ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Battle Books Project, 2014.COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION In Public Domain. Published prior to 1923. This digital copy was made from the printed version held by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was made in compliance with copyright law. Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign by Northern Micrographics Brookhaven Bindery La Crosse, Wisconsin 2014.:*■ r. r\ . 1— (j> REPORT SPECIAL COMMITTEE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, ON THE SUBJECT OF ENCOURAGING EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION, AND TO (.'OHRESPOND WITH GOVERNMENT, SOCIETIES AND PERSONS. CHARLESTON, S. C. JOSEPH WALKER, AGT., PRINTER AND STATIONER 129 MEETING STREET. 1866. >0 'i ' »>> ' UiV1'- -'.rb v_- ; ;S« e«. of 1 ^fere- i-ewbaut* v«-s ~ Smc.cs ^ c. s> (t j «. OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF -THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, ON THE SUBJECT OF EUCOTJEAGING EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION, AJSD TO CORHESPOIs D WITH GOVERNMENT, SOCIETIES AND PERSONS, CHARLESTON, S. C. JOSEPH WALKER, Agt., PEINTER AND STATIONER, 129 MEETING STREET. 1866.C \rl q W \ I f %J; %t>% V REPORT. House of Representatives, Columbia, September 5, 1865. The Special Committee appointed at the last session of the General Assembly of South Carolina, on the subject of "Encour- aging European Immigration, and to correspond with govern- ments, societies and persons/5 respectfully That they have addressed letters to a number of govern- ments, societies and persons, both in Europe and America, and have been furnished with a great deal of information on the above subject, which they have condensed for the use of the General Assembly. It seems, however, that no government of Europe exercises a special supervision of immigration, except- ing for police and taxation purposes. It would, therefore, be useless to apply to any of them for official aid in directing their emigrants to any particular locality. There are a num- ber of private agencies established in the prominent European ports and cities for the sale of lands and other purposes, but they should rather be avoided than encouraged and depended upon, as they are managed entirely for private speculation and profit, and will, therefore, not facilitate, but rather counteract general measures for the benefit of communities. This will be more apparent in the further course of this report. It may not be improper, first briefly to review our prospects in regard to our present laboring population, for the purpose of enabling us to judge reasonably correctly, in how far immigration would now be beneficial, or perhaps even a necessity, in South Carolina. Your committee do not agree with numbers of our people, in the opinion that the colored population will hence- forth be entirely useless, and rather an evil than an advantage to the State. On the contrary, they think that the State will want all her laboring population, and that by patience, liberal dealing, and wise and humane regulations for their enlighten- ment and moral and social improvement, the colored people will become again valuable in our agricultural developments. But it is obvious, that as their numbers have been very much REPORT: 3666094 reduced, especially in some of the tipper and middle districts of the State; as they are not available as formerly, especially during this, their transition period, which may continue for years; and, as by the continual interference of selfish fanatics, it is impossible to rely with certainty upon their steady appli- cation to one certain branch of industry; some other arrange- ments have become necessary to re-establish on a true founda- tion our agricultural interest. Besides, we do now know that, very generally, the colored women refuse to do field work as formerly, which reduces the working force materially ii*i every event. And yet another possibility should be considered in connection with the labor question. The negro having now become a freeman, becomes liable to all the vicissitudes of the freeman of his race. The slave increased 23i per cent., the colored free people only 1 per cent,, inclusive of escaped slaves, during the last decade. It may reasonably be concluded, that the African race in America, in a state of freedom, will even- tually die out. The city registrar of Boston reports for the five years ending 1859, "that the number of colored births was one-less than the number of marriages, and the deaths exceeded the births in the proportion of nearly two to one." In Providence, where a correct registry has been kept, the colored deaths are one in twenty-four; and, in Philadelphia, during the last six months of the census year, the new city registration gives 148 births, against 306 deaths among the free colored. In the State registries of Rhode Island and Con- necticut, where the distinction of color has been specified, the yearly deaths of the blacks and mulattoes have generally, though not uniformly, exceeded the yearly births. The super- intendent of the United States census says: "In a simple statement, when viewed apart from the liberations or manu- missions in the Southern States, the aggregate free colored in this country must represent nearly what is termed a stationary population, -characterized by an equality of the current of births and deaths." Our own experience of the last few years confirms this at least. But the colored population of South Carolina presents itself to our reflection in still another aspect. Supposing the party that is so much interested in dissemina- ting their political principles in the South, should determine to make our State their base of operations, and encourage by all means, whether fair or foul, the immigration into our borders of colored people from other States! Then we might indeed obtain a sufficiency of laboring force, but upon what contin- gencies! It has been asserted that numbers of colored freed- men from other States have already located in the lower por- tions of South Carolina, and are continually increasing by discharged soldiers aiid others. The white and colored popu- lation of this State being now about equal, how long will the5 whites sustain tfoeir suprematie under the 'Continuous excite- ments of political convulsions? General Easley, in his very excellent speech last, winter, says: " Democracy finds its full expression only in universal suffrage., and the time is not far distant when that right will be extended to all classes in this •conntry, irrespective of race or color. * * * * * * The jealousy or the policy of its leading men may delay for a time the second triumph of this ('Republican) party, lout he has read the past to little purpose, who does not see that it must soon ■again-carry its measures, and that suffrage and every other prerogative of political power which the white man may enjoj7" in the South, will be extended in equal degree to the blacks. But I will not pause here to depict what must follow, Social degradation, the amalgamation of the races., and a once proud and prosperous people sinking into poverty, and falling lower and lower in the scale of civilization* Can we escape from, the worst consequences of this dreadful evil ? It will and can- only be by the rapid increase of the white population, so that the Caucasian race may be able to control the legislation, to shape the policy and direct the destiny of the State." Should such reported immigration into South Carolina of colored peo- ple from other States be a fact, we may by that means obtain a sufficiency of laboring power, but with all the- dangers of their numerical superiority staring us in the face. How can the people of proud South Carolina reconcile themselves to the ide'a of being represented and governed by their blacks, or even of merging their descendants into a race of mongrels, which might be the consequence? However, may these appre- hensions be groundless or reasonable, there is no doubt that at present the demand for laborers exceeds the supply. And how shall we obtain this supply with perfect safety for ourselves, except from overcrowded Europe ?1 Can we rely upon the •colored race to perform our plantation and farm work as here- tofore ? After the experience of this year, gentlemen may be reasonably prepared to answer this question tolerably cor- rectly. According to the calculations of Commodore Maury, the South has lost by her late unfortunate revolution, in pro- perty the enormous sum of seven billions of dollars—but she can recover. Her resources are incalculable. She can get a great and decided preponderance of industrious, frugal, and patriotic whites, and by their influence and example induce the colored race to habits of honesty, industry, and law. There is no doubt, viewing the question of Southern resuscitation in all its bearings, that immigration is an absolute Southern ne- cessity. A gentleman of enlarged views, residing in one of our middle districts, recently wrote as follows : " Prior to the late war the population of South Carolina was, in round num- bers, seven hundred thousand, nearly equally divided between6 white and black. This gave us but twenty-three persons to the square mile. The territory of the State under thrifty cul- tivation, and with a general introduction of all kinds of manu- factures, can be made to sustain four millions with ease. The great policy, nay, for the work of regeneration, the paramount necessity before us is to secure, as rapidly as we can, this in- crease of population. To this all the aims of the State, and towns, and cities, should be addressed. It should be the object equally of merchants, planters, and mechanics. Legislators should meditate the subject with the most earnest and pro- found study, and should appropriate, whenever this is possible, the funds of the State and chief cities to the encouragement of immigration from foreign parts. It would be far better to increase our population by concentrating all our funds on this object, even though we deny ourselves the use of most of the popular institutions, to which we have hitherto dedicated this money. With the increase of population we shall be supplied with funds enough for all purposes of art, science, education, etc." Judge Aldrich, one of our truest and most patriotic South Carolinians, recently charged the Grand Jury of Charles- ton : "Immigration will induce competition, which will be very necessary to make black labor available. Heretofore the slaves were compelled to work by coercion, as the privates, and the sailors, and marines in the Army and Navy of the United States, England, and France., * * * * * * The negro in the future will not have the fear of corporeal punishment, but he must be coerced to work or he will be idle. The question is how can he be coerced? Competition is the only answer. We must convince him that he must work or starve. I am well aware that in this competition the black man will go down here, just as he has gone down before the white man in the North ; but this condition is forced upon us, and however re- pugnant the idea may be, with our hereditary notion of pro- tection to that class, we must accept it and work out our destiny. It is the simple question of sustenance and life. The white people have to live and support their wives and children, and by their superior intelligence, industry, and con- stancy, they must demonstrate to the black people and to the world, that this is our country, not theirs. It is a cruel des- tiny, and to all of us a very mournful thought, but not unto us is to be attributed the blame." * * * * Among the old laws of South Carolina, we find several Acts for the encourage- ment of white immigration. On the 8th of October, 1698, it was enacted, that "whereas, the great number of negroes which of late have been imported into this colony may endan- ger the safety thereof, if speedy care be not taken and encour- agement given for the importation of white servants," therefore for every white male servant, between the ages of 16 and 40,7 brought into Ashley Biver and delivered to the Receiver Gen- eral, thirteen pounds shall be paid, and twelve pounds for boys between 12 and 16 years of age. * * * More than a cen- tury and half ago this country thus felt the pressing want which engages now the attention of our people. Then it was. for safety, now it is for safety and labor combined. * * * Then it was for a specific five years' service or apprenticeship, now it is for a permanent infusion qf the white element as citi- zens, giving this country the labor, the skill, the capital, and the intellect, which it requires to bring the hidden wealth from its soil. Such are the opinions of many Southern men of ex- perience, reflec tion, and fundoubted patriotism. But, besides? the European immigrant, in addition to his bone and sinew, enterprize and industry, his frugal habits and steadiness of his character, usually brings no inconsiderable amount of ready and other means along. The Superintendent of the New York Emigrant Commission reports officially, "that the main object for inquiring of passengers the amount of cash means they possessed, was secured when it was shown to the public that on the average they were in possession of a larger amount of such means than is held by the localized residents of any known community, and that although' a part of the emigration is among that class of persons who seek our shores as a refuge, and for a subsistence by labor, with little or no cash means, yet a large portion bring with them of that kind of property a sufficient quantity to sustain themselves, and to aid in the en- richment of the country. The table of 1856, presents the average amount of cash means at $68,08 per head; subsequent but reliable information was obtained that the concealment of large amounts had been constantly and successfully practised, and that had full admission been made of .the funds in posses- sion, the average would have been at least double the amount reported." It is now generally assumed at $125 each, man, woman and child. What an important item of consideration this becomes in the aggregate, may be seen b}^ the report of a Special Committee of the Commissioners of Emigration of New York, in their dispute with the Alms House Department of the City of New York, viz.: ■"Emigration employs and profitably rewards a large portion of our mercantile marine. The receipts from passage mopey exceed the amount received for freights on air the exports of the United States. On the arrival of the emigrants here, our laborers and cartmen are employed in the removal of their baggage, our boarding house keepers in afford- ing them food and accommodations, others in supplying them with such various necessaries as after a long sea voyage per- sons in their circumstances require; and when they take their departure from the city, our steamboats, and rail roads, and canals, are profitably employed in their transportation. In8 addition to tins, German emigrants alone have for the past three years, as is estimated by the best German authorities, brought into the country annually an average of about eleven millions of dollars, .A large amount of property, in proportion to numbers, is also esti- mated to have come from Holland, and other countries. The amount of money thus expended for supplies and for labor, and introduced into the country, is incalculableP (Annual Reports Commission- ers of Emigration, New York, December, I860.) But, besides this simple and unquestionable increase of the wealth of the State by immigration, the investment of the same *in lands, to be occupied by the owners in small tracts, closely and industriously cultivated, must at least double that wealth and the objects of resource and taxation. General Tochman thinks that by proper efforts the South can get 100,000 immi- grants a year—-that would give her in cash 12,500,000 dollars. If these 100,000 immigrants purchase real property to the worth of their money, that property by such distribution and the improvements, consequent upon the increase of population, would double in value in one year, thereby increasing the tax resources of the South just twenty-five millions of dollars, be- sides the capitation tax, wherever such is laid. It has been 'argued that the two hundred millions of• dollars, invested by South Carolina in slave property, has not been lost to the com- munity as a whole, but that every slave has become himself the owner of so much of his industry and labor as it formerly was worth to his master. If this should be so, may we not then very properly assume that every ^immigrant that comes to the South will be worth to those States, by virtue of his labor and industry, an equal amount of the value of the former slave, say five hundred dollars? And, in consideration of this in- crease in the resources of the Southern States by the introduc- tion of immigration, will any one say that we can offer too high a price for it by adopting proper measures for its encour- agement and protection, even at any considerable outlay in cash means? In estimating the real value of immigration, we must, besides counting the cash capital which is actually brought in by the immigrant, always bear in mind what has already, on a' former occasion, been averred by one of your committee, " that the old and decrepid very rarely emigrate, hut the man in his prime and the youthful and energetic." This will appear without dispute from the following statistics: Ages of the immigrants from 1820 to 1860. Under-5 years............................................7.949 per cent. 5 and under 10............................................" 10 and under 15...........................................6.855 a 15 and under 20 20 and under 25 25 and under 30 14.302 ,20.842 16.0529 25 and under BO 30 and under 35, 35 and under 40, 40 and upwards. 18.052 per cent. 9.794 6.707 10.286 100 a Deduct, those that are not considered so useful, say all under 10 years and over 40 years, 25.448 per cent., leaves us a prime working people of 74.552 per cent. Of the occupations of these immigrants, the most numerous are laborers, the next farmers, next mechanics, next merchants, and last a variety of* other occupations and professions. The females are mostly seamstresses, milliners, and servants. It appears, furthermore, that the sexes approach nearest to an equality in the children and those of youthful age, while from twenty-five years of age to forty, the male immigrants are double the number of the female. And it may not be uninteresting to mention here, that the excess of the male population in the United States, compared' with that of the other sex, presents a marked differ- ence with respect to other countries. Whilein the.United States and Territories there is an excess of about 730,000 males, the females of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire-' land outnumber the males some 877,000, South Carolina has a great many prejudices to overcome, - her own as well as those of her enemies and strangers, and she has in her development by immigration a great deal of organized opposition to encounter, as much of her own citizens as of the West, which has heretofore had the almost exclusive benefit of immigration, and also of her Southern sister States. Your committee, however, deeming this measure a vital neces- sity, will strengthen their position by all proper means in their reach. Let us, therefore, examine here the progress of one of the youngest States, which is a little over ten years of age, and where three or four years ago the merciless savage was yet successful in his bloody raid; aye, where the adven- turous settler is hardly yet able to follow his plough without -his musket. In 1851, the total population of Minnesota was 7.000 souls; in 1862, it was 202,883. The gain, therefore, in twelve years, was 195,883 souls. Of these, 41,773 were born during that- period in the State, therefore 154,110 were gained by immigra- tion. The large proportion of births in this population must also strike our attention, being 4.15 per cent., whereas the average births in the whole of the States is but 2.75 per cent. And it is accounted for by the statician of Minnesota in these words: "The reasons of this extraordinary fecundity are ob- vious. It is only the young toko emigrate! Our adult popula- tion is almost universally in the prime of youthful vigor, at an10 age when women are most fruitful. In proportion of this increase of population has been the increase of property, which in 1850 was 806,437 dollars, and in 1861, 38,712,427 dollars. The produce in 1850 was 71,700 bushels of grain, of every kind, and potatoes. In 1860, it had increased^ to 5,101,432 bushels of wheat, 288,125 bushels of rye, 301,539 bushels of barley, 2,912,857 bushels of oats, 56,929 bushels of buckwheat, 3,143,577 bushels of corn, 2,303,308 bushels of potatoes, 10,932 bushels of beans, 11,830 gallons of sorghum syrup, and 2,779 bushels of Timothy seed—in all, 14,693,517 bushels! And, besides this, over 360,000 tons of hay were produced. Such a degree of development as is here shown in a State, which was ten years ago mostly a wilderness, has scarcely a parallel even in the history of American progress. And, let it be noted, that the average area improved or enclosed in each farm in Minne- sota in 1859, was thirty acres, and the average area tilled ifi each farm nineteen acres! In the prairie counties the tarms average from thirty to forty acres of tilled land, in the wooded counties from ten to twenty acres. This would, therefore, de- monstrate the aggregate results of a system of small farms. The,live stock of Minnesota had increased in the decade from 1850 to 1860: in horses from 860 to 18,879 ;" in asses and mules from 14 to 384; in working oxen from 655 to 17,290; in milch cows from 607 to 38,938; in other cattle from 740 to 49,781; in sheep from 80 to 12,595; and in swine from 734 to 104,479. It would be tediuus and unnecessary to add to the above state- ment the numerous miscellaneous products, which are the usual accompanying features of small farms. We may mention a few: such as 2,839,500 pounds of butter, 186,527 pounds of cheese, 34,955 pounds of tobacco, 353,633 pounds of maple sugar, etc*., etc. > Enough has been shown, that if our beloved old State could by any effort'gain in the next ten years such an increase of population and agricultural riches, she might almost forget her present troubles as a heavy dream, from which her Heavenly Father had decreed her a joyous awa- kening. In viewing this question of immigration, we should consider both our past and our future. Our past may have been plea- sant and prosperous enough, but might it not have been much more pleasant and prosperous ? Be that as it may, the past is irrevocably gone, and with it the institution on which its pros- perity was founded. JSFow then, our future! Are we content to remain, can we remain satisfied with our present labor ar- rangements? Have we no desire to improve our condition ? Have we no ambition to become powerful and rich as a people? Is it not obvious that we cannot remain as we are, that we must either sink or rise with the obtaining revolution in our affairs? It is the duty of a patriotic legislator always, but11 more especially in a crisis of his country, to absolve his mind from all selfishness and prejudice, and to look to the welfare of the-whole as the noblest points of his aims and efforts. We appreciate with grateful pleasure, that numerous minds are now honestly and earnestly employed in devising means for our general resuscitation, but to the discerning it is also ob- vious that the interests, peculiar aspirations and traditional ambitions of classes very much clog our reasonings. It has been said, "we need both skill and capital in order to speedy success in the various arts, manufactures, and sciences. These can be supplied at once by immigration, and very slowly in any other way." This is no doubt correct. But the same wri- ter, who has, however, always been a hater and traducer of the foreign immigrant, goes on ta say: "We must encourage immigration, not of farmers, for we understand Southern farm- ing far better than any immigrant. We need not sell a foot of our land !" In this he is truly mistaken. The Southerner has been a planter, his main object has been the cultivation of the great staple products, in very small numbers was he a farmer. The South requires a multitude of farmers to raise the pro- duce that she has heretofore paid the West and the ^forth for, and to redeem herself by raising the numerous, almost unlim- ited kinds of agricultural riches, which her soil and climate is ready to yield profusely, and for which her money has hereto- fore gone to other lands. The advice, not to sell a foot of our lands, is peculiarly unfortunate in other respects. If there has been a great evil, a vital canker in the power and prosperity of the South, it was the prevailing inordinate desire for extensive areas, of lands, wrhich could never be used for any advantageous purpose, but w7ere only representative of idle capital, affording no return to the owner, and being of no profit to tlie commu- nity. We remember the purchase of 20,000 acres of land from a gentleman in one of our upper districts, on which there lived at the time about twenty tenants, yielding but a nominal, if any income in rents. These lands are now occupied by about 3,000 souls, have increased twenty times at least in value, and are paying a handsome interest to the State in the way of taxes. Yes, these very lands have sent forth as a tribute to the State in her late days of peril over a hundred stalwart Southern patriots and warriors; alasl the greater number of them never to return. The same writer goes on to say: "La- bor is cheap and abundant with us." Is this so? Do we not know to the contrary? He, furthermore, thinks that "whilst we need and would encourage immigration, wre also would like to have, as near as possible, a homogeneous population. We do not-want colonies of foreigners, speaking a different lan- guage from our own, having different habits, and customs, and modes of thought, and accustomed to different laws and insti-12 tut ions. Especially are such foreigners objectionable, whera they settle, as-they are apt to do, in distinct colonies or com- munities in town or country. * * * Our Northern neigh- bors are of the same descent as ourselves, (in 1882, Mi'. Fitz- hugh deemed the Southern people of Latin descent!) speak the same language, have been accustomed to the same laws and political institutions, have habits, and customs, and modes of thought, very much like our own, etc., etc." Your commit- tee would not have noticed in their report such erroneous and injurious speculations as the above, had they not been very extensively circulated by means of I>e Bow's Review, and in that manner might exercise an influence to the very great det- riment of Southern success, recuperation and prosperity. The proper answer may partly be found in General Easley?s argu- ment of last year; "Experience has shown us that when Euro- peans come amongst us they adopt our habits and ideas, and it matters not in what numbers they come, they come expecting to assume the language and habits of those amongst whom they may settle, * * * The Yankee goes forth carrying his own character wTith him, arid determined to force it upon others. - J^nd his incorrigible and limitless egotism and indom- itable perseverance, often enables him in the end to stamp the impress of his own mind upon those around him." To this may be added the following extract from a published letter to the Governor of South Carolina, October, 1853: " Your Excel- lency cannot but have noticed that, the immigrant, inexperi- enced as he is in American ^manners, usually adopts the ideas and views of that community which he .first enters on his arri- val in this country. He is enthusiastic for his new home, and embraces readily whatsoever is represented to his heart and imagination as truly American. Thus do we find the immi- grant in the North and West after a while with Northern and Western opinions; and if ever he is charged with all sorts of isms, demagogueism, socialism, young Americanism, and row- dyism, he has very seldom brought all this from home, but has found it in his 'promised land,' and adopted it as one of the necessary qualifications of a good patriot. He surely is less sinning than sinned against! And in this manner do we find the adopted citizens of the South adhere to Southern opinions and views with the same tenacity and independence as the native born inhabitants of these climes, and are as firm sup- porters of our institutions." The late war has demonstrated the correctness of the above views by the rivers of blcfod that our adopted Southern citizens have offered on the altar of their beloved Southern home. In connection with the above, atten- tion is directed to the letter of the Secretary of State, of Min- nesota, inserted further on, (page .) The wealth of nations is composed of three distinct ele-13 ments, of whL'h population is the first, real property the second, and personal property the third. Population is the basis, for real property can have no value without the results of human labor, and personal property there cannot be with- out the presence of population. But then population has a proportionate value to the State. The producer is worth so much, as he makes or increases the value of things and applies it to the actual enrichment of the community. The consumer is worth what he spends, provided it is not the result of the industry of others without a fair "equivalent; in all else he is not worth anything, but is a positive burden. A transient population will certainly help to increase the general resources, if it is energetic and industrious, but a4 great portion of the results of their labor will continually be carried away in their migration to other countries. Thus the coolies, who are now so much spoken of for laborers, will assuredly help to produce a crop, but a large capital has to be invested in their importa- tion and return ; besides that, what they earn in wages is peri- odically carried away with them to their home, and becomes, therefore, a total loss to the community that employs them. The coolies receive wages, wTith rations, clothing, houses, medi- cines, and medical attendance. Their passage is paid both coming and returning. This averages about $68 each passage. They usually engage for live years. , About 22,000 coolies were introduced into the West Indies in three years, 1845 to 1848, say about 7,000 per year; the passage mone}r of whom in and out at $68 each passage, would amount to the considerable sum of $952,000 ; which, to keep up a steady supply of labor, would have to be paid every year after the expiration of the first five years, during which only one half, or the in passage would have to be paid amounting to 8476,000. But, besides this, after the first five years have expired, those that came first will return home and take their wages. It having been ascertained that their savings average 90 dollars, for 7,000 coolies is 630,000 dollars more. These coolies are a demoralizing blight to any community in which they are domiciled. They are active and ingenious, it is true, good copyists, quick of comprehension, and useful drudges; but they are filthy, thievish, and infa- mously vile. They are brought to this State as merchandize, to Ue parceled out on the labor market, with no other condition than the supply of their animal wants and their return home, living or*dead, at the end of the term contracted for. They can never be said to be an addition to our population. Differ- ent is the European immigrant. He not only adds to the real capital of the State from the beginning, but by his industry increases the general wealth, and. whatever he gains individu- ally and for himself, is truly a portion of the general resources, because he has established here a permanent home, and will14 help to be&r every public burden, as he participates m every public advantage. He becomes, indeed, a member of' the State7 enlarging her importanc3 and power, . Our State has 4,572,000 acres in cultivation. Almost every proprietor can easily spare as much lands for sale as he now actually cultivates, more especially if he can make up his mind to abolish the system of wearing out his lands, and will adopt a judicious system of rotating and manuring. This -would throw into market for the immigrant small farmer 45,7.20 farma of 100 acres each. The above stated produce of Minnesota, was from "18,081 farms of 30 acres of improved land each. One of our well Jsnown writers in political economy says,, recently, "the plantation system is best adapted to the South, as farming is best suited to the North/' There were stronger reasons for this view during the existence of slavery than now ; but that system of labor having been abolished, never to be revived, as every reasonable man, not totally blinded by his immediate interest or social prejudice will admit, that opinion may, perhaps, be greatly modified in the minds of most per- sons. There can certainly be no objection to the maintenance of extensive plantations as heretofore by those who have the means and inclination, and shall find it profitable to carry them on; but in a country of free labor and volition, it seems to be a different and difficult matter, and, at all events, a sustaining system of small farms, like that ' .proposed above, would cer- tainly never counteract enlarged efforts, but would rather in- crease their chances of success. In connection with the fore- going, we may take another view of the real advantages of European immigration, their habitual system of small farming and diversified industrial pursuits. The editor of De Bow'b Review says. " The necessities of slavery restricted the South- ern people to the pursuits of agriculture. This must now be changed. Free labor, white or black, will seek other channels f and General James, of Rhode Island, a well known political economist, avers that "labor and skill are more judiciously dis- tributed in the manufacturing States than at the South, and more economically applied. * * * As respects all raw ma- terials, especially those of a bulky character, economy dictates that all other things being equal, they should be wrought on the spot on which they were produced, in order to make the most valuable return." South Carolina has, heretofore, been entirely an agricultural State, but her favorite system of labor having been destroyed, it well becomes her, for a development of all her resources, to appropriate a part of her means to other branches of industry. We have immense and superior natural resources of every kind. Why should we not develop them tp the best of our ability? If States naturally much less endowed by an all-beneficent Providence, can outstrip us in the15 rate for wealth, comfort, and power, we must be wanting in some quality of manhood If we will any longer permit it. We fa ad .an excuse heretofore in the peculiar relations of our pecu- liar institutions; but now when we have been redely inter- rupted* in our contentment with what was good enough, when we are compelled to look sharp for the wants of the morrow, and when our brethren of the North are in a great measure disinclined to assist our recovery, it behooves us to exert all the powers of our minds and will, and strike out for a new ex- istence, To make this clearer to every understanding, let us compare the actual results of a system of small farms, com- bined with various other branches of industry, with our hith- erto system of large plantations and altogether agricultural pursuits. This we can do by comparing the States of New Jersey and South Carolina, as reported by the United States Census of the. year I860.. These two States are very nearly -equal in population, South Carolina numbering 703,708 inhabi- tants, and New Jersey 672,035. The produce, which the census had not reported in money value, has been put down in figures and calculated after the prices of 1860, as far as the committee has been able to ascertain them. For a comparison, they will be generally correct, and to make the matter easier, such pro- ductions, of which South Carolina had the .largest quantity, have been noted in the most liberal prices. For instance, cot- ton is noted at 13 cents, which is more than the average value up to 1860, and rice at 4 cents, which was really 3J cents at an average. NEW JERSEY AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. New Jersey* I860. Agricultural Implements, Pig Iron, Bar and other Iron, Engines and Machinery, Iron Founding, Manufactured Clothing, Lumber, Flour and Meal, Distilled Liquors, Brewed Ales, Cotton Factories, Woollen Factories, Leather, Boots and Shoes, $198,211 574,820 1,370,725 3,215,673 2,203,3^8 3,975,436 1,602,319 6,399,610 490,842 865,910 3,250,770 1,527,209 1,297,627 1,850,13716 1860. Amount brought forward, ............. India llubber Goods, 1,013,000 Furniture, 232,500 Jewelry, . 2,281,344 Fisheries, 209,277 Soap and Candles, 595,075 Wheat, at $1 per bushel, 1,763,128 Rye, at 50 cents per bushel, 719,748 Corn, at 50 cents per bushel, 2,861,868 Oats, at 40 cents per bushel, 1,815,862 Tobacco, at 5 cents per lb., 74,742 Wool, at 25 cents per lb., 87,312 Peas and Beans, at 50 cents per bushel, 13,837 Sweet Potatoes, at $1 per bushel, 1,034,830 Irish Potatoes, at $1 per bushel, 4,171,690 Barley, at $1 per bushel, 24,915 Buckwheat, at 50 cents per bushel, 438,693 Orchards, - 429,402 Wine, at §1 per gallon, 21,083 Market Gardens, 1,542,555 Butter, at 20 cents per lb., 2,142,889 Cheese, at 10 cents per lb., 18.219 Hay, at $10 per ton, 5,087,290 Clover Seed, at $5 per bushel, 196,040 Grass Seed, at $5 per bushel, 427,050 Hemp,- at $200 per ton, * 86,000 Hops, at 20 cents per lb., 7,444 Flax, at 50 cents per lb., 75,723 Flaxseed, at $2 per bushel, 113,972 Silk, at $10 per lb., • 2,590 Maple Sugar, at 4 cents per lb., 4-32,658 Cane Sugar, Cane Molasses, at 20 cents per gallon, 7 Sorghum Molasses, at 20 cents per gallon, 1,617 Maple Molasses, at 20 cents per gallon, 72 Honey and Wax, 48,514 Home Made's, 27,588 Butcheries, 4,120,276 $60,941,44517 HEW JERSEY AMD SOUTH CAROLINA. 2, €m®lina^ Agn.cultar.al implements, Pig troii^ Bar and other Iron, Engines and Machinery^ Iron Founding, Lmmber, Flour and MeaL Distilled Liquors, Brewed Ales, Cotton Factories, Woollen Factories, Jjeather, Boots and Shoes^ India Rubber (roods^ Furniture, Jewelry, Fisheries, Soap and Candles, Wheat, at J1 per bushel, Bye, at 50*cents per bushel, Corn,*at 50 cents per bushel, Oats, at 40 cents per bushel. Bice, at 4 cent$ per lb,, Tobacco, at 5 cents per lb,, Cotton, at IB cents per lb., Wool, at 25 cents per lb,, Peas and Beans, at 50 cents per bushel, Sweet Potatoes, at $1 per bushel, .'Irish.Potatoes, at $1 per bushel, - Barley, at f I per bushel, Buckwheat, at 50 cents per bushel, Orchards, Wine, at $1 per gallon, Market Gardens, Butter, at 20 cents per lb., Cheese, at 20 cents per lb., Hay, at $10 per ton, Clover Seed, at $5 per bushel, Grass Seed, at-'$5 per bushel. Hops, at 20 cents per lb., Flax, at 20 cents per lb., mjsm Yi, 750 462,191 5,000 1,077,712 '876,250 31,982 1588*25(1 17,177 150,985 1,285,631 44,545 1?,532,803 374,789 4,764,402 52,206 18,377,476 106,775 864,037 4,115,608 226.735 11,490 301 213,989 24,964 187,348 035,288 154 875,9-20 140 190 22 17 318 I860. Amount brought forward, $.............. Flax Seed, at $2 per bushel, 626 Silk, at $10 per lb., * 200 Maple Sugar, at 4 cents per lb., 8 Cane Sugar, at 4 cents per lb., 7,920 Cane Molasses, at 20 cents per gallon, 3,029 Sorghum Molasses, at 20 cents per gallon, 10,208 Honey and Wax, at 25 cents per pound, 141,639 Home Made's, 815,117 Butcheries, 6,072,822 $49,985,586 To obtain the above result, New Jersey has invested in real estate 151,161,942 dollars, and in personal estate 145,520,550 dollars—together, 296,682,492 dollars. South Carolina has in- vested in real estate 129,772,684 dollars, and in personal estate 359,546,444 dollars—together, 489,319,128 dollars. New Jersey has- 1,944,445 acres of land in' cultivation, South Carolina 4^572,060 acres. New Jersey has a comparatively poor and rocky soil, South Carolina a soil and climate capable of pro- ducing almost all the most valuable productions of the world. As shewn above, New Jersey had a cash income of 60,941,435 dollars in 1860. Deduct therefrom the interest on her invested capital of 296,682,492 dollars, at seven per cent., say 20,767,773 dollars, leaves her a profit of 40,173,662. Dediict from this, however, the customary 33J per cent, as the cost of her manu- factured materials in agricultural implements, engines and ma- chinery, manufactured clothing, flour and meal, cotton fabrics, woollen fabrics, boots and shoes, India rubber goods, furniture and jewelry, say 7,981,296 dollars, .will leave her a clear profit over the regular interest of seven per cent, already calculated of 32,192,366 dollars! South Carolina had a cash income in 1860, of 49,985,586 dollars. Her invented capital amounted to 489,319,128 dollars, the interest oft which at seven per cent, amounted to 34,252,338 dollars, which leaves her a profit over the regular interest of seven per cent, of only 15,733,248 dol- lars. Her slaves having, however, been included in her capital, say 200,000,000, their increase should be added to her profits, say 2J per cent., being 5,000,000 dollars, making, therefore, her aggregate profits over the usual interest 20,733,248 dollars, or 11,459,118 dollars less than New Jersey. South Carolina in- creased a little more in live stock in 1860 than New Jersey, but not enough to make a material difference. New Jersey gained 158 horses, 227 asses and mules, 2,009 cows, 945 other cattle, and decreased in oxen, sheep, and swine. South Caro- lina gained in asses and mules 1,987, oxen 212, swine 889,445 (!) and decreased in horses, cows, other cattle, and sheep.19 New Jersey lias 40,000,000 dollars invested in her manufacto- ries, which yield her an income of 15,962,592 dollars. Supposing South Carolina was to sell her 45,720 farms, of 100 acres each, at five dollars per acre, and was to invest the proceeds thereof, .23,-800,000 dollars in factories, her income, proportioning it by that of, New Jersey, would be increased by about nine and a half millions of dollars, manufacturing profits, besides the pro- portionate increase in her resources by the results of such a number of cultivated farms. It is not to be presumed that this thing can be accomplished in a day nor a year, but it is possible Jn time, and it is never too soon to initiate measures to lay the corner stone of such a realization at a future day. Years ago the chairman of your committee, in advocating the encouragement of immigration, urged upon the Southern public the true policy of counteracting Northern interference with our institutions and policy, and Northern preponderance in wealth and power, by establishing home manufactories and working up our staple on the soil which produced it. This is now our true policy more than ever before, and it is pleasant to perceive that it is already being initiated by some of our Southern sister States. In Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, a number of cotton factories are in the course of' construction. Let us sell our surplus lands, and invariably in- vest the proceeds in shares in manufacturing companies. Let them be formed in every district, in every eligible "position on this principle, and the results will be a source