D ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2015.COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2015 IHFANT SCHOOL MAICUAi, OB PPJlCIIKirS ASSISTANT. CONTAINl.S-n 4 TWW or »HS SYSTEM OF INFANT SCHOOLS. *U« A V** 1RTI #* U#-K'FUi«- LESSOHS, PREPARED FOR TH* ¥»® Or TEACHHm*. BY MRS. HOWLAND. SBOOXD EDITION. BEnsce, IMPROfeD *H» BOSTON: FUBI.I 9HEB B* CARTER iKB RtSfil» »1UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY Ai URBANACHAMPAIGM BOOKSTACKS DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to Wit ! District Clerk's Office [L. S.] BE it remembered, that on the seventeenth day of March, A. D. 1830, in the fifty-fourth year of the Independence of the United States of America, Dorr & Howland, of the said District, have deposited in this Office, the title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words follow- ing, to wit: "TheInfant School Manual, or Teacher's Assistant, Contain- ing a view of the system of Infant School?. Also a variety of Useful Lessons, prepared for the use of Teachers." In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books to the authors and propri- etors of such copier, during the times therein mentioned and also to an Act, entitled " An Act, supplementary to an Act, entitled an Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and pro* prietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, en- graving, and etching historical and other prints." JNO. W. DAVIS, Clerk of the District of Massachusetts.ADVERTISEMENT. From the first notice of Infant Schools, the Author has felt a deep and increasing interest for theif* prosperity. Having perceived the in- convenience to which the Teachers of these schools are subjected, by depending much on manuscript lessons, and fearing that this impedi- ment, together with the want of variety, would seriously hinder the progress of this interesting species of instruction, an attempt has been made to provide a remedy by preparing the Manual or Testifier's Assistant. Believing that individual happiness as well as good morals, are the result of pure principles, and that these should be early established in the mind, it was thought an important object to prepare the Moral Lessons, which it is humbly hoped, if faithfully inculcated, may secure these happy results. As the use of correct language is an object of primary importance, and neces- sarily becomes the task of the infant, Lessons are prepared in various forms of definitions, cal- culated to assist the pupil, and, at the saintiv time, to excite such a curiosity as will not be satisfied with the knowledge of words, without understanding their meaning and use. The lessons in Geography are designed to as- sist the infant to form consistent views of the earth, also, of the order and design of civil commu- nities, and to direct the attention, to the varied wisdom and goodness of the Almighty, which are so clearly evinced by the works of nature. As colored pictures have rendered the study of Scripture and Natural History exceedingly pleasing, it was thought desirable that extensive lessons in these subjects, should be prepared ; and observing that children best retain in the memory those things which they repeat, the questions in these lessons are so disposed, that the jtory is for the most part comprehended in the answer. It is thought this will also tend to secure the interest of the little ones, who are ever fond of hearing and relating stories. If an answer is found too long for the comprehen- sion of the pupil, the teacher can subdivide the subject by several questions, according to her own judgment, and it is expected she will have occasion to intersperse explanatory inquiries, which will always be requisite when the subject is not readily apprehended. The variety and beauty both of colour and form with which our beneficent Creator has been pleased to adorn the vegetable world, renders the science of Botany a subject of the eager curiosity of children, and will be found one ofV their most pleasing studies, when illustrated by specimens, which are as requisite here, as pic- tures in lessons from History. Such specimens as cannot be obtained, may be represented by pointing out the difference between them and others. The fruit and spices, procured from various plants described, should also be exhibit- ed to the pupils. It was thought proper to prepare lessons in the Elements of Geometry, the knowledge of which will enable children to designate the various shapes of bodies by appropriate lan- guage. The test of experience shews this to be an important acquisition to children, as those who have been instructed in these lessons, readily distinguish objects and describe them intelligi- bly. cs^ . ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND EDITION. ~j This edition of the Manual h&s been revis- ^ ed and corrected, and has the addition of more than one fourth of matter which is brought into X nearly the same compass, by means of printing ^ in a smaller type. The lessons which have been most approved have been extended ; particularly that of the definitions of words, to which is prefixed a sim- pie method of thorough instruction in this branch.vi Some new lessons are added which it is hop- ed will much enhance the value of the work ; particularly lessons in grammar on a plan which divests the science of all needless formality; and by simply illustrating, what is grammar, and what is its use, renders it at once both sim- ple and delightful. Lessons in Prosody and Punctuation are pre- pared in the inductive method, which it is pre- sumed will render them more intelligible to tho pupils. Items of various subjects for familiar ques- tions are designed to assist in communicating instruction on common things, which is a busi- ness particularly incumbent on the teachers of infant schools. The time for preparing this edition has been so unexpectedly limited, that some lessons which were contemplated for it are necessarily deferred. Brookfield, July, 1830.INDEX. Page Arithmetic, 66 Apparatus, 31 Astronomy, 98 Analysis, 232 Bible, history of, 162 Capital letters, 297 Contrast of words, 52 --of characters, 54 Definitions of words, 36 —-of character, 54 —-of arts and sciences,58 --of the various caus- es of death, 61 Discovery of America, 93 Ellipsis lessons, 62 Government, 15 Geography lessons, 73 Geometry, lessons in, 114 Grammar, 269 History, scripture, 167 Creation, 168 Cain and Abel, 170 Noah, 172 Abraham, 175 Lot, 176 Joseph, 179 Moses, 193 David and Goliah, 196 Solomon's vision, 198 Daniel in the lion's den, 200 Jonah, 202 Nebuchadnezzar's image, 204 John the Baptist, 207 Nativity of Christ, 210 Flight into Egypt, 212 Jesus tempted, 213 Jesus blessing the little chil- dren, 214 -preaching, 215 Jacob's well, 218 Impotent man, 219 Rich man, 220 Good Samaritan, 9 220 Jesu3 walking on the wa- ter,. Transfiguration, 221 222 Christ riding into Jerusa- lem, 223 Lord's supper, 224 Jesus bearing the cross, 226 Resurrection, 229 History, Natural, of plants and flowers, 120 History, Natural, of ani- mals, Elephant, 132 133 Buffalo, 134 The Cow, 134 Horse, 135 Sheep, 136 Cat, 136 Squirrel, 137 Lion, 138 Bear, 138 Deer, 139 D°g. 139 Beaver, 140 Camel, 141 Tiger, 143 Leopard, 143 Wolf, 144 'Goat, 144viii INDEX. Fox, Hare, Rabbit, Zebra, The Ass, Musk, Monkey, Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros, Porcupine, Crocodile, Seal, Whale, Cod, The Cock, Turkey, Peacock, Ostrich, Vulture, Eagle, Swan, Goose, Duck, Lark, Page Nightingale, 160 Parrot, 160 Cuckoo, 160 Silk worm, 161 Hymns, 299 items of various subjects, 110 Manual exercises, 24 Marching, 26 Moral lessons, 241 ■-- on texts in rhyme, 258 Numeral Frame, 33 Order, 23 Devotion, 265 Pronunciation 293 Punctuation 294 Questions on familiar sub- jects, 107 Regulations, 29 Reading lessons, 34 Singing, 28 Schoolroom, 30 Teacher, 22 Time, division of 104 Appendix, 312 Page 145 146 146 147 147 148 148 149 149 150 150 151 152 153 153 154 155 156 157 157 158 159 159 160INFANT SCHOOL MANUAL. — General principles. The primary object of Infant Schools is, to redeem the valuable portion of life which passes between the time when children go Irom their mothers' arms, to that at which they are ordinarily sent to the common school. This period has usually terminated with the fourth or fifth year. But in this country it has for the most part been regarded as desirable, to retain them till they arrive at the age of seven. This interesting part of life, except with a favored few, has been to a great degree wasted and worse than wasted for want of ap- propriate instruction. Though the vigor and activity which the healthful child enjoys at this age, will prevent idleness, and cause it to acquire much knowledge by its own observation and amusing experiments, yet few are aware of amount of wrong impressions received, and false |<§iclusions adopted, by the infant during this period, which, after they have been retained for several years, it is difficult to throw aside, though reason is convinced of their ab- surdity. It is the object in these schools not so much to disci- pline the tender mind and induce premature study, as to. assist the eager curiosity of infancy to obtain a right \ knowledge of the objects which arrest its attention, and} prevent those mistakes which tend, more than any other; circumstance, to give a wrong estimate of infant minds/ and to induce many to treat them as incapable of understanding the reason of things, and of course to deem it immaterial whether communications to them 214 GENERAL PRINCIPLES. are dictated by reason, or humor, or whether the ob- jects of their curiosity are. represented in true or false colours. It is of incalculable importance that the early impres- sions made on the infant mind should be such as will have a tendency to give a right direction to the mo- ral character. This system is ingeniously adapted to accomplish this desirable work. It is founded in righte- ousness. The fear and love of God are the grand prin- ciples which it brings into exercise. It is a melancholy truth that there is a tendency to evil in the human heart; but this is not so strong in infancy as when permitted to increase and strengthen unchecked, to riper years. " The spring time of our'years is soon Dishonored and defiled by budding ills, That ask a prudent hand to check them." * The object of this system is to inculcate and nurture all that is good, and counteract and correct all that is bad. It requires us to form a due estimate of the infant character. The impression which many appear to have of the rank in which an infant should be classed, is er- roneous, if not injurious to improvement. It may be that persons who will not permit children to talk in their presence, would be enlightened by them if they would deign to listen to their artless suggestions. Theirs is the privilege Of having minds unsullied by inveterate preju- dice, or heated ambition, and uncorrupted by passions which are the growth of riper age. Their curiosity is awake, their recollection bright, their discernment quick, their consciences active. They judge accurately ; they want nothing but a knowledge of words by which ideas are expressed* to enable them to utter decisions upon some of the most important subjects. The method of instruction in the infant school is cal- culated to preserve the understanding from blind credu- lity, to -invigorate its powers, to associate pleasure with * Cowper.GENERAL PRINCIPLES. 15 literature, and to induce a laudable desire for progressive improvement; or in other words to connect the sub- stance of instruction with the form of it,—to join the el- ements of thought with the elements of language,—to convey substantial information to the infant mind in so pleasing a manner as to arrest the attention, win the af- fections, elevate the mind, and carry it forward with de- light in the paths of science. But the object of instruction in the infant school is not limited to the benefit which may be enjoyed in the pres- ent state of existence. It not only considers infants as rational, intelligent beings, endowed with capacities to enjoy and communicate intellectual pleasures ; but it views them as destined to an immortal state of exist- ence, of which this life is only the threshold. It views them as subjects of the government of a holy God, and amenable to his tribunal, whose laws are committed to us with the sacred injunction,—Teach them diligently to thy children. That the generations to come may know them, that they may set their hope in God . .. and not ... forget the works of God, but keep his command- ments. GOVERNMENT. .As the government in the Infant School is in some re- spects peculiar to itself, it is necessary to give this sub- ject particular attention. It is the first business to impress the pupils with a just sense of right and wrong, and shew them the natur- al effects of each. They are also taught that they are the creatures of a wise, holy and benevolent God, who loves righteousness and hates iniquity, and will bring every work into judg- ment ; and that God has given us a wise and holy law, to govern our actions, words and thoughts. This law, is a law of love. It requires only such things of us as are necessary for our happiness, and forbids nothing but16 GOVERNMENT. what would tend to make us miserable. They are shewn that God has manifested a great regard for this holy law, by inflicting fearful judgments upon the wick- ed, and disobedient, as described in the portions of scrip- ture history selected for their lessons. They are taught the nature of obedience, and shewn their obligation to obey.—For example.—Well, my dear children, what you make yourselves you call your own, do you not ? Very well, it is your work, and you like to keep your own things, and not let them be spoil- edf Now you may see that what God has made, is his own. God loves his own work because all God's works are good. We all, are a part of God's works. He made us and we are his. And he has a care for us, and watches us all our days. Now if we are God's we must do as he commands us. One of God's commands is, that we must obey those who have the rule over us. Now as I am placed over you as your teacher and ruler, the command of God re- quires, that you should obey me. I have engaged to take care of you and teach you. I love you very much, and shall do every thing I can to keep you from evil and make you happy. Now I must tell you, what you must do to be happy, and to make others so. And if you will all remember what I tell you, and obey me, this school will be a happy place, you will love to be here, and I shall love to be here. And if we all do right, our ways will please the Lord, and he will be with us, and take care of us, and he can make us happy at all times. Next, the rules of the school may be given out, which should be simple and few, that they may be well under- stood and remembered by both teacher and scholars. When all this is done in a serious affectionate man- ner, the foundation of government is laid; and if the de- portment of the teacher shall be invariably consistent with the principles here advanced, the children will re-, spect her rules, and commit themselves to her care with the utmost confidence.GOVERNMENT. 17 The necessity of the various rules should be carefully, explained to the little ones, and they may be questioned whether they do not choose to have such regulations as will make the school a delightful place; and whether they will not all resolve to remember and obey the rules. Every act of disobedience must be attended to in season, and not passed over hastily with a shake or thump, and the offender left in sullen silence, to justify himself and accuse his teacher of severity. This would destroy their confidence in the teacher, and weaken their reso- lutions for future obedience. Neither reproach, or ridicule should ever be resorted to. Their effects are equally pernicious. Perhaps few are aware of the extent of influence which children exert on each other. I believe it is a fact that the united voice of their little school-fellows will bear more weight upon the feelings of children, than that of a parent or teacher. In the infant school, this is turned to a good account. W&en it is discovered that a child has become guilty of any misconduct, the cause is laid before the whole school, the nature of the crime explained, the evil passion, which induced it, poin- ted out, the particular command of God, which is bro- ken by the act, is repeated; and they are told what course of conduct would have prevented all this evil. This is done by questions put to the whole school, while all permitted to answer at once; and experience pfSves that the most stubborn child will seldom stand against the public voice, but will be in haste to yield that concession, which the case requires, and at the same time will be more affected with shame and contrition for his fault, than he could have been by a course of sever- ity. When a child is seen committing some irregularity in school, it is usually found that the questions, Is-- doing right ? What ought she to do ? when asked to, and answered by, the whole school, proves sufficient correction. In case of obstinacy the teacher does not desist from 2*18 GOVERNMENT. her fixed purpose of bringing the child to a right temper, and obtaining from him, cheerful obedience. But this is not effected by opposing passion to passion; so far from that, the leacher expresses a tender concern and pity for the obstinate child, and presents to his view the unhappy effects of such conduct. While the obstinacy is persisted in, the child is consi- dered in a state of discipline, whether it continue an hour, a day, or a longer time. During this time the child is frequently reminded of his fault, and of his duty, invited to yield, and taught that he is doing himself a great injury, that he cannot be happy in such a course, or receive the approbation of the Teacher until he resolves to submit. Every proper motive is explained and urged upon the con- science, and though all means may appear ineffectual and ready submission not obtained, yet it will be found that the conscience, enlightened by the instruction com- municated, will, after the heat of passion has subsided, perform its office and produce submission, and it is pre- sumed that this correction will erect a more effectual barrier against continued acts of disobedience than the fear of corporeal punishment. Proper attention to delinquents is an important part of the system, and will justify the teacher in dispensing with the ordinary exercises for the time required, as the judicious trial of such causes affords a favourable oppor- tunity to make lasting impressions on the minds of the children, of the unavoidable evils, which result from bad conduct. It is necessary to avoid the least appearance of anger or resentment. However provoking a child, or how- ever disobliged or injured we may be by his conduct, we should rather commiserate his case and sympathise with him who has brought guilt upon himself; and on the appearance of penitence, cheer his sorrowful heart with the stary of the Saviour's love and suffering for sinners. For His sake alone we may expect forgiveness from God, for the least as well as the greatest crime. It is true this is a great subject; still it may, and should beGOVERNMENT. 19 brought to the view and comprehension of little children. The infant mind more readily comprehends divine truths when inculcated in a language it understands, than one of maturer years, blinded by prejudice and har- dened by sin. Every real want of the children should be attended to, and even anticipated, when practicable. Imaginary wants are also to be noticed, so far as to convince them of the unreasonableness of them. When they are not easily pacified, the case may be laid be- fore the school, and the children asked, Would it be right to give this child that, which will do him no good, or that which will hurt him? Is it right for him to wish for that, which it is not best for him to have 1 or that which he cannot have ? It is the resolution of the teach- er to persevere from day to day in a course of conduct grounded on love, patience, gentleness, and unwearied forbearance, to support which, she will need a daily sup- ply of that wisdom-which is from above, which is pure, peaceable, gentle, easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good works, without partiality, and without hypoc- risy. EXAMPLES OF DISCIPLINE. Suppose two children have been striking each other. The delinquents are placed before all the children. ( The teacher with solemnity and feeling,)—You see these children, do you know what they have been do- iag* C. We do, they have been fighting. T. You may hold out your hands. (They all hold them out. ) Now can you tell me who made your hands 1 C, God made them. T. Do you see how wonderfully they are made ? when you wish them to open, they open; and as quick as you wish them shut, they are closed ; and you can&0 GOVERNMENT. move them any way you please. Why did God make such curious hands for you 1 C. So that we may learn to work with them, and do good to each other. T. Yes, these hands are of great use to you now. God has been very good to you, to give you such hands, and do you wish to disobey his holy commands with them? C. We don't wish to disobey God. T. What does God command you to do to one an- other ? C. God commands us to love one another. T. If you love one another, will you strike and hurt each other ? ' C. We shall not. If we love each other, we shall try to please and make each other happy. T. What bad passion was it, that induced these chil- dren to strike 1 C. Anger. T. It is dangerous to be angry, it is wicked. Do you know what anger will lead to 1 What will it make you do ? C. It makes us hurt each other. It makes us un- happy. It makes us disobey God. T. You see it will bring you into great trouble to be angry, and God cannot love to see an angry child. What must you do to keep from being angry ? C. We must love one another, and pray to God to keep us from being angry. T. Are you not sorry for these children who have dis- obeyed God and made themselves unhappy 1 What can you do for them ? C. Pray to God to forgive them. T. (To the delinquents.) Do you wish ever to do so again ? Do you wish to be forgiven ? We will forgive you and pray God to forgive you also. ( Delinquents to repeat—) God saw the sudden blow we gave, He noticed every angry word jGOVERNMENT. 21 And every wicked thought we have, His eye has seen, his ear has heard. O thou, who wa3t so meek and mild, Thou gentle Saviour, hear our cry, And help a weak and sinful child, Each rising passion to deny. ' SECOND EXAMPLE. It is discovered that a child has told a lie. She is placed before the school. T. You see this little girl. Which of God's holy commands has she broken by telling a lie ? C. The 9th, Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor. T, Who hath said, The mouth of them that speak lies shall be stopped, and he that speaketh lies shall per- ish? C. God has said it, in his holy Bible. T. Who were struck dead for telling lies ? C. -Ananias and Sapphira. T. Does God feel just so now, towards lying, as he did then ? C. He does, for he is the same yesterday, to-day, and forever. T. Are you not sorry for your little school-mate? she thought to gain something by lying, but it was a great mistake. She has hurt herself, for no person will be- lieve one who will tell a lie ; and more than this, she has displeased God. We are distressed for her. Do you think she will ever tell a lie again ? ( To the little girl.) Do you wish ever to tell anoth- er lie? Do you wish to obey God's holy commands, which were given to make us happy ?—Then you must always speak the truth.—God always speaks truth, and he loves the truth ; he spoke the truth when he said, he that speaketh lies shall perish. But if you are sorry you have disobeyed God and wish never to do it again, we hope he will forgive you. {Let the children repeat)—* When every eye around me sleeps, May I not sin and not be seen 1%2 GOVERNMENT. No, for a constant watch God keeps Of every thought that dwells within. O could we children tell a lie, Or cheat in play, or steal, or fight, If we remembered God is by, And has us always in his sight ? It is thought that this kind of moral suasion will in most, if not in all cases, supersede the necessity of re- wards and punishments in the infant school—and that it will be attended with far happier effects, and more lasting benefits. QUALIFICATIONS desirable in a teacher* When contemplating this arduous and important busi- ness we are induced to adopt the language of inspira- tion and say, Who is sufficient for these things ? The whole assemblage of virtues and graces seem requi- Some things are indispensable ; such as a humble, patient, sympathetic, and cheerful temper, a philo- sophic and inventive genius, a good education, a dis- cerning and elevated mind, a disposition to be active and persevering in works of benevolence,—kindness, gentleness in manners, an aptness to teach, a delight in the employment of teaching, with a due sense of dependence on God, the source of all true wisdom. " The teacher—Oh let him be some man of God, whose heart, warm with the consciousness of God's for- giving love, delights to dwell on his Redeemer's good- ness, and prompts him, with the genuine warmth of ac- tual experience to be telling of his salvation from day to day. Let him be one who will not tire of that theme, because it is the truth he lives on himself, and which he feels to be fruitful of peace and joy. Correct senti-QUALIFICATIONS OF A TEACHER. 23 ments, though necessary, are not sufficient; there must be a breathing vitality about his religion, an animating energy about his piety, that shall make him, with God's blessing, the spiritual father of a numerous race. He must be a man of prayer ; no human power can accom- plish the work before him; he must look, and steadfast- ly look, to those everlasting hills, from whence cometh his help. With prayer must he gird himself for his work, in the spirit of prayer must he carry it on ; in the incense of prayer must the offering of his day's exertion ascend before the throne. He must be a man mighty in the scriptures ; line must be upon line, precept upon precept; the word of God must be in his mouth, in all its varied fitness, a word of instruction, a word of reproof, a word of warning, a word of encouragement."* ORDER. As in every association of persons for mutual benefit, order is necessary, so in the infant school it is indispen- sable. It is not however thought requisite that the little pupils should sit motionless in such positions as would make them appear like mere statues ; but there are cer- tain signals and manual exercises so arranged as to amuse, and at the same time induce to habits of punctu- ality, and cheerful obedience,—The hand-bell is used for giving signals. At nine o'clock in the morning the bell rings. This is a signal for the children to come together. A second ringing of the bell calls them to their places in preparation for the commence- ment of the school. The bell is also used as a signal both to commence lessons and to lay them aside, and is found very useful to call the attention for any purpose, being of sufficient power to be distinctly heard through- out the school-room and play-ground. In arranging the various exercises of the school, the. ♦Dr. Mayo's Sermon.24 ORDER. general principle is, that every succeeding exercise should be so selected as to form a kind of contrast to the preceding one ; as this will prevent fatigue and tend to increase the vigor of both body and mind. MANUAL EXERCISES. When the pupils have been engaged any time with lessons which require an exertion of the mental faculties, recourse is had to manual exercises, which form a pleasant contrast, and thus prevent fatigue and languor. It is designed, when practicable, that the bodily exer- cise should, have some signification, that in every way instruction may be imparted. For example—Can you tell me what there is in your arms which keeps them straight 1 Bones. How can you bend your arm at the elbow if there is a bone in it 1 There is a joint in the bone, made to turn. Are there joints in your fingers too ? There are. Let me see you use your joints. ( The children, holding up both hands, begin with mov- ing rapidly first the finger joints, at the same time repeat- ing,)—Finger joints, finger joints,—(then,) wrist joints, l wrist joints, (and so on to the shoulder joints ; then clap hands,) Have you bones and joints in all parts of your bodies ? We have. Do your hands and feet move as you wish them 1 They do. Why is it so ] Because God made them to be useful. What does the bible say about God's making us t We are fearfully made, and curiously wrought*MANUAL EXERCISES. 25 How can you warm yourselves without going to the fire 1 By exercise. Let me see how you warm your feet. The children now commence with a quick motion of the feet stamping on the floor. Now warm your hands. This is done by clapping. Now your arms. This is done by swinging the arms rapidly round the waist and crossing them before, again and again. Then call for right hand. Left hand. Hands behind. When sufficient exercise for the time is taken in this way, the teacher should say-—Now let me see how you can rest. All sit down with their hands clasped, or with one finger upon the lips. The beauty of such exercises is, to have them regu- lar, performed in quick succession, and every one en- gaged at the same time. Show me how the earth moves round the sun.. Moving one hand round the other. Which way does it go ? Which way is east ? Which way west 1 Which north ? Which south 1 The children all pointing in .answer to the questions. Shew me how the vapour "rises. Shew me how the rain falls. All raiser their hands gently, then pat them in rapid succession upon the lap. Shew me height. Shew me depth. Length. Breadth. This is performed by extending the arms in various ways, to form an answer to the question. The motions made in performing various kinds of la- bor form a pleasing, and useful manual exercise ; such as making clothes, mowing, sowing grain, reaping, threshing, making shoes. Also, exercises of imitation, performed by the teacher or monitor standing before them, and making a great variety of motions with the hands and arms, in rapid succession, requiring from the chil- dren an exact imitation. This is performed silently, as it requires the mind to be engaged in observation, and is found very useful' in forming a habit of attention, 326 MARCHING. This is a very engaging exercise, and has a happy effect in training the infant pupils to order and regular- it y. The children proceed in their marches, stamping the right foot heavily upon the floor, and clapping the hands at the same time. Thus they are animated and assist- ed in keeping time. The instant the signal is made the children take their places in two lines, half on one side and half on the other side of the school room* One is selected for a leader. When the leader gives a stamp with his foot9 the children immediately begin clapping their hands and stamping the right foot in regular time ; thus they are employed while their faces are examined as to cleanli- ness. If any child is found with an unwashed face, he is made to pass before all the others as a warning for them not to come to school dirty* Then their hands are examined in the following manner,, At the signal of the bell the exercise of stamping and clapping ceas- ego The leader then calls out in a loud tone, " hands at the same moment every hand is held out while the teacher passes round and examines them, observing the same rule as with their faces. The hands being exam- ined, the leader calls out, " downin an instant the children all give one clap with their hands, and one stamp with their feet, and are then silent and in prepa- ration to march* The signal is again given, when the children commence the march, clapping their hands and stamping their right feet as before described* Lines chalked or painted upon the floor serve to di- rect their course* It is however found expedient to va- ry the course of these lines from time to time, that nov- elty may increase the interest. Perfect regularity is re- quisite in their marches, which, though difficult at first, may be acquired by the persevering effort of the teach- er* It not only forms the chief beauty of this exercise, but? it is of very important use in furnishing the infantMARCHING. 27 mind with a principle of order and regularity, which will soon be found to affect their conduct in other things, Two or three monitors are sometimes employed ife direct their marches. When they have learned the art of marching, they will be ablfe to sing or repeat lessons while performing the? exercise ; in which case the marching and clapping serveftto^eep time. In leaving the school for recess, or at the close, the children take their places on the line at the accustomed signal; at the second signal they commence marching round in a regular line, until the leader comes against the door, which is then thrown open and they all march out singing some pleasing rhymes. EHYMES ADAPTED TO THEIR MARC - .►W-aI 0 bow pretty His to see Little children all agree. , ^ ^ Try to keep the step with me " While you're exercising. •'* ; ' When to march you all begin, ; Hold up your headj and in.your.chin, Toes turn out, and heels turn in, *>(. While you're exercising. Clap your hands-now more and more, March erect along the floor, * , Sing the chorus o'er and o'er, J While you're exercising. The following little piece has a charming effecting by the children while standing on the , line, and about to march out to their play. Sung.to- the tune Auld Long Syne, ;> V I This is the way we leave our school, For all things here are done by rule; And when the time next comes to m We shall be back, dress'd clean and Qo, run away, you little things, And march, aiid jump, and play ;28 MARCHING. You have been quiet long enough, So run away, I say. The fresh, fresh wind so softly blows, And yonder shines the sun, And rosy cheeks and active limbs Will in the race be run. For little boys and girls must run And march, and jump and play, When books and lessons all are done? So run away, I say* SINGING. " Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast." The pleasing effects produced by singing, render it an important, if not an indispensable part of the system. It seems to tranquilize and soften the more obdurate tem- pers. It also acts as a magnet of attraction to the vol- atile. It tends to soothe the impatient, and greatly el- evates the feelings of all ; and, in connection with well adapted hymns, seems to inculcate pure devotion ; and when witnessing this exercise we readily assent to the truth of the declaration, " Out of the mouths of babes and sucklings thou hast perfected praise." Singing is so admirably calculated to harmonize the feelings of the children, and cement attachment to each other, that it is proper to have frequent recourse to it. Many of their lessons may be sung, viz. all which are in rhyme; also some parts of the multiplication table and the alphabet. But the best subjects for their music are those beautiful lessons of moral instruction contain- ed in the numerous hymns which have been prepared particularly for Infant Schools.* By singing these hymns the infant mind is enriched with pure and impor- tant sentiments, which it is believed will not fail in some degree to direct the future conduct of all, and through * See Infant School Hymn Book, published in New TorkaSINGING. 29 the blessing of God, to prepare many of them, to sing the song of Moses and the Lamb in the mansions of glory. REGULATIONS. The exercises of the infant school may be arranged at the discretion of the teacher, and yaried from time to time, as occasion shall require; sm that the ^regulations of one day will be sufficient for an egigmple. ? * 1. The children as^mble at nine tv clock. 2. At the ringing they place themselves on the low seat, in a |i™re row, round the middle floor. 3. One is selected for a monitor, atid placed^^the rostrum. 4. The signal is given by the bell for them to kneel towards the seats, each one covering the • eyes witbShe hands, while all together repeat the prayer after the monitor. 5. A few moments spent in singing "morning hymns. 6. Reading, spelling and defining. When there are several classes in reading, monitors should be employed to prevent the inconvenience of one class being obliged to wait for another. When this evil cannot be prevent- ed, it is well for them to have slates and pencils to occupy their attention. 7. Signal given for assembling on the gallery, manii-4 al exercise, various lessons taught verbally, also exer- cises with the numerical frame, and black board. 8. Signal for the girls to stand on the line, march round the floor, at the same time count, multiply, or re- peat some easy lessons ; after a short exercise in this manner the door is opened for them to march out. 9. Boys set to work at various trades, viz. Black- smith, Tailor, Shoe Maker. 10. Girls called by the bell, come in, matching and repeating— We'll all take our places, and shew no wry faces, 3*30 REGULATIONS. We'll say all our lessons distinctly and slows For if we don't do it, our teacher will know it, And into that corner we surely must go. 11. Signal for the boys who now take their places on the line ; at the second signal commence marching and repeating—■ In your play be very careful Not to give another pain, If rude-children tease or hurt yoo? Neve|sdo the same to them. 12. < Girl's sing. v. 13. Bdys. called by the belLcome In repeating— The bell has rung, we will-not stays But take our seats without delay, Nor loiter here, for 'tis a crime To disobey and waste our time. 14. Reading, spelling, and defining words. 15. Assemble on the gallery for lessons in Scripture History, while the pictures are placed before them upon the spelling posts. 16. Singing. 17. Signal for the closing of the school,—closed with singing at noon and with singing and prayer at night. In schools of very small children, the afternoon exer- cises are rendered more amusing, to prevent fatigue of mind. SCHOOL-ROOM. In the choice of a room, cheerfulness, light, freedom of air and of dimension must always be consulted. The size of the room must be regulated by the num- ber of the children who are to be instructed in it. As there should be space for the whole of the school, to sit around the room on seats affixed to the walls that theSCHOOL ROOM. 31 area may be perfectly free* The average of one foot to a child is sufficient. It is desirable also that the voice of the teacher should be easily heard, without effort on her part, and that her person may be distinctly seen from all parts of the room at the same time. If she be obliged to raise her voice, in order to be heard, her tone^ will necessarily seem to approach to that of anger, and the good feelings of her little flock will, in consequence, he disturbed; so that one decided aim in fitting up an infant school-room must be, to place the little pupils, as near as possible, at an equal distance from the point, on which the Teacher will stand to address them, or the spot chosen for the rostrum. < On the side of the room opposite the rostrum, or seat of the teacher, must be a gallery, constructed with seats raised one above the other, in the form of stairs, on which all the children may be occasionally assembled within a smaller compass, for general examination, and "united lessons. Seats for the monitors must be placed at a sufficient distance fron the benches against the walls, to leave room for the free passage of the children, when they walk round the room. Two small rooms should be adjoined to the school room; one of which may be occupied in receiving those things which would be incumbrances in the larger room. The other is called a class room, and is used for the purpose of more particular, and personal instruction of individual classes, as occasion may require. ARTICLES OF INSTRUCTION and necessary apparatus. The eye of the child above all others needs the advantage of visible illustration. Not accustomed toAPPARATUS. abstract thinking, the objects of sight form their principal medium of instruction. Texts of Scripture, in large characters, for the walls of the room. Spelling and reading lessons, in large print. Alphabetical board, or Transposition Frame, with 500 large and small letters pasted on blocks, to slide into the frame. Numeral frame, with sliding balls. Large black board, on which various representations may be exhibited to the children by chalk. A handbell; a Tamborine is sometimes used. 1000 blocks, (wooden bricks,) one inch thick, two inches broad, and four inches long, for the amusement of the children in time of recess. Pictures of Scripture History and Natural History. Slates and pencils. A few elementary books, adapted to infant school in- struction. Several spelling posts, which are constructed in the form of a fire screen, and are used for holding the pic- tures, letters, and other lessons, which require to be placed directly before the children. Pointers made of light wood, a sufficient number for the use of Teacher and monitors, of convenient size and length for the use of pointing out their letters, words and various figures, on the pictures. Rules marked with feet and inches. A small globe made to represent the earth. Solids and diagrams to illustrate the lessons in geom- etry. A sheet containing a view of the Solar System. Also a sheet of large manuscript letters and figures, which are of use as a copy for children to imitate on their slates. This not only furnishes them with pleas- ing employment, but initiates them in the first elements of geometry and penmanship, and even drawing, a sub- ject both pleasing and important. Specimens, of whatever kind, tending to illustrate in- struction.APPARATUS. 33 Although the apparatus when hung up to view, s erves to decorate the walls of the school room, yet it is thought better to reserve their pictured lessons, that they may have the charm of novelty, when presented for particu- lar use* description of the numeral frame* The Numeral Frame is a square of 15 or 18 inched with twelve strong wires drawn from one side to the oth- er, each of which passes freely through twelve colour© balls of wood. It is desirable that the wires should be so placed, that the balls when all brought together to one side, should as nearly as possible form a square. The several rows of balls should be painted, so as to afford an opportunity for introducing the older chil- dren to some knowledge of the combinations of col- ours, The three higher rows may be red, yellow, and blue. The fourth may be purple, and the fifth again red, because a mixture of red and blue makes purple* The sixth and seventh may be light brown and yellow, because red and yellow form a bright brown. The eighth and ninth may be green and blue, as green is a mixture of yellow and blue; the last three rows may on the same principle be white, grey, and black. This instrument has so many uses and such a varie- ty of applications, according to the situation and inge- nuity of the teacher, as to permit a description of but a small part of them. It is convenient in the first at- tempts at' counting. It presents the abstract principles of numbers in a visible and tangible form, and of course it is of important use in teaching children the combina- tion of numbers in all its forms. (See Lessons in Arith- metic.) It is of use by fixing the attention of children while repeating the tables in geography. The frame is held before them, and one ball moved as each name is re- peated. Also in spelling, the same number of balls are present-34 NUMERAL FRAME. ed as there are letters in the word to be spelled, one is moved back as each letter is spoken. READING LESSONS. The children are divided into classes according to their various capacities and attainments. For the young- est class, the alphabet is printed in large letters upon cards, a single letter upon each card. These cards are placed promiscuously on a board. The class stand by the board, while a monitor, with a pointer, points to one letter; when the letter is named, the monitor gives the pointer to the next child in the class, who points to the same letter and names it; the next is then permitted to lake the pointer, and so on through the class, all point- ing out and naming the same letter ; and thus succes- sively with each letter of the alphabet. Various other methods are invented by teachers to accelerate the busi- ness of learning the letters. As soon as any one of the class has learned his let- ters, he is removed to the next c]ass, viz. the two-letter class. The lessons for this class consist of syllables of two letters, which are printed upon sheets ; these sheets are placed before the class on a spelling-post; the teach- er or monitor points to the syllables, and the children are permitted to read together. The next higher class is called the three-letter class. The lessons consist of words of three letters, which are placed before them and pointed out in a similar manner, When one word is read and spelt, the monitor calls out, " all together," upon which all the class spell the same word as with one voice. When a child is able to put a word of three letters together, and spelHt without the book, he is passed to the next higher class which consists of those who can spell easy words of tour or five letters. This class have lessons in reading. The reading lessons consist of short easy sentences, which are printed upon sheets, and setREADING LESSONS. 35 before them. ^These they read all together, while the monitor, with the pointer, assists them to keep their places. After they have read the lesson they are ques- tioned upon it, that they may learn to understand what they read. The monitors also hear them spell the same lesson. They are taught the meaning and use of all the words they learn. It is thought that the great difficulty of learning to read, arises from the fact, that there is nothing in learn- ing unmeaning characters, which can arrest the attentipn9 or employ the understanding. To avoid in some degree this difficulty, the following method is proposed. Exhibit to the class in the alphabet but one letter at first. Tell them the name of it, let them all call it; let them see it in different sizes and places, that they may not mistake it another time, requesting them to remember its name till they see it again—and be sure to shew it to them again before they have time to forget it. For the pleasure of having remembered it, together with your approbation, will prove a favorable excitement. Continue to exhibit the same letter to them the first half day. The next half day shew them another, and proceed to teach it in the same manner as before des- cribed, taking care that they do not forget the letter they learned first. When the second letter has become familiar to them, put the two letters together, read them, shew them that it is a word, let them read and spell it after you, tell them that words are made by putting letters together ; and if they learn how to do this, they will be able to read pretty stories, and their parents will buy nice books for them. The attainment of being able to read and spell a word, will be a pleasure, and they will cheerful- ly engage in learning the second. Let the second word be taught in the same manner, taking care that the first word learned, is kept in mind also. Thus proceed in teaching the following simple words with the same care as with the first, which when they have learned, they will have acquired a knowledge of all the letters in the36 READING LESSONS, phabet, with their use. Pa, do go in? It is an ox. We go by it. So he is up. Can he kill me. Five. Blaze. Jump. Run. Quill. WORDS DEFINED. Experience shews that this exercise gives a high de- gree of interest to spelling and reading, provided the definitions are reduced to the comprehension of the pu- pils ; this, together with the great advantage which must result from the early acquisition of correct language, renders it an important branch of infant education. Short lessons are preferred in this exercise and should be well understood before others are given. The teacher may ascertain whether the definition of a word is well understood, by obtaining answers to such questions as are annexed to a few words at the be- ginning of this lesson, Abandon, to leave and forsake What should you forsake ? All that is wicked. Abase, to cast down and bring low Was that man abased who was put in prison for his bad conduct 1 Abba, a word used for father Abet, to help another in what he is doing Is it right to abet one who is doing wrong ? Abhor, to dislike very much, to hate What should we abhor ? Abluent, that which washes clean With what do we wash ? What is used with water ? Above, in a high place, over head Can you tell me of something that is over head ? Abreast, side by side v How do you stand when you rite to read 1 Abroad, out of the house Do you prefer to play out of the house V Abscond, to hide one's self J)q you sometimes abscond when at play ?DEFINITIONS. 37 Absorb, to suck up Does the sponge absorb water 1 Absurd, very foolish Are many things said which are absurd 1 Abundance, a great plenty Can you mention any thing which you have in abun- dance ? Abwse, to treat with rudeness Did that boy abuse the other when he provoked him till he cried ? Aborigines, first inhabitants of a country Absent, away Accelerate, to make any thing go faster Access, the way to approach a thing Accommodate, to supply one with things which he wants Accost, to speak first 4o Accurate, without any fault Accumulate, to increase, to gain more Acid, sour Acquire, to gain a thing by our own labor Act, something done Acute, sharp,-ending in a point i- Adapt, to fit one thing to another Add, to join one thing to another Adhere, to stick to something Adjacent, that which lies next to another Adjourn, to put off to another day Admit, to let in Adverse, contrary Admire, to wonder, to regard with affection Aerial, belonging to the air Affection, love, kindness Afflict, to give pain, and make another unhappy Affliction, pain and sorrow many years old Agent, one who acts for others Agile, nimble, ready Agony, violent pain Alarm, sudden surprise Alabaster, a kind of soft marble 438 DEFINITIONS. Aloft, on high Alternate, by turns, one after another Amiss, wrong, improper Amity, friendship Amputate, to cut off Anchor, a heavy iron to hold a ship Ancient, old, of long duration Angel, a ministering spirit Anguish, great pain Am7, the plant from which indigo is made Animate, to quicken, to give life Annex*> to join one thing to another Anoint, to bathe with oil Annoy, to vex another Annual, that which occurs every year Anon, that which comes soon Anonymous, without a name opposite Antipodes, those people on the other side of the globe who have their feet directly opposite to ours Antler, a branch of a deer's horn Anvil, an iron block, on which smiths hammer and shape their work Aperture9 an open place Apostle, one sent to teach Appal, to be frightened, or to grow faint Apparel, clothes Arbour, a place covered with branches of trees Arrear, behind Aseend% \jo move upwards Ascent, a way to go up, a high place JLsstfssm, a secret murderer Asylum, a safe place Atlas, a book of maps Atmosphere, the air round the earth Atom, a thing extremely small Aurora, morning Avenue, an alley of trees before a house—passage of any kind A%urey a fajjgit blue colourDEFINITIONS. 39 Balcony, a frame in front of a house or other building Balmy, fragrant Bane, poison Banish, to condemn a person to leave their own country Bard, one who makes poetry Bath, a place to wash in Battle, to contend in fight Bauble, a trifling thing. Behold, to look upon Belch, to raise wind from the stomach Bellei a lady much admired Belfry, a place to hang a bell Berry, a small fruit with many seeds Besom, a broom Beverage, a drink Blade, a spire of grass, a leaf Bless, to make one happy Blind, deprived of sight Bloom, covered with flowers Blossom, a flower jBoaJ, a small vessel to sail in Boil, to set in motion by heat Border, the edge Bough, the branch of a tree 2?r«n, the coarse part of jneal Branch, the shoot of a tree from the trunk Breeze, a gentle wind Bridge, road over the water Brilliant, shining Brim, the et!ge of any thing Brine, water mixed with salt Brook, a small stream of water Buoy, to float, to bear up Bustle, a tumult, a hurry Butler, a servant who provides drink for the table Cabin, a small room in a ship Calm, quiet, without motion Candor, frankness40 DEFINITIONS. Cannibal, one who eats men Captive, one made prisoner Car, a chariot Caravan, a company of traders travelling Caress, an act of fondness Castle, a fortified house, a fortress ••• Cavern, a hollow place in the ground Cellar, a room in the ground Centrifugal, flying from the centre Centripetal, tending to the centre Cessation, a stop, a rest Chapter, part of a book Charity, giving to the- poor Chasm, an opening C/to, idle talk Chimney, a place for the smoke to ascend Chirology, talking by the motion of the hand Chumr a chamber companion. Chv/rl, a cross, covetous man CWtfr, juice Gf Citron, a large kiftd of lemon Clamber, to climb — CZaw, the foot of an animal which has sharp nails Clay, a kind of earth of which bricks are made Clear, bright, without clouds Celerity, swiftness Cliff, a steep rock Cloud, a collection of vapour Clown, an ill-behaved man Coffer, a chest for keeping money Compare, to measure one thing by another Compassion, pity Complaisance, pleasing kindness Complain, to murmur, to lament Composed, calm, quiet Concave, a hollow—an arch, or vault ' Concord, peace, union Condense, thick, crowded Congeal, to freeze Constellation, a number of stars near each otherDEFINITIONS 41 Confine, to shut up Convex, rising in a circular form; Contain, to hold Countenance, form of the face Country, a part of the earth Cottage, a small house Covet, to desire others' things Cream, the oily part of milk Creator, One who makes things from nothing Crescent, half moon Crescent, growing larger Crime, an act of wickedness Cull, to pick out of many ^ Current, a running stream Custard, food made of eggs,, milk and sugar Damp, some wet, water in the air Dapple, marked with various colours, spotted Dawn, the morning after the light first appears till sunrise Day-break, the first appearance of morning; light Deaf, not able to hear Debt, what is due ta another Decay, wearing out Decline, to lean downwards, to become worse Decoy, to draw one into mischief Deferj to put off, delay Delicate, nice, pleasing to- the sense Delightr great joy Delinquent, one who has committed a crime Deluge, an overflow of water Dentist, a doctor for the teeth Departto go away Depravity, wickedness Deprive, to take away Descend, to go downwards Destroy, to spoil and waste Detect, to find out a crime Deter, to make one afraid ta do a thing Devour, to eat greedily 4*42 DEFINITIONS. Dumb,. not able to speak Diameter, line across the middle of a circle Diet, food Dilate, to spread out, to grow large Dilute,, to make thin and weak, like water Dim, not seeing clearly Dine, to eat dinner Dinner, food prepared for noon Directly, in a straight course 5 Discord, quarrel Dissemble, to hide the truth Distance, length of way from one place to another Diurnalthat which occurs every day Down, soft feathers Dream, thoughts in sleep Dungeona dark prison, sometimes under ground Earthquake, shaking of the ground jEcAo, the return of a sound Eddy, the whirling of water Elegant, graceful, pleasing to good taste Elucidate, to explain, to make clear Elude, icy escape Emaciate, to lose flesh Emancipate, to set free from prison, or slavery Embark, to put into a ship Emerge, to rise out of any thing by which it was cover- ed Emigrate, to move from one country to another Eminent, high, lofty, distinguished Emit, to send out Entice, to draw by flattery Enjoy, to be pleased with a thing Enterr to go in Equal, like another Errand, something done or told by one sent Erudition, learning Escape, getting out of danger Eternity, duration without beginning or end Evaporate, to fly off in vapourDEFINITIONS, Evil, wicked Exclaim, to cry out Exist, to live Expect, to wait for a thing1. Extinct, put out, and destroyed Extol, to praise very highly Extreme, the greatest or highest, the farthermost part Fault, a small crime Figure, the form of a thing Fissure, an opening where a thing is broken Flame, the light of fire Flavor r something that affects the taste Fleecer the wool which is cut off from a sheep Forlorn, lost, forsaken, destitute Fact, that which is done Fade, to lose color and beauty Faith, belief False, not true Fang,, a long tooth Fault,, wrong action Felicity, happiness* Filth, dirt Firmament, the sky Flavor, scent of a thing Flaw, a crack Ffaidr that which flows like water Fog, water in the air, which appears like smoke Foliage, green leaves Food, victuals Forgive,..to love one who has hurt us, and not punish him Fraud, deceit Frenzy r madness Fresh, new, not salt Freshety the rising of rivers; Fuel, what supplies the fire Funeral, burial of the dead Furnace> a place to melt iron- Futurity, time to come44 DEFINITIONS. Gad, to run about for nothing Galley, a vessel which sails by the help of oais Garland, string of flowers Garment, covering for the body Garret, the highest room of a house Gay, cheerful, merry Gem, a precious stone Gentle, soft, mild Giant, a very large man Glance, a quick view merriment 6r/gft, land between two hills Glimpse, a weak faint light Globe, a round ball Gloom, darkness Glory, the felicity of heaven Glutton, one who eats too much Grave, a place in the ground for the dead Grief, sorrow Grrw^meal boiled in water for food Guest, a visitor Guide, one who tells another the way # Halo, a red circle round the sun or moon Ham, a part of the thigh Hay, dried grass Haze, fog, water in the air Hedge, a fence made with bushes Herd, a company of beasts Hide, the skin of an animal Hillock, a small hill Hoist, to raise up Hospitality, kindness to strangers Hospital, house for the sick Hovel, a poor mean house Humid, wet* moist, watery Humility, without pride Hungry, wanting food Hut, a poor small houseDEFINITIONS. Idea, what we see in thought, or mind Idol, a false god Illuminate, to make light Immortal, will never die Implore, to ask favor Impede, to hinder Impious, wicked Impotent, weak, feeble,, lame Import, to bring from another country Infant, a child less than seven years old Inhabitant, one who lives in a place Inhale, to draw in the breath Instep, the upper part of the foot Invent, to find out something not known before Jasper, a stone of a bright beautiful green colour Jet, a beautiful fossil of a deep black colour Kindle, to set on fire . ___ iund, pleasant and helpful Kitchen, a room where food is cooked' Label, a small scrip of writing Lad, a boy Larder, a room where meat is kept Lass, a girl jLawft, open land between woods jL«w, a rule to be obeyed Layman., a man that is not a clergyman Ledge, a ridge rising above the rest Leisure, time to do what you please Levity, idle pleasure Light, not dark Liquid, fluid, as water Local, in some particular place Lounge, to lie down idly Lucid, clear and bright, what you can see through Luminary, any body that gives light Lunar, some thing about the moon Luncheon, a handful of foodm DEFINITIONS. Lungs, that part of the body which receives the breath Luscious, very sweet Lustre, brightness Lymph, water, transparent liquor Magnet, the stone that attracts iron Market, a place for buying and selling Mammon, riches Mansion, a house Manual, what is done with the hands Map, picture of countries Margin, the edge or border Marsht wet land Maternal, relating to a jnother Matron, an old lady Maze,, unable to think, confused Mealy ground corn Messiah, the Saviour of the world Minty a place where money is made Missionary, one sent to teach religion Mirror, looking-glass Miser, one who covets riches and will not give to oth- ers Mist, fine rain Mite, a very small insect Mollify, to soften Molten, that which is melted Money, metal made in small pieces for the use of trade Morsel, a piece small enough to put in the mouth Mortal, one that must die Moth, a small worm which feeds upon woollen clothes Moulder, to turn to dust Mourn, to grieve and be sorry Mow, to cut grass with a scythe Museum, a place where curiosities are kept Nasal, something belonging to the nose Nation, a people Nativity, the beginning of life Neighbor, one near us.DEFINITIONS. 47 Nestle, to lie do\fch snug like birds in a nest Nonsense, words without meaning Noon, middle of the day Nosegay, a bunch of flowers Novel, a story Novennial\, that which occurs every ninth year Novice, one who is new in any business Numerous, a great many Obvious, easily seen Odious, hateful Odour, a sweet scent Opulent, rich, wealthy Orchard, a garden of fruit Otter, an amphibious animal, covered with a rich fur shaped like an egg Palace, a king's house Pall, covering thrown over the dead Par, of equal value Parent, father or mother Pastime, play Pasture.a a field of grass for cattle Patriot, one who loves his country Peasant, one who works in the field Pedal, belonging to the foot Peevish, soon angry, fretful Pelf, money, riches Penitent, sorrowful for sins Peril, danger, near to trouble Perish, to die,, to come to nothing Permanent, that which will last long Permit; to allow one to do a thing Perpetual* that which never stops Per?, bold and saucy Peruse, to read Perverse, one who is cross, and will do wrong Pilgrim, a religions traveller Pinnacle, the highest part of a buildingm DEFINITIONS. Pacify, to quiet an angry person Paternal, fatherly Penitence, sorrow for sin Penury, poverty Pilfer, to steal small things Pity, sorrow for another's trouble Pit, a hole in the ground Placid, gentle, quiet Plant, any vegetable which grows from the ground Plumber, one who works upon lead Plumage, feathers of a bird Plunge, putting under water Police, men chosen to take care of a city Poison, that which injures or destroys life Pony, a small horse Poor, who have not enough to be comfortable Populous, full of people Portable, that which can be easily carried from place to place Portrait, picture of some person Postage, money paid for carrying a letter * Potent, having great power Poultry, fowls which live about the house Prank, a merry trick Precipice, steep place Precise, very exact and nice Prepare, to make ready beforehand Pretty, beautiful without grandeur JFVey, what is taken by violence, to be eaten Progress, moving forward Prompt, ready, quick Prone* bending downward Propel, to urge forward Prophecy, telling what is to come Prospect, things seen at a distance Proud, too much pleased with one's self Psalmist, a writer of holy songs Pulse, the motion of the arteries which carry the blood5 from the heart Pupil, scholar one under the care of a teacherDEFINITIONS. Quake, to shake with cold, or fear, Quarry, a place in the earth where people dig stones Quit, to leave Rabble, a crowd or collection of low people Range, to rove wherever they please Rebel, to disobey and rise against a ruler Reject, tothrow aside as useless Render, to pay back, to return Replete, completely filled Repose, sleep, rest, Restore, to give back what has be'en taken away Retain, to keep, and not lose Reverse, turn upside down Reward, pay received for good done Ripple, little curling waves a float of timber Rejoice, to be glad Relate, to tell a thing Repent, to be sorry for sin Repine, to fret Retire, to go away from others Ifocyfc, a very large stone Romp, a rude girl a place where things are made or sold the thread of a silk-worm Slothful, slow and idle Scribe, a writer Slough, deep mud Savior, one who saves Sluggard, an idle, sleepy fellow Stranger, a person we do not know Surface, the outside Silent, not speaking Slop-Shop, where ready made clothes are sold iScoZdf, to talk loudly in anger Smile, a look of pleasure Stamp, to step heavy Serenade, music in the night 550 DEFINITIONS, Sound, a noise Slander, a false story about a person to look for Shun, to keep away from a thing Scald, burn with hot liquor Smite, to strike Saliva, the fluid of the mouth1 Secret, something hidden - . Scanty, poor, not enough Sylvan, a place of woods disobedience to God something belonging io the sun Solid, riot hollow, not fluid Solitary, one who lives alone Soothe, to flatter, to please iStage, the distance one travels before he stops Summit, the top, or utmost height Superb, grand, lofty Suppress, to conceal, to crush Supreme, highest, most excellent Sweet, pleasing to the senses, luscious to the taste, fra- grant to the smell, melodious to the ear, beautiful to the sight Theft, the crime of stealing .r- - Thief, one who steals Tallow, the fat of an ox or sheep, also procured from berries Tempest, a violent wind Terror, great fear Timber, wood for building Toilet, a dressing table Torrent, water which runs swiftly Tyrant, a cruel ruler Tingle, a sharp quick pain Totter, to shake as if ready to fall Trample, to tread upon Terrify, to shock with fear Torrid, very hot Tutor, one who teachesDEFINITIONS 51 Tower, a very high building Treasure, goods laid up Theatre, a play house . Tawny, yellow, like tanned leather Tempt, to lead to evil, by the offer of some pleasure Tinsel, that which shines, but is of little worth Tomb, a house in the ground for the dead Twilight, between sunset and dark Unity one, the least number Unity, love, agreement Unpolite, ill-behaved, not civil Untold, that which is not numbered Urbane, pleasing and well behaved sound from the mouth watching and praying through the night F&per, a poisonous serpent Vacant, empty, not busy Vagabond, one who wand'ers about without any home Folie, a wide open ground between two hills Vary, to change Vase, a vessel for show Vast, very great Verdure, green colour Venom, poison Vermin, any hurtful animal Vernal, belonging to the spring season Vigilant, watchful, attentive Vocal, relating to the voice Volatile, passing through th6 air Volcano, a burning mountain Whimper", to cry low Weather, state of the air Winter, the cold season Warm, heated but little Waft, to float, to sail Welcome, received with gladness52 DEFINITIONS. Yam, a root that is useful for food Zvnith, the point in the sky over our heads Zephyri a soft wind Zigzag, turning this way and that WORDS CONTRASTED. In this exercise one word is given out by the teacher; and the contrast supplied by the children. This process tends to strengthen the power of recollection, and it is also a very amusing method of teaching definitions, Ask Answer Dear Cheap Acquit Condemn Dawn ^ Dusk Broad Narrow Dress Undress Boy Girl Early Late Blunt Sharp * East West Blind See Earth Sky Breadth Length Fair Foul Break Mend Few Many Black White Fat Lean Bind Loose Fluid Solid Bold Modest Freeze Thaw Braid Unbraid Fetch Send Beginning End Fear Dare Buy Sell Far Near Crooked Straight Feast Fast Country First Last Cellar Garret Good Bad Clean Dirty Great Small Cry Laugh Giant Dwarf Claim Disclaim Give Take Clothed Naked Going Coming Dry Wet Height Depth Dead Alive Heaven Hell Dark Light Head Foot Debt Credit Home AbroadWORDS CONTRASTED. 53 Health Sickness Hill Valley Hot Cold High Low Hit Miss Hard Soft Hide Find Here There Help Hinder In Out Industry Idleness Just Unjust Kind Cruel Keep Lose King Queen Long Short Lad Lass Life Death Land Water Light Dark Lead Drive Like Dislike Love Hate Live Die Meek Proud Melt Congeal Motion Rest Miss Master Morning Evening Mountain .Valley Man Woman Male Female Many Few Mock Revere Matter Spirit Night Day -fjoon Midnight .North South Noble Mean leaked Clothed 5* Open Shut On Off Peace War Pain Ease Pleasant Unpleasant Pack Unpack Pleased Displeased Palace Cottage Pretty ugly Pull Push . Pure Impure Pale Rosy Quick Slow Quit Hold Right Wrong Rare Common Ripe Unripe Right Left Rest Fatigue Rich Poor Rise Fall Raise Lower Strong Weak Sleep Wake Stop Go Summer Winter Spring Autumn Sober Drunken Sweet Sour Sad Glad Sick Well Safe Unsafe Slow. Fast Sew Rend Swim Sink Sit Stand Stout Slender Shady Sunny Shame Glory Save Destroy54 WORDS CONTRASTED. Stoop Rise Under Over Storm Calm Vain Humble Some None Wound Heal Top Bottom Warm Cool Tight Thin J Loose Wide Narrow Thick Work Play True False Wind Calm Talk Silence Wild - Tame Tall Short Wisdom Folly Teacher Learner Whole Broken Tidy Slovenly Wealth Want Twist Untwist Wind Unwind Trust Distrust Young Old Up Down Youth Age 54 WORDS CONTRASTED. CHARACTERISTIC DEFINITIONS. When the following exercise has become familiar in the order in which it stands, it should be reversed, tak- ing the answer for the question. What are those persons called who worship idols T Idolaters, Heathen, or Pagans. What are those who take God's name in vain 1 Profane. What are those who do not keep the Sabbath holy ? Sabbath breakers. What are those who eat human flesh ? Cannibals. What are those who have not learned to read, or work, or govern their passions ? Savages. What are those who are cruel* and don't know what is right 1 Barbarians*CHARACTERISTIC DEFINITIONS. 55 What are those who kill others I Murderers. What .are those who steal 1 Thieves. What are those who do not speak the truth t Liars. What are those who hurt folks or animals, and do not pity them 1 Cruel. What are those who love to injure others, and intend to hurt them 1 Malicious. What are those who do not give as much as they pre- tend!, Cheats 1 What are those who do not like to see others happy and beloved ? Envious. What are those who desire others' things 1 Covetous. What are those who try to do things without others' seping them ? / Sly* WTiat are those who wish to make others think they are good, when they are not ? Hypocrites. K What are those who eat too much 1 Gluttons. What are those who don't take care for any but them- selves. Selfish. What are those who will hurt those who hurt them ? Revengeful. What are those who think themselves better than oth- ers \ Proud. What are those who are so fond of keeping their things, they will not use them, nor let others 1 Parsimonious. What are those who govern with cruelty ? Tyrants.56 CHARACTERISTIC DEFINITIONS. What are those who make it all their business to get money and lay it up ? Misers. What are- those who think others do not love them 1 Jealous. What are those who do not like to do any thing ? Slothful. What are those who are quarrelsome and noisy 1 Wranglers* What are those who are anxious to get things for themselves 1 Avaricious. What are those who drink strong drink ? Intemperate. What are those who are made crazy with strong drink ] Intoxicated. What are persons called who are often intoxicated ? Drunkards. What are those who eat and drink no more than is good for them ? Temperate. ^hat are those who eat and drink very little ? Abstemious. What are those who laugh a great deal f Merry. What are those who talk a great deal 1 Loquacious. What are those who are bold in wickedness ? Audacious. What are those who are severe and harsh ? Austere. What are those who meddle with that which is not their business ? Meddlesome. What are those who are busy to find out every thing 1 Inquisitive. What are those who are bold to ask a great many questions about others' business 1 Impertinent.CHARACTERISTIC DEFINITIONS. 57 What are those who are quick to get angry with every- thing that does not please them ? Irritable. What are those who are quick to gain a knowledge of things ? Ingenious. What are those.who have the knowledge of letters, of work, and good manners ? Civilized. What are those who work to some good purpose ? Industrious. What are those who are constant at their work ? Diligent. What are such as cannot bear pain or trouble with- out complaining 1 Impatient. What is it when we are pleased with others and wish to make them happy 1 Love*- What are those who wish good to all ? Benevolent. What are those who do good to the evil and un- thankful ? Merciful. What are those who delight to help others 1 Kind. What are those who give to every one what they ought to have 1 Just. What are those who are careful to serve God in every way? Pious. What are those who delight in prayer and praise t Devout. What are those who are quiet, and think others better than themselves 1 Humble; What are those who can bear ill treatment without be- ing offended I Meek. What are those who study to say and do what is best? Prudent. What are those who give to the poor ? Charita- ble. What are those who are ardent in what they do ? Zealous. What are those who do a great deal to help peo- ple and wish to make all happy 1 Philanthropists.58 CHARACTERISTIC DEFINITIONS. What are those who have good and handsome man- ners ] Polite. What are those who have warm and active passions ? Ardent. What are those who are pleasing and sociable ? Companionable. What are those who are pleasing in conversation, and easy in their manners 1 Affable. What are those who are afraid they cannot do as they should do I Diffident. What are those who believe and love, that which they do not know to be right 1 Bigots. ^What are those who are not afraid t Courage- ous. What are those who are plain and artless ? Sim- ple. What are those who are willing to bear pain and trou- ble because it is God who gives it ? Resigned. DEFINITIONS OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. What is a person called who has the knowledge of some art 1 A Mechanic. What is a Farmer 1 One who tills the ground, to raise food for men and cattle. What is a Blacksmith 1 One who makes things of iron. Cordwainer, one who makes boots and shoes Saddler, one who makes harnesses and saddles for horses Carpenter, one "who makes houses Mason, one who builds chimnies and brick houses Cabinet Maker, one who makes tables, bureaus, and other furniture Glazier, one who sets glass in windows Painter, one who paints Cooper, one who makes barrels and tubs Tanner, one who makes leather from skinsDEFOTffitQNS QF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Currier, one who blacks and dresses off leather Printer, one who prints papers and books Bookbinderone who puts a cover on a book after it is printed Tailorone who makes clothes Whitesmith, one who works in polished iron, and makes tools and instruments: Tinner, one who makes vessels of tin Pewterer, one who works in pewter and makes basons and plates Barber, one who shaves and cuts hair Goldsmith, one'who works in gold and silver Ganger, one who measures vessels Cutler, one who makes or sells knives, and other edged instruments Brewer, one who makes beer Buthcer, one who kills and" sells meat Baker, one who makes bread to sell# Founder, one who shapes melted metals in moulds for j any use 'Potter, one who makes earthen vessels of clay Merchant, one whose business is to buy and sell Haberdasher, one who sells small things Engraver, one who cuts figures and letters in stone and metal Grocerer, one who sells sugar, molasses, raisins, figs, and other eatables Upholsterer, one who sells house furniture Jeweller, one who makes and sells ornaments and ves- sels of silver and gold Draper, one who sells cloth Clothier, one who finishes cloth Dyer, one yho dyes cloth Cler k , & man who writes and transacts business as an assistant Attorney, one who takes the care of, and does business for others Lawyer, one who studies the laws, and explains them Crier, one employed to proclaim things60 DEFINITIONS OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. Magistrate, one chosen to govern the people Legislator, one who makes laws Philosopher, one who has much knowledge of the rea- son and nature of things Astronomer, one who studies the heavenly bodies Physician, one who studies diseases, and medicine Surgeon, one who takes care of wounds, sores, broken bones, and cuts off diseased limbs Minister, one who is employed for others Divine, a minister of the gospel Principal, the first, the head of his companions or asso- ciates What are the Teachers and rulers in a college ? President, Professors, and Tutors. When you learn the letters and how- to put them to- gether and spell words, what is it 1 Orthography. When you learn *what language is, and how words should be placed in sentences, what is it ? Grammar. When you learn respecting the earth, the continents, oceans, mountains, rivers, cities and towns, what is it 1 Geography. When you learn respecting the sun, moon and stars, what is it 1 Astronomy. When you learn to count, and multiply, and divide numbers, what is it 1 Arithmetic. When you learn respecting lines, circles, angles, sur- faces and solids, what is it ? Geometry. When you learn what has been done in times past, what is it ? History. When you learn the reason of things, what is it ? Philosophy. When you learn of what the earth is composed, what is it ? Geology. When you learn of plants and flowers, what is it ? Botany,61 CONTRAST OF CHARACTERS. Christian Heathen Inquisitive Dull Pious Profane Modest Impertinent Civilized Savage Patient Impatient Philanthropic Malicious Sociable Unsociable Honest Dishonest Polite Unpolite Kind Cruel Courageous Fearful Benevolent Malevolent Bold Bashful Just Fraudulent Worthy Worthless Hospitable Inhospitable Faithful Treacherous Humble Proud Humble Arrogant Diligent Idle Meek Revengeful Industrious Slothful Rational Bigoted Reserved Loquacious Avaricious Contented Discontented Liberal Cheerful Melancholy i Generous Mean Urbane Morose Sedate Merry Fearful Presumptu- Sober Intoxicated ous Prudent Imprudent Careful Careless Diffident Confident Sincere Hypocritical Inoffensive Audacious Affectionate Hardhearted Affable Austere Enlightened Superstitious Quiet Meddlesome CONTRAST OF CHARACTERS. DEFINITIONS OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF DEATH. What is death ? It is ceasing to live. What part of us will die ? Our bodies. What are some of the things which occasion death? Disease, fire, water, smoke, cold, hunger, violence, passion, intemperance. When death is occasioned by disease, what is it called? A natural death. 662, DEFINITIONS OF CAUSES, &c. When by fire, what is it called? Burning. When by water, what is it called ? Drowning, When by the heat of Liquids ? Scalding. When by bad air or smoke ? Suffocating. . When by over eating or drinking ? Surfeit. When by violence ? Murder. When one is killed by another without design? Man- slaughter. When one dies without any perceptible means ? The stroke of death. There are several kinds of murder; when one is mur- dered by his own child, what is it ? Parricide. % When by a brother, what is it ? Fratricide. "When an infant is murdered ? Infanticide. When the king is murdered ? Regicide. When one kills himself 1 Suicide. ELLIPSIS. ' In this exercise, the teacher first repeats a sentence leaving out some word, or words, which the children are required to supply, as they repeat the sentence after the teacher. This serves not only for amusement, but also to strengthen the power of recollection, and help the pupil to form correct sentences. The will burn. The will low. The is green. The is oval. The is white. The is oblong. The is blue. The is large. The are yellow. The is small. The are red. The is long. The are purple. The is short. The is brown. The is high. The is light. The is low. The is dark. The is loud. The is round The is soft. The is square. ELLIPSIS. 63 The will cut. The will roar. The bird sweetly The roars and whis- tles The cock in the The will float. The will kick. Currents have a taste. morning The puss The kitten Dogs The lion The wolf Squirrels Sugar has a lovingly, piteously. loud. terribly, frightfully, merrily, taste. Lemons have a taste. The The The The The The The The The The is hard. is heavy. is smooth, is rough, is fragrant, smell sweetly, is warm, is cold. is dry. is wet Food has a taste. The eagle chooses a The robin chooses a The lark chooses The sparrow chooses The swallow chooses a The wren chooses We eat We eat to build her nest in. to build her nest in. to build her nest on. to build her nest in. to build her nest in. to build her nest in. in the morning We eat at noon, in the evening. The cow and ox have to eat. The lion has to eat. They give horses to eat. They give dogs to eat. The tyger catches to eat. Puss catches to eat. The squirrel gathers to eat. The fox steals to eat. The wolf steals to eat. The sheep has to eat. The rabbit finds to eat. The camel has to eat. The elephant chooses to eat. The Buffalo has to eat. They give the monkey to eat64 ELLIPSIS. The ostrich gathers to eat. The eagle catches to eat. The vulture gets to eat. The crocodile catches to eat. The whale catches to eat. The lion is a c animal. The elephant is a g animal. The wolf is a c animal. The sheep is a h animal. The tyger is a f animal. The sheep is a g animal. The crocodile is a f animal. The camel is a h animal, The leopard is a f animal. The cow is a h animal. Thus the teacher may proceed with every kind of ani- mal of which the pupil has a knowledge. The birds have for their clothing. The sheep has for her clothing. The cows and horses have for their clothing. The bear has for his clothing. The rabbit has for its clothing. The puss has for her clothing. The dog has for his clothing. How many feet do quadrupeds walk on ? Quadrupeds walk on feet. Birds walk on feet. Fishes have feet. Fishes have to help them swim. Birds have to help them fly. The sun in the morning. Children should rise in the morning. The pretty birds early in the morning. Children should hands and face in the morning. John will you the cows. We must have milk for the breakfast. You must go to in season. Your will be there. Put in the milk. We have to make bread.ELLIPSIS. We have to make the flour. Grain in the field. The cuts the grain. It is put in the to be threshed. God makes the grow. God told to build an ark, to save and his wife and children, because he was going to the world. Two of every kind of went into the ark. Except the clean animals - of a kind went in. Shem with his went into the ark. Ham with "his went into the ark. Japheth with his went into the ark. God them in. All the rest of the were drowned. Jacob Joseph. His brethren him. They him into Egypt. They brought his to his father. Jacob to be comforted. Potiphar saw was with Joseph. Potiphar Joseph to the prison. Pharaoh him out of prison. Pharaoh made him over all Egypt. His came to him to buy corn. Joseph his brethren but they did not know him. Joseph sent for his to come down to Egypt. Jacob Pharaoh. Daniel three times a day. Wicked men put him in the den. God sent his and shut the lions' mouths. The lions did not Daniel, because his was with him. Jonah tried to from God. He went into a on the sea. God sent a after him that was like to break the ship. The sailors cast into the sea. A great fish him. Jonah while he was in the fish. God to the fish. The fish vomited out upon the dry land. 6*66 ELLIPSIS. Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego were put into the furnace. There were seen walking in the fire. One of them was like the of man. The fire did not a hair of their heads, because the was with them. Jesus them' that are his. When they he hears and helps them. Jesus into this world, to sinners. He the sick, he made the to walk, the to see, the to hear. He raised the to life. The wicked crucified him. Joseph put his in his own new tomb. The third day he from the dead. He into heaven. He sits at the of God. From thence he will to judge the world. All must_ before the seat of Christ. The righteous will at his right hand. The wicked will at his left hand. He will then say to the Come, ye blessed of my father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you. Then he will say to the Depart, ye cursed, into everlasting fire. LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC. The pupil must first be taught to count; counting by realities and by signs, should be taught at the same time, so that the ear, the eye, and the mind, may mutu- ally assist one another. A child of three years, who had attended an infant school several weeks, was able to repeat regularly the names of the figures. It was perceived, however, upon ex- amination, that she had gained a knowledge of names only, and had not perceived, that the word seven com- prehends more things than the words three or four. To prevent this failure, it is necessary to illustrateARITHMETIC. 67 the first lessons in counting by the Numerical frame, that the names of numbers may convey to the pupil the idea of things. Lesson I. The teacher, holding up the Numerical Frame be- fore the children, with a pointer moves out the balls, one after another, as the children count them. First she shews them one ball alone, saying, here is one ball. She then moves out another ball, saying, here is one more, count these together, one, two ; here are two balls. She then moves another and says, count these, one, two, three; here are three balls. She proceeds in this manner till the children have learned to count ten, short lessons are given, lest the mind should be confus- ed, and the instruction lost; for more progress is made in teaching, if a child obtains the knowledge of one dis- tinct thing, than if he receives a confused notion of twen- ty- When they can count ten, they may be taught the fig- ures, which may be done on the frame. In this process , the teacher moves out a ball, with the pointer ; the children count one, then with chalk he makes the figure one, directly against it on the frame, and teaches them, that it signifies one. He next moves out two balls, the first figure is rubbed out, and the figure 2 marked on the frame, and the meaning of it taught. Thus the ear, the eye and the mind will mutually assist each other. Lesson II. The exercise of counting ten, keeping time by strik- ing the fists on the lap, will be amusing and instruc- tive ; at each period they are permitted to clap hands, while the teacher chalks one mark upon the frame, which represents one ten, and when the marks are ten, the children count them, and find they have counted ten tens, and then they may be taught the sum of them is one hundred.68 ARITHMETIC. Lesson III. Exercise the children in counting one hundred, while the teacher moves out the balls one after another. When they have learned to do this with ease, the teacher moves the frame so as to throw the balls first at one end of the wires and then at the other, at the same time counting with the children, one hundred, two hundred, three hundred and so on to ten hundred; then teach them that the sum of ten hundred is one thousand. This is described as one method of teaching to count. The method may be varied as the ingenuity of the tea- cher may devise; but the principle should be preserved. Lesson IY. > In teaching the following lessons the numbers of balls named, must be moved out on separate wires. How many balls are 2 balls and 1 ball 1 How many balls are 2 balls and 2 balls 1 How many balls are 2 balls and 3 balls ? How many balls are 2 balls and 4 balls ? How many balls are 2 balls and 5 balls ? Lesson V. How many balls are 2 balls and 6 balls ? How many are 2 and 7; 2 and 8; 2 and 9; 2 and 10 ? When the children cannot give the answer, they should be required to count them. ^ Repeat without the frame, keeping time by striking the fists upon the lap : 2 and 1 are 3 ; 2 and 2 are 4 ; 2 and 3 are 5; 2 and 4 are 6; 2 and 5 are 7; 2 and 6 are 8; 2 and 7 are 9 ; 2 and 8 are 10; 2 and 9 are 11; 2 and 10 are 12. Thus proceed through the addition, taking care that a lesson is well learned before a new one is given.ARITHMETIC. 69 Subtraction. Move out 2 balls with the pointer. Here are 2 balls ; if I take one away, how many will there be left? Move out 3 b^lls, take 1 away, how many ? Movfe out 4 balls, take 1 away, how many ? * Move out 5 balls, take 1 away, how many 1 , fiepeait,' while the teacher moves the balls— 2 less 1 are 1; 3 less 1 are 2 ; 4 less 1 are 3 ; 5 less 1 are 4. Multiplication. J Point out two wires on the Numerical Frame. Here are two wires ; I will move out one ball on each wire ;—how many balls are there 1 2. Now you see how twice 1 are 2. I will move out 2 balls on each wire ;—how many are there 1 4. Now you see how twice 2 are 4. Next point out 3 wires which number forms the mul- tiplier. Repeat— Twice 1 are 2. Twice 2 are 4; Twice 3 are 6 ; then 3 on each wire. Twice 4 are 8 ; 4 on each wire. Twice 5 are 10 ; 5 on each wire. Twice 6 are 12 ; 6 on each 5wire. Twice 7 are 14 ; 7 on each wire. Twice 8 are 16 ; 8 on each wire. Twice 9 are 18 ; 9 on each wire. Twice 10 are 20 ; 10 on each wire. Proceed with the same care through the Multiplication table. This method of teaching the multiplication table, has the same advantage, as that of teaching to count on the frame.70 ARITHMETIC. Division. Numerical frame. Move out 2 balls. If I move one ball at a time, how many times must I move, to move them back ? Move out 4 balls. If I move 2 balls at a time, how many times shall I move, to place them back ? 6 balls, 2 at once, how many 1 8 balls, 2 at one time, how many ? 10 balls, 2 at a time, how many 1 Then while the balls are presented, ask, How many times 2 in 4 ; 2 in 6 ; 2 in 8 ? By this method many simple lessons may be taught, which will be both pleasing and useful. Numeration. Merely teaching children to name the several places of figures in this rule is easily accomplished ; but it re- quires no small degree of care, to make it intelligible to them. The child should be led by degrees to understand the nature 'of classification in general. A grove, a flock, a class of children may be explained to them. There are in school, first, second, and third classes. Present them the Numerical Frame, held so that the balls may stand in perpendicular columns. Here I will call these classes, and teach you names for them. We must begin at the right hand, this is the lowest class. Then teach them the names of the classes, all speaking togeth- er: units, tens, hundreds,-thousands, tens of thou- sands, hundreds of thousands, millions, tens of millions, hundreds of millions, thousands of millions, tens of thou- sands of millions, hundreds of thousands of millions, bil- lions. When these names have become familiar, they may be explained in the following manner. Teacher, Now, dear children, I wish you to tell me what these classes* mean, and what is the difference be*ARITHMETIC. 71 tween them ; pointing to the right hand class, what is this class called ? units. - What are units 1 Ones. If I write 4 in this class, what is it ? 4 ones. Pointing to the next class, what is this I Tens. If I write 4 in this 2d place, what is it ? 4 tens. What is 4 tens ? 40. Pointing to the next class, what are these ? Hun- dreds* If I write 4 in this 3d place what will it be ? 4 hundreds. Pointing to the next class, what is this 1 Thousands. If I write 4 in this place what will it be ? 4 thou- sands. When by this method of teaching the children have learned that the difference in the value of figures depends upon the place they stand in, they may next be taught what their difference is in the following manner, How many does it take of one class to make one of the next highest ? Ten. Why does it take ten units to friake one ten ? Because one ten is ten units. Why does it take ten tens to make one hundred ? Because one hundred is ten tens. Why does it take ten hundreds to make one thou- sand ? Because one thousand is ten hundred. Why does it take ten thousand to make one of the next class ? Because the next class is tens of thousands. Why does it take ten tens of thousands to make one of the next 1 Because one hundred thousand is ten tens of thou- sands. Why does it take ten hundred thousand to make one million ? Because one million are ten hundred thousands. If you must have a figure for every number, how many figures would you have to read to make one hun- dred? We should have to read 100 figures.72 ARITHMETIC. By classing the figures by the rule of Numeration how many figures must you read to make one hun- dred ? Three figures. How many to make one thousand 1 Four figures. Where do you begin to numerate I . At the right hand. Next they may be taught to read figures upon the black board. — See me, I am a little boy, Who comes to infant's school: And though I am but few years old, I'll prove I am no fool. For I can count 1, 2, 3, 4,* Bay 1 and 2 make 3, Take 1 away, then 2 remain, As you may plainly see. Twice 1 are 2, twice 2 are 4, And 6 is 3 times 2, Twice 4 are 8, twice 5 are 10, And more than this I do. For I can say some pretty rhymea About the dog and cat, And sing them very sweetly too, And to keep time I clap. But what is best of all, I learn That God m^de all I see, He made the Sarth, he made the sky, He made both you and me. * Holding up the hand,, and counting the fingers.73 LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. A. very important use of Geography is, to bring to View, the beauty and grandeur, the vast variety and wise arrangement of the works of God, and to evince the al- mighty power, and immediate presence of Him who is the life of all, and for whose pleasure, they are and were created. That children may derive such benefits from the study of this science, the following lessons are prepared with frequent allusions to the providence and attributes of God, displayed in his works. The teacher must be furnished with a globe* One made to turn on an axis held in the hand is preferable, because the children can thus see it, detached from its cumbrous standard* The globe must be held in view of the children, while the questions which are to be explained by it, are ask- ed. Lesson I. What is this ? A Globe* What does it represent ? The Earth. What is the shape of the earth I It is round like that globe. What is a round solid body called I A sphere. This globe is only to shew you the shape of the earth. I cannot shew you its bigness, for the earth is so large, that none but God can see it ail at once. How far is it through the earth ? 8000 miles. What is the measure through the earth called? Diameter* How far is it round the earth ? 25,000 miles. What is the measure round the earth called? Circumference." . What is the diameter of the earth from north to south called? Axis. Why is it called axis ? Because the earth turns as those things do, which tun on an axis. 774 GEOGRAPHY, Can you name any thing which runs on an axis ? A wheel. Does a top run on an axis when it whirls round ? It has no axis, but turns as though it had one, as does the earth. "Vyhat are the two ends of the earth's axis called 1 North pole and South pole. When you stand with your face towards the west, which way from you is the north pole 1 At the right hand. Which way from you is the south pole 1 At the left hand. What is the middle of the earth called ? Equator. What ar^ the two parts called each way from the equator ? One is called the northern hemisphere, the other is the southern hemisphere. If I divide the earth this way, (tracing a meridian line) what are these two parts called ? One is the eastern hemisphere, the other is the western hemisphere. When the earth is measured from the Equator to- wards the north pole what is it called ? North Latitude. When it is measured from the Equator to the south pole what is it called? South Latitude. Is this great earth on which we live all land 1 No; the greatest part of the earth is covered with water. - These grcsi "waters which cover so much of the earth are so large, that if you stood by the side of them you could not see across ; if you wer@^on the middle you could not see any side to them ; you could sail thous- ands of miles before you could see,the sides of the \vva- ter. They are called a mighty deep, because the depth of them is so great it cannot be measured by men. What does the bible tell us about the measure of the earth, and the water 1 God hath measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and comprehended the dust of the earth in aGEOGRAPHY. 75 measure ; he hath weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance.^ | - ■ i JLesson II. Which part of the earth is most exposed to the sun t That which is near the equator, or middle of the earth. What is that part called t Torrid zone. What weather do they have in the torrid zone ? It is warm at all times ; they have no winter there, nor snow, nor ice, except that there is snow upon the top of some very high mountains. What is the earth called at the north and south, near the poles ? The frigid zones. How is it in the frigid zones, cold or hot ? It is very cold in the frigid zones;, the land is cover- ed with snow and the water is covered with ice ; there are but very few people living there. Why is it so cold at the ends of the earth ? Because it is so far hidden from the rays of the sun. Can they not see the sun in the frigid zone? They can only see the sun rise a little above the mountains of ice, and then it goes down without moving over head as it does here. What are those parts of the earth called that are be- tween the cold zones and the hot zone ? They are the temperate zones. What is the weather in the temperate zones ? A part of the year is cold and a part warm. What are the cold weather and the warm weather called ? The cold weather is called winter, the warm weath- er is called summer. Do we live in one of the temperate zones 1 We do. What does the bible say of cold and heat? David says, to God, thou hast made summer and win- ter. Out of the south cometh the whirlwind, and cold out of the north. He casteth forth his ice like morsels, who can stand before his cold.76 GEOGRAPHY. What have we to keep us from being frozen with the cold ? Houses, fire, and warm clothes. What does this teach you? That God loves his creatures. Lesson III. What are the largest parts of the earth called which stand out of the water ? Continents. What are those parts of the earth called, where the water comes on every side of them ? Islands. What is the edge of the land which is next the water, called 1 Shore. Is the shore a straight line 1 No, it is very crooked ; in some places the land ex- tends a great way into the sea ; in other places the sea comes up into the land. What is the land called, that extends into the sea, when the water comes almost round it 1 A Peninsula. What is that narrow land called, which joins a penin- sula to the continent 1 Isthmus. Where the land extends some way into the ocean, what is the end of it called 1 Cape. Where' the end of the land is very high above the ocean, what is it called ? Promontory. What particular use do people make of those points of land which extend some ways into the ocean ? They build light-houses upon them. What is a light-house ? It is a house built very high, like a steeple, and has a bright light in the top of it through the night. Why is the light kept in the light house IGEOGRAPHY. 77 It is to shew people who are sailing on the ocean, in a dark night, which way to g6. Do we not all need the light of true wisdom to teach us which way to go in this dark world 1 We do. What has God given us to be a light to our feet and a lamp to our path ? The bible. If people who are sailing in a dark night do not look at the light house, but let their ship sail as it will, what will become of them ? They will sail against the rocks, which will break their ship, and let them into the water ; and they will all be drowned in the mighty deep. If any one will not mind the bible, but will walk in his own way, what will become of him 1 He will be drowned in the perdition of ungodly men. Lesson IV. . .X. \ What are those great waters called, which are thousands of miles across 1 Oceans. How many oceans are there ? Five. What are they called 1 Atlantic, Pacific, Northern, Southern, Indian. [The children may name these upon the fingers and thumb of the left hand.] Which of these Oceans is the largest 1 The Pacific. How wide is the Pacific Oeean ? Ten thousand miles. How wide is the Atlantic Ocean ? Three thousand miles. On which side of the western continent is the Atlan- tic Ocean ? On the east side. On which side of the western continent is the Pacific .Ocean 1 On the west side. Which way from us is the Southern Ocean ? South. 7#78 GEOGRAPHY. Which way from lis is the Northern Ocean ? North. How do people get across the great deep water of the Ocean ? They sail across the water in ships. What is a ship 1 It is a large vessel made to sail on the water. What makes it go 1 The wind blows it along, and makes it sail very fast. Can people move along as fast in a ship, as they can in a stage coach ? Yes ; ships go much faster than a stage coach, and carry great loads of goods, with men. What goods do the ships carry from this to other countries 1 Cotton, Tobacco, Wheat, Flour, and-Rice. What goods do ships bring from other countries to this? Cloths, Silks, Tea, Coffee, Sugar, Wine, Molasses, Raisins, Figs, Spices and Drugs. What is carrying goods out of the country called 1 Exporting goods. What is bringing goods from other countries to this called 1 Importing goods. If you could look all over the Ocean you could see thousands of these beautiful ships sailing from one coun- try to another. If the Ocean is much larger than the land, and is on every side, why does it not come over the land and drown the world ? The bible tells us, that God has placed the sand for a boundary to the sea that it cannot pass over it. Though the waves toss, and roar, they can never pass over their bounds ; for God has said to the ocean " Hitherto shalt thou come and no farther, and here shall thy proud waves be stayed."GEOGRAPHY. 79 Lesson V. What are those great waters called that are not so large as the ocean? Seas, lakes, sounds, straits, rivers, harbors. What is a sea ? It is like the ocean, but not as large. What is a lake ? It is a large extent of water surrounded by land. , What is a sound ? It is a part of the ocean, where the depth can be measured with a line. What is a strait? A narrow passage of the ocean. What is a harbour ? It is water at the side of the ocean almost surround- ed by land, where ships are secured from the wind and the waves. Is a harbour very useful ? It is. A harbour is the ship's home. When people have been sailing over the stormy ocean day and night, for many months, they rejoice to get into a harbour. Will good people find a place to rest when they have crossed this life's stormy ocean ? Yes, heaven will be their resting place. " There re- maineth a rest for the people of God." Lesson VI. What is a Nation ? People who live in the same part of the earth, and are under the same government. What is government ? It is the care of a people, and of their laws. When parents make rules for their children, and cor- rect them if they do not obey, what is it called 1 Family government. When a teacher takes care of a school, makes rules for it, and corrects the v disobedient, what is it called?80 GEOGRAPHY. School government. When rulers take care of a people, make laws for them, and punish the disobedient, what is it called ? National government. Are there many nations on the earth ? There are. Name those who are called civilized nations. United States of America, England, France, Spain, Russia, Germany, India and China. Have all nations the same kind of government ? They have not. What are the different governments called % Empires, Kingdoms, Dutchies, Republics. What is an Empire ? It is a nation that is governed by an Emperor ? What is a Kingdom 1 It is a nation that is governed by a King. What is a Republic 1 It is a nation where the people govern. Do all the people govern 1 No ; a few men from every part of the nation are chosen to meet, and assist each other in making laws for the people. How does the great God view the nations of the earth ? God feitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the in- habitants thereof are as grasshoppers. Behold the na- tions are as a drop of the bucket, and as the small dust of the balance. He bringeth the princes to nothing. He maketh the judges of the earth as vanity. Lesson VII. Can you tell me what a continent is ? It is one of the largest bodies of land which there are on the earth. How many continents are there ? Two ; one is called the eastern, the other the western. What countries are on the western continent ? North and South America. What is east of the American continent ?GEOGRAPHY. 81 The Atlantic Ocean. What is next to the American continent on the west ? The Pacific Ocean. What is south of the American continent 1 The Southern Ocean. What is north of it I The Northern Ocean. What is.between North and South America ? The gulf of Mexico. What joins these two countries ? A neck of land called the Isthmus of Darien. What is there that strikes the beholder with aston- ishment in America *? Lofty mountains, majestic rivers, and extensive lakes. How long is North America ? Four thousand five hundred miles. How wide is it:? Its average breadth is two thousand five hundred miles. Lesson VIII. I We say the earth is divided into four quarters ; what are these four quarters called ? Europe, Asia, Africa and America. Which of these quarters are on the eastern continent ? Europe, Asia and Africa. Which quarter is the largest 1 Asia is the largest and richest, and has the most peor pie in it. What is Asia most remarkable for ? It is the country where God's people, the Israelites, once lived, and where God did many wonderful works to teach and save his people. Who first lived in that country 1 Adam and Eve. What other people lived there ! Most of the people of which the bible tells us. Who was the most glorious and excellent person that ever lived in that country ?GEOGRAPHY. Jesus Christ lived there, and he was crucified there, and there he arose from the dead and from thence he as- cended up into heaven. What was the principal city of the Jews, who were once God's people ? Jerusalem. What was done to Jerusalem 1 God permitted it to be destroyed for the great wick- edness of the Jews in crucifying the Saviour. What people live there now ? A people who know not God. What goods are brought from Asia to this country ? Spices, drugs, silk and cotton cloths. Lesson IX. Which is the next largest quarter of the earth ? Africa. For what is Africa remarkable? Wild beasts, and deserts of sand. Name some of the wild beasts which are found there. Lions, tigers, elephants, hippopotami, crocodiles and serpents, with many other kinds. How large is the great desert in Africa ? 3000 miles long, and 1000 broad. What weather do they have in Africa ? It is the. warmest part of the earth. What kind of people live there ? Africa is the negroes' country, but the people who live in the north of Africa are not negroes. Have the Africans the bible to teach them how to live, and to serve God ? No, they are ignorant, and savage, and wicked, ex- cept in some parts where missionaries have gone to them, and carried the bible. Lesson X. Is Europe the least quarter of the earth? It is the least in size, but it is the greatest in many things.GEOGRAPHY* 83 What are some of those things ? Learning, and the knowledge of all kinds of curious work. In the knowledge of God, and his holy word. Are some of our best books made in Europe ? They are. Are all the people better taught thei.3 than they are here 1 They are not. Many poor children there, are never taught to read. Which is the most interesting country in Europe ? England. What can you tell me of England ? 6 It is the country from which our forefathers came. What is the situation of England ? It is a part of the island of Great Britain, which is in the Atlantic Ocean, near the eastern continent. Which way must we go on a voyage to England ? East. What Ocean must we sail across 1 The Atlantic. What is the distance there ? 3000 miles. What is the length and breadth of England 1 It is 360 miles in length, and 300 in breadth. What are some of the things that you would see in that beautiful country if you could look all over it 1 I should see rich meadows, and fields, covered with grass and corn, forests of trees, and the glittering water, laving in many rivers and canals, fruit yards of rich fruit, nice gardens of plants and flowers. What other objects would please your sight 1 Parks of beautiful animals, sporting, and the snow- white swans, sailing on the artificial ponds. What animals would you see feeding on the grassy hills ?j The stately horse, lowing herds of cattle, and bleat- ing flocks of sheep, with little lambs, skipping from knoll to knoll in harmless play. What are some of the buildings you would see 184 GEOGRAPHY. Churches, universities, seminaries, colleges, school* houses, factories and shops. What are some of the dwelling houses ? Elegant mansions, and many small cottages for the poor. What are somfe of the carriages you would see 1 Pleasure coaches, drawn by beautiful horses, stage coaches, and loaded teams, in all their streets and coun- try roads, travelling over hill and dale. What kind of people would you see 1 Many learned,^ many rich, many devout, many poor peasants, rrfechanicks and miners, many teachers, a king and other rulers. What magnificent city should you see ? London, the finest city in the world. What should you see in the ocean all about Eng- land 1 I should see hundreds of large ships, richly laden with goods ; some sailing into the harbours, others sailing out, bound to far distant countries. What rich promise has God made to the people of the earth ? The earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea. And they shall teach no more every man his neighbor, and every man his brother, saying, know the Lord: for they shall all know me from the least of them unto the greatest of them, saith the Lord. For I will forgive their iniquity, and I will repiember their sin no more. Lesson XI. A What is the most interesting and important part of North America 1 The United States. How large a country is the United States ? It is 1700 miles from north to south, and 30Q0 miles across, from east to west. How many states are there 1GEOGRAPHY, 85 Twenty four.* [See Appendix,] What is a State T; It is a part of a nation where the people have a sepa- rate government. They choose their own rulers, who meet at the cap- ital and make laws for the people of the state. What are their meetings called 1 A General Court or Assembly, In what house do they meet! State house. What is the chief ruler called 1 Governor. Name the Governor of this state. How are the States divided ? Into Counties and Towns. What is a county 1 It is apart of the state where the people unite in building a court-house and jail. For what purpose do they build the court house ? For judges and other men to assemble, to take care of bad people, especially of those who quarrel or steal, and do not obey the laws of the state. What is a jail? " ~ It is a house made very strong to confine bad peo- ple. ; . . Must bad people be confined in a jail ? They must. Of what use is it to confine them? It keeps them from hurting other persons. What hurt will they dol " They will do all kinds of mischief. If they were not shut up, we should be afraid of being killed by them, and people would be robbed, and have their things stolen by them. Do bad children do mischief! They do; and make themselves and their brothers and sisters and parents unhappy. * The children may be easily taught to repeat the states, and similar lessons, while the teacher, holding the numerical frame m their fieir, moves out one ball for each name.86 GEOGRAPHY- How do bad children behave in school ? They disobey the rules, and disturb the school. What do you choose to be ? Good children. How do good children behave 1 They do right; they are happy, they make others happy. God loves them, and will , keep them from harm. What is the town called where the people of one county build a Court house and a jail ? Shire town. ; What is a town! A small part of the county, where the people unite in choosing several men, to take care of the poor that live among them ; also to take care of such as are disposed to hurt themselves and others, and disturb the people. What are these men called ? Select men. In what other things-do the people of one town com- monly.unite? In choosing a minister to take care of the church, and preach the word of God to the people* and committees to take care of the schools and provide teachers for them. What other things do they unite in 1 In building meeting-houses, and school-houses, and in making roads and bridges. Should people be willing to give their money for such things as will be useful to the town in which they live t They should, for in doing things for the good of the town, they benefit not only themselves, but many oth- ers..^ ' What does the bible say about our, seeking the good of others ? Look not every man on his own things, but every man also on the things of others.GEOGRAPHY. 87 \ Lesson XII. A How many people are there in all the States 1 12,000,000. Are these States all united under one general govern- ment ? They are. What is the government of the United States 1 Republican. What are.the Rulers ? A President, Senate, and House of Representatives. What is th4 Senate and House of Representatives called ? Legislature. What is the business of the Legislature ? Making laws for the people. What part of government is the President ? He is called the executive power. What is the business of the executive ? To take care of the nation, and inform the people how things are; also to give consent to the laws which are made. How are these rulers chosen ? The people of all the states choose one representa- tive for every 40,000 inhabitants, for two years. How are the senators chosen ? Two from each state, are chosen by the State Legis- lature for six years. How is the President chosen 1 Men called electors are chosen by the people to elect a President for four years. What are the meetings of these rulers called ? Congress. Where do they meet > In a house called the Capitol. Where is this house ? In the city of Washington, which is the capital of the United States. . Why was this city named Washington ? x88 GEOGRAPHY. It was so named in memory of the first President,, who was a great and good man. How many different Presidents have the United States chosen 1 Seven. Can you tell me their names ? George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson,, James Madison, James Munroe, John Quincy Adams? Andrew Jackson. What does the Bible say a ruler should be ? The God of Israel said, He that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God, and he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, even a morning without clouds. For he is not a terror to good works, but to the evil. For he is a minister of God to thee for good. Lesson XIII. Are there any lakes in the United States ? There are a great number; some of them are very large. In what part of the United States are they ? The northern* What are the names of the largest lakes 1 Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario, Green-Bay, Bake of the Woods, Champlain, and St. Glair. Which is the largest lake in the United States ? Superior. Mow large is lake Superior ? Almost 500 miles in length and 100 in breadth. How many large Rivers are there in the United States1 Uighty six. [See Appendix.] [The names of them may be taught by the help of the Numerical Frame. Ten mil ordinarily be' sufficient for one lesson.] What is a river I A large stream of running water, which passes many miles over the land, and then empties into the ocean*GEOGRAPHY. 89 Where do rivers usually rise ? On the sides of the mountains. How large are they where they begin to run ? They are only a little spring, which bursts out .of the ground. H^w large do they become, before they reach the ocean t Some become very large, so that they are many miles in width. How do they grow so large 1 A great many other streams of water unite with tliem as they pass along by the hills and mountains. What is the beginning &f a river called 1 It is called its source or head. What is,.the end called where it empties into the ocean ? The mouth. God has made rivers in almost every part of the earth ; can you tell, for what rivers are useful ? Large rivers are useful for boats to sail on, and carry goods from one part of the country to the other. Of what other use are rivers ? They are very useful to make jnills grind grain into flour, for our bread, and v to make factories spin and weave cloth for our clothes. Of what other use are rivers ? They furnish plenty of water for the beasts. Could not the animals live without water? No, they need a great deal of water to drink every day. What does the Bible say of a large animal, which is supposed to be the Hippopotamus ? Behold he drinketh up a river, and hasteth not ; he trusteth that he can draw up Jordan into his mouth. Is there any water to be found besides what is in riv- ers ? "Yes ; there is water under the ground. How do people obtain the water, that is under gfound/r They dig wells and draw up the wa^r in buckets. 8*90 GEOGRAPHY. Could people live without water ? No ; we must have water for drink, for food, and for washing. What may we learn from Godrs supplying the earth with such plenty of water ? We may learn that God is good,« and that his tender mercies are over all his works. What does the bible say about God's supplying the earth with water ? He sendeth springs into the valleys,, which run among the hills. They give drink to every beast of the field'; the wild asses quench their thirst; by them shall the fowls of the heavea make their nests, which sing among; the branches., . Lesson XIV. What is a mountain 1 A part of the earth where the great rocks are pil- ed up, with land and trees upon them, as high as the clouds. What are the principal mountains in the United States 1 The Allegany, which are several hundred miles in length. What other mountains are there kr the United States? Ozark, Cumberland, Catskill, Green and White moun- tains. Why are the Green mountains called green ? They are covered with evergreen trees, so that the mountains appear green, in both summer and winter* Why are the white mountains called white 1 When they are covered with snow, they can be seen at a great distance, appearing very white. Are there many more mountains and hills I The land is almost covered with mountains and hills. What are the mountains and hills covered with t Trees, stores and grass.GEOGRAPHY. 91 For what are trees useful ? Timber and boards to build houses are made of trees; also the wood which is burned in the houses to keep us warm. Are rocks and stones useful 1 They are very useful in making cellars and wells, and they are used in building houses. For what is grass useful I What is its colour I What live in the forests of the mountains ? Wild animals. What does the bible say about the wild animals I The high hills are a refuge for the wild goats. The range of the mountains are his pasture, he searcheth af- ter every green thing. As for the stork, the fir tree is her house. The eagle mounts up and makes her nest on high, she abideth on the rock,, upon the crag of the rock, and the strong place. Lesson XV... What are Literary Institutions ? Schools where youth are instructed. What are they called ? Universities, Seminaries, Colleges, Academies, and Schools. What is a University ? A school where Divinity,, Law, Medicine and the Sciences are taught. What is a seminary ? A school to fit people to be useful. What are academies 1 Places of learning to fit youth for higher schools. How many colleges are there in the United States ? Fifty two. [See Appendix^ What is a Theological Seminary ? A school to prepare men for the ministry. How many Theological Seminaries are- there in the United States I Thirteen,92 GEOGRAPHY. What is a common school 1 It is a school where children are taught to read and write, and many other useful things. Are there many academies and schools in the United States ? There are a great many in most of the states and towns. What is an Infant school ? It is a school where little children are taught to be good, that they may be happy» What does the bible tell us about learning 1 It says, Take fast hold of instruction, let her not go, keep her, for she is thy life. What will children do, if they are not taught 1 A child left to himself, will bring his parents to shame. How will he bring his parents to shame T If a child is not taught, he will become so foolish and wicked as to give his parents much shame and sorrow. Lesson XVI. What is the boundary of a country ? It is that, which is next to it. What countries are north of the United States ? Russian and British America. What is on the east side of the United States 1 The Atlantic ocean, and a river called St. Croix: What is south ? The Gulf of Mexico and Spanish America. What is on the west side ? The Pacific Ocean. What people lived in this country some hundred year& ago? Indians; this was the Indians' country. What are the people called, who live here now ? English. Why are this people called English 1 Beause our forefathers came from England.. Why did they leave England 1GEOGRAPHY. 03 Because their rulers required them to do what they thought was wicked. Why did they come to this country? They came here to find a place where they might worship God as his word directs, without any one to make them afraid. Have we reason to think that their conduct pleased God? . We have ; for God blessed them, and they have now become a great people, to serve the Lord. How long is it since they first came from England to this country ? Two hundred and ten yearsr What year did they come ? December 22, 1620. But little more than 200 years since, there was no- thing in this country but wild woods, lakes, rivers and mountains,—wild beasts, and Indians more wild. No towns, no churches, no schools, no houses, and no food but such as animals eat* Now it is full of people who have good houses to live in, schools for their children, and churches for the worship of God, villages, towns, cities, and provisions'in plenty of the richest kind. What has made such a change ? The blessing of God. —^0©^— DISCOTERY OF AMERICA. A fejV hundred years ago, America was not known to the #-®e people; all who lived here were Indians. Who^first found America ? Christopher Columbus. Who was he ? He was the son of a wool-comber, who lived in Ge- noa, a part of Italy. When he was a child what did he think he should like to be 1 A Sailor*94 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. How old was he when he began to be a Sailor ? Fourteen years. What was he fond of studying ? Navigation and Geography. What is navigation ? It is the art of managing a ship on the Ocean. Did he get much knowledge in these studies 1 He did, for those who like to learn will learn rapidly. What did he learn by studying Geography ? The shape and bigness of the Earth, and the extent of land and water, as far as it was then known. What did his knowledge of the Earth lead him to think ? . He thought there must be another continent on the opposite side of the earth ; and felt a great desire to go in search of it. T. But how could he go 1 he had no ship of his own, and had not money enough to .buy one; for it takes thousands of dollars to purchase a ship. Who did he first apply to for help 1 The rulers of his own country, Genoa. Did they help him ? No, they thought him very foolish to think of going in search of another continent. To whom did lie next go for help 1 To the king of Portugal, who was disposed to favor him, but some artful men prevented it. Whom did he next ask for help J He went to the king and queen of Spain; they did not at first grant his request, but after some time, Isa- bella, the queen, was persuaded to assist him. What did she do for him ? She furnished him with three ships and ninety men to go with him, and victuals enough to feed them a year. At what time did he sail ? On.the 3d of August, 1492. Many people came to- gether to see him go, and all joined in prayer to God for him. After they had sailed many days on the stormy Ocean,DISCOVERY OF AMERICA* 95 Without seeing any land, or knowing what was before them, how did the men who were with Columbus feel 1 They were afraid, and thought they should all perish in the unknown seas. What did they do 1 They tried to make Columbus go back and said if he would not, they would throw him into the ocean and go back without him. What did Columbus do t He spoke kindly to them and made them willing to go a little farther. What did Columbus see soon after this ? He thought he saw a distant light. What did Columbus do then ? After singing an evening hymn, he sat down to watch for land, and did not sleep that night. What did they see in the morning ? * The next morning, which was the 11th of October, 1492, after sailing ten weeks on the unknown trackless ocean, they saw land. How did they express their joy, at the sight of land? The men from all the ships sang together loud songs of praises to God ; and while theysang they wept for joy. Should we always praise God when we are happy / We should; for it is He alone who gives joy and gladness. What was the land they first saw ? A beautiful island, covered with green grass and trees. Were there any men on the Island t There were Indians there, who came running to look at the ships ; for they never saw any thing like them before. Were they not afraid when they saw those great ships coming to them on the ocean 1 They were very much afraid ; and when they saw the men coming to them from the ships, they ran away ; but one came back, and when the others saw he .was not hurt, they all returned.96 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA. Which of the men from the ships first set foot upon this new discovered land? Columbus, richly dressed, holding a sword in his hand. Were the Indians kind to them? They were kind and hospitable. What did they think of Columbus 1 They thought he and his ships came from the skies ; they supposed the sails were wings. What other islands did Columbus find ? Cuba and Hispaniola. Did Columbus and his companions have any trouble while sailing homewards ? A violent storm came upon them which seemed like- ly to overwhelm them in the ocean. What did Columbus seem most to fear ? He feared "if they were lost, it never would be known that they had found land. What did he-do? He wrote on paper, that they had found the land for which they looked ; he then covered the paper with oil- ed silk and wax, to prevent the water from spoiling it, and put it into* a tight cask, which would sail on the water, and threw it into the ocean, hoping it might be found by some one, who would read it, and tell it to the world. Did God protect them through the storm, and permit them to return to their own country in safety ? He did; and when they arrived, the people received them with shouts of joy, and with praise to God. Did Columbus venture to cross the ocean more than onc« ? He crossed the ocean four times, and the third time he found this continent, which is called America, Why was not this continent named for the person who first discovered it? A gentleman whose name was Americus Vespucius, soon after came to this new continent, to search for gold; when he went home, he made a book which told the story of his voyage, and said he was the person who first found the continent.DISCOVERY OP AMERICA. 97 Was this false story believed ? The book was so pleasing, as to be read by fc great many people, who soon began to call the new continent America, in honor of Amerlcus Vespucius. So it was named, not for the person who first found it, but for the person who made the book, which told the false story. Questions» What is the country we live in called } What is the government ? Where does the congress meet ? How many states are there ? Does each state choose its own Governor'? Is there a capital town in each state ? What is a Capital ? What public building must there be in a capital town ? What use is made of a state house ? What use is made of a state's prison 1 What state do you live in ? Who is the Governor ? How is the state divided ? What is a county ? Is there a shire town in each county ? What use is made of a court house ? What public building is there usually in each town ? What is the use of a meeting house ? What is the use of a school house ? What is the use of taverns and hotels ? What is a city 1 Do you live in a town or city 1 What are the three largest cities in the United States ? How many people ^are there in New York ? How many in Philadelphia ? How many in Boston ? How many people in common towns ? What country do negroes come from ? Why are they brought to this country 198 REVIEW. What is a slave ? Is it right to steal a little boy from his parents, and bring* him over the wide ocean and make him a slave ? Do our government try to prevent it ? Have the good people carried some of them back ? They have, and wish to carry many more, but have not money to pay their passage. How much money will pay for carrying one back ? Twenty dollars. Should you not like to pay 20 dollars to have one of those poor negroes carried home, who were stolen from their dear friends, brought here and sold for slaves 1 Would men make slaves of them, if they minded the golden rule ? LESSONS IN ASTRONOMY. Lesson I.—Su^. What do you see when you look up ? The blue sky. What is the blue sky called % Celestial Hemisphere. What do you see in the Hemisphere ? The sun. How does the sun appear ? It looks like a ball of fire. What does the sun appear to do ? It comes in sight beyond the hills in the east, and moves slowly along over to the west, and there goes out of sight, behind the western hills. T. The sun does not go round the earth as it ap- pears to, but the earth turns its different sides to the sun. The earth turns from west to east; so when it turns this side to the sun, we first see it east of us, then it is morning, and the earth continues to turn till it turns us who live on this side of it, away from the sun, and thenASTRONOMY. 99 It is night; but as the earth is always turning, we soon come to the light of the sun again. How large is the sun ? 880,000 miles in diameter. It is more than one million times as large as the earth* If it is so much larger than this great earth, why does it appear so small to us ? Because it is at a great distance. How far off is the sun ? Ninety five millions of miles. Of what use is the sun to us ? The sun gives us light and heat, and paints all the pretty colours on the earth. We could not live without the sun. How fast does light move T __ 200,000 miles in a second. What does the bible compare to the sun? Jesus Christ is called the sun of righteousness. Why is he called so ? As the sun sheds a brilliant light all over the earth, Jesus Christ sheds a more glorious light, upon all those who love him. T. The sun is like a vast globe of fire. It does not move round the earth as it appears, but the earth and other planets are constantly moving in great circles round the sun. What are the circles which the planets move#in round the sun called ? The orbits of the planets. Lesson II. Plajnet&. What is a planet f It is a globe which is in itself dark, and receives its light from the sun. How many planets are there known to revolve round the sun t Eleven. What are they called ?100 ASTRONOMY. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Ceres, Pallas, Juno2 Vesta, Jupiter, Saturn, Herschel. Teacher. You see, dear children, that this beautiful earth, is not the only place where God displays his wonderful works; there are ten other planets, some of them much larger than the earth, constantly moving round the sun. These planets may be other worlds with people unknown to us. What is the place of the earth among the planets ? It is the third from the sun. What is the diameter of the earth ? It is the measure through it, from one side to the other. How long is the diameter of the earth ? Nearly 8000 miles. What is the circumference of the earth ? It is the measure round the middle. How many miles is the circumference ? More than 24,000 miles. How far is the earth from the sun I Ninety five millions of miles. In what time does the light come from the sun to the earth ? Light is eight minutes and fifteen seconds coming from the sun to the earth. How long is the earth in going quite round tht sun ? 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 12 seconds. How fast does the earth go ? Sixty thousand miles in one hour. How far does it go in one minute ? What is this journey of the earth round the sun call- ed ? Annual motion. What does the annual motion of the earth make ? It makes the seasons, spring, summer, autumn, winter. Teacher. The earth's moving round the sun does this, because the earth is not on a parallel line, but it is on an oblique line; so that in moving round the sun during a part of its course, the north end of the earth comes toASTRONOMY. the sun, then it is summer at the north. The other part of the way the south end will come to the sun>. then it is winter at the north, and summer at the south. So that the earth has two winters and two summers hi one year. Has the earth any other motion 1 It is constantly turning round, as a wheel turns. How long time is the earth in turning once round t About twenty four hours. What is this turning round of the earth called! Diurnal motion. What does the diurnal motion of the earth make ? It makes day and night. What is the use of day and night ? The day is for labor, the night is for sleep. What does day and night teach you ? The wisdom and goodness of God. How does it teach you this 1 We could not live without sleep, and we could not- live if it was always night. Can you not sleep in the time of light 1 We cannot sleep quietly while the people around \w are at work. Night is the best time to sleep. Now darkness shades the distant hill, The little birds are hid and still, And we a quiet sleep may take, For our Creator is awake. 'Tis sweet, upon my little bed, To think ray Saviour guards my head, And be a helpless child can keep, Through all the silent hours of sleep. Lesson III. What is the air which surrounds the earth called T Atmosphere. To what height does the atmosphere rise I Forty five miles. Of what use is the air I 9*102 ASTRONOMY. It is our breath, we could not live without it. Ani- mals and vegetables could not live without air. What other benefit is derived from air ? It causes fire to burn, it helps the birds to fly, and brings to us the fragrant perfumes of flowers and plants. What is wind 1 It is air moving swiftly. What is vapour 1 Particles of water in the air, which rise from the land and water, and become clouds. Do these particles of water which form the clouds, descend to the earth again ? They come down in rain, and water the earth. When this vapour freezes in the air what is it ? It is snow* which falls gently down and covers the earth with the purest white. Lesson TV. Moon. What do you sometimes see, when you look up to the.sky in the night ? The Moon and Stars. What is the moon ? It is a secondary planet What, is a secondary planet ? One that moves round a large planet. What large planet does the Moon move round ? The Earth. What is it to the earth ? A Satellite. How long is the diameter of the moon ? 2180 miles. How many miles is the circumference of the Moon? 6,850. How far is it from the Earth 1 240,000 miles. How far is it from the sun ? Ninety five millions of miles. How long is the Moon in moving round the Earth! 27 days, 7 hours, 43 min. and 8 seconds. Has the Moon any other motion \ASTRONOMY. 103 It turns on its axis, in the same time that it move# round the Earth. Is the moon a dark body ? It is like the earth, dark, where the Sun doe* not shine upon it and give it light. Why does the Moon appear to change its shape t Because the Sun does not always shine upon the side which is towards us, and a part of the time we can only see one edge of that side which the Sun doe» shine upon. What is it called when the Moon appears all bright 1 Full moon. When is it full moon ? When the Moon is opposite the sun. Do we receive light from the moon when the sua shines upon the side of it which is towards the earth ? Yes, it reflects a pleasant light upon the earth, which is delightful to the traveller, and also to the mariners, who are travelling the deep waters, in the night. What is there besides the moon, which makes th« sky so beautiful in the night? A thousand stars. What are those which we call stars ? Some of them are distant pianets; most of them are supposed to be suns to other worlds at an immense dis- tance. What does the bible say about these wonderful work* of God ? By his spirit he hath garnished the heavens. Lo, these are parts of his ways, but how little a portion is heard of him. What did king David say of these wonders T When I consider the heavens the work of thy fingers, the Moon and Stars which thou hast made, what is man, that thou art mindful of him, or the son of man, that thou dost regard him.%04 DIVISION OF TIME; What is time? A portion of duration. What is the time of the world 1 Duration from the moment the world was made until k shall end. How long has it been since the world was made ? 5834 years. Will the time of the world come to an end ? The day of the Lord will come in the which the heavens shall pass away with a great noise—-the earth also, and the works that are therein, shall be burned up. How is time divided 1 Time is divided into eras, centuries, years, seasons,, months, days, hours, minutes,, and seconds. What is a second of time ? It is only as long as it takes to count 1. How many of these seconds are there in one min- ute.? HT Sixty. • How many minutes are there in one hour? Sixty. How many hours in otie day ? Twenty four. What is a day ? The time in which the earth turns once round. At what time does the day begin and end ? At twelve o'clock in the night. Is any other time called day ? Yes, the time when the sun shines is called day. How long is the time of light which Is called day- time ? In summer the day-time is fifteen hours. How long is the day-time in winter ? Nine hours. How many days are there in one week I Seven.DIVISION OF TIME. 105 Who divided the days into weeks 1 God, when he made the world. Was God seven days in making the world. No, God made the world in six days ; on the next day he rested, and made it a day of holy rest? What did he call that day of rest. The Sabbath. - Did he command the people which he made, to do a* he had done ? He told them that- during six days they must labor and do all their work, but the seventh should be a holy sabbath, and on that day they should do no work. . How many weeks are called a month 1 Four. How many days are there in one year ? * Three hundred and sixty five. How many weeks are there in one year ? Fifty two. How many months ? Twelve. What are they ? How many seasons 1 Four. What are they ? Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter, Which are the spring months 1 Which are the summer months 1 Which the autumnal months 1 Which the winter months ? How many days are there in each month ? Thirty days has September, April, June, and November, February has twenty eight alone, All the rest have thirty one. Except in leap year time, February, has twenty nine. How many years are called a century ? One hundred. Y What is an era I106 DIVISION OF TIME. Time measured from a particular date. From what period was time measured before Christ eame 1 The beginning of the world. How long was it after the world was made, before Christ eame 1 Four thousand and four years. What is called the christian era ? The time since the birth of Christ. * How long is that.? Eighteen hundred and thirty years. * What is that time called that is gone ? Fast time. What is the day that is gone last, called ? Yesterday. What is the time that is now t Present. What is the day called that is now ? To-day. What is the time that has not come ? Future. What is the day called that is to come next ? To- morrow. What is the time called when people rise from sleep ? Morning. When they eat dinner ? Noon. When they go to bed i Evening. What is your time 1 It is what passes from the moment I was born, unto the moment I shall die. How is time measured? By clocks, watches, and dials. What will come, when time shall be no more t Eternity. What is the difference between time and eternity, as to duration ? Time had a beginning* and will have an end; Eter- nity is without beginnings and without end We live in time, what does God live in ? Eternity. Your time began a few years ago, when will it end t When our bodies die. Where will you live, when your bodies die; IDIVISION OF TIME. 107 In eternity. What are your bodies 1 All that can be seen of us ! What have you more ? We have souls. What part of you, is your soul ? That within, which thinks, which learns and knows, which loves and hates. Is your soul worth more than your body ? It is, it is our life, it will never die. To-day is come; to-day be wise, For while we sing, away it flies, How soon will this sweet time be gone? For where is yesterday ? His gone. Gone j gone j 'twill never come again, But just to ask what good I've done ; And when to day's forever gone, O then Eternity is come. Days, months, and years, will have an end, Eternity has none; 'Twill always be as long to come, As when it first began. QUESTIONS ON VARIOUS FAMILIAR SUBJECTS. Lesson XIV.—Questions respecting Salt, Is the water of the ocean salt ? It is very salt. Do people make salt from the water of the ocean 1 They do. Is all the salt that is used made of the water of the ocean ? No ? there are Salt mines, where salt is dug out of the earth, and salt springs, where great quantities of «alt are made from the water. Can you tell me what salt is good for? Our food would not be good without it. It is necessary to preserve meat, butter, and cheese.m familiIr subjects. What do you wear on your feet ? Shoes. Of what are shoes made ? Leather. Of what is leather made 1 The skins of animals. Why do people kill animals ? For food. J Did God give them to us for meat ? God said to Noah, every living thing that moveth shall be meat for you. What is the flesh of cows and oxen called 1 It is called beef. What is the flesh of calves called ? Veal. What is the flesh of sheep called 1 Mutton. What is the flesh of swine called 1 Pork. What is the flesh of deer called ? Venison. What is smoked meat called 1 Bacon. You have learned, my children, that it is God who gives us our food. What should you do GU receive your food ? We should give thanlGFro God, for he hath created it, to be received with thanksgiving. Of what is paper made ? Cotton and linen rags. What did people write on and use for books before the art of making paper was known 1 Parchment, When was the art of making paper of rags first known ? A. D. 1000. Of what is parchment made ? The skins of sheep. w How were books made, before the art of printing was invented 1 They were written with a pen. What year of the christian era, was the art of print- ing invented'? 1430 By Laurentius of Harleim, a town of Holland. What did he print with? Wooden types. Who invented metal types ? Guttenburgh. Of what is the stove made 1 Iron.FAMILIAR SUBJECTS. 109 Of what is Iron made ? Ore. Where is Ore found? In the Earth. Are all metals found in the earth ? They are. What are some of the most useful metals, or those which are called maleable ? Gold, Platina, Palladium, Silver, Mercury, Tin, Cop- per, Iron, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Cadmium. Which is most esteemed ? Gold. Of which are money made ? Gold, silver and copper. How are all the things which are found on the earth, arranged ? Under three grand divisions, called kingdoms. What are they ? The mineral kingdom, the vegetable kingdom, the an- imal kingdom. What does the mineral kingdom include ? All earths and stones, minerals, combustibles, salts and metals. What does the vegetable kingdom include ? All trees and plants. What does the animal kingdom include ? All living creatures, bipeds, quadrupeds, fowls, fishes, reptiles, insects and worms. How many grand divisions are there in the human species ? Five; European, Asiatic, Maylay, African, Ameri- can. What is the appearanc#bf the Europeans ? They have regular features, and fair complexion. What-is the appearance of the Asiatics? They have bro\) n complexion, flat forehead, small eyes, coarsf, straight, black hair, and wide mouths. What is the appearance of the Maylays I Bark brown complexion, large features, straight hair, broad nostrils, great mouths. What is the appearance of the Africans ? 10110 FAMILIAR SUBJECTS. A jet black complexion, black woolly hair, flat noses, prominent chins, and thick lips, and line white teeth. What is the appearance of the Americans ? They are of a copper colour, coarse, straight, black hair, high cheek bones, sunken eyes, stout masculine limbs. ITEMS OF VARIOUS SUBJECTS FOR FAMILIAR QUESTIONS. Bees' Wax.—Where is it obtained ? What use does the bee make of it ? For what is it valuable ? Bells.—Invented, A. D. 400. Made of copper, melt- ed with fine tin. First introduced into churches m Rome, A. D. 900. For what are bells useful ? Bricks.—Of what are they made, and how? What important use is made of them ? Books.—Tables of stone and the leaves and barks of trees were first used to write upon ; also linen cloth in long „ pieces which were rolled together: hence the roll we read of in the bible. The bark of the rush papyrus, a; beautiful plant found on the banks of the Nile, was once used to write on. From this rush the article which books are now printed on, took the name paper.—The first regular printed book was a bible in the latin language, published about A. D. 1450. - What Artists are employed in making a book ? By what names are the various sizes of books distinguish- ed ? Which is the most valuable book in the world ? Bread.—Of what is it made ? Where are the mate- rials obtained ? How prepared ? What bread was pro- jrfdedTor t&-Israelites in the wilderness? What do savages use for bread ! Who is called the bread of life which came down from heaven ? Burning Glasses.—Are formed so as to concentrate the rays of the sun. The rays thus concentrated are o4"FAMILIAR SUBJECTS. HI sufficient heat to kindle fire; the same form of glass is used for spectacles, which were first invented by Spina, a monk of Pisa, near the close of the 13th century. Of what use are spectacles ? What is a telescope ? What is a microscope ? Brass.—A mixture of copper and zinc. For what is it used ? Cloths.—Woollen, linen, cotton, silk. Of what made ? Where are the materials obtained 1 How pro- duced ? Where manufactured ? What things are made of cloth ? What do savages use for clothing ? Coal.—Describe the various kinds. How is it pro- cured ? For what useful/ Where are extensive mines of coal ? Colours.—What are the seven primary colours ?— Black is the privation of all colour. Green, is composed of yellow and blue. Orange, of red and yellow. Pur- ple, and violet, of blue and red. Olive, of red, and blue, and yellow. Caoutchouc.—A tree which grows in South America, from which india rubber is obtained. It exudes from the bark by incision in a milky liquid, which hardens in the air; it is shaped in bottles, boots and shoes, on moulds of clay, then smoked for several weeks, when _the clay is broken out and the articles are fit for use.— The Indians use it for torches. It burns with a bright light. Coffee.—Of what made? Where cultivated/ How prepared/ Diamonds.—The most valuable gem in the world.— Found in South America. The richest mine is in Go- iiconda.—It is useful for cutting glass.112 FAMILIAR SUBJECTS. ^Earthquakes.~What are they ? What is the cause of them I What melancholy effects are produced them ? What countries are most subject to them ? Spain, Italy, Sicily, N. part of S. America. ' Figs grow in most warm countries.—Abound most on the eastern continent. The tree is large, and shady, with leaves resembling the mulberry.—The fruit grows from the trunk and large boughs.—The trees produces three crops annually. Gold.—What is it ? For what is it useful ? Where are the richest mines found ? What country made themselves rich by the discovery of these mines ? Hats.—Of what manufactured ? Where are the materials obtained 1 What do people wear for a cover- ing of the head, men, women and children of various countries ? Houses,—Of what made ? What mechanics are em- ployed in making them ? What the various uses made of various buildings, as churches, castles, chapels, ca- thedrals, monasteries, synagogues, temples, mosques, seminaries, colleges, capitol, dwelling-houses, mansions, markets, factories, shops, taverns, mills, barns, cottages* hovels, huts, a lodge. Honey.—Where found ? By what collected ? How stored 1 What is its taste ? Hurricanes.—Caused by wind blowing from opposite points of compass.—What the disastrous effects ? West Indies most subject to them. Iron.—What is it ? Where is it found ? How pre- pared ? What are some of its valuable uses ? What are some of the things which are made of Iron 1 Money.—What is it I Of what metals made ? WhatFAMILIAR SUBJECTS. pieces are made of copper—what of silver—what of gold? How many cents are the value of 1 dollar ? What is the smallest silver piece ? How many cents is it equal to ? What silver piece is next in size ? What is its value in cents ? What part of a dollar is it? What the next largest silver coin ? What is its value in cents ? What the next largest piece ? What is its value ? What is the largest silver coin ? What are the various pieces of gold coin ? What their value in sil- ver? What are the paper bills which are called rao- neyj For what is money useful ? How much money do you pay for a handful of sugar plumbs? a pencil? slate? Bible? a pair of shoes? a knife? a hat? cloth of which your clothes are made? school apparatus ? how much is paid for a good horse ? a cow ? a sheep ? various articles of provision ? a house ? a ship ? various articles of furniture ? paper ? pen ? ink ? books ? What reward is paid to a school teacher? a minister 1 a governor, president and other magistrates ? How is the money collected which is paid to our rul- ers I Pearls.—Are taken from the pearl oyster, which is found in the seas of East India, America, and some other places. Buttons, are made of the pearl oyster shell* which is called mother pearL Pewter.—A mixture of tin and lead, What is made of pewter? Pens»—Of what are pens made ? What was used be- fore quills ? Pointed sticks were first used, afterwards a pointed slip of iron or silver which was called stylus ; it is thought that the word style applied to writing, was, taken from this improvement in pens.. Where are qiiilk obtained t W*114 FAMILIAR SUBJECTS. Silver.—What is it ? Where obtained T What is it* comparative value ? For what is it used ? Steel—Iron prepared by fire. Teeth—The hardest and smoothest bones of the bo- dy. They appear within the first year. A larger and more deep rooted set take the place of the first teeth about the seventh year. The last teeth appear at or near the age of twenty-one. How are they removed when diseased ? ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. What is the use of Geometry ? It explains the shape of all bodies, and teaches how to measure them. 'What is first to be learned ? The properties,* and uses, of the various figure* which are used in this science. What can you say of a line ? A line has length, but no breadth. It may be mad* by drawing a pencil across a paper. What is a point? A small dot. T. Lines are of two kinds, straight and curved. What is a straight line ? That which goes but one way from one end* What is a curved line I That which turns gradually. What are the positions of lines when placed near each other 1 They are either parallel, perpendicular, or oblique. When-are they parallel ? When they are every where at the same distance horn each other* When arfe they perpendicular ?ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. 115 When one line meets" the other without inclining- ei- ther way. What are oblique lines ? All which are not parallel or perpendicular. What is a horizontal line ? That which is parallel to the horizon or general sur- face of the earth. What is a vertical line ? That which is perpendicular to the horizon or surface of the earth. Angles. What is an angle? Where two lines meet each other which are not m the same direction. What is a right angle ? Where two perpendicular lines? meet. What is an acute angle ? Where oblique lines meet* which are less ©pen thai* a right angle. What is an obtuse angle ? When the lines which meet are more open than; a right angle. Surfaces. What is surface ? It is-the outside of solids, and has length and breadth, but not thickness. Of what kinds are surfaces? Plane and curved.. What is a plane surface ? It is that which lies- all one wayr like one side of a- book, or brick. What is a curved surface ? It is that which turns different ways; as when I hold? an apple* one part of the surface is towards you, and another part towards me. What is circumference 1116 ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. A curved line which surrounds a figure. A single eurved line will surround a figure. Perimeter, What is a perimeter I Straight lines which surround a figure. What is the smallest number of straight lines which can enclose a figure I Three. What is a three sided figure called? Triangle. What is an equilateral triangle ? When the three sides are of equal length. What is an isosceles ? When burtwo sides are of equal length* What is a scalene ? When all the sides are of different lengths. What is a right angle triangle ? When a figure has one right angle, and two acute an- gles. What is an obtuse angled triangle ? A figure which has one obtuse and two acute angle#* What is an acute angled triangle ? A figure which has three acute angles* Quadrilaterals*. What are quadrilaterals T Four sided figure®. How many different figures are there which have four sides 1 Six ; a square* an oblong, a rhombus, a rhomboid, a( trapezoid, and a trapezium. Which are called parallelograms ? The square, the oblong, the rhombus and rhomboid. Why are they so called 1 Because they have their opposite sides parallel. What is a square 1 A four sided figure* which has all its sides and angles equal. What is an oblong T A four sided figure, which has only the opposite sides equal*ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. 11T What is a rhombus ? A figure with four equal sides, two of which are per- pendicular, and two oblique, and has two acut6, and two obtuse angles. What is a rhomboid ? A figure with four sides, which has only its opposite sides and angles equal. What is a trapezoid 1 A figure with four sides, two of which are parallel, and the other two are not. What is a trapezium ? A figure of four sides, and none of them parallel. How are parallelograms measured ? The length is multiplied by the breadth. How is a triangle measured ? The length is multiplied by half the breadth. Polygons. What are polygons ? Figures which have more than four sides. What is a pentagon? A figure which has five sides. What is a hexagon ? A figure which has six sides. What is a heptagon? A figure which has seven sides. What is an octagon ? A figure which has eight sides. What is a nonagon ? A figure which has nine sides. What is a decagon ? A figure which has ten sides, How can these figures be measured? By being cut up into triangles ; each ured separately, then all added together. are enclosed by straight lines which are ters. Circular Figures. How many lines will enclose a circular figure? One. What is a circle ? triangle meas- These figures called perirne-lis ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. A figure formed by aline, drawn every where equally distant from €uptfint within, called the centre. What is the diameter of a circle 1 A straight line which crosses it through the centre. What is the radius of a circle ? A straight line 'which passes from the centre to the circumference. What is the arc of a circle ? A part of the circumference. What is the chord of a circle 1 A straight line crossing any part of a circle, which does not go through the centre. What is the segment of a circle 1 The space enclosed by an arc and a chord. What is the sector of a circle 1 The space enclosed by an arc and two radii. What is an ellipse 1 A circular figure longer in one direction than the other. What is the longest diameter of an ellipse called ? Transverse. What is the shortest diameter called ? Conjugate. Solids. What is a solid ? It is what has length, breadth and thickness, and is enclosed by a surface ^ as a brick, an orange. What is a plain solid ? That which is enclosed by a plane surface like a brick. What is a curved solid ? That which is enclosed by a curved surface like an orange. What will enclose a curved solid I One curved surface. Parallelopipeds. What are Parallelopipeds? Solids enclosed by parallelograms, which have alway* six sides, or surfaces..ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. 119 What is a cube1 A solid having six equal sides which are square. What are right parallelopipeds ] When the sides are all squares or oblongs, and the corners right angles. What are oblique parallelopipeds ? When the sides are rhombuses or rhomboids, and the four corners oblique angles. How are parallelopipeds measured ? Multiply the length, breadth, and thickness together. Prisms and Pyramids. &c. What is a prism 1 A solid whose sides are all parallelograms, and the ends triangles, squares or any regular figure. What is a^eylinder ? A round prism ; its ends are circles. What is a pyramid ? A solid having its sides all triangles, and its base a triangle or more. What is a cone 1 A round pyramid, its base a circle, its top a point. What is a sphere ? A solid enclosed in one curved surface, every part of which is equally distant from a point within, which is called the centre. JRegular Solids. What is a regular solid 1 A solid having its sides ail of the same shape and fiize. How many are there ? five. What are the smallest number of sides with which you can enclose a plane solid ? Four. When those sides are regular what will be their shape ? Equilateral triangles. What is such a solid called ? Tetraedron.120 ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. What is the next smallest number of sides which will cnclose a regular solid ? Six squares, which is a cube. What is an Octaedron 1 A solid enclosed by eight equilateral triangles. What is a dodecaedron 1 A solid enclosed in twelve pentagons. What is an Icosaedron ? A solid enclosed in twenty equilateral triangles. These five solids are all that can be formed hsTving the sides and angles all alike. Isoperimetry. What figure will contain the greatest quantity in the least surface 1 A sphere. What figure, with plane surfaces, will enclose the greatest quantity in a given surface 1 A cube. What figure will enclose the most space in a given lenght of line ? A circle. Among quadrilaterals, what figure will enclose the most space ? A square. LESSONS IN NATURAL HISTORY. Of plants and flowers. Lesson L What is the science called which teaches us of plants, flowers and fruit ? Botany. Who causes the plants and flowers to grow ? God* Do plants live and die ? They do. What kind of life is that of plants ? Vegetable. Forwhat are plants useful ? Some are useful for food and some for medicine; andNATURAL HISTORY. 121 all are beautiful, and teach us the wisdom and goodness of God. How many kinds of plants are known 1 There have been 50,000 recorded in France. How does a plant grow ? The seed is put into the ground ; after it has been there a few days, two shoots grow out of it; one grows downward into the ground, and is the root; the other comes up, and spreads out in leaves. What are the several parts of a plant called ? The root, the trunk, or stem, the stalks, the leaves, the flower, and fruit. What is the root 1 That part which grows in the ground and holds up the plant. Oan a plant live, if you destroy the root ? It cannot, for that which keeps the plant alive comes from the ground through the root. There are several kinds of roots; what are those roots called which live only one year ? Annual. What are biennial roots ? Such as live two years. What are perennial roots ? Such as live many years. What are those roots called that are like the onion 1 Bulbous. What are those roots called which are like a potato ? Tuberose. What are those called which are like a carrot ? Fusiform. What are those called which spread about ] Fibrous. Lesson II, What is the stem or trunk of a plant 1 It is that which stands up from the ground and sends out the stalks. 11122 NATURAL HISTORY. What is the bark ? m It is the coat which covers the stem, and keeps it from the cold. Will the cold hurt plants ? The cold will kill a great many kinds of plants. Is. that the reason, why some are placed in boxes ? Yes, they are placed in boxes that they may be brought into the house, when the weather is cold. What are those little sticks called, which grow out of the trunk and hold the leaves and flowers ? The stalks. What is a bud ? It is little leaves, which are folded very closely one aver the. other; and contain the stalks that are not grown out. When do the buds grow 1 In the summer. When does the stalk grow out of them 1 The next year. Where does the bud grow 1 Close by the stalk of the leaf.1 What is the color of the leaves 1 Green. Which way do leaves always turn 1 They turn towards the light. Does the light of the sun help to give them their green color ? It does; leaves which grow in a dark cellar are white. How many kinds of leaves are there I One hundred. For what are the leaves of trees useful ? They help the bud to grow—they shade the plant from the heat of the sun—they make a pleasant shade for animals, which do not have houses to cover them. Do animals like to go among the trees ? They do; and the birds make their nests and sjng among the branches.NATURAL HISTORY.. 123 Lesson IIL What is the fluid that runs in the plant like water, and sometimes leaks o#t 1 It is the sap. Is the sap the same in all kinds of plants 1 No; it is very different y when it runs out of some plants it turns to gum ; and what runs from some turns to resin; and the sap which runs from some others turns to opium; and from another to Gum Elastic ; which is called India rubber* Is oil obtained from plants 1 It is; much oil is pressed from the seed of some plants. What kinds of oil is pressed from the seed of plants ? Linseed oil, castor oil, oil of olives, and oil of al- monds. Lesson Pf, How many parts has a flower ? Seven. What are they called ? Calyx, corollas stamens, pistils, pericarpium, the seed and receptacle. What is the calyx or flower cup 1 It is the green part under the blossom, out of which the flower grows. What are the corolla I The delicate leaves called the blossom, which are of various and beautiful colors. What is one of those leaves called ? A petal. What is sometimes found at the bottom of the corol- la, in a small part called the nectary ? Honey. How is this honey gathered 1 It is collected by the little bee, who lays it in little cups curiously made of wax. - Who makes the little waxen cups 1124 NATURAL HISTORY. The bee makes them, with wax it obtains from the flowers. What are the stamens ? The mealy or glutinous knobs in the flower, called anthers, with or without, filamentous organs. What is the little thread called which stands up in the middle of a flower with a small head on It ? Pis- til. What is that which the pistil grows from I The seed bud, or germen. When the leaves of the flower die or fall off, and the seed bud grows large, and contains the seed, what is it called ? Pericarpium. What is the seed bud of the apple tree blossom when it is grown 1 It is an apple. Can you find little seeds in the apple ? We can. What is the seed bud or germen of the peach tree 1— the plumb tree ?—the pear tree ? All kinds of fruit are the seedbuds of • the plants which are called pericarpium. What is the seed 1 It is the part which is for the next plant to grow from. How are the seeds for the next plants scattered ? Some seeds have little feathers upon them, and are blown about by the wind, and fall upon the ground, where they are soon covered with the soil. In what other ways are the seeds scattered 1 Animals and birds eat the fruit and drop the seeds up- on the ground. In this way seeds are sometimes carri- ed from one country to another. What is the receptacle 1 It is the bottom of the flower which holds the tither parts. What has a large receptacle 1 The artichoke, or sunflower.NATURAL HISTORY. 125 Lesson V. How are plants arranged by those who have studied them ? They are placed in classes. What is one class of plants ? All those kinds which have stamens alike, belong to one class. How many classes of plants are there 1 Twenty four. [The names of the several classes are in the appendix.] A description of so?ne useful plants. 1st Class.—The ginger plant belongs to- the first class, which is called Monandria, where does it grow ? In the East Indies, and rises in round stalks about four feet above the ground. How long does it live 1 One year. What is done with it then 1 .» The roots are dug up, cleansed and dried, and put in bags to sell. Is.it brought to this country ? It is, and when it is ground fine, is used in making gingerbread and beer. Does the arrow root plant belong to this class 1 It does; and is ground into flour to make food for sick people. In what country does the arrow root grow 1 In America, M Class.—To which class do pepper plants belong t The second class, called Diandria. Where do they grow ? In the East and West Indies. For what is pepper useful 7 The pepper is ground and used to season meat and broth. 11*126 NATURAL HISTORY. 3d Class.—Grass belongs to the third class, which is called Triandria. Does grass form the covering of the earth 1 It does, and is like a rich carpet, for us to walk on, For what is it useful 1 It is food for animals and men. How many kinds of grass are there ! Three hundred. How may grass be known ? It has a straight hollow stalk with long tapering leaves. What are the grasses which are used for food ? Wheat, Rye, Corn, Barley and Oats. For what are wheat, rye and corn used 1 To make bread. For what is barley used ? It is made into malt for beer. Where do people use oats for making bread ? In Scotland and Ireland. What are oats used for in this country ? For the food of horses. The sugar cane belongs to the 2d class also ; where does it grow ? In the East and West Indies. How high does it rise ? Ten feet. For what is it useful 1 Sugar and Molasses are made of the juice of this plant. The beautiful Tamarind tree belongs to the 2d class ; where does it grow 1 In the East and West Indies. For what is it useful ? The fruit is preserved for the use of the sick. 4th Class. Madder belongs to the fourth class, which is called Tetrandria. Where does madder grow 1 In the west of England. For what is it useful?NATURAL HISTORY. 127 The root of madder will colour red. 5th Glass.—'The fifth class is called Pentandria; a greater part of the plants belong to this class. Currants belong to this class ; do they grow in this country ? They grow in almost all gardens in this country. For what are they useful ? They ripen very quick after the summer comes, and are useful for sauce, and are used in making pies, jel- lies and wine. Does the potato belong to this class ? It does. Where were potatoes first found ? In America. 6th Class.—What is the sixth class called ? Hexandria. What belong to this class ? A great many beautiful flowers. Do flowers soon fade and die ? They do ; many flowers fade, before one day m gone. What are sometimes called plants and flowers ! Children and youth. When are such plants and flowers beautiful ? When humility and love are in the heart. Do such plants and flowers soon fade I They do; for childhood and youth are vanity. What does the bible say about this ? Man cometh forth as a flower and is cut down. The rice plant belongs to the sixth class; where does that grow ? In warm countries; it grows best where the ground is covered with water a part of the time. For what is it used 1 For common food. Is it brought to this country for our use ? It is, and is used in making puddings. Where does cinnamon come from INATURAL HISTORY. Cinnamon is the bark of a small laurel tree which g*rows in the East Indies, and belongs to the 6th class. It is cut lengthwise, stripped from the trees, and dried in sand, where it turns a red color,, and curls like a quill. Camphor belongs to the 6th class; where is that found 1 In Japan. How is it obtained T It is pecked out of the knots of the camphor tree. Class 10.—The mahogany tree belongs to the tenth class, which is called Decandria. Where does it grow T In the warmest parts of America. Is the wood beautiful I It is, and will take a fine polish. It is used in mak- ing tables, bureaus, and other furniture. The lignum vitse belongs to this class, where does that grow t It is a large tree which grows in the West Indies ; the wood of it is so heavy it will sink in water. Class 12.—The almond tree belongs to the twelfth class which is called Icosandria. Where does the almond tree grow ? In Barbary; and bears the nuts called almonds, which are brought to this country and.sold. The clove tree belongs to this class; where does that grow? In the East Indies. What are the cloves that are brought to this country and sold ? They are the flower of the clove tree, picked before they are blown, and dried in the smoke,, which makes them almost black. For what are cloves used ? They are used as spice for pickles and pies. The laurel is of this class ; where does it grow ? In the West Indies.* It rises from 30 to 40 feet*NATURAL HISTORY. 12# What grows upon this kind of laurel ? Berries called pimento or allspice. For what are they used ? They are dried and used in making cakes and pies« Class 13.—The white poppy belongs to the thirteenth . class, which is called Polyandria. For what is this plant used? Opium is made of the milky juice which runs out of the plant when it is cut. For what is opium used ? It is a medicine which will remove pain and cause sleep. The tea plant belongs to this class; where does it grow? In China and Japan. How tall is the tea plant ? It rises 10 feet high; the flowers are white and the leaves are an inch and an half long. How are the leaves prepared for sale ? They are gathered when the tree is three years old, and heated in an iron pan; then they are spread out and rolled in the hands and cooled, arid the same thing is done again, and again, until they are dry. Class 16.—The cotton plant is of the 16th class, which is called Monadelphia. Where does the cotton plant grow ? In the East and West Indies and in the southern states. What part of the plant produces the cotton ? The feseed vessel, which is filled with this- white downy substance. What use is made of cotton ? It is spun and wove into cloth. What kind of cloths are made of cotton / Calico, cambric, muslin, nankin, and many Other kinds. Of what kind of cotton is nankin made ?130 NATURAL HISTORY. It is made of yellow cotton which grows in a part of China. Class IS.—1The orange and lemon trees belong to the 18th class, which is called Polyadelphia. Where are orange and lemon trees found ? They are found growing in most warm countries; the fruit which is brought to this country is picked be- fore it becomes ripe, and is not as good as that which ripens on the trees. Class 21___The-oak-tree belongs to the 21st class,, which is called Monoecia. What can you tell me of the oak ? It is a very large tree and lives a great many years. For what is the wood of this tree useful 1 Building ships. For what is the bark used I rPannfnnr -------.*# What are the nuts called, which grow upon the oak ? Acorns, they are food for animals. For what is the saw-dust of this wood used? It is used for dying fustians, and drab colors. Is the cork which is used in stopping bottles obtained from one species of the oak 1 It is. Cork is the outer bark of an oak, which grows in the south of Europe and north of Africa. How old is this tree, before it produces the cork ? Twenty five years, after that it will produce good cork every tenth year, until it is nearly 200 years old. ^The mulberry tree belongs to this class, where was that found ? It was first found in China, it is now cultivated, in various parts of the world. For what is it used ? . The berries are very sweet, they are food for bird's, the leaves are used to feed silk worms. The cocoa nut tree belongs to this class,, where i& that found 1 la the East-Indies-.,NATURAL HISTORY. 131 How high does it grow ? Sometimes it is seen 60 feet high, and makes a very grand appearance; for its leaves are from 10 to 15 feet in length. How large are the cocoa nuts ? As large as a man's head. The bread fruit tree belongs to this class, where is that found ? It is found on the Islands in the Southern and Pacific Oceans. For what is it useful ? The fruit, which is as large as a child's head, is good for food. The people of those Islands have no other bread. They also make their cloth of the bark. There is a tree called Caoutchouc, belonging to this class, from which India rubber is taken; how is it taken from the tree 1 It issues from the bark by incision in milky liquid which hardens in the air. For what is it used ? It is made into shoes, which are useful to keep the feet dry, as the. water cannot penetrate it. Class 22*—The Misletoe belongs to the 22d class, called Dioecia ; how does this grow ? It grows from the bark of other trees, and will not grow in the ground. Class 23.—The Figtree belongs to the 23d class, which is called Polygamia, where is this found ? In the south of Europe, in the Indies, and southern states. For what is it useful ? For its fruit, which is very delicious and whole- some.132 NATURAL HISTORY, LESSONS IN NATURAL HISTORY. Of Animals. Children are pleased with animals. When the pic- ture of an animal is presented to them it will not fail to excite their curiosity and enlist their attention to what- ever may be said respecting it. The questions on the peculiar properties, and use, of various animals should be asked, while the picture of the animal is before them. Has God made many kinds of animals ? He has made various beasts to range the field, and numerous kinds of fowls to fly in the air, fishes and monsters which swim and play in the deep waters, and myriads of insects which are animated with the genial rays of the sun. What animals are called quadrupeds ? Every kind, that walk on four feet are quadrupeds. How many species of quadrupeds are there ? Nearly four hundred have been noticed. What are bipeds ? Animals which walk on two feet. What animals walk on two feet ? Birds. What animals.have no feet 1 Fishes and serpents. What animals are called aquatic ? Such as inhabit the water. . What animals are called amphibious 1 Those which can live in water or on the land, as they choose ; such animals usually have webbed feet which they can spread open like a fan; these help them to swim. What are the animals called which fly in the air ? Volatiles. What are those animals called'which catch and eat other animals ? Predacious. What are those animals called which are fierce and will kill men and other animals ?NATURAL HISTORY. 133 Ferocious. What are those which are easily caught, and used; and will not hurt any one ] Tame and harmless. What are those called, which feed on grain and veg- etables ? Granivorous. What are those called which feed on flesh ? Carnivorous. What are those called which swallow their food and raise it again to chew it 1 Ruminant. What are the. claws of ferocious birds called ? Talons. What are those birds called which fly off to warm countries when the cold season approaches, and return when the warm season arrives ? Birds of passage. What are called poultry ? Those which live in farmers' yards. What does God say in his word about his knowledge of the animals I Every beast of the field is mine, and the casttle upon a thousand hills; I know all the fowls of the moun- tains. ELEPHANT. What is this 1 The Elephant. i What kind of animal is the Elephant ? Granivorous. How large is the Elephant ? .... It is the largest land animal that is known. What is the height of the Elephant ? Twelve or fifteen feet. Is it the strongest animal ? It is. One Elephant will draw as much as six hor- ses. 12134 NATURAL HISTORY. Can this large animal run 1 It can outrun the horse. What does it know ? It knows more than any other animals For what is it most valued ? The Ivory which is made of its teeth. How large are its teeth ? One will weigh four pounds and a half. What is the use of its trunk 1 It is used as an arm and hand. How long does the Elephant live ? More than 100 years. In what country is it found ? In Africa and Asia. buffalo. What kind of animal is the Buffalo ? It resembles the cow. [s it harmless as the cow? It is very formidable when wild, and will kill men and other animals with its horns ; but it is easily tamed. For what is it useful ? It is used for labour like the ox, and is very strong. Is its flesh good for food ? In Italy the people use its flesh for meat, and make butter and cheese of its milk. Is its skin useful ? It is very useful, as it makes the strongest leather, and is also used with the hair on, for blankets. the cow. What is this? A cow. Is the cow a useful animal ? Yes ; every part of the cow is useful. For what is the cow's milk useful ? To make butter and cheese. But when the cow is killed is it of any use ? It is of very great use. What is its flesh called ?NATURAL HISTORY. 135 Beef—which we often eat for food 5 and minced pies are made of it. For what is the skin useful ? Leather is made of it. For what is leather used ? Boots and shoes are made of it, bridles and other harness for horses. For what are the bones useful t Handles for brushes, such as tooth-brushes and nail- brushes are made of them. Are the horns of any use ? Of the horns they make salt-spoons, combs,Imttons and many other things. Is the blood of any use ? Yes 5 it is used to purify sugar.—Candles are made of the tallow.—The feet afford an excellent oil called neats foot.—Glue is made of the cartilages and gristles. —From one of its diseases man has obtained great ben- efit, viz. the kine pox.—Its hair, mixed with lime, is used in plaistering.—From the general utility of the cow, the Egyptians were led to worship it. Was not this sinful ? It was;—they should have loved and worshipped God who made the cow for our use. THE HORSE. What is this ? A horse. Is the horse a beautiful animal 1 He is very beautiful. What is his disposition 1 Generous, kind, and obedient. Should we then be kind and pitiful to the horse 1 We should. It is wicked to abuse him. Is the horse useful % Very useful both for business and for pleasure. Where does the horse enjoy his native freedom 1 In some parts of Africa, Arabia and South America, they may be seen in droves of 5 or 600, feeding togeth- er. One stands at the outside to give notice of ap«136 NATURAL HISTORY. proaching danger.—When danger appears, he gives the alarm by a loud snort, when the whole herd run off very swiftly. To what age does the horse live ? . From 20 to 25 years. How are people and children sometimes hurt by the horse 1 m By a blow from its heels. It will kick with great vi- olence so as to kill a person in a moment. THE sheep. What animal is this ? The sheep. What is that with wliich it is clothed ? Wool. . For what is wool useful ? Our warm clothes are made of it. Is the flesh of the sheep good for food 1 It is, and is called mutton. Is the skin useful? Yes ; parchment, gloves and morocco arc made of it. The entrails are made into strings for musical instru- ments. Milk and butter are sometimes produced from the sheep. What is its disposition ? Mild and harmless. A lamb was chosen for sacrifice, to be a type of Christ;—being an animal best fitted to denote the pu- gentleness, harmlessness and patience of the Re- deemer. THE CAT. What kind of animal is the cat t A. small carnivorous animal. For what is a cat useful ? To destroy rats and mice.NATURAL HISTORY. 137 When can a cat see best ? In twilight, which is the time it catches its prey Is the cat prone to fight? It is. What time does it choose for fighting ? The night. What does it fight with ? With its claws and teeth. Will cats hurt you if you treat them kindly ? They will not. I like the pussy, her coat is warm, And if 1 don't hurt her she'll do me no harm ; So I'll not pull her tail, nor drive her away, But pusav and I very gently will play 5 She shall sit by my side, and I'll give her some food, And she will love me, if I'm gentle and good. THE SQUIRREL. What is this ? A squirrel. What is the squirrel ? A very pretty animal, not so big as a cat, and quite harmless. Where does it live ? In woods, and makes its nest in hollow trees. What is its food ? Fruits and nuts. Does it lay in a store for winter ? It does. What should this teach us I To prepare for a future state. Does it usually run on the ground I No. It jumps from one tree to another. For what is it useful X Its flesh is delicious meat, and the fur with which it is covered is useful* 12*natural history. won. What is this ? A Lion. What is the Lion styled,? . The lord of the forest. How does he appear I * . Very bold, and majestic. What does his roaring resemble ? The sound of thunder; and all other animals are frightened when they hear him* What colour is he ! a tawny yellow. • To what age does he live t 60 or 70 years. ~ Where is the Lion found ? . In the hottest regions of Asia and Africa. How large is he? About 4 feet in height and 8 ii5 length. bear. . WTiat kind of animal is the bear ? ' > Very ferocious but not carnivorous. What is his colour ? y Black, in this climate; in the- cold climates he is white. ^ •• What places does he inhabit ? . ^ ' f He lives among the most lonely wilds and rocks, in the darkest woods. What is his peculiar manner of life? . He becomes very fat in summer—in winter he crawls into his den, and remaiiis several weeks without eating any thing. ~ - : ^ ^ V ' For what are bears useful! -:'ui - 1- For meat, fat and fur. - ■ -\ Why did God send bears from the woods to kill a number of children ? Because they mocked a good old man, and called him by ill names.NATURAL HISTORY- 139 How should children treat aged people 1 'With respect and kindness and listen to what they say. ' BEER. . • What aiiimal is this The Deer. _ How does it appear £ Very beautiful and harmless and runs very swiftly. For what is it useful ? ' The skin makes a soil and strong leather, which is made into gloves and 'shoes; their flesh makes delicious meat, ' What is the meat called ! Venison. Its horns are useful in making knife-han- dles and other articles. Butter and cheese are some- times made_ of its milk. .To what age does it live I 35 or 40 years. ► What does the deer use for food ? It eats the stalks, leaves and moss of trees., ^ f What are the other animals of the deer kind called ? Fallow deer, Reindeer, Roebuck, ^Moose, Elk. Where are these ainimals found ? " r In almost all parts of the earth where there are large forests for them to range. /.What is tlils f ^TheDog. For what is the Dog useful ? ' # He is a faithful servant to man, and as hie is permit- ted to accompany him, he feels, proud, jand above all other animals.*—He is useful to defend- his master's person and property. v: • ; ^ v Does the dog know more than most other animals ? He does; he loves andobeys.his master, and^always does what he is bid. ri > "140 NATURAL HISTORY. T. I hope my dear children will not suffer the dog to surpass them in obedience. I'll never hurl a-little dop, But stroke and pal bis head; I like to see the joy he shews, I like to see him fed. Poor Httle dogs are very good, And very useful too, For do you know that they will min