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'!-i' --\ • n-'- ^ -1' }v I, , " ' » ' ^ ^earning aub JTabor. LIBRARY University of Illinois CLASS. BOOK. VOUJMK. Accession No..BY R RITCHIE, M.A. FIRST STEPS IN LATIN. Crown &vo. is. 6d. FABULAE FACILES: a First Latin Reader. Contain- ing Detached Sentences and Consecutive Stories. With Notes and a Vocabulary. Crown %vo. 2s. 6d. IMITATIVE EXERCISES IN EASY LATIN PROSE. Based on ' Fabulae Faciles.' Crown 8vo. is. 6d. FIRST STEPS IN GREEK. Crown 8vo. 2s. ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. Fcp. 8z>o. 2s. 6d. B YF. RITCHIE, M.A., &-E. H. MOORE, M.A. A PRACTICAL GREEK METHOD FOR BEGINNERS. By F. Ritchie, M.A., and E. H. Moore, M.A. Amesbury House School, Bickley. Crown 8z'o. 3^. 6d. A MANUAL OF GREEK VERBS. Crown Svo. 2s. 6d. __ London and New York: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.LATIN CLAUSE CONSTRUCTIONPRINTED BY SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE- LONDONLATIN CLAUSE CONSTRUCTION BY F. RITCHIE, M.A. The Beacon, Sevenoaks LONDON LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO. AND NEW YORK : 15 EAST 16th STREET 1892 All rights reservedPREFACE These Notes, which are intended as a manual of reference for Middle and Upper Forms, are arranged with a view to Composition rather than to Translation. The plan followed is, in the main, that of the Latin Primer Syntax ; but Adverbial Clauses introduced by ut -=as] are here recog- nised and referred to what seems their proper place. In some cases rules for construction are perhaps laid down somewhat more absolutely than might be desirable for advanced students : this has been done deliberately, in the belief that it is better, by strongly emphasising Normal Constructions, to give a rule which will lead to a right result in the majority of cases, than to puzzle the pupil by an exhaustive list of possible constructions. F. R, The Beacon, Sevenoaks: March 1892.SCHEME Dependent (or Subordinate) Clauses are of three kinds, viz. :— Section I. SUBSTANTIVAL, i.e. standing as Subject or Object (like 1-13 a Noun)......... II. ADVERBIAL, i.e. qualifying a Verb, Adj., or Adverb . . 17-49 III. ADJECTIVAL, i.e. qualifying a Noun ... 45 They are subdivided as follows:— I. SUBSTANTIVAL. (i) Indirect Statement........1 Ex. ' Brutus hath told you (that) Caesar was ambitious.' (ii) Indirect Question.......8 Ex. 41 have forgot why I did call thee back ' (iii) Indirect Command........13 Ex. ' He commanded that it should be done.' II. ADVERBIAL. (i) Final (Purpose).......17 Ex. ' Spare me a little, that I may recover my strength.' (ii) Consecutive (Consequence)......21 Ex. ' I am so feeble that I cannot speak.' (iii) Causal..........25 Ex. 1 Then are they glad, because they are at rest.' (iv) Temporal (Time)........29 , Ex. 'When clouds are seen, wise men put on their cloaks.' (v) Conditional.........32 Ex. 'If ye have tears, prepare to shed them now.' (vi) Concessive............. 37 Ex. * Angels are bright still, though the greatest fell.' (vii) Comparative (Manner or Degree).....40 Ex. 'As the tree falls, so shall it lie.' (viii) Local (Place). ..... .49 Ex. ' Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.' Ill ADJECTIVAL............... . 45 Ex. ' Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.' B2 Substantival Clauses SUBSTANTIVAL CLAUSES. § 1. I. INDIRECT STATEMENT. i.e. A Clause introduced by 4 that' (often omitted) and standing as (i) Object to verbs such as 'say4 know/ (think/ 4 believe/ ' see/ etc. We know (that he has come). (ii) Subject to such phrases as ' it is agreed/ £ it is well known.' It is certain (that he has come). (iii.) In Apposition to pronouns 4 this,'' that,' or to nouns such as ( rumour This we hnorv, (that he has come). § 2. Construction in Latin. The Subject of the Clause is in the Accusative. The Verb „ „ „ Infinitive. 6 That' is not translated. S. V. We know (that he has co?we)=scimus (eum venisse). § 3. Tense of the Infinitive. When the Principal Verb is Primary (i.e. Pres., FutPer or Fut. Per/.), the tense of the Infin. follows the English. he says (dicit)") (is coming-vegem venire (Pres.) he will say (dicet) j> < has come = regem venisse (Perf.) he has said (dixit)J ^ [^will come = regem venturum esse (Fut.). When the Principal Verb is Historic (i.e. Imperf,!, Aorist, Plup.), the tense of the Infin. is that which would be used in the Direct Statement. he was saying (dicebat) he said (dixit) he had said (dixerat) 'was being taken = urbem capi (Pres.) that the ^ had been taken = urbem captam esse (Perf.) would be taken = urbem captum iri (Fut.). N.B. His words were 1 is being,' 'has been/ 'will be taken.'Indirect Statement 3 § 4. Fore ut, futurum ut, with Subjunctive. This construction is often used instead of the Future Infin. Pass. He says that the city will be taken =dicit fore ut urbs capiatur. He said that the city would be taken — dixit fore ut urbs caperetur. This construction is also used instead of Fut. Infin. Act., when the Future Participle in -urus is wanting. i Would have' is expressed by Future Participle with fuisse : Active: I know (or knew) that he would have come. Scio (sciebam) eum venturum fuisse. Passive: He says (or said) that the city would have been taken. Dicit (dixit) futurum fuisse ut urbs caperetur. § 5. Observe : (a) In Future Infin. Act. and Perf. Infin. Pass., the participle agrees with the Subject of the Clause : Dixit urbem captam esse. (ib) If the Infinitive is a Copulative Verb, the Comple- ment will agree with the Subject in the Accus. ; Dixit urbem magnam esse. (c) The Subject pronoun of an Infin. must be expressed : He has come =Venit (Subj. contained in Verb) : but I know that he has come — scio eum venisse. (d) Se and eum. ' He] f she,9 f they, as Subject to an Infin. is ' se' when i he 9 t she/ etc., refer to the Subject of the Principal Verb ; otherwise it will be 'eum/ earn/ etc. See § 71. Coesar said that he (C.) would come = C. dixit se venturum (esse). Coesar said that he (some one else) would come = C, dixit eum venturum (esse). B 24 Substantival Clauses (e) Use Nego instead of dico . . . non. He said he would not come == negavit se venturum. So too, negavit . . . unquam for dixit . . . nunquam. negavit . . . quidquam for dixit . . . nihil, etc. (/) After verbs of 'hoping,' 'promising,'and 'threaten- ing,' use Future Infin. and supply Subject Pronoun. I hope to conquer = Spero me victurum esse. (g) After negative expressions of doubt use quin with Subjunct. See § 58. (Ji) After such expressions as ' it is said,' * it is reported *i it seems J the Personal Construction with Prolative Infin. is preferred to Acc. and Infin. It is said that Cicero has fled =• Dicitur Cicero fugisse = C. is said to have fled, not Dicitur Ciceronem fugisse. (i) Avoid ambiguity, thus : Scimus Romanos Gallos vicisse, may mean ' The Romans conquered the Gauls' or 4 The Gauls conquered the Romansbut if we use the Passive—Scimus Gallos a Romanis victos esse—the meaning is clear. OTHER CONSTRUCTIONS. § 6. (1) TJt.+ Subjunctive is used instead of Acc. + Infin., to express a clause standing as Subject to certain Impersonal Verbs and Phrases—e.g. accidit, or fit = it happens ftiturum est = it will come to pass [See § 4] sequitur, proximum est = it follows fieri (non) potest = it is (im)possible restat, reliquum est = it remains tantum abest = so far from [See § 23, /] Ex. Accidit ut luna esset plena. It happened that the moon-was full.Indirect Statement 5 Such clauses are closely allied to Consecutive ; they observe the same rules as regard Tense, and take negative ' non.; [See § 21.] Observe : (i) Many other Impersonal Verbs, etc., admit either construction, i.e. Acc. + Infin. or Ut + Subj., so corivenit, expedit, placet, refert, licet, necesse est. N.B. The last two omit' ut' when used with Subj. (ii) Ut+ Subj. is also found in Apposition to hoc, ' illud, mos, etc., but the Acc. and Infin. or Simple Infin. can be used as well. § 7. (2) Quod+Indie. A Substantival Clause expressing an admitted fact is sometimes rendered by quod ( = the fact thaf) + Indie.; this construction is most commonly found when the Clause stands (i) As Subject to Impersonals, especially 'accedit,' thus : Accedit hue quod postridie venit. To-this-must-be-added the-fact-that he came, etc. (ii) In Apposition to hoc, illud, or a noun, thus: Unum est illud admiratione' dignum, quod censuit, etc. One thing is worthy of admiration, namely, the fact that he thought, etc. (iii) As Object to omitto, praetereo and (Imperat.) adde, thus : Praetereo quod illam sibi domum delegit. I pass over the fact that he has chosen, etc. (iv) Verbs of rejoicing, grieving, and wondering are followed by Acc. + Infin. or Quod + Indie., with little difference in meaning. G-audeo te valere or Gaudeo quod vales. The latter construction may be classed as Causal. See § 25. (v) Quod +Indie, often = as regards the fact that or whereas. Quod scripseram me vepturum, mutavi consilium. As regards my having written, etc., I have changed my plans. The clause is of the same nature as those above, but its relation to the Principal Sentence is Adverbial, not Substantival. See § 27, c.6 Substantival Clauses § 8. II. INDIRECT CtUESTION. i.e. A Clause introduced by an Interrogative word and standing (i) as Object, We do not know (who did this), (ii) as Subject, It is doubtful (who did this), (iii) in Apposition. N.B. The Principal Verb is not necessarily one of ' asking.' § 9. Construction in Latin. The Clause is introduced by an Interrogative, quis, cur, etc. The Yerb is in the Subjunctive. Ex. I ask what he is doing = quaero quid faciat. § 10. Tense of the Subjunctive,—Rules of Sequence : Primary Tenses follow Primary. Rogo (I ash) \ f faciat what he is doing Rogabo (shall ash) [• quid -j fecerit what he did, has done Rogavi (have ashed) ' v facturus sit what he is going to do Historic Tenses follow Historic. Rogabam (I was ashing) % (faceret what he was doing Rogavi (ashed) I quid -j fecisset what he had done Rogaveram (had ashed) > l facturus esset what he was going to do N.B. (i) Rogavi (Perfect) — I have ashed, is a Primary Tense. Rogavi (A orist) = I ashed, is an Historic Tense. (ii) The Future Perf. Indie, is a Primary Tense. (iii) The want of a Fut. Subjunctive is supplied by the Fut. Participle with Subjunct. of sum— i.e. -urus sim (Primary) or -urus essem (Historic). would have = -urus fuerim (Pr.) or -urus fuissem (Hist.). § 11. Observe: (a) Distinguish the uses of 'who/ 'which,''what 6 when] £ where,' etc. (i) as Interrogates introducing (ii) as Relatives introducing Adj. Indirect Questions. or Adv. Clause. I wonder (who did it) I saw the man (who did it) He ashed (where I lived) That is the place (where I lived) Find out (when he came) , We went away (when he came)Indirect Question 7 (&) what: carefully distinguish Interrog. from Relative. X know (what you like) = what it is that you lihe\ Indir. Quest. You do (what you like) — the things which you lihe: Relative. (c) which : 4 which of two' is ' uter': of ihore than two, ' quis.' (d) when: use 'quando ' as Interrog., not 'quum.' (e) how : =4 to what extent' (with Adj. or Adv.) use ' quam.' = 'in what manner' use 'quemadmodum'or 'quomodo.' (/) if: distinguish 'if' = whether {Interrog.') from the Condi- tional ' if Ash Mm if he is satisfied if-whether : Indirect Question. If he is satisfied I am : Adv. Condit. Clause. § 32. (g) whether [or 'if' = whether] in Single Indir. Question is -ne or num =' whether,' and nonne = whether . . . not. [N.B. ' num' in Indir. Quest, does not necessarily sug- gest answer 4 JVoJ'] (h) whether ... or: Alternative Indirect Questions. The same particles are used as in the Direct Question, but ' or not' is necne instead of annon. I hnow not whether this is true or false. Iutrum verum sit an falsum verum-ne sit an falsum verum sit an falsum utrum verum sit necne (or not). Distinguish whether . . . or, Interrog. and Conditional. I know not whether this is true or false: utrum . . an, etc., Ind. Quest. 1 shall go, whether this is true or false : sive . . . sive, Condit. See § 32. § 12. N.B. An English abstract noun may very often be best rendered in Latin by an Indirect Question. I perceive (ask, learn, etc.) the difference — quid differat the cause = quae causa sit the extent of the danger = quantum sit periculum the origin of the war = unde bellum ortum sit the position of affairs = quo in loco res sint8 Substantival Clauses § 13. III. INDIRECT COMMAND. i.e. A Clause introduced by ' thaty (sometimes omitted), and standing as Subject or Object to such verbs as £ command,9 'advise,' 'beg/ 'allow,' ' striveetc. (or in Apposit. to the Subj. or Obj.) (i) Obj. He begged (that you would stay). See Obs. a. (ii) Subj. It is requested {that you will stay). § 14. Construction in Latin. (For Personal Constr. see § 16.) Conjunction: ut == that; ne=that . . . not. Verb: Subjunctive J *resen} ,in l1™™* ®e1uence- ( Imperf. m Historic Sequence. Ex. He commands us to go (—that we go). Imperat ut eamus. He commanded us to go ( — that ive should go). Imperavit ut iremus. § 15. Observe : (a) ' To' : an Indir. Comm. is often expressed in English by the Infinitive. This must be turned into a 'that9 clause before translating into Latin. Some verbs of command, however, take Infin. in Latin, as jubeo. See § 16 B. (J?) 4 Ut' is sometimes omitted in Indir. Comm., especially after ' fac ' =' be sure,' and in reported speeches (see § 68, III.) : ne must always be expressed, except sometimes after caveo. (c) In Indir. Comm., that no one —ne . . quis. that nothing =ne . . quid. that no . . =ne ullus. that never =ne . . unquam. (d) neve, neu: a second negative Indir. Command is introduced by neve or neu =^and not. See § 19, c. (e) fear : after verbs of fearing-, as * timeo,' 4 vereor, ' metuo,' lie = that, and ut (or ne non) = that . . . not. vereor ne veniat — Ifear he will come. vereor ut veniat =-1 fear he will not come. (/) quin, quominus: after verbs of ' hindrance' the Clause is strictly Final rather than Indir. Comm.: the usual con- struction is with ne or quin, etc. See §§ 58, 59.Indirect Command 9 (g) Several verbs (as 'ask? i persuade? 1 warn'} admit o£ two slightly different meanings, of which one will be fol- lowed by an Indir. Comm., the other by an Indir. State- ment or Indir. Question. He ashed us to stay. Indir. Comm., at + Subjunct. He ashed us what we wanted. Indir. Question, Interrog. + Subj. He persuaded me (that this was true). Indir. Stat., Acc -t- Inf. He persuaded me (to leave the place). Indir. Comm., ITt + Subj. Conversely, many verbs ordinarily followed by an Indir. Statement may be used in such a sense as to require the construction of an Indir. Command : Scribit Labieno (ut) veniat = he writes to tell L. to come. § 16. A. Construction : ut +Subjunctive. See § 14. rogo, ash oro, beseech j obsecro, entreat hortor, exhort moneo, advise precor, pray posco, demand ' efficio, contrive video, see (that) id ago, aim at euro, take care caveo, beware operam do, take pains B. Construction : Infinitive, or Acc. + Infin. § 15, a. jubeo, bid prohibeo, prevent patior, suffer veto, forbid cogo, compel sino, allow volo, wish nolo, wish . . . not cupio, desire Ex. He bade the man go away^ jussit hominem abire. He forbade fires to be made = vetuit ignes fieri. Obs. 1. A distinction (of small practical importance) can be made between the construction of the two examples hominem Obj. to jussit and ignes Subject to fieri. Obs. 2 Yolo, nolo, malo and cupio are also used with Prolative Infin. when the Subject of both verbs is the same. Ex. I desire to become consul = cupio consul fieri. N.B. Many of the above verbs admit of alternative con- structions : to avoid confusion these are omitted. impero,, command mando, charge Accus. edico, ordain of suadeo, advise Person. peto, beg impetro, obtain postulo, demand Dative of Person. Ab + Abl. of Person.IO Adverbial Clauses ADVERBIAL CLAUSES. §17. FINAL : i.e. a Clause introduced by 4 that5 and denoting the Purpose of the action or state predicated in the Princ. Sent. Spare me a little (that I may recover my strength). § 18. Construction in Latin [same asinlndir. Command, § 14]— Conjunction : JLt=that; nQ—that . . . not; lest. [Corresponding Demonstrative in Princ. Sent, (usually omitted) idcirco (therefore), ob earn causam, etc.] They come that they may see = veniunt ut videant. They came that they might see = venerunt ut viderent. § 19. Observe : (a) To. The English Infin. often denotes purpose. The Latin Infin. is never so used. They came to see, or in order to see = that they might see. He fled in order not to be (or to avoid being, or for fear of being) taken-=\Q&t he should be taken=ne caperetur. (&) In Final Clauses (as in Indir. Commands. See § 15, c). that no one = quis. that nothing = ne quid. that no . . , = ne ullus . . . that . . . never — ne unqnam. (g) neve and neu. A second Final Clause, if Negative, is introduced by neve or neu, which may be followed by ' quis,' 'quid,' 'ullus,' etc. See § 16, d. (d) quo. A Final Clause containing a Comparative Adj. or Adv. is introduced by quo ( = ut eo) instead of 4 ut.' Hoc fecit quo tutior esset = that he might be safer. Quominus ( = ut eo minus) is used after many verbs denoting hindrance, prevention, etc. See § 59. Nihil obstat quominus eas = nothing prevents your going. § 20. Other Constructions by which Purpose is denoted : Verb : Subjunctive j Present after a Primary Tense. Imperf. „ Historic Tense. qui pacem peterent Qui Final. See § 53. legatos misit ad pacem petendam}ft pacis petendae causa) pacem petitum Supine.Consecutive § 21. CONSECUTIVE : i.e. a Clause introduced by ' that9 and denoting the Result or Consequence of the action or state predicated in the Principal Sentence. I am so feeble that (I cannot speak). N.B. A Consec. Clause usually corresponds to ' so' or 'such' in Principal Sentence. § 22. Construction in Latin— Corresponding Demonstr.: tain, ita, tantus, talis, etc. Conjunction : ut = that; ut. . . non = that . . . not. Verb: Subj unctive; tense as in the English (but see § 2 3, b). The storm was so great that they could not sail. Tanta erat tempestas ut solvere non possent. § 23. Observe : (a) To. Consequence may be expressed by the Iniin. in English, but not in Latin, thus : ' he is so bold as to say 'or ' he is bold enough to say9 must be turned into ' he is so bold that he says9 = ut dicat. (b) In Historic Sequence both Imperf. and Aorist Subjunct. may be used with a slight difference of meaning : thus, Ita audax erat, jut hoc diceret = as to say this, Natural Consequence, lut hoc dixerit = that he said this, Actual Consequence. N.B. dixerit may also be Perfect = that he has said. (oj A Future Subjunctive is supplied (as in Indir. Question, § 10, ii) thus : * will,' Fut. Partic. + sim; 4 would,' Fut. Part.+ essem; * would have,' Fut. Part.+ fuerim. (id) In Consec. Clauses (Compare Final, § 19 &) : that no one . . . = ut nemo that nothing — ut nihil; that no . . . =ut nullus that never =ut nunquam. (e) A second Negative Consec. CI. is introduced by nec, which may be followed by quisquam, ullus, unquam, etc. (/) So far from laughing he is crying — tantum abest utrideat, ut fleat. See § 6. (g) too : This is too difficult for me to undertake. Difficilius est quam ut suscipiam. See § 54, c. § 24. Other Constructions. Qui with Consecutive force is very frequent. See § 54,12 Adverbial Clauses § 25. CAUSAL : i.e. a Clause denoting the Cause of the action or state predicated in the Principal Sentence. Then are they glad (because they are at rest). § 26. Construction in Latin- Conjunctions.—A. quod or quia ~ because |with Indicative quoniam = since ) (but see § 27, b). B. cum (quum) = since with Subjunctive. A. He was afraid to pursue farther, because he did not know the country. Longius prosequi veritus est, quod naturam loci ignorabat. B. Since this was the case, he resolved to set out. Quae cum ita essent, proficisci constituit. Corresp. Demonstr. (often omitted): propterea, ideo, idcirco, etc. § 27, Observe : (a) non = because, is followed by Subjunct. when the Cause mentioned is rejected as not the real one. (&) Suboblique (see § 63). The Verb will be in the Subjunct. whatever Conjunction is used, if the Clause is. Sub- oblique, i.e. dependent on an Indir. Statement, Ques- tion, or Command. Thus: Dixit se prosequi vereri quod naturam loci ignoraret; or if the Clause is virtually Suboblique (§ 64), i.e. if it denotes an alleged cause, not necessarily the real one— Aristides expulsus est, quod praeter modum justus esset. A. was banished because {as they said) he was too just. (c) A Quod clause sometimes denotes, not the cause of the action, but the matter with reference to which a remark is made. See § 7, v. Quod venisti bene fecisti = as regards your coming, you have done well— you have done well in coming. § 28. Other Constructions— Qui with Causal force, usually with Subjunctive (§55). Laudo te qui hoc facias = I praise you for doing this. A Participial Phrase or Abl. Absolute. See § 61.Temporal 13 § 29, TEMPORAL : i.e. a Clause indicating the Time of the action or state predicated in the Principal Sentence. (When clouds are seen) wise men put on their cloaks. § 30. Construction in Latin— The Temporal Conjunctions may be divided thus : A. Those ordinarily used with Indie, (unless Suboblique). ubi, ut - = when, postquam = after. § 31, b. simul ac = as soon as. § 31, a, b. quotiens = as often as. § 31, e (i). dum,donec, | wj^e as i0Ug aSm § 31 c. quoad, quamdiu) ' * * > B. Those used with Indie. or Subjunct., viz.— (i) With Indie, (unless Suboblique) if time only is marked by the Clause. (ii) With Subjunct. if Cause, Purpose, Prevention, etc., is implied. cum (or quum) = when. § 31, e. antequam, priusquam = before. § 31, d. dum, donee, quoad = until. § 31, c. § 31. Tense. The tense of the Verb usually follows the English ; but see as b, c, ii. (a) Euture Time. When the Verb of Principal Sentence is Future, that of the Clause (if Indie.) will be Fut. or Fut. Per£, even though the Pres. or Perf. is used in English : He will love as long as he lives = dum vivet, amabit. When I (have) come, he will go = ubi venero, abibit. (b) Past Time. (i) With ubi, postquam, simul ac, a Latin Aorist often represents an English Pluperf. : Ubi haec animadvertit = when he (had) observed this. (ii) With cum (quum) a Latin Imperf. or Plup. often represents English Aorist. cum haec videret = when he saw ; seeing this. cum venisset = when he came; on coming.14 Adverbial Clauses (c) A. (i) Dum, donee, quoad, quamdiu = while, i.e. as long as, are followed by any Tense of Indie, required by the sense : Dum vivo, spero = while I live, I hope. (ii) Dum (not donee, etc.)—while, i.e. i at some period during the time that,} is used with Present Indie, (even with reference to past events and in Suboblique Clauses) : Dum haec geruntur, nuntiatum est. While this was going on, news was brought. B. Dum, donee, quoad = until, are used with Indie, or Subj. acc. to § 30, B— (i) Ind. : Dum rediit, silentium fuit = till he re- turned, etc. (simple Time). (ii) Subj.: Expectavit dum naves convenirent = till they should assemble (Purpose). N. B. Dum, dummodo =' provided that' if only] introduce Conditional (not Temporal) Clauses, always with Subjunct. See § 35, d. (d) Antequam and Priusquam == before, with Indie, or Subj. acc. to § 30, B. (i) Ind. : Amicus fui antequam ille reipublicae factus est inimicus. I was his friend before he became an enemy, etc. (simple Time). (ii) Subj. : Priusquam se ex terrore reciperent, im- petum fecit. Before they could recover : i.e. to prevent their recovering (Purpose). N.B. Ante and prius are often placed separately in the Principal Sentence : Prius ad castra pervenit quam Germani sentire possent.Temporal 15 (e) Cum (quum)= when, is ordinarily used with Present and Future or Fut. Perf. Indie. Imperf. and Pluperf. Subjunctive. § 31, 6, ii. even when Time only is indicated. For exceptions see below, i, ii, iii. Cum pauca millia passuum abesset, legati venerunt. When he was a few miles distant. Cum haec dixisset, signum dedit. When he had said this, he gave the signal. L Veniam, cum potero. § 31, a, When I am (i.e. shall be) able, I will come: N.B.—Cum should not, as a rule, be used with Latin Aorist (but see Obs. iii). The English Aorist can generally be represented by Imperf, or Pluperf. Subjunctive. See § 31, ii. Obs.: (i) cum (like quoties) = whenever, is used with Indie. Perf. (Prim.), Plup. (Hist.) : Cum ver esse coeperat, dabat se labori = whenever spring began. (ii) Inverse cum: Indie, is used when the time is really marked by what is grammatically the Principal Sentence: Jam hoc facere apparabant, cum matres repente pro- currerunt. They were already preparing to do this when suddenly the matrons ran forward. (iii) cum = quo tempore = '«£ the time whendenoting exact coincidence, and usually corresponding to turn, may be used even with Past Tenses of Indie. This construction should be very cautiously used. See § 31, b. (iv) cum = since, with Subjunct. See § 26. Causal Clauses. (v) cum = although, with Subjunct. See § 38.i6 Adverbial Clauses § 32. CONDITIONAL : i.e. a Clause introduced by 'if9 or 4 %inlessl and indicating a Condition on which the predication of the Principal Sentence depends. (If ye have tears,) prepare to shed them now. [A Conditional Clause is often called the Protasis, and the Princi- pal Sentence on which it depends the Apodosis.] § 33. Construction in Latin— Conjunctions : si — if', nisi == unless, if not (§ 35, a). Mood : the Mood of the Protasis (Clause) is deter- mined by that of the Apodosis (Principal Sent.) : thus Apodosis. Protasis. A. Indie, or Imperat. (KB. i.).......Indicative. (MTSintf iU ) Jsubjunotlve. Ex. A. If you ask, I answer = si rogas, responded. If you are well, rejoice = si vales, gaude. B. If he had come, he would have seen. Si venisset, vidisset. JSF.B. (i) 4 Imperative ' must be taken to include Pres. and Perf. Subj. used in Commands : as, Veniat = fe£ him come. (ii) Observe that in B the Apodosis in English implies the existence of a condition, and generally con- tains the auxiliary ' would'; in A no condition is implied by the Apodosis. (iii) Certain combinations are regarded as equivalent to a Subjunct. in Principal Sentence, and therefore require Subjunct. in the Conditional Clause, viz.— (a) Gerundive or Fut. Participle with sum (esp. Past Tenses). (b) Possum, debeo, oportet (esp. Past Tenses) with Infin. thus venturas eras you were about to come \ veniendum tibi erat you ought to have come = you would have venire te oportuit „ „ r come venire debuisti „ „ I =venisses. venire potuisti you might have come ?Conditional 17 § 34. Tense. A. In. Indie. Condit. Clause, the tense follows the English, except— (i) When the English Pres. is used for Future. §31(a). He will come if he is (=shall be) a&fe=veniet, si poterit. (ii) When 4 if''=' whenever 9 (frequentative use), the English Aorist is represented by Latin Plup. Of. cum and quotiens, § 31 e, i. If (whenever) anyone fell off his horse, they surrounded him. Si quis equo deciderat, circumsistebant, B. In Subjunct. Condit. Clauses, the ordinary use of Tenses is as follows :— Suppositions referring to (i) Future time (still possible) Pres. Subjunct. JV.B. (ii) Present time (impossible) Imperf. Subjunct. N.B. (iii) Past time (impossible) Pluperf. Subjunct. / were to come (i) 7/ he j should come 1came 5 would say =■ si veniat, dicat. (ii) If he were here now, he would say = si adesset, diceret. (iii) If he had come, he would have said = si venisset, dixisset. N.B. 1. By an ' impossible ' supposition is meant one that is nega- tived by the form of the expression, thus (ii) implies ' he is not here? and (iii) ' he did not come! A 'possible' supposition is one not so negatived, as in (i), even though it may refer to a physical impossibility, as 4 if he were to rise from the dead' 2. In using the above table, Present Time must be interpreted 'strictly as ceasing with the moment of speaking. Thus, ' if he were to appear now ' is not a Present but a Fut. Supposition, since it implies that at the moment of speaking he has not appeared and is not appearing. 3. Constructions (ii) and (iii) may be combined, thus: If he had done it, he would be living = si fecisset, viveret. cAdverbial Clauses 4. Imperf. Subj., besides being used as above, may refer to Past Time, where the Action or State is regarded as continuous : Si valeret = if he had been well,, Pres. Subj. sometimes refers to Present Time: Si quis nunc adsit = if any one should, be present (which is possible). § 35. Observe : (a) Nisi, si non. Nisi negatives the whole clause; si non negatives some word in the clause: Nemo saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit = unless he is mad. For example of ' si non' see below (b). (b) Sin, si non, si minus. A second Condit. Clause of contrary meaning to the first, (i) if affirmative, is introduced by sin (or si), (ii) if negative, is introduced by si non or si minus. (i) si manebit, laudabo : sin abibit, culpabo. (ii) si manebit, laudabo: {£ } culpabo. (o) Sive . . . sive or seu . . . seu = whether ... or. These introduce two alternative Conditions [Mood, etc., like ' si.'] Distinguish whether ... or, seu . . . -seu, Conditional, from whether ... or, utrum . . . -an, Interrog. Whether you believe it or not, this is true. Seu credis seu non credis, hoc verum est (Conditional). I ash whether this is ti*ue or false (Indirect Quest.). Quaero utrum hoc verum sit an falsum. (d) Bum, modo, dummodo — provided that J 1 if only,' may introduce a Conditional Clause, always with Subjunctive; if the Clause is Negative ne is added. Omnia honesta neglegunt dum potentiam consequantur. They neglect what is honourable, provided they get power. § 36. Other Constructions. A Participle used either Attributively or in Abl. Absol. may = a Conditional Clause. See § 61. Nihil artes valent, nisi adjuvante Natura.Concessive 19 §37. CONCESSIVE: i.e. a Clause introduced by 1 though? ' evenif3 i granting that? etc., and conceding an objec- tion to the predication of the Principal Sentence. Angels are bright still, though the greatest fell. N.B. Clauses introduced by * however, ' whoever Ji whostever\ etc., have a concessive force : see § 39. § 38. Construction in Latin— A. Quanquam = although (admitted fact), with Indie. Quanquam animus meminisse horret, incipiam. Though my soul shudders at the memory, I will begin. B. Quamvis=although (imaginary case), with Subj. Licet, (more rarely) ut, cum— although, with Subj. Quamvis sis molestus, nunquam confitebor. However troublesome you may be, I will never allow. C. Etsi, etiamsi, tametsi = 'although? follow the rules for 4 si ' (see § 33), viz.— Indie, if the Princ. Verb is Indie, or Imperat. Subj. if „ „ Subj. (or equiv.) Corresponding Demonstratives: tamen = 2/^, (more rarely) at, certe. § 39. Observe : (a) Clauses introduced by the Universal Relatives [quisquis, quicumque = whoever, ubicumque = wherever, etc.| must sometimes be classed as Concessive. Mood, Indie., unless suboblique. Quicquid id est, timeo Danaos. Whatever it is, I fear the Danai. JV.B. The Universal Relatives have always a Concessive force ; when, however, they can be referred to an Anteced. or Correlative expressed or supplied, the Clause may be classed as Adjectival Temporal, etc. Whatever he says (that) is right,—Adjectival. Whenever it rains (then) it pours,—Adv. Temporal, but Whatever you do, 1 shall stay,—Adv. Concessive. (b) A Participial phrase may be Concessive. See §61, c 2Adverbial Clauses § 40. COMPARATIVE : i.e. a Clause introduced by 'as,' as if,' ' thanetc., and denoting the Manner or Measure of the action or state predicated in the Princ. Sentence. Ex. (As the tree falls,) so shall it lie. N.B. Clauses introduced by 'as' and ' than' are very often elliptical: those introduced by ' as if' are always so. Ex. He flourisheth as a flower of the field [,flourisheth']. He behaved as [he would behave'] if he were mad. § 41. Construction in Latin— Corresp. Demonstr.: ita, sic, etc. \ see table, Conjunction : ut, ac, quam, etc. I § 43. Verb. A. Indicat. in compar. with real case, ' as.' Res sic est ut narro = the matter is as I tell you. B. Subjunct. in compar. with imaginary case, 4 as if.' Absentis Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si coram adesset, horrebant. Though he was absent, they shuddered at A.'s cruelty as if he had been present. § 42. Observe : (a) Distinguish the uses of 4 as '— He did as he was told. Comparative, ut + Indie. I am not so mad as to think, Consec. ut 4- Subj. He ran, so as to be in time. Final, ut + Subj. (b) Clauses introduced by ' ut' are often merely paren- thetical : thus, £ ut saepe fit' —as often happens ; ut ante dictum est = as has been mentioned, etc. (c) Elliptical. The verb of a Comparat. Clause is often omitted, the construction of the remaining words being the same as if it were expressed. Eadem ac tu peto = I seek the same as you (seek). Ita eum aspexit ut perditum civem. [citizen. He looked on him as (he would look on) a bad (d) As possible : quam H- Superl., with or without possum. Q collected as many troops as possible, or 4 as he could/ Comparative 21 43. TABLE OF COMPARATIVE CONJUNCTIONS, ETC. A. Comparison with an actual case. Indicative. JDemonst. JDemonst. sic or ita tam . tantus . talis . tot Conjimct. so [manner] . . as so or as [degree] as so (or as) great . as such .... as so (or as) many . as the [more] . . the [more] I (eo ( + Comp.) See also Obs.(iii) in proportion . as the same . . as just, exactly, like, etc. contrary . . .to what other wise, other, than more .... than Conjunct. ut quam, Obs. (i) quantus, ,, qualis, „ quot, „ • quo (-f Comp.) jtanto(-}-Comp.) quanto pro eo . . . ac idem . . . ac or qui f perinde, juxtaj j pariter, aeque J contra . . . ac or quam (ii) alius, aliter . ac or quam (ii) Comparative . quam B. Comparison with imaginary case. Subjunctive. .£ L , velut (si) as if i . . ( . v / as though as if sic, ita . perinde, etc. j quasi, ut si I tanquam si . ac si § 44. Observe : (i) Clauses introduced by qualis, quantus, and quot, may be taken as Adjectival (§ 48) : quam and quantum are cer- tainly Adverbial. (ii) Quam may be used after contra, alius, and alibi, with a Negative: thus, haud aliter quam = not otherwise than. (iii) Special uses of ' ut'— Ille, ut erat prudens, respondit = with his usual prudence. Scriptor fuit, ut temporibus illis, luculentus = # clear writer, for those days. Ut fortasse vere, sic parum utiliter = ^rw^ perhaps, but not usefully. Ut quisque sapientissimus est, ita minime haec facit= the wiser a man is the less he does this.22 Adjectival Clauses §45. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES : i.e. Clauses qualifying a Noun or Pronoun, and intro- duced by the Relative Pronoun, who, which, that, what (§47 d.), as (see § 48) : Uneasy lies the head (that wears a crown) ; or by the Relat. Adv., where, when, etc. (§ 49) : It was the time {when lilies blow). § 46. Construction in Latin : The Clause is introduced by— 1. The Rel. Pron., qui (= who, which, that, etc.). 2. The Rel. Adj., qualis, quantus, quot. § 48. 3. The Rel. Adverbs, ubi, unde, quo. § 49. Mood: The Verb is Indicative (unless the Clause is Suboblique, or has an Adverbial force, i.e. Final, Consecutive, etc. See § 52). ISTuntii, (qui missi erant,) redierunt. The messengers (who had been sent) returned. In Gender, Number, and Person, but not in Case, the Relative agrees with the Antecedent, i.e. the Noun or Pron. qualified by the Clause. The legions, which he had sent, returned. Legiones (quas miserat) redierunt. We, who did this, are present. Nos (qui hoc fecimus,) adsumus. Case : The Case of the Relative is determined by its work in the Clause, e.g. in the first example, qui is Subject, and therefore Nom.; in the second, 4 quas' is Object, and therefore Acc. [The case may be ascertained thus : The ships {which he sent) have returned. 4 which' =4 ships'; ' which he sent' =' ships he sent' =4 he sent ships': 4 ships' would be Acc.; 4 which ' will be Acc. The Gen. Dat. and Abl. offer no difficulty.] If the Relative refers to more than one Antecedent of different Gender and Person, the same rules apply as for agreement of Adjectives.Adjectival Clauses 23 § 47. Observe : (a) Omission of the Relative. The Relative is often omitted in English, never in Latin. The words A you spoke = verba quae locutus es. (1b) The Antecedent. The Demonstrative correspond- ing to qui is 4 is, ea, id/ thus : is qui = ' he who/ or 1 the man whoJ; ea quae = the things which. (c) Antecedent omitted. The Antecedent is, ii, etc., is often omitted when both Rel. and Antecedent are Nom. or Acc. Those who say this = qui hoc dicunt. Observe, Sunt qui = there are some who. See § 54, b. (1d) What. Distinguish Relat. from Interrog. § 11,6. Give him what he wants = the things which. Eel. Adj. Clause. Find out what he wants = what it is that. Subst. CI. Ind. Quest. (e) Relative as Subject to an Infin. The Relative Pronoun may stand as Accus. Subject to an Infin. Ii, quos fugere credebant, redierant. Those whom they supposed to le flying, returned. (/) Superlative attracted. A Superl. Adj. (or unus or solus) agreeing with the Antecedent is usually attracted into the Clause. He sent the most trusty slave he had. Misit servum quem habuit fidelissimum. (<7) Attraction of Relative, A Relative standing as Subject to a Copulative Verb is often attracted into the Gender and Number of the Complement. Thebae, quod Boeotiae caput est. (h) Attraction of Antecedent. If the Antec. is itself in Apposition, it is usually attracted into the Clause. Athens, a city which, etc. = Athenae, quae urbs. (i) Inverse order. The position of Princ. Sent, and Clause is sometimes reversed, especially when the Antecedent is 4 is,' or 4 hie,' and is strongly emphasised. Quod virtute effici debet, id tentatur pecunia.24 Adjectival Clauses § 48. ftualis, quantus, quot. See also § 43, § 11. These Relative Adjectives correspond to Demonstra- tives. Construction the same as that of c qui/ Demonstrative. Relative. talis = such . . . qualis = as. tantus == so great ... quantus = as. tot (indecl.) so many . . . quot —as. The storm was such (so great) as I had never seen. Tanta erat tempestas, quantam nunquam antea vidi. § 49. Ubi, unde, quo. Clauses introduced by ubi = where (or when), unde = whence, quo = whither, may be (i) Adject.: Ad locum redierunt unde profecti erant. (ii) Adverbial: Eodem redierunt unde profecti erant. (iii) Subst. Ind. Qu. : Nescio, unde profecti sint. § 8. In (i) the clause qualifies a noun, and is therefore Adjectival. Construction same as that of qui. (ii) should be classed as Adv. (Local), but the construction is the same as that of (i), and c eodem? is equivalent to 'ad eundem locum/ § 50. Other Constructions : An Engl. Eel. Adj. Clause is often avoided in Latin. He was the first who came — primus venit (so, solus, , ultimus. It was I who did this = ego hoc feci. This is what I aim at — hoc peto. Such a danger as this is = hoc tantum periculum. He points out the great opportunity which is offered = quanta detur facultas demonstrat. (Ind. Quest.). § 51. Qui Coordinate. Besides being used to introduce Subordinate Clauses, Qui is very often used as a Conjunction combined with a Demonstrative : Qui = et hie, et is. So, often, at the beginning of a fresh sentence : Quibus auditis = et his auditis ; quae cum ita essent = et cum haec, etc.Adjectival Clauses 25 § 52. QUI, etc., with SUBJUNCTIVE. Clauses introduced by the Relative qui, qualis, ubi, etc., though in form Adjectival (i.e. qualifying a Noun), have frequently an, Adverbial force (often Final or Con sec., sometimes Causal or Concessive). In such cases the Clause Verb is in the Subjunctive. § 53. Qui Final = in order that — to. Misit legatos qui pacem peterent. He sent envoys who should ask for peace, i.e. to ash for. \_N.B. quominus = ' by which the less,'' comes under this head. Nihil obstat quominus abeat = nothing 'prevents his going. ] § 54. Qui Consecutive — (such). . . that : (a) after ' is ' = 1 of such a sort! Neque is sum qui mortis periculo terrear. I am not the man to be frightened, etc. (ib) after Negative, Interrogative, and Indefinite expressions : as, N emo est ; Quis est 1 Sunt. Sunt qui credant = There are some who believe. Quis est qui non intelligat 1 = Who is there who does not perceive ? [N.B. In such Clauses quin is often used for qui non.] (c) after Comparatives : Sapientior est quam qui hoc dicat = too wise to say this. (d) after dignus, indignus : Digni erant qui laudarentur = worthy to be praised. § 55. Qui Causal = ' since J £ seeing that,' often with quippe or ut prefixed : Laudo te,qui hoc facias = I praise you for doing this. But the Indie, may also be used : qui facis. § 56. Qui Concessive — though : Qui jam antea inimico animo fuisset, multo gravius exarsit = though he had previously been hostile.26 Quin, Quominus § 57. ftUIN. Only after Negative (or Virtually Neg.) Princ. Sent. Always with Subjunctive. [JV.B. Vix (scarcely), aegre (with difficulty), Quis est 1 are virtual Negatives.] 1. Q,uin = qui (Nom.) + non. See § 54. Quis est quin fleat ? = Who is there who does not weep? Nemo est quin fleat = :Z%ere is no one but weeps. § 58. 2. ftuin = qui (Old Abl.) + non or ne is especially used after— (a) Neg. expressions of doubt1: haud dubium est. Quis dubitat quin verum sit 1 Who doubts that it is true ? (ib) Fieri non potest (quin videant). It is impossible but that they should see. (c) Facere non possum (quin fleam). I cannot help weeping. (d) Minimum abest (quin fleam). I am very nearly weeping. (e) Nunquam diem praetermittit (quin veniat). He never lets a day pass without coming. (f) Most Verbs of Hindrance with Neg. Vix retineri poterant quin impetum facerent. They could scarcely be restrained from charging. 3. Quin is also used in Direct Questions = Cur non. Quin taces ? = why don't you keep silent ? § 59. QUOMINUS (= ut eo minus) ; § 53. is used after most Verbs of Hindrance, whether Negative or not : as, impedio, deterreo, obsto, ob- sisto, repugno, etc. Always with Subjunctive. Nihil impedit quominus eas = Nothing prevents your going. N.B. Verbs of Hindrance may also take ne and Subj. or, if negatived, quin. Prohibeo generally takes Infin. 1 After Affirmative expressions of doubt, the usual construction is Indirect Quest, introduced by an (whether) with Subjunct.; dubito = I hesitate (to) takes a Prolative Infinitive.Participial Phrases 27 A PARTICIPLE or PARTICIPIAL PHRASE is often equivalent to an Adjectival or Adverbial Clause. § 60. Adjectival. Legati a rege missi = qui missi sunt. Yulnerati = ii qui vulnerati erant or sunt, etc. JV.B. In translating such, a phrase as 'those wounded in this battle, write ' vulnerati,' or ' ii qui vulnerati sunt,' but not4 ii vulnerati.' § 61. Adverbial. Participial Phrases have often the force of a Temporal or of a Causal Clause, or of the two combined ; less frequently they are Concessive or Conditional : Causal. His rebus adducti, legatos miserunt = quod adducti sunt. His rebus cognitis, legatos miserunt = quum haec cognovissent. Temporal. Tertium annum regnantem, interfecerunt = dum tertium annum regnat = in the third year of his reign. Hunc egressum e navi comprehenderunt = postquam egressus est = «/iter he had landed. Bello confecto, rediit = cum bellum confe- cisset —ivhen (because) he had finished it. Concessive. Romani, non rogati, auxilium offerunt = quanquam non rogati sunt = though they were not asked. Me invito, hoc factum = I being unwilling — though I was unwilling. Conditional. Homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciendi, non temper- aturos ab injuria existimabat. He thought that, if 'permission were given, they would not refrain.28 Oratio Gbliqua § 62. ORATIO OBLIQUA. See also § 66. The words of a speaker may be reported in two ways : 1. Direct Speech—where the actual words are quoted. 2. Indirect Speech—where the words are thrown into gram- matical dependence on a verb of saying, asking, etc. Direct. Indirect. Statement. 11 will go,y said he. He said he would go. Question. ' Why do they go ?' said he. He asked why they went. Command. ' Go,' he said (to us). He bade us go. Statement. ' Ibo ' inquit. Dixit se iturum. Question. ' Cur euntV inquit. Quaesivit cur irent. Command. ' Ite1 inquit. Imperavit ut iremus. Oratio Obliqua or Indirect Speech thus includes the three forms of Substantival Clause, viz. Indirect Statement, Question, and Command. Obs. 1. ' Inquit' is used in reporting directly. 1 Ait,' 4 dicit,' etc., in reporting indirectly. 2. 1 Inqnit' never stands first. 41 am unwillingsays he, 1 to undertake this work.' ' Nolo' inquit ' hoc opus suscipere.' § 63. Suboblique Clauses. See also § 69. A Clause depending on Oratio Obliqua, i.e. on (i) an Indirect Stat., (ii) Quest, or (iii) Comm., is said to be Suboblique. See below, N.B. The verb of a Subobl. CI. (if Finite) is in the Subjunct. (i) He said \he would send the forces (lie had with him)~\. Dixit se copias (quas secum haberet) missurum. (ii) He begged \to be left (because he feared the seaj\. Petebat ut relinqueretur (quod mare timeret). (iii) He ashed \why the messenger (he had sent) had not re- turned]. Hogavit curnuntius (quem misisset) nondum rediisset. N.B. Adj. and Adv. Clauses really dependent on any Subjunctive Clause (Condit., etc.) (though not strictly Suboblique) as a rule follow the same construction. Ex. Accidit ut nonnulli milites, qui in silvas discessissent, equitum adventu interciperentur.Oratio Obliqua 29 § 64. Virtual Suboblique. An Adj. or Adv. Clause, though not grammatically dependent, on Or. Obi., may be virtually Sub- oblique: (i) When the Principal Sentence practically con- tains an Ind. Statement : Ei qui primus murum conscendisset praemium proposuit. = se daturum pollicitus est. (ii) When the Clause expresses the thought of some one other than the writer, some such parenthesis as ' so he said' being implied : Frumentum, quod polliciti essent, llagitabat. He demanded the corn which (he said) they had 'promised. This construction is very common with 'quod'= because (§ 27, b), where the alleged reason is given, and not necessarily adopted by the writer, especially after verbs denoting ' praise' blamec surprise Accusatus est quod corrumperet juventutem. He was charged with corrupting the young men. § 6j5. Exceptions to the Rule for Suboblique Clauses. A Clause grammatically Suboblique (see § 63), may have its verb in the Indie, in certain cases. (i) Where the Clause is not an essential part of the Statement, etc. : (Renuntiant) silvam esse ibi infinita magnitudine, quae appellatur Bacenis. Here the fact ' that the forest is called Bis not a part of the messengers' report, but a parenthetical note inserted by the historian. < Appelletur' would make it part of the report. . (ii) Where it is desired to emphasise a fact: Existimavit te dicere quae sentiebas = what you really thought. (iii) Where a short Rel. Adj. Clause forms a mere definition or qualification: Quaero a vobis ut haec pauca, quae restant, audiatis — the remainder of my speech. (iv) Clauses introduced by ' dum ' — while, i.e. at some point during the time that (see § 31, c ii.), retain Pres. Indie.; so often Clauses with 4 ut = as'3o Oratio Obliqua 66. CONTINUOUS ORATIO OBLIQUA. In reporting (indirectly) detached sentences like those in § 62, the Indir. Statement, Question, or Com- mand is introduced by an appropriate verb of say- ing, ashing, or commanding. In reporting (in- directly) continuous speeches, it is not necessary to repeat or change the verb of 6 saying/ etc., before each sentence, even though the Questions or Com- mands may follow upon Statements, or vice versa. Thus: Direct. 4 said he, ' will undertake the matter. Why do you hesitate ? Bo not lose such an opportunity ' Ego/ inquit, ' rem susci- piam. Cur dubitatis ? Ne tantam occasionem omi- seritis.' Indirect. He would undertake the matter. Why did they hesitate ? Let them not lose such an opportunity. (Dixit) : Se rem suscep- turum. Cur dubitarent? Ne tantam occasionem omitterent. § 67. CONVERSION OF DIRECT TO INDIRECT SPEECH. In turning a Speech from the Direct to the Indirect form, the following changes will occur : Pronouns. The 1st and 2nd Pers. are converted into 3rd Pers. ego, nos become se (ipse in Nom.) meus, noster „ suus* tu, vos „ ille, illi, is, ii (or se*) se, SUUS remain. *Eor the various uses of se, suus = him, his3 etc., see § 71. Adverbs of Time and Place. nunc, hodie become turn, illo die hie (here) „ ibiOratio Obliqua 31 § 68. Principal Sentence.—Mood and Tense. 1. Direct Statements in Indie, become Indirect State- ments, i.e. the Subject Accus. and Yerb Infinitive. For Tense see § 3. [Direct Statements in Subjunct. (i.e. the Apodosis to Condit. Clause) will also pass into Acc. and Infia. See § 70.] 2. Direct Questions in Indie. (a) Real Questions (i.e. in 2nd Person) pass into the Subjunct. according to the ordinary Rules for Indirect Question (§§ 9 and 10). . 1 . A 1 (quid velit (Prim.) quid vis? becomes^uid veUe