ILLINOIS

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPA1GN

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THE UNIVERSITY

EI	OF ILLINOIS

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LIBRARY

From the collection of

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Purchased, 1918.

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AMERICAN LINES.

THE

ONTARIO AND ST. LAWRENCE

STEAMBOAT COMPANY'S

HAND-BOOK FOR TRAVELERS

TO

NIAGARA FALLS,

MONTREAL AND QUE BE C,

AND

THROUGH LAKijJ CHAMPLAIIT

TO SARATOGA SPRINGS.

Illustrated fcaitlj i&aps, aiitj Kumerou* lEngrafctiiga

From Original Sketches.

*

BUFFALO:

PUBLISHED BY JEWETT, THOMAS <b CO,
GEO. II. DERBY AND CO.

1 85 2.Entered according to Act of Congress, in. the* year M>2.

Br J. VAN CLEVE.

Id the Clerk's Office of the^District Court of the United States for the
Northern District of New York.

JEWETT, THOMAS AND CO.
SHereotypers and Printer%
£UFFAJLOr 5. Y.1 'T

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REMOTE storage

MTSke oitta:

ONTARIO.

^5 §f« 3Utoi*ei)ce

Steamboat (Compan*}.

TRUSTEES.

12. B. ALLEN, President.............Ogdensburgh, N\ Y.

H. VAN" RENSSELAER.............Ogben£burgh, 1ST. Y.

O. N. SEYMOUR....................Ogdensbusph, N. Y.

A. CHAPMAN ......................Morristown, N. Y.

E. G. MERRICK....................Clayton, N. Y.

S. BUCKLEY............................ Watektown, -N. Y.

A. MUtfSOST_________________________________Utica, N. Y.

T. S. FAXTON ......................Utioa, N. Y.

HAMILTON WHITE................Syracuse, N. Y.

LUTHER WRIGHT.................Oswego, N. Y.

HENRY FITZHUail................Oswego, N. Y.

office of the company, at oswego, n. y.

J. VAN CLE VE, TSEAstREft

7032114

GREAT NORTHERN ROUTE;

1852.

NIAGARA FALLS AND MONTREAL
LAKE ONTARIO.

Ontario and St. Lawrence Steamboat Company*

Will, during the season, run two daily lines, Sundays excepted,

BETWEEN LE WISTON AND MONTREAL.

UNITED STATES MAIL LINE;.

Composed of the large and commodious Lake Steamers^.

NORTHERNER______________________CAPT. R. F. CHILD;

ONTARIO____________________________Capt. H.N. THROOP

NIAGARA.....................CAPT. J; B. ESTES.

CATARACT................ ....CAP^ A.D. KILBY.

And the beautiful River Steamers,,

JENNY LIND______________________CAPT. L. MOODY.

BRITISH EMPIRE.............Capt. D. S. ALLEN.

BRITISH QlJEEir.............. -Capt. LAFLAMME„«£REAT NORTHERN ROUT'S.

5

One of these large and superior Lake Steamers leaves Lew-
•iston every day, connecting at Oswego witli the railroads to
Albany, at Ogdensburgh with the railroads through New
England to Boston, and the above named River Steamers to
•Montreal, as follows:

DOWH THE I«AKE.

Leave Lewiston...........3 p. iw.

Leave Rochester„10 p. m.

Leave Oswego, connecting

with cars for Albany 8 a. m.

»Leave Sacketts-Harbor .>.11 a. m.

Leave Kingston...........2 P. m.

Leave Ogdensbwrgh.......8 A. m.

and arrive -in Montreal at 5 p. m.
passing the Thousand Is-
lands and all the Rapids
■by daylight.

UP THE LAKE.

Leave Montreal...........2 p.m.

Leave Ogdensburgh on ar-
rival of" cars from Boston,. 7.P-Mk
Leave Kingston	8 A. m.

Leave Sacketts Hartvn* --.II a. m.
Leave Oswego on, arrival

of cars from Albany_____4 p. m.

Leave Rochester.—9p,m.
and arrive at Lewiston at 5 A. jfc,
in time for Boat for To-
ronto and Hamilton, and.

Trains for Niagara Falls
and Buffalo.

N. B.—Passengers up the Lake,, by this line, arrive at Niag-
ara Falls and Buffalo in time for breakfast and morning boats
up Lake Erie — having an opportunity to see the Falls.

Passengers leaving Buffalo at 12 o'clock, noon, and Niagara
Falls after dinner, can take this line and reach Albany, via
Oswego, next afternoon, at 2 o'clock, in time for cars and
steamers for New York, making the trip with despatch and
without fatigue, and at,less expense than by any other route ^6	GREAT NORTHBRSf RO U X F

1032.



LAKE ONTARIO.

American Express Line,

Composed of the new, large, and beautiful Lake Steamers^

NEW YORK..................CAPT. R. B, CHAPMAK

BAY STATS...................CAPT, J. IL LED YARD,

And the beautiful River Steamers,

JENNY LIND.................CAPT. Lr MOODY.

BRITISH EMPIRE...........CAPT. D. S, ALLENV

BRITISH QUEEN............Capt. LAFLAMME*

Expressly adapted to the navigation of the Rapids.

"Will, in connection with tlie railroads between Cape Vin-
cent and Albany, at Ogdensburgh with the railroads through
Kew England to Boston, and the River Steamers to Montreal,
form a

DAILY LIKE, SUNDAYS EXCEPTED, BETWEEN

LEWISTON, TORONTO, CAPE VINCENT, ALBANY, OGDENSU
BTJBGH, BOSTON, AND &ONTEEAL,

As follows;GREAT NORTHERN R 0 XT TH.

t

DOWN THE LAKE.

Leave Lewiston...........12 m.

Leave Toronto............3| r. m.

Leave Cape Vincent......4 A. m.

Leave Ogdensburgh....... 8 a. m.

and arrive in Montreal.. 5 p. m.
passing the Thousand Is-
lands and all the Rapids
by daylight.

UP THE LAKE.

Leave Montreal...........2 P. H

Leave Ogdensburgh on ar-*

rival of cars from Boston, 2 P. M
Leave Cape Vincent on ar-
rival of cars from Albany, 6 p. m.

Leave Toronto............ 6 A. m.

and arrive at Lewiston at 9 A. M.
in time for Boat for Ham-
ilton, and Trains for Falla
and Bufialo.

N. B.—Passengers wishing more variety, in going East from
Niagara Falls, than is afforded by railroads, and not having
time to go by way of Montreal, will find the route by the
American Express Line and railroads between Cape Vincent
and Albany, agreeable and expeditious, leaving Niagara Falls
at 11 a. m., going via Toronto, and reaching Albany next
afternoon in time for cars and steamers for New York. v =
Both the United States Mail and American Express Lines
connect at Ogdensburgh with the river steamers down the
Rapids to Montreal, and cars for Boston, over the Ogdens-
burgh railroad to Rouse's Point; from thence, by either the
Vermont Central or the Rutland and Burlington Railroads,
through the vallies of the Green Mountains. Those for Sara-
toga, from Ogdensburgh by railroad, or from Montreal by
railroad, take steamer at Rouse's Point for "Whitehall; from
thence by railroad — or, those wishing to make the delightful
trip through Lake George, leave the Champlain boat at Fort
Ticonderoga.8

GREAT NORTHERN ROUHBL

THE

Sfe^tyeir 3{oei)Csfeiv

CAPT J. MASOJS",

Will, during the season, run daily, Sundays excepted,.between

LEWISTON AND HAMILTON,

coxnkcting with both the

S1IT1B mil! ffi&IL MBS

and

American (Sfoprtss Cine,

as follows :

Hipave Hamilton at..............................7 a. m..

Arrive at Lewiston at.......... ..................Hi "

and

Leave Lewiston at............................... 1 p. m.

Arriving at Hamilton at.......................... 5| "

N. B.—Passengers leaving Hamilton for New York by this boat, and
taking either of the American Lines from Lewiston,. reach there at 9
o'clock next evening ; and those leaving Hamilton for Montreal by this
boat, and taking the American Express Line at Lewiston, reach there a£
5 o'clock, p. my, next afternoon.

GENERAL OFFICES

of the

Oiitario and St. Lawrence Steamboat Company,

Montreal..................Office in M'Gill Street.

©gdensburgh................Office at Railroad Depot.

Oswego________________________Principal Office, on the Dock;

Rochester...................Office under Eagle Hotel.

Niagara....................Office Cataract Hotel Block.

Buffalo.......-.............Office Western Hotel Block.

Buffalo.....................Office American Hotel Blocks

At all the above Offices, Tickets can be Procured.

JJortljem Wailroab^

OFFICE IN CATARACT HOTEL BLOCK, NIAGARA FALLS.great northern route.

9

1852.

MFf&M MB HUM fSW

RAIlinOAT).

SUMMER ARRANGEMENT.

Cars will leave Buffalo at................ 9 o'clock, a. m.

«	«	................12 "	m.

"	"	................4 J " p. m.

Cars will leave Niagara Falls............- 6| " a. m.

«	"	" .............2£ " p. m.

tt	t<	u	...........6 " p.m.

ONE TRAIN ONLY ON SUNDAY,

Leaving Buffalo at....................—o'clock a. m.

Leaving Niagara Falls...................5 " p. m.

WM. A. BIRD,

Superintendent10

GREAT KOBTHBRN RO TTTE*

1852.

HiMikM fUM M» MIOT03

sT^ais ooMPAJnr.

in connection with the

LAKE ONTARIO STEAMERS

AND

Kiagara Falls and Buffalo Railroad,

IS AN

ELEGANT LINE OF STAGE COACHES,

Running over the Plank Road from

LEWISTON TO NIAGARA FALLS:

Leaving Niagara Falls.......................8 a. m.

"	"	.......................10| A. M.

"	"	.........................p. m,

Leave Lewiston for Niagara Falls, connecting with
tlie cars for Buffalo, immediately upon the arrival of the
Steamers.

This line of Coaches is conducted in a most able manner;
the proprietors having spared no pains or expense in their ar-
rangements J and haying obtained the services of obliging and*5RKAT NORTHERN ROtUTSU	11

sober men for drivers, every care and precaution for the com-
fort and safety of passengers lias .been thoroughly attended to

Those intending to take the Lake Ontario or Northern
Route, have an opportunity of seeing the Devil's Hole, Brock's
Monument, and the beautiful view {see frontispiece,) from
the brow of the mountain above Lewiston, in coming down
at the regular hours of the stages to the boats. But those
wishing to spend a little more time in visiting these places, as
well as Queenston Heights, Battle Ground, and the great Sus-
pension Bridge at Lewiston, than is afforded by the regular
coaches, (as the boats leave immediately upon the arrival of
the stages at Lewiston,) can procure them at any hour by ap-
plying at the Stage Office.

There are few drives surpassing this in beauty of scenery,
or more abundant in historical incidents, — so much so that it
may almost be called "classic ground," — and pleasures-seek^
ers should by no means omit enjoying it.

Parties coming up Lake Ontario on the steamers, and wish"
ing separate carriages, can secure them by applying to the
clerk of the boat.

IS*. B.-— Travelers intending to take the Lake Ontario route,
can have their baggage checked at Buffalo directly for Lewis-
ton, and vice versa, relieving them from all care of it while at
the Falls,12

great northern rotjtev

SUMMER ARRANGEMENT—1852.

Trains will leave Syracuse,

At 6.10 a. m. from New York, Express to Boat for Ogdens
burgh.

At 1.45 p. m. from Albany, Expresses to Boat for Lewiston,&c
At 5.30 p. m. from Mail and New York Express;

Trains will leave Oswego,

At 6.10 a, m. from Boat to morning train from Syracuse.
At 10 a, M. to connect with Sew York Express.

At 5.30 p. m. to connect with Mail and Night Express*

These, also, connect with trains from Syracuse west Bag-
gage can be checked from New York, Albany, and all princi-
pal stations, to and from Oswego.

Tickets can also be purchased to and from the same points.

A. G. WILLIAMS,

SuperintendentGREAT NORTHERN ROUTE.

13

^otye, Mfyfetfotoi) & 6^pe 3iiii)ceii)i

This road has Rome, (fourteen miles west of Utica,)
for its southern, and Cape Vincent, on the St. Law-
rence, sixty miles above Ogdensburgh, for its northern
terminus. Length, ninety-seven miles—eighteen inter-
mediate stations.

Summer Arrangement for 1852, as follows:

Soil)# ftoirty qqd 3JUesf.

Passengers leaving New York by the evening trains
will reach Rome in time for the Morning Mail Train for
Cape Yineent.

Passengers leaving New York by evening boats
will reach Rome for the Noon Express Train for Cape
Yineent.

Passengers leaving New York by the first morning
train will reach Rome in time for the Evening Local
Train for Cape Yineent14

great northern route.

S<% §oqfi) &$*•

Passengers from Niagara Falls, Hamilton, and To-
ronto, by taking the Morning Mail Train from Cape
Vincent, will arrive in New York or Boston early the
same evening.

Passengers from Kingston, Bay of Quinte, and
Ogdensburgh, by taking the Noon Express Train at
Cape Vincent, will reach Albany in time for the
evening boats for New York.

Passengers can leave Ogdensburgh by the Ameri-
can Express Line, at 2 p. m., and reach Cape Vincent
in time for the evening local train going east. Or can
leave at 8 p. m., by the U. S. Mail Line, and reach
Cape Vincent in time for the morning train for Albany
and Nevv York. Steamers will ply between Cape
Vincent and Kingston alternately, three times each
day, Sundays excepted.

Steamers from Montreal and Lewiston will touch at
Cape Vincent twice each day, affording the most
agreeable and expeditious means of transit to Niag-
ara Falls, Toronto, Hamilton, Brockville, Prescott,
Ogdensburgh, and other prominent ports on lake
Ontario and river St. Lawrence.

Also, steamers ply constantly between the Cape
and Bellevijle, and other port towns on the Bay of
Quinte,GREAT NORTHERN ROUTE.	15

The line of this road passes over the ancient Indian
trail and hunting grounds, between the head waters of
the Mohawk and the river St. Lawrence. Such is
tradition, corroborated by the frequent discovery of
relics which could only pertain to the red man in his
primeval and uncontaminated state.

Constant experience has proved that wherever
nature presented means of subsistence and physical
charms to the children of the forest, the civilized man
has never had occasion to hesitate when looking for a
" new home." Accordingly, we find Jefferson county,
although its settlement dates back less than sixty
years, filled with an industrious population, and a
railroad as a monument of their enterprise.

Tliis line is not marked with that boldness in natural
scenery, and charged with those drafts on life and
limb, which characterize some existing thoroughfares;
but it is not devoid of views enriched by the sub-
limity of space,— of a sense of personal security,—
and the pleasurable emotions engendered while pass-
ing well-cultivated fields, thriving villages, and, noble
rivers.

The southern terminus, Rome, at the present day,
is too well known to the traveling public to need par-
ticular attention. The prestige which is given by the
passage of the Erie and Black River Canals, the
New York Central, and the Watertown and Rome16

GREAT NORTHERN ROUTE.

Railroads, through it,—particularly the latter— should
be sufficient to gratify ordinary ambition.

With this town, however, are connected many in-
teresting reminiscences. Ninety-six years ago, during
the French war, a fort was built just in the rear of
where the Seymour House now stands, and was named
Fort Stanwix, after the officer who superintended
its construction. It commanded the carrying place
between the Mohawk and Wood Creek, whose waters
have different destinations—the former, the Atlantic
ocean, the latter Lake Ontario, by way of Oneida Lake
and Oswego river. Cannon ball and grape shot have
been found, in grading on the site of this fort, within
the last fifteen years. On the fall of the French
power in America, in 1759, Fort Stanwix passed into
the hands of the English. At the commencement of
the Revolution, the fort was in ruins. It was repaired,
and re-named Fort Schuyler, by the Americans, and
occupied by them as an outpost On the incursion
of Burgoyne, by way of Lake Champlain, a detach-
ment of British under Col. St. Leger, was despatched
by the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario route to the
newly-named Fort Schuyler, with the view of captur-
ing it, and forming a junction with Burgoyne at Al-
bany. Both were so unfortunate as not to reach that
city. St Leger discovered more< agility in quitting
his position, before the force of Col. Willett, than heGREAT NORTHERN ROUTE.

11

had in taking it; and Burgoyne was violently relieved
of his command at Saratoga, by Gen. Gates.

Rome at present contains about six thousand five
hundred inhabitants, and being principally emigrants
from New England, and their descendants, are a well-
behaved people. It has a large mercantile business,
several churches, and first-rate hotels.

The first ten miles, after leaving Rome by the
Watertown and Rome Railroad, the prospect is not of
the most enchanting kind, it being a dead level, and
the land parting with its " first great crop," consisting
of sundry pines and hemlocks, of calibre rating fron*
a telegraph pole to a fair-sized mill log. If shingles
and, sawed lumber were digestible, there would need
be no apprehension of a famine among the residents
here for years to come. As it is, they exhibit signs
of good keeping which would lead to the conclusion:
that versatility of character was not the least of their
qualifications — allowing, boards and shingles tc be?
their staples.18	GREAT NORTflERN ROtTTE*

h®mranbeh jrmmmda®

After Thursday, April 1,1852, Trains will Run as follows.

going east.

Mail Train leaves Ogdensburgh................8 a. m

Arrives at Rouse's Point.............12§ p. v

Express Train leaves Ogdensburgh............. . 2 p. i

Arrives at Rouse's Point	^. 6| p. *

going west.

Mail Train leaves Rouse's Point ...............8 a; it

Arrives at Ogdensburgh.............12.50 p. M

Express Train leaves Rouse's Point.............2 p. m

Arrives at Ogdensburgh.............6.55 p. at

Mail Train Down connects, at Rouse's Point, with
the Mail Train of the Vermont Central Railroad, for
Boston; and for New York, via Connecticut Yalley
railroads. Also, with the Rutland and Burlington
Railroad, at Burlington, for Troy, Albany, and New
York—via Hudson River and Harlaem railroads. Con-
nects, also, with the Passumpsic Riper Railroad, and the
Champlain and St Lawrence Railroad, for Montreal.

Express Train Down connects as above- Connects
with Boston and New York, by the Lake Ontario
Steamboats, via Burlington and Whitehall, Steam*
boats will leave the Railroad Wharf on the arrival of
the Express Train at Rouse's Point, at 7 o'clock, p. MGREAT ITORTHERN ROUTE.

Mail Train Up, connects with the Lake Ontario
Express Line of Steamboats, which leave Ogdens-
burgh at 2 o'clock p. m., and arrive at Niagara Falls
at 8 o'clock the following morning. Also, with lines
of steamers which touch at all the ports on the British
shore of Lake Ontario.

By this route, passengers leaving Montreal in the
morning train, will be placed on board the Lake On-
tario steamboats, at the Railroad Wharf at Ogdens-
burgh, at 1 o'clock p. m., and arrive at Brockville and
Kingston same afternoon, and at Toronto and Hamil-
ton the next day.

Express Train Up, connects with the night boats on
Lake Ontario, which coast the Lake, and stop at all
the ports on the American side of the Lake, landing
passengers at Lewiston, for Niagara Falls and Buffalo.

Express Freight Train Up, for Express tn&n for
Boston and New York, to Canada and the West, via
Ogdensburgh Railroad Line, leaves Rouse's Point at
6 p. m., and runs through, without stopping at way-
stations, and arrives at Ogdensburgh at 10 minutes
past 4 o'clock, next morning.

Express Freight Train Down, leaves Ogdens-
burgh for Boston and New York, at 5.45 p. m., and
arrives at Rouse's Point at 4 o'clock next morning.
This Express Freight Line connects with Express
Lines to Boston, via Vermont Central Railroad, and
by steamboat to Burlington, and thence, via Rutland
and Burlington Railroad. Also, by steamboats and20

GREAT NORTHERN ROT3T&

railroads for New York, via Whitehall* Troy, and the
Hudson River.

This well-appointed railway commences at Ogdens*
•burgh, on the St. Lawrence river* at the foot of lake
navigation, and extends one hundred and eighteen
miles, to Rouse's Point* at the foot of the navigation
of Lake Champlain*

At this point, the lake is crossed by the celebrated
bridge from Rouse's Point to Alberg Island. This
structure is about three thousand feet in length, and
is remarkable for the peculiarity of the swing bridge,
near the center, by means of which, the passage of
vessels is allowed. The Depot at this point, is one of
the most commodious and extensive in this state.

Fort Crawford, at the boundary line between the
United States and Canada, is also situated just below
the bridge. It is nearly completed, and, when fin-
ished, will doubtless present one of the strongest for-
tifications in the country.

Lines of railways and steamboats from Boston,
New York, and Montreal, connect at the terminus of
the Ogdensburgh Railroad, at Rouse's Point.

The White Mountains are now easily reached by the
Vermont Central, and Passumpsic railways. Stages
are always in attendance to convey passengers from
the station on the Passumpsic, to Faybyan's White
Mountain House.

CHARLES L. SCHLATTER,

Chief Engineer and Suparwtenden^GREAT NORTHERN ROUTE.

21

fo I^bete.

A few hints to travelers are not deemed inappro-
priate.

For the purpose of saving much trouble, and many
inconveniences, from complying with the different
regulations of the various lines of conveyances, with
regard to baggage, we recommend travelers, and par-
ticularly those for pleasure, to take with them trunks
of convenient size to withstand the rough handling to
which they subjected.

On all the principal lines of conveyances, baggage
is usually checked to any point desired, which relieves
the owner from much anxiety.

Baggage, while under check, is out of the reach of
the owner, particularly on railroads, hence the impor-
tance, for comfort, to have some small traveling bag,
or satchel—which travelers can take with them at all
times, in staterooms and other places—containing arti-
cles of clothing, &c. for daily use. The difficulty of22	GREAT NORTHERN ROUTE,

getting at baggage, when in cars or baggage rooms,
for the purpose of taking out such articles as may be
needed every night, is attended with much trouble,
and at times not practicable.

Every one should decide, before arriving at their
stopping place, the hotel at which they intend to stop,
and not wait until their arrival. The noise and solici-
tations of the agents of the various lines of convey-
ances, and different public houses, at the railroad
depots and steamboat landings, are apt to discompose
even those accustomed to it, and the inexperienced
traveler is liable to be misled.

It is very easy to obtain the names of the public
houses from directories and papers, or from friends
who have been over the route — thus avoiding much
annoyance, and increasing the pleasure of traveling.
The comforts of home cannot be expected at all times
when traveling; I would therefore advise my traveling
friends, to leave home with a determination to be
pleased, and submit to the many trifling annoyances
which necessarily attend nearly all modes of transit.
A. cheerful disposition begets a corresponding spirit in
All whom it may come in contact with; and the proof
of this will universally be found, whether it comes in
contact with steamboat captains, stewards, conductors^
or ordinary passengers.HAND-BOOK.FOR TRAVELERS.Jfaiijd-Sook fof I^belefs

TO

Niagara M% Jttoniml, (telm,

Tvkt (01jam|ilEiii; iaratnga, fa.

THE route from Niagara Falls to Montreal,
and Quebec, by way of Lake Ontario and the
River St. Lawrence, has now become one of the
favorite summer excursions so indulged in by all
classes of the American people, that their Canadian
neighbors have named them the " traveling nation/'

In the " Guide Books" of the day, this route
receives a casual mention, like hundreds of others;
but the peculiar merits of it have not been pointed
out and enlarged upon.

In the first place, there are no steamers in the
world that rank higher than those belonging to the

ikntarto antr St. SLatorenc* Steamboat <£o.

and comprising the two American lines—-the

Unit** States PCafl Hint,

225

american steamers.

running on the American side of Lake Ontario, and the
S^merfcan 3B?$xzs$x SLftte*

running on the Canadian side. These boats are
constructed in the most substantial manner; the
utmost pains are taken in the manufacture of their
engines, and though " last, not least," the selection of
the officers in command, the engineers, and all con-
cerned in their navigation, is made with the strictest
reference to their fitness and qualifications for the sta-
tions they are to hold. As a proof of the care and skill
with which the American steamers have always been
conducted on these waters, it can be said of them,
what perhaps can not be said of any other line of
steamers or railroad in the world, of equal extent —
that there has never occurred an accident by which
loss of life was occasioned.

The Canadians are trying the experiment of run-
ning boats adapted to the navigation of the river
below Ogdensburg, upon the Lake also. This is
considered by many well acquainted with lake and
river navigation, as not practicable with a due regard
to safety; as vessels of so light draught of water, as
are necessary to run the Rapids with safety, are
thought not suitable for the Lake navigation; and
if they are built of sufficient draught to adapt them
for the Lake, they may be considered unsafe for thegraces of pioneers.

3

Bapids. The Ontario and St. Lawrence Stei a
Boat Co. have taken this view of the matter, rnd
built their steamers accordingly, having large, strong-
ly-built ones for the Lake, and others of 9 light
draught for the Rapids.

In the second place, no route in the Unitei States
is more replete with natural interest, or more abund-
ant in thrilling historical associations. The settlement
of many of the towns on this route, date back to the
time of the occupation of the country by the French.
This was also a favorite "hunting ground" of the
Indians; and many were the battles fought before
they would give up possession of the pleasant coun-
try of the Niagara and St. Lawrence.

Here may be traced records of the labors of the
Jesuits, those pioneers of civilization — persevering
men, who, undaunted by privations and difficulties,
endeavored to spread their religion among the differ-
ent Indian tribes. The long contest between England
and France finally terminating in the conquest of
Canada, and the total destruction of French sove-
reignty on this continent, furnished many a battle-
field on this frontier, and caused it to be again and
again deluged with blood. The constant struggle
between these parties, the attempts of each to enlist
the sympathies and assistance of their Indian neigh-
bors, and the cruelties enacted by them, would furnish28

GUIDE FOR THE ROUTE.

matter for man}' a tale. Volumes might be filled
with these legends and traditionary stories.

It has been thought advisable to compile a small
" Guide " for this route exclusively, in order to give
travelers a short sketch of the most interesting points.
The dates have been obtained from the most reliable
sources, many of them being taken from copies of
the original documents. It is hoped this unpretend-
ing volume may serve to amuse those passing over
the route, as well as to induce others to take the trip.CITY OF BUFFALO.	29

BUFFALO.

This is the place from which the u Northern Tour "
commences.

Buffalo was first settled in 1796; in 1798 it con-
tained eight houses. Except being the place where
Indian councils were frequently held, nothing of
interest occurred here till the breaking out of the
war between this country and Great Britain.

On the 30th of Dec. 1812, Buffalo and Black
Bock, both q£ them flourishing villages, were burned
by the British and Indiana. In Buffalo but two
buildings, a dwelling house and blacksmith shop, were
suffered to stand.so

ruins of fort erie.

In 1822-23 the "Superior" was built, and was
the first steamboat that ever passed out of Buffalo
Creek.

The first American vessel on Lake Erie was built
in 1797, near Erie, Pa., and was called the "Wash-
ington." She navigated this Lake but one season,
and was then sold to a Canadian, who took her out
of the water at Chippewa, and placed her upon truck
wheels, drawn by oxen, and in this way conveyed
her over the Portage to Queenstown, where she was
again launched. She sailed for Kingston, but was
never heard of after leaving the Niagara River.

Buffalo is now a city of about 50,000 inhabitants,
and is truly the " Queen City of the Lakes."

RUINS OP FORT ERIE.

Almost opposite Buffalo, on the Canadian shore,
can #e seen the ruins of Fort Erie. This Fort was
taken on the 27th of May 1813, by the Americans
under Gen. Preston, afterward governor of Virginia,
then in command of Black Bock.black rock.

31

The English obtained possession of it, and it was
again captured by the Americans on the 3d July
1814. A short time afterward it was besieged by the
English, under Lieut. General Drummond. After
a siege of fifty days, General Brown determined to
make a sortie; this was accordingly done on the
17th September. So great was the British loss, that
the siege was abandoned, and General Drummond
broke up his camp, and retired to Chippewa.

There is a railroad from Buffalo to Niagara Falls,
a distance of twenty-two miles—which is usually run
in an hour—passing a large portion of the way upon
the bank of the Niagara River. Just after leaving
Buffalo, a military work is passed upon the banks of
the river Niagara, belonging to the United States, and
called Fort Porter, in honor of the late General
Peter B. Porter.

Black Rock is a small village situated upon the
river, and possessing a good harbor. The first steam-
boat that navigated lake Erie, called " Walk in the
Water," was built at this place, in 1818.S2	burnt ship bay.

The cars make a short stop at the village of
Tonawanda, situated at the junction of a small stream
of the same name, with the Niagara. The railroad
crosses this stream, and also the Erie canal.

Opposite Tonawanda is Grand Island, about twelve
miles long. There is a small bay at the foot of it
called "Burnt Ship Bay," deriving its name from
the following incident:

After the capture of Quebec, and the consequent
cession of this country to the English, the French
at Schlosser determining that their vessels should
not fall into the hands of the English, put into this
bay, and set fire to them. Within the last few
years persons have succeeded in bringing up from
the remains of these vessels, cannon-shot, pieces of
iron, &c.

Between Tonawanda and the Falls, the railroad
crosses a small stream called Cayuga Creek. It was
near this that, in 1679, La Salle built the "Griffin,"
the vessel which, one hundred and seventy-three
years ago, first sailed upon the western Lakes. La
Salle and Father Hennepin embarked in her, and
set sail upon a voyage of discovery; they, however
left Her at Mackinac, and the Griffin proceeded on
her voyage, reached Green Bay, took in a cargo
of rich furs, started on her return, and was nevei
heard of after.battle near chippewa.	33

SCIILOSSEtt

At Schlosser, two miles above the Falls, was an
old French fort; this passed into the hands of the
English, and an old chimney is still standing which
belonged to their mess-house.

Chippewa, a small Canadian village is directly
opposite this place. Just above the village are the
Plains of Chippewa. This was the battle giound on
the 5 th of July, 1814, of the Americans under General
Brown, and the English commanded by General Kial.
At this place two small streams empty into the
Niagara; the upper one is called Street's, and tho
lower and larger Chippewa Creek. The English
were posted behind and below the Chippewa; the
Americans occupied a position near Street's Creek;
both streams were crossed by bridges. About noon
a party of British, militia and Indians, began to
annoy the American picquets, soon after which34

battle of chippewa.

General Porter, with a force of volunteers, militia,
and friendly Indians of the "Six Nations," attacked
them. They at first gave way; but hearing that
General Rial was advancing with a large force, they
rallied, and again attacked the Americans. This
was about four o'clock in the afternoon. " Genera]
Scott was ordered to their assistance, and was soon
engaged in conflict with a superior force. At this
moment General Porter's command had given way,
and fled in every direction, notwithstanding his per-
sonal gallantry and great exertions to stay their flight."
" The retreat of the volunteers caused the left flank
of General Scott's brigade to be very much exposed.
Major Jessup ordered his battalion ' to support arms
and advance,' and so galling a discharge was poured
upon the enemy as to cause them to retire." * The
enemy retreated across the Chippewa, hotly pursued
by General Scott, till within half-musket shot of
the bridge. The lateness of the hour then induced
General Brown to order his forces to retire to camp.

Just below this point, commence the Rapids of
the Niagara; the descent of the river being fifty
feet before it reaches the brink of the great fall.
"Visitors sometimes express surprise at the short dis-
tance the Falls can be heard; this depends altogether

* Brown's Official Dispatch, Niles 6th.ARRIVAL AT THE FALLS.	35

upon the state of the atmosphere. During fine, dry
weather they are heard but a short distance; but
just before a storm they can be heard from sixteen
to eighteen miles. It has passed into a common
saying in the surrounding country, "We are going
to have a storm, the Falls roar so loudly."

We are now arrived at the village of the Falls,
and after locating ourselves in some one of the many
comfortable hotels with which this place abounds,
we prepare for a visit to the36

niagara falls.

FALLS OF NIAGARA.

There is a degree of excitement attending a first
visit to Niagara, that perhaps is unequaled by the
anticipation of any other sight. To feel that you are
within a few paces of this world-wide wonder, seems
to inspire the dullest almost to enthusiasm, and this
feeling is not lessened by the first sight of the Rapids,
in crossing the bridge connecting the main land to
the Islands.

The Rapids are far from being the most uninte-
resting feature of Niagara. Many, however, do not
appreciate them at first sight; they are so desirous
of seeing the greater wonder, that they bestow but a
passing glance upon them. To those who pause,
and contemplate, there is about them something ex-
ceedingly beautiful and sublime. You feel yourself
regarding them in their mad whirls and plunges
rushing on to the awful brink, as something almost
human, and seem to have a feeling of pity for the
fate that awaits them.

Arriving upon "Bath Island," visitors are requested
to enter their names in a book, kept for that purpose,
and pay a small fee, which gives them the privilegeTHE FALLS FROM THE HEAD OF THE FERRY STAIRCASEVIT.W OF BATH ISLAND ERIDGB.goat island.

41

of crossing the bridge at their pleasure during the
year. A short bridge leads to Goat Island, and
the first visit is generally made to the American Fall.

Goat Island has, by the good taste of the owner,
been left in a state of nature, except so far as clearing
out the underbrush, and making paths convenient
for visitors; and the approach to the Fall is through
the primitive forest, whose overhanging branches
almost entirely exclude the sunshine, and this sub-
dued light adds another charm to the scene. There
is a path leading to the very brink of the fall, and
one involuntarily clasps tightly the shrubs and trees
upon the bank, while endeavoring to catch a glimpse
of the abyss. Should the day be one of sunshine,
the rainbow below the Fall is well worth traveling
scores of miles to behold. Looking down upon a
rainbow is certainly something different from every
day experience.

Connected with Goat Island, by a rustic bridge, is
Luna Island; and it was here that, three years
since, a most tragical occurrence took place. A
young man playfully approached a little girl, who
was standing upon the extreme verge of the island,
without her perceiving him, and upon his addressing
her, became so frightened that her foot slipped, and
she was precipitated into the current. He plunged
in after her, and succeeded in catching hold of her42

dorse-shoe fall.

clothes, and endeavored to stay their headlong course by
seizing a small shrub upon the bank, but the treach-
erous earth gave way, and the next instant they were
carried over the fall. Their bodies were found; that
of the little girl, on the rocks just below the place
where they fell, but that of the young man had drifted
down nearly to the upper Suspension Bridge.

We now resume our way to the Horse-Shoe Fall.
This fall, viewed as a single object, is unquestionably
one of the most sublime things in nature. It is
impossible, by description, or by penciling, to convey
an idea to the reader of the effect produced upon
the beholder. One of the things about Niagara that
makes a strong impression upon the spectator is the
motion,, and this of course is entirely lost in a drawing.
This, no doubt, is the reason why the pictures of
Niagara fall so far short of the reality. There is a
peculiarity, too, in the color of the water, which is of
the brightest green, and the upheaving of the snow-
white foam contrasting so vividly with the emerald
hue, needs to be seen to be appreciated.

There is a small tower built upon a ledge of rocks,
upon the brink of this Fall; it is forty-five feet in
height, with winding steps to the top. It was built
in 1833, and is connected by Terrapin Bridge with
Goat Island. Within the past winter some of the
rocks near the tower, and between the tower andVIEW LOOKING DOWN THE RIVER,ENTRANCE TO THE CAVE 0 T THE WINDS.TABLE ROCK.

41

Island have fallen away, and there is a large rock
that has not fallen, but slipped down several feet,
where it remains.

No one having time, should omit crossing the river;
it has always been said, that nowhere does a person
realize the height and grandeur of the Falls, as from
the ferry boat; and it is from the center of the river
that they are viewed as a whole, and the eye at one
glance is enabled to rest upon them in their undivided
grandeur and sublimity.

The path to the right, near the Biddle Stair-case,
leads to a magnificent cave, appropriately named,
when it was first discovered many years since, JEolus'
Cave, or Cave of the Winds. This cave is about
one hundred and twenty feet across, sixty feet wide,
and one hundred feet high; it is situated directly
behind the center fall, which, at the bottom is more
than one hundred and nine feet wide, and since the
rocks have been excavated and steps made, visitors
can pass into the cave, and entirely behind the sheet
of water. Beyond this cave, at the foot of Luna
Island, there is an open space where persons may
amuse themselves at leisure upon the rocks over
which the floods are pouring, and then venture in as
far as they please behind the whole American fall.
Visitors can very often, when the wind blows down
the river, pass a considerable distance behind the48

cave of the winds.

sheet of water within the cave, without getting wet.
The view presented in the cave, in connection with
the tremendous and astounding roar of waters, will
enable visitors to appreciate the following beautiful
and graphic lines of Brainard :

The thoughts are strange that crowd upon my brain,
"While I look upward to thee. It would seem
As if God poured thee from his hollow hand,

And hung his bow upon thy awful front,

And spoke in that loud voice, which seemed to him
Who dwelt in Patmos for his Saviour's sake,
'The sound of many waters;' and hath bade
Thy sound to chronicle the ages back,

And notch His centuries in the eternal rock.

Deep calleth unto deep. And what are we,

That hear the question of the voice sublime ?
Oh ! what are all the notes that ever rung
From war's vain trumpet, by thy thundering side ?
Yea, what is all the riot man can make
In his short life, to thy unceasing roar ?

And yet, bold babbler, what art thou to Him
"Who drowned a world, and heaped the waters far
Above its loftiest mountains ? — a light wave,

That breaks and whispers of its Maker's might

A very pleasant way of accomplishing a large
amount of sight-seeing in two or three hours is, after
returning from the island, to take one of the manytable rook.

49

carriages there in waiting, drive down on the Amer-
ican side, visiting the Devil's Hole, cross the great
Suspension Bridge at Lewiston, and return on the
Canada side, visiting Brock's Monument on Queens-
ton Heights, battle-field at Lundy's Lane, and the
different points of interest about the Canadian side
at the Falls, and then cross the river by the Ferry.
Those who do not desire to cross in the boat, can
cross on the upper Suspension Bridge.

Table Rock is about a hundred rods above the
landing. In the spring of 1850 a large portion of it
broke away, and has changed the appearance of it
very much. The time of its falling was fortunately
the dinner hour of the hotels, consequently, but one
or two persons were on the rock at the time, and
they saw the danger in time to escape. There are
portions of it still threatened with the same fate. It
was upon Table Rock that these beautiful lines of
Mrs. Sigourney were written:

Flow on, forever, in thy glorious robe

Of terror and of beauty. God hath set

His rainbow on tliy forehead, and the cloud

Mantles around thy feet; and he doth give

Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him

Eternally— bidding the lip of man

Keep silence, and upon thy rocky altar pour

Incense of sweet praise.

350

lundy's lane.

LUNDY'S LANE.

One mile and a half from the Falls is the battle-
ground of Lundy's Lane. The battle was fought
on the 25th of July, 1814. The American army,
under command of Major-General Brown, had taken
a position at Chippewa. About noon, on that day,
he received information that the British were landing
at Lewiston, preparatory to marching to Schlosser,
and capturing a quantity of baggage and stores there
deposited. To draw the British from this move, Gen-
eral Brown decided to put his troops in motion toward
Queenston. General Scott with the "1st-brigade
Towson's artillery, and all the dragoons and mount-
ed men," were put in march, to report the movements
of the enemy. When General Scott reached the
Falls, he found the English directly in his front, a
narrow strip of woods only intervening. Supposing
that a portion of the British had crossed the Niagara,
what was his astonishment to find that the information
received by General Brown was incorrect, and that
here was a large force drawn up in order of battle,
a force larger than that they had encountered a fewthe battle.

51

days before on the plains of Chippewa. To pause
was to be lost, and General Scott's decision was to
advance without waiting for reinforcements; and for
an hour these troops sustained the conflict, before
others could be brought to their relief. The battle
commenced at the close of a warm summer day, and
continued till near midnight. The enemy's artillery
occupied a strong position on an eminence, and it was
found necessary to capture this artillery, and seize
the height. General Brown said to Colonel Miller,
"Sir, can you take that battery?" "I will try,"
was the reply, a phrase now become identified with
the memory of this gallant soldier. It was at this
battle that the original of Cooper's " Spy" was
killed; a fitting death scene for such a character.

Eeturning again to the American side of the Falls,
carriages are in waiting to convey passengers over a
plank road to Lewiston, where they are to take pass-
age on the Lake Ontario Steamers. This road runs
along the great gorge supposed to have been worn
by the Falls of Niagara as they receded toward Lake
Erie. This idea is by no means without weight, as
there are persons now living near the Falls, who can
remember when they presented quite a different
appearance from the present, caused by the breaking
off of the rocks from the abrading action of water,
and frost.52

mineral spring.

A railroad is now about being built, running through
this gorge, from the Falls to Lewiston, and will, when
completed, add still more to the pleasure of the trip.

Two miles below the Falls, the river is crossed by
a Suspension Bridge. This was built a few years
since, but was not finished in the style at first designed,
and presents a striking contrast to the large bridge at
Lewiston.

MINERAL SPRING.

Near the Suspension Bridge is the "Mineral
Spring," welling up among the rocks, into a stone
basin. The water is strongly impregnated with sul-
phur, and contains also lime and magnesia. A chaste
little temple covers this famous Spring.

A short distance below, we come to the Whirlpool.
This is formed by the river making a bend almost at
right angles, and the current being extremely swift,
it forms a large whirlpool. Flights of steps have been
placed down the bank, so that the descent can beTHE WHIRLPOOL.

63

made with perfect safety; and although somewhat
fatiguing, yet one is compensated for the trouble.
The banks of the river are so high, that, from the top,
the peculiar effect of the whirl is lost.54	devil's hole.

devil's hole

Three miles from the Falls, we come to the Devil's
Hole. It was at this point, on the 14th September,
1763, that a party of French and Indians waylaid a
detachment of English on their return from Schlosser
to Fort Niagara, then in possession of the English.
A small stream here crosses the road, and, from the
fact of its waters having been reddened by the blood
of the slaughtered, it was called "Bloody Run,"
which name it still retains. The French and Indians
had laid their plans so well, and so entirely surrounded
the English, that only two remained to tell the tale.bloody run.

55

One of these, a Mr. Stedman, residing at Schlosser,
was on horseback; the Indians seized the bridle, and
attempted to lead him into the woods; JStedman drew
a knife, cut the bridle loose, and, being mounted upon
a powerful animal, and spurring it to its utmost speed,
escaped amid a shower of balls. He afterward insti-
tuted a claim to the possession of the land round
which he rode on his escape, on pretence of its having
been a gift to him from the Indians; they supposing
him to be endowed with some supernatural powers,
from his escaping from them; and he contested the
matter at law, with the persons who had purchased
their title from the state, but the question was decided
agaitfst him.

The other was a lad of the name of Matthews, a
drummer. Seeing death at the hands of the savages
inevitable, he made a leap from the bank, and his
drum-strap catching in a tree, he was saved from
instant destruction. Extricating himself from the
branches, he descended to the water, and crept silently
under cover of the bank to Fort Niagara. He after-
ward resided on the Canada side of the river, below
Queenston; carried on the business of chair-making,
and lived to relate his strange escape till the good old
age of ninety.56

lewiston.

LKWISTON LANDING.

LEWISTOIST.

Three miles below the Devil's Hole, is the vil-
lage of Lewiston. It lies upon a beautiful tract
of country, which extends south from the mountain
ridge to Lake Ontario, and east and west two hundred
miles. The view from the top of the mountain, just
before you begin to descend, looking toward Lewiston,
is very fine; the windings of the Niagara, the different
points jutting into the river, the peculiar hue of the
water; the forest extending, in many places apparently
unbroken, to the Lake; Fort Niagara, and the Cana-
dian village of Niagara, at the mouth of the river; the
highlands of Toronto, forty miles distant, but distinctly
seen on a bright day, their dark tints vividly contrastingSUSP-TUTSI ON" BPID GEE ax .LEWIS T CDsT ma 0UEEUS T OH.

/04-0 feet s-/ber^.fort grey.

59

with the deep blue waters of Ontario — all combine
to give a character and variety to the scene rarely-
equaled. On the left hand is a point of land on
which, during the last war, was erected a battery,
called Fort Grey. Here the French while in posses-
sion of the country, erected a small railway, to enable
them to transport their goods up the mountain. It
was composed of timbers laid firmly upon foundations
of stone, and the power made use of was capstans
and windlasses. The timbers have long since mould-
ered away, but the course of the railway can still be
ascertained by the, stone abutments which remain.

In Father Hennepin's account of his voyage he
speaks of the " three mountains "— he must have in-
cluded first, the high bank of the river, next the pla-
teau upon which the towers of the Suspension Bridge
are built, and last, the main ridge or mountain.

Lewiston, before the building of the Erie Canal, was
a place of considerable importance. At that time
large quantities of goods, and salt from Onondaga,
designed for the western country, were brought in
vessels to Lewiston, and carried in wagons across the
Portage to Schlosser, and then re-shipped. Upon the
completion of the canal, this trade ceased, and the
village has increased but slowly.

. The Suspension Bridge, at this point, is one of the
most remarkable works of the day. Spanning the60

suspension bridge.

Niagara, it is supported by ten cables — five upon a
side — resting upon towers of cut stone, the ends
running into the earth, and secured to anchors drilled
into the solid rock, six or seven feet. Each cable is
composed of two hundred and fifty strands of No.
10 wire, placed parallel and firmly bound together,
the whole length, by another wire. The distance
between the points of suspension, or span, is one
thousand and forty feet; width of road-way, twenty
feet. This, the longest suspension bridge in the world,
was erected by a few gentlemen upon each side of the
river, in 1850, under the superintendence of E. W.
Serrell, C. E.

The law authorizing the construction of the work,
required that, upon its completion, it should be tested
by one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. After
he had examined the structure in detail, a number of
wagons loaded with gravel and sand, and several car-
riages, were driven upon the bridge, extending the
whole length; but the weight of these made no im-
pression upon it, so substantially is it built. The loca-
tion of this bridge is one of the most desirable points
between the two lakes for a railroad crossing, being
at the head of navigation from Lake Ontario, and on a
level with the great plain already spoken of, extending
from near Oswego westward, through Canada.queenston.

61

QUEElsrSTOH-.

The village of Queenston, at the Canadian termi-
nation of the bridge, is celebrated as the scene of one
of the hardest fights during the last war with Great
Britain.

This occurred on the 13th of October, 1812. A
portion of the American army, commanded by Colonel
Van Rensselaer, crossed the river early in the morn-
ing, with the expectation that the militia were to be
brought over as rapidly as the number of their boats
would allow. After a severe fight, the Americans
obtained possession of the English batteries; but this
victory, so dearly won, was lost to them from the
cowardice of the troops remaining on the American
side of the river, who, at this moment, refused to
cross, alleging the unconstitutionality of the act. The
few brave men who held possession of the heights
were wearied and worn out, and with but little ammu-
nition remaining, their case seemed almost hopeless.
A large reinforcement of troops from Fort George now
arrived under command of General Brook ; yet even
under these discouraging circumstances, they resolved62

que ens ton".

to make one effort more, and gallantly charged upon
the advancing troops. The English at first gave way,
and it was in attempting to rally them that General
Brock was killed, and his aid, Colonel McDonald, re-
ceived a mortal wound. They were once more brought
to the attack, and longer resistance being hopeless, the
Americans surrendered to General Sheafe, who had
taken command upon the death of General Brock.

A monument erected to the memory of General
Brock stands on the Heights. This was commenced
in the year 1824, and finished in 1826, at which time
the bodies of General Brock and his aid, Colonel
McDonald, were brought from Niagara and reinterred
with military honors.

In the spring of 1839, a miscreant, who had been
obliged to leave Canada for his participation in the
political troubles of 1838, conceived the idea of de-
molishing this monument, erected to the memory of a
good man and gallant soldier, and succeeded in plac-
ing a quantity of powder in the lower part, with a
slow-match attached. The explosion took place about
four o'clock in the morning, and the report was like
that of one of the heaviest pieces of artillery. The
explosion shattered the monument very much, but
did not entirely destroy it. The feeling of indignation
against the author of this outrage was not greater on
the Canadian than on the American side of the river,BROCKlewiston.

65

for General Brock was a man highly esteemed by
both parties.

The view on page sixty-three exhibits the monument
as it now appears, since the attempt to destroy it.
Some steps have been taken to repair it; but for some
reason, it has not been accomplished.

The site of the village of Lewiston was the home of
the Mohawk Indians, after leaving the banks of the
river bearing their name. This was once the resi-
dence of their celebrated chief, Joseph Brant, " Thay-
endenega," who, with his followers, here formed a
considerable village. Turner, in his interesting his-
tory of " The Holland Purchase," gives an account of
an Episcopal church at this place, which will be read
with interest: "There was a log church, in which
the Episcopal service was usually read upon Sundays,
by some one attached to the British garrison at Niag-
ara; and occasionally a British army chaplain, or a
missionary, would be present." The Protestant Epis-
copal Church, " in any history of its origin and pro-
gress in western New York, may well assume that,
beyond the garrison at Niagara, Brant's rude log
church was the spot where its services were first held.
Upon a humble log church there could, of course, be
no belfry or steeple. The bell that was brought from
the Mohawk, was hung upon a cross-bar resting in the
crotch of a tree, and rang by a rope attached."66

youngstown.

Three miles from Lewiston is an Indian village of
the Tuscaroras. Here is a small church, with a res-
ident missionary; the services are quite interesting to
strangers; the minister delivers his discourse, a sen-
tence at a time, in English, and their chief translates
it into the Indian tongue. It is a pleasant drive of six
miles from the Falls, and is visited by a great number
of travelers.

We are now ready to embark in one of the beau-
tiful American steamers, which are unsurpassed for
beauty of decoration, comfort, and convenience of
arrangements, or seaworthy qualities.

The character of the scenery of the Niagara is en-
tirely changed at Lewiston. The river, after emerging
from the high banks at the brow of the mountain,
sweeps on in a majestic and tranquil current to the
lake, as though wearied with the fierce strife in which
it had been engaged. The shores lose their wildness,
but retain their beauty, and are lined on either side,
with fine farms and beautiful groves.

The first stopping-place is the village of Youngs-
town, six miles below Lewiston. This is a small town
named after its founder, the late John Young, Esq.
Its site was the battle-ground, on the 24th of July,
1759, of the French and Indians, under the command
of Mons. D'Aubrey, and the English and Indians, com-
manded by General Prideaux, and, after his death.niagara.

67

by Sir William Johnson. This battle resulted in the
capture of Fort Niagara.

The Canadian village of Niagara is situated oppo-
site Youngs town; it was formerly called Newark.
Fort George was taken by the Americans, on the
29th of May, 1813. On the 10th of December, of
the same year, the village of Newark was burned by
the orders of General McClure. The fort was de-
stroyed at the same time, and was never rebuilt. The
remains of the old embankments, a short distance
above the present village, can be distinctly seen from
the steamer.

About one mile below these embankments is a fort,
constructed by the British, called Fort Massasaugua.
A small garrison is usually stationed there.

FORT MASSASAUGUA.68

fort niagara.

FORT NIAGARA,

On the American side, is one of the most interesting
points on this frontier. In 1668, La Salle here
erected some buildings enclosed with palisades, which
were burned by the Senecas in 1675. To revenge
this, was one cause of the French expedition, under
Denonville, into the country of the Senecas. On
their return, in 1687, they took formal possession, in
the name of the king of France, of the land, to build
a fort thereon. In 1688, orders were received by the
Sieur Desbergeres, the commandant of the fort, from
the Marquis De Denonville, " to demolish the forti-
fication, with the exception of the cabins and quar-
ters," and to take a memorandum " of the condition in
which we leave said quarters which will remain entire,
to maintain the possession his majesty and the French
have for a long time had on this continent." Among
the matters enumerated in this memorandum, was " a
large, framed, wooden cross, eighteen feet in height,"
and bearing an inscription, of which that upon the
cross is a facsimile, " which was erected on last goodtfe we-ttfTho runs ScC? Pr

±1 OTLrT TSEIA.G-ARA.fort niagara.

71



Friday, by all the officers, and solemnly blessed by
Rev. Father Millet."

The place seems to have been abandoned by the
French from this time till 1725, at which time the
mess-house and other storehouses were built.

On the 6th of July, 1759, General Prideaux land-
ed on the lake shore, just below the mouth of the72

fort niagara.

river, with a large force of English, and a " thousand
fighting men " of the Indians, and besieged Niagara.
The battle before alluded to in the sketch of Youngs-
town, took place on the 24th; and on the 25th, the
English took possession of the fortification. They
retained it until 1796, when it was given up to the
Americans. It was again taken by the English on
the night of the 19th December, 1813, and held by
them till after the peace of 1815.

Within a few years, this fort has been thoroughly
repaired, and a new wall constructed. During the
progress of these repairs, many relics of former days
were found. The entrances to several underground
passages were discovered, but owing to their ruinous
state, they were not entered: could this have been
done, no doubt many interesting discoveries would
have been made.

In the dungeons of the mess-house were formerly
the remains of many instruments of torture, and
chains firmly fastened in the wall. The walls were
covered with names scratched upon them, many ap-
parently with a nail. A French gentleman visited
here a few years since, and in his explorations, found
among these names that of an ancestor who had mys-
teriously disappeared during a period of political ex-
citement in France; thus proving that these dungeons
were sometimes used for state prisoners. Could theFORT NIAGARA.

73

walls of the old " mess house," which can be seen
from the boat, be gifted with speech, what strange
tales they could relate! In these halls, the polished
French, and "gentle ladies" had held their revels,
and mingling with them were the " red warriors,"
the mere recital of some of whose deeds of cruelty
would cause a shudder. After the occupation by the
English, it was a favorite post, and strange and varied
were the scenes which passed within its walls. The
traditions and stories connected with this old fort
would fill volumes.

There are two lines of American steamers leaving
Lewiston daily,— the Express Line at 12 o'clock,
by which passengers are enabled to see Toronto and
the other towns upon the Canadian side of lake Ontario,
and arrive in Montreal the following afternoon, passing
the Thousand Islands and the Rapids by daylight.74

toronto.

TORONTO.

This city, formerly called Little York, is cele-
brated in history as the place where General Pike
was killed by the explosion of a magazine, at the time
of its capture by the Americans, April 27th, 1813. It
now contains about twenty-five thousand inhabitants,
and is one of the most flourishing of her majesty's
Canadian towns.

The United States Mail Line, running upon the
American side, leaves Lewiston at 3 o'clock, p k.
After leaving Fort Niagara, passengers have a pleas-
ant sail along the shore of the beautiful Ontario, which
is interspersed with flourishing villages and fine farms,
until they arrive at the Genesee river. The river is
navigable five miles, and the steamboat landing at that
point is within the limits of the city of Rochester.

The lower falls of the Genesee are about half a
mile above the landing. The Indians called this Gas-
couchagou ; and it is described in a letter, written in
1775, as "a river unknown to geographers, and filled
with rapids and waterfalls." The Genesee, below the
Falls, is a quiet stream, shut in by lofty banks, andgenesee river.

75

its course being exceedingly winding, adds much to
its beauty. On the bank of this river, three miles
below the present city of Rochester, the first Ameri-
can vessel was built, in 1798. She was of thirty tons
burden, and was called the " Jemima."

After leaving the Genesee, the steamers make no
stop till they arrive at Oswego, where passengers can
take the cars in the morning, and arrive at Albany in
time for the boats and cars for New York and Bos-
ton, the same afternoon.76

oswego.

OSWEGO.

The Indian name of this place was Ciioueguen.
The first settlement was made in 1727, by the Eng-
lish, who built a trading house and fortified it, on the
west side of the river. This gave great displeasure
to the French; and in July of the same year, the
Marquis Beauharnais, Governor General of Canada,
catigd upon the English to surrender their fort. This
modest request was not complied with.

In 1755, the English built a fort on the east side
of the river, on the present site of Fort Ontario.
The first English vessel on this lake was built at
Choueguen, and launched June 28th, 1755. On the
11th of August, 1756, the Marquis De Montcalm
appeared before the place with a large force of French
and Indians, and after a siege of three days, the Eng-
lish surrendered. The French obtained possession of
a large amount of property, consisting of arms, pro-
visions, and several vessels; also, " three boxes of sil-
ver, and the military chest containing £18,000." The
traditions connected with the seizure of this silver and
money, are no doubt the origin of the schemes of dig-
ging for treasures so often entered into, and even atMJWVZEEfv eufjAh

VIEW OF F OB X ONTARIO,OSWEGO.

79

the present time going on, in the neighborhood of the
old fort.

After taking possession of their plunder, the French
entirely destroyed the fortification, and returned pos-
session of the land to the Onondaga Indians, " to be
held by them forever/'

It was rebuilt by the English about the year 1759.
Just before the American Revolution, they very much
strengthened this fortification. They retained posses-
sion of it till 1796, when it was given up to the
United States. An attack was made by the English
upon this post, in May 1814, when it was com-
manded by Colonel Mitchell, who succeeded in retreat-
ing m good order, and securing a large portion of his
stores. The English landed and destroyed the ord-
nance, and, taking a quantity of property from the
village, embarked and retired.

Fort Ontario has, within a few years, been thor-
oughly repaired, and is now a very strong position.
May the time never again come when its guns shall
be needed to repulse an enemy from our shores.

Oswego is now a flourishing city of about fifteen
thousand inhabitants. Here is the termination of a
railroad connecting at Syracuse with the central line
of railroad to Albany. A new railroad will soon be
built to Binghampton, and when finished, will make
Oswego the great coal depot of lake Ontario and80

OSWEGO.

Canada After the completion of this road, the differ-
ence in distance between Oswego and New York,
and Oswego and Philadelphia, will be only about
twenty miles. Oswego is also the terminus of the
Oswego canal, connecting at Syracuse with the Erie
canal. It is a place of great commercial importance,
there being a large commerce between this port and
the upper Lakes and Canada. Here, also, are some
of the finest flouring mills in the world, and immense
quantities of flour are annually exported. The large
starch factory, at this place, forwarded specimens of
its manufacture to the World's Fair, and received a
premium.

The steamer leaves Oswego about eight o'clock in
the morning, and, after a pleasant sail of three hours,
arrives at the naval post of Sackett's Harbor.

This is a small town situated on the north-eastern
shore of lake Ontario, distant from Oswego about
forty-five miles, and twenty from the river St. Law-
rence. It was purchased and taken possession of by
Mr. Sackett, of Jamiaca, L. I., in 1799. In 1801
only three families had settled here, in consequence
of a prejudice at that time existing against settlements
on the lake shore, on account of the supposed un-
healthiness of so large a body of fresh water.

This place was the great naval station on the Lake
during the last war with Great Britain, All theVIEW OP THE SHIP HOUSE.sackett's harbor.

83

vessels of war, with the exception of the Oneida, which
was built at Oswego in 1808, were built at this port,
under the superintendence of Henry Eckford, Esq.,
who died a few years since at Constantinople, whither
he had gone to superintend the building of some
vessels for the sultan.

In the ship-house, on the point at the entrance of
the harbor, is now remaining, in a state of good pres-
ervation, a ship of the line of one hundred guns, which
was commenced in 1814; but peace being declared
soon after, it was never finished. In "thirty days from
the time the timber was growing in the woods, the
ship was advanced to its present state, and it was the
intention of the builder in sixty days more to have
had her ready for sea.

Sackett's Harbor was attacked by the English, com-
manded by Sir George Provost, on the 30th May
1813. They effected a landing, but after a severe
fight were driven back .to their boats, and retreated,
leaving many of their wounded. Unfortunately, the
officers in charge of the naval stores, fearing they
might fall into the hands of the English, set fire to
the buildings, and the immensely valuable stores taken
at " Little York," were consumed.

There is an extensive military post here, called
"Madison Barracks."

In 1816, the first American steamer on this Lake,84

steamer ontario

was built here, and called the Ontario. She was about
one hundred and ten feet lung on deck, had a beam
engine, thirty-four inch cylinder, and four feet stroke.
It was then considered unsafe to have any structure on
deck, larger than a small cabin on the quarterdeck for
the ladies. The Ontario was finally laid by in 1831.

There is a railroad nearly completed from Sackett's
Harbor to Pierrepoint Manor, a distance of about
sixteen miles, and there connecting with the Rome and
Cape Yincent Railroad.

The Express Line of Steamers, after leaving Toronto,
maker their first stop at Cape Yincent, a small village
delightfully situated at the entrance of the river St.
Lawrence. This, together with the neighboring village
of Chaumont, was named in honor of one of the early
settlers, M. Yincent Le Ray be Chaumont. It has
been quite noted for having been the residence of
several political adherents of the Emperor Napoleon ,
and a number of articles of his furniture arid books
were once deposited here, preparatory, it is said, to his
seeking here an asylum.

A railroad has just been completed from this place
to Rome, by which passengers leaving here in*the
morning, can reach New York the same evening.
This road passes through the pretty village of Brown-
yiile, the residence of the late Major General Brown;.
also the village of Watertown, situated on BlackRAIL-B.OAD DEPOT a.t GAPE VmCElTT.grand island.

87

river, and one of the most flourishing and well-built
towns in the state.

Lying between Cape Vincent and Kingston, is
Grand Island, belonging to the English. Two small
bays put into either side of this island; and at this
point it is contemplated, the coming year, to construct
a ship canal, a mile and a half long. By this means
vessels will avoid going round the head of the island,
and diminish the distance about one half.

Three miles below Cape Vincent is Carleton Island,
which is about three miles long and about one mile
wide. At its head are the ruins of a fortification
erected by the French at an early day; these can be
distinctly seen from the steamer, many of the chim-
neys remaining quite entire. At this island the
French sunk two vessels, to prevent their falling into
the hands of the English. The water being very clear,
the remains of these can be distinctly seen, filled with
gravel and stones.

The United States Line of Steamers, after leaving
Sackett's Harbor, in crossing over to Kingston, pass
between the islands lying at the foot of lake Ontario,
and those lying within the St. Lawrence.88

kingston.

KINGSTON — UPPER CANADA.

The Indian name of this place is Cadaracqui. The
French commenced building a fort here in 1672,
under the orders of M. De Courcelles, then Gov-
ernor of Canada. He returned to France the same
year, and the fort was finished the next spring, under
the orders of his successor, Count Frontenac, and
called by his name. The command of it was after-
ward given to M. De La Salle, who, in 1678, rebuilt
it with stone. The same year a bark of ten tons was
launched. In 1688, upon hearing the news of the
capture of Montreal by the Indians, the garrison set
fire to the two boats they had built there, and aban-
doned the fort, leaving matches connected with theirUi/.a ot&L

FORT HENRY, AND CEDAR ISLL AN D WITH MARTELLO TOWER.kingston.

91

store of powder, to blow up the works. By some
mismanagement, this was not effected, and upon the
Indians' landing there some time after, they found
quite a stock of powder remaining.

This position was again garrisoned by the French, in
1689, and held by them till 1758, at which time an
expedition, under command of Colonel Bradstreet,
embarked from Oswego, and after two days hard
fighting, he obtained possession of it, and destroyed
the fort and vessels, and such articles as he could not
bring away. The peace of 1762 extinguished the
French title, and, after its acquisition by the English,
its name was changed to Kingston.

This was an important naval station of the English,
during the war of 1812, and several ships, of the
largest class, were built here. The post was can-
nonaded by the American fleet under Commodore
Chauncey, in 1812.

Kingston is now one of the most important towns
in Canada, and, next to Quebec, is the most strongly
fortified.

On Cedar Island is a martello tower ; on a point
overlooking the town and navy-yard, is a strong forti-
fication, called Fort Henry, and the harbor is defend-
ed by several martello towers. After the union of the
Provinces, this was, for a few years, the seat of gov-
ernment. The building for the public offices and the92

CLAYTON.

market, is one of the finest on the continent. In front
of it is a large battery, and a martello tower standing
on a shoal in the harbor.

Passengers have a fine view of the city and fortifi-
cations from the steamer, in entering and departing
from the harbor. On leaving Kingston, we enter
upon the river St. Lawrence. The Thousand Islands
commence here, but being quite large, are not numer-
ous until you approach Clayton.

This is a small village upon the American side, and
is noted as the great rafting station of E. G. Merrick,
Esq., where large ship-timber and staves are formed
into rafts, and floated down the St. Lawrence to Mon-
treal and Quebec. These rafts are often passed in de-
scending the river, and from their requiring many men
to navigate them, and their erecting upon them little
huts for shelter, at a little distance they present the
appearance of a village. Mr. Merrick has here an
extensive shipyard, wherein many of the vessels nav-
igating the Lakes, and several of the fine steamers
belonging to the American Line, were built.

This is also the residence of the well known Wm.
Johnson, who figured in the late Canadian rebellion.
In consequence of his participation in these troubles,
he was obliged to seclude himself from the search
instituted for him by troops under the command of the
late Genera] Worth. It was during this seclusionCLAYTON.thousand islands.

95

upon one of the islands in the neighborhood, that his
daughter " Kate " acquired her title of " Queen of the
Thousand Islands," from her visiting and carrying him
qrovisions, in her canoe.

We are now in the midst of the Thousand Islands.
Persons, on hearing these islands spoken of, often
make the remark that the number must be exagger-
ated; but, on the contrary, it is not sufficient, there
being about fifteen hundred. At the lighthouse, four
miles below Clayton, eighty can be counted from the
deck of the steamboat. The following is a descrip-
tion of the Thousand Islands, written by a Frenchman
in 1664: "An infinity of little islands are at the
entrance of the lake, in such great number, and in
such variety, that the most experienced Iroquois pilots
sometimes lose themselves there, and experience con-
siderable difficulty in distinguishing the course to be
steered in the confusion, and, as it were, the labyrinth
formed by the islands, which otherwise have nothing
agreeable beyond their multitude. For these are only
huge rocks rising out of the water, covered merely
with moss or a few spruce, or other stunted wood,
whose roots spring from the clefts of the rocks, which
can supply no other aliment or moisture to these
barren trees than what the rains furnish them."

About six miles below Clayton, upon Wells Island,
there is a small wharf, at which, in the year 1838, the96

brockville.

British steamer Sir Bobert Peel, while taking in
wood, was burned by the Canadian Patriots.

The next port, after leaving Clayton, is Alexandria
Bay; a romantic little place, built upon a mass of
rocks. This is a favorite resort for hunters, as well a?
the disciples of Isaak Walton. Three miles below the
village is a position whence one hundred islands are in
view at once.

Our next stop is made at Brockville, on the Cana-
dian side of the St. Lawrence. This is one of the
pleasantest villages in Canada, containing about two
thousand five hundred inhabitants, and was named
in honor of General Brock, who fell at Queenston
Heights. During the last war, it was taken by the
Americans, under the command of Major Forsyth,
who was afterward killed at La Cole. Directly op-
posite is the village of Morristown ; the first settlers
came from Morristown, N. J., and named their new
home after the one they had left. The river, at this
point, is a mile and a half wide, and we here take
leave of the " Thousand Islands."

The appearance of the soil changes very suddenly,
after leaving Morristown, losing its rocky character,
and becoming susceptible of the highest cultivation.
The country, on the Canadian side, is much better
cultivated than on the American, having been settled
at an earlier day. Many of these fine farms were theVIEW OF THE THOUSAND ISLANDStories.

99

homes of Tories, who left the United States after the
Revolution. One of these was a brother of Bene-
dict Arnold ; he died a few years since, and there
are yet some of his descendants residing in the vi-
cinity. Twelve miles below Morristown, is the port of
Ogdensburgh.100

ogdensburgh.

OGDENSBURGH.

The first settlement is believed to have been made
in 1748. Many of the Iroquois having expressed
their willingness to embrace Christianity, the Abbe
Francois Picquet, who was afterward styled the
"Apostle of the Iroquois," was selected to found a
mission at this place. Under his instructions, a fort
was built, called " La Presentation." In October,
1749, it was attacked by a band of Indians, believed
to be Mohawks, and although Sieur De Vassau, then
commanding at Fort Frontenac, had sent a detach-
ment of troops to the assistance of the Abbe, they
could not prevent the destruction of two vessels and
the palisades of the fort.

This fort was built at the mouth of the Oswegat-
chie, on the west bank; and some remains of its walls
are still- discernible. The corner stone is in the
possession of a gentleman of this place, and has
in inscription upon it, of which we present a fac-
simile, on page 99.

After the defeat of Montcalm, Abbe Picquet, see-
ing the fruits of his long and laborious life about to



0 G-DE^TSBIIB-GHfort la presentation.

103

pass into the hands of the
English, retired from La

Presentation, and finally re-	^

turned to France, where he	C ^

<Ja ^ ?

he's journal he describes his	^ \

V € ?

n- r

died in 1781. In the Ab-
be's journal he describes his
fort as beino- situated on	,

" the west side of the river * ? 2^

a	^	^

De La Presentation. The	»	^	^

east side is more elevated,	£	C \ $	| 1

and runs by a gradual in-	g	p	■

clination into an amphithe-	*	y

atre. A beautiful town 2	^ fa

* ^ £> ^ C*

could hereafter be built 2 ^	^

here." The Abbe's predic- ? ^	O

tion has been realized, and
the village of Ogdensburgh
now stands on this site.	^

In 1812, the British made
an unsuccessful attack upon
this place. In February,

1813, another attack was	***

made; and after a severe

conflict, the Americans, under Major Forsyth, re-
treated to Black Lake, a few miles distant. The
British plundered the houses, burnt the barracks, and
vessels, and boats, and attempted to burn the bridge104

ogdensburg1i.

ever the Oswegatchie, but did not succeed, on account
of its being covered with snow and ice. Among the
valuable articles lost at this time, were two long twelve
pounders, won by General Gates, from General Bur-
go yne, at Saratoga.

Ogdensburgh is now a flourishing town, and has
increased very rapidly within the last two years. The
facilities for manufactures are very considerable, and
within a few years, it will, no doubt, become a large
manufacturing town. Here is the terminus of the
Northern Railroad, running to Rouse's Point, on Lake
Champlain, a distance of one hundred and eighteen
miles, and there connecting with the railroads to Bos-
ton and Montreal. This is one of the best constructed
roads in the United States; and the order in which it
is kept, and the able manner in which everything con-
nected with it is conducted, is highly creditable to all
concerned in its management.

We here leave the beautiful lake steamers, on
which we have thus far so delightfully journeyed, and
take passage on a smaller one, which leaves Ogdens-
burgh in the morning, and runs down the river, over
all the rapids, directly into the city of Montreal. The
size of these steamers is necessarily governed by the
locks through which they are obliged to pass on thei?\*triat A-C ft

rail-ejoad depot at 0gdelsissiibgt3,vAy&^A£j~':

VIEW OF WINDMILL POINT.THE KAPIDS.	109

return up the river. Before these canals were con-
structed, steamers did not run the rapids, as they
were unable to ascend against the current. The com-
merce was then carried on by batteaux, (large flat-
boats,) which, oil their return, were towed, by horses,
around the rapids.

Parties of pleasure often chartered these boats,
and, laying in a stock of provisions, choice wines, &c.,
procured a company of boatmen, and proceeded on
their way down the river. Daylight being necessary
to run the rapids, when night came, they would go
on shore, and remain till morning, and then resume
their journey, sometimes consuming three or four days
on the trip. The silence of the scene pleasantly
broken by the songs of the French " voyageurs," who
enliven their toil by singing; the grandeur of the rap-
ids; the antiquated and foreign air of the villages,
rendered these excursions, in fine weather, exceeding-
ly delightful. This passage is now made, in a fine
steamboat, in nine hours.

Directly opposite Ogdensburgh is the Canadian
village of Prescott. Here is a strong fort called
after the Duke of Wellington. About a mile below
the village, is Windmill Point, of which the accom-
panying vignette gives a correct view.

A battle was fought at this point on the 13th of
November, 1838, between the Canadian "Patriots,"110

chimney island.

under the command of Yon Shultz, a Polish exile,
and the English troops. The " Patriots " landed on
the 12th, and succeeded in establishing themselves in
the Windmill, and the stone houses adjacent. After
fighting for three or four days, a few made their
escape, and the rest surrendered. The buildings, of
which the walls are still standing, were then burnt.

About four miles distant is the first rapid of the
St. Lawrence.

In the midst of this rapid is Chimney Island ; so
called from the circumstance that several chimneys
are still standing here which belonged to an old
French fortification.

The islands between Ogdensburgh and Montreal,
present an entirely different appearance from the
thousand islands, the soil being tillable, and many of
them highly cultivated.

Eighteen miles below Ogdensburgh, we pass the
village of Waddington. Directly in front of it is
Ogden Island, which is beautiful and finely cultivated.
Upon it is the residence of J. Ogden, Esq.

Between Ogdensburgh and Waddington are but
two rapids, both of which are overcome by the pas-v
senger steamers in ascending the river: freight steam-
ers pass through the canal. The steamer stops a few
moments at the little village of Williamsburgh, on the
Canadian side. Just below this place is Cryseler'sMASSENA SPRINGS.

Ill

Farm, where a battle was fought on the 10th Novem-
ber, 1813, between the English and the Americans
commanded by General Wilkison, who, at that time,
was descending the river to attack Montreal; a plan
which he afterward abandoned, and for which he was
severely censured.

The boat touches at a wharf in the town of Louis-
ville, about thirty miles below Ogdensburgh, from
which there are stages to Massena Springs, a distance
of seven miles. These springs are quite celebrated
for the cure of dyspeptics and those afflicted with
cutaneous disorders, and are becoming a place of
great resort.

We are now come to the entrance of the Long
Sault. This is a rapid of nine miles; the river is
divided, by an island, in the center; the usual passage
of the steamers is on the south side. The water in
this channel is not much broken, but runs with great
velocity, and the passage is very narrow; it is said,
that a raft will drift the nine miles in forty minutes.
The passage on the north of the island is called the
"Lost Channel," a name given to it from the fact that
for many years it was believed by the French and
English boatmen, that if a batteau, or raft accidentally
drifted into it, it would inevitably be lost. Late
examinations have been made, and steamboats have
descended this channel, but the water being very112

st. regis.

rough and broken, and the current exceedingly rapid
the south passage is run, as being more safe.

Cornwall is a fine town situated at the foot of
the Long Sault on the Canadian side. Here vessels*
on their way up the river, enter the Cornwall canal
and are locked up above the rapids just described,
coming out into the river, about twelve miles above.

A little below Cornwall, on the American side of
the river, is the Indian village of St. Regis.

The 45° of north latitude, the boundary line be-
tween the United States and Canada, passes through
the center of this village; and from this point the
course of the St. Lawrence is entirely within her
Majesty's dominions. From St. Regis to Coteau du
Lac, a distance of forty miles, the river expands very
much, and receives the name of Lake St. Francis,
and is interspersed with many beautiful islands. On
the northern side of this lake, about midway, is situ-
ated the village of Lancaster. This is principally a
Scotch settlement. In front of it, on a small island,
stands a large " cairn," erected in honor of Sir Joiii*
Colburn.

J.VClLOL

STEAMER DESC'BITDING THE CQTEAU DU LAC RAPIDSCOTEAU DU LAC.

115

COTEAU DIT LAC.

The Coteau is a small village at which the steamers
make a short stop. It bears unmistakable evidence of
its French origin, not only in its name, but in the style
of its buildings. Travelers discern a great difference
in the appearance of these villages, and those in the
Upper Province. The former are clusters of steep-
roofed houses, with their church in the midst. Along
the banks of the river, attention is often attracted by
large crosses of wood, surrounded by a railing; these
are erected with great solemnity under the supervision
of their priests, and the ground enclosed is considered
as consecrated.

Just below the village are the Coteau Rapids.
These are much heavier than any yet passed. There
is but a short space of unbroken water between them
and the Cedars.

This is a little village, possessing the same marks of
French origin as the Coteau. It was in the Rapids
of the Cedars that a detachment of three hundred
men, belonging to General Amherst's brigade, on
their way to attack Montreal, were lost. This was116

MILITARY WORKS.

owing to the ignorance and unskillfulness of their
pilots; and many of the bodies floated past Mon-
treal, giving the French the first intelligence of their
being on the river.

During the Revolution, the Americans constructed
some military works at this point, and it was garri-
soned by about five hundred continental troops, under
the command of Colonel Bedell. An expedition
was fitted out from Oswegatchie, under the command
of Captain Forster, and attended by a large number
of Indians, led by Thayendenega, to capture this
place. Colonel Bedell, hearing of their approach,
went to Montreal to demand assistance of General
Arnold, who was then in command, leaving the fort
at the Cedars in the charge of Major Butterfield.
Two days after, the enemy made their appearance
and commenced an attack. Not having any artillery,
they made but little impression upon the works; and
at the end of two days, only one man was wounded;
"yet, Major Butterfield, intimidated by the threat,
that if any Indians were killed, it would be out of the
power of Captain Forster to restrain them from a
massacre, capitulated. The next day, Major Siier-
bune, who had been dispatched by General Arnold,
to the assistance of the Americans, approached, with-
out hearing that Major Butterfield had surrendered.
When within four miles of the Cedars, he was attackedthe rapids.

117

by a party of Indians, and, after a fight of an hour,
he also surrendered.

Arnold, hearing of these misfortunes, marched
against the enemy, then at Vaudriel, intending to
attack them, and recover the American prisoners.
" When preparing for the engagement, he received a
flag, accompanied by Major Sherbune, giving him the
most positive assurances that if he made an attack, it
would be out of the power of Captain Forster to
prevent the savages, according to their custom, from
disincumbering themselves of their prisoners, by put-
ting them all to death. Under the influence of this
threat, Arnold desisted from his purpose," and suc-
ceeded in effecting an exchange of prisoners, on the
Americans agreeing to return immediately to their
homes.

A passage through this series of rapids is very ex-
citing, even to those who have been over them many
times. There is a peculiar motion to the vessel, in
descending them, and you can feel her settling down,
as she glides from one ledge to another. On passing
the rapids of the Split Rock, a person unacquainted
with the navigation of these rapids, will almost invol-
untarily hold his breath, till this ledge of rocks, which,
from the shallowness and transparency of the water,
is distinctly seen from the deck of the steamer, is
passed; she seems to be running directly upon it, and118

THE RAPIDS.

you feel certain that she will strike; but a skillful
hand is at the helm,— an instant more, and it is passed
in safety.

Beauharnais is a small village at the foot of the
cascades, on the south bank of the river. Vessels
here enter the Beauharnajs Canal, which, in the dis-
tance of fourteen miles, takes them around the rapids
of the Cascades, Cedars, and Coteau, into lake St.
Francis. On the north bank, a branch of the Ottawa
enters the St. Lawrence. The water of this river is
very dark colored, and does not readily mix with that
of the St. Lawrence, which is very pure, and the line
of distinction between them can be traced for a con-
siderable distance. The river again widens into a
lake, called St. Louis, and a view is now had of
Montreal mountain, nearly thirty miles distant

In passing through this lake, on the right is Nun's
Island, which is beautifully cultivated, and belongs to
the Grey Nunnery, at Montreal. It is easily distin-
guished by a long mound, having the appearance of
being artificial, upon the south end of which, an im-
mense cross is erected. There are many islands in
the vicinity of Montreal, belonging to the nunneries,
and from which they derive large revenues. After
passing lake St. Louis, we arrive at the little village of
Lachine.

The origin of this name is said to have been fromDISTANT 'VIEW MO^TRILAL MQTJ¥TATROAUGHNAWAGA.

121

the following incident: When the French first as-
cended the river, and arrived at this place, the open
expanse of lake St. Louis being before them, led them
to believe that the way to China was open to them,
and the exclamation accordingly was, " La Chine! la
Chine!" At this place, M. De La Salle once estab-
lished himself as a fur-trader.

From this point is a railroad running to Montreal, a
distance of nine miles. This is also the terminus of
the Lachine Canal, by which vessels avoid the Lachine
rapids.

Here, too, is the residence of Sir George Simpson,
Governor of the "Hudson Bay Company," and dis-
tinguished as a traveler, by his " voyage round the
wrorld."

On the south bank of the river, just before en-
tering the Lachine rapids, is the Indian village of
Caughnawaga.

This town was built in 1671, by Indians, who had
been converted by the Jesuits, and were called "pray-
ing Indians," or Caughnawagas. These Indians, du-
ring the French wars, were often engaged in predatory
incursions upon their neighbors in the New England
provinces. On one of these excursions, they took
possession of a church-bell, and carried it on poles, on
their shoulders, through the woods, to their village •
and this bell now hangs in their church.122

LA PRAIRIE.

The Lachine is one of the most interesting of the
rapids. The water is very turbulent, and the current
very swift. After passing this rapid, we see, on the
left, another island, belonging to the nuns. We also
pass the little village of La Prairie. From this part
of the river, a fine view is had of the mountain and
city of Montreal.montreal.

125

MONTREAL.

When Jacques Cartier first ascended the St. Law-
rence, in 1535, he found, at this place, a large Indian
village, called Hochelaga.

In 1540, Francis de la Boque and Seigneur
De Roberville, visited this place with an expedition,
intending to make a permanent settlement; their ex-
pectations not being realized, at the end of the year
they returned to France. There now sefems to have
been a lapse of over fifty years in the French discov-
eries in Canada.

Champlain visited the country in 1603. In 1640,
the converted Indians began to make Montreal their
home; and in 1647, a grand mass and festival was
celebrated.

In consequence of a quarrel between the French
and some of the Indian tribes, a large body of the
Five Nations, on the 26th of July, 1688, landed on
the island of Montreal, and, while the French imag-
ined themselves in perfect security, burnt their houses,
and massacred men, women, and children. In a history
of the province of New York, it is stated, that "a thou-
sand French were slain in this invasion, and twenty-six126

MONTREAL.

were carried into captivity and burned alive. Many
more were made prisoners in another attack, in Octo-
ber. Only three of the confederate Indians were lost
in all this scene of misery and desolation/'

In 1696, Count Frontenac left Montreal, with a
force of one thousand French and two thousand In-
dians, on an expedition against the Onondagas. He
succeeded in destroying many of their villages, and
then returned to Montreal.

This was the headquarters whence issued so many
parties of French and Indians, who continued their
attacks upon the English, till the conquest of Canada.
After the peace of 1763, it was surrendered to the
English, and French sovereignty ceased upon this con-
tinent. In 1775, Montreal was surrendered to the
Americans, under General Montgomery, and the
English general, Carleton, retreated to Quebec.

Montreal being the headquarters of the fur-traders,
here these adventurous navigators took in a cargo of
goods suited to the Indian taste, and set forth on
their voyage up the Ottawa, into the midst of a
wilderness. The idea of Moore's well known " Can-
adian Boat Song " originated from the fact of these
parties stopping at St. Ann's, the last church on the
island, and imploring the protection of their tutelar
saint. These expeditions would be absent a year,
sometimes two, and even three years, and wouldPUR COMPANY.

127

return freighted with the rich furs of the west. In
the "palmy days" of the Fur Company, the return
of these parties to Montreal presented an exciting
scene. Pleasure and revelry took the place of labor
and watchfulness; and, in a short time, the fruits of
their toil being dissipated, they were ready again to
go forth upon an expedition so fraught with danger,
difficulty, and privations.

Mr. McTavish, an influential member of this com-
pany, was the person to whom the little colony of
Astoria — founded by John Jacob Astor — on the
banks of the Columbia, was surrendered by the Amer-
icans, in 1812. His former residence, now entirely
deserted, and enjoying the reputation of a " haunted
house," is situated on the road running around the
mountain; and his grave is in the woods, a short dis-
tance up the mountain, and a small monument is there
erected to his memory.

The quays of Montreal are the finest on this conti-
nent, and equal to any in the old world; they are
constructed of solid masonry in cut stone, and are
about a mile in length.

A few years ago, Montreal was deficient in hotels,
and visitors found much inconvenience from this cause.
This has been thoroughly remedied, and the city now
abounds in fine ones, where every comfort can be found.

"No one should omit a ride round the mountain;128

MONTREAL.

tliis is over a fine McAdamized road, and passes many
delightful residences. From the mountain, the view
of the city of Montreal, with its immense cathedral,
the St. Lawrence with its islands, and the distant
mountain scenery, form a picture worthy the pencil
of a true artist.

The streets in the old part of Montreal are very
narrow, and, even in some of the principal ones, the
stranger finds himself wondering when he shall get
out of the lanes and by-ways, and emerge into the
street. The houses being very high, seem to render
them still more narrow. The new part of the city
has been laid out in the modern style, with wide
streets, and is well built.

The Cathedral of Montreal is an immense building,
capable of holding fifteen thousand persons. It is
built of granite, and the exterior is very imposing;
but the interior is not finished in a corresponding
style, the pillars being imitation marble.

Near the cathedral is the "Black Nunnery." Visitors
are not allowed to go farther than the Hospital; they
nowever can obtain admission into the "Grey Nunnery,"
iituated a few streets nearer the river; this is inter-
esting to a stranger. No regular charge is made for
showing visitors through the establishment; but it is
expected they will purchase some of the little fancy
articles made by the inmates.nelson's monument.

129

The Bishop's Church, at the distance of a short ride
from the cathedral, is a handsome edifice, and contains
many paintings. The convent of the Sisters of Char-
ity is at this place, and visitors, except on certain days,
are allowed an entrance.

A monument, erected to the memory of Lord Nel-
son, stands on Notre Dame street, on the square
opposite the entrance to the Place d'Armes.

Opposite the lower part of the city is the island of
St. Helen ; the upper end of this is crowned by a fine
grove of forest trees, and on the lower end is a strong-
fortification, commanding the passage of the river.

The Quebec steamers usually leave in the evening
making the passage each way in the night. They,
however, leave each end of the route so early, that
passengers have an opportunity of seeing the most
interesting points on the river.

A small rapid, called St. Marys, is just below St
Helen's island, which, though it occasions no incon-
venience to steamers, often retards sail vessels in
ascending.

William Henry, or Sorel, forty-five miles below
Montreal, stands on the site of an old fort, built in
1665. In May, 1776, the fort at this place was taken
and occupied by a body of Americans, on their retreat
from Quebec, after the death of Montgomery.

Lake St. Peter is fifty miles below Montreal. The130

THREE RIVERS.

river here expands to twelve or fifteen miles in breadth,
for twenty-five miles.

Three Rivers, half way between Montreal and
Quebec, is situated on the north side of the St. Law-
rence. This is an old town, having* been erected by
the French in 1618.CAFE DIAMOND—QUEBEC.QUEBEC.

133

QUEBEC.

In 1535, Cartier took solemn possession of the
country at this point, by erecting a cross, decorated
with a shield bearing the lilies of France, whither he
then sailed. In 1541, he returned, and built a fort
on the present site of Quebec.

The city of Quebec was founded by Samuel Cham-
plain, in 1608. In 1622, the population was reduced
to fifty souls. At this time, a company was formed
in the mother country, called the " Company of New
France." The object of this company was the con-
version of the Indians, by the aid of the Jesuits; the
extension of the fur trade; and to find a short passage
to China and the East Indies, through the rivers and
lakes of New France. The king presented this com-
pany with two ships, on condition that the value of
them should be refunded, if, within ten years, fifteen
hundred French inhabitants were not transported to
the country. For the first few years, this colony suf-
fered severely from the hostility of the Iroquois.

In 1629, Sir David Keith, in the employ of the
British crown, sailed up the St. Lawrence, and made
the conquest of Quebec. The treaty of St. Germain,134

quebec.

concluded soon after, restored to France, Quebec and
her other American possessions.

From this time till 1697, history furnishes us with
records of Indian fights, and barbarities perpetrated
upon each other by the French and English. The
Indians, with their usual policy, determined to take
part permanently with neither party, and accordingly
extended their aid to one or the other, as caprice or
inclination dictated.

In June, 1759, the English army, under General
Wolfe, landed upon the island of Orleans. He then
took possession of Point Levi, on the southern bank
of the St. Lawrence, and erected several heavy bat-
teries, bearing directly upon the town. By these, sev-
eral houses were burned: but not much impression
was made upon the fortifications, they being so strong,
and the distance so great. General Wolfe became
sensible that there were no hopes of success, unless
he could erect batteries on the north shore of the
river. He attempted to capture the entrenchments
at Montmorenci, and succeeded in landing his troops
under cover of the fire from his ships, but was gal-
lantly repulsed by the French. He then determined
to carry the Heights of Abraham. ,

On the 12th of September, the ships sailed nine
miles up the river to Cape Kouge ; this deceived the
French, and a large detachment was sent up the viv<2r^qtj ebec.

135

to prevent their landing. In the mean time, the ships
had dropped down the river to Wolfe's Cove, and at
four o'clock in the morning, the troops began to land.

The Marquis De Montcalm, hearing the English
had landed on the Plains of Abraham, and believing
it impossible to be accomplished by the whole army,
supposed it was merely a stratagem to draw him from
bis strong position at Montmorenci. Finding that
it was really the case, he crossed the St. Charles,
and formed his army for battle. There were about
fifteen hundred militia and Indians sheltered in some
bushes, who poured a destructive fire upon the Eng-
lish. " Montcalm had taken post on the left of the
Erench army, and Wolfe upon the right of the Eng-
lish, so that the two generals met at the head of their
respective troops."

Soon after the commencement of the battle, Wolfe
received a wound in the wrist; this he concealed.
Shortly after, he received another in the groin ; this
too was concealed, and he was advancing at the head
of his grenadiers when a third bullet entered his
breast. " Though expiring, it was with reluctance
ho permitted himself to be conveyed into the rear,
where, careless of himself, he discovered in the ago-
nies of death, the most anxious solicitude concerning
the fate of the day. Being told that the enemy was

visibly broken, he reclined his head, from extreme
£136	death of wolfev

faintness, on the arm of an officer standing near hirn^
but was soon aroused with the distant sound of " They
fly, they fly." " Who Ey ?" asked the dying hero.
On being answered, the French, " Then," said he, " I
depart content," and almost immediately expired.

Less fortunate, but not less gloriously, expired the
gallant Montcalm. About the same time he received
a wound, and on being told that it was mortal, and
that but a few hours of life remained to him, he
expressed the greatest satisfaction, and exclaimed, " So-
much the better! I shall not live to see the surrender
of Quebec/''

After the loss of General Wolfe, the battle was*5
continued by General Monckton; and, upon his be-
ing wounded, the command devolved upon General
Townshend. The French soon after were driven?
from the ground.

General Townshend, after the battle, employed;
himself in making preparations for the siege of Quebec,
but, before his batteries were opened, the town capit-
ulated. A force of five thousand men, under General
Murray, were left to garrison the fort, and the fleet
sailed out of the St Lawrence.

In 1760, the French made preparations to besiege
Quebec, and a battle had already taken place, when a
large English fleet arrived, and the French retreated
to Montreal. Thus ended this eventful war.attack on quebec.

137

The body of General Wolfe was taken to England.
That of the Marquis Montcalm was interred in the
chapel in the Ursuline Convent. A simple monument
was erected bearing the following inscription:

HONNEUR A MONTCALM.

LE DESTIN EN LUl DEROBANT LA VICTOIRE
LA RECOMPENSE PAR tJNE MORT GLORIEDSE.

A monument is erected to the memory of both
these heroes, in a pleasant place called Governor's
Garden.

In 1775, General Washington hearing that a large
portion of the English army was concentrated about
Montreal, projected an attack against Quebec; and in
order to accomplish this he determined to send a
body of men to reinforce General Montgomery, then
at Montreal. Their route was to ascend the Renebec,
and strike across to the Dead river, and follow this
stream till they could again cross the forest and reach
the headwaters of the Chaudiere, emptying into the
St. Lawrence. So great were the delays in starting,
owing to the derangements in the army, that they
did not commence their march till the middle of
September. The command of the troops was given
to General Arnold. The impediments were such
that he did not reach Point Levi till the 9th of138

ATTACK ON QUEBEC.

November. The town was almost without a garrison,
and the inhabitants would as soon have expected
to see an army descend from the clouds, as to emerge
from the wilderness through which they had just made
their way. Could Arnold have immediately crossed
the St. Lawrence he would have easily obtained pos-
session of the town, but a violent storm was prevailing,
and before this abated, and a sufficient number of
boats could be collected, the garrison was strongly
reinforced.

On the 12th the wind moderated and Arnold
embarked, and after infinite difficulty and danger,
landed with his little army about a mile and a half
above where Wolfe had disembarked. Finding the
cliffs at this point impracticable, he marched dowTn the
river to Wolfe's Cove. Ascending the precipice up
which, sixteen years before, Wolfe and his brave
followers had clambered, he formed his small corps on
the Heights of Abraham.

Arnold proposed to march immediately against
Quebec, in hopes of finding some one of the gates
open; this opinion was overruled, the expectation of
finding the garrison off its guard being deemed too
improbable to be calculated upon. It was afterward
found that the gate called St. Johns was very slightly
guarded, and could easily have been entered. Arnold
concluded at last, to retire to Point au Trembles,DEATH OF MONTGOMERY.

139

and await tlie arrival of Montgomery. The latter
having clothed his almost naked troops in Montreal,
and procured clothes for those in Arnold's command,
garrisoned the place, and proceeded to Point au Trem-
bles, and joining Arnold, marched to Quebec.

It was now in the depth of a Canadian winter, and
the hardships which the troops were obliged to un-
dergo, were excessive; but they were supported with
the utmost patience and firmness.

General Montgomery determined to make an at-
tack; and accordingly, on the 31st of December, the
signal was given, and the troops moved forward to
the assault. Montgomery advanced, at the head of
the New York troops, along the St. Lawrence, under
Cape Diamond. Along this narrow path the Amer-
icans pressed forward until they reached a block-
house and picket. The general, with his own hands,
assisted in cutting down and pulling up the pickets,
to open a passage for his troops. He now found it
absolutely necessary to make a halt, and collect a force
with which he might venture to proceed. Having
reassembled about two hundred men, he advanced
boldly and rapidly at their head to force the barrier
One or two persons had now returned to the deserted
battery, and one of them, seizing a match, discharged
one of the guns when the American force was distant
nbout forty paces. This single and accidental fire140

ATTACK OX QUEBEC.

was a fatal one. General Montgomery, Captains
McPherson and Cheeseman, the former the aid to
the general, and his orderly sergeant, were killed on
the spot. The loss of their general, discouraged the
troops, and they precipitately retired from the action.

The division of Arnold moved along the street St
Roque. The path was so narrow, from the works of
the enemy, and the blocks of ice thrown from the St.
Charles, that the two pieces of artillery in front were
capable of raking the whole ground. As Arnold
approached the barrier, he received a musket ball in
the leg, which shattered the bone, and he was carried
to the hospital. Colonel Morgan then rushed for-
ward, at the head of his company, and endeavored to
capture the barrier. After a severe contest he found
they were unable to cope with the numbers of the
enemy, and they surrendered themselves prisoners.

The Americans, under Arnold, retired about three
miles from the city, and there remained through the
winter. In the spring, Arnold retired to Montreal,
and General Thomas took the command. In May a
British fleet arrived, and General Thomas retreated
up the river, leaving many of his sick to fall into the
hands of the enemy. Thus ended this; as it has since
proved, last attempt to capture Quebec.

This city is very interesting to a stranger; it is the
only walled city in the Canadas, and one feels onpall of mo nt mo reit cx.

141

pissing the gateways, and being shut in b^ the pon-
derous gates, as though he were entering some sort
of prison. There are live of these gates.

Cape Diamond, upon which the citadel stands, is
three hundred and forty-five feet in height, and derives
its name from the quantity of crystals mixed wilh the
:granite below its surface. The fortress include the
whole spaee on the cape,

Above the spot where General Montgomery
^killed, is now the inclined plane, running to the top of
the bank; it is five hundred feet long, and is used by
the government to convey stores, and other articles
-of great weight, to the fortress. Strangers are allowed
to enter this fortress, bj procuring tickets from the
proper authoiities.

A ride to the Plains of Abraham is one of the
most interesting visits about this celebrated city; a
rock is there pointed out, as the spot where General
Wolfe expired. There a^e four martello towers,
forty feet in height, standing upon the plain, about
Ihalf a mile in advance of the other fortifications.

Seven miles below Quebec is the Fall of Montm>
irenci. The road is very pleasant, passing through
the French village of Beauport. Those who expect
to see a second Niagara, will be very much disap-
pointed. The stream descends, in silvery threads,
©ver a precipice two hundred and forty feet in height,r42

castle st. louts".

and, in connection with tlie surrounding scenery, is
extremely picturesque and beautiful, but inspires none*
of the awe felt at Niagara.

The French. (Catholic), Church is a spacious stone:
building, and the interior is decorated with some fine
paintings. Since the destruction of the Convent at
Charlestown, Mass.,- Americans are not allowed en-
trance to the Ursuline Convent. It is the more to be
regretted, from the fact that the grave of Montcalm.
is in their chapel.

Castle St. Louis, probably the first public building
in Quebec, the corner stone of which was laid by
Champlain, on the 6th of May, 1624, was destroyed
by fire on the 23d of January, 1834. By the orders
of Lord Durham,, the site of this castle was cleared of
the ruins that covered it, leveled,., and floored, with,
wood, and an iron railing placed on the edge of the
precipice, making a very delightful promenade. The
view from it commands the lower town, the St. Law-
rence as far down as the island of Orleans, the harbor
with its ships, and Point Levi on the opposite side of
the river*ROUTE FROM MONTREAL.

143

ROUTE FROM MONTREAL TO SARATOGA THROUGH
LAKE CHAMPLAIN".

Opposite Montreal, and connected by a ferry, is
the depot where the cars are taken for Rouse's Point,
passing through the village of St. Johns. This place
was besieged and captured by the Americans, in 1775.

Lake Champlain received its name from Samuel
Champlain, who discovered it in 1608. One of the
Indian names given to it was Canaideri-Guarunte,
signifying the mouth or door of the country. Another
was Petawa-bouque, signifying alternate land and
water

Rouse s Point is the termination of the Ogdens-
burgh Railroad, and there is an immense depot directly
at the steamboat landing. Here, passengers for Bos-
ton can take the Vermont Central Railroad; or, if they
desire a sail on Lake Champlain, can go to Burlington,
and there take the Burlington and Rutland Railroad.

Plattsburgh, on the west side of the lake, is a
handsome town, and is celebrated as the scene of
McDonough's victory, on the 11th of September 1814.
The Legislature of New York presented Commodore144

FORT ST. FREDERICK.

McDonough with a farm of one hundred acres, situ-
ated upon Cumberland Head.

Burlington is situated upon the Vermont side of
the lake. It is built upon a slope rising gradually
from the water, and is one of the handsomest towns
on the route.

Crown Point, situated on the west side of the
lake, is now a ruin. It was built by the French, in
1731, and called Fort St. Frederick. In 1759, it
was taken by General Amherst, and held by the
English till 1775, when it was taken by Colonel
Warner — the same day that Colonel Allen took
Ticonderoga.fort ticondergga.

145

T 10 ON.DERO Gr A.

The ruins of old Fort Ticonderoga are situated
on a peninsula, formed by Lake Champlain and the
outlet of Lake George. The Indian name was Cheon-
deroga, and was slightly changed by the French to
its present appellation. This post was built by the
French in 1756. Mount Independence, on the east
side of the lake, was also fortified, and remains of some
of the old works can still be seen.

-In 1759 this post was evacuated by the French,
and the English occupied it. They retained possession
of it till 1775, when it was surprised and taken on
the 10th of May, by the Americans, under Colonel
Ethan Allen. " The commandant of the fort was
surprised in his bed by Allen, Arnold, and a few of
their followers, who had entered by a subterranean
passage, and made themselves masters of it, without
any loss. On being ordered to surrender, he asked,
by what authority he was required to do so: Allen
replied, 41 demand it in the name of the great Jehovah,
and of the Continental Congress/ " The Congress,
however, knew nothing of the matter, its first meeting
being held some hours after this transaction.

In 1777, the British army, under General Burgoyne,146

lake georges

on their route to Saratoga, appeared before this post.
They erected a battery on Mount Defiance, which is
elevated seven hundred and twenty feet above the
lake, and completely commanded the fort. General
St. Clair was forced to evacuate it; the Americans
never retook it, and it was suffered to go to decay.

The Champlain boats proceed up the lake to White-
hall. Those desirous of seeing Lake George, leave
the boat here, and are conveyed in carriages a distance
of three miles and a half, to the "Lake George
Steamboat Landing."

This lake is celebrated for its romantic and varied
scenery, and the transparency of its waters. It is
thirty-six miles long, and from two to three miles in
width. It was called Lac Sacrament, by the French,
on account of the purity of its waters. The Indian
name was Horicon.

The steamer runs to Caldwell, at the south-west
end of the lake. This is the site of Fort "William
Henry, and was the scene of the massacre which took
place on the lOlh of August, 1756, and left such a
stain upon the memory of Montcalm, that it was
scarcely erased lj his glorious death upon the plains
of Abraham.

The road from Caldwell to Glen's Falls, is through
a wild country, abounding in historical incidents of the
old French war, and of the Revolution.fare we ll.

147

Shortly after leaving Caldwell, we pass Bloody
Pond, into which, after an engagement in September
1755, the bodies of a thousand French and English
were thrown. From Caldwell passengers are convey-
ed to Sandy Hill, by stages, and thence by railroad
to Saratoga.

We now take leave of you, who have journeyed so
far with us, hoping that we have whiled away some
few moments that might otherwise perhaps have been
tedious; and, wishing you renewed health from the
sparkling waters of Saratoga, and a pleasant return to
your homes, we say — Farewell!TABLES OF DISTANCES

DISTANCES BETWEEN BUFFALO AND QUEBEC
By the United States Mail Line.

DOWN.

Buffalo,................. 0..

Niagara Falls,........ 22.. 22

Lewiston,________________ 7_. 29

Youngstown,___!......... 7_. 36

Rochester,_______________75.-111

Oswego,.................60..171

Packetts Harbor,........42..213

Kingston,................3S..251

Clayton,................. 22..273

Alx Bay.................. 12..285

Brockville,.............. 24..309

Osrriensburgh,. ........... 12..321

Matilda,................. 16..337

Williamsburgh,.......... 7.-344

Chryseler's Farm bat- ?

tie ground,.........3

Louisville,............... 7..351

Long Sault Rapids,.......

Cornwall,................ 17..368

St. Regis, (Indian,)....... 4..372

Lancaster,...............1*6. .388

Coteau Du Lac,......... 20..408

Coteau Rapids, )

Cedar do. > between
Cascades do. )

La Chine,............... 38.-446

Lachine Rapids,.........

Montreal,________________ 9__455

Quebec,.................180..635

UP.

Quebec,................. ti

Montreal,________________180 180

La Chine,............... 9 189

Beauharnais,............ 18 207

Coteau Du Lac,.......... 20 227

Lancaster,............... 20..247

St. Regis................. 16..2(53

Cornwall................. 4..267

Willi an 1 sfo u rgh,..........24 _.291

Matilda, ............ 7-298

Ogdensburgh,............ 16..314

Brockville,.............. 12..326

Alx Bay,_________________24.-350

Clayton,__________--_____12. .362

Kingston,................ 22..384

Sacketts Harbor,........ 38.-422

Oswego__________________ 42..464

Rochester,............... 60. .524

Lewiston.______________82. .606

Niagara Falls,___________ 7..613

Buffalo,.................. 22.-635TABLES OF DISTANCES.

149

BUFFALO AND QUEBEC,
By Amerioan Express Line.

DOWN.

Buffalo,.................. 0..

Niagara Falls,............22..

Lewiston,................ 7..

Toronto,.................42.,

Cape Vincent,...........170..

Clayton,................. 18-.

Alx Bay,................. 12..

Brock ville,...............24..

Ogdensburgh,............12..

Gallop Rapids,.........)

De Plau,............... 5

Matilda,.................16..

Wiliiamsburgh,.......... 7_.

Chryseler's Farm bat- >

tie ground,___________j

Louisville,............... 7.

Long Sault Rapids,.......

Cornwall,................17..

St. Regis, (Indian,)....... 4.

Lancaster,...............16.

Coteau du Lac,...........20-

Coteau Rapids,......

Cedar do.......

Cascades do.......

La Chine,...........

Rapids,__________________

Montreal,................ 9.

Quebec,.................180.

.323

.337

,354
.358
.374
.394

48-.432

UP.

Quebec,................. 0__

Montreal,................180__180

La Chine,................ 9—189

Beauharnais,............. 18..207

Coteau du Lac,........... 20..227

Lancaster,...............20.. 24 7

St. Regis, (Indian,)....... 16..263

Cornwall,................ 4.-267

Louisville,............... 17—284

Wiliiamsburgh,.......... 7—291

Matilda,.................. 7—298

Ogdensburgh,............ 16..314

Brockville,............... 12-326

Alx Bay,................. 24-350

Clayton, ................. 12..362

Cape Vincent,............ 18. .380

Toronto,____1............170—550

Lewiston,................ 42..592

Niagara Falls,-.-_________ 7—599

Buffalo,.................. 22—621

NIAGARA FALLS AND NEW YORK,

Via Oswego, by United States Mail Line.

EAST.

Niagara Falls,........... 0__

Lewiston,................ 7— 7

Youngstown,............. 7.. 14

Rochester,...............75.. 89

Oswego,.................60.-149

Syracuse,................35—184

Rome,................... 38-222

mica,.................... 15-237

Herkimer, ...........— 15-252

Little Falls,.............. 6.-258

St. Johnsvilie,____________ 10. .268

Fort Plain................. 6._274

Palatine Bridge,.......... 3..277

Fonda,................... 11-288

Amsterdam,..............11..299

Schenectady,............. 16.. 315

Albany,.................. 16..331

New York,................147-478

WEST.

New York,..............................0..

Albany...................147-147

Schenectady,..........................16—163

Amsterdam,______________16—179

Fonda,...................11-190

Palatine Bridge,..........11—201

Fort Plain,...........................3..204

St. Johnsvilie,........................6—210

Little Falls,..............10..220

Herkimer,..............................6..226

Utica,...................15..241

Rome,...................15. .256

Syracuse,................................38—294

Oswego,...........................35..329

Rochester,..............................60-.399

Lewiston,................................82. .471

Niagara Falls,.........—	7—478150

TABLES OF DISTANCES.

BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FAILS RAILROAD.

Buffalo,_____................0..

Black Rock,................3.. 3

Cherry's,...................3.. 6

Tonawanda,.................5_.11

Cayuga Creek,..............6..17

Schlosser,...................3..20

Niagara Falls,..............2..22

Niagara Falls,..............0__

Schlosser,...................2.. 2

Cayuga Creek,..............3__ 5

Tonawanda,........ ........6__ll

Cherry's,....................5..16

Black Rock,................3..19

Buffalo, ....................3—22

NIAGARA FALLS AND NEW YORK,
Via Toronto and Cape Vincent, by American Express Line.

EAST.

Niagara Falls,__________- 0__

Lewiston,................ 7_. 7

Toronto,.................42__ 49

Cape Vincent,............170. .219

Chamont,................ 11..230

Limerick,________________ 6. .236

Brownville,.............. 4..240

Watertown,.............. 4.-244

Adams Centre,........... 10..254

Adams,.................. 3.. 257

Pierrepont Manor,........ 5..262

Mannsville,.............. 2__264

Sandy Creek,............. 5.-269

Richland,............... 5.-274

Albion,.................. 4..27S

Kasoag,.................. 7.-285

Williamstown,........... 3.-288

Camden,................. 10..298

McConnelsville,.......... 5..303

Taberg,.................. 2. .305

Rome,...................11..316

Utica,....................15.>33J

Herkimer,............... 15-.346

St. Johnsville,............16..362

Fonda,................... 20.-382

Amsterdam,.............. 11..393

Schenectady,............. 16..409

Albany,.................. 16. .425

New York................147..572

WEST.

New York,............... 0..

Albany,..................147-147

Schenectady,............. 16..163

Amsterdam,.............. 16..179

Fonda,................... 11 ..190

St. Johnsville,............20..210

Herkimer,...............16..226

Utica,...................15..241

Rome,................... 15. .256

Taberg, ................. 11..267

McConnelsville, ......... 2..269

Camden,_________________ 5.-274

Williamstown,........... 10.. '284

Kasoag, ................. 3..287

Albion, ................. 7.-294

Richland,................ 4. .'298

Sandy Creek,............. 5..303

Mannsville, ............. 5..308

Pierrepont Manor,........ 2..310

Adams,.................. 5..315

Adams Center,........... 3..318

Watertown,..............10..328

Brownville,.............. 4.-332

Limerick,................ 4.-336

Chamont,.. .............. 6.-342

Cape Vincent,............ i 1 _ _353

Toronto,.................170..523

Lewiston,................ 42.-565

Niagara Falls,............ 7..57:>.TABLES OP DISTANCES*

151

MONTREAL AND QUEBEC.

DOWN.

Montreal,......................0..

Varennes,................15.. 15

William Henry,__________30.. 45

Lake St. Peter,........... 8.. 53

St. Francis,..............30._ 83

Three Rivers,............ 7.. 90

St. Anne,................'25..115

Richelieu Rapids^........20.. 135

Cape Sante,..............15..150

Cape Rouge,_____________22..172

Quebec,................. 8..180

Quebec,................. 0__

Cape Rouge,............. 8.. 8

Cape Sante,............. 22.. 30

Richelieu Rapids,........15.. 45

St. Anne,................20. _ 65

Three Rivers,............25.. 90

St. Francis,._____________ 7.. 97

Lake St. Peter,..........30.. 127

William Henry,........... 8..135

Varennes,................30.. 165

Montreal,................15. .180

SARATOGA AND WHITE HALL RAILROAD.

White Hall,................0..

Comstock,.................7.. 7

Fort Ann,.................. 4.. 11

Smith's Basin,.............5..16

Dunham's Basin,___________4..20

Fort Edward,..............4..24

Moreau,................... 1..25

Gansevoorts,............... 6..31

Saratoga,.................11..42

Saratoga,.................. 0..

Gansevoorts,...............11.. 11

Moreau,...................6..17

Fort Edward,.............. 1..18

Dunham's Basin,...........4..22

Smith's Basin,.............4..26

Fort Ann,............-.....5..31

Comstock,.................4..35

White Hall,................7-42

Saratoga to Troy,.........

Saratoga to Schenectady,..

25 miles.
22 miles.

MONTREAL AND NEW YOR'K,
Through Lake Champlain.

GOING SOUTH.

Montreal,................ 0..

St. Johns,................24.. 24

Rouse's Point,...........24.. 48

Plattsburgh,.............25.. 73

Burlington,..............25.. 98

Ticonderoga,.............58.. 156

White Hal),..............24-180

Saratoga. ...............39..219

Troy,................... 27..246

Albany,.................. 6..252

New York>...............147..399

GOING NORTH.

New York,.............. 0..

Albany,..................147.. 14?

Troy,................... 6..153

Saratoga,................27.. 180

White Hall,..............39..219

Ticonderoga,............. 24..243

Burlington,.............. 58..301

Pittsburgh,............. 25..326

Rouse's Point,........... 25..351

St. Johns, .............. 24.-375

Montreal,................ 24.-399152	TABLES OF DISTANCES.

TICONDEBOGA TO SARATOGA,

Through Lake George.

Ticmderoga,................................................. 0

Caldwell,.....................................................40

Saratoga,..................................................... 27

Miles,.................................................... 67

OGDENSBURGH AND BOSTON,
Via Vermont Central Railroad.

EAST.

Osdensburgh................0..

Lisbon,.........................9.. 9

Madrid,................__	8.. 17

Potsdam,................................8.. 25

Knapp's,..................................3_. 28

Brasher Falls,........................7.. 35

Lawrence,..............................6.. 41

Moira,..............................6.. 47

Brush Mills,....._..............2_. 49

Bangor,...............................6.. 55

Malone,__________________________6.. 61

Burk,..........................7.. 6-S

Chateaugay,..........................5.. 73

Ellenburgh,............................17.. 90

Chazy,________________6.. 96

Centerville,.........................7..103

Moor's,.......................3..106

Champlain..............................8. .114

Rouse's Point,.............4__ 118

Alburgh,......................5..123

Swan ton,................. 8. .131

Si. Albans,...............10..141

Colchester,______________20.. 161

Essex Junction,....................7.. 168

Richmond, ................9.. 177

Waterbury,..............13.. 190

Montpelier,............................11—201

Northfield,........................10..2H

Roxbury,......................7 ..2] 8

Braintree,_________________________8.-226

South Royalton,...........20..246

White River Junction,____19..265

Lebanon,............................4 ..'269

Canaan,..................................13.-282

West Andover,....................19..301

Franklin,................14-.315

Concord,..................15. .330

Manchester,..............17. .347

Nashua,..................................17.-264

Lowell,..................14-.378

Woburn,.................15. -393

Medford,..................................5..398

Boston,....................................5--403

WJEST.

Boston,,.......................0__

Medford,........................5__ 5

Woburn, ...........................5_. 10

Lowell,...........................15.. 25

Nashua, ..............................14.. 39

Manchester,_____________________17.. 56

Concord,..................................17.. 73

Franklin,................................15.. 88

West Andover,.............14..102

Canaan,..................................19..121

Lebanon,................13..134

White River Junction,________4..138

Souih Royalton,............19..157

Braintree,................20. .177

Roxbuvv,......................8.. 185

Northfield, ............................7.. 192

Montpelier,............................10. .202

Waierburv,..........................11..213

Richmond................................13..226

Essex Junction,....................9.-235

Colchester, ..........................7.-242

St. Albans,............................20..262

Swanton,________________10..272

Alburgh,. __............................8..280

Rouse's Point,......................5..285

Champlain,........................4.-289

Moore's,.......................8..297

Centerville,............................3..300

Chazy,..........................7..307

Ellenburgh,____'_______________6..313

Chateaugay,.....................17 330

Burk,.......................5..335

Malone,....................7. .342

Bansror,....................................6..348

Brush Miils,......................6..354

Moira,......................................2..3S6

Lawrence,..............................6 ..362

Brasher Falls,........................6..368

Knapp's,.....................7..375

Potsdam,................................3..37S

Madrid,....................................8..386

Lisbon,...............................8..394

Ogdejisburgh,........................9..403TABLES OF DISTANCES.

153

OGDENSBURGH AND BOSTON,
Via Rutland and Burlington Railroad.

EAST.

Ogdensburgh,............ 0..

Rouse's Point,...........118.. 118

Burlington,..............50.. 168

Shelburne,............... 6..174

Charlotte,................ 5..179

Ferrisburgh,............. 4.. 183

Vergennes,.............. 6..189

New Haven,............. 5..194

Middiebury,.............. 7..201

Salisbury,................ 6..207

Whiting,................. 5..212

Brandon,_________________ 6..218

Pittsford, .............. 8.-226

Rutland,................. 9..235

Clarendon, ______________ 6..241

Cuttingsville,............ 7.-248

Mount Holly,............. 8..256

Ludlow,................. 7__263

Proctorsville,............ 3. .266

Duttonsville,............. 2..268

Gassetts,_________________ 5__273

Chester,................. 4..277

Bartonsville,............. 4..281

Rockingham,............ 4..285

Bellows Falls,............ 6..291

Walpole,.________________ 4.-295

Westmoreland,........... 6..301

Keene,................... 12..313

Troy,.................... 10..323

Fitzwilliam,............. 5..328

Winchendon,............. 9_.337

South Ashburnham,...... 8..345

Westminster,............. 4..349

Fitchburgh,.............. 5.-354

Leominster,.............. 4..358

Groton,.................. 11. .369

South Acton,............. 10..379

Concord,................. 5. .384

Waltham,................ 10.. 394

Boston,.................. 10..404

WEST.

Boston,__________________ 0__

Waltham,................ 10.. 10

Concord,.................10__ 20

South Acton,............. 5.. 25

Groton,.................. 10.. 35

Leominster,______________ 11.. 46

Fitchburg,............... 4.. 50

Westminster,............ 5.. 55

South Ashburnham,...... 4.. 59

Winchendon,...........8.. 67

Fitzwilliam,............. 9.. 76

Troy,.................... 5.. 81

Keene,................... 10._ 91

Westmoreland,........... 12.. 103

Walpole,................. 6.. 109

Bellows Falls,............ 4..113

Rockingham,............. 6.. 119

Bartonsville,............. 4.. 123

Chester,................. 4.. 127

Gassetts,_________________ 4..-131

Duttonsville,_____________ 5..136

Proctorsville,............. 2..138

Ludlow,.................. 3.. 141

Mount Holly,............ 7..148

Cuttingsville, ............ 8..156

Clarendon,............... 7.. 163

Rutland,................. 6..169

Pittslord,................ 9.. 178

Brandon,................. 8..186

Whiting,................. 6.. 192

Salisbury,................ 5.. 197

Middiebury,............... 6.. 203

New Haven,............. 7..210

Vergennes,............... 5..215

Ferrisburg,.............. 6..221

Charlotte,................ 4. .225

Shelburne,............... 5. .230

Burlington,______________ 6..236

Rouse's Point,........... 50..286

Ogdensburg,..........—118..404

OSWEGO AND SYRACUSE RAILROAD.

Oswego,...................0..

Fulton,....................12..12

Lawsons, ..................5..i7

Baldwinsville,..............6..23

Syracuse,..................12. .35

Syracuse,______________

Baldwinsville, ______

Lawsons,..............

Fulton,................

.... 0..
....12..12
.... 6..18

____ 5.-23

____12—35154

TABLES OF DISTANCES.

OGDENSBURGH RAILROAD.

Ogdensburgh,.............0__

Lisbon,...................9.. 9

Madrid,...................8.. 17

Potsdam,.................8__ 25

Knapp's,...................3__ 28

Brasher Falls,.............7.. 35

Lawrence,______________6.. 41

Moira,....................6_. 47

Brush's Mills,............. 2__ 49

Bangor,___________________6.. 55

Ma lone,.............._....6__ 61

Burk,.....................7„ 68

Chateaugay,..............5.. 73

Ellenburgh,...............17.. 90

Chazy, ...................6._ 96

Centerville,...............7..1(J3

Moore's,..................3.. 106

Champlain,...............8..114

Rouse's Point,............4.. 118

Rouse's Point,.............0~

Champlain,............... 4__ 4

Moore's,__________________8__ 12

Centerviile,...............3.. 15

Chazv,....................7.. 22

Ellenburgh, ..............6__ 28

Chateaugay,..............17.. 45

Burk,.....................5.. 50

Malone, ..................7__ 57

Bangor,...................6.. 63

Brush's Mills,.............6.. 69

Moira,....................2_. 71

Lawrence,................6_. 77

Brasher Falls,_____________6__ 83

Knapp's,..................7.. SO

Potsdam,_________________3__ 93

Madrid,...................8-101

Lisbon,...................8-.109

Ogdensburgh,............. 9..118

BUFFALO AND CINCINNATI.

Buffalo, by steamer to

Cleveland,_______________190..190

Berea,___________________12.. 202

Columbia,_______________ 6.. 208

Eaton,................... 4..212

Grafton,_________________ 3_>215

Wellington,.............. 11..226

New London,............ 11 ..237

Shelby,.................. 20..257

Iberia,................... 18.. 275

Oxford,................... 19.-294

Delaware,................ 8..302

Orange,.................. 7. .309

Columbus,_______________ 16..325

West Jefferson,.......... 14..339

London,..................11..350

Xenia,................... 30..380

Waynes ville,______________ 14..394

Morrow,.................14.. 408

Deerfield,................ 5..413

Mil ford,.................. 17..430

Plain ville,............... 5..435

Cincinnati,...............10..445

Cincinnati,............... 0..

Plainville,............... 9.. 9

Milford, ................. 5.. 14

Deerfield................«. 18.. 32

Morrow,................. 5— 37

Waynesville,.............14.. 51

Xenia,...................14., 65

London,..................30_. 95

West Jefferson,..........11..106

Columbus,...............14..120

Oranse,.................. 16.. 136

Delaware,............... 7.. 143

Oxford,__________________ 8..151

Iberia,...................19.. 170

Shelby,..................IS.. 188

New London,............. 20..208

Wellington,..............11..219

Grafton,................. 11..230

Eaton,___________________ 3..233

Columbia,............... 4.-237

Berea,___________________ 6.. 243

Cleveland,..............- 12. .255

Buffalo, by steamer,......190..445TABLES OF DISTANCES.

155

NEW YORK TO NIAGARA FALLS,
Via Central Railroad.

New York to		
Albany, by steamboat,.	...147..	.147
Schenectady,........	... 17.	.164
Amsterdam, ...........	16.	.180
Fonda,................	..... 11.,	.191
Palatine Bridge,.......	11.	.202
Fort Plain,............	3.	.205
Si- Johnsville,.........	6.	.211
Little Falls,...........	10.	.221
Herkimer,.............	7.	.228
Frankfort,____________	5.	.233
Utica,................	9.	.242
Whitesboro,...........	4.	.246
	. 3.	.249
Rome, ...............	7.	.256
Verona Center,.......	9.	.265
Oneida,...............	4_	.269
Canastota,____________		.274
Chittenango,..........	6.	.280
Manlius,..............	, . 7.	.287
Syracuse,.............	... 8.	.295
Marcellus,............	9.	.304
Half Way,............	5.	.309
Skaneateles Junction,..	2.	.311
Auburn,..............	10.	.321
Cayuga Bridge,-------	17.	.338
Seneca Falls,____	3.	.341
Waterloo,.............	7.	.348
Geneva,..............	_	
East Vienna,__________  Canandaigua,.........	13.	"361
	9.	.370
Victor,................	9.	.379
Pittsford,.............	10.	.389
Rochester,............	10.	.399
Churchville,..........	14.	.413
Bergen,...............	3.	.416
Byron,................	8.	.424
Batavia,______________	8.	.432
Alexander,............	8.	.440
Attica,................	3.	.443
Darien City,..........	5.	.448
Alden,................	..... 7.	.455
Town Line,...........	.. 5.	.460
Lancaster,............	5.	.465
Buffalo,...............	10.	.475
Niagara Falls,.........	22.	.497

Niagara Falls,........... 0_,

Buffalo,..................22.. 22

Lancaster,.............__ 1.0__ 32

Town Line,.............. 5.. 37

Alden, ................... 5.. 42

Darien City,............. 7~ 49

Attica,------------------- 5__ 54

Alexander,............... 3.-57

Batavia,_________________ 8.. 65

Byron,................... 8.. 73

Bergen,.................. 8— 81

Churchville,............. 3.. 84

Rochesier,............... 14— 98

Pittsford,................ 10.. 108

Victor,..................10..118

Canandaigua,............ 9. .127

East Vienna,............. 9..13G

Geneva,_________________

Waterloo,................13.. 149

Seneca Falls,............. 7-.156

Cayuga Bridge,.......... 3.. 159

Auburn,..'............— 17. .176

Skaneateles Junction,.....10..186

Half Way,............... 2.. 188

Marcellus,............... 5..193

Syracuse,................ 9..202

Manlius,................. 8. .210

Chitfinango,............. 7..217

Cariastota,............... 6..223

Oneida,.................. 5..228

Verona Center,........... 4_.232

Rome,................... 9. .241

Oriskany,................ 7.-248

Whifesboro,............. 3..251

Utica,................... 4..255

Frankfort,............... 9_.4264

Herkimer,............... 5..269

Little Falls,.............. 7..276

St Johnsville,............10..286

Fort Plain,............... 6..292

Palatine Bridge,.......... 3..295

Fonda,................... 11..306

Amsterdam,.............11..317

Schenectady,............. J6_.333

Albany...................17..350

New York, by steamboat,. 147.-497156	TABLES OF DISTANCES.

WATERTOWN AND ROME RAILROAD.

Cape Vincent,.........  Chaumont,............	.....0.  .....11.	11	Rome, ...............  Taberg,..............	......0..  ......11.	U
Limerick,.............	.....6.	.17	McConneisville,......	......2..	.13
Brownville,...........	.....4.	21	Camden,.............	......5.	.18
Watertown,...........	.....4_	25	Williamstown,.......	......10.	.28
Adams Centre,........	.....10.	.35	Kasoag,..............	...... 3.	.31
Adams,...............	.....3.	.3d	Albion,..............	____7	.38
Pierrepont Manor,.....	.....5.	.43	Richland,............	4l	.42
Mannsville,...........	.....2_	.45	Sandy Creek,________	______5.	.47
Sandy Creek,.........	.....5.	.50	Mannsville,..........	—5.	.52
Richland,.............	.....5.	.55	Pierrepont Manor,____	......2..	.54
Albion,...............	.....4.	.59	Adams,...____-_______	- 5	.59
Kasoag,...............	.....7.	.60	Adams Centre,. _.....	3."	.62
Williamstown,........	.....3.	.69	Watertown,-.---.....	......10.	.72
Camden,..............	.....10.	.79	Brown vi He,..........	......4.	.76
McConneisville,.......	.....5.	.84	Limerick,............	......4.	.80
Taberg,.. ___________	.....2.	86	Chaumont,__________	. 6.	86
Rome,________________	.....11.	97	Cape Vincent,........	......11.	9,

NEW YORK TO NIAGARA FALLS,

Via Erie Railroad.

New York,......	.......... 0.	.	Niagara Falls,_________	.....0.	
Piermont._______	_ _______. _25 _	. 25	Buffalo,...............	_____22.	22
Clarkstown,.....	..........8.	. 33	Dunkirk, by State Line R.R.41.		. 63
Sufferris, .......	9	. 42	Forestville,...........	.....8.	. 71
Ramapo,........	I......".II 2.	_ 44	Dayton,...............	_____14.	. 85
Monroe, -.......	..........15,	. 59	Cattaraugus,....„.....	_____9.	. 94
Oxford,.........	..........3.	. 62	Allesany,.............	_____30.	.124
Chester, .....	..........3.	. 65	Olean,................	_____4.	.128
Goshen,.........	5	. 70	Genesee,______________	.....37.	.165
Delaware,____...	111111IHI23I	98	Andover...............	.....9.	.174
Lackawaxen,----	..........23.	.121	Hornellsville,.........	.....16.	.190
Cochecton,______	..........20.	141	Canisteo,_____________	_____5.	.195
Deposit,........	..........47.	187	Corning,..............	_____36.	.231
Susquehanna, ...	..........15.	.202	Elmira,.....-.........	_____18.	.249
Binghampton,--.	.....J —.23.	.225	Chemung,____________	_____13.	.262
Owego,.........	..........22.	247	Tioga,................	.-—18.	.280
Tioga,..........	......... 5.	.252	Oweso,_______________	_____5.	285
Chemung,.......	..........18.	.270	Binghampton,.........	_____22.	.307
Elmira,.........	..........13.	.283	Susquehanna, ........	_____23.	.33(1
Corning,........	..........18.	.301	Deposit,..............	_____15.	.345
Canisteo,.......	........36.	.337	Cochecton,............	.....47.	.392
Horneljsville,	..........5.	.342	Lackawaxen,_________	_____20.	.410
Andover, .......	..........16.	.358		_____23,	433
Genesee,________	..........9.	.367	Goshen, ____________	_____28.	461
Olean,..........	..........37.	.404	Chester,..............	.....5.	.466
Allegany,.......	..........4.	408	Oxford, ...............	.....3.	.469
Cattaraugus, ...	..........30.	438	Monroe, ______________	.....3.	.472
Dayton, _________	.......... 9.	.447	Ramapo,..............	_____15.	.487
Forestville,_____	...........14.	.461	Pufferns,._______.______	_____2.	.489
Dunkirk,........	..........8_	.469	Clarkstown,...........	_____9.	.498 507
Buffalo, by State Line R.R..41 -		.510	Piermont,.............	s.	
Niagara Falls, ..	..........22.	.532	1 New York,..,..........	_____25.	532TABLES OF DISTANCES.

MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD.

Distance from Buffalo to Detroit, (by steamer,)...........				
Detroit to		Chicago to		
Dearborn,__________	......10..	Junction,...........	_____..15.	
Wayne,..........	......7_. 17	State Line,..........	.......9.	. 21
Ypsilanti,...........	......12.. 29	Lake,...............	.......10.	. 34
Ann Arbor,.........	...... 8.. 37	Porter,.............	.......6.	. 40
Dexter,.............	......10., 47	Michigan City,.....	.......10.	. 50
Chelsea.............	...... 9.. 56	New Buffalo,.......	.......10.	. 60
Grass Lake,.........	______ 9.. 65	Terre Coupee,......	.......15.	_ 75
Jackson,............	-. — .11- 76	Buchanan,.........	.......fi_	. 81
Ridley's,............	...... 9.. 85	. Niles,...............	.......6.	. 87
Albion,.............	......11.. 96	Dowagiac,_________	.......12.	99
Marshall,...........	.......12..108	Decatur,............	.......11.	no
Battle Creek,........	.......13..121	Pawpaw,..........	.......8.	.118
Galesburgh, ........	.......14..135	Kalamazoo,........	.......17.	.135
Kalamazoo,.........	.......8,.143	Galesburgh, .......	- - 8»	.143
Pawpaw, ...........	.......17.. 160	Battle Creek,.......	r......14.	.157
Decatur,............	.......8..168	Marshall,___________	.......13.	J70
Dowagiac, ....	11..179	Albion,______________	.......12.	182
Niles,...............	.......12..191	Gidley's,...........	.......11.	193
Buchanan,..........	.......6..197	Jackson, ...........	.......9.	202
Terre Coupee,......	....... 6..203	Grass Lake,........	.......11.	213
New Buffalo,........	.......J5..218	Chelsea,____________	.......9.	.222
Michigan City,......	.....10..228	Dexter,............	.......9.  .......10.	.231
Porter,...........	.......10. ,238	Ann Arbor,........		.241
Lake,...............	....... 6..244	Ypsilanti,..........	....... 8.	,.249!
State Line,..........	.......10-254	Wayne,............	.......12.	,.261
Junction, ___________	....... 9..263	Dearborn,..........	...____7.	.268
Chicago,............	.......15..278	Detroit,............	.......10.	,278

Two trains of cars leave Chicago daily, (Sundays excepted.) for De-
troit, connecting with the steamers of the line, running direct through,
without landing, to Buffalo ; and also the different lines of steamers to
Dunkirk, Cleveland, and Sandusky. Passengers leaving Chicago by the
Express Train at night, connect at Detroit with the north shore boats for
Buffalo.

Two trains of cars leave Detroit,—the Express Train on the arrival of
the north shore boats from Buffalo, in the afternoon, to Chicago; and
the Mail Train, in the morning.

A line of steamers connect at Chicago with the road, for Milwaukee,
Kenosha, Racine, Waukegan, Sheboygan, and other ports on Lake
Michigan*

Stages run from Battle Creek and Kalamazoo fo Grand Rapids ; Ypsi-
lanti to Adrian ; Dexter to Mason ; Jackson to Jonesville and Lansing,
the capital of the state; Marshall to Coldwater; Niles to Logansport,
Ind.; Dexter to Howell.

Boats leave the Michigan Central Railroad Wharf, Buffalo, every
evening, for Detroit, on the arrival of the Express Train from Albany.
The line consists of the steamers

MAYFLOWER,......................Caft. GEO. WILLOUGHBY.

ATLANTIC,.....................-____Capt. J. B. PETTEY.

OCEAN,..............................Capt. D. H. McBRIDE.

J. MOVIUS, Agent, RixJalo.158	TABLES OF DISTANCES.

MICHIGAN SOUTHERN RAILROAD.

Distance from Buffalo to Monroe, (by steamer,)..............240 miles.

Distance from Buffalo to Toledo, (by steamer,)..............250 miles.

Monroe Pier to

Monroe City^............3g._

Ida,....................9$.. 13

Petersburg,.............7 -.20

Deerfield,...............4 .. 24

Palmyra,...............5 .. '29

Adrian,.................1\.. 36|

Clayton,................11 .. 47g

Hudson,................5j§.. 53

Pittsford,...............7 - 60

Osseo,..................4 .. 64

Hillsdale,...............5|~ 69!

.Jonesville,...........5 .. 74l

Allen's,................_ 8$- 83

Quincy,.............—. 3 .. 86

Coldwater,..............6g.. 92^

Branch,.........&......2|._ 95

Bronson,.......__t______8 ..103

Burr Oak,..............7 -.110

Sturgis,.................6 _ _ 116

White Pigeon,..........12 -.123

Constantine,.............4 ..132

Bristol,.................6 -.138

Elkhart,................9 ..147

Mishawaka,.............11 __158

South Bend,............4 -.162

Terre Coupee,..........11^__173^

La Porte,..........-14| _. 188

Holmes,________________10 ..198

Calumet,...............8 ..206

Bailey Town Junction, .. 5 ..211

Indiana West Line,......26 ..237

Chicago,................11 ..248

Chicago,________________0

Indiana West Line,......11

Bailey Town Junction, ..26 __ 37

Calumet,...............5 — 42

Holmes,................8 .. 50

La Porte,...............10 .. 60

Terre Coupee,.......,..14^— 74i

South Bend,............il^.. 86

Mashawaka, ____........ 4 — 90

Elkhart,................11 -.101

Bristol,.................9 ..110

Constantine,............6 ..116

White Pigeon,..........4 -.120

Sturgis,.................12 ..132

Burr Oak,..............6 ..138

Bronson,................7 -.145

Branch,................8 ..153

Coldwater,..............2g..l55£

Quincy,................6|_.162

Allen's,.................3 ..165

Jonesville,..............8§-.173i

Hillsdale,............... 5 ..178i

Osseo,..................5g..l84

Pittsford,...............4 -.188

Hudson,................7 _ _ J 95

Clayton,________________ 5£..200£

Adrian,.................11 ..21 li

Palmyra................7£. .219

Deerfield,...............5 ..224

Petersburg,_____________4 -.228

Ida,....................7 ..235

Monroe Ciiy,...........9£._244£

Monroe Pier,............ 3£..248

Distance from Buffalo to Chicago, via Monroe.................485 miles.

Distance from Buffalo to Chicago, via Toledo,............... .495 miles.

The boats of the Michigan Southern Railroad Co., leave the foot of
Commercial street, Buffalo, daily, after the arrival of the Evening Ex-
press Train from Albany. The line is composed of three first class
steamers:

EMPIRE STATE,.................Capt. H. VAN ALLEN.

NORTHERN INDIANA,..........Capt. R. WAGSTAFF*

SOUTHERN MICHIGAN,........Capt. A. D. PERKINS.

H. M. KINNE, Agent,
Michigan Southern Railroad Dock, foot of Commercial street.This book is a preservation facsimile produced for
the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
It is made in compliance with copyright law
and produced on acid-free archival

60# book weight paper
which meets the requirements of
ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (permanence of paper).

Preservation facsimile printing and binding
by

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