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S/ ~P SI ■INTRODUCTORY. s ♦ The object of the following pages is to illustrate the special advantages of the region described, its agricultural and other wealth-producing re- sources, its favorable climatic and hygienic conditions, and its unrivaled opportunities for the profitable employment of both capital and labor; to present an impartial account of its easily-worked and readily-improved soils, the variety and excellence of its productions, the importance of the auxiliary food-supply furnished by the bays and tributaries of its all-sur- rounding waters, the value of its extended system of railroad communica- tion, and its admirable access to the best markets. The head of Chesapeake Bay approaches within a dozen miles of the Delaware River, where it begins to broaden into Delaware Bay, in lati- tude 390 35'. From this point, the Chesapeake Peninsula extends south- ward one hundred and eighty miles to Cape Charles, embracing the entire State of Delaware, the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and two counties of Vir- ginia. The greatest breadth is seventy miles, which measure is attained about midway between the northern and southern extremities. The area in- cluded is about six thousand square miles, of which three-ninths constitute the State of Delaware, four-ninths the Eastern Shore of Maryland, and two-ninths are within the limits of Virginia. 3 -5 ^ \\ 4 9\$M WESTOVER, one hundred and twenty- one miles from Wilming- ton. In this neighborhood is a cluster of estates that fairly illustrate what the Peninsula formerly was, and what it now is and is destined to be. They lie on and near an estuary of Tangier Sound, and have every advantage of trans- portation, boating, fishing, oyster-planting, etc., that access to Chesapeake Bay can give. Westover, orig- inally the largest estate, contains seven hundred and fifty acres. The neigh- boring estates are Arling- ton, six hundred and thirty- six acres, and Workington, three hundred and thirteen acres. Arlington has forty- seven acres devoted to strawberries; thirty-three acres to blackberries; six acres to asparagus; fifteen acres to early truck: also two thousand cherry-trees, ten thousand peach-trees, and one thousand pear and apple-trees. The remain- der of the tilth is regularly farmed with corn, wheat, and grass. The other estates are similarly di- vided. No finer, cleaner, or more thrifty growths can be found on this continent than the handsome or- chards on these places. Nor is there any pleasanter, more interesting ofOF THE PENINSULA. 19 rural industry than these strawberry-fields, with two hundred and fifty pick- ers singing in full chorus the sweet quaint melodies of the South. The grand old houses on these places are of brick imported from England more than a century ago. The interior wood-work was got out in England, much of it being carved oak, from trees, perhaps, that grew in the forests of Sherwood or Nottingham. In the days of the "patriarchal institution" these estates supported a population of possibly five hundred negroes each. The proprietary families lived in manorial style, expending, as a rule, something more each year than the income of the property. RESIDENCE OF E. B. COOK, ESQ., WESTOVER. Since the war these domains have changed hands, the old owners retir- ing with the old order of things and making way for the new. Now, the lands are cultivated by the best-known methods, with foresight, economy, intelligence, and skill. With the use of machinery, and half the number of hands formerly employed, the soil is yielding royal revenues and is im- proving every year beside. A gentleman who owns and cultivates one of these estates informed the writer that in 1873 'le cleared net twenty per cent, on an investment of thirty-five thousand dollars. As before stated, the Peninsula is, so to speak, in a transition state, and property is consequently depressed in value; but after the real estate passes into hands capable of developing it in accordance with modern methods, its worth will undoubtedly be greater than ever before.20 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS RESIDENCE AT KINGSTON. KINGSTON, the next station below Westover, is in the midst of a fine agricultural region, where quite a number of persons from the North have settled and succeeded admirably. Near by is the residence of Hon. G. R. Dennis, United States Senator; this gentleman has a large farm in a high state of cultivation. After passing two other small stations, Marion and Hopewell, we reach the terminus of the road, CRISFIELD, one hundred and thirty-five miles from Wilmington, situated on the Anna- messex, distant from Norfolk eighty-four miles across the Chesapeake Bay. Here boats leave on the arrival of trains for Baltimore. This is the great oyster emporium of the Peninsula, and is fast growing into an important town. The situation of Crisfield, near the promontory of what we have described as the Nanticoke and Pocomoke sub-peninsula, gives it great advantages in relation to this trade. It is the point where the facilities of railroad transportation extend farthest toward the centre of the vast oyster deposits that make the waters of the Chesapeake as valuable sources of wealth as the lands of the Peninsula. Crisfield is almost surrounded on all sides by the far-famed oyster-beds of Tangier Sound, and the numerous fleet of dredging-vessels constantly seen in the offing bring into the busy wharves of the town their daily and hourly contributions, adding just the value of their cargoes to the property of the community, to the traffic of the railroad, to the food-supply of theOF THE PENINSULA. country. The shucking of oysters gives employment to a large number of persons, and the shipments by rail are heavy, amount- ing to over ten thousand tons per annum. TOPOGRAPHY. This Peninsula is bound- ed on the west by the Chesapeake Bay, which presents an irregular shore line, fringed with islands, and penetrated by broad, deep estuaries. On the east it is bounded by the Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, which meet midway at Cape Hen- lopen. The Atlantic coast of the Eastern Shore of Maryland has no harbors, and is bor- dered throughout by a sandy beach from a few yards to more than one- fourth of a mile in breadth, inclosing a shallow lagoon, which, owing to the block- ing of the inlets by which it formerly communicated with the ocean, may be almost considered an in- land lake. In an article on the Chesapeake Peninsula in Scribner's Monthly, March, 1872, the writer says : "In point of water scenery it is the Puget Sound of the Atlantic, pierced with broad, navigable, arbor- ;22 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS escent bays and rivers, almost as rich in the salt delicacies of shell-fish and wild fowl as are their shores with fruit-orchards, gardens, and berry-fields. The loamy, sometimes sandy soil is varied by long aisles of pond and brack- ish sound or bayou, whose humid vegetation is strong and stately in cypress, gum, pine, or oak forests.'' The northern part of the Peninsula, in upper Cecil and New Castle Counties, is characterized by the unevenness of its surface and beautifully moulded hills of bold, round outline, rising several hundred feet above tide-water. From the lower limits of these counties to the extremity of the Penin- sula the scenery is entirely different, presenting a comparatively level country or table-land, gently sloping east and west towards either bay from an elevated strip of land several miles in breadth, to which the name of water-shed or dividing ridge is not inaptly applied. Says Bayard Taylor, describing his trip "down the Eastern Shore,"— Harper1 s Magazine, October, 1871:—"We do not travel many miles before the characteristics of the Peninsula scenery begin to exhibit themselves. The prevailing English character of the scenery—old farm-houses of stone or brick, spacious gardens and orchards, frequent hedges, smooth, rich fields, and the lush, billowy green of deciduous woods—is still retained in the low country; but the undulations of the soil become gentler, and there is no longer a valley of distinct outline. The streams, instead of a busy, ac- tive flow, loiter along the channels. After crossing the Delaware and Chesa- peake Canal, there is probably no point anywhere in the Peninsula more than a hundred feet above the sea level. The land spreads out to a level horizon, and the sky assumes the vastness and distance which it wears on the prairies, except that a soft, pearly gleam around its edges denotes the nearness of water. It is Illinois under a warmer sky." Dr. James Higgins, late State Agricultural Chemist of Maryland, in one of his reports, describes with great particularity the Eastern Shore of Maryland,—its climate, healthfulness, soils, etc. We quote largely, as these are matters that directly interest all parties looking for homes; and no one has had better opportunities for observation than the gentleman named. He says: " The Eastern Shore of Maryland is bounded on the north by the far-famed Mason and Dixon's line; on the south by the Eastern Shore of Virginia; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and Mason and Dixon's line, separating it from the State of Delaware; and on the west by the Chesapeake Bay. The mildness and salubrity of its climate, the natural fertility of its virgin soils, the numerous and varied sources of improve- ment for those that have been worn out by improvident cultivation; the unequaled advantages of its geographical position; the high moral and so- cial tone of its population,—all tend to make it an object of interest, as well to those who, tired of a city life or the drudgery of professional labor, desire to enjoy dignity with leisure in a retirement from noise and bustle,OF THE PENINSULA. 23 into the bosom of the country, where the pleasures of sense may be com- bined with the purer social enjoyments, which all sigh for and few obtain. A plain description of this section of our State, derived from personal ob- servation during a residence there of nearly eighteen months, being the testimony of what I have seen, and of what I know, from careful observation, will fully confirm what I have said. " First, as to the advantages of its geographical position. Any one who will look at a large map of the United States, will not fail to perceive that in this respect it is unequaled by any other part of our Union. On one side resting on the ocean, on the other reposing on the Chesapeake Bay,— the largest and most beautiful in the world,—intersected by rivers, or rather arms of the bay, every few miles, which afford at all seasons of the year a safe, cheap, and speedy conveyance to market. Placed within a circle, as it were, surrounded by the great cities of New York, Philadelphia, and Bal- timore, all ready and willing consumers of its varied agricultural produc- tions : the ingenuity of man could not improve its locality in this respect. " The character of its soil, and the means at hand for its improvement, are no less worthy of admiration. The variety of its soils affords an oppor- tunity for the cultivation of every kind of grain, fruit, or grass which the climate of this latitude will admit of. Many of its soils are peculiarly adapted to the growth of wheat; others raise the finest crops of corn ; its fruits, particularly peaches, are equal to the best in the country, and nothing is wanting but careful cultivation to make it the vineyard of the Union; and its capacity for growing grass will render it a fine grazing country. It has an abundance of the finest timber, particularly white oak, pine, and cypress. In many places there are extensive deposits of bog-iron ore, easily obtained* and several of the largest of chrome ore in the world. One great and valuable feature of this country is the abundance and variety of its resources for agricultural improvement. On many of the rivers there are large deposits of Indian shell-banks, capable of affording .many millions of bushels of the purest lime. It has numerous deposits of very rich shell and green sand marl. In some of the counties the green sand marl contains a large percentage of gypsum. In many large districts of country#shell marls, containing from forty to seventy-six per cent, of air-slacked lime, can be obtained with the greatest facility, being sometimes within a few feet of the surface,—sometimes cropping out upon it. " I find it to be an opinion generally held, that this is a very unhealthy section of our State. My opportunity for observation has been better per- haps than that of any other individual, whilst my professional studies, as they enable me to observe accurately, should give my opinions some con- sideration. So far as my knowledge extends, no part of our country is more healthy than this. There is no better mode of judging of the health of a country than by the physical appearance of its inhabitants. All writers on the science of health (hygiene) agree on this general rule, that the phys-24 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS ical development of the inhabitants of a country is the best criterion to judge of the health of that country. The reasons of the truthfulness of this index are perfectly in accordance with sound physiology. Muscular devel- opment cannot take place, except when all the organs of nutrition are capable of performing their functions in a proper manner. This they can- not do, if exposed to the influence of causes which produce disease; if they do it not, then the appetite will not take food,—or if the appetite does, it will not be converted into aliment. Hence, instead of the full develop- ment of the osseous system (the bones) and muscular system, they will be sparingly nourished and attain but little size. " Travelers, and indeed all persons, speak invariably of the diminutive size of the inhabitants of unhealthy districts, and of the puny stature of the denizens of closely-built manufacturing towns, in comparison with the large size of the inhabitants of mountainous countries. Experience and the laws of physiology, then, alike declare that the best test of the health of a country is the physical development of its inhabitants. "I have visited many sections of our country, and in no part of it have I seen the mass of population looking more healthy, or having more of all the signs of health manifested in their appearance, than on the East- ern Shore of Maryland. I have seen some of the largest gatherings of men that have ever taken place in our Union, and with any of them the assem- blage of farmers that I have met in my professional tour will favorably com- pare. Going through every part of each of the counties during all seasons of the year, I have had an opportunity of knowing whatever amount of sickness might exist, and I have, in the same extent of population, found as much in those sections of our Union accounted the most healthy as I have found on the Eastern Shore. The only diseases at all prevalent are intermittent and remittent fevers. These only prevail during a portion of the year, and seem to be the best preventives against the numerous and fatal class of diseases of the chest which are so fearfully present in other parts of the country. Consumption, so prevalent in many parts, is here almost unknown. My own observation, and the experience of its resident physicians, fully sustain this assertion. "As this country progresses in its rapid march of agricultural improve- ment, the better and more perfect cultivation of its soils will remove many of the causes of sickness which now exist. This should and will be addi- tional reason for inducing, by all means, the most thorough cultivation and improvement of its soils. "I have dwelt somewhat at length upon this subject, to correct the erroneous impressions which exist, and to show to those in want of certain, profitable employment, and of cheap and easily-improved lands, that they need not feel any apprehensions on the score of health. Emigrants will find here land cheaper—taking everything into consideration—than they can find in the West, and equally healthy; and if they are taken sick, or1 s T E R .lUK-C^, { ?£-/L Z3////^ OXFORD CONCOROVI U£ Chaod'S/' FORO^^ KENN ETT ' \ T HU R"i-'o «V AVONDAUE^f. CL«>VMONTYf W fJ A » «So L L Y 'C6 O R l-i M Mf NL eDOVSTYjN E C H E 8 T El LAM OKI N ..'HURL.0 *y "71 • ) LIN WOO ^IThasox'jia •* v^i^iiir />> M)U LLri^A4^y.'^ *V L L F- X u tA WJL MlnpTD N» sr AX>P at mli vr PO.RT p R1 . PERRYVI t$-W ' .IKSBBwkSSW' '**• NQBTHt* SJtVLKT_^)»J''r Ilsstown r j&mifflM ^^hmm I Ml -I///'/!))/I/fa } 'XC 4M£77ta 13 Ml LE SWITCH rT^ J^o 9TEMMEW*^> R UhX v/ mJP igjp BSWii ■# '4M i>) ,.,. /• .» TOWN SENDI ]...... r5»kff acm Y"/. M I LLIN^&T n I --- La mb so») ENNEDYVI LLE snuf^Na^ L. n z' I -V V v. > k N(O RTO N I 1 I ]ji. Su/uER8Vi'o' V %rEnrowN / ~ COXEy/< V , cla ytonjj* -smyrna TlBREN rORO gToT-jj COXEvlIIJA :*si—.—- y/. TILQHMAN^^,^ PBICt^^ VI I IE OOVA OOOL/ftiD STO N forS ERSON r.ontNtunu ,5^^R>on '•A°\ue LAUGHTERS * \ ) ' ifefao v<^: ARYQELL _^ JMICTO R D H7TL&0«O RO.-- F|A'R M I nqton' s ' V-\-J ^ GREENWO^Dy IOGE OMP&Qli \ <«// xj RTO&EVI LLB L *' CANN0N3, * ^ /? J u, f *> 1A KC.R| /? BOBBINS* CARETS i /COO LSPRj/ Jr biESSlC^S FLOW ERT(t)N JJJ E W M#R K IT rCK$BU^G ( »»O^D ^ ^v> ^FORD V- AtmTrt-^ X M I / r ^ O/ Jt1 »\sV< fif *r#ICO*"C? f "OCOMOK&n.^ N Lf S ' ./ _ _ STMARTIN ; C 1 FOHKTOWN cv v W^ ED ,*» Ju , mammock, L-CR L I N> p-T y mm V ^^pRlNCESS ANNE y evCtown QuJeponco m H i i^vrRO WONy C J NtWTOWN f+y y L >3T ^^pRlNCESS ANNE y evCtown w \fir2i, V/ :SF )) ista n cc \Fable tr^- Ph iladelphia tt-Wiimint/fan ?JAMa Baltimore ■ • 7# ■ Wilmirxftoa " ■ lViro/n in (J SO J • Felt on SS.J • Horrirufto/i 64 ' ■Bridge\ ille77 • •Sea,ford $4 " 'LaxureJtj 90.5" ■ Del Ttuvr 91 ■■ Totvnseiul • ChestevtoWTi3l" • Ce nt re v ills ,76' • Clayton. * Smyrna IS" ' > RaJston, 44 > If cur ring fan. " Lewes 40 " Seeutords * ((f '»V!>i l' (■' : De l incur • Salisbury G > " • New town June "ft „ ' Crisfuehl 38 <; Salisbury • Berlin 23 » - Snow Hill 37 « NewtoH'nJtina &> New to ir n 'J POftTSM / 7 I ill / / / ' lit_LOF THE PENINSULA. 25 meet with misfortunes of any kind, instead of being subject to the priva- tions of a newly-settled country, they will experience every aid and assist- ance from a kind, generous, and hospitable people.'' FACILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENT. It is a remarkable characteristic of the Peninsula that there is little or no waste land. It would be difficult to find an acre within the territory that could not be put to good use. The untillable lands are the swamps and marshes, and these form the necessary timber reserve, where, as else- where stated, hard woods—pine, cypress, and cedar—of the best varieties abound. There is, of course, in this region as elsewhere, land that can be profitably improved. Facilities for such improvement are everywhere cheap and conveniently accessible. Lime is obtained from Pennsylvania limestone, and from oyster-shells burnt in kilns. Of the latter there are two sources of supply, one in the Indian shell-banks found on tide-water creeks and rivers, or from the mil- lions of bushels of oysters annually opened in Baltimore and different parts of the Peninsula. Marl.—This inestimable gift to the farmer, so rich in silicate of potash and iron, and so much used in New Jersey, is found in large quantities in Kent County, Delaware, and in Queen Anne, Talbot, Caroline Counties, and in the northern part of Dorchester. Marsh Muck and Peat.—This material, which has attracted the atten- tion of farmers in the Eastern States, as well as in many parts of Europe, is abundant in all the tide-water sections. All other needed fertilizers, such as ashes, gypsum, phosphates, and artificial manures, are readily and cheaply obtained, either by water or rail. PRODUCTS. Every valuable crop that can be grown at the North or West succeeds equally well in some portions of the Peninsula, and many of them in the greatest perfection. To particularize, we mention cereals. Wheat of the finest quality, corn, oats, with sorghum and the cultivated grasses all growing in the greatest perfection; market and garden vegetables,—peas, tomatoes, asparagus, white and sweet potatoes of great excellence, maturing very early in the season, and thus securing the highest prices; all kinds of fruits, such as peaches, apples, quinces, apricots, cherries, currants, strawberries, goose- berries, whortleberries, blackberries, raspberries, cranberries, grapes and plums of many varieties, with watermelons and cantaloupes growing lux- uriantly everywhere. Indeed, better fruits and vegetables are often seen on the tables of the farmers of the Peninsula than are rewarded with prizes in26 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS exhibitions of the North and West. Game of the greatest variety abounds. On the land are found partridges, snipe, woodcock, wild pigeons, rabbits, and squirrels. Of water-fowl, are vast flocks of wild geese and ducks of the finest varieties and most delicious flavor. Besides the staple fisheries of shad and herring, are rock-fish, sturgeon, tailors, trout, croakers, and perch, caught at all seasons by traps, weirs, the seine, or hook and line. In the way of shell-fish, there are large and abundant beds of oysters of the finest flavor, —furnishing employment to millions of capital and thousands of laborers,— hard and soft crabs, terrapins, and turtles. This variety of fish and game is not confined to merely one locality, but is diffused throughout every part of the Peninsula, and cannot be matched elsewhere in the Old or New World. Poultry of every kind thrives well, and is shipped in large quantities to the city markets, where it always finds ready sale at good prices. The quantity of timber is large and valuable; the principal varieties are white oak, of superior quality for ship-building, pine, and, in the lower counties, cypress, besides a large growth of ash, yellow poplar, gum, locust, and chestnut. Special mention deserves to be made of the production and trade in oysters and peaches. OYSTERS. "The extent of the oyster-beds of the Peninsula is about three hundred and seventy-three square miles, which give employment to more than ten thousand hands afloat. Besides six hundred dredging-vessels, averaging ^twenty-three tons each, there are two thousand canoes which take about five bushels each daily by tongs during seven months of the year. The product is not less than ten million bushels, worth in first hands five million dollars.'' —Agricultural Report, 1869. The increase since this report is fully twenty-five per cent., the product in i874fceingat least twelve million two hundred and fifty thousand bushels. PEACHES. While the peach can be successfully cultivated in the United States (out-of-doors) anywhere south of 420 north latitude, and under an altitude of nine thousand feet, yet it is not a sure crop north of 40°. There are some localities and sections that, owing to their peculiar topography and soil, are much better suited to this fruit than others. First among these stand the Chesapeake and Delaware Peninsula. Within its limit, it is believed, more peaches are produced than in any other territory of the same extent. Its soil and climate are 111 all respects wonderfully adapted to the production of this delicious fruit. From the best information obtainable, there are about five million peach-trees of all ages between the Delaware and Chesapeake, and the Brandywine and Cape Charles. These trees cover fifty thousand acres ofOF the best and most product- ive land, enough to make five hundred farms of one hundred acres each. Re- presented in money, there is an aggregate invested capital of two million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. From the official reports, there were shipped in 1871, by rail, two million four hundred and fifty-six thousand eight hundred and seventy-six baskets. By water, the number is estimated at five hundred and forty-three thousand one hundred and twenty- four baskets, making an ag- gregate of three million baskets. But all the peaches are not exported. Many are canned and dried. So far as known, there are six canneries in Delaware, and perhaps as many in Maryland, turning out over one million cans of fruit. A new process of preserving or drying fruit, called the "Alden," has been lately put in operation at Milford and Middletown, Delaware, the working of which has been entirely satisfactory. Taking a series of years together, it is found that peaches are as certain and remunerative a crop as any other that can be grown. There is capacity on the Peninsula to grow at least ten million baskets, for which a ready market will THE PENINSULA. 2728 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS be found in Pennsylvania, New York, and New England, with their grow- ing millions of inhabitants; also, throughout the world,—canned peaches being already an article of foreign commerce. The outcry that fruit-growing will be overdone is idle. Raising poor fruit may be overdone; raising good fruit, never. BERRIES. The cultivation of small fruit, such as strawberries, blackberries, and raspberries, is rapidly growing, and the increase in their production for the last three years has been enormous. In 1873, there was shipped from the Peninsula to New York and Philadelphia, by rail, about six million quarts, which cleared on an average ten cents per quart, thus giving the growers, after paying the expense of picking and freight, an aggregate of six hundred thousand dollars from this source alone. This business, together with that of raising vegetables, bids fair to become a larger interest than the growing of peaches. SHIPMENTS OF PEACHES AND BERRIES OVER THE PHILADEL- PHIA, WILMINGTON AND BALTIMORE RAILROAD. Total number Baskets Peaches received from Delaware Railroad Line and Connections, and distributed at various points during seasons from 1870 to 1874, inclusive, 8,016,878 baskets. Total number of Cars Berries received from Delaware Railroad Line and Connections, distributed at Jersey City and Philadelphia during seasons from 1870 to 1874, inclusive, 2562 cars. Year 1870 . " 1871 . " 1872 . " 1873 • " 1874. 00 Cars. • 3T3 (( • .565 a . 688 (( • 7i4 {( 2562 MARKETS. The Peninsula is fast becoming the orchard and early fruit and vegetable garden for Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and the smaller cities in the Middle and Eastern States. Everything that is raised has the advan- tage of the best markets of the country,—only a few hours distant by rail. Fruit picked by noon of one day, and placed on board of cars especially built for its transportation, smooth-running and admirably ventilated, is delivered in New York in time for the next morning's market. The system of railroads traversing and opening up all parts of the Peninsula give every section the advantages which this speedy transporta- tion can afford. It is to be noticed that the early seasons of the PeninsulaOF THE PENINSULA. 29 give it great advantage in the markets, an advantage worth many thousands of dollars to the gardener and fruit-grower. Its advantage over New Jersey in this respect is from a week to ten days; and whatever advantage Norfolk, Virginia, and other places may have in the seasons, from their more southern position, is more than neutralized by the fact that two days at least must elapse before fruit and vegetables can reach the table of the consumer,—a period involving too much risk of loss by spoiling and decay. The great advantage which the Peninsula has over the West in the marketing of its products is seen at once, when here everything can be sold in markets thus close at hand at the highest prices, while at the West farmers have often to burn their corn for fuel, or to pay one bushel to get another to market. The establishment of canning- and drying-houses as a business enter- prise has been a complete success on the Peninsula. The packing of grapes, which grow here so admirably, is as yet but imperfectly understood, and needs to be made a specialty. Oyster packing is already an important interest. Seaford and Crisfield have established a large trade, which is destined to grow indefinitely. CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS. Churches of all the leading denominations are found throughout the Peninsula. School-houses are found in every neighborhood. CLIMATE. Climate is the result principally of latitude and altitude, proportion of land and water, texture and color of the soil, absorbing and radiating heat, and of other agencies whose influence at present is not well understood. In all these requisites to a mild, genial climate, this section is unequaled. Although the altitude of the larger portion of it is not much over one hun- dred feet above tide-level, its latitude is such as to produce neither a hot nor a cold climate. The large surrounding surface of water has much to do in modifying and regulating the temperature; for the influence of large bodies of water in moderating the severity of climate and preventing sudden and excessive changes is well established. A glance at the map shows the position of the Peninsula in this respect, and a study of the oceanic currents, the Gulf Stream, and the return current passing along the coast, readily shows how its climate is thus affected. The mean temperature for the summer is 74°-77°. The mean temperature for the winter is 34°-38°. The mean temperature for the year is 54°-58°. The winters are short and mild, the mercury rarely falling to zero, and the earth seldom freezing many inches in depth or remaining frozen long atTHE GARDEN FARM LANDS a time; hence farming operations, such as plowing and preparing the ground for crops, may be carried on in the winter months, unless in exceptional seasons. The summers are long and pleasant, giving abundant time for the cul- ture and growth of all kinds of grain, vegetables, fruits, and flowers. The seasons of the central and lower Peninsula precede those of New York about four weeks, and those of New Jersey more than two weeks. It is to be remarked that the advantages of such a climate as this are important, not only in the personal comfort and physical enjoyment it affords, but also in its pecuniary benefits. It allows a longer time for culti- vating the soil, attended by fewer interruptions, than in a colder, more rigid climate. More labor is thus possible, and not only so, but labor is more profitable, because it can be directed to such things as can be sold at once for a profit, and not expended in lessening the inconveniences of a cold, inhospitable climate. In the Northern and Western States large quantities of hay and roots are raised simply to be consumed in carrying stock through long, dreary winters, while the labor and land requisite for this can be appropriated on the Peninsula to the cultivation of crops convertible imme- diately into money. It is worthy of mention, that on the islands off the coast of Worcester County, Md., there are large droves of horses of a peculiar breed called "Beach Ponies," subsisting entirely on the herbage of the islands, living in a wild state until fit for use, when they are driven into pens, marked, and broken for use. These horses are handsome and well formed, have great sagacity, are well gaited, and have great powers of endurance. HEALTH. The health of the Peninsula is attested by the large frames, the fresh color, and the vigor of its inhabitants. The only diseases at all prevalent are intermittent and remittent fevers at some seasons; but these malarial affections diminish every year as the lands are limed and drained. Even in the worst malarial districts that type of disease is far less malignant and difficult of management than in most new settlements of the West. This whole section is entirely exempt from those graver forms of fever so com- mon in the West, as well as from many dangerous and incurable diseases which prevail elsewhere. A pamphlet lately published by M. B. Hillyard, of Dover, Del., con- tains much valuable testimony, establishing the fact that the climate, especially of the central part of the Peninsula, is a specific for certain affec- tions, particularly asthma, quinsy, and catarrh. Consumption, so fearful in its ravages, in New England and other parts of the country, is here an exceptional disease. There are to-day numbers of persons, residents of the Peninsula, once sufferers from bronchitis and lung-complaints, whose troubles have been relieved and whose lives have been prolonged by making it their home.OF THE PENINSULA. ♦ NOTES ON THE COUNTIES. NEW CASTLE COUNTY. Area square miles, 432. This county, at the head of the Peninsula, has a rolling surface, is well cleared, and in a high state of cultivation. The soil varies from a sandy or gravelly loam to a tenacious clay, and is admirably adapted to the growth of cereals and the various grasses. Its rich pasture-lands sustain some of the finest dairy farms in the whole-country. Beautiful landscapes are spread out in every direction, and along the various lines of railroads that inter- sect it are villas and cottages of great taste and elegance. Land varies in price from one hundred to three hundred dollars per acre. The facilities for manufactures are good. KENT COUNTY, DELAWARE. Area square miles, 540. The surface of this county is level, with good, natural drainage. The soil, warm, loamy, easily worked, and yielding a generous return, contains mixtures of green sands and red and blue clays. On the necklands and the dividing ridge we generally find the deposits of clay. This county is rapidly becoming one great fruit orchard, and is peculiarly adapted to the raising of grain, small fruits, and vegetables. Besides the culture of the peach, the small fruits have engaged the attention of many, and hundreds of acres have been set out in strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, and grapes. These, and in fact all kinds of small fruits, flourish. The average value of lands in this county varies from thirty to fifty dollars. The Delaware Railroad and its branches afford all necessary transportation to the best markets. SUSSEX COUNTY. Area square miles, 860. To the traveler who for the first time passes through Sussex County, its soil will appear to consist almost wholly of loose white and yellow sands, but an examination shows that the sand only overlies the clays which form the substratum of the whole county. There is nothing to prevent Sussex from becoming one of the best counties on the Peninsula.32 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS Its capacities for fruit-growing are, perhaps, not excelled. The Junc- tion and Breakwater Railroad, running forty miles through its midst, now affords ample transportation for lime, phosphate, and fertilizers, and then for the products of the soil to market. Iron ore is found in considerable quantities in different parts of the county, particularly on the dividing ridge. Towards the southeast the sand is unusually white, and of sufficient purity for the manufacture of glass. There are over one hundred mill-ponds in the county, affording good water-powers for small manufactures. Lands are cheap, and offer desirable investments for persons of small means. CECIL COUNTY. Area square miles, 409. This is the most northern county of the Maryland section of the Pen- insula. The soil embraces all varieties, from stiff, heavy clays to light, ferruginous sands, and is therefore adapted to every variety of crop the latitude will allow. The light loams and ferruginous, sandy soils on the Sassafras River are especially adapted to peach-culture, and will amply repay any reasonable price that may be paid for them. Much of the land of this county has been highly improved, but yet much remains to be improved. The land lies high, and the natural drainage is good. Prices vary from forty dollars to one hundred dollars. The facilities for transportation by railroad, canal, and tide-water are all that are needed. There are large fisheries of shad and herring, with abundance of wild fowl, particularly the canvas-back duck. KENT COUNTY, MARYLAND. Area square miles, 318. This county, lying immediately south of Cecil, is about ten miles wide and twenty-eight miles long. The face of the country is gently rolling and well drained. No county on the Peninsula is in a better condition of agri- cultural improvement. Its soils are the white oak, red clay, and in some places sandy. On the Sassafras and the Chester Rivers the soil is in many places highly colored with peroxide of iron, and of the nature best adapted to peaches. In addition to the facilities of water transit, the Kent County Railroad runs entirely across the length of the county. There are here many valuable deposits of marl, both of shell-marl and of the green-sand variety. The price of land at present is very low, varying from forty dollars to sixty dollars per acre. QUEEN ANNE COUNTY. Area square miles, 422. This county, the third in order as we proceed down the Maryland side, extends from Chester River to the Wye. Kent Island, in the ChesapeakeOF THE PENINSULA. 33 Bay, about fifteen miles long and six miles wide, is included in it. The land is gently rolling, with beautiful sites for building. The soils are mainly red and yellow clay and sandy loams, all easily and cheaply im- proved by use of natural fertilizers. Lands are held at from fifteen dollars to fifty dollars, according to location and improvement, much below their intrinsic value. Every facility for shipment exists, both by water and by the Kent and Queen Anne Railroad. CAROLINE COUNTY. * Area square miles, 330. The soils of this county consist principally of sandy loams, with a sub- soil of red or yellow clay of variable strength. The country is slightly rolling and the drainage is good. The climate and soil are admirably adapted to truck-gardening, and considerable land of excellent quality with fair im- provement can be had for twenty dollars per acre. Numbers of immigrants have come to this county within the last few years. No part of it is more than three or four miles from the railroad or navigable waters. The Mary- land and Delaware Railroad passes through the breadth of the county. TALBOT COUNTY. Area square miles, 360. This county has been long and favorably known as one of the best cul- tivated and improved in the State. The means of improvement have been almost exclusively derived from its own resources, viz., shell-marl, sea-weed, and oyster-shell lime. The soil in the northern part is principally a sandy loam, with subsoil of good yellow clay, well drained, and productive* of all standard crops, fruits, and vegetables. The county is well watered with pure springs and running streams, and is well timbered. The waters abound in all varieties of water-fowl, fish, oysters, crabs, and terrapins, affording luxurious and cheap living. The price of land is from thirty dollars to one hundred dollars per acre. The report of the Department of Agriculture for 1868 says, "The capabilities of this county for fruit-growing are great, par- ticularly for the grape, which is found all over the woods." The Maryland and Delaware Railroad crossing the county gives oppor- tunity for shipment, while no farm in Talbot is more than five miles from navigable water. DORCHESTER COUNTY. Area square miles, 770. The soil in the northern part of the county and on the Choptank River is composed of sandy loams, some with and some without a red or yellow clay subsoil. In the western and lower sections it is a first quality white- 334 THE GARDEN FARM LAND'S oak soil capable of easy and certain improvement. Considerable portions of the land are yet covered with primitive forests of the best white oak for ship-building. The Choptank River and the Dorchester and Delaware Railroad in the northern part of the county, and the Nanticoke River in the south, furnish every facility for transportation. Land can be purchased in this county cheaply along the Dorchester and Delaware Railroad, particularly in the neighborhood of Federalsburg. WICOMICO COUNTY. Area square miles, 400. This county was formed in 1867, from Somerset and Worcester. Its soils are mostly sandy and sandy loams, except in the neighborhood of tide- water, where they assume the character of the white oak. In the eastern part of the county are black-gum swamp soils, of excellent quality and productive. The sandy loams are easily improved and admirably adapted to early fruits and vegetables, which secure the advantages of high prices in an early market. Strawberries are cultivated largely and most profitably. Large quantities of pine lumber from this and the adjoining counties are manufac- tured at the County town of Salisbury. Lands are worth from twenty dol- lars to thirty dollars per acre. This county is well opened up by the Eastern Shore and the Wicomico and Pocomoke Railroads, connecting at Delmar with the Delaware Railroad. SOMERSET COUNTY. Area square miles, 528. The surface of this county is level and flat, but generally the drainage is sufficient. Its soils are sandy loams and fine white oak, with subsoil of red or yellow clay. Wherever due attention has been given to the improve- ment of the soil, satisfactory results have been obtained in its increased value and in remunerative crops. The preparation of lumber for market and the planting of oysters in Tangier Sound are considerable sources of wealth, while the culture of small fruits and early vegetables for the city markets is becoming more and more profitable. The Eastern Shore and Worcester and Somerset Railroads afford all needed transportation. The price of land varies from ten dollars to sixty dollars per acre. Some excellent land is now to be had at very low prices along the Worcester and Somerset Railroads. WORCESTER COUNTY. Area square miles, 596. The soils in the northwestern section are mostly of sandy loam. In other parts of the county are found the finest quality of white oak soils inOF THE PENINSULA. 35 close connection with black-gum^ swamp soils, each highly improving the other by admixture. The favorable condition of the soil in connection with its southern position gives this, together with the adjoining Counties of Wicomico and Somerset, great advantages above those higher up the Penin- sula in raising earty crops of fruits and vegetables, and thus securing high prices. The climate, tempered by the genial influence of the Atlantic, is uni- form, healthful, and agreeable. Many persons from the cities come here to spend the summer and enjoy the surf-bathing, which, on the Berlin and Snow Hill beaches, is equal to any in the world. Good land may be pur- chased at very low rates along the Wicomico and Pocomoke and the Wor- cester Railroads. Numbers of new settlers have already bought, and others are coming. INDUCEMENTS TO IMMIGRATION. These must be apparent to any one who will read carefully the statement already made in regard to the Peninsula, but we present again briefly, by way of summary, the reasons why those who desire a new home should come to this favored section. ist. The Mild and Genial Climate, making the Peninsula almost a sanita- rium for pulmonary and other affections, and affording to the tiller of the soil such advantages in the character of its winters and summers. Compare this with the terrible experience of the settlers in the far Northwest, with the thermometer 20° to 350 below zero. 2d. The Ease of Cultivation of the Soil. The land is loamy and mellow, free from stones, of great natural fertility, and responds kindly and readily to any judicious attempts at improvement. Such as have tilled the hard, sterile hills of the North can truly appreciate this level country. "Those who have proved its virtue," says one who himself came from abroad, "do not want to return North, and resume the occupation of picking up stones, plowing among rocks, hauling up-hill at an angle of 45°, waiting until our fruits are in bloom and clover smells sweet for their snow-banks to melt; husking their corn with freezing fingers, amid November storms, while we can do it in our shirt-sleeves." 3d. Early Seasons. The difference in seasons between the lower part of the Peninsula and New York is fully a month, and over Vineland and South Jersey at least ten days or a fortnight. Norfolk, Virginia, is too far south for its fruits to be delivered to consumers in proper condition. Fruit- and truck-growers will readily see that this is an advantage of great money value, and without risk of competition.36 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS 4th. Nearness to Market. The railroads of the Peninsula place its pro- ducts, m a few hours, in the best markets on the continent. Fruit picked by noon of one day and put on cars, specially built for ventilation and smooth running, reaches New York by daylight next morning. 5th. Cheapness of Lands. These can be bought at the present time for ten dollars per acre and upwards, according to the location and improvement; and this, be it remembered, at the very threshold of the large, prosperous, growing cities of the Atlantic seaboard, and in the midst of a well-estab- lished and well-ordered society, where churches and school-houses are already built, where railroads are completed and in operation in every direction. 6th. Plenty of Room. The Peninsula has a population of not quite three hundred thousand, while it has capacity to support five times that number. A writer in the New York Independent, after describing his impression of the country, says, "Let our hardy pioneer friends, before purchasing in the far West, turn their attention to the thousands of untilled acres in these counties, where nature with her noble rivers and bays, and art with its rail- roads, have brought the Peninsula to the doors of the greatest markets on .the continent." TESTIMONY OF SETTLERS AND OTHERS. Hon. John Glancy Jones, of Pennsylvania, says,— Delaware offers, at this particular time, inducements to be found nowhere else, to the purchasers of half-improved lands. If farmers of small capital will go to buy homes, labor themselves, fertilize their lands as they do in Pennsylvania and New York, they will prosper there, enjoy as good average health as can be found in any country under the sun, and find as cordial a reception from as hospitable a people, without reference to politics or reli- gion, as they will find anywhere in the United States J. Alexander Fulton, Esq., of Dover, Del., says,— "I am a native of Western Pennsylvania, and was attracted to this Peninsula by its mild climate, kind and productive soil, and nearness to the great cities of Philadelphia and New York. All kinds of fruit common to the Temperate Zone are grown with the greatest ease and in surpassing abundance. The winters are short and moderate, rarely beginning before Christmas or continuing longer than the first of March, thus giving a long time for farm-work and a short time for feeding cattle. So far as my knowledge and observation go., I think Delaware as healthy as any State in the Union. For ourselves, I can speak positively, and say that we never enjoyed better health than we have done here."OF THE PENINSULA. 37 John E. Rand, formerly of Massachusetts, says,— "I have found the climate agreeable. We find great comfort in being exempt from the east winds, which prevail at the North in the spring of the year, and are so trying to the constitution of many.,, Hon. Charles Brown, for a long time prominent in Pennsylvania politics, says,— "The best recommendation I can give of the character of the country is that after forty years of experience in business in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, East and West Virginia, and a residence all that time in the two first-named States, I some ten years since made this county (Kent County, Delaware) my home, and my business the improvement and cultivation of several farms I own in this vicinity. I think, therefore, I may understand- ing^, and as I don't wish to sell any of my lands, disinterestedly, recommend to all industrious and economical ' tillers of the soil/ who may be looking for new homes, to come and do as I have done. In my opinion no State in the Union offers more or stronger inducements to such persons.'' "Westover, Md., March 19th, 1875. "Dear Sir: "Our planting season may be said to begin about the latter part of Feb- ruary or first of March, though gardening goes on almost all winter, and early vegetables, such as peas, are often planted before the middle of Jan- uary. Field plowing is usually done in February and March. In 1872, I put my plows in the ground the first week in January; in 1873, on ^rst of February; in 1874, on the first of February, and this year, on the first of March. We plant wheat from twentieth of September to first of December, and harvest it about the last week in June. We seldom have frost to any serious extent before the middle or last of November; and cattle need not be housed more than eight weeks during the whole winter; and many are not housed or fed at all. This has been an unusually backward season, but peas planted in January are doing well. The oat crop is generally sown in February. "Yours, etc., "E. B. Cook." We might give pages of extracts from statements of settlers, as to the at- tractions of this climate and soil, as also of the profits of fruit-growing in this section; but we close with a quotation.from Bayard Taylor's article in Harper's Magazine, before referred to:— "It is one of the most admirable fruit-growing regions in the world. South- ern New Jersey, which lies opposite to it, has a much less favorable soil. The rich levels of Lombardy have not a more auspicious climate.''38 THE GARDEN FARM LANDS OF THE PENINSULA. Why should Eastern and Northern farmers go to Iowa and Nebraska, when such a region lies within twenty-four hours of Maine and Vermont? Any further information that may be required by persons wishing to settle in this section of country will be furnished on application to GENERAL AGENT, Delaware Division, P., W. & B. R. R., Wilmington, Del.ADVERTISER. i These Steamers connect at Philadelphia and New York with lines for all Eastern and_Southern Cities, ir , ';"L" inewyoi CHARLES WARNER & CO.'S WHARVES, Market and King Streets, Wilmington, Del. Steamers sail for Philadelphia, daily - - - - - - at 6 P.M. " il New York, Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at 2 P.M. Returning, sail from first Wharf bel. Chestnut St., Philad'a, daily, at 5 P.M. " " Pier 12, Kast River, Mondays, Wednesdays, * and Fridays ______ at 4 P.M. CHARLES WARNER & CO.'S AUTOMATIC RAILWAY AND COAL CHUTES. Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal Co.'s Shawnee Coal delivered at all Stations on the line of Dela- ware, P., W. & B., and Wilmington & Western Railroads, at Schuylkill minimum prices.ii ADVERTISER. THE TOIR/SIOTST Wagon & Seat Springs. EASILY AND QUICKLY APPLIED TO THE COMMON FARM WAGON. ALL SIZES, CARRYING LOADS UP TO 5 TONS. THEY RAISE THE WAGON BODY 31 TO 4 IN. ONLY. A HORSE CAN DRAW 25 PER CENT. MORE LOAD WITH THEM. A WAGON WILL WEAR AS LONG AGAIN WITH THEM. ANY PERSON CAN APPLY THEM IN A FEW MINUTES. THEY ARE CHEAP, EFFECTIVE, AND DURABLE. They have been subjected to the severest test in all kinds of work for the past five years with entire success. SEND FOR CIRCULAR.^ D. H. KENT & CO., Sole Agents for the State of Delaware. A LARGE AND WELL-SELECTED STOCK OF Iron, Steel, Coach Hardware and Trimmings. 205 to 213 Shipley Street, ■W ILMIUaTO UNI", DEL.ADVERTISER. iii u 9 DOVER, DELAWARE, PACKERS OF ALL KINDS OF fresl) iujil j)rcomieil Fruits, VEGETABLES, POTTED MEATS, AND P! gBg: g|g Jgg ^ Jf1 I ^ Peaches of Extra Quality a Specialty.iv ADVERTISER. E. BRINGHURST & CO., WHOLESALE AND RETAIL Druggists, CORNER SIXTH AND MARKET STREETS, WILMINGTON, DEL. E. BRINGHURST, Jr., Z. JAMES BELT. Physicians, Country Merchants, and Families supplied with pure and re- liable articles at reasonable prices. Trusses, Braces, Abdominal Sup- porters, Elastic Stockings, Knee Caps, Anklets, Suspensories, and other appliances. Rare Chemicals, New Pharmaceutical Preparations. E. B. & CO. are also Wholesale and Retail Agents for Pratt's Astral Oil, the purest, safest, and best Illuminating Oil in use; free from the danger of fire or explosion, and as safe as gas. ADAMS & BROTHER, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL VARIETY STORE. DRY GOODS, CARPETS, OIL CLOTHS, WINDOW SHADES, LOOKING-GLASSES, CROCKERY, GLASS AND TIN WARE, CROQUET, CUTLERY, BOOTS AND SHOES, BASE BALLS, BATS. TOYS, MASKS, FIRE WORKS, FLAGS, Etc., Etc, childeelir's oabbxa.ges a specialty. N k & $ Go S § C/1 U > H t/X £ w c/i 14 o or ft- £ o i-4y d) ► H 3 H * S fl * H a H LE BON TON PAT. AUG.85 m*. ADAMS & BROTHER, 506 Market Street, Wilmington, Del.ADVERTISER. v D. LEMON & CO., Steam Cracker, Cake and Biscuit Bakers, CANDY MANUFACTURERS, llT ]N£arket St., and 116 Shipley St., WILMINGTON, DEL. We have completed and are now occupying our new building, in which we have introduced improved machinery for the manufacture of all kinds of CANDIES, CAKES, AND CRACKERS. With our immense facilities, we are determined not to be undersold. We also deal largely in Groceries, Foreign Fruits, Nuts, Fire-Works, etc., and are Agents for DuPont's'Gunpowder, and Swift and Courtney's Parlor and Sulphur Matches. • Give us a call, and examine our goods and prices. Orders by mail promptly attended to. PORK PACKING HOUSE. HART & BRO., Wholesale Provisions, HAMS, SHOULDERS, Bacon, Pork, Lard, ETC., ETC. FIFTH AND POPLAR STREETS, WIXj^IItTQ-TOIT, DELAWARE.vi ADVERTISER. CLAYTON HOUSE, Cor. Fifth and Market Streets, Wilmington, Delaware. THIS LARGE, NEW HOTEL IS FIRST-CLASS IN ALL ITS APPOINTMENTS. ISAAC C. PYLE, Proprietor. SENT GRATIS! CHEAP ENOUGH! I will send gratis, on application, a 46-page catalogue, with descriptions and testimonials of all my new early and late well-tested peaches, with much valuable information of what and how to plant, giving correct rotation in ripening of all desirable kinds of peaches, from early to late. I have a large stock of the following extra early varieties, all of which ripen from one to two weeks earlier than any other kinds, known as EARLY BEATRICE, EARLY LOUISE, EARLY RIVERS, EARLY ALEXANDER, and AMSDENS JUNE (this one offered in dormant bud only). EARLY BEATRICE. This variety has been well tested in large orchards, and hundreds of bushels of this peach have been put on our market in 1872, 1873, and 1874; and on this, the severest test it could have, it has proved even better than all that has ever been claimed for it. It is fully two weeks earlier than Hale's Early, and free from rot, and the commission merchants of Philadelphia and New York say it is not only one of the earliest and best peaches, but one of the best shipping peaches that goes on these markets, and brings more than double the price of any other peach. I also offer an immense stock of peaches in variety, in which are ten new, valuable, and well-tested kinds, sold by no other house this season, and which will make the season for shipping some four weeks longer. By planting my new early and late varieties, the canning houses can run from one to two weeks longer than ever before while depending on the old kinds. Among the valuable late peaches I offer one which ripens two weeks later than all others, and in 1873 was shipped in an ordinary peach-crate successfully to Europe, via steamer from Baltimore, fruit arriving in good order. It is a peach of fine large size, well tested in many large orchards of Maryland and Delaware,—not excelled for market value. See catalogues for testimonials. Also, at REDUCED RATES, a large stock of Apples, Pears, Cherries, Grapes, Raspberries, Blackberries, Strawberries, Gooseberries, Currants, Asparagus, Rhubarb, Evergreens, Roses, and Deciduous Trees and Shrubbery. In fact, all kinds of trees and plants usually found in a first-class nursery can be supplied, at much less than the usual price, in order to clear ground. I will sell No. 1 Apple Trees, 6 to 8 feet high, at 15 cts. each, or $12 per 100 trees. Grown with care and all put out true to name. Address RANDOLPH PETERS, Great Northern and Southern Nurseries, AGENTS WANTED. WILMINGTON, DELAWARE.AD VERTISER. m Ul\ 0 <3 HI & 01 < U n > & hH > o Ffl CA McLEAB & KENDALL, MANUFACTURERS OF FIRST-CLASS CARRIAGES, CONSISTING OF BUGGIES, JUMP-SEAT CARRIAGES, PONY PHAETONS, OPEN FRONT ROCKAWAYS, PARK PHAETONS, SIX-SEAT CARRIAGES, ROCKAWAYS, AND ALL KINDS OF FAMILY CARRIAGES. RESPECTFULLY CALL ATTENTION TO THEIR LARGE STOCK ALWAYS ON HAND AT ^iiith and King Streets, Wilmington, Delaware. All inquiries by mail promptly answered. All work warranted. PRICES LOW TO SUIT THE TIMES. GKEO. W. STOHSTIE, Nos. 9 AND 11 EAST WATER STREET, WILMINGTON, DELAWARE, HmrnWrnm anit MANUFACTURER OF Xj.A.:R,:D LXJBzelic-A-TIUSTa- OILS. DEALER IN ALL KINDS OF Oils, Leather Belting, Rubber Belting, Lace Leather, Hose, Steam Packing, Emery, Emery Wheels, Cotton and Woolen Waste, etc. Also Mis- cellaneous Supplies for Saw, Grist, Cotton, and "Woolen Mills, Ship Yards, Machine Shops, and Foundries. AGENT FOR AVERILL CHEMICAL PAINT CO., MORSE TWIST DRILL CO., NEW YORK TAP AND DIE CO,, DREYFUS OILERS, ETC., ETC. OUTFITS FOR NEW MILLS A SPECIALTY. Wilmington is the most convenient point from which to order goods for use on the Penin- sula, and we can fill orders from our stock at once.viii ADVERTISER. The Genuine Anti-Clinker Stove (MADE BY JAMES SPEAR & CO.) IS ALTOGETHER THE MOST PERFECT IN USE. IT IS THE EASIEST TO MANAGE. IT IS ECONOMICAL. It will hold fire longer without replenishing than any other stove we have ever seen. There is no necessity for making more than one fire in the season. The grate is so arranged that any slate or foreign matter in the fire can be removed with the greatest ease, which in another stove would necessitate the letting out of the fire. The "Golden Star" Fire-Place Heater. Made to heg.t the room it sits in and the rooms above, embraces all the improvements of the "Anti-Clinker" Stove, and is far in advance of any Fire-Place Heater we have ever seen. Any information in regard to the above stoves sent by mail, and stoves fur- nished at the manufacturers' prices at the Wilmington Agency, FLINN & JACKSON'S, Dealers in stoves, heaters, ranges, and general house-furnishing goods, 219 Market Street, Wilmington, Del. BUCKINGHAM & CO., WHOLESALE AND KETAIL Grocers and Provision Dealers, FRONT AND SHIPLEY STREETS, AND Commission Merchants, Stalls Nos. 51 and 52 Third Street Market, WILMINGTON, DEL. To our friends of the Peninsula: Feeling the necessity of a first-class Commission House in this city, we have determined to build up one. Many of our dealers have been buying your products in Philadelphia after their going directly by our doors. Our experience is that better prices can be realized for a reasonable amount of produce here than in the larger cities. We cheerfully furnish quotations, and answer all inquiries addressed to us, promptly. We deal largely in GLA-IRIDIEIIsr SEEDS, and are prepared to supply farmers at wholesale rates and dealers at manufacturers' prices-ADVERTISER. VISIT THE BOSTON ONE-PRICE (Ming, Boot and Shoe House, h!os. 207 and 209 Market St., Wilmington, Del., No. 228 North Ninth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. THE LABGEST AND CHEAPEST PLACE IN THE STATE. A Large Stock of Foreign and Domestic Woolens and Vestings always on hand. WE KEEP FIFTY HANDS EMPLOYED MAKING UP ALL THE YEAR ROUND. We employ for cutters Mr. Ferd. Carson, Mr. W. O'Connor, Mr. J. C. Baker. WORK DONE AT SHORT NOTICE. ORDERS TAKEN BY MAIL. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. ADDRESS THE BOSTON ( LOTHI3VCJ HOUSE, Nos. 207 and 209 Market Street, Wilmington, Del. SPEAKMAN BROS., Eumbers, Steam and Gas Fitters. Water, Gas, and Steam introduced into dwellings, public buildings, schools, factories, churches, etc., in the most approved and satisfactory manner. All descriptions of BRASS A.3ST3D IRO3ST FTXIUCIPS, for Hand or Steam-Power. Also the celebrated CUCUMBER WOOD PUMP. Iron and Lead Pipe. Hydraulic Rams. Terra-Cotta Drain and Flue Pipe. Terra-Cotta Chimney Tops. Railroad Supplies of all kinds in our line constantly on hand. 513 Shipley St., Wilmington, Del.X AD VERTISER. DELAWARE HARDWARE HOUSE. CAPELLE & BROTHER, 212 MARKET AND 219 KING STREETS, Wilmington, Del., IMPORTERS & JOBBERS IN BUILDING HARDWARE, FOCET AND TABLE CUTLERY, MECHANICS' TOOLS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS, PAINTS, OILS AND GLASS, Guns and Gunning Implements, SOLE AGENTS IN DELAWARE FOR THE CELEBRATED "DtJNCANNON" NAILS.This book is a preservation facsimile produced for the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. It is made in compliance with copyright law and produced on acid-free archival 60# book weight paper which meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper). Preservation facsimile printing and binding by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2014