*93 8*48 12*28 6*52 13*21 8-67 14-45 8*44 15-57 10*98 12-13 7*57 13-11 9-69 12*24 6*24 13*56 7-70 12-04 591 13-81 7*68 12*80 6*41 1400 7*60 12-60 7*12 13*34 8-57 13*65 7*36 14*59 8*99 12*18 7-47 12-82 8*71 11*65 6*13 12-79 7-34 12*55 6*22 13*48 7*53 11*73 7*08 13*05 8*15 11-69 6-69 12*76 8-31 12-77 9*12 13*32 10-21 12*60 6-09 13*99 9*90 11*74 7*76 12*23 8-29 13-94 3-85 14-55 8*75 12*71 6-46 13-27 8*24 12*19 5-99 13*31 8-19 12*61 5-62 13*64 8*20 12*36 6-38 13*01 8*55 10*99 6*01 12-18 7-95 12*07 6*36 14-19 806 11*60 6*81 13*19 8*07 11-40 6-17 13-61 8-13 11*32 6-63 12-21 7*73 11-47 6*33 12*80 7-99 11-37 6*39 13-22 7-74 12*21 7-59 14*19 8-32 10-77 6*53 12*96 8-27 11-76 6*64 12*86 7-84 12-18 7*48 13-07 8*63 12-12 7*28 13-03 8*91APPENDIX 37 [a)—contd. 1908. 3909. 1910. Per Per day Pei- Per day Per Per day Estate. working actually working actually working actually day worked. day. worked. day. worked. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. "Vaqia 12-10 6-36 13-61 8*18 11*81 6-55 13-26 8-75 12*62 690 13 00 7-80 Yunisamaloa 12-10 6*36 13-61 818 11-20 13'26 5-32 8-35 11-76 6*39 13-34 8*34 Koronubu A. ... 12*10 6-36 13-61 8*18 U*I0 661 12-58 9-89 11-07 519 13-21 7-00 )) B. in ... 12-10 6-86 13*61 8-18 1110 6-61 12-58 9*89 1109 6*32 1321 8*08 Etotoko ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• ... ... ... ... Rarawai ... ... 12*10 6*36 13-61 8-18 1309 6-67 15*31 8-95 13-11 6*81 14-68 7*95 Nabuna ... ... ... ... • »c HI ... • •• • •• << Tadravale ... ... ... ... ... .... ... • 0« ... • M ... Ml Yaladro ... ... ... ... ... ... • •• ... ... III ... ... Balata ,,, ... ... ... ... .»« ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Tavua South 12-10 6*36 13*61 8-18 12-77 6-57 13*80 8-36 12*19 6-67 1359 8-23 Tagi Tagi 12-10 636 1361 8-18 11-11 6-74 1197 884 11-51 7-40 12-44 8*89 Ba Tavua Tramline ••• ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • •1 ill wBa Lautoka „ ••• ... ... «•* ... ... ... ••t • It ... ii* ! '"All Estates, C. S. R. Co. 12*32 5-17 14-37 800 13*12 515 1458 8-25 12-67 5*62 14-45 8-04 Wagadra ... ... 11-82 6-44 13-86 8-70 13 20 763 14-78 9-23 1305 7*29 14-22 9-29 YotuaLevu ... ... 11-42 7-93 13 20 8 73 1179 6-92 12*70 8-53 12-67 5-87 13*53 7-73 Miegunyah 12-32 6-22 1301 7*74 12 62 6-84 13-20 7-88 11-67 6*40 12-25 7-51 1911. 1912. Per working day. Per day actually worked. Per working day. Per day actually worked. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. 12*49 7 00 13-24 8*30 12*18 6-84 13-28 7*61 13-02 5-34 13 54 6-93 12-86 6-07 13*64 8-00 13-00 6-67 14'19 7-08 11-52 6'22 12*68 7-88 12-03 6-28 13-12 8-01 12*18 5-44 13-81 7-40 11-47 6*11 12 69 7*10 10-81 6-84 12-28 7*42 13-56 7-60 14-66 9*81 13*61 7-12 14*51 8*89 13*78 6*51 14*41 8-41 12-54 7*06 13-28 8-54 14-26 6*98 15*39 864 12-72 6-63 13*68 8-00 1324 6-63 14-47 9-47 12*51 7*36 13-97 8-12 14-04 7*19 15*33 10*27 11-72 7*78 14*20 9*25 14*52 8*64 15*84 9-73 12-58 6*34 14-05 7*44 1311 6-74 13-85 9-02 ... ... ... ... ... ... en 13 00 7*11 13*81 8-74 in ... ... M( 12*19 7-67 13*25 8-89 13-89 7-70 15-00 9*28 12-67 6-32 ii* 13-57 9*00 13*24 6-58 14*06 8*24 13-08 7*88 13-70 9-00 12-30 6-54 13-08 7-83 12*52 6-85 13*21 881 Lavuso • M Mi 12 26 5*55 13*14 7-38 12-96 5*84 13*94 7*67 Togo ... • M »• 12*19 9-12 13*00 9-84 12*63 7*93 13-58 8*95 Malolo ••• 12*84 7*84 13*43 870 12-80 6-55 13*11 8-87 Tunalia Ml Ml 10*93 6 16 1315 8-25 1209 6*89 13-29 8-39 Sikitura t». M« 10*04 4 04 11*98 7-57 12*93 6*16 13-94 8-07 [ Tovilaviia Ml M» 11*42 617 12-92 7-29 11-73 6-09 13*29 8-39 Sabeto Ml Ml ... Ml • •i ... Ml ••• ii i Saweni 12-32 5-17 14-37 8-00 11-81 5*56 1264 7*47 rs Esivo Ml Ml 12-32 517 14-37 8-00 13-86 6*68 14*49 8*48 ►—1 Navakai CM «M 12*32 5*17 14-37 8*00 13'19 1441 14*41 8-58 Q '5 Enamanu Ml M* 12*32 517 14-37 8-00 13*12 515 1478 8-25 [ Wasina M« Ml 12-32 5*17 14 37 8-00 13-12 5*15 13-84 8-47 ►id o Eh Salovi Ml 12-82 5-17 14-37 8*00 13*12 5 15 1478 8-25 < Qeleloa Ml ••• ... ... ... ... ... ... »•» ... Navo ... ... 12*32 5-17 14-37 8*00 11*13 6-05 13-65 8 20 :* Navo II ••• ... ... Ml ... ... ••• • •• ... Natova 1232 5-17 .1437 8-00 11-79 6-27 13'83 8-28 Lautoka ... ••• 12 32 517 14-37 8 CO 14-13 3 74 15*85 7-72 Uciwai M. See N adroga District. Drasa ... 12*32 517 14*37 8-00 12-34 5*91 13*77 8*22 Yitcgo ... ... 12 32 5-17 14*37 8-00 12-74 5'84 14-73 9*10 Lovu ... 12-32 5-17 14-37 8 00 13-57 6-09 15-13 8-40 /Waloko ... ... ... ... ... ... ... • •• ... 12-62 5-28 13*76 8-55 12-17 5-26 13-33 7*16 12*57 6*46 13-17 8-84 12-16 7-79 12*76 9-12 1203 6*90 13-27 9-59 11*93 7*51 13*38 9*00 12*66 6-17 13*00 8*24 12-30 670 12-77 8-35 11-96 6*58 12-41 8*00 12-37 6-28 13*57 8 r97 12-36 7-16 33 78 8*81 ii'96 6-58 13*36 8*57 12-62 5-28 13-95 6*71 12*08 650 13*06 8-00 12*80 6*46 1337 8-34 11 86 5 00 13*23 6-67 11*93 6-20 13-22 7-64 12-08 5-88 13-00 8*46 • M 13-96 7-25 13-00 756 13*58 8*33 13*25 745 1413 8-40 12*09 6-35 13-02 7*56 10*75 600 11*83 7-24 11-30 5-40 12*32 7*62 12*58 6-90 13*96 8*88 12*24 6*36 13*12 7*94 12-65 6'66 13-92 830 12-67 5*62 14*45 8-04 13-28 6-12 15-05 8-08 11-36 6*55 12*00 7-30 12*67 5*62 14*45 804 13*16 6-67 1475 7'96 11*92 6-81 13-29 7-71 12-66 6-17 1300 8-24 12-56 7*70 13-82 905 12-95 7-34 14*33 8 61 12*67 5-62 14*45 8*04 12*50 7-60 13*00 9-46 12-40 7 "46 13*20 8 60 ••• ... • •i ... 14*32 6-15 14-79 8 02 12 63 5-00 13*47 654 12*67 5-62 14-45 804 12*95 6*84 13-47 8-48 13-53 6*30 14*32 866 ... Ml ... ... 13*47 7-01 14*07 9 70 12-80 5-73 13 51 9-00 12-67 5-62 14*45 804 12*00 7-00 13-33 8-47 11-41 6-78 12*26 8 30 12-67 5*62 14*45 8-04 13-95 5*37 15*15 8 24 15 01 500 15*87 8 80 12*67 5*62 14-45 8*04 12*95 622 15-03 770 10*72 573 1200 7*11 12-67 5-62 14*45 8*04 12-87 652 1510 9*10 12-60 4*75 1416 810 12-67 5-62 14*45 8*C4 1084 6-30 13-75 8-03 12-98 6*81 14-46 8-51 ••• ... ... Ml 10*72 6-08 31-30 7-00 13-37 6-50 14-12 840APPENDIX 37 (a)—contd. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. Per Per day Per Per day Per Per day Per Per day Per Per day Estate. working actually work- working actually work- working actually work- working actually work- working actually work- day ed. day. ed. day. ed. day. ed. day • ed. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F, M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. " Vuna ... ... 10*73 6*70 11*42 7-63 1T54 5-87 12*61 7-70 10-64 5*04 11-64 8-29 11*70 5-32 12*30 7*69 12-89 4-90 13-42 6*34 Mt. Vernon ... 10*56 6-08 11-07 7*56 8-88 2-59 11-32 6-66 8-06 6-74 9-85 8-00 7-61 3-58 9-85 832 9-36 3*02 11-02 5-85 Ksibi ••• 19 * ... ... ... 10-37 959 11-46 10*50 10-95 8-14 11-13 8*32 12*01 8 02 12-02 8*13 10-95 7-80 11-40 8-26 Devo • •1 11*39 8-60 11*66 8-73 11*07 7-26 12-19 8-94 11-30 6-97 11-79 8'49 11-69 6-39 12*04 8*69 12-02 8-29 12*43 8-99 Vatunlo ... |«« 12*29 5 90 12-35 8*09 31*17 7-94 12 33 8*57 11-10 5-91 12*03 8-91 10-99 4*15 11-65 8-83 9-65 5-75 10-26 7-01 I Wainigere • • c 10-64 7-76 11-74 900 10*74 6-74 1259 8-72 10-20 7-22 11-83 7-80 10-83 5-10 11-81 7'60 12-27 7-41 13-54 8-95 Mua IM ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ■ •I ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8-24 4-47 8-82 6*06 H P- o Qacavula • •• 9*89 7*82 11*36 8*38 10*26 6*15 11-63 8-02 8-20 4-54 9*15 6*58 10-95 6*71 11*38 7-99 11*16 7-05 11-74 8-73 P5 Q Ardmore t • • 10*83 5*33 11*42 7*63 11*20 6*07 12*14 8*51 10-90 6*47 11-41 7-24 10*56 7'42 11-29 7*87 10-94 6*53 11-23 7*00 M Nagasau ... ... ... ... ... ... • I* ... ... ... ... ... in 9-65 6*79 10*80 7-89 Nabuono ... III ••• ... ... 1050 ... 12-27 ... ... ... ... sc. ••• ... 11-73 5-76 12-93 9-24 Selialevu • ft ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 11-31 6 74 12-21 8 76 10-39 7*56 11-42 8*10 Delaiweni ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... •1. ... ... • •• ... III 11*89 4-48 12*37 8*94 Nabou ••* »«i ... in ... ... ... ... ... ... in ... ... ... 11-82 7-84 12-33 9*11 Tuvamila ... ••• ... ... ill ... ... ... IM ... ... ... in Ill 11-77 9*15 11-93 9-22 Matei ... ... ... ... ..c ... nr ... ... ... ... in • 41 10-98 3*36 11-27 5*91 Waitavala • •• ... in • •• ... ^•i ... ... ... ... ... It* ... ... 8-54 8-33 9*25 8*33 ^ Nukudamu .,. ... ... in ... ... ... ... *«s ... • c» ... 8'96 5*40 12*22 8-49 9*19 7-65 | 12-11 8*69 "Mago ••• 11*05 5*26 11*89 8*56 10*21 5*51 11*05 Cicia ih M< • • • 10*90 ... 11*81 Ml 11*73 3*68 12*20 Naitaba 12-47 7-20 12*98 8-81 16*96 372 17*43 Lomaji 11*48 • •• 11*72 ... 9*45 11*45 Na Bavatu Ml ••• • •• 16*36 16'36 unia Ml rn ... ... 'Wareba in Ml • •• Mt ... «•« Uciwai, C. S. E. Co. IM • I 1 ••• Ml ... • it ... Na Gaga Ml III »«« Ml ••• Na Savu Savu ... ... • •I «•> »». ••• ••• Waica ... ... Ml Ml • •• ••• ... ... Namata »•. Ml III ... III ... • ». Lomawai • •• IM Ml ••• ... Batiri ... IM • ti Hi * li ... o P3 Idiri ... M* • •• • •• Mi ... IM •«. p \ ft Sana Sana ••• ... ... III Ml • Iff ... Naidiri ... Ml IM M« • II • •• III ... Nadovi ... ... Ml Ml ... Ml • •* Ml ... J Veivadravadra ... • •1 Ml ... Ml IM Kavanagasau ... ... • •1 Ml • •• • •I HI Ml Yalavu Ml ... ... Ml Samu Samu Ml lit • •• • •• III ••• Malogeregere ... III III ... ... Ml ^Uciwai (J. P. Bayly) Ml ... ••• ... 129C1D 11*78 7-50 12*04 8-24 10*73 6-22 11-13 7-19 ... II ... ... 10*48 5-37 11-00 6'98 11-81 3-22 12*21 6*76 ... ... Ml ... in ... ... 1210 7-50 13*15 8-79 ... ... ... ... 9'93 ill 11-70 ... 10*09 5*70 1034 5*70 ... ... ... ••• Ml ... ... 13*27 8*35 15-29 8-56 ... Ml 9*95 6*13 11*44 8*02 11*61 6*79 13-56 8-14 ... Ml ... 10-79 7-13 : 12-42 9-41 11*80 8-87 13*51 10 27 ... ... • II M" 931 7*25 11*17 8*89 12-05 8-75 13*58 9-75 ... ... IM 8*77 6*25 11-18 7-53 11*14 7-30 12-27 8*38 ... ... ... in ... ... 12-09 8 13 12*97 9-12 ... ... Ml Ml ... Ml ... ... 13-44 8-34 14-65 9*43 ... ... ... ... 9*91 6*48 11*98 7*88 11-78 715 12-74 8*20 13-27 7-45 14*87 9*00 ' ... ... Ml .. 11*27 6-58 12-23 8*81 Ml ... ... ... 11-36 7-86 13#02 10*90 11-12 6-31 12*59 7*74 13*24 8*21 14-63 9*00 IM ... ... 11*53 7*15 12*37 8*75 • •i ... ... 8*85 6-28 11*93 5*59 10-32 6*75 12*64 8-04 Ml M. ... ... 12*01 6*69 15*21 9-01 12*97 7-87 13-28 8*51 12-66 7-79 13*27 900 9*25 5*54 11*06 8'05 10*37 7*09 11*96 8-62 11-33 7*18 12*35 8-85 11*36 6*57 13-51 8-67 11*88 7*22 18*17 9*01 11*70 7*76 12*66 9*00 ... ... ... 11*95 7*56 12-81 8*52 12-48 7*52 13*60 9*00 ... ... ... •« • 12*37 8-66 13-53 9*54 12-S7 6*57 13-59 9-00 Ml ... Ml ... Ml ... ... ... 12-14 7-39 13*57 900 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10-67 5 85 11*57 8*00 >7 R >7 RAPPENDIX 37 (a). 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. Estate. Per working day. Per day actually work- ed. Per working day. Per day actually work- ed. Per working day. Per day actually Work- ed. Per working day. Per day actually work- ed. Per working day. Per day actually work- ed. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. r All Estates, C. S. E. Co. 13'01 6 28 13*99 8-03 12*48 5-89 13-51 8*03 12-27 5-14 13-25 7-38 Vunivutu 1137 720 12-14 8*55 11-88 7-39 12 64 8-70 11-80 6'09 12-99 8-37 11-36 7-38 12-48 801 10-59 12-10 12*79 7-40 Vuo ... 12-43 6-49 13o2 8.06 12 54 6*74 13-23 8'63 11-11 5-72 12-05 7-63 1202 6-24 12*80 8-08 11 87 6-16 12-77 8-19 N aleb a • •« • •» 13-95 6-32 15*02 8-32 12-55 715 13-21 8-63 13-61 6-70 14-34 8*55 12*93 573 15-18 8-71 11-01 6-81 13*04 8-60 Cogeloa ».. •«. 13*49 5-70 1423 8*29 12-97 6-99 13 38 8-60 12-32 5-59 1326 7-24 11-15 4-48 12-67 5-75 12-16 5-76 13*46 769 Tabu col a ... ... 13 01 711 13-56 8'87 12-70 7-46 13 54 9-00 1373 5-92 14-44 810 12-29 5-47; 13-81 7-13 11-20 6-37 1250 8-00 Korowiri ... 1301 6-28 1399 8-03 10-88 6-32 11-91 7-53 li-63 8-92 12-44 10-29 11-17 6-15 12-16 7 57 11-72 602 1290 8-16 Labasa ... 13-78 5-72 1507 7*41 12-48 5-89 1351 8-03 12 27 514 13 25 7*38: 12-41 3-04 14-02 5 55 12-79 5-22 14-29 7-25 2 Matiniwai ... ... ... ... ... '... ... ... ... — 12-20 7*88 12-84 9 50 12-38 6-28 13 51 8-93 H d Wailevu ... ... 11-90 6-66 12-77 8.01 12-48 5.89 13-51 8 03 12-27 5-14 13-25 7-38 12 07 608 13-34 8-11 12-20 6-38 13-32 8*40 o i < S Tua Tua .... • •• ... ... Ml ... — ... 1274 711 14-01 8-80 1220 7*01 13-44 9-20 Batinikama ... ... 12-71 7-04 14*02 806 12*48 5 89 13-51 8-03 12.27 514 1325 7-38 1211 6-87 13-93 7-74 11-13 6-54 1201 8-05 Na Gigi 13-56 6-39 14-74 900 12-48 5-89 13-51 8-03 1227 5-14 13-25 738 12-51 6-S8 13-66 8 49 12 37 7 09 13 72 9-08 Tamici ... ( ... #•* ... Ml ... ... ... ... ... • •• 1080 5-27 mo 8-18 10-61 5-68 11-83 741 Wainikoro 1247 6.17 13-35 7-58 1248 5-89 13-51 8-03 12-27 5-14 13-25 7-38 12-70 7*08 13-48 8-64 11-57 7-11 12 80 8-06 Baku 12-09 7-18 13-13 888 12-48 5-89 13*51 803 12-27 5-14 13-25 7-38 10-24 5-88 12-95 7-80 10-76 5-74 12 86 803 Laga Laga ... 12-11 6-4S 12-79 800 12-48 5*89 13-51 803 12-27 5-14 13-25 7-38 1205 6-59 13-18 813 10-84 6-33 12-32 8-02^ J «1 13 ■, « Kubu Karoiloma Navua Levu Penang Ellington Gabon Veileka Wainunu All Estates taken ... i*i «»»• : r«i ... ... 12-20 6-39 13-19 7-37 12 31 6*05 13-38 7*25 • •• 1037 1105 10*42 11-17 10-52 6'00 12-19 8-63 10-27 5-31 10-87 6-04 11-13 6-30 12*02 7*34 ii" ... iH ... ... ... ... ••• ... 10-67 6-50 11-91 8 87 1105 8-09 11*92 9-32 —^ L...... . "V 1908 11 m • •• 1205 6-13 13-48 8-05 12-19 6-52 13-58 8-75 11-15 1805 12*04 10-90 11-15 1805 12*04 10-90 11-71 ... ... ... 13-21 7-22 14-23 784 1290 6-90 13-49 8-28 9-24 1133 9-24 1049 9-10 13-13 9-39 11-63 6*53 1212 6-80 ... ««» ... ... ... ... ... 13-26 503 13-71 8'29 5-67 14-11 7*28 1800 5-78 19*46 CO UJ 12 71 6-25 13 41 7-91 6'89 14*57 9-57 13-51 8-50 14-78 8-95 X3 69 5*99 15 12 8-70 5-80 12-33 8-30 11-62 8-06 12-87 8-67 1109 4 63 12-24 5-78 .«• ... ... ... ... ... 12-43 8-95 12 55 8-95 ... ... ... ... ... i V-—— Y* 1 * 1910 ]! 911 1912 609 13-17 8-04 11-34 6-70 13 09 8-27 1224 6*58 13-32 8-36 11-71288 APPENDIX 37 (b). Condensed Return of Woek, Absence, and Wages earned on Estates bit ring the tear 1912. During whole period covered by Plant ation Return. Average num- ber on Es- tates during period. Males. Females. Average daily earnings. Percentage of work- ing days. Percentage of working days. Per work- ing day. For all days, on which, work was actually done. Plantation. Lost by each by Lost by each by District. Period. m a> "eS s Females., Worked each. Absence. Court. Gaol. Sickness. Bad weather. Holiday. Pass. Worked by each, Absence. Court. Gaol. Sick- ness. Bad wea- ther. Holi- day. Pregn- ancy. Nurs- ing. Pass. Males. Females. | Males. 03 ■3 S Muanaweni 12 67-80 24*92 94-01 -17 5*82 76-78 •18 23*03 12*47 8-41 13*27 11'02 Yiti 12 5490 25-00 90-95 2*28 5*75 81-49 18*51 10-36 6*69 11-38 8*18 Wainalumu 12 8-98 2-78 9452 113 4-35 80*63 1-13 18*24 10-91 639 11-55 7 92 Uluioalia ... 12 40*23 15-50 88-03 705 4*92 89-19 1-18 9-63 11'38 8-52 12-93 956 Naitasiri ... 12 73*10 27*20 91*99 •82 7'19 89-07 •47 1046 12-C9 9-67 13-15 10*86' Baulevu 12 74*02 25-48 89-34 3-46 7*20 81-25 -96 17-79 965 6-64 10*85 8-17 Laulau 12 8-00 3-00 96*16 *06 3-78 93-71 ... 6*29 13-01 9*84 13*53 10-50 Nakadi 12 15*91 5-02 95*47 215 2-38 87-21 12-79 11-49 679 12-03 7*79 Navuso 12 43-79 2309 82-87 4*15 12*98 79*79 •51 19-70 14*25 6 07 16*23 7-47 Nacalia 12 27-52 6-40 95-41 •72 3-46 61*79 •23 37-98 12-09 617 12-68 9*99 Navutoka ... 12 58-33 13-69 95*59 1*15 3*26 78-09 -77 21*14 11-33 626 11-86 8-18 Davuilevu ... 12 24*58 5-73 94*74 1-37 3-89 85-07 -60 14 33 12*221 686 1289 811 Naqarawalu 12 11-92 2-00 94*99 1-49 3-52 86*19 1381 12-90 7*72 13-58 8*96 Nausori 12 116-78 28-61 94*54 1-10 4-54 80*92 -06 19-02 15-58 619 16*48 7-65 Korociriciri 12 51*68 21-14 9299 •38 6*63 76-93 -20 22'87 11-92 6*89 12*09 895 Manoca 12 49*59 16-06 92*98 1*91 5*11 85-61 •35 14-04 11-99 6*60 12 89 7 72 Lakena 12 51*99 20-11 89-23 2*71 8-06 83-68 -26 16*10 10-63 5-95 11-88 6-90 Vucimaca ... 12 50'87 21*22 94*41 -28 5-31 92-37 7-63 11-51 645 12*22 6-99 Koronivia ... 12 48-26 17*18 95*89 •11 400 82*28 •16 756 10*98 6*36 11-45 7*72 Nukuvoca ... 12 17-08 5*95 95-09 1-41 3-50 87*66 -06 1228 12*05 7*50 12-62} 8-29 Burecagi ... 12 23*07 2-01 92-93 1-65 5*42 61*46 -35 38-19 12*14 3-63 13 06 5'91 Waila 12 „ 19-84 5*74 83-76 9'72 6*52 94-80 1-91 3 29 9-11 7-89 10- 88 8-33 Naisogovou 12 79-42 22-00 90-07 2-87 7*06 72-36 *12 27*52 10*68 5*79 11-86 8*01 Yerata 12 10*73 5-55 94*72 -40 4*88 94*53 5-47 11-76 8-22 12*42 869 Naitalasese 12 £6*50 20*32 93*94 •48 5-58 74*72 25-28 1538 6*49 16*38 8-69 Naselai 12 4782 15-27 94'83 1-23 3*94 84-05 '63 15-32 1290 6-87 1361 8'1T Eewa Eoad Board. 7 12*50 5-63 92-64 1-32 5*04 76-50 •10 23*40 11-18 611 12-07 8-00 Nukumotu... 12 14-34 3'12 88*44 7-16 4-40 80'88 •12 19-00 9-89 6*73 1119 8-32; Neuma 12 22-00 5*00 9066 4-91 4-43 7602 1-68 22-30 12*35 1003 13-63 13-20 Veikau 12 15*54 4*23 9135 2*53 6*12 80*25 •74 19*01 10-34 602 11-32 7-50 Waitakala ... 84 10-40 3*68 96-32 3*68 79 55 ... 20-45 11-29 7-48 11-72 9-41 Nabalawa ... 5 10*47 4*48 96'82 3*18 93*07 •42 6-51 11-46 7*75 11-84 8-32 Wainiuraura 9 12-00 5*00 i 92*37 2*67 4-96 91-77 2 68 5*55 10-44 8*29 11-30 9-03289 APPENDIX 37 (b)—contd. During whole period covered by Plantation Return. Average num- ber on Re- Males. Females. i Average daily earnings. states during period. F or all days Percentage of work- Percentage of 1 ?er work- on which work was actually ing days. working days. ing day. done • Plantation. Lost by each Lost by each by b3 f Sick- ness. Bad Worked . wea- by ther. each. u © 03 © Holi- day. BO < § 5 o c3 / O CD ^9 J R Pregn- 02 02 o 1 s Period, I Males. | *e3 fl © i < i S-45 5 sgsj S3 0 0 0 » fe =1 Pr2 m GfflWfS ® 8 J £ p ©13^ s§i «JOO ancy. Nurs- ing. Pass. Males. © 1 © PR Males. © 1 VTths. Rewa... "Waisavu ... 10 6-82 1-53 96-G4 3-36 66 22 ... 3378 11*35 5*39 11*74 8 is Raviravi ... 4 18-79 8*34 94*67 -25 508 91-58 -12 8-80 10-56 7*65 11-16 835 Vunivutu ... 9 11-43 409 86-85 6*58 9'55 90*00 ..4 10*00 11-52 8-14 13*26 905 Naisogo 12 5*22 3-00 97*82 1-14 1-04 71*09 1-51 27*40 12*55 619 12-83 8'71 Vunicibicibi 8 20*73 89-44 -93 963 17*55 19-62 Navua Tamunua ... 12 260-57 84*67 90-84 5*19 3-97 79*59 -67 19*74 1213 743 1334 9*28 Loban 12 171*89 58-54 92-64 •70 6-94 89-50 •29 10-21 10-48 708 11-24 7-91 Togaleka ... 12 98-00 36*70 85*88 6*43 7*69 77-19 2-01 20-80 30*27 5*33 11*97 6'91 Raiwaqa ... 12 3709 16*00 92*91 3*29 3-80 78*87 •06 21-07 11*68 6*33 12*49 8-03 Batinikia ... 12 157-80 73-72 9302 2-19 4-79 81*76 1-23 1701 11-40 6-31 12*25 7'7SL Rukui Navua 12 97-12 40-94 9099 3*94 507 88*66 •17 11-17 10*31 692 11*33 7-81 Tarawa 7 27 51 1210 97*98 -12 1-90 85*96 14-04 10'28 6'58 10*49 7*65 Taunovo ... 12 38-00 1500 94-89 2-51 2*60 84-64 •05 1531 11-67 7*62 12*30 9*00 Qaraniqio ... 12 62*15 21*21 95*47 1-19 334 89-45 •04 10-51 11-36 7*35 11*90 8-22 Sara ... Nasinu Expt. Station. 11 10-00 4-00 98*45 -12 1*43 83*62 16-38 12*40 7*58 12*60 9-07 Nasinu 12 5-00 82*57 -08 1735 10*45 12*66 »»» Naivoca 4 8'15 ... 95-10 401 -89 ... ... 11-44 ... 12*03 Samabula ... 9 6'44 1-00 100*00 100 00 ... 12-61 8*63 12*61 8*63 Central Road Board. 11 24*00 600 95-99 -50 3-51 69'9i ... 30-09 11-55 604 1203 8*63 Tamavua ... 11 11*41 1-25 98-95 105 100*00 > ... 1540 10-96 15*51 io*9e Kavua "Waidoi 2 4800 1600 93-18 6*82 75-43 1 ... 24-57 11*31 5-89 12*13 781 Suva ... Lami 5 45*00 15-00 90*76 -05 9*19 86-36 ; -15 13*49 11-12 7*81 12*26 9*04 Naboro 11 7-96 3*51 96 05 1-95 2'62 9202 i ... 7*98 11-54 8*82 11-97 9*58 Taviuni [ Mua 9 1307 5*29 93-46 1-01 5*53 73*88 1 -86 25*26 8-24 4*47 882 6-oe Mt. Vernon 9 23'67 4-98 84-85 5*32 9*83 51*64 k 4*83 43*58 9'36 3*02 11*02 5*85 Nabou 9 4-99 1-00 95-90 4*10 95*9] L ... 4*09 11-82 8*74 i 12*33 9*11 N agasau ... 9 14*12 2'30 88*48 7*37 3-97 85-9( 14-04 9*65 6-79 > 10*80 7*89 Matei 5 6-00 2-00 97*43 2'57 56*85 1 ... 43*18 10*98 3*36 i 11*27 5*91 Vatuulo 9 21*00 5'00 94*11 1*70 4*59 o e* 00 ) ... 18*00 9-65 5*73 ; 10-26 701 Delaiweni ... 9 1250 351 96*20 1-34 2-46 72'51 2 ... 27*48 11-89 i 4*4€ I 12-37 8*94 "Waitavala... 3 5*82 1 2*00 I 92-35 312 4*53 i 100-0 0 ... ... 8*54 . 8" 3c I 9*25 i 8*33 Cakaud [m Devo 9 13-00 5'0C 1 96*64 3-36 I 92*1 8 ... 7-82 i 1202 1 8-21 ) 12'4c i 8*99 rove. Tuvamila .. 3 12*05 52S t 9864 i 1-36 \ 99*3 0 ... •70 > 11*7^ r 9*ii 5 11*95 I 9-22 Nukudamu.. 9 6-59 I 2*94 I 75-73 ► 15-16 1 9*11 L 87-9 7 ... 12-01 5 911 > 7*61 5 12*11 L 8*69 TaviuB i Wainiqere.. • 9 22-00 \ 7*0( ) 90*64 1 4'81 4*5J > 83*5 1 *58 1 15'91 t 12*2' i 7*4; i 13'& k 8*95 Vnna .. 'I 9 608C > 21*1] L 96-02 1 -42 ! 3'5« 5 77-2 15 -1C > 22* 6£ > 12*81 ) 4-9 0 13-45 * 634 129CID 129CID 77290 APPENDIX 37 (b)—oontd. During whole period covered by Plantation Return. Average num- ber on Es- Males. Females. Average daily earnings. tates during period. Percentage of work- ing days. Percentage of working days. Per work- ing day. For all days on which work was actually done. Plantation. - Lost by each *>y Lost by each by District. Period. Males. ! Females. Worked by each. Absence, Court. Gaol. | Sickness. Bad weather. Holiday. ! Pass. Worked by each. Absence. Court. Gaol. Sick- ness. Bad wea- ther. Holi- day. Pregn- ancy. Nurs- ing- Pass. Males. Females. ! Males. [ Females. Mths. Taviuni Ardmore 9 11*45 2*55 9738 *68 1*94 93*58 642 10-94 6*53 11*23 7*00 Nabuono ... 9 8 00 3-00 91*14 *06 8*80 6228 37*72 11*73 5*76 12 93 9*24 Selialevu ... 9 42*40 940 91*03 414 4*83 93-38 6-62 10*39 7*56 11*42 8*10 Oakaud- Qacavula ... 9 9*21 4*26 95*01 *50 4'49 83-25 16*75 11*16 7-05 11-74 8'73 rove. Rabi 7 32*18 12*36 96*03 *40 3*57 94-39 5-61 10*95 7-80 11*40 8*26 Macuata Nagigi 12 4331 12-46 90*13 *39 10*26 78*04 21*96 12*37 7*09 1372 9*08 Yuo 12 65'92 18-93 92*74 *29 6*81 75-20 *14 24*66 11*87 6*16 12-77 819 Coqeloa 12 75'79 24-10 90-34 2-00 766 7499 •28 2473 12-16 5'76 13*46 7-69 Naleba 12 58*92 2465 84*41 3*52 12-07 79-23 1-23 19*54 11-01 6-81 13-04 8*60 Mataniwai... 12 31-17 11-86 91-60 *20 7*20 7035 -33 29*32 12*38 6*28 13*51 8*39 Tamici 12 35-81 10*58 89-58 2*08 834 76-61 1*35 22*04 1061 5-68 11-89 7'41 Natabucola 12 68-40 36*30 8922 *81 9-93 81*23 •07 1870 11-20 6-37 12*50 800 Wailevu 12 41*60 9*39 91*98 1*01 701 75*97 *17 23*86 12*20 638 13-32 ; 8-40 Batinikama 12 58*43 19*01 92-16 *48 7*36 81*17 •02 18-81 11-13 6*54 12-01 8-05 Tuatua 12 5300 15-00 90*81 2*15 704 76*22 23*78 12*20 7*01 13*44 9*20 Kcrowiri ... 12 58'14 21*54 98'83 2-66 7-51 74*79 •18 25*03 11*72 6*02 12'90 8*16 KoroUoma ... 124 11-30 2-19 95*92 * 4*08 96*13 3*86 11-63 653 12-12 6*80 Lagalaga ... 12 53*60 17*96 88*02 •48 11*50 78-94 21-06 10*84 633 12-32 8-02 Daku 12 56*44 18*00 83*66 7 82 8*52 71*56 •16 28*28 10-76 574 1286 8-03 Navualevu... 12 17*40 6-74 96*79 *06 315 59-40 4060 13-26 503 13-71 8*29 Yunivuta ... 12 53-17 18*36 94-81 *47 4-72 89-39 •02 10*59 12-10 6*61 12*79 7*40 Wainikoro... 12 52-96 19-02 90*42 2-71 6-87 8208 17'92 11-57 7*11 12*80 8*66 Nubu 12 20*00 832 9562 *29 4*09 83*32 *17 1651 12-90 6*90 13*49 8*28 Labasa 12 375 95 116-95 89*10 2-42 8-48 7203 *18 27-79 12*79 5-22 14-29 7*25 Siga- toka. Yeivadrava- dra. 11 10163 40*48 91-85 -91 724 81-28 •37 18*35 11*33 7*18 12*35 8*85 Kavanagasau 12 58-47 24-32 9195 *06 7*99 84-66 15-34 11'70 7*76 12*66 9*00 Nadovi 12 82*58 2916 94*07 *85 5-08 84*63 15*37 12-66 7*79 13*27 9*00 Idiri 12 53-98 25*50 91-70 1*87 6-43 87*93 12-07 1324 8*21 14-63 9*00 Yalevu. 12 64*09 22*32 91'44 -91 7-62 82-06 1794 12-48 7*52 13-60 9*00 Lomawai ... 12 76*89 81*30 89*35 4*55 5*10 81-13 18*87 13-27 7*45 14*87 9-00 Malogeregere 10 71*24 2800 94*17 *62 5*21 80*04 1996 1214 7-39 13*57 9*00 Samusamu... 12 43*00 10*50 93 23 •36 6-61 73*34 26-66 12*67 6*57 13*59 900 autoka Lautoka 12 421*05 148*86 94*68 *57 4*75 55-91 *20 43*89 15 01 5-00 15*87 8*80 Drasa 12 96*52 40*00 90-82 1*72 6*11 80*83 *03 1914 10*72 5-73 12*00 7*11 Yitogo 12 96*37 35-04 88-95 1*42 9-63 60-81 39*19 12*60 4*75 14-16 8*10 • Lovu 12 100*03 42*77 89-70 3-32 5-98 8004 19*96 12*98 6*81 14*46 8-51291 APPENDIX 37 (b)—, •contd. During whole period covered by Plantation I? eturn. Average num- ber on Es- tates during period. Males. Females. Average daily earnings. Percentage of work- ing days. Percentage of working days. Per work- ing day. For all day on whion work was actually done. Plantation. Lost by each by Lost by each by District. Period. Males. Females. Worked \ each. Absences Court. i Gaol. Sickness. Bad weather. Holiday. Pass. Worked by each. Absence. Court. Gaol. Sick- ness. Bad wea- ther. Holi- day. Pregn- ancy. Nurs- ing. Pass. Males. Females. Males. m & Mths. Lautoka Natova 12 112*00 29 00 90-48 1-86 7*66 81*90 18*10 11*41 6*78 12*26 8*80 Navo II 12 53*36 1903 94*79 -26 5*25 64*25 35*75 12*80 5*73 13-51 9-00 Tovilavila ... 12 31-72 10*23 93*38 -76 5*86 69*54 30 46 12*08 5*88 1300 8*46 Baweni 12 85*53 27*60 92*19 2 56 5*25 71*00 29 00 11-30 5*40 12*32 7*62 Esivo 12 75-20 41-05 90*90 2 59 5-55 80-10 -50 19*40 12*65 6*66 13*92 8*30 Sabeto 12 88*40 7-48 94*73 •27 5*00 88 69 ... 11*31 13*25 7*45 14*13 8*40 Waloko 12 25*90 7*00 95-86 2*02 2*52 77*53 22*47 13*37 6*50 14*12 8*40 Yotualevu ... 12 65*28 16-20 95*47 -04 4*49 84*43 15*57 1308 7*88 13-70 9-00 Wagadra ... 12 58-25 18 65 93-40 2'60 4*02 69*76 -17 80-07 12'67 6*32 13'57 9-00 Miegunyah... 12 6052 18-60 94*67 -56 487 77*83 '07 22*10 12*52 6 85 13*21 8*81 Salovi 12 41-10 12 22 93*78 -72 5-50 87-20 12*80 12-40 7*46 13*20 860 Wasina 12 39*80 12*57 9212 2-40 5*48 85*35 *86 13*79 12*95 7*34 14 33 8*61 Enamanu ... 12 47'00 15*30 89*90 6*37 3-73 88-44 -57 10*99 11*92 6*81 13*29 7*71 Navakai 12 30*97 12*59 94*77 *33 4*90 85*84 1-34 12'82 11-36 6-55 12 00 7*30 Sikitura 12 40-00 14*58 95*74 -06 420 77*54 ... 22*46 12*80 6*46 13*37 8*34 Qeleloa 12 40*32 14-48 93-79 -54 5-67 75*12 24-88 12-63 5*00 13*47 654. Togo 12 22'00 5-00 89-17 5-77 5-06 83-00 1700 11-93 7-51 13*38 9*00 Lavuso 12 36*96 9-17 94*65 -12 5'23 7322 26*78 12*57 6*46 13*17 8-84 Navo I 12 44-28 16*17 94*43 1-60 397 72 86 27*14 13*53 6*30 14*32 8*66 Malolo 12 64-10 22*93 95-99 -32 3-69 82-14 1786 11-96 6*58 12*41 8*00 Tunalia 12 66*57 24'25 94-68 *62 4-70 82-22 17*78 12*72 7*04 13-36 8*57 TJciwai 12 38*06 12 02 92 29 1-14 6-57 73*78 1-55 24*67 10*67 5*85 11-57 8-00 Ea ... Oaboni 11 30*05 12-74 90*66 4*13 5*21 80*01 -03 19-96 11*09 4*63 12-24 5'78 Ellington ... 11 11-00 4'00 90*61 7*44 1-84 68*82 -09 31*09 13*69 5-99 15*12 8'70 Penang 11 260*05 100*95 94*32 1-10 4*58 79-13 -81 20-06 12*71 6*25 13*41 7'91 Yeileka 11 5*00 2*00 99*08 -92 100*00 12*43 8*95 12*55 8-95 Tavua Balata 12 36*80 13*22 82*75 9-52 7*73 84-35 15*65 11-72 7*78 14*20 9*25 Tavua South. 12 99*02 41'33 89*48 6*41 4-11 85*11 -02 1487 12*58 6*34 14*05 7*44 Tadravale ... 12 33-12 14-14 9298 3-76 3-26 55-47 •07 14*46 1.2-72 6*63 13*68 8-00 Yaladro 12 37*45 12-92 89'51 5*09 5*40 90*55 -17 9-28 12*51 7-86 1397 8-12 Nabuna 12 31-29 11*36 94*39 1'76 3*85 8263 17*37 12-54 7-06 13*28 8-54 Ba-Tavua- tramline. 12 41*76 14*46 94*13 1-48 4*66 81-36 -26 18*38 13*00 7*11 13-81 8*74 Ba ... Ba-Loutoka tramline. 12 27*93 9*20 92*15 3-67 ' 4*18 86-08 -23 13*69 12-19 7*67 13*25 8-89 Yalalevu ... 12 67*59 19-00 92*60 1*11 6*29 78*13 -24 21*63 12-13 7*57 ia-ii 9*69 Yaroko 12 112-70 30-80 93-01 2*98 401 81-66 •31 1803 12*12 7*28 13-03 8-91 Natawarau... 12 59*00 32-50 95*01 ... 4*99 . 75-00 ... 25-00 12-36 6*38 13 01 8*55292 APPENDIX 37 (6)—conoid. During whole period covered by Plantation Return. Average num- ber on Es- Males. Females. Average daily earnings. tates during period. Percentage of work- ing days. Percentag working a e of ays. Per work- ing day. For all days on which work waa aotually done. Plantation. Lost By eaoh by Lost by each by District. Period. Males. Females. Worked by eaoh. Absence. Court. Gaol. Siokness. Bad weather. Holiday. Pass. Worked by each. Absence. Court. 1 Gaol. Sick- ness. Bad wea- ther. Holi- day. Pregn- ancy. Nurs- ing. Pass. to Q Is & Females. Males. Females. Mths. Koronabuta 12 36*35 13-30 94*90 1-61 8-48 85*73 -13 14*14 12*18 7*47 12*82 8*71 Naikubukubu 12 20*00 7*00 96*26 -03 3*71 61*59 05 88*86 12-60 6-09 13-09 9*90 Yaqia 12 5411 13-07 91-75 3*62 4*63 89*97 -05 9'98 1218 6*84 13-28 7-61 Yunisamaloa 12 44'41 14-61 94-39 •69 4*92 77*03 -58 22 89 12*86 607 18*64 8*00 Nabutolu ... 12 40*44 9*54 90*00 5*62 4*88 86*89 '03 13*08 11-73 708 13*05 8*15 Koronubu A 12 80*98 23*95 90*90 1*60 7*50 78-92 *19 20*89 11*52 6*22 12*68 7-88 Koronubu B 12 79-41 25*39 88*22 4*50 7*28 73*53 -21 26'26 12*18 5*44 13-81 7*40 Benai 12 35*03 13*33 92*55 •09 7*36 83*68 ... 16-32 12-80 6*41 14*00 7 60 Navoli 12 87*25 30*03 89*64 5*44 4-92 79*17 ... 20-83 11-47 6*33 12-80 7*99 Veisaru 12 309*03 32*78 87-90 5-99 6*11 77*75 -05 22-20 11*60 6*81 13-19 8 07 Mataniqara .. 12 73*62 19-45 86*09 9-62 4*29 78-12 1-32 20-56 12*02 6*63 13*93 8-48 Nasausau ... 12 21-86 6-21 95-50 07 4'43 7759 ... 22*41 12'71 6*46 13*27 8-24 E to toko 12 39*33 10*25 88*78 3;97 7*83 81*35 ... 18*65 10-81 6*04 12*28 7*42 Navatu 12 42-15 12*88 89*48 6*55 4-04 80-00 *04 19*96 10*77 653 12-96 8*27 Rarawai 12 479'30 174*96 93*81 2*45 4*37 80-15 *02 19-83 13-61 7*12 14*51 8*89 "avua Naloa 12 15-38 6-06 92*38 5-10 2-62 75-79 ... 24*21 10*91 6-47 11 81 7-71 Total 8498-20 2937*74 91*91 2*82 5*77 78-76 '28 20*96 12-24 6*58 13*32 8*36293 APPENDIX 38. Quantity and cost of rations. 1884. 1889. 1913. Articles. Daily ration. Weekly cost. Daily raion. Weekly cost. Daily ration. Weekly cost. ozs. d. Flour ... (Eation scale increased in 1895 ; cost of daily ration reduced from 5d» to 4d») 11 7'21 ozs. 5. d. ozs. s. d. Kice ... ... 16 1 2 16 0 Hi 11 8*24 Dhal 4 0 3§ 4 0 4 301 Ghi ... 1 0 3 1 525 Cocoanut Oil... 1 0 4 ... ... • •• Mustard Oil ... ... ... ... H 1*26 Curry Stuff ... i 3 0 6 i 3 0 4 i 3 1*26 Sugar ... 2 0 3 2 <>£ 2 1-40 Salt 1 o \ 1 i* 1 •35- Total ••• 2 7 l lij 2s. 4>d. (ap- proximate- ly.) 129CID 78291 APPENDIX 39. Memorandum of agreement under the Masters and Servants Ordinance* 1890, made this June 26th day of 1912 between tha Manager of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, Limited of Nausoru and Moula 22209 Indian Immigrant ex Fultala Father's name MeraL 1. The said Moula shall for the term of the Crushing Season serve the said Company as Mill Hand ; but the said Company may at any time discharge the said labourer on paying him his wages then due. 2. The said Company shall during the continuance of this agreement pay to the said Moula on the last day of each week of service wages at the rate of not less than one shilling and six-pence (1/6) for each day of twelve (12) hours worked, and as a bonus, a further sum of six-pence (6d.) per day of twelve (12) hours worked, payable at the end of the Crushing Season, provided he shall have given satisfaction. 3. The said Moula shall at all times during the continuance of this agreement faithfully and diligently employ the whole oi: his time in the service of the said Company and shall work twelve (12) hours out of the twenty four (24) [Sunday work to be paid for at the rate of three- pence (3d.) per hour] by day or night as may be directed by the said Company. 4. In the event of the said labourer falling ill from any but venereal causes the said Company will provide Hospital accommodation and medicine free; but for the period that the said labourer absents himself from work for any cause whatsoever he shall receive no pay. ..........................................................................MILL. .Jttemoranbum of ^Qrccincnt under the Masters' and Servants' Ordinance of 1890, made this..........................................................day of...........................................................191 , between the Manager of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited of....................................................... and...............................................................................Indian Immigrant Reg. No...................Father's Name................................................................................Ship.................................................................................. 1. The said...............................................................shall during the term of.................................. months from the date hereof serve the Colonial Sugar Refining Company Limited in the mill or field or on the tramline as directed, but the said Company may at any time discharge the said.......-.............................................on paying him his wages then due. 2. The said Company shall during the continuance of this Agreement pay to the sa;d...................................................... the last day of each week of service wages at the following rates :— (1) Not less than one shilling (Is.) for day work during the ordinary hours for each class of work, or task. (2) Not less than nine-pence (9d.) for Saturday half-day or task. (3) Not less than one shilling and three-pence (Is. 3d.) for mill twelve hour shift work. (4) Overtime will be based on the rate of two-pence (2d.) per hour. A bonus of £............................equal to three-pence (36?.) per working day calculated for the period of this Agreement shall be payable on signing the Agreement. On the satisfactory completion of this Agreement or on the sooner determination thereof by the Company for any cause other than misconduct a further bonus will be paid at the rate of three-pence (3d.) per day actually worked. 3. The said....................................................shall at all times during the continuance of this Agreement faithfully and diligently employ his whole time in the service of the said Company, and shall work as may be directed by the said Company.295 APPENDIX 39—contd. 4. In the event of the said labourer falling ill from any causes other than those due to his own misconduct, the said Company will provide hospital accommoda- tion and medicine free, but for the period that the said labourer absent himself from work for any cause whatever, he shall receive no pay. House accommodation will also be provided if required. -....................................................................................................................Employer. W itness- .....................................................Servant (his mark). I.....................................................................HEREBY CERTIFY that the above Agreement was signed in my presence by the said..........................................................................................................with a due understanding to its effects. Stipendiary Magistrate for the District of...................................296 APPENDIX 40. Nausori Mill. Wages paid to freo coolies during: crashing season. Ordinary slack season's wages payable for 9. hour day, Wages for 12-hour day as follows Ordinary labour, unskilled ... ... ... 1/3 per day and 6d. bonus. Grab Winch Drivers ... ... ... 1/9 do. do. Cane Unloader boys ... 1/6 do. do. Cane Mill ... ... 1/9 do. do. Gangers (one in each shift) ... ... ... £1 per week and 5/- bonus. Bull boys (1 receives 1/9 and 6r/. bonus) ... 1/6 per day and 6d. bonus. Head boys on Megass Loft ... 1/9 do. do. Do. Presses ... 1/6 do. do. Effet boys ... 2/- do. 9d, bonus. Head Fugal boys ... 15/- per week and 6d. bonus. Head boy sugar Floor ... ... 1/6 per day and 6d. bonus. Engine boys in Mill ... . 1/9 © n o Diffusor boys .. i • 2/" do. 9 d. Crystalliser Greaser and generally useful .. . 1/9 do. 6d. Fireman ... •• ... • 2/- £1 per day for 8 hour bonus at end of season. Water tenders (special coolies) . 3/- per day and £5 bonus at end of the season. Blacksmiths' Strikers and Steamhammers 1/9 per day and 6d. bonus Boilermakers' Assistant?, Holders-up, very skilled ... 1/6 o o Winch Drivers for wharf coal and other winches and relieving 1/9 per day and 6d. bonus. boys for mill engines. Launch Drivers (Captains) ... 12/- per week and 3/-bonus Launch Engines ... 10/- do. 2/- do. Laboratory boys ... ... • •• 1/3 per day and 6d. bonus. 1 boy gets 9d. bonus* Grab Winch Drivers (Head boy) ... ... 2/- per day and 6d. bonus. Wages paid to free coolies during the slack season. Fireman (special) .»• ... ... Launch Captains, when employed in punt shed ... Office boy and messenger ... Blacksmiths' Strikers Boilermakers' Holders-up ... Riggers'Assistants (going aloft) Storekeepers' Assistants ... ... ... •», Loco. Drivers ... ... ... Launch Captains, when launches running Wharf winchmen ••• ••« ... #»• Painters (special) ... ... ... ... Carpenters and Fence Repairer (special)... ... Cement mi*er and generally useful Portable Line repairers ••• ••• All other ... ••• ... ••• ••• Sirdars ••• ••• ••• ••• Hospital Servants. House se vant... Sirdar ••• Nurse ••• Cow boy (indentured) Two indentured Free ««« • •• ... House Servants. ... 3/- ... 10/- ... 2/- ... 2/- t». 2/- ... 2/6/- ... 2/- ... 2/- ... 2/- ... 1/9/- ... 2/6/- ... 2/6/- ... 2/- ... 1/9/- ... 1/6/- ... £1 ... 10/- ... 14/- ... 7/- ... 8/9/- ... 7/- ... 12/- per day. per week, per day. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. per week per week do. do. do. do. do.297 APPENDIX 41. Return showing the Adult Indentured Immigrant Population and the number of prosecutions filed by employers against indentured Immigrants on Plantations in each of the tears 1910, .1911, 1912. 1910. 1911. 1912. Plantation. Total number of in den- j tured adults during year. Number of informations laid. | Number of convictions. Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Total number of inden- tured adults during year. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Total number of inden- tured adults during year. I Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. J Number of dismissals | and withdrawals. Nausori 171 11 10 1 159 5 4 1 206 Vucimaca 131 13 8 5 86 2 2 ... 109 4 4 Naitasiri 135 15 10 5 131 4 4 ... 103 1 1 Muanaweni 130 2 2 ... 95 11 10 1 108 ... Korociriciri 106 46 39 7 97 2 1 1 85 5 5 Baulevu 128 22 16 6 145 11 5 6 129 6 4 2 Naitalasese 115 5 4 1 110 1 1 ... 102 29 25 4 Naisogovou 111 67 57 10 102 42 41 1 99 10 8 2 Manoca 73 19 18 1 98 28 27 1 84 19 17 2 Viti ... 117 9 8 1 111 28 17 11 77 7 6 1 Navuso 105 9 9 102 21 19 2 103 6 6 Lakena ... ... 95 85 73 12 95 88 83 5 94 35 31 4 Yiria 46 1 1 ... 78 10 8 2 87 6 2 4 Navutoka 75 2 1 1 73 19 16 3 82 13 10 3 Koronivia 62 14 11 3 75 6 6 ... 67 1 1 ... Nakadi and Tole 62 4 3 1 38 10 10 36 1 ... 1 Na Calia 48 11 3 8 46 10 5 5 45 9 1 8 Uluicalia Neuma 64 32 35 6 28 5 7 1 86 26 29 2 25 1 4 1 81 36 27 1} 23 1} 4 Burecagi 32 7 5 2 27 ... ... 31 2 2 ... Verata ... 19 2 2 ... 23 36 1 1 Daviulevu 33 2 2 ... 39 5 4 1 42 1 1 Nukumotu 20 8 ... 8 20 ... 25 ... ... Vunivutu 12 4 4 ... 12 1 1 26 ... ... Nagarawalu 10 ... ... 14 ... ... 14 ... ... Waisavu ... ... ... ... 22 ... ... Wainilumu 12 2 2 ... 12 ... .. 12 1 1 Nukuvoca 15 ... 19 1 1 27 ... ... Lau Lau 10 2 10 ... ... 10 3 3 ... Drekenikelo 20 6 6 ... 3 ... 2 1 1 ... Naisogo ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 7 7 Naselai 67 ... ... ... 79 3 3 73 5 4 1 Waila 18 9 9 ... 28 14 14 31 31 27 4 Velkau. ... ... ... ... 19 ... 29 Mt Wainiuraura ... ... ... ... 16 23 Ravi Ravi ... ... ... ... ... • •• 30 • #« Rewa Road Board ... ... ... ... 20 ... Naiveeowa ... ... ... ... ««• 3 ... Naduri ... 2 ... ... ... 2 ... 2 «•« Nabalawa .«• ... ... ... ... 30 „ Waitakala ••• ... ... ... ... ... 16 ««« ••• Total carried over 2,076 422 340 82 2,076 352 288 44 2,247 241 195 148 , 29CID 29CID 79298 APPENDIX 41—contd. 1910. 1911. 1912. h k® s s 1TC .9 53 ca a 0 1 0Q Pi o +3 JO •3 to m , :3'S m p f BQ § © <0 a ra •3 OQ a CD H V'u .2 * 1 Number of informations | laid. OQ | CQ n • H • Plantation. Total number of tured adults c year. 1 Number of infom laid. 5 o © <4-1 0 u <0 rO 1 ft Number of dism and withdrawals Total number of tured adults c year. Number of inforr laid. 1 o o S la 0 ft Number of dism and withdrawal I Total number of J tured adults c year. I 0 s 1 Number of dism and withdrawals Brought forward 2,076 422 340 82 2,076 352 288 44 2,247 241 195 14a Nawana 1 1 ... 1 Nausori 1 1 1 Davuilevu (0. Bavin) 2 2 ... 2 Waisa ••• 12 Nailega 10 9 ... ... 9 Vuniveri 3 3 ... ... 3 Rarawai 667 37 36 1 784 36 24 12 845 28 25 3 Tavua 471 44 40 4 381 44 44 ... 280 8 7 1 The Gap (Tagi Tagi) 48 ... 75 ... 111 ... ... Ba Lautoka Tramline ... ... 27 ... 59 ... ... Ba Tavua „ ... 32 ... ... Tadravale ... ... 62 5 5 ... 87 13 13 ... Nabuna 50 3 1 2 76 9 9 ... Balata ... 64 11 11 ... 78 14 5 9 Yaladro ... ... 63 14 13 ... 68 9 9 ... Vunisanialoa 191 8 8 159 10 7 3 98 1 1 ... Vaqia... ... 104 2 2 123 2 2 ... Navatu 145 31 27 4 151 2 2 ... 101 26 24 2 Etotoko ... ... ... 73 2 2 ... 84 1 1 ... Veisaru 239 11 11 ... 163 12 9 3 191 9 9 ... Varoko 204 13 13 ... 181 15 15 ... 192 5 5 ... Navoli 153 31 29 2 159 11 10 1 152 13 13 ... Koronubu A 165 12 12 145 6 6 146 2 2 ... „ B ... 158 ... ... ... 141 ... 140 ... ... Yalalovu 103 11 11 ... 101 8 7 1 124 8 8 ... Mataniqara 99 4 3 1 113 7 2 5 119 7 4 3 Na Tawarau 56 13 9 4 73 16 16 ... 113 2 2 ... Benai ••• 56 1 1 ... 57 4 4 ... 68 ... ... ... Korowabuta 48 ... ... ... 45 ... ... 29 1 , 1 ... Nabutolu 45 • *• ... ... 54 1 ... 1 69 3 3 ... Naikubukubu 29 2 2 27 14 12 2 27 5 4 1 Nasausau 25 ... ... 29 ... ... 35 ... ... Sigave ••• 3 ... ... ... 3 ... ... 2 ... ... ... Delailagi 3 2 1 1 3 ... ... ... • •• ... Nabou ... ... ... 6 ... ... 6 ... ... ... Natawa 1 ... ... 1 ... ... ... 1 1 1 ... Lautoka 745 2 o ... 660 ... ... ... 710 6 4 2 Lovu... 232 27 19 8 152 15 12 3 201 18 7 11 Drasa 183 22 12 10 186 37 35 2 190 42 29 13 Vitogo 192 2 2 ... 133 6 5 1 141 9 6 8 Saweni 196 34 27 7 207 29 20 9 174 20 19 1 Esivo 132 5 5 ... 127 9 9 ... 133 8 8 ... Carried over 6,682 764 608 126 6,851 671 561 79 7,310 501 416 197299 APPENDIX 41.—conoid. Plantation. 1910. 1911. 1912. Total number of inden- 1 tured adults during year. Number of informations laid. j Number of convictions. Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Total number of inden- tured adults during the year. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions, j Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Total number of inden- tured adults during year. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. j Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Brought forward 6,682 764 608 126 6,851 671 561 79 9,301 501 416 197 Tavilavila 65 24 9 15 43 7 5 2 54 3 2 1 Lautoka Expl. Stn. 13 ... ... ... * 14 1 1 ... 14 ... NavoII 142 ... ... ... 183 ... ... ... 163 ... Natova 135 38 33 5 173 3 3 ... 162 7 7 Navakai ... 177 34 34 140 4 4 ... 79 4 4 Enamanu ... ... ... ... 80 5 5 ... 99 ... ... Wasina 175 7 6 1 166 7 7 137 12 5 7 Solovi... ... ... ... 82 ... 91 1 1 Navo ... ....... ... 4 4 ... 70 77 3 3 ... Qelelvoa ••• ... ... ... 63 ... 81 4 2 2 Tunalia 104 ... ... 112 ... ... 109 ... ... Yotualevu 97 8 5 3 90 3 3 ... 95 ... ... W agadra ... 109 8 7 1 94 18 10 8 87 4 3 1 Sikitura 77 5 4 1 58 18 18 ... 56 ... ... ... Meigunyah 106 6 G 142 ... ... 111 a 2 ... Malolo ••• 87 ... ... ... 126 6 6 ... 113 ... ... Lavuso 36 ... ... 80 ... ... 60 ... ... .. Togo ... 28 ... ... 26 ... ... 46 4 3 1 Naikorokoro 44 ... ... ... 44 4 4 ... 47 5 5 ... Waloko 5 ... .. ... 34 2 2 ... 34 ... ... ... Mount Wagadra... 2 ... ... ... 3 ... ... ... 3 ... ... ... Labasa 747 185 170 15 805 73 67 6 606 26 23 a Mataniwai ... ... 28 ... ... ... 48 ... Navua Levu ... ... ... 16 ... ... ... 28 ... ... ... Wailevu 284 6 6 ... 156 1 1 56 ... ... ... Tua Tua ... ... ... 89 ... ... ... 66 6 5 i Batinikama ... 86 5 4 1 138 21 6 15 93 5 3 2 Na Gigi 224 1 1 V 261 ... ... ... 64 1 1 ... Tamici ... ... ... 76 ... ... ... 67 24 1 23 Wainikoro 132 16 16 ... 179 ... 103 9 9 ... Daku ... 125 ... ... ... 106 3 3 ... 90 1 1 ... Laga Laga 247 13 13 ... 180 2 2 ... 73 2 2 Nubn... ... ... - 56 ... 27 ... ... Na Leba 132 5 5 129 9 8 1 109 8 6 2 Coqeloa 149 3 3 ... 126 3 3 ... 112 1 1 ... Na Tabucola 85 7 6 1 178 2 2 ... 91 12 9 3 Yuo ... 144 1 1 87 3 3 ... 86 ... Vunivutu 81 7 7 ... 99 3 3 ... 100 1 1 ... Korowiri 73 23 21 2 116 7 7 ... 84 10 9 1 Koroiioma 8 ... ... .. 8 ... 16 ... Natuva ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 ... ... ... Kelekoso 60 5 3 2 - ... ... ... ... ... ... Carried over 10,661 1,075 866 173 11,377 876 733 Ill 10,959 645 528 145300 APPENDIX 41—contd. Plantation. 1910. 1911. 1912. Total number of inden- tured adults during year. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions, j Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Total number of inden- tured adults during year. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Total number of inden- tured adults during year. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Brought forward 10,661 1,075 866 173 11,377 876 733 Ill 10,959 645 528 145 f Vuna 78 13 12 1 79 20 18 2 98 i 2 ) 58 2 I 57 C 1 1 Mount Vernon ... 28 36 35 1 36 19 16 3 34 22 J 13 9 Babi 24 ... 40 59 ... Devo 18 1 1 ... 18 ... ... 18 Yatunlo 12 9 8 1 26 1 1 ... 27 24 23 1 Wainiqere 24 ... ... 38 11 9 2 28 7 7 Mua ... ... 10 ... ... 31 7 7 ... Qacavula 12 16 16 ... 14 i 4 15 8 7 1 Ardmore 15 7 7 15 7 6 1 15 ... Nagasau 8 3 2 1 14 5 4 1 22 15 8 7 Nabuono 2 ... 31 1 1 13 ... ... Selialevu ... 49 ... ... ... 79 8 6 2 Nakawadawadawa ... 10 ... ... Yunilagi ... 12 ... ... 24 ... ... ... Delaiwen ... ... ... 6 ... ... 32 3 2 1 Udu ... ... ... 8 ... ... 8 ... ... ... Nabou ... ... ... ... ... 6 ... ... 6 2 2 Waikava 1 6 ... 6 .. ... ... Tuvamila ... ... ... 24 ... Yunivasa ... 10 ... Matei ... ... ... ... 8 ... ... ... Waitavala r.. ... •a. ... ... 8 ... ... ... Yalavu ... ... ... ... 20 ... ... Nukudamu 6 ... ... ... 6 ... 14 ... ... ... Nukulva 8 6 6 9 2 2 9 3 3 ... Savu Savu ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 ... ... ... Tamunua 705 265 194 71 740 175 130 45 733 65 46 19 Lobau 291 44 34 10 241 66 44 22 237 35 28 7 Ruku-i-Navua ... 142 24 19 5 131 56 42 14 152 9 7 2 Eaiwaga 66 25 18 7 57 20 14 6 54 ... •M Togaleka ... ... ... 93 14 13 1 138 88 32 6 Batinikia ••• ... 5 3 2 8 14 10 4 61 34 30 4 Waidoi 40 ... ... 65 ... ... 84 ... ... Tarawa 39 53 47 6 37 15 10 5 46 ... ... ... Qaraniqio 12 ... ... ... 79 ... 98 22 14 8 Taunovo ... ... 54 1 1 ... 53 ... ... ... Nalva 10 ... .. 10 ... ... ... 35 ... • M ... Yakabalea ... 8 1 ... 1 8 1 1 ... 8 3 3 ... Toko Toko 3 ... ... ... 3 ... ... 3 ... ... Naboro ... ... 6 ... ... ... 21 4 3 1 „ Deuba No. 2 22 ... 19 — ... 18 ... ... Carried over 12,235] 1,383 | 1,168 279 ] L3,231 1,308 1,059 217 13,124 1,014 828 21S301 APPENDIX 41—concld. 1 1910. 1911. 1912. j District. Plantation. Total number of inden- tured adults during vear. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. Number of dismissals and withdrawals. j Total number of inden- tured adults during i vear. i Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. Number of dismissals and withdrawals. Total number of inden- tured adults during •poor J Wfi. Number of informations laid. Number of convictions. Number of dismissals j f and withdrawals. Brought forward ... 12,235 1,383 1,168 279 13,231 1,308 1,059 217 13,124 1,014 828 213 Mago 30 ... 47 10 10 ... 63 | 14 14 Cicia ... ... 6 ... ... ... 12 1 1 34 ... ... ... . i Naitaba 14 ... ... 22 ... ... 22 ... ... ... P J t—I Lomaji Na Bavatu 5 3 ... ... 5 3 ... ... ... 7 11 ... Munia 5 6 6 ... 11 ... ... 14 2 2 i Mainiyabia ... ... ... ... ... 6 ... ... ... f Lami 32 ... ... ... 60 ... ... 59 1 1 ... Public Works Department... 31 24 24 ... 30 4 4 ... 30 18 11 7 ! Hospital and Cemetery 22 6 4 3 1 Nasinee 'Smith Bros ) ... 5 ... 5 ... ... ► Samabula ... 5 ... 9 ... 10 1 1 ... 0 w Nasinu Expl. Stn. Tamavua Yisari Naivoca 16 5 ... ... ... 15 9 ... 14 24 15 9 ... ... I Nasinu (Orapp and Allen) ... ... ... 6 ... • •• ... 4 ... ... ... • r Mokogai 12 ... 32 33 -3 >-* I Levuka Hospital 4 3 3 > I I Onivero ... ... ... M, ... ... ... 2 ... ... gi Wainunu 73 37 34 3 85 • •• 85 2 2 ... w i Korovatu ... 4 • •• 6 ... ... r i Penang 402 59 56 3 419 56 53 3 459 84 61 23 -• *i Caboni Ellington 26 16 28 2 25 2 3 49 15 10 1 8 1 2 51 15 9 1 9 1 ... I i Veileka ... ... ... 7 ... ... r Nadovi 99 5 4 1 221 ... 185 6 6 #•« Kavanagasau 122 5 5 ... 125 1 1 ... 192 1 1 Veivadravadra ... 162 3 3 256 212 3 3 • •• Uciwai (0. S. R. Co.) 177 8 8 ... 202 ... 188 1 1 • •• Lomawai 103 2 2 ... 103 39 36 3 182 10 5 5 Nagaga 158 7 3 4 198 ... a.. 147 ... • •• Na Savu Savu .« 120 ... ... ... 120 2 2 124 *«• ... ... Wareba ... 175 18 16 2 199 1 1 ... 166 • •• o Idiri ... 76 37 3 34 74 9 7 2 113 8 8 ... o «•< o Waioa ... 14 ... ... 13 ... ■*4 £ Malogeregere ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19 • •• Sana Sana ... ... 52 5 5 ... 53 1 1 Yalavu ... ... ... ... 84 1 1 ... 133 5 3 2 Olosara ... ... ... ... ... 55 ... Uciwai (J. P. Bayly) .«• ... ... 50 ••• • •• ... 50 ... Samu Samu ... 20 1 1 ... 65 6 6 ... 75 Qere Qere 3 ... ... ... 2 ... ... 2 ... Easikulu ... TT. 1 ... 1 1 ... ... 5 1 I . Koromumu ... ... ... 1 ... ... ... 1 !«• ... Grand Total ... : 1-4,131 : 1,626 1,360 336 15,856 1,454 1,195 227 16,043 1,186 961 252 123CID 60302 APPENDIX 42 (a). Return showing the number op Immigrants landed in Fiji in each year 9 PROM 1882 TO 1912. Adults. Children. Infants. Total# Year. m. ; f. m. f. m. f. 1882 ••• 568 243 40 22 35 908 3883 •M 647 258 40 20 27 992 1884 • It 1,173 473 139 97 95 1,977 1885 M* II* 794 317 57 32 46 1,246 1886 Ml •!» 632 255 37 28 42 994 1887 l M II* ... ... tM ... ... J 888 Ml ••• 329 133 32 25 19 538 1889 M* Ml Ml 378 165 56 61 17 677 1890 ... • * « • ♦ ♦ 742 295 41 37 42 1,157 1891 Ml • M 659 264 43 40 32 1,038 1892 969 399 65 49 41 1,523 1893 ... «•• ••• 508 206 18 24 21 777 1894 ••• • It IK 703 280 31 21 21 25 1,081 1895 ... 890 357 79 34 28 28 1,416 1896 III *H 761 309 41 21 19 21 1,172 1897 Ill •I* 875 353 30 32 18 15 1,323 1898 III • II (III 395 157 3 6 3 3 567 1899 III ••• 640 259 8 5 9 9 930 1900 • •• IM 1,459 656 54 40 38 26 2,273 1901 Ml III ••• 1,608 684 42 S2 11 11 2,388 1902 II* III ••• 1,071 427 22 22 10 4 1,556 1903 •1# Ml III 1,241 478 31 25 16 12 1,803 1904 Ml Ml Ml 781 307 29 18 10 10 1,165 1905 • II Ml IM 1,992 832 110 92 42 53 3,121 1906 • ft Ml Ml 1,674 667 67 65 25 15 2,513 1907 HI III ••• 1,597 615 83 62 34 35 2,426 1908 III ••• 1,469 580 68 38 24 37 2,216 1909 1,182 495 51 58 15 1? 1,818 1910 ... 1*1 Ml 3,515 1,008 123 100 51 44 3*841 1^11 Ml Ml »•* 2,812 1,104 91 94 49 50 4,200 1912 lit III ••• 2,188 885 104 91 37 43 3,348 Total ... 33,252 13^461 1,635 1,291 t v 335 50,974 PROM 1882 TO 1912.APPENDIX 42 (b). Classification op Immigrants Repatriated in each yeah prom 1889 to 1912. Free passage after 10 tears. Destitute or unfit to complete in« denture. Year. Adult. Child. Adult. Child. Adult. . Child. Adult. Child. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. 1889 ... 98 50 32 37 106 31 ... ... 204 81 32 37 1890 ••• ••• 2 ... ... ... 48 8 2 2 ... 50 8 2 2 1891 im • h ••• 27 17 31 14 113 42 8 6 3 1 ... 143 60 19 20 1892 ... 184 58 26 35 85 34 10 ... 9 8 2 1 228 100 38 36 im 183 77 2T 20 117 51 13 15 2 . 2 ... 1 302 130 40 36 1894 373 183 80 74 153 70 25 16 30 13 2 3 556 266 107 93 189$ 184 89 35 39 146 52 20 12 1 1 1 331 142 56 51 1890 Ml 177 97 50 48 133 61 21 10 2 1 1 ... 312 159 72 58 1897 • •• im Ml ... 2 ... ... 2 2 ... ... 1 2 1 1 3 6 1 1 1898 Ml • m ••• 102 85 18 10 107 27 13 6 5 1 1 214 53 31 17 1899 126 40 15 10 57 16 11 9 6 2 ••• ... 189 58 26 19 1990 • II Ml 161 64 30 35 33 8 2 2 7 10 2 2 201 82 34 39 1991 • M ... m* iii 173 69 45 51 28 12 2 1 20 16 4 2 221 97 51 54 1992 IM ••« 191 $0 48 40 43 21 2 2 2 2 in ... 236 83 50 42 1993 212 80 78 52 50 14 1 4 5 8 1 2|67 102 80 56 1904 103 35 31 32 61 23 10 5 6 2 2 lf70 60 41 39 1905 im ... 102 43 33 32 51 9 2 3 9 3 •ii 1 162 55 35 36 1906 112 41 25 24 54 14 1 3 7 8 3 1 173 63 29 28 1907 ... 206 06 58 50 57 31 4 2 29 18 6 2 292 115 68 54 1908 ... 217 82 47 68 91 28 6 4 5 2 3 2 313 112 56 74 1909 #*• 101 29 18 21 54 17 2 8 16 5 ... ... 171 51 20 29 1910 • II 101 27 14 12 49 23 6 7 49 20 4 7 199 70 24 26 1911 ... 218 49 24 15 55 17 7 1 61 32 6 6 334 98 37 22 1912 226 70 39 64 37 24 6 5 1% 12 1 1 275 106 46 70 Total 3,529 1,353 784 783 1,730 635 174 123 287 169 37 33 5,546 2,157 995 939 Free passage after 10 tears. Destitute or unfit to complete in« denture. Bejected before Allotment. Total. Bejected before Allotment. Total.APPENDIX 48. Statement of Government Indian Settlements in Fiji. Name of Settlement. c3 © H Leasehold or Crownfreehold. Locality. Island. Area of Settle- ment. Area of grazing land. No. of allot- ments. No. of allot- ments occupied. No. of allot- ments vacant. Average area of allot- ments. Rent per acre. Annual rent paid to natives for leasehold. Brmabks. Acres. Acres. Acres. £ s. d. £ s. d. Vatuwaqa 1887 Crownfreehold ... 2 Miles from Suva Yitilevu 161 ... 85 58 27 2 20 0 0 Samabula 1889 Do. Do. Do. 324 ... 165 136 29 2 15 0 0 Signal Station 1890 Do. 1| Miles out of Suva Do. 39 21 21 ... If 20 0 0 Kalabo ... 1906 Do. Suva-Reva Road... Do. 729 185 112 23 51 3 0 0 Nasinu 1906 Do. Do. Do. 569 77 67 10 n 3 0 0 Wainabuka 1907 Do. Do. Do. 730 117 63 54 6 3 0 0 Bulileka 1899 Do. Near Labasa Yanualevu ... 462 1,292 154 129 25 3 7 6 0 Boubale 1900 Do. Do. Do. 189 1,070 65 65 3 7 6 0 Earanikawai 1901 Do. Do. Do. 155 896 55 41 14 3 5 0 0 Wainikoro 1903 Leasehold 12 Miles from Do. 404 985 137 129 8 3 7 6 0 97 0 0 50 Years' lease from 1st Labasa. January1903. Navutuvutu 1906 Do. 8 Miles from Labasa Do. 61 19 18 1 3 7 6 0 15 5 6 99 Years' lease from 26th Naqalini November 1906. 1907 Crownfreehold ... Do. Do. 63 21 21 3 10 0 0 99 Years' lease from 1st Lolotua and Nacawa ... 1910 Leasehold District of Dogo- Do. 132 38 38 3 6 0 0 18 11 4 January 1910. Tokatoka tuki. Eleven leases of periods 1901 Crownfreehold ... Near Navua Mill... Vitilevu 228 76 76 3 7 6 0 of 15 years on Namau— Namau ... ... 120 acre. 1908 Do. 10 Miles up the Ba Do. 149 2,000 30 18 12 5 7 6 0 Agistment fee 2/6 cattle Koro No. 1 river. (approx.j and 1-goat. 1911 Do. 6 Miles from Tavua Do. 588 4,000 117 34 83 5 5 0 0 New settlement of 1,066 Nacobi ... ... 1918 Do. Nadi ... Do. (approx.) acres agricultural land 321 745 58 58 5 10 0 0 is being sub-divided. Qeledradra New settlement of 506 1913 Do, Tavua Do. 35 471 7 5 2 5 10 0 0 acres partly sub-divid- ed. 5,349 Acres. 11,459 Acres. 1,377 993 384 5,349 Acres. 11,459 Acres. 1,377 993 384 (Sd.) C. A. HOLMS, Acting Commissioner of Lands. 16 th September 1913.APPENDIX 44. s Statement showing the Area and Value of Land occupied by Indentured Indian Immigrants in the Colony in the year 1913 with the M Estimated Value op Buildings, Live-stock and other Property thereon. LAND. Bttil dings. Chops. Live-stoce. Other Puoperty. District or Province. ^an d« holders No. Freehold. Leasehold. | Total Sugar- cane, acres. . I Bana- nas, acres. Other crops, acres. Total area, acres. Sheep, pigs, etc. Cut- Farm Imple- ments. Value. Acres. Capital value. Acres. Rental value. value of holding. No. Value. Rice, acres. Total value Cattle. Horses. Goats. Fowls. Value. tiers, boats, etc. Sura 464 327 27,648 1,828 £ 1,400 £ 35,928 562 11,827 ... ... 462 £ 1,631 458 50 42 3,660 5,996 £ 765 Bewa ... 760 5,075 7,045 3,289 8,364 1,703 12,625 2,433 864 1,485 29 4,811 45,000 1,597 91 100 70 10,108 12,777 171 412 2,018 Tailevu 34 1/243 6,450 1,151 146 ... 39 240 152 16 168 1,600 117 14 2 254 754 46 Colo East * ... 40 ... 200 ... ... ... ... 5 146 7 158 35 1 2 7 591 200 ... ... • • « NavuaScrna... Ra« 720 229 2,417 12,085 2,393 10,000 2,675 1,021 5,151 720 244 2,880 804 1,336 64 522 170 16 (2,044 18,689 3,515 892 1,018 25 196 192 64 22 3,325 3,186 4,982 4,572 36 Not , stated. 201 1,316 300 Colo North#... 60 ... 1,242 291 ... 278 690 375 641 ... 636 1,652 5,350 1,146 152 120 ... 2,600 5,132 150 600 Ba# 567 ... 5,184 2,279 12,714 ... 2,080 1,136 834 226 2,196 22,136 2,361 501 145 ... 6,700 24,457 ... Lautoka * ... 422 ... ... 4,263 ... 617 3,294 709 ... ••• ... 8,289 1,015 90 9 2,004 5,958 889 Nad* 6,458 ... 23,528 930 3,502 624 1,523 1 742 2,890 14,587 2,530 235 ... 82 6,515 14,709 ... 4,924 Nadroga ... 312 ... ... 740 303 297 2,472 70 600 30 2,806 881 136 152 3,910 23 147 551 Bua 604 1,812 665 217 308 ... • M ... ... 1,140 554 4 188 1,000 1,890 ... 455 Macuata * ... 831 5C0 1,500 4,686 1,805 ... 5,698 20 3,844 CM ... 4,686 14,034 3,301 67 2,063 85 11,328 11,442 ... 3,350 Savu Savu ... ... 42 ... 227 ... ... 32 152 ... • • • ... 478 ... ... 485 \ ... 649 Taviuni Nil ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Levuka ... ... ••• .«* ... ... ... ... •» ... ... ... ... ... ... ODLau M - ... ... ... ... - ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Total 5,851 54,570 46,082 13,426 ... 5,178 J 46,572 6,767 8,833 1,984 1,672 ... 139,255 15,905 1,562 3,019 266 51,271 97,264 15.803 The details supplied are incomplete in respect of districts marked The details supplied are incomplete in respect of districts marked)UN1 ATE THI "ear. 1889 1890 2 B 4 5 6 7 8 9 1900 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1910 1 2 tal .. 306 APPENDIX 45 (a). DEPOSITED FOR TRANSMISSION. TO INDIA BY IMMIGRANTS REPATRI- , TOGETHER WITH DECLARED YALTJE OP JEWELLERY, COINS, ETC., IN 1 POSSESSION. Amount deposited for transmission. Value of Jewellery, etc. Total. £ s. d. £. s. d. £ s. d. 6,919 0 0 6,919 O 0 173 10 0 173 10 0 3,102 6 2 1,920 13 6 5,022 19 8 3,465 14 8 1,880 13 6 5,346 7 9 5,512 19 11 4,707 6 6 10,220 6 5 4,432 15 5 2,503 19 0 6,929 14 5 5,133 16 3 2,327 16 3 7,461 12 6 No Immigrants repatriated owing to plague and famine in InJia. 2,749 12 0 3,258 15 3 6,008 7 3 1,323 8 0 3,454 9 0 4,777 17 0 2,982 15 8 4,216 0 6 '7,198 16 2 3,139 14 5 6,290 7 0 9,430 1 5 4,310 19 6 4,686 2 0 8,997 1 6 4,414 12 11 7,476 9 6 11,921 2 5 1,457 0 6 5,930 17 4 7,387 17 10 1,558 5 1 4,124 8 9 5,682 13 10 1,885 6 6 6,502 8 0 8,387 10 6 2,421 10 0 9,362 8 0 11,783 18 0 1,056 18 0 11,831 9 6 12,888 7 6 1,285 9 0 7,301 16 0 8,687 5 0 1,156 14 0 7,313 14 0 8,470 8 0 2,391 10 0 10,194,18 0 13,30(3 8 0 1,879 10 0 11,955 0 0 13,834 10 0 62,773 7 7 1,17,962 7 7 1,80,735 15 2 No Immigrants repatriated owing to plague and famine in InJia.r. 82 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 90 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 307 APPENDIX 45 (a)—contd. placed at deposit by indian immigrants in government 3 Bank or in local Sanks on 31st December in each year 582 to 1912. Deposited in local Banks. Government Sayings Bank. Amount. No. Amount. No. £ s. dt £ s. d. 709 0 0 28 1,242 0 0 72 2,892 17 5 148 3,469 15 7 106 3,752 11 2 136 5,076 19 2 178 7,074 0 0 234 6,393 0 0 252 - 7,422 0 0 249 10,638 0 0 343 13,143 0 0 445 17,445 0 0 692 19,914 19 6 913 19,991 0 4 866 19,628 2 11 870 16,513 13 2 662 16,228 16 9 667 17,537 3 1 684 18,144 3 2 664 17,411 9 6 633 18,008 1 5 607 15,806 5 11 570 16,152 14 9 464 17,049 16 7 506 14,548 6 10 394 13,542 10 11 363 12,641 12 1 355 103 14 7 7 14,855 6 7 347 13,186 5 1 314 • 13,943 0 0 338 1,422 17 2 50 14,201 17 3 . 319 2,527 2 2 77 3,88,563 9 2 13,419 ... 1885 6 7 8 9 1890 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1900 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1910 1 2 308 APPENDIX 45 (a)—conoid. TALLY REMITTED BF INDIAN IMMIGRANTS TO ERIENDS AND 3 in India, and the number of separate remittances. No. of remittances. 10 30 54 47 65 61 102 132 119 230 196 308 590 444 374 383 386 452 446 389 473 425 660 815 901 721 762 844 10,419 Amount. £ s. d. 84 4 6 282 4 3 324 8 0 242 15 0 349 0 0 426 19 4 546 10 0 677 1 3 447 0 0 1,292 17 8 1,022 4 10 1,553 5 O 2,650 7 4 3,920 11 0 1,595 10 6 1,716 1 0 1,718 16 4 2,113 9 10 2,836 13 0 1,968 19 0 2,516 16 7 2,101 16 0 3,451 2 4 3,989 2 0 4,532 14 0 3,843 5 6 4,201 19 8 4,792 17 9 not include money deposited for transmission by immigrants returning to India.309 APPENDIX 45 (5). Kales for the Transmission of Moneys of Indian immigrants to India in substitution for Rules Nos. 19 to 31 (regulating the issue of Money Orders on Indian Treasu- ries) published in Royal Gazette9 No. 59 of 28th November, 1902. ]. Amounts to be remitted to India shall be deposited in sums of not less than &l or more than £40 with the Receiver-General or with the Stipendiary Magistrate of the district in which an immigrant resides. Every remitter not being an immigrant under original indenture will be required to pay a commission to cover the cost of exchange between Fiji and London. The commission which in no case shall be less than one shilling shall be fixed from time to time by the Receiver-General according to the ruling rate of exchange (at present per cent). Immigrants under original indenture are exempt from payment of such commission. 2. The depositor will be furnished with a receipt in Form A for the amount to be remitted (and commission if any) which shall be subject to such deduction as may be necessary in order to cover the commission payable on the Inland Money Order which will be issued in India. The amount to be remitted on the Inland Money Order in India shall in no case include any fraction of a shilling. The amount payable will be computed at the rate of exchange for the time being agreed upon between the Indian and Imperial Exchequers. 8. Deposits for remittance will be received subject to the following conditions (printed on back of receipt) and which should be fully explained to the depositer, viz., as follows :— " Money for transmission to India will be taken subject to the following conditions " (a) The amount deposited will be paid to the payee at his residence in India subject to such deduction as may be necessary to cover the commission payable on the Money Order under the Regulations of the Post Office of India. " (&) A receipt for the amount .will be obtained from the payee in India and forwarded to the remitter through the Agent-General of immigration. a (c) If the payee cannot be found the amount of the remittance (less the commission paid) will be returned to the remitter. " (d) The Government will not be responsible for the payment of the remittance to a person other than the rightful payee if such wrong payment arises out of the inaccuracy or insufficiency of the information furnished by the remitter." 4. The receiving officer will enter up the particulars as specified in Form C, taking care to obtain full and accurate details from depositor as regards the description of the payee and his address. If deposit is paid to the Stipendiary Magistrate he will forward the amount and the commission (if any) with the counterpart of Form C to the Receiver-General. 5. The Receiver-General will by each mail forward particulars of deposits received by him to the Emigration Agent in India, (Form E.) 6. The Emigration Agent on receipt thereof will proceed to take out Inland Money Orders in favour of the payees named in lists, and will forward to the Agent-General of Immigration in Fiji for delivery to the Remitter the acknowledgments of payments of such Orders when received from the payees. 7. In the event of any payee not being found the Emigration Agent shall recover from the Indian Post Office the amount of the OrdeT (less the Commission payable) and notify the Agent-General of Immigration accordingly. 8. The Emigration Agent will render full details oO the Money Order transaction in his quarterly accounts, noting against each Money Order paid the number and date of the relative Advice List from the Receiver-General. The Emigration Agent will also indorse on the receipt to be returned to the remitter the number of the remittance as shown on the Advice List. 0. Immigrants about to return to India may deposit their savings with the Receiver- General for transmission to the Emigration Agent, Calcutta, who will assist them if required on their arrival in India in taking out Inland Money Orders through the Post Office. 129c id 823i0 FORM A. Indian I)eposit. No. Form B. No. Form C. 190 . Deposited by- Father's Name Register No. Amount To be Stipendiary Magistrate. Conditions under Bui FORM A. Indian Deposit Receipt' No. Form B. No. Form C. 190 . Received from the sum of pounds, to be Stipendiary Magistrate, 3 to be printed on back. FORM C. M. O. No. Money Order Required. Amount ... & Commission ... Rs. t? Ph f Payable at " To Father's name Caste and age Occupation Relationship to Remitter Ganw, Mauza, or Mahalla (Village) Thana Pargana Zilla (District) "Deposited by Ex ship arrived Ship's No. Reg. No. Father's name J Caste and age (^Residing at Forwarded to the General. Dated the Honourable the Receiver- 190 / Stipendiary Magistrate. o CD i FORM C. No. M. O. No. £ Money Order Required. Amount ... £ : : . Commission... : : . r Payable at To Father's name Caste and age Occupation Relationship to Remitter Ganw, Mauza, or Mahalla (Village) Thana Pargana i^Zilla (District) r Deposited by five ship arrived Ship's No. Reg. No. S j Father's name } Caste and age LResiding at Forwarded to the Honourable the Receiver- General. Dated the 190 . Stipendiary Magistrate FORM E. FIJI. Receiver-General's Office, Sir, 190 I have the honour to notify you that I have received the Deposits specified in the annexed Advice List, and I would feel obliged by your taking out Jnland Money Orders in favour of the Payees. I have the honour to be, Sir, The Emigration Agent for Fiji, Your most obedient servant, .....,s."■ Receiver-General, FIJI. EMIGRANTS' REMITTANCES. Advice List No. , dated , of Emigrants' Remittances. MoNBy Oedeb. Remittee. Paxee. Payee's addbbss. No. Date. Amount in Rupees. Name. fxtther's 1 Name. dep6ts at intervals and question recruits found in them. Again in Calcutta and Madras the Protectors question recruits on arrival at the main depdt. While it would probably be untrue to state that each individual recruit has all the conditions fully and clearly fixed in his mind it is undoubtedly true that a good deal of trouble is taken to make matters clear and that where ignorance or misappre- hension exists it is due to obtuseness and indifference on the part of recruits and not to systematic deceit. In up country dep6ts a batch of recruits may usually be divided into three classes, those who will ask intelligent questions about the conditions those who will not ask questions but will listen with interest to the answers given to others, and those who regard questions and answers with stolid indifference. In one class of cases we think deceit affected the recruits' willingness to emigrate. The cases were not numerous and the individuals were literate men of non-agricultural castes. We were told by such men in more than one colony that recruiters had promised work other than agricultural work, but the promise was coupled with an injunction to say nothing about this to the local registering officer or to any higher officer in Calcutta. They were recommended to give false names and castes and describe themselves as labourers, and were assured that their intelligence and ability to read and write would ensure them superior employment in the colony almost immediately. These emigrants accordingly made on three occasions untrue statements to the registering officer, the Emigration Agent, and the Protector of Emigrants. They went to the colony and found that manual labour was required. As a matter of fact, though the recruiter is unlikely to have known it, emigrants have from time to time had there indentures cancelled and been given special employment, and a few inden- tured labourers are given employment in hospitals, offices, etc. The persons so deceived were naturally aggrieved, but it is fair to the system in operation to recognise that the recruiter's deceit would have been ineffective but for the untruthfulness and dishonesty of the person deceived. The colonies and the emigration officers want only genuine manual labourers and try to exclude all others. An examination of the hands of recruits is carried out systematically, but even this test can be evaded. It might be well to affix in up country sub- dep6ts a large placard containing not only the conditions of service but general information including a warning against irresponsible promises of any work but agricultural labour. Quite apart from the question of deceit, men who cannot or will not work with their hands are not wanted. Where the density of population is from 700 to 900 per square mile and agricultural labourers earn a bare subsistence without hope of betterment a true statement of an emigrant's prospects may safely be relied upon. While on the subject of recruitment it may not be out of place to advert to the complaint of employers that most shipments included men who were physically unfit for agricultural work. We were shown men who certainly looked unpromising and were stated to be useless. A few rejections occur on the arrival of each ship in a colony, those rejected being repatriated as soon as possible. We inquired regarding the tests applied in India, and had existing methods been invariably practised in the past unfit men could hardly escape elimination. No man who is obviously unsound can pass the medical tests and in the dep6t registers summary rejections by the Emigration Officer on the ground of generally defective physique are recorded. What seems to have occurred is that in years when employment is obtainable near recruiting centres and fewer recruits are available the standard is lowered as regards general physique. Men who are known to be organically unsound are never passed. It would appear that forroerlv in Madras physical tests were313 ess strict than in Calcutta. It is in every way desirable to maintain a high standard of physical fitness. Men of good physique will earn good wages and may easily become prosperous settlers. Weedy men will do little more than maintain themselves and their grumbling is infectious. We think that the emigration agencies would do well to repatriate and employ experimentally as recruiters a few emigrants who had recently complet- ed their indentured service. These men should be sent back to their own districts on a small fixed salary plus a small bonus per approved recruit, a further sum of a few hundred rupees being paid to them after ten years of good work. Only industrious men who had worked steadily in a colony should be employed and their field of operations should be separate from that of the existing recruiters. They could answer all questions put to them by recruits or by any one else interested in their work. They would begin with a clean record, would be slow to forfeit their employment by miscouduct, and would have a reward to hope for after a reasonable period of work besides a stimulus to activity while employed. They would not merely hang about the centres to which the unemployed drift but could go to find recruits. They would hold up ■their heads and rely on nothing but the truth. At least one recruiter now employed in the United Provinces had grown up and been educated in Jamaica before his parents returned to India, and on short acquaintance he compared favourably with any other recruiter. The recruiters now employed are general- ly disliked and distrusted and their knowledge is obviously second hand. An intelligent man who had himself worked in a colony, knew what industrious men might expect, and could give proofs of what he said, would inspire more confidence. The existing forms of agreement are polyglot. It would be better to have forms printed in English and one other language. For each emigrant the form printed in the language understood by him would be used. Notices in depfits might be polyglot. • 60. Indentured women.—The system of restricting the industrial service of women under indenture to three years out of the five years of inden- tured residence is a matter about which there is much diversity of opinion. On the whole we think that it is rather less than more advantageous. It was recommended by Surgeon Major Cornyn twenty years ago in the expectation that it would induce more women of a respectable class to emigrate. The class of women does not seem to have been affected. Some managers think that both men and women are more contented if the woman is free of all obligation to work after three years. Others think that a woman who is not occupied otherwise than in cooking her husband's food is more likely to get into mischief, and several stated that men have privately asked that women should be sent out to work. So far as we could ascertain employers are not particularly anxious that women should work provided that they are properly maintained and absence from work does not merely mean exposure to temptation and possibility of serious trouble. Even during the first three years a woman who is known to be safely and, usefully employed at home will not be sent out to the field. The women who cqme out consist as to one-third of married women who accompany their husbands, the remainder being mostly widows and women who have run away from their husbands or been put away by them. A small percentage are ordinary prostitutes. Of the women who emigrate otherwise than with their husbands or parents the great majority are not, as they are frequently represent- ed to be, shamelessly immoral. They are women who have got into trouble and apparently emigrate to escape from the life of promiscuous prostitution which seems to be the alternative to emigration. It is obviously difficult to elicit from the women themselves a full and frank account of their antecedents. But what appears to be true as regards a substantial number is that they ran away from home alone or accompanied by someone by whom they were abandoned, that they drifted into one of the large recruiting centres, and after a time were picked up by the recruiter. The recruiter is represented to have pictured to them a condition under which they could both earn good wages and begin domestic life afresh. The recruiter is sometimes regarded in India as a man who habitually tempts women to leave their homes. The state- ments made to us by women do not bear out that view. He picks up his 129CID 83314 recruits in the towns to which women immigrate from rural areas where recruiters seldom appear. In our visits to dep6ts we have found that register- ing officers are not backward in exercising the discretionary power conferred on them by section 31 (2) of the Indian Emigration Act as regards post- poning the registration of women recruits whom they believe to be married. The great majority of the unmarried women cohabit with one man and remain with him. The union is sometimes but rarely legalised by marriage. On large estates there are always some women of notoriously lax morals, and there are of course a considerable number of unmarried men. The risk in allowing women to absent themselves from work is that both married women and those who would otherwise remain loyal to an irregular union are more likely to be tempted by these men. Experience shows that the authority of husband or protector is not always able to overcome a woman's disinclination to work, and even apart from possible temptations from outside it is frequently better for all parties that this authority should be reinforced. What would be much more beneficial than permitting women to absent themselves from work after three years is the adoption of another proposal made by Surgeon-Major Comyn, name- ly, that during advanced pregnancy and after child birth a woman should be entitled both to remain idle and to receive free rations or diet ordered by a medical officer. The whole period should be not less than four months and might advantageously extend to six months. There is on and off estates a con- siderable mortality among children under one year. Exact figures were not obtainable, and though the corresponding mortality in other sections of the community in the West Indies is possibly higher, it is likely that the grant of free rations would contribute to an improvement. In the Trinidad Indian community generally the proportion of still-births is very high. A woman is never compelled by her employer to work when she is pregnant or has been recently delivered, but unless her husband is an exceptionally good worker her earnings will be a consideration, and she may easily continue too long at work before delivery and recommence work too soon afterwards. Another obvious risk is that the birth-rate may be artificially checked if bearing children is expensive. We strongly urge that this proposal should be adopted. It would be for the Colonial Government to decide if the cost should fall wholly on the estate or wholly on the Immigration Fund or partly on each. The third course seems most equitable. It may also be convenient to recommend here the universal adoption of a measure which is systematically adopted in Fiji and Surinam and has been tried sporadically in other colonies. This is the maintenance on each estate of a regular nursery in charge of one or more women. This ensures that whether mothers do not work, do light work, or do a full day's work small children are well cared for. They are properly fed, and articles of food such as milk, etc,, which are easily contaminated, can be kept in insect-proof cupboards away from dust. If the number of children under four years of age exceeds five a nursery should be provided. As regards the class of women recruited we think that an improvement could be affected. The employment of returned immigrants as recruiters should contribute to the recruitment of a larger percentage of married persons. We were at first disposed to recommend that the proportion of adult women to men be increased from 40 to 50 per cent in order to reduce the disproportion between the sexes. An increase to 100 per cent may seem at first sight suitable but becomes less attractive on consideration. The majority of young men go out with the intention of saving and remitting money and returning to their own villages and not of marrying. Unless the women emigrated as wives insistence on a parity between the sexes would be anything but a gain to morality. The additional women would almost all be disreputable. There are in Trinidad now in round figures 1,20,000 Indians of whom 50,000 are females and 70,000 males. The figures in British Guiana are almost the same, the exact proportion being 100 males to 73 females. An immigrant who wants to marry in these colonies can find a wife. If all the unmarried women are deducted from the numbers emigrating the diminution in the total female population is slight and becomes yearly less noticeable. In the other colonies the proportion of males to females is approximately 2 to 1, but the discrepancy is decreasing. We think that it would be better to modify the rule which requires that for each 100 men 40 women over ten years of age be shipped. There need in our opinion be315 no minimum limit of age and the percentage of females to males should be raised to 50. Under the existing rule recruiters must accept such women as they can get. As young girl children do not count towards the percentage and as all in- effectives are costly to emigrate and to maintain on an estate, single women are now in more demand than a family including small girl children. If young girls count towards the percentage a married couple with two or more girl children will be very desirable recruits. There will be no need to recruit dis- reputable women and in a very short time the disproportion between adult men and women will be further reduced. There would soon be a substantial and steady increase in the number of marriageable women, while the professional prostitute would tend to disappear. There need be no fear that girls will not find husbands. Industrious men marrying in the first four years of their indentures might be entitled to an advance not exceeding £3 recoverable in instalments of a shilling per week. On estates the married quarters should be fenced off. The married quarters would be' out of bounds' for the single men, and the conditions of life need occasion no special anxiety as regards morality. The recruiter responsible for recruiting married couples or girls with their parents should be rewarded. Whatever methods may be adopted for recruit- ment it would be for the emigration officers of the colony to satisfy the Govern- ment of India that both methods and results were satisfactory. We recommend that the question of re-extending the industrial period of women's indentures to five years be left to the colonial authorities. It is possible that even a desir- able change, merely because it is a change, may give rise to more trouble than the anticipated advantages would justify. The other measures recommended might be tried first. It will be remembered that we have proposed a system of rewards for well behaved people in the later years of their indentures, and its adoption will enable employers to discourage reprehensible idleness among women. 61. Suicides and immorality on estates.—In Trinidad parti- fl. culars of suicides among the indentured Year. No. are not given either in the Protector's an- * 1904-5 it nual report or in the separate annual re- 1906-6 !!! 19 turn of mortality on estates. Apparently ••• Jjj no report regarding the occurrence of a 1908-9 Z 21 suicide is received by the Protector, and 1910-11 .7. X6 the causes assigned for these suicides are 1911.18 7 not recorded in his office. In the annual 1912.13 ... ... 22 report on vital statistics suicides among Total ... 142 Indians are included in the general figures. ^2) The Registrar General was, however, good Tear. No. enough to have the original records search- 1 1803-4 ... ... 1 ed for ten years and communicated the 5 number of suicides amongst Indians as ;;; \ shown in the marginal table * (1). Since ... 9 our return to India information regarding ;;; \ suicides amongst the indentured has been ••• 4 supplied as in the marginal tablet (2). •• The mean Indian population was 106,000 Total ... 43 during the decade, and the mean inden- ~ tured population 10,700. The suicide rate for the total Indian population was 134 per million and for the indentured 400 per million. 1904-6 1906-6 1906-7 1907-8 1908-9 1909-10 1910-11 1911-12 1918-13316 In British Guiana the suicides were as follows :— Year. Indentured. Rate per million of in- dentured population. Unindentured. Rate per million of un- indentured population. Whole number. The colony rate per mil- lion of total popula- tion (all races). Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. 1903 1 1 67 8 ... 8 72 9 72 1904 1 ... 1 67 6 2 8 70 9 71 1905 2 2 16 1 1 2 17 4 31 1906 4 1 5 476 6 1 7 59 11 94 1907 1 ... 1 102 7 2 9 75 10 77 1908 0 ... ... ... 3 1 4 33 4 31 1909 ... ... ... ... 6 ... 6 51 6 47 1910 1 1 110 6 1 7 59 7 55 1911 ... ... ... 2 ... 2 10 2 15 1912 1 ... 1 103 3 ... 3 25 4 31 In British Guiana the suicides were as follows :— In four of the cases among indentured immigrants the motive seems to have been domestic trouble, and in two of these cases jealousy. In other cases ordinary quarrels, depression owing to illness, or unknown motives were assign^ ed. During the period the indentured population varied from 15,000 to 9,500. Twelve cases occurred in ten years amongst a mean population of upwards of 12,000, giving an average annual rate per million of 100. Of the twelve cases five occurred in a single year. During the last five years the rate was lower than in the provinces from which the labourers emigrated, but the whole population concerned was of course very small. Amongst the unindentured, with a mean population of 108,000, there were 56 cases in ten years, giving an annual rate of nearly 52 per million. In Jamaica the number of suicides amongst the indentured labourers in each of the last ten years was :— Year. Number of suicides. Mean Indentured population. 1903 ... 1 1,800 1904 • •• 2 1,250 1905-06 • • • 2 1,400 1906-07 . * . X 2,200 1907-08 ... ... 2,800 1908-09 2,600 1909-10 ... • •• 3,200 1910-11 ... 2 3,400 1911-12 . . . 2 8,000 1912-18 • •• ... 8,600 The rate is 396 per million throughout the ten years. In two of the cases the motive assigned was jealousy and in one case grief for a wife's death. Depression owing to ill-health, quarrels with other labour- ers, and unknown motives were assigned in other cases. As the Government of India is concerned to know how far the suicides are the consequence of the indentured system it seems hazardous to draw confident conclusions in this case from calculations of rates. The population is very smalt and in four out of the last six years no suicides occurred. For these sis years the rate per mil- lion is 215. The suicides amongst the unindentured, as distinguished from the rest of the population, are nowhere separately recorded.317 The following table gives the number of suicides amongst the indentured and non-indentured Indians in Dutch Guiana for ten years:— Yeat:. Indentttbbd. USINDBKTirBBD. Suicide3. Population. Suicides. Population. 1903 ... ... I 3,611 3 15,445 1901 ... ... 3,003 1 16,377 1905 ... ... ... 2,816 1 16,259 1906 ... ... I 3,508 ... 16,426 1907 ... • • • ••• ... 8,897 • •• 17,729 1908 ... i 5,035 1 18,693 1909 ... ... i 5,879 1 19,100 1910 ... 6,119 1 19,700 1911 ... 5,876 ••• 19,665 1912 ... ... 3,953 1 23,108 The following table gives the number of suicides amongst the indentured and non-indentured Indians in Dutch Guiana for ten years:— In one of these cases the motive assigned was domestic trouble, and in another jealousy. In the majority of the remainder quarrels with friends or neighbours were found to be the immediate causes. In two cases depression owing to illness was assigned. Here again the figures are small. The average rates per million are for indentured 91 and for unindentured 49. While it may be prudent to abstain from positive conclusions based on results recorded amongst a few thousand persons the absence of suicides for several years in succession amongst indentured immigrants in British Guiana and Dutch Guiana will at least suggest doubts as to the consequential connection between the indentured system and the suicide rate. The suicides in Fiji during each of the last ten years were :— Year. Suicides amoks Indentured Free Indentured. Free. population. population. 1903 * ... 12 3 «•. • • • 1904 ... 8 ... ... • • • 1905 ... 6 ... ... 1906 ... 8 1 ... • • • 1907 ... 12 5 ... • • • •> 1908 ... 11 6 11,989 21,151 1909 ... 10 1 12,243 23,163 1910 ... 8 4 12,757 26,557 1911 ... 16 2 14,310 25,976 1912 ... 18 5 15,369 32,482 The suicides in Fiji during each of the last ten years were :— 129CID 129CID 84318 We were informed that the Madras labourers were much more prone to commit suicide than other Indians. In 1911 special instructions were on this account issued to employers to treat these immigrants with special care particu- larly during the first few months after their arrival. Cases arising out of domestic quarrels and jealousy were the largest class, next to these coming cases in which the deceased had been accused of a serious crime, and cases in which chronic ill-health had produced despondency. In two cases the deceased had been struck by a Sirdar a short time previously. In many cases no probable motive was ascertainable. The rate amongst free Indians is high and amongst indentured Indians very high in this colony. Yet for some years the conditions under which the indentured people work have compared favourably with those in other colonies. Prosecutions have been fewer, and sentences of imprisonment much fewer. The health conditions are unusua lly good owing to the absence of malarial fever and to good sanitary and medical arrangements. Wages are higher than in any other colony and the standard of task is lower. A circum- stance peculiar to the colony is that the sale of alcoholic liquor to Indians is for- bidden. Doubtless occasional evasions of the prohibition occur but broadly speaking alcoholic liquor in any form is unobtainable. The colony is being newly opened up and comparatively large communities of Indians such as are found all over West Indian colonies do not exist. Immigrants find themselves in small groups in a strange and very sparsely populated country. Labourers on many estates cannot during holidays or week-ends exchange the monotony of their daily lives for the social attractions of an Indian town or village in the vicinity. The few Fijian villages could have no attraction for Indians, who regard their amiable and interesting but rather primitive inhabitants as ' jung- lies \ The rate amongst indentured was 926 per million of adult population in the last five years, and among other Indians 147 per million. In comparing this high rate with rates recorded in India or elsewhere some allowances must be made. In the first place there is in the colony no tendency to minimise the number of cases. The record may even be increased by the inclusion of cases which would be classed elsewhere as doubtful. The Immigration Department has happily allowed no bias to affect the result of inquiries and is concerned mainly with the possibility of any ill-treatment or neglect being responsible for the fatality. In his annual report for 1911, the Hon'ble Mr. Coates, the Agent General for Immigration, referring to the suicides recorded states:—" * * * * and in five other cases immigrants were found dead after a lapse of time under circumstances which permitted of the theory of suicide but without sufficient evidence of the cause ". There is no tendency to give undue weight to remote possibilities or to base verdicts on considerations disconnected with the conduct and motives of the deceased. Again, suicide rates for a country or province, especially where the majority of the people are engaged in ordinary agricultural pursuits, differ from rates in centres to which people immigrate for work under what are to them abnormal social and economic conditions. The rate for a population normally constituted as regards the distribution over age periods differs from that of a population with an abnormal age distribution. We endeavoured to obtain figures for purposes of comparison after our return to India. The statement printed as Appendix 46 was obtained from the Com- merce and Industry Department records. It shows that in the Bombay Presi- dency as a whole the average rate is 28*8 per million while that of the United Provinces whence most emigrants are drawn, is 63, and that of Madras, the other chief source of supply to Fiji, is 45. The only source from which we could obtain carefully compiled statistics was Bombay City, where suicides have been tabulated analytically by the Bombay Anthropological Society. In the years 1901-06, during whioh the suicide rate was lower than in the previous quinquen- nium the general rate averaged 75 per million, that is nearly three times the rate for the whole Presidency. Further, if the rate for the age-period ' 20—30' is extracted the rate per million was 107 taking the average population of this age at 280,000, which is probably in excess of the actual. This rate is approximately four times higher than the Presidency rate. On estates more than three-fourths of the immigrants are between 20 and 30 years of age. We have no data as regards suicide rates for varying age-periods, or in centres attracting industrial319 immigrants in the provinces of India from which labourers emigrate to the colonies. But when all allowances are made the suicide rate in Fiji is very high, and it is impossible not to conclude that the conditions under which indentured labourers live conduce to a high suicide rate. Whether this consequence results solely or mainly from the fact that the labourers are under indenture must be left to the judgment of the individual. If the same labourers emigrated to a distant and sparsely populated country but lived and worked as they liked the suicide rate might be lower, but the conclusion can only be speculative. The period of indenture not only comprises the dangerous age-period of emigrants but is also the period immediately following emigration when home-sickness is ex- perienced by the great majority. After his indenture has expired the immigrant is free to work where and when he likes. He is also a trained worker, acclimatised, and accustomed to the conditions of the country, and lie has passed the most dangerous age-period. The Fiji estates have neither Indian settlers within their border nor, in most cases, Indian communities in the immediate vicinity. The life on estates would be much more cheerful if more land on and near estates was occupied by Indians. The largest employer of indentured labour, the Colonial Sugar Refining Company, is now endeavouring to establish settlements on what may be called a wholesale plan, and we think it highly probable that the creation of a number of compact centres of Indian social life will react markedly on the suicide rate. We have recommended more active organisation of settlements by the Government of the colony. The experience of other colonies will at least suggest caution in concluding that the condition of being indentured in itself influences the suicide rate amongst immigrants. The fact that there are in Fiji only 43 adult females to every 100 males may possibly have some effect, but this is not noticeable in the case of Surinam. We have elsewhere made recommendations for accelerating the reduction of the discrepancy between the sexes. From the record of inquiries it appears that in 15 out of 109 cases sexual jealousy was recognised as responsible, assuming all domestic quarrels to originate in this way. Even if these cases are eliminated a high rate remains to be explained. If, as we gathered, a lower standard of physical fitness was formerly accepted in emigrants from Madras the fact would much more seriously influence the suicide rate. Despondency owing to ill-health was one of the motives frequently assigned. The reasons for the high rate in .Fiji might more readily be deduced if the cases were tabulated with reference to localities, age-periods, duration of inden- tured service, caste, and province (and preferably district) of origin. The motives so far as they are ascertained with reasonable probability, should also be classified. As regards immorality on estates we have in dealing with the question of indentured women stated that the majority of women are not married to the men with whom they cohabit on estates. Of these unmarried women a few live as prostitutes, whether nominally under the protection of a man or not. The majority remain with the man with whom they form an irregular union. They are, however, exposed to a good deal of temptation as there are on all estates a number of young unmarried men with much more money than is needed for their personal wants. A few women change their protectors and out of these desertions trouble not infrequently arises. In each colony a few cases of homicide or grievous hurt annually result from quarrels about women. Probably the best guarantee against infidelity to regular or irregular unions is the birth of children. W7 e have in another paragraph made recommendations which will both minimise the risk of restricting births and render the rearing of children a burden on the estate or the colony as well as on the indentured parent. There is no doubt that the morality of an estate population compares very unfavourably with that of an Indian village, and that the trouble originates in the class of women who emigrate. We have recommended that as married women are a minority of the adult women who emigrate and as the remainder are women who are or would become prostitutes in India the proportion of female emigrants should be increased but at the same time no minimum limit of age be imposed. "We anticipate that a larger number of girls will emigrate with, their parents and that a much larger number of married couples will shortly be320 found on estates while disreputable women will be reduced to a minimum. The only practical remedy for the evils existing is to increase the proportion of marriageable women and, therefore, the number of marriages. Under any system of emigration there will always be a large proportion of young unmarried males. Of the men who return from these colonies more than half are still unmarried (vide Appendix 0), and the proportion of females steadily rises in the resident population. 62. Wages returns-—As regards the inducements held out to Indian emigrants in the form of wages during indentured service we venture to suggest that these may be shown in annual reports more intelligibly than at present. What an intelligent emigrant should wish to know clearly is the probable surplus which he will earn over the sum which is needed to supply his reasonable wants. Those interested in the welfare of emigrants also wish to know this, and those concerned with the local supervision of indentured Indians wish to know the surplus which accrues on each estate and to inquire how far bad manage- ment or bad sanitation affect this surplus. Statements of average earnings per working day or per day worked in themselves do not give sufficient information. Even if information as to average daily expenditure is added a complex calculation must be performed before the annual, monthly, or weekly surplus is arrived at. "What we propose is that for each estate there should be ascertained at the end of the year (a) the total wages paid to able-bodied men and women separately and (b) the average number of able-bodied men and women employ- ed. The result of dividing (a) by (b) will be the average yearly earnings. The average yearly expenditure per head of men and women for each estate would be ascertained by multiplying the sum which the Immigration Depart- ment recognised as the reasonable daily expenditure of men and women on food, clothing, and miscellaneous wants by 365 minus the average number of days spent in hospital by men and women on the estate. The earnings minus the expenditure will be the surplus. Days spent in hospital are deducted in calcula- ting annual expenditure because on those days an immigrant neither earns nor spends money, and for present purposes the larger or smaller number of these days is unimportant. Firstly, the meaning of days spent in hospital must receive separate attention, and secondly, where sickness is excessive gross earnings and surplus will fall. Women will obviously be ' in hospital' for a longer period than men. The cost of living is not uniform on all estates in the same colony. One is near a large market and another is served by a single shopkeeper who transports all his wares from the large market. Women and men will have separate daily rates of expenditure. What is proposed may be illustrated by a concrete case. An estate employs 50 men and 20 women (average for 12 months). The men's aggregate annual earnings amount to £700 and the women's to £170. The average earnings per head are £14 and £8| respectively. The recognised daily expenditure for men on this estate is 5\d. and for women 4£ d. The men are ill for 25 days yearly, and the women for 45 days. The men's annual expenditure is 5\d. x (365—25) =£7-15-10. The women's is 4§d. x (365—45) =£6-6-8, The surplus per head for men is £6-4-2 (or Us. 93-2-0) and for women £2-3-4 (or Rs. 32-8-0). Information in this form can be very easily compiled and is in our opinion much more intelligible and valuable than state- ments of earnings per working day or per day worked which involve much calculation and skilful interpretation. It does not matter to the healthy labourer whether he earns good wages by working hard for 4| days weekly or steadily for 5| days, and time spent on finding which method is preferred on individual estates is wasted. It is desirable to know generally what he does when absent on working days, but as regards his earnings the annual surplus is in our opinion more important than anything else. In the ' statement of work and wages' recommended by the Sanderson Commission we should prefer to substitute for the columns showing wage3 per working day and per day worked three columns showing (a) average annual earnings per head, (6) average annual expenditure per head, (c) average annual surplus per head. The Immigration Departments may be trusted to work out a trustworthy daily expenditure figure for (b) for each estate. In the body of the annual321 report the maximum and minimum daily expenditure allowance might be given. If this proposal is adopted a good deal of calculation now necessary might be discontinued. A monthly return which might be prepared in a few minutes would be sufficient for the information of the Agent-General and the local Inspector. The latter would of course examine the pay-sheets of each estate in detail as at present and check the accuracy of statements received. It will be seen that we refer only to the able-bodied. The inclusion of non-able-bodied for purposes of calculation of averages is misleading. They are a, small percentage of the whole number and occasion special trouble and expense. They are often given rations when they do not work. Their defec* tive physique is no fault of their employers. Their individual cases are the subject of constant inquiry by medical and other officers. The separation in the pay-sheets of able bodied and others involves no difficulty. As regards labourers imprisoned for serious crimes and deserters we think they should not be counted on the strength of the estate during months for which they were absent for more than 15 days. Arrivals, deaths, and cessation of indentures, will also cause the monthly totals of labourers to fluctuate. The annual average will often be a fractional and not an integral number, thus o0| or 139'3. This involves no difficulty. Not the least advantage of this suggested form of exhibiting earnings will be the facility afforded of contrasting colony with colony. If a labourer earns a shilling per working day it is important to know whether his daily cost of living is four pence or seven pence on all days. One theoretical objection may be made to the calculation, namely, that clothing and some of the miscellaneous expenses are yearly charges and that no part of such charges should be included in the amount of expenditure deducted for sick days. An experimental calculation will show that the inaccuracy is insignificant, while the unrecognisable additional earnings due to supply of rations at less than retail price is more than adequate compensation. 63. Summary.—While dealing in detail with each of the matters to which our attention was specially directed we have unavoidably laid more stress on what appeared to be remediable defects in the existing system of emi- gration than on the advantages which have accrued to emigrants. As we con- sider that the removal of defects would be the most satisfactory result of our inquiries both for emigrants and for the colonies to which they emigrate we think it desirable to recapitulate briefly the more important general remedies which we have recommended in the preceding paragraphs. They are as follows :— I. Unsuitable emigrants, men or women, should be excluded. The agreements should state clearly how misconduct will be punished. The proportion of female to male emigrants should be raised from 40 to 50 per cent, and the present minimum age limit should be abolished. II. |In all colonies, provisions, whether operative or inoperative in practice, which are unduly rigorous or restrictive, should be expunged from the Ordinances. The punishments prescribed should in most cases be reduced and fines imposed should be recoverable in small instalments. III. The intemperate use of the disciplinary provisions of the Ordinance should be prevented by empowering the officers of the Immi- gration Department in each colony to control employers in this respect. IV. The officers of the Immigration Department in each colony should be empowered to adjudicate in cases brought by employers against labourers so that the concern of Courts of criminal jurisdiction with the enforcement of contracts may be minimised if not extinguished. V. Separate places of detention should be provided for labourers who, notwithstanding the revision proposed in II, may be sentenced to imprisonment for breaches of the disciplinary provisions of the Ordi- nance. 129CID 85322 YI. Subject to a limitation of the proportion of labourers on an individual estate who may commute their indentures within a single year, the labourer should be entitled at any time to commute his inden- tures by payment of a graduated redemption fee. VII. Facilities for occupying land on a satisfactorily secure tenure should be provided. VIII. The registration of marriages should be facilitated. IX. The special needs of Indian children in the matter of primary education should receive consideration. X. The regulations affecting the grant of medical relief to the poorer class of Indians not residing on estates should be revised. XI. The annual reports of the Immigration Department of each colony should give more intelligible and precise information regarding the health of indentured immigrants. They should also show not only the average earnings of immigrants but the cost of living and the sur- plus. We are convinced that, notwithstanding our possibly disproportionate presentation of the unsatisfactory features of the existing system, a careful study of the facts elicited during our inquiry will result in the conclusion that its advantages have far outweighed its disadvantages. The great majority of emigrants exchanged grinding poverty with practically no hope of betterment for a condition varying from simple but secure comfort to solid prosperity. Emigrants live under very much better conditions than their relatives in India, and have had opportunities of prospering which exceeded their own wildest hopes. They became citizens of the colonies to which they emigrated and both they and their descendants have attained to positions commanding general respect and consideration. Though liable to be prosecuted for disciplinary offences while under indenture they realised also that in everything affecting their daily lives their legal rights were not merely defined but firmly main- tained. Employers also were liable to judicial punishment and to still more severe punishment, namely, disqualification for employment in the coloDy in the only occupation at which they could expect to earn a livelihood. Nor should it be forgotten that both employers who were too prone to invoke judicial assistance in the management of their labourers and employers whose authority was exercised with more skill, temper, and self-reliance, have in many ways tempered the exercise of authority with manifestations of kindness and gene- rosity. It is not an uncommon thing for an emigrant who has settled down after the expiry of his indenture at a distance from an employer by whom he has been formerly prosecuted to pay occasional friendly visits to his accuser who has not forfeited his good will. If too many labourers were judicially punished all but the most worthless were gainers in skill, enterprise, and self- respect. The savings or remittances of the industrious represent only the material gain to emigrants. They are as a body probably more conscious of the far-reaching legal protection which they enjoy than of the legal liabilities to which they are exposed. Our proposals involve the recognition of further rights and the reduction of liabilities, and we venture to claim that their adoption will justify the system being fairly described as one of protected emigration, in which the protection ceases when no longer required. We do not regard the system as solely or mainly concerned with securing fair wages and fair treatment for Indian'labourers who are content to emigrate for a few years, save a few hundred rupees, and return to their homes. Following the example of the great majority of the emigrants themselves and their descendants we regard it rather as a system of colonisation under which poor but industrious Indians,, whether landless labourers or the sons of poor cultivating landowners, who are content to be trained and acclimatised under private employers in need of a steady supply of labour, are offered prospects much more favourable than they could hope to realise at home. While an emigrant's freedom of choice between settling down in a colony or demanding repatriation should be maintained it323 is obviously necessary to recognise the manner in which the choice has been exercised in the past. If our proposals are accepted we are reasonably con- fident that those who elect to return will in all colonies be an insignificant minority of those emigrating under indenture. We are conscious that the acceptance of our proposals will increase the cost of indentured Indian labourers to their employers and may in consequence lessen the demand but it may also havethe effect of raising the standard of capacity expected from employees. 64. We wish in conclusion to express our gratitude to the colonial officials and the employers of indentured labour for their frank and ungrudging help- fulness and their many acts of personal kindness. We have also reason to be grateful to many others who were in no way concerned with the object or result of our inquiries. We are in a special measure indebted to the Governors of the colonies visited both for their actively sympathetic attitude in relation to our inquiries and for their unfailing kindness and hospitality. We have the honour to be, Sir, Tour most obedient servants, j. McNeill. CHIMMAN LALAPPENDIX 46. Statement showing the Number of Deaths from Suicide and the Ratio per Million of Population in the different Provinces of India, during each of the Years 1904 to 1908. Province. Population. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. Deaths. Eatio per million. Deaths. Eatio per million. Deaths. Eatio per million. Deaths. Eatio per million. Deaths. Eatio per million. f 1904 86,692,040 1 | 1905 36,737,533 1 45*9 Madras ... ..X 1906 36,484,486 > 1,686 1,665 45'3 1,576 43*2 1,698 46*7 1,609 43'8 | 1907 36,362,222 I I 1908 36,744,483 J 300 B«mbaj ... 18,481,362 554 498 26*9 550 29*8 513 27*8 543 29*3 ( 1904 74,428,193 ) 54-6 Bengal 1905 49,891,164 t 4,066 2,985 59-8 3,181 63*0 3,170 62*7 3,131 61*9 1906 50,528,044 i i 1907 and 1908... 50,528,446 I 58'0 United Provinces ... 47,691,782 2,766 2,986 62*6 3,066 643 2,880 60*3 3,320 69-6 Punjab ( 20,108,690 328 16*3 283 14*1 304 151 318 15-8 305 151 1904 5,502,964 ) 15'6 Lower Burma ... ...< 5,568,479 > 86 91 16'3 72 12*9 73 13*1 87 15*6 1 05,06,07,08 ... 3 i 1904 2,978,052 \ 51 17*1 Upper Burma ... ...< 2,917,501 80 27*4 55 18*8 57 19*5 68 23*3 05,06,07,08 ... ( 1904 5,275,706 20*5 Eastern Bengal and Assam,.. < > 108 1,180 396 1,319 44*2 1,260 42*3 1,398 46*9 05,06,07, 08 ... 29,812,735 ) r 1904 12,491,909 1905 11,887,703 I Central Provinces and Berar< 1906 11,884,340 > 807 64'6 770 64*8 853 71*8 969 81'5 1,058 88*2 | 1907 11,884,340 I 1908 11,990,419 J ( 04,05,06 ••• 1,990,744 ) 40 North-West Frontier Pro-j 1,908,184 f 8 7 3*5 12 60 18 9*4 12 6*2 vinoe. ( 07, 08 ) Ajmer-Merwar* ... ... 476,912 12 25*2 7 14-7 6 12*6 6 12*6 6 12*6 Coorg ... Mt 180,607 8 44*3 15 830 11 60-9 8 44*3 8 44*8 1904 226,298,961 r 1905 225,745,212 Total for British India ...< 1906 226,125,682 225,921,260 » 10,480 46'3 10,567 46'8 11,005 48*7 10,970 48*5 11,545 51*0 I 1907 t 1908 226,409,600 i 325 APPENDIX A. Memorandum of Instructions for the guidance of officers deputed to the Colonies importing Indian Labour. The general object of the enquiry is to report upon the conditions of life of the Indian immigrants in the Colonies. The officers should also submit recom- mendations as to any arrangements which may be considered desirable to promote their welfare. This general object will involve an enquiry into the following matters, inter alia:— (!) The housing of the labourers and the sanitary conditions in which they live- (2) The adequacy of medical arrangements. In this counection the birth and death rates should be examined. (3) Whether tasks are moderate, hours of work suitable and wages adequate. A comparison should be made between the earnings of indentured labourers and those of free labourers, taking into account the advantages derived by the former in the matter of free quarters, medical attendance, etc. (4) Whether the administration of justice is fairly conducted and whether labourers meet with any difficulties in prosecuting employers or defending themselves. Whether the penalties imposed by the labour laws are in any case excessive or unsuitable. (5) Whether the labourers are subjected to uudue restrictions, outside working hours, in visiting their friends or places outside their estates, and whether they enjoy sufficient facilities for proceeding to the Protector of Immigrants or to the Magistrate ^jo lodge complaints. (6) The relations generally between employers and labourers, (7) Whether facilities are afforded to Indian labourers in the performance of marriage or other ceremonies and in the observance of their religious rites and festivals. (8) Whether repatriations are promptly made and whether immigrants experience any difficulty in obtaining repatriation. II. In addition to the general questions enumerated above special consideration should be given to the following subjects (a) The excessive number of prosecutions of labourers hy employers.—It should in particular be considered whether the special* State?'Nod73!lated "heS m^May measures _that a,re being taken in the different colo- 1912. and despatch to Secretary of nies to reduce the number of prosecutions are ade- State, No. 45, dated the 1st; August quate or what further measures can be suggested. 1912» In this connection the desirability of repealing the laws in Trinidad and British Guiana which make the prosecution of deserters obligatory should also be considered. (b) The position of the Protector of Immigrants.—Enquiry should be made whether this officer performs his duties satisfactorily and whether the inspectoral staff is sufficient. (c) The terms of agreement which the emigrant is required to sign.—\b should be ascertained whether the labourers sufficiently understand the conditions of service before they leave India. (d) The use or abuse of the power conferred on employers and police officers by the labour laws to arrest labourers found away from the estates. (e) The position of free Indians.—It should in particular be considered whether they receive equal treatment with the rest of the population of the colony and whether there is sufficient employment open to them. In this connection attention should be paid to the question of the grant of land to Indians on the expiration of their period of indenture. It should be ascertained whether land is generally avail- able for all labourers who wish to settle in the colony and what extra facilities in this direction can be recommended. Another matter which should be considered is whether in Jamaica the employment of free Indians is checked by section 13 of the Immigration Act of 1891 which requires the payment by employers of Is. a week to the Protector for every free labourer employed by him who has not completed a continuous residence of ten years in the Colony (/) Are adequate facilities afforded to emigrants to carry on correspondence with their friends and relatives in India ? 129CID 83326 (g) Are sufficient facilities afforded for the education of Indian children ? {h) Female indenture.—Enquiry should be made as to the working of the* system in force in Trinidad and British Guiana under which women are inden- tured for 5 years but are required to work for 3 years only. If the system is found to be unsatisfactory, it should be considered whether the best solution would be to retain the same period for both sexes, but to relieve women from the obliga- tion to labour for any part of the period. (i) Suicides and immorality on the estates.—The allegations made to the effect that the large number of suicides and the prevalence of immorality on the estates are due to the indenture system shculd be enquired into.127 APPENDIX B. List of Estates visited once or optener por the purpose op obtaining information. Orange Grove, Caroni, Chaguanas, Woodford Lodge, Union Hall, Usine Ste Madeleine, Trinidad# Petit Morne, Brothers, Patna, Reform, Friendship, Bon Intent, Phoenix Park, Hindustan, Waterford, Ceder Hall, Bienvenue and La Fortunee, La Reunion, Non Pareil, Estate of Nabi Buksh, Waterloo, Esperanza, San Antonio, Henry, Forres Park, Hybernia, and several settle- ments. Piamond, Emmore, De Kinderen, Helena Settlement, Nisines, Uystedheeren, Anna British Guiana^ Regina, Golden Fleece, Settlement on Canal No. 1, Mahaiconi Creek Settlement, Lusiguan, Port Morant, Friends, Bath, Cotton Tree Settlement, Rose Hall, Ogle, Vryheid's Lust, Schoon Ord. Slotwijk, Jagdlust, Alkmaar Settlement, Mon Tresor, Marienlurg, Santa Barbara, Pepper-" Dutch Guiana# port. Saramaeca Settlement, Friedric's Gift, Morgenstond, Geyersvlijt, Ma Retraite, Waldeck Settlement, Hazard, Waterloo. Agualia Vale, Coleraine, Chovey, Tremolsworth, Nonsuch, Wentworth, Iter Boreale, Jamaica* Koningsberg, Platfield, Aleppo Settlement, Gray's Inn, Clermont, Halcot Farm, New Hall, Woodstock, Williamsfield, Windsor, Golden Yale, Golden Grove, Moreland, Moneymusk, Amity Hall, Chesterfield, Shrewsbury, Fontabelle, Frome. Lautoka, Drasa, Vitogo, Esivo, Saveni, Yesora, Votua Levu, Wagadra, Yeisaru, Korowiri, Fnir Batanikama, Coqeloa, Na Leba, Labasa, Mount Yeron, Waitavala, Vatu Ulo, Saugola, Ura, Yuna, Tamunua, Togaleka, Na Cailai, Nausori, and several settlements.APPENDIX 0 (a). Trinidad Agency. Statement showing the Number op Emigrants despatched to, and the number returned from, Trinidad. NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS DESPATCHED. NUMBER RETURNED FROM THE COLONY. Tear. Men, Women. Boys. Girls. Infant. Souls. S. Adults. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Infant. Souls. S. Adult. Remarks, Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 1891 ... 1,811 884 202 184 94 110 3,285 2,990 349 118 63 47 6 3 586 526$ 1892 ... 1,480 771 155 87 60 67 2,620 2,435$ 432 124 59 32 33 16 676 616 1893 ... 1,181 507 71 75 42 50 1,926 1,807 391 367 56 62 6 7 689 623$ 1894 ... 1,850 840 175 132 86 102 3,185 2,937| 476 146 49 39 6 2 718 670 1895 ... ... 1,151 658 137 90 72 69 2,177 1,993 570 212 72 66 12 7 939 860$ 1896 ... ... 1,756 884 146 92 72 93 3,043 2,8411 423 165 41 50 11 5 695 641$ 1897 ... ... 1,151 598 40 19 19 24 1,851 1,800 407 139 72 64 4 10 696 621 1898 ... ... 819 364 39 26 11 9 1,268 1,225$ 426 149 69 79 14 7 744 659 1899 ... 1,189 491 44 38 22 16 1,798 1,738 407 162 69 71 13 16 738 653 1900 1,095 665 46 39 14 19 1,878 1,819 400 153 68 60 12 8 701 627 1901 • 1,972 968 88 48 19 19 3,114 3,027 434 153 50 37 18 9 700 643 1902 ... 1,596 660 35 32 10 8 2,341 2,298§ 375 160 85 69 13 10 712 623$ 1903 ... ... 1,661 677 51 32 13 15 1,449 2,393| 334 152 90 130 25 15 736 611 1904 ... 841 316 28 26 13 12 1,236 1,196$ 386 142 77 70 20 10 705 616$ 1905 ... ... 1,535 645 81 59 39 31 2,390 2,285 919 362 136 136 27 21 1,601 1,441 1906 ... 1,670 655 75 59 36 19 2,514 2,419| 454 150 72 67 15 14 772 688 1907 ... ... 1,227 495 60 41 23 22 1,868 1,795 432 156 70 69 16 11 744 666 1908 ... 1,673 670 36 33 21 14 2,447 2,395 428 130 67 50 15 4 694 626 1909 ... 1,658 662 60 53 22 20 2,480 2,400 343 114 57 47 8 5 574 515$ 1910 ... 1,338 537 56 32 18 25 2,006 1,940$ ... ... ... ... ... 1911 ... 1,517 588 36 46 23 32 2,242 2,173$ 756 234 64 60 15 19 1,149 1,069 1912 ... ... 1,746 717 57 44 3i 42 2,637 2,550 ... ... ... ... ... 1913 ... ... 817 324 38 19 17 21 1,236 1,188$ 435 121 31 33 3 14 640 599| Total ... 32,723 14,576 1,756 1,311 777 839 51,991 49,649$ 9,577 3,411 J 1,417 1,318 272 213 16,208 14,598$ APPENDIX 0 (6). British Guiana. Statement showing the Number or Emigrants despatched to, and the number returned prom, British Guiana. NUMBER OF EMIGRANTS DESPATCHED. NUMBER RETURNED FROM THE COLONY. Years. Men. Boys. I IT E ANT. Souls. S. Adult. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. IlTEANT. Souls. C A /liilfc REMABK8. Women. Girls. o, Adults* Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 1891 ... ... 3,325 1,547 405 277 114 108 5,776 5,324 740 314 178 170 18 23 1,443 1,248$ 1892 ... 2,923 1,230 219 210 72 69 4,723 4,438 1,440 605 245 235 21 28 2,574 2,309? 1893 ... 3,298 1,359 257 193 75 80 5,262 4,959$ 1,107 44! 198 193 12 21 1,972 1,760 1891 ... ... 4,486 1,803 421 330 124 113 7,277 6,783 655 298 104 113 10 12 1,192 1,072$ 1895 ... ••• ... 1,481 632 140 100 48 51 2,452 2,282| 1,426 626 311 287 29 30 2,709 2,380$ 1896 ... ... 1,395 688 149 127 30 28 2,417 2,250 628 304 161 166 25 23 1,397 1,1191 1897 ... ... 761 344 37 33 12 7 1,194 1,149$' 1,516 537 206 218 44 35 2,556 2,304$ 1898 ... ... 1,528 695 59 71 13 14 2,380 2,301$ 909 321 125 128 18 19 1,520 1,375 1899 ... 2,769 1,157 165 104 49 59 4,303 4,114J ... ... ... 1900 ... 2,762 1,370 159 115 89 93 4,588 4,360 669 227 89 77 22 17 1,101 998$ 1901 ... 2,608 1,151 207 145 87 78 4,276 4,017| 1,004 344 136 137 27 39 1,687 1,517$ 1902 ... ... 1,234 532 89 62 27 24 1,968 1,867 644 232 100 112 29 33 1,150 1,013 1903 ... 1,858 806 88 97 38 50 2,937 2,800| 1,282 467 247 10 40 42 2,238 2,018$ 1904 ... 880 371 38 24 16 19 1,348 1,299| 835 336 169 180 23 21 1,564 1,367$ 1905 ... ... 1,763 711 101 57 55 50 2,737 2,605$ 578 200 102 99 24 18 1,021 899$ 1906 ... ... 1,427 640 101 71 51 47 2,337 2,202 1,560 557 270 267 47 36 2,737 2,427 1907 ... ... 1,189 489 58 36 22 36 1,830 1,754 677 228 121 111 19 15 1,171 .,038 1908 ... 3,184 474 49 45 18 27 1,797 1,727$ 426 168 84 77 8 11 774 684 1909 ... ... 1,698 680 56 34 20 27 2,515 2,446$ 469 146 75 80 3 2 775 695 1910 ... ... 1,106 407 39 32 18 14 1,616 1,564$ 610 226 76 74 7 5 998 917 1911 ... 1,380 584 56 49 30 21 2,120 2,042 478 168 82 63 8 8 802 721$ 1012 ... 1,594 640 49 45 25 39 2,392 2,313 491 162 49 50 5 2 759 706 1913 ... ... ... 859 346 22 20 J 12 17 1,276 1,240 445 155 33 39 3 6 681 640$ Total ... 43,508 18,656 2,964 2,277 j 1,045 1,071 69,521 * 00 CD 18,584 7,062 3,161 3,086 442 446 32,781 29,213$ 129cioAPPENDIX 0 (c). Statement showing the Number of British-Indian Emigrants who arrived in Surinam yearly from 1890 to 1912, both inclusive, distinguishing Men, Women, Minors and Children, the number or Adult Emigrants who were classed as Able-bodied and Non- Able-bodied and the number rejected. Year. Name of the ship. From 15 years and above. From 10-15 years (minors). Under 10 years. Total. Classed as able-bodied. Classed as non-able-bodied Rejected before allotment. Eejected within three months after arrival. Remarks. a O a a © a o £ 05 6 P3 T2 3 OQ o m in 15 3 From 15 years and above. From 10-15 years. From 15 years and above. From 10—15 years. From 15 years and above. From 10-15 years. From 15 years and above. From 10—15 years. £ P o S o * w & oq 1m 3 ri a? S3 p a> s o £ CO o w 0Q [m 3 a . CO T52 1 ... 22 16 568 377 152 1 ... 1910 Sutlej II ... 315 122 1 2 20 18 478 315 121|)|j 1 2 1911 No arrival... ... ... ... ... IM ... ... ... ... ... ... 1912 Ganges III 288 90 4 7 27 13 439 2sm 9 a 4 7 Mutlah ... 201 80 2 2 16 10 311 201 80 2 2 Chenab 280 120 4 6 26 18 454 280 119 4 6 ... 1 ... ... 7 2 ... ... 11 woman has cancelled her contract. 1 2 ... ... 5 ... ... 2 2 ... ... ... ... 11 3 ... 3 2 ... 9 4 § 3 men and 2 women died before allotment. ... ... ... 11 2 II 1 man and 2 women have cancelled their contract. 1 ... ... ... ... ... ... 3 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... • •• 4 1 % 3 women died before allot- ment. ... ... 15 6 ... ** 1 man and 1 woman have canoelled their contract. ... ■»«. ... 2 ... ... 2 ... • •• jf 1 mnn cancelled his con- tract. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 ... ... ... .. 1 ... 10 3 ... ttl man died before allot- ment ; 3 women have can- celled their contract. ... ... ... 1 ... ... 5 ... - ... ... • •• ... ... 8 4 ... .... §§ 1 man died before allot- ment ; 1 woman has cancelled her contract. ... ... ... ... 7 4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 5 ... ... ... ... 4 1 ... Hill woman has cancelled her contract. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6 4 ... HIT 1 man has cancelled hia contract. ... ... ... 7 5 ... ... ... ••• . 1 ... ... ... 4 3 i i APPENDIX C (c)—concld. Statement showing the number of Adult Male and Female Emigrants and op Children repatriated from Surinam in each tear from 1890 to 1912. Free passage after 5 years' residence in the Colony. Returned as Returned as rejected before allotment Paid their own passage being Children. Tear. Name of the ship. destitute unfit, etc. or within 5 years after arrival in the Colony. not entitled to a free return passage. From 1 to 10 years. Under 1 year. Total number Total number of Adults. of Souls. Rsmabks. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. BoyS* Girls. 1890 ... Jumna, II 304 104 17 8 5 2 7 2 59 39 10 13 498 570 1891 ... British Peer 335 107 21 14 2 2 1 45 55 9 10 532 601 1895 ••• Grecian 259 116 68 23 11 2 1 1 50 62 5 7 537 605 1897 1898 Foyle Arno 72 361 32 144 57 54 16 8 2 16 1 3 3 2 £>* 00 14 64 1 14 10 196| '655 213 743 Return ship from Deme- rara. 1899 ... Clyde 147 32 10 4 ... ... ... 5 12 * 2 203j 214 Ditto ditto. 1900 ••• Earne 139 49 ... ... 1 ... 2 ... 21 13 1 3 210 229 Ditto ditto. 1903 ••• ••• Rhone 189 42 44 4 1 2 2 2 14 16 1 1 302 318 Ditto ditto. 1904 ... Indus 108 35 72 5 9 1 ... 17 8 6 150| 265 Ditto ditto. 1905 ... Avon 334 112 143 22 6 ... 2 47 52 11 5 6681 *234 1907 ... Mutlah 106 23 67 6 7 ... 2 11 6 1 2 221 231 Ditto ditto. 1909 ... Mutlah 184 57 168 19 14 5 21 27 2 474 501 1911 ... Sutlej ... 260 86 103 14 55 5 ... 27 41 6 6 563 613 In Surinam there is no assisted return passage. After the expiration of 5 years* indenture, every Indian who ha attained the age of ten years at the time of his departure from India, shall be entitled to a free return passage at the expenses of the Dutch Government, In Surinam there is no assisted return passage. After the expiration of 5 years* indenture, every Indian who ha attained the age of ten years at the time of his departure from India, shall be entitled to a free return passage at the expenses of the Dutch Government,APPENDIX C (d). Jamaica Agency. Statement showing the number of Emigrants despatched to, and the number returned from, Jamaica. NUMBER OP EMIGRANTS DESPATCHED. NUMBER OP EMIGRANTS RETURNED. Year, IlHTANT, IBTPANT. KEMAKKS. Men. Women* I Boys. Girls. Boys* Girlg. Soulg. S. Adults. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Souls. S. Adult?!. | 1891 ft, ... 1,258 547 352 106 42 42 2,147 1,976 ... ... ... 2892 ... ... ... ... 8 4 1 13 12| 1893 ... 323 130 11 11 5 6 4S6 469| 176 84 42 50 7 14 373 316^ 1894 ... 454 183 24 16 20 14 711 674 ... 1895 295 126 21 9 8 10 470 446 187 71 33 39 7 3 345 301 g 1396 ... ... ... u. ... - ... ... 1897 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1898 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... - ... ... 1899 ... 417 168 17 12 4 5 623 604 ... ••• ... ... 1900 ... 442 178 16 14 10 10 670 645 ... ... 1901 ... ... 1 1 1 1 ... ••• 4 3 1902 ... ... ... ... 318 168 118 114 26 19 763 624| 1903 ... 460 184 9 | 5 4 1 663 653| 140 71 55 68 11 14 359 285 1904 ... ••• ... ... ... ... ... ... 1905' ... 551 218 13 12 3 15 812 790i 181 56 32 24 4 6 312 279 1906 ... 533 229 36 19 10 8 835 798| 323 140 92 86 15 14 670 56o| 1907 ... ... 407 163 8 15 7 6 606 58S ... ... ... .~ 1908 ... 281 113 10 8 4 416 405 1 ... ... ... 1 1 1909 •M 759 304 18 19 30 7 1,117 1,090 62 22 10 , 9 2 4 109 96| 1910 ... ... ... ... ... ... 87 49 10 16 4 4 170 153 1911 HI ... 553 222 U 10 8 12 816 795| ... ... ... ... 1912 ... 974 386 27 29 18 23 1,457 1,408$ ... ... ... ... ... 1913 ... 549 226 12 10 15 12 824 799| 210 74 16 22 3 6 331 307! Total 8,257 | 3,377 385 295 I 164 175 12,653 12,143| 1,694 749 414 430 79 84 3,450 2,946^ APPENDIX 0(e). Fiji Agency. Statement showing the Number of Emigrants despatched to, and returned from, Fiji. NUMBER EMBARKED AT CALCUTTA FOR FIJI. NUMBER RETURNED FROM FIJI. Tear. Infawt. Infant. BsifABXfl. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Souls, S. Adults. Men. Women. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Souls. 3. Adults. 1891 ... ...... 663 267 46 41 21 17 1,055 92 \ 241 77 26 30 5 4 383 3501 1892 ... 972 400 65 51 21 20 1,529 1,450| 259 310 36 48 7 14 474 421i 1893 ... 513 206 18 24 9 31 781 750 320 125 39 42 9 12 547 496 189 £ ... 704 282 32 21 20 23 1,032 3,034 542 239 3 03 95 34 26 1,039 910 1895 ... S92 359 84 36 33 28 1,432 3,341|! 333 128 45 55 19 19 599 580 1896 ... 763 315 42, 23 17 19 1,179 l,128|j 307 169 55 50 18 13 672 604 1897 ... 882 354 33 34 21 15 1,339 1,2874 8 4 1 0 1 16 14 1898 ... ... 395 158 3 6 3 2 567 560 255 60 38 2i 7 3 337 351 1899 ... ... 646 259 8 5 7 6 931 918 221 62 33 9 8 357 320 1900 ... 1,483 663 56 42 36 24 2,304 2,225 238 77 34 SS 7 7 401 358 1901 ... ... 1,623 690 42 32 11 11 2,409 2,361 284 94 56 57 13 11 515 446$ 1902 ... ... 1,076 428 22 22 7 3 1,558 1,531 280 82 55 49 10 5 481 4211 1903 ... ... 858 340 14 13 5 4 1,234 1,216 304 102 75 61 20 7 569 487! 1904 ... ... 783 307 30 19 9 10 1,158 1,124 200 65 38 37 7 12 359 312 1905 ... ... 914 370 47 37 13 24 1,405 1,344| 188 55 34 44 9 9 339 291 1906 ... 1,745 684 66 55 27 17 2,594 2,511| 209 65 34 29 5 4 346 310 1907 ... 468 204 37 24 12 13 758 715 345 117 74 57 15 12 620 541 1908 ... ... 2,080 836 96 66 33 51 3,162 3,039 401 128 61 74 12 18 694 61H 1909 ... ... ... 461 171 17 14 2 3 668 650 273 72 21 29 7 11 413 379 1910 ... ... 1,507 601 54 52 24 18 2.256 2,182 295 87 28 22 5 8 445 413| 1911 ... 1,499 598 49 41 21 25 2,233 2,165 436 92 39 27 8 4 606 567 1912 ... 553 223 18 11 10 12 827 801| 382 108 46 60 5 15 616 553 1913 ... •m ... 686 274 t 24 11 1 13 12 1,020 990 438 128 49 39 10 11 675 6201 Total 22,166 8,989 ! 903 660 J 375 368 33,481 32,318 6,819 2,246 | 1,020 93 241 234 11.553 10,308 129C1D—3,050-20-11-14-gcbp Simla.This book is a preservation facsimile produced for the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. It is made in compliance with copyright law and produced on acid-free archival 60# book weight paper which meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper). Preservation facsimile printing and binding by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2014