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 •REPORT 
 
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 OF THE 
 
 INDIA OFFICE; 
 
 WITH 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAEY NOTE AND APPENDICES, 
 
 SIR GEOROE BIRDWOOD. M.D. 
 
 K.O.I.E., C.S.I., LL.D. 
 
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 ■ * ■ IhacL XII. 269-71. 
 
 SECOND EEPBINT. 
 
 LONDON: W. H. ALLEN & CO, LIMITED, 
 AND AT CALCUTTA 
 
 189I. 
 

 LONDON : 
 
 PRINTED BY W. H. ALLEN AND CO., LIMITED, 
 
 13 WATERLOO PLACE. P.W. 
 
 H£NRY MORSE STEPHES8 
 
 .</ 
 
c 
 
 TO THE VENEEABLE 
 
 SETT FRAMJEE NUS8EEWANJBE PATEL, J.P,, 
 
 "THE NESTOR OF THE PARSEES," 
 
 IN ADMIRATION OP THE VIRTUES FOR WHICH HE HAS 
 
 BEEN HELD IN THE HIGHEST HONOUR 
 
 FOR THREE GENERATIONS OF CONTEMPORARIES 
 
 IN WESTERN INDIA, 
 
 AND IN AFFECTIONATE REMEMBRANCE OF ALL THE 
 KINDNESSES I RECEIVED 
 FHOM HIM AND OTHER DEAR SETTIA FRIENDS, OUR ASSOCIATES 
 IN THE LOYAL CIVIC LIFE OF 
 
 ''OLD BOMBAY." 
 
 511574 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 vu 
 
 Preface to the present Reprint 
 
 Preface to the First Eeprint, by Mr. F. C. Danvers . • 1 
 
 I. Report on the Old Records of the India Office . 9 
 
 First Division.— Court Minutes, Court of Committees, and 
 
 Legal and Miscellaneous Affairs of the Company . 13 
 Second Division.— Trading and Shipping, and General 
 
 Commercial Affairs of the Company . • -37 
 
 Third Division.— Foreign Relations of the Company . 51 
 
 Fourth Division.— The History of the Company in India . 57 
 
 Fifth Division.— Factory Records . . • • ^^ 
 
 Factory Diaries and Consultations . 82 
 
 II. Supplementary Note.— The Modern Quest and Inven 
 
 TION OF THE InDIES 
 
 Introduction . . • • 
 
 The " Old Travellers " . 
 
 Parenthesis on the Commerce of the Saracens, and of 
 
 Genoa, Venice, and Florence with the East 
 Parenthesis on the Hanseatic League . 
 The " Old Travellers " (continued) 
 The Portuguese Asia . 
 The Dutch in the Fast . 
 The English in India . 
 The Company's Trade . 
 The Chronicle of the " Old " East India Company . 205 
 The History of " The United Company," or the British 
 
 Conquest of India . . • • • -" 
 
 Inventory of the Company's Territorial Acquisitions . 251 
 Subsequent Acquisitions of the Crown . • 254 
 
 Conclusion . . • • • ' ^^^ 
 
 Appendices : 
 
 Appendix A.— Report by Dr. George Birdwood, dated 17th 
 
 April 1875, on certain Documents relating to the East 
 
 India Company discovered in the Political Department . Zbi. 
 
 Calendar of aforesaid Documents, prepared by Mr. W. 
 
 Noel Sainsbury, C.B. . • • • -^^"^ 
 
 Appendix B.— Reprint of the Introduction by Sir George 
 
 Birdwood to The Deem of British Trade to the East Indies 274 
 Appendix C— List of the East India Company's Charters 
 
 found in the Accountant General's Department . • ^o^ 
 
 Appendix D.— Catalogue of the Parchment Records . 284 
 
 r . . . 289 
 
 Index ....•• ^^^ 
 
 Erratum ....•••' 
 
 99 
 101 
 105 
 
 113 
 115 
 118 
 155 
 
 183 
 193 
 199 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I. Arms of the Old [London]. East India "^ 
 
 Company [to face each other 
 
 II. Arms of the New [English] East India \ between pp.20 and 21. 
 
 Company ..... .J 
 
 III. The Old East India House (from a^ 
 
 Dutch print) I /o face each other 
 
 IV. The Old East India House (from Wih ^hetween jjp.^S and39. 
 
 Ham Overlei/s trade card) . . J 
 
 V. The East India House. 1726-96 . . . ^, y^,, ,„,;, ,^^,,. 
 
 VI. The East India House, 1 796- 1858 . . ) between pp. 40 and 41. 
 Vn. Sketch map of Bombay Harbour, 1626 (from a 
 
 scrabble in David Davies' Journal in the India 
 
 Office Records) ..... ^o /ace p. 214 
 
 Map of the European Discoveries made in the quest 
 of India and in the Early Exploration of the 
 Eastern Seas to face p.lQQ 
 
 Map of the Early European Agencies, Factories, and 
 
 Settlements in the Indian Seas . . . . „ 232 
 
PREFACE TO THE PRESENT REPRINT. 
 
 The present reprint of my REPORT ON THE(!^lti l^CCOVtTS 
 OF THE INDIA OFFICE having been undertaken as a 
 business speculation by Messrs. W. H. Allen & Co., Ltd., 
 I tbonglit at first of giving it a more attractive character by 
 the addition of a series of particularly interesting extracts 
 from the documents to which it really is nothing more 
 than a curtly descriptive Index. But the Report having 
 come into demand, not as an entertaining Calendar, but 
 as a comprehensive working Index, I resolved, on second 
 thoughts, to reproduce it exactly as originally printed in 
 1879, and again in the autumn of last year. One little 
 alteration I have indeed introduced, and that is the rele- 
 gation of occasional illustrative remarks from the body of 
 the Report to foot-notes. I have also added as foot-notes, 
 both to the Report and the Supplementary Note, some of 
 the Departmental Memoranda on special subjects eluci- 
 dated by the India Office records, prepared by me subse- 
 quent to 1879. Such are the note on Buonaparte at 
 Longwood, at pp. 98-98, and the note on La Bourdonnais 
 at pp. 242-248. The Report is now, therefore, more strictly 
 than ever a bare and, so to speak, short-hand Index to the 
 Supplementary Miscellaneous i^lXi itCCOrtTS enumerated 
 in the Statistic and Commerce Departmental List, No. 
 2,397, and the Lists furnished to me in 1879 by the other 
 Departments of the India Office ; and I have been the 
 readier to reduce it to this complexion from a natural 
 desire to avoid using the official facilities I enjoy for the 
 exploration of these ^Itf ivCCOVUS to the detriment of 
 less-favoured students of English history, whose researches 
 in them I have in no way forestalled. 
 
 The Supplementary Note was originally written merely 
 for my own information and guidance, and was only 
 
 a 2 
 
Vlll 
 
 printed with the Report because the late Sir Henry Yule 
 thought it would be useful to others beside myself. It is 
 nothing but a compilation, copied bodily out of my com- 
 mon-place books on the history of Indian commerce and 
 art, and very imperfect ; being disproportionately lengthy 
 where it treats of subjects in which I am interested, and 
 far too brief where they happen to be uninteresting to me. 
 I wished therefore very much to recast it altogether, in the 
 hope of better adapting it for general reading. However, 
 Mr. Quaritch, a very partial friend of mine, and Messrs. 
 Allen & Co. as the responsible publishers of the book, 
 both insisted on the Supplementary Note standing as it 
 first appeared ; and so it now reappears, a frequent foot- 
 note indicating to the inexperienced where it is parti- 
 cularly defective. 
 
 The opportunity has been taken in the present Eeprint 
 to cf rrect certain errors, for the most part comparatively 
 trifling, that had crept into both the Report and Supple- 
 mentary Note ; and in a few cases the foot-notes have been 
 amphfied and fresh matter introduced. While making these 
 corrections and additions, however, I have been careful to 
 preserve throughout the identical paging of the first reprint ; 
 and the two may, therefore, for all practical purposes, be 
 regarded as earlier and later issues of the same edition. 
 
 It is a true pleasure to me to here testify to the won- 
 derful improvement that has been efiected since 1879 in 
 the order and condition of the India Office records. The 
 credit of this is altogether due to Mr. F. C. Danvers, who in 
 1 884 commenced the first efi'ective attempt to systemati- 
 cally conserve and classify them, and render them promptly 
 and safely accessible to the pubhc. The first step was to 
 procure more space for them than was formerly allowed ; 
 and this having been obtained, the many thousands of 
 loose papers that had hitherto been simply tied up in 
 vaguely-assorted bundles were carefully collated with the 
 documents in the better preserved regular series of the 
 records, and bound up with them in chronological order ; 
 the volumes comprising each series being consecutively 
 
IX 
 
 numbered, and placed in distinct ranges of cases.* The 
 royal charters, and other parchment records still in exis- 
 tence, have been unfolded, cleaned, flattened, and, after 
 careful examination, put away in large shallow boxes, 
 shelved on a specially constructed locking skeleton cup- 
 board, standing in the centre of the muniment, provided 
 entirely for these " Parchment Records," as they are now 
 designated, and other special relics of the late Honourable 
 East India Company. The bulk of the documents in the 
 general Record Rooms are distributed in such a way as, in 
 the first place, to best subserve the purposes of the Depart- 
 ments requiring constant access to them. But the conve- 
 nience of the public has also been considered in the 
 arrangements adopted, and, when they are completed and 
 in full operation, it will be possible for anyone provided 
 with the proper authority to obtain, within a few minutes, 
 any volume that may be wanted from any of the India 
 Office Record Rooms. 
 
 The systematic custody of the state records is also being 
 simultaneously provided for in India, in accordance with a 
 parallel and almost identical plan initiated by Professor 
 G-. W. Forrest, B.A. ; and thus in that country as well 
 as here an immense mass of materials is being rapidly 
 brought within the reach of all those whose duty it is to be 
 fully and correctly informed on the history of the rise 
 and progress of the Indian Empire. 
 
 The Government authorities, both at home and in India, 
 have, moreover, long been in the practice of compiling for 
 Departmental or Parliamentary use occasional volumes of 
 "Selections" from Despatches, Letters, Minutes, and 
 other Papers, showing the principles and procedure of 
 various branches of the British Administration in India, 
 and also volumes of " Memoirs," detailing the history and 
 organization of difterent Departments of the Government. 
 The Memoir on the Indian Surveys, prepared by Mr. Clements 
 Markham, C.B., in 1871, is a remarkable example of the 
 latter kind of publications, and a model to which they 
 
 * For particulars see Mr. Danvers' interesting " Report on the Records of 
 the India Office," published in 1^87 as a Parliamentary Paper [C. 50551. 
 
should in future be always conformed ; while of the former 
 class we have a brilliant illustration in Professor Forrest's 
 recently-issued Selections from the Records of the Foreign 
 Department of the Government of India [Warren Hastings], 
 1772-85. 
 
 In future the Government might still further promote 
 the diffusion of a thorough knowledge of India by encou- 
 raging private enterprise, firstly, in the fac-simile reproduc- 
 tion of such graphic documents in their possession as those 
 photo-lithographed by Mr. William Griggs, of Peckham, 
 in the Journal of Indian Art for July last ; secondly, in the 
 publication, verbatim et literatim, of selected series of the 
 ^ItK ilCfOX'tfS, such as the Couet Books, and Original 
 CoKRESPONDENCE, after the manner of the publication, in 
 18 '^6, by Mr. Henry Stevens, of Vermont, of the first 
 volume of the Court Books [see Appendix B.] ; and, 
 finally, by extending the utmost possible assistance and 
 patronage to trained scholars of recognized literary capa- 
 city, who would be found willing to re-write the history 
 of British India, or well-determined portions of it, direct 
 from the stored archives of Bombay, Madras, and Cal- 
 cutta, and the India Office. Only when this is done 
 will the 0lt( l^CCOX'trs of the India Office have been put 
 to their worthiest and most fruitful service. 
 
 I am myself greatly indebted for the help rendered me 
 by Mr. F, C. Danvers, in revising the present volume ; 
 and my thanks are also due to Mr. William Foster, B.A., of 
 the Registry and Record Department, for his assistance in 
 seeing it through the press. In this trying work Mr. 
 Foster has served me with the most perfect patience, 
 efficiency; and loyalty, and I cannot too strongly express 
 my obligations to him for his invaluable co-operation. 
 
 To those of my readers ignorant of the svmbolism of 
 India, it may, perhaps, be as well that I should in con- 
 clusion explain the meaning of the ritualistic ornameiita- 
 tion in which I have indulged on the blank leaves at the 
 beginning and end of this volume, and on its binding. 
 The "right-hand sratitika," stamped in red on the blank 
 leaf facing the title-page, is, among modern Hindus, a 
 
XI 
 
 symbol of Ganisa or Ganapati, and is commoDly placed by 
 them, instead of the image of Ganisa, at the head of 
 invoices and other papers.* It is also the symbol of the 
 male principle in nature, and of the sun of the upper 
 world, that is, in his diurnal course from " East to Occi- 
 dent ;" and of the day, and summer, and light, and life, 
 and glory ; and it is coloured dominical red, the proper 
 tincture of the East. To the Hindu it is an abbreviated 
 form of the salutation : 
 
 OM! 
 
 Hail to Ganisa ! 
 
 Lord of the Hosts of Heaven ! 
 
 Of Whom are all Beginnings! 
 
 Hail! 
 
 The " left-handed .wastika," or S(mvastika,f stamped in 
 blue on the blank leaf opposite the last printed page of 
 the book is the symbol of Kah, the Indian Mania. It is 
 also the symbol of the female principle in nature ; and of 
 the sun of the underground world, that is, in his noctur- 
 nal course from " the utmost corner of the West " back 
 to " the fiery portal of the East ;" and of the night, and 
 winter, and darkness, death, and destruction ; and it is 
 deeply dyed in " nadder blue," the conventional Hindu 
 colouration of the West.| 
 
 Where it is placed it is a graphic reduction of the 
 invocation : 
 
 OM! 
 
 Wail to Kali ! 
 
 Leader of the Hordes of Hell ! 
 
 Of whom is all Consummation ! 
 
 The Dark Mother of Ganisa ! 
 
 Wail ! 
 
 On the cover the little ships placed in alternation 
 
 between reversely revolving svastikas represent the 17th 
 
 century fleets of the " Old" East India Company, sailing 
 
 * Compare our ancient use of the phrase " Laus Deo " in the same manner 
 [see p. 72]. 
 
 t See Professor Max Miiller in Schliemann's lUos [J. Murray, 1880], 
 pp. 346-349. 
 
 J The Hindu colour for the South is yeUow, and for the North white ; and 
 these four colours — red, yellow, bhie, and white — correctly represent, accord- 
 ing to the ritualism of India, the East, South, A^'est, and North, on tiie ensign 
 of the Peninsular and Oriental Steanx Navigation Company. 
 
xu 
 
 in their golden progress from the waste "Water of 
 oblivion " of the West into the light and life of the rich 
 and gorgeous Kingdoms of the ever illustrious East. 
 
 In antiquity, of which India is the last living reserva- 
 tion, blue was everywhere regarded as the colour of the 
 sea, and of the West, and red of the land, and of the East ; 
 and in accordance with this rituaHstic chromatism the 
 Odyssey was, it is said, always wrapped up in blue cloth, 
 and the Iliad in red. I cannot therefore help noting in 
 this connection that the change of arms, and particularly 
 in the dominant colours of the arms of the East India 
 Company, as shown in Plates I. and II., foreshadowed 
 its transformation from a mercantile corporation into a 
 great military power. The change of mottoes is still more 
 striking; and there were at the time those who clearly 
 read its inauspicious significance : 
 
 " For the Wise 
 " Have a divhmig Soul that never lyes."* 
 
 GEORGE BIRD WOOD, 
 
 30th November 1890. 
 
 * These lines, and the phrase, previously quoted, " Water of obUinon " [of 
 the West], are from Sir Kichard Fanshawe's rugged, and often obscure, but 
 most fascinating version, in " ottava rima," of The Luciud or Portwjah Histo- 
 rical Poem [1665]. The stanza in which Da Gama thanks the Almighty for 
 his miraculous deliverance from the treachery of " the Moors " at one of the 
 East African ports, concludes with the feeling lines : 
 
 What Core, what Wisdom is of suffisance, 
 The stroake of Secret mischief to prevent, 
 
 Unless the Sov'raign Guardian from on high 
 
 Supply the strength of frail Hiuiiuiufy ? 
 
 Da Gama's confession, to the Moormen, of his Christian faith is quaintly 
 rendered : 
 
 We worship Him, who is by every Nature 
 
 {Invisible and visible) obay'd, 
 
 Him who the Hemispheres, and every Creature 
 
 (Insensible aud sensible) hath made : 
 
 Who gave Us his, and took on Him our feature, 
 
 Whom to a shameful death his own betrayed ; 
 And wlio from Heaven to Earth came down in fine, 
 That Man, by Him, from Earth to Heaven might climbe. 
 
 There is true poetry in the description of an altar-piece representing the 
 Blessed Virgin Mary : 
 
 On It, the picture of that Shape he plac't, 
 
 In which the Holt Spirit did alight : 
 
 The picture of the Dove, so white, so chast, 
 
 On the Blest Virgin's head, so chaste, so white. 
 
 And there is no suggestion in Camoens of the magic of tiie antiphonal 
 
 repetition : " so white, so chast, so chaste, so white." 
 
 Another happy touch is the line : 
 
 The Waters of the Consecrated Dbbp. 
 
PREFACE TO THE FIRST REPRINT (1889). 
 By Mr. F. C. Danvers, 
 
 Registrar and Superintendent of Records, India Office. 
 
 In reprinting the "Report on the Old Records of 
 *' the India Office," prepared by Sir George Bird wood 
 in 1878, the detailed classification given to those docu- 
 ments when the Report was first published has been 
 eliminated, as it is no longer applicable to them under 
 the existing arrangements. Since this Report was first 
 issued some few of the documents then missing have 
 been discovered, and wherever this has been the case 
 amendments have been made accordingly. The docu- 
 ments in the First Division described under the heading 
 " Court Minutes," have been found to consist chiefly 
 of the rough Minute Books from which the "Court 
 Books" were most probably compiled;* they, however, 
 were evidently not confined to the rough entries of the 
 proceedings of the Court of Directors at their regular 
 meetings, but they contain also notes of events which 
 occurred between the regular meetings of the Court, and 
 possess, therefore, a greater value than would otherwise 
 have been the case. The " Court of Committees " 
 volumes also appear to contain rough entries only, and 
 from the fact that so few of these now remain, whilst 
 there exists no evidence that fair copies were ever sub- 
 sequently made, it would appear that they were not 
 intended as permanent records. The proceedings of 
 the Committees of any importance requiring the con- 
 
 * See, for instance, the following memorandum in Court Book No. VI., 
 under the date of 26th April 1024 :— « Here is a great dispute concerning 
 " the King and the Lord Admiral omitted, but remains to be seen upon the 
 " original copy.' 
 
firmation of the Court would necessarily find a place in 
 the Court Books. It is, however, not by any means 
 certain that these missing volumes, as well as those that 
 are wanting from other lists of documents, have not, at 
 some time or other, been sacrificed as waste paper amongst 
 the hundreds of tons of Records so disposed of in former 
 years. 
 
 Amongst these Books are two which are particularly 
 valuable as containing, so far as I have been able to 
 ascertain, the only records extant of the separate pro- 
 ceedings of the "English East India Company." These 
 consist of Minutes of the " Court of Directors," the one 
 being the first volume of those Minutes, and com- 
 mencing the 7th September 1698, or two days after 
 the date of their Charter, and extending to the 20th 
 June 1699. There is then a gap of some years, and the 
 only other volume of the same series bears dates between 
 the 2ist July 1704 and the 8th January 1708. There 
 are also four volumes of the Minutes of the " Committee 
 of Managers," extending from the 31st July 1702 to the 
 13th April 1709. This Committee was a Joint Com- 
 mittee of the two Companies. On the 22nd July 1702 
 an Indenture or Charter of Union between the two 
 East India Companies passed the great seal, and on the 
 21th idem each Company did, in pursuance of the said 
 Charter of Union, elect twelve Managers for the united 
 trade of the two Companies. The first Court of Directors 
 of the United East India Company was held on the 28rd 
 March 1709, at which date the union of the two Companies 
 was completed. 
 
 In the earlier Records of the East India Company 
 there is almost an entire absence of copies of letters 
 sent by them from this country to their several agents 
 abroad ; but it is beyond doubt that these at one time 
 existed. Probably, however, these were very few in 
 the early years of their trade. A book has recently 
 been found containing letters out and other documents 
 up to 1616, after which there is an absence of letters 
 
out until 25tli April 1653. On the 6tli July 1607, at a 
 Court of Committees held on that date, it "was 
 " thought ffitt that all letters from and to India and all 
 " the answers thereof be entered into a book and coated 
 *' for future memorie as occasion may fall out." At a 
 Court held on the 6th October 16*09 it was farther 
 resolved as follows : — 
 
 " And for as much as it is esteemed very needfuU that 
 <' all letters to and from the Company, and also material 
 " writings, be coated and kept in a Register ready for every 
 " occasion, and that some fitt man may be given for that 
 " business or for any other employment of the Company 
 '< about his Ma*^^' Court or otherwise. It was now ordered 
 " and agreed that Mr. Eadm'^ Doe do confer and agree 
 *' with some fitt and faithful man for the doeing and 
 *' effecting of this, or any other the Companie's affaires 
 " wherein he shall be employed." 
 
 On the 17th of the same month, " Ffrancis Sadler 
 *' was admitted and sworn servant of the Companie for 
 " the registering of sundry letters and other writings fit 
 *' to be coated, registered, and kept for the use of the 
 " Company. And further to doe such other then* 
 *' services upon which they shall think good to employ 
 *' him." 
 
 The earlier correspondence addressed from abroad to 
 the Company is exceedingly scanty, not more than 
 fourteen documents of date previous to 1610 having been 
 handed down to the present time in the 0. C. volumes, 
 besides which there are but very few of an earlier date 
 amongst the loose miscellaneous documents. It appears, 
 however, evident from references in the Court Books 
 that many w^ere received which are not now in exis- 
 tence. From 1610 they become more numerous in 
 each year. Some of the missing documents were pro- 
 bably lost at a very early period. In 1614 " certain 
 journals " were wanted which could not then be found, 
 and it was consequently ordered* that all journals 
 
 * Court ^Minutes, 13th December 1614. 
 
should first be written in the Company's books before- 
 being lent to any man, and that none were to use them' 
 without the consent of the Committees. The missing 
 
 I journals, which had been lent and could not be found, *^ 
 were to be searched for. Some months later, in August. 
 1615, a further Resolutionf was passed that none of the- 
 Company's journals were thereafter to be lent '' before- 
 " copies of them be entered in their books, whereby the 
 ** journals themselves have been lost to the great preju- 
 " dice of the Company, and some things known which are 
 " not fit to be published." After entry they were to be 
 " delivered only to some principal persons of the Company 
 " that shall desire the same." But all other persons 
 wishing to inspect them were to be " satisfied with coming 
 " and seeing them in the Office, or otherwise a copy of 
 " them in the Books." 
 
 Besides the defects in these volumes of Indian Cor- 
 respondence, there are unfortunately considerable gaps 
 in the Court Minute Books. Although the first volume 
 finishes with the 10th August 1603, the second does 
 not begin till the 31st December 1606; there exists, 
 however, one volume entitled " Miscellaneous Court 
 Book," which contains a few entries between these two 
 years. From the latter date until January 1610 the 
 entries are complete ; then a hiatus of four years occurs, 
 the third volume beginning with January 1614. The 
 last entry in that book is dated the 17th November 1615, 
 but the next Court Book does not begin before the 19th 
 September 1617. The first missing volume between 
 
 / 1603 and 1606 is perhaps of the most consequence,, 
 because the correspondence does not supply the de- 
 
 \ ficiency, which, in a measure, it fortunately does after 
 that date. There are also other gaps in the Court 
 Minutes in later years. 
 
 It appears certain that at the union of the " London '^ 
 
 * Court Minutes, 20th December 1(J14. 
 t Court Minutes, 80th August Kilo. 
 
^ith the " New " East India Company, the Records 
 belonging to the former were found in great disorder; 
 and there is a Notice, without date, to the effect, — " That 
 " at the dissolution of the Company, meaning when the 
 *' Old (or London) was absorbed in the United Company, 
 " great numbers of their Books and Papers were promis- 
 *' cuously put together, some of which have since come 
 <' to the Trustees' hands, and more are inspecting by 
 *< their ' Register,' in order to obtain the necessary infor- 
 *' mation for answering Plaintiff Yale's Bill ; and that 
 '' it will require a deal of care to separate and digest 
 " them." 
 
 In 1830 or 1831 an attempt was made to collect all 
 the " Original Correspondence from India, with col- 
 " lateral Documents, originating at any places between 
 " England and Japan" which were then extant. These 
 were carefully bound, numbered, and catalogued, and 
 form what is now known as the "0. C." Records. 
 They extend from 1603 to 1708, and correspond to the 
 volumes of letters from, and proceedings of, the Oovern- 
 ments in India of the present day. This collection, 
 however, is sadly deficient, especially in the earlier years, 
 and does not contain all the documents that might 
 have been included, several of which have continued 
 as loose documents, tied up in bundles, to the present 
 day. The great loss of early documents then ascertained 
 naturally excited inquiry, and in 1835 the deficiencies 
 in the Company's Records were brought prominently 
 to notice, and an attempt was made to account for these 
 wherever they occurred, an inquiry, however, which does 
 not appear to have resulted in the recovery of any of the 
 missing documents. 
 
 It is greatly to be regretted that the earhest "Marine 
 Records" are missing, viz., the logs, journals, &c., of ^ 
 the first voyages of the East India Company; and this 
 loss is only partly compensated for by the publications 
 contained in " Purchas hys Pilgrimes" and those of the 
 Hakluyt Society. It appears that Mr. Hakluyt was 
 
consulted by the Court of Directors of the East India 
 Company from the very commencement of their 
 operations, and by an Order of the Court of the 16th 
 February 1601 certain warrants were ordered to be 
 drawn, including one of ^10 to Mr. Hakluyt "for his 
 " travails taken in instructions and advices touching 
 " the preparing of the voyage, and for his former 
 " advices in setting the voyage in hand the last year;" 
 also " 80s. for three maps by him provided and delivered 
 " to the Company." Mr. Hakluyt was appointed 
 " Historiographer of the East India Company," and he 
 seems to have been entrusted with the custody of the 
 manuscript journals of all the East India voyages from 
 1601 almost to the date of his decease in 1616. A few 
 years later these documents came into the hands of the 
 Eev. Samuel Purchas, v^^ho, instead of publishing them 
 in extenso, formed compilations from them, which he 
 pubHshed in " Purchas hys Pilgrimes " in 1625. Purchas 
 died in the following year, and all trace of many of 
 the earliest of these valuable historical records was sub- 
 sequently lost. There is no evidence that they were 
 ever returned to the East India Company. 
 
 In the classification of the India OjSice Kecords, now 
 in progress, all the loose documents will be assigned 
 places in accordance with the nature of their subject 
 matter, and be carefully bound, and thus placed beyond 
 all ordinary risk of loss or damage ; the 0. C. volumes 
 will, however, be left untouched, and the loose docu- 
 ments, which comprise several thousand papers, will be 
 arranged in separate series, according as they consist 
 of Home correspondence. Marine Records, or those re- 
 lating to the various settlements or factories abroad. It 
 will thus be seen that the arrangement adopted in the 
 present lieport is of a tentative nature only, rendered 
 necessary, however, before those documents could be 
 otherwise dealt with and assigned their proper places 
 with the general Records of this Office, in consequence 
 of the chaotic state in which they were found at the 
 
time it was made and the following Report on their 
 principal contents written. 
 
 On the completion of the new classification, the 
 Records of this Office will be calendared in the same 
 manner as is adopted at the Public Record Office, and 
 they will thus be rendered more readily accessible to any 
 who may desire to consult them. This, however, it must 
 be added, will be the work of some years ; but it is 
 intended that volumes containing the calendars of the 
 earliest Records shall be issued from time to time as they 
 may be completed. 
 
 F. C. Danvers, 
 Registrar and Superintendent 
 of Records. 
 India Office, 
 7th November 1889. 
 
I. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INDIA OFFICE. 
 
" Qui mare teneat, eum necesse rerum potiri." 
 Cicero, Epist. ad Att., X. 
 
 " And therefore the Sovereignty of the Seas being the most pre- 
 cious Jewell of the Crowne, and next under God the principal! means 
 of our Wealth and Safetie ; all true English hearts and hands are 
 bound by all possible means and diligence to preserve and maintain 
 the Same, even at the uttermost hazzard of their lives, their goods 
 
 and fortunes." 
 
 Sir John Burroughs, Keeper of the Records 
 
 in the Tower of Loudon, 1651. 
 
 " Behold then the true Form and Worth of Forraign Trade, which 
 is :— The Great Revenue of the King ; The Honour of the Kingdom ; 
 The Noble Profession of the Merchant; The School of our Arts; 
 The Supply of our Wants ; The Employment of our Poor; The Im- 
 provement of our Lands ; The Nursery of our Mariners ; The Walls 
 of the Kingdoms ; The Means of our Treasure ; The Sinuews of our 
 Wars; The Terrour of our Enemies." 
 
 • Sir Thomas Mun [see p. 22], EnglatuVs 
 Treasure of Forrahjn Trade, London, 
 1669. 
 
 " Le Trident de Neptune est le Sceptre du Monde." 
 Antoine Marin Lemierre, 
 
 Q<]uvres, " Commei'co," 1810. 
 
REPORT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 INDIA OFFICE. 
 
 The papers submitted to me for classification were the 
 supplementary miscellaneous " Old Kecords " enumerated 
 in the Statistics and Commerce Departmental List, 
 No. 2,397, and in the Lists furnished by the other Depart- 
 ments of this Office. They have been re-arranged in the 
 " Kecord Kooms " in the order of the amended List pre- 
 fixed* to this Eeport ; my object in the re-arrangement of 
 them having been to keep the "Factory Records," and 
 all the documents relating to the Company's Factories, 
 distinct from the other "Old Eecords " of the Company. 
 All these papers have now therefore been classified under 
 the following five divisions : — 
 
 First, the Court Minutes, Committee Minutes, and 
 papers relating to the Leg al Afi airs^f the Company, and 
 to Miscellaneous Matters connected with the Company ; 
 
 Second, the papers relating to the Shipping, Trading, 
 and General Afl"airs of the Company ; 
 
 Third, the papers concerning the Foreign Relations of 
 the Company, many of which it is difficult to really 
 separate from Factory Records, the Company's relations 
 with Japan and China, with the Dutch in the East, and 
 with Persia, having chiefly been in connection with their 
 factories in those countries ; 
 
 Fourth, the papers relating to the History of the 
 Company in India ; and 
 
 Fifth, the Factory Records. 
 
 * This List is omitted from the present reprint of the Report. 
 
12 
 
 I have carefully gone through all these papers with the 
 purpose of coming to an opinion as to their comparative 
 interest and importance ; and the opinion I have formed 
 on the point is that every scrap of these papers is of 
 interest and importance, and should be scrupulously 
 preserved. 
 
 Quite apart from the extraordinary history of the 
 East India Company, every fact recorded in these papers 
 has its significance for the student of the past. It 
 would be useless therefore to attempt to make a selection 
 from them ; for what one enquirer might overlook as of 
 no interest, another would find of the highest impor- 
 tance. For instance, what I have found most interesting 
 in these records are the entries illustrative of the history 
 of articles of trade, — such as the mention made of tea, 
 opium, indigo, gum-lac, gamboge, and kino, and of 
 shawls, carpets, and the like, — which to most persons 
 would seem trivial, if not altogether worthless. The 
 proper plan, therefore, to adopt with reference to these 
 " Old Kecords," is to keep them in good preservation, — 
 well bound, well arranged, and well classified, — so that 
 whosoever may at any time desire to examine them shall 
 at once know the volumes he wants and where to find 
 them. And someone should be held directly responsible 
 for their charge, and for a general knowledge of their 
 contents; and they should never be lent out of the Office. 
 They Lave at various times been lent out to persons who 
 have not been sufficiently careful to return what they 
 borrowed ; as is evident from the references made in 
 standard works to India Office papers that cannot now be 
 found in the " Eecord Rooms " here. 
 
 In the following description of the contents of the 
 volumes into which the " Old Records " have been sorted, 
 under the five divisions above enumerated, any matters 
 of interest that have struck me in going rapidly, 
 but page by page, through the volumes, are briefly 
 noted. 
 
u 
 
 FIRST DIVISION. 
 
 Court i^ttntttcs, (JTouvt of Committees, antJ ileg«il 
 antr i^ttscellaneous Affairs ot ttje Company, 
 
 *CouRT Minutes. — 26 volumes, from 1690 to 1765. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1690-1694, contains a table of the Committees 
 of the Company for the year 1693; namely, "for the 
 Treasury," " for Shipping and Plantations," " for Buying 
 Goods," " for Law Suits and Debts," " for Private 
 Trade," " for Secretary's Accounts," " for Surat Fac- 
 tories," ''for Surat Warehouses," ''for the Coast and 
 Bay" [i.e., Coromandel Coast, and Bay of Bengal], 
 "for the Coast and Bay Warehouses," "for the Com- 
 pany's Books and Accounts," for the Blew Ware- 
 house " [see Evelyn's letter to Pepys, 23rd September 
 1685], "for the Pepper Warehouse" [the Company's 
 old Pepper Warehouses, under the Royal Exchange, and 
 the Saltpetre Warehouses, were destroyed in the Great 
 Fire of London, 1666], "for Writing Letters," "for 
 [Ships] Husbands Accounts." 
 
 Vol. 2, ] 698-99 :— appertaining to the "New" or 
 " English [East India] Compamj." The first entry is of 
 a Court held September 7th, 1698, "at Mercers' Hall," 
 at which " the Charter for the English Company^ 
 
 * .Sfee Preface, p. 1 ; and p. 15 infra, " General Remarks on Court :Minutes." 
 
 t The " London East India Company," commonly called the •' Old 
 Company," was first incorporated by Queen Elizabeth on the olst December 
 1600, under the title of " The Governor and Company of the Merchants of 
 London trading into the East Indies." 
 
 Courten's Association of the Assada [Madagascar] Merchants was esta- 
 blished 1C35, and united with the " London East India Company," 1C50 ; 
 although the Assada Adventurers were not all brought into the Company 
 until 1G57. 
 
 Evelyn [see p. 22], in his Diary, has the following entries relating to the 
 union of the " Adventurers " with the Company : — 
 
 26th November 1657. " I went to London to a Court of the East India Company upon 
 " its new union in Merchant Taylors' HaU, which was much disturbed by reason of the Ana- 
 " baptists, who would have the Adventurers obliged only by an engaRemeut, without swear- 
 "ing, that they still might pursue their private trade; but it was carried against them. 
 
14 
 
 ** trading to the East Indies, and bearing date Sep- 
 *' tember 5th, was brought in by Mr. Townsend ; and 
 "the first Directors were chosen by a majority of the 
 " Subscribers to the Joint Stock." 
 
 Among the directors occur the names of Sir Theodore 
 Jansen and Sir W. Scawen. At a Court held in 
 ''Skinners Hall,"* June 20th, 1699, were present, 
 
 " Wednesday was resolved on for a General Corirt for election of officers, after a sermon and 
 
 " prayers for good success. The stock resolved on was 800,0001." 
 
 27th November 1657. "I tooke the oath at the East India House, subscribinR 500!." 
 
 2ud December 1657. "Dr. Reynolds [since Bishop of Norwichl preached before the 
 
 " Company at St. Andrew Undershaft, on 13 Nehemiah, 31 ['Bemember me, O my God, for 
 
 " good'], shewing by the example of Nehemiah aU the perfections of a trusty person in 
 
 " pubhque affaires, with many good precepts apposite to the occasion, ending with a prayer 
 
 " for God's blessing on the Company and the Undertaking." 
 
 10th December 168-2. " I sold my East India adventure of 2501. principal for 7501. to the 
 
 " Eoyal Society, after I had been in that Company 25 years, being extraordinary advanta- 
 
 " geous by the blessing of God." 
 
 " The English Company [including ' The General Society,'' chartered by- 
 William III., 3rd September 1698] trading to the East Indies," commonly 
 called " the Ne-w Company," was incorporated by AVilliam III., oth Sep- 
 tember 1698 ; its charter running to 1714. 
 
 The above Company of Merchants of London, and the EngMsh Company, 
 ■were finally incorporated under the name of " The United Company of Mer- 
 chants of England trading to the East Indies'' [commonly styled - the Honour- 
 able East India Company "] in 1708-9. 
 
 The following were the principal charters granted to the '■ London East 
 India Company " : — 
 
 1st, of Queen Ehzabeth, olst December 1600, "to 1615 "" ; 2nd, of James 
 L, 31st May 1609, "perpetual" ; 3rd, of the Protector, Oliver Cromwell, in 
 1657, " giving exclusive rights to the United Company " ; 4th, of Charles II. 
 ["whose word no man relies on"], 3rd April 1661, "perpetual"; 5th, ditto, 
 5th October 1677, "perpetual," and authorising the Company to coin money 
 at Bombay; 6th, ditto, 9th August 1683, again "perpetual" ; 7th, of Wil- 
 Mam III. and Mary, 7th October 1693, "perpetual"; 8th and 9th, of Anne, 
 dated, respectively, the 22nd April and 15th August 1709, to 1726, but 
 actually to 1736. They practically united the " London " or " Old Com- 
 pany " with the EngHsh " or " New Company." 
 
 Of the above charters, the 1st and 2nd exist at the India Office only as 
 copies ; of the 3rd and 6th nothing is known there ; and only the 4th, 5th, 
 7th, 8th, and 9th, with others of the various documents under which the 
 amalgamation of "the Old" and "New" Companies was effected, remain 
 there. 
 
 * The Skinners' Hall was originally in Coped Hall, but after " the Great 
 Fire," in 1666, was rebuilt in Dowgate ; and there " the New Company " held 
 its General Courts until its amalgamation with " the Old Company " ; and 
 they are said to have presented the Skinners' Company with a ship-load of 
 sandal-wood for pannelling the new " parlour "' there. 
 
15 
 
 among others, Sir James Bateman, Sir E. Harrison, and 
 Sir Thomas Master. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1702-1. Under date Octoher 8th, 1702, a 
 list is given of the Eastern produce to be taken in ex- 
 change for the bullion and commodities sent out in the 
 Company's ships, on account of the officers and ship's 
 men. It includes " Cambogium " [see p. 27, Joint 
 Stocks, Vol. 2], " Ambergreece," " Assafoetida," " Am- 
 moniacum " [Tavernier mentions it among the exports 
 from Ahmedabad], " Aggatts " ["Achats," see Evelyn, 
 May 22nd, 1664, in an account of rarities brought to 
 London by the East India Company], " Goa Stones," 
 [Fryer tells us this once famous medicament was the inven- 
 tion of Gasper Antonio, of the Paulistines monastery at 
 Go^, circa 1650], "Roman Vitriol" [i.e., Blue Vitriol, 
 or Sulphate of Copper]. It is added : — " and any other 
 " commodities which the Court shall not reserve for 
 " themselves." 
 
 Vol. 14, 1707-8. Contains a copy of the oath taken 
 by the captains of the Company's ships, to be " true and 
 " faithful to the said Company." 
 
 Vol. 25, 1760-61, and Vol. 26, 1765, are Index 
 volumes to the Court Books, the latter volume being 
 completed only to the letter H. 
 
 General Eemarks on the Court Minutes. 
 
 The above " COURT MINUTES " are distinct from 
 the " Court Books" or " Court Minutes " ranging from 
 A.D. 1599 to 1858-59, in 191 volumes,*— the earlier of 
 which have been sent to the Pubhc Record Office to be 
 calendared. 
 
 The " Original Correspondence " extends from 1603 
 to 1 708, in 72 volumes ; and of these volumes also the 
 
 * Since the present Report was first j)rinted in 1879, the 1st volume of 
 Court Minutes, 1599-1603, has been printed from the original M.S., 
 verbatim et literatim [with an Introduction by myself {see Appendix B,)], and 
 published by Messrs. Henry Stevens and Sons, St. Martin's Lane, Loudon, 
 1.886, under tlie title of " 7 he Dawn of British Trade in the East Indies:' 
 
16 
 
 earlier have been sent to the Public Record Office.* From 
 1708 the '' Original Correspondence " has been 
 arranged under the heads of the Presidencies from which 
 it is received. 
 
 The "G-ENERAL Court Minutes" [of the Courts of 
 Proprietors] 1700-1858; the "Miscellaneous Home 
 Letters" [from the Secretary to the East India Com- 
 pany], 1700-1859; the "Despatches" to St. Helena, 
 Surat, and other Factories, from 1700 ; and to Bombay, 
 Madras, and Calcutta, from 1753 ; the " Proceedings " 
 of the Governments of Bombay, Madras, and Bengal, 
 and all other Records of the Company, beginning later 
 than the 17th century, are not included in the present 
 Report. But of the unconnected later [i.e., 18th cen- 
 tury] records of places of which there are earher [i.e. 
 I7th century] records, the interest in which later records 
 is now languid or obsolete, such as the Angengo, Gom- 
 broon, Tellicherry, Tannah, and other unconnected 
 "Proceedings" of the last century, I have been careful 
 to make a note in this Report under the Fifth, or 
 " Factory Records," Division. 
 
 Court of Committees. — Six volumes, from 1613 to 
 1727, the sixth being a volume of " Advertisements." 
 The volume of " Advertisernents " included under the 
 present head in the re-classified list, is entered separately 
 in the Department List, No. 2,397, p. 11. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1613-21. In the Minutes of a Court of Com- 
 mittees, holden the 17th October 1621, the name of a Mr. 
 Halliday occurs as Governour. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1634-59, entered, under the present head, in 
 the Departmental List, No. 2,397, was missing when this 
 Report was first printed, but has since been recovered. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1701-5. Records the allowances made to the 
 officers and ships' companies in the Company's service. 
 
 * Where, togetlicr with the Court INIiuutes, they have been iiichided by 
 JMr. Noel Sainsbury iu his invaluable Calendars of State Papers, Colonial Series, 
 East Indies, of which four volumes have appeared, extending from 1513 to 1629. 
 
17 
 
 and the oatlis taken by the Governours, &c. " At a 
 "general Court of Adventurers in the General Joint 
 "Stock to the East Indies, hoiden? the 30th April 
 " 1701," among those present were, — Governor Sir T. 
 Cooke, Deputy Sir Sam. Dashwood, Sir Th. Rawlinson, 
 Sir Jonathan Andrews, Sir John Fleet, Sir W. Gore, 
 Sir Henry Johnson, Sir W. Langhorne [Governour of 
 Fort St. George, 1676-8], Sir Richard Levett, Sir W. 
 Prichard, Mr. Vansittart. 
 
 Vol. 6, 1709-1727. Contains the ''Advertisements'" 
 of meetings of Courts, with the foUowiiig list of the 
 London papers in which, apparently, these advertise- 
 ments were published, viz. : — The Daily Courant, The 
 Postman, The Daily Post, The Post Boy, and The Flying 
 Post. 
 
 Legal Affaiks of the Company. — Twelve volumes, 
 from 1601 to 1782. 
 
 A. Ten volumes, from 1601 to 1720, entered under 
 this head in the Departmental List, No. 2,397. Vol. 10, 
 1720, gives papers in the case of the East India Company 
 versus Dubois. 
 
 B. A volume, dated 1685 to 1699, of Petitions, entered 
 separately under that head in the Departmental List, 
 No. 2,39*7. 
 
 C. A volume of copies of the Company's Commissions 
 to their Governours, Governours-General, Commanders- 
 in-Chief, &c., from 1697 to 1782 ; not entered in the 
 Departmental List, No. 2,397. 
 
 Further Bemarlis on the loaders relating to the Legal Affairs of 
 the Company, 
 
 Under this head, it will be convenient also to refer to 
 the "East India Documents," 1606-1758, described in 
 my report of April 17th, 1875, Statistics and Commerce, 
 Departmental No. 531. They were calendared by Mr. 
 Noel Sainsbury [see Appendix A.], and are deposited 
 
 B 
 
18 
 
 iu the Library.* They are all original documents, and 
 the most interesting of them is the roll of subscribers 
 to the fund of 2,000,000/. raised in 1698. This roll 
 consists of 15 skins of parchment. [See infra, " Mis- 
 cellaneous affairs of the Company," Sub-Section III., 
 "Joint Stocks," Vol. 3, and Sub-Section IV., "Amal- 
 gamation of the Two Companies," Vols. 1 and 2.] In 
 the Library there are also preserved 1 1 f other original 
 
 * They are now in the Record Department. 
 
 t These 11 documents were in the India Office Library when this Report 
 Avas first printed in 1879, but they were subsequently transfen-ed to the re- 
 organized Record Department, excepting No. 7, which must have interme- 
 diately been mislaid or stolen by someone who had been allowed to refer to 
 it, for it has disappeared. It was not the treaty of AUahabad itself, which, 
 as above stated, is preserved in the room of the Under Secretary of State, 
 but whether it was a draft, or the official account of the ratification, of the 
 treaty, I cannot, at this distance of time, say. On the ti-ansfer of the above 
 enumerated documents to the Record Department, several others were found 
 in the old cases that had been brought from Leadenhall Street and stored in 
 the Library; \^z. : 1, Counterpart of a lease of a house in Bishopsgate Street, 
 granted by [Sir] John Massiugbird to John Tynte, 19th February 1G31 ; 
 •J. Two decrees iu Chancery, Hall and vnie, executors of Bostocks, against 
 Leigh and the East India Company, dated [respectively the oth September 
 1689, and 13th :Mayl690; 3, Decree in Chancery, Atwood, Halford, and 
 others, against' Warr and the East India Company, 19th December 1691 ; 
 4, Letters of Administration granted by the Prerogative Court of Canterbury 
 to John Spencer, senior, of the estate of Cfesar Burton, late factor, Angeugo, 
 26th October 1730 ; 5, Letters of Administration granted by the Prerogative 
 Court of Canterbury to John Spencer, junior, of the same estate, 10th 
 December 1731 ; 6, Declaration of Trust by the " Old" East India Company 
 as to bonds for 70,000/., wliich by Lord Godolphin's award were deposited in 
 the hands of Trustees appointed by the "Xew" East India Company, dated 
 21st March 1709 ; 7, Charter granting to the " United " Company all the 
 foreign debts due to the " Old " Company, 22nd April 1709 ; 8, Queen Anne's 
 Acceptance of the surrender of the Charter of the " Old" Company, 7th May 
 1709 : 9. Apparently a record in an ejectment case, dated 8th October 1720 ; 
 10, Address to Lord Cornwallis on his leaving Calcutta, dated 5th November 
 1793 [His Lordship left Calcutta in October of 1793] ; and 11, Assignment 
 of "Warren Hastings' annviity [see No. 8 of above list of 11 documents], in 
 repayment of 36,000/., dated 8th April 1796. 
 
 Also while searching for No. 7 of the above list [pp. 18-20] of 11 docu- 
 ments I discovered in one of the old cupboards in the Library the following 
 documents : — 1, Grant of Arms to the " New " Company, dated 13th October 
 1698, among the names of members of the Company mentioned in the Grant 
 being those of Sir Henry Furness, Sir Theodore Jansen, Sir W. Scawen. 
 George White, Thomas "Vernon, Peter Paggeu, Streynsham INIaster, Samuel 
 Lock, and Edward Allen [nee page 21, note'] ; 2, Grant of Anns to Haileybury 
 
19 
 
 documents relating to the East India Company, viz. :— 
 1, Act of 6 Anne, for carrying out the award of Lord 
 Godolphin; 2, Grant, of March 21, 1709, from the 
 "Old" East India Company of their debts in Great 
 Britain to Queen Anne, for re-grant to the Trustees of 
 the "New" Company; B, Letters Patent of Queen 
 Anne, of August L5, 1709, granting Sir Jonathan 
 Andrews and others all sums owing to the " Old " 
 Company before the surrender of their charter ; 4, Sur- 
 render of the " Old " Company's charter, agreeably 
 to the award of Lord Godolphin, March 25, 1709 ; 5 
 Letters Patent of November 17, 1727, called the charter 
 of George 11. ; 6, Letters Patent of September 19, 
 1757, granting to the Company a moiety of the plunder 
 taken from the Nawab Nazim [Suraja Daula, "Sir 
 Eoger Dowler"of "Black Hole" infamy] of Bengal; 
 7, Presentation by the titular Mogol, Shah Alam II., 
 of the Dewanee [diwcmi, the office, jurisdiction, and 
 revenues of a diivan or Minister of State] of Bengal, 
 Behar, and Orissa, to Lord Clive, 1765; 8, Indenture 
 of April 7, 1796, granting 4,000/. to Warren Hastings 
 for 18 years from 25 December 1795 ; 9, Further loan 
 
 College, dated 21st March 1807 ; and 3, Two large folio volumes, of the 
 1,444 signatures of the subscribers to the 2,000,000Z. stock raised by the 
 " New" Company, in pursuance of the Act of 5th September 1698, appoint- 
 ing Commissioners to receive the said subscriiDtion, These volumes are 
 therefore the legal list of subscribers to the 2,000,000Z, stock raised in 1698, 
 and the "Roll" of subscribers above mentioned is probably the original 
 rough list of the same. The 1,444 signatures were all taken from the 14th 
 to the 16th July 1698 ; each page of signatures being attested by the signa- 
 tures and seals of the Commissioners present; among whom may be noted the 
 names of Samuel Lock, Bartholomew Shilbert, D. Devarenne La Breton- 
 nide, Richard Harrison, .Tohn Boyd, George White, James Medlycott, ,Tohu 
 Paschal, and Thomas Chambers. 
 
 [Added 1890.] Since the first reprint of this Report last year [1889], 
 all the documents numbered above, in the text and note [pp. 18-20], have 
 been re-arranged by Mr. F. C. Danvers, in chronological order, and entered 
 in a new " Catalogue of Parchment Records " [which I have printed at the 
 end of this report as Appendix D.], excepting that Nos. 1, 4, 7, 9, and 11 of 
 the list of 11 documents given above in the text have been omitted from the 
 new Catalogue, as since they were in my hands, in 1879, they would seem to 
 have disappeared. 
 
 B 2 
 
20 
 
 of 50,000/., dated April 10, 1796 ; 10, Grant to the East 
 India Company of booty and plunder in the late war 
 with Tippoo Sahib, dated March 25, 1793; 11, Grant 
 to the King's troops of booty and plunder in the late 
 war with Tippoo Sahib. In the room occupied by the 
 Under Secretary of State is preserved the original 
 treaty [in English and Persian] of Allahabad, dated 
 16th [the date given in the books is the 12th] August 
 1765, and bearing the signatures of Lord Clive and 
 General Carnac, and the seal of Shuja-ud-Daula [the 
 Nawab Vazir of Oudh]. In the Library Eeading 
 Room is hung in a glazed frame the holograph ap- 
 proval, dated 6th November 1657, by Oliver Cromwell, 
 of a petition, of no date or address, from the East 
 India Company, to have " some good Ship and Frigott " 
 sent to " St. Hellena Island " to protect the Company's 
 merchant ships assembled there " from remote parts " 
 against the Spaniards "out of Biskay " seeking to 
 interrupt "our East India trade." The petition is 
 signed among others by Thos. Andrew and [Sir] John 
 Banks. 
 
 Miscellaneous Affairs of the Co^ipany. 
 
 I. — The Company's Seal. — One unhound document, and 
 two volumes. 
 
 The unhound document, dated 1658-60, contains a list 
 of the bonds passed during that period under the Com- 
 pany's seal, and of the dividends declared. There are 13 
 'pages of names of persons. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1667-1706, contains abstracts of bonds to the 
 Custom House, copies of Covenants with Factors, and 
 "An Abstract of several things passed under the Com- 
 pany's Seal." 
 
 Vol. 2, 1672-83, contains entries of bonds. This 
 volume also is full of the names of persons. 
 
Plate I. Arms of the "Old" [London] East India Company. 
 
 \from ihe cover of a MS. Record entitled 
 Gold and Silrer Received and Weighed, 1G77]. 
 
Plat;^ 11. Arms o.- the'New" [English] East India Company. 
 
 {from the original Oravt of Anns, dated 13 Oct. 1698]. 
 
21 
 
 11. — " Adventurers."— There are 19 volumes, from 
 1631 to 1707, under this head, all full of the names 
 of persons. Many of these volumes are stamped with 
 the Company s arms* 
 
 Voh 1, undated [? 1631-42]. — " Alphabett to ye 
 '' Lidger of ye third Joynt Stock of ye Marchants of 
 "London trading [to] the East Indies." The following 
 names occur :— Sir Morris Abbott, Sir Wm. Acton, Sir 
 Jas. Cambell, Sir Wm. Cooper, Sir Francis Crane, Sir 
 Th. Dawes, Sir Abraham Dawes, Sir Jarvais Elwaies, Sir 
 Henry Garwaie, Sir John Gayer [? father of the Gover- 
 nour of Bombay, 1694-1704], Sir Brian Johnson [cousin 
 
 * These are the arms assigned to the Company in 1601 [see Stevens's Daicn 
 of British Trade in the East Indies, p. 171], and they are very beautiful. The 
 shield is divided into two compartments, the upper bearing, between two 
 conventional red roses on a golden ground, an " additionment out of the 
 arms of England," namely, a four-divided square, having, in its first and fourth 
 quarters, a golden fleur-de-lis on a blue ground, and in the second and third, 
 a golden lion, "passant guardant," on a ground of red ; and the lower, three 
 quaint-fashioned ships, with streaming ensigns of St. George, in fuU sail on 
 the tranquil azure of the new-found southern seas. The supporters are blue 
 sea Uons, flushed with gold, one on either side ; and the crest a sphere celes- 
 tial, between standards of St. George, and overhung by the motto :— " T)eus 
 indicat." Below all is a second motto :— " Deo ducente nil nocet." See 
 Plate I. 
 
 After 1708-9, when the United Company was chartered, it received new 
 arms, having for motto, — and there was rue indeed, for all " John Company's" 
 servants, with the difference,— " Auspicio Regis et Senatus Anglise"; for 
 crest a Uttle hon, "regardant," holding a crown, toward the right, in the 
 paws of its outstretched fore arms, [" the Cat and Cheese " of the old Indian 
 Navy ;] and for supporters two big lions, " regardant," each holding in its 
 left paw a St. George's pennon, and resting its right paw on a large white 
 shield, divided boldly by St. George's scarlet cross, and displaying in its 
 right upper quarter the reduced shield of the royal arms of England [Enghsh 
 roses quartered with Erench lilies] surmounted by the imperial crown of the 
 reahn. 
 
 After this note was written, I discovered the original grant of arms to the 
 "Xew" Company, dated 13th October 1698 [_see p. 19, note]. They are 
 identical with the arms borne by the late Honourable East India Company, 
 thus affording another proof that the "Old" Company was altogether swal- 
 lowed up by the " New." See Plate n. 
 
22 
 
 to Sir Henry Johnson, the great shipbuilder of Black- 
 wall], Sir John Jacob, Thomas Mun [author of Emjland's 
 Treasure of Forraign Trade], Sir John Nulls (? Knollys), 
 Sir Paule Piuder [our Ambassador at Constantinople 
 when Coryat was there, 1612] and Co., Sir Robert Parke- 
 hurst. Sir Wm. Russell, Sir John Watts, Sir John Wol- 
 stenholme, Sir George Whitmore, Sir Ed, Wardour. 
 
 Vol. 2, List of Adventurers, 1675. Among other 
 names occur : — Sir Matthew Andrews [President of 
 Surat, circa 1660], Sir John Brownlow, Sir John Banks, 
 Sir Th. Bludworth, Sir Sam. Barnardiston, Sir Francis 
 Burdett, John Bulteele, Sir. Ed. Deering, Sir Jas. 
 Edwards, JOHN EVELYN, Sir Th. Foot, Sir Gilbert 
 Gerrard, Sir Mat. Hollworthy, Sir Nat. Heme, Sir Arthur 
 Ingram, Sir Jonathan Keate, Sir Peter Leare, Sir John 
 and Sam. Lethieullier, Sir John Moore, Sir Jas. Oxinden 
 [father* of Sir George Oxenden (or Oxinden), President 
 of Surat, and 5th Governour (1st Company's) of Bombay, 
 1068-9], Thomas Papillon [Deputy Governor, 1680-81], 
 Sir John Robinson, Sir Robert Vyner, Dr. Wallis. 
 
 Vol. 8, 1691, gives, among others, the following 
 names : — The King's most Excellent Majestie (7,000/.), 
 Dame Mary Ash [wife of Sir Joseph Ash], Sir Peter Apsley, 
 Sir Benjamin Bathurst, The Duke of Beaufort [Henry, 3rd 
 Marquess of Worcester, created Duke of Beaufort 1682], 
 The Earl of Berkley [George, 14th Baron, created Earl 
 of Berkeley 1679], Lady Arabella Berkley, Lady Henrietta 
 Berkley, The Honble. Ch. Bertie, Sir Francis Bridgman, 
 Sir Edward des Bouverie, Lord Chaudos [James Brydges, 
 died 1714], Sir Job Charlton, Sir Francis Willoughby 
 [deed.], Sir Thos. Willoughby [deed.]. Sir Thos. Chambers, 
 Sir JOHN CHARDIN, Dame Mary Clayton, Sir JOSIA 
 CHILD [author ot A Neio Discourse of Trade], Sir J. 
 Cropiey, Sir Thomas Cooke, Sir W. Coventry [deed.], 
 Dame Anne Coulston, Sir T. Davall, Sir Rob. Ducking- 
 
 * feir James Oxenden, through the marriage of his daughter Anne with 
 Richard, son of Sir Edward Master [157-4-16-iO], was the grandfather of Sir 
 Streynsham Master [10-40-1724], Governour of Madras, l(i78-81. 
 
23 
 
 field, Sir Stephen Evauce [the celebrated jeweller and 
 banker], Sir Th. G-rantham [knighted for his services 
 in suppressing Capt. R. Keigwiu's mutiny at Bombay, 
 1683-84], Sir R. Gefifreys, Sir W. Goulston, Sir W. 
 Godolphin, Sir Joseph Heme [a sea-captain of the Com- 
 pany's ; and son of Sir Nathaniel Heme], Sir W. 
 Hedges* [Governour and Agent in Bengal, 1681-2], 
 Wm. Hewer, Sir Roger Hill, Sir Hele Hooke, Sir Abraham 
 Jacob, Sir Wm. Langhorne, Philip Earl of Leicester 
 [grandson of Robert Sidney, Viscount Lisle, and grand- 
 nephew of Sir Philip Sidney], Dame Susanna Lear, Sir 
 Simon Lewis, Sir T. Littleton, Sir Rich. Loyd, Sir John 
 Matthews, The Honble. Baptist May, Mrs, Marg. Mas- 
 singbird. Sir John Micklethwaite [deed.]. Sir John Mor- 
 den, Sir Peter Parrivicine, Sir Thos. Rawlinson, Sir 
 Jeremy Sambrooke [nephew of Jeremy Sambrooke, senior, 
 and at one time in the Company's service at Madras, where 
 he was imprisoned during the usurped Governourship of Sir 
 Edward Winter [1665-8], Dame Jane Smith, Sir W. Tur- 
 ner, Sir H. Tulce, Sir Jas. Ward, Sir Edmond Wiseman, Sir 
 Joseph Williamson [principal Secretary of State in 1676]. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1693, contains, among others, the following 
 names : — Sir Stephen Anderson, Sir Rowland Aynsworth, 
 Sir Wm. Barkham, The Honble. Rob. Boyle [deed.], Sir 
 Wm. Cronmer, Sir Humphrey Edwin, Thos. and John 
 Elwick, Sir John Fleet, Sir William Gore, Sir John Golds- 
 borough [another of the Company's sea-captains, appointed, 
 on the death of Sir John Child, 1689, " Superviser, Com- 
 missary-General, and Chief Governour in East India," 
 with Sir John Gayer as his Lieutenant- Governour, died 
 1693], Sir George Meggot, The Honble. Charlotte Mor- 
 daunt, " Their Majesties the King William and Queen 
 Mary" [down for 7,000/.]. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1698, an account of the additional stock paid in 
 May and June. The same names as before. 
 
 * Since this report was first printed the Diary of William Hedges, with 
 extracts from the India Otiice Records, edited by the late Sir Henry Yule, 
 has been published in o vols, by the ilakluyt Society. 
 
24 
 
 Vol. 6, 1694. Among other names, the following 
 occm- : — The Countess Dowager of Anglesey, "Junior," 
 [Lady Ehzabeth Manners], Sir Th. Abney, Sir Cornwall 
 Bradshaw, Viscount Colchester [Eichard Savage], The 
 Earle of Devonshire [William Cavendish, 4th Earl of 
 Devon, created Marquess of Hartington and Duke of Devon- 
 shire, 1694J, John Danvers [afterward Sir John Danvers, 
 of Culworth, 3rd Baronet], Sir Jas. Etheredge, Sir 
 Humphrey Edwin, Sir Basil Firebrace, Sir Edward 
 Frewen, Sir Henry Furnese, Sir Abraham Jacob, John 
 Earl of Marlborough [the great general and diplomatist, 
 created Baron Churchill, 1685, Earl of Marlborough, 1689, 
 and Marquess of Blandford and Duke of Marlborough, 
 1702], Sir Ch. Meredith, Sir Th. Millington, Sir John 
 Parsons, The Duchess Dowager of Kichmond and Lennox 
 [Frances Theresa, grand-daughter of Walter, 1st Lord 
 Blantyre], Sir Leonard Robinsou, General Trelawny, 
 Charles, 4th Marquess of Worcester [who married Rebecca, 
 daughter of Sir Josia Child, and died 1698]. 
 
 Vol 7, 1695. 
 
 Vol. 8, 1696. 
 
 Vol. 9, 1699. " The lung's most Excellent Majesty," 
 7,166/. 5s. 0(/. [Queen Mary had died December 28, 
 1694.] 
 
 Vol. 10, J 701. " The King's most Excellent Majesty," 
 7,166/. 5s. Od. 
 
 Vol. 11, 1702. '' The Queen's most Excellent Ma- 
 jesty," 7,166/. 5s. Od. [King Wilham died March 8th, 
 1702, aud Queen Anne succeeded.] 
 
 Vol. 12, 1703. 
 
 Vol. 13, 1707. This volume includes the following 
 names, among others : — Sir Lambert Blackwell, Sir Sam. 
 Blewitt, Sir Jas. Eyton, Sir W. Fazackerly, Sir W. Hum- 
 freys. Sir Solomon de Medina, Moses de Medina, The 
 Honble. W. Montague [deed.]. Sir Isaac Kebow, The 
 Lady Elizabeth Savage. 
 
25 
 
 III. — Joint Stocks. — Five volumes, from 1671 to 
 1709. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1671, gives the valuation of the Joint Stocks at 
 that elate. 
 
 The first entry is " Good debts owing to the East India 
 *' Company, the 30th April 1671, by the bookes appeare 
 ^'136,735L 195. OtZ." 
 
 The next entry is "Desperate debts owing the East 
 ''India Company, 30th April 1671, as by the bookes 
 " appeare,* 65,542/. i7s. 2fL" 
 
 The next entry is " Stocke in shipping 
 
 " 17,709/. 18.S. 8^/." 
 
 * The East India Company at this time banked with Alderman Edward 
 Backwell, a banker in a large way of business in the days of Charles 11., who 
 likewise kept the accounts of His ]Majesty the Iving, James Duke of York, 
 Prince Rupert, the Duke of Orleans, and all the principal nobles and mer- 
 chants of the time. 
 
 In the year 1670 the East India Company had large transactions. Sums of 
 money were paid into Backwell's bank on the Company's account by such 
 merchants as Rodriques of Berry Street, John Houblon of ThreadneecUe 
 Street [the first Governour of the Bank of England], Fransia of LeadenhaU 
 Street, Peter Barr of Austin Fryars [«c]. Da Costa, Alderman [Sir Benjamin] 
 Bathurst, Claud Hayes of Fenchurch Street, Michael Dunkin, Vandeputt, 
 Alderman AUing-ton, and Frederick and Co. of Old Jewry, and others. 
 Michael Dunkin appears to have been the most important depositor. Several 
 bankers and goldsmiths also appear as paying in large sums to the credit of 
 the Company, such as Sir Robert Vyner, G. Snell, Thomas Row, Thomas 
 Kirwood, Jerry Snow, &c. ; and the sums thus deposited probably represented 
 the respective shares of the contributors in the Company's ventures to the 
 East Indies. 
 
 From March 1670 to March 1671 the receipts were 237,900Z. In the month 
 of August 1670 the receipts amounted to U,000l. In the months of Sep- 
 tember, October, November, and December the receipts were 190,250^., of 
 which sum 17.o,()00Z. rested in Backwell's hands until March 23, 1671, when 
 gold and silver bullion was purchased to the amount of 182,000?., and between 
 January and :March 7,()()i)l. was paid in to meet this sum. The East India 
 Company made the following yearly gifts to Backwell : 25 lbs. of pepper, 
 2 lbs. of nutmegs, 1 lb. of mace, 1 lb. of cloves, and 1 lb. of cinnamon. 
 
 Edward Backwell, who Hved at the Unicorn in Lombard Street, was ruined 
 in 1672 by the closing of the Exchequer [in which the bankers of that time 
 deposited their sm-plus cash as a loan to the King at high interest] by 
 Charles II. These accounts are all to be seen in the old ledgers kept at 
 " Child's Bank " in Fleet Street, and I am indebted to Mr. F. G. Hilton Price, 
 F.S.A., F.G.S., for the above extracts from them. 
 
26 
 
 The next entry is " Goods remaining on hand . . . 
 "313,255/. lis. 6cL'' Among the goods are named 
 *' Guiny [i.e., juta or "jute," the fibre of Corchorus 
 capsuhiris and C. oHtorius, used by the Hindus chiefly in 
 the manufacture of goni or "sacks" and "sacking"] 
 Stuffes," " Jappan Gowues," " Ginghams," '' Bleiv Long- 
 cloth," " Punia [? " Piua," i.e., pine-apple fibre stuffs, 
 called also " Pinascos "] Silke," " Pertian [Persian] 
 Yarnes," " Thea "* [valued at 20s. per lb.]. 
 
 * Tea had been introduced into England some years previously. The first 
 mention of it by any Enghsh writer, so far as I can find, is in Pepys's Diary, 
 25th Sejjtember 1660, — " I did send for a cup of tee (a Cliina drink), of which 
 I had never drank before." In the same year, by Act 12 of Charles U., chh. 
 28 and 24, a duty of 18d. is imposed on every gallon of chocolate, sherbet, and 
 tea, made for sale ; coffee being charged only 4:d. Waller's lines, — 
 " The best of Queens, and best of herbs, we owe 
 To that bold nation which the way did show " 
 — to India, are well known. The East India Company purchased and pre- 
 sented 2 lbs. of tea to King Charles 11. in 1664, and 23| lbs. in 1606. The 
 first order for its importation by the Company was in 1668 ; — " Send home 
 " by these ships 100 lbs. weight of the best tei/ you can getf : and the first 
 consigmnent of it, amounting to 143^ lbs., was received from Bantam in 
 1669. The generally received story is that Lords Arhngton and Ossory were 
 the first to introduce tea into this country in 1666 from HoUaud. 
 
 The earliest mention of tea in the Old Records of the India Office is in a 
 letter from ]\Ir. E. Wickham, the Company's Agent at Firando, in Japan [see 
 page 62], who, writing, 27th June 1615, to Mr. Eaton atMiaco, asks for " a pot 
 of the best sort of chaw." 
 
 How highly a present of tea was prized in England during the 17th cen- 
 tury may be judged from the following pertinent extracts from the earlier 
 " Court Books " of the Company : — 
 
 22 August 1664. " The Governom- acquainting ye Court that ye Factors 
 haveing in every place failed ye Company of such things as they writt for to 
 have presented his majestie with and that his ma"'' might not finde himself 
 whoUy neglected by ye Company, he was of opinion if ye Com-t thinck fitt 
 that a silver case of oile of cinnamon which is to be had of Mr. Thomas 
 Winter for 75Z., and some good Thea, be provided for that end, which he 
 hopes may be acceptable, ye Court approved very weU thereof." 
 
 This entry refers to the present of 2 lbs. of tea made to Charles II. in 1664. 
 
 o July 1666. " The Court now left itt to the governour and deputie to 
 dispose of the value of about 10^. in Thea to some gentlemen where they see 
 reason to place itt. " 
 
 Writing also to Madras, 13 Feb. 1684/5, the Directors say: — 
 
 " In regard Thea is grown to be a commocUtie here, and we have occasion to 
 make presents therein to our great friends at Court, we would have you send 
 us yearly five or six canisters of the very best and freshest Thea ; that wliich 
 wUl colour the water in which it is infused most of a greenish complexion is 
 generally best accepted." 
 
9.7 
 
 Tlieu follows this entry : " Remaining at Surratt, and 
 " the factories subordinate," among which are named 
 " Amadavad," Agra, "Bombay Island," Eajapore, and 
 Liicknoiv. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1085, a similar book. Almost every de- 
 nomination of cotton and silk goods in which the 
 Company traded is to be found in this volume. It is 
 invaluable. I here note only " Theas damaged " [_see 
 supra, under Vol. 1, 1671], " Shawles Carmania," 
 " Cambodiam " [the first mention of Gamboge is in 
 Vol. 3, "Court Books," under date October 13, 1515], 
 "Lapis Tutia" [" Tushy-stone," or Tutty, an arti- 
 ficially prepared argillaceous oxide of zinc, obtained 
 from Persia*], "Carmania Wooll," " Tanna Stuffs " 
 [silks]. The volume closes with a list of all persons 
 to whom the Company was then owing money, and with 
 a statement of the total of the Company's estate. It 
 appears that they owed the Almshouse at Poplar 4,200L 
 
 Vol. 3. First entry, July 14, 1698, records the ap- 
 pointment of Commissioners to receive the subscriptions 
 to the English Company. The Governor and Company 
 of the Bank of England w^ere disqualified to act as 
 Commissioners. The copy of the subscription list 
 follows. The original list, which fills 15 skins of 
 parchment, is fully described in my Report of April 17, 
 1875 [see Appendix A.], and is now in the India Office 
 Libraryt along with the other parchments described in 
 that Report. [See supra, Section, " Legal Aflairs of 
 the Company."] Among the subscribers are to be 
 found :— The King, Robert Cecil [brother of James, 
 4th Earl ("the Catholic Earl") of Salisbury], The Earl 
 of Montague, The Earl of Ranelagh, Lord Herbert of 
 Cherbury, John Cowley, The Earl of Oxford [Aubrey 
 de Vere], Charles Fox, Thomas Vernon [? brother of 
 
 * Called also " Caclmia factitia " and " Cadmia foruacimi." There are 
 three salts, of this oxide commonly found in Indian bazaars: [!]«*(/«%«, 
 i.e., blue vitriol, or sidphate of copper; [2] lira tutiija, green vitriol, or sul- 
 phate of iron ; and [3] safed tutiya, white vitriol, or sulphate of zinc. 
 
 t They are now, 1889, in the Record Department. 
 
28 
 
 James Vernon, the father of Admiral Vernon], Lord 
 Portland [Hans William Bentinck, created Baron Ciren- 
 cester, Viscount Woodstock, and Earl of Portland, 1689], 
 The Duke of Shrewsbury [Charles Talbot, 12th Earl, 
 created Marquess of Alton, and Duke of Shrewsbury, 
 1694, and died 1717 without heirs to the Marquessate 
 and Dukedom], The Duke of Devonshire. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1707-1709. The old East India Company's 
 interest book from 12th April 1707 to 17th March 1708/9. 
 It contains about 9,000 names of jjersotis. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1708. Balance of the Company's books of 
 interest, taken the 30th June 1708. Contains a perfect 
 list of names, beautifully written ; among others those 
 of Sir Thos. Rawliuson, Dame Mary Bawlinson, and 
 Honour Rawlinson. 
 
 IV. — Amalgamation of the two Companies. — 
 Five volumes, from 1708-1746. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1708:— 
 
 First entrif. — Copy of award of the Lord High 
 Treasurer concerning both Companies [i.e., the 
 "London" or "Old" East India Company, and the 
 " English " or " New Company "], signed " Godolphin " 
 [Sidney, 1st Earl]. 
 
 Second entry. — Agreement between the two Companies 
 about Saltpetre. 
 
 Third entry. — Old East India Company's Declaration of 
 Trust. 
 
 Fourth entry. — The schedule mentioned in the above 
 declaration. 
 
 Fifth entrij. — The Grant from the Old East India Com- 
 pany of their debts to the Queen, with schedule, which 
 apparently gives the names of all the Writers and Factors 
 then in the Compamfs service, and a list of all the debtors to 
 the Company. Among other names in the schedule of 
 Writers and Factors occur the following : — Gulston 
 Addison [brother of Joseph Addison, and died Governour 
 of Fort St. George, in 1709], Factor; Mathias Aram, 
 
29 
 
 Writer; John Bulteel, Writer; James Bruce, Factor; 
 John Child,* Factor; Daniel Dubois, Factor. 
 
 Sixth entry. — Re-grant by the Queen of the Old East 
 India Company's debts to trustees for the United Com- 
 pany, giving at the end a list of about 900 names of persons 
 under covenant or obligation to the Company. 
 
 [Compare the entries under the above six sub- 
 headings with the Section on the " Legal Affairs of the 
 Company" and "Further Remarks" on the same, 
 supra.'\ 
 
 * I do not know whether the above John Child was a son of Su- John 
 Child or not. The family of Sir John's great brother, Sir Josia Child, 
 became extinct in 1784, with the son of his second son, Sir Richard Child, 
 created Viscount Castlemaine in 1718, and Earl Tylney in 1731 ; and through 
 Catherine Tylney Long, a descendant of Sir Richard's daughter. Lady Long, 
 " the fortune of the Childs," says Sir Henry Yule [Diary of William Hedges, 
 Vol. n., pp. 112-13], was carried to William-Pole-Tylney-Long-WeUesley, 
 afterwards 4th Earl of Mornington. It is to this devolution of the fortune of 
 the Cliilds that allusion is made in the lines from the Rejected Addresses :— 
 
 " Bless every man possessed of aught to give ; 
 Long may Long-Tylney-Wellesley-Long-Pole live ! " 
 
 Although the families of Sir Josia and Sir John Child banked, until they 
 became extinct, at " Child's Bank," no connection has ever been estabhshed 
 between them and the family of Sir Francis ChUd, the founder of the Bank. 
 Sir Francis Child, Lord Mayor of London, 1698-9, and Member for the City 
 in the 1st Parliament of Queen Anne, was the son of Robert Child, of Head- 
 ington, CO. WUts. He was born in 1642, and, after serving his apprenticeship 
 as a goldsmith to WiUiam Hall, I^ondon, went into the business of his uncle, 
 William AATieeler, at the Marigold, in Fleet Street. On his uncle's death he 
 married his daughter, and entered into partnership with Robert Blanchard, 
 the firm taking the name of Blanchard and Child. Sir Francis had several 
 daughters and sons, and those of the latter who entered the Bank were Sir 
 Robert Cliild, Alderman of Farringdon Without, Sir Francis Child, Lord 
 Mayor of London, 1732, and Samuel Child. The last named married and 
 had two sons, Francis and Robert, both of whom became partners in the 
 Bank, which, on the death of the latter, took the name of Child and Co., 
 which it has ever since borne ; its present head being the Earl of Jersey, 
 the great-great-grandson of Robert Child, through the marriage of his 
 daughter, and only child, with John, 10th Earl of Westmoreland, at Gretna 
 (rreen. 
 
30 
 
 Seventh entrij. — An Index of Contents to " This 
 Book" (Vol. 1, 1708), and of "Court Book." 
 
 Eighth entnj and last. — Copies of some orders of 
 Courts of the Old East India Company relating to the 
 trustees of the said Company. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1708-9. Almost a duplicate of Vol. 1. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1723-27. Coj)ies of letters to the trustees of 
 the Old East India Company, among whom are named, — 
 Edward Gibbon [the great historian's grandfather, 1666- 
 1736], Thos. Bowdler |? father of the Editor of the 
 Family Shakespeare], Charles Du Bois [formerly of the 
 Madras Council], Arthur Moore. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1727-29. Ditto. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1737-49. Minutes of meetings of the trustees, 
 signed in autograph by Charles Du Bois, and by " Edward 
 Gibbon, Junior " [father of the historian and M.P. for 
 Peterslield 1734, and for Southampton 1741], Hester Gib- 
 bon, Edward ElHston, and Joseph Taylor — who all sign as 
 executors of the aforesaid Edward Gibbon. 
 
 V. — Offending and Defaulting Servants of the 
 Company. — Two volumes, one of which is bound in 
 black calf, 1624-98. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1624-54. Contains "Extracts out of the 
 " Court Booke of the East India Companye, concerninge 
 " the errors and misdemenours of their servants, kepte 
 " accordiiige to order of Court, the 8th of December 
 " 1626, and beginninge from September 1624." Full of 
 ^' names of persons. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1687-98. "A book of charges against Com- 
 *' manders of ships, Factors, and others. Anno Domini 
 " 1687." Fidl of names of persons. The following 
 names of places also occur in this volume : — Amoy, 
 Bombay, Bencoolen, Carwar, Decca [Dacca], Fort St. 
 George, Indapoora, Pattana [Patna], Syam, St. Helena, 
 Surratt. 
 
 These two volumes were evidently the Black Books 
 of the Company's " bad bargains," and are of very 
 
31 
 
 curious interest to the pursuer of the scandalous chronicle 
 of society. In the first volume " Frauncis Day " is 
 handed down to infamy for being "the first projector 
 of the forte of St. George " ! [See p. 216.] The last 
 entries in the Index to the second volume, are — " Zinzan, 
 Mr., blamed, for opening letters, &c. "; " Zinzan, Mr., 
 totally dismissed "; " Zinzan, Mr., deceased." This is 
 the Mr. Zinzan who was on Sir John Child's Council at 
 Surat during the suppression, by Sir Thomas Grantham, 
 of Capt. R. Keigwin's mutiny at Bombay, IGSS-S-l,- and 
 who for some time remained at Bombay as Governour 
 after Sir Thomas Grantham had sailed home with Keigwin 
 in 1685. 
 
 VI. — OsTENDERs. — One volume only, A.D. 1731-32. 
 Contains copies of documents relating to the Ostend 
 Company,* also to the trade between Siveden and the 
 
 * The Portuguese, who were the first Europeans to visit India by way of the 
 Cape of Good Hope, doubled by Da Gama, November 22nd, 1497, never put 
 their Eastern trade into the hands of an incorporated Company, except in the 
 year 1731 only, when the King gave pennission to one ship, to the exclusion 
 of all other ships, to make one voyage to Surat and the Coromandel Coast. 
 Except in this sohtary instance, the monopoly of the Portuguese East India 
 trade was always, until it was abolished in 1752, vested immediately in the 
 Crown. However, various important articles still continued subject to royal 
 privileges. 
 
 '' The Dutch East India Compamj''' was formally instituted in 1602, by the 
 union of the funds of various rival companies, that had sprung up in Holland 
 in consequence of the success of Houtman's voyage in 1596-97. 
 
 The first French East India Company was formed in 1604. The second in 
 1611. The third in 1615. The fourth [Richelieu's], 1642-43. The fifth 
 (Colbert's), 1644. The sixth was formed by the French East and West 
 India, Senegal, and China Companies, uniting under the name of " The Com- 
 pany of the Indies" 1719. The exclusive privileges of the Company were, by 
 the King's decree, suspended in 1769 ; and it was finally abolished by the 
 National Assembly in 1790. 
 
 The first Danish East India Company was formed in 1612, and the second in 
 1670. 
 
 In 1617, Sir James Cunningham obtained from James I. a patent for the 
 establishment of a Scottish East India Company, but the concession was with- 
 drawn in the following year. In 1695 William HI., anxious to ingratiate 
 himself with the Scotch, and to obliterate the tragical memories of Glen Coe. 
 sanctioned the incorporation of " 7/ie Company of Scotland trading to Africa, 
 and the Indies," for 21 years. The Company, however, miserably failed in its 
 
32 
 
 East. There is a letter dated "Whitehall, April 6tli, 
 1731, signed "Holies Newcastle" [Thomas Pelhain 
 Holies,* Duke of Newcastle, married Lady Henrietta, 
 daughter of Francis, 2nd Earl of Godolphiu , addressed 
 to the Governour of the Company [i.e., our Company, 
 not the Swedish] regarding an English merchant w^ho 
 
 very first venture, and, to appease the cruel disappointment of the sub- 
 scribers, it was stipulated at the Union of Scotland with England, in 1707, 
 that their capital should be returned to them, with interest at 5 per cent. 7>f r 
 annum from the date of the incoqjoration of the Company [see p. 232, 
 note']. 
 
 " The Ostend Company " was incorjjorated by the Emperor of Austria in 
 172.S, their Factors being chiefly persons who had served the Dutch and 
 English East India Companies ; but the opposition of the maritime powers 
 forced the Court of Vienna in 1727 to suspend the Company's charter for 
 seven years. The documents in the above volume relate to this period. The 
 Company, after passing through a very trying existence, prolonged through 
 the desire of the Austrian Government to participate in the growing East 
 India trade, became bankrupt in 1784, and was finally extinguished by the 
 regulations which were prescribed on the renewal of the "Honourable East 
 India Company's" Charter in 1793. 
 
 When the Ostend Company was suspended a number of its servants were 
 thrown out of employment, of whose special knowledge of the East Mr. 
 Henry Koning, of Stockholm, took advantage, and obtained a charter for 
 the Swedish Company, dated June 13th, 1731. It was supported chiefly by 
 smuggling tea into Great Britain, until the British Parliament in 1784 
 lowered the tax on tea, when the Sicedish Company was immediately annihi- 
 lated. 
 
 The Spanish " Royal Company of the PhilUpine Islands'" was incorporated in 
 1733, in defiance of the treaty of Munster [1648], re-chartered in 1785. and 
 again in 1803, and came to an end wath the French conquest of Spain in 
 1808. 
 
 The Prussian " Asiatic Company,''' founded in 1750, like the Swedish, prin- 
 cipally occupied itself in the China trade, and died out about 1803-4 ; and 
 the Prussian " Bengal Company,'''' founded in 1755, came to its untimely end in 
 1756. 
 
 The Austrian " Imperial Company of Trieste for the Commerce of Asia " was 
 founded by William Bolts, an ambitious and discontented servant of the 
 '•Honourable East India Company," in 1775-81, and failed in 1785, entirely 
 tlirough Bolts being too much carried away by the dashing speculative spirit 
 characteristic of the intellectual " Company promoter.'' 
 
 * It was to his predecessor in the title, " John Holies, Duke of Xewcastle, 
 ]Marquis and l-^arl of Clare, and Baron Houghton," that Juhu Fryer [1698] 
 dedicated his New Account of East India and Persia. 
 
33 
 
 had been attempting to obtain from the Grand Duke of 
 
 Tuscany, liberty to trade with India, and was stopped 
 
 by Mr. Coleman, Her Majesty's " Residence " at 
 Florence. 
 
 VII. — The Swedish Company. — Two volumes, 
 1782-33 and 1733-34. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1732-33. Copies of letters relating to the 
 Swedish Company. In the account of the sale of 
 piece goods at Gottenbourg, February 23rd, 1732, the 
 following are named, — "Jaunes," "Verts," "Bleues," 
 "Rouges," "Vert de peroquette," "Aurora," " Escar- 
 late," "Vert enfonce," or "French Grain." Further 
 on is a statement of the method of computing the 
 Company's tonnage, and an alphabetical list of all the goods 
 in ivhich they at this time traded. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1733-34. Complaints by the Swedish Company 
 against the French and the English. 
 
 The first entry is a declaration by Benjamin Bonnet, 
 Notary Public of London, certifying the correctness of 
 the translations contained in the volume. This declara- 
 tion is stamped with impressed stamps, of the value of 
 sixpence each, which are of a very beautiful design ; 
 namely, a Tudor rose surrounded by the Garter, with its 
 legend, and surmounted by the Imperial Crown of Eng- 
 land, of the flattened Georgian style. 
 
 VIII. — Unclassed papers relating to the Miscel- 
 laneous Affairs of the Company. 
 
 Under this head are included the following volumes : — 
 A. The volume entered at page 13 of the Depart- 
 mental Record List, No. 2,897, under the title of " Par- 
 liamentary Proceedings, " 1710-11, and 1717. 
 
 c 
 
34 
 
 The first entry is a petition " To the Honourable the 
 ■" Knights, Citizens, Burgesses in Parhament assembled, 
 "the humble petition of the Clothiers of the county of 
 ''Gloucester," to the effect that the East India Com- 
 pany had bought cloth at low prices and forced their 
 bonds on the petitioners; "and at the same time have 
 "entered out very considerable quantity of silver " [to 
 the East]. The petition was referred to selected 
 members, " and to all that serve for the countys of 
 " Gloucester, Worcester, Wilts, Somerset, Cornwall, 
 "York, and Southamptonshire." Dated " Sabti die, 
 " 17 Feb. 1716." 
 
 B. The volume entered p. 13, List No. 2,397, under 
 the title of ^^ Home Letters," 1668-75. It contains matters 
 relating to the ship Leopard, to the Hugly Factory, and to 
 Gombroon. 
 
 C. A worthless Index, only to P, without title, and not 
 -entered in any list. 
 
 D. The volume entered page 11 of the Departmental 
 List No. 2,397, under the title of " Commissioners to Lulia," 
 1769-70. The volume contains : — 
 
 First, the appointment of Henry Vansittart, Luke 
 Scrafton, and Francis Eorde, Commissioners* authorised, 
 notwithstanding any powers granted to the Company's 
 " Presidents and Council, to superintend, direct, con- 
 " trol, manage, and transact all the business and affairs 
 " of the Company in and through all parts of India, 
 " during the good will and pleasure of the Company, 
 " reserving nevertheless, &c." This document is dated 
 September 15th, 1769. 
 
 * These Commissioners constituted the well-knowu " Board of Super- 
 visors. " Their appointment was opposed with great vehemence by all who 
 were interested in the corruption of the Company's servants ; but was carried 
 at length by a General Court of the proprietors, disgusted by the failure for 
 so many years of their covetous dreams of extortionate ili\ndends. The 
 " Supervisors," -with their " Instructions," were put on board one of the 
 Iving"s frigates for India, but through what seas she sailed, or to what bourn, 
 is unknown. The frigate, and the Supervisors, and their letter of Instruc- 
 tions were never seen nor heard of more. Such was the strange dismal end 
 and perdition of all that acrimonious demand for investigation and reform. 
 O si sic semper et ubique ! 
 
35 
 
 Second, the Instructions to the same Commissioners, 
 of the same date. 
 
 They are instructed to restore peace to India upon a soUd 
 and permanent basis, to that end providing effectually for 
 the honour and security of their faithful ally "Mahomed 
 Ally Cawn of Arcot " [the Nawab Mahomed Ali, styled 
 " Prince of the Carnatic "]. 
 
 If ivar he necessary, they are to direct the operations of 
 the three Presidencies upon one uniform plan of action, 
 " always bearing in mind that the preservation and security of 
 " Bengal is of cdl others the most important object and conside- 
 " ration to the Company.'' 
 
 Bassein and Salsette are to be obtained under a solid 
 right of title. 
 
 The blank " Phirmaund " [Persian ferman, i.e., 
 "order" or "concession"] of the Deccan is to be 
 returned to the King, " being a grant improperly ob- 
 " iained." 
 
 They are to remove unworthy civil and military 
 officers, " but with great tenderness and circumspection^" 
 
 [In para. 20 the Mogol Government is spoken of as 
 " the Moorish Governnient."~\ 
 
 In para. 21-22, they are instructed : — " The channels 
 "of trade should be in every respect free and uncon- 
 " strained; no undue influence or exertion of power 
 " should be used over the manufacturers ; for by fair 
 "means only we wish to have the preference of the 
 " markets obtained for them. Every degree of restraint is 
 ''contrary to the fundamental principles of trade and 
 ''commerce, which therefore are found to thrive the 
 " most among a free people, for the number of manufac- 
 " tures will always increase in proportion to the encourage- 
 " ment and protection they meet with." 
 
 They are to encourage the export of silk, yarn, and 
 opium. 
 
 To inquire whether the scarcity of silver is general, and 
 whether it is owing to exportation " or to the fatal consc- 
 " quences of the gold coinage." 
 
 2 
 
36 
 
 All monopolies are to be discouraged, particularly in 
 cotton, and they are to inquire into the abuses in the 
 exclusive trade in Beth Nut, Tobacco, and Salt. 
 
 To inquire also into the fortunes made by the Com- 
 pany's servants in private trade. 
 
 And also " into the enormous increase in the Company's 
 " Military Estabhshments," &c. 
 
 Third, a letter to same Commissioners of the same 
 date, sent after them by the Aurora frigate. 
 
 Fourth, a letter to same of September 26th, 1769, 
 addressed to them " whilst at Portsmouth." 
 
 Fifth, to same of November 10th, per Houghton. 
 
 Sixth, to same, January 6th, 1770, per Briclgeicater. 
 
 Seventh, to same, March 23rd, per Morse and Lord 
 Mansfield. 
 
 Eighth, to same, June i7th. 
 
 Ninth, to same, November 30th. 
 
37 
 
 SECOND DIVISION. 
 
 Statring antr Sljipptng, antr ^twcval ([Eowmtvcial 
 ^ffaivs of ti)t atonxpmx^. 
 
 I. — Sales and Deliveries. — 19 volumes, from 1643 to 
 
 1722, being the books of the sales and deliveries of 
 
 goods in London. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1643-52, marked outside " First Voyage " and 
 
 "Second Voyage." It is the account of "- callicoes'' 
 
 delivered to sundry persons, to the value of over 28,000Z. 
 
 The detailed accounts are highly interesting, both on 
 
 account of the names of persons given, and of the 
 
 denominations of piece goods, such as " Synda cloth " 
 
 [Scinde clothj, ^'Dymitty," '' Synda dimities," "Baftas" 
 
 [a kind of Calico, so called from hafta, "woven"], 
 
 " Broderas " [Baroda cloth] .* 
 
 * A proclamation of Charles I., in 1631, enumerating the imports and 
 exports of the East India Company in that year, affords a good idea of the 
 nature of the trade between Europe and the East Indies at this period. As 
 quoted in Bruce's Annals, the Exports were :— " Perpetuanoes [strong 
 " (-long-enduring') woollen cloths, much affected by the Puritans, originally 
 " imported into England from the Netherlands] and drapery [broad cloths, 
 " &c.], pewter, saffron, woollen stockings, silk stockings and garters, ribbands, 
 " roses edged with gold lace, beaver hats with gold and silver bands, felt 
 " hats, strong waters, knives, Spanish leather shoes, iron, and looking-glasses.". 
 And the Isiports :— " Long pepper, white pepper, white powdered sugar, pre- 
 " served nutmegs and ginger preserved, myrabolums, bezoar stones, drugs of 
 " all sorts, agate beads, blood stones, musk, aloes soccatrina, ambergrease, 
 " rich carpets of Persia and Cambaya, quilts of sattin, taffaty, painted cali- 
 " coes, benjamin, damasks, sattins and taffaties of China, qvults of China 
 " embroidered with gold, quilts of Pitania [Patania] embroidered with 
 " silk, galls, worm-seeds, sugar candy, China dishes, and porcelain of all 
 " sorts." 
 
 In the Treasure of Traffikc pubhshed by Lewis Roberts, Loudon, 1641, 
 we have a succinct survey of the English textile manufactures of the same 
 period, arranged under the head of the natural staples employed for the 
 purpose :— " as are [1] Cotton Wooll and Yarne, of which is made \'ermil- 
 
88 
 
 Vo]. 2, 1657-59. ^'Guynie stuffs" and *' Guinea 
 stuffs" [for Gunny stuffs]. 
 
 Vol. 8, 1659-64/65. " Warehouse book of the New 
 " General Joynt Stock, begun 29th July 1659." " Ducka 
 [? Dacca] Dutties " [.^dhotis], "Topsails" [elsewhere 
 " Tapseiles," evidently some denomination of cotton or 
 silken stuff], "Small Pintadoe [(hand) 'painted'] 
 " Quilts." This volume contains an invaluable list of 
 piece goods. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1664. Sale book for the 29th of March 1664. 
 This is the book in which the entries were made during 
 the actual sale on this day. They will be found clean 
 copied into the previous volume 3. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1665. Sale book of March 20th. 
 
 Vol. 6, 1666. Ditto, April 20th. 
 
 Vol. 7, 1669-71. Account of deliveries of goods sold. 
 
 Vol. 8, 1669-72. Delivery book. Contains an in- 
 valuable list of names of persons and goods sold. It is 
 in perfect condition. 
 
 Vol. 9, 1696-98. Accounts of sales. 
 
 Vol. 10, 1699-1707. Accounts of sales of Red Wood 
 [Pterocarpus santalinus, mckta-chandana, " Red Sandal 
 Wood" or "Bed Sanders"] and Saltpetre. 
 
 Vol. 11, 1704. Accounts of quarterly sales, made up 
 
 " lions, Fustians, Dimities, and such others ; also [2] Fleece Wooll, of which 
 " is made wooUen-cloth, Sayes, Sarges, Ferpetuanas, Bayes, and sundry other 
 " sorts comprehended under the name of ' new drapery ' with us; also [3] 
 " Grograme [^?-os-^/-a/n]-yarne, of which is made yarues, Grograms, Durettas, 
 " silk-mohers, and many others late new invented Stuffes ; [4] Flaxe, Ilempe, 
 " and the yarne thereof, of which is made all sorts of Linens, fine and coarse, 
 " all Ropes, Tackles, Cables, and such like used in shipping ; [5] all raw 
 " silke and throwne, whereof is made aU manner of Silke-Laces, Sattins, 
 " Plushes, Taffetas, Cally-mancoes, and many others." 
 
 I take this paragraph from The Drapers' DicUonai-y, by S. William Beck, 
 pubhshed at The Warehousemen and Drapers' Journal Office, Aldersgate Street, 
 E.G. It is an admirable work, accurate and scholarly, and should never be 
 allowed to pass out of print. The above term " Cally-mancoes " occurs in 
 every European language, but no satisfactory etymology of it is to be 
 found. 
 
^ 
 
 Plate III. The Old East India House, circa 1638-85. 
 
 (from a Dutch print in the British Museum). 
 
l4*^»JI 
 
 <W//>'/"^//^ cJ^y 
 
 /^ Eaft India Houfe /// Leaden-hall Street LONDON 
 
 Allfo Counter.s and all forts of Joyners worke done 
 — — at Reafonable Rates ^— — 
 
 Plate IV. The Old East India House, circa 1714-26. 
 
 (from William Overlei/'s Trade Card, in the British MuxeumJ. 
 
39 
 
 of the printed bills of sale, afterwards pasted into this 
 volume, and the names of purchasers added in red ink. 
 The sales were held at various places. 
 
 First sale, March 28, at the East India House.* 
 Pepper, Jambee ; Pepper, Light ; Pepper, White ; 
 Pepper, Black; " Scummings and Flagcjs •/' Quicksilver; 
 Stick Lack. 
 
 Second sale, at the Bleiv Warehouse, in St. Helens. 
 Cubebs, Vermillion, Copper, Mother of Pearl, Tortoise 
 Shells, Quicksilver, Stick Lack, Safflower, Indico [the 
 Company in its first trade with India inquired chiefly 
 for Indigo, which had from the earliest ages been 
 exported from Cambay], Green Ginger, Sugar Candy, 
 Cassia Lignum, Aloes Epatica, Auacardium, Benjamin, 
 '' Charranoyl" [? some preparation of charras, i.e., 
 Cannabis sativa, or "Indian hemp"]. Sago, Gallingall, 
 Cowries, Tincal [Sanskrit tanlana, crude Borax, im- 
 ported from Thibet], Nux Vomica, Long Pepper, Cotton 
 Yarne, Tea, Cake Lack, Elephants' Teeth, Shellack,t 
 Gunny s. 
 
 * The first " Assemblie," on the 25th September 1600; of the subscribers 
 to " the Old " East India Company was held in " the-Founders' HaU," then 
 situated in Founders' Court, Lothbury, but afterwards transferred to St. 
 S^vithin's Lane ; and the Company used the Founders' Hall for its meetings 
 continuously from March 1601 to September 1602. For some time after this 
 date it is said to have occiipied rooms in the Nag's Head Inn, but I am un- 
 aware of any adequate authority for the statement. From 1601 to 1621 its 
 business was carried on in the house of its first Governor, Sir Thomas Smith, 
 in Philpot Lane ; from 1621 to 1638 its regular offices were in Crosby Hall, 
 Bishopsgate Street, then belonging to Lord Northampton ; in 1638 the Com- 
 pany moved to the house of Sir Christopher Chtheroe, at that time Governour, 
 in Leadenhall Street, and in 1648 to the house adjoining, then belonging to 
 Sir William Craven ; in 1726 a new front was put to this house, which was 
 entirely reconstructed by Jupp in 1796. When the unrivalled dominion of 
 the Company was sequestrated to the Crown in 1858, the India Office was 
 removed to the Westminster Palace Hotel in 1860 ; and finally to its present 
 pretentious [in their internal decorative details] premises in St. James's Park 
 in 1867. See Plates lU. to ^T. 
 
 t Lac is a resinous exudation produced in India and Fiu-ther India on the 
 twigs and branches of certain trees, particularly the pqxil or '• sacred fig" 
 [Urostigma religiosum], by the puncture of a species of kermes or cochineal 
 insect called Coccus Lacca. These minute insects swarm in countless 
 
40 
 
 To be seen at " Bartolpli Warfe ":— Cowries, Eed 
 Saunders [see Eed Wood, vol. 10 above], Sappau 
 [Csesalpinia Sappan, patanga, or, in Malaj^a, sapang, a 
 species of '* Brazil Wood "] . 
 
 To be seen at " Leaden Hall " :— China Eaw Silk, 
 Bengal Raw Silk, " Floretta " yarn [? Flos-silk]. 
 
 To be seen at the East India House : — China Ware, 
 both Nankeen Blue, and Painted Porcelain— an immense 
 quantity ; also Japan ware. 
 
 To be seen at Leaden Hall : — Piece Goods, amono- 
 which. Ginghams, " Herha Lungees " [Longcloth of rhea 
 or ramie fibre, i.e., China-grass; see p. 26, " Pinascos " 
 or stuffs of pine-apple fibre], "Herha Taffaties " [Taffety 
 (from tafta, "w^oven"), of same; compare ''Herha 
 Bengalo"]. 
 
 To be seen at the " Blew Warehouse," St. Helens : — 
 ''Blew Longcloth," Damasks, Satins, Persian Taffaties, 
 Velvet, Diapers, Chintz, ''Painted Pelongs" [i.e., 
 '* Palampores " i.e., palang -posh, or "bed-covers," hand- 
 painted]. Gold Gauze, Chawools [Shaw^ls], 
 
 numbers on the extremities of the trees attacked by them, and hence the 
 common Indian denomination of this substance, laJcsha in Sanskrit and lakh in 
 Hindustani, meaning " a hundred thousand. " From this word come our words 
 " lac,"' ■' lacquer," a varnish of lac, and " lake,"' the red pigment [consisting of 
 the bodies of the female Coccus Lacca embedded in the resin exuded about 
 them], extracted by boUiug it out from the '-raw lac." Lac as produced on 
 the trees from which it is gathered we call '• stick lac," and the Hindus 
 kham-lcdh, i.e. " raw lac," corrupted by us and other European peoples into 
 '' giim-l&c," as a generic designation of all commercial forms of lac ; none of 
 which, however, contain any admixture of gum with the native resin. The 
 resin in the granular state to which it is reduced in washing out the colour- 
 ing matter from it is " seed lac : " when this granular lac has been liquified 
 over a fire, and allowed to consoUdate in cakes, it is " lump lac " : and when 
 again melted, and clarified, and run into thin flakes, it is the " shell lac,"' 
 used so largely by hatters ; or, if run out in bright little drops, it is the 
 " button lac " used in the preparation of sealing-wax and varnish. The term 
 " shell lac " is translated directly from the Hindustani chapra-lac ; and an old 
 commercial name for it was '• Spanish-wax."' " Lake lac," '• lac-lake,"' or 
 "lac-dye " is crude lake formed into little lumps like those of indigo. What 
 the Lac TujrkUs of Evelyn"s Diary [22nd June 16G4, quoted on p. 220, note] 
 may be, I do not know, and have never seen the appellation elsewhere. It 
 may be corrupted from an Indian name of lac ; or it may have been used in 
 
41 
 
 These are all Sale Books, similar 
 to Volume 11 ; and these seven 
 volumes, 11 to 17 inclusive, are in- 
 valuable records of the Company's 
 trade at 'this period. I have not 
 Vol. 12, 1701. here copied out the names of all the 
 Vol. 13, 1704. denominations of piece goods entered 
 Vol. 14, 1705. j in these important volumes, as they 
 Vol. 15, 1705. \ have been already published in the 
 Vol. 16, 1705. "Official Handbook to the British 
 
 Vol. 17, 1707. ''Indian Section of the Paris Exhi- 
 " bition of 1878." Very complete 
 lists of them are also given in Mil- 
 burn's Oriental Commerce, 1813; and 
 in Sir Henry Yule's Hohson-Johson 
 [article " Piece Goods "J, 1885. 
 Vol. 18, 1715-28. Accounts of sales. 
 Vol. 19, 1722. A Sales Book, similar in character to 
 volumes 11 to 17, but very dilapidated. 
 
 II. — Gold and Silver. 
 
 One volume, 1677-97, being accounts of gold and silver 
 received and weighed. 
 
 III.— Dyeing and Packing Cloth Bills. — One 
 volume, 1704-1708. 
 
 Among entries, — '' Canvis 
 " Camhlets," and Camlets, 
 Popinjays." 
 
 Buckerams, 
 "Auroras,' 
 
 Scarlets, 
 " Glosters 
 
 Evelyn's day to cUscrimiuate Keriues [«.e., the Arabic kinnij, '-insect" (speci- 
 fically the female Coccus ilicis), whence " carmine " and " cramoisee," and 
 through veimes, " vermillion," "vermeil," et cetera-], the "scarlet grain" of 
 Asia Alinor, from the Lac Sumatri, the " lake lac " or " lac-lake " of Further 
 India. The best "lac dye" or " lake" comes from Pegu, Siam, and China, 
 and the best " lump lac " and " shell lac " from Bengal. 
 
42 
 
 lY. — Invoices of Goods to and from India. — Two 
 volumes, from 1664- to 1675, invaluable records of 
 the Company's trade at this date. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1664-68. 
 
 First entry. — Rules and directions for keeping the 
 East India " Accompts " in England, August 12th, 
 1664. 
 
 The first account is the invoice of the ship, " Constanti- 
 nople Merchant," burden 300 tons. The last line of this 
 invoice runs — " Some totall of this cargo, which God 
 ''prosper, 1,494/. 13s. lOd." 
 
 The invoices of the following ships are also given : — 
 American, St. George, Eetourne, Dorcas, Charles, Bantam, 
 Coast Frigatt, London, Richard and Martha, Loijall Mer- 
 chant, Rainbow, Unicorn, Blachiiore, Lcijall Subject, Rebecca, 
 Constantinople Merchant, John and Martha, Morning Starr, 
 Croicne, Antelope, Bombaij Merchant, Hwnfnj and Elizabeth, 
 Sampson. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1674-75, contains invoices of London, Ccesar, 
 Massingberd, Ann, Bombay Merchant, Unity [Fryer's ship], 
 Eagle, Mary, Falcon. 
 
 The Falcon was from Surat, and among the piece goods 
 she brought were " Dolkas," "Nunsarees," "Deboys," 
 and " Cambaja Brawles." 
 
 These are all the names of towns [Dholka, Nansari, 
 Debhoy, and Cambay] ; and the list shows that nearly 
 every town and village of India in the 17th century 
 manufactured piece goods, which generally received 
 their commercial denominations from the places of their 
 production. 
 
 V. — Home Petty Cash. — Four volumes, from 1657 to 
 1709, of no general interest. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1657-60, almost perished out of existence. 
 Vol. 2, 1659-69, in good condition. 
 
43 
 
 Vol. 3, 1666-74, in good condition. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1705-1709, in tolerable condition. 
 
 VI. — Private Trade. — Five volumes, from 1768 
 to 1782. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1768-69, contains lists of goods sent out in the 
 following ships : — Anson, to Coast and Bay ; Britamna, 
 ditto ; Cruttenden, China ; Dtilvc of Albany, St. Helena 
 and Bencoolen ; Devonshire, to Coast and China ; 
 Deptford, Bombay; Duhe of Kingston, Coast and Bay; 
 Dulce of Grafton, ditto ; Bulcc of Cumherland, Bombay ; 
 Essex, Fort St. George and Bombay ; Earl of Lincoln, 
 Fort St. George and Bombay, and China ; Earl of 
 Ashburnham, ditto ; Europa. Coast and Bay ; Fox, 
 Bombay; Grenville, Fort St. George and Bombay; 
 Glatton, China ; Harcoiirt, China ; Hector, China ; 
 Hampshire, Bombay ; Havanna, Coast and China ; 
 Houghton, Coast and Bay; Lioness, Coast and Bay; 
 Lord Holland, ditto ; Lord ' Camden, Bombay ; Lap- 
 iving, Bengal ; Marquis of RocUngham, Bombay ; 
 Norfolk, Coast and Bay; Nottingham, ditto; Neptune, 
 ditto ; Ponsborne, Fort St. George and Bombay ; Figot, 
 Coast and China ; Flasseg, ditto ; Frince of Wales, Coast 
 and Bay ; Royal Captain, Bombay ; Royal Charlotte, 
 Coast and Bay; Salisbury, ditto [her cargo included 
 " Bulgar Hijdes,'' i.e., Russian leather] ; Speke, St. Helena 
 and China ; Speaker, Bombay ; Triton, Coast and China ; 
 Valentine, Coast and China ; York, Fort St. George and 
 Bombay. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1769-71. ^ 
 
 Vol. 3, 1770/1-73. I F^ll of similar lists of goods 
 
 Vol. 4, 1772-75. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1779-82. 
 
 These five volumes are invaluable for the complete 
 view they give of the Company's export trade to India and 
 the East for the included period. Many of them are 
 stamped with the arms of the United Company. [See 
 p. 21, note.'] 
 
 sent out in the Company's ships. 
 
44 
 
 Shipping Papers.— Various, from 1610-11 to 
 1703-4. 
 
 A. — Diaries. 
 
 (1.) Sir H. Middleton's ship, sixth voyage, 1610-11. 
 
 ('2.) Sir W. Morris, on his voyage to India in the 
 Harwich, 1699-1700. 
 
 (3.) Ship Vlaardeng, Journal written in Dutch, 
 1663-64. 
 
 (4.) Ship Adventure. Diary of Captn. Goodlad, 
 1684-86. 
 
 (5.) Ship Samuel and Anna. Orders to Captn. Reddall, 
 1702-5. 
 
 (6.) Ship Edward and Dudley. Orders to Captn. 
 Lambert, &c., 1703-4. 
 
 B. — Various Shipping Papers. 
 
 (1.) Inventories of Ships' Cargoes. — Vol. 1, 1611-13. 
 Vol. 2, 1638-40. Vol. 3, 1708, is missing. I have put 
 up in this bundle the " LoyaU Cook's" account, entered 
 separately in the Statistics and Commerce Departmental 
 List, No. 2,397. 
 
 (2.) Index to Manners' Books. — "Alphabet for the 
 Mariners' Book," 1626 ; an Alphabetical List, apparently, 
 of the sailors in the Company's service. 
 
 (3.) Mariners' Wages.— Yo\. 1, 1665-68. Vol. 2, 
 1669-74. Vol. 3, 1675-76. Full of names of sailors. 
 
 (4.) List of Stores, 1639, being a Steward's Book ; 
 marked outside " Jonah's Booke." 
 
 (5.) Inventories and Wills.— \ol. 1, 1639. Vol. 2, 
 1660-61. Vol. 3, 1664-65. Full of names of sailors. 
 
 Other Shipping Papers. 
 
 Besides these shipping papers, there are the " SHIPS' 
 JOURNALS " preserved in the Military [Marine] De- 
 
45 
 
 partment,* of which Mr. Clements Markham, C.B,, has 
 given a hstf at the end [pp. 263-77] of The Voyages of 
 Sir James Lancaster to the East Indies, published by the 
 Hakluyt Society in 1877. 
 
 Bemarhs on the Company^s earlier Voyages. 
 
 The earlier voyages of the Company are distinguished 
 as the ^'Separate Voyages" and the ^^ Joint Stock 
 Voyages.'' Stimulated by the discoveries of the 
 Spaniards and the Portuguese, the English began as 
 early as the reign of Henry VII. to endeavour to par- 
 ticipate in the trade of India. They first attempted to 
 reach India by the North- West and North-East Passages ; 
 and they attempted these roundabout ways to the East 
 in order to avoid the Portuguese. But, on the Dutch 
 in 1598 boldly sending out their four ships under 
 Houtman direct to the East by the Cape of Good 
 Hope, the fuel of jealousy was added to the com- 
 mercial ardour of the English to seize their share in 
 the wealth of " Ormuz and of Ind," and the London 
 East India Company was at once projected. In the 
 first flame of avaricious rivalry the list of subscribers 
 to the adventure was readily filled up, but the calls 
 of the Committee upon them for the payment of the 
 instalments of their contributions were imperfectly 
 obeyed, and the Company, therefore, to avoid all risk 
 to themselves, instead of trading to India in their 
 earlier voyages on the terms of a Joint Stock, arranged 
 that the subscribers should, individually, bear the 
 expense of each voyage, and reap the whole profits. 
 It was under these regulations that the first so-called 
 "Separate Voyages" were fitted out. But after 1612 
 
 * They are now [1889] in the Record Department. 
 
 t To this List may now [1889] be added the " Journal of the Eighth 
 Voyage," nnder Captain John Saris, in 1611, mentioned at page xiii. of Mr. 
 IVfarkham's Preface as being then [1877] in the possession of the War Office, 
 but wiiich has since been restored to tlie India Office. 
 
46 
 
 it was found very difficult to compete successfully on the 
 footing of individual ventures against the Portuguese 
 and Dutch, and then the Company resolved that the 
 voyages should be on the Joint Stock account, hoping 
 thus to give a more efficient organization to the trade 
 of England with the East.* This, however, only served 
 to intensify the opposition of the Dutch, the most 
 
 * Although all the " Separate Voyages," excepting the Fourth, were pro- 
 sperous, the clear profits hardly ever being below 100 per cent, and in general 
 reaching 200 per cent, on each voyage, they did very little to develope the 
 trade opened by them with India, wliich never, during the period covered by 
 them, became of any great national importance. The aggregate capital 
 raised for these twelve voyages was no more than 464,284Z., or an average of 
 38,690/. for each voyage ; which sum was, according to INIilburn, invested in 
 the following manner : — 
 
 £ 
 
 In merchandise 62,411 
 
 Bullion 138,127 
 
 Shipping, stores, provisions .... 263,746 
 and gave a profit, one voyage with another, of 138 per cent. 
 
 With the institution of the •' Joint Stock Voyages," aU this was changed, 
 in spite of the antagonism of the Dutch, which reduced the profits on the 
 four voyages on the first " Joint Stock " account to 87} per cent, on the 
 subscribed capital. Nevertheless, when in 1617 the second " Joint Stock " was 
 opened, the sum of 1,620,040Z. was at once raised, the 954 contributors to it 
 including 313 merchants, 214 tradesmen, 25 foreign merchants, 15 dukes and 
 earls, 82 knights, 26 doctors of Divinity and Medicine. 13 ladies of title, 18 
 " Avidows and virgins," and 248 undescribed persons ; and from this date the 
 Company's trade became an imperial concern. In 1621 the Company pre- 
 sented to Parliament "the estate of their trade from the beginning thereof in 
 " I6OOT0 fle~29th November 1621," from which it appears that in this period 
 they had " sent forth to the Indies" 86 ships ; of which 36 returned home 
 safely, laden ; 9 were lost ; 5 worn out by long service from port to port in 
 India; 11 captured by the Dutch ; and 25 "do remain in India or on their 
 " homeward passage." By their license the Company might in this period 
 have shipped 910,000/. in foreign coins to India ; but " in aU the said time, 
 ^' upon aU the said ships" they had "laden away," " as weU out of these 
 " Realms, as out of the Downs, Holland, ami otlier places," no more than 
 613,681/. And together -with this money they had "sliipped out of the 
 " Realm, in woollens, lead, tin, iron, and other wares, to the value of 319,211/., 
 " making together 932,892/." "And of all the before-mentioned monies and 
 " goods sent into the Indies, there have been employed the value of 375,288/. 
 •" for the [un] -lading of 36 ships, Avhich are returned homo with sundry sorts 
 *' of wares, all of which wares have produced here in ICnglaud by sales 
 " 2,004,600/." 
 
47 
 
 formidable antagonists the English ever had in the 
 East, our trade with which from this date gradually 
 languished until the massacre of Amboyna [i7th Feb- 
 ruary 1622/3] roused the patriotic spirit of the whole 
 country in support of the interests of the Company. 
 The massacre of Amboyna is, indeed, the turning-point 
 in the history of the rise and progress of the British 
 Empire in India. 
 
 " The Separate Voijages.^' 
 
 First Voyage, 1601-3, under " G-eneral" James Lan- 
 caster, on board the Mare [commonly written Malice'\ 
 Scourge, re-christened Bed Dragon. The " Vice- 
 Admiral," the Hector, carried John Middleton, who 
 died at Bantam, 1608. The other ships completing the 
 squadron were the Ascension^ the Susan, and the Guift 
 [commonly written Guest']. John Davis, who had 
 already made the voyage to the East Indies, with the 
 Dutch fleet under Houtman [1598-1600], embarked on 
 the Bed Dragon as Chief Pilot under Sir James 
 Lancaster. [See also Appendix B.] 
 
 Second Voyage, 1604-6, consisting of the Dragon, 
 Hector, Ascension, and Susan, was commanded by Henry 
 Middleton. 
 
 Third Voyage, 1606-9, commanded by Captain Keelinge 
 
 Sir Josia Child, in his Discourses on Trade, published in 1670, treating of 
 the gain to this country by the Company's trade with India, points out that, 
 it provided us with " 25 to 30 of the most warlike ships of the kingdom, with 
 " 60 to 100 mariners in each "; and supplied us fully, and at first hand, instead 
 of through the Dutch, with pepper, cloves, cinnamon, nutmegs, mace, salt- 
 petre, indigo, and calico, as well as with muslins, lawns, and cambrics pre- 
 viously obtained from Flanders and Germany; and furthermore wth excess 
 of pepper, and with cowries, and "painted stuffs," to the amount of 300,000/., 
 for carrying on our trade with France, Spain, Italy, and Guinea. 
 
 The "most warlike ships," referred to by Sir Josia Child, were of the then 
 fast increasing type of the LoyaU Merchant [see p. 42], built for the Company 
 by Captain Millet in 1660, with three decks, and carrying 30 guns, being the 
 first three-decker launched in England, and designed for the protection of 
 the Company's merchandise against the pirates of Algiers, or " Turkish 
 rovers " as they were then called. 
 
 1/ 
 
48 
 
 in the Dragon, with William Hawkins in the Hector, 
 and David Middleton [brother to Sir Henry] in the 
 Consent. 
 
 Fourth Voyage, 1607-9, consisting of the Ascension, 
 commanded by Captain Sharpeigh or Sharpey, and the 
 Union, by Captain Richard Rowles, was unfortunate. 
 
 Fifth Voyage, 1608, commanded by David Middleton of 
 the Consent, the only ship sent. 
 
 Sixth Voyage, 1610, consisting of the Trades Increase, 
 commanded by Sir Henry Middleton, the Pejjpercorn, by 
 Captain Nicholas Downton, and the Darling. 
 
 The Trades Increase was by far the biggest merchant 
 ship yet built in England.* She was of 1,100 tons 
 burden, and was launched at Deptford, in the presence 
 of King James I. and his Court, who were enter- 
 tained on board by the Company with a splendid 
 dinner, all served on dishes and plates of Chinaware, 
 then a great rarity in England. It was her disastrous 
 fate to run aground in Bantam Roads, where, while 
 being repaired, she careened over, and was set on fire 
 and totally destroyed by the Javanese, in 1613 ; Sir 
 Henry Middleton dying soon afterward of grief for her 
 loss. 
 
 Seventh Voyage, 1611, commanded by Captain Anthony 
 Hippon of the Globe, the only ship sent. [Did Hippen's 
 (now Prince's) Island, in the Straits of Sunda, derive its 
 old name from Captain Hippon ?] 
 
 Eighth Voyage, 1611, consisting of the Clove, Hector., 
 and Thomas^ all under the command of Captain John 
 Saris. 
 
 Ninth Voyage, 1612, commanded by Captain Edmund 
 Marlowe of the James, the only ship sent. 
 
 Tenth Voyage, 1612, consisting of the Hoseander, 
 Hector, James, and Solomon [James I., 1603 to 1625, 
 Sully's " wisest fool in Christendom," the '* EngUsh 
 
 * For the tonnage of English war ships at thig period, see pp. 74-6 of A 
 Life of John Davis, by Mr. Clements :Markham. C.B. George Philip and Son, 
 1889. 
 
49 
 
 Solomon" of his flatterers], commanded by Captain 
 Thomas Best. 
 
 Eleventh Voyage, 1612, was that of the Solomon in Best's 
 Fleet, as the ninth was that of the James. 
 
 Ttcelfth Voyage, also 1612, was that of the Expedition, 
 commanded by Christopher Newport. 
 
 The Expedition was commissioned chiefly to carry back 
 to Persia Sir Robert Shirley [nearly always written 
 Sherley in the India Office Records], Ambassador from 
 Shah Abbas to King James I. Sir Robert, born 1570, 
 had accompanied his brother Sir Anthony to Persia in 
 1598 ; and was sent as Ambassador to England in 1612, 
 and again in 1623; and died at Casbin, 13th July 1628. 
 The two brothers made a most favourable and abiding 
 impression in Persia, and Mr. Caspar Purdou Clarke, 
 CLE., Keeper of the India Museum, South Kensington 
 Museum, has several deeply interesting contemporary 
 Persian water-colour paintings* of either the brothers 
 Shirley or members of their English retinue. 
 
 " The Joint Stock Voyages." 
 
 The First Voyage, 1613, consisting of the New Years 
 Gift, Hector, Merchant Hope, and Solomon, all under 
 the command of Downton, is the only one on the 
 Joint Stock Account of general historical interest. 
 Peyton commanded the fleet which in January 1614/15 
 took Sir Thomas Roe [on board the Ijion] to India, 
 as Ambassador from James I. to the " Court of the 
 Great Mogol" [Jehangir, 1605-27] at Agra. Captain 
 Benjamin Joseph commanded the fleet, consisting 
 of the Charles, Unicorn, Globe, Swan, and Rose, 
 
 * These water-colours are also interestiug from being done in the Tar- 
 taresque style of painting prevalent in Persia down to the reign of Shah Abbas 
 [1585-1628], when the great change to the present Italianesque style of 
 Persian painting was brought about through the influence of the young 
 Persians sent by Shah Abbas to learn painting in Italy " under Kaffael" 
 [1483-1520], according to the tradition, as ]\Ir. Caspar Purdon Clarke informs 
 me, of modern Persian artists, and ^certainly under masters of the school of 
 Raphael. 
 
 D 
 
50 
 
 which in February 1615/16 took out Edward Terry 
 [on board the Charles] as "Chaplain to the Eight 
 Honble. Sir Thomas Row, Knt." Sir Thomas Herbert 
 went out with the fleet which sailed from the Downs 
 ''upon Good Friday," in the year 1626; and John 
 Fryer with the fleet of 1672, composed of the London, 
 Massengherd, Bomhaim, Unity [Fryer's ship], Presi- 
 dent, Ann, East India Merchant, Sampson, Ccesar^ and 
 Antelope, all commissioned as men of war, the English 
 being at the time " at open defiance against the Dutch." 
 John Ovington sailed from Gravesend 11th April 1689 
 in the Benjamin, sent to Surat "as an advice-ship of 
 "that wonderful Revolution whereby their Sacred 
 " Majesties [Mary and William III.] were peaceably 
 *' settled in the Throne." Mr. Markham has pointed 
 out that William Baffin served in the fleet, consisting of 
 the London, Hart, Boehuch, and Eagle, which sailed in 
 February 1619/20 under Captain Shillinge. The latter 
 was killed in an encounter with the Portuguese fleet off 
 Eas Jashk, at the entrance of the Strait of Ormuz, in 
 January 1620/21, and Baffin died on the 23rd of January 
 1621/22 of a wound received at the siege of a Portuguese 
 fort on the island of Kishm, where he lies buried, a few 
 miles due south of the island of Ormuz. Shillinge was 
 buried near the town of Jashk. John Davis, Mr. 
 Markham also notes, sailed as pilot on board the Tiger, 
 in Sir Edward Michelborne's independent voyage, in 1604, 
 to China and Japan, and was slain in an encounter with a 
 Japanese junk off Bintang, in the Straits of Malacca, 27th 
 December 1605. 
 
51 
 
 THIRD DIVISION. 
 
 ifoxti^n l^tUtiom of tf\t €onxpm^. 
 
 Persia. — 1621-30, two volumes. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1621-22. Copies of letters from Ispahan, 
 Ghilan, " Kharistan " ? [?Laristan, PFaristan, ?or 
 Khusistan], Laiir [Lar], Minaw [Minab], Gombroon 
 [Gsim.Y\iii OY Bandar Abbasi'], Jiy one or Jeroon [a name 
 for Ormuz, i.e., Hurmuz, the famous island opposite 
 Bandar Abbas], Kustack, Costack, andChostack [Jasques, 
 i.e., Jashk]. 
 
 Vol. 2. Firmans and other documents from *' Sawal 
 [Shawal] A.H. 1036" [A.D. 1627] to " Zilkada [Zu-ul- 
 Kaida], A.H. 1039 " [A.D. 1630]. The firmans are of 
 the 42nd year of the reign of Shah Abbas [succeeded to the 
 throne of Persia, 1585], and the 1st and 2nd years of the 
 reign of Shah Safi [succeeded 1630]. Both volumes are 
 of historical value. 
 
 China and Japan. 
 
 These volumes do not correspond with the entry 
 at p. 1, Statistics and Commerce Departmental List, 
 No. 2,397. The entry there is of the 4 vols. [viz. : Vol. 1, 
 1672; vol. 2, 1685-86; vol. 3, 1699-1759; vol. 4, 
 1721-1723] classed by me under the sub-section D of 
 this Section. And besides these 4 volumes I found a 
 series of volumes of '' China Materials," numbered 
 from 1 to 9 [sub-section A], of which volume 8 is 
 missing; and two supplementary volumes [sub-section B], 
 one of which relates to Japan ; and a separate volume on 
 Japan [sub-section C]. 
 
 D 2 
 
52 
 
 A. — "Extracts toivards a History of the Bise and 
 Progress of the Trade ivith China." 
 
 The extracts are from the Court's Letter Books and 
 other records m the India Office, and from "Purchas, his 
 Pilgrimes." 
 
 Vol. 1, 1596-1675. Vol. 3, 1682-1686. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1673-1683. Vol. 4, 1684-1699. 
 
 The above 4 volumes were lent to the Record Office for 
 examination, and have been duly returned. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1694-1701. I Vol. 8, missing. 
 Vol. 6, 1699-1702. Vol. 9, 1712-1725. 
 
 Vol. 7, 1702-1704. | 
 
 B. — Supplement to China Materials. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1600-1702, relates really to Japan. 
 Vol. 2, 1606-1699, China. 
 
 C. — Japan. 
 
 One volume, 1614-1616, belonging apparently to a set 
 entitled " Japan Miscellanies." This volume consists of 
 copies of letters from Richard "Wickham, the Company's 
 Factor at Firando. He makes the earliest mention of tea 
 ["chaw"] in the Company's Records, in his letter of 
 27 June 1615, to Mr. Eaton at Miaco [see p. 26, note]. 
 
 D. — Tonquin, Amoy, Canton, and Chiisan. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1672. Tonquin Journal and Register : — 
 " Begun June ye 25, and December ye 7 ended." 
 Apparently received ex Eagle, and recorded in London 
 13th April 1675. A most interesting record of the 
 Company's first trade in the Tonquin river. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1685-86. History of the attempted settlement 
 at Amoy. 
 
53 
 
 Vol. 3, 1699-1759. History of attempts to acquire 
 and establish a trade at Chusau. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1721-23. Consultations and Diary of James 
 Nash and others, supercargoes of the four ships Eyles, 
 Lyell, Walpole, and Emilia, at Canton. The cargo taken 
 at Canton included " Gorgarons," i.e., silks, " Poises ? " 
 "Tutenague" [from tutiya, "oxide of zinc," and nak, 
 " like," tutenag being an amalgam of zinc, copper, and 
 iron, largely exported from China to India, until super- 
 seded by Silesian spelter]. 
 
 These are four invaluable volumes on the early trade 
 of the Company with China. The impression of the 
 Compamfs arms has been filched from the cover of 
 vol. 2. 
 
 [The China ''PROCEEDINGS" in the next century 
 extend from 1721 to 1840.] 
 
 " The Dutch in the East." 
 
 A. Five volumes, entered under this heading, " The 
 Dutch in the East,'' in Departmental List, No. 2,397. 
 Vols. 1 and 5 are important historical records. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1622-24, and 1650-54, contains proceedings 
 before the High Court of Admiralty, and before the 
 Commissioners; evidence in Latin supporting the Com- 
 pany's complaint against the Dutch, 1622-25 ; and 
 documents relating to Paulo Boon and Lantore, 
 1616-1620; Jaccatra, 1619 ; Pepper; " The Massacre of 
 Amhoyna," 1622/3; and to the Dutch trade in the Persian 
 Gulf. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1625. "Lemmens to the Dutch East India 
 Company," being the " Translate " of a Eemonstrance 
 made by Francis Lemmens to the Dutch East India 
 Company, in 70 paras., and also extracts of articles out 
 of above remonstrance. 
 
 Vol, 3, 1651-54. Complaints of the Enghsh East 
 India Company against the Dutch East India Company. 
 
54 
 
 Vol. 4, 1684-85. Transactions touching Bantam, be- 
 tween the English and Dutch Commissioners, 1685. 
 Vol. 5, 1685-86, ditto. 
 
 B. Five additional volumes, not in any previous hst ; 
 all of great interest and value. 
 
 Vol. 1,710 date. Marked on the back, "Connection 
 "with the Dutch in the Eastern Seas," being "A state- 
 " ment of the States and Princes in the Eastern Seas 
 " with whom the Dutch appear at any time to have had 
 " connection, showing the nature and extent of that 
 " connection. Compiled chiefly from two volumes of 
 " copies and extracts of treaties bearing dates from the 
 "year 1596 to 1797, which were extracted from the 
 '* Dutch Eecords at Batavia by a committee especially 
 " appointed by the late British Government at Java for 
 " that purpose, and transmitted by the Bengal Govern- 
 "ment to the Court of Directors in 1818, together with 
 " such collateral information as has been collected 
 ''from the earlier records by the East India Company, 
 " and from earlier authorities." This is an invaluable 
 volume. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1773. Palemha7ig Records. A few pages 
 only. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1785.) ^ , ^ . 
 
 Vol 4 1"Q1 C -'^^"c^ol^i^ Records. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1813-20. Dutch Memoranda relating to Sir 
 Stamford Raffles's period. An important volume. 
 
 General Bemar'ks on the Dutch in the East. 
 
 Besides the above records relating to the Dutch in the 
 East, there are the papers catalogued in the " Printed 
 Lists of Records," No. 1 and No. 2, bearing date the 
 8th November, 1875, and the 9th February 1876, respec- 
 tively, enumerated separately in my confidential " Memo- 
 randum on the Records in the India Office on the Dutch 
 
55 
 
 in the East," of January 17, 1878 [Statistics and Com- 
 merce Department, No. 3,049], prepared for the Intelligence 
 Department of the War Office. 
 
 There are also " the Mackenzie MSS." in the Library, 
 of which those relating to the Dutch are very important. 
 See also, infra, Fifth Division, under " Damaged Papers," 
 Bundle A., the reference to the packet marlced " The 
 Dutch:''' 
 
 * The orgaiiization of the admiuistratiou of their trade Avith the East 
 by the Dutch was followed in almost every detail by the English East India 
 Company. 
 
 Their Civil Service took precedence of all others, and was divided into 13 
 grades, viz., — 1st, that of Schrijver, or "Writer," recruited from the de- 
 serving soldiers of the Dutch Guards, pay, 9 to 14 guilders a month ; 2nd, of 
 Under Assistant, 20 guilders a month, and 4 rix dollars for table money ; 3rd, 
 of Upper Assistant, Book-keeper, or Secretary, 28 to 36 guilders, and 4 rix 
 dollars table money ; 4th, of Onder-Koopman [_Anglice, Copeman ; cf. , chapman, 
 copesmate, Copenhagen, Chippenham], or "Under JNIerchant," 36 to 45 
 guilders, and 8 rix dollars table money; 5th, of Koopman, 50 to 65 guilders, 
 and 8 rix dollars ; 6th, of Opper- Koopman, 80 to 120 guilders a month, with 12, 
 and at Ceylon and Batavia 13, rix dollars table money ; 7th, of Kommandnor 
 [from the Portuguese Commendador, and the origin of the English Company's 
 old Civil Service title of " Commodore " *], 150 giulders, and 20 rix dollars table 
 money ; 8th, of Direktoor [the origin of the English Company's official title 
 of " Directore," now spelt Director], 200 guilders, and 30 rix dollars table 
 money ; 9th, of Governour, with the same salary and table allowance ; 10th, 
 of INIembers of the " Extraordinary Council of India," with the same salary 
 and table allowance ; llth, of the " Ordinary Council of India," at Batavia, 
 each SbO guilders a month, and 100 rix dollars table money; 12th, of "The 
 Dk-ector General," or " Second at Batavia," with 600 guilders a month salary, 
 and 100 lix dollars table money ; and 13th, of " The Governour General of 
 Batavia," with 1,200 giulders a month salary, and 200 rix dollars table money, 
 and every time he visited the Fleet, which was always done uj)on a Fleet's 
 departure for HoUand, a "gratuity" of 1,500 rix dollars. Also, the Gover- 
 nour General's allowances included wine and other liquors, aud provisions of 
 every description, without limitation ; and all others down to the Assistants 
 were allowed monthly, liquors, spices, oU, wood, rice, \anegar, candles, each 
 
 * Even after the abolition of the English East India Company's Warehouses, on the 
 withdrawal of its trading privileges in 183i, when with the other warehousemen " the Com- 
 modore of the Blues" [i.e., Indigo], "the Commodore of the Peppers," ct cetera, were aU pen- 
 sioned off, this quondam Civil Service title continued to be borne by a certain grade of 
 India Office Messengers, and two of these "Commodores of Messengers" are stillliving 
 one as a pensioner, and the other in the active service, but no longer under his old deno- 
 mination, of the Secretary of State for India. Under the Company the Superintendent of 
 " the Maids" of the India House also bore the title of " Commodoress. ' 
 
56 
 
 according to his grade. Thus, the Upper Copeman's allowance was 20 
 Canadars of Spanish wine per mensem, besides " Mum " [inumme, strong Ger- 
 man beer. Tavernier notes that it was the principal delight of the Dutch at 
 Batavia " to see new drinkes arrive, especially English beer, and that which 
 they call mom, which comes from Brunswick"], •• White Wine, and other 
 '• liquors, 2-4 U of Wax for Candles, Corn for Poultry, Rice for Slaves, &c. 
 " So that the Diet Money allowed them is only for Fresh-Provisions." 
 
 The jMilitary Service of the Dutch Indies was divided into only six 
 grades, — 1st, of Private, with rank and pay of Under Assistant of the Civil 
 Service ; 2nd, of Sergeant, with rank, pay, and allowances of Assistant ; 3rd, 
 of Ensign, wath rank, pay, and allowances of Under-Copeman ; 4th, of Lieu- 
 tenant, with rank, pay, and allowances of Copeman ; 5th, of Captain, with 
 rank, pay, and allowances of Upper-Copeman ; and 6th, of Major, with rank, 
 pay, and allowances of Commodores. 
 
 The officers of the Dutch Colonial Xavy were also divided into six 
 grades, — 1st, of Able-bodied Seaman, Avith rank and pay of Under Assistant : 
 2nd, of Thu'd Mate, Gunner, and Boatswain, with rank, pay, and emoluments 
 of Assistant, only that the Ship's Carpenters of this rank received from 40 to 
 50 guilders a month ; 3rd, of Second Mate, wdth rank, &c., of Upper Assis- 
 tant ; 4th, of Chief Mate, with rank, &c., of Under-Copeman; 5th, of 
 Schipper, with rank of Copeman, and 60 to 100 cjuilders a month ; and 6th, of 
 Kommandoor, ranking as Civil Commodore, with from 100 to loO guilders 
 a month, besides " Ship's Allowance," and " Road-Money " when in harbour 
 at Batavia. 
 
 The Chaplains were divided into Dominees, or visitors of the Sick, -n-ith 
 the pay and rank of Assistant, and Predicants, or -Preachers," with the 
 pay and rank of Upper-Copeman. The Surgeons also had the pay and rank 
 of Upper-Copeman. 
 
 All military, naval, and other officers gave place to Civilians of the same 
 rank. 
 
 It is thus quite clear that the exclusive spirit of the Indian Covenanted 
 Civil Service is based, not on Brahmanical traditions, but on the strictly 
 mercantile organization of the administration of the Dutch Indies. It is 
 clear, also, from the close care taken of their sick aiid disabled officers, and 
 of the widows and orphans of their officers, by the 'Dutch, that it was from 
 them that the Enghsh East India Company learned to make such methodical 
 provision for the families of its officers ; both, in this respect, affording an 
 example which, on account of their great worldly success, will be for ever 
 memorable, not only of the pious observance of that part of Christian justice 
 due from all masters to their servants, but also of the soundest commercial 
 prudence and the highest pubhc economy. 
 
57 
 
 FOURTH DIVISION. 
 E!jc Jl^tstov^ of ii)t €om^an^ in Kntria. 
 
 The Feench in India. — Two volumes, 1749-59. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1749-59. Extracts from the East India 
 Company's advices regarding the conduct of the French 
 on the coast of Coromandel, and the " country government 
 there." 
 
 The Fkst Letter, dated Fort St. David, August 30, 
 1749, and received May 10, 1750, that is eight months 
 afterwards, was sent via Bussorah, as likely to reach 
 London sooner than if sent round the Cape. 
 
 At pp. 329-37 are letters from Admiral Watson, Olive's 
 loyal coadjutor, giving an account of his victorious opera- 
 tions in the Hoogly [Hugh], 1757. 
 
 At p. 34 1 is Chve's own account of the decisive victory 
 won by him, 23rd June 1757, on the " plain of Placis " 
 or Plassey [i.e., Palasi, so called from the palas trees, 
 Butea frondosa, growing on it]. 
 
 This is a volume of the highest interest. It is in perfect 
 order and preservation, and quite worth publishing 
 separately.* 
 
 Vol. 2, 1754-55. Further correspondence. 
 
 General BemarJcs oil the French in India. 
 
 There are innumerable papers on the French in India 
 among the papers catalogued in the " Printed Lists of 
 Records," Nos. 1 and 2, referred to above, under General 
 
 * Since this Report was first printed, Sir W. Wilson Hunter, K.C.S.I., 
 CLE., has, in his work entitled The Indian Empire, its History, Peopk, and 
 Products, Trlibner & Co., 1886, quoted direct from the above interesting 
 original account of the battle of Plassey. 
 
58 
 
 Eemarks on ^^ the Butch in the East.'" See "Printed 
 Lists of Records, Nos. 1 and 2," infra. The " CAE- 
 NATIC COMMISSION " Papers extend from 1773 to 
 1839. 
 
 Mysore. 
 
 One volume, 1779-1782. Narrative of the second 
 war [1780-4] with Hyder Ali. A very complete com- 
 pilation. 
 
 General Eeniarhs on 3Iysore. 
 
 There are many papers relating to Mysore in the 
 " Printed Record List," No. 2. See infra. 
 
 Addendum. 
 
 The papers referred to in the three following paragraphs 
 are not included amongst the " Old Records" treated of 
 in this Report, and are here referred to simply to direct 
 attention, in the present connection, to the fact of their 
 existence. 
 
 1. The papers in the " Printed Lists of Records," 
 Nos. 1 and 2, relating to the French and other foreigners 
 in India and other parts of the East. 
 
 2. The papers in the "Printed Lists of Records," 
 Nos. 1 and 2, relating to the history of the Company in 
 India, apart from the French and other foreigners. 
 
 3. «' MOGUL COURT PROCEEDINGS, " 1714- 
 1717; the '' CLIVE PROCEEDINGS," 1757-1766; 
 the " WARREN HASTINGS PROCEEDINGS," 1775 ; 
 and the "BENGAL SECRET PROCEEDINGS," 1772- 
 1779. 
 
 Bengal, Behae, and Orissa. 
 
 One volume, dated on the back 1676. On the lirst 
 page is written — "Specimen of Collections for an 
 
59 
 
 '' History and Description of the Provinces of Bengal, 
 " Beliar, and Orissa." At page 106 and onwards is a 
 very interesting letter on the piece goods made at 
 Ballasore : Ginghams, " Herba Taffaties," " Herba 
 Lungies," " and other Herba goods." It is noted that 
 " the waters of the Casharry [? Koinsari] give the most 
 " lasting die to them " [the said fabrics], "and within 
 " two days journey of this place " [Balasor]. At p. 125 
 and onwards is an interesting letter on raw silk, &c., 
 and on the manufacture of " Taffaties " at Cossimbazaar. 
 At p. 137 is described " the manner of providing cloth 
 at Dacca."* 
 
 * The muslins of Dacca, chequered, striped, spotted, flowered, and finest 
 of all, the plain, which have been famous from Roman, and, as would 
 now seem, from even Babylonian and Assyrian times, were first imported 
 direct by the East India Company into England between 1660 and 1670 ; 
 when the total export of these fabrics from Dacca amounted, in value, to 
 1,000,OOOZ. The Company greatly fostered their manufacture, but their doom 
 was sealed Avhen in 1785 the use of the mule jenny in weaving was first in- 
 troduced at Xottingham, and two years afterward 500,000 pieces of musUn, 
 in imitation of the coarser Dacca denominations, were rolled off the power 
 looms of Great Britain. The cry then was to protect the British manufac- 
 turer from the competition of the Dacca weavers, and a duty of 75 per cent, 
 was imposed on aU Indian cotton goods. In consequence, the exportation of 
 Dacca mushns to this country, the value of which in 1787 stood at 30 lakhs of 
 rupees, gradually feU to 8^ lakhs in 1807, and 3^ lakhs in 1813, until it ceased 
 altogether in 1817, when the Honourable East India Company's Commer- 
 cial Residency at Dacca was aboUshed. And although in 1825 the duty was 
 reduced to 10 per cent, ad valorem, this had little effect in reviving the manu- 
 facture of Dacca muslins, as about this very time EngUsh mule twist began 
 to be largely imported for weaving into India, where its consumption rose 
 from 3,063,556 lbs. in 1827 to 6,624,823 in 1831, to the abnost entire exclu- 
 sion of the use of native thi-ead, from which alone the finer varieties of Dacca 
 cloths can be made. Melancholy indeed, and a bitter rebuke to the people 
 of England, is the contrast between the prosperous condition of Dacca under 
 the East India Company in the last centmy, and the impoverished state to 
 which it was reduced when, at the beginning of the present century, the 
 Imperial ParUament began to seriously interfere with the Company's admi- 
 nistration in India. The terrible story is fully told in Surgeon James 
 Taylor's admirable Sketch of the Topography and Statistics of Dacca, -printed 
 by order of Government," at Calcutta, in 1810. Still more sad and humilia- 
 ting is it to reflect that the desolation which then swept over Dacca also more 
 or less overtook every one of the ancient po^ytechnical cities of India, and 
 everywhere as the result of the disadvantages we so unrighteously enforced 
 
60 
 
 against them in their already unequal competition with the rising manufac- 
 turing towns of Nottingham, Warrington, and Glasgow. But in the fateful 
 year 1857 a steam loom mill was opened at Bombay ; and now [in 1887-88] 
 India again exports cotton manufactures to the annual value of Ks. 27,988,540. 
 Thus the whirligig of Time brings in his revenges ! Dacca also still conti- 
 nues to export small quantities of its hand loom flowered muslins to Persia, 
 Syria, Egypt, and Turkey. 
 
 The East India Company, in the days of its comparative freedom from 
 Parliamentary interference, not only succeeded in confirming the prosperity 
 of the indigenous manufactures of India, but was also the beneficent means 
 of naturalizing in that country a new one, which has in some places become 
 of considerable local value. They were compelled latterly to export large 
 quantities of English woollen cloths to Bombay, Surat, Fort St. George, and 
 Calcutta ; and some of these, the " Auroras," " Salisbury flannels," " Popin- 
 jays," "Shalloons" [ras de Chalons], &c., of the " Old Eecords," were of very 
 beautiful bright colours, rose, ivory white, French green, scarlet, " Telmont 
 yellow," Mazarine blue, Turkey red, emerald green, Neapolitan yellow, black, 
 &c. , which made them universally popular, and at length led to their suc- 
 cessful imitation in many parts of India. 
 
61 
 
 FIFTH DI\riSION. 
 
 It is impossible to note everything I would of the 
 contents of these voluminous records. All that I have 
 done, as a rule, is, to indicate as briefly as possibly 
 the general character of the contents of each volume, 
 or collection of volumes. Further than that I only 
 notice facts of universal interest. At the conclusion of 
 the division, however, a concise account will be given 
 of the history of our Factories, and early territorial 
 acquisitions in the East. 
 
 Abstracts of Letters from various Factories. — 
 Under this head twelve volumes are entered in the 
 Departmental List, No. 2,397, from 1617 to 1722. 
 Volumes 10, 11, and 12 are of Letters from the 
 Company to their Factories. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1617-32, contains many letters from Thomas 
 Baker in Persia. This is an exceedingly valuable volume, 
 comprising abstracts of at least 114 letters which are not 
 to be found elsewhere. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1669-80, missing. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1699-1707. Letters from the Bay of Bengal, 
 the Coast of Coromandel, Surat, Borneo, and China. 
 A list is prefixed of the Establishment of Merchants, 
 Factors, and Writers at the above five Factories at the 
 dates included. 
 
 A. — ^' Bay of Bengal." —Merchants, among others, Sir 
 Edward Littleton, Chief, under the " Old Company," of 
 the Kazimbazaar Factory, 1679, and President, under the 
 ''NewCompany,"forthe "Bay of Bengali," 1698—1704-5. 
 
62 
 
 Factors, among others, Fulk Lacy, Surgeon. This is 
 Dr. Fulke Lacey, " who died ou board the Antelope, 
 10th September 1699"; as did also, in the following 
 December, Dr. Thomas Pendleton, " Our [i.e.^ the 
 New Company's] designed Chyrurgeon in the Bay " of 
 Bengal. 
 
 Writers, among others, Mulis Lamb. 
 
 B. —China. — Among Factors, William Travers. 
 
 The letters as usual all relate to the details of the Com- 
 pany's mercantile transactions. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1716-22. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1663-72. 
 
 Vol. 6, 1675-95. Letters from various places subor- 
 dinate to " Surratt," Very interesting. 
 
 Vol. 7, 1696-1707. 
 
 Vol. 8, 1664i-76, missing [in 1878, but since found]. 
 
 Vol. 9, 1677-1706, missing [ditto]. 
 
 Vol. 10, 1658-73. From London. Standing rules of 
 the Company to be observed in their several Factories. 
 This is a volume of the highest interest, in perfect preserva- 
 tion, and completely indexed. 
 
 Vol. 11, 1672-79. Under date of London, December 
 13th, 1672, is an order for goods, in which occurs this 
 entry : *' Salloos, made at Grulcundah, and brought from 
 " thence to Surat, and go to England." 
 
 Vol. 12, 1702-6. Letters from London. Orders for 
 investments of cargoes, &c. 
 
 Despatches and Lettees to India from the 
 Directors. — Nine volumes, 1655 to 1741. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1655-59, contains copies of letters to Surat, &c., 
 via Aleppo, from "the Committee of Adventurers in the 
 " ships W'illiani, Benjamin, and Hopeful.^' [See Bruce' s 
 Annals, vol. I., p. 508.] 
 
 Vol. 2, 1703-6. In one letter mention is made of 
 
63 
 
 " Slabs of Totanague " [see p. 53]. At pages 220 and 286 
 are long lists of commodities. 
 
 Under the lists of goods to be provided at Surat, 
 page 220, are the following : — " Chintz, Persia, to be of 
 ** lively brisk colours, and no blacks, 5,000 pieces." 
 " Cheiloes, 4,000." " Tannah stuffs, of all colours and 
 ** stripes, 500." "Indigo, Agra and Lahore." " Car- 
 " mania wool, red, and other goods to be received from 
 '' Persia." The order concludes, " Send more or less as 
 " procurable at encouraging prices." 
 
 Under the list of goods to be provided in China, 
 p. 286, are the following :— "Poisies" [?], "Goshees" [?], 
 <'Hockins" [?], "Paunches," " Pelongs," " Gelongs." 
 They are all evidently silk goods. 
 
 The list of goods to be provided at Fort St. George, 
 p. 321, includes " Izarees," " Morees," " Bettelles," 
 " Saserguntees," " Callawaypose," " Sadaruncharees," 
 " Goaconcherulas," " Allegaes." These names, each under 
 many forms of spelling, constantly occur. They are the 
 names of piece goods, and, judging from the names of 
 those goods sent from the Surat Factory, are generally to 
 be traced to the names of the places of their production. 
 A list of ships is given at p. 234. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1706-7, a similar book. List of ships, p. 145. 
 
 Lists of goods, pp. 157-153. 
 
 Vol. 4, 1707-8, a similar book, written up to p. 67 only. 
 
 f Five volumes of demi-official 
 
 and semi-private letters from the 
 
 Secretary of the Company to 
 
 - various of their servants. Vol. 8 
 
 contains a letter of November 
 
 28th, 1735, from Cavendish Square 
 
 [ to Mr. Lethieullier. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 Under this head I include the entries of 11 volumes 
 at page 4 of the Departmental List, No. 2,397, A.D. 
 1675 to 1786. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 5, 1730-32. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 6, 1732. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 7, 1732-34. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 8, 1734-36. 
 
 Vol. 
 
 9, 1736-41. 
 
64 
 
 Vol. 1, 1675-76. Copy of Puckle's Diary, Metchli- 
 patam [Masulipatam] and Fort St. G-eorge. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1675-77. Copy of Streynsham Master's 
 Diary, from London to Fort St. George. Sir Streynsham 
 Master [continually spelt Masters] was Governour of 
 Madras [1G78-81] in succession to Sir William Lang- 
 horne [1670-8]. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1678. Eecord of proceedings of the Court of 
 Judicature at Fort St. George ; containing a list of houses 
 taxed to pay for the cleaning of the " Black [also called 
 " Christian," meaning native Christian] Town " of Madras. 
 [See, infra, Angengo, Vol. I.] 
 
 Vol. 4, 1679. Statement of the gold " coyned " by 
 Mr. Kichard Mohun [dismissed in 1680 for defalcations 
 in his accounts as Chief of Masulipatam], and in his 
 absence by Vincent Say on. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1687. Copy of the Charter of James II. 
 establishing a Municipality and Mayor's Court at Madras. 
 Missing [in 1878, but since found and incorporated with 
 the "Parchment Records." See Appendix D.]. 
 
 Vol. 6, 1703-4.) Letters from various places in India 
 
 Vol. 7, 1704-5.1 to Fort St. George. 
 
 Vol. 8, 1716. } " Translates of Phirmauuds." Im- 
 
 Vol. 9, 1716. j portant. 
 
 Vol. 10, 1729. Catalogue of the Library of Fort 
 St. George. Very interesting. The reading of the 
 century in India was limited, but solid, and very 
 feeding : — The Bible, Buchan's Domestic Medicine, 
 Johnson's, Walker's and Sheridan's Dictionaries, 
 Taplin's Farriery, Hoyle's Book of Games, Fanny 
 Burney's, and the-then-equally-popular-but-now-utterly- 
 forgotten-save-by-the-curious Charlotte Smith's, novels, 
 the Sporting Dictionary, Brigg's, Glass's, and Farley's 
 Cookery Books, Macpherson's Ossian, Don Quixote, 
 and Gil Bias, Persian, and Arabic, even more 
 than Hindoostanee Dictionaries, Bell's British Theatre, 
 Shakespeare, Gibbon, Robertson, Hume and Smollett, 
 
65 
 
 Langliorue's Plutarch, Gilchrist's East India Vade 
 Mecum, AinsHe "on Cholera Morbus," and Struensee 
 [not J. F.] "on Field Fortification." These were the 
 works, in the order of the demand for them, carried out 
 in every ship to India, at the end of the last century, 
 and beginning of the present, before the time of 
 Scott and Byron. Also, always, "all new books for 
 " children." 
 
 Vol. 11, 1786. A hst of the English and other 
 European captives at Mysore. An invaluable record of 
 names. 
 
 Twenty-seven Combined Volumes. — 27 volumes [found 
 since my first examination of these Records], 1623 to 
 1708. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1623-25. Consultations at Batavia, Surat, 
 Amboyna, and Gombrone. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1626-35. Ditto Surat, Batavia, Jambee, Ban- 
 tam, Ispahan letters, and letters to Persia. A letter to 
 <' The Viceroy and Principals of the Portugall Nation in 
 " Goa," in which the Viceroy is styled " The Padre Pro- 
 " vincial," and "Your reverent Fatherhood." 
 
 Vol. 3, 1634-59. Surat, Bantam, Fort St. George. 
 The volume contains a letter from Sir John Massingbird, 
 2cith two perfect seals on the hack. Also a letter marked 
 " Copia out of French." 
 
 Vol. 4, 1659-66. Madraspatam, Bantam, Macassar, 
 Bengal, Metchlipatam [Masulipatam]. 
 
 Vol. 5, 1666-69. Bantam, Balasore. 
 
 Vol. 6, 1669-72. Bombay, Jambee, Metchlipatam, 
 Bantam, Golconda, Ceylon, Bengal. 
 
 Vol. 7, 1672-75. Bombay, Metchlipatam, Japan, Ban- 
 tam, Ballasore. 
 
 Vol. 8, 1675-76. Bantam, Madras, Tonquene. 
 
 Vol. 9, 1676-79. Tonquiu, Fort St. George, Cossim- 
 bazaar, Metchlipatam, Amoy, Tywan [Formosa], Hugly. 
 
6Q 
 
 Vol. 10, 1677-81. Tywan, Amoy, Bantam, Bombay, 
 Tonqueen, Siam, Hugly. 
 
 Vol. 11, 1681-82. Cossimbazaar, Hugly, Maulda, 
 Engleswad, Syam. 
 
 Vol. 12, 1682-83. Bantam, Syam, Dacca, Fort St. 
 George, Batavia, Tonquin, Surat, St. Helena. 
 
 Vol. 13, 1682-85. Macao, Amoy, Batavia, Bombay, 
 Pattana, Metchlipatam, St. Helena. 
 
 Vol. 14, 1685-87. Conimero, Bombay, Fort St. 
 George, Balasore, Fort York, Madapolam, Cuddalore, 
 Porto Novo. 
 
 Vol. 15, 1686-90. Bengal, Metchlipatam, Bombay, 
 Fort St. George, Bencoolen, Fort York, St. Helena, 
 Canton. 
 
 Vol. 16, 1691-92. Bombay, Surat. 
 
 Vol. 17, 1692-93. Fort York, Fort St. George, Bom- 
 bay, Surat, Cluittanuttee. 
 
 Vol. 18, 1693-94. 
 
 Vol. 19, 1693-94 ; 1699-1701. 
 
 Vol. 20, 1693-97. Acheen, Tonquin. 
 
 Vol. 21, 1695-97. Fort St. George, Tonquin, Fort St. 
 David. 
 
 Vol. 22, 1697-98. 
 
 Vol. 23, 1699. Bombay, Fort York, Surat. 
 
 Vol. 24, 1699-1700. Fort St. George, Metchlipatam, 
 Fort York or Tryamong, Surat. 
 
 Vol. 25, 1699-1701. Fort St. George, Metchlipatam, 
 Fort York, Fort St. David. 
 
 Vol. 26, 1701-3. Cossimbazaar, Macao, Canton, 
 Batavia. 
 
 Vol. 27, 1702-8. Amoy, Fort William, Fort St. 
 George, Calcutta, Surat. 
 
 The " I.P. [i.e., Injured Papers] Volumes." 
 
 Vol. 1, contains loose and injured papers of various 
 dates, 1608, 1613, 1622, 1626, 1677, 1681, 1692, 1696, 
 &c., relating to Batavia, Surat, Fort St. George, Chutta- 
 
67 
 
 nuttee, Maclapolam, Metchlipatam, Balasore, Hugly, 
 Tonqueen, Dacca. Most of the papers are in the old 
 Court hand. 
 
 Vol. 2, contains loose papers of all sorts from PuHcat, 
 Surat, Maha (?), Bombay, Fort York, Armagaon, Hugly, 
 dated from 1602 to 1682. 
 
 Vol. 3, contains all sorts of loose papers from 1629 to 
 1723. Among others, the Hugly Diary, from December 2, 
 1681, to June, 1682. Copies of letters from Bantam, 
 written in 1629-37. Minutes of Consultations at 
 Bantam, in 1679. Memorandum dated Anno 1677, at 
 Tonqueen. Minutes of Consultations at Fort St. George, 
 1681. Copies of letters from Surat to the Factors at 
 Broach, 1698. Letters from [Sir] Jno. Gayer from 
 Swally, to various, 1700-1. Consultations and letters to 
 and from Englesvad, Hugly, Scingee? [?Gingi], 1681 
 and other dates. Consultations, Fort St. George, 1693. 
 Diary, dated 1701, of some Factors in China. Copies of 
 letters, 1699. Consultations at St. Helena, in original, 
 1733. 
 
 The " D.P. [i.e., Damaged Papers] Volumes." 
 
 These are not entered in the Departmental List, 
 No. 2,397, and are contained in four bundles, A, B, 0, 
 and D. 
 
 Bundle A. 
 
 Fragments of miscellaneous documents on trade, ships, 
 commissions, the Dutch, law, accounts, invoices, remain- 
 ders, valuations, bills of lading, policies of insurance, 
 customs lists, and all sorts of odds and ends of corre- 
 spondence,— just such a sack-full of torn papers as might 
 have been gathered out of the waste paper baskets of the 
 Company's offices in Crosby Hall, or the Leaden Hall, at 
 
 E 2 
 
68 
 
 any time during the seventeenth century. The following 
 documents may be noted : — 
 
 A letter from Samuel Boyle, Bantam, dated January 13, 
 1614/5, and endorsed " No moment." 
 
 A letter from James Bagg, Junior, Plymouth, of Decem- 
 ber 29, 1618. 
 
 Letter from "Messieurs Cartwright and Cooper," on 
 board the Dutch ship Agreement at " Taxell," bound for 
 Bantam, dated 26th and 31st August 1619. 
 
 A letter from John Clant, on board the Bull, Portland 
 Bay, bound for Bantam, August 10th, 1619. 
 
 A letter from George Kempe, Plymouth, of May 29, 
 1621. The seal is perfect. 
 
 A letter from Adrian Eoquigny, Rouen, January 30, 
 1637. 
 
 Letters from Henry Whitaker, Amsterdam, July 25, 
 August 15 and December 9 and 16, 16dLl, and July 9 and 
 16, 1646. 
 
 Letters from Francis Townley, Hamburg, November 
 21 and 27, 1646. 
 
 Letters from " Signors Gault and Isaac Van der Tort," 
 Venice, June 19 and July 26, 1647. 
 
 Letter from Jer° WiUiamson ^schman, Middleburg, 
 July 19, 1650. 
 
 Letters from Ephraim Skinner, Robert Balle, and 
 Francis Gosfright, Livorno, August 25 and September 1, 
 1674, advising purchase of coral. 
 
 Letter from Wm. Berry, " Bourdeux " (Bordeaux), 1st 
 November 1683. 
 
 Letters from various Factories in India, 1613 to 
 1645. 
 
 The pach't marked "THE DUTCH" contains, among 
 other papers : — 
 
 The Company's petition in 1617 to the King, complain- 
 ing " of the manifest and insupportable wrongs and abuses 
 " lately done by the Hollanders unto Your Majestie and 
 ** your Majesties said servants." 
 
69 
 
 *' An Account General" with the Dutch [1020-21] 
 for ships, goods, &c., taken by them, and unrestored. 
 
 A copy of the States' letter to His Majestic [French], 
 dated the Hague, August 20, 1619. 
 
 The " Treaty of Defence "* of July 7, 1619. Irre- 
 parably damaged ;' endorsed, " There is a perfect copy in 
 " ' List of Papers relating to the Dutch,' taken from the 
 '' Law Presses No. 5 ; " but nothing appears to be known 
 of it. 
 
 " The state of the question [between the English and 
 " the Dutch Companies] concerning restitution in the Low 
 " Countries of goods brought thither, propounded by the 
 '' EngUsh and answered by the Dutch Commissioners in 
 " Holland" [? January 7, 1621/22]. A most important 
 historical document. 
 
 '' Minutes of that which passed at the Council Table 
 " between the Dutch and EngHsh Commissioners 
 " touching restitution," 10th July 1622. 
 
 " Complaint to the King of the protraction of the nego- 
 " tiations for restitution by the Dutch Commissioners, and 
 " of the Dutch Company having, since the publication of 
 " the Treaty, seized the islands of Lantore and Pulo 
 " Roon," dated 28th July 1622. [The islands were seized 
 in 1620, immediately after the proclamation of the Treaty 
 of Defence, and the Enghsh people on them treated with 
 merciless inhumanity.] 
 
 "Copy of Sir Henry Marten's discourse [Counsel's 
 " opinion] of the Blach Lyon, with Mr. Birde's opinion in 
 " concurrence," 1622. 
 
 * This was the well-known Act of Amnesty and ObUvion between the 
 Dutch and English ["London"] Companies for the disgraceful injuries done 
 us by the Dutch in the East Indies. The treaty was to be binding for ten 
 years, and on its ratification King James promised not to grant another 
 charter to any person whatsoever during the term of the above treaty. The 
 Dutch, however, continued to carry on their excesses against us just as arro- 
 gantly and ruthlessly as before, until at last, on the 17th of February 16L-/3, 
 they barbarously massacred the whole estabhsliment of the servants of the 
 Enghsh Company at jVmboyna. 
 
70 
 
 The Dutch reply (m Latin) to Sir Henry Marten, 
 1622. 
 
 " The Company's answer to the propositions of the 
 ** Netherlands East India Company, which they desire to 
 * ' be inserted into the rule and order for reglement of both 
 " Companies," 1622. 
 
 '' The present state of the business between the 
 " English and Dutch Companies," 1622. 
 
 "Copy of a letter to the Maiores'^ [Heads] "of 
 "the Dutch Company," [?1624 or 1625]. Much 
 damaged. 
 
 " Letter to the Maijors of the Dutch Company," January 
 24, 1624/2-5. 
 
 " Order of the Dutch Ambassador in a dispute 
 " between the Dutch and English Companies," May 23, 
 1629. 
 
 " Letter of the English Ambassadours to the Prince of 
 " Orange ; in the camp at Boxtel," July 17, 1672. 
 
 The packet marked "Accounts" contains, among 
 others, the following papers : — 
 
 " Abstract of the Stock adventured by the Company 
 "from 1601 to 1619, as well in their Distinct" 
 ["Separate"] "as Joint Voyages." Endorsed in red 
 " Yer^^ important." It is in jjerfect incservatioii, and is a 
 most important 2)aper. 
 
 " The profit and loss of the second Joint Stock from its 
 " formation." 1615-39. 
 
 " The nature and qualities of several Adventurers 
 " behindhand in their subscriptions to the second Joint 
 " Stock," 1620. Not a name can be read. 
 
 "Account of the Subscriptions yet overdue," 1622. A 
 much damaged fragment. 
 
 "Note of the Adventurers yet unpaid for the Second 
 Joint Stock," June t, 1624. All the names can be 
 clearhi read, and the following are noteworthy : — Thomas 
 Erie Arundell [died at Venice 1646], WilHam Aleyn, Anne 
 Archer, Sir George Abercromy, Oeorge Duke of Bucking- 
 
71 
 
 ham [i.e., George Villiers,* assassinated by Felton, 23rd 
 August 1628], Francis Benbowe, Tlieophilus Cope, Sir 
 Lyonell Cranfeild [Lord High Treasurer 1621-24], 
 Wilham Coxe, Sir Edward Cockett, Sir Dudley Diggs 
 [son of the astronomer, Thomas Digges, author of A 
 Defence of Commerce, and supporter of the impeachment of 
 Buckingham], Sir Thomas Dale, William Dyke, minister. 
 Lady Lettice Danvers, Sir Clement Edmonds, Sir W. 
 Garway & Co., Sir Edward Harwood, George Heeiott 
 [James I.'s "Jingling Geordie "], Sir Laurence Hide, 
 Nicholas Hide, Lodwick Duke of Richmond and Lenox 
 [Lodowick Duke of Lennox, created Earl and afterward 
 (1623) Duke of Richmond by James L], Sir W. Lovelace, 
 Phillip, Erie Montgomery [Philip Herbert, second son of 
 
 * When the Company's business was taken over by the Imperial Parlia- 
 ment in 1858, one of the first acts of the new masters of the India House in 
 LeadenhaU Street was to make a great sweep out of the old records that 
 from 1726 had been preserved there with scrupulous solicitude. They swept 
 300 tons of these records out to the Messrs. Spicer, paper makers, to be 
 boiled, bleached, and bashed into low class paper pulp ; and from one of the 
 cartloads of them, on their way to the Alessrs. Spicer's tanks, a paper was 
 blown off by the wind, and picked up by a passer by, of whom, on my acci- 
 dentally making his acquaintance some years afterwards, I purchased it for 
 bl. It is addressed, -'To my loving friends the Governours and Company of 
 the East India Merchants;" and endorsed, "November 28th, 1619. My 
 " Lord of Buckingham about resigning his interest in my Lord of Warwick's 
 " goods. Reed. Dec. 1, 1619." And it runs : — 
 
 " After my heartfelt commendations. \\'hereas his Majesty by his former 
 letters, about the beginning of the last summer, signified unto you that he 
 was pleased to bestow upon me that part which belonged to him of the for- 
 feiture incurred by the Earl of Warwick [Robert Rich] : Yet since he hath 
 likewise pleased to write also in my Co : of Warwick's behalf, I have 
 thought fit to signify unto you that I do wilhngly remit to him likewise aU 
 my interest and [an * obliteration] that I had therein by liis jSIajesty's 
 said warrant. And so I rest your very loving friend. 
 
 [Signed] G. Buckingham. 
 
 " Newmarket, 28 November 1619." 
 
 The paper is sealed with the Duke's [Feltous man] own seal, the beautiful 
 impression of which is as fresh as when made on the above November day, 
 just tAvo hundred and seventy years ago. See also The Atlienieum of 22nd 
 February 1873, page 247. 
 
 * The obliteration here is probably of the word "pretence"; i.e. ji;dging from the 
 Court Minutes" of 1st December 1619, recording the receipt of this letter. 
 
72 
 
 Henry Earl of Pembroke, created Earl of Montgomery 
 1605, succeeded bis brotber William as Earl of Pembroke 
 1030, and died 1652],* Sir Jobn Nortb, William Erie 
 Pembroke [brotber of aforesaid Philip Herbert Earl of 
 Montgomery], Henry [Wriothesley] Erie Southhampton, 
 Henry Whitaker, Jobn Westley, John Wiseman, Sir 
 Henry Yelverton [Attorney-General 1617-21]. 
 
 There is also a supplementary list of names of defaulters 
 to the Second Joint Stock. 
 
 " Abstract of the Estate in the Indies of the 3rd, 5th, 
 " and 11th voyages." No date, hut in good order. 
 
 Under date 1613, I find the, a^jparently, " Bazaar 
 Account " of someone living at Narsapoor. The form of 
 the pages is that of the bazaar books still used by English 
 housekeepers all over India. 
 
 Under May 1632, is, apparently, the Surat Factory cash- 
 keeper's accounts with the Native Broker, Gourdas. 
 
 August 27, 1663. " Account of cash and goods deli- 
 " vered to Henry Aldworth for presents and expenses, at 
 " his going to Hugly with the Salt Petre boats." 
 March 4, 1606/7, a paper headed — 
 
 "Laus Deo, in Loudon, the 4th March, 
 _^j, " Anno Domini 1606." " Cargazon of the 
 " money and goods laden on the Dragon, 
 *' Hector, and Consent, in the third voyage 
 " to Bantam." A most ititcresting paper. 
 It bears the mark here copied by me, which 
 was the " general mark " adopted by the 
 Company 31st Dec. 1600. 
 Dated 1606. " A cargozon or proportion for a bark of 
 " 44 tons for the parts about Cumiua, with [what] money 
 " the commodities will cost, and what is like to make of 
 ** them severally, set down in peazes and rials." Verij 
 interesting. 
 
 Dated 1610. ''Account of cloth purchased for the 
 " eighth voyage of ships Thomas, Hector, and Clove." 
 
 * It is to his son, Philip, that Sir Thomas Herbert's Tracels into Divers 
 J'arts of Africa and Atiin the Great [lOGo] are dedicated. 
 
73 
 
 Bantam, 1614/5, January 15. " Cargazon " of " Pur- 
 slane," [Porcelain ?] and " Camboja " [Gamboge] shipt in 
 the James for the eighth voyage. 
 
 Patanie, July 25, 1614. Invoice of goods landed from 
 the James, ninth voyage. 
 
 1622, July. " Contents of a Chest of Chirurgery, for 
 *' Jaccatra House, laden upon the Abigail," A very 
 interesting list of Materia Medica. 
 
 1630, April 12. Cargazon of Charles. 
 
 1643/4, March 23. Abstract of goods sent to Mocha 
 *' on a Jounk of Suratt." 
 
 1 647/8, January 6. Invoice of goods laden 
 on the Antelope from Surat, It bears the 
 mark here copied. 
 
 '&C 
 
 S 
 
 According to Fryer " the Company's Mark 
 upon all their Goods, Bales, and Parcels," 
 shipped from Surat, "Ahmedavad," " Bom- 
 baim," &c., in India, was this, here copied. 
 
 1650/1 . " Generale carga van de negen Cost Indische 
 schepen namentlijck," &c., &c. 
 
 1656/7, January 20. Swally. Invoice of 
 ship Benjamin* It bears the mark here 
 / V A copied. A most interesting invoice. 
 
 page G2. 
 
74 
 
 1 659, May 6. Account of goods laden at Gambroon 
 on the Mayflower, bound for Metchlipatam. 
 
 The MAYFLOWER with the English Pilgrim Fathers, 
 from Delft Haven, Southampton, and Plymouth, landed 
 at Plymouth Rock, New England, December 25, 1620. 
 Could it have been the same ship as the Company's May- 
 flower?^ 
 
 * This heedless question, although 'some good came of it, has been the 
 cause also of considerable confusion, as may be most conveniently shown by 
 reproducing the following extract from a letter addressed by me to the 
 Editor of the Daily Telegraph on the 24th October 1889 :— 
 
 " Sir Edwin Arnold, addressing his distinguished audience [Harvard Uni- 
 versity], asks, ' Do you know that the Mayflower, which brought your an- 
 cestors hither, went down in Inchan waters off Masulipatam ? ' The 
 suggestio falsi in this interrogation originated in the following manner : — 
 
 " In 1878 I reported on the supplementary miscellaneous ' Old Records ' of 
 the India Office, and as wherever I put in my thumb 1 pulled out a plmn, 
 instead of contenting myself with a cut-and-dried official description of them, 
 for the mere purposes of classification, I put all the plums I found into my 
 report, which, on account of its consequent interest, was published by Her 
 ]\Iajesty's Trinters for general circulation. One of the biggest of these 
 pliuns, as I then thought it, was the following extract from the ' D. 1'. 
 [Damaged Papers] bundle': — 'May 6, 1659. Account of goods laden at 
 ' Gambroon on the Mayflower, bound for jNIetchlipatam {i.e. Masulipatam).' 
 On this extract I asked : 'Could tliis have been the same ship as the Pilgruu 
 ' Fathers' Maijfloiver P On the report going out to India it was there dis- 
 covered that a Company's ship of the name of Mayfloiver had, about the same 
 date, foundered in ' the Bay ' (/.e. of Bengal), and on the supposition, based 
 merely on my question, that the two were identical, numerous newspaper 
 articles ajjpeared connecting the foundered Mayflower with the immortal ship 
 of the Pilgrim Fathers. Again, the late JMr. Henry Stevens, of V'ermont, of 
 the publishing house of Henry Stevens and Son, London, an enthusiastically 
 patriotic American, became deeply interested in my extract and question 
 about the Company's Mayflower, and being convinced that she was the same 
 Mayflower as that of the Pilgrim Fathers, determined to publish every docu- 
 ment in the India Office naming the sacro-sanct vessel. This resolution led 
 to his publishing, as a commencement, the first volume of the " Court 
 Minutes " of the East India Company, extending over the years 1599 to 1603, 
 simply because a ship called Mayflower is constantly referred to in it. By 
 the time that the volume was ready for publication I had begun to have 
 serious misgivings of the identity of any of the Mayflowers belonging to the 
 Company witii the Mayflower, and in the introduction to JMr. Stevens' volume 
 relegated my reference to the subject to a foot-note. Soon after its issue I 
 was satisfied that there was no connection between them ; and in reviewing 
 11i£ Dawn of British Trade to the East Indies — as Mr. Stevens named his book 
 — in the Athcmmm for October 15, 1887, I remarked: — 'Mr. Stevens was 
 
75 
 
 No date. Abstract of Pinnace Lanuarrt's cargo for 
 Bussorah. 
 
 No date [?1614]. Invoice of goods laden upon the 
 Advice for ' Jappan,' for the first voyage. 
 
 Bantam, 1613. Kemainder in Bantam on account of 
 the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 11th voyages. Unfortunately 
 much damaged, or otherwise ivoidd have been invaluahle. 
 
 1629, November 20. " Amadavad," " household stuff," 
 remaining in the factory, with their weight, &c. 
 
 1629, December 6. An inventory of the "household 
 stuff" at Surat. 
 
 The packet marked " Bills of Lading," contains, inter 
 alia, the following entries : — 
 
 Bantam, 1614/5, January 1. Bill of lading in the 
 James for the " Purslane " [porcelain ?]. 
 
 1633/4, March 25. Bill of lading in the 
 Palsgrave, from London to Surat. It bears 
 the mark here copied by me. 
 
 The packet marked "Policies and Insurance," con- 
 tains, inter alia, the following entries : — Under date 
 February 16, 1656/7, insurance of goods shipped on 
 
 ' allured into his patriotic undertaking by the romantic fancy that the Mai/- 
 ' flower mentioned in this volume, as one of the ships inspected for the 
 ' Company's " first voyage " to India, was the veritable Mmjfloicer that carried 
 ' the Pilgrim Fathers to America. Mayflower was a common name for a ship 
 ' in those days, and the one examined for the Company in 1600, and the 
 ' other possessed by the Company in 1659, which is believed to have subse- 
 ' quently foundered in the Bay of Bengal, must both have been larger ships 
 ' than the little craft of the PUgrim Fathers. The Mmjflou-er of 1600 must, 
 ' moreover, have ceased to exist in 1620, and that of 1620 long before 1659. 
 ' Only ships built of Indian teak could have kept the sea from 1600 to 1659, 
 'like those used by the Phoenicians at Tylos, which Theophrastus tells us 
 ' had continued sailing for 300 years." This question has now [1890] been 
 finally set at rest by the discovery of an entry proving that the Company's 
 Mayflower was of 280 or 300 tons burtiien, whereas the historical Mayflower 
 was of only 180 tons. 
 
76 
 
 the Three Brothers, homeward bouuJ from Macassar, 
 Bantam, &c. 
 
 The packet marked "Customs House List " contains, 
 inter alia, the following entry : — 
 
 A printed list of goods imported into and exported from 
 London, dated February 5, 1667.8, No. 28, and of goods 
 exported by certificate. 
 
 From Amsterdam were imported silk, organzine silk, 
 quicksilver, caraway seed, " Ozenhrigs^" " Harfordsy^' 
 madder, safflower, argoll, castoreum, varnish, smallwares, 
 drest bristles. 
 
 From Middleborough, silks, linseed, clover seed, canary 
 wine. 
 
 From Fiotterdam, nutmegs, mace, silk, hair stuffs, 
 safflowTr, hemp, madder, " Tarras " or " Tattas," 
 gally-tiles, snuffers, iron wire, thread. 
 
 From LubccJo ? " Hinterlands " goods are shown to 
 have been imported from Ostend, Flushing, Harlem, Roan 
 [Rouen], Deipe [Dieppe], Nants [Nantz], Civill [Seville], 
 Rochell [Rochelle], Norway, Barbadoes. 
 
 The places named to which goods were exported from 
 London are Hambro, Rotterdam, Porto [Oporto], Lisbon, 
 Cadiz, Dunkirk, Amsterdam, Bridges ? [Bruges ?], Bre- 
 men, •'' Straits " [of Gibraltar], Tangier(s), St. Valer}^, 
 Bilboa, " Bermoodos " [*' the still vexed ' Bermoothes ' " 
 of Shakespeare's Tempest']^ "Legorn," Guinea, France, 
 Ostend, Dieppe, " Burdaux," Middleboro', *'Roan" 
 [Rouen], Virginia, Barbadoes, New England, Canaries. 
 
 The packet marked " Miscellaneous " contains, among 
 other papers, the following : — 
 
 1606. First page of Captn. Keelinge's Journal, of the 
 ** Third Voyage." 
 
 1615 or 1615/6. Document endorsed " Contentions 
 about Oxwick in Acheene." 
 
 1626, September 8. Letter to Mr. Bagwell in 
 Holland, to buy 2,000/. worth of "Rials;" stating also 
 that the goldsmiths had been disappointed in their 
 
11 
 
 expectation to enhance the vahie of British coins by a 
 Proclamation of the King to the contrary. 
 
 1631. Acceptance by the Commissioners for repairing 
 St. Paul's Omrch, of Mr. Smethwick's offering. 
 
 1643. "A draught of the South Land* lately dis- 
 covered; " a rough sketch, much damaged, and only 
 kept together by being backed with goldbeater's skin. 
 
 1642,3, January 17. Copy of Company's bonds to Sir 
 Peter Ricault, knight. 
 
 1653, November 2. Letter from V. Markham, Auditor 
 to the Company, recounting his services. 
 
 Paris, 1664, May 26. Printed paper, being the frag- 
 ment of an address to the French nation in favour of 
 an East India Company \i.e., Colbert's Company]. The 
 articles are complete. This is a very interesting docu- 
 ment. 
 
 1706, and 1707, and 1708. Order for payment of 
 gratuities to the Grovernour, Deputy, and Members of 
 Committees. 
 
 1720-23. The journal, in French, of the French ship 
 of war, Le Content. 
 
 No date. Mr. Sambrooke's argument in favour of a 
 Joint Stock. 
 
 No date. Abstract of the Earl of Devonshire's 
 estate. 
 
 No date [?1637]. Instructions from Charles I. to 
 Nicholas Wilford, sent on a mission to the " Emperor of 
 Persia" to collect antiquities, take drawings of ancient 
 buildings, and to procure information regarding " Mada- 
 gascar, by reason of its propinquity to Persia." 
 
 * This must be a draught either of Van Diemen's Land, discovered by 
 Tasman 24th November, 1642, and named by hnu* after Maria Van Diemen. 
 the beautiful daughter of the Dutch Governor of Batavia ; or of New Zea- 
 land, also discovered by Tasman in 1642. Owing to the prejucUce which was 
 found to deter English emigrants, the name of Van Diemen's Land, or 
 Demon's Land as they called it, was changed about 40 years ago to Tasmania 
 in honour of its susceptible and romantic discoverer. It was not known to 
 be an island until explored by FUnders, who, ^vith Bass, discovered Bass's 
 Strait in 1799. 
 
78 
 
 No date. Particulars of [?the Company's] charitable 
 gifts in Stepney, Poplar, &c. 
 
 No date. Commons' Declaration and Impeachment 
 against the Duke of Buckingham. 
 
 No date. Supposed objections in Parliament against 
 the Company answered. 
 
 In the packet marked "Commissions" there are, 
 among others, the following papers: — 
 
 Circa 1613-14. A book marked " Downton's Voyage " 
 [1st Joint Stock], also "instructions in the voyage of 
 the Hector, New Year's Gift, &c., 4 shipps." 
 
 No date. Copy of King Charles's Commission to 
 Captain Quaile of the Sea Horse to capture the ships of 
 Spain in the East Indies. 
 
 1640, 24 July. Commission of the King of France to 
 Captain Digard of the Rose of Diepe. 
 
 London, 1662, July 11. Commission to Captain 
 Egmont of the George and Martha. 
 
 [?1671, 20 Sept.] Commission of the Company to 
 the Kear-Admiral of the Fleet bound to Bantam. 
 
 In the packet marked " Ships " are, among others, the 
 following papers : — 
 
 1613. " KoU of the dead men out of the Clove, 
 Hector, and Thomas.'' [Eighth voyage under Saris.] 
 An interesting list of dead men's names. 
 
 No date. Proceedings to recover gold plundered from 
 the Morning Star by an Algerine pirate. 
 
 In the packet marked " Minutes " there is, among 
 other papers, the following : — 
 
 November 7, 1705. An order, in original, for Blood 
 Money. 
 
 In the packet marked "Trade" there are, among 
 others, the following papers : — 
 
 Sir J. Sambrooke's Keport on the Progress of the East 
 India Trade, begun in 1600. 
 
 1620/1, February 22. Account of the bullion and 
 goods exported by the Company since 1600. 
 
 These are two important records. 
 
79 
 
 About 1640. Declaration of the grievances which dis- 
 couraged the East India Company. 
 
 1697, August 3. A packet of patterns from Persia^ 
 received overland, vid Aleppo, of sills and dyes. Very 
 interesting. 
 
 No date. Papers 'giving prices of various articles in 
 Persia, Arabia, and India. Very interest iny. 
 
 No date. Barloe's remonstrance against mihtary ex- 
 penditure on fortifications, &c., and regarding the great 
 profits on inland trade in India. 
 
 The packet marked " Diary " contains a diary from 
 Dacca, 1678. 
 
 The packet marked " Law " contains, under the date 
 1621, copy of a bill filed in Chancery against Richard 
 Ohamberlyn and others by Benjamin Deicroe, the agent of 
 the Company for discovery of new trades in Russia and 
 Muscovy. 
 
 Bundle B.—'' Wilks's Collection." 
 
 This is a miscellaneous collection of damaged papers, 
 like those already noted, sorted by Mr. Wilks, a clerk in 
 the old Examiner's Ofiice, and put up by him into leather 
 cases. 
 
 The leather case marked " Various Dates " contains, 
 among other papers : — 
 
 A packet marked " Dutch," being copies of papers from 
 1672 to 1742, and 1807 to 1819, relating to the Dutch in 
 the East. 
 
 Also a hst of papers collected by the Committee of 
 Bombay, appointed in 1797 for procuring information for 
 the Company's Historiographer, and received by Mr. 
 Bruce in 1802. The list is copied on pai^er of the date of 
 1825. 
 
 In the leather case marked " Time Charles 1st," are the 
 following papers :— 
 
 1st. " Courten's Association," special grant of Charles!. 
 
for settling a trade at G-oa and other parts of the East 
 Indies. 
 
 2ud. " Extracts of memorable passages encountered by 
 ship Dragon, and Captain Weddell's Fleet." [The China 
 Fleet of 1637.] 
 
 3rd. Captain Weddell's relation of his China voyage 
 [1637]. 
 
 4th. " Translate of the Mocha Phirmand, laid before 
 the Committee of Correspondence, Oct. 21, 178 9." 
 
 In the leather case marked " Bengal Firmauds," are 
 the following papers : — 
 
 1st. " Translate of Sultan Shauh Shujaes Neshaun 
 [Sultan Shuja, Governour of Bengal, 1639-60] letters 
 patent to the English in India," in Heg. 1066 [A.D. 
 1655J, being the 28th year of the reign of Shah Jehan. 
 
 2nd, Account of trade at Balasore, Patna, Maulda, and 
 MetchHpatam, 1670-76. 
 
 8rd. " Translate of Kuffee Ckaiins [Rafi Khan], Nabob 
 " of Orissa, his order or grant for confirmation of the 
 " Enghsh privileges in said kingdom." In the 13th year 
 of Aurungzebe [A.D. 1671]. 
 
 4th. " Translate of Nabob Shausteth Cawne [Shaista 
 " Khan, Governour of Bengal, 1664-77], Lord of the 
 " Noblemen, his confirmation of the English privileges 
 " in the kingdom of Bengala." In the 15th year of 
 Aurungzebe [A.D. 1673]. This is the Cha-Est-Kan to 
 whom Tavernier sold his great American pearl, the 
 " biggest pearl that was ever carried out of Europe into 
 Asia." 
 
 5th. " Translate of a letter from Shausteth Cauknc 
 " [the same Shaista Khan], Lord of the Noblemen, 
 " Prefect of Bengala, in answer to one from Wares Cawne, 
 " Great Chancellor of the Province of Bearra [Behar] 
 " about the Enghsh." In the 18th year of Aurungzebe 
 [A.D. 1676]. 
 
 6th. Complaint, dated Fort St. George, March 10, 
 1686/7, to the Great Mogol, of hindrances to the Com- 
 pany's trade. 
 
81 
 
 7th. Extract of treaty of peace with Nawab, or Gover- 
 nour [Shaista Khan, 1680-9,] of Bengal, 1687. 
 
 8th. Copies of letters, accounts, &c. laid before the 
 Committee of Correspondence, 1790. 
 
 List C. Papers [not a Bundle]. 
 A rubbishy Index, indicating nothing. 
 
 Bundle D. 
 
 Contains, inter alia, fragment of the Journal of Peter 
 Williamson Floris, a Dutchman in the Company's Ser- 
 vice, for the 7th voyage [Globe, Captain Hippon, 1611 J. 
 It relates to Masulipatam, " PetapoH," and " Paleakate " 
 [Pulicat]. 
 
 Crangauore, March 10, 1615/6. The Zamorin's letter 
 to James I. [relating to the treaty obtained by Captain 
 Keelinge, to trade and settle a Factory or House of Trade 
 at Cranganore, and to expel the Portuguese from Cochin]. 
 This is in triplicate. 
 
 1625/6, March 1. Papers relating to the first Settlement 
 of Armagaon. 
 
 1632, November. " Translate of the 1st Masulipatam 
 Firman." 
 
 1633/4, February 21. Translation of the Golconda 
 Firman. 
 
 1633/4, February 26. Translation of the Matterable 
 Firman. 
 
 Articles of Agreement with the King of Porqua. 
 
 1668, September 12. Articles of Agreement with the 
 King of Carwar. In duplicate. 
 
 [? 1669.] Project of a Treaty with the Rajah of Cana- 
 nore for the settlement of a factory at Biliapatam. 
 
 1699, July 20. General Perwanna [Persian parwana, 
 " permission," " pass," " concession,"] by the Nawab of 
 Golconda to the Company. 
 
82 
 
 1711, October 23. Account of our first Settlement at 
 Fort St. George. 
 
 1716, November 13. Grant of " Divy Islands." 
 
 1750/1, January 1. Agreement with the King of 
 Taujore. 
 
 [Eeceived, 1756, November 9.] " Translate of 12 letters 
 frcm the Nannah [Nana Farnavis], received from Govin 
 Sewram Punt at Ghereah"; that is, Gheria [i.e., " the 
 Enclosure"], otherwise called Vijayadrug [i.e., "Fort 
 Vicioiy "], the stronghold of the pirate chief Tuloji 
 Angria, captured by the Enghsh sea and land forces 
 under Admiral Watson and " Colonel Clive," acting in 
 concert with the Peishwa's ships and troops, 12th April 
 1756. 
 
 1667-1702. A packet of fragments of copies of letters, 
 abstracts, and extracts, of which I can make nothing. 
 Sivajee [Sivaji, founder of the Mahratta nationality, 
 1627-80,] is mentioned. 
 
 1670-71. Grants on account of services against 
 Sivajee. 
 
 1671-81. Extracts, &c. Sivcijee mentioned. 
 
 Finally, a rough memorandum, dated 1817, regarding 
 the posts of Registrar of Indian Records and Historiographer, 
 — " aboMshed." 
 
 ^iftc iFactorg lltaties antr eonswltations. 
 
 I. — SuBAT Records [including " Swally," i.e., Suwah, 
 the roadstead north of the mouth of the Tapti]. 
 
 A. Twenty volumes of " Consultations," from 1631-32 
 to 1702-4. 
 
 Vol. 15, 1679. This is a typical volume, clearly written 
 and in good condition. 
 
 At page 5 is a petition to the Right Honble. Thomas 
 Rolt, ** Governour of Bombay, President of India, Persia, 
 
83 
 
 Arabia , &c." Rolt was third Company's Governour of 
 Bombay, 1677-81, in succession to G-erard Aimgier, 
 1669-77, and Sir George Oxenden, 1668-69 ; and in pre- 
 cession to Sir John Child, 1681-90. 
 
 At page 6 is a letter from JOHN FRYER asking to be 
 made surgeon to the Surat Factory. 
 
 At page 7, instructions are asked as to how the Presi- 
 dent and Council at Surat were to comport themselves in 
 the strife between " Sevagee " and the King of " Vizapore " 
 [Bijapur, I.e., Ali Adil Shah, 1656-72, whose chivalrous 
 general, Afzul Khan, was assassinated by Sivaji, on the 
 hill side of Pertabghar, 1659]. 
 
 At pages 23, 24, 25, lists of commodities. 
 
 At page 69, notice of "Sevagee" fortifying "Hendry 
 Kendry," the twin islets, now called Henery [i.e., Vondari, 
 "Mouse-like"] Kenery, [/.('., Khandari, i.e., "Sacred to 
 Khandaroo "], at the entrance of Bombay Harbour, to 
 the southward. It was in 1679 that Sivaji's admiral 
 took possession of Kenery, when, after a vain attempt 
 to dislodge him by the English supported by the Sidi 
 [Saed] of Jinjira, we occupied Henery. 
 
 At page 86, details of proceedings with " Sevagee." 
 
 Sivaji first looted Surat in 1664, and again in 1669-70. 
 After this the Mahrattas, or " Seevagees," as they are 
 sometimes termed in the India Office records, renewed 
 their raids on it almost every year, down to 1676, when 
 the wall of defence, begun in 1664, was completed, and 
 the city thenceforward rendered safe against these pre- 
 datory attacks. Streynsham Master took part, under his 
 uncle. Sir George Oxenden, in the defence of the Com- 
 pany's Factory in 1664; and again, in 1670, the new 
 President [in succession to Oxenden, who died at Surat in 
 July 1669], Gerard Aungier, deputed him, with a small 
 party of seamen, from Swally, to occupy the Factory at 
 Surat, which he successfully held against Sivaji. It was 
 for this latter service that Sir Streynsham Master received 
 from the Company in 1672 a gold medal, bearing on one 
 side the arms of Master, and on the other those of the 
 
 F 2 
 
84 
 
 Company, with the Latin inscription, " Pro Meritis 
 CONTRA Sevageum apud Suratt, 1670." See Sir Henrj^ 
 Yule, under "Master," pp. 225-6, " Dianj of William 
 Hedges,*' Vol. II. 
 
 Vol. 20, 1702-4. A very different vokime from the 
 rest in size, but full of the same particulars of the daily 
 routine of the Company's trade at Surat. Under date 
 of January 26, 1702/3, mention is made of " Olihaimm 
 Sahaar." 
 
 B. Forty-six volumes of letters from Surat, from 1635/6 
 to 1706/8. 
 
 In Vol. 5, 1662, p. 12, is copy of the letter containing the 
 Duke of York's instructions to the Earl of Marlborough* 
 for taking over the Island of Bombay from the Portuguese. 
 At page 40, in a long letter to London, the prices of 
 various commodities, " Allum," " Tynn," " Kough Amber," 
 " Corrall," " VermilHon," are stated. 
 
 * This was James Ley, third Earl of Marlborough, the eminent mathema- 
 tician and navigator. He was slain in the great sea fight with the Dutch^ 
 June 3, 1665 ; and his body lies in Westminster Abbey. He had arrived in 
 India on the 18th of September 1662, with a fleet of five ships, to take pos- 
 session of the Island of Bombay as part of the Infanta Catherina's dower on 
 her marriage with Charles II. The Portuguese in Bombay having refused 
 to give up the Island, Marlborough landed the 500 soldiers with him under 
 Su' Abraham Shipman, on the small Island of Anjeedeva, 12 leagues to the 
 south of Goa, where having left them, he sailed away to England. The con- 
 sequence was that Sir Abraham Shipman and most of his men miserably 
 perished on this unhealthy spot of exposure during the rains of 1663-4. The 
 100 survivors formed the cadre of the Honble. Company's 1st European 
 regunent or Bombay Fusileers, afterward the 103rd Foot. The other regi- 
 ment raised at the same tune became known as " Ivirke's Lambs," afterward 
 the 2nd or " Queen's " Regiment. 
 
 Under date the 15th May 1663, Pepys writes: — "The Portugalls have 
 " choused us, it seems, in the Island of Bombay in the East ludys, for after 
 " a great charge of our fleets being sent thither with full commission from 
 " the King of Portugall to receive it, the Govcrnour by some pretence or 
 " other will not dehver it to Sir Abraham Shipman, sent from the King, nor 
 " to my Lord of Marlborough ; which the King takes highly ill, and I fear 
 " our (Jueen will fare the worse for it." And under date of September 6, he 
 speaks of " the disappointment of the King by tlie knavery of the Portugall 
 " Viceroy, and the inconsiderableness of the place of Bombaim even if we 
 " had had it." 
 
85 
 
 C. For*,y-one volumes of letters to Surat from various 
 sub-factories and other places, from 1628 to 1704-5. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1655-56. Letter from Ispahan, giving list of 
 prices there. 
 
 Vol, 5, 1659-60. Letters from " Rajapore." 
 
 Vol. 6, 1662-63, contains a narrative of the siege and 
 capitulation of Cochin, p. 39 ; and the articles of agree- 
 ment with the King of Porqua, p. 87. 
 
 The Surat "PROCEEDINGS" extend from 1700 to 
 1804. 
 
 Surat was a Presidency of the East India Company 
 from 1612 to 1678; and again from 1681 to 1685-87, 
 when the Presidency of Western India was finally trans- 
 ferred to Bombay. Between 1629 and 1635 Surat was 
 the chief seat of Government over all the Company's 
 possessions in the East. 
 
 Thomas Coryat, the author of " His Crudities," died 
 at Surat in December 1617 : " killed with kindness," 
 writes Fryer, by the English merchants, " who laid his 
 rambling brains at rest." He was buried on the hill near 
 Swally. 
 
 II. — Bombay Records. 
 
 A. Seventeen volumes of Diaries and Consultations, 
 from 1669 to 1702-3. 
 
 B. Forty-five volumes of letters from Bombay, from 
 1672 to 1708-10. 
 
 C. Forty-two volumes of letters to Bombay, from 
 1678-74 to 1703-4. 
 
 [The Tannah '' PROCEEDINGS " extend from 1777 
 to 1799.] 
 
 Bombay was transferred to the East India Company 
 in 1669 ; and their first Governour was, as above stated, 
 Sir George Oxenden, 1668-9. The previous four Gover- 
 nours of Bombay, appointed by the Crown, were Sir 
 Abraham Shipman, his Secretary, Mr. Humfrey Cooke, 
 who first took possession of the Island in 1665, Sir 
 
86 
 
 Gervase Lucas, who succeeded in 1666, and Captain 
 Henry Garey, who officiated in 1667-8. 
 
 III. — Angengo Records. — Two volumes. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1717-22. Extract of letters as to the estate of 
 late W. Gyfford. 
 
 Wilham Gyfiford was Governour of Madras 1681-7, 
 in succession to Streynsham Master, 1678-81 \_see 
 supra, under ''Miscellaneous," Vols. 2 and 3], who 
 had instituted a tax for cleaning the Black Town of 
 Madras and building up a wall for its defence on its 
 north and west sides. When Master left the inha- 
 bitants petitioned against it, and " our too easy Agent 
 Gyfford," elsewhere written of as '' that heavy President 
 Gyfford," abohshed it. The popular memory of the 
 opposition to this imposition, which led to open riot in 
 1684, is still preserved in Madras in the name of " Wall 
 Tax Street " leading along the remains of the west wall. 
 He was succeeded in the Governorship of Madras by Elihu 
 Yale, 1687-92, who estabHshed the Factory at Cuddalore, 
 and became a great benefactor of Yale College, U.S. 
 Gyfford was possibly a descendant of Philip Gyfford, 
 Deputy Governour of Bombay, who died 1676. 
 
 Vol. 2, 1727. A most intcn'stuhj account of the place, 
 u-rittcn on thin India paper, ^VHICH ^ IS FAST 
 PERISHING. The story of " Gunner Ince's " heroical 
 defence of Angengo,* some time prior to 1717, is worthy 
 of a place beside dive's defence of Arcot, about 50 years 
 later. 
 
 The Angengo "PROCEEDINGS" extend from 1774 to 
 1804. 
 
 The East India Company built a factory and fort at 
 Angengo [Attinga, i.e., Anju'tenga, " Five Cocoa-nut 
 Trees"] in 1695, but abandoned it in 1810, when 
 the station was subordinated to their Political Resi- 
 
 * Since the publication of the first edition of the Report this has been 
 published in the Times of 27th July 1886. 
 
87 
 
 dent at Tre van drum. Angengo was the birth-place of 
 Eobert Orme, " the British Thucydides," and ''father of 
 Oriental History." He was born here in 1728, and died 
 in England in 1801. It was also the birth-place of Mrs. 
 Daniel Draper, Sterne's [and the Abbe Raynal's] " Ehza " ; 
 who died in Bristol 1778, aged 35. "EHza's Tree"atMasu- 
 lipatam was swept away by the great cyclone of 1864.* 
 
 IV. — Fort St. George [Madras] Records. 
 
 A. Twenty-three volumes of Diaries and Consultations, 
 from 1662-63 to 1705. 
 
 B. Twenty-six volumes of letters from Fort St. G-eorge, 
 from 1661-62 to 1704. 
 
 C. Twenty-one volumes of letters to Fort St. George, 
 from 1672-73 to 1703-4. Vol. 13, 1687-88, is missing. 
 
 Fort St. George was founded by Francis Day in 
 1639-40, in subordination to Bantam; and in 1653 was 
 raised to the rank of an independent Presidency. 
 
 V. — Fort St. David Records. f 
 
 A. Diaries and Consultations, four volumes, namely, 
 for 1696, 1698, 1702, and 1704. 
 
 B. Letters from Fort St. David, one volume, namely, 
 for 1692-93. 
 
 C. Translates of " Phirmans," dated from 1689 to 
 1751, in two volumes. 
 
 Fort St. David [Cuddalore] was built on a site pur- 
 chased from the Mahrattas in 1690, and after the capture 
 of Madras, in 1746, became for a time the chief settlement 
 of the East India Company on the Coromandel coast. 
 
 VI. — Metchlipatam [Masulipatam] and 
 Madapollam Records. 
 A. Thirteen volumes of Diaries and Consultations, 
 from 1675 to 1685. 
 
 * The Abbe Raynal's apostrophe to Eliza Draper in his History of the 
 Settlement and Trade of the Enst and West Indies, begins : — " Anjengo, thou art 
 nothing, but thou hast given birth to Eliza ! " ; and it goes on in this absurd 
 way for five 8vo. pages, in pica, every paragraph beginning with ' Anjengo,' 
 or ' Eliza.' 
 
 t See also Cuddalore Kecords, p. 89. 
 
88 
 
 B. Thirteen volumes of letters from the above Factories, 
 from 1640 to 1686. 
 
 C. Eleven volumes of letters to the above Factories, 
 from 1670-71 to 1685. 
 
 The Metchlipatam [/.f., Machlipatam, "Fish-town"] 
 or Masulipatam* Factory was founded in 1611 under 
 Captain Anthony Hippon, who commanded the Globe in 
 " the Seventh Separate Voyage." The English expelled 
 by the Dutch from the Spice Islands found a refuge here 
 in 1622. The place was taken by the Dutch in 1686, but 
 ■was re-occupied in 1690 by the Enghsh ; to whom it was 
 finally assigned after its recapture from the French [by 
 Colonel Forde], in 1766. 
 
 VII. — CoNiMEEO Records. 
 
 Four volumes of Diaries and Consultations, namely, 
 for 1682-83, 1683, 1684, and 1685. One volume of 
 letters from Conimero [also Conimere, Conimeer], 1684, 
 and one volume of letters to Conimero, 1684. 
 
 VIII. — Pettipollee Records. 
 
 Four volumes of Diaries and Consultations of 1683, 
 1684, 1685, and 1686-87. Two volumes of letters from 
 Pettipollee, for J 682-84 and 1685, and one volume of 
 letters to Pettipollee, for 1684-85. 
 
 * There is no certain etymology of the name of Masulipatam, the Maio-cuXta 
 of Ptolemy and MacraXia of the Periplus ; but it is strange that, from the 
 time of the Periplus, ]\Iasulipatam has been famed for its muslins, and other 
 artistic cotton textures, and that the word muslin is derived from ^losul 
 [i.e., ^Mausul or ISIausil], the Arabic name of the city which occupies part of 
 the site of Nineveh, i.e., "Fish-Town"; and that while on the coasts of 
 Southern India masoU and masidi mean "fish," and ma.wla on the Coro- 
 mandel Coast means " fishing-boat," inahsul in Arabic means " a tax," and 
 malisuli "a revenue station." There used formerly to be an intimate connec- 
 tion between the countries in the Persian Gulf and ]\Iasulipatam ; and the 
 characteristic fabrics manufactured there are still exported to Persia and 
 Syria. 
 
89 
 
 The Pettipollee [Pettapollee, Pottapolle] factory, esta- 
 blished by Captain Hippon and Peter Williamson Floris, 
 is generally identified with Nizampatam, near Ellore, the 
 name being derived from the neighbouring village of 
 Pedapali. 
 
 IX. CUDDALORE RECORDS.* 
 
 Two volumes of Diaries and Consultations for 1685 
 and 1686. One volume of letters from, 1684 ; and two 
 volumes of letters to, namely, for 1684 and 16S5. 
 
 The East India Company first settled at Cuddalore 
 [Kudalur, "(the town at) the-Junction-of-two-Rivers"] 
 in 1682, erecting Fort St. David for the protection of the 
 place about 1690-1. 
 
 X. — ViZAGAPATAM RECORDS. 
 
 Three volumes of Diaries and Consultations for 1692-93, 
 1693-94, and 1694-95. 
 
 The Company's Factory at Yizagapatam [Visakhapatam, 
 *'the City of Visakha," /.(^., Mangala, or Karttikya, the 
 Hindu Mars] was estabHshed in 1668 ; was seized by the 
 Mogols in 1689 ; and restored to the Company in 1690. 
 
 XI. COROMANDEL CoAST RbCORDS. 
 
 One volume, being a collection put together in 1788, 
 relative to various Factories, " Tangore," *' Armagaon," 
 &c., from 1624 to 1681. 
 
 Armagon, or Armeghon, the Company's first Factory 
 on the Coromandel Coast, was built on the site of Chenna 
 Kuppam, near Durgarayapatnam, in the Nellore District 
 of the Madras Presidency, and was named after Arumugam 
 Mudaliar, who greatly aided the Company in settling here 
 in 1625. But the place was not very suitable for trade, 
 and it had to be abandoned in 1638 in favour of Madras. 
 
 See also Fort St. David Kecords, p. 87. 
 
90 
 
 XII.— Calcutta [including ChuttanutteeJ 
 Re COEDS. 
 
 A. Eleven volumes of Diaries and Consultations, from 
 1690 to 1806. 
 
 The volume [5tli] for 1698-99 entered in the Depart- 
 mental List, No. 2,397, is missing;* while I have found 
 a volume for 1697-98, not entered in the said Depart- 
 mental List. In the Consultations Volume for December 
 1694, reference is made to the wreck of the Roijcd James 
 and Manj, which, is thus described in a letter to the Com- 
 pany from Chuttanuttee, dated the 14 th of that month 
 (O.C. 5949) :— 
 
 " The PiOijaJ James and Mary [James 11. and Mary of 
 " Modena] arrived in Balasore Road from the West Coast 
 *' in August, with 286 Behar and 415 lbs. of Pepper, and 
 " Redwood 268 candy 16 maunds, which she took in at 
 " Madras ; but coming up the river of Hugly on the 24th 
 " of September she fell on a sand on this side Tumbolee 
 " Point, and was unfortunately lost, for she immediately 
 '' overset and broke her back, with the loss of four or five 
 " men's lives." 
 
 This shipwreck of the Eoijal James and ManjiB obviously 
 the origin of the name of the James and Manj Sandbank, 
 which has hitherto been supposed, by people in Calcutta, 
 to be an Anglo-Indian corruption of either jahaz-mara 
 " [the place where] the ship struck," or jal-)nari, " dead 
 water." 
 
 B. Ten volumes of letters from Calcutta to Chutta- 
 nuttee, from 1690 to 1704-5. 
 
 C. Eight volumes of letters to Calcutta and Chutta- 
 nuttee, from 1677-78 to 1703-4. 
 
 In 1086, the English retreating from Hugh established 
 themselves under Job Charnock at Chatanati. The new 
 settlement gradually extended itself to Kalikata [Calcutta] 
 and Govindpur ; and from 1689 became the chief seat of 
 the East India Company in Bengal. Fort William was 
 
 * Tliis volume has since been found. 
 
91 
 
 originally built in 1696 ; and the three villages of Chata- 
 nati, Kalikata, and Govindpur were finally assigned to the 
 Company in 1700. " The 24 Parganas," forming the 
 sub-urban [Calcutta] " District " of the " Presidency Divi- 
 sion " of Bengal, were ceded to the Company by Mir Jafir, 
 our puppet Nawab Nazim of Bengal, 20th December 1757. 
 
 XIII. HUGHLY EeCORDS. 
 
 A. Four volumes of Diaries and Consultations, namely, 
 for 1676-77 and 1677-78, the volumes for 1678-79 and 
 1679-80 being missing [in 1878, but since found j. 
 
 B. Four volumes of letters from Hugly, namely, for 
 1678-79, 1679-80, and 1680-82, the volume for 1684 
 being missing [in 1878, but since found]. 
 
 C. Four volumes of letters to India, namely, for 
 1678-79, 1679-80, 1682-83, 1683-84. 
 
 The East India Company's Factory at Hugh was 
 established in 1640, in order to provide them with a 
 better port for trading with Lower Bengal than Pippli in 
 Orissa, where they had a factory from 1624 to 1642. 
 
 XIV. — CossiMBAZAAR _[" Castle Bazaar"] Records. 
 
 Eight volumes of Diaries and Consultations from 
 1676-77 to 1684^85. 
 
 The East India Company's first commercial agent at 
 Kasimbazar was appointed in 1658. 
 
 XV. — Maulda and Englesvad Eecoeds. 
 
 Five volumes of Diaries and Consultations from 1680 to 
 1690-93. 
 
 The East India Company had a factory at Maldah 
 as far back as 1686. Angrez-abad, i.e., "EngHsh-town," 
 corrupted by us into Englesvad, and " English-bazaar," 
 gradually in the 17th century grew round the EngHsh 
 Factory at Maldah, and is now the chief town of the 
 District. 
 
92 
 
 XVI. — Pattana Records. 
 
 Four volumes of Diaries and Consultations from 1680-81 
 to 1683-84. 
 
 Patna [/.f., Pattana, " the City "], the ancient Patali- 
 putra, the Palibothra of Megasthenes, was the seat of 
 one of the Company's factories in Bengal so early as 
 1620. 
 
 XVII. — Dacca Records. 
 
 One volume of Diaries and Records for 1689-91. 
 
 Dacca [Dakha, and so called from the dal-h, or Butea 
 frondosa, trees of the neighbourhood] was occupied by 
 flourishing Dutch, English, and French factories in the 
 17th century. 
 
 XVIII. — Balasore Records. 
 
 Three volumes of Diaries and Consultations for 1679-80, 
 1680-81, and 1686-87. 
 
 The right to establish a factory at Balasore [Bal- 
 Eshwar, "Strength of God "] was granted to the Company 
 in 1642 ; and in 1645, and 1646, in return, as the story 
 goes, for medical services rendered to the Great Mogul 
 [Shah Jehan, 1627-58], and to his viceroy the Nawab 
 of Bengal [Sultan Shuja, 1639-60], by Surgeon Gabriel 
 B(r)oughton of the Company's ship Hojjcwell, additional 
 privileges were av^arded to the Company in respect of 
 their factories at Hugh and Balasore. It was to Balasore 
 that the Pippli factory was transferred in 1642. 
 
 XIX. — Records relating to Fort York, Fort Marl- 
 borough, Java, Siam, and Macassar. 
 A. Fort York. Four volumes of Diaries and Consulta- 
 tions from 1695 to 1701-3. Three volumes of letters 
 from Fort York for 1685-6, 1701-2, and 1702-3, and one 
 volume of letters to Fort York for 1701-3. 
 
93 
 
 B. Fort MarlhoroiKjh. Instructions relating to ship 
 Duhe, and diary, 1740-41. [The Fort Marlborough 
 ''PROCEEDINGS " extend from 1704 to 1818.] 
 
 C. Java. Two volumes of letters from Bantam, 
 1649-50, 1666, and one volume of letters to Bantam, 
 1659-60. 
 
 D. " Three extra volumes." 
 
 E. Si am. One volume of Diaries and Consultations 
 for 1683. 
 
 F. Macassar. One volume, 1613-74. 
 
 XX.— St. Helena Eecords. — Four volumes of 
 Consultations, &c. 
 
 Vol. 1, 1676. I 
 
 Vol. 2, 1694-95. [ Consultations. 
 
 Vol. 3, 1695-96. j 
 
 An odd volume, dated 1677-1714. Copies of the laws 
 and ordinances of St. Helena. This is one of the most 
 interesting volumes of the Old Records. 
 
 The Dutch, who first occupied the Island of St. 
 Helena in 1645, abandoned it in 1651, when it was at 
 once taken possession of by the English. The Dutch 
 expelled us from it in 1673, but we immediately retook 
 it, and in December 1674 it was formally granted by the 
 Crown to the East India Company, by whom it was 
 held until 1834, when the island was re-invested in the 
 Crown. 
 
 The St. Helena " PROCEEDINGS " date from 1704 to 
 
 1835.* 
 
 * I had in 1880 to determine whether there was any documentary evidence 
 in support of a suggestion of Longwood having been conveyed to the 
 Emperor Bonaparte, and the following extracts from the St. Helena Pro- 
 ceedings in the India Office, made by me in the course of my search, are of 
 sufficient interest to warrant my printing them here as a foot-note. 
 
 The St. Helena Proceedings kept in the India Office extend, as above 
 shown, from 1704 to 1885.* and therefore cover the whole period of the 
 
 * After this was written several additional volumes were found, carrying these 
 ' Proceedings " back to 1676. 
 
94 
 There are no special separate Factory Records of the 
 
 Emperor Bonaparte's captivity, viz., from 1815 to 1821. They fill five long 
 quarto volumes of MS. I looked through all these volumes page by page, and 
 found that, while they contained many interesting allusions and references to 
 Bonaparte, there was not a word in them of any conveyance of Longwood to 
 the Emperor ; on the contrary, they afforded presumptive evidence of no such 
 conveyance ever having been made or contemplated. They contain occa- 
 sional reports on the Company's farms on the island, and in these reports 
 Longwood is also mentioned, showing that to the last it continued to belong 
 to the Company. 
 
 I wiU now detail some of the entries relating to the Emperor which I have 
 noted in the volumes. 
 
 A. — St. Helena Council Volume for 1815-16. 
 
 1. Government Order of 11th September 1815 : — 
 
 " A royal salute to be fired immediately in honour of the decisive victory 
 obtained by the Duke of Wellington over Bonaparte in person, with the 
 capture of 214 pieces of cannon. A festival for the garrison, vnXh. the usual 
 allowance of Avine, to be prepared and issued on Thursday. 
 
 " (Signed) T. H. Brooke, Secretary." 
 
 2. A Proclamation of 17th October 1815, setting forth that whereas 
 H.R.H. the Prince Regent had been pleased to command that " General 
 Napoleon Bonaparte " should be detained on the Island of St. Helena, and 
 the Hon. Court of Directors have been pleased to issue orders consequent 
 on this determination, the inhabitants of the island are warned from aiding 
 or abetting the escape of the "said General Napoleon Bonaparte, or that of 
 a.ny of the French persons who have arrived here with him " ; and are 
 interdicted from "the holding any communication or correspondence with 
 him or them," on pain of expulsion from the island. 
 
 3. A Government Order of 17th October 1815, directing, under orders 
 from the Prince Regent, that "General Napoleon Bonaparte" is to be 
 " respected and considered on all occasions as a General." " The respective 
 " officers of this garrison, therefore, whenever the said General Bonaparte 
 " may pass, or they may in any way meet with him, are to turn out guards, 
 " and othermse show him the same marks of resjiect precisely as a General 
 " in His Majesty's service [not in chief command] would be entitled to." 
 
 4. Under the same dat« an entry is made to the effect that, Rear-Achuiral 
 Sir George Cockburn having signified his wish that the house at Longwood, 
 hitherto the residence of the Lieutenant CJovernour, should be prepared for 
 the reception of "(General Bonaparte,"* it had become necessary that 
 
 ' The Emperor landed on the island Ibth October, and slept the night in James' 
 'Town. The next morning he rode out to see Longwood, which was to be set in order for 
 
95 
 following places, but only " PROCEEDINGS " : Tan- 
 
 another house should be provided for the Lieutenant Governour, " the rent 
 of which together with all expenses " are to be charged to the account of 
 His Majesty's Government, in obedience to the fourth paragraph of the 
 Court's letter of 1st August 1815. 
 
 5. Under date of 24th October 1815 is a letter from INIr. Secretary Brooke 
 to Mr. Joseph Luson, Acting Agent of the Hon. East India Company at the 
 Cape of Good Hope, in which, inter alia, it is stated that, the arrival at the 
 island of General Napoleon Bonaparte having led to the importation of 
 regular and ample supplies of live stock and other necessaries from the Cape 
 of Good Hope, for the use of the troops and squadron stationed at St. 
 Helena, " it becomes a question . . . whether the services of the St. Helena 
 schooner will be any longer required here. " 
 
 6. Under date of 30th October a Minute in Council allots compensation to 
 His Excellency Rear-Admiral Sir George Cockburn for his removal from 
 Long-wood. This ]Minute is confirmed by the Council under date of 6th 
 November following. 
 
 7. Under date of 9th November is a letter from the St. Helena Council to His 
 Excellency the Earl of Mou-a, Governor General in Council, Bengal, pointing 
 out how, owing to the residence on the island of " General Napoleon Bona- 
 parte," and the other State prisoners who have followed his fortunes, and the 
 consequent " large augmentation to our garrison besides naval armament," 
 they were suddenly called upon to provide for an increased consumption of 
 food, the supply of which was all the more straitened because of the cir- 
 cumstance of all ships, except those of the King's Government and the East 
 India Company, being prohibited from touching at the island during the 
 detention there of General Bonaparte ; and they request, therefore, that theii- 
 indents on the Government of Bengal for provisions may be punctually com- 
 plied with. 
 
 8. Under date of 14th December is a long Minute by Admiral Cockburn 
 on the privations he had endured through giving up Longwood to Bona- 
 parte. It reads very Uke the record of an " aboard of ship " quarrel. It is 
 very petty, and possibly throws Mght on Admiral Cockburn's treatment of 
 Bonaparte while the latter was at the Briars, of which Las Casas complains, 
 
 9. Under date of 6th December, Admiral Cockburn transmits for the 
 consideration of the Governor, Mr. Wilkes, " some regulations which I deem 
 " necessary to be forthwith established for the better security of General 
 " Bonaparte and his followers at Longwood." In consequence of the above 
 
 his reception ; but on his way back, having noticed the house called the Briars, and being 
 very loth to return to the rooms which had been assigned as his temporary residence m 
 James' Town, Sir George Cockburn at once allowed him to change his quarters to the 
 Briars. He continued to live there until the 10th December, on which day he remoTcd 
 to Longwood. 
 
96 
 
 jore, 1771-1803 ; Tellicherry, 1777-93 ; Patna, 1714-17 ; 
 and Gombroon, 1708-63. 
 
 Geoege C. M. Biedwood, M.D., LL.D., 
 Special Assistant, 
 Statistics and Commerce Department. 
 
 India Office, 
 1st November 1878, 
 
 and 
 17tli November 1889 [date of first reprint], 
 30th November 1890 [date of second (present) reprint]. 
 
 a Proclamation was issued on the same day giving effect to Admiral Cock- 
 burn's regulations. 
 
 10. Under date of 11th December is another long letter from Admiral 
 Cockbum, about his Longwood grievances. 
 
 B.— .SV. Helena Council Volume for 1816-17. 
 
 1. Under date of 80th March 1816 is a Proclamation to the inhabitants 
 of St. Helena, informing them that " a letter addressed to one of the 
 " foreigners detained in the island was some time since received under an 
 " enclosure addressed to an inhabitant," and warning them that any of them 
 who might receive such letters, and did not Avithin twenty-four hours inform 
 Sir George Cockbum, or whoever might be thereafter in custody of General 
 Bonaparte, of the same, would be dealt with according to the spirit of the 
 Proclamation of 17th October 1815, above noted. 
 
 2. Under date of 22nd July is a letter from the St. Helena Council to the 
 Elarl of Moira, pointing out how the demand for labour had risen in conse- 
 quence of the island having been adopted as the residence of General Bona- 
 parte, and asking for 350 labourers from China. 
 
 o. Under a Resolution of Council of 7th September, Lieut. Xagle is allowed 
 270/. for building his premises at Longwood. 
 
 4. Under 80th September is a report on the Company's farms on the 
 island, including Longwood. 
 
 5. Under date of 9th December commence the Council's interminable 
 proceedings with then- Farm Superintendent, Mr. Breame, for depredations 
 at Longwood, and other misconduct connected mth that and the other 
 fanns. Mr. Breame was probably the most truculent subordinate the 
 long-suffering East India Company ever had in their service, and the 
 only motive the Council of St. Helena could have had in putting up 
 with him for so many years must have been as a resource against 
 
 C— ,S^ Helena Council Volume for 1817-18. 
 1. Under date of 10th March 1817, a letter from Mr. Secretary T. H. 
 Brooke to Mr. Joseph Luson, Agent to tlie Hon. E. I. C, Cape of Good 
 
97 
 
 Hope, indenting for articles " for the Governor's use, Regimental 
 Purveyor to General Bonaparte's Establishment," &c. 
 
 2. Under date 17th August W, Balcombe, .Purveyor to General Bona- 
 parte, solicits that his disbursements on account of the establisliment at 
 Longwood may be met by bills on England instead of by cash payments in 
 dollars. The order on this application is finally confirmed under date of 15th 
 September. 
 
 o. Under date of 10th November is a long letter from AIi'. Secretary 
 Brooke to Sir Hudson Lowe, the new Governor, about Mr. Breame and 
 Longwood. 
 
 4. Under date of 15th December is the " Information of ]VIr. Bigger " 
 regarding Mr. Breame's misconduct in connection with Longwood farm : 
 " I have known him [Breame] to kill cattle for Longwood establishment, 
 " and fill that establishment at the rate of Is. 6(1. a pound, and reserve one 
 " tliird himself and charge it only at a shilling. Some time ago he killed a 
 " veal calf which might have weighed about' 50 lbs., or half a hundred, and 
 " sold 35 of it to the Longwood establishment, and the rest he kept 
 " himself."' 
 
 D. — S7. Helena Council Volume for 1818-20. 
 Nothing to note in present connection. 
 
 E.—St. Helena Council Volume for 1820-21. 
 
 1. Under date of 7th December 1820, 125Z. granted to Mr. Wills, and lOOL 
 to Mr. Robinson, as compensation for any diminution in the supply of water 
 on their lands from wliich they might have suffered since Longwood and 
 Deadwood were drained in the year 1809. 
 
 2. On 11th December 1820 the storekeeper paid in the sum of 105Z. on account of 
 48 dozen champagne rejected hy General Bonaparte. 
 
 3. Under date of 14th May occurs the entry : — " Saturday, the 6th, 
 DIED General Napoleon Buonaparte." The date in books, by an 
 OBVIOUS misprint, is 3rd May. 
 
 4. Under date of 11th June the Island of St. Helena is again announced 
 to be opened to all British ships, and those of all nations in amity with Great 
 Britain. 
 
 This is all that is said of the passing away of the great Emperor, the 
 greatest military genius that the world has known since Julius Caesar and 
 Alexander the Great ; and the above are, I have little doubt, nearly all th 
 entries relating to Bonaparte and Longwood in these volumes. But the 
 Proceedings all thi-ough refer to other correspondence, which probably 
 still exists in the India Office in Departmental compilations of which I am 
 ignorant, and which wovdd probably fill up the gaps in the history of 
 Bonaparte's residence at Longwood as set forth in these volumes of tlie 
 Proceedings. 
 
 There is a great deal of other interesting matter in the volumes. Besides 
 the correspondence with ]\Ir. Breame, there is, under date of the 9th of July 
 1821, a voluminous indictment of the Chaplain, INIr. Boys, for a sermon he 
 preached at the Plantation House Church on Matthew xxi. 31, " Verily I say 
 " unto you, that the publicans and harlots go into tlie kingdom of God 
 
 G 
 
98 
 
 "before you;" which sermon the Governor in his Minute, which is con- 
 curred in by his Council, declares was directed against himself and his col- 
 leagues on the Council Board. 
 
 Next, under 16th July, Mr. Brooke, now Member of Council, complains 
 of a sermon delivered extempore by Mr. Boys the previous evening on the 
 text, in Fsalm xviii. 40 : — " Thou hast also given me the necks of mine 
 enemies ; that I might destroy them that hate me." Mr. Brooke is certain, 
 from the tenor of the sermon, and from ]\Ir. Boys"s gesticulations, that it was 
 directed against himself and the rest of the Council. 
 
 Under 10th July 1815 is a public notice that all persons found smoking che- 
 roots in the streets will be considered as infringing the regulations prohibiting 
 fire heing carried about the streets, and fined in a sum not exceeding ol. 
 
 Most interesting of all is the Proclamation of 24th August 1818, abolish- 
 ing slavery on the island : — " Whereas by the universal concurrence of the 
 " inhabitants, and slave populations on this Island, it was resolved at a meet- 
 " ing held this day, that from and after the 25th day of December next, 
 •' being the anniversary of the birth of oiu' Blessed Saviour Jesus Christ, all 
 " childi-en born of slaves shall be free, .... this is to give notice that the 
 " above is to be considered as a Law of the Island, and that from and after 
 " the 25th of December next, being the anniversary of our Blessed Lord and 
 " Saviour, all children born of slaves on the Island are consequently to be 
 " held free . . . ." 
 
 This was done by the Hon. E. I. C. fifteen years before the abohtion of 
 slavery in the Crown Colonies [1833] ; and it was a very beautiful idea, 
 giving freedom to the new-born slaves as a gift in honour of the anniversary 
 of the birth of Christ, and it is startling to stumble on it among the sordid 
 entries of these sere and dusty quartos. See also The Athmmum of 23rd July 
 1881, pp. 113, 114. 
 
II. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE 
 
 THE MODEKN QUEST AND INVENTION 
 OF THE INDIES. 
 
 G 2 
 
" Elizabeth, that glorious Star, was glorious beyond any of her 
 predecessors. The Great Council of the Parliament was the nurse 
 of all Her actions ; and such an emulation of love was between that 
 Senate and the Queen, as it is questionable which had more affec- 
 tion, the Parliament in observance unto Her, or She in indulgence 
 to the Parliament. And what were the Effects ? Her Story told 
 them. Peace and Prosperity at Home, Honour and Eeputation 
 Abroad ; a Love and Observation in Her Friends, Consternation in 
 Her Enemies, Admiration even in All. The ambitious Pride of Spain 
 was broken by Her Power ; the distracted French were united by 
 Her Arts ; the distressed Hollanders were supported by Her 
 Succours. Violence and Injury were repelled ; Usurpation and 
 Oppression counterwrought ; the Weak assisted ; the Necessitous 
 relieved ; and Men and Money in Divers Parts sent out, as if 
 England had been the magazine of them all. She was most Just 
 and Pious to Her Subjects, insomuch that they, by a free possession 
 of their Liberties, increased in Wealth and Plenty." 
 
 Speech of Sir John Eliot, M.P. for St, Germains, 
 1614, and 1625, 1626, and 1628. 
 
19097. I 253- E a *■ • 
 
101 
 
 Note on the Discovery of India by way of the Cape 
 of Good Hope ; and on the early Settlements of the 
 European Nations on the shores and islands of the 
 Indian Seas. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 The better to understand the interest and value of 
 the Documents described in the foregoing Report, I 
 found it desirable to examine all the works of travel and 
 history, and of poetry and general hterature, of the hundred 
 years— which may be designated the Factory Period — 
 covered by them. The present Note is the result of this 
 special collation. 
 
 The title given to it—" The Modern Quest and In- 
 vention of the Indies " — indicates the conclusion to which 
 my reading has led me, that the history of modern Europe, 
 and emphatically of England, is the history of the quest 
 of the aromatic gum resins and balsams, and condiments 
 and spices, of India, Further India, and the Indian Archi- 
 pelago.* 
 
 * The following letter from the late Professor W. Stanley Jevons, showing 
 the connection between sun spots, the natural productiveness of "the 
 Indies," and the manufacturing prosperity of Europe, was published in the 
 Times of 19th April 1879 :— 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 " Some months since you did me the favour to insert a letter on the 
 subject of commercial crises, in which I endeavoured to answer objections 
 against the notion that the activity of commerce in England ultimately 
 depends upon the solar activity. Public men ask again and agam what is the 
 cause of the recent, and it may perhaps still be said the present, depressed 
 state of trade. Yet the only answer which refers this state of things to a 
 definite cause is treated with ridicule. I am repeatedly told that they wlio 
 venture to connect commercial crises with the spots on the sun are supposed 
 to be jesting. 
 
101 
 
 Note on the Discovery of India by way of the Cape 
 of Good Hope ; and on the early Settlements of the 
 European Nations on the shores and islands of the 
 Indian Seas. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 The better to understand the interest and value of 
 the Documents described in the foregoing Report, I 
 found it desirable to examine all the works of travel and 
 history, and of poetry and general literature, of the hundred 
 years — which may be designated the Factory Period — 
 covered by them. The present Note is the result of this 
 special collation. 
 
 The title given to it — " The Modern Quest and In- 
 vention of the Indies " — indicates the conclusion to which 
 my reading has led me, that the history of modern Europe, 
 and emphatically of England, is the history of the quest 
 of the aromatic gum resins and balsams, and condiments 
 and spices, of India, Further India, and the Indian Archi- 
 pelago.* 
 
 * The following letter from the late Professor W. Stanley Jevons, showing 
 the connection between sun spots, the natural productiveness of " the 
 Indies," and the manufacturing prosperity of Europe, was published in the 
 Times of 19th April 1879 :— 
 
 " Sir, 
 
 " Some months since you did me the favour to insert a letter on the 
 subject of commercial crises, in which I endeavoured to answer objections 
 against the notion that the activity of commerce in England ultimately 
 depends upon the solar activity. Public men ask again and agam what is the 
 cause of the recent, and it may perhaps still be said the present, depressed 
 state of trade. Yet the only answer which refers this state of tilings to a 
 definite cause is treated with ridicule. I am repeatedly told that they who 
 venture to connect commercial crises with the spots on the sun are supposed 
 to be jesting. 
 
102 
 
 First I pass in review the "Old Travellers," from 
 after Cosmas Indicopleustes to the date of the discovery 
 of the sea way to India by Vasco Da Gama ; and then 
 I treat of the Portuguese Asiatic Empire ; and the 
 
 " So far as I am coucerned in the matter, I beg leave to affirm that I never 
 was more in earnest, and that after some further careful inquiry I am per- 
 fectly convinced that these decennial crises do depend upon meteorological 
 variations of like period, which again dejiend, in all probability, upon cos- 
 mical variations, of which we have evidence in the frequency of sun spots, 
 auroras, and magnetic perturbations. I believe that I have, in fact, found 
 the missing link required to complete the first outline of the emlence. About 
 ten years ago it was carefully explained by ISIr. J. C. OUerenshaw, in a com- 
 munication to the Manchester Statistical Society (Transactions, 1869-70, 
 p. 109), that the secret of good trade in Lancashire is the low price of rice and 
 other grain in India. Here again some may jest at the foUy of those who 
 theorize about such incongruous things as the cotton gins of ^lanchester and 
 the paddy fields of Hindostan. But to those who look a little below the 
 surface the connection is obvious. Cheapness of food leaves the poor Hindoo 
 ryot a small margin of earnings, which he can spend on new clothes, and a 
 small margin, multipUed by the vast popidation of British Lidia, not to men- 
 tion China, produces a marked change in the demand for Lancashire goods. 
 Now, it has been lately argued by IMr. Himter, the Government statist of 
 India, that the famines of India do recur at intervals of about ten or eleven 
 years. The idea of the periodicity of Indian famines is far from being a new 
 one : it is distinctly discussed in various previous publications, as, for 
 instance, The Companion to the British Almanack for 1857, p. 76. The prin- 
 cipal scarcities in the North-Western and Upper Provinces of Bengal are 
 here assigned to the years 1782-83, 1792-93, 1802-3, 1812-13, 1819-20, 
 1826, 1832-33. Here we notice periodicity up to 1812-13, which, after being 
 broken for a time, seems to recur in 1832-33. 
 
 " Partly through the kind assistance of Mr, Garnett, of the British 
 Museum, I have now succeeded in finding the data so much wanted to 
 confirm these views, namely, a long series of prices of grain in Bengal 
 (Delhi). 
 
 '• These data are found in a publication so accessible as the Journal of the 
 London Statistical Societij for 1843, Vol. 6, pp. 246-48, where is printed a very 
 brief but important paper by the Rev. Robert Everest, Cliaplain to the East 
 India Company, ' On the Famines that have devastated India, and on the 
 proba1)ility of then- being periodical.' Here we have a list of prices of wheat 
 at Delhi for 73 years, ending with 1835, stating in terms of the nmnbers of 
 seers of wheat — a seer is equal to about 2 lb. avoirdupois — to be purchased 
 witli one rupee. As this mode of quotation is confusing. I have calculated 
 
103 
 
 Dutch Indies ; and finally of the English in the East, 
 under the two heads of their widespread mercantile 
 
 tlie prices in rupees per 1,000 seers 
 foUowins' remarkable table : — 
 
 of wheat, and have thus obtained the 
 
 
 " Price of '[Vh 
 
 eat at Delhi. 
 
 
 1763 - 
 
 50 M. C. 
 
 1800 - 
 
 22 
 
 1764 - 
 
 35 
 
 1801 - 
 
 23 
 
 1765 - 
 
 27 
 
 1802 - 
 
 25 
 
 1766 - 
 
 23 
 
 1803 - 
 
 65 M. 
 
 1767 - 
 
 23 
 
 1804 - 
 
 48 C. 
 
 1768 - 
 
 21 
 
 1805 - 
 
 33 
 
 1769 - 
 
 24 
 
 1806 - 
 
 31 
 
 1770 - 
 
 28 
 
 1807 - 
 
 28 
 
 1771 - 
 
 33 
 
 1808 - 
 
 36 
 
 1772 - 
 
 38 C. 
 
 1809 - 
 
 40 
 
 1773 - 
 
 - 100 M. C. 
 
 1810 - 
 
 25 C. 
 
 1774 - 
 
 53 
 
 1811 - 
 
 28 
 
 1775 - 
 
 40 
 
 1812 - 
 
 44 
 
 1776 - 
 
 25 
 
 1813 - 
 
 43 
 
 1777 - 
 
 17 
 
 1814 - 
 
 30 
 
 1778 - 
 
 25 
 
 1815 - 
 
 24 
 
 1779 - 
 
 33 
 
 1816 - 
 
 28 
 
 1780 - 
 
 45 
 
 1817 - 
 
 41 
 
 1781 - 
 
 55 
 
 1818 - 
 
 88 
 
 1782 - 
 
 91 
 
 1819 - 
 
 42 
 
 1783 - 
 
 - 167 M. C. 
 
 1820 - 
 
 46 
 
 1784 - 
 
 40 
 
 1821 - 
 
 38 
 
 1785 - 
 
 25 
 
 > 1822 - 
 
 85 
 
 1786 - 
 
 23 
 
 1823 - 
 
 83 
 
 1787 - 
 
 22 
 
 1824 - 
 
 39 
 
 1788 - 
 
 23 
 
 1825 - 
 
 39 C. 
 
 1789 - 
 
 24 
 
 1826 - 
 
 48 M. C. 
 
 1790 - 
 
 26 
 
 1827 - 
 
 30 
 
 1791 - 
 
 33 
 
 1828 - 
 
 •12 
 
 1792 - 
 
 - 81 M. 
 
 1829 - 
 
 21 
 
 1793 - 
 
 54 C. 
 
 1830 - 
 
 21 
 
 1794 - 
 
 32 
 
 1831 - 
 
 26 
 
 1795 - 
 
 14 
 
 1832 - 
 
 22 
 
 1796 - 
 
 14 
 
 1833 - 
 
 83 
 
 1797 - 
 
 15 
 
 1834 - 
 
 40 ai. 
 
 1798 - 
 
 8 
 
 1835 - 
 
 25 
 
 1799 - 
 
 17 
 
 1836 - 
 
 - - C. 
 
 " The letter M indicates the maxima attained by the price, and we see 
 that up to 1803, at least, the maxima occur with great regularity at intervals 
 
104 
 
 settlements or Factories, and the British Conquest o± 
 India. 
 
 of ten years. Referring to Mr. MacleocVs Dictionary of Political Econonuj, 
 pp. 627, 628, we learn that commercial crises occurred in the years 1763, 
 1772-73, 1783, and 1793, in almost perfect coincidence with scarcity at 
 Delhi. M. Clement Jnglar, in his History of Commercial Crises, also assigns 
 one to the year 1804. After this date the variation of prices becomes for a 
 time much less marked and regular, and there also occurs a serious crisis 
 about the year 1810, which appears to be exceptional ; but in 1825 and 1836 
 the decennial periodicity again manifests itself, both in the prices of wheat 
 at Delhi and in the state of English trade. The years of crisis are marked 
 -with the letter C. 
 
 " Taking this table in connection with a mass of considerations, of which I 
 have given a mere outline at the last meeting of the British Association (see 
 Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society o/ Ireland, August 1878, 
 pp. 334-342 ; Nature, 14th November 1878, Vol. XIX., pp. 33-37), I hold it 
 to be established with a high degree of probability that the recurrence of 
 manias and crises among the principal trading nations depends upon com- 
 merce with the East. This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that these 
 fluctuations are but slightly felt by the non-trading nations, and that what 
 these nations do feel is easily accounted for as an indirect effect. 
 
 "It has been objected by the Economist that this explanation cannot be 
 applied to the earlier crises in the years 1711, 1721, and 1732, because trade 
 with India was then of insignificant dimensions. But the reading of many 
 old books and tracts of the 17th and 18th centuries has convinced me that 
 trade with India was always looked upon as of the highest importance. A 
 large part of the political literature of the time was devoted to the subject, 
 and under the Mercantile Theory the financial system of the country was framed 
 mainly with an eye to Indian trade. The published returns of exports and 
 imports probably give us little idea of the real amount of trade, as smuggling- 
 was very common in those days, and much of the Indian trade went on 
 secretly in private ships, or indirectly through Holland. 
 
 " Dr. George Birdwood has lately been studying the records of the India 
 Office, and he gives as the result of his extensive reading ' that the history 
 ' of modern Europe, and emphatically of England, has been the quest 
 ' of the aromatic gum resins and balsams, and condiments and spices, of India 
 * and the Indian Archipelago.' (Journal of the Society of Arts, 7th February 
 1879, Vol. XXVII., p. 192.) This closely corresponds with the view which 
 I have been gradually led to adopt of the cause of decennial crises. 
 
 " Let it be remembered, too, that, because the impulse comes from India, 
 it does not f oUow that the extent of the commercial mania or crisis here is 
 bounded by the variation of the Indian trade. The impulse from abroad is like 
 the match which fires the inflammable spirits of tlie speculative classes. The 
 
105 
 
 I give all the *• Old Travellers' " routes : and identify 
 the places, and Eastern products, they name ; in this, as 
 regards the former, nearly always following the late Sir 
 Henry Yule : and I have added any remarks made by them 
 on the routes of medieval commerce, and its emporia, in 
 the Indian Seas. 
 
 The " Old Teavellers." 
 
 The earliest trade between Europe and Asia was the 
 overland trade carried on by the Phoenicians along the 
 caravan road by which they are supposed to have 
 originally emigrated, between B.C. 3000 and 2500, from 
 the shores of the Persian Grulf to the narrow Medi- 
 terranean coast of Syria. By it also the Eastern arts 
 of pottery, ivory turning, glass making, enamelling, and 
 wood carving were at last carried into the remotest 
 recesses of Germany and Scandinavia, and profoundly 
 influenced the primitive civilizations of those countries. 
 The appearance among the prehistoric remains of Swit- 
 zerland and Denmark of arms and implements of bronze, 
 in succession to spear and arrow heads of flint, gene- 
 rally affirmed to be due to the displacement of the 
 primeval savage tribes of the West by the immigration 
 of new races of a higher civilization from the East, pro- 
 bably rather marks the age of the earliest Phoenician 
 
 history of many bubbles shows that there is no proportion between the 
 stimulating cause and the height of folly to which the inflation of credit and 
 prices may be carried. A mania is, in short, a kind of explosion of com- 
 mercial folly, followed by the natural collapse. The difficulty is to explain 
 why this collapse so often comes at intervals of ten or eleven years, and I 
 feel sure the explanation will be found in the cessation of demand from Incha 
 and China, occasioned by the failure of harvests there, ultimately due to 
 changes of solar activity. Certainly, the events of the last few years, as too 
 well known to many sufferers, entirely coincide with this view, which is, never- 
 theless, made the subject of inconsiderate ridicule. 
 
 •■I am, &c., 
 
 •• AV. Stanley Jevons." 
 
106 
 
 intercourse with Europe ; and when gradually the trade 
 between the East and West took to the routes by the 
 Persian Gulf and the Red Sea, it still remained in the 
 hands of the Phcenicians ; and it continued in their 
 hands,* and those of their natural successors, the Arabs, 
 who had shared it with them in the Eastern seas from 
 the first dawn of history, to the discovery, by the 
 Portuguese, A.D. 1487-98, of the open passage to India, 
 round the Cape of Good Hope. The adoption by 
 nearly every civilised nation of the ancient world of the 
 alphabet invented by the Phoenicians is the simplest, 
 most striking, and surest proof of the wide extent and 
 deep abiding influence of their vast and marvellous 
 commerce. 
 
 It was not, however, until the date of the Mace- 
 donian invasion, B.C. 327, that the people of the West 
 acquired any real knowledge of India. Alexander's 
 expedition and the embassies of Seleucus and the 
 Ptolemies carried our knowledge of that country from 
 Afghanistan and Baluchistan to the delta of the Indus 
 and the lower plains of the Ganges. The Peripliis of 
 the Erythrean Sea [circa A.D. 200 ; A.D. 80-90 accord- 
 ing to C. Miiller] extended it to all the ports of Guzerat 
 and Malabar, and beyond them to Masulipatam on 
 the Coromandel coast, and to " the Gangetic Mart " 
 [ ? Chittagong] at the head of " the great bay " of 
 Bengal. Ptolemy's Tables [circa A.D. 150] show an 
 acquaintance, derived apparently from the journals of 
 trading vessels, with the whole series of ports on both 
 sides of the Bay of Bengal ; though on the East side, 
 and onward to the country of the Sinae, representing 
 probably a port in Tonquin then subject to China, 
 
 * llie sea fight off Actium, B.C. 31, maybe arbitrarily fixed as the term of 
 rhoenician commerce in the Mediterranean ; but it really went on in other 
 hands, until it was again taken up by the Saracens, even as it had survived 
 in full vigour the alleged destruction of Tyre, B.C. 586 and 332, and of 
 Carthage, B.C. 140. 
 
107 
 
 the knowledge is looser, and perplexed by false theories 
 of the Indian Ocean as a closed basin. [See Sir Henry 
 Yule, in Dr. Wilham Smith's Ancient Atlas, p. 24.] 
 Cosmas Indicopleustes,* who traded in the Red 
 Sea circa A.D. 535-50, gives a very clear account 
 of the commerce between India and Egypt in 
 his day. He says that the produce of Kalliana 
 [Callian, represented in mediaeval times by Tannah, 
 and in modern by Bombay] was brass [vessels], " sesa- 
 mine" [sisoo, Dalbergia sps.] logs, and cotton stuffs; 
 of Sindus, castorin or musk, and spikenard ; of Male 
 [Malabar] pepper ; and that from Tzinitza [China], and 
 the other countries beyond ' Sielediba,' or ' Taprobane * 
 [Ceylon], came silk, lign-aloes, cloves, nutmegs, and 
 sandal-wood. 
 
 The next notices of India are by THE ARABS. The 
 voyages of Sindbad the Sailor, in the " Thousand 
 and one Nights,'' belong to the ninth century, when the 
 commerce of the Arabs under the Caliphs of Baghdad 
 was at its highest activity. In his first voyage Sindbad 
 reaches " the country of the Maharajah," a title given 
 so far back as the second century to a Hindu king 
 whose vast monarchy is said to have comprised the 
 greater part of India, Further India, and Sumatra 
 and Java in the Indian Archipelago ; and whose title 
 continued to be borne afterwards by one of the 
 sovereigns of the disintegrated empire, who reigned 
 over the Kingdom of Bijanagar or Vijanagar, known 
 later as "the Kingdom of Narsinga." In Sindbad's 
 second voyage mention is made of the kingdom of 
 ' Riha ' [the Malay Peninsula according to some], and 
 the manner of the preparation of camphor, produced in 
 the mountain forests there, is accurately described. In 
 the third voyage the island of ' Selaheth ' [Malacca] is 
 mentioned. In the fourth he was carried to a country 
 [Malabar], where he found men gathering pepper ; and 
 
 * Orosius Icirca A.D. 400], in what he says of India, but vaguely follows 
 Ptolemy. 
 
108 
 
 from it he went to the island of ' Nacous ' [the Nico- 
 bars], and on to ' Kela ' [Quedah or Keddah]. In the 
 fifth voyage he is shipwrecked on the "island" [i.e. 
 country] of the " Old Man of the Sea," probably some- 
 where on the Concan coast. Thence he crossed the sea 
 to the Maldives, and back again to the pepper country 
 of Malabar, passing on to the peninsula of Comorin, 
 where he found the " aloes wood " called santij [? Sanfi, 
 {i.e., of " Sanf " or Maha Champa, S.E. Cochin China,) 
 sandal-wood] ; and afterwards to the pearl fisheries of 
 the Gulf of Manaar, whence he travelled back to 
 Baghdad. In the sixth voyage he visited an " island " 
 [i.e. country], where were superb " aloes " trees, of 
 the kinds named santy [? sandal -wood] and comary 
 [? Kumari, i.e. of ' Kumar ' or Camboja] ; and the island 
 of ' Serendib ' [Ceylon], the limit also of his seventh and 
 last voyage. 
 
 The Abbe Renaudot in his " Anciennes Relations des 
 Indes et de la Chine" [Paris, 1718] gives the notes 
 of travel of two Arab merchants, who apparently 
 visited India and China in the ninth and tenth 
 centuries, and are the first among Western writers to 
 make mention of tea [tcha] and porcelain. They also 
 mention arrack and rice. Suleiman, the author of 
 the first part of the " Relations," was a merchant of 
 Bussorah [founded by the Caliph Omar, A.D. 635, 
 purposely to encourage the Indian trade by the Persian 
 Gulf], about A.D. 851. Sir Henry Yule, in the pre- 
 hminary essay to his '^ Cathaij, and the Way Thither,'^ 
 pubhshed by the Hakluyt Society in 1866, says that he 
 gives a tolerably coherent account of the seas and 
 places between Oman and China; the 'Sea of Persia,' 
 the ' Sea of Lar ' [which washes Guzerat and Malabar], 
 the ' Sea of Harkand ' [from the * Dibajat ' or Maldives, 
 and ' Serendib ' or Ceylon, to ' Al Ramni ' or Sumatra] ; 
 the Lankhabalus or Nicobar Islands, and the * two 
 [Andaman] Islands ' in the * Sea of Andaman,' and 
 of ' Kalahbar,' a dependency of * Zabaj ' [Java], ' Tayu- 
 
109 
 
 mall ' [Tiyomen Island] ; ' Kadranj ' [Siam] ; Sanf 
 [Champa and Camboja] ; and ' Sandar Fulat ' [Pulo 
 Condore]. The port in China frequented by the 
 Arabs was ' Khanfu ' [the port of ' Kinsay ' or 
 Hangcheu]. Abu Zaid, of Siraf, on the Persian Gulf, 
 the author of the second part of the '^Relations," wrote 
 in 916, and he begins by remarking the great change in 
 the commerce of the East that had taken place in the 
 interval since Suleiman wrote. A rebellion had broken 
 out in ' Khanfu,' which had utterly stopped the x\rab 
 trade with China, and carried ruin to many families in 
 distant Siraf and Oman. He gives also an account of a 
 visit an acquaintance of his had made to "Khumdan" 
 [Chauggau or Singanfu], the capital of China. 
 
 Ibn-Khuedadbah, who flourished about A.D. 869-885, 
 is the first who makes mention of galangal and kamala 
 [Rottkra tindoria'], and he also mentions porcelain, sugar- 
 cane, pepper, aloes-wood, cassia, silk, and musk. 
 
 Masudi of Baghdad [A.D. 890-956], who visited India 
 and China about A.D. 916, mentions nutmegs, cloves, 
 cubebs, camphor, areca nuts, sandal wood, and aloes wood, 
 as productions of the Indian Archipelago. 
 
 Edkisi of Sicily [A.D. 1099-1186] also mentions porce- 
 lain, and the fine cotton fabrics of Coromandel, the pepper 
 and cardamoms of Malabar, the camphor of Sumatra, 
 nutmegs, the lemons of ' Mansura ' [near the old course 
 of the Indus, N.E. of Hyderabad] on the 'Mehran' 
 [Indus], the assafoetida of Afghanistan, and cubebs as 
 an import of Aden. He names the Concans as the 
 country of ' Saj," i.e., of the sag or teak tree. 
 
 The Jewish traveller, the Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela, 
 who travelled in the East between 1159 and 1173, when 
 already the Empire of the Abbaside Caliphs was rapidly 
 dechning, and the Turks were gaining the ascendancy at 
 Baghdad, would appear not to have proceeded beyond 
 the island of Kish [not to be confounded with Kishm], 
 which for a long time was the real terminus of Indian 
 trade through the Persian Grulf. All he relates of India 
 
110 
 
 and China is, according to Sir Henry Yule, mere hearsay. 
 Kish he describes as the great emporium " to which 
 " Indian merchants bring their commodities, and the 
 "traders of Mesopotamia, Yemen, and Persia all sorts 
 " of silk and purple cloths, flax, cotton, hemp, mash 
 ''[Phascolus radiatus], wheat, barley, millet, rye, and 
 " all sorts of comestibles and pulse, which articles form 
 "objects of exchange. Those from India export great 
 "quantities of spices." He refers to the pearls of the 
 Bahrein Islands, and to the pepper, cinnamon, ginger, 
 " and many other kinds of spices " produced in Southern 
 India. The island of ' Khandy,' by which he is supposed 
 to mean Ceylon, he places at 22 days distance from Kish, 
 and China 40 days beyond ' Khandy.' 
 
 Ibn Batuta of Tangiers [b. 1304, d. 1377-78,] was 
 the greatest traveller of all the Arab nation. He spent 
 24 years [from 1325 to 1349] in travelling throughout 
 the East, from Tangiers across Africa to Alexandria, and 
 in Palestine, Syria, and Arabia; down the east coast 
 of Africa to Quiloa ; across the Indian Ocean to 
 Muscat, Ormuz, Kish, Bahrein, and El Catif; through 
 Central Arabia to Mecca and Jiddah ; and again 
 in Egypt and Asia Minor, and across the Black Sea to 
 Caffa or Theodosia, and by Azov or Tana, "on past the 
 hills of the Russians," to Bolghar on the Volga ; but 
 not daring to penetrate further northwards into " the 
 Land of Darkness." Returning south to Haj-Tarkan 
 [Astrakhan], he proceeded, in the suite of the wife 
 of the Khan of Kipchak, the daughter of the Greek 
 Emperor Andronicus, westward to Soldaia [in the 
 Crimea] and ' Costantiniah ' [Constantinople — he 
 mentions ' Isiamhul ' as a part of the city — ] ; 
 whence, returning to Bolghar, he travelled on east- 
 ward to Bokhara, and through Khorassan, to Cabul, 
 Multan, and Delhi, where he remained eight years, 
 1334-42. Being sent by the Sultan Mahommed Tughlak 
 on an embassy to China, he embarked from ' Kinbaiat ' 
 [Cambay], and after many adventures at Calicut [where 
 
Ill 
 
 he was liouourablj received by the ' Samari,' or 
 Zamorin], and ' Hunawar ' [Onore], and m the Maldive 
 islands, and Ceylon, and Bengal, he at last took his 
 passage toward China in a junk bound for ' Java,' as he 
 calls it, but in fact Sumatra. Returning from China, 
 he sailed direct from the Coast of Malabar to Muscat 
 and Ormuz ; and travelling by Shiraz, Ispahan, Bus- 
 sorah, Baghdad, Tadmor, Damascus, Aleppo, Jerusalem, 
 and [for the fourth time] Mecca, Egypt, and Tunis, at 
 last reached Fez again, after an absence from Marocco 
 of half his lifetime. Subsequently he spent six years in 
 visiting Spain and Central Africa, where he was the 
 guest of the brother of a countryman of his own from 
 Ceuta whose guest he had been in China. " What an 
 enormous distance lay between these two ! " he exclaims. 
 Such a fact v/ell illustrates the extended ramifications 
 of the Arabian commerce between the East and the 
 West before it was subverted by the rise of the dominion 
 of the Ottoman Turks, and the maritime discoveries ol 
 the Portuguese. Notwithstanding the great interest 
 and importance of the travels of Ibn Batuta, they failed 
 altogether in attracting attention and influencing the 
 desire, that soon afterwards began to agitate the 
 Genoese, to trade direct with India. The first detailed 
 account of them was only published in Europe in 1808. 
 He says that in his time Cairo was the greatest city in 
 the world ' out of China,' and that the finest trading 
 ports he had seen were Alexandria in Egypt, Soldaia or 
 ' Sudak ' in the Crimea, ' Koulam ' [Quilon] and Calicut 
 in India, and ' Zaitun ' [Chincheu] in China. He also 
 describes Aden as a place of great trade, to which 
 merchant-ships of large burden resorted from Cambay, 
 Tannah, and all the ports of Gruzerat and Malabar. 
 Among the productions of the Indian Archipelago he 
 describes gum benjamin, aloes wood, cloves, camphor, 
 and sandal wood, and enumerates also cocoa-nut palms, 
 areca-nut palms, jack trees, orange trees, mangos, and 
 jamums [Eugenia Jambolana]. Porcelain, he says, is 
 
112 
 
 made in China nowhere except in the cities of ' Zaitun ' 
 and ' Sinkalan ' [Canton]. It is exported to India, and 
 elsewhere, passing from country to country until it reaches 
 Marocco. 
 
 Abdlfeda of Damascus [1273-1331], the celebrated 
 Arabian geographer, also makes mention of the abun- 
 dance of pepper grown in Malabar, and the fine cotton 
 manufactures of Coromandel. He divides Hindustan 
 into al Sincl, the country of the Indus, and al Hind, the 
 country of the Ganges. North of India, beyond the 
 Himalaya, the Arab geographers knew, under the name 
 of Mawaralnahar [i.e., maicar-al-nahar^ " beyond the 
 river "], the vast plains extending westward from the 
 Pamir Steppe, watered by the Oxus and Jaxartes, 
 shown on maps of ancient classical geography as 
 Scythia intra Imaum, and designated by modern geo- 
 graphers Transoxiana. Abulfeda describes the plain of 
 Samarcand " as the most dehghtful of all places which 
 God has made." Beyond this region, Asia [Scythia extra 
 Imaum'] was occupied by his so-called Turks, a name 
 used by Arab geographers in as diffuse a sense as 
 that of Scythians by the ancients, and of Tartars by 
 ourselves, and applied by them to the same Turanian 
 hordes, included in the Hebrew Scriptures under the 
 names of Gog and Magog, whose secular irruptions into 
 the south lands of Asia, and sometimes into Egypt, 
 constantly, from the earliest ages, interrupted the 
 westward extension of Aryan civilization. In the 
 national legends of Persia, the Oxus is fixed as the ever- 
 lasting boundary between the Aryan and Turanian 
 races ; but, in fact, the result of their immemorial 
 struggle for the possession of the maritime table laud of 
 Iran has been to leave the Turanian race predominant 
 over all the wide regions between the Indus and Oxus, 
 and from the steppes of the Caspian Sea to the shores 
 of the Mediterranean and Persian Gulf ; while, under 
 the Mo(n)gol Emperors of Delhi, their political 
 supremacy was extended south-eastward beyond the 
 
113 
 
 Nerbndcla and the Kistna. The fancy of the Arabian 
 writers transformed the Gog and Magog of Ezekiel into 
 two enormous giants, Yajuj and Majuj, who are said 
 to have been shut up by Alexander within a stupendous 
 castle at the extremity of Asia. Its walls, formed of iron 
 and brass, and towering to the sky, are evidently the 
 Altai Mountains, out of which hordes of barbarians 
 had so often issued to devastate the world. Other tra- 
 ditions of these destructive irruptions were probably the 
 origin also of the mediasval legends of the unclean 
 " Shut-up Nations." 
 
 PARENTHESIS ON THE COMMERCE OF THE SARA- 
 CENS, AND OF GENOA, VENICE, AND FLORENCE 
 WITH THE EAST. — After the overthrow of the 
 Western Empire by Odoacer, A.D. 476, and during the 
 struggles between the Eastern Empire and the Persians 
 and Saracens, the overland trade v^ith the East lan- 
 guished until the consolidation of the Saracenic power 
 at Damascus, Cairo, and Baghdad. But the trade by 
 the Persian Grulf was again thrown into disorder from 
 the time, A.D. 866, of the ascendency of the Turkish 
 G-uard at Baghdad. The Seljukian Turks under Togrel 
 Beg conquered Persia A.D. 1042. The Tartars under 
 Hulaku Khan, a grandson of the famous Chingiz Khan 
 [h. A.D. 1163, d, A.D. 1227], took Baghdad, and over- 
 threw the Eastern Cahphate A.D. 1258. Palestine was 
 conquered by the Fatimite Caliphs of Egypt A.D. 969; 
 and in consequence of the persecution of the Christians 
 by Hakem between A.D. 996 .and A.D. 1021, Peter the 
 Hermit began preaching the first Crusade against the 
 Saracens in 1094. The eighth and last Crusade of 
 St. Louis was concluded in 1272. It was during these 
 times that VENICE, which was founded, about A.D. 452, 
 by the last fugitives from the vengeance of Attila the 
 Hun, established commercial relations with Alexandria 
 and Constantinople. So early as A.D. 555, Venice had 
 imported silks from the East, and from A.D. 802 dates 
 
114 
 
 her great trade in Eastern spices, drugs, and silks. 
 GENOA had entered into the trade of the Levant even 
 before Venice ; and having, in the contests between 
 the Greeks and Latins at Constantinople, contrary to 
 Venice, sided with the Greek Eroperors, obtained from 
 them Pera and Smyrna, and Theodosia or Kafifa in the 
 Crimea, and Tana or Azov [the ancient Tanais] at the 
 mouth of the Don, as the emporia of its trade with 
 India and the East by Persia and the ports of the 
 Black Sea. About A.D. 1306-15 Genoa estabhshed a 
 regular trade with Trebizond, and at one time pos- 
 sessed also Marseilles, Corsica, and Elba ; but was always 
 successfully kept by Venice from estabhshing commer- 
 cial relations with Alexandria for the Indian trade by Aden. 
 It was during the suicidal competition between Venice and 
 Genoa that FLORENCE, under the wise administration of 
 Cosmo de Medicis, obtained so splendid a participation in 
 the Mediterranean traffic with the East. The list of goods 
 sold at Pera, given in the " Libro di Divisamenti cli Paesi " 
 [known also under the name of " Pratica della Mcrca- 
 iura"\ written about 1840 by Francesco Pegolotti, 
 a factor in the service of the Bardi of Florence, is 
 the most detailed account we possess of the Oriental 
 trade of Constantinople in the fourteenth century. 
 Both Genoa and Venice derived great wealth and power 
 •from their co-operation in the Crusades, and both suffered 
 immensely from the capture of Constantinople by the 
 Ottoman Turks A.D. 1453, and Venice yet further in 
 consequence of the annexation of Syria and Egypt to the 
 Ottoman Empire by Selim, A.D. 1516-17. It was in 
 the interval between the fall of Constantinople and the 
 Turkish conquest of Egypt that, in consequence of the 
 ports of the Black Sea being closed to the Genoese, 
 the Indian trade by the Eed Sea, centred in Alexandria, 
 which had been encouraged by every means under the 
 strong government of Saladin [1173-1193] and his 
 successors, now reached in the hands of the Venetians 
 its greatest development in medicTval times. "When 
 
115 
 
 Venice, A.D. 1475-87, acquired possession of Cyprus, 
 Famagusta, in succession to Alexandria, became the 
 emporium of its overland trade with the East, both 
 through Egypt and Syria, and continued to be the first 
 commercial city of the Levant until taken by the Turks 
 A.D. 1570-71. 
 
 PARENTHESIS ON THE HANSEATIC LEAGVE*- 
 The Hanseatic League is generally dated from A.D. 
 1240-41, when Hamburg joined it; but an earlier con- 
 federacy existed among the once pagan cities of East 
 Germany, Bardewic, ,Tulin, Staden, Winet, and others, 
 whose very names have now almost disappeared from 
 history, and continued down to Christian times the yet 
 more ancient Phoenician trade, by which the yellow amber 
 of the Baltic shores was carried by caravans across Europe 
 to the mouths of the Po, and articles of Asiatic, and later 
 of Etruscan and Greek art, were distributed throughout 
 Germany and Scandinavia to " utmost Thule." In the 
 time of the Goths and Vandals, Winet [cf. Venice] became 
 the universal mart of Eastern Europe, and of the Asiatic 
 trade through Russia ; and when finally destroyed, with 
 Julin, by the Danes, about A.D. 1169, its pagan 
 merchants withdrew to the new Christian cities founded 
 on or near the shores of the Baltic during the twelfth 
 century ; and thus began that commercial association 
 of these cities, under the headship of Lubeck, 
 afterward developed into the Hanseatic League; the 
 first object of which was to protect the confederated cities 
 from the pirates of the Baltic Sea. The word " Hansa " 
 
 * Miss Helen Zimmern, the accomplished authoress of Heroic Tales from 
 Ferdousi, has recently [1889] published in Mr. Fisher Unwin's " Stories of the 
 Nations " series, a careful and interesting volume on The Hansa Towns, and 
 I only regret that it was not in existence when, in 1879, I wrote the above 
 paragraph on the League ; but I leave it as then written, contenting myself 
 with directing any readers who may be interested in the subject to IMiss 
 Zimmern's admirable monograph. 
 
 H 2 
 
116 
 
 simply means a " Society," " Company," '* Association," 
 or " Corporation." Copenhagen* [i.e., copeman's or 
 chapman's, commercial, cheaping, chipping, or chaffering 
 haven (cf. Copemanthorpe, Chippenham, Chipping Norton, 
 Chipping Camden)] was founded A.D. 1157, and always 
 proved a powerful competitor with the Hanse towns ' of the 
 opposite Pomeranian coast ' for the commerce of the 
 Baltic ; and when Winet was destroyed, the Swedes of 
 the island of Gothland are said to have carried a^vay any 
 of its ruins, in iron, brass, and marble, that were curiously 
 carved and wrought, and its great bronze gates, and to 
 have used them in the architectural decoration of the 
 town of .Wisby, which also in the twelfth and thirteenth 
 centuries became a great entrepot of the commerce, 
 through Russia, between the East and West. Consul 
 Perry, in his highly interesting " Beport on the Trade and 
 Commerce of the Island of Gothland," dated December 10, 
 1873, writes: "As far back as the eleventh century, 
 " Gothland's commerce with the East by way of Nov- 
 '' gorod was already of much importance, and in 1158 
 '' Wisby was declared a free city by the Emperor Lothair. 
 *' England, France, Holland, Russia, Lubeck, and Rostock 
 " had warehouses here ; and King Henry III. of England, 
 *' by a letter dated 1237, granted the merchants of Goth- 
 " land liberty to trade all over England free from duty. 
 " Whilst a member of the famous Hanseatic League, her 
 " wealth grew almost fabulously, and the maritime code 
 " [IVater-recht, " Water-right"] of Wisby, framed in the 
 " twelfth century, has served as the model of all the navi- 
 " gation laws of Europe. The valuable and yearly 
 " recurring finds of Oriental coins " [chiefly Cufic, — so 
 named from the Arabic inscriptions on them of the period 
 of the greatness of the city of Cufa, where the coins of 
 the early Abbaside Caliphate were struck] " and orna- 
 " ments, as well as of Anglo-Saxon and German coins, 
 
 * In Danish kiul)e is " to buy," kiohand, " a merchant." and kiobenhaveii. 
 commercial harbour." 
 
117 
 
 " bear witness to the former commercial intercourse 
 '' between the East, England, Denmark, Germany, and 
 " this island." In Sweden, and especially in the island 
 of Gothland, such an immense number of these Cufic 
 coins has been found, that in the Stockholm Museum 
 alone, Mr. C. R. Markham tells me, 20,000 have been 
 preserved, minted in about 70 different towns within the 
 former dominions of the Abbaside Cahphs. Five-sixths of 
 them were coined by sovereigns of the Samanian dynasty 
 who reigned in Khiva, North Persia, and Transoxiana, 
 from about A.D. 900 to 990. [There was a discovery of 
 these Cufic coins in the Orkneys also, Sir Henry Yule once 
 told me.] A great mass of Eastern ornaments has also 
 been found. There are numerous hints in the Sagas of 
 this Eastern trade, along the obscure line from Khiva 
 [Khwarazm, i.e. Chorasmia], round the north of the 
 Caspian, and up the Volga, to Novgorod, and thence 
 across Kussia to the Baltic : and it would seem that silver 
 first came into Scandinavia by this route. There was an 
 early distinction between the Easterhng or Vandalic Hanse 
 towns [civitates Sdavicce^, with Lubeck for their chief, and 
 the Westerling or Teutonic Hanse towns, of which the 
 capital was Cologne. As the trade with Venice and Genoa 
 increased the Hanse merchants began to resort to the 
 harbour of Sluys, the port of Bruges, for the purpose of 
 exchanging the iron, copper, flax, hemp, and timber of the 
 Baltic countries for the spices, drugs, and silks of the 
 East, and the dried fruits and wines of Southern Europe. 
 Thither also the Enghsh took their tin, lead, hides, rabbit 
 skins, and wool ; and thus Bruges became, in the 
 thirteenth century, the store city for the trade between 
 England and the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas, and the 
 universal mart of Europe, and so remained for nearly 300 
 years. Bruges was, indeed, the first of the four great 
 comptoirs estabhshed by the Hanseatic League ; the 
 second being London, and the other two Bergen and Nov- 
 gorod. In London, the office of the League, " Giiihlhala 
 Teutonicorum,'' commonly called the " Steel Yard," i.e. 
 
118 
 
 Staplehoff * or Warehouse, was in Thames Street ; and it 
 had other " Steel Yards " at Boston and Lynn. With the 
 fall of Constantinople and the extension of the Ottoman 
 dominion in Syria and Egypt, the commerce of Bruges 
 suffered proportionally with that of Genoa and Venice ; 
 and it suffered further also from the war, begun in 1482, 
 between the Flemings and the Archduke Maximilian, 
 which gradually drove its merchants to Antwerp. The 
 merchandise of India and the East also reached Southern 
 G-ermany through Milan, the common depot of the Vene- 
 tians and Genoese, whence it was transported over the 
 Alps to Augsburg and Nuremberg ; and during the hostile 
 rivalry of Genoa and Venice many of the German towns 
 opened direct communications with- Constantinople, through 
 which city the whole of Central Europe was supplied with 
 Indian produce at Belgrade, Vienna, Eatisbon, Nurem- 
 berg, Ulm, Augsburg, and other cities along the Danube. 
 This trade was carried on until the subjugation of Servia 
 by the Turks A.D. 1459. The myth of the Argonautic 
 expedition probably points to the existence, from the 
 remotest prehistoric times, of this Hne of overland trade 
 between the East and West. 
 
 The "Old Travellers" (continued). 
 
 The destructive conquests of the Ottoman Turks made 
 the nations of Christendom aware of the precarious tenure 
 by which their overland trade with India was held, while 
 at the same time they felt that its freedom from inter- 
 ruption was essential to the progress of civilization in 
 Europe : and these considerations now began to turn their 
 thoughts towards the circumnavigation of Africa, and even 
 led them, for a time, to hope, from the victorious career of 
 Chiugiz Khan [h. A.D. 1163 d. A.D. 1227] and Tamer- 
 
 * The derivation usually given is from the mediaeval Statcra Romaua : the 
 adjective " Romana " here being a corruption of riman [cf. llunmon] the 
 name of the " pomegranate '' shaped sliding weight or counterpoise [crra^/xos, 
 aequipondium] of tlic steelyard [Cvyov, scapus] used hy the Arabs, in suc- 
 cession to the rho?nicians. and tlie (Greeks and Romans. 
 
119 
 
 lane [h. A.D. 1335 d. 1405], that an understanding with 
 the Tartars might further their aims of a settled commerce 
 with the East. The first European missions into ' Grand 
 Tartary' ["India Major"] were indeed sent out with a 
 view to staying the further advance of the Tartars. After 
 the successive irruptions of the Goths, Vandals, Huns, 
 Avars, Sclavs, and Turks into the West, it might well 
 have been supposed that the surplus population of 
 the East was exhausted, and that Europe would at 
 last enjoy a prolonged period of peace and pro- 
 sperity. But this expectation was cruelly dispelled 
 by the overwhelming inundation of the Tartars in 
 the thirteenth century under Chingiz Khan, whose 
 son, Cctai or Okkodai, pushed his ravages so far 
 as Poland and the confines of Germany. Baton, a 
 grandson of Chingiz, overran and made conquest of all 
 south-eastern Russia. Also, while Octal was attacking 
 the Eastern frontiers of Europe, the Tartars were, 
 by their advances through Persia and on Baghdad, 
 threatening the sacred possessions the Crusaders had 
 wrested from the Saracens in the Holy Laud. Pope 
 Clement IV., as the Spiritual Father of Christendom, 
 felt, therefore, called upon to make an effort to deliver 
 it from the abomination of desolation now imminently 
 threatening it ; and accordingly the Franciscan friar, 
 NICOLAS ASCELINUS, was sent, A.D. 1245, to 
 the Tartar camp in Persia, by way of the Holy Land, and 
 JOHANNES CARPINI, another Franciscan, to the 
 Tartar camp on the Volga, A.D. 1247. Carpini tra- 
 veiled through Bohemia, Silesia, and Poland, and on 
 through the vast regions, then known under the name 
 of Comania and now as the country of the Don Cos- 
 sacks, watered by the Dnieper, the Don, the Volga, 
 and the Yaik, until he at last came to the standing 
 camp of 'Duke Bathy ' [Baton], afterward known 
 as the city of Sarai or Sara, on the Volga. Baton 
 sent him on to the Imperial Court, where he arrived, 
 by way of Lake Balkash, at the moment when Kuyuk 
 
120 
 
 was being elected to the Grand Klianship of the 
 Tartars, in succession to his father Octai or Okkodai 
 Khan. On his return journey, passing rapidly through 
 the camps of ' Duke Batliy ' and ' Duke Corrensa,' who 
 guarded the Tartar frontier in Europe from the nations 
 of the West, he reached Kiev in Kussia, within eight 
 months of leaving the imperial Court of Kuyuk Khan. 
 He is the first traveller into Mongolia whose narrative 
 we possess. 
 
 While St. Louis was engaged in the seventh Crusade, 
 A.D. 1248-50, and the lieutenants of Octai or Okkodai 
 Khan were simultaneously attacking the Saracens 
 from the side of Persia, the Tartars and the French 
 became united in a common cause. To consolidate 
 their casual concurrence, the general who commanded 
 the Tartar forces in Persia sent an embassy to the French 
 King, expressing the respect he felt for Christianity, 
 and recommending that they should take combined 
 action against their Saracen enemies. A French em- 
 bassy was at once sent into Persia ; and at the same 
 time the pious St. Louis, anxious to lose no oppor- 
 tunity for securing the alliance of the Tartars, sent 
 the Minorite friar WILLIAM DE RUBRUQUIS 
 on his celebrated mission, A.D. 1253-56, to the Tartar 
 chief Sartakh, whose territories bordered on the Black 
 Sea. From Constantinople Rubruquis sailed to Soldaia 
 in the Crimea, one of the entrepots at that time of the 
 Black Sea trade in Russian furs, and Indian spices, 
 drugs, and silks, through Constantinople, with the rest 
 of Europe ; and thence he journeyed northward through 
 the before-mentioned region of Comania, until he came 
 to the camp of Sartakh, by whom he was sent on to 
 the court of his father Baton at Sara or Sarai. Here 
 he was furnished with a guide to the Court of Mangu, 
 who had succeeded his cousin Kuyuk as Khakan or 
 Great Khan at Kara-Korum, on the verge of the great 
 Mongolian desert. From the Mongol capital he re- 
 turned to the Court of Baton on the Volga, and thence 
 
121 
 
 to Europe, not by the Crimea, but over the Caucasus, and 
 through the country of the ' Lesgi ' [Lesghis] and ' Gurgi ' 
 [Georgians], and Armenia, and by Iconium, where 
 he had an interview with the Ottoman Sultan, and the 
 CiHcian port of Ayas, and Cyprus, where, at Nicosia, he 
 found his Provincial. Sir Henry Yule, in his introduction 
 to " The Book of Ser Marco Polo," observes of the 
 Cilician ports at this period [circa A.D. 1260] : " Alex- 
 ''andria was still largely frequented in the intervals 
 ' ' of war as the great emporium of Indian wares ; but 
 " the facilities afforded by the Mongol conquerors, who 
 "now held the whole tract from the Persian Gulf to 
 " the shores of the Caspian and of the Black Sea, or 
 ''nearly so, were beginning to give a great advantage 
 " to the caravan routes which debouched at the ports 
 "of Cilician Armenia in the Mediterranean, and at 
 " Trebizond on the Euxine." Rubruquis described 
 Turkey [i.e. the kingdom of Iconium] at this time as 
 having "no treasure, few warriors, and many enemies." 
 He also strongly deprecated the system of sending poor 
 friars like himself as ambassadors to the Great Khan, 
 without office, presents, or any of the things that 
 command the favour and respect of the profane. 
 
 After these friars come the merchants of the Polo 
 family. In the year 1266, Nicolo and Maffeo Polo, 
 the father and uncle"" of MAKCO POLO, were at 
 Constantinople, whither they had gone from Venice 
 with their wares. Taking counsel together, and having 
 laid in a store of jewels, they resolved to cross "the 
 Greater Sea" [Black Sea], on a venture of trade, to 
 Soldaia ; where having stayed a while they thought it 
 well to extend their journey further, " and travelled 
 " until they came to the Court of a certain Tartar 
 " Prince, Barca Kaan [Barka, a brother of Baton 
 " Khan], whose residences were at Sara and Bol- 
 " oara." While here, a great war broke out between 
 "Barca and Alau [Barka's cousin Hulaku Khan], the 
 "Lord of the Tartars of the Levant," and in the end 
 
122 
 
 •'Baica, the Lord of the Ponent," was defeated, and so 
 the two brothers, Maffeo and Nicolo, could not get back 
 to Venice by the way they had come, nor until they had 
 gone " across the whole longitude of Asia." Leaving 
 Bolghar they went on to ' Ucaca ' [Ukak], and thence 
 departing " and passing the great river Tigris " [Volga], 
 traversed a desert country for 17 days until they came 
 to *Bocara' [Bokhara]. ''Whilst they were sojourning 
 "in that city there came from Alau, Lord of the Levant, 
 *' envoys on their way to the Court of the Great Kaan 
 [Mangu Khan, brother of Hulaku], Lord of all the 
 " Tartars in the world." At their request the two 
 brothers joined their party, and journeyed a whole year 
 until they reached the Court of Kublai Khan, who had 
 now succeeded his brother Mangu as Khakan of the 
 Tartars. Before the death of Mangu Khan, A.D. 1259, 
 it had been intended to remove the seat of the Tartar 
 capital from Kara-Korum into Cathay or Northern 
 China; but this step, which in the end converted the 
 Tartar Khan into a Chinese Emperor, was left to be 
 carried out by Kublai Khan. The two brothers were 
 received with great honour and hospitality by Kublai 
 Khan, and when the time came for them to go back to 
 Europe, he charged them with a letter to the Pope, 
 begging that 100 persons of the Christian faith might 
 be sent to him, acquainted with " the Seven Arts," 
 and able clearly to prove that " the Law of Christ" was 
 best; and declaring that, if this was done, he and all 
 under him would become Christians. Kublai Khan 
 also delivered into their hands a golden tablet as a 
 passport throughout the Tartar Empire whithersoever 
 they went. So the two brothers travelled back, on 
 and on, and ever westward, until, after three long, 
 adventurous years, they came at last to * Layas in 
 Hermenia ' [L'Ayas or Ayas], a port on the Gulf 
 of Scanderoon, then " one of the chief places for 
 " the shipment of Asiatic wares arriving through 
 " Tabriz, and much frequented by vessels of the 
 
123 
 
 "Italian Kepiiblics." [Yule, "Marco Polo," note to 
 Chap VIII. of Prol.] In April 1269 they reached 
 A-cre, where, hearing of the death of Clement IV., 
 they returned to Venice, there to await the end of 
 the long papal interregnum that followed. When 
 Gregory X. was at last elected Pope, they forthwith 
 [about November 1271] started on their second journey 
 to the Court of Kublai Khan, this time taking 
 young MARCO POLO with them. From Acre they 
 proceeded by Ayas and Sivas, and then by Mardin, 
 Mosul, and Baghdad, to Ormuz, at the mouth of the 
 Persian Gulf, hoping to go on to China by sea. This 
 they were not able to do, and so, turning their faces 
 landward, they traversed successively Kermau and 
 Khorassan, Balk, and Badakshan, and ascended the 
 upper Oxus to the Pamir plateau; "a route not known 
 '' to have been since followed by any European traveller 
 "except Benedict Goes [1(302-1607], until the spirited 
 " expedition of Captain John Wood, of the Indian Navy, 
 "in 1838." [Yule, ''Marco Polo," Introduction.] 
 Crossing " the steppe of high Pamere," the travellers 
 proceeded by Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khoten, and the 
 vicinage of Lake Lob, and through the Gobi desert, and 
 on through Tangut, until at length, some time during 
 the midsummer of 1275, they arrived at the " stately 
 pleasure dome " of Kublai Khan " in Xanadu " [Shaugtu]. 
 And some time afterwards they proceeded with the Kha- 
 kan to his capital, ' Cambalu ' [Cambala], now Peking. 
 They rose rapidly in the Great Khan's favour. Young 
 Marco was entrusted with several missions to different 
 parts of the Empire, and to Chiampa or Southern 
 Cochin China, and Southern India ; while to all the 
 hints of the Venetian merchants to be allowed to return 
 home with their gathered wealth, " the aged Emperor 
 growled refusal ; " and, adds Sir Henry Yule, " but for a 
 "happy chance we should have lost our mediaeval 
 "Herodotus." Hulaku Khan ["Lord of the Levant "], 
 the founder of the Mongol dynasty of Persia, was sue- 
 
124 
 
 ceeded by his son Abaka, who married a daughter of the 
 Greek Emperor Michael Palseologus. His brother 
 Nicolas, who succeeded him, became a Mahomedan, but 
 his son Arghun Khan, who succeeded Nicolas, was hostile 
 to the Mahomedans. He sent embassies [conducted 
 by a G-enoese] to the Pope, and to the Kings of France 
 and England, proposing an aUiance against the Saracens 
 and Turks ; and in 1290 Edward I. sent Geoffrey 
 de Langley on a return mission to him. Now 
 Arghun Khau, having lost his favourite wife in 1286, 
 had sent to Kublai Khan to select another for him ; 
 and about the very time that Geoffrey de Langley's 
 mission was setting out for England, the Polos were 
 commissioned by Kublai Khan to escort the new 
 bride he had chosen for his great nephew from "far 
 Cathay," by sea, to the Persian court. The bridal 
 party sailed from the port of ' Zayton ' [Chincheu] 
 in the spring of 1292. In the April following 
 they would be in Sumatra, where they probably re- 
 mained until September ; when, passing through the 
 Straits of Malacca, they successively touched at Ceylon, 
 at an Indian port on the Coromandel Coast, at Kaj^al, 
 a port of Tinnevelly, and at other ports on the Malabar 
 and Concan Coasts of Western India ; and at one of these, 
 probably Tannah, they passed the monsoon of 1293. 
 Marco Polo notices the fine cottons of Coromandel, and 
 the abundance of pepper and ginger of Malabar, the 
 incense of Tannah, and the pepper, ginger, indigo, and 
 cotton of Guzerat. Sailing on the close of the monsoon 
 from India, the party reached Ormuz about November 
 1293, and the Persian camp two months later. Here 
 the fair princess wept as she took leave of the three 
 Polos, who went on to Tabriz, and, after a long halt 
 there, proceeded towards Venice, where they arrived 
 some time in 1295, having been absent from home 
 nearly 24 years. The publication of *'' The Booh of Scr 
 Marco Polo " was as the revelation of a new world to 
 his countrymen, and although the slow circulation of 
 
125 
 
 that age retarded its effect, in the end it became one of 
 the influences which inspired the mighty emprise of 
 Columbus. Ptolemy had enormously exaggerated the 
 eastern extension of Asia, and as the wonderful lands 
 visited by Marco Pole lay still further eastward, it was 
 thought that no great breadth of ocean rolled between 
 western Europe and eastern Asia ; and full of this idea, 
 Columbus launched boldly on the Atlantic, convinced 
 that the first shores reached by him would be those 
 of * Chipangu ' [Japan], Cathay, ' Chamba ' [Cochin 
 China], and India. From the time of the Saracen con- 
 quest of Egypt, Syria, and Persia, Christians had been 
 forbidden to pass through those countries to the East, 
 and the direct overland trade of Europe with India had 
 entirely ceased. MARCO_ POLO, therefore, was the 
 first Christian, after Cosmas Indicopleustes [circa 
 A.D. 535-550] to give a written account of India ; and 
 the people of Europe, as they gradually came to know 
 of his travels, were astonished at the survey of the 
 immense kingdoms, far beyond the limits of what they 
 had thought to be the uttermost bounds of Asia, 
 he for the first time laid open to their view, and, as 
 was hoped, to their commercial enterprise. His book 
 is also a perfect Encyclopaedia of the mediaeval trade 
 and arts of India and the East ; in brief, one of those 
 like the Bible, the Iliad and Odyssey, the History of 
 Herodotus, and Pliny's Natural History, *' that shew, 
 contain, and nourish all the world;"* books we never 
 tire of, for they are always fresh : and yet we owe 
 its existence to the accident of his having late in life 
 been taken in a sea fight by the Genoese, and thrown 
 into prison ; where he was persuaded by a fellow 
 prisoner to dictate his narrative to relieve the tedium of 
 their captivity. As it has been newly translated into 
 English, and edited by Sir Henry Yule, with notes, and 
 maps and illustrations, it leaves, writes Sir Rutherford 
 Alcock in the '^ Fortnightlji Review" for July 1875, scarcely 
 
 * Loces Labour Lost, A. iv., s. 3. 
 
126 
 
 anything to be desired or hoped for as the fruit of further 
 research, and is the most comprehensive and fascinating 
 work we possess on the mediaeval geography and history 
 of the East. 
 
 The following are the principal ports of the Eastern 
 Seas described by Marco Polo : — 
 
 * Kinsay ' [Hang-chau-fu] *' the capital of the whole 
 country of Manzi [Southern China]." It was said to 
 be 100 miles in circumference, and to have in it 12,000 
 bridges of stone. There were in the city 12 guilds of 
 different crafts, and each guild had 12,000 houses in the 
 occupation of its workmen. It was a wise ordinance 
 of the King " that every man should follow his father's 
 " business and no other, no matter if he possessed 
 *' 100,000 bezants." Inside the city there was a lake 
 30 miles in compass, and all round it were beautiful 
 palaces and gardens. The port of the city was ' Ganfu ' 
 [KanjDu], 25 miles distant, "with a vast amount of 
 *' shipping which is engaged in the traffic to and from 
 " India, and other foreign ports; " and "a great river 
 *' flows from the city of Kinsay to that sea haven, by 
 " which vessels can come up to the city itself." Below 
 ' Ganfu ' were 'Zayton' [Thsiuancheu or Chincheu], 
 and 'Fuju' [Fucheu], ''a seat of great trade and 
 " great manufactures. . . . Enormous quantities of 
 " sugar are made there, and there is a great traffic 
 ^' in pearls and precious stones, for many ships of India 
 " come to these parts bringing many merchants who 
 " traffic about the Isles of the Indies. For this city is, 
 " you see, in the vicinity of the Ocean Port of Zayton, 
 " which is greatly frequented by the ships of India with 
 ^' their cargoes of various merchandise ; and from Zayton 
 *' the vessels pass on to the city of Fuju. . . . and 
 '' 'tis in this way that the precious wares of India come 
 " hither." 
 
 The ' Haven of Zayton ' [Chincheu] was " frequented 
 ^' by all the ships of India, which bring hither spicery 
 
127 
 
 *' and all kinds of costly wares. It is the port also that 
 *' is frequented by all the merchants of Manzi [Southern 
 " China], for hither is imported the most astonishing 
 " quantity of goods, and of precious stones and pearls, 
 " and from this they are distributed all over Manzi. And 
 " I assure you that for one shipload of pepper that goes to 
 " Alexandria or elsewhere, destined for Christendom, 
 " there come a hundred such, aye, and more too, to this 
 " haven of Zayton ; for it is one of the two greatest 
 " havens in the world for commerce." 
 
 Passing southwards to the Indian Archipelago, he 
 describes ' the great country called Chamba ' [' Champa,' 
 ' Zampa,' ' Chiampa,' ' Tsiampa,' or Southern Cochin 
 China], and 'the isles of Sondur and Condur ' [Pulo 
 Condore], 'the great island of Java,' 'the island of 
 Pentam ' [Bintang], and ' the island and city of Malaiur,' 
 which may be Palembang, or Singapore, or Malacca. 
 Sir Henry Yule considers the evidence conclusive against 
 the existence of Malacca in Marco Polo's time. 
 ' Malaiur,' Marco Polo says, was a fine and noble city, 
 and a great trade was carried on there in all kinds of 
 spicery and all other necessaries of life. Marco Polo 
 then describes 'Java the Less' [Sumatra], and the 
 islands of ' Necuveran ' [the Nicobars] , ' Angamanain ' 
 [the Andamans], and ' Seilan ' [Ceylon], whence he 
 passes to ' the great province of Maabar ' [the Coro- 
 mandel Coast], to which ' the merchants of Kis and 
 Hormes, Dofar, and Soer [Suhar], and Aden,' bring 
 great numbers of ' destriers and other horses ' to sell to 
 the king. After mentioning the town of St. Thomas, 
 he next describes 'the kingdom of Mutfili,' corre- 
 sponding with Tehngana, and taking its name pro- 
 bably from 'Motapalle,' in the Guntur district of 
 the Madras Presidency. "It is in this kingdom that 
 " diamonds are got. ... No other country but 
 '• this kingdom of Mutfili produces them. ... In 
 " this kingdom are also produced the best and most 
 " delicate buckrams, and those of the highest price ; in 
 
128 
 
 ** sooth, they look like tissue of spiders' web ! " The 
 city of Cail [Kayal in the Tinnevelly district] he 
 describes as " a great and noble city. It is at this city 
 " that all the ships touch that come from the West, as 
 " from Hormos, from Kis, and from Aden, and all 
 " Arabia, laden with horses and with other things for 
 *' sale." Of ' Coilum ' [Quilon] he says " a great deal 
 " of brazil is got here. . . . G-ood ginger also grows 
 " here. . . . Pepper too grows in great abundance. 
 " . . They have also abundance of very fine indigo. 
 " . . The merchants from Manzi, and from Arabia, and 
 " from the Levant [Persia], come hither with their ships 
 " and their merchandise, and make great profits both by 
 " what they import and by what they export." 
 
 After describing * Melibar ' [Malabar] and ' Gozurat ' 
 [Guzerat], he says of the kingdom of ' Tana' [Tannah], 
 " no pepper grows there, nor other spices, but 
 " plenty of incense. . . . There is much traffic 
 " here, and many ships and merchants frequent the 
 " place ; for there is a great export of leather of various 
 " excellent kinds, and also of good buckram and cotton. 
 " The merchants in their ships also import various 
 '* articles, such as gold, silver, copper, and other things 
 '* in demand." 
 
 Of the kingdom of 'Cambaet' [Cambay], he says, 
 " There is a great trade in this country. It produces 
 " indigo in great abundance, and much fine buckram. 
 " There is also a quantity of cotton which is exported 
 " hence, . . . and a great trade in hides, which are 
 " very well dressed ; with many other kinds of mer- 
 " chandise too tedious to mention. Merchants come here 
 " with many ships and cargoes, but what they chiefly 
 *' bring is gold, silver, copper, and tutia." 
 
 In ' Zanghibar ' [Zanzibar], he says, " there is a great 
 *' deal of trade, and many merchant vessels go thither ; 
 " but the staple trade of the Island is elephants' teeth, 
 " which are very abundant, and they have also much 
 " ambergris, as whales are plentiful." 
 
129 
 
 Of 'Hormos,' 'Hormes' or ' Curmosa,' Marco Polo 
 says, "merchants come thither from India with ships 
 *' loaded with spicery and precious stones, pearls^ 
 *' cloths of silk and gold, elephants' teeth, and many 
 " other wares, which they sell to the merchants of 
 " Hormos, and they in turn carry all over the world 
 *' to dispose of again. In fact 'tis a city of immense 
 *' trade." 
 
 The other emporium of the Indian trade in the 
 Persian Gulf was the island of Kisi [Kishi, Kish, or 
 Kais]. " Baudas [Baghdad] is a great city, which used 
 *' to be the seat of the Calif of all the Saracens in the 
 " world, just as Rome is the seat of the Pope of all the 
 " Christians. A very great river flows through the city, 
 " and by this you can descend to the Sea of India. 
 " There is a great traffic of merchants with their 
 " goods this way : they descend some 18 days from 
 " Baudas, and then come to a certain city called Kisi, 
 " where they enter the Sea of India. There is also on 
 " the river, as you go from Baudas to Kisi, a great city 
 " called Bastra [Bussorah], surrounded by woods, in which 
 << grow the best dates in the world." 
 
 Aden "is a port to which many of the ships of India 
 " come with their cargoes ; and from this haven the 
 " merchants carry the goods a distance of seven days 
 " further in small vessels. At the end of these seven 
 " days they land the goods, and load them on camels, 
 " and so carry them a land journey of 80 days. This 
 " brings them to the river of Alexandria [the Nile], and 
 "by it they descend to the latter city. It is by this 
 " way through Aden that the Saracens of Alexandria 
 ' ' receive all their stores of pepper and other spicery ; 
 " and there is no other route equally good and con- 
 " venient by which their goods could reach that 
 " place." 
 
 ' Babylon ' is the name by which Cairo was known to 
 Marco Polo. 
 
 In Marco Polo's old age, and the years following his 
 
 I 
 
130 
 
 death, a remarkable land trade, Sir Henry Yule has 
 shown, sprang up between China and the trading cities of 
 Italy, of which curious details are given in the book of 
 Pegolotti already mentioned. The chief imports from 
 the East were the rich satins and damasks of China. 
 European linens were carried for sale on the way ; but to 
 China itself, in general, only silver, to purchase goods 
 there. Factories of Genoese merchants were established 
 at Fokien, perhaps at Hangcheu and other cities. This 
 trade probably came to an end about the middle of the 
 14th century, after lasting 30 or at most 40 years. It 
 was apparently carried on entirely by Italian merchants 
 travelling to make their own purchases. Whether they 
 undertook the trade by sea also is doubtful. 
 
 MAEINO SANUTO, a Venetian nobleman, who 
 travelled in the East about 1300-1306, in his book 
 entitled "Liber secretorum fideliuin Crucis, super Term 
 Sanctce reciiperatione," presented to Pope John XII. at 
 Avignon, initiates us into all the details of the course 
 of the Venetian commerce with India at this period. 
 Formerly, and even down to his time, it used to take 
 the route by the Persian Gulf. The merchandise of 
 Malabar and Cambay was first conveyed to Ormuz and 
 Kish in the Persian Gulf, and was thence transported to 
 Bussorah on the Euphrates, whence it passed up the 
 Tigris to ' Baldac ' [Baghdad] and across the Syrian 
 desert to Antioch and Cilicia, where it was embarked 
 for Europe on board the ships of Genoa and Venice. 
 Latterly, however, the merchants of Southern Arabia 
 had gradually recovered their old commerce, and part 
 of the merchandise of India and the East now came 
 into Europe by way of ' Ahaden ' [Aden] and ' Chus ' 
 [Coptos] on the Nile, and Alexandria. The rarer 
 commodities, such as cloves, nutmegs, mace, gems, 
 and pearls, w^ere still conveyed up the Persian Gulf 
 to Bussorah, and on to Baghdad, whence they were 
 carried to some port on the Syrian or Arabian Coast 
 of the Mediterranean ; but all the more bulky goods, 
 
131 
 
 such as pepper, ginger, cinnamon, together with 
 a portion of the more vahiable articles, were now 
 reconveyed by the ancient route to the Red Sea, 
 and across the Libyan desert, and down the Nile to 
 Alexandria. 
 
 There is very little information directly bearing on 
 the subject of this paper to be derived from the letters 
 and reports of the Missionary Friars of the fourteenth 
 century, pubhshed by Sir ilenry Yule in his " Cathay^ and 
 the Way Thither," viz., the letters of the Franciscan 
 Friar, John of Montecorvino [b. 124.7, d. 1328], dated 
 from ' Cambalec ' [Peking], the 8th January 1305 and 
 February 1306; of Andrew of Perugia of the order 
 of Minorite Friars, ' Bishop of Zayton ' in Manzi 
 [Southern China], dated ' Zayton,' January 1326 ; of 
 the Dominican Friar Jordanus, dated from ' Caga ' 
 [Gogo] the 12th October 1321, and from ' Thana ' 
 [Tannah], near Bombay, January 1323 ; and of the 
 Franciscan Friar, Pascal of Vittoria, whose letter is dated 
 from 'Armalec' [Almalik, not far from the modern 
 Kulja] ' in the Empire of the Medes,' on the feast of 
 St. Lawrence, 1388 ; and " the Book of the estate of the 
 Great Caan, set forth by the Archbishop of Soltania " 
 [the Dominican Friar John de Cora] circa 1330. In 
 the letter from the Dominican Friar Menentillus, for- 
 warding the copy of a letter from Friar John of Monte- 
 corvino, among the products of "Upper India" he 
 enumerates aromatic spices, pepper, ginger, brazil-wood, 
 and cinnamon, and he refers to palm sugar and 
 toddy. 
 
 The famous Minorite Friar ODORICO DI PORDE- 
 NONE [5. 1281, d. 1331], a Beatus of the Roman 
 Catholic church, travelled in the East and in India 
 between 1316 and 1330. He proceeded by way of 
 Constantinople and Trebizond, ' Arziron ' [Erzeroum], 
 Tauris, ' Soldania ' [Sultanieh], and ' the sea of Bacuc ' 
 [i.<3., of Baku, the Caspian], ' Cassan ' [Kashan], 'lest' 
 [Yezd], and the ' Sea of Sand,' the ruins of ' Cumcrum ' 
 
 I 2 
 
132 
 
 [Persepolis], and the kingdom of ' Chaldsea ' [Baghdad]^ 
 to ' Ormes ' [Ormuz], whence he took ship to ' Tana ' in 
 Salsette, near Bombay. Here, or at Surat, in one of which 
 places Friar Jordanus had deposited them, he gathered 
 the bones of the four missionaries who had suffered 
 mart^Tdom at Tana in 1321, and took ship again to ' Po- 
 lumbum ' [Quilon], He notices the immense quantity 
 of pepper cultivated in ' Minibar ' [Malabar], where 
 he also visited the coast towns of ' Flandrina ' 
 [' Pandarani '] and ' Cyngilin ' [' Cynkali,' ' Shinkala,' 
 ' Gingala,' ' Jangh,' or Cranganore]. He then went on to 
 ' Mobar ' [the Coromandel Coast], " where heth the body of 
 St. Thomas," and thence in fifty days sailed to ' Lamori ' 
 [' al Ramni '] and to the kingdom of ' Sumoltra ' [Su- 
 matra]. From Sumatra he went on to Java, and to 
 another island - called ' Thaiamasyn ' or ' Panten,' which 
 has been thought to be Borneo, and thence to ' Zampa ' 
 [Cochin China]. He next notices the island of ' Nico- 
 veran' [Nicobars], and of ' Sillan ' [Ceylon], whence his 
 narrative carries us at once to ' Upper India ' [China] 
 and the Province of ' Manzi ' [Southern China], and 
 the cities of ' Censcalan ' [Canton], ' ZsLjion ' [Chin- 
 cheu], ' Fuzo ' [Fucheu], ' Cansay ' [Hangcheu], 
 *Chilenfu' [Nanking], and ' Cambalech ' [Peking], and to 
 • Sandu ' ['Xanadu,' Shangtu], the summer residence 
 of the Great Khan. He describes 'the lands of Prester 
 John,' and 'the realm of Thibet,' and the Grand Lama, 
 as Pope of the latter country. He also gives an account 
 of his own dealings with the 'Devils of Tartary,' and of 
 the ' Old Man of the Mountain.' 
 
 JOHN DE' MARIGNOLLI, a Minorite Friar of the 
 Franciscan monastery of Santa Croce at Florence, was 
 sent by Pope Benedict on a mission to ' Cathay ' in 
 1338. He sailed from Avignon to Naples, and thence 
 to Constantinople, and on to * Caffa ' [Theodosia] in the 
 Crimea, whence he proceeded to the court of the Khan 
 of Kipchak at Sarai, on the Volga, who forwarded him 
 on to ♦ Armalec ' [Almahk], the capital of the Chagatai 
 
133 
 
 Khans of the ' Middle Tartar Empire.' He arrived at 
 * Cambalec ' [Peking] in May or June 1342, and after 
 remaining there three or four years sailed from Zayton 
 for India, the 26th December 1347, and arrived at 
 ' Columbum ' [Quilon], the following Easter. In 134-9 
 he made a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas on 
 the Coromandel coast, and thence sailed to ' Saba,' 
 piously identified by him with the Sheba of the Bible, 
 but which was probably some country of Further India. 
 Returning to India, he was driven to Ceylon, whence he 
 sailed to Ormuz, and afterwards travelled by the ruins 
 of Babylon to Baghdad, Mosul, Edessa, and Aleppo, and 
 thence to Damascus, Galilee, and Jerusalem, making his 
 way back to Italy by Cyprus. 
 
 SIR JOHN MANDEVILLE, the author of, it is said, 
 the first English book that appeared in print* [London, 
 1499], would appear from his narrative to have tra- 
 versed the whole East between 1327 and 1372, the date 
 of his death. He speaks of " the marvyles of Inde," but 
 it is certain he was never there. He may be described 
 as the father of English sensation writers, and is not 
 to be trusted even when he may be telling the truth. 
 
 During the latter half of the fourteenth century, 
 Tamerlane, taking advantage of the dissensions among 
 the descendants of Chingiz Ivhan, succeeded in once 
 again uniting the nomad hordes of Central Asia in a 
 career of universal devastation. He was proclaimed 
 Khan of the Chagatai, and made Samarcand his capital 
 in 1369. He overran Persia in 1386-87, and Kipchak 
 several times between 1387 and 1389, in the latter year 
 reaching so far as Moscow. He took Baghdad in 1395, 
 invaded India and stormed Delhi in 1398, invaded Asia 
 Minor and Syria in 1400-1401, and defeated and captured 
 the Emperor Bajazet at the great battle of Angora, July 
 20, 1404. Tamerlane's triumphant campaign against the 
 Ottoman Turks quickly drew the princes of Christendom 
 
 * This is incorrect, as the distiuction of being the first printed English 
 book is due to the ReciujeU of the Historyes of Trot/e, 1474. 
 
134 
 
 into relations with him. In 1393, Henry III. of Castile 
 sent two noble knights, named Pelayo de Sotomayor and 
 Fernando de Palazuelos on an embassy to his camp. 
 They were received with distinction, and were present at 
 the battle of Angora, and, on their return to Spain, 
 Tamerlane sent an envoy of his own with them with rich 
 presents to the King of Castile, of jewels and women, 
 among them being two lovely Christian damsels, named 
 Angelina and Maria, whom he had rescued from the 
 seraglio of the brutal Bajazet. King Henry thereupon 
 determined to send another embassy to Tamerlane, at 
 the head of which was DON RUY GONZALES DE 
 CLAYIJO, whose narrative of it is of the highest 
 interest, not only for the account it gives of Tamerlane, 
 but for the light it throws on the caravan trade of the 
 period through Persia. Yet it was not until 1869 that 
 an English translation of it was made and edited by 
 Mr. Clements R. Markham, C.B., for the Hakluyt 
 Society. Accompanied by the returning Tartar envoy, 
 Clavijo embarked at the port of St. Mary near Cadiz, 
 in May 1403, and sailed through the Strait of Boni- 
 facio to Oaeta, continuing his course through the 
 Strait of Messina to Rhodes. Here he hired a ship to 
 Chios, and there engaged another to Constantinople. 
 Sailing through the "Strait of Roumania " [the Dar- 
 danelles], he saw on one side "the land of Turkey," 
 and on the other " the land of Gr^ecia." He left 
 Constantinople on the 14th of November, passing in 
 the Bosphorus between two castles, one being named 
 " el Guirol de la Grcecia,'' and the other " el Guirol 
 de la Turquia." Disembarking at Trebizond he 
 proceeded by ' Arsinga ' [Erzingan] and ' Aseron ' 
 [Erzeroum] through Armenia, and across the ' Corras ' 
 [Cyrus] to Tauris or Tabriz and Sultanieh in Azer- 
 bijan. The latter city, now a mere mass of squalid 
 ruins, he represents as then very populous, but not so 
 large as Tabriz, although it had more trade. Every 
 year in the months of June, July, and August, large 
 
135 
 
 caravans came there from India with spices, '• such as 
 *' cloves, nutmegs, cinnamon, manna, mace, and other 
 ** IDrecious articles which do not go to Alexandria ; " 
 and from Ghilan with wrought silk, to be sent to 
 Damascus, Syria, and Turkey ; and merchants came 
 there for silks from all countries " even Venetians and 
 Genoese." Silken stuffs, cottons, and taffetas also came 
 to Sultanieli from Shiraz and ' Yesen ' [Yezd], and 
 cotton threads and cotton cloths from Khorassan. 
 « From Cathay vessels came within 60 days journey of 
 *' this city, having navigated the western sea . . . 
 " and they came to a river which is 10 days journey 
 " from the city of Ormuz." . . . These ships 
 brought pearls and rubies from Ceylon [not from Cathay 
 as Clavijo was told], and spices from India. " All the 
 " merchants who come from the land of the Christians, 
 " from Caffa [Theodosia] and Trebizond, and the mer- 
 '' chants of Turkey and Syria, come every year at this 
 " time [June 1404] to the city of Sultanieh to make 
 " their purchases." From Sultanieh the embassy pro- 
 ceeded, by Teheran, to Damghan in Khorassan, and by 
 Nishapore, where Clavijo notices the " torquoises," to 
 ' Ojajan,' where they received a message from Shah 
 Rukh, Tamerlane's celebrated youngest sou, inviting 
 them to Herat. From ' Ojajan ' they went on to 
 ' Maxaque ' [Meshed] and *Buelo,' after which they 
 had to cross a desert of 50 leagues, at the end of which 
 they found themselves in " the land of Tartary." They 
 now crossed the ' Morghan ' [Murghab], and, after 
 passing through ' Vaeq ' [Balk], "the great river 
 Viadme " [the Oxus], " another of the rivers of Paradise 
 " . . . which descends from the mountains, and flows 
 '' through the plains of the territory of Samarcand 
 «« . . . and falls into the sea of Bakou " [the Cas^ 
 pian]. Then, after traveling for several days, they 
 came to the formidable pass of the " Iron Gates," in 
 the mountain chain that guards Tartary " in the direc- 
 tion of India," and going on to Quex [Kesh], the births 
 
136 
 
 place of Tamerlane, entered his beautiful capital of 
 Samarcand, September 8, 1404<. But Clavijo never saw 
 the mighty destroyer, who was already dying. After 
 being most hospitably entertained by his ministers the 
 embassy departed on its return journey on the 21st of 
 November, and, on reaching Tabriz, received the 
 intelligence of Tamerlane's death, which took place 
 at Otrar on the Jaxartes, February 19, 1405. From 
 Trebizond, Clavijo took ship for Pera, where he found 
 two Genoese carracks which had come from Caffa, 
 and were going to Genoa. He embarked on one of 
 them, and, after stopping at Gallipoli to take in a 
 cargo of cotton, and at Chios, and Gaeta, and at 
 Corsica "to spend Christmas Day," reached Genoa, 
 January 3, 1406. He himself reached Seville the 
 following March. 
 
 In 1419 Shah Rukh sent Sadi Khoja on an embassy 
 into China, and in 1442 he sent ABD-UR-RAZZAK on 
 an embassy to India. Abd-ur-Razzak set out from Herat 
 in January 1442, and proceeded by way of Kohistan and 
 Kerman to Ormuz. He thus describes this port : " The 
 *' merchants of the seven climates, from Eg^^pt, Syria, the 
 *' country of Roum [Anatolia], Azerbijan, Irak-Arabi, 
 " and Irak-Adjemi, the provinces of Fars, Khorassan, 
 '• Mawarauahar [Turkistan], the kingdom of Deschti- 
 *' Kaptchack [Kipchak], the whole of the kingdoms of 
 " Tchin [Northern China or Cathay], and Matchin [Manzi 
 " or Southern China], and the city of Khanbahk [Peking], 
 " all make their way to this port, which has not its equal 
 " on the surface of the globe. The inhabitants of the 
 *' sea coasts arrive here from the countries of Tchin, 
 " Java, Bengal, the cities of Zirbad [Indid extra Gangein']^ 
 " Tenasserim, Sokotora [Socotra], Schahrinou [shahr-i- 
 " nao, " New City," i.e., Siam], the islands of Diwah- 
 " Mahal [Maldives], the countries of Malabar, Abyssinia, 
 *' Zanguebar, the ports of Bidjanager, Kalbergah, Gu- 
 " jarat, Kaubait [Cambay], the coasts of Arabia 
 ** which extend so far as Aden, Jeddah, and Yembo. 
 
137 
 
 " They bring hither those rare and beautiful articles 
 " which the sun, the moon, and the rains have com- 
 *' bined to bring to perfection, . . . Travellers 
 " from all countries resort hither, and in exchange for 
 " the commodities which they bring, they can without 
 " trouble or difficulty obtain all that they desire. 
 *' . . . For all objects, with the exception of gold 
 " and silver, a tenth of their value is paid by way of 
 " duty. Persons of all religions and even idolaters are 
 " found in this city, and no injustice is permitted 
 *' towards any person whatever." From Ormuz, after 
 two months' sojourn, Abd-ur-Razzak sailed for Calicut, 
 but, being too late for the S.W. monsoon, was com- 
 pelled to pass several months at Muscat. He landed 
 at Calicut at the beginning of November 1442, and 
 remained there until the middle of April 1443. He 
 describes it as " a perfectly secure harbour, which, like 
 " that of Ormuz, brings together merchants from every 
 " city and from every country. In it are to be found 
 " abundance of precious articles brought thither from 
 " maritime countries, and especially from Abyssinia, 
 " Zirbad, and Zanguebar. From time to time ships 
 " arrive there from the shores of the House of God 
 " [Mecca] and other parts of the Hedjaz, and abide at 
 " will for a greater or longer space in the harbour. 
 " The town is inhabited by infidels, and situated on a 
 
 " hostile shore The sovereign of the city 
 
 " bears the title of Saineri The coast, 
 
 " which includes Calicut and some neighbouring ports, 
 " and which extends as far as Kayal, a place situated 
 " opposite the island of Serendib, otherwise called 
 " Ceylon, bears the general name of Malibar [Malabar]. 
 " From Calicut are vessels continually sailing for Mecca, 
 " which are for the most part laden with pepper. The 
 " inhabitants of Calicut are adventurous sailors; they 
 " are known by the name of Clwii-batcluujan [sons of 
 " the Chinese], anl pirates do not dare to attack the 
 " vessels of Calicut. In this harbour one may find 
 
138 
 
 " everything that can be desired. One thing only is 
 " forbidden, namely, to kill a cow or to eat its flesh." 
 From Calicut he went on by sea to Mangalore, " which 
 " forms the frontier of the kingdom of Bijanagar," from 
 which port he continued his route by land to the city 
 of Bijanagar, which he reached by the end of April. 
 He gives a graphic account of the magnificence of this 
 ancient Hindu city, where he was entertained in the 
 most princely state by the King until the following 
 November, when he returned to Mangalore. Going on 
 to ' Honawer ' [Onore] he there took his passage to 
 Ormuz, which port he reached April 22, 144-1, — the 
 voyage from Onore to Ormuz having lasted 65 days. 
 
 NICOLO CONTI, a noble Venetian, travelled in 
 India and the East for 25 years, between 14 i 9 and 
 1444 ; and seeking in 1449 absolution from Eugene IV. 
 for the sin of having once denied Christ on the borders 
 of Egypt, in order to save from death his wife and 
 children, w^ho had accompanied him in all his pere- 
 grinations, that Pope imposed on him the happy 
 penance of relating his adventures to his famous secre- 
 tary, Poggio Bracciolini, the immortal author of the 
 " Facctia'." Conti started from Damascus, where he 
 had resided for some years and had learned the Arabic 
 language, and, travelling in company with a caravan 
 of 600 other merchants, passed over the deserts of 
 Arabia Petrsea, and through Chald^ea to ' Baldochia ' 
 [Baghdad]. Sailing thence down the river Euphrates 
 for 20 days he arrived at 'Balsera ' [Bussorah], and 
 four days after at the head of the Persian Gulf, and in 
 five days more at the port of ' Colcus,' and afterwards 
 at Ormuz. Sailing thence towards India he arrived 
 after 100 miles at ' Calacatia ' ['Calaite,' ' Calatu,' 
 Kalhat in Arabia], a very noble emporium of the 
 Persians. Here he stayed some time and learned the 
 Persian language, when he and some Persian merchants 
 freighted a ship to India, *' having first taken a solemn 
 '* oath to be faithful and loyal companions one to 
 
139 
 
 " another." At the end of a month at sea he arrived 
 at Carabay, where, he observes, are "those precious 
 " stones, sardonixes." Proceeding southward along the 
 coast of Western India, after 20 days saiHng he arrived 
 at two cities on the seashore, " one named Pacamuria, 
 *' and the other Helly." In these districts, he says, " grows 
 " ginger, called in the language of the country heledi, 
 " gehdi, and ndi." Departing thence, and travelling for 
 about 300 miles inland, he next arrived at " the great city 
 " of Bizenegaha " [Bijanagar]. Eight days' journey from 
 it he came to "the very noble city of Pelagonda " [? Pali- 
 conda, now Ongule], and in twenty days more to the 
 seaport ' Peudifetania ' [? Pudipatana, on the Malabar 
 coast], " on the road to which he passed two cities, viz., 
 " Odeschiria and Cenderghiria [? Chandgerry in the 
 " Carnatic], where the red sandal-wood grows." He 
 next arrived at ' Malepur ' [Maliapur, i.e., the city of 
 Peacocks, or St. Thome], " where the body of 
 " St. Thomas lies honourably buried ; beyond which," 
 he says, " is another city, called Cahila i ' Oail,' Kayal], 
 " where pearls are found." He then crossed over to a 
 " very noble island, called Zeilam [Ceylon], .... 
 " in which they find, by digging, rubies, saflfares, 
 " garnets, and those stones which are called cats'-eyes. 
 " Here also cinnamon grows in great abundance." He 
 " afterwards went on to the is and of Taprobana, which 
 " island is called by the natives Sciamuthera " [Sumatra, 
 which is also called Taprobana, the ancient name of 
 Ceylon, by others besides Conti], where he remained 
 a year, and where he notices the pepper, long pepper, 
 camphor, gold and diinano [Durio Zebethinus]. Leav- 
 ing Sumatra, he arrived, after a stormy passage of 
 16 days, at ' Ternassari ' [Tenasserim], and afterwards 
 sailed to the mouth of the Ganges, and up the river 
 for 15 days until he came to ' Cernove.' He notices 
 the charming villas on both banks of the river, and 
 plantations and gardens, "wherein grow vast varieties 
 " of fruits, and above all those called musa [plantains], 
 
140 
 
 ■" . . . . and also the nuts which we call nuts of 
 "India" [' nuccs Indicce ' or cocoa-nuts]. From 
 * Cernove ' he went on to ' Maarazia,' and thence re- 
 turned to Cernove, whence he went on to ' Buffetania ' 
 [not to be confounded with ' Peudifetania '1, and 
 thence returning by the Ganges after a month's voyage 
 he arrived at 'Kacha' [Aracan], whence he crossed 
 inland to the river Dava [i.e., d'Ava, the Irrawaddy], 
 up which he sailed to the city of Ava. Here in his 
 narrative Conti alludes to ' Macinus ' [i.e.^ ' Mahachin,' 
 ' Machin,' Burma], and 'Cathay' [Northern China], 
 and its capital, " called Cambaleschia " [Peking], and 
 the great city, called ' Nemptai ' ['Kinsay,' Hangcheu]. 
 Leaving Ava, he arrived at "the mouth of a moderate 
 *' sized river, where there is a port called Xeythona 
 " [? Sittoung], and having entered the river at the end 
 " of ten days arrived at a very populous city called 
 <' Panconia [?Pegu]," where he remained four months. 
 Here, he says, they have "the pinus, oranges, chesnuts, 
 -" melons, . . . white sandal-wood, and camphor." 
 [It is a mistake to translate "pinus," here, as "pine 
 apples," for they are a product exclusively of America, 
 which had not then been discovered.] He now crossed 
 to Java. He says that " in Further India are two 
 ^' islands towards the extreme confines of the world, 
 " both of which are called Java . . . distinguished 
 " from each other by the names of the Greater and 
 "Less" — the Java Major and Java Minor of other 
 travellers, usually identified with Java and Baliy, but 
 by which Conti would seem to describe Java and 
 Sumbawa. He remained in Java nine months. At 
 15 days' sail beyond these islands, eastward, two others, 
 he says, are found, " the one called Sandai [Ceram], in 
 -" which nutmegs and maces grow ; the other is named 
 " Bandan [Banda] ; this is the only island in which 
 " cloves grow, which are exported hence to the Java 
 " islands." Ceram and Bouro are the two largest of 
 the Banda or Bandan islands. He also mentions the 
 
141 
 
 nori [or lori, i.e., " Excellent "] and the cachi [cockatoo] 
 as birds of Bandan. Having quitted Java, he bent his 
 course westward for a month to " a maritime city, called 
 " Ciampa [southern Cochin-China], abounding in aloes- 
 '* wood, camphor, and gold." In another month he came 
 to 'Coloen' [Quilon] in ' Melibaria ' [Malabar], where he 
 again notices "ginger, called by the natives co/o^/ [i.e., 
 colomhi, or of ' Kaulam ' or Quilon], pepper, brazil-wood, 
 " and the cinnamon which is called [i.e., by Western 
 travellers] crassa [i.e., ' canella grossa,' coarse cinnamon or 
 cassia] ;" and describes the jack, amha [mango], and a tree 
 he names caelii. After a further journey of three days he 
 came to ' Cocym ' [Cochin], and still going northward 
 visited in succession ' Colanguria,' ' Paliuria,' ' Melian- 
 cota,' and then Calicut, " a noble emporium for all India, 
 " abounding in pepper, lac, ginger, a coarser kind of 
 " cinnamon, myrobolam, and zedoary." He then went 
 on to Cambay, which he reached in 15 days, and re- 
 turning to Calicut took ship to " Sechutera " [Socotra], 
 where he spent two months. Departing thence in five 
 days he reached Aden, " an opulent city remarkable 
 " for its buildings ;" and thence he sailed " over to 
 '* ^Ethiopia," and after seven days anchored in the port 
 of ' Barbora ' [Berbera]. Sailing thence after a month 
 he arrived at ' Gidda ' [Jiddah], and subsequently at a 
 port near Mount Sinai, whence he crossed the desert 
 to ' Carrae ' [Cairo], where he lost his dear wife and 
 two of his children of the plague. From Egypt he reached 
 Venice safely with his two surviving children. 
 
 The account of the journey into India of 
 ATHANASIUS NIKITIN, a Kussian, was first 
 published by Mr. Major, in his volume of the Hakluyt 
 Society's publications entitled " India in the Fif- 
 teenth Centurij," which includes also the separate 
 narratives of Abd-ur-Razzak, Conti, and Santo Stefano. 
 Nikitin started from Twer in 1468, and descended 
 the Volga through Kazan, and the several Tartar 
 " orda " [whence our word " horde " and the Hin- 
 
142 
 
 dustani word " Ordu," meaning " camp "-language] 
 or cantonments, and Sarai, to Astrakhan. Thence he 
 went on to Derbend and Baku, where he crossed the 
 * Doria Khvahtskaia ' [Caspian Sea, or Sea of Khiva,] 
 to 'Chebokhara' [Bokhara]. He then recrossed the 
 Caspian, and Hved for six months at Sareh in 
 Mazanderan, whence he went on by successive stages 
 to Kashan, Yezd, and Bender [Bander- Abbas as it 
 was afterwards called], to ' Hormyz ' [Ormuz], where 
 he crossed the ' Doria Hondustankaia ' [Indian Ocean] 
 to ' Moshkat ' [Muscat], and thence to ' Kuzrat ' 
 [Guzerat] and ' Kanbat ' [Cimbay], where indigo 
 grows, and ' Chivil ' [Chaul]. From Chaul he pro- 
 ceeded inland to ' Jooneer,' and on to ' Beurek ' [Beder], 
 where he lived for four years, visiting, during his 
 stay there, ' Kalongher,' ' Kelberg ' [Kulburga] and 
 ' Pervota ' [Pervottum], " the Jerusalem of the 
 Hindus." On his return home he embarked from 
 ' Dabyl ' [Dabul] ; and after being at sea a whole 
 month, was driven somewhere on the coast of, as 
 he says, '^thiopea,' whence he reached Muscat in 
 12 days, and in nine more Ormuz. He then pro- 
 ceeded by land through Shiraz, Ispahan, Kashan, Sul- 
 tanieh, and Tabriz, to Trebizond, where he crossed 
 the ' Doria Stembolskaia ' [Black Sea] to Caffa or Theo- 
 dosia in the Crimea, where he safely landed, after 
 a stormy passage of a month's duration, in 1474. His 
 description of the several ports of the Eastern Seas 
 which were the chief resorts of commerce in his time 
 is most interesting and instructive, as will be seen from 
 the following extracts : — 
 
 " Hormuz is a vast emporium of the world. You 
 '< find there people and goods of every description, and 
 " whatever thing is produced on earth you find in 
 *' Hormuz. But the duties are high, — one tenth of 
 ** everything." 
 
 *' Cambayat is a port of the whole Indian sea, and a 
 ■*' manufacturing place for every sort of goods, as 
 
143 
 
 " tahu-h fa sort of robe], damask, khan [satin], kiola 
 " [blankets], and tliere they prepare the bhie stone 
 " colour [indigo]. There also grows Id- dualluji- dalon.'* 
 Elsewhere, he says " Cambat produces the agate." 
 
 " Dabyl [Dabiil in the Concan] is also a very extensive 
 •" seaport, where many horses are brought from Mysore, 
 " Uabast [Arabia], Khorassan, Turkestan, Neghostan 
 " [? Abyssinia] . It takes a month to walk from this 
 " place to Beder and to Kulburgha." 
 
 " Calecot [Calicut] is a port for the whole Indian sea, 
 
 " which God forbid any craft to cross The 
 
 " country produces pepper, ginger, colour plants [dyes], 
 *' muscat, cloves, cinnamon, aromatic roots, adrach 
 " [ginger], and every description of spices, and every- 
 ■*' thing cheap." 
 
 *' Ceylon is another not inconsiderable port [country] 
 ■*' of the Indian sea. There, on a hill, is the tomb of 
 *' Adam, and in the vicinity are found precious stones, 
 '' fasstises [2 emeralds], agate, cinched [? diamonds], crys- 
 " tal, sumhada. Elephants and ostriches live there." 
 
 The two principal inland cities of India described by 
 him are Beder and Bijanagar. "In Beder there is 
 ■" trade in horses, goods, stuffs, silks, and all sorts of 
 " other merchandise, and also in black people. . . . 
 " the rulers and nobles in the land of India are all 
 " Khorassanians." 
 
 Elsewhere he describes Beder as the chief city of the 
 whole of Mahomedan India. 
 
 Of Bijanagar [Hampi] he writes : "The Hindu Sultan 
 " Kadam is a very powerful prince. He possesses a nume- 
 " rous army, and resides in a mountain at Bichenegher. 
 " This vast city is surrounded by three forts, intersected 
 * • by a river, bordering on one side on a dreadful jwujel, 
 " and on the other a dale. A wonderful place, and to 
 
 " any purpose convenient The town is 
 
 " impregnable." 
 
 He mentions the following countries beyond India : 
 *Shabait,' i.e., India trans Gangem, which produces 
 
144 
 
 silk, musk, sandal, gems, beads, elephants; ' Pewqu ' 
 [Pegu], the products of which are manik ■ruby], 
 iaklmt [hyacinth], hjrpuh [? topaz] ; and ' Cheen ' and 
 ' Machin ' [China], where porcelain is made. 
 
 He mentions that diamonds are found in ' Rachoor.' 
 
 He gives the following distances between the different 
 ports and countries of the Eastern seas : 
 
 Ten days from Ormuz to ' Golat ' [Kalhat] ; from 
 Kalhat to Degh, 6 days ; from Degh to Muscat, 6 days ; 
 from Muscat to Ouzerat, 10 days ; from Guzerat to Cam- 
 bay, 4 days ; from Cambay to Chaul, 12 days ; from Chaul 
 to Dabul, the last seaport in Hindostan belonging to the 
 Mussulmans, 6 days ; from Dabul to Calicut, 25 days ; 
 and from Calicut to Ceylon, 15 days; from Ceylon to 
 ' Shabait,' one month ; from ' Shabait ' to Pegu, 12 days ; 
 and from Pegu to China, one month ;— " all this by sea," 
 he adds- 
 
 HIERONIMO DI SANTO STEFANO was a 
 Genoese, who visited India about 1494-99, as a 
 merchant adventurer. From Cairo, where he laid in 
 a stock of coral beads and other wares, he passed down 
 the Nile to 'Cane' [Keneh], whence he travelled by 
 land through the Egyptian desert for seven days to 
 ' Cosir ' [Cosseir] on the Red Sea, where he emb:irked 
 on board a ship which in 25 days carried liim to 
 * Mazua ' [Massouah] " off the country of Prester 
 " John ; " and in 25 days more, during which he saw 
 plenty of boats fishing for pearls, to ' Adem ' [Aden] ; 
 and in 85 days more to Calicut. "We found that 
 " pepper and ginger grew here . . . and the nut 
 "of India" [cocoa-nut]. From Cahcut he sailed in 
 another ship, and in 20 days reached Ceylon, " in which 
 " grow cinnamon trees, . . . many precious stones, 
 *' such as garnets, jacinths, cats'-eyes, and other gems 
 "... and trees of the sort which bears the nut 
 *' of India." Departing thence after twelve days he 
 a.rrived at a port on the coast of Coromaudel, "where 
 '' the red sandal-wood grows ;" and, after a long stay, 
 
145 
 
 departing thence in another ship, after 27 days reached 
 Pegu in 'Lower India.' "This country [Pegu] is 
 " distant 15 days' journey by land from another, called 
 " Ava, in which grow rubies and many other precious 
 " stones." From Pegu, where he suffered many and 
 great troubles, he set sail to go to Malacca, and, after 
 being at sea 25 days, one morning found himself in a 
 port of Sumatra, " where grows pepper in considerable 
 " quantities, silk, long pepper, benzoin, white sandal- 
 " wood, and many other articles." After further and 
 greater troubles suffered here, he took ship to Cambay, 
 where, after six months' detention among the Maldives, 
 and subsequent shipwreck, he at length arrived, but 
 strii^ped of all his goods. He notices that Cambay 
 produced lac and indigo. In his destitution, he was 
 assisted by a Moorish merchant of Alexandria and 
 Damascus, and after a time proceeded, in the ship of the 
 Sheriff of Damascus, as supercargo, to Ormuz ; in sailing 
 to which place from Cambay he was 60 days at sea. 
 From Ormuz, " in company with some Armenian and 
 Azami [Irak-AdjemiJ merchants," he travelled by land 
 to Shiraz, Ispahan, Kazan, Sultauieh, and Tauris ; 
 whence he went on with a caravan to Aleppo, and 
 finally to Tripoli in Syria. 
 
 LUDOVICO DI VARTHEMA, a Bolognese, whose 
 travels have been so admirably edited for the Hakluyt 
 Society by the Rev. Dr. George Percy Badger, travelled 
 in India and the Eastern seas from A.D. 1503 to 1508. 
 First he sailed to Alexandria, and entering " the Nile 
 arrived at Cairo." Then, returning to Alexandria, he 
 took ship to ' Baruti ' [Beyrut], and travelled by Tripoli 
 to Aleppo, "which is eight days' journey inland 'irom 
 " Tripoli], which said Aleppo is a very beautiful city, 
 " and is under the grand Sultan of Cairo, and is the 
 " mart [scala] of Turkey and Syria, and they are all 
 " Mahommedaus. It is a country of very great traffic 
 " in merchandise, and particularly with the Persians 
 *' and Azamini [Adjemi], who come so far as there. 
 
 K 
 
146 
 
 *' This is the route which is taken to go into Turkey 
 *' and Syria by those who come from Azemia [Irak- 
 *' Adjemi]." From Aleppo he went southward by 
 
 * Aman ' [Hamath] and Menin [near Helbon] to 
 Damascus, "which is extremely populous and very 
 *' rich. It is impossible to imagine the richness and 
 " elegance of the workmanship there. Here you have 
 *' a great abundance of grain and of meat, and the most 
 *' proHfic country for fruits that was ever seen, and 
 ** especially for fresh grapes during all seasons . . . 
 " pomegranates and quinces . . . almonds and 
 '' large olives . . . the most beautiful white and 
 *' red roses that were ever seen . . . also good 
 " apples and pears and peaches. ... A stream 
 *' runs through the city, and the greater number of 
 " houses have very beautiful fountains of mosaic work. 
 *' The houses are dirty externally, but within are very 
 ^' beautiful, adorned with many works of marble and 
 *' porphyry." On the Sth of April 1503, Varthema set 
 out from Damascus with the Haj caravan to Medina 
 and Mecca, and he is the only European to this day 
 who ever succeeded in reaching these Holy places by 
 this route. Speaking of the merchandise of Mecca, he 
 says: "From India Major there comes a great many 
 *' jewels and all sorts of spices, and part comes from 
 " EthiojDia ; and there comes from India Major, from a 
 " city called Bangchella [? Gaur in Bengal], a very large 
 " quantity of stuffs of cotton and of silk." It was there 
 that he first heard of the arrival of the Portuguese, by the 
 Cape of Good Hope, in the East, from a Moor who traded 
 with Venice and Genoa, and who complained bitterly to 
 him that articles of merchandise were not arriving at 
 Mecca as usual, and of the King of Portugal as the 
 cause, " he being Lord of the Mare Occano [Atlantic] 
 •' and of the Persian and Arabian Gulfs." From 
 
 * Zicia ' [Jiddah], the port of Mecca, he took ship and 
 went on to ' Chameram ' [Camarau, an island off the 
 coast of Yemen] and Gazan [Jazan, a city of Yemen] 
 
147 
 
 and Aden, "the strongest city that was ever seen on 
 " the level ground. It has walls on two sides, and on 
 " the other sides there are very large mountains. On 
 " these mountains there are five castles, and the land 
 " is level, and contains about 5,000 or 6,000 families. 
 " . . . . This city is extremely beautiful. . . . 
 " It is the rendezvous of all the ships which come from 
 " India Major and Minor, from Ethiopia, and from 
 " Persia. All the ships that are bound for Mecca 
 " put in here." Here Varthema again heard of the 
 Portuguese. The year before his arrival at Aden 
 some Portuguese ships had made their appearance in 
 the sea between India and Ormuz, and seized seven 
 Arab ships, and murdered most of the crew^s ; and 
 while Varthema was at Aden " there ran to the palace 
 ** forty or sixty Moors belonging to two or three ships 
 " which had been captured by the Portuguese, and who 
 " had escaped by swimming," and they denounced 
 Varthema as a Portuguese spy. On this the city 
 rose in a tumult, and demanded to slay him. But 
 the Sultan's officers interposed, and sent him to the 
 Sultan at Radaa, by whom he was thrown into 
 prison. Being liberated at the suit of the Sultana, 
 and having at length freed himself from her blandish- 
 ments, he obtained at Aden a passage on board a 
 ship going to India. On the seventh day of the 
 voyage his ship was driven into the African port of 
 Zeila, " together with 25 ships laden with madder 
 *' to dye cloths ; for every year they lade as many 
 *' as 25 ships in Aden with it. This madder grows 
 " in Arabia Felix [Yemen]." The city of Zeila he 
 describes as a " place of immense traffic, especially 
 "in gold and elephants' teeth. Here also are sold a 
 " great number of slaves .... and from this 
 " place they are carried into Persia, Arabia Felix, and 
 
 " to Mecca, Cairo, and into India Much 
 
 " grain grows here, and much animal food, and oil in 
 " great quantity, made not from olives, but from 
 
 K 2 
 
148 
 
 ** zerzalino [ingeniously and I'igiitl}' identified by 
 "Badger with juljidan or jinijili, i.e., ' giiKjelbj,' of 
 *' the Indian bazaars, Sesamum orientale], honey and 
 ** wax in great abundance." As soon as the weather 
 became favourable, he set sail and arrived at ' Bar- 
 bara' [Berbera], and in 12 days more [being ap- 
 parently unable to make the Persian Gulf] arrived at 
 
 * Diuobandierrumi ' [i.e., Biu Bander-er-Bumi, " Diu, 
 the port of the Turks"]. "There is an immense 
 " trade in this city. Four hundred Turks reside there 
 "continually." From Diu he went to ' Goa ' [Gogo, 
 *Kukah'], whence he crossed the Indian Ocean to 
 
 * Guilfar ' [Julfar] in the Persian Gulf, whence he 
 visited * Meschet ' [Muscat], and, crossing to the 
 opposite shore of the Persian Gulf, " the noble city of 
 " Ormus, which is extremely beautiful .... and 
 " is the chief, that is, as a maritime place, and for 
 " merchandize." From Ormuz he proceeded by land 
 to " a city called Eri [Herat], and the country is called 
 " Corazani [Khorassan], which would be the same as 
 " to say ' The Bomagna.' The King of Corazani 
 " dwells in this city, where there is a great plenty and 
 *' an abundance of stuffs, and especially of silk, so that 
 " in one day you can purchase here 3,000 or 4,000 
 " camel loads of silk. The district is most abundant 
 " in articles of food, and there is a great market for 
 " rhubarb. ... I quitted this place, and travelled 
 " twenty days on the mainland, finding cities and 
 " castles very well peopled." He returned to Ormuz 
 by way of ' Schirazo ' [Shiraz], where he notes the 
 " great abundance of jewels, that is, of turquoises, and 
 *' an infinite quantity of Balass rubies . . . from a 
 " city which is called Balachsam [Badakshan]. And 
 " in the said city there is a large quantity of ultra- 
 " marine, and tucia [tutiija, an impure oxide of zinc], 
 " and musk." From Shiraz he made with a Persian 
 merchant an abortive attempt to reach ' Sambragante ' 
 [Samarcand], failing in which he went back to Ormuz, 
 
149 
 
 and there embarked on board a ship, and m eight 
 days arrived at the port of ' Cheo ' [Kow] in the Indies ; 
 whence he sailed on to ' Combeia ' [Cambay], "a most 
 " excellent city, abounding in grain and very good 
 '' fruits. In this district there are eight or nine kinds 
 " of small spices, that is to say, furhidi [turpetb], 
 ^' gaUanga [galangal], spicouanla [spikenard], saphe- 
 " tica [assafoetida], and lacni, and other spices, the 
 *' names of which I do not remember. An immense 
 "' quantity of cotton is produced here, so that every 
 " year 40 or 50 vessels are laden with silk stuffs, which 
 *' stuffs are carried into different countries. In this 
 *' kingdom of Combeia also, about six days' journey, 
 *' there is a mountain whence cornelians are extracted, 
 *' and the mountains of chalcedonies. Nine days' 
 " journey from Combeia there is another mountain, in 
 *' which diamonds [probably a vague reference to the 
 
 *' mines of Golconda] are found It is im- 
 
 *' possible to describe the commerce of the country. 
 *' About 800 ships of different countries come and go 
 *' here. This city, and another of which I will speak 
 " in the proper season, supply all Persia, Tartary, 
 *' Turkey, Syria, Barbary, that is Africa, Arabia Felix, 
 *' Ethiopia, India, and a multitude of inhabited islands, 
 *' with silk and cotton stuffs." 
 
 Departing from Cambay, Varthema, after 12 days' 
 voyage, arrived at ' Cevul' [Chaul]. "It possesses an 
 *' extremely beautiful river, by which a very great 
 *' number of foreign vessels go and return, because the 
 " country abounds in everything, excepting grapes, 
 " nuts, and chestnuts. They collect here an immense 
 " quantity of grain, of barley [impossible], and of 
 *' vegetables of every description; and cotton stuffs are 
 
 " manufactured here in great abundance 
 
 " There are in this city a very great number of 
 " Moorish merchants." In two days' voyage from 
 Chaul he came to ' Dabuh ' [Dabul], where, he 
 notices, were Moorish merchants " in very great 
 
150 
 
 "numbers;" and thence he sailed on to *Goga' [Goa, 
 'Sindabur'], from which place he proceeded inland, 
 and after seven days arrived at " a city which is called 
 " Decan " [Bijapur, the metropolis of the MalK>medan 
 Kingdom of the Deccan]. Keturning to the coast, in 
 five days he reached the port of * Bathacala ' [Beitkul, 
 Sadaseoghur, or Karwar]. He observes "there are 
 " many Moorish merchants here, for it is a place of 
 " great traffic." He also visited the island of ' Anze- 
 diva ' [Anjediva], "distant from the mainland half a 
 "mile," and "travelling for one day from the aforesaid 
 "island," arrived at * Centacola ' [Ancola], and in two 
 days more at ' Onor,' and afterwards at ' Mangolor ' and 
 ' Canonor.' "Here we begin to find a few spices, such 
 " as pepper, ginger, cardamums, mirabolans, and a 
 " little cassea." Having spent some days at Cananore, 
 Varthema started on another journey up country 
 " towards the Kingdom of Narsinga, and travelled on 
 " the mainland for 15 days towards the East [N.E. by 
 " N.], and came to a city called Bisinegar [Bijanagar] 
 " . . . a place of great merchandize, and is endowed 
 " with all possible kinds of delicacies." Returning to 
 Cananore he went on, by way of ' Tormapatani ' [Dor- 
 mapatam], and ' Pandarini ' [a famous port of the 
 Middle Ages, 20 miles above Calicut], and ' Capogatto ' 
 [close above Calicut], " to the very noble city of Calicut 
 " . . . the head of India, that is to say . , . 
 " the place in which the greatest dignity of India is 
 " centred." Wherefore it appears fitting to Varthema 
 at this point of his narrative " to bring the First Book 
 "to an end, and commence the Second, which opens 
 " with a graphic description of Calicut and of its King, 
 " called Samory, which in the Pagan language means 
 ** God on Earth." This is the Zamorin of the Portu- 
 guese discoverers of India, a name really signifying 
 Lord of the Sea, a most appropriate title for the King 
 of Calicut. Calicut he describes as situated on the 
 open beach, and " the sea beats against the walls of the 
 
151 
 
 *' houses." Yartlieina foand there merchants from all 
 parts of the East, "very many Moorish merchants, 
 " many from Mecca, and part from Banghella [Bengal], 
 " some from Ternasseri [Tenasserim], some from Pego 
 " [Pegu], very many from Cioromandel [Coromandel], 
 " in great abundance from Zailani [Ceylon], not a few 
 " from Colon [Quilon], and Caicolon [Kayan Kulam], 
 " a very great number from Bathacala [Beitkul], from 
 *' Dabuli [Dabul], from Chievuh [Chaul], from 
 " Combeia [Cambay], from Guzerati, and from Ormus. 
 *' There were also some from Persia and from Arabia 
 " Felix, part from Syria, from Turkey, and some from 
 " Ethiopia and Narsinga [Bijanagar, ' the Kingdom 
 " of Narsinga 'J- There were merchants from all these 
 " realms in my time. It must be known that the 
 " Pagans do not navigate much, but it is the Moors 
 *' who carry the merchandise, for in CaUcut there are 
 " at least 15,000 Moors, who are for the most part 
 
 " natives of the country The time of their 
 
 " navigation is this : from Persia to the Cape of 
 " Cumerin, which is distant from Calicut eight days* 
 " journey by sea towards the south,* you can navigate 
 " through eight months in the year ; that is to say, 
 " September to all April; then from the first of May 
 " to the middle of August it is necessary to avoid this 
 " coast because the sea is very stormy and tempestuous. 
 " . . . . At the end of April they depart from the 
 " coast of Cahcut, and pass the Cape of Cumerin, and 
 " enter into another course of navigation which is safe 
 ^' there four months, and go for small spices;" that is> 
 go and trade in the Indian Archipelago. He describes 
 the pepper and ginger plants of Calicut at length, and 
 among the fruit trees of the country mentions the 
 ciccara [jack], (Dnha or nutnga [mango], carcopal 
 
 * The original has a full stop here, but I have ventured to change 
 it to a comma, which makes the meaning of the paragraph perfectly 
 clear. 
 
152 
 
 [Garcinia Cambogia], comolanga [Kamaraiufa, Averrhoa 
 Carambola], malapohmda [plantain], and ttmga [cocoa- 
 nut]. He also mentions that a great quantity 
 of sesamum seed [" zerzalino "] is produced in 
 the country. Varthema's Persian companion, whom 
 he had picked up at Shiraz, not being able to 
 dispose of his merchandise at Calicut by reason 
 of the confusion caused by the quarrels of the 
 Zamorin with the Portuguese, the two proceeded 
 by river to ' Cacolon * [Kayan Kulam], where; he 
 notices, were many "Christians of St. Thomas," and 
 then to ' Colon ' [ Quilon] and ' Chayl ' [Kayalj, where 
 " we saw those pearls fished for in the sea, in the 
 " same manner as I have already described to you in 
 " Ormus." "We then," says Varthema, "passed 
 " further onwards, and arrived at a city which is called 
 " Cioromandel [Coromandel], which is a marine dis- 
 " trict, and distant from Colon seven days' journey by 
 " sea. ... I found some Christians in this place, 
 " who told me that the body of St. Thomas was 
 " 12 miles distant from this place" [at Maliapur or 
 St. Thome]. " They told me that Christians could not 
 " live in that country after the King of Portugal had 
 " come there, because the said King had put to death 
 " many Moors of that country, which trembled through- 
 " out for fear of the Portuguese.'' He then crossed a 
 gulf of "12 or 15 leagues to ' Zailon ' " [Ceylon], 
 where he notices the elephants, rubies, garnets, 
 sapphires, jacinths, and topazes, and two fruits named 
 vieJamjoli [oranges] and carzofoli, and the ckiicUu or 
 cinnamon tree. From Ceylon he returned to the 
 Coromandel Coast, and at ' Paleachet ' [Puhcat], a 
 " place .... of immense traffic . . . and 
 "especially in jewels" from Ceylon and from Pegu, 
 he took ship to ' Tarnassari ' [TenasserimJ, a thousand 
 miles across the sea, and arrived there in 14 days. 
 " Silk is made there in large quantities, . . . and 
 " cats which produce the civet." Thence he took 
 
153 
 
 *' the route towards the city of Banghella "* [? Gaur the 
 capital of Bengal]. " The Sultan of this place is a Moor 
 " . . . . and he [Uke the Bijapur Sultan] is always 
 '' at war with the King of Narsingha. This country 
 " abounds more in grain, flesh of every kind, in great 
 *' quantity of sugar, also of ginger, and of great abundance 
 " of cotton, than any country in the world. And here are 
 *' the richest merchants I ever met with. Fifty ships are 
 " laden every year with cotton and silk stuffs, .... 
 " that is to say, huimm, namone, lizati, cioutar, doazar, and 
 '' sinahafs [identified by Badger with sina-hafta, * China- 
 " woven ' cloths]. These same stuffs go through all Tur- 
 " key, through Syria, through Persia, through Arabia 
 *' Felix, through Ethiopia, and through all India. There 
 '' are also here very great merchants in jewels, which come 
 ■'- from other countries." Next he sailed " about a thou- 
 sand miles to ' Pego ' [Pegu], and thence to ' Melacha ' 
 [Malacca], opposite to which is "a very large island 
 "which is called Sumatra." "Melacha pays tribute to 
 " the King of Cini [Siam], who caused this place to be 
 " built about 80 years ago, .... and truly I 
 " believe that more ships arrive here than in any other 
 " place in the world, and especially there come here all 
 ^' sorts of spices, and an immense quantity of other mer- 
 " chandise. ... A great quantity of sandal- wood 
 " and tin is found here." From Malacca he paid a visit 
 to ' Pider ' on the island of Sumatra, where " grows a very 
 " great quantity of pepper and of long pepper, which is 
 "called inolaga. . . . And you must know that in 
 " this port there are laden with it every year 18 or 20 
 " ships, all of which go to Cathai [China]. ... An 
 " immense quantity of silk is produced in this country " 
 [see " Encijclopcedia Britanuica," article on Achin, by Sir 
 Henry Yule], . . . "A great quantity of benzoin 
 ^' is also produced here." He mentions also aloes- 
 wood of three sorts, addxipat \_hidamhah, Aloexylon 
 
 * It is doubtful whether Yarthema ever got beyond the Malabar Coast. 
 
154 
 
 Agallochiim of Cochin China], lohan ["frankincense"], 
 and hoclior ["incense"], as if products of Sumatra, but 
 the true aloes-wood is produced in Cochin China ; and 
 ' laeca,' [the dye-wood of ' Tanarius major ' of Rumphius, 
 not lac, the source of sealing-wax and lake]. Next 
 Varthema accompanied the Persian on a long voyage 
 to the 'island of Bandan ' [Banda island], "where 
 "nutmegs and mace grow;" and from it visited the 
 island of ' Monoch ' [the Moluccas], "where the cloves 
 " grow ;" and the island of 'Bornei ' [Borneo]; whence 
 they crossed over to ' Giava ' [Java], and then returned 
 to Malacca. Here his companion bought " 6,000 
 " 2X(rdai worth of small spices, and silk stuffs, and 
 " odoriferous things," and with them they sailed away 
 together westward, and arrived again on the Coromandel 
 Coast, probably at Negapatam, in 15 days. There he met 
 22 Portuguese, the first, it would seem, he had himself 
 fallen in with in India. From Negapatam he went 
 round to Quilon and to Cahcut, where be met two 
 Milanese who had come in the Portuguese ships round 
 the Cape of Cood Hope to purcbase jewels on behalf of 
 the King of Portugal. They had landed at ' Cocin ' 
 [Cochin], from which place they had deserted from the 
 Portuguese to Calicut, to make cannon for the Zamorin. 
 Making his way to Cananore, Varthema was employed 
 for some time in the Portuguese service. He was 
 present in the great fight between the Portuguese and 
 the Zamorin's fleet, A.D. 1506, and was employed for 
 a year and a half as factor at Cochin. Finally, on 
 the Oth of December 1507, he left Cananore in the 
 homeward-bound ship ' Suit Vieenzo.' After a course 
 of about 8,000 miles he reached Mozambique, having 
 passed Mehnda, Mombasa, Kilwah, Sofala, Pate, and 
 Brava on the way. Then the Cape was rounded, and' 
 the ' San Vicenzo ' passed northward under St Helena 
 and Ascension, and finally anchored in the Tagus oflf 
 Lisbon, where he was warmly welcomed by the King, 
 Don Emanuel, of Portugal. 
 
155 
 
 The high interest of Yarthema's travels is that they 
 were undertaken at the very time of the Portuguese 
 discovery of the Cape route to India, and give us a 
 detailed and accurate survey of the commerce of the 
 Eastern seas as it existed just before it was to be- 
 completely revolutionized by this great event. Tha 
 account published by Roscoe of the rare and costly 
 articles of the Indian trade presented by the Sultan of 
 Egypt in 1487 to Lorenzo de Medici, affords a vivid 
 idea of its general character between the fall of Con- 
 stantinople, which ruined the Genoese trade with the 
 East by the Black Sea, and the discovery of the passage 
 to India by the Cape of Good Hope, which gradually 
 undermined the Venetian trade by Alexandria and 
 Famagusta, and at last completely subverted the 
 through overland trade between Europe and Southern 
 Asia. The consequences of this revolution were of 
 course greatly exaggerated by the Turkish conquest of 
 Syria and Egypt, A.D. 1516-17. In Vansleb's "Pre- 
 sent State of Egijpt," pubhshed in 1678, we have the 
 evidence of an eyewitness of the completeness of the 
 ruin of that part of the ancient overland trade between 
 the East and West, which, previously to Da Gama's- 
 successful enterprise, had gone by way of Aden and the 
 Red Sea. 
 
 The " Description of the Coasts of East Africa and 
 Malahar", [Lisbon, 1516; London (Hakluyt Society), 
 1866] left us by the Portuguese geographical discoverer 
 Duarte Barbosa, born 1480, and assassinated at Zebu, 
 one of the Philippine Islands, 21 May 1521, will be 
 more fitly noticed farther on, in the Hst of works 
 relating to India during the period of the supremacy of 
 the Portuguese in Southern Asia. 
 
 The Portuguese Asia. 
 
 The Portuguese were the first who, after the Phoeni- 
 cians, explored the South Atlantic coasts of Africa, and 
 
156 
 
 -doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and they were the 
 first to discover India by tiiis navigation, and to open 
 ■up to the nations of Europe the sea way through the 
 Indian Archipelago, and on to China and Japan. The 
 gradual advance in Western civilisation began, during 
 the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, to force on the 
 sovereigns of Europe a more scientific organisation of 
 their administrative and executive powers, and at a pecu- 
 niary expenditure out of all proportion to the resources 
 derived from the royal demesnes and feudal tenures, 
 that had hitherto sufficed for their maintenance. Hence 
 the encouragement of trade, as the first necessity of 
 national existence, by the enlightened statesmen of 
 the period. The great wealth of Genoa and Venice 
 attracted their particular attention to the commerce 
 of India, and the accounts which Marco Polo brought 
 home of the rich Eastern countries through which he 
 had travelled excited the spirit of mercantile discovery 
 and enterprise throughout Europe. As the Turks, 
 succeeding to the Saracens, gained ground in Western 
 Asia, the uncertain and dependent character of the 
 •overland trade with India became more clearly re- 
 <3ognized ; and when Constantinople was taken by 
 Mahomet II., and Genoa in consequence lost Pera and 
 Cafifa, the whole thought of the people of Southern 
 Europe, and more especially of the ruined Genoese, 
 became anxiously set on the discovery of the pre- 
 sumptive passage round the southward extension of 
 Africa to the Indies, and the establishment of direct 
 <;ommercial communications with countries where Nature 
 seemed prodigal in the production of everything that 
 could administer to the want and luxury of mankind. 
 It was first attempted, as has been shown, to enter into 
 relations with the Tartars, and much was at one time 
 hoped for from an aUiance with ' Prester John,' if haply 
 his half-mythical kingdom might be found; and at a 
 later period, subsequent to Da Gama's voyage, the 
 Genoese, in the hope of recovering their rapidly failing 
 
157 
 
 prosperity, proposed to the Grand Duke of Muscovy a 
 plan for bringing the merchandise of India into Europe 
 once more overland through Kussia. But it was in 
 vain. The social and political condition of the age 
 required a broader, securer, and more permanent basis 
 for its commerce than the world had yet seen; a 
 universal basis, such as the ocean, free to all, as the 
 common right of Nature, alone could give. Naturally 
 it fell to the Atlantic States of Europe to discover 
 the ocean highway to India, the exploration of 
 which was first systematically undertaken by the 
 Portuguese ; a people whose national character had 
 been developed to the highest pitch of courage, energy, 
 and contemporary culture, in their long struggle for 
 independence with the Moors, and who in Prince Henry 
 "the Navigator" [h. 1394, d. 1460] found a leader 
 worthy to direct them in the adventurous quest. He 
 was the fourth son of King John the Great of Portugal 
 by Queen Philippa his wife, the eldest daughter of 
 John of Gaunt, and was therefore a great-grandson 
 of Edward III. of England. He gained so wide a 
 reputation throughout Europe by the capture from 
 the Moors in 1415 of Ceuta, then the centre of the 
 commerce of Alexandria and Damascus with Africa 
 and Europe, that he was asked by the Greek Em- 
 peror Manuel Palseologus to take the command of 
 his armies against the Turks. But his mind had early 
 been attracted " by the treasures of the Arabs, and of 
 " rich India;" and, establishing himself at Cape Sagrez 
 [i.e. Sacrum Promontorium], the extreme south-western 
 corner of Europe, overlooking the mysterious waste of 
 the yet unexplored Atlantic, he there devoted himself 
 to the study of astronomy and navigation, and the 
 elaboration of those plans of maritime discovery which 
 at length laid open to Europe the whole of southern 
 Africa, the southern coasts of Asia, and Australasia in 
 the Old World, and the New World of the x4.mericas. 
 The revenues of the Order of Christ, of which Prince 
 
168 
 
 Henry was the Grand Master, provided him with the 
 means for carrying out his unbounded projects, in which, 
 it must never be forgotten, his aim was as much the con- 
 version of the heathen as the extension of the dominion 
 and commerce of Portugal. He had ah-eady in 1412, 
 before the reduction of Ceuta, sent a ship to make dis- 
 coveries on the coast of Barbary. Cape Nun or Non, i.r. 
 *' No-Further," was the limit of the west coast of Africa as 
 then known in Europe. But the ship sent by Prince 
 Henry passed it, and reached Cape Bojador, so named 
 from its great compass [for it " bulges " out 40 leagues into 
 the Atlantic] ; and here were met those strong currents 
 running past it that had been the real barrier to the 
 circumnavigation of Africa by the Phcenicians and Car- 
 thaginians from the West ; as those that, after the voyage 
 of Da Gama, gave their name to Cape Corrientes, north 
 of Delagoa Bay, had prevented the Arabs from circum- 
 navigating the vast continent from the East. Long before 
 this, however, the Norman navigators of Dieppe are 
 reported to have explored the west coast of Africa to the 
 south of Cape Nun, and to have established factories there, 
 whence they imported many articles of African produce, 
 including ivory, for the manufacture of the carved trinkets 
 and figures for which Dieppe has ever since been known ; 
 and in 1402 the Sieur de Bethencourt, a native of Grain- 
 ville la Teinturiere in the Pays de Caux, settled a French 
 colony in the Canaries [so called because they abounded 
 with wild dogs], the discovery of which is also claimed by 
 the Spaniards, who became masters of the islands in 
 1483.* They were probably originally discovered by the 
 Phoenicians, and have always been identified with the 
 half fabulous Insidce Fortunatce of classical geography. 
 When also the island of Madeira [so called from its woods] 
 was discovered by the expedition sent out by Prince Henry 
 in 1418-20, it was found to have been previously visited 
 about the year 1844 by a young Englishman named 
 
 The '• Canary-bird " was first brought to England about this date. 
 
159 
 
 Eobert Macliin, who ran away to sea with " fair Anne of 
 "Dorset" [really a Frenchwoman, Anne d'ArfetJ, and was 
 fortuitously cast with his yonng wife on this island, where 
 their romantic grave gives its name to the province of 
 Machico. An expedition in 1 434-8 G succeeded in 
 doubling Cape Bojador, and in 1444 the Portuguese 
 obtained the Papal Boll bestowing upon them the sove- 
 reignty over all the lands that they had hitherto discovered, 
 and all that should be discovered as far as the Indies. 
 The several islands of the Azores, so called from the gos- 
 hawks abounding on them, were discovered at different 
 periods between 1440 and 1450, although the Flemings 
 claim the exclusive discovery of them in 1445. Cape de 
 Verde ["Green"] was reached in 1446, and doubled in 
 1449 ; and in 1449 the Cape de Verde islands were dis- 
 covered. In 1463, three years after Prince Henry's death, 
 the Portuguese had reached the coast of Sierra Leone, so 
 named from the nightly roaring of the lions in the 
 momitains ranging along it ; and iu 1484 Diego Cam 
 made his great discovery of the Congo River. In 
 1487 Bartholomew Diaz discovered the Cape of Grood 
 Hope, and called it Caho Tormciitoso, " Cape of Storms," 
 "No," said the King [John II.] of Portugal, "Caho 
 " Bona Espcranza rather," the " Cape of Grood Hope " — of 
 finding India. 
 
 On the 12th of October 1492, Columbus, seeking 
 India, discovered America. He appears to have 
 formed his theory that the Indies could be reached by 
 sailing to the west about 1474, from a study of the map 
 constructed by Toscanelli of the travels of Marco Polo. 
 After in vain offering his services, first to his native 
 city Genoa, and then in succession to the Kings of 
 Portugal, Spain, and England, he still maintained his 
 faith in the possibility of saihng to India across the 
 Atlantic ; and once, when lying sick of fever and hope 
 deferred, he was greatly encouraged by a heavenly 
 voice whispering to him : — " God will cause thy name to 
 ^' be wonderfully resounded through the earth, and will 
 
160 
 
 '* give thee the keys of the gates of the ocean, which 
 " are closed with a strong chain." The first American 
 land he sighted was an island, where as soon as he 
 had gained its shore, he set up a crucifix, and, kneeling 
 down before it, thanked the Saviour who had enabled him 
 through so many perils to accomplish the increasing pur- 
 pose of his life from boyhood. Then, rising from hi& 
 knees, he proclaimed with a broken voice that henceforth 
 the island should bear the name of San Salvador.* Such 
 was his noble consecration of the quest of India. It was 
 at daybreak on Friday, August the 3rd, 1492, after 
 eighteen years of weary supplication and heart sickness, 
 that Columbus, by the aid chiefly of the old and wealthy 
 seafaring Spanish family of the Pinzons, at last set sail 
 from Palos, carrying with him a letter to the Great 
 Khan of Tartary. On the 2nd of October he was still 
 sailing due west on the parallel of 26° north. On the 7th, 
 Alonzo Pinzon, in the ' Pinta,' having seen a flight of 
 green parrots going to the south-west, Columbus at once 
 steered after them ' west-south-west '; and at midnight on 
 the 11th, a sailor, Rodrigo de Triana, descried the verdant 
 island, to which, at the break of dawn on the 12th, Colum- 
 bus rowed in one of the ship's boats, being the first 
 European to set foot on the new tropical world of America. 
 It has been well said that never was an augury more 
 momentous than the apparition of these tropical birds. 
 America was actually first discovered by Bjorn Herjulfson, 
 A.D. 986, and afterwards by Leif Erikson, who reached 
 its shores somewhere between Boston and New York, A.D. 
 994. But the memory of their discoveries had passed 
 away. Had Columbus known anything of themf he 
 would probably have steered his westward course more 
 
 * The name thus given to it by Columbus has disapjieared. It is now 
 called ^V^atling Island. 
 
 t Others argue, that as Columbus went to Iceland in 1477, and could con- 
 verse in Latin with the learned there, to whom the voyages of Bjorn, Leif, 
 and others were familiar, he was probably not ignorant of them ; and further 
 that Columbus did not seek the northern lands discovered by tlie Norsemen,. 
 but the East Indies. 
 
161 
 
 to the north, and not have followed, into the south, the 
 clamorous streak of green perroquets, whose providential 
 lead thus determined the distribution of the Celtic and 
 Germanic races, and their whole future history, in the 
 New World. By the Bull of May 4, 1493, the Pope con- 
 firmed the King of Spain in the sovereignty of America, 
 and strictly prohibited all persons whatsoever, on pain of 
 excommunication, to touch at any port or place within 
 an imaginary line drawn from Pole to Pole, 100 leagues, 
 afterwards extended to 250 leagues, westward of the 
 Azores. The Portuguese were to possess all eastward of 
 this line. The Pope forgot, however, that there were two 
 sides to a globe ; a fact which brought the rival sove- 
 reignties of Spain and Portugal into collision on the dis- 
 covery of the Philippine Islands in 1521 by Magellan, then 
 in the service of the King of Spain. 
 
 It was on Saturday, the 8th of July 1497, that the 
 expedition commanded by Vasco da Gama sailed from 
 the Tagus for the invention of India. Notwithstanding 
 the passionate popular clamour against the undertaking. 
 King Emanuel, who had succeeded John II. in 1495, was 
 determined to prosecute the project of Prince Henry ; and 
 three sloops of war, the Angel Gabriel, the Saint Eaphaely 
 and the Pilot, with a store ship, were fitted out, Vasco da 
 Gama being commissioned admiral and general, and his 
 brother Paul, and his Iriend Nicholas Coello, appointed to 
 commands under him. About four miles from Lisbon, on 
 the sea-shore, stands the sanctuary of Belem [i.e., Bethle- 
 hem], built originally by Prince Henry ' the Navigator,' 
 for the resort of sailors. Thither, the night before his 
 departure. Da Gama conducted the companions of his 
 expedition to pray for its success, and there they spent the 
 whole night in the rites of their heart-felt supphcation. 
 The following day, when the adventurers marched into 
 their ships, the entire population of Lisbon were on the 
 beach, headed by an unending procession of priests in long 
 robes, bearing banners and singing anthems, the whole 
 crowd singing with them ; and when Da Gama gave his 
 
 L 
 
162 
 
 sails to the wind, not knowing to what fate they might 
 bear him, the vast multitude remained immovable by the 
 sea until he with his whole fleet had passed away out of 
 their sight. On the 20th of November following, at noon, 
 he doubled the great Cape of Good Hope, and, steering 
 northward, sailed along the beautiful and richly wooded 
 coast so accurately described by Camoens. On December 
 the 8th, on leaving the wide bay that had been named 
 St. Blaze by Diaz, a violent storm carried the fleet into 
 the southmost sweep of the dreadful current running 
 between the cape, thenceforward called Cape Corrientes, 
 and the southern extremity of Madagascar, which, as above 
 [p. 168] noted, had always prevented the Arabs from 
 extending their southward voyages, along the East Coast 
 of Africa, beyond the Mozambique Channel. On the 15th 
 they sighted the island of Santa Cruz in Algoa Bay, where 
 Diaz had set up a great cross. On the night of the 17th 
 they passed the Eio do Iffante, the extreme point of 
 Diaz's discovery, where Da Gam a became extremely 
 alarmed by the increasing force of the Mozambique cur- 
 rent. Fortunately the wind was in his favour, and on 
 Christmas Day [''Dies Natalis "J his fleet gained sight 
 of the land he named Terra de Natal. On the (5th of 
 January following [1498], the Festival of the Epiphany, 
 they first saw the river called by them " dos Reyes," or 
 *' Eiver of the [three Twelfth Night] Kings ;" and on the 
 22nd, after a short stay for refitting,* left the large river 
 [the Quilimane] to which, from their meeting there two 
 Arab merchants connected with the Indian trade. Da 
 Gama gave the name of Hio dos Boos Signaes, or " River 
 of Good Signs"; dedicating at its entrance a lofty cross 
 to Saint Raphael. On the lOtli of March they anchored 
 off the island of Mozambique, where Da Gama was de- 
 lighted to hear that *' Prester John " had many cities 
 along the opposite African coast. On the 7th of April 
 
 * De Barros places the refitting of the ships in the river "dos Boos 
 Signaes" ; but others in the river " dos lleyes," the river " Misericordia " of 
 €orrea. 
 
163 
 
 they arrived at Mombas, where a plot for Da Gama's 
 destruction was made between the Moors of the phice and 
 the pilots who had brought him from Mozambique. Sail- 
 ing thence on the 13th of April they fell in with and 
 captured two Arab ships ; and on Easter Day, the 15th 
 of April, reached Melinda, where, Da Gama was informed 
 by one of his Arab prisoners, would be found four ships 
 belonging to the Christians of India. He was visited by 
 the King of the place, and by some of the Indian Chris- 
 tians, who warned him against going on shore ; and accord- 
 ingly on Tuesday the 24th of April he left the place, sailing, 
 under the guidance of a Christian Indian pilot named Ma- 
 lemo Cauaco, due eastward. On Thursday, the 17th of May 
 [1498], he sighted the Malabar Coast, and on Sunday, 
 the 20th, cast anchor before the city of Calicut [Koli- 
 Kukuga, "Cock-crowing"]. He was warmly welcomed 
 by a Moor there who spoke the Portuguese language, and, 
 with the permission of the Zamorin, at once established a 
 factory, under the superintendence of Diego Diaz, the 
 brother of the first discoverer of the Cape of Good Hope, 
 lie also dedicated a cross on the sea-shore before the city 
 of Cahcut to St. Gabriel. Visiting Anjediva, and another 
 island near it, where he raised a cross to St. Mary, Da 
 Gama, after having suffered much from the enmity of the 
 Moors towards the Portuguese, set sail on his return 
 voyage westward, from Anjediva, on the 5th of October, 
 carrying a letter with him from the Zamorin to the King 
 of Portugal, to the following effect : — " Vasco da Gama, a 
 " nobleman of your household, has visited my kingdom, 
 " and has given me great pleasure. In my kingdom 
 •' there is abundance of cinnamon, cloves, ginger, pepper, 
 " and precious stones in great quantities. What I seek 
 " from thy country is gold, silver, coral, and scarlet." On 
 the 2nd day of January 1499, Da Gama found himself 
 off Magadoxa, and on the 7th again anchored before 
 Melinda, where he consecrated a cross to St. Stephen. 
 On the first of February he reached the island in the 
 Mozambique Channel on which he had landed on his 
 
 L 2 
 
164 
 
 outward voyage, and where he now erected a cross to St. 
 George. On the 3rd of March he touched at the Bay of 
 St. Blaze, and on the 20th again doubled the Cape of 
 Good Hope, and, at the end of August or beginning 
 of September 1499, reached Lisbon, where he was 
 received with great pomp by the King, Emanuel ' the 
 Fortunate,' and with unbounded popular rejoicings. In 
 honour also of Da Gama's splendid achievement, King 
 Emanuel rebuilt the chapel of ' Our Lady of Bethlehem ' 
 as a stately church, and placed the statue of Prince Henry 
 the Navigator ' over the great door, and his own and his 
 Queen's over the smaller doors flanking it. 
 
 But, already, before the arrival of Da Gama at Calicut, 
 the Portuguese had reached Lidia overland. King John 
 II., when he found that the difficulties of the passage to 
 India round the Cape of Good Hope were likely to be sur- 
 mounted, ordered Pedro de Covilham and Affonso de 
 Payva to travel to India by Egypt, in order to obtain 
 information respecting the trade and navigation of the 
 Indian seas. They set out from Portugal in 1487, and 
 proceeded by Naples, Ehodes, Alexandria, and Cairo to 
 Tor on the Red Sea. There they heard of the great trade 
 with Aden and Calicut. From Aden, Payva went into 
 Abyssinia, and Covilham sailed in an Arab vessel to 
 Cananore, and thence to Calicut and Goa, being the first 
 Portuguese who was ever in India. He returned by 
 Sofala, where he examined the gold mines, and received 
 some information of the island of Madagascar, or '' Island 
 of the Moon" as it was called by the Moors; and on 
 arriving in Egypt he was met by the Rabbi Abraham of 
 Beja, and Joseph of Lemago, two messengers who had 
 been sent by King John II. to inquire after his progress, 
 and from whom he learnt of the death of Payva. These 
 men he immediately sent back to King John with the 
 following report : — " That the ships which sailed down 
 *' the coast of Guinea might be sure of reaching the ter- 
 " mination of the continent by persisting in a course to 
 *' the south, and that when they should arrive in the 
 
165 
 
 " eastern ocean their best direction must be to inquire for 
 '' Sofala and the Island of the Moon." Then Covilham, 
 again taking ship to Aden, sailed on to Ormuz, and thence 
 visited Abyssinia. Here he was kept a prisoner until 
 1526, when he probably returned to Europe with the 
 Embassy of Don Eodriguez de Lima. 
 
 When the Portuguese at last, rounding the Cape of 
 Good Hope, burst into the Indian Ocean Hke a pack of 
 hungry wolves upon a well-stocked sheep-v^alk, they found 
 a peaceful and prosperous commerce, that had been elabo- 
 rated during 3,000 years by the Phoenicians and Arabs, 
 being carried on along all its shores. The great store 
 cities of this trade were then at Calicut, Ormuz, Aden, and 
 Malacca. Here were collected the cloves, nutmegs, mace, 
 and ebony of the Moluccas, the sandal-wood of Timor, the 
 costly camphor of Borneo, the benzoin of Sumatra and 
 Java, the aloes-wood of Cochin China, the perfumes, 
 gums, spices, silks, and innumerable curiosities of China, 
 Japan and Siam, the rubies of Pegu, the fine fabrics of 
 Coromandel, the richer stuffs of Bengal, the spikenard of 
 Nepaul and Bhutan, the diamonds of Golconda, the 
 " Damascus steel " of Nirmul, the pearls, sapphires, 
 topazes, and cinnamon of Ceylon, the pepper, ginger, and 
 satin-wood of Malabar, the lac, agates, and sumptuous 
 brpcades-and .jewe lry of C ambay, the costus and graven 
 vessels, wrought arms, and broidered shawls of Cashmere, 
 the bdelhum of Scinde, the musk~of Thibet, the galbanum 
 of Khorassan, the assafoetida of Afghanistan, the sagape- 
 num of Persia, the ambergris, civet, and ivory exported 
 from Zanzibar, and the myrrh, balsam, and frankincense 
 of Zeila, Berbera, and Shehr. From Ormuz these costly 
 commodities were transported in ships up the Persian 
 Gulf and river Euphrates, and by caravans on to Aleppo 
 and Damascus, and Trebizond, whence they were distri- 
 buted all over Asia Minor, and Southern and Western 
 Europe, and throughout Muscovy. The merchandise col- 
 lected at Aden was sent on to Tor or to Suez, and thence 
 by caravan to Grand Cairo, and down the Nile to Alexan- 
 
166 
 
 dria, where it was shipped to Venice and Genoa, and other 
 ports of the Mediterranean. 
 
 It became a vital object with the Portuguese on entering 
 the Indian Ocean to possess themselves of the greai Arab 
 emporia of Calicut, Ormuz, Aden, and Malacca. The 
 difficulties they had experienced in their first voyage at 
 Calicut led them in their second voyage to India to send 
 out a fleet of 13 ships with 1,200 soldiers, which sailed 
 from the Tagus under the command of Cabral, in March 
 1500. The sum of his instructions was, to begin with 
 preaching, and if that failed to proceed to the sharp deter- 
 mination of the sword. On his way out Cabral was driven 
 by a storm on the coast of Brazil, of which country, not- 
 withstanding the prior claims of Yanez Pinzon, one of the 
 companions of Columbus, and of Martin of Nuremberg, 
 he must be regarded as one of the discoverers. [Its 
 name is derived from that of the well-known brazil-wood 
 or '' sappan " of the East Indies, a similar fiery coloured 
 dye-wood having also been found in Brazil.] Cabral then 
 proceeded on his voyage, and after visiting Sofala, Mozam- 
 bique, Quiloa, and Melinda, arrived at Calicut in Septem- 
 ber. Having quarrelled with the Zamorin, the latter 
 instigated an attack on the Portuguese factory, which was 
 pillaged and burnt, and the 50 people in it massacred. 
 Cabral took ample revenge, and then sailed on to Cochin, 
 where he settled a fresh factory and concluded an advan- 
 tageous treaty with the Prince. He also visited Cranganore 
 and Cananore. On his homeward voyage he visited the 
 ports of Melinda, Mozambique, and Sofala, and compelled 
 several of the chiefs on the east coast of Africa to become 
 tributary to Portugal. One of his vessels, commanded by 
 Peter Diaz, discovered the port of Magadoxa, south of 
 Cape Guardafui. In March 1501, before Cabral's fleet 
 had returned to Lisbon, four ships were sent out under De 
 Nova, who on Lady Day discovered the island he called 
 Conception. It first received the name of Ascension from 
 Albuquerque, when re-discovered by him. May 20th, 1503. 
 After landing at Cochin and Cananore, De Nova went on 
 
167 
 
 to Calicut, where he sank the fleet the Zamorin was pre- 
 paring against the Portuguese. On his return voyage in 
 1 502, he chanced, on St. Helena's day, to discover the 
 island of St. Helena, which, on account of its excellent 
 supply of water, has ever since proved of such advantage 
 to all engaged in the India trade. In 1500 also, Gaspar 
 Cortereal, who had been sent out by the King of Portugal 
 to prosecute a westward route to India, discovered the 
 Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the southern coast of Labrador. 
 When Cabral arrived in Portugal King Emanuel was con- 
 vinced by him that it was only possible to secure the 
 splendid fortune that had befallen him in the East by a 
 show of great power, and if necessary by the exercise of 
 overwhelming force ; and accordingly in 1502 he sent out 
 a fleet of 20 ships to India under the command of the great 
 Vasco da Gama, and obtained from Pope Alexander VI. 
 the Bull which conferred on him the title of " Lord of the 
 " Navigation, Conquests, and Trade of Ethiopia, Arabia, 
 " Persia, and India." Da Gama on his outward voyage 
 visited Sofala, and settled a factory there and at Mozam- 
 bique, and compelled the submission of the Prince of 
 Quiloa. Then proceeding to India he formed an alliance 
 with the Kings of Cananore and Cochin against the Zamo- 
 rin of Calicut, and having severely cannonaded the town 
 and the Zamorin 's palace, and plundered a number of 
 Arab ships in the roads, sailed back to Europe in Decem- 
 ber 1503. In the same year 9 ships were sent out from 
 Lisbon ; 3 under the great Alfonso de Albuquerque, 3 under 
 Francisco de Albuquerque, and 3 under Antony de Sal- 
 danha. Saldanha, who was the first Portuguese to visit 
 Saldanha Bay [1503], was especially commissioned to 
 block the Red Sea against the overland Indian trade 
 through Egypt. One of his lieutenants, Ruy Loren(^o, 
 discovered the island of Zanzibar, and, with Mombas and 
 Brava, made it tributary to Portugal in this year. Fran- 
 cisco de Albuquerque, on reaching Cochin, found the King 
 closely besieged by the Zamorin of Calicut, who had made 
 war on him for entering into an aUiance with the Portu- 
 
168 
 
 guese. He was soon compelled to sue for terms, giving 
 the Portuguese permission to build a fort at Calicut ; and 
 Erancisco de Albuquerque, after settling a factory at 
 Quilon, and another at St. Thome, and leaving a detach- 
 ment of his force for the protection of the allies of 
 Portugal in India, set sail for Europe, Neither he nor 
 his ships were ever heard of again. One of the ships 
 commanded by him discovered on the outward voyage 
 the Curia Muria islands, and also the island of Socotra, 
 re- discovered in 1504-5 by Diego Fernandez Pereyra, 
 commander of one of the ships in the small fleet sent out 
 under Lopez Soarez in 1504. The Portuguese disco- 
 vered the island afterwards known by the name of Mau- 
 ritius, in 1 505. In the same year the King of Portugal 
 sent out another large fleet of 22 sail and 1 5,000 men, 
 under Francisco de Almeyda, the first Portuguese Gover- 
 nour and Viceroy of India. He reduced Onore, and built 
 a fort at Cananore. His son, in 1507, accidentally disco- 
 vered the island of Ceylon. In 1506 King Emanuel sent 
 out a fleet of 16 ships under Tristan da Cunha, who dis- 
 covered the islands of that name, and also the island of 
 Madagascar ; and another of 6 ships under Alfonso de 
 Albuquerque, who rapidly extended the power and dominion 
 of the Portuguese in the East. His instructions were to 
 exclude the Indian traders from the Red Sea and the Per- 
 sian Gulf. In 1507-9 a strong fort was built at Sofala ; 
 Malacca was visited for the first time, Muscat rendered 
 tributary and possession taken of Ormuz ; the Zamorin 
 also was reduced to complete submission ; and the Maldive 
 Islands were surveyed. In 1508 the island of Socotra was 
 taken, and the island of Sumatra first visited ; as also was 
 China in 1508-9, the date of the first discovery of that 
 country, from the sea, by Europeans.* It was in this 
 year that the pseudo Caliph of Egypt, secretly abetted 
 
 * It was not until the expedition of Benedict Goes from Delhi in 1602-7 
 that they at last learned to identify it with the " Cathay " of the overland 
 travellers of the 13th century. Thus Milton, in Paradise Lost, \vritten 
 
169 
 
 TDoth by the Zamorin of Calicut and the Venetians, 
 appeared in the Indian seas to dispute the sovereignty of 
 the Portuguese in the East. The Venetians supph'ed the 
 timber for building the Sultan's ships, carrying it with 
 great difficulty from Alexandria to Suez ; and the fleet 
 ^hen ready sailed for India, and, falKng in with a Portu- 
 guese squadron at Chaul [some say Diu], defeated it; 
 Lorenzo de Almeyda, the Viceroy's son, being slain in the 
 action. Their defeat raised a spirit of opposition to the 
 Portuguese throughout Western India, but the Viceroy, 
 collecting another fleet, took Dabul, and totally dispersed 
 the Egyptian fleet off Diu in February 1509. Later in 
 this year Albuquerque succeeded as Grovernour [not Vice- 
 roy] to Almeyda, who died on his homeward voyage. In 
 the meanwhile the island of Ormuz had revolted, and 
 forced the Portuguese to retire to Socotra, a disaster so 
 alarming to King Emanuel that he at once ordered out 17 
 war-ships, with 3,000 troops, under the command of Don 
 Francisco Continho, with orders to co-operate with the 
 Viceroy. This reinforcement was in addition to the 13 
 ships under De Aguiar, that had sailed a little earlier in 
 the same year 1509. The first demonstration of the 
 united fleets was against CaHcut, but they had to withdraw 
 from before it with great loss ; and then Albuquerque, in 
 order to recover the prestige of the Portuguese, at once 
 attacked and captured Goa, February 17, 1510. It was 
 soon after retaken by the natives, but on November 22 the 
 Portuguese recovered possession of the place and made it 
 the capital of all their possessions in the East. Albu- 
 querque next set sail for Sumatra, and on July 24, 1511, 
 
 between 1655 and 16G5, still distinguishes between theiu, Book XI. 
 387-90:— 
 
 " from the destined walls 
 Of Cambalu, seat of Cathaian Can, 
 And Samarcand by Oxus, Temir's throne, 
 To Paquin [Peking] of Sinaean Kings." 
 
 Hakluyt, however, in 1(300, wrote of rhubarb, '^ it cometh from Cathaio or 
 >China." 
 
170 
 
 seized Malacca, the key of the navigation, and emporium 
 of the whole trade, of the China Seas and Indian Archi- 
 pelago. Three of his ships were sent on, in 1511-12, 
 to the Spice Islands, and visited Ternate, Bouro, Am- 
 boyna, and Banda. They visited also Palembang in 
 Sumatra, and other ships of the fleet visited Siam. The 
 Portuguese also in this year plundered and destroyed 
 Surat. In 1513 Albuquerque made an unsuccessful 
 attempt upon Aden, whence he proceeded up the 
 perilous Bed Sea, then for the first time entered 
 by a Portuguese fleet. He wintered at the island of 
 Camaran. Early in 1514 he recovered possession of 
 Ormuz, and, returning to India, died off the bar at Goa, 
 December 16, 1515, leaving the Portuguese Empire in 
 the East at the height of its glory. In 1516, Soarez, 
 the successor of Albuquerque, reduced Aden to temporary 
 submission, took and burned Zeila, and unsuccessfully 
 attacked Jiddah. In 1517 he personally led an expe- 
 dition against Colombo, and forced the King to agree to 
 the payment of 1,200 quintals of cinnamon annually to 
 the Portuguese, who also obtained possession of Point de 
 Galle. In this year also they settled a valuable trade 
 at Canton, and took the town of Berbera on the Sumali 
 Coast opposite Aden. In 151S, when Sequeyra succeeded 
 Soarez as Viceroy, the Portuguese first opened their 
 lucrative trade with Bengal. 
 
 In 151S the Spaniards laid claim to the Banda 
 [' United '] or five [really ten*] 'Nutmeg Islands,' and 
 the Moluccas, or five ' Clove Islands,'! as falling 
 within the line of their sovereignty laid down by the 
 Papal Bull of 1493. From 1505 the Court of Spain 
 
 * Namely, Pulo Banda, Pulo Nora, ' Lantore ' or Loiitar, Piilo Ai or ' Piilo 
 Wai,' Pulo Pisang, Pulo Run or ' Pulo Roon,' Pulo SuAvanggi, Gunungapi, 
 Pulo Kapal, and ' Roscngyn.' 
 
 t The five small islets on the western side of Gilolo, the largest of the 
 Molucca Islands, namely, ' Ternate,' ' Tidore,' IMortir, INIakiyan, and Bachian. 
 The name Moluccas is now extended to all the ' Spice Islands ' between 
 Celebes and New Guinea. 
 
171 
 
 bad earnestly engaged in the project of finding a way 
 to the * Spice Islands ' from the west, and in 1508 
 Pinzon and De Solis sailed in search of them, and ex- 
 plored the coasts of South America to the 40th degree 
 of south latitude. It was not, however, until 1515 that 
 the Pacific was discovered, when Nunez de Balboa, who 
 in 1510 had been placed in command of the Spanish 
 colony of Santa Maria on the Gulf of Darien, having 
 gone on an expedition into the Sierra de Quarequa, 
 suddenly, from one of its peaks, stared down on the 
 boundless sea outstretched below him. From the 
 narrow isthmus on which he stood, it extended east 
 and west and south until lost in space. This was the 
 true discovery of the Americas, the disclosure that they 
 were not, as Columbus believed to his dying day, the 
 easternmost coast of Asia, or a " West Indies," but a 
 separate twin continent ; and as this new world with the 
 vast waste of ocean beyond swam into his eyes, and all 
 its moral significance flashed upon his mind, Balboa, 
 kneeling down upon the scarped summit from which he 
 gazed, raised his hands to heaven in silent wonder and 
 amazement at the immensity of the revelation vouch- 
 safed to him. Then, descending with all his men to the 
 sliore of the great unknown sea, and wading out into it, 
 up to his waist, he claimed possession, with his drawn 
 sword, of the infinite expanse, in the proud names of 
 Aragon and Castile. In October 1515 De Solis was 
 again sent out to discover the ' Spice Islands ' from the 
 west, and in January 1516 entered the Kio de la Plata, 
 originally named Rio de Solis ; its present name not 
 having been given to the river until 1525, when Diego 
 Garcia found some plates of silver, probably from the 
 mines of Potosi, in the hands of the wild Indians on its 
 banks. De Solis, having anchored in the mouth of the 
 river, went on shore to explore the country inland, when 
 he and eight of his men were set upon and massacred 
 by the natives, and roasted and devoured in sight 
 of his ships; whereupon the disheartened expedition 
 
172 
 
 returned to Spain. In 1517 Ferdinand Magellan, who, 
 according to De Barros, had been present at the 
 capture of Malacca in 1511, proceeded to Valladolid, 
 and gave it as his opinion that the ' Spice Islands ' fell 
 within the Spanish boundary, and undertook to take a 
 fleet thither by the south of the American continent. 
 Accordingly in 1519 Charles V. gave him five ships 
 for the purpose. Every one of them was accom- 
 panied by a Portuguese pilot; and the Santiago was 
 commanded by Joao Serrano, an old Portuguese, on 
 whose knowledge of the East, and especially of 
 the Moluccas, Magellan placed great reliance. On 
 the 21st October 1520, St. Ursula's Day, he reached 
 the Cape, called by him " Cabo de las Yirgines " 
 [Virgins' Cape], at the entrance of the Strait we call 
 after Magellan, but named by him, in affectionate 
 honour of his own flagship, San Vittoria. From many 
 fires having been seen on the land south of the 
 Strait, he named it Tierra del Fuego. On the 27th 
 of November he emerged from the Strait into the 
 open Pacific Ocean, and the Cape terminating the 
 Strait on his left [on Tierra del Fuego] he named 
 ''Cabo Deseado " [the "Desired"], now called Cape 
 Pillar. On the 6th of March 1521, he discovered the 
 beautiful islands to which, from the thievish pro- 
 pensities ol their inhabitants, he gave the name of the 
 Ladrones [' Thieves '] ; and on the 16th, the islands 
 he called the Archipelago de San Lazaro, a name after- 
 wards changed by Villalobos, in honour of Philip II. of 
 Spain, to that of the Philippines. On one of these 
 islands Magellan was slain, 27th April, in a skirmish 
 with the natives, brought on by his proselytising zeal ; 
 whereon Joao Serrano and Duarte [Odoardo] Barbosa 
 were elected joint commanders of the expedition.* On 
 the 8th July 1521 they anchored before the city of 
 Borneo; and on Wednesday, November 6th, 1521, 
 
 * Barbosa was killed a month later ; and when Serrano also died, Carvalho 
 was elected cominauder-in-chief. 
 
173 
 
 at- last descried the long sought for Molucca Islands, 
 for the discovery of which, by a western route, their 
 daring adventure had been undertaken. On the 
 8th they anchored at Tidore. In the following 
 December, of the two remaining ships of the expe- 
 dition, it was resolved to send the Trinidad back to 
 Spain by Panama and the Strait of Magellan, and to 
 take the Vittoria home, under Sebastian Del Cano, by 
 the Cape of Good Hope. In order to escape the ob- 
 servation of the Portuguese, her course was steered so 
 far south as the 42nd parallel of latitude, but, with all 
 their caution, they approached within five leagues of 
 the Cape on the 6th of May 1522. On the 9th of July, 
 when they reached the Cape de Verde Islands, they 
 were obliged to put in at Santiago, where, to prevent 
 the suspicions of the Portuguese being roused, they said 
 that they had come across from America. It was here 
 they discovered that in sailing round the world they 
 had lost a day, for while by the Vittoria's log it 
 was Wednesday, the 9th of July, at Santiago it was 
 Thursday, the 10th. On the 6th of September the 
 Vittoria arrived at San Lucar, the only survivor of 
 the noble fleet that had sailed from the same port on 
 the 20th of September 1519. The circumnavigation 
 of the world, originating in the dispute between 
 Spain and Portugal about the possession of the 
 Moluccas, was completed, and the sphericity of the 
 earth demonstrated, against the authority of Cosmas 
 Indicopleustes, which had ruled geographers for nearly 
 a thousand years. Charles V. received Del Cano with 
 the highest distinction, and conferred on him a life 
 pension, and a coat of arms, with branches of clove, cin- 
 namon, and nutmeg for bearings, and a globe for crest, all 
 surmounted by the motto " Prinius circiDudedisti uw." In 
 settlement of the dispute as to the respective rights of 
 Portugal and Spain to the ' Spice Islands,' the King of 
 Spain was confirmed in the sovereignty of the Philippine 
 Islands, and the Moluccas were finally surrendered to 
 
174 
 
 the King of Portugal, with the provision that the 
 latter was to lend the King of Spain 350,000 ducats 
 in respect of any claims he might have on the 
 Moluccas, in the possession of which the King of 
 Portugal was not to be disturbed until the money was 
 repaid. 
 
 In 1520 the Bahrein Islands in the Persian Gulf 
 were subjugated by the Portuguese, and in 1521 Diu 
 and Acheen were unsuccessfully attacked, and Ternate 
 occupied. In this year also the Venetians, alarmed by 
 the decrease of their overland trade, made a pro- 
 posal to the King of Portugal to take all the spice 
 annually imported into Lisbon by the Cape of Good 
 Hope, at a certain fixed price ; ' but the offer was 
 rejected. In 1524 Vasco da Gama came out to India 
 for the third time, as the 2nd Viceroy and 6th 
 Governour. In 1525 the Portuguese were besieged by 
 the Zamorin in their citadel at Calicut, and must have 
 surrendered had not Da Gama [who died in 1527] arrived 
 in time to relieve them. In 1525-26 they discovered 
 New Guinea and Celebes, and plundered and destroyed 
 Dofar on the coast of Arabia, and Massouah on the coast 
 of Abyssinia. In 1527 Mangalore, Porca, and Chetwa 
 were burnt by them ; and Tidore was taken from the 
 Spaniards, and Borneo discovered. In 1529 the towns of 
 Bassein and Tanuali were subjected. In 1530 Damaun 
 was taken, and permission obtained to build a fort at 
 Diu; but the Portuguese were expelled by the natives 
 from the island of Ternate. During 1530, 1531, and 
 1532, Surat and Gogo, Pate, Mangalore, and most 
 of the other towns on the coast of Guzerat, were de- 
 stroyed by the Portuguese ; in 1532 Aden again became 
 tributary ; and in 1534 Bassein was ceded to them in 
 perpetuity. In 1537 they discovered the island of 
 Magindanao or Mindanao ; and in this year Malacca 
 was twice attacked by the King of Acheen. In 1588 
 St. Francis Xavier was sent out to Goa with Don Garcia 
 de Naronha, the 11th Viceroy, his object being the 
 
175 
 
 conversion of the natives to Christianity, in the hope 
 that they would thus become better reconciled to the 
 Portuguese rule. In the same year the Turks fitted out 
 a strong fleet at Suez, and made an attempt upon Diu. 
 They failed in this ; but on their return to the Red j 
 Sea, they succeeded in expelling the Portuguese from 
 Aden. About the year 1640 the Portuguese established 
 their trade with Patania, Camboja, and Cochin China ; 
 and in 1542 the coast of Japan was discovered by three 
 Portuguese who were driven thereon in a junk bound for 
 Siam and China. In 1545, the King of Cambay having 
 attempted to drive the Portuguese from Diu, they took 
 and destroyed Gogo. Delagoa Bay was visited by them 
 for the first time this year. In 1547 the King of 
 Aclieen made another unsuccessful attempt on Malacca. 
 In 1555 the Portuguese took and plundered Tatta on 
 the Indus, and put 8,000 of the inhabitants to death. 
 
 The first half of the 16th century was the period of the 
 greatest renown of the Portuguese in the Indian Seas, 
 although, after the death of Albuquerque, they appear, 
 notwithstanding the large reinforcements sent to them 
 from Europe, to have been rather employed in defending 
 the possessions they had acquired, than in extending, or 
 even consolidating, their power. From Japan and the 
 Indian Archipelago to the Red Sea and Cape of Good 
 Hope, they were sole masters and dispensers of the 
 riches and treasures of the East, and their positions 
 along the Atlantic Coast of Africa and in Brazil com- 
 pleted their ultramarine empire. But from this very 
 period its decay began. It was essentially a commercial 
 empire that had been rapidly raised on an insufficient 
 basis of territorial sovereignty ; and the Portuguese 
 never commanded the necessary military and pohtical 
 resources for its maintenance and defence. They were 
 also in another way unprepared for the commerce of 
 which, through their splendid maritime discovery, they 
 had obtained the controul. The national character had 
 been formed in their secular contest with the Moors, and 
 
176 
 
 above all things they were knights errant and Crusaders, 
 who looked on every pagan [" blackamoor "] as an 
 enemy at once of Portugal and of Christ. It is impos- 
 sible for any one who has not read the contemporary 
 narratives of their discoveries and conquests to con- 
 ceive the grossness of the superstition and cruelty 
 wnth which the whole history of their exploration and 
 subjugation of the Indies is stained. Albuquerque 
 alone endeavoured to conciliate the goodwill of the 
 natives, and to live in friendship with the Hindu 
 Princes, who were naturally better pleased to have the 
 Portuguese, as governed by him, for their neighbours 
 and allies, than the Mahomedans whom he had expelled 
 or subdued. It was the justice and magnanimity of 
 his rule that did as much to extend and confirm the 
 power of the Portuguese in the East, as the courage 
 and success of his military achievements ; and in such 
 veneration was his memory held by the Hindus, and even 
 by the Mahomedans in Coa, that they were accustomed 
 for years after his death to repair to his tomb, and there 
 utter their complaints, as if in the presence of his shade, 
 and call upon God to deliver them from the tyranny of 
 his successors. The cruelties of Soarez, Sequeyra, 
 Menezes, Da Gama, and succeeding viceroys, drove the 
 natives to desperation, and encouraged the Princes of 
 Western India in 1567 to form a league against the 
 Portuguese, in which they were at once joined by the 
 King of Acheen. But their undisciplined armies were not 
 able to stand against the veteran soldiers of Portugal, 
 '200 of whom at Malacca utterly routed and put to 
 flight a force of 15,000 of the enemy, with 200 guns. 
 When, in 1578, Malacca was again besieged by the 
 King of Acheen, the small garrison of Portuguese 
 succeeded in inflicting a loss on him of 10,000 men, and 
 all his cannon and junks. Twice again, in 1615, and 
 for the last time in 1628, it was besieged, and on 
 each occasion the Achinese were repulsed with equal 
 bravery and good fortune. But these incessant attacks 
 
177 
 
 on the Portuguese were significant of the decline of their 
 empire, while the necessary increase of the military forces 
 yearly sent out to the East proved an insupportable drain 
 on the revenues and population of so petty a state as Por- 
 tugal. In 1558, John III., King of Portugal, died, and 
 was succeeded by Sebastian. The credit of the Portu- 
 guese in Asia having greatly declined during the preceding 
 reign, Sebastian, in the hope of re-estabhshing it, 
 appointed Don Constantin de Braganza, one of the royal 
 family, to be the 20th Viceroy with almost sovereign pre- 
 rogatives. But he was able to effect little more than the 
 construction of a fortress at Damaun, and another at 
 Manaar, and the reduction of the King of Jafnapatam to 
 vassalage ; and the rapid sequence of the viceroys 
 appointed after him destroyed all possibility of a revival 
 of the Portuguese power, as the vigorous efforts of a 
 capable governour were over and over again counteracted 
 by the errors of an incompetent successor. Thus Don 
 Luis D'Ataide's energetic rule, as 24th Viceroy, from 1507 
 to 1571, was followed within the next five years by the 
 weak and disastrous administrations of no less than four 
 different viceroys, Don Antony de Noronha, Antony Monez 
 Barreto, Don Laurence de Tavora, and Don James de 
 Menezes. At this conjuncture, when it seemed as if the 
 Portuguese empire of the Indies might pass away without 
 observation, like the insubstantial pageant of a dream,. 
 Don Luis D'Ataide was sent out a second time, in 1579, 
 as 29th Viceroy. Though he lived only one year, he suc- 
 ceeded in restoring something of its old vigour to the 
 government, but it was too late. In 1580, the year in 
 which Don Luis D'Ataide died, the Grown of Portugal, 
 consequent on the death of King Sebastian in 1578, 
 became united with that of Spain, in Philip II. ; an event 
 which proved fatal to the maritime and commercial supre- 
 macy of Portugal. It proved fatal in many ways, but 
 chiefly because the interests of Portugal in Asia were now 
 subordinated to the interests of Spain in Europe. 
 
 In 1640 Portugal again became a separate kingdom,. 
 
 M 
 
178 
 
 but in the meanwhile the Dutch and English had 
 appeared in the Indian Ocean, and before their indomi- 
 table competition the Asiatic trade and dominion of the 
 Portuguese had withered away as rapidly as it had sprung 
 up. They obtained possession of Macao, as a station for 
 their China trade, in 1586, but from this date the only 
 notable events in their Eastern history are their repeated 
 losses. 
 
 The Portuguese would appear to have, at different times, 
 possessed the following places* in the East : — 
 
 On the East Coast of Africa : Mehnda, Quiloa, 
 Querimba, Zofala, Mosambique, and Mombasa [expelled 
 A.D. 1631]. 
 
 In Arabia : Aden and Mascate [expelled by the Arabs 
 A.D. 1648]. 
 
 In Persia : Bazora and Ormuz. 
 
 In India: Tatta on the Indus, Baudel, Diu, Damam, 
 Assarim, Danu, St. Gens, Agaciam, Maim, Manora, 
 Trapor, Basaim, Chaul, Morro, Dabul, Salsette, Bombay, 
 Tana, Caranja, Goa, Onor, Barcelor^ Mangalor, Cannanor, 
 Calicut, Granganor, Cochim, Angamale, Coulam, Negapa- 
 tam, " Meliapor, Avith the city which is a bishoprick of the 
 " late called St. Thomas," Masulapatam, and several other 
 places on the Coromaudel Coast, and in Bengal. 
 
 In Ceijlon : Manar, Point de Galle, Columbo, Jafna- 
 patam, and other places. 
 
 In Further India : Malaca, and factories at Pegu, Mar- 
 taban, Junkceylon, and other places. 
 
 In the Indian Archipelago : Mindanao, or Magindanao, 
 the Moluccas, and Banda Islands, a fort on the island of 
 Timor, and other places. 
 
 In China : Macao, and the island of Formosa. 
 
 All these possessions were held in subordiuation to the 
 Supreme Government at Goa, where the Viceroy presided 
 
 * I ado])t, for the most part, the Portuguese spelling of the names of the 
 places cited. 
 
179 
 
 over the civil and military, and an Archbishop over the 
 ecclesiastical, affairs of the whole of Portuguese Asia. 
 Strange to say, they had no possessions in either Java or 
 Sumatra. 
 
 The period of the highest development of their 
 commerce was probably from 1590 to 1610, on the eve 
 of the subversion of their power by the Dutch, and 
 when their political administration in India was at its 
 greatest degradation. At this period a single fleet of 
 Portuguese merchantmen sailing from Goa to Cambay 
 or Surat would number as many as 1 50 or 250 carracks. 
 Now only one ship sails from Lisbon for Goa in the 
 year, and the only remaining Portuguese possessions 
 in India are Goa, Damaun, and Diu ; so low have fallen 
 a people who once commanded all the coasts of Africa 
 and Asia from the Cape of Good Hope to China and Japan, 
 and the whole commerce of the Eastern Seas. 
 
 Contempumnj writiTS on the cdrhj Fortiiguese Period* 
 
 The narratives of contemporary travellers throw great 
 light on the early operations of the Portuguese in India ; 
 and the most interesting of them all is the description 
 left us of The Coast of East Africa and Malabar, by 
 Duarte [Odoardo] Barbosa, which was translated and 
 edited for the Hakluyt Society, by the Honble. Henry G. 
 T. Stanley, in 1866. Barbosa was a cousin [? brother-in- 
 law] of Magellan, and was with him at the capture of 
 Malacca, and accompanied him in his voyage for the cir- 
 cumnavigation of the globe. He fully describes the East 
 African and Malabar Coast, Bijanagar, Bengal, Orissa, 
 Further India, the Indian Archipelago, and China, and 
 
 * This reference to the contemporary writers on the Early Portuguese 
 period of the commerce of Europe in the Indian Ocean, includes only those 
 of them I happened to have looked through in the course of the prepara- 
 tion of this Report, and would be quite inadequate as an independent review 
 ■of them, dissociated from the special purposes of my Report. 
 
 M 2 
 
180 
 
 the trade of the Eastern Seas as it was found by the Por- 
 tuguese on their first entering them. He gives a detailed 
 account of the trade in rubies, diamonds, emeralds, 
 and other precious stones, a special account of cloves, 
 ginger, and cinnamon, and a most interesting price 
 list of the drugs and spices then sold at Calicut ; 
 namely, "lacca"of Martaban, " lacca " of the country, 
 " atincar " [borax], " canfora grossa," "canfora" for 
 anointing the idols, " Aquila " [eagle-wood], "genuine 
 aloes" [i.e., aloes-wood or eagle-wood of superior 
 quality], " almiscar " [musk], " beijoim " [benjamin], 
 " tamarindos," " calamo aromatico " [sweet flag], 
 *'mirrha," " encenso," " ambar," " mirabulanos ["myro- 
 bolaneiros " is another Portuguese spelling], eynblicos, 
 bellericos, et quebolos," cassia, " sandalo vermelho " 
 [red-saunders wood], " espicanardo," '^sandalo bianco" 
 [sandal-wood], " noz moscada" [nutmegs], " macis," 
 " lierba lonbrequera " [wormwood], " turbiti," "anil" 
 [indigo, i.e., /?//], " erva de vermes" [wild silk], " zer- 
 " umbeth," " zedoaria," " sagapeno," "aloes sacotoriuo," 
 ** cardamomo," "rheubarbo," " atulia " [Lapis Tutia], 
 "china cubela," [cubebs], " opio," and " opio " prepared 
 in Cambay. 
 
 Camoens travelled in India and the East, and wrote 
 the greater part of the Lusiad there, between A.D. 1553 
 and 1569.* On his return from Macao he was wrecked 
 on the coast of Camboja, and of all his property suc- 
 ceeded only in saving the MS. of the Lusiad, deluged 
 with the waves, through which, clinging to a plank, he 
 forced his way to the shore. It is not simply the 
 national epic of the Portuguese, but the epic of the 
 modern system of universal commerce founded on the 
 discovery of the sea way to India. There can be no 
 doubt of the historical trutli which underlies the super- 
 natural machinery and elevated imagery of Camoens' 
 
 * He weut out with the fleet comiiuiiidcd by Fenian Alvarez Cabrol in 
 1553. 
 
181 
 
 great poem ; and iiKleed his geographical descriptions, 
 more particularly of the new found coasts of southern 
 Africa, often fail through their very explicitness to affect 
 the imagination, as Milton so powerfully does by his vague 
 enumeration of 
 
 " The less maritime kings, 
 Mombaza, and Quiloa, and Melind, 
 And Sofala, thought Ophir, to the reahu 
 Of Congo, and Angola farthest south." 
 
 The real value of the Lusiad, however, is not as a 
 record of authentic discovery, but as evidence of the 
 higher moral and spiritual aims of the Portuguese in 
 their inquisition of the Indies ; the history of which, but 
 for the light thrown on it by Camoens, would only pre- 
 serve the memory, better lost, of deeds of indescribable 
 tyranny, senselessness, and shame. Ferdinand Mendez 
 Pinto has incurred everlasting infamy as a Har, simply 
 on account of the incredible atrocities he describes 
 without any reticence or apparent consciousness of their 
 guilt. It is to him that Congreve refers, in " Love for 
 Love," IL, 5 : *' Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type 
 of thee, thou Har of the first magnitude." Sometimes 
 he is contemptuously nicknamed " Mendax Pinto.' 
 But Faria y Sousa, the author of The Portuguese 
 Asia, regards him as a truthful writer. He was a 
 promiscuous vagabond, pirate, and cut- throat in the 
 Eastern Seas, from 1537 to 1558; and his Pere- 
 grinations, pubhshed in J^4, affords a harrowing 
 picture of the frightful moral depravity and inhuman 
 bioodthirstiness of the Portuguese adventurers of the 
 period, and of the confusion and misery brought by 
 them on the indigenous populations of the southern 
 shores of Asia, whose peaceful overland commerce with 
 Europe, of 3,000 years' growth, they overthrew within 
 a generation of Da Gama's rounding the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 In 1520 the Portuguese Governour in India sent an 
 embassy by way of Ormuz to the Persian Court, the 
 
182 
 
 narrative of which by Antonio Tenreiro [Coimbra, 1560] 
 is ODG of the earliest accounts we possess of the trade 
 through Persia at the time when it first began to be afi'ected 
 by the competition of the Cape route. 
 
 Nearly a century later, in JJll, Fray Gaspar de San 
 Bernardino, of the order of St. Francis, undertook the 
 journey by land from India by way of Mombas and 
 Socotra and the Persian Gulf to Portugal ; and his narra- 
 tive bears witness to the complete revolution that had 
 now taken place in the course of the trade between 
 India and Europe through the Euphrates Valley and 
 Syria. 
 
 To Englishmen, one of the most interesting travellers 
 in the East was jFrangois Pyrard de Laval. He went 
 out to India in 1601, and about 160.9-11 was in Goa, 
 where, he tells us, he met Itahans, Germans, Flemings, 
 and Frenchman, the adventurous spirits, in short, of 
 every country of Europe, as well as of Asia. There too 
 he met three Englishmeu, among the first ever seen in 
 India, who probably belonged to Hawkins' expedition, 
 prisoners of the Portuguese : and he observes of them, 
 witli a sort of prophetic apprehension, that, even fast 
 bound in irons as they were, they were a proud-looking 
 set, who took every opportunity of showing their contempt 
 for the Frenchmen and other foreigners around them. 
 Before going to Goa, Laval had been detained for several 
 years in the Maldive Islands, on which he is still the best 
 authority. His Discours du Voijacjc, 1619, has recently 
 been translated for the Hakluyt Society by Mr. Albert 
 Gray. 
 
 In 1663, Father Manuel Godinho, of the Society of 
 Jesus, returned from Goa to Lisbon overland by way of 
 Gombroon. He begins by deploring the almost total 
 downfall of the Portuguese Asiatic Empire, and describes 
 the rising trade of Surat, which city, under the Enghsh, 
 had gradually supplanted Goa as the emporium of Southern 
 India. He describes it as being then perhaps the richest 
 emporium of the world. 
 
183 
 
 The Fcrcgrinarion de la Mmjor Parte del Monda 
 of Don Pedro Sebastian© Cubero was published at 
 Saragossa in 1688. He set out about 1650 from 
 Moscow with the Russian Ambassador to the Court of 
 Persia. From Ormuz he sailed to " Damayn," and 
 Surat and Goa, where he found the capital of Portu- 
 guese Asia in a state of miserable decay, and its trade 
 almost gone since the "perfidious heretics," the 
 Dutch, English, Swedes, and Danes, had carried it off. 
 From Goa he sailed to Masulipatam, and thence 
 to Malacca, already in the hands of the Dutch, and on to 
 Manilla, where he took ship across the Pacific to 
 Mexico. 
 
 Giovanni Francesco Gemelli-Careri of Naples, in his 
 narrative [Giro del Mondo~\, published in 1699, of six 
 years travel round the world, notices that at this 
 date the remnants of the Portuguese conquests in Asia 
 were so inconsiderable as scarcely to defray their own 
 expenses. 
 
 The great work of Geronimo Osorio, De Rebus 
 Emaniielis virtute et auspicio gestis, 1571, is universally 
 recognized as of the highest authority on the early history 
 of the Portuguese acquisitions in Asia ; and, as based on 
 this, may be mentioned the useful compilation of Faria y 
 Sousa, entitled Asia Portugueza, pubHshed in 1666-75 ; 
 as also the Decadas da Asia, published by De Barros, 
 1552-63. Major's Discoveries of Prince Henry the Navi- 
 gator, published by the Hakluyt Society, in 1877, 
 is a most excellent monograph on the life of the 
 high-hearted leader of the modern exploitation of the 
 Indies. 
 
 The Dutch in the East. 
 
 The Dutch were later than the English in trying to 
 get to the East, but, owing to their early established 
 indirect trade with India through Lisbon, they suc- 
 ceeded in getting there before us, and they altogether 
 
184 
 
 outstripped us in the great geographical discoveries of the 
 17th century in the South Sea. 
 
 Before Lisbon rose to notice, and while Venice and 
 Genoa were still at the height of their prosperity, the 
 carrying trade of the Netherlands for its own fisheries 
 and manufactures rendered its cities the natural 
 entrepots for the commerce between northern and 
 southern Europe. The imports of Genoa and Venice 
 from the East were originally distributed over northern 
 Europe by the merchants of Bruges, and through 
 Central Europe by those of Nuremberg and Augsburg. 
 When the trade was diverted to Lisbon, and Venice, 
 and Genoa, Nuremberg, and Augsburg became in conse- 
 quence deserted [and Bruges also, owing to the in- 
 terruptions to which the port of Sluys was about this 
 time subjected], the productions of the Indies were 
 in turn distributed to northern Europe through Ant- 
 werp ; and after the destruction of that city by the 
 Spaniards [1576-1585], through Amsterdam. On the 
 seven northern provinces ["United Provinces"] of the 
 Netherlands declaring their independence in 1580, 
 Philip II., under whom the Crown of Portugal was in 
 the same year [1580-81] united to that of Spain, 
 forbade the merchants of Amsterdam to trade with 
 Lisbon. This interdict, however, served only the more 
 to quicken the native spirit and enterprise of the Dutch, 
 and the eventful period from the sack of Antwerp in 
 1576 to the treaty of Westphalia or Munster in 1648 
 was that of the rise of their Eastern commerce and 
 dominion. By that treaty this energetic and indomi- 
 table people actually compelled the Spaniards to trade 
 with the East only by Cape Horn ;* and thus, by a 
 
 * Discovered by Cornelius Schouten in IGOG in one of the earliest Dutch 
 voyages by the west to the " Spice Ishvnds. " It was named after Iloorn, on 
 the Zuydor Zee, the birthplace of Scliouten and also of Tasnian. The island 
 near it was called Stateu Island, in honour 'of the States of Holland, and the 
 passage between it and the main sliore Strait Lemaire, from the projector of 
 Schouten's voyage. 
 
185 
 
 stroke of the pen as it were, deprived Spain and Portugal 
 of all the advantages of the discoveries of Columbus 
 and Da Gama. Between 1CQ2 and 1620 they seized the 
 principal settlements of the Portuguese in the East, and 
 by 1661 had expelled them from all but the lifeless 
 remnants of their once world-wide empire they hold 
 to the present day. At this time also they scarcely 
 tolerated the EngUsh iu the Indian Ocean, and the 
 80 years from 1661 to 1741 was the time of the greatest 
 fortune and power of the Dutch in the East. 
 
 When the supremacy of Spain on the high seas was 
 shattered at a blow by tlie destruction of the " Invincible 
 Armada" in 1588, the merchants of Antwerp, who had 
 emigrated to Amsterdam, at once saw their oppor- 
 tunity for establishing a direct trade with India. At 
 first, to avoid interference with tlie Portuguese rights 
 under the Papal Bull of 1493, they, following the 
 example of the English, attempted to open communi- 
 cations with the East by sailing round the north coasts 
 of Europe and Asia. Wilham Barents made his first 
 abortive attempt in 1594, and the second in 1595, and 
 the third, in which he perished, in 1596. Then the 
 Dutch resolved to take the direct passage round the 
 Cape of Good Hope, and Cornelius Houtman's fleet 
 was despatched to India. He left the Texel on the 
 2nd February 1594/5, "crossed the Line " the 14th of 
 June, "doubled the Cape" the 2nd August, landed at 
 Sumatra the 11th July 1596, and entered the harbour 
 of Bantam the 22nd July following. He returned 
 to the Texel in 1597. Before his return another set 
 of merchants had sent out James Van Neck; and 
 Houtman's second expedition, in which he was slain, 
 went out in 1598, and returned in 1600-1601.* Com- 
 panies were now formed all over the United Provinces, 
 
 * It was with this expedition, consisting of the Lion \_De Leemcl and Lioness 
 'l_De Leenu-in'] that John Davis sailed [in the Lion"] as Chief Pilot. Hout- 
 man's official title was O'everal, but he is ahvays designated the Bdds, i.e., 
 
186 
 
 and in 1 602 they were amalgamated by the States General 
 into one Joint Stock Corporation, entitled " The Dutch 
 East India Company." They had in their first voyage 
 to Bantam experienced much opposition from the 
 Portuguese, iu consequence of which a war commenced, 
 by which the Portuguese interests in the East suffered 
 considerably. In 1603 the Dutch, with a large force 
 from Europe, made attempts to dislodge the Portuguese 
 from Mozambique and Goa, but failed in both. On the 
 other hand they succeeded, during 1604-5, in settling 
 factories on the Coasts of Malabar and Coromandel, in 
 Ceylon, and in Java, at Jacatra and Bantam. In 1604 
 the Spaniards at Manilla, being aware of the defence- 
 lessness of the islands in the Indian Archipelago under 
 the Dutch, proceeded with an expedition and captured 
 them all. But the Dutch fleet hurrying back from 
 Malacca, the covetous siege of which they at once 
 raised, .succeeded in wresting the whole of the islands 
 back again from the Spaniards, and in 1607 also 
 expelled them from Ternate and Tidore. At this 
 period the ever prosperous Hollanders are stated to 
 have had factories at Mocha, in Persia, at Cambay, 
 in Malabar, Ceylon, Coromandel, Bengal, Aracau, 
 Pegu, in Sumatra, at Acheen, Jambi, and Palem- 
 bang, in Java at Bantam, in Camboja, Siam, Cochin 
 China, Tonquin, China, and Japan, exclusive of the 
 entire possession of the Moluccas and the factories 
 taken from the Portuguese in the Banda Islands. The 
 Mauritius, first discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, 
 had been occupied by the Dutch in 1598, and named 
 after their renowned General and Stadtholder Prince 
 Maurice of Nassau [Orange]. 
 
 In 1611 they were driven out of Tidore and Banda 
 by the Spaniards. In 1612 the King of Candy called 
 in the Dutch to assist him against the Portuguese, and 
 in return gave them the monopoly of the cinnamon 
 trade of the island ; and in this year also they took Timor 
 from the Portuguese. In 1614 they established factories. 
 
187 
 
 at Masulipatam, and in Siam, and in 1019 acquired the 
 sovereignty of Java, where, on the 1 2th of August 
 in that year, they laid the foundation of the city of 
 Batavia [Jacatra] as the seat of the Supreme Go- 
 vernment of the Dutch Possessions in India, which 
 had previously been at Amboyna. It was about the 
 same time, namely in 1622-23, that they founded the 
 city of New Amsterdam [Manhattan], now New York, 
 in America. On the 17th February 1622/3* they 
 massacred the EngHsh in Amboyna; and although tlie 
 English people, then entering on their troubles with 
 the Stuart dynasty, were forced for a time to submit to 
 the outrage, the lasting animosity of the nation was 
 thereby all the more roused against the rivals of the 
 "London" Company, which thenceforth was always 
 sure of the popular sympathy in its deadly contest 
 with the Dutch for predominance in the East. Yet 
 from the date of the massacre of Amboyna to 1650 
 was a period of great humiliation for England in the 
 Indian Seas, and everywhere we were viUfied and 
 oppressed by the Dutch. 
 
 The Dutch were the discoverers of Australasia. The 
 idea which the ancients had of a Term Australis 
 originated simply in the extension by some of their 
 geographers of the African continent eastward to the 
 Malay Peninsula. There is better ground for the pre- 
 sumption that the ' Great Java ' of the Portuguese of 
 the 16th century really refers to Australia. It would 
 appear to have been first sighted by a Spanish fleet 
 which sailed from Peru with Quiros as Pilot Major in 
 1595. In 1605 Quiros, accompanied by Louis Vaez 
 
 * The date is frequently given as 1622 ; as that of the Enghsh "glorious 
 Revolution " is invariably given as 1688 ["the Revolution of 1688"] instead 
 of 1689. The explanation is that until the "New Style" Calendar was 
 introduced into Great Britain in 1752, the year did not legally com- 
 mence in England before the 25th of March ; and consequently before that 
 year events that occurred in the months of January, February, and ]\Iarch 
 [to 25th ideni\ usually bear, in official documents, the date of two years. This 
 has been a constant source of perplexity to me, and doubtless often of 
 error. 
 
188 
 
 de Torres, commanded the expedition which discovered 
 Tahiti and the New Hebrides. The latter islands 
 he mistook for the broken coast of a new continent 
 named by him Australia del Espivitu Santo, and he 
 designed a capital for it, to be called ' the New Jeru- 
 salem.' The following year Torres, who had become 
 separated from Quiros in a storm, sailed from east 
 to west through the strait that now bears his name. 
 But before this Cornelius Wytfliet, in 1598, had 
 distinctly indicated the position of Australia : — " The 
 " Australis Terra is the most southern of all lands, 
 '* and is separated from New Guinea [first discovered by 
 " the Portuguese in 1526] by a narrow strait." The 
 Liica Antara, discovered by Manuel Godinho de 
 Eredia in 1601, has also been identified with Australia. 
 Still its first practical discovery was made by the 
 Dutch. Tn 1606 one of their ships from Bantam 
 reached Cape York at the top of the eastern main of 
 the great Gulf, named, about 1628, after Pieter Car- 
 pentier, then Governor of the Dutch Indies. In 1618 
 the Fera and Anihein from Amboyua explored this 
 Gulf, the latter ship giving its name to ' Arnhem's 
 Land.' In 1623 Jan Carstensz was in the Gulf and 
 named the Eiver Carpenter. In 1616 Dirk Hartogs 
 touched at ' Dirk Hartogs Island ' on the coast of 
 Western Australia, which, after it had been further 
 explored by the Dutch in 1628, received the name of 
 'De Witt's Land.' In 1627-28 the Giddene Zeepaard, 
 carrying Pieter Nuyts to the Dutch embassy in 
 Japan, coasted along the whole of the Great Bight 
 of Southern Australia. In 1642-44 Abel Tasman dis- 
 covered Van Diemen's Land, so named after the 
 daughter of the Dutch Governor at Batavia, and 
 New Zealand, and further explored the coast of 
 North Austraha from ' Dirk Hartogs Island ' to 
 * Arnhem's Land.' These great discoveries of the Dutch 
 led to the States General formally naming the new 
 found ' South Land,' New Holland. 
 
189 
 
 In 1635 the Dutch expelled the Portuguese from 
 Formosa, in 1638 from Batecalo, Trincomalee, Negomba, 
 and Pomt de G-alle, and in 1640, when Portugal again 
 became a separate sovereignty, from Malacca. The loss 
 of Malacca was a fatal blow to the Portuguese trade in 
 the Indian Archipelago and with China, while its capture 
 by the Dutch at once set them above all rivals in the East. 
 In the same year the Portuguese, at the instigation of 
 the Dutch, were expelled from Japan. In 1651 the 
 Dutch settled a colony at the Cape of Good Hope, and 
 abandoned St. Helena, which they had occupied since 
 1645. In 1656 they obtained possession of Calicut 
 from the Portuguese. In 1658 they captured Nega- 
 patam [afterward, in subordination to Bantam, the head 
 of all their estabHshments on the Coromandel Coast], 
 and Jafnapatam, the last stronghold of the Portu- 
 guese in Ceylon. In 1661-64 they expelled the latter 
 from Quilon, Cochin, Cananore, Crangauore, and other 
 places on the Malabar Coast, and in 1669 from St. Thome 
 and Macassar. 
 
 The following is a list of their settlements and agencies 
 submitted by the Dutch Company to the States General 
 the 22nd October 1664 :— 
 
 Amboyna, with its subordinate islands, "which supply 
 " the whole world with spice " : the Baud a islands, *' which 
 " produce nutmeg and mace " : Pulo Koon [sometimes 
 spelled Rohun], " ceded to the English by treaty, but not 
 "given over to them " : Ternate, and the other Moluccas : 
 Macassar and Manado in Celebes : Timor : Bima on Sum- 
 bawa, " where is a little trade in rice and sappan wood ": 
 in Sumatra, Jambi, Palembang, and Indraghiri, " with a 
 " contract for all the pepper procured on the west coast " ; 
 [Acheen, i.e. " City of Peace," had been given up]. 
 
 Malacca, with Teuasserim, and Juukceylon, i.e. Ujunrj 
 Salang, " Salang Headland": [the factory in Siam had 
 been withdrawn, likewise the one in Ligor :] Aracan, an 
 agency for the purchase of rice and slaves : in Tonquin, a 
 factory : in Pegu, factories at Ava and Sirian. 
 
190 
 
 lu Coromandel, Palicat, Negapatam, and Masulipatam, 
 for the purchase of piece goods : in Bengal, ' Hughley,' 
 Cossimbazaar, Dacca, Patna, " in command of a great 
 *' trade in silk, cotton goods, saltpetre, sugar, rice, &c. ;" 
 in Orixa, a factory for rice and other provisions supplied for 
 Ceylon : Ceylon, one of the most important possessions 
 of the Company, — with garrisons at Colombo, Point de 
 Galle, Negomba, Manaar, and Jafnapatam : Tuticorin, 
 opposite Ceylon, with a good trade in cotton goods and 
 pearls : in Malabar, Cochin, Cranganore, Quilon, Cana- 
 nore : — " the Samorin of Calicut, and other princes have 
 " contracted with the Company to sell all their pepper to 
 ''them": at Porca, whence "the Enghsh had been 
 " ordered to withdraw ": in G-uzerat, a factory at Surat, in 
 charge of the trade of Hindostan, "which is very con- 
 *' siderable," with dependent posts at 'Amedabad' and 
 Agra. 
 
 In Persia, Gombroon and Ispahan : in the Persian 
 Gulf, Bassorah : [in Arabia, Mocha had been recently 
 given up]. 
 
 The island of Mauritius. 
 The Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Java, " where was their capital Batavia, producing pro- 
 *' digious quantities of rice, sugar, fruits, &c." 
 
 In Japan the Company traded only and chiefly for gold 
 md silver. 
 
 In China no trade had yet been done, but much was 
 hoped from the Emperor in consideration of the Dutch 
 delivering him from the formidable pirate ' Coxenga.' In 
 later documents their possessions also include Banjar- 
 massin, Padang, Landak, and Succadana. 
 
 In 1672-73 they took from us St. Helena, which we had 
 occuj^ied from 1651. Before the latter date they had held 
 the island, which was discovered by the Portuguese in 
 1501, from 1645. We recovered it immediately, and 
 made it over [by Charter of Charles II., dated 16th 
 December 1674] to the Enghsh [" London "] East India 
 Company. 
 
191 
 
 In 1677 William of Orange married the Princess Mary 
 of England. 
 
 In 1682 the Dutch expelled our factory from Bantam, 
 thereby forcing us to abandon also our factories dependent 
 on it in Siam and Tonquin, and at Amoy, ancl other places 
 in the uttermost Indies. 
 
 In 1(588-89 William of Orange became King of 
 England. 
 
 In 169-3 Pondiclierry was surrendered to the Dutch, 
 but was restored to the French by the Treaty of Ryswick, 
 1697. 
 
 In 1759 the Dutch, comprehending the full significance 
 of Olive's great victory at Plassey, made a desperate effort 
 to expel the English from Bengal, but were ignominiously 
 repulsed by Colonel Forde, and sueing for peace pledged 
 themselves never in future to keep more than 125 Euro- 
 pean soldiers in their Bengal factories. 
 
 In the great wars from 1781 to 1811, Holland lost all 
 her colonies to us; but in 1813, when the country was re- 
 stored to the House of Orange, most of them were given 
 back by us ; and Java in 1816, and Sumatra in 1824 in 
 exchange for Malacca. 
 
 The Dutch would have been unable to maintain their 
 independence without the trade of the East, and when 
 they lost it they rapidly sank into their present state 
 of commercial and political stagnation. They lost it 
 entirely through the narrow and exclusive spirit in 
 which they pursued it. Although their enterprise 
 ended in the formation of an empire, their sole object 
 from first to last was to engross the spice trade of the 
 Moluccas and Banda Islands. With this object they 
 made the mistake, and long persisted in it, of esta- 
 blishing the seat of government in the remote island of 
 Amboyna, and it was not until John Pietersoon Koen, 
 on his own authority, transferred it to Java, and in 
 1619 founded the city of Batavia, that the supremacy 
 of the Dutch in the Indian Archipelago was secured. 
 Still the sordid object of their pursuit, the monopoly of 
 the spice trade, continued to injuriously affect their 
 
192 
 
 reputation, aud gradually it unclermiued their power, 
 so inexorably true is it that "Man shall not live by 
 *• bread alone." They suffered still more through the 
 egotistical national spirit, characteristic of every Teu- 
 tonic race, which blinded them to the true European 
 policy of the United Provinces. If the Dutch, 
 instead of doggedly secluding themselves within 
 their own green ' polders,' had opened up their canals 
 to German commerce, and their Indian colonies to 
 German emigration, and had identified German in- 
 terests with their own, they would have maintained 
 their supremacy on the seas, and probably supplanted 
 us in the Empire of the East. They stood up boldly 
 against us, and were hard to beat down ; but they were 
 too few, and their great Eastern commerce, even with 
 the possession of Java, had too straitened a basis of 
 territorial sovereignty to have ever made it possible 
 for their power to survive a protracted struggle with 
 England. It was fortunate indeed for England that 
 their early opposition to us at Bantam and Amboyna led 
 to our transferring the seat of the English ["London"] 
 East India Company's Government from the Indian 
 Archipelago to the continent of India, the inevitable 
 conquest of which gave us in the end the command of 
 the commerce of the East, from Constantinople to Peking, 
 and from Australia and New Zealand to the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 The present possessions of the Dutch in the Indian 
 Archipelago are Bencoolen and Palembang on Sumatra, 
 and the islands of Banca and Billiton off its coasts, the 
 islands of Java, Madura, Bally, Lombok, and Celebes, 
 districts on the west, south, and east coasts of Borneo, 
 the Moluccas or ' Spice Islands,' the Islands of Timor and 
 Sumbawa, and districts on the western side of New Guinea 
 or Papua. 
 
 The contemporary works of travel connected with the 
 early settlement of the Dutch in the East will be referred 
 to among the books relating to the Factory Period of the 
 Enghsh East India Company. 
 
193 
 
 The English^ Iff India, 
 
 The first English attempts to reach India were bj the 
 north-west passage. In 1496 Henry VII. granted Letters 
 Patent to John Cabot [Giovanni Gravotta] and his three 
 sons to fit out two vessels for the discovery of this passage 
 to India. They failed, but discovered the islands of New- 
 foundland and St. John, and explored the coast of 
 America from Labrador to Virginia. In 1527 Dr. Robert 
 Thorne, whose father was one of the discoverers of 
 Newfoundland, and who himself had lived for many 
 years at Seville in Spain, addressed a *' persuasion to 
 " King Henry VHI. for the discovery north-westward, 
 " being a declaration of the Indies and lands discovered 
 " and subdued unto the Emperor of Germany and King 
 *' of Portugal, and also of other parts of the Indies and 
 " rich countries to be discovered." As the Portuguese 
 had obtained a passage to India by a course to the 
 south-east, and pretended a right, which they defended 
 by force, to its exclusive occupation, he supposed that 
 his countrymen might reach the same part of the globe 
 by sailing to the north-v^est, and thus obtain a passage 
 at once expeditious and undisputed. It is not certain 
 whether Thome's representations had any direct effect 
 on the mind of Henry VIII., but they contributed to 
 encourage the efforts which were made at the period to 
 find a practical way by the Arctic Ocean to India or 
 ' Cathay.' In 154^ Sebastian Cabot, the son of John 
 Cabot, obtained sanction for a Charter from Edward 
 VI., which was confirmed by Queen Mary, 1551-55, for 
 ".the discovery of lands, countries, and isles not before 
 *' known to the English," by this passage ;. and on the 
 10th of May 1553 h^ir Hugh Willoughby, with Richard 
 Chancellor [with whom was Stephen Boroughs] second 
 in command, sailed on their wild errand. Sir Hugh 
 and all his men perished miserably of cold in a river 
 or haven called ' Arzina ' [Warsina] in Lapland, but 
 
 N 
 
194 
 
 Chancellor arrived at a port in the White Sea, 
 where x\rchangel was afterwards [1584] founded ; and 
 thus was Russia practically first discovered by the 
 English. Sir Martin Frobisher thrice attempted to pierce 
 a northern passage to the East, in 1576, 1577, and 1578, 
 on behalf of the ' Company of Cathay ;' and having in his 
 first voyage discovered an inlet on the Coast of Labrador 
 running westward, he was on his return home " highly 
 *' commended of all men for the great hope he brought 
 ** of a passage to Cathaia." John Davis conducted 
 three expeditions for its discovery, between 1585 and 
 1587, under the patronage of the London Company 
 entitled the "Fellowship for the Discovery of the 
 ** N.W. Passage." George Waymouth's abortive attempt 
 in 1602, and John Knight's in 1606, were made after 
 the adoption by the English of the route to India by 
 the Cape of Good Hope, which was thought to be too 
 long. Henry Hudson's three voyages were made in 
 1607-08-09. As the N.W. and N.E. Passages had 
 been found impracticable, he attempted in his first 
 voyage to sail right across the North Pole. In his last 
 voyage he discovered Hudson's Bay, which he thought 
 to be the Pacific Ocean. In 1612 it was explored 
 by Sir Thomas Button, who hoped to reach Japan 
 by crossing it. He was disappointed, and the coast 
 that blocked his further progress was therefore called 
 '* Hopes Checked." The designation has disappeared 
 from modern maps, but the Cape off the entrance of 
 Hudson's Strait still bears its quaint old n;ime of 
 " Hopes Advance " The last attempts to find the long 
 desired outlet through North America and the Arctic 
 Regions to the East were made by William Baffin in 
 1612-13-15-16. It is interesting to find it stated in 
 Ramusio [see Ilamel's Early Voi/agcs to the White Sea,'] 
 that so far back as 1525 a Russian map was shown to 
 a scientific person at Augsburg in order to demonstrate 
 that it might be possible to reaili India by way of the 
 Icy Sea. It was not, however, till 1741 that Vitus 
 
105 
 
 Behring, a Captain in the Russian Navy, discovered the 
 broad strait, since known by his name, giving entrance 
 from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific. 
 
 Chancellor travelled from the mouth of the Dwina 
 to the Court of the Grand Duke of Moscow, and laid 
 the foundation of the Russian Company [as the " Com- 
 ** pany for the Discovery of Lands not before known " 
 was henceforth called] for carrying on the overland 
 trade with India, through Persia, Bokhara, and Moscow. 
 In 1557 Anthony Jenkinson and Richard and Robert 
 Johnson sailed to Russia to explore the route of this 
 trade. From Moscow they went to " Nyse Novogorod," 
 and down the Volga to " Ozan," whence they went on 
 to Astrakan and to ''Boghar" [Bokhara], from which 
 place Jenkinson returned to Moscow in 1559. In 1561 
 he was sent out again to explore the route through 
 Persia, and, travelling by Moscow and Astrakan, he 
 proceeded by way of Derbent so far as Casbin, where 
 he met a number of native merchants from India. 
 Chenier's expedition followed, and after that Richard 
 Johnson's expedition, of which Laurence Chapman is 
 the narrator, was sent out in 1565. Jenkinson was 
 again at Moscow in 1566 and 1571, in the interests of 
 the Russian Company ; but although they laid the foun- 
 dation of the sea-borne trade of Russia, and of the 
 Russian Navy, the Company found it impossible to 
 compete profitably with the Portuguese in the im- 
 portation of Indian goods into Europe. Not even the 
 most precious articles would now bear the costs of the 
 overland transit. This gradually led to the formation 
 of the Turkey and Levant Company in 1581, in the 
 hope of establishing trading relations with India by 
 way of the Levant and Persian Grulf. Peter the Great 
 was very anxious to develope the trade with India 
 through Russia, and in 1717 sent Beckowitz, the son 
 of a Circassian prince, to explore the Amu Darya : and 
 in 1723 employed Peter Henry Bruce [Memoirs, &c., 
 London, 1782] to survey the Caspian. John Elton [see 
 
 N 2 
 
196 
 
 Jonas Hallway's Historical Account of British Trade 
 over the Caspian Sea, 1763,] was also employed to 
 survey the south-eastern frontier of Russia, and sent 
 home so enthusiastic an account of the new opening by 
 this route for English trade with India, that, in spite of 
 the opposition of the Turkey Company and of the Bast 
 India Company, an Act was passed permitting the 
 importation of silk and other Eastern commodities 
 through Russia. Unfortunately Elton's success with the 
 Persians excited the jealousy of his Russian companions ; 
 and Jonas Hanway had to be sent from St. Petersburg 
 in 1748 to arrange the differences between them. It 
 was in vain, and in 1746 the Russian Government 
 formally announced that the English would no longer 
 be allowed to pass through their territories for the 
 purposes of trade with India. 
 
 The Turkey and Levant Company [founded in 1581] 
 having in the prosecution of their trade sent merchants 
 from Aleppo to Baghdad, and thence down the Persian 
 Gulf, and purchased Indian articles at Agra, Lahore, 
 and Malacca, greatly stimulated the desire then pre- 
 vailing in England for participating with Portugal in 
 the direct trade with India by sea. In 1577 Sir Francis 
 Drake fitted out four ships, and sailed through the 
 Straits of Magellan, returning home [his expedition 
 reduced to the Golden Hind] by the Cape of Good Hope. 
 In the course of his voyage he touched at Ternate, one 
 of the Moluccas, where the king agreed to supply the 
 English nation with all the cloves the island pro- 
 duced ; and Drake was thus the first person to open 
 direct commercial intercourse between England and 
 the East Indies, as well as the first Englishman to 
 circumnavigate the globe. The first Englishman who 
 actually visited India was Thomas Stephens in 1579, 
 unless there be any foundation in fact for the state- 
 ment of William of Malmesbury that, in the year 883, 
 Sighelmus of Sherborne, being sent by King Alfred 
 to Rome with presents to the Pope, proceeded thence 
 
197 
 
 to the East Indies to visit the tomb of St. Thomas [at 
 Maliapur, "Peacock-town"], and brought back with him a 
 quantity of jewels and spices. Stephens was educated at 
 New College, Oxford, and in Goa was Rector of the Jesuits' 
 College in Salsette. His letters to his father are said to 
 ha\e roused great enthusiasm in England to trade directly 
 with India. In 1583 three English merchants, Ralph 
 Fitch, James Newberry, and Leedes, went out to India 
 overland as private mercantile adventurers. The jealous 
 Portuguese threw them into prison at Ormuz, and again at 
 Goa. In the end Newberry settled down as a shopkeeper 
 at Goa [Fitch says he went home througli Persia] ; Leedes 
 entered the service of the Great Mogul ; and Fitch, after 
 a lengthened peregrination in Ceylon, Bengal, Pegu, Siam, 
 Malacca, and other parts of the East Indies, returned to 
 England. 
 
 In 1586, Sir Thomas Cavendish, following Drake's 
 example, commenced his circumnavigation of the world, 
 by the Straits of Magellan and the Cape of Good Hope, 
 touching at the Ladrones on the way. 
 
 In 1587, the Spaniards being about to invade England, 
 a strong fleet was sent out under' Drake to annoy their 
 trade and that of the Portuguese ; and among the ships of 
 the latter seized by him was the St. Philip, the first Portu- 
 guese carrack coming Irom the East Indies the English 
 had ever taken. The papers of this vessel afforded so 
 much information as to the value of the Indian trade, that 
 they are considered to have at last fixed the determination 
 of the English to establish direct communication with 
 
 India. 
 
 Early in 1588 the Spanish Government complained to 
 Queen Elizabeth of Drake and Cavendish having infringed 
 their divine rights by sailing round the globe. Elizabeth 
 haughtily replied that what it was lawful to Spaniards to 
 do, was lawful also to Englishmen, " since the sea and air 
 '' are common to ail men." Thereupon the Spaniards sent 
 forth the " Invincible Armada " to conquer these islands. 
 It was met by the EngUsh fleet under Lord Howard of 
 
198 
 
 Effingham, Lord Thomas Howard, Sh' John Hawkins, Sir 
 Martin Frobisher, and Sir Francis Drake, and scattered to 
 the four winds. Its Providential destruction gave the 
 EngHsh great confidence in their navy, and their ability to 
 cope with the Spaniards and Portuguese on the high seas; 
 and from tliis date the merchants of London, like those of 
 Holland, began earnestly to devise measures for opening 
 direct commerce with the East Indies by the Cape of Good 
 Hope. 
 
 In 1591 some merchants of London fitted out three 
 ships, the Penelope, Merchant Royal, and Edward Bonad- 
 venture, under the command of George Raymond and James 
 Lancaster, for trading in the East, and harrying the 
 Spaniards and Portuguese. The expedition came to a bad 
 end, and it was only after many grievous adventures that 
 Lancaster at last returned home without his ship. 
 
 In 1092 some Enghsh privateers captured the great 
 Portuguese carrack the Madre de Dies,* and brought her 
 into Dartmouth, when it was found that her principal 
 cargo, after the jewels, consisted of aloes, ambergris, gum 
 benjamin, cloves, cinnamon, cocoa-nuts, camphor,'^ civet, 
 ivory, ebony, frankincense, ginger, galangal, hides, musk, 
 myrobalans, mace, nutmeg, pepper, and porcelain vessels, 
 raw silk and silk stuffs, and other piece goods, taffaties, 
 sarcenets, cloth of gold, calicoes, lawns, quilts, carpets, 
 canopies, and various other rich commodities. There was 
 also found in her " The Notable Register or Matiicola of the 
 *' whole Government and Trade of the Portiujuese in the East 
 *' Indies,' on which the memorial of the promoters of the 
 London East India Company to Queen Elizabeth in 1599 
 was principally founded. 
 
 In 1596 Sir Robert Dudley fitted out three ships, under 
 the command of Captain Benjamin Wood, for the India 
 and China trade ; but the expedition was very un- 
 
 * She was one of tlie fleet of six ships sent out from Lisbon to Goa 
 under Ferdinand de Mendosa in 1591, and was taken on her return 
 voyage. 
 
199 
 
 fortunate, not one of the company ever being heard of 
 again. 
 
 In 1599, the Dutch, who had now firmly established 
 their trade in the East, having raised the price of pepper 
 against us from 3s. per lb. to 6-5. and 8s., the merchants of 
 London held a meeting on the 24th September " at Foun- 
 ders' Hall,"* under the Lord Mayor, and agreed to form an 
 association for the purpose of estabHshing direct trade with 
 India. Queen Elizabeth also sent Sir John Mildenhall by 
 way of Constantinople to the great Mogul to apply for 
 privileges for the English Company, for whom she was 
 then preparing a charter ; and on the 31st December 1600 
 the Enghsh East India Company was incorporated by 
 Royal Charter under the title of " The Governor and Com- 
 pany of Merchants of London trading into the East Indies.'* 
 The early "Voyages" of the Company, " Separate " and 
 *' Joint Stock," have already been enumerated in the body 
 of the " Report on the Old Records" [pp. 45-50], and I 
 now at once proceed to trace out the settlement of the 
 Company's Factories in the East Indies. 
 
 THE COMPANY'S TRADE. 
 
 One of the documents connected with the Company's 
 application for a charter was a memorandum distinguishing 
 the countries in the East Indies with which the Spaniards 
 and Portuguese had trade from those with which trade 
 might be freely opened by the English. Among the latter 
 they name — 
 
 '* The Isle of Madagascar or San Lorenso, upon the 
 *'backeside of Africa." 
 
 " The kingdoms of Orixa, Bengala, and Aracan." 
 
 "The rich and mightie kingdome of Pegu; " and of 
 "Jungalaon," Siam, " Camboia," and " Canchinchina." 
 
 " The most mightie and welthy empire of China." 
 
 * Now in St. Swithin's Lane, but then at Founders Court, Lothbury. 1 
 find no contemporary evidence of this meeting being held at Founders' Hall. 
 It was possil)ly held in the house of Sir Stephen Evance, Lord Mayor of 
 London. The meeting of the 23rd September 1600 was held in Founders' 
 Hall. 
 
200 
 
 "The rich and goulden island of Snmatra ; " and 
 '* Java Major," "Java Minor," and Bally; Borneo, 
 Celebes, Gilolo, and " Os Papuas." 
 
 " The long tracte of Nova Guinea and the Isles of 
 *' Solomon." 
 
 " The rich and innumerable islands of Malucos, and the 
 *' Spicerie, e'xcepte the two small islands of Tidore and 
 " Amboyno, where the Portugals have only two smal 
 *' forts ; " Mindanao and Calamines, " and the greate and 
 *' smal Lequeos." 
 
 " The manifold and populos sylver islands of the 
 *' Japones;" and "the countrey of Coray newely dis- 
 *' covered to the north-east." 
 
 Sir Foulke Grevile, in replying to Sir Francis Wal- 
 singham's demand for "the names of such kings as are 
 " absolute, and either have warr or traffique with the 
 *' Kinge of Spaigne," begins, "in Barbarie with the 
 " kingdoms of Fess and Morocco," and continues all 
 round the coasts of Africa to " Sues " at the top of the 
 Eed Sea [" in the bottom of this Sea "]. Then he goes 
 round the peninsula of Arabia to Ormuz, and on 
 through the countries beyond the Persian Gulf to "the 
 " kingdome of Cambaia, which is the fruitfullest of all 
 *' India, and hath exceedinge greate traffique." Then 
 he passes in review " the cuntrie of the Malabars, 
 " who are the best souldiers of India," subdi"^4ded 
 into the six kingdoms of Baticola, Cochin, " Chananor," 
 " Choule," "Coulon," and " Calechnt." Beyond the 
 Malabars "is the Kingdome of Narsinga," "then the 
 " Kingdome of Orixen and Bengolen," " as also of 
 " Aracan, Pegu, Siam, Tanassaria, and Queda." "The 
 " island of Sumatra or Taprobuna is possessed by many 
 *' kynges, enemies of the Portugals ; the chief is the 
 *' Kinge of Dachem, who besieged them in Malacca, 
 *' and with his gallies stopped the passage of victualls 
 *' and trafficke from China, Japan, and Malacca." 
 ** The Kynges of Acheyn and Tor are in like sorte 
 ** enemies of the Portugalls." " The Philippinas be- 
 
201 
 
 " longed to the crowne of China, bat, abandoned by 
 *' him, were possessed by the Spaniards, who liave 
 " traffique there witli the merchants of China." " They 
 " trafficque also with the Chinois at Mackau and 
 " Japan." " And, lasthe, at Goa, there is great resort 
 " of all nations from Arabia, Armenia, Cambaia, Bon- 
 *' gola, Pegu, Siam, Malacca, and China, and the 
 " Portugals suffer them all to lyve there, after their 
 " own manners and religions ; only for matter of justice 
 *' they are ruled by the Portugal law." This letter -of 
 Foulke Grevile affords an admirable bird's eye view of 
 the political and commercial^ relations of the countries 
 along the shores of Africa and Asia at the period of 
 the first -appearance of the English Company's ships in 
 the Eastern Seas. A list of the principal imports from 
 the East Indies into Portugal and Holland was also 
 prepared by John Chamberlain for the Company, and 
 proved most useful to them. As it has never before 
 been pubHshed, I give it here entire, being indebted 
 for it to Mr. Noel Sainsbury, of the Public Record 
 Office, who has had it extracted from the " East Indies " 
 series. Vol. I., No. 19. 
 
 " The Comodities of the Este Indies." 
 
 " Sinemonde, pepercase, pepper callycowe [of Calicuti, 
 ■ longe pepper, cloves, maces, nutmegges, ginger, mira- 
 bolanes in conserve, mirabolanes drye, grene ginger, 
 nutmegges in conserve, synamon water, camfyer, 
 burrassie, gallingale, cardamente, red sandes [red 
 Saunders wood], white sandes [sandalwood], tamor- 
 yndes [tamarinds], myrre, balsamum, moraya [wax 
 from mummies], masticke, peper in pickell, muske and 
 syvitt, amber greise, amber blacke, Benjamyn fyne, 
 Benjamyn course, lignum allocs, blew Indea [indigo], 
 lacrya to die wethall, hard wax, turbythe, radix china, 
 alloies Sicotrinan, spignard, oyle of maces, rubarbe, 
 goom appopanare, gum Selapin, gum Elemne, castorium. 
 
202 
 
 opium, tacamihaca, tutia, boill [?], Indies nuttes [cocoa 
 nuts], silke in clothe, silke rawe, clothe of erva [herba], 
 paynted clothes, call3'cow clothe, ceanaznenas bengallas, 
 lynen clothe of fyner sort than callycow clothe of 
 goulde, pussellanas [porcelain] certain dishes and plates 
 so called, targattes, ffaunes, a stone called bazar [bezoar], 
 diamondes, rubyes, saffiers, esmeraldes, pearles greate, 
 seide of pearle, turkeis [turquoise], calHmas armaticus 
 [calamus aromaticus], incense, zedoarya cubebes, quiltes 
 of silke." 
 
 Eichard Hakluyt also, the Archdeacon of Westminster, 
 and indefatigable collector of narratives of voyages and 
 travels, did very important service to the East India 
 Company during the early years of its existence. As 
 Mr. Winter Jones remarks in his edition [Hakluyt 
 Society, 1850] of the Divers Voyages, '* Hakluyt saw 
 " clearly the course in which lay the advantage and 
 " glory of his country ; he saw that maritime traffic, 
 " and the acquisition of territory by colonisation, were 
 " the means by which England was to improve the 
 " moral condition of her people, and maintain her 
 " position as a great naval power." To promote these 
 objects he actively engaged in schemes for the coloni- 
 zation of Virginia, and liberally gave his time and his 
 great stores of information to the work of establishing 
 trade with India. He supplied the Company with instruc- 
 tions for the guidance of their commanders, and with lists 
 of products and of merchandise likely to be in demand at 
 the various Eastern ports ; and he published the narratives 
 of the earliest voyages to India. 
 
 The following extracts are from his list of the chief 
 places where " sondry sorte of spices do growe in the 
 •' East Indies" : — 
 
 Pepper in Malabar, and embarked at " Onor, Barzelor, 
 " Mangalor, Cananor, Crangenor, Cochin, and Coulau ; " 
 '• all which places are in the Portugalas possession." 
 ' ' It groweth also about Calicut ; but the Kinge of 
 '• Calicut and they are seldom in amity." " Out of 
 
203 
 
 " the l^ortugales jurisdiction " it was to be obtained in 
 the Isle of " Zeilon," and Sumatra, and "in Quoda 
 " on the Maine of Malacca," " also in the Kingdome of 
 " Patane," in Siam, " in the territories neere Malacca," 
 and in the -'Isles of Nicubar." "Long peper" was 
 found in Sumatra, Pegu, " Bangala," and in the " Isle of 
 *' Baratene." 
 
 " The best sinamon groweth in the Isle of Zeilon, the 
 " Kinge whereof is the Portugales mortall enemy ; where 
 " nevertheless they have a small fort called Colombo. 
 " Wild sinamon, called by the Portuguese Candla de 
 ** Mato, groweth in Malabar .... in the isles of 
 *' Nicubar, .... likewise ... in the islande 
 " of Java, and on the Maine by Malaca." 
 
 Cloves "in the isles of Maluco, namely, in Tarenate, 
 " Tidore, Motelo, Machian, Bachian, Alatua; on the 
 " north-west end of the Isles of Ceiran [Ceram], and in 
 " the isles of Ambonio." " Great store of cloves are 
 "to be sold in Bantam, and cloves are also brought 
 *' from Siam to Malaca." " In the isles of Tidore and 
 " Ambonio the Portugales have two small fortes, as 
 " appeareth by the greate Italian map, taken in the 
 •' Madre di Dios, which I have translated and caused to be 
 " drawne for the Company." 
 
 "Nutmegges and maces, chiefly in the Isle of Bauda, 
 
 " and the seven isles thereto adjoyninge, 
 
 " likewise ... in three other greater isles to the 
 ** north-west, called Ama, Liazer, and Eucellas, . . . 
 " and in . . . Borneo, . . . Java, and . . . 
 " Sunda," and " in the Isle of Baratave." 
 
 " The best camphora groweth in canes in the Isle of 
 ** Borneo," and " about Chiuchen, in a citty of China," 
 and in Sumatra and Java. 
 
 " Anil or Indico " in Cambaya, " but is sold good cheape 
 <* in Bantam." 
 
 Amber is " found on the coaste of Africa about Gofala, 
 *' Mozambique, and Malinde," also near the isles of Mal- 
 divar, and on the coast of China. 
 
204 
 
 " Muske cometh from Tartarie and from China. It is 
 " often falsified by the Chinois and Jewes." 
 
 " Civet, called by the Portuguese AlgaHa, is found in 
 ** Bengala, the which people falsifie." 
 
 " Beniamin groweth much in the kingdome of Siam," 
 and in Sumatra, Java, and the country near Malacca. 
 
 " Frankincense . . . groweth in Arabia Fehx." 
 
 "Myrrhe . . . commeth out of Arabia Felix, and 
 " out of the country of the Abassins." 
 
 Manna from Arabia and Persia, " but most out of 
 " the province of Usbeke, lying behind Persia, in Tar- 
 *' tarie." 
 
 " Rheubarbe groweth about Campion, a province and 
 " city lying north of China. It is most brought by land 
 " through the country of Usbeke . . . and so cometh 
 " to Ormus, and thence to Sumatra and Java. The best 
 *' is brought for the most parte over land to Venice. 
 *• Rheubarb also groweth abundantly in the country of 
 " Malabar. It also cometh from Cathaio or China to 
 " Malaca by water." 
 
 " Sandalo or sanders are of three sorts, — white, yellow, 
 *' and red. The white and the yellow [sandalwood] which 
 " is the beste come from the islands of Timor and Solar. 
 *' . . . The red sanders grow in Coromandel and 
 '* Tenasseri, on the coast of Pegu." 
 
 Snakewood, or Palo da Cobra " groweth most in the 
 " Isle of Zeilon." 
 
 Lignum aloes or " Palo d'aguilla," called in the Indies 
 " Calamba," is most plentiful in Malacca, Sumatra, 
 Cambo^^a, Siam, "and the countries borderinge on the 
 *' same." 
 
 " The roote of China " growls in no place but China. 
 
 " Of opium, tamarindi, mirabolans, spikenard, aloe 
 *' zocotrina, anacardi, calamus aromaticus, costus, cubebes, 
 " galanga, &c., read Liuschoten from the 78th to the 83rd 
 *' chapter." 
 
 Next follows a long table of the prices of " diamantes" 
 or "diamondes," rubies, " pearles," and "saphires;" 
 
205 
 
 and lastly " notes of certayne comodities in good request 
 " in the East Indies, the Maine 30s, and China," in which 
 it is interesting to observe the great demand for silken 
 and woollen stuffs and precious stones in the East, e.g., 
 " velvets, damasks, satins, armesine of Portugal, safron, 
 *' and skarlets, . . . woollen cloth made at Venice 
 "... murrey, violet, redmosine, skarlet, light or 
 " grasse greene," and " emeraulds from Cairo and the 
 " Spanish Indies." Also are noted '* opinno or affrou," 
 " chekines* of gold," and " counterfeiete stones . . . 
 *' brought from Venice, to deceve the rude Indians 
 " withal." In completing his great work, Hakluyt said, 
 with truth, " the honour and benefit of this common- 
 *' wealth hath made all difficulties seem easy, and pains 
 " and industry pleasant, and expenses of light value and 
 " moment to me." 
 
 THE CHRONICLE OF " THE OLD COMPANY." 
 
 The English were everywhere opposed from the first, 
 as the Dutch had been, by the Portuguese ; but James 
 Lancaster succeeded in the " First Voyage "f in esta- 
 blishing commercial relations with the King of Acheen 
 in l(j02, and at Priaman in the island of Sumatra, and 
 with the Moluccas, and at Bantam in the island of 
 Java, where he settled a Factory or " House of Trade " 
 in 1603 [see 1621, 1629-30, 1634-35, 1677, and 1682]. 
 
 * That is, the Venetian zecchino, cecchino, or sequin ; which again is the 
 Arabic sikkat, a stamp for coins. In the mouth of Anglo-Indians of the 
 17th century the word became chekine or chickeen and chick, in which forms it 
 is still current in India in such phrases as " to spend a chick''' [4 rupees] ; 
 "I bet you a chick " ; and " chicken stakes." We use the same word direct 
 from the Ai^abic in the phrase " sicca-rupee." 
 
 t These early voyages of the Company inspired Milton with some of the 
 finest imagery in his descriptions of Satan. 
 Thus in '' ParwHse Lost;' Book IT., r,29-4P, :— 
 
 "Meanwhile .... 
 
 Satan ... 
 Puts on swift wings . 
 
 Up to the fiery concave towering high. 
 
206 
 
 The good fortune of this voyage was so great that it 
 induced a number of private merchants to endeavour 
 to obtain a participation in the new trade ; and in 1604 
 
 As ■when far off at sea a fleet descried 
 
 Hangs in the clouds, by equinoctial winds 
 
 Close sailing from Beugala, or the isles 
 
 Of Ternate and Tidore, whence merchants bring 
 
 Tlieir spicy di-ugs ; they on the trading flood 
 
 Through the wide Ethiopean to the Cape 
 
 Ply stemming nightly toward the pole. So seemed 
 
 Far off the flying fiend." 
 
 Aud again, Book IV., 131-168 : 
 
 " So on he fares, and to the border comes 
 Of Eden, .... 
 
 A sylvan scene ... 
 
 Of stateliest view 
 
 able to drive 
 All sadness but despair ; now gentle gales 
 Fanning their odoriferous wings, dispense 
 Native perfumes, and whisper whence they stole 
 Those balmy spoils. As when to them who sail 
 
 Beyond the Cape of Hope, and now are past ' 
 
 Mozambic, off at sea north-east winds blow 
 Sabean odours from the spicy shore 
 Of Araby the Blest ; with such delay 
 Well pleased they slack their course, and many a league. 
 Cheered with the grateful smell Old Ocean smiles : 
 So entertained those odorous sweets the fiend 
 Who came their bane." 
 
 ]\Ir. INIarkham has pointed out, in the volume of Lancaster's Voyages edited 
 by him for the Hakluyt Society, that Hamlet and Richard the Second were per- 
 formed by the sailors of Keeling's shij) the Di-agon, in the Third Voyage ; and 
 the Company's sailors were possibly equally well known to Shakespeare. The 
 following are his two most interesting allusions to the new ocean trade with 
 India : — 
 
 " I wUl be cheaters [i.e., escheator — lapse-heir] to them both, and they 
 shall be exchequers tome ; they shall be my East and West Indies, and 
 I will trade to them both." — Merry Wives of Windsor [1601], Act. I., 
 8C. 3. 
 
 " He does smile his face into more Unes than are on the new map 
 with the augmentation of the Indies." — Twelfth Night [1601], Act III., 
 sc. 2. 
 
 The " new map " thus immortalised was, Mr. Markham tells me, the 
 map produced in 1699 by Edward AVright, on the projection called Mercator's, 
 but the true principles of which were first demonstrated by Wright. The 
 map is literally covered with lines, drawn fi-om many centres to guide the 
 eye on various bearings. Hence the allusion to " more lines than are on the 
 new map." " The augmentation of the Indies " refers to the great exten- 
 sion and improvement in delineating the lands of the East, for which this 
 map was long famous. Japan, now, for the first time, assumes its modern 
 
207 
 
 James I. granted a license to Sir Edward Michelborne 
 and others to trade "to Cathay, China, Japan, Corea, 
 " and Cambaya." Michelborne, however, on arriving in 
 the East, instead of exploring new sources of commerce, 
 as the East India Company were doing, followed the 
 pernicious example of the Portuguese in plundering the 
 native traders among the islands of the Indian Archi- 
 pelago. He in this way secured a considerable booty, but 
 brought great disgrace on the British name, and much 
 hindered the Company's business at Bantam. 
 
 In 1604 the Company undertook their " Second 
 Voyage," commanded by Sir Henry Middleton, who, 
 notwithstanding the antipathy created by Michelborne's 
 piratical proceedings, extended their trade to Banda 
 and Amboyna. 
 
 In the Company's " Third Voyage," 1606-7, con- 
 sisting of the Dragon under Keelinge, the Hector 
 under William Hawkins, and the Consent under David 
 Middleton, Hawkins sailed direct to Surat, and 
 thence sending the Hector on to Bantam, himself 
 travelled to Agra, with a letter from James I, to the 
 Great Mogul [Jehangir, 1605-27]. Through the 
 machinations of the Portuguese he failed in his mission, 
 and returned to England in 1613. At Bantam, the 
 Dragon and Consent and Hector were loaded with 
 pepper and other spicery, including a small quantity of 
 
 shape, and there is a marked development in the geography of India, Ceylon, 
 Cochin China, and Corea. 
 
 One of the most remarkable of Shakespeare's allusions to India, as illus- 
 trating the minute knowledge of the people of that country possessed by 
 Englishmen in his day, is to be found in Heiiry VIII. [brought out as " All 
 is True," 1613], Act V., sc. 3, where the Porter, resisting the angry mob at 
 the door of the Palace Yard, exclaims :— " Or have we some strange Indian 
 with the great tool come to Court., the women so besiege us ? " 
 
 The allusion is to the Saiva gosain, Vaishnava vircuji, and other wandering 
 devotees of Siva and Vishnu in their phalHc aspects, who, on approaching a 
 village, are met by the Hindu women, and pressingly entreated to honour 
 them by accepting the hospitality of their persons. For particulars see 
 Picart's Ceremonies et Coutunws Relhjieuj^es, Amsterdam, 1728. 
 
ii08 
 
 cloves from Amboyna, which were sold in London for 
 36,287/., or over twelve times the price paid for them, 
 viz., 2,948/. I3.S. The net profits on this voyage amounted 
 to 234 per cent, upon the original subscription. 
 
 In the ''Fourth Voyage," 1607-9, the Ascension under 
 Keelinge, after the latter had obtained a grant of free 
 trade to Aden, in April 1609, was wrecked off Diu ; and 
 the Uiiion under Richard Rowles, after loading with pepper 
 at Priaman, was lost on her way home off the coast of 
 France. 
 
 In 1608 Captain D. Middleton, in command of the 
 " Fifth Voyage," was prevented by the Dutch from 
 trading at Banda, but succeeded in obtaining a cargo at 
 Pulo Way. 
 
 In 160S also the Company constructed the Dockyard 
 at Deptford [the "Eoyal Dockyard " was established there 
 about 1513, and closed 13th March 1869] ; and this was 
 the beginning, observes Sir William Monson, " of the 
 "increase of great ships in England." At the date of 
 Queen Elizabeth's death there were not more than four 
 merchant ships in the kingdom of 400 tons each, and the 
 whole number of ships was barely 150, of an average of 
 150 tons each. 
 
 In IGOfc) the Company received their new charter [dated 
 31st May] from King James I., by which the exclusive 
 privileges granted them by Queen Elizabeth to 1615 were 
 made perpetual. 
 
 In 1611 Sir Henry Middleton, in command of the 
 " Sixth Voyage," after a vain attempt to settle an agency 
 at Mocha, arrived before Cambay, and having resolutely 
 repulsed the Portuguese, who tried to beat him off, 
 obtained some important concessions from the native 
 powers. He then proceeded to Ticcoo, in Sumatra, 
 where, and at Bantam, he loaded the Peppercorn and 
 Darling with pepper and spices, and sent them home ; 
 he remaining behind to repair the damage done to the 
 Trades Increase, of 1,100 tons, the largest merchant 
 ship as yet built in England. She capsized, however, 
 
209 
 
 while being overhauled, and was then burnt by the 
 natives ; and her loss so much affected Sir Henry that 
 he died of grief shortly afterward. But notwithstanding 
 her destruction, the net profits on this voyage were over 
 120/. per cent. 
 
 In 1610-11 also, Captain Hippon, commanding the 
 " Seventh Voyage," succeeded in establishing agencies 
 at Fettipollee [? Pedapali] and Metchlipatam [Masuli- 
 patam], on the Coromandel Coast, and in Siam, and 
 opened a free trade also at Patania or Patany on the 
 Malay Peninsula ; but he was prevented by the Dutch 
 from trading at Pulicat. 
 
 In 1612 the Company's fleet, of the '* Tenth Voyage," 
 under the brave and discreet Captain Best, was attacked 
 off Swalley, the port of Surat, north of the mouth of 
 the river Taptee, in overwhelming force by the Portu- 
 guese, whom after four successive engagements he 
 utterly defeated, to the great astonishment of the 
 natives, for they had hitherto considered them to be 
 invincible. The firstfruits of this decisive victory were 
 the obtaining of the privilege to keep an English 
 Ambassador at Agra, and the settlement of a factory 
 at Surat, with subordinate agencies at Gogo, Ahmed- 
 abad, and Cambay. Trade was also opened with the 
 Persian Gulf. But the chief trade of the Company 
 was still with the Indian Archipelago, and though 
 Surat was their greatest emporium in India, it long 
 continued subordinate to Bantam [see 1606-7 and 
 1617]. 
 
 In 1612 Captain Newport, commanding the Expedition, 
 of the " Twelfth" and last "Separate Voyage," took out J '^ 
 Sir Robert Shirley, and Sir Dodmore Cotton, the King's 
 Ambassador to Persia [Shah Abbas], and after having 
 failed to establish an agency at Diu, sailed on to Ticcoo 
 [or Tecoa] and Bantam, and loaded home with pepper. 
 
 In 1613, Captain Saris, commanding the " Eighth 
 Voyage " [sailed 1611], established an agency at Firando 
 in Japan. 
 
210 
 
 In 1614 an ao:ency was established by Mr. Edwards of 
 the Surat factory at Ajmere. 
 
 It was in this year the Dutch Government proposed 
 to the English G-overnmeut to put an end to the rivalry 
 between the English and Dutch Companies in the East 
 by amalgamating them, on the basis of their capture of 
 the Moluccas from the Spaniards and the subscription 
 of a joint capital stock of 1,200,000L But the EngHsh 
 ["London"] Company rejected the tempting offer, on 
 the ground that war was a State business, and contrary to 
 the course to be pursued in commercial enterprises, and 
 intended to be pursued by them, and that it was opposed 
 to sound commercial principles for two nations to join in 
 monopolising a trade to the exclusion of others, and more- 
 over impracticable. 
 
 In 1()15 Sir Dudley Digges published his famous 
 pamphlet entitled A Defence of Commerce, showing 
 that the re-export of Indian goods from England to the 
 Continent had yearly exceeded the value of the bullion 
 exported from England to India ; that the English 
 nation had, from the time of the establishment of the 
 East India Company saved 70,000/. a year in the price 
 of pepper and other spices ; and had further benefited 
 from the commerce with India by the increase of the 
 customs revenue and the building of great ships, and 
 the employment of large numbers of Enghshmen in the 
 Company's business. In the previous year, 1614, the 
 Company had exported to India 14,000/. worth of English 
 woollen goods, "bays, kersies, and broadcloths," and 
 10,000/. worth of iron, lead, and foreign merchandise, 
 against 12,000/. sent out in bullion; while the shipping 
 employed by them that year had cost 34,000/., and the 
 provisioning of them and other contingent charges had 
 amounted to 30,000/, more. 
 
 In the same year Sir Thomas Roe was sent out by 
 James I. as Ambassador to the Court of Jehanghir, and, 
 on arriving at Agra in the following year, succeeded in 
 placing the Company's trade in the Mogul dominions 
 
211 
 
 on a more favourable footing. Also in this year a 
 temporary agency was opened at Cambello in the island of 
 Amboyna. 
 
 In 1616 we established factories at Calicut and Cranga- 
 nore ; and the Danes established their factories at Seram- 
 pore and Tranquebar, sold to us in 1845. 
 
 In 1617 possession was obtained of the islands of Pulo 
 Roon and Rosengyn, and a factory was established at 
 Macassar; and at this period the Company had, in the 
 Archipelago, factories at Acheen, Jambi, and Ticcoo 
 [or Tecoa] in Sumatra, at Bantam, Jacatra [afterward 
 Batavia], and Japara in Java, in Banda, at Succadana and 
 Banjarmassin in Borneo, at Patania in the Malay Penin- 
 sula, at Siam, at Macassar in the island of Celebes, at 
 Firando in Japan, at Masulipatam and Pettipollee on the 
 Coromandel Coast, at " Amedavar," Agra, " Agimere," 
 " Brarapore," and Surat in "the Moguls Dominions," and 
 at Cranganore and Calicut on the Malabar Coast; the 
 whole of these factories being subordinate to Bantam. 
 The factory at Surat was the chief seat of the Company's 
 Government in Western India [as it was of all their pos- 
 sessions in the East Indies between 1629 and 1635], until 
 the Presidency was transferred to Bombay in 1685-87. 
 In the year 1617 also the Dutch established factories at 
 Surat and Broach. 
 
 In 1618 the English established a factory at Mocha; 
 but the Dutch compelled us to resign all pretensions 
 to the ' Spice Islands.' In this year also the Company 
 failed in its trade with Dabul, Baticola, and Calicut, 
 through a want of sincerity on the part of the 
 Zamorin. 
 
 In 1619 the Company was permitted to settle a factory 
 and build a fort at Jasques, in the Persian Culf. 
 
 It was in 1619 also that the "Treaty of Defence" 
 with the Dutch, to prevent the harassing and disastrous 
 disputes that were always going on between them and 
 ourselves in the East, was ratified, but it came to 
 nothing. When proclaimed at Bantam, hostilities were 
 
 o 2 
 
212 
 
 solemnly suspended for the space of an hour, while the 
 Dutch and EngHsh fleets, dressed out in all their flags, 
 and with yards manned, saluted each other with great 
 cordiality; but the treaty ended in the smoke of that 
 stately salutation, and the perpetual and fruitless con- 
 tentions between the Dutch and English Companies 
 continued as before. 
 
 Up to this time the English Company had not 
 any portion of territory in sovereign right in the 
 Indies, excepting the island of Lantore or Creat 
 Banda. This island was governed by a commercial 
 agent of the Company, who had under him 30 Euro- 
 peans, as clerks, overseers, and warehousemen; and 
 these, with 250 armed Malays, constituted the only 
 force by which it was protected. In the islands of 
 Banda, Pulo Roon, and Rosengyn, and at Macassar 
 and Acheen, and Bantam, the Company's factories and 
 agents were without any military defence. Such was 
 the precarious situation of the English in the East on 
 the eve of their long struggle for commercial equality with 
 the Dutch, whose ascendancy in the Indian Archipelago 
 was already firmly established on the solid basis of terri- 
 torial dominion and authority. 
 
 In 1620 the Dutch, notwithstanding the Treaty of 
 Defence, concluded the previous year, expelled us from 
 Pulo Roon and Lantore, and in 1621 from Bantam. 
 The fugitive factors attempting to establish themselves 
 fil'st at Pulicat, were effectually opposed there by the 
 Dutch, and afterward found an asylum at Masulipatam 
 [1622]. 
 
 In 1620 also the Portuguese made an attack upon the 
 English fleet under Captain Shillinge, but were again 
 defeated with great loss ; and from this time the estima- 
 tion in which the Portuguese were held by the natives 
 of India steadily declined, while that of the English was 
 proportionately raised. 
 
 In 1620 also the Company estabhshed agencies at Agra 
 and Patna : and the " Indico " or '' Indian woad " imported 
 
213 
 
 from Agra this year amounted to 200,000 lbs., bought at 
 Is. Old. per lb. and sold in London at 5s. 
 
 In 1621 Sir Thomas Mun, Deputy Governour of the 
 Company, published his Discourse of Trade from England 
 to the East Indies. In this he showed that the annual 
 consumption in Europe of the following articles from 
 Southern Asia then was : — 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pepper - - - 6,000,000 
 
 Cloves - - - 450,000 
 
 Nutmegs - - - 400,000 
 
 Indigo - - - 350,000 
 
 Mace - - - - 150,000 
 
 Kaw silk [Persia] - - 1,000,000 
 
 This, by the old overland route, would have cost 
 
 1,465,000/., but by the new sea route cost only 511,458/. 
 
 Moreover, the English consumption of these articles 
 
 being about one tenth of the continental, the original 
 
 price paid for them by the Company was more than 
 
 recovered on the portion of them re-exported to the 
 
 Continent : besides which the entire cost of the ships, 
 
 wages, provisions, and insurance, was paid out of the gross 
 
 profits of the Company's trade to the English people. In 
 
 fact, the only bullion exported by the Company out of 
 
 England was but a fractional portion of what was imported 
 
 into the country from the Continent of Europe in payment 
 
 of their re-exported cargoes of pepper and other Indian 
 
 spices. 
 
 In 1622 the EngHsh, joining with the Persians, attacked 
 and took Ormuz from the Portuguese, and obtained from 
 Shah Abbas a grant in perpetuity of half the customs of 
 Gombroon. This was the first time that the English took 
 the offensive against the Portuguese. 
 
 On the 17th February 1622/23 occurred the " Massacre 
 of Amboyna : " and from this time the Dutch remained 
 masters of Lantore and the neighbouring islands, and of 
 the whole trade of the Indian Archipelago, until these 
 islands were recaptured by the English in the great naval 
 wars between 1781 and 1793 and 1811. 
 
214 
 
 In 1624 the English, unable any longer to oppose the 
 Dutch in the Indian Archipelago, withdrew nearly all their 
 factories there, and in the Malay Peninsula, Siam, and 
 •Japan. Some of the factors and agents retired to the 
 island of Lagundy in the Strait of Sunda, but were forced, 
 by its unhealthiness, to abandon it. 
 
 In 1625-26 a factory was estabhshed at Armagon on 
 the Coromandel Coast, subordinate to Masulipatam ; and in 
 1628 Masulipatam was, in consequence of the oppressions 
 of the native governor, abandoned for a time in favour of 
 Armagon. 
 
 In 1626 the EngHsh, with the Dutch, seized the 
 island of Bombay on the Malabar Coast from the Portu- 
 guese, but for some unexplained reason immediately 
 abandoned it.* 
 
 * Among the " SHIPS' JOURNALS " preserved in the Record Depart- 
 ment of the India Office are the " Journals " of three Englishmen present on 
 the occasion above referred to ; and, as they are the earliest EngKsh notices 
 of Bombay, I extract at length the entries relating to this obscure and long 
 forgotten, but, to all " Ducks," deeply interesting event : — 
 
 A. From Andrew Warderts Journal in the William : — " 1626, Oct. 15. In 
 the moringn stood in and ankred and landed of y"^ Eingles and the Duches 
 sum 400 meane at the leaste and tocke the forte & casell and the towne, and 
 sett fire of it and all the towne, and all the howesem [housen, i.e., houses] 
 theraboiites, the pepell being aU run away that night and ded caray away all 
 the best cometeies [commodities] levein nothein butt trashe. 
 
 " Oct. 16. In the moringen we sete sayle." 
 
 B. From John Vian's Journal in the Discovery : — "1626. Oct. 13. This loth 
 daye we and the whole ffleete both of English & Duch went into Bimibay 
 and came to an anckor in 9 fatham, one pointe beareinge W.N.W. p com- 
 passe, the other S. S. VV., the one 3 mile of, the other 3 leagus of ; this was in 
 the entringe of the harbor. 
 
 " Oct. 14. This dale we went ^^^th the whole ffleete in further, neare a 
 small towne or village, where there were Portingalls. Wee anckored and 
 rode a mile of, in 6 fadd., one point p comp. beareinge W.S. W. 5 mile of, the 
 other S. @ b. "\V. some 5 lea. of. Wee came soe neere the Towne with two 
 of our shipps that wee droue them all awaye with our great ordnance, viz. the 
 Morrice of the English, and y« Mauritius of the Duch. In safetie we landed 
 our men on shore, whoe pilladged the Towne, and set their houses all on fire 
 with their ffort neere the water side. Yea, we staide there the 15th daye 
 doeinge all the spoyle that possihlie we could, but we gott nothiuge to 
 speake of but vittuall. Soe when wee had done all the hanne we could, 
 the 15tli daye in the euening wee gott our men aboord leaueinge the Towne 
 on fire, and 
 

 :Qe 
 
 -^»-«w^ 
 
 
 
 
 "The letters JB ^ is the Bay ; < is the Town ; Ry is the three rivers ; the Ro: 
 (Eoad) is two rocks, one both sides (? one each side). Where the stem (?) of 
 the anchors (is), we rode before the great house without (outside) the stakes. 
 Where the wood (is), is the island. The higher great pyramid is a castle, as 
 we think, up in the land. The letter C by the great tree is a hermitage. The 
 letter Jf is a monastery, and the little town of cittjohn (? citizen) houses be- 
 twixt it and the wood. Where the letter / (is), there were a dozen frigates 
 riding. The letter N over Bassein is a nunnery." 
 
 Plate VII. Sketch Map of Bombay Harbour, 1626. 
 
 (from David Davies' Journal). 
 
215 
 
 In 1629 the factory at Bantam was re-established as 
 a subordinate agency to Surat ; and in 1630 Armagon, 
 reinforced by 20 soldiers, was placed under the Presidency 
 of Snrat. 
 
 In 1632 the Company re-established their factory at 
 Masulipatam under a firman, known as the " Golden 
 Firman," from the King of Golconda [Abdallah-Kulb 
 Shah, 1611-72]. Under an extension of this firman, 
 obtained in 1634-35, the Company founded a factory at 
 Verasheroon [Yiravasaram] . It was withdrawn in 1662 
 and re-established in 1677. 
 
 In 1633 Azim Khan, Governor of Bengal [1632-37], 
 having received orders from the Great Mogul [Shah 
 Jehan, 1628-58] " to expel the idolaters [Portuguese] 
 from his dominions," the Portuguese fort at Hugli, under 
 Michael Rodrigues, was seized after a brave resistance, 
 and its defenders driven out of Bengal. None of them 
 
 " The 16 daye m the morneinge when the winde cam of shore, wee wayed 
 anckor, and went of to sea again." 
 
 C. F?-om David Daries' Journal in the Discovery. — 1626. "Oct. 18. The 
 13th we went into the Baye and Roade w"'out the stakes, as you maye see in 
 the draft following. 
 
 " The 14th the Moris & ij° Dutch shipps went in neere the greate howse 
 to batter agaynst it, in w'^'' batterie ij° of the Moris ordnance splitt ; the same 
 dale we landed 300 men Englishe and Dutch and burnt all their kittjonns 
 [citizens'] howses and tooke the greate howse w* ij basses [" the smallest 
 kind of cannon used in the 16th and 17th centuries"— see Murray's New 
 English Dictionary'] of brasse & one sakor [saker, i.e., literally, 'a hawk,' * a 
 denomination of cannon] of iron. 
 
 " The 15th all our men embarkqued aboorde the shipps being sonday in 
 the evening, and lefte the greate howse w^"^ was boath a warehowse, a friory, 
 and a forte, all afire burning w"^ many other good howses together w"' two 
 nywe frigates not yett frome the stockes nor fully ended ; but they hadd 
 caried awaye all their treasur and all things of any valine, for all were runde 
 awaye before our men landed." 
 
 The sketch map appended to David Davies' Journal is reproduced in the 
 plate opposite [No. VII.]. 
 
 I am indebted for these extracts to Mr. W. Foster, B.A., of the Registry 
 and Records Department under Mr. F. C. Danvers. 
 
 * Professor Max Mullerhas pointed out in his LcctiiresoiiJ.aiH/nrtijc [2nd series, 1864, p. 229] 
 how ou the decline of falconry the names of the birds used in that sport were transferred 
 to firearms. Thus, the " musket" took its name from the dappled [" muscatus" J sparrow 
 hawk. In Italy this bird \_terzn\o'] gave the name of fo-i'n.M to the pistol, and in France to 
 the sacve, or, in EngUsh, saker, a gun of which there were three denominations, carrying 
 shots weighing respectively 4, 6, and 9 pounds. 
 
216 
 
 were personally ill-treated, but their ''idols" were all 
 ruthlessly destroyed. 
 
 In 1634, by a firman dated February 2nd, the Company 
 obtained from the Great Mogul the liberty to trade in 
 Bengal, without any other restriction than that their sliips 
 were to resort only to Pipley, or PippH, in Orissa, where 
 they had had a factory from 1624. 
 
 In 1634-35 Bantam was again raised to an independent 
 Presidency ; and an agency was established at Tatta, or 
 *' Scindy." 
 
 In 1637 Courten's Association [chartered 1635] settled 
 agencies at Goa, Baticola, Carwar, Acheen, and Eajapore 
 in the dominions of the King of Bijapur [Mahomed, 
 1626-56]. Their ships had the year before plundered 
 some native vessels at Surat and Diu, a piratical act which 
 disgraced the Company with the Mogul authorities [who 
 could not comprehend the distinction between the Com- 
 pany and the Association], and depressed the English 
 trade with Surat, while that ot the " lustick Dutch " was 
 proportionately increased. 
 
 In 1 638 Armagon was abandoned as unsuited for com- 
 merce ; and in consequence Fort St. George [" Madras- 
 patam," " Chineepatam "] was founded by Francis Day,* 
 1639-40 ; the factors at Armagon being at once removed 
 
 * In the first volume of the ''Black Books'' [see pp. 30-1], page 32, the 
 following entry is made of a letter from " Surratt," dated" 27 elan: Anno 
 1641":— 
 
 " Frauncis Day blamed to bee the first projector of the forte of St. George. 
 The worke begunne by Frauncis Day and paid for out of the Company's 
 cash." 
 
 Again, at page 33, among the charges which Andrew Cogau [Agent for the 
 Coromandel Coast] is to be required to answer, the following head the 
 list :— 
 
 " To answeare the building of the ffort St. George, the charge Avhereof 
 hath cost from y-^ first of March 1639 to y« 30th June 1643, pagods new 
 9260. 
 
 "To give accompt whether it bee finished or how farre it is proceeded. 
 
 " To answeare what the charge of y« souldiers monethly is to mainteyne the 
 ffort ; as well for wages, victuaU and otherwise." 
 
 Mr. Cogan's answer to these interrogations will be found in O. C. 1761. 
 
 I am indebted for these instructive extracts to Mr. W. Foster, B.A., 
 of the Registry and Records Department under Mr. F. C. Danvers. 
 
217 
 
 to it. Fort St. George was made subordinate to Bantam, 
 until raised in 1G53-54 to the rank of a Presidency. Its 
 site was the first territorial acquisition of the EngUsh in 
 India. 
 
 In 1640 the Company established an agency at Bus- 
 sorah, and factories at Hughly and Carwar. 
 
 The Company's trade having now become much ex- 
 tended, their yard at Deptford was found too small for 
 their ships, and they therefore purchased some copyhold 
 ground at Blackwall, at that time a waste marsh, without 
 an inhabitant ; and there they opened another dockyard, 
 and built the Eoijal James, of 1,200 tons, the largest 
 merchant ship yet seen in England.* 
 
 In 1642 the factory at Pipley was transferred to Bala- 
 sore ; and in this year the first regular despatches were 
 received by the Company from Mr. Francis Day from both 
 Fort St. George and Balasore. 
 
 In 1645 additional privileges were granted to the Com- 
 pany by Shah Jehan ; and in 1646 the Governor of Bengal 
 [Sultan Shujah, 1639-60] made further concessions, 
 placing the factories at Balasore and Hughly on the most 
 favourable footing. At this period, 1645-50, however, 
 the trade of the Company suffered great depression owing 
 to the ascendancy of the Puritan party in England affect- 
 ing the home demand for silks, figured stuffs, and other 
 denominations of artistic piece goods ; and to rumours of 
 the civil war in England having at length reached the 
 East. The Company was seriously injured thereby, par- 
 ticularly in Persia, where the " tragicall storye of the 
 Kinge's beheadinge " [Charles I., 30th January 1649] 
 made a deep and lasting impression. 
 
 In 1647 Courten's Association estabUshed their colony 
 at Assada, in Madagascar. 
 
 * The Henry Grace de Dieu, commonly called the "Great Harry" of the 
 Royal Navy in 1522 is said, in the Pepysian papers at Cambridge, to have 
 been of 1,500 tons burden ; but in all other accounts it is given as 1,000 tons. 
 The largest ship in Queen Elizabeth's Xavy, the Triumph, commanded by 
 Martin Frobisher against the Spanish Armada, was of 1,100 tons burden. 
 
'218 
 
 In 1651 the Dutch founded their colony at the Cape 
 of Good Hope, abandoning St. Helena, which they had 
 held from 1645. Thereon the English Government took 
 possession of the island, which on being wrested from 
 them by the Dutch in 1672-73 was at once re-taken by 
 them, and made over to the East India Company by the 
 charter of Charles II., dated 16th December 1674. 
 Already by the charter granted by Charles II., the 3rd of 
 April 1661, the Company had been authorised to plant 
 and fortify St. Helena. 
 
 In 1652 Cromwell, the author of the obsolete "Navi- 
 gation Laws," " the Palladium of England," wearied out 
 of all patience with the Dutch, on account of their long 
 accumulated cruel injuries against the Company, at last 
 declared war against them, and prosecuted it with such 
 vigour that the Dutch were speedily constrained to entreat 
 for peace on auy terms the great Protector might please 
 to prescribe. 
 
 Accordingly, by the Treaty of Westminster, 1654, the 
 Dutcli agreed to restore Pulo Roon [elsewhere " Rohun "] 
 to the English Company, to pay them an indemnity of 
 85,000/., and a further sum of 3,615/. to the heirs and 
 executors of the victims of the " Massacre of Amboyna." 
 This settlement gave new life and spirit to the Company's 
 trade, that at this time had, from various causes, but 
 chiefly from the unyielding antagonism of the Dutch, 
 become greatly depressed. But the rapacious and wily 
 Dutch took care before ostensibly leaving Pulo Roon to 
 grub up all the spice trees on the island ; and then, lest 
 we might lay out new plantations of them, they, in de- 
 fiance of the Treaty of Westminster, continued in surrepti- 
 tious possession of the place, doing all the miscliief they 
 could to it, until Major Willoughby was appointed English 
 Goveruour in 1663. But in 1()64 the Dutch again seized 
 the island, and held it until it was finally ceded to them by 
 the Treaty of Breda, 1667. 
 
 In ] 053 the Company's factory at Lucknow was with- 
 drawn. No record has been found of its establishment. 
 
219 
 
 In 1653-54 Fort St. George [Madras] was constituted 
 a Presidency, with Mr. Aaron Baker, at that time 
 Agent under the President at Bantam, as first 
 Governour. 
 
 In 1655, in the " Masulipatam Consultations " of 
 December 4th, mention is made of a factory at Dala- 
 padie, in addition to the factories at Verasheroon and 
 Pettipollee ah-eady mentioned. In this year also the 
 Company of '' Merchant Adventurers," composed of the 
 rump of Courten's " Association," obtained their charter 
 from Cromwell to trade with India ; but in 1657 were 
 united by Cromwell with the " London " Company. 
 
 In 1656-57 the Dutch established a factory at Chin- 
 surah. It was taken by us in 1795, given back to the 
 Dutch in 1814-15, and finally ceded to us with Malacca, 
 in exchange for Bencoolen, by treaty in 1824-25. 
 
 In 1658 the Company established a factory at Cossim- 
 
 bazaar [" Castle Bazaar "] ; and made their establishments 
 
 in Bengal subordinate to Fort St. George, instead of to 
 
 Bantam. This arrangement remained in force until 16S1. 
 
 In 1660-61 they established a mint at Madras. 
 
 In 1661 the factory at Biliapatam was founded. 
 
 In 1661 also Bombay was ceded, and in 1665 delivered 
 
 up, to the British Crown ; and transferred by Charles II. 
 
 to the East India Company by the charter of the 27th of 
 
 March 1669, which specifies that the Port and Island were 
 
 to be held by the Company, " as of the Manor of East 
 
 Greenwich," in free and common soccage, at a farm rent 
 
 of 10/., payable on the 30th of September each year. 
 
 The seat of the Western Presidency was removed to 
 
 Bombay from Surat in 1685-87. 
 
 At this time the Company's estabhshments in the East 
 Indies consisted of the Presidency of Bantam, with its 
 dependencies of Jambi, Macassar, and other places in 
 the Indian Archipelago ; Fort St. George and its dependent 
 factories on the Coromandel Coast and in the Bay of 
 Bengal ; and Surat, with its affiliated dependency of Bom- 
 bay, and dependent factories at Broach, Ahmedabad, and 
 
220 
 
 other places in Western India, and at Gombroon in the 
 Persian Gulf, and Bussorah in the Euphrates Valley. 
 
 In 1663 the factories established at Patna, Balasore, 
 and Cossimbazaar were ordered to be discontinued, and 
 purchases made only at Hugly. 
 
 In the years 1663 and 1 664, the English at Surat and 
 in the Indian Archipelago were much harassed by the 
 Dutch.* 
 
 * " Great talk of the Dutch proclaiming themselves, in India, Lords of the 
 " Southern Seas, and denying trafiick there to all ships but their own, upon 
 " pain of confiscation; which makes our merchants mad." — Pepys, 9th Feb. 
 1663/64. 
 
 " This afternoon Sir Thomas Chamberlin " [son of the Judge William 
 Chamberlayne, created a baronet 1642] " came to the office to me, and 
 " shewed me several letters from the East Indys, shewing the height that the 
 " Dutch are come to there, shewing scorn to all the English, even in our own 
 " Factory there at Surat, beating several men, and hanging the English 
 " standard St. George under the Dutch flag in scorn ; saying that whatever 
 " their masters do or say at home they will do what they list and be masters 
 *' of aU the world there ; and have so proclaimed themselves Soveraigne of 
 *' all the South Seas ; which certainly our King cannot endure, if Parliament 
 " will give him money. But I doubt, and yet do hope, they will not yet, 
 " until we are more ready for it." — Idem, 15th Feb. 1663/64. 
 
 " 'Mi. Coventry and I did long discourse of the business of the ofiice " 
 [Admiralty], " and the war with the Dutch, and he seemed to argue mightily 
 " for the little reason that there is for all this. For first, as to the wrong we 
 " pretend that they have done us, — that of the East Indies, for their not 
 " delivering Poleron, — it is not yet known whether they have failed or no ; 
 " and that of their hindering the Leopard cannot amount to above 3,000Z., if 
 " true."— Ibid., May 29, 1664. 
 
 The English Company were the more exasperated by the hindrances and 
 oppressions of the Dutch because their trade was at this time becoming 
 prosperous, of which both Evelyn and Pepys give evidence. 
 
 " One Tomson, a Jesuit, showed me a collection of rarities sent from the 
 ' " Jesuits of Japan and China, . . . brought to London in the East India 
 1 " ships for them, .... rhinoceros horns, and glorious vests [vestments] 
 r" wrought and embroidered in cloth of gold, with such lovely colours tliat for 
 " splendour and vividness we have nothing in Europe that approaches it ; a 
 " girdle studded with achats and rubies of great value and size, . . . knives, 
 "... fanns with long handles curiously carved, and filled with Chinese cha- 
 " racters ; a sort of paper, very broad and tliin and fine, like abortive parch- 
 " ment, exquisitely polished, of an amber colour, exceeding glorious and 
 " pretty, and seeming to be Uke that which my Lord Verulame describes in 
 " his ' Nova Atlantis ' ; prints of landskips, idols, saints, pagodas of most 
 " i^gly? monstrous, and hideous shapes ; pictures of men and countries, 
 " painted on a sort of gum'd calico, transparent as glass ; flowers, trees, 
 " beasts, birds, exceUently wrouglit on a kind of sleeve silk, very natural ; 
 
221 
 
 In 1664 Surat was pillaged by Sivaji, but Sir George 
 Oxenden bravely defended the English factory ; and the 
 Mogul Emperor [Anrnngzib, 1658-1707], in admiration 
 of his conduct, granted the Company exemption from 
 customs for one year. 
 
 In this year also the Company suffered great loss through 
 the decision against them that calico was to be regarded 
 as linen.* 
 
 In 1665, Mr. George Foxcroft, having been sent out as 
 President at Fort St. George in succession to Sir Edward 
 Winter, v^as [16th September] seized by the latter and, 
 with his little son, and Mr. [afterward Sir] Jeremy Sam- 
 brooke, thrown into prison ; Sir Edward Winter contuma- 
 ciously holding on in office for three years more, or until 
 22nd August 1668. 
 
 In 1666, on the Honourable Sir Gervase Lucas becoming 
 Governour of Bombay, he threw his officiating predecessor, 
 Mr. Humfrey Cooke [Secretary to Sir Abraham Shipman], 
 into prison for extortion and peculation. Cooke escaped 
 to Goa, and there, with the assistance of the Jesuits, 
 organized a levy for the capture of Bombay ; but was 
 frustrated in his attempt, and proclaimed a traitor in 
 J 668. 
 
 In 1666 also tea was first imported for sale into England 
 
 " divers drugs, that our druggists and physitians could make nothing of^ 
 " especially one called ' Lac Tigridis' " [see note on Lac, page 39] ; "several 
 " book MSS., a grammar, with innumerable other rarities." — Ecelyn's Diary, 
 22nd June 1664. 
 
 "ToEriffe; . . . and there he [Lord Brouncker] and Sir Edmund Pooly 
 " carried me down into the hold of the India shipp [a Dutch prize] and 
 " there did show me the greatest wealth lie in confusion that a man can see 
 " in this world. Pepper scattered through every chink, you trod upon it : 
 " and in cloves and nutmegs I walked above the knees, whole rooms full. 
 •' And silks in bales, and boxes of copper-plate, one of which I saw opened." 
 —Pepys, 16th Nov. 1665. 
 
 * " Sir Martin Noell told us the dispute between him, as farmer of the 
 " Additional Duty, and the East India Company, whether calico be linen or 
 " no ; which he says it is, having been ever esteemed so [!] ; they [the Com- 
 " pany] say it is'made of cotton woole, and grows upon trees, not like flax 
 " or hemp. But it was carried against the Company, though they stand out 
 " against the verdict." — Pepys, 27th Feb. 1663/4. 
 
222 
 
 from Holland. The Company's first importations of tea, 
 direct from Bantam, were received in 1 669 [see p. 26, »ofe]. 
 
 In 1667 Pulo Roon was, as above [1654] stated, finally 
 abandoned to the Dutch by the Treaty of Breda. 
 
 In 1668 a factory was established at Vizagapatam. 
 
 In this 3'ear [1668] also the survivors of the King's 
 [Charles 11. ] soldiers sent out with Sir Abraham 
 Shipman to garrison Bombay, on the transfer of the 
 island to the Company volunteered into their service, 
 and became the cadre of the Honourable Company's 
 *' 1st European Regiment," or "Bombay Fusileers," 
 afterward the 103rd Foot. 
 
 In 1671 the Company ordered the building of two 
 brigantines at Bombay, and this was the beginning of 
 their famous Dockyard there. 
 
 In this year also the Bombay Mint was founded ; and, 
 by the King's Letters Patent, dated 5th October 1677, 
 was authorized to coin " Rupees [rujjya, silver-' stamped,' 
 "i.e., 'coined,' from rupa, 'form'], Pices [_i.e., paisa, 
 *' ^th of an anna, or J^th of a rupeel, and Biidgroolis'* 
 \hadaga-ruka, "base coin," j^^h of an anna, and identical, 
 therefore, with the present "pie," i.e., pai']. 
 
 * Tavernier, writing in 1676 of " the money which the English and Hol- 
 " landers coin in the Indies," says : — " Formerly the English never coined any 
 " Silver or Copper jNIoney ; for . . . they .find it more profitable to carry 
 
 " Gold from England than Silver But since the present King of 
 
 " England married the Princess of Portugal, who had in part of her Portion 
 " the famous Port of Bomheye, where the English are very hard at work to 
 " build a strong Fort, they coin both Silver, Copper, and Tinn. But that 
 " Money will not go in Surat, nor in any parts of the Great Mogul's Domi- 
 " nions, nor in any of the Territories of the Indian Kings ; only it passes 
 " among the English in their Fort, and for some two or three leagues u\j the 
 " Country, and in the Villages along the Coast, the Country people that 
 " bring them their wares being glad to take that IMoney; other\Wse they 
 " would see but little stirring, in regard the Country is very poor, and the 
 " people have nothing to sell hut Aijiia Vitae, made of Coco- Wine ['tody'] and 
 " Rice." 
 
 The earliest money struck for the use of the English in India were the 
 "Portcullis" Crowns, half-Crowns, ShiUings, and Sixpences of (iueon Eliza- 
 beth, who would not permit the Company to transport the Spanish dollar into 
 Asia, but insisted on the circulation of coins bearing her own imperious super- 
 scription. The earliest coins minted by the English in India were of copper, 
 stamped with tlie figure of an irradiated liiigam, the phallic " Koi Soleil." The 
 
223 
 
 In 1672 the Company ordered factories to be esta- 
 blished at Tonqnin, Tywan, and Siam, and in Japan, and 
 China. They sent a vessel to Japan, but in consequence 
 of the King of England having married a princess of 
 Portugal [Charles II. m : Catherine of Braganza, 1661- 
 1662], were refused permission to trade there. The 
 ship then proceeded to Macao, but here the Company's 
 agents were greatly hindered by the intrigues of the 
 Portuguese, and an attempt to open trade with Formosa 
 proved equally unsuccessful. 
 
 In 1673 the Hooblee factory, subordinate to Surat, was 
 for the second time attacked by Sivaji. In this year also 
 the notable fact is recorded of the Company having sent 
 out Enghsl^men to Bengal to teach the Native.^ to dye 
 silks the green and black colours in fashion at home. 
 
 Between 167-2 and 1674 the French settlement at 
 Pondicherry [sometimes spelled ' Pont de Cheree ' as if 
 Pont du Cheri, and Pordicheri] was founded by Martin. 
 
 In 1675 the Company wrote out to their Agents in India 
 
 mintage of this coiu is unknown [? Madras], but without doubt it must have 
 served to ingratiate us with the natives of the country, and may have given 
 origin to their persouification of the Company under the potent title of KuM- 
 PANi Jehan, which, in English mouths, became "John Company." The 
 earliest known coins of the Bombay mintage are the four rupees in the 
 British :\Iuseum, dated 1675, 1677, 1678, and again 1678, respectively. The 
 first has stamped on the reverse the arms of the " Old " India Company as 
 described at page 21, and the remaining three the Royal Arms of England of 
 the date, viz. , quarterly, the three Lions of England, the Lion of Scotland, the 
 Harp of Ireland, and the o fleur-de-lis of France. The first of the two 1678 
 rupees is milled on the edge, miUing having been introduced into the English 
 Mint in 1662. In a Bombay rupee of 1687 the Company's arms reappear on 
 the reverse. See " The Coinages of the East India Company at Bombay," 
 by the late Edward Thomas, in The Indian Antiquary. Fanams were also 
 coined by the Company at Bombay during the reign of Charles II. , bearing on 
 the obverse two linked Cs ['^J^], and on the reverse the figure of the Hindu 
 monkey-god Hanu-man [" Long-Jaw "] ; and these rare coins are now worth 
 a pound a piece. Among the earlier numismatical types used by the Com- 
 pany was their bale mark. The familiar scales were introduced late in the 
 18th century, and the Arms of the United Company about 1803. The money 
 circulated by the Company in India never bore the effigy of a British 
 sovereign until 1837, when they ceased to coin in the name of the titular 
 emperors of Delhi, and stamped their rupees with the head of King William IV. 
 
224 
 
 that Lahore Indigo was being undersold in London by 
 West Indian; and that less lac would be required in 
 future, because of "the new practice of using wafers 
 instead of wax " for sealing letters. 
 
 In this year, also, the sale of pepper began to fail in 
 Turkey, and Eastern and Northern Europe, on account 
 of the wars in Poland, Austria, and Turkey; and, as the 
 wars continued, its place in the general domestic consump- 
 tion of the west of Europe was gradually taken by ginger. 
 
 About this time [1675] also, Indian piece-goods, or 
 cahcoes [i.e., of Calicut] and muslins [i.e., of Mosul, — 
 see foot-note, page 88] of every description, began to 
 largely supplant the use of cambrics, lawns, and other linen 
 fabrics. " Byrampauts," "Beteelles" [Spanish, heatilla, 
 "a veil"], Chintzes [chint, "figured"], " Dhooties " 
 [dhoti, "loin-cloth"], "Guinea Stuffs" [i.e.. Gunny {goni, 
 " sacking ") Stuffs], and Long-cloths [lungi, a cloth passed 
 "between the thighs"] made at Baroach, Jamboseer, 
 Ahmedabad, and other places in Guzerat, were received 
 from Surat, and later from Bombay ; white cotton cloths 
 from Anjengo ; Chintzes of all sorts and Ginghams [the 
 Tamil kindan, and, borrowed, Javanese gingang] from 
 Masulipatam, and, later, from Madras; and "Baftas" 
 [hafta, " woven "], Bandannas [handJia, " bound," certain 
 portions of the cloth being " bound" up in knots, to form 
 the patterning, before being dipped in dye], " Herba [i.e., 
 Jute {juta, "matted")] Taffaties " [tafta, "woven"], 
 "Mulmuls" [maimed, "muslin"], et ccetera, collected 
 from all parts of Hindustan, Allahabad, Mhow, Lucknow, 
 Dacca, Patna, and Malda, and exported from Pippli, Hugli, 
 and [after 1686-9] Calcutta.* 
 
 * This profitable trade between India and England promised, all through 
 the last quarter of the 17th and the first haK of the 18th centuries, to grow 
 to unbounded proportions, but after 1721 was deliberately and pitilessly- 
 destroyed by the prohibitoiy duties and other penal enactments enforced 
 against it ; first, by those interested in bolstering up the woollen, linen, and 
 silk manufactures of tliis country in their rapidly languishing competition 
 with the cheap, light, and gaily-figured cotton cloths of India ; and then, after 
 Sir Richard Arkwright's revolutionary invention [17(i7-()!l] had made it im- 
 
225 
 
 In 1077 the Javanese, at the instigation of the Dutch, 
 sacked the Company's factory at Bantam, and assassinated 
 the Agent; in consequence of which tlie factory books 
 were closed and conveyed to the Court of Directors. 
 
 In this year also the Company's factory at Madapolam 
 is first mentioned. 
 
 In 1678 permission was obtained for settling a factory 
 at Tonquin : and in 1679 a factory was established at 
 Amoy. 
 
 In 1681 Bengal was separated from Madras, and Mr. 
 [afterwards Sir William] Hedges appointed " Agent and 
 Governour" of the Company's affairs "in the Bay of 
 
 possible to secure a monopoly for our woollen, linen, and silk manufacturers, 
 by those interested in the new English cotton manufactures founded on 
 Hargreaves's " spinning jenny" [1764-67], and Arkwright's " spinning frame." 
 In 1700 it was enacted, " that from and after the 29th day of September 
 " 1701 all wrought silks, and stuffs mixed with silk or herba, of the manu- 
 «' facture of Persia, China, or the East Indies, and all calicoes, painted, dyed, 
 " printed, or stained there, which are or shall be imported into this kingdom, 
 " shall not be worn or otherwise used in Great Britain ; and all goods im- 
 " ported after that day shall be warehoused and exported again. " An Act of 
 1721 imposed a fine of bl. upon the weaver, and of '201. upon the seUer of a 
 piece of calico ; and a like penalty for wearing, or using in any bed, chair, 
 &c., such calico " or any stuff made of, or mixed with cotton, printed, dyed, 
 " or stained," except muslins, and " calicoes dyed all blue." In 1736 this Act 
 was so far modified that cahcoes manufactured in Great Britain were allowed 
 to be worn provided the warp was of linen. In 1774 a statute was passed, 
 expressly to encourage the Enghsh calico manufacturers, allowing goods 
 wholly of cotton to be made and used, and reducing the duty on the same 
 from sixpence to threepence per yard. This started the great piece-goods 
 industry of Lancashire. India still continued to enjoy a monopoly in the 
 production of the fine mushns of Dacca. But when in 1785 the use of the 
 "mule jenny" [invented by Samuel Crompton 1779] was introduced at Not- 
 tingham, and two years afterward 500,000 pieces of muslin were woven in the 
 United Kingdom, an end was at once put to the importation of this last im- 
 memorially famous denomination of the artistically perfected textile manu- 
 factures of the East [see pages 69-60]. It is impossible, however, to sup- 
 press for ever the industrial force of 200,000,000 of patient people in 
 possession of so naturally productive a country as India ; and since the 
 introduction at Bombay, in 1857, of English cotton mills, notwithstanding 
 that the cost of building and working them there is double what it is at home, 
 they have, for the past 33 years, been turning out yearly increasing quanti- 
 ties of yarns and cloths, until they are now actually supplying, in yearly 
 increasing quantities, the lower counts of twists and coarser denominations 
 of cotton cloths to all the chief Eastern markets, hitherto, that is from 1827, 
 monopolized by Manchester. 
 
 P 
 
226 
 
 or 
 
 " Bengal, and of the factories subordinate to it 
 " Cossimbazaar, Patna, Balasore, Malda, and Dacca. 
 *' A corporal of approved fidelity, with 20 soldiers, to 
 *' be a guard to the Agent's person, and the factory at 
 " Hooghly, and to act against interlopers." [See 1686, 
 1689, and 1698-99.] 
 
 In the same year Mr. [afterwards Sir John] Child, 
 brother of Sir Josia Child, was appointed President at 
 Surat. 
 
 In 1 682, the Company first ordered opium to be sent 
 from Bengal to England ; but up to 1786 the importation 
 amounted only to about 750 lbs. a year, being about one- 
 tenth of the quantity received into England from other 
 countries than India.* 
 
 * It was not nntil 1773 that the Company undertook the supervision of 
 the manufacture of opium in Bengal, Behar, and Orissa. In 1797 the culti- 
 vation of the poppy for opium was restricted to Behar and Benares, and dis- 
 continued in Bengal. An immense trade had been going on between India 
 and the surrounding countries in tliis di-ug long before the Company mono- 
 polized it. Thus Barbosa [151G] mentions that the Chinese ships on their 
 return voyages loaded at Malacca with "much anjiam, which we call opium." 
 Valentijn [1726] writes : — " Java alone consumes monthly 850 packs of 
 opiimi, each being of 130 catis.'' And Hamilton [1727] :— " The Chiefs of 
 •' Calecut for many years had vended between 500 and 1,000 chests of 
 " Bengal opiuni yearly up in the inland countries, where it is very much 
 " used." The regular exports of the Company from Bengal began in 1796. 
 Opium smoking is known to have prevailed in China at least fifty years 
 before this ; whOe the artistic elaboration of the opium pipe of the remoter 
 parts of that country points backward to very remote centuries as the date 
 of the origination of the habit. This, however, is a mere inference, and the 
 recorded contemporary evidence of the extension of the use of opium from 
 Egypt and Asia ]Miuor renders it probable that its introduction into Persia 
 and India, at least, was due to the Mahomedan traders of the 9th and 10th 
 centuries A.D. If this was actually the case, we owe to them at once the 
 provision of alcohol as the special stimidant of the western and northern 
 nations of the Old World, and of opium as the favourite narcotic of its 
 southern and eastern populations. For the Xew World there was tobacco ; 
 and it is likely, in time, to everywhere supplant both ardent spirits and 
 opium as the popular cfydpfjiaKov vqirevOi^?. In packet 1-1 of the collections of 
 India Office Records enumerated in the Statistics and Commerce Depart- 
 mental List Xo. 2,397, there is a letter, written in 1711, from Vizagapatam 
 to air. Thomas Woolley, who was for more than twenty years Secretary to 
 the " United [East India] Company," enlarging on the uses of opium to 
 vegetarians. It will be found 4-eprinted in the Tivies, 27th July 1886. See 
 
227 
 
 In 1682-83 Bantam was taken by the Dutch, and the 
 English, Portuguese, French, and Danes driven out. As 
 a consequence the English Company was obhged to with- 
 draw its factories from Tonquin, Amoy, Siam, and other 
 places subordinate to Bantam. They, however, obtained 
 a settlement at Bencoolen, on the south coast of Sumatra; 
 and there, in 1685-87, built Fort York,* and, in 1714, 
 Fort Marlborough, to protect it against the Dutch. 
 
 In 1684 we were expelled from the whole island of 
 Java ; but it was not until 1817 that we formally withdrew 
 from Bantam. 
 
 In 1683-84 Captain Richard Keigwin's curious mutiny 
 against the authority of the Company at Bombay caused 
 considerable alarm. It would make an interesting subject 
 for an exhaustive monograph by such a writer as Mr. 
 James Douglas. Whatever Keigwin's faults as an official 
 may have been, he w^as a splendidly brave man, as his 
 escalade of " Keigwin's Rock," St. Helena [15th May 
 1673], and attack on " Sevagee's Armada" oif Henery- 
 Kenery [18th October 1679, see page 83] prove ; and 
 one's personal sympathies are entirely with him in his 
 quarrel with the Company's officials at Bombay, among 
 whom both Mr. George Bourchier [also spelled Bowcher], 
 and Mr. John Petit appear to have been disposed to 
 extenuate, if not justify, his misconduct. 
 
 In 1683 a factory was settled at TelHcherry ; and during 
 1683-84, the one at Cuddalore was definitively estabhshed. 
 There had been commercial relations with the latter place, 
 and Thevnapatam or Tegnapatam [afterward Fort St. 
 David], apparently, from 1674. 
 
 In 1684 Sir John Child was made " Captain General 
 and Admiral of India," and Sir John Wy borne "Vice- 
 Admiral and Deputy Governor of Bombay." 
 
 also my letters on the opium question in the Times of 6th December 1881 and 
 20th January 1882. 
 
 * William Dampier, the maritime discoverer, served for some time as a 
 gunner at Fort York. 
 
 p 2 
 
•228 
 
 In 1685 a factory was established at Priamau, an 
 island off Sumatra, and fortified ; and an island on the 
 Ganges was also fortified ; and the factory at Masuli- 
 patam temporarily dissolved. Angengo was probably first 
 occupied in this year, but its early history is obscure. 
 [See pp. 8(3-7.] 
 
 In 1685-87 the seat of the Presidency of Western India 
 was finally transferred from Surat to Bombay [see 1617^ 
 1629-30, and 1661J. 
 
 In 1686 the factory at Hugly was much oppressed 
 by the Mogul Governour of Bengal ; and the Com- 
 pany's business in India suffered generally from the 
 wars of the Moguls and Mahrattas. Sir John Child 
 was therefore appointed " Governour General,"* with full 
 
 * Sir William Hunter, in the '■'■ Imperial Gazetteer of India,'' Vol. VI. 
 [India], p. 370, after stating that Sir John Child was appointed " Governour 
 General," with full power in India to make war or peace, observes in a foot- 
 note : — "Sir George Birdwood's Report on the Old Records of the India Office 
 " quotes this title from the MSS. It is therefore nominally a century older 
 " than is usually supposed ; but Hastings was the first real Governour GeneraL " 
 On reading this I at once began to inquire into the question thus raised, but 
 failed in being able to trace in the India Office MS. records the original 
 authority for so early a use of the title of " Governour General." But 
 finding that IVIi-. James Douglas, the author of A Book of Bombay [1883], and 
 Round about Bombay [1886], two most interesting books of old local history, 
 had also in the former volume, at page 60, applied this title to Sir John 
 Child, I wrote to iMr. Douglas, asking if he could refer me to his authority 
 for it. In reply, he wrote, 4th November 1886, as follows : — 
 
 " I received yours of the 15th October yesterday ; and, as the mail is late, 
 I am sorry I have not the time to consult books. I do not think that you, 
 ISIr. James Campbell [see Bombay Gazetteer, Surat, p. 98], and I could have, 
 independently, called Sir John Child ' Governour General ' without authority 
 for it. It is no doubt in Bruce's Annals, which I have not beside me." 
 
 "Mr. James Campbell's words, at page 98 of the Surat volume of the 
 Bombay Gazetteer, are :— ' Bombay was [1687] to be fortified in the strongest 
 ' manner, and to become the capital of the Company's Indian possessions, 
 ' and the residence of the Governour General [Sir John Child].' " 
 
 " I don't think we all three could have invented tiiis name, and conclude 
 it is in the second volume of Bruce, or in Anderson's English in Western 
 India.'" 
 
 It is clear, however, that JNIr. Campbell [like, and probably following, 
 Bruce, Annak, II., 5G8], uses the phrase descriptively, and not officially, and 
 I suppose that in coi)ying it out of his book, or from Brucc's Annak, I, 
 
229 
 
 power to make war or peace in India ; and ordered to 
 proceed to inspect the Company's possessions in Madras 
 and Bengal, and arrange for their safety. On the 20th of 
 December the Company's agent Job Charnock [*' Chanak " 
 of Indian writers], with his council, quitted the open 
 factory at Hugly, and retired to Chuttanuttee.* [See 
 1698-99.] 
 
 Thevuapatam, or Tegnapatam, a suburb of Cuddalore, 
 was first settled in this year [1686] ; and Fort St. David 
 was definitively established there in 1690-92. 
 
 In 1687-88 Sir John Wyborne and Mr. Zinzan [see 
 page 31] were dismissedf the Company's service at 
 Bombay for disputing the authority of Sir John Child. 
 
 through heedlessly placing it between inverted commas, gave it a titular look 
 and meaning. 
 
 From an admirable httle report by Mr. F. C. Danvers, Kegistrar and 
 Superintendent of Records at the India Office, on the succession list of the 
 Chiefs, Agents, and Governours of Bengal, it appears that Mr. [afterward 
 Sir] William Hedges was the first Agent who was also styled Governour, 
 1681-83. His successor, Mr. William Gyfford, from Fort St. George, was 
 styled President and Governour, 1683. Then both these titles were dropped 
 until the appointment of Sir William Eyre as President and Governour from 
 1699 ; after whom they were borne by all his successors down to Warren 
 Hastings, who was appointed [under Lord North's " Act for the Regulation 
 of India," 1773] " Governour General," and was the first to bear that title in 
 India, 1774-85. Lord [afterward Earl] Canning, the fourteenth Governour 
 General, was the first Viceroy of British India, 1856-61. On Warren 
 Hastings' appointment as " Governour General," the title of " Governour 
 of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal " remained for a time disused ; 
 but was revived in 1833 as a second title of the Governour General, who 
 continued to hold the separate office of " Governour of the Presidency of 
 Fort William in Bengal " to 1853-4, when the offices were separated, and as 
 much of " the Presidency of Fort William " as was not placed under the 
 Lieutenant Governour of the North-AVest Provinces was made into a Lieute- 
 nant Governourship of Bengal, with Mr. [now Sir Frederic] Halliday as first 
 Lieutenant Governour. 
 
 * The three villages included in the new English settlement founded by 
 Job Charnock [b. ? , d. 1693] were called Chatanati, (xovindpur. and 
 Kalikata. Only the name of the last survives in the present Calcutta. 
 
 t The entry, in the second volume of "the Black Books" [see above 
 pp. 30-31], from a Bombay Letter of the 6th of January '1687/8, is :— " Sir 
 John Wyborne and Mr. Zinzan quite turned out." From another entry, from 
 a Bombay Letter of the 9th idem, it would however appear that Mr. Zinzan 
 
230 
 
 In 1688 the Post Office was established at Bombay. 
 
 It was in this year also that the French obtained 
 *' Frasdaugeh " or Chanderuagore [Chandannagar, 
 " Sandal-wood city"] from Aurungzib. 
 
 In 1689 the Company retired from their factories in 
 Bengal to Madras [see 1681 and 1698-99]. 
 
 In the same year their factories at Vizagapatam and 
 Masulipatam were seized by the Moguls, and the factors 
 massacred ; and Bombay was pillaged up to the " Castle " 
 walls, by the Sidi [Saed] of Jinjira. 
 
 It was in this year [1689] therefore that the Company, 
 in order to acquire iiie political status of an independent 
 power in their relations with the Moguls and Mahrattas, 
 at last determined to consoHdate their position in India 
 on the basis of territorial sovereignty. To this end 
 they formed the following resolution for the guidance 
 of the local governments in India : — " The increase 
 *'■ of our revenue is the subject of our care, as much 
 " as our trade ; 'tis that must maintain our force 
 " when 20 accidents may interrupt our trade ; 'tis 
 
 " THAT MUST MAKE US A NATION IN InDIA ; without 
 
 ** that we are but a great number of interlopers, united 
 •* by His Majesty's Royal Charter, fit only to trade 
 " where nobody of power thinks it their interest to 
 " prevent us ; and upon this account it is that the wise 
 " Dutch, in all their general advices that we have seen, 
 " write ten paragraphs concerning their Government, their 
 " civil and military policy, warfare, and the increase of 
 *' their revenue, for one paragraph they write concerning 
 ** trade."* 
 
 had already died on the ^ord of November previous, i.e., 1687. The charges 
 against both ^^''yl)orne and Zinzan were for oi^eniug the secret letters to Sir 
 John Child, and for their " carriage " toward the latter, who is said to have 
 " ill resented " the same. 
 
 * This resolution was undoubtedly dictated by Sir Josia Ciiild, the ruling 
 spirit of the Company at this critical period. In the second volume of 
 The Diarij of Sir William Hedges, p. 117, Sir Henry Yule quotes the following 
 
231 
 
 In 1690 Sir John Child died at Bombay, 
 
 In 1690-92 the factory at Thevnapatam, or Tegnapa- 
 tam [Cuddalore], first settled in 1686, was fortified, and 
 called Fort St. David. From 1746 to 1752 it became 
 the chief seat of the Company on the Coromandel 
 Coast. 
 
 In 1691-92 the factory at Baroash was dissolved. 
 
 In 1693 the Company spent 90,000/. in bribing the 
 Privy Council to renew their charter, and prevent the 
 incorporation of the new " English Company." 
 
 In 169-1 Angengo was fortified from Bombay. 
 
 In 1698, in spite of all their bribes, " the old East 
 " India Company lost their business against the new 
 " Company by ten votes in Parliament, so many of 
 " their friends being absent, going to see a tiger baited by 
 " dogs." [Evelyn's Diary, March 5th.] The new Com- 
 pany was styled " the English Company trading to the 
 " East Indies," in contradistinction to the old " (jovernour 
 " and Company of Merchants of London trading into 
 " the East Indies." On this " the Old Company " exerted 
 itself " with a true Roman courage," as one of their 
 official letters to their servants in India states ; and at 
 Madras and elsewhere all their old factories and stations 
 were resumed, so as to exclude " the New Company," 
 and Bengal was again made independent of Madras. 
 [See 1681, 1686, and 1689.] 
 
 In 1698-93 the "London Company" obtained from 
 Prince Azim Ushau, Governour of Bengal [1697-1704] 
 a grant, confirmed by the Emperor Aurungzib [Prince 
 Azim's father] in l.'OO, of the towns of Chuttanuttee, 
 Kaleecutta [not yet known as Calcutta] and Govindpore, 
 and pushed on the construction, commenced in 1696, of 
 
 equally remarkable paragraph, attributed by him to Sir Josia Child, from a 
 Company's letter to Fort St. George, dated 12th December ir)87 :— " That 
 " which we promise ourselves in a most especiall manner from our new Pre- 
 " sident and Council is that they will establish such a Politie of civill and 
 " military powtr, and create and secure Such a large Revenue to maintain 
 " both at that place, as may bee the foundation of a large, well grounded, 
 " sure EnptLish Dominion in India for all timk to Come." 
 
232 
 
 Fort William, to this day the only stronghold the English 
 possess in India. From this period Calcutta was virtually 
 a separate Presidency, but was not formally constituted 
 one until 1707. [See 1634, 1681, 1(389. See also note 
 on 168f).] 
 
 In ir»98 the " English Company " established a factory 
 in Borneo. 
 
 In 1700, in consequence of the great cheapness of the 
 silks imported by the Company from India, the English 
 manufacturers forced the Government to pass the Act, 
 already quoted [page 225, note'], in connection with the 
 popular agitation against the Company's importation of 
 Indian cotton fabrics, whereby it was declared that from 
 Michaelmas 1701 no Persian, Indian, or Chinese silks 
 should be sold, worn, or in any way used in England. 
 
 In 1708 a factory was established at Anjeram [? Anjier, 
 in Java, on the Strait of Sunda] ;* and in 1714 Fort 
 Marlborough [Bencoolen] was built in supersession of 
 Fort York, built in 1685 [see under 1682-83]. 
 
 In 1702-8-9 the *'01d" [*' London"] and ''New" 
 [" English "] Companies were amalgamated under the 
 style of "The United Company of Merchants 
 Trading to the East Indies;" since commonly known 
 and officially described as, " the Honourable East India 
 Company. "t 
 
 In 1707 Aurungzib died, after a reign of upwards of 
 50 years ; and from the period of his death commenced 
 those internal troubles which gradually broke up the 
 great Mogul Empire, and paved the way for the conquests 
 of the Honourable East India Company. 
 
 * Where is the tomb of Colonel Cathcart, who died on his voyage out to 
 China, as British Ambassador to the Court of Peking, and was buried here 
 in 1788 ? 
 
 t In 1707 also the legislative union of Scotland with Enghind was effected, 
 and the "/>Zacefto" administered to the Scots on the occasion was the free 
 return to them, out of Enghsh revenues, of the capital they had, in futile 
 rivalry with the " London " Company, subscribed to the " Company of Scot- 
 land trading to Africa and tlie Indies," founded in KiOf), witii five per cent. 
 

 lOrf 
 
 12Cf 
 
 j;j(f 
 
19097- 1 253' .P.- AS.'' 
 
233 
 
 With his death, therefore, and the union of the two 
 Companies, the annals of the English Factories end, and 
 the history of the British Conquest of India begins. 
 
 I conclude this abstract and brief chronicle of the 
 former period with an enumeration of the chief 
 factories* established by the English from the com- 
 mencement of their trade to the East until the union 
 of the two Companies in 1702-8-9. Those mentioned 
 in the deed of union, under the head of the "Old 
 Company's" dead stock, are shown in italics ; while 
 those of which separate records are extant are denoted by 
 an asterisk [*]. 
 
 In the Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf. 
 Aden and Mocha. 
 
 In the Green Sea or Persian Gulf, and 
 Persia. 
 Jasques or Jask, Bushire, Bassorah, '^Ispahaun, *Gom' 
 hroon, and Shyraz. 
 
 In Western India, and on the Malabar Coast. 
 Cutch, Cambay, Gogo, Rajbay or Rajbag, Ahmedahad, 
 [' Amadavad'], Broach, *8tirat and *SifaUy, Baroda 
 ['Brodera'], ^Bombay, Rajapore ['Dundee-Rajpore'], 
 Ganvar, Baticola, Onore, Barcelore, Durmapatam, 
 Cranganore, Mangalore, Cananore, Rattera, Brinjan, 
 Porca, Carnoply, TeUickerry, Calicut, Cochin, Quilon, 
 *Angengo, 
 
 interest from that date added. The bribe pleased, quieted, and otherwise 
 benefited the Scots, — 
 
 "And prosp'rous actions always pass for wise." 
 We may not therefore after so prolonged a period discuss either its policy or 
 morality, any more than question the goodly fruit of a tree because of the 
 unsavoury compost about its roots. But the memory of a transaction, pro- 
 fitable at once for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in 
 state-craft, should not be allowed to perish. 
 
 * This list would be much more useful could the date of occupation of 
 each place named be added ; but I have not found it possible to do so in time 
 for the present [1890] reprint. 
 
233 
 
 With his death, therefore, and the union of the two 
 Companies, the annals of the EngHsh Factories end, and 
 the history of the British Conquest of India hegins. 
 
 I conclude this abstract and brief chronicle of the 
 former period with an enumeration of the chief 
 factories* established by the EngHsh from the com- 
 mencement of their trade to the East until the union 
 of the two Companies in 1702-8-9. Those mentioned 
 in the deed of union, under the head of the " Old 
 Company's" dead stock, are shown in italics ; while 
 those of which separate records are extant are denoted by 
 an asterisk [*]. 
 
 In the Red Sea, or Arabian Gulf. 
 Aden and Mocha, 
 
 In the Green Sea or Persian Gulf, and 
 Persia. 
 Jasques or Jask, Bushire, Bassorah, *Ispahaun, * Gom- 
 broon, and Shyraz. 
 
 In Western India, and on the Malabar Coast. 
 Cutch, Cambay, Gogo, Rajbay or Rajbag, Ahmedahad, 
 [' Amadavad'], Broach, *8iirat and ^Sically, Baroda 
 ['Brodera'], *Bomhay, Rajapore ['Dundee-Rajpore'], 
 Ganvar, Baticola, Onore, Barcelore, Durmapatam, 
 Cranganore, Mangalore, Cananore, Rattera, Brinjan, 
 Porca, Carnoply, Tellicherry, Calicut, Cochin, Quilon, 
 *Angengo. 
 
 interest from that date added. The bribe pleased, quieted, and otherwise 
 benefited the Scots, — 
 
 "And prosp'rous actions always pass for wise." 
 We may not therefore after so prolonged a period discuss either its policy or 
 morahty, any more than question the goodly fruit of a tree because of the 
 unsavoury compost about its roots. But the memory of a transaction, pro- 
 fitable at once for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, and for instruction in 
 state-craft, should not be allowed to perish. 
 
 * This list would be much more useful could the date of occupation of 
 each place named be added ; but I have not found it possible to do so in time 
 for the present [1890] reprint. 
 
234 
 
 In Southern India, on the Coromandel Coast, 
 AND IN Orissa. 
 Tuticorin, *Forto Novo [' Firingipet '], *CuddaIore, 
 *Fort St. George [Madras, ' Chineepatam '], *Pulicat, 
 *Armagaon [* Dasarapatnam '], Viravasaram [Verashe- 
 roon], Ingeram, *PettipoUee, *Masidipatam [' Metchli- 
 patam'], *MadapoUam, *Vizaga2)atam, *GolcoDda, 
 *Tanjore, Bimlipatam, Biliapatam, Ganjam, *Conimero, 
 ' Fort St. David [TeTnapatam], Chingee, Gingee, or 
 Chingu, *Ballasore [' Bulramgurry '], Pipley. 
 
 In Bengal and Hindustan. 
 *Hughleij, *Fort William, ^ Chuttanuttee [not yet merged 
 in Calcutta], *Cossimhazaar ['Castle Bazaar '], Piajamaul, 
 *Maulda, *Euglesvad, Patna, *Dacca, Lucknow, Agra, 
 Ajmere, Lahore, Burhampur [' Brampore 'J. 
 
 In Further India, and the Malay Peninsula. 
 *Siam, Cochm China, Pegu, *Patauy or Patania, 
 Quedah, Johore, Cambodia, Ligore. 
 
 On the Island of Sumatra. 
 *Acheeii, *Jambee, Passaman, Priaman, Sillehar, Ticcoo, 
 *Fort York, Beiicoolen, Indrapur or Indraporee, *Tijamong 
 or Tryamong. 
 
 On the Island of Java. 
 Bantam,* Japara, Jacatra [afterward *Batavia]. 
 
 On the Island of *Borneo. 
 Baujarmassin and Succadana. 
 
 On the Island of Celebes. 
 Macassar,* and a residency at Menado. 
 
 On the Moluccas, or ' Spice Islands.' 
 Factories on the island of Lantore or 'The Great 
 Banda,' and on the islands of Roseugyn, Pulo Way, and 
 
235 
 
 Pulo Roon, "their" [i.e., the London Company's] 
 " ancient inheritance," and on the island of *Amboyna. 
 
 liN THE Yellow oe China Sea. 
 Magindanao, Tonquin, Pulo Condon, *Amoy, *Tywan, 
 *Macao, *Canton, Chusan. 
 
 In *Japan. 
 Firando. 
 
 In the ^thiopic or South Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 ^St. Helena: appertaining, writes Herbert, "to Afer 
 " . . . . [because it is nearest that Continent] rather 
 " than ]\'sputius.^^ 
 
 Such was the Factory Empire, extended through all the 
 coasts and islands of Southern Asia, of the blue sea lions 
 of the " Old " East India Company. 
 
 Dutch, Italian, French, and English Boohs on the 
 Factory Period.'^ 
 
 Jan Hugo van Linschoten travelled in India from 
 1583 to 1589, and Philip BaldsBus about 1660 ; and the 
 Voijages into ye Easte and Weste Indies [Dutch original, 
 Amsterdam, 1596, and Enghsh translation, London, 1598] 
 of the former, and the Description of the Coasts of Malabar 
 and Coromandel [Amsterdam, 1672] of the latter, are two 
 invaluable books for the information they give of the early 
 days of the Dutch in the East, and their struggles with 
 the Portuguese. 
 
 Cornehiis Le Bruyn's Voyage to the Levant, of 
 which an English translation was published in 1702, 
 although it does not include India, and scarcely, 
 therefore, comes within the scope of the present Note, 
 is here mentioned on account of the excellence of its 
 
 * As in the case of the list of contemporary writers on the early Portu- 
 guese Period, this enumeration of works relating to the English Factory 
 Period in the East is very incomplete, particularly in the important Dutch 
 liistories and narratives and collections of voyages and travels, of the time. 
 It is a list simply of my own familiar books on the subject, and is quite long 
 enough for all practical purposes. " Onerat discentem turba libroruin, non 
 instruit." 
 
236 
 
 copper-plate illustrations, numbering 300, of the cities 
 and people of the countries he describes, and particularly 
 of the ruins of Persepolis, and other antiquarian remains, 
 in Persia. 
 
 In 1563, Caesar Frederick, a Venetian merchant, 
 went b}^ way of the Persian Gulf to India, and on to 
 Pegu; and the account he gives of his travels was 
 translated into EugHsh by Thomas Hichoch in 1588, 
 under the title of Voyage and Travaill into India, 
 the Indies, and beyond, the Indies. He describes 
 Cambay, where the commercial supremacy of the 
 Portuguese was acknowledged, and Ahmedabad and 
 Goa. He gives a very detailed account of the com- 
 merce of Pegu, visited by him in 1568. It had 
 previously been visited by iVntonio Correa, who, shortly 
 after the occupation of Malacca by the Portuguese, 
 was despatched thither with the view of establishing 
 trade with Burmah. It was subsequently [1588] 
 visited by Gasparo Balbi ; and his Viaggio dclV Indie 
 Orientcde [Venice, 1590], and Caesar Frederick's narra- 
 tive, are the best notices we possess of the last-named 
 country until the publication of the modern works of 
 Symes and Phayre. 
 
 Pietro della Valle [Viaggi in Turchia, Persia, e India, 
 Venice, 1650-58-63] travelled in Persia in 1614-26, 
 and Adam Olearius [The Voyages and Travels of the 
 Ambassadors, German ed., Schleswig, 1647, English trans, 
 by John Davies, 1662 and 1669] was secretary to the 
 Duke of Holstein's embassy to Russia and Persia in 
 1633-39 ; but neither of their narratives trenches on the 
 proper ground of the Dutch and English factory period 
 in India. 
 
 Mandelslo accompanied the Duke of Holstein's 
 mission to Piussia and Persia, to which Olearius was 
 secretary, in 1633-39 ; and from Bandar Abbas went 
 on to Surat, Baroach, ' Brodera ' [Baroda], Ahmed- 
 abad, Cambay, Lahore, and Vizeapore, returning 
 to Denmark, where he landed, May 1, 1640, from 
 
237 
 
 Surat. The narrative of liis Voyage and Travels, trans- 
 lated by John Davies, was pubUshed in England, in one 
 volume with Olearius's account of the Duke of Holstein's 
 mission, in 1662 and 1669, and gives a most interesting 
 account of our factory at Surat, and of the manner of 
 life of the factors there. They were the inventors of the 
 potent Greekish poteen, punch [Puntz of Mandelslo, Paunch 
 of Fryer], so called from the five [in Hindustani panch] 
 ingredients, spirit, lemon or Hme juice, spice, sugar, and 
 rose-water, used in its composition. The TrevTa-n-Xoa of the 
 " merry Greeks " was composed of wine, honey, cheese, 
 meal, and oil. 
 
 Jean Baptiste Tavernier [Voyages en Turquie, en 
 Perse,' et aux Indies^ l(i76, first English translation, 
 1677] travelled constantly in India between 1640 and 
 1667; Jean de Thevenot [Voyages, 1689] visited the 
 East in 1655-63 ; Fraugois Bernier [Histoire de la 
 derniere Revolution des Etats du Grand Mogid, 1670, 
 translated into English with his Voyage to Swat, 
 London, 1671 and 1675] lived at the court of Aurungzib 
 for 12 years [1658-70], and accompanied that monarch 
 to Cashmere ; and " Sir John " Chardin [Journal du 
 Voyage, 1st part published, London, 1686, and the 2nd 
 and yrd, Amsterdam, 1711], was in Persia and the 
 East Indies from 1664 to 1681 ; and the works of these 
 four accompUshed Frenchmen rank among the most 
 valuable records of travel in India that have ever been 
 published. 
 
 Sir Thomas Roe's admirable Journal of his Voyage 
 to the East Indies, and Ohservations there during his 
 Besidence at the Mogul Court [1615-18], originally given 
 in Purchas [ i 625], was published separately in French, at 
 Paris, in 1663. 
 
 Henry Lord's Displaii of the Sect of Banians and Bcligion 
 of the Parsees were published in 1630. 
 
 Sir Thomas Herbert, descended from Sir W. Herbert, 
 the iincestor also of tlie brilliant Pembroke family, 
 travelled in the East as secretary to the English 
 
238 
 
 embassy to Persia, from 1627 to 1629. His book, 
 entitled A description of the Persian Monarchy noiv heinge, 
 the Orientall Indyes, Isles, and other parts of the Greater 
 Asia and Afrik, was published in 1634. He pluckily con- 
 tends that Prince Madoc ap Owen Gwynedd discovered 
 America 300 years before Columbus. The 3rd edition, 
 1665, contains a beautiful etching of Persepolis by 
 Hollar. Thomas Herbert is otherwise interesting as one 
 of the Commissioners appointed to receive King Charles I. 
 on his sale by the Scots to the English Parliamentarians 
 in 1647. 
 
 Edward Terry's Voyage, published in 1655, gives a most 
 interesting account of Surat and Swally, and of Thomas 
 Coryate's travels in the East, and death at Surat in 
 1617. 
 
 John Ovington's Voyage to Surat was published in 
 1696. 
 
 John Fryer, surgeon to the Company, travelled in 
 Persia and India from 1672 to 1681, and his Neiv Account 
 of the East Indies and Persia, published in 1698, is the 
 most delightful book ever published on those countries, 
 and invaluable for the graphic descriptions it gives of the 
 factory life, and general condition of the people of India in 
 his time. 
 
 Charles Lockyer w'as engaged in the Company's 
 business in the Indian Seas about 1704, and his 
 Account of the Trade in India, published in 1711, affords 
 a complete account of the management of the commercial 
 affairs of the English and Dutch East India Companies 
 at that date. 
 
 Mr. Clements Markham, C.B., in the volume of The 
 Voyages of Sir James Lancaster to the East Indies, 
 edited by him for the Hakluyt Society [1877], has given 
 abstracts of the journals of voyages to the East Indies 
 by the Company's commanders during the 17th century. 
 Lancaster's voyages are republished from Purchas and 
 Hakluyt [1589], but the rest are from the India OfiQce 
 Records. 
 
239 
 
 Among other books to which my acknowledgments are 
 also due must be mentioned the following : — 
 
 Becwil des Voijages de la Compafpuc des Indes Orientales 
 des HoUandois, 10 vols. 12mo, 1730 ; Eden's History of 
 Travayle; Alex. Hamilton's Netv Account of the East 
 Indies, 1727 : Bruce's Annals of the East India Company, 
 1810; Peter Auber's various works on the East India 
 Company, drca 1820 ; James Mill's History of British 
 India, ISn ; Milhmns Oriental Commerce, 1813; A. An- 
 derson's History of Commerce^ 4 vols, folio, 1787 [pub- 
 lished anonymously] ; the four volumes, edited by Mr. 
 Noel Sainsbury, of the Calendar of State Papers relating to 
 the East Indies, 1513 to 1629 ; Cooley's History of Mari- 
 time and Inland Discovery, 1830 ; and Lindsay's History of 
 Merchant Shippi7ig and Ancient Commerce, 1874-76. I have 
 also derived great assistance from James Forbes's Oriental 
 Memoirs, 1834 ; and PhiHp Anderson's delightful book, 
 The English in IVestern India, 1856 [it is well worth re- 
 publication, with the supplementary articles contributed 
 by the author, subsequently to its publication, to the 
 Bombay Quarterly Review] ; and Mr. Talboys Wheeler's 
 Madras in the Olden Time, 1862, and Early Piecords of 
 British India, 1878.* Victor Jacquement travelled in 
 India from 1828 to 1832, and Bishop Heber [who, before 
 going to India, had visited Germany, Russia, and the 
 Crimea] from 1823 to 1828 ; and the Correspondence 
 pendant son Voyage dans VIndc [1841-44] of the former, 
 and the Journal [1828] of the latter, are two of the most 
 instructive and important books ever given to the world on 
 India. 
 
 * To this list I must now [1889] add, beside the recent works by Henry 
 Stevens, Sir Henry Yule, and James Douglas [acknowledged at pp. 15, 2;!, 
 and 228, respectively]. Dr. John Anderson's volume [" Triibner's Oriental 
 Series "] on English Intercourse with Siam in the Seventeenth Century ; and the 
 Rev. H. B. Hyde's [of St. John's Church, Calcutta], First Bengal Chaplain 
 [John Evans], published in the " Indian Church Quarterly Review." 
 
240 
 
 THE HISTORY OF " THE UNITED COMPANY," OB 
 THE BRITISH CONQUEST OF INDIA. 
 
 The period of the conquest of India b}^ the Company 
 is beyond that covered by the general mass of the sup- 
 plementary miscellaneous " Old Eecords " here reviewed, 
 and all that is necessary to be given under the present 
 head is a catalogue of the Company's conquests, in illus- 
 tration of the original firmans and numerous copies of 
 firmans ["translates of phirmands"] enumerated in my 
 " Eeport on the Old Eecords." It will be convenient 
 however, to preface this inventory with a slight sketch 
 of the history of India from the appearance of the 
 Portuguese off the coasts of the peninsula to the 
 close of the Company's last Charter. Messrs. Fidler 
 and Craufurd's " Memorandum " of 1873-75 affords an 
 admirable index to the records of the later part of this 
 period, from 1708-9 down to 1858, when the Honour- 
 able East India Company was extinguished as a poli- 
 tical power, and the British Indian Empire was seques- 
 trated to the Imperial Crown of the United Kingdom. 
 
 When the Portuguese first appeared in India, the 
 seventh and last Afghan dynasty, of the House of Lodi 
 [1450-1526], was the paramount power in Hindustan 
 [*' India alba "], while in the Deccan [" India nigra "] the 
 Hindu Kingdom of Bijanagar, known to the earlier Euro- 
 pean travellers and settlers in India as " the Kingdom of 
 Narsinga," still maintained its independence. A number 
 of petty Hindu states also flourished along its westward 
 borders, on the Malabar Coast, of which CaHcut under its 
 Zamorins [i.e. Samudri, Sea-Kings] was one. Baber, the 
 Founder of the Mogul Empire of Delhi, the son of the 
 governour of Ferghana, and descended from both Chiugiz 
 Khan and Tamerlane, seized on Cabul in 1504, conquered 
 the Punjaub in 1518, and met and overthrew Ibrahim 
 Lodi on the plain of Pauipat, March the 5th, 1526. 
 
 It was under the fourth Afghan dynasty, of the House 
 of Khilji [1288-1321], that the Mahomedans first 
 
241 
 
 invaded the Deccan in 1294. The Amirs established 
 in the Deccan revolted against the House of Tnglak 
 [1321-1412], the fifth Afghan dynasty of Delhi, in 
 1347, when ZuflQr Khan the Afghan founded the Great 
 Bahmini dynasty that ruled at Kulburga from 1347 
 to 1526. After this rebellion the rulers of Delhi [the 
 Seiads, 1412-1450, and the House of Lodi, 1450-1526] 
 never again crossed the Nerbudda into the Deccan until 
 the reign of Akbar [1556-1605], the grandson of Baber. 
 In 1526 the Bahmini Kingdom became divided into 
 the Kingdoms of Bijapur [1489-1689], Baidar [1492- 
 1609], Ahmednagar* [1490-1637], and Golconda [1512- 
 1687] ; and in 1565 the kings of these four Mahomedan 
 States united against the Hindu Kingdom of Bijanagar, 
 then ruled by Ram Raja, the seventh of the dynasts of 
 Narsinga, and divided the bulk of it between them, the 
 remainder falling to the Naiks, Zemindars, and Polygars 
 of the Madras Presidency. It was then that Mysore 
 [i.e. Mahishusura, the buffalo demon slain by Kali], 
 hitherto tributary to Bijanagar, became independent, and 
 the chief Hindu State of the Deccan. 
 
 It was during the wars caused by the efforts of Akbar 
 [third Mogul Emperor, 1556-1605] and his successors 
 to reduce the Mahomedan Kingdoms of the Deccan 
 to subjection that the Mahrattas gradually rose to 
 supremacy both in the Deccan and Hindustan. Sivaji 
 was born in 1627, and died in 1680. After Aurungzib's 
 death in 1707 the Mogul Empire fell into rapid decay ^ 
 and the Punjaub, Rajputana, Oudh, Bengal, Behar, 
 Orissa, Rohilcund, the Carnatic, and Hyderabad [under 
 the usurping Nizam-ul-Mulk, Azef Khan, 1717-48] 
 had already become virtually independent, when the 
 whirlwind of Nadir Shah's invasion in 1739 swept over 
 India. It was then that Baji Rao, the second Mah- 
 
 * The kingdom of Berar, founded by the Ummad Shahi dynasty which 
 ruled at Ellichpur from 1484 to 1574, was in the latter year annexed to 
 Ahmednagar. 
 
242 
 
 ratta Peish-u-a, assembled the whole powers of the Deccan, 
 and marched at their head to the relief of Delhi. As Baji 
 Eao advanced Nadir Shah retreated, but in his army was 
 Ahmed Shah Abdali [Durani], destined to overthrow the 
 supremacy of the Mahrattas for ever, on the memorable 
 plain of Panipat, in 1761. 
 
 Such was the political condition of India in the reign of 
 the 12th Mogul emperor, Mahomed Shah [1719-1748], 
 on the eve of the British conquest. 
 
 The French [Martin] had bought Pondicherry in 
 1672-74, Chandernagore in 1688, and Yanaon in 1706, 
 Mahe was taken by them in 1725, and Carical ceded 
 by the Eajah of Tanjore in 1739 : and in 1741 Dupleix 
 became, in succession to Dumas [1736-41], G-overnour 
 General of the French possessions in India. In 1740 
 the Mahrattas invaded the Carnatic, then a dependency 
 of the kingdom of Hyderabad, and the French, having 
 given refuge to the Nawab's son, received the thanks 
 of the Nizam-ul-Mulk [Azef Khan]. Dupleix now 
 resolved to drive the English out of India, and the oppor- 
 tunity was afforded him in the war between England and 
 France in 1744-48. Madras was surrendered to La Bour- 
 donnais in 1746, and the English might then have really 
 lost India but for La Bourdonuais' antipathy toward 
 Dupleix, and the conclusion of the Peace of Aix-la- 
 Chapelle, and the concurrent deaths of the Great Mogul 
 [Mahomed Shah] the Peishwa [Sahu], and the Nizam-ul- 
 Mulk [Azef Khan], all in the same year, 1748, before 
 the situation compromised by La Bourdonnais could be 
 recovered.* 
 
 * The subject of La Bourdonnais' [Bernard Fran9ois Mahe de la Bourdon- 
 nais, b. at St. Malo 1C99] bribery has always had an interest for minds given 
 to searching out mean and sordid causes for the great results of history. 
 Having carefully read through the " Law Case, No. 31, of 3rd March 1752," 
 the only original document in this country, I believe, in the matter, and cited 
 by Colonel Malleson, Hislory of the French in India, page 157, note, I have 
 been led to the opinion that it affords no conclusive evidence of the truth of 
 
243 
 
 The death of the Nizam-iil-Mulk was followed by a 
 disputed succession between his sons, in which the 
 English and French took opposite sides, with the result 
 
 the charge. The capture of Madras by La Bourdonnais, its abortive ransom 
 by Goveruour Morse and his Council— which, according to the charge against 
 him, La Bourdonnais was induced to accept by a bribe of 100,000 pagodas 
 (40,000/.),— and the annexation of the town by Dupleix, and its final restora- 
 tion to the Enghsh, formed an unconsidered episode of the war of the Austrian 
 Succession, 1744-1748. That war at once brought England and France into 
 conflict ; and the first hostile act of each country was to fit out a naval expe- 
 dition for the destruction of the other's mercantile settlements in the Indian 
 Ocean, 
 
 The English fleet was the first to arrive in the Bay of Bengal, in 1745, 
 when Dupleix, the Governour of Pondicherry, in great alarm, sent a large pre- 
 sent to the Nawab of the Carnatic, who replied, as desired, by forbidding the 
 English, who up to that time were his tributaries, from engaging in hostilities 
 within any part of his dominions. The English fleet in consequence left " the 
 Bay and Coast " in 174G. They had no sooner disappeared than La Bourdon- 
 nais, with the squadron he had collected together with extraordinary energy 
 from the Isles of France and Bourbon, entered it; and now Morse, the 
 Governour of Madras, 1744-1749, in his turn applied to the Nawab of the 
 Carnatic to restrain the French, as he had previously restrained the English, 
 from hostilities, but, as Morse neglected to send a present with his applica- 
 tion, it was left without an answer. In consequence, on 18th August 1746 
 [as this interesting Law Case, in correction and amplification of the vague 
 statements of our standard histories, informs us]. La Bourdonnais, with eight 
 French ships under his command, appeared before the town of Madras, and 
 fired a few shots into Fort St. George, and some broadsides into the Prin- 
 cess Mary, one of the Enghsh Company's ships then in the roads, and after- 
 ward lay to in the ofiing, or cruised up and down the Coromandel coast, in 
 sight of the town and people of INIadras. On 3rd September, Morse and his 
 Council heard that La Bourdonnais had landed his men somewhere down the 
 coast, and was marching on Madras ; and the next day he opened his attack 
 on the town. On lOtli September, Morse and his Council, excepting Mr. 
 Fowke, came to a resolution to capitulate, and treat for the ransom of the 
 place ; and for that purpose Mr. Monson, who was next to Morse in Council, 
 and Mr. Hallyburton, an English gentleman of Madras, who spoke French, 
 were deputed to wait on " Monsieur La Bourdonnais," and settle terms with 
 him. These, in brief, were that the town should pay 1,100,000 pagodas for 
 its ransom ; and the charge of bribery and treason against La Bourdonnais is 
 that he agreed to this ransom in consideration of a further sum of 100,000 
 pagodas, to be given to him for his own private use and gratification. 
 Dupleix quashed the treaty, and confiscated all the Company's property in 
 
 Q 2 
 
244 
 
 that, in 1751, Salabat Jung, the thh'd son of the Nizam- 
 ul-Mulk, was installed at Aurungabad as Subadhar of 
 
 Madras, and all private property, excepting only personal apparel and jewelry, 
 and carried off all the chief people of the place prisoners to Pondicherry, 
 and annexed ]\Iadras [appointing Paradis Governour] to the French posses- 
 sions on the Coromandel coast. 
 
 Had La Bourdonnais stood loyally by Dupleix at this conjuncture [after 
 the example of our Enghsh officers in the early days of the Company's ad- 
 ventures in India] the future dominion of India would, as far us we can now 
 judge, have passed away from us altogether, and " the trade, navigation, and 
 conquest of the Indies " fallen into the hands of the French. But La Bour- 
 donnais, in a huff, set sail from Madras 29th October 1746, leaving Dupleix 
 in the lurch ; thus throwing to the winds the greatest opportunity the French 
 ever had of establishing their empire in the East. Dupleix fully understood 
 this ; and that La Bourdonnais did not, is the true secret of his strange con- 
 duct ; and not that he took a bribe ; or if he took it as a mere complimentary 
 present [dustm-i], that he was in the least influenced by it. 
 
 After this the operations of the French and English against each other 
 dragged on in an ineffective manner for a year or two more ; and on the 
 conclusion of the Treaty of Aix-la-ChapeUe in 1748, Madras was restored to 
 the English Company. 
 
 On his retiirn to France, La Boui'donnais was at once thrown into the 
 BastiUe, on the charge of collusion with the Enghsh in the matter of the 
 ransom of IMadras ; but after a trial extending over three years [1748-51] 
 was fully acquitted and set free. He died broken-hearted in 1755. His 
 acquittal by his own Government, which Avas inspired by the deepest resent- 
 ment against him, is a strong fact in his favour ; and Colonel Malleson, a 
 soldier as well as a historian, should at least have himself read the records 
 of the case, not only in the India Office, but in the French Admiralty, before 
 reviving so scandalous a charge against one of the noblest ornaments of the 
 French Xavy. La Bourdonnais acted with the gravest indiscretion, and that 
 sufficiently accounts for his strange, and, in a political sense, culpable con- 
 duct. That he was a traitor is, for anyone who is acquainted with his cha- 
 racter, an impossible assimiption. He was a brave, ardent, and adventurous 
 sailor, whose only idea, in fitting out his expedition from Bourbon and Mau- 
 I'itius, was to harry the English trade in Indian waters, and exact war prizes. 
 Dupleix, on the contrary, was a prescient, calculating statesman, with a con- 
 stitutional contempt for fighting [which he used to say " confused his 
 thoughts"], whose far-reaching policy was directed to the complete expul- 
 sion of the Enghsh from India, and the raising of a great French empire on 
 the foundations we had laid. From the moment, therefore, that these two 
 men met they were in direct antipathy with each other, and in all these 
 transactions at INIadras in the autumn of 1746, La Bourdonnais' perverse part 
 from the first was to withstand and disconcert Dupleix's political plans. He 
 
245 
 
 the Deccan by Bussy, and the whole of Southern India 
 virtually passed under French controul. 
 
 acted after the manner of all the French leaders in India in the last century, 
 and it is the common-place moral of history that it was in this manner they 
 lost India. 
 
 But to return to the evidence offered by Law Case, No. 31, of 3rd March 
 1752. Colonel MaUeson merely refers to it, without quoting it. I will now 
 quote every material passage of it bearing on La Bourdonnais' alleged bribery 
 and treason ; premising that the case arose from the objection of the Court 
 of Directors of the East India Company to meet the bonds on which the sum 
 required for the ransom of Madras was raised, on the ground that, in part at 
 least, the bonds had been given, not to save the Company's property, but the 
 private property of the Governour and his Council. Morse and the rest, 
 excepting Fowke, examined by the Court, were really on their own defence, 
 and it may be said that the only impartial evidence incriminating La Bour- 
 donnais to the extent of his having received a complimentary gratification 
 [clustwi] is that of Fowke. ~^ 
 
 Folio 3. — " Mr. Morse, late Governour of Fort St. George, in a letter to a 
 Committee of the Court of Directors [18th January 1748], .... says:— 'I 
 ' take this occasion to advise you, apart, that in that transaction ' [ransom of 
 ]\Iadras] ' we were under a necessity for applying a further sum besides that 
 ' publicly stipulated by the articles' [of ransom], 'which affair, as it required 
 ' privacy, was by the Council referred to myseK and Mr. Monson to be ne- 
 ' gotiated.' " 
 
 " Mr. Monson, in a letter to the Court of Directors [21st December 1748], 
 says : — ' I am to acquaint you that, in treating for the ransom of the place, 
 ' we were soon given to understand that a further sum was necessary to be 
 ' paid beside that to be mentioned in the public treaty. You will easily 
 ' imagine from the nature of the thing that it required to be conducted with 
 ' some degree of secrecy. There was, however, a necessity for acquainting 
 ' the Council with it, though for form's sake and to preserve appearances 
 ' with the person [we were] treating with, it was referred to ]\Ir. Morse and 
 ' myself to settle the matter with him : I can, nevertheless, with great truth 
 ' assure you that all the gentlemen of the Council were constantly faithfully 
 ' acquainted with every step that was taken in the matter, except Mr. Edward 
 ' Fowke, who, from the beginning of the treaty about the ransom, declared 
 ' that he woidd not join us in any of these measures, which by all the rest 
 ' were thought absolutely necessary at that juncture. . . . 
 
 " ' It remains for me to acquaint you that we had no possible means for 
 * raising the money but by giving the Company's bonds for it ; and this nego- 
 ' tiation was not kept secret from those who supplied the money on this occa- 
 ' sion, as they were to a man informed of the use it was borrowed for, before 
 ' they lent it, and thought by lending it thoy did a meritorious piece of ser- 
 
246 
 
 The English having, however, through Clive, retrieved 
 their position in the Carnatic, the French, in 1757, sent 
 
 ' vice to the Company ; bonds were accordingly given for so much as we 
 ' could borrow under the Company's seal, and signed by Mr. Morse and all 
 ' the rest of the Council, except Mr. Edward Fowke. Part of the money 
 ' thus borrowed was actually paid to the person treated with, and the rest 
 ' was disbursed in defraying the charges of the garrison until the French 
 ' broke the capitulations and turned us out of the town.' " 
 
 Folio 4. — " Mr. Monson, in his letter [ord May 17-49] . . . after excusing 
 himself from declaring to whom . . . this money . . . was given, says : — ' I 
 ' hope I shall stand excused if I declare no further than that part of the 
 ' money was appropriated to pay six months' salary and two months' diet to 
 ' your covenant servants, with a month's arrear to the garrison, besides 
 ' sundry disbursements to the officers and sailors of the Princess Mary, to your 
 ' officers and mihtary that were going to Cuddalore, and some little advances we 
 ' judged necessary towards our future re-establishment, the rest of the money, 
 ' with the diamonds, was actually and bond file applied to the purpose already 
 'mentioned' [the payment of "that person"], 'which, in the opinion of 
 ' those who were concerned in this business, would have redounded very 
 much to the honour, the credit, and the real advantage of the Company.' " 
 
 Folio 5. — "Mr. Edward Fowke . . . speaking [letter of 25th December 
 1746] of the ransom . . . says : — ' In regard to ransoming of the town, after- 
 ' wards when Monsieur La Bourdonnais told us we might march out with 
 ' our swords and hats, I thought it ' [going out with swords and hats] ' much 
 ' more to your interest than to accept the terms that were agreed upon. . . . 
 ' I could have consented so far as five or six lacs. . . . Madras is but a tribu- 
 ' tary town . . . therefore for your Honours to be loaded with such a mons- 
 ' trous sum, and the Native Government not to feel any part of so severe a 
 ' blow, would, I am afraid, in future have a very bad effect, especially with a 
 ' little money laid out among the great men, which the French pretty well 
 ' know how to place.' " 
 
 Again, 3rd March 1748 : — ' I can assure you, gentlemen, notwithstanding 
 ' I may have appeared so lukewarm in defence of your town ... I would 
 ' rather have sacriliced my life than to have acceded to those terras of agree- 
 ' ment, I thought them as directly opposite to your interest, honour, and 
 ' credit, as others thought them for it. ' In the same letter he says one of the 
 bonds was brought to him to sign, and he wrote on it : — ' 1 acknowledge INIr. 
 ' George Jones to have brought me the above-mentioned bond to sign, but as 
 ' I do not approve the ransom, nor do I know whether I am now legally 
 ' authorized ' [being a prisoner of T^a Bourdonnais] ' to take up money on the 
 * Company's account, I refuse to sign it.' 
 
247 
 
 out Lally expressly to expel them from India. Clive 
 had heeii meanwhile called away to Bengal to avenge 
 
 Folio 10. — In the examination (1753 ?) of the bond creditors by interroga- 
 tories, Messrs. Abraham Franco, Jacob Franco, Aaron Franks, inter alia, 
 say : — ' That they heard and believe that the then President and Council of 
 ' Fort St. George did, after the 10th September 1746, agree to give and pay 
 ' to INIonsieur de la Bourdonnais 88,000 pagodas, but that they did not know 
 ' or believe that the said 88,000 pagodas, or any part thereof, were so agreed 
 ' to be paid in order to free or exempt the goods and effects of the mer- 
 ' chants and inhabitants . . . and particularly the goods and effects of the said 
 ' Governour in Council, or the said Solomon Solomons ' [one of the bond- 
 holders] ' in their private capacity, from being seized, taken, or plundered, 
 ' but that the same was agreed to be given or paid to the said Monsieur de la 
 ' Bourdonnais, as a douceur or present on behaK of the said East India Coni- 
 ' P^-nyj with a view to reduce the amount or value of the ransom insisted on 
 ' by the said Monsieur de la Bourdonnais. ' 
 
 And the same further say (folio 11) : — ' They do believe in their con- 
 ' sciences that . . . the same and said present of 88,000 pagodas, as agreed to 
 ' be given to the said Monsieur de la Bourdonnais, was entered into for the 
 ' benefit and interest of the East India Company.' 
 
 Folio 12. — " Francis Salvadore, executor to Jacob Salvadore, says: — 'He 
 ' don't know, but hath heard and believes that the said President and Council 
 ' did, after the said 10th day of September 1746, agree to give or pay to or 
 ' to the use of the said Monsieur de la Bourdonnais the sum or value of 
 ' 88,000 pagodas, as at present, but whether ... in order to exempt or free 
 ' the goods and effects of the merchants or inhabitants . . , and particularly 
 ' of the proper goods and effects of the said Governour and Council, in their 
 ' private capacity, or the said Edward and Joseph Fowke, or the said Jacob 
 ' Salvadore, . . . he don't know nor has been informed.' " 
 
 Folio 21. — In reply to certain interrogatories, Mr. INIonson says: — 'He, 
 ' the said Mr. Monson, having afterwards ' [after the treaty of ransom had 
 been settled] ' heard from Monsieur de la Bourdonnais that they must pay 
 ' him down 100,000 pagodas, if they expected performance of the agreement, 
 ' he communicated such his information to the Council, who after deliberation 
 ' agreed to pay it, but says this money was not demanded for granting the 
 ' 15th and 16th Articles.' 
 
 Again : — ' No receipt was taken or required for the money privately paid, 
 ' nor could any be insisted on in such a transaction, nor was any agreement 
 ' made for returning the 88,000 pagodas in case the treaty was rejected by the 
 ' Governour and Council of Pondicherry; andcan't say whether the Governour 
 « and Council of Pondicherry were ever informed of this private transaction.' 
 
 Folio 23. — Mr. Fowke, in answer to the interrogatories, says : — ' He is a 
 ' stranger to the payment, but don't doubt the money being paid.' 
 
248 
 
 the massacre of the " Black Hole " on the plain of 
 Plassey ; but in the course of the year Sir Eyre Coote 
 arrived from England, and in December 1759 utterly 
 
 In folio No. 11, Francis Salvadore, executor to Jacob Salvadore, seems to 
 prove that Mr. INIorse and Messrs. Edward and Joseph Fowke advanced 
 money on the CouncU bonds for the ransom ; but I should like someone 
 better acquainted with the phraseology of money deahugs to examine this 
 passage, before relying on it as of any pertinence in the present question. 
 
 In the whole Case the extract from folio 23 seems to me the only evidence 
 that any money was ever paid to La Bourdonnais by the way of dusturi. Ex- 
 cepting Fowke, all the rest of the Council are out of court, and so woidd 
 Fowke be, if, while he disapproved of the capitulation, he yet joined with Solomons, 
 Salvadore, Franco, and the rest of these extortioners, in advancing money on the 
 Council bonds he would not himself sign. Indeed, if Edward Fowke was per- 
 sonally interested, as a sleeping partner with his brother Joseph, in the pro- 
 spective profits of an usurious advance of the kind, this of itself would be a 
 sufficient explanation of his refusal to join with Morse and Monson in signing 
 the bonds for the amount, on the plausible pretext of his disapproving of a 
 capitulation that could not possibly have been prevented. Besides, if every 
 one who advanced the money knew for what it was intended, Dupleix, 
 through his half-caste wife, to whom he owed so much of the success of his 
 intrigues in India, would easily have obtained sufficient evidence against La 
 Bourdonnais to convict him when he was put on his trial for corruption and 
 treason on his return to France. On the face of the Case also very little of 
 the 88,000 pagodas could have gone to La Bourdonnais ; and what Colonel 
 MaUeson states is that he received 100,000. La Bourdonnais was probably 
 quite capable of accepting a douceur or dusturi. It was the universal custom 
 of his time. It was one of the perquisites of public office. But this docu- 
 ment, cited, without quotation, by Colonel Malleson, affords no evidence for 
 reviving the charge of corruption and treason against La Bourdonnais after 
 his acquittal by his own Government. It seems to me very probable that, in 
 consideration of La Bourdonnais' " politeness and generosity in exempting 
 INIadras from pillage " [I am quoting from the Case from memory, for I can- 
 not retrace the passage], the Governour, Nicholas Morse, and his Council, 
 agreed to make him a private present, and raised 88,000 pagodas for the pur- 
 pose ; that this sum was mostly otherwise expended ; and that difficulty 
 having arisen with the Court of Directors about refunding this and other 
 sums embraced in the ransom, it was plausibly pleaded that this particular 
 sum was paid to La Bourdonnais to secure the execution of a treaty of ran- 
 som wliich was never executed but disavowed by Duj^leix. 
 
249 
 
 and for ever annihilated the French power in India on the 
 famous field of Wandewash.* 
 
 Mir Jafir, whom we set up after Plassey as Nawab of 
 Bengal, and from whom we obtained " the Zemindary of 
 the 24 Pergunnahs," was deposed by us in 1760 in favour 
 of his son Mir Kasim, but, owing to some disagreements 
 with Mir Kasim, we reinstated Mir Jafir as Nawab Nazim. 
 This led to " the massacre of Patna" [by Mir Kasim] in 
 1763, avenged by the battle of Buxar in 1764, and the 
 annexation of Bengal, Behar, and Orissa to the Com- 
 pany's dominion. 
 
 Hindustan was swept clear of its Afghan pests during 
 the Eohilla war of 1775. 
 
 * Bussy [Charles Joseph Patissier, Marqiiis de Bussy-Casteluau], who held 
 a command in the French army under Lally in this battle, was taken prisoner 
 and sent home. He subsequently returned to India, where it was his misfor- 
 tune to again endure defeat at the hands of Sir Eyre Coote ; when he retired 
 to Pondicherry, where he died in 1785. Lally [Thomas Arthur] on surrender- 
 ing Pondicherry to us 14th January 1761, was thrown into the Bastille until 
 1766, when he was executed. Dupleix [Joseph Francois], who was recalled 
 in 1754, died of a broken heart in 1763. Such were the sad fates of the 
 three Frenchmen who played so distinguished, albeit disastrous, a part in the 
 critical campaigns of the last century in the Carnatic. Their high-bred cour- 
 teous bearing made an indelible impression on the natives of India, vnth. 
 whom they identified themselves in a way that seems only possible, among 
 Europeans, to Frenchmen. A countryman of theirs, ]\;Uchael Joachim INIaine 
 Raymond, was, thirty years later, in command of the army of the Nizam of 
 Hyderabad ; and, notwithstanding that he suffered it to be annihilated by the 
 Mahrattas [under Perron] at Kurdla in 1795, his memory is held in such 
 affectionate reverence at Hyderabad, where he died in 1798, that to this day 
 the anniversary of his death is celebrated by a general pilgrimage to his 
 house and tomb. First his house is visited, and his uniform saluted, and then 
 the people proceed, in crowds following crowds, to liis tomb and adorn it 
 with flowers, and fire volleys of musketry and salvos of artillery before it, and 
 at nightfall light it up ynth lamps. It bears no inscription, but is known 
 over all the country side as the tomb of Miisa Rahman, " ]Moses the Compas- 
 sionate"; and this popular corruption of the name and style of "Mousunir 
 Raymond," in translating him to :\rahomcdan sanctity, serves to exalt the fas- 
 cination of his fame. Paradis [p. 244, note] died early during the first siege 
 of Pondicherry. 
 
250 
 
 From the fall of Bijanagar in 1565 a Hindu dynasty 
 reigned in Mysore until 1761, when Hyder AH, an 
 officer in the reigning Rajah's army, usurped his 
 Sovereign's throne. This led to the four Mysore wars, viz., 
 of 1766-69 ; of 1780-84, when Hyder AH was defeated by 
 Sir Eyre Coote on the very field of Wandewash where, 
 22 years before, he had gained his decisive victory over 
 the French; of 1790-92, when half of Tippoo Sahib's 
 dominions was divided between the EngHsh and their 
 allies; and of 1798-99, when we stormed Seringapatam, 
 and restored Mysore to the dynasty of its ancient Hindu 
 rulers. 
 
 It remained only to deliver India from the predatory 
 Mahrattas, whom it also took four wars to finally 
 reduce; namely, those of 1775-82, 1803, 1804-5, and 
 1817-19. 
 
 After this there was no power left in India to oppose 
 or disturb our supremacy, and the Afghan wars of 
 1839-42, although marked by untoward circumstances, 
 and one great disaster, freed India from all fear of 
 being again devastated by such barbarous hordes as were 
 led to the sack of Delhi by Tamerlane, Nadir Shah, 
 and Ahmed Shah Durani ; while the third Afghan war, 
 of 1878-81, enabled us to eff"ect the strategic arrange- 
 ments on the " North- West Frontier " that are believed 
 to have rendered it impregnable against any civilized 
 army likely to attempt an invasion of India from 
 that quarter. Scinde was annexed in 1843, the Punjaub 
 in 1848-49. Pegu [now Lower Burmah] in 1852, 
 and Oudh in 1856.* The subversion of Turanian 
 tyranny and the revindication of Aryan supremacy 
 in India was now complete. The work of consolida- 
 tion begau with the famous reforms of Lord William 
 Bentinck's administration in 1828 ; and was but con- 
 firmed, through the overruling Providence of Grod, 
 by the terrible mutiny of the Bengal army in 1857 ; 
 
 * Upper Bunnah was annexed in 1885-80. 
 
251 
 
 the date of the beginning of the history of British India 
 as an autonomous Empire ; to which the preceding century 
 of conquest from 1757, and the antecedent century, from 
 1600 to 1708-9, of merely trading relations, were but the 
 prelude. 
 
 The Queen of the United Kingdom was proclaimed 
 Empress of India [Kaisar-i-Hind] the 1st January 
 1877. 
 
 Inventorij of the Compani/s Territorial Acquisitions. 
 
 1639, — Madraspatam [" Chineepatam," Fort St. 
 George]. 
 
 1668,— Bombay. 
 
 1690, — Thevnapatam or Tegnapatam [Fort St. David]. 
 
 1694-95, — Angengo. 
 
 1700,— Calcutta. 
 
 1708, — TelHcherry, and Ennore near Madras. 
 
 1734, — Dharmapatam Island, Malabar. 
 
 1742, — Villages in Chingleput, near Madras. 
 
 1749, — St. Thome [Maliapur], near Madras, and Devi- 
 kota fort in Madura District. 
 
 1750, — Poonamallee, in Saidapet tahih, Chingleput 
 District, Madras. 
 
 1756, — Yillages in the Colaba and Ratnagiri Collec- 
 torates, Bombay. 
 
 1757, — " The 24 Pergunnahs," from the Nawab Nazim 
 of Bengal. 
 
 1759, — Nizampatam, Masulipatam, and other towns in 
 the Godaveri and Kistna Districts, from the Nizam. 
 
 1760, — Burdwan, Midnapore, and Chittagong, from the 
 Nawab Nazim of Bengal. 
 
 1765, — Bengal and Behar, and Orissa, from the Mogul; 
 and " The Company's Jaghire " in the vicinity of Madras, 
 from the Nawab of Arcot. 
 
 1766-68, — The " Northern Circars," Vizagapatam, &c., 
 from the Nizam. 
 
 1772, — Chunar and Allahabad forts. 
 
252 
 
 1775,— "The Zemindary of Benares," from the Nawab 
 Vazir of Oudh. 
 
 1776,— The Islands of Salsette and Karanjah, from the 
 Mahrattas. 
 
 1778, — Nagore, from the Rajah of Tanjore. 
 
 1778,— The Guntoor Circar, from the Nizam. 
 
 1783,— Porto Novo [Fuingi-pet], Palicole [Palakollu], 
 and Cuddalore. 
 
 1786, — Paulo Penang, from the King of Queda. 
 
 1791, — Negapatam. 
 
 1792,— Malabar [including CaHcut], Dindigul, parts of 
 Salem, Madura, and North Arcot Districts, Baramahal, 
 &c., from Tippoo Sahib. 
 
 1795-96,— Ceylon was taken from the Dutch, and 
 annexed to Madras. It was established as a Crown 
 Colony in 1801. 
 
 1799, — Coimbatoor, North and South Canara, Wynad, 
 the Nilghiri Hills, and parts of Salem and North Arcot, 
 &c., from Tippoo Sahib ; and Tanjore, from the Rajah of 
 Tanjore. 
 
 1800,— '' The Ceded Districts," from the Nizam ; and 
 the city, fort, and territory of Surat, with Rander. 
 
 1801, — The Carnatic, from the Nawab of the 
 Carnatic. 
 
 1801, — Goruckpoor, Lower Doab, Bareilly, &c., from 
 the Nawab Vazir of Oudh. 
 
 1802, — Districts in Bundlecund, from the Mahratta 
 Peishwa. 
 
 1803, — Cuttack and Balasore, from the Rajah of 
 Berar ; and the Upper Doab, Delhi territory, &c., from 
 Scindia. 
 
 1805, — Districts in Guzerat, from the Guicowar, and 
 Karnal, in the Punjaub. 
 
 1810,— Fatehabad. 
 
 1812, — The Ratnagiri Collectorate. 
 
 1814,— Cochin. 
 
 1815, — Kumaon, Dehra Dhun, Simla, and part of the 
 Tarai, from Nepaul. 
 
253 
 
 1817, — SangTir, Huttah, Dharwar, &c., from tlie Mah- 
 ratta Peishwa. 
 
 1817, — " The Abmedabad Farm," from the Guicowau. 
 
 1818, — Khandeish, &c., from Holkar; Ajmere, from 
 Scindia ; Poona, parts of the Concans, and Southern 
 Mahratta country, from the Peishwa ; districts of the Ner- 
 budda, Sumbulpoor, Patna, &c., from the Rajah of Berar. 
 
 1820, — Southern Ooncau, from the Rajah of Sawunt- 
 warree. 
 
 1822, — Beejapore and Ahmednugger, from the 
 Nizam. 
 
 1824, — Sadras, in Chingleput District ; and Singapore, 
 purchased from the Rajah of Job ore. 
 
 1825, — Bimhpatam, in Vizagapatam District ; and 
 Chinsurah and Malacca, from the Dutch, ceded in ex- 
 change for Bencoolen. 
 
 1826, — Assam, Arracan, Tavoy, Tenasserim, from the 
 King of Ava. 
 
 1832, — Cacbar, lapsed. 
 
 1834, — Coorg, from the Rajah of Coorg. 
 
 1835, — Jaintia, Darjeeling, Ferozepore, Muzaffarnagar, 
 Meerut, Bulandshahr, Alighar, &c. 
 
 1839, — The Mandvi State, Surat, lapsed ; Aden, cap- 
 tured. 
 
 1841, — The Dooars [i.e., "Passes," from dwara, "a 
 door," " gate," as in Dwaraka, (" the City) of Gates "] 
 of Bbootan, from the Eajah of Bhootan. 
 
 1843,— Scinde. 
 
 1845, — The Jullunder Dooab ; Serampore, and Tran- 
 quebar, from the Danes, purchased for 20,000/.* 
 
 1849, — The Punjaub and Sattara. 
 
 1850, — Sumbalpur, Sikkim, Sanawar. 
 
 1852,— Pegu. 
 
 1853, — The remainder of Cacbar and Berar, lapsed. 
 
 * Tranquebar was the first possession [purchased in IGIG of the King of 
 Taujore] of the Danes in India. They also held Serampore in Bengal, Porto 
 Novo [Firingi-pet] on the Coromandel Coast, Eddova, and Kolchery, on the 
 Malabar Coast, and other forts and factories. 
 
254 
 
 1853-54, — Nagpur and Jhansi. 
 
 1856, — Oudli and Tanjore fort. 
 
 1857, — Jhaijjar territory, Punjaub. 
 
 1858, — Blianpur, Shahgarh, Central Provinces. 
 
 Subsequent Acquisitions of the Crown. 
 
 1860, — Upper Godavari Districts, Nimar, Harda, and 
 Hindia. 
 
 1861, — The Panch Mahals, in Guzerat, and Shillong. 
 
 1865, — The Eastern Dooars, Dewangiri, and Bengal 
 Dooars. 
 
 1878,— The Peint State. 
 
 1881, — The Afghan Passes from Central Asia into 
 India. 
 
 1885-86, -Upper Burmah. 
 
 AustraHa and New Zealand were occupied as British 
 territories in 1770, and Tasmania in 1803. Labuan was 
 ceded in 1846, and Hong Kong in 1842. Cape Colony, 
 captured in 1806, and the Mauritius, in 1810, were 
 confirmed in our possession by the Treaties of 1814-15. 
 Ascension was occupied in 1815, and the Falkland 
 Islands [resigned to us by Spain, 1771] in 1833. 
 Gibraltar was captured in 1704; and Malta, captured 
 in 1800, was guaranteed to Great Britain by the Treaties 
 of 1814-15. Cyprus was acquired in 1878, and a Con- 
 vention with the Sublime Porte was signed, by which 
 the EngKsh Government, guided by similar con- 
 siderations to those which led to the temporary 
 treaties of 1809 and 1814 with Persia, undertook also 
 the conditional Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. 
 In 1882 we assumed the Protectorate and temporary 
 military and [political administration of Egypt, expressly 
 as commanding the highway of the overland commerce 
 between Europe and India. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 Such is the last result of that rivalry for the trade 
 of the East, which began between Jerusalem, and 
 Edom, and Tyre ; was continued between Phoenicia 
 
255 
 
 and Egypt, and Assyria and Persia ; and, after the dis- 
 ruption of the Eoman Empire, was carried on in suc- 
 cession by Genoa and Venice, Spain and Portugal, 
 Holland and England, and England and France. 
 Ancient history is very much the history of the struggle 
 for the transit trade of the East by the Persian Gulf and 
 Eed Sea ; and the modern history of the Old World is 
 almost altogether based on the opening up of the 
 ocean-way to India round the Cape of Good Hope. 
 The whole current of the commercial and political, 
 social and religious history of Europe was changed by 
 Da Gama's discovery. Venice was deprived of her 
 mercantile supremacy; Italy lost the prosperity that 
 had again returned to her ; and Egypt, which for 2,000 
 years had commanded the most advantageous of all the 
 overland roads to the East, was suddenly deposed from 
 her position of incontestible superiority. The com- 
 mercial monopoly of the Arabs in the Eastern seas, 
 and of the Jews as the inheritors of the traffic of the 
 Phoenicians and Greeks in the Mediterranean, was de- 
 stroyed at a blow, and that re-arrangement of the 
 mercantile and state systems of Europe was commenced 
 which has subsisted to the present day. We have seen 
 in our own time, since the opening of the Suez Canal, 
 and the return of much of the trade of the East to its 
 ancient route through Egypt, how greatly the social 
 and political condition and international relations of 
 many of the European States have already been modi- 
 fied. It has, indeed, been often said during the last two 
 or three years [written in 1879] that Englishmen have 
 become divided as to the policy this country should 
 pursue in the so-called Eastern Question. But our 
 apparent differences of opinion are founded simply on 
 a fundamental change of circumstances that has not 
 yet been popularly appreciated. While all our Eastern 
 commerce went by the Cape of Good Hope we had 
 little more concern in the affairs of Europe than of 
 America. But no sooner was a practicable canal 
 
256 
 
 pierced through the Isthmus of Suez than the fact at 
 once began to influence the course of our vast carrying 
 trade, and our international relations with the countries 
 lying along the new route opened to it. We may, 
 therefore, the more readily understand the character of 
 the revolution wrought, not only in the commerce and 
 politics, but also in the whole moral and intellectual 
 Hfe of Europe, by Da Gama's discovery. Following im- 
 mediately on the discovery of America by Columbus, 
 it profoundly agitated the hearts and minds of the 
 people of Europe. The rude multitude were stirred by 
 an uncontrollable lust of riches* and spirit of adventure ; 
 and the cultivated by the sense of renewed faith and 
 hope in the divine deliverance of the world, at the 
 moment when Christendom was almost sinking into 
 the old despair of human destiny and duty that 
 marked the decline of Imperial Rome. For all men 
 the sphere of human intelligence and sympathy was per- 
 manently and indefinitely enlarged. The Spanish and 
 Portuguese discoveries of the Indies were, for Europe 
 
 * Ben Jousou has given expression to the covetous hunger of wealth, 
 excited in the vulgar by the discovery of America, in the " Alchemist "_ [1611] > 
 Act II. Scene 1 :— 
 
 Mammon. Come ou, Sir. Now you set your foot ou shore 
 In Kovo Orhe. Here 's the rich Peru : 
 And there within, Sir, are the golden mines, 
 Great Solomon's Ophir ! he was sailing to't 
 Three years, but we have reached it in ten months. 
 This is the day wherein to all my friends 
 I will pronounce the happy word Be Bich. 
 This day you shall be Spectatissimi. 
 You shall no more deal with the hollow dye, 
 Or the frail card 
 
 No more 
 Shall thirst of satin, or the covetous hunger 
 Of velvet .... 
 
 make 
 The sous of Sword and Hazard fall before 
 The Golden Calf .... 
 
 No more of this. You shall start up young Viceroys, 
 
 Be Rich. 
 
257 
 
 indeed, nothing less than the revelation of a new 
 moral world, and the definitive emancipation of the 
 human soul from the ghostly trammels of its 
 obsequious bondage to secular and religious dogma- 
 tism through all the dark centuries of the middle 
 ages. Their quickening effect on the genius of 
 Europe was at once made manifest. Camoens, the 
 author of the first epic of modern times, was directly 
 inspired by the discovery of India by his countrymen. 
 He was rapidly followed by Tasso, Cervantes, Spenser, 
 Shakespeare, Milton, Raphael, Michael Angelo, Titian, 
 Luther, and Francis Bacon ; and the wide moral gulf 
 which separates the genius of these men from the 
 certainly not lesser genius of Roger Bacon, Aquinas, 
 Giotto, and Era Angelico, Chaucer, Gower, and Dante,* 
 
 * There was a general looking forward to the discoveries of America and 
 the Indies among the higher minds of Europe long before they were achieved 
 by Columbus and Da Gama. The lines of Dante, in the Vision of Purgatonj, 
 in which he alludes to the " Southern Cross," are well known. Still more 
 remai'kable is the less generally known prophecy of Luigi Pulci [b. 1431, 
 d. 1487], " sire of the half serious line " : — 
 
 " Men shall descry another hemisphere ; 
 Since to one centre all things tend. 
 So earth by curious mystery divine 
 Well balanced hangs amid the starry si^heres. 
 At our antipodes are cities, states, 
 And thronged empires, ne'er divined of yore. 
 But see, the sun speeds in his western imth 
 To glad the nations with unexpected Hght." 
 
 The leading minds of ancient Rome would seem to have had an equally 
 clear, if not even a clearer, conception of the as yet unrevealed lands Ijing be- 
 yond the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Pliny [II., G5] positively asserts the 
 existence of the antipodes ; and records [II., 67] the tradition of " certain 
 Indians who sailing from India " for the purposes of commerce were driven 
 by tempests to Germany. If the story had any foundation in fact, these 
 Indians could only have been North American Indians, such as the Esqui- 
 maux. Seneca's hackneyed line, " Nee sit Terris ultima Thule," is not so 
 vague a prophecy of the New World as it appears separated from the con- 
 text [J/e(/ea, II., 376-80] ; and reads Hke a positive indication of America 
 when compared with a passage, quoted by me in the introduction to Stevens'.s 
 Dawn of British Trade in the East Indies, from the Quiestionuni Naturalinni 
 Lihri Sepiem. Herein Seneca distinctly states that the distance from the west 
 coast of Spain to the Indies was so short, that it could be sailed over, if thi" 
 
258 
 
 is the measure of the spiritual freedom that was con- 
 quered for mankind by the discoveries of Columbus, 
 Da Gama, and Magellan. The im^Dression made by them 
 on the English people was deep and abiding. It may 
 be traced everywhere in the writers of the reign of 
 Queen Ehzabeth, particularly in Shakespeare and Ben 
 Jouson, and in the elevation of character of the 
 historical men and women of the age. Even in their 
 infamies, they seem superhuman. Da Gama's dis- 
 covery changed the face of Europe from the Medi- 
 terranean to the Atlantic ; and the British Isles, which 
 had before been wasting in the obscurity of their 
 native fogs, were at once placed in the forefront of the 
 new line of human advancement ; and, as the geogra- 
 phical centre of the four continents of the globe, they 
 became, in the course of the next two hundred years, the 
 common emporium of the whole sea-borne merchandise 
 of the world. The establishment of the East India 
 Company was the first step in the prodigious political 
 development of England under the rule of Ohver 
 Cromwell and during the reigns of William III. and 
 Queen Anne ; and, all through the great wars that grew 
 out of the French Revolution, it proved the chief corner 
 stone of our unabated mercantile prosperity and naval 
 supremac}-. The possession of India, the command its 
 possession gave us of the trade with the East, alone enabled 
 us to contend victoriously against the European coahtion 
 with which Buonaparte threatened our industrial ascen- 
 dency at the beginning of the present century ; and the 
 
 ■wind was favourable, in a few days [see page 278, «ofe]. It was always the 
 quest and invention of the Indies that inspired Columbus and his English 
 successors in their exploration of the New World ; and they but picked up 
 the Americas, and the greater part of Australasia, as unconsidered trifles by 
 the way. 
 
 Plato's 'Island of Atlas' is more a name of fiction; a phantom land, like 
 " Utopia," the " New Atlantis," and the " Terra Australis " of Bishop Hall's 
 Mundus Alter et Idem, invented as the stage of a pliilosophical fable. Its only 
 ground of fact was possibly the tradition, preserved in Egj^t or at Carthage, 
 of some remote Phoenician voyage beyond the " Pillars of Hercules " to the 
 "Hesperidian Coast" of Africa. 
 
259 
 
 peaceful possession of India is our chief stay in sustain- 
 ing the preponderating productiveness and maritime pre- 
 eminence of these ishxnds in the crushing commercial 
 competition marking its end.* 
 
 GEORGE BIRDWOOD. 
 
 * In the AtJienaium of 28th January 1882 I wrote : — 
 
 "The rapid extension of the commerce of America is a never failing 
 source of -wonder. In round numbers the average values of the exports and 
 imports of the United States for the five years ending with 1880 were 
 140,000,000/. and 10G,000,000Z. respectively. The foreign trade of India for 
 the same period is almost exactly half this amount, showing a less propor- 
 tionate excess of exports over imports. A more striking proof of the ad- 
 vancing prosperity of the country under our administration could not be 
 adduced. It is an equally cogent proof of the close dependency of our com- 
 mercial superiority on tlie prosperity of India. Every nation is essentially a 
 shop, and oceans and rivers are the high streets of the nations. AMiile the 
 great traffic that has subsisted, and will always subsist, between the East and 
 the West went by its overland routes, the nations situated along the 
 Euphrates, the Nile, and the Mediterranean made the first and almost the 
 whole profit of it. Then when at last it found its way round the Cape, the 
 nations fronting the Atlantic, and particularly England, which fronts at 
 once America and Europe, monopolised it, while the Mediterranean nations 
 had, as it were, to put up their shutters and retire from business for nearly 
 three hundred years. Now that trade is returning to its original overland 
 routes, our disadvantage in relation to them is beginning to be seen, and 
 would be seen still more clearly but for our immense dealings with America. 
 But all the same the Eastern trade is the great trade current of the world ; 
 and France with her unique advantage of possessing a frontage both on the 
 Mediterranean and the Atlantic, will, if she ever substantially competes ■with 
 us in the trade of the East Indies, also draw to herself and away from us a 
 proportionate amount of our ^\jnerican trade. The possession which she has 
 just obtained of Tunis, — which is Carthage — the corner house of her Alge- 
 rian shop frontage, gives her a commanchng commercial position throughout 
 the African side of the Mediterranean." 
 
 In short, our ever imminent danger lies not in the political rivalry of the 
 aggressive military powers of the Continent, for if unsupported by industrial 
 productiveness and mercantile activity, this is not to be too greatly feared ; 
 but is rather to be apprehended in the growing competition with us of the 
 Mediterranean countries for the commerce of India. Since the opening of 
 the Suez Canal the Eastern products formerly sent to Liverpool and Loudon 
 are being shipped in yearly increasing proportions to Havre, Barcelona, ^Mar- 
 seilles, Genoa, Trieste, and Odessa. They are still carried chiefly in English 
 bottoms, even when not consigned to Enghsh merchants ; but the time must 
 come when they will bi' borne in French, Spanish, Italian, Austrian, (ireok, 
 
 R 2 
 
260 
 
 aud Russian ships, loading at Karachi, Bombay, and Calcutta. There is no 
 denying that just now America, North and South, has modified the old theory 
 of the unequalled value to Europe of the trade with the East ; for if in tea, 
 silk, and spices the East still holds its own, in all the bulkier staples America 
 seems, for the time, to have swamped both Asia and Europe. But the pre- 
 ponderance of America cannot continue for ever, and India is already begin- 
 ning to show that she is capable of competing even with the United States in 
 tlie exportation of wheat ; and when India once begins to supply Europe with 
 the food stuffs at present received from America, England will have to put 
 forth her whole native force of enterprise to secure her traditional hold on 
 the markets of the world. In this anticipation the immense importance of 
 Egj-pt to this country, as securing to us some share of the profit on the 
 transit of merchandise between the East and West, at once becomes obvious. 
 Our whole future indeed seems involved in our right use of the opportunities 
 afforded us by the protectorate we have established over Egypt. 
 
APPENDICES. 
 
 Appendix A. 
 
 Eepoet by Dpv. Biedwood on certain documents relating 
 to the East India Company discovered in 1875. 
 
 On my appointment to the Curatorship of the India Museum, 
 Colonel Burne, C.S.I., sent me a box received by him from Sir 
 John Kaye, on the retirement of the latter from office, with the 
 statement that it had been lying in his room [Sir J. K.'s] from 
 beyond the memory of anyone in the Political Department, and 
 was said to contain very important documents. I found in 
 it 51 tally-sticks,— a bag marked " fifteen pagodas," but which 
 on being opened, I found to contain only two lumps of iron, — 
 and forty parchments mixed up together in the greatest con- 
 fusion. 
 
 The parchments all relate to the East India Company, and 
 with two or three exceptions are under the Great Seal. 
 
 Several of the documents bear in the left-hand corner a 
 vignette portrait, beautifully executed, of the sovereign reigning 
 at the time of their engrossment. But in two or three instances 
 they have been disgracefully mutilated by the cutting out of the 
 vignette portraits. As a rule the Great Seal belonging to them 
 is either missing or much damaged. There are, however, two 
 or three fair specimens of it, and notably of that of the Lord 
 Protector Cromwell, by Simon. 
 
 Finding these documents of such interest in relation to the 
 East India Company, and that it was impossible for me to de- 
 cipher many parts of them, I wrote and asked Sir Duffus Hardy 
 if he would be good enough to allow a Calendar of them to be 
 prepared by an expert in the Rolls Office. The Calendar thus 
 prepared, by Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury, is attached. 
 
 I venture to suggest that the parchments should be carefully 
 restored, and exhibited in this Office. I would not have them 
 sent to the Museum. They are not idle curiosities to be toyed 
 about in museums, but State Archives to be reverently kept in 
 the India Office itself; and after restoration they should l)e 
 
262 
 
 rolled up, and put away in a glass cabinet in the Council Koom. 
 The [•? draft] roll of the Original Subscribers of the 2,000,000/. 
 stock, which contains the names of nearly the whole of the 
 well-to-do middle class people of England a century ago, should 
 never again pass out of sight. 
 
 The tally-sticks are mere curiosities, unless indeed, the fact of 
 their not having been burnt is a proof of money still owing to 
 the Indian Government by the Treasury. Tallies were, I believe, 
 always kept until a debt was paid, and were then burnt. 
 
 (Signed) George Birdwood, 
 
 Curator of the India Museum, 
 
 17th April 1875. 
 
263 
 
 Calendar of the aforesaid Documents prepared by 
 Mr. W. Noel Sainsbury, C.B. 
 
 1. 9th August 1606 (4 Jac. I.).— The kmg's License to the 
 Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading into the 
 East Indies to utter, sell (and put to sale) spices, drugs, wares, and 
 merchandises brought from the East Indies in whole packs or sacks 
 unbroken, and. to transport the same beyond the seas without loss, 
 forfeiture, or penalty. A fragment difficult to decipher, of ivhich a, 
 transcript has been made. The Great Seal in fair condition is pre* 
 served. 
 
 N.B. A Minute only of this License is in the Public Record Office. 
 (Grant Book, Jac. I., p. 28.) 
 
 2. 22nd May 1609 (7 Jac. I.). Westminster.— The King's 
 License to the Grovernor and Company of Merchants of London 
 trading into the East Indies to sell any quantities of spices, wares, 
 merchandises, and commodities in whole packs, sacks, or casks, un- 
 garbled, to any merchant or other person, to be transported out of 
 the realm, without incurring forfeiture for not garbling or cleansing 
 them, upon payment of customs, notwithstanding any prohibition to 
 the contrary. With the Great Seal mutilated. 
 
 N.B. There is a Minute only of this License, dated 11th May 1609, 
 in the Public Record Office. 
 
 {Docqnet and Grant Book, Jac. I., p. 15.) 
 
 3. 17th March 1610 (7 Jac. I.). Westminster.— The King's Com- 
 mission to Sir Henry Middleton, aj^pointing him principal Governor 
 or General of all merchants, mariners, and others shipped in these 
 ships to the East Indies (the sixth voyage). With the Great Seal 
 mutilated. 
 
 4. 17th March 1610 (7 Jac. I.). — A duplicate of the preceding 
 Commission. With the Great Seal mutilated. 
 
 5. 4th February 1623 (20 Jac. I.). — The King's Commission to 
 the Governor and Company of Merchants trading into the East 
 Indies, reciting a former Commission of 14th December, 13 Jac. I. 
 (1615), giving them power and authority for punishing offences at 
 sea, and granting, at the humble suit and intercession of said Governor 
 and Company, power and authority to " make forth Commissions, 
 Instructions, and Directions " to their Pi'esident and Council of 
 Defence in the East Indies to chastise, correct, and punish his 
 Majesty's subjects employed on land by fine, imprisonment, or any 
 other punishment, capital or not capital, as the laws of this Kingdom 
 and martial law doth permit and require. Injured by damp. With 
 the Great Seal mutilated. 
 
 N.B. There is a Minute only in the Public Record Office of a Grant 
 of the date above recited, viz., 14th December, 13 Jac. L (1615), but 
 it has reference to transporting foreign bullion and other things. 
 
 6. 18th February 1628 (3 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the 
 Governor and Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies, 
 reciting former Letters Patent of 16th January, 15 Jac. I., to transport 
 
264 
 
 foreign coin, not to exceed 100,000Z. yearly, without payment of cus- 
 tom or subsidy ; also reciting- further Letters Patent of 22nd March, 
 2 Car. I., to transport 20,000?. in gold or silver in English specie, on 
 condition of their bringing into the Mint 25^000/. of foreign coin 
 within three months ; granting to said Governor and Company license 
 to transport 60,0007. in foreign gold in their next intended voyage, 
 and, if they cannot supply themselves with foreign gold to that 
 amount, to transport 40,0007. in English gold, on condition of their 
 bringing into the Mint 40,0007. in foreign gold within six months. 
 Injured hy damp. With Great Seal mutilated. 
 
 It a[jpears bv the endorsements that there were shipped upon these 
 Letters Patent :— 8th March 1627/8, in the Expedition, in foreign 
 coin, to the value of 5,9007. ; in the Jonas, in foreign coin, to the 
 value of 18,0507. 24th March 1627/8, in the Jonas, in foreign gold, 
 4,7807. ; in English gold, 15,0007. In all, 43,7207. 
 
 N.B. The License of 20th March, 2 Car. I., to transport 20,0007. 
 above recited, and a License of I5th February, 3 Car. I., to transport 
 60,0007., the foundation of the above Letters Patent, both under the 
 King's Sign Manual, are in the Public Record Office. 
 
 7. 14th October 1627 (3 Car. I.).— The King's Commission to 
 Robert Ducy, Ralph Freeman, Christopher Clitherowe, Sir Morris 
 Abbott,* Henry Garway, Jeffrey Kirby, Robert Jeffreys, Humfrey 
 Browne, Clement Harby, Job Harby, Henry Lee, William Cokaine, 
 Robert Draper, George "^Strode, Thomas Mustard, and William Lee, 
 of London, merchants, and John Barker, of Bristol, Abraham 
 Jenny uges, of PI v month. Gyles Green, of . Weymouth, and Peter 
 Taylor, of Exeter, merchants, Robert Samon and William Case, 
 Masters of the Trinity House, to inquire, search, discover, and find 
 out what hath been disbursed, and in whose hands any part thereof 
 remaiueth undisturbed of the moneys collected by l\ per cent, on 
 tonnage of shipping towards the expedition for suppressing the 
 pirates of Algiers. In parts illegible. With Great Seal mutilated. 
 
 N.B. There is another Commission on this subject in the Public 
 Record Office (Sign Manuals, Car. I., Vol. 5, No. 12), dated 16th 
 February 1628, with this memorandum :—" The like Commission did 
 " lately pass the Great Seal, but it is now again prepared, with 
 " addition of some Commissioners, and such further additions and 
 " explanations as your Majesty under your Sign Manual hath been 
 '' pleased to direct." 
 
 8. 24th March 1629 (4 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the Governor 
 and* Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies, reciting 
 former Letters Patent of 16th January, 15 Jac. I., for transporting 
 foreign coin, not exceeding the sum of 100,0007. yearly, without pay- 
 ment of custom or subsidy, and petition of said Company showing 
 they have raised a stock of above 120,0007., which is intended to be 
 employed in a particular voyage this year for Persia, in cloth, tin, 
 kerseys, and other native commodities and manufactures of this 
 Kingdom, and that said Company have made a contract with the 
 King of Persia to bring a fourth part of the value of their commo- 
 dities in readv monev, either gold or silver, granting to said Company 
 license to transport the sum of 60,0007., whereby to enable them to 
 make good t:heir contract with the said King of Persia. Injured by 
 damp. Withoiit the Great Seal. 
 
 ' * This ifl " the Hmiourable and Worthy Knight Sr. Maurice Abbot," to whom, with 
 others, Heiiry Lord dedicates his Discovevie of the Sect of the Jiantans, aud Keligion oj the 
 Parsccf, 1630.— Geo. B. 
 
265 
 
 It appears by the endorsement that there were shipped upon these 
 Letters Patents : — 
 
 In the Discovery, in foreign gold, 8,800^. ; 
 In the Charles, in foreign gold, 20,000Z. ; 
 And in English gold, 16,900?. 
 
 9. 10th March 1630 (5 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the Governor 
 and Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies, reciting 
 former Letters Patent of 16th January, 15 Jac. I., for transporting 
 foreign coin, which "only extends to foreign silver and bullion of 
 silver," and granting to said Company license to buy and take up in 
 England the sum of 8,000/. in foreign gold, and to transport the 
 same into the East Indies or Persia, without incurring any penalty, 
 forfeiture, or other punishment, and without payment of custom or 
 subsidy. With the G-reat Seal Mutilated. 
 
 10. 17th October 1629 (5 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the Governor 
 and Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies, reciting 
 former Letters Patent of 16th January, 15 Jac. I., and petition of 
 said Company that they have now enlarged their trade into Persia, 
 where they shall have opportunity to vent yearly great quantities of 
 cloth, kerseys, and tin, the commodities and manufactures of this 
 Kingdom, and therefore shall have use of a greater proportion of 
 gold, silver, au'i bullion than 100,000/. mentioned in said former 
 Letters Patent, granting them license to transport 120,000/. yearly, 
 whereof 40,000/. to be in foreign gold or bullion of gold. The Great 
 Seal to this Patent is vjanting. 
 
 11. 9th November 1630 (6 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the Gover- 
 nor and Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies, reciting 
 former Letters Patent of 16th January, 15 Jac. I., and granting 
 to said Governor and Company license to buy and take up in England 
 the sum of 30,000/. in foreign gold, and to transport the samo in six 
 ships which they intend to furnish and send from hence before the 
 end of March next to the East Indies or Persia, without payment of 
 custom or subsidy. The Great Seal to this Patent is tvanting. 
 
 N.B. The License under the King's Sign Manual is dated 6th 
 November 1630, and is in the Public Record Office. 
 
 12. 21st November 1631 (7 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the 
 Governor and Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies, 
 granting them license to buy and take up in England the sum of 
 30,000/. in foreign gold, and to transport the same in their next 
 intended voyage with seven good ships into Persia and the East Indies, 
 without payment of custom or subsidy. Without the Great Seal. 
 
 It appears by the endorsement that there were shipped upon these 
 Letters Patent : — 
 
 In the Pearl, one chest of foreign gold ad valorem 8,863/. 
 
 In the Charles, ditto, ditto, containing 8,000/. 
 
 N.B. The above License under the King's Sign Manual, dated 19th 
 November, is in the Public Record Office (Vol. 13, No. 69). 
 
 13. 3rd March 1632 (7 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the Governor 
 and Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies, granting them 
 license to buy, take up, and transport the sum of 20,000/. of foreign 
 gold into the East Indies or Persia without incurring any penalty. 
 
266 
 
 forfeiture, or other punishment, and without payment of custom or 
 subsidy ; and in case said Company cannot supply themselves with 
 said sum in foreign gold, then it shall be lawful for them to buy and 
 take up and transport what shall be wanting in English gold. 
 Injured by damp. Without the Great Seal. 
 
 14. 8th October 1633 (9 Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the Governor 
 and Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies, granting 
 them license, in regard by their Charter they have power only to 
 transport foreign silver, to buy and takeup, aud to transport without 
 payment of custom or subsidy in five good ships laden with tin, cloth, 
 lead, and other native commodities of this Kingdom the sum of 40,000Z. 
 in foreign gold, and in case they cannot furnish themselves with so 
 much in foreign gold, then to supply themselves with English gold, 
 being no more than what hath formerly been granted them on the 
 like occasions. Injured hij damp. Without the Great Seal. 
 
 15. 30th November 1635 (11. Car. I.).— Letters Patent to the 
 Governor and Company of Merchants trading into the East Indies, 
 reciting former Letters"^ of 16th January (15 Jac. I.), granting them 
 license to transport a sum not exceeding 100,000?. per annum in foreign 
 silver or bullion of silver, and granting them license on their petition 
 to buy and take up and transport in their intended voyage to the 
 East indies and Persia the sum of 30,000Z. in foreign gold, and what 
 is wanting of said sum in English gold, without payment of custom 
 or subsidy, in the Mary, Hart, and Swan. Injured by damp, and 
 loithout the Great Seal. 
 
 16. 7th August 1655.— Warrant of the Lord Protector to the Com- 
 missioners of the Treasury and other Officers of the Exchequer to pay 
 to the Governor and Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies 
 the sum of 50,000Z. in three equal portions, viz., one third part in 
 one year's time from the date of these presents, a second third part 
 six months after the termination of said year, and the third part, the 
 full residue and remainder of said sum, at the end of one year to be 
 reckoned from the termination of aforesaid year. With the Great 
 Seal, ivith the inscription " In the third yeare of freedome by God's 
 blessing restored." 
 
 17. 18th December 1660 (12 Car. II.).— Letters Patent to the 
 Governor and Company of Merchants trading to the East Indies, 
 granting them license to buy and transport the sum of 60,000/. in 
 foreign coin and bullion in this their intended voyage to the East 
 Indies or Persia. With the Great Seal mutilated. 
 
 N.B. A Petition of the East India Company to the King is in the 
 Public Eecord Office, dated 8th October 1660, for a warrant to permit 
 them to export 60,000?. in coin aud bullion. Also the order for said 
 warrant, dated 1st December 1661. 
 
 18. 14th November 1665. — Mandate of James, Duke of York, 
 Lord High Admiral of England, to the Commissioners for Reprizals 
 TO sell the contents of the ship Golden Phoenix lately adjudged hiwful 
 jirize by the Court of Admiralty. Latin. 
 
 N.B. There is a Warrant in the Public Record Office of the same 
 date as the above confirm iug a contract between the Duke of Albe- 
 marle and the East India Company for purchase by the latter of two 
 prize ships of the Dutch East India ComjDany Slothany and Golden 
 Phoenix. The contract itself is also among the State Papers. 
 
267 
 
 19. 6th Febi-Liaiy 1668 (20 Car. II.).— Acquittance under the 
 Great Seal to the Governor and Company of Merchants trading to 
 the East Indies ; recites the Articles of Agreement of 7th November 
 1665, between the Duke of Albemarle on the King's behalf, and 
 Sir John Robinson, Lieutenant of the Tower, and others on behalf 
 of said Governor and Company, touching goods taken from two 
 Dutch East India Ships the Slothany and the Golden Phcenix, sold 
 and disposed of for His Majesty's use for the sum of 154,9691. Ids. 5d., 
 the account thereof being examined and approved by the Commis- 
 sioners for Prizes, and that the King doth by these presents remise, 
 release, and for ever quit claim unto said Governor and Company 
 and their successors the above said sum, and all actions, suits, accounts, 
 processes, claims, and demands whatsoever of or concerning the same. 
 
 The vignette portrait of Charles II. has been cnt otd of this docu- 
 ment, and the Great Seal is mutilated. 
 
 20. /^th October 1672 (24 Car. II.).— Letters Patent to the East 
 India Company, who having promised to lend the King 20,000/. " for 
 the supply of our occasions," and having been at great charge in 
 fitting forth and keeping out at sea four ships to cruize to the 
 westward for the security of trade, towards which the King has 
 thought fit to allow them 2,O0OZ., and said Company having agreed 
 to furnish the King with saltpetre to the value of 30,000Z., and salt- 
 petre to the value of 40,000Z. having been bought of said Company 
 for satisfaction, of which an order was registered upon the King's 
 revenue arising by fire hearths and stores, bearing date 13th 
 November 1669, and said Company having made request that said 
 40,000Z. may be satisfied out of customs for goods and commodities 
 imported by said Company from 1st December next, the Commis- 
 sioners of the Treasury are required to pay to said Company out of 
 the receipt of the Exchequer said sum of 20,000/., with interest at 
 61. per cent, per annum from the time the same shall be paid into 
 the Exchequer until the time of repayment, also said sums of 2,000Z., 
 with interest at 61. per cent, per annum from 29th September last, 
 and of 30,000/., with 6 per cent, per annum from 10th October 
 instant, and 40,000/., with interest at 6 per cent, per annum from 
 29th September last past. And for the better security of said 
 Company to direct tallies to be levied upon the Receiver and Cashier 
 General of Customs and new imposts upon wines and vinegar for 
 said sums of 20,000/., 2,000/., 30,000/., and 40,000/., and interest as 
 aforesaid, such Receiver General to discharge and satisfy said tallies 
 for said sums of 20,000/., 2,000/., and 30,000/., with interest as 
 aforesaid, by six-and-twenty weekly payments of 2,000/. per week 
 from 1st December next, and to discharge said tallies for said 
 40,000/., with interest as aforesaid, out of the customs of such East 
 India commodities as shall be imported by said Company after 1st 
 December next according to their request. 
 
 With vignette portrait of Charles II., hut ivithout the Great Seal. 
 
 21. 7th October 1672 (24 Car. IL).— Acquittance under the Great 
 Seal to the East India Company ; recites articles of agreement be- 
 tween the Navy Commissioners and the East India Company, touch- 
 ing the setting forth His Majesty's ships Dunkirk, Leopard, Mary 
 Base, and Convertlne to the East Indies at the King's charge to be 
 freighted home by said Company, the return of said ships from the 
 East Indies, and differences arising between said Company and 
 Navy Commissioners occasioned by the return of the Leopard with 
 
268 
 
 much dead freight, the receipt bj said Company of 1,000/., for 
 which they were to pay 4,l53f pieces of eit^ht to Sir Gervase Lucas, 
 the King's Governor of Bombay, but who died before they were paid 
 to him, the misfortunes which befel the Leopard from the obstruc- 
 tions of the Dutch in India, who admitting the said Company's just 
 demands for satisfaction, said Company were in a way of obtaining 
 satisfaction when the Treaty of Breda was concluded, petition of said 
 Company to be released from aforesaid articles of agreement, and 
 from payment of said 4,153f pieces of eiiiht, said Company's present 
 of 2,000L money to the King, and bills of 282/. 13s. 6d. and 
 1,572 18s. due from the King to said Company for freight of the ship 
 London. The King by these presents doth remise, release, and for ever 
 quit claim unto said Governor and Company and their successors 
 said articles of agreement and said pieces of eight, and all actions, 
 suits, accounts, processes, claims, and demands in respect thereof. 
 
 With vignette portrait of the King and the Great Seal attached. 
 
 N.B. The King's letter to the Duke of York to order the Kavy 
 Commissioners to make above agreement is in the Public Record 
 Office. 
 
 (JDom. Entry Book, Vol. 3, jj. 11.) 
 
 22. 27th October 1673 (25 Car. II.).— Letters Patent ratifying 
 an agreement between Prince Rupert, Duke of Cumberland, and 
 others, His Majesty's Principal Commissioners of Prizes, and the 
 East India Comj^any, by which the Company are to sell the goods 
 taken from the Dutch ships Pajjenhurcjh, Alphen, Arms of Trewere, 
 alias Camphire, and Europa, on His Majesty's behalf, and pay the 
 proceeds to Richard Mounteney, His Majesty's Receiver General of 
 Prizes, after deducting customs, tare and tret, and charges of house 
 i-oom, management, &c. The Company undertake that the goods 
 when sold shall amount to 33,700/. more than the above said rates 
 (which are prescribed at length), and for the accommodation of His 
 Majesty's occasions said Company will advance on account to said 
 Richard Mounteney 50,000/. on 30th October instant, 50,000/. on 
 6th November following, and the remainder, whatsoever the sum 
 may amount unto at the rates afoi'esaid, and the 33,700/. custom and 
 charges jjrovided for in these articles, and 6i per cent, which they 
 allow to their buyers, first deducted, on 18th of said November. 
 
 Injured hy damp, with the vignette portrait of Charles II., but 
 without the Great Seal. 
 
 23. 6th March 1674 (26 Car. II.)— Release from Prince Rupert, 
 Duke of Cumberland, and others, His Majesty's Principal Commis- 
 sioners of Prizes, to the East India Company. Whereas the said 
 Company (in accordance with the articles of agreement under the 
 Great Seal of 27th October 1673) have sold the goods taken in 
 the Dutch ships Papenhurgh, Alphen, Arms of Treweer, alias Cam- 
 phire, and Europa, for 174,741/. 9s. 8d., and paid thereof to Richard 
 Mounteney, Receiver General of Prizes, 140,000/., and have given 
 an account of the expenditure of the residue in customs, expenses, 
 and charges of management, &c., said Commissioners by these pre- 
 sents allow said account, and on His Majesty's behalf release and 
 quit claim said Company from all demands on account of said 
 goods or moneys. Sighted by Rupert, Latimer, Ormonde, Craven, 
 Henry Coventry, and (Sir John) Duncomb. Much injured by damp. 
 
 24. 13th March 1674 (26 Car. IL).— Acquittance under the Great 
 Seal to the East India Company. That whereas in pursuance of 
 
269 
 
 articles of agreement under the Great Seal of 27th October 1673, 
 between Prince Eupert, Duke of Cumberland, and others, His 
 Majesty's Commissioners of Prizes, and the East India Company, 
 touchincr East India goods lately taken from the Dutch in the four 
 ships Papetiburgh, Alphen, Arms of Teiveer, alias Gamphire, and 
 Europa, which were put in the Company's hands to be disposed of 
 to His Majesty's most advantage, said Company have disposed of 
 said goods for the sum of 174,741L 9s. M., and have paid the same 
 for His Majesty's iise, or expended it in customs and charges, &c., 
 His Majesty by these presents doth remise, release, and for ever 
 quit claim unto said East India Company and their successors all 
 suits, claims, and demands against said Company concerning said 
 sum of money and goods. 
 
 With vignette portrait of Charles II. 
 
 Enrolled on the Patent Boll in the Puhlic Record Office, Pat. 26, 
 Car. II., Pt. 4, No. 4, 3159. 
 
 25. 21st October 1676 (28 Car. 11.)— Warrant under the Great 
 Seal to the Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury and Ex- 
 chequer. Whereas the said East India Company have agreed to lend 
 His Majesty the sum of 40,000?. on the credit of the customs pay- 
 able by them for East India commodities imported, after satisfying 
 the sum of 37,000/. and interest still unpaid for 700 tons of salt- 
 petre by them formerly sold to His Majesty, His Majesty doth by 
 these presents authorize and direct said Commissioners and Officers 
 of the Treasury to cause payment to be made to s.iid Company of 
 said sum, with interest at 6 per cent., out of said customs aforesaid, 
 and tallies to be levied accordingly upon the Keceiver General and 
 Farmers of Customs. 
 
 With viqnette portrait of Charles II. and the Great Seal mutilited. 
 Enrolled on Patent Boll in the Puhlic Becord Office, Pat. 28, Car. II., 
 PL 1, No. 4, 3180. 
 
 26. 24th January 1678 (29 Car. II.).— Warrant under the Great 
 Seal to the Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury and Exche- 
 quer. Whereas the East India Company have agreed to lend His 
 Majesty the sum of 20,000L, and to furnish His Majesty's stores 
 with 754f tons of saltpetre, which at the price agreed on amounts to 
 40,000Z., or 60,000/. in all. His Majesty by these presents authorizes 
 and requires said Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury to 
 cause payment to be made to said Company of said sum, with inte- 
 rest at 6 per cent., out of the customs payable by them for East 
 India commodities imported after the 1st November last past. 
 
 With vignette portrait of Charles II., but the Great Seal is missing. 
 
 27. 22nd November 1678 (30 Car. II.).— Warrant under the 
 Great Seal to the Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury and 
 Exchequer, Whereas the East India Company have agreed to lend 
 His Majesty 80,000Z., and furnish His Majesty's stores with 363 tons 
 12| cwts. 25 lbs. of saltpetre, of the value of 20,000Z., making to- 
 gether 50,000Z., His Majesty by these presents authorizes and 
 directs said Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury to cause 
 payment of said sum, with interest at 6 per cent., to l)e made to said 
 Oompany out of the customs on East India commodities by them 
 imported, after the satisfaction of the sum of 60,000Z. and interest 
 mentioned in His Majesty's Letters Patent of 24th January last. 
 
 The vignette portrait of Charles II. has been cut out, and but a 
 fragment remains of the Great Seal. 
 
270 
 
 28. 18th September 1682 (84 Car. II.).— Warrant under the 
 Great Seal to the Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury and 
 Exchequer. Whereas the East India Company have furnished ^His 
 Majestv's stores with 400 tons of saltpetre at the price of 15,372/., 
 His Majesty by these presents authorizes and requires said Com- 
 missioners and Officers of the Treasury to cause issue of said sum to 
 be made to the Paymaster of the Ordnance, to be by him applied 
 to satisfy said Company, payment to be made by tallies on the 
 Receiver' General and Farmers of the Customs of East India com- 
 modities imported after the 25th March next, with interest at 6 per 
 cent. 
 
 With vignette portrait of Charles II., and a fragment of the Great 
 Seal. 
 
 29. 5th July 1683 (35 Car. II.).- Warrant tinder the Great Seal 
 to the Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury and Exchequer. 
 Whereas the East India Company have agreed to furnish His 
 Majesty's stores with 1,051 tons of saltpetre, which, at 38s. 6d. per 
 cwt., amounts to 40,463L 10s., His Majesty by these presents autho- 
 rizes and requires said Commissioners and Officers of the Treasury to 
 cause issue of said sum to be made to the Paymaster of the Ord- 
 nance, to be by him applied to satisfy said Company, payment to be 
 made by tallies on the Keceiver General and Farmers of the Customs 
 of East' India commodities imported after the 29th September next, 
 with interest at 6 per cent. 
 
 With vignette iwrtrait of Charles II., and the Great Seal mutilated. 
 
 30. 12th November 1684 (36 Car. II.).— The King to John Petit, 
 George Bourcher, Simon Cracroft, and Edward Littleton. Whereas 
 His Majesty is informed by petition of the East India Company 
 that they, being said Company's servants, under oath and security 
 for their truth and fidelity, have notwithstanding for several years 
 past manifestly injured said Company in their trade in those parts, 
 by endeavouring to lessen their reputation with the Native Kings 
 and Governors," and to break contracts with some of them, making 
 others for the protection of interlopers, and labouring to promote 
 their trade and interest and lessen the Company's, and that said 
 John Petit is notoriously suspected to have been an encourager and 
 adviser of the late rebellion at Bombay, His Majesty requires and 
 strictly commands said Petit, Bourcher, Cracroft, and Littleton, 
 within 14 days after His pleastu-e shall have been signified to them, 
 to come for England to answer the premises and such other mattei's 
 as by the said Company shall be objected against them. 
 
 31, 31st January 1688 (3 Jac. IL). — Acquittance under the Privy 
 Seal to the East India Com])any and to the owners of the ship Anda- 
 luzia. Whereas the ship Andaluzia, John Jacob master, found trading 
 between the Cape de Bona Speranza and the Straits of Magellan 
 without license of said Company, was, on the 7th of April hist 
 past, condemned, and sentence passed that said shi]) and goods were 
 forfeited, one half to his Majesty and the other to said Company, 
 according to the Letters Patent of said Company of 3rd April 
 1661 ; and whereas His Majesty, at the instance of said Company, 
 has consented that said ship be restored to the owners, and said 
 goods sold, and the proceeds paid, one fifth to His Majesty and to 
 said Company, and four fifths to the owners, which has been done 
 
271 
 
 accordingly, and the sum of 3,161L Os. 2cl. paid into His MajestyV 
 Exchequer; His Majesty is pleased to accept said snm, and by 
 these presents doth exonerate, release, and discharge said Company 
 and said owners from all claims and demands concerning the said 
 ship and goods. Injured by damj), and the Seal is loanthuj. 
 
 32. 3rd October 1689 (1 Will, and Mary).— Warrant under the 
 Great Seal to the Connnissioners of the Treasury and Officers of the 
 Exchequer. Whereas the East India Company on the 30th August 
 last furnished Their Majesties' stores with 500 tons of brown salt- 
 petre, which at 45/. per ton amounts to 22,5007., and Their Majesties 
 have agreed that said sum shall be paid out of the customs and duties 
 of East India commodities since the 1st August last imported or to 
 be imjwrted, except the duties lately by Act of Parliament appro- 
 priated to the satisfaction of moneys due to the States General, and 
 arrears due to the servants of the late King Charles the Second, Their 
 Majesties hereby authorize and direct said Commissioners and Officers 
 of the Treasury "and Exchequer to cause payment to be made of said 
 sum to the Paymaster of the Ordnance, to be by him paid to said 
 Company as aforesaid, with interest at 6 per cent, per annum. 
 
 With vignette })ortmit of the King, hut without the Great Seal. 
 
 33. 14th July 1698.— Roll of subscribers for raising a sum not 
 exceeding two millions upon a fund for payment of annuities after the 
 rate of 01. per cent, per annum, and for settling the trade to the East 
 Indies according to an Act made in the last Session of the last 
 Parliament. Said subscribers undertake to unite their several shares 
 and interests, and to be incorporated as a Company, and to trade in a 
 joint stock to the East Indies. 
 
 The amounts of the several subscriptions vary from 20,000L, the 
 highest, to lOOZ., the lowest. Henry Furnese, 15,000/., is the first 
 name on this roll, Jas. Courthop, lOOZ., the last name. Among the 
 subscribers are the following, viz : — 
 
 <£ 
 
 John Smith, for Lord Portland - 10,000 
 
 Sam Shepheard - - - 20,000 
 
 Thos. Vernon ... - 15,000 
 
 John Lloyd - - - - 4,000 
 
 Jas. Vernon, for Duke of Shrewsbury - 4,000 
 
 Jas. Vernon, for himself - - 2,000 
 
 Theod. Janssen - - - 15,000 
 
 Gilbert Heathcote - - - 15,000 
 
 Ditto, for his brother John - - 3,000 
 
 Ditto, for his brother William - 3,000 
 
 The Lord Chancellor - - - 2,000 
 
 Henry Cornish - - - 10,000 
 
 For His Majesty : — 
 
 Chas. Montague - - -"j 
 
 Ste^Fox - - - -I loooO 
 
 J. Smith - - - -1 
 
 Tho. Littleton - - -j 
 
 Montagu . . - - 5,000 
 
 Eauelagh ... - 3,000 
 
 Cha. Montague - - - 5,000 
 
 Ste. Fox - - - - 4,000 
 
 J. Smith ... - 2,000 
 
 Tho. Littleton ... - 2,000 
 
272 
 
 Wm. Blatbwayt - - - 2,000 
 
 The Earl of Orford - - - 6,000 
 
 Cha. Montacru - - - 4,000 
 
 Thos. Clarke, for Jno. Bromley - 7,000 
 
 John Chadwicke - - - 3,000 
 
 John, Lord Culpeper - - - 500 
 
 Duke of Devonshire - - - 6,000 
 
 Gilbert Heathcote - - - 2,000 
 Tills roll consists of fifteen shins of parcliment. 
 
 34. 8th December 1703 (2 Aaue).— Warrant under the Great 
 Seal from George, Prince of Denmark, Lord High Admiral of 
 England and Generalissimo of the Forces, granting letters of marque 
 to Samuel Goodman in the ship Martha against ships, vessels, and 
 goods belonging to France and Spain, their vassals, subjects, &c.. 
 Her Majesty having on 14th May 1702 declared war against France 
 and Spain. 
 
 This document has suffered from damp, and onhj a fragment of the 
 Seal remains. 
 
 35. 20th August 1705 (4 Anne).— Grant of pardon under the 
 Great Seal to the Governor and Company of Merchants of London 
 trading into the East Indies. Eecites the substance of an Act of 
 Parliament of 9 Will. III., intituled " An Act for raising a sum, not 
 "exceeding two millions, upon a fund for payment of annuities after 
 ^' the rate of eight pounds per centum per annum, and for settling the 
 " trade to the East Indies," the incorpuration of a Company by the 
 name of the " English Company trading to the East Indies," the said 
 Governor and Company being on 22nd July 1702 possessed of 315,000Z. 
 of said subscriptions, and an indenture tripartite made on said 22nd 
 July 1702, between Her Majesty, the said Governor and Company, 
 and the said English Company, for settling all disputes between the 
 two Companies, whereby the said English Company doth covenant to 
 assist said Governor aud Company in bringing home their effects from 
 the Indies, &c., and to pay to them so much of the additional duty 
 of five per cent, payable by said A.ct of Parliament on goods brought 
 from the Indies as shall be paid to such English Company for the goods, 
 <&c., of said Governor and Company, their agents and servants, and 
 Her Majesty covenants to pardon both said Companies for all crimes, 
 misdemeanours, &c., by either committed " from the beginning of the 
 world" to the date of" said indenture, except certain customs, duties, 
 iind saltpetre not yet paid or dehvered. And whereas the said English 
 Company, by deed of the 20th of July last past, have declared that 
 certain informations in'the Court of Exchequer in the name of Alexander 
 Gawn and others, claiming that the ships Regard, Howland, and 
 Chambers frigate (being the only ships of Governor and Company now 
 abroad) were forfeited for certain seizures, were made without their 
 direction or privity, and have released and quit claimed to [said 
 Governor and Company all causes of forfeitures aud penalties which 
 might arise by reason of said seizures or informations : Her Majesty 
 by these presents pardons and quit claims to the said Governor and 
 Company, their agents and servants, for all offences and crimes 
 done on the 22nd of July 1702 and since, contrary to said Act of 
 Parliament, except duties, customs, breaches of bond, &c. 
 
 Very much injured by damp, with the vignette portrait of Queen 
 Anne, and the Great Seal, which is mutilated. 
 
273 
 
 36. 20th October 1732 (6 Geo. IIJ.— Commission under the 
 Great Seal to Eobert Jenkins, commauder of the ship Harrington, 
 carrying thirty-four guns and ninety-eight men, empowering him to 
 apprehend, seize, and secure all pirates, freebooters, and sea rovers, 
 being His Majesty's subjects, or of other nations associated with 
 them, with their ships, moneys, and goods, as he shall meet with on 
 the coasts and in the seas of India (whither he is going), or in any 
 other seas, and bring them to trial to the end they may be proceeded 
 against with the utmost severity of the law, and enjoining him to keep 
 a journal of said pirates' ships, goods, moneys, arms, Sec, and to take 
 care of the bills of lading and all other papers found in them. 
 
 This Commission hears the King's signature, but the Great Seal has 
 been sadly mutilated. 
 
 37. 22nd August 1737 (11 Geo. II.).— Similar Commission under 
 the Great Seal to William Jobson, commander of the Boyal George, 
 carrying thirty guns and ninety-eight men. 
 
 This Commission also bears the King's signature, but the Great Seal 
 is mutilated. 
 
 38. 18th November 1745 (19 Geo. II.).— Letters of marque under 
 the Great Seal to Harry Kent, commander of the ship Dragon, carry- 
 ing twenty guns and ninety-nine men, against all ships and goods of 
 France and Spain, their vassals and inhabitants. 
 
 There is a vignette portrait of George II., but the Great Seal i9 
 wanting. 
 
 39. 2nd July 1747 (21 Geo. XL).- Similar letters of marque 
 under the Great Seal to Norton Hutchinson, commander of the 
 Stoalloiv, carrying fourteen guns and thirty-five men. 
 
 With vignette portrait of George II. The Great Seal is missing. 
 
 40. 16th October 1758 (32 Geo. II.),— Commission under the 
 Great Seal to George Beamish, commander of the ship Boyal George, 
 carrying twenty-four guns and eighty men, to seize pirates. 
 
 This Commission is in similar terms to No. 36 ; it has the King^s 
 signature, but the Great Seal is wanting. 
 
 W. Noel Sainsbxjry. 
 
 P.S., 2nd Eeprlnt. — The whole of the above 40 documents are now 
 included in the new Catalogue of Parchment Records prepared under 
 the direction of Mr. F. C. Danvers since the first reprint of the pre- 
 sent Report was issued last year [1889]. See Appendix D. 
 
 Geo. B. 
 
274 
 
 Appendix B. 
 
 Reprint of the Introduction to 
 
 THE DAWN OE BRITISH TRADE TO THE 
 EAST INDIES, 
 
 As recorded in the Court Minutes of the East India Company, 
 
 1599—1603, 
 
 Printed from the Original Manuscript 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY STEVENS of Vermont, 
 
 And published by 
 
 HENRY STEVENS and SON, 
 
 115, Saint Martin's Lane 
 
 [Now (1890) 39, Great Eussell Street]. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 1886. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 "Qui mareteneat, eum necesse rerum potiri." — Cicero, Ep. ad Att., x. 
 
 The History of the East India Company is a work that has still to 
 be written, although from its rise, at the close of the sixteenth century, 
 to its disappearance thirty years ago, the Company was careful to 
 provide all the necessary material for the task, and to place on formal 
 record the simplest acts of its administration, and the reasons which 
 prompted all its decisions. The value of these contemporary annals 
 — for the Court Books, Factory Diaries, Consultations, and general 
 correspondence, really constitute a continuous narrative— has been 
 only in a small degree impaired by the ravages of time, and by the 
 neglect of less careful custodians than the men who originally deter- 
 mined that their successors in office should gain by their example and 
 exi)erience, and that the Company itself should not suffer in the eyes of 
 posterity from any ambiguity as to its j^roceedings. The present 
 volume, printed as a labour of love under the direction and at the 
 
275 
 
 charge of the late Mr. Heury Stoveus, is, so far as print can be made 
 a facsimile of maunscript, identical with the first Court Book kepthy 
 the adventurers trading to the East Indies, who received from Queen 
 Elizabeth in the last year of the sixteenth century a patent, or 
 charter, recognizing them as the East India Company, with a mono- 
 poly of trade and specified privileges for a given term of years. 
 
 The first entry is of the names of those persons who svibscribed on 
 22nd Septem])er, 1599, to " the pretended voiage to the Eastelndias, 
 the whiche it male please the Lorde to psper ;" and the last is the report 
 of a committee meeting on 28th June, 1603. Within those four years 
 is contained the germ of every triumph subsequently achieved in the 
 seas and lands of the East. The committees to which the adventurers 
 entrusted the guidance of their affairs not merely laid down the coun- 
 tries with which it was desirable to trade, und tlie English commo- 
 modities for which their mai-kets might provide a vent, but they 
 dwelt upon the inconveniences of the long sea route by the Cape of 
 Good Hope to India, and listened with approval to any project, how- 
 ever visionary, for bringing London neai-er to the wealthy kingdoms of 
 Asia. As will be seen, their hopes centred in the North- West pas- 
 sage, which Eobert Thorne had been the first to advocate in Henry 
 VIII. 's reign as furnishing a I'oad to Cathay and India, and which 
 long continued to dangle before the eyes of the Company as a 
 glorious possibility, never realizing its promise until in our time the 
 discovery had been made, and the feat accomplished, not by naval 
 skill and daring, but by the connection of the two great oceans of 
 the world by a line of railway. The early references to America 
 contained in this volume will be of peculiar interest to the descen- 
 dants of the Pilgrim Fathers of the May Floiver* who have so rapidly 
 spread themselves over that mighty continent, and who have so bril- 
 liantly carried on the commercial traditions of the Mother Country 
 of us all. 
 
 The present volume, the first Court Book, fuimishes irrefragable 
 evidence that the managers of the East India Company began their 
 undertaking in a thoroughly practical and businesslike manner. They 
 encountered a rebuff, however, on the very threshold of their enter- 
 prise, for after three -meetings they were obliged to postpone their 
 first voyage until the following year in consequence of the negotia- 
 tions then in progress with Spain for the conclusion of a peace. The 
 active life of the Company, therefore, did not commence until the 
 meeting at Founders' Hall, on 23rd September, 1600, whereat it was 
 announced that " it was Her Ma^s pleasure that they shuld proceade 
 in ther purpose." The first steps taken were the appointment of 
 committees to select and purchase suitable vessels for the voyage, as 
 well as the necessary stores and equipment. The Susan, or more 
 strictly the Great Susan, the Hector, and the Assentlon, were the first 
 three vessels purchased, and then, after protracted bargaining with 
 its owner, the E:irl of Cumberland, the Alare Scurge, afterwards re- 
 named the Bed Dragon, was procured as the Admiral's ship. These 
 four vessels constituted what is termed " the First Voyage," but a 
 
 * The East India Compauy possessed in 1659 a ship called the May Floicer, which I believe 
 subsequently foiiudered in the Bay of Bengal. In my Ecjiort o» the MiscManeous Old Becords 
 of the India Office [H.M.'s Stationery Office, 1879], I ask whether it could have been the same 
 ship as the May Flou-cr which landed the Dutch, Scotch, and Euslish emigrants from Delft 
 Haven, Southampton, and Plymouth, in New England, 25 Dec, 1020. See pp. 74-5. 
 
 s 2 
 
276 
 
 fifth, and much smaller vessel, named the Guift* was added to them 
 for the conveyance of some of the indispensable supplies of the 
 squadron, and it was to be cast adrift at the discretion of the com- 
 mander. The committees had to report to the Court every particular 
 of their transactions with the owners of the ships, and these form 
 the substance of the first half of the present volume. The inventories 
 of the four ships named, given at pp. 15-20, pp. 22-4, pp. 42-4, are 
 exceedingly curious, and mention everything on board from culverins 
 and masts to " 1 pease pott & 2 gridirons." The Mare Scurge, of 600 
 tons burden, and twice the size of the nexb largest vessel of the fleet, 
 the Hector, cost S,700l. The Susan was purchased for 1,600Z. ; but 
 the prices given for the others are not stated. The Guift cost 300Z. 
 These sums included everything on board, as well as the vessels 
 themselves, and with regard to two of them it way stipulated that 
 the seller should take back his ship at half price on its safe return. 
 
 The ships having been procured, the next thing was to make them 
 ready for sea, and this was done with all dispatch ; the workmen on 
 the Mare Scurge being allowed a barrel of beer a day to prevent their 
 running to the ale-house. They wei-e then provided with their proper 
 companies, the Mare Scurge having 200 men, the Hector 100 men, 
 the Susan 80 men, and the Assention 80 men. The sailors received 
 two months' wages in advance, and the officers were treated in an 
 equally liberal manner. Great care was shown in the selection of the 
 latter, and when the Loi'd Treasurer made a special appeal for Sir 
 Edward Michelborne to be employed in the voyage the Court firmly 
 refused " to imploy anie gent," and requested " leave to sort ther 
 busines w^h men of ther owne quality." Captain Janes Lancaster was 
 appointed Captain of the Mare Scurge, and Admiral of the Squadron. 
 Captain John Middleton commanded the Hector, with the succession 
 to the chief command in the event of Lancaster's death. Both these 
 officers were also appointed principal factors. The Master of the 
 Susan was Samuel Spencer, and of the Assention, Roger Hankiu. 
 
 The Company had difficulties of its own. Some of the adventurers 
 were not prompt in paying up their instalments, and in April, 1601, the 
 Company was 7,000L in default, and had to appeal to the Lords of the 
 Privy Council for special powers to deal with those that " shewe them- 
 selves remisse & vnwillinge to furnyshe there promyssed contribucous," 
 and this request was granted. The order is a characteristic one, and 
 will be found at pp. 165-6. The Company issued warrants against 
 the defaulters in accordance with this order, and we may assume that 
 this summary mode of dealing was attended with satisfactory results 
 as the subject gradually disappears from the Court Minutes. 
 
 On 1st May 1601, the Court sanctioned the payment of " twentie 
 merkes " to the King of Heralds for assigning Corporate Arms to the 
 Company, but these were not the same lusigniafof Community, with 
 the motto " Auspicio Regis et Senatus Anglioe," which, at a later date, 
 became renowned throughout the East. Very stringent rules were 
 also passed for the maintenance of order in the Court, and some of 
 them would not be without their value in a more august assembly at 
 the present day, as, for instance, the regulation providing that no 
 
 ♦ The received names of the ships here called Mare Scurge, and Guift, are Malice Scourge 
 and Guest. The name of the Assention is usually spelled Ascension. 
 t See pp. 21, note, and 222-3, note. 
 
277 
 
 brother of the Company should speak to any one matter " above 
 three sundry tymes." The penalty of doing so was 3s. M., a con- 
 siderable amount in those days. Penalties of dififerent amounts were 
 inflicted for uncivil or intemperate speeches and behaviour, for inter- 
 ruptions, such as private whisperings, &c., for breaking silence when 
 enjoined by the Governour, for leaving the Court without permission, 
 and the refusal to pay these fines or penalties entailed a term of 
 imprisonment. For further information on these points the reader 
 must be referred to pp. 201-4. 
 
 It was in June, 1603, that news was received through a Frenchman 
 that left the English fleet at sea of its safe return to European waters, 
 but the first Court Book contains only special reference to the arrival 
 of the Assentio7i; from the officers of which vessel several letters were 
 read in the General Court held on 6th June, 1603. Ten days later the 
 reAvard of five pounds was assigned to Mr. Midleton of Plymouth 
 " for hispaines ryding hetherw^ii'the first report of the coming of the 
 " Assention out of the East Indies." Special orders were sent down to 
 Plymouth that the ship was not to break bulk until anchored in the 
 Thames. Warehouses suitable for the reception of its cargo were 
 taken, tithes were paid to the Lord High Admiral for a prize captured 
 at sea, and on the 16th June the entrance of the vessel into the river 
 was publicly announced. Six pounds had then to be paid for pilotage 
 and 9171. for customs to the King [for James I. had succeeded " Good 
 Queen Bess "], before the adventurers were in a position to know how 
 their first journey had prospered. The Court Book says modestly 
 that it afforded encouragement for a second venture, but for more 
 exact and detailed information concerning the return of the East 
 India Company's first squadron from Asia the reader will refer to the 
 passages themselves. 
 
 Very soon after the sailing of the first fleet for India by the Cape of 
 Bona Sperausa, the project of discovering a route to the East Indies by 
 the North- West Passage was brought before the Court by "one George 
 Waymoth* a navigator." The subject was considered in a dual form ; 
 first, whether the Company would take it up and be at the charge of 
 fitting out two or three pinnaces, and secondly, if it would not accept 
 this direct responsibility, would it leave the matter to private men, 
 and reward their discovery by the surrender of the trade by this route 
 for certain years ? Whether from fear of losing any of the privileges 
 and advantages of the monopoly of trade with China and the East 
 Indies, or from pure public spirit, it was determined that " the 
 findinge out of the Northwest passage" shall be "consented vmto for 
 a voyage." The readiness of the Court to undertake this quest, and 
 to seriously take up George Waymouth's idea, can only be under- 
 stood by realizing the state of geographical knowledge at the time, 
 and the hopes of the commercial classes of the discovery of new and 
 short routes to the Indies as well as of new countries. 
 
 The discovery of the North-West Passage had been the first ambi- 
 tion of English navigators. Henry VII.'s letters patent to John Cabot 
 and his three sons in 1496 were for the discovery of this very route.f 
 In the next reign Eobert Thorne advocated the same project, which 
 Sebastian Cabot revived under Edward VI. and Mary, and the expe- 
 dition of Sir Hugh Willoughby and Eichard Chancellor to the White 
 
 * His name is afterwards spelt Waymouth and Waymouthe. 
 + See pp. 193-5. 
 
278 
 
 Sea, partly a failure and partly a success, was really another attempt to 
 solve the same problem. The voyages of Martin Frobisher, in 1576-8, 
 were the first to give any tangible ground of hope in the discovery of 
 an inlet on the coast of Labrador running westward, and he was 
 " highly commended of all men for the great hope he brought of a pas- 
 " sage to Cathaia." These different attempts made in the course of a 
 century were so many endeavours to realize the predictions of Seneca* 
 and Pulci.t The latter clearly prophesied that across the Atlantic 
 would be discovered not only a new world, but a new route to the 
 East. 
 
 Political considerations confirmed the traditions kept alive by the 
 bolder geographers and men of science of antiquity, and also of the 
 Eenaissance. Da'Gama's discovery of the Cape route to the Indies had 
 been to the benefit of a Portuguese monopoly, not of the commercial 
 interests of Europe at large. For a century the Portuguese enjoyed 
 as undisturbed a supremacy east of the Cape as the Spaniards had for 
 three-fourths that period on the Spanish Main. When the English 
 navy was in its infancy that of Portugal had reached its prime, and 
 was, indeed, squandering the magnificent inheritance of Da Gania and 
 Albuquerque. It seemed to English navigators and merchants that 
 the only practical way of coping with the Portuguese in the Eastern 
 seas was by the discovery of a new route thither of which England 
 might claim and possess the sole right of usage. In the sixteenth 
 century English naval enterprise found its chief impulse in this con- 
 sideration, and when the next century was marked by the beginning 
 of an East India Company whose programme was to compete with the 
 Portuguese and Dutch — for the latter had also, and before us, em- 
 barked on the same undertaking — in a trade by the Cape route, there 
 were many who turned with unconcealed longing to the earlier scheme, 
 as holding forth the promise of easier and more complete success. It 
 was in this hankering feeling after a monopoly and a sway not to be 
 disputed that men like George Waymouth and other advocates of 
 the North- West Passage found their best opportunity and argu- 
 ment. 
 
 Such were the prevalent views when Captain Waymouth proposed 
 afresh search for the North- West Passage, and obtained the sanction of 
 the Court to his design. Although a fleet had sailed only a few months 
 before by the Cape route, then new to Englishmen, the generality of 
 the Company showed every disposition to patronise another attempt 
 to open a route peculiarly dear to the English, and identified with 
 their name. Yet even in this matter, an unexpected obstacle presented 
 itself in the alleged prior rights of the " Muskovia Companie," the 
 parent of the Eussia Company of our time. Delays and objections 
 
 * See his Medea, II., 376-80 :— 
 
 " Veuieut anuis secula seris 
 Quibiis Oceanus vincula rerum 
 Laxet, et iugens ijateat tellus, 
 Tetbysque novos detegat orbes, 
 Nee sit terris ultima Thnle." 
 
 And again, bis Qucedionxim Naturallum Lihri Sqitcni:— "Curiosus spectator con temnit domi- 
 " cilii angustias. Quantum euim est quod ab ultimis litoribus Hispanite usque ad ludos 
 *' jacet ? paucissimorum dierum spatium, si navem suam ventus implevit." See pp. 257-8. 
 t Luigi Pulci, 1431-1487, " sire of the half-serious rhyme " : — 
 
 " But see, tlie sun speeds in his western path 
 To glad the nations with unexpected liijbt." 
 
279 
 
 ensued cas to the respective privileges of the two Companies, and the 
 deliberations of chosen delegates did not greatly further any practical 
 or definite conclusion. The discussion might have continued indefi- 
 nitely had not the East India Company taken legal opinion astotheir 
 rights, and finding them ample for the purpose in hand, sanctioned 
 the scheme as their " Second Voyage " to the Indies. Finding them so 
 firm, the Muskovia Company waived their loftier j)retensions, and 
 proceeded to associate themselves in the enterprise. For the purposes 
 of this voyage, a special levy of one shilling for each pound deposited 
 by the adventurers for the Cape experiment was ordered, and special 
 terms, mainly dependent, however, on the result of his voyage, were 
 made with Captain Waymouth. The objects of the journey itself are 
 well expressed on pp. 198-9, whereat are recited some of the chief 
 passages of Elizabeth's patent, as well as the reasons which swayed 
 the decision of the Court. The formal agreement between the Com- 
 pany and George Waymouth sets forth that the Governor and Company 
 had deliberated on " the longe and tedious course w<=^i hath benne 
 " hitherto houlden by all such as do trade or sayle from these parts 
 " of the world in to y^ East Indies alonge the coast of Europe and 
 " Africa by y^ Cape of Bona Esperansa and of the great adventures 
 " w'^'^ are "borne in soe longe a viage by many kinds of daungers offered 
 " therein, and beinge moved w^h great hope that ther is a possibility 
 " of discovery of a neerer Passage into y^ said East Indies by seas by 
 " ye way of the North-west yf the same were vndertaken by a man of 
 " knowledge in Navigacon, &c., &c.," and had in consequence en- 
 trusted the task to Captain Waymouth. In a subsequent passage 
 further details are supplied as to how it was thought this would be 
 effected, and these constituted what would now be termed Captain 
 Waymouth's sailing orders. He was to "sayle toward the coast of 
 " Groynland into that part of the open seas w'='^ is described in sundry 
 " generall mapps by y^ name of fretum Dauies and shall passe on 
 " forward in those seas by y^ northwest or as he shall fynd the Passage 
 " best to Ive towards the parts or kingedomes of Cataya or China, or 
 " y hacJcside of America." Queen Elizabeth attached sufficient impor- 
 tance to the undertaking to write a special letter to the Emperor of 
 China and " Kathai," the use of the double names for the one country 
 implying rather the excess, or cautious completeness, of diplomatic 
 courtesy than geographical ignorance. 
 
 Considering the great expense to which the Company went in the 
 matter, the many hopes that were based on the enterprise, and the 
 confidence of the" commander himself, the speedy, not to say the igno- 
 minious, return of the expedition was extremely disheartening. The 
 Court Book throws no further light on the cause of the failure of this 
 well equipped expedition to achieve what was not then known to be 
 impossible, than to attribute it to the intrigues of the minister or 
 preacher, Mr. Cartwright. But Captain Waymouth endeavoured, 
 and not unsuccessfully, to induce the Court to overlook his failure, 
 and to take up new schemes for the discovery of another route, not 
 by the North-west, but by the South-west, or round Cape Horn. 
 There is little doubt that he would have carried his purpose had he 
 not allowed himself to be drawn into litigation with the Company 
 about what he considered his just claims in the matter of the abortive 
 voyage. These were firmly resisted, with the consequence that he 
 failed not only to obtain his damages, but also to induce the Company 
 to employ him on a fresh voyage, as had been intended. 
 
280 
 
 Tlie opposition of the Court to Captain Waymouth's demands and 
 propositions was made the more inflexible by the safe return of the 
 ships that had sailed by way of the Cape of Good Hope. The arrival 
 of the Assention showed where the practically useful route to the 
 Indies lay. It had its difficulties, delays, and dangers, but in com- 
 parison Avith a mythical North-West passage it acquired greater sub- 
 stantiality as one prosperous voyage regularly succeeded another. 
 Hudson, Button, and Baffin followed at short intervals, and with more 
 favourable results, in the footsteps of Waymouth ; but even their 
 successes went to demonstrate the impracticability of the main pur- 
 nose of their voyages, the opening of a North-West Passage. The 
 first Court Book, characteristic in every particular and important in 
 most, is historically curious as officially marking the first indication of 
 the waning hopes of the school of Cabot and Frobisher, and the rising 
 expectations, soon to be confirmed by facts, of that of Lancaster and 
 Middleton, of Saris and Marlowe. The North-West Passage was a 
 great idea based on an error of fact. The long and tedious route 
 by the Cape was a magnificent certainty which supplied English 
 naval skill and daring with their most profitable and glorious field 
 of enterprise ; for the pretensions of the Portuguese to a monopoly 
 being steadfastly repelled, the opulent trade with the Indies became 
 the pi-ize in a fair and open competition of merit and energy. The 
 l^resent volume is evidence, not of the triumph of the English Com- 
 pany, but of the way in which they made up their minds to deserve 
 and win it. The fruits of the victory they ultimately, after a contest 
 of two centuries, secured over all rivals by the oj^en ocean round the 
 Cape of Good Hope, have been retained unimpaired now that the narrow 
 seas from Gibraltar to Aden have become, since the piercing of the 
 Suez Isthmus, the general thoroughfare to the Indies ; and if the 
 North- West Canadian Pacific Eailway should realize the anticipations 
 of its projectors, the practical solution of the old North- West Passage 
 problem would leave the English-speaking races victors still in the 
 secular and mortal struggle of the leading countries of the civilized 
 world for commercial ascendency and political existence. The states 
 which, through degenerate weariness and faint-heartedness in well- 
 doing, failed in this implacable competition are foredoomed to wrested 
 greatness and enforced decay. 
 
 Undying then should be our gratitude to the founders of the East 
 India Company, for they were indeed the pioneers of the unparalleled 
 colonial and mercantile prosperity of modern England : and we may 
 be sure that wherever 
 
 " The strong hearts of her sons " 
 
 are not borne down, as they have been, for well nigh a whole genera- 
 tion among ourselves, by the miserable sense of constantly reiterated 
 public shame, but are kept up by the high hopes on which they are 
 perennially nourished in the invincible Eepublic of the West, and in 
 the proud dominions of the British Crown in the great South Sea, 
 there the names of these middle class Elizabethan merchant adven- 
 turers, who so well understood, when occasion called, how by trans- 
 gressing, most truly to keep the moral law, will be for ever cherished 
 and revered, as of '■ brave men, and worthy patriots, dear to God, 
 and famous to all ages." 
 
 Our own destruction, as a beneficent power among the nations, 
 may be as inevitable, as our peril, arising mainly from the weakness 
 
281 
 
 of the historical instinct in the English democracy, at the present 
 moment seems imminent ; but in the worst case we shall have 
 bequeathed the secret of empire, in the New World and the Old, to 
 more resolute inheritors of our common traditions and splendour. 
 
 George Birdwood. 
 
 India OflBce, Westminster, 
 
 " Queen Elizabeth's Day " [17th Novemher*], 1886. 
 
 * The anniversary of the accession of "the Most Mightie and Magnificent Empresse 
 Elizabeth " continued to be kept as a public holiday in England even within the last century, 
 and it should still be so observed, at least in the India Office and in British India, and the 
 State of Virginia, in praise perennial of Her imperious Majesty's heroic memory. 
 
 " Cynthia prima fuit, Cynthia iinis erit." 
 
 " Her deeds were like great glusters of ripe grapes 
 Which load the branches of the fruitful! vine, 
 Oifring to fall into each mouth that gapes. 
 And fill the same with store of timely wine. 
 
 Her thoughts are like the fume of Frankincence, 
 Which from a golden Censer forth doth rise, 
 And throwing forth sweet odours mounts fro thence 
 In rolling globes up to the vauted skies." 
 
282 
 
 Appendix C. 
 
 List of the East India Company's Charters found in the 
 Accountant General's Department after the first 
 reprint of my Eeport on the Old Records had nearly 
 all passed through the press. 
 
 1. 3rd April 1661.— Charter to the Governor and Company of 
 Merchants of London trading to the East Indies, dated 13th of 
 Charles II. A copy also exists : — See No. 23 of Catalogue of the 
 Parchment Records [Appendix D]. 
 
 2. 27th March 1669.— Grant of the Island of Bombay, dated 
 20th of Charles II. 
 
 3. 16th December 1674.— Grant of the Island of St. Helena, 
 dated 25th of Charles II. 
 
 4. 5th October 1677. — Charter confirming privileges and granting 
 power to coin money at Bombay, dated 28th Charles II. 
 
 5. 7th October 1693. — Charter confirming privileges, dated 5th 
 of William III. and Mary. A copy also exists :— See No. 47 of 
 Catalogue of Parchment Records [Appendix D]. 
 
 6. 11th November 1693. — Charter i)rescribing orders and direc- 
 tions, dated 5th of William III. and Mary. See also No. 49 of 
 Catalogue of Parchment Records [Appendix D]. 
 
 7. 3rd September 1698. — Charter of the " General Society " trading 
 to the East Indies, dated 10th of William III. 
 
 8. 5th September 1698.— Charter of the " English Company " 
 trading to the East Indies. 
 
 9. 14th July 1698. — Charter appointing Hugh Boscawen and 
 others to take subscriptions for the General Society (English Com- 
 pany). 
 
 10. 22nd July 1702.— Indenture tripartite between Her Majesty 
 Queen Anne, the Company of Merchants of London, and the English 
 Company, dated 1st of Queen Anne. 
 
 11. Duplicate. 
 
 12. 29th September 1708. — Decree of Chancery on Lord Godol- 
 phin's award between the two Companies. 
 
 13. 24th September 1726. — Charter to the United Company for 
 establishing Mayors' Courts at Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta, dated 
 13th of George I. 
 
 14. 8th January 1753.— Charter for erecting and holding Courts 
 of Justice, dated 26th of George 11. 
 
283 
 
 15. 14tli Jauuai-y 1758. — Constitutioual grant of plunder taken 
 since IGth September 1757, dated 31st of George II. 
 
 16. Duplicate. 
 
 17. 20th December 1760.— Charter to establish Courts of Judi- 
 cature at Fort Marlborough, dated 1st of Greorge III. 
 
 18. 2nd October, 1812. — Charter regarding property captured in 
 war, dated 52nd George III. 
 
 Geo. B. 
 
 P.S., Second Reprint. — All the above 18 documents are now in- 
 cluded in the ne^v Catalogue of Parchment Records, prepared under 
 the direction of Mr. F. C. Danvers since the publication of the first 
 reprint of thisEeport in 1889. See Appendix D. 
 
 Geo. B. 
 
284 
 
 Appendix D. 
 
 Catalogue of the Parchment Records,* prepared under 
 the direction of Mr. F. C. Danvees, 2:3rd June 1890. 
 
 1. 
 
 1498, 
 
 1st Sept. . 
 
 2. 
 
 1600, 
 1606, 
 
 31st Dec. . 
 9th Aug. . 
 
 4. 
 
 1609, 
 
 22udMay . 
 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 1609, 
 1610, 
 
 31st May . 
 17th March. 
 
 7. 
 
 8. 
 
 1610, 
 1623, 
 
 17th March. 
 4th Feb. . 
 
 9. 
 
 1627, 
 
 ,14th Oct. . 
 
 10. 1628, 18th Feb. 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 15. 
 
 16. 
 17. 
 
 18. 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 
 1629, 24th March. 
 
 1629, 17th Oct. . 
 1630, 10th March. 
 
 1630, 9th Nov. . 
 
 1631, 19th Feb. . 
 
 1631, 21st Nov. . 
 
 1632, 3rd March. 
 
 1633, 8th Oct. . 
 1635, 30th Nov. . 
 1655, 7th Aug. . 
 
 1660, 18th Dec. 
 
 1661, 3rd April 
 
 Deed relating to property in Lime Street 
 Ward. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth's Charter. [Copy only.] 
 
 Eoyal License to sell spices, &c., in bulk, 
 and to export the same. [Seal.] 
 
 Eoyal Licence to sell spices, &c., for export 
 in bulk, ungarbled. [Seal.] 
 
 James I.'s Charter. [Copy only.] 
 
 Eoyal Commission to Sir H. Middleton for 
 the 6th voyage. [Seal.] 
 
 Duplicate of No. 6. [Seal,] _ 
 
 Eoyal Commission granting judicial powers 
 to the Company's servants in India. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 Eoyal Commision to Eobert Ducy and 
 others to enquire into the disposal of the 
 monies collected for the purposes of an 
 expedition against the Algerian pirates. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 
 Counterpart of lease of a house in Bishops- 
 gate Street. 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bullion. 
 
 Cromwell's Warrant to the Commissioners 
 of the Treasury for payment of 50,000Z. 
 to the Company. [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent for shipment of bulUon. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 Charter of Charles XL, confirming and ex- 
 tending former charters. [Seal.] 
 
 * This Catalogue includes all the dociunents enumerated in the text and foot-notes of the 
 present Eeport. pp. 18, 19, and 20, with the exceptions noted on page 19 ; and all the documents 
 enumerated in Mr. Noel Sainsbury's Calendar [Apjiendix A, pp. 263-73] ; and in the List of 
 Documents found in the Accountant-General's Department [Appendix C, pp. 282-3]. And it 
 further includes five documents, namely. Numbers 40, 41, 49, 50, and 51, not entered in my 
 Eeport, Mr. Sainsbury's Calendar, or the Accountant-General's List. — Geo. B. 
 
285 
 
 23. 
 
 24. 
 
 1661, 3rd April 
 1665, 14tli Nov. 
 
 25. 1668, 6th Feb. 
 
 30. 
 
 31. 
 
 32. 
 33. 
 
 34. 
 
 35. 
 
 36. 
 
 37. 
 38. 
 39. 
 
 1669, 27tli March. 
 1672, 7th Oct. . 
 1672, 7th Oct. . 
 
 29. 1673, 27th Oct. 
 
 1674, 6th March. 
 1674, 13th March. 
 
 1674, 16th Dec. . 
 
 1676, 21st Oct. . 
 
 1677, 5th Oct. . 
 
 1678, 24th Jan. . 
 1678, 22nd Nov. 
 
 1682, 18th Sept. , 
 
 1683, 5th July 
 
 1684, 12th Nov. 
 
 40. 1686, 12th April. 
 
 Copy of No. 22. 
 
 Mandate of James, Duke of York, Lord 
 High Admiral, to the Commissioners for 
 Keprizals to sell the contents of the prize 
 Golden Phoenix. 
 
 Acquittance under ^the Great Seal to the 
 E. I. Co., with ' reference to the sum 
 realized by the sale of the contents of two 
 Dutch prizes, the Slothany and the Golden 
 Phoe7iix. 
 
 Letters Patent granting the island of Bombay 
 to the E. L Co. [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent for the payment, by instal- 
 ments, of 92,000Z. due to the E. I. Co. 
 
 Acquittance under the Great Seal to the 
 E. I. Co., remitting certain monies due 
 from them. [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent ratifying an agreement be- 
 tween Prince Eupert and others and the 
 E. I. Co., for the sale of goods taken from 
 certain Dutch prizes. 
 
 Release from Prince Rupert and others of 
 any further sums due on account of the 
 sale of the above goods. [Seal.] 
 
 Acquittance vmder the Great Seal to the 
 E. I. Co., releasing them from all further 
 claims on the same subject. 
 
 Letters Patent granting the island of St. 
 Helena to the E. I. Co. [Seal.] 
 
 Warrant under the Great Seal to the Com- 
 missioners, &c. of the Treasury and Ex- 
 chequer, for the repayment of 40,000^. to 
 the E. L Co. [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent confirming former privileges 
 and giving power to coin money at Bom- 
 bay. [Seal.] 
 
 Warrant to the Commissioners, &c. of the 
 Treasury and Exchequer for the payment 
 of 60,000Z. to the E. I. Co. 
 
 Warrant to the Commissioners, &c. of the 
 Treasury and Exchequer for payment to 
 the E. 1. Co. of 50,000^ [Seal.] 
 
 A similar warrant for payment of 15,372Z. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 A similar warrant for payment of 40,463Z. 
 10s. Od. [Seal.] 
 
 The King to John Petit, George Bourcher, 
 Simon' Cracroft, and Edward Littleton, 
 requiring them to return to England to 
 answer certain charges against them. 
 
 Letters Patent confirming former charters 
 and authorizing the Company to establish 
 Courts of Justice, to raise military and 
 naval forces, and coin money in India. 
 [Copy only.] 
 
286 
 
 41. 1687, 30th Dec. . Charter establishing a municipality and 
 
 Mayor's Court at Madras. [Copy only.] 
 
 42. 1688, 31st Jan. . Acquittance under the Privy Seal to the 
 
 E. I. Co., and to the owners of the ship 
 Andaluzia. 
 
 43. 1689, 5th Sept. . Hall and Wife versus Leigh and E. I. Co. 
 
 Tavo decrees in Chancery. [Seal.] 
 
 44. 1689, 3rd Oct. . Warrant under the Great* Seal to the Com- 
 
 missioners of the Treasury and Exche- 
 quer, for payment to the E. I. Co. of the 
 sum of 22,500L, for saltpetre purchased 
 of them. 
 
 Atwood, Halford, and others versus Warr 
 and the E. I. Co. Decree in Chancery. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent confirming the E. I. Co. in 
 their powers and privileges. [Seal.] 
 
 Copy of No. 46. 
 
 Letters Patent prescribing regulations for 
 the conduct of the Company's business. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 Letters Patent establishing further regula- 
 tions, &c. [Copy only.] . 
 
 Bye Laws. Approved by a General Court. 
 
 Act 44, 9 and 10 William III., for raising a 
 sum not exceeding 2,000,000?., &c. 
 
 Letters Patent appointing Commissioners 
 to receive subscriptions tor the " General 
 Society "; with Schedule A., Draft Charter 
 of General Society, aud Schedule B., 
 Draft of " the Charter for the Company 
 to trade under a joint stock, which is to 
 pass under the Great Seal " if the 
 2,000,OOOZ. be subscribed. [Seal.] 
 
 53. 1698, 14th July. . Eoll of subscribers to the 2,000,000Z. 
 
 54. 1698, 14th-16th Two books of original subscriptions to the 
 
 July. 2,000,000Z. 
 
 55. 1698, 3rd Sept. . Charter of incorporation of the " General 
 
 Society." [See Shaw's '' Charters," Pre- 
 face, p. 13.] [Seal.] 
 
 56. 1698, 5th Sept. . Charter of incorporation of the English 
 
 Company trading to the East Indies. 
 [Seal.] 
 
 57. 1698, 5th Sept. . Copy of No. 56. 
 
 58. 1698, 13th Oct. . Grant of Arms to the English Company 
 
 trading to the East Indies. 
 
 59. 1702, 22ud July . Indenture Tripartite between Queen Anne 
 
 and the two East India Companies, for 
 uuitiug the said Companies. [Seal.] 
 
 60. 1702, 22nd July . Duplicate of No. 59. [Seal.]. 
 
 61. 1703, 8th Dec. . Letters of Marque to ship Martha. [Seal.] 
 
 62. 1705, 20th Aug. . Grant of pardon under the Great Seal to 
 
 the Loudon E. I. Co. for all crimes, mis- 
 demeanours, &c., committed by them since 
 " the beginning of the Avorld." [Seal.] . 
 
 45. 
 
 1691, 19th Dec. 
 
 46. 
 
 1693, 7th Oct. 
 
 47. 
 48. 
 
 1693, 7th Oct. 
 1693, 11th Nov. 
 
 49. 
 
 1694, 28th Sept. 
 
 50. 
 51. 
 
 1695, 17th Jan. 
 1697-8. 
 
 52. 
 
 1698, 14th July. 
 
287 
 
 63. 
 
 1708, 29th Sept. . 
 
 64. 
 
 1709, 21st March. 
 
 65. 
 
 1709, 21st March. 
 
 66. 
 
 1709, 22nd April. 
 
 67. 
 
 1709, 7th May . 
 
 68. 
 
 1709, 15th Aug. . 
 
 69. 
 70. 
 
 1720, 8th Oct. . 
 1726, 24th Sept. . 
 
 71. 
 
 1727, 17th Nov. . 
 
 72. 
 
 1730, 26th Oct. . 
 
 73. 
 
 1731, 10th Dec. . 
 
 74. 
 
 1732, 20th Oct. . 
 
 75. 
 
 1737, 22nd Aug. . 
 
 76. 
 
 77. 
 78. 
 
 1745, 18th Nov. , 
 1747, 2nd July . 
 1753, 8th Jan. . 
 
 79. 
 
 1757, 19th Sept. , 
 
 80. 
 
 1758, 14th Jan. , 
 
 81. 
 
 82. 
 
 1758, 14th Jan. 
 1758, 16th Oct. 
 
 83. 
 
 1760, 20th Dec. 
 
 84. 
 
 1793, 25th March. 
 
 85. 
 
 1793, 5th Nov. 
 
 The Earl of Godolphin's award between the 
 
 Old and New E. I. Cos. 
 Grant by the Loudon E. I. Co. of their 
 
 debts in Great Britain to Queen Anne for 
 
 re-grant to Trustees, 
 Declaration of Trust of the London E. I. 
 
 Co. as to bonds for 70,000L which by 
 
 Lord Godolphin's award were deposited 
 
 in the hands of trustees appointed by the 
 
 New E. I. Co. 
 Grant to the United Co. of all foreign debts 
 
 of the Old Company. [Se.iL] 
 Queen Anne's acceptance of the surrender 
 
 of the Charter of the London Co. [Seal.] 
 Letters Patent re-assigning to Sir J. 
 
 Andrews and others the debts in Great 
 
 Britain due to the London Co. [Seal.] 
 Apparently a record in an ejectment case. 
 Letters Patent establishing Municipalities 
 
 and Mayors' Courts at Madras, Bombay, 
 
 and Calcutta. [Seal.] 
 Letters Patent granting to the Company all 
 
 fines imposed by the Mayors' Courts and 
 
 Justices in India, [Seal.] 
 Letters of Administration of the estate of 
 
 Csesar Burton, late a factor at Angengo, 
 
 granted to J. Spencer, Senior. 
 Similar letters of Administration granted to 
 
 J. Spencer, Junior, on the decease of his 
 
 father. 
 Commission to ship Harrington to seize 
 
 pirates, &c. [Seal.] 
 Similar Commission to ship Eoyal George. 
 
 [Seal.] 
 Letters of Marque for ship Dragon. 
 Letters of Marque for ship Swallow. 
 Amended Charter of Mayors' Courts at 
 
 Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta. [Seal.] 
 Letters Patent granting to the Company a 
 
 moiety of the plunder taken from the 
 
 Nawab Nazim of Bengal. [Seal.] 
 Grant to the Company of all booty or 
 
 plunder taken by their ships or forces 
 
 alone. [Seal.] 
 DupHcate of No, 80. [Seal.] 
 Commission of ship Boyal George to seize 
 
 pirates, &c. 
 Letters Patent establishing Courts of Judi- 
 cature, &c., at Fort Marlborough. [Seal.] 
 Grant to the E. I. Co, of the booty, &c,, 
 
 taken in the late war with Tippoo Sahib. 
 [Seal,] 
 Address to Lord Cornwallis on his leaving 
 
 Calcutta. 
 
288 
 
 86. 1796, 7tli April 
 
 87. 1796, 8tli April . 
 
 88. 1796, 8tli April . 
 
 89. 1800, 22nd Nov. 
 
 90. 1807, 21st March. 
 
 91. 1812, 2nd Oct. . 
 
 92. Date indecipher- 
 
 able [ ? 5th 
 June 1747]. 
 
 Grant of an annuity to Warren Hastings of 
 4,000?. per annum for 18 years, com- 
 mencing 25th Dec, 1795. [Seal.] 
 
 Assignment of the said annuity as security 
 for the repayment of 36,000Z. [Seal.] 
 
 Duplicate of No. 87. 
 
 Grant to the E. I. Co. of booty taken from 
 Tippoo Sultaun. [Seal.] 
 
 Grant of arms to Haileybury College. [Seals.] 
 
 Grant to the E. I. Co. of booty taken at 
 Serhampore. [Seal.] 
 
 (?) Commission to ship Delaivarr to seize 
 pirates, &c. [Seal.] 
 
 Note. — Besides the above there are a number of parchments (some 
 of ancient date) in the custody of the Legal Adviser. These 
 are, however, as far as is known, of no public interest, being 
 merely title deeds and leases of properties held at different 
 times by the East India Company. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Note.— r//e letter n 
 
 indicates that the reference is to a 
 footnote. 
 
 Abaka, emperor of Persia, 124. 
 Abassins, the country of the, 204. 
 Abbaside Caliphs, the, 109, 110, 117. 
 Abbott, Sir Morris, 21, 264. 
 Abdallah Kulb Shah, king of Golconda, 
 
 215. 
 Abd-ur-Razzak. travels of, 136—138. 
 
 141. 
 Abercromby, Sir George, 70. 
 Abigail, ship, 73. 
 Abney, Sir Thomas, 24. 
 Abraham of Beja, Rabbi, 164. 
 Abulfeda of Damascus, 112. 
 Abu Zaid of Siraf , 109. 
 Abyssinia, 136, 137, 143, 164, 165, 174. 
 Accounts, committee for, 13 ; directions 
 
 for keeping the E. I. Co.'s, 42. 
 Achats, see Agates. 
 Acheen, 76, 174, 175, 176, 186, 189, 
 
 200, 205, 211, 212, 234; Gourten's 
 
 Association settles an agency at, 216 ; 
 
 records relating to, 66. 
 Acre, 123. 
 Acton, Sir W., 21. 
 Adam, tomb of, in Ceylon, 143. 
 Addison, Gulston, brother of Joseph, 
 
 28. 
 Additional Duty, the, 22 1«. 
 Aden, 109, 111, 114, 127, 128, 130. 136, 
 
 141, 144, 155, 164, 165, 166,170, 178, 
 
 233, 253 ; Marco Polo's description of, 
 
 129 ; Varthema's description of, 147 ; 
 
 taken by the Portuguese, 170, 174 ; 
 
 captured by the Turks, 175 ; Capt. 
 
 Keelinge obtains a grant of free 
 
 trade at, 208. 
 Adjemi, 145. 
 
 Admiralty. High Court of, 53. 
 Adrach (ginger), 143. 
 Adventure, shiip, 44. 
 Adventurers, lists of, 21. 
 Advertisements, 16, 17. 
 Advice, ship, 75. 
 Affron, 205. 
 Afghan dynasties of Delhi, the, 240, 
 
 241. 
 Afghanistan, 106. 109, 165. 
 Afghans. 249, 250. 
 Africa, 110, 111, 118, 149. 155, 156, 157, 
 
 158, 162, 166, 175, 181, 199, 200, 201, 
 
 203 ; Portuguese possessions in, 178. 
 
 Afzul Khan, 83. 
 
 Agaciam, 178. 
 
 Agates, 15, 37«, 143, 165, 220rt. 
 
 Agra, 27, 49, 63, 190, 196, 209, 210, 211^ 
 213, 234; Hawkins' visit to, 207; an 
 agency established at, 212. 
 
 Agreement, Dutch ship, 68. 
 
 Ahaden (Aden), 130. 
 
 Ahmed Shah Durani, 242, 250. 
 
 Ahmedabad, 15, 27. 73, 75, 190, 209, 
 211, 219, 224, 233, 236; Ahmedabad 
 Farm, the, 253. 
 
 Ahmednagar. 241, 253. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, the peace of, 242, 244n. 
 
 Ajmere, 211, 234, 253; an agency esta- 
 blished at, 210. 
 
 Akbar, 241. 
 
 Alatua, 203. 
 
 AlauKhan, 121, 122. 
 
 Albemarle, Duke of, 266, 267. 
 
 Albuquerque, Alphonso de, 166 — 170, 
 175, 278. 
 
 Albuquerque, Francisco de, 167, 168. 
 
 Alcock, Sir Rutherford, 125. 
 
 Aldworth, H., 72. 
 
 Alexander the Great, 106", 113. 
 
 Alexander VI., Pope, 167. 
 
 Aleppo, 79, 111, 133,145, 146, 165,196 ; 
 letters sent via, 62; Varthema's de- 
 scription of, 145. 
 
 Alexandria, 110, HI, 113, 114, 121, 127, 
 129, 130, 131, 135, 145,155,157, 164, 
 165, 169. 
 
 Aleyn, William, 70. 
 
 Alfred, King, 196. 
 
 Algalia, 204. 
 
 Algiers, pirates of, 47n, 78, 264, 284. 
 
 Algoa Bay, 162. 
 
 Ali Adil Shah, king of Bijapur, 83. 
 
 Alighar, 253. 
 
 Allahabad, 224, 251; treaty of, 18n^ 
 20. 
 
 Allcgaes, 63. 
 
 Allen, Edward, 18rt. 
 
 Allington, Alderman, 25n. 
 
 Ally Cawn, Mahomed, 35. 
 
 Almalik, 131, 132. 
 
 Almeyda, Francisco de, 168, 169. 
 
 Almeyda, Lorenzo de, 169. 
 
 Almiscar (musk), 180. 
 
 Almonds, 146. 
 
290 
 
 Aloes, 37n, 39, 107, 108, 100. HI, 141, 
 
 153, 154, 165, 180, 198, 201, 204. 
 Alcexylon AgaUockum, 153. 
 A/p/ien, ship, 268, 26i). 
 Altai mountains, the, 113. 
 Alum, 84. 
 
 Ama. the island of, 203. 
 Amadavad, see Ahmedabad. 
 Aman (Hamath). 146. 
 Amba (mango), 141, 151. 
 Amber, 84, 115, 180, 201, 203. 
 Ambergris, 15, S7n, 165, 198, 201. 
 Amboyna, 170, 188, 189, 192, 200, 203, 
 207, 208, 211, 235 ; the seat of the 
 supreme government of the Dutch 
 possessions, 187, 191 ; the Massacre 
 of, 47, 53, 69«, 187, 213, 218 ; records 
 relating to, 53, 65. 
 America, 140, 172, 194, 259w, 279; dis- 
 covery of, 159, 160, 238, 256, 257«. 
 American, ship, 42. 
 American pearl, Tavernier's, 80. 
 Ammoniacum, 15. 
 Amoy, 30, 191, 225, 227, 235 ; records 
 
 relating to, 52, 65, 66. 
 Amsterdam, 68, 76, 184, 185. 
 Amu Darya, the, 195. 
 Anabaptists, a Court meeting disturbed 
 
 by, 13«. 
 Anacardium, 39, 204. 
 Anatolia, 136. 
 Ancola, 150. 
 
 Andaluziu, ship, 270, 286. 
 Andamans, the, 108, 127. 
 Anderson, Sir Stephen, 23. 
 Andrew, Thomas, 20. 
 Andrews, Sir Jonathan, 17, 19, 287. 
 Andrews, Sir Matthew, 22. 
 Andronicus, the Emperor, 110. 
 Anfiam (opium), 226h. 
 Angamale, 178. 
 
 Angamanain (the Andamans), 127. 
 Angel Gabriel, ship, 161. 
 Angengo, 18«, 86, 224, 228, 231,233, 
 251, 287; Gunner Ince's defence of, 
 86 ; records relating to, 16, 86. 
 Anglesey, Countess Dowager of, 24. 
 Angola, 181. 
 
 Angora, the battle of, 133, 134. 
 Angrezabad (Englesvad), 91. 
 Angria, Tuloji, 82. 
 Anil (indigo), 180, 203. 
 Anjediva, 84, 150, 163. 
 Anjeram, 232. 
 Anjier, 232. 
 Ann, ship, 42, 50. 
 Anne, Queen, 14n, 18m, 19, 24, 28, 29, 
 
 258, 272, 282, 286, 287. 
 ".Anne of Dorset," 159. 
 Anson, ship, 43. 
 Antelope, ship, 42, 50, 62, 73. 
 Antioch, 130. 
 Antonio, Gasper, 15. 
 Antwerp, 118, 184, 185. 
 Appopanare, 201. 
 Apsley, Sir Peter, 22. 
 Aqua vitaa, 222;;. 
 Aquila (eagle-wood), 180. 
 
 Arabia, 79, 83, 110, 128, 130, 136, 138, 
 143, 147, 149, 151, 153, 1.57, 167, 
 174, 190, 200, 201, 204, 206» ; Portu- 
 guese possessions in, 178. 
 
 Arabs, the, 106, 109, 157, 158,162, 165, 
 167; notices of India by the, 107, 
 108. 
 
 Aracan, 140, 186, 189, 199, 200, 253. 
 
 Aram, Mathias, 28. 
 
 Archangel, 194. 
 
 Archer, Anne, 70. 
 
 Arcot, 86, 252 ; the Nawab of, 35, 251. 
 
 Areca nuts, 109, 111. 
 
 Arfet, Anne d', 159. 
 
 Arghun Khan, 124. 
 
 Argoll, 76. 
 
 Argonautic expedition, the myth of the, 
 118. 
 
 Arkwright's spinning frame, 224ft. 
 
 Arlington, Lord, 26. 
 
 Armada, the Spanish, 185, 197, 217n. 
 
 Armagaon, 214, 215, 216, 234 ; note on, 
 89 ; records relating to. 67, 81. 
 
 Armalec (AlmaHk), 131. 132. 
 
 Armenia, 121, 134, 145, 201. 
 
 Armesine of Portugal, 205. 
 
 Arms of Haileybury College, 18«, 288; 
 of the E. I. Co., 18n, 21h, 43, 223». 
 
 276, 286. 
 
 Arms o/Trewere, ship, 268, 269. 
 
 Arnhem, ship, 188. 
 
 Arnhem's Land, 188. 
 
 Arnold, Sir Edwin, 74n. 
 
 Arrack, 108. 
 
 Arsinga (Erzingan), 134. 
 
 Arumugam Mudaliar, 89. 
 
 Arundell, Thomas, Erie, 70. 
 
 Arzina (Warsina), 193. 
 
 Arziron (Erzeroum), 131. 
 
 Ascelinus, Nicolas, 119. 
 
 Ascension, ship, 47, 48, 208, 275, 276, 
 
 277, 280. 
 
 Ascension, the island of, 154, 166, 254. 
 
 Aschman, Jer. Williamson, 68. 
 
 Aseron (Erzeroum), 134. 
 
 Ash, Dame Mary, 22. 
 
 Ash, Sir Joseph, 22. 
 
 Asia Minor, 41h, 110, 133, 165, 226/1. 
 
 Assada, 217. 
 
 Assada merchants, see Courten's Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 Assafcfitida, 15, 109, 149, 165. 
 
 Assam, 253. 
 
 Assarim, 178. 
 
 Assyria, 255. 
 
 Astrakhan, 110, 142, 195. 
 
 Atincar (borax), 180. 
 
 Atulia, 180. 
 
 Atwood, — , 18n, 286. 
 
 Auditor to the E. I. Co., 77. 
 
 Augsburg, 118, 184, 194. 
 
 Aungier, Gerard, 83. 
 
 Aurora, frigate, 36. 
 
 Auroras (cloths), 33, 41, 60h. 
 
 Aurungabad, 249. 
 
 Aurungzib, 80, 221, 230, 231, 232, 237, 
 241. 
 
 Austin Fryar's, 25n. 
 
291 
 
 Austria, 224 ; the Ostend E. I. Co. in- 
 corporated by the Emperor of, '62n ; 
 the Imperial Company of Trieste, 
 32n. 
 
 Australasia, 157, 187, 188, 192, 254, 
 258n. 
 
 Ava, 140, 145, 189, 253. 
 
 Averr/ioa carambola, 152. 
 
 Avignon, 130, 132. 
 
 Ayas, see Layas. 
 
 Aynsworth, Sir Rowland, 23. 
 
 Azami (Irak-Adjemi), 145, 14G. 
 
 Azef Khan, 241, 242. 243. 
 
 Azerbijan, 134, 136. ' 
 
 Azim Khan, Governour of Bengal, 215. 
 
 Azim Ushan, Governour of Bengal, 231. 
 
 Azores, the, 159, 101. 
 
 Azov, 110, 114. 
 
 Baas, title of, 185h. 
 
 Baber, the Emperor, 240, 241. 
 
 Babylon, the ruins of, 133 ; Cairo known 
 
 to Marco Polo as, 129. 
 Bachian, 170«, 203. 
 Back well, Edward, the E. I. Co.'s 
 
 banker, 25n. 
 Badakshan, 123, 148. 
 Badger, Dr., 148. 
 Baffin, William, 50, 194. 280. 
 Baftas (cloths), 37, 224.' 
 Bagg, James, 08. 
 Baghdad, 107, 109, 111, 113, 119, 123. 
 
 130, 132, 133, 138, 196 ; Marco Polo's 
 
 description of, 129. 
 Bagwell, Mr., 76. 
 Bahmani Dynasty, the, 241. 
 Bahrein Islands, 110, 174. 
 Baidar, 241. 
 Bairam, 153. 
 
 Bajazet, Sultan, 133, 134. 
 Baji Rao, 241, 242. 
 Baker, Aaron, 219. 
 Baker, Thomas, 61. 
 Baku, 131, 142; sea of, 135. 
 Balachsam (Badakhshan), 148. 
 Balasore, 59, 90, 92, 217, 220, 226, 234, 
 
 252 ; note on, 92 ; records relating to, 
 
 65, 66, 67, 80, 92. 
 Ealass rubies, 148. 
 Balbi, Gasparo, 236. 
 Balboa, Nunez do, 171. 
 Balcombe, W., 97h. 
 Baldac (Baghdad), 130. 
 Bale mark of the E. I. Co., 73, 223n. 
 Balk, 123, 135. 
 Balkash, Lake, 119. 
 Ballo, Robert, 68. 
 Bally, the island of, 140, 192, 200. 
 Balsam, 165, 201. 
 Balsera (Bussorah), 138. 
 Baluchistan, 106. 
 Banca, 192. 
 Banda, 140, 154, 170, 178, 186, 189, 
 
 191, 203, 207, 208. 211, 212 ; Great, 
 
 212, 234. 
 Bandannas, 224. 
 J3andar-Abbas, see Gombroon. 
 
 Bandel, 178. 
 
 Banghella, 146, 151, 153. 
 
 Banjarmassin, 190, 211, 234. 
 
 Bank of England, 25rt, 27. 
 
 Banker, the E. I. Co.'s, 25«. 
 
 Banks, Sir John, 20, 22. 
 
 Bantam, 26. 47, 48, 54, 08, 72, 73, 75, 
 76, 78, 87, 185, 180, 188, 189, 191, 
 192, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 
 212, 214, 215, 216, 219, 222, 225, 
 227,234; records relating to, 65—07, 
 93. 
 
 Bantam, ship, 42. 
 
 Baramahal, 252. 
 
 Baratene, 203. 
 
 Barbadoes, 76. 
 
 Barbary, 149, 158, 200. 
 
 Barbora, 141. 
 
 Barbosa, Duarto, 155, 172, 179, 226«. 
 
 Barcelore, 178, 202, 233. 
 
 Bardewic, 115. 
 
 Bardi of Florence, the, 114. 
 
 Bareilly, 252. 
 
 Barents, William, 185. 
 
 Barka Khan, 121, 122. 
 
 Barker, John, 204. 
 
 Barkham, Sir W., 23. 
 
 Barley, 110, 149. 
 
 Barloe, — , 79. 
 
 Barnardiston, Sir Samuel, 22. 
 
 Baroach, 67, 211, 219, 224, 231, 233, 
 236. 
 
 Baroda, 37, 233, 236. 
 
 Barr, Peter, 25/i. 
 
 Barreto, Antony Monez, 177. 
 
 Bartolph Wharfe, 40. 
 
 Baruti (Beyrut), 145. 
 
 Bassein, 35, 174, 178. 
 
 Bass's Strait, 77h. 
 
 Basses, 215h. 
 
 Bassora, see Bussorah. 
 
 Batavia, 55n, 56n, 77h, 188, 190, 211, 
 234 ; founding of, 187, 191 ; records 
 relating to, 54, 65, 66. See also 
 Jacatra. 
 
 Bateman, Sir James, 15. 
 
 Bathurst, Sir Benjamin, 22, 25n. 
 
 Baticola (Karwar), 150, 151. 189, 200, 
 211, 216, 233. 
 
 Batou Khan, 119, 120, 121 
 
 Baudas (Baghdad), 129. 
 
 Bayes (cloths), 38;i, 210. 
 
 Bazaar Account, a, 72. 
 
 Bdellium, 165. 
 
 Beads, 37n, 144. 
 
 Beamish, George, 273. 
 
 Beaufort, Duke of, 22. 
 
 Beaver hats, 37?i. 
 
 Beckowitz, 195. 
 
 Beder, 142, 143. 
 
 Beejapore, 253. 
 
 Behar, 19, 58, 59, 80, 226n, 241, 249, 
 251. 
 
 Behring, Vitus, 195. 
 
 Beijoim (benjamin), 180. 
 
 Beitkul, 150, 151. 
 
 Beja, Rabbi Abraham of, 164. 
 
 Belcdi, 139. 
 
 T 2 
 
292 
 
 Belem, 161, 164. 
 Belgrade, 118. 
 
 Bellericos, 180. 
 Benares, 226», 252. 
 Benbowe, Francis, 71. 
 
 Bencoolen, 30. 43, 192, 219, 227, 232, 
 234, 253 ; records relating to, 54, 66. 
 See also Fort York and Fort Marl- 
 borough. 
 
 Benedict, Pope, 132. 
 
 Bengal. 4l7i, 43, 62, 165, 199, 200, 201, 
 203, 205«. 215, 241 ; early notices of, 
 106, 111, 136. 146,151,153,179,197; 
 the English in, 23, 35, 80, 81, 216, 
 217, 219, 223—231, 234,- 249, 251, 
 287 ; the Dutch in, 186, 190 ; the 
 Portuguese in, 170, 178, 215 ; records 
 relating to, 13, 16, 19, 58. 59, 61, 65. 
 66, 80, 81, 90, 91, 92. 
 
 Bengal 0, herba, 40. 
 
 Benjamin (benzoin), 37h, 39, 111, 145, 
 153, 165, 180, 198, 201, 204. 
 
 Benjamin of Tudela, travels of, 109. 
 
 Benjamin, ship, 50, 62, 73. 
 
 Bentinck, Earl of Portland, 28. 
 
 Bentinck, Lord William, 250. 
 
 Benzoin, see Benjamin. 
 
 Berar, 241n, 253. 
 
 Berbera, 141, 148, 165, 170. 
 
 Bergen, 117. 
 
 Berklev, Earl of, 22. 
 
 Berkley, Lady Arabella, 22. 
 
 Berkley, Lady Henrietta, 22. 
 
 " Bermoodos," the. 76. 
 
 Berry, W., 68. 
 
 Bertie, Honble. Ch. , 22. 
 
 Best, Captain Thomas, 49, 209. 
 
 Bethencourt, the Sieur de, 158. 
 
 Betle nut. ;i6. 
 
 Bettelles, 63, 224. 
 
 Beurek (Beder), 142. 
 
 Beyrut, 145. 
 
 Bezoar, 37«, 202. 
 
 Bhanpur. 254. 
 
 Bhootan, 165. 253. 
 
 Bigger, Mr. , 97?!. 
 
 Bijanagar, 107, 136, 138, 143, 150, 151 , 
 179, 240, 241, 250. 
 
 Bijapar, 83, 150, 153, 216, 241. 
 
 Bilboa, 76. 
 
 Biliapatam, 81, 219, 234. 
 
 Billiton, 192. 
 
 Bills of Lading, 67, 72—75 
 
 Bima, 189. 
 
 Bimlipatam, 234, 253 
 
 Bintang, 50, 127. 
 
 Birdc, Mr., 69. 
 
 Bishopsgate Street, 18«, 39n, 284. 
 
 Bisinegar, 150. 
 
 Biskay. 20. 
 
 Bizenegalia, 139. 
 
 Black Books, the Co.'s, 30, 216», 229«. 
 
 Black Hole cruelty, the, 19, 248. 
 
 Black Lyon, ship, 69. 
 
 Black Sea, the, 110, 114, 120, 121, 142, 
 155. 
 
 Black Town, see Madras. 
 
 Bldckmore, ship, 42. 
 
 Blackwall, 22, 217. 
 
 Black-well, Sir Lambert, 24. 
 
 Blanchard, Robert, 29h. 
 
 Blankets, 143. 
 
 Blathwayt, William, 272. 
 
 Blew warehouses, the, 13, 39, 40. 
 
 Blewit, Sir Samuel, 2-t. 
 
 Blood money, 78. 
 
 Bloodstones, 37n. 
 
 Bludworth, Sir Th., 22. 
 
 Bocara, 122. 
 
 Bochor (incense), 154. 
 
 Boghar, 195. 
 
 Bohemia. 119. 
 
 Boill, 202. 
 
 Bojador, Cape, 158, 159. 
 
 Bokhara, 110, 122. 142, 195. 
 
 Bolgara, 121. 
 
 Bolghar, 110. 
 
 Bolts, William, 32n. 
 
 Bo ml) aim, ship, 50. 
 
 Bombay, 14h, 21, 22, 23, 43,60n, 73, 79. 
 82, 86, 107 ; early notices of, 131, 132 ; 
 the Portuguese at, 178. 214 ; the Eng- 
 lish at. 23, 27, 30, 31, 83, 84, 85, 211, 
 219, 221,222, 224, 227, 228,228n, 229, 
 230, 231, 233, 251, 268, 270, 282, 285, 
 287 ; capture of, by the English and 
 Dutch in 1626, 214 ; charter granting, 
 to the E. I. Co., 219, 282, 285; re- 
 cords relating to, 16, 65. 66, 67, 85, 
 282, 287. 
 
 Bomhai] Merchant, ship, 42. 
 
 Bonaparte, see Napoleon. 
 
 Bonifacio, Straits of, 134. 
 
 Bonnet, Benjamin. 33. 
 
 Books on the early Portuguese Period, 
 179 ; on the Factory Period. 235. 
 
 Borax, 39, 180. 
 
 Bordeaux, 68, 76. 
 
 Borneo, early notices of, 132, 154, 165, 
 200, 203 ; the Portuguese in, 172. 174 ; 
 the Dutch in, 192 ; the English in, 211, 
 232, 234 ; records relating to, 61. 
 
 Boroughs, Stephen, 193. 
 
 Boscawen, Hugh, 282. 
 
 Bostocks, — , 18)i. 
 
 Boston, 118. 
 
 Bourchier, George, 227, 270, 285. 
 
 Bouro, the island of, 140, 170. 
 
 Bouveiie, Sir Edward des, 22. 
 
 Bowdler, Thomas, 30. 
 
 Boxtell, 70. 
 
 Boyd, John, 19)J. 
 
 Boyle, Honble. Robert, 23. 
 
 Boyle, Samuel, 68. 
 
 Boys, the Rev. Mr., 97n, 98n. 
 
 Bracciolini, Poggie, 138. 
 
 Bradshaw, Sir Cornwall, 24. 
 
 Braganza, Don Constantin de, 177. 
 
 Brampore, 211, 234. 
 
 Brass, 107. 
 
 Brava. 154, 167. 
 
 Brazil, 166, 175. 
 
 Brazil wood, 40, 128, 131, 141, 166. 
 
 Breame, Mr., 96n, 97n. 
 
 Breda, Treaty of, 218, 221, 268. 
 
 Bremen, 76. 
 
293 
 
 Bridgeioater, ship, ;5G. 
 
 Bridgman, Sir Francis, 22. 
 
 Brinjan, 233. 
 
 Bristles, 76. 
 
 Bristol, 87, 264. 
 
 Britannia, ship, 43. 
 
 Broach, see Baroach. 
 
 Broadcloths, 210. 
 
 Brocades, 165. 
 
 Brodera, see Baroda. 
 
 Broderas, 37. 
 
 Bromley, John, 272. 
 
 Brooke, T. H., 94«— 98rt. 
 
 Broughton, Gabriel, 92. 
 
 Brouncker, Lord, 221n. 
 
 Browne, Humfrey, 264. 
 
 Brownlow, Sir John, 22. 
 
 Bruce, James, 29. 
 
 Bruce, John, 79. 
 
 Bruce, Peter Henry, 195. 
 
 Bruges, 76, 117, 118, 184. 
 
 Brunswick, 56rt. 
 
 Buckingham, George, Dulio of, 70, 78. 
 
 Buckrams, 41, 127, 128. 
 
 Budgrooks, 222. 
 
 Buelo, 135. 
 
 Buffetania, 140. 
 
 Bulandshahr, 253. 
 
 Bulgar hides, 43. 
 
 Bull, ship, 68. 
 
 Bull, Papal, of 1493, 159, 161, 170. 
 
 BuUion, 78, 210, 213, 263—266, 284. 
 
 Bulramgurry, gee Balasore. 
 
 Bulteel, John, 22, 29. 
 
 Bundlecund, 252. 
 
 Buonaparte, see Napoleon. 
 
 Burdett, Sir Francis, 22. 
 
 Burdwan, 251. 
 
 Burhanpur, see Brampore. 
 
 Burma, 140, 236, 250, 254. 
 
 Burne, Colonel, 261. 
 
 Burrassie, 201. 
 
 Burton, Cajsar, 18n, 287. 
 
 Bushire, 233. 
 
 Bussorah, 57,75, 108, 111, 129, 130, 138, 
 
 178, 217, 220, 233. 
 Bussy, M. de, 245, 249«. 
 Butea frondosa, 57, 92. 
 Button, Sir Thomas. 194, 280. 
 Buxar, the battle of, 249. 
 Byrampauts, 224. 
 
 Cabo Deseado, 172. 
 Cabots, the, 193, 277, 280. 
 Cabral, 166, 167. 
 Cabrol, Fernan Alvarez, 180. 
 Cabul, 110, 240. 
 Cachar, 253. 
 Cachi, 141. 
 
 Cacolon (Kayan Kulam), 151, 152. 
 Cadiz, 76, 134. 
 
 ■Cadmia fnctitia or fornacum, 27/2. 
 Ccesalpinia Sappan, 40. 
 Ccesar, ship, 42, 50. 
 Ca-sar Frederick, 236. 
 Caffa CTheodosia), 110, 114, 132, 135. 
 136, 142,156. 
 
 Caga (Gogo), 131. 
 
 Cahila, or Cail, see Kayal. 
 
 Cairo, 111, 113, 129, 141, 144, 145, 147. 
 164, 165, 205. 
 
 Calacatia, or Calatu, see Kalhat. 
 
 Calamba, 204. 
 
 Calamines, 200. 
 
 Calampat, 153. 
 
 Calamus aromaticus, 1 80, 202, 204. 
 
 Calcutta, 60n, 224, 234, 251, 282; 
 founded by Job Charnock, 90, 229«, 
 231 ; records relating to, 16, 66, 90. 
 287 ; Fort William built, 90, 232. 
 
 Calendar, the " New Style," 187n. 
 
 Calicoes, 37, 37n, 47«, 198, 202, 22 . 
 224, 225h. 
 
 Calicut, 224, 226k, 240 ; early notices of, 
 110, 111, 137, 141, 14.3, 144, 150, 152, 
 1.54, 200, 201, 202 ; the Portuguese at. 
 163—169, 174, 180,189; the Dutch 
 at, 189, 190; the English at, 211, 233 
 252. 
 
 Caliphate, the Eastern, 113. 
 
 Callawaypose, 63. 
 
 Callian, 107. 
 
 Callymancoes, 38;;. 
 
 Cam, Diego, 159. 
 
 Camaran, the island of, 170. 
 
 Cambalec (Pekin), 123, 131—133, 140 
 
 Cambalu, 169h. 
 
 Cambay, 37n, 39. 42, 165, 180 ; early 
 notices of, 110, Ul, 128, 130, 136, 
 139, 141, 142, 144, 145,149. 151,200, 
 201, 203. 204, 236 ; the Portuguese at, 
 175, 179 ; the Dutch at, 18(! ; the 
 English at, 207, 208, 209. 233. 
 
 Cambell, Sir James, 21. 
 
 Cambello, 211. 
 
 Camblets, 41. 
 
 Cambodiam, see Gamboge. 
 
 Oamboja (Cambodia), 108,109, 175, 180, 
 186, 199, 234. 
 
 Cambrics, 47n, 224. 
 
 Camoens,xii., 162, 180,181, 257. 
 
 Campbell, Mr. James, 228n. 
 
 CumpMre. ship, 268, 269. 
 
 Camphor,' 107, 109,111, 139, 140, 141, 
 165,180,198,201, 203. 
 
 Campion, 204. 
 
 Cananore, early notices of, 150, 154, 164, 
 200, 202 ; the Portuguese at, 166, 167, 
 168, 178, 189; the Dutch at, 189. 
 190; the English at, 81, 233. 
 
 Canara, 252. 
 
 Canaries, the, 76, 158. 
 
 Canary bii'd, the, 158n. 
 
 Canary wine, 76. 
 
 Candy, sugar, 37», 39. 
 
 Candy (Ceylon), 110, 186. 
 
 Cane (Keneh), 144. 
 
 Canella, 141, 152, 203. 
 
 Canfora, 180. 
 
 Cannabis satica, 39. 
 
 Canning, Lord, 229n. 
 
 Cano, Sebastian del, 173. 
 
 Canopies, 198. 
 
 Cansa}', see Hangcheu. 
 
 Canterbury, Prerogative courl of, 18 / 
 
294 
 
 Canton, 112, 132, 170, 235 ; records re- 
 lating to, 53, 6t>. 
 
 Canvis Buekerams, 41. 
 
 Cape Colony, 254. 
 
 Capede Verde Islands, 150, 173. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, 45, 57, 14(5, 1.54, 
 155. 156, 162, 163, 164, 173, 174, 175, 
 179, 181, 185, 192, 194,196, 197, 198, 
 205n, 206«, 255, 270, 275. 277, 278, 
 279, 280; discovery of, 3bi, 101, 106, 
 159; the Dutch at, 189, 190, 218; 
 Mr. Luson, Agent at, 95n, 96n. 
 
 Cape of Storms, 159. 
 
 Capogatto, 150. 
 
 Captains of the E. I. Co.'s ships, oath 
 taken by, 15. 
 
 Captives at Mysore, 1786, 65. 
 
 Caranja, 178. 
 
 Caraway seeds, 76. 
 
 Carcopal, 152. 
 
 Cardamente, 201. 
 
 Cardamoms, 109, 150, 180. 
 
 Carical, 242. 
 
 Carmania. 27, 63. 
 
 Carmine, 40». 
 
 Carnac, General, 20. 
 
 Camatic, the, 139, 241, 242, 243n, 252. 
 
 Carnatic Commission, the, 58. 
 
 Carnoply, 233. 
 
 Carpenter River, the, 188. 
 
 Carpentier, Pieter, 188. 
 
 Carpets, 12, 37h, 198. 
 
 Carpini. Johannes, travels of, 119. 
 
 Carrae (Cairo), 141. 
 
 Carstensz. Jan, 188. 
 
 Carthage, 106n, 158. 
 
 Cartwright, James, 68. 
 
 Cartwright, Mr., 279. 
 
 Carvalho, 172. 
 
 Carwar, 30, 81, 150, 217, 238. 
 
 Carzofoli, 152. 
 
 Casbin, 49, 195. 
 
 Case, William, 264. 
 
 Casharry River, the, 59. 
 
 Cashmere, 165, 237. 
 
 Caspian Sea. the, 117, 121, 131. 135, 142, 
 195. 
 
 Cassan (Kashan), 131. 
 
 Cassia, 39, 109, 141, 150, 180. 
 
 Castile, 171 ; Henry IV. of, 134. 
 
 Castle Bazaar, see Cossimbazaar. 
 
 Castoreum, 76, 107, 201. 
 
 Cathay, 122, 125, 132, 135, 140, 153, 
 168h, 169n, 193, 204, 207, 275, 278, 
 279; the Company of. 194. 
 
 Cathcart, Colonel, 232h. 
 
 Catherine of Braganza, 84?(, 222h. 223. 
 
 Catif, El, 110. 
 
 Cats'-eyes, 139, 144. 
 
 Caucasus, the, 121. 
 
 Cavendish, Sir Thomas, 197. 
 
 Cavendish, William, Earl of Devon, 24. 
 
 Cecil, Robert, 27. 
 
 Ceded Districts, the, 252. 
 
 Celebes, 170?i, 200; discovered by the 
 Portuguese, 174; the Dutch in," 189, 
 192; the English in, 211, 234. 
 
 Cenderghiria (Chandgerry). 139. 
 
 Censcalan fCanton), 132. 
 Centacola (Angola), 150. 
 
 Central Provinces, the. 254. 
 
 Coram, 140, 203. 
 
 Cernove, 139, 140. 
 
 Ceuta, 111, 157, 158. 
 
 Cevul (Chaul), 149. 
 
 Ceylon, 165, 207« ; early notices of, 107, 
 i08. 110, 111, 124, 127, 1.32, 133, 135, 
 139; 143, 144, 151, 152, 197, 203, 204; 
 the Portuguese in, 168, 178, 189 ; the 
 Dutch in, 55n, 186, 189, 190: the 
 English conquest of, 252 ; records re- 
 lating to, 65. 
 
 Chadwicke, John, 272. 
 
 Cha-Est-Khan, 80. 
 
 Chagatai Khans, the. 132, 133. 
 
 Chalcedonies, 149. 
 
 Chaldaja, 132, 138. 
 
 Chamba or Champa (Cochin China). 
 108, 109, 123, 125, 127,141. 
 
 Chamberlain's list of Indian imports, 201. 
 
 Chamberlayne. William, 220h. 
 
 Chamberlin, Sir Thomas. 220«. 
 
 Chamberlyn, Richard, 79. 
 
 Chambers, Thomas, 19??, 22. 
 
 Chambers, ship, 272. 
 
 Chameram, 146. 
 
 Chancellor, Richard, 193, 194, 195, 277. 
 
 Chancery, decrees in, 18??. 286 ; bill in. 
 79. 
 
 Chandernagore, 230, 242. 
 
 Chandgerry, 139. 
 
 Chandos, Lord, 22. 
 
 Changgan (Singanfu), 109. 
 
 Chaplains, Dutch, 56??. 
 
 Chapman, Laurence, 195. 
 
 Chapra-lac, 40??. 
 
 Chardin, Sir John, 22. 
 
 Charles L, 37??, 77, 78. 79, 217, 238, 
 264, 265, 266. 
 
 Charles IL. 14?/, 25??. 26??, 84??. 190, 218. 
 219, 223, 223??, 266—271. 282. 284. 
 
 Charles V. of Spain, 172, 173. 
 
 Charles, shin, 42, 49, 50, 73, 265. 
 
 Charlton, Sir Job, 22. 
 
 Charnock, Job, 90, 229. 
 
 Charranoyl, 39. 
 
 Charras, 39. 
 
 Charters, see East India Company, &c. 
 
 Chaul, 142, 144,149, 151, 169, 178, 200. 
 
 Chawools, 40. 
 
 Chayl, see Kayal. 
 
 Chebokhara (Bokhara), 142. 
 
 Cheen (China). 144. 
 
 Chekines of Gold. 205. 
 
 Chelloes, 63. 
 
 Chenier, — , 195. 
 
 Chenna Kuppam, 89. 
 
 Cheo(Kow), 149. 
 
 Cherbury, Lord Herbert of, 27. 
 
 Cheroots, 98??. 
 
 Chestnuts, 140, 149. 
 
 Chetwa, 174. 
 
 Chiampa or Ciampa (Cochin China), 
 123, 127, 141. 
 
 '• Chicken-stakes." origin of the term, 
 205??. 
 
295 
 
 Chievuli (Chaul), 151. 
 
 Child, John, 29. 
 
 Child, Rebecca, 24. 
 
 Child, Sir John, 23, 29«, 31, 83, 22G, 
 227. 228, 229, 230n, 231. 
 
 Child, Sir Josia, 22, 24, 29w, 47n, 226, 
 230«, 231». 
 
 Child, Sir Richard, 29». 
 
 Child Family, the, 29«. 
 
 Child's Bank, 25n, 29«. 
 
 Chilenfu (Nanking), 132. 
 
 China, 26n, 32n, 37», 40, iln, 43, 53, 
 96n, 102;;, 105n, 1(55, 220n, 225h. 226m, 
 232n, 277, 279 ; early notices of, 106 
 —112, 122, 123, 126, 130, 132. 136, 
 140, 144, 153. 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 
 204, 205 ; the Portuguese in. 156, 168, 
 175, 178, 179, 189 ; the Dutch in. 186, 
 190 ; the English in, 50, 63, 207, 223, 
 235; records relating to, 11. 51, 52, 
 53,61,62, 67, 80. 
 
 China Company, the French, 31n. 
 
 China cubela (cubebs), 180. 
 
 China grass, 40. 
 
 China, the root of, 201, 204. 
 
 China ware, 37n, 40, 48. 
 
 Chincheu. 111. 112, 124, 126, 131, 132, 
 133, 203. 
 
 Chineepatam. 234, 251. 
 
 Chingee, 67, 234. 
 
 Chingiz Khan, 113, 118, 119, 133, 240. 
 
 Chingleput, 251, 253. 
 
 Chini-batchagan. 137. 
 
 Chinsurah, 219, 253. 
 
 Chintz. 40, 63, 224. 
 
 Chios, 134, 136. 
 
 Chipangu (Japan), 125. 
 
 Chirurgery, a chest of, 73. 
 
 Chittagong. 106, 251. 
 
 Chivil (Chaul), 142. 
 
 Chocolate, duty on, 26«. 
 
 Chorasmia (Khiva), 117. 
 
 Chostack, 51. 
 
 Choule, 200. 
 
 Chunar, 251. 
 
 Chus, 130. 
 
 Chusan, 53, 235. 
 
 Chuttanuttee, 90,229,231,234; records 
 relating to, 66, 90. 
 
 Ciccara, the, 151. 
 
 Cinchai, 143. 
 
 Cini (Siam), 153. 
 
 Cinnamon, 47«, 110, 131, 135, 139, 141, 
 143, 144, 163, 16.5, 170. 173, 180, 186, 
 198, 201, 203 ; oil of, 2Gn. 
 
 Cioutar, 153. 
 
 Civet, 152, 165, 198, 201, 204. 
 
 Clant, John. 68. 
 
 Clarke, Mr. Caspar Purdon, 49. 
 
 Clarke, Thomas, 272. 
 
 Clavijo, travels of, 134—136. 
 
 Clayton, Dame Mary, 22. 
 
 Clement IV., Pope, 119, 123. 
 
 Clitheroe, Sir Christopher, 39n. 264. 
 
 Clive, Lord, 19, 20, 58, 82, 86, 191, 
 246, 247 ; his account of the battle of 
 Plassey, 57. 
 
 Cloth of gold, 198, 202, 220n. 
 
 Clove Islands, the, 170. 
 
 Clore, ship, 48, 72, 78. 
 
 Clover seed, 76. 
 
 Cloves, 47n, 107, 109, HI, 130, 135, 140, 
 
 143, 154, 163, 165. 173, 180, 196, 198, 
 
 201, 203, 208, 213. 
 Coast Frigate, the, 42. 
 Coccus ilicis, 40n. 
 Coccus Lacca, 39h. 
 Cochin, early notices of, 141, 154, 200, 
 
 202; the Portuguese at, 81, 166, 167, 
 
 168, 189; the Dutch at, 189, 190; 
 
 the English at, 233, 252; records 
 
 relating to, 85. 
 Cochin China, 207n ; early notices of, 
 
 108, 109, 123, 125, 127, 132, 141, 154, 
 
 165, 199 ; the Portuguese in, 175 ; 
 
 the Dutch in, 186 ; the English in> 
 
 234. 
 Cochineal insect, the, 39/i. 
 Cockatoos, 141. 
 
 Cockburn, Sir George, 94n, 95», 96n. 
 Cockett, Sir Edward, 71. 
 Coco- wine, 222«. 
 Cocoa-nuts, 111, 140, 144, 152, 198, 
 
 202. 
 Cocym (Cochin), 141. 
 Coeilo, Nicholas, 161. 
 Coffee, duty on, 26n. 
 Cogan, Andrew, 216n. 
 Coilum (Quilon), 128. 
 Coimbatoor, 252. 
 Coining of money in India, charters 
 
 authorising, 14», 282, 285. 
 Coins, 46h, 116, 117; early English 
 
 coinages in India, 64, 222, 222n 
 Cokaine, William, 264. 
 Colaba, 251. 
 Colanguria, 141. 
 Colbert, M., 31m, 77. 
 Colchester, Viscount, 24. 
 Colcus, 138. 
 Coleman, Mr., 33. 
 Colobi (ginger), 141. 
 Coloen (Quilon), 141. 
 Cologne, 117. 
 
 Colombo, 170, 178, 190, 203. 
 Colon (Quilon), 151, 152. 
 Columbum (Quilon), 133. 
 Columbus, 124, 125, 159, 160, 166, 185, 
 
 238, 257h, 258. 
 Comania, 119, 120. 
 Comary, 108. 
 Combeia (Cambay). 140 
 Comerum (Persepolis), 131. 
 Commissioners, English and Dutch, of 
 
 1685, 54. 
 Commissions, 17, 67, 78. 
 " Commodore " as a Civil Service title,. 
 
 55n. 
 Commons, House of, 78. 
 Comolanga, 152. 
 Comorin (Cape). 108, 151. 
 " Company for the discovery of Lands 
 
 not before known," the, 195. 
 " Company's Jaghiro," the, 251. 
 Concans, the, 108, 109, 124. 143, 253. 
 Conceptior, the island of, 166. 
 
296 
 
 Condore, Pulo, see Pulo Condore. 
 
 Congo, the, 159, 181. 
 
 Congreve's Love for- Love, 181. 
 
 Conimero, 234; records relating to, 60, 
 88. 
 
 Consent, ship, 48. 72, 207. 
 
 Constantinople, 22. 110, 113, 114, 118, 
 120, 121, 131, 132, 134, 192 ; fall of, 
 114, 118, 155, 156. 
 
 Constantinople Merchant, ship, 42. 
 
 Content, le, French ship, 77. 
 
 Conti, Kicolo, travels of, 138 — 141. 
 
 Continho, Don Francisco, 169. 
 
 Convertine, ship, 267. 
 
 Cooke, Humphrev, 85, 221. 
 
 Cooke, SirT., 17^ 22. 
 
 Cooper, John, 68. 
 
 Cooper, Sir W. , 21. 
 
 Coorg, 253. 
 
 Coote, Sir Eyre, 248, 249«, 250. 
 
 Cope, Theophilus, 71. 
 
 Copenhagen, 116. 
 
 Copper, 39, 117, 128, 221>i. 
 
 Coptos, 130. 
 
 Cora, John de. 131. 
 
 Coral, 84, 144^ 163. 
 
 Corazani (Khorassan), 148. 
 
 Corcliorus capsularis, 26 ; C. olitorius, 
 26. 
 
 Corea, 200, 207, 207n. 
 
 Coi'nelians, 149. 
 
 Cornish, Henry, 271. 
 
 Cornwallis, Lord, 18n, 287. 
 
 Coromandel Coast, the, 43, 88h, 165; 
 early notices of. 106, 109. 112, 124, 
 127, 132, 133, 144, 151, 152, 154, 
 204; the Portuguese on, 31«, 178; 
 the Dutch on, 186, 189, 192 ; the 
 Danes on, 253rt ; the French on, 57, 
 242—248; the English on, 87, 209, 
 211, 214, 216/1, 219, 231, 234, 242 ; 
 records relating to, 13, 57, 61, 89. 
 
 Corras, 134. 
 
 Correa, Antonio, 162h, 236. 
 
 Corrensa, 120. 
 
 Corrientes, Cape, 158, 162. 
 
 Corsica, 114, 136. 
 
 Cortereal. Caspar, 167. 
 
 Coryat, Thomas, 22, 85, 238. 
 
 Cosir (Cosseir), 144. 
 
 Cosmaa Indicopleustes, 102, 107, 125, 
 173. 
 
 Cossimbazaar, 59, 61, 91, 190, 220, 226, 
 234 ; records relating to, 65, 66, 91. 
 
 Costack, 51. 
 
 Costus, 165, 204. 
 
 Cotton, 27, 36, 37h, 39, 59/i, 107, 109, 
 110. 112, 124, 128, 135, 136, 146, 
 149, 153, 190, 224, 224n, 232. 
 
 Cotton, Sir Dodmore,. 209. 
 
 Couhim, or Coulon, 178, 200, 202. 
 
 Coulston, Dame Anne, 22. 
 
 Court Minutes, see East India Co. 
 
 Courten's Association, 13w, 79, 216, 217, 
 
 219. 
 Courthop, James, 271. 
 Covenants with Factors, 20. 
 Coventry, Mr., 220n. 
 
 Coventry, Henry, 268. 
 Coventry, Sir W.,"22. 
 Covilham, Pedro de, 164, 165. 
 Cowley, John, 27. 
 Cowries, 39. 40. 47n. 
 Coxe, William, 71. 
 Coxenga, the pirate, 190. 
 Cracroft, Simon, 270, 285. 
 Cramoisee, 40n. 
 Crane, Sir Francis, 21. 
 Cranfeild, Sir Lyonell, 71. 
 Cranganore, early notices of,' 132, 202 ; 
 the Portuguese at, 166, 178, 189 ; the 
 Dutch at, 189, 190 ; the English at, 
 81, 211, 233; records relating to, 81. 
 Crassa, 141. 
 Craven, Earl of, 268. 
 Craven, Sir Wm. , 39h. 
 Crises, connection between sun-spots 
 
 and commercial, lOln. 
 Crompton's mule jennv, 225«. 
 Cromwell, OUver, \in. 20, 218, 219, 
 
 258, 261, 266, 284. 
 Cronmer, Sir W. , 23. 
 Cropley, Sir J., 22. 
 Crosby Hall, 39n, 67. 
 
 Crowne, ship, 42. 
 
 Ci~uttenden, ship, 43. 
 Crystal, 143. 
 
 Cubebs, 39, 109, 180, 202, 204. 
 
 Cubero, Don Pedro Sebastiano, 183. 
 
 Cuddalore, 86, 87, 227, 229, 231, 234, 
 246«, 252 ; records relating to, 66, 
 89. See also Fort St. David. 
 
 Cufic coins, 116, 117. 
 
 Culpeper, Lord, 272. 
 
 Cumberland, Duke of, 268, 269 ; Earl 
 of, 275. 
 
 Cumina, 72. 
 
 Cunningham, Sir James, 31«. 
 
 Curia Muria Islands, 168. 
 
 Curmosa (Ormuz), 129. 
 
 Custom House bonds, 20 ; lists, 76. 
 
 Cutch, 233. 
 
 Cuttack, 252. 
 
 Cyngilin, 132. 
 
 Cynkali, 132. 
 
 Cyprus, 115, 121, 133, 254. 
 
 Cyrus, the, 134. 
 
 Dabul, 142, 143. 144, 149, 151, 169, 
 178, 211, 
 
 Dacca, 30, 38, 59, 190, 224, 225n, 226, 
 234 ; note on, 92 ; records relating 
 to, 66, 67, 92; muslins of, 59h, 
 
 Dachem, 200. 
 
 Da Costa, 25n. 
 
 Da Cunha, Tristan, 168. 
 
 Da Gama, Paul, 161. 
 
 Da Gama, Vasco, xiin, 31n, 102, 155, 
 156, 158, 161, 164, 167, 174, 176, 181, 
 185, 255, 256, 257h, 258, 278. 
 
 Daily Courant, the, 17. 
 
 Daily Post, the, 17. 
 
 Dalapadic, 219. 
 
 Dalheniia sisoo, 107. 
 
 Dale, Sir Thomas, 71. 
 
297 
 
 " Damaged Papers," the, (57. 
 Damascus, 111, 112, 113, 133, 135, 
 138, 145, 157, 165 ; Varthema's de- 
 scription of, 1 4G. 
 Damasks, 37«, 40, 130, 143, 205. 
 Damaun, 174, 177, 178, 179, 183. 
 Damghan, 135. 
 Dampier, William, 227h. 
 Danish E. I. Co., the, 31m, 115, 183, 
 
 211. 227, 253. 
 Danu, 178. 
 
 Danvers, Lady Lettice, 71. 
 Danvers, Mr. F. C, viii, x, 1, 19w, 215n, 
 
 229h, 273, 283, 284. 
 Danvers, Sir John, 24. 
 Darjeeling, 253. 
 Darling, ship, 48, 208. 
 Dasarapatnam, 234. 
 Dashwood, Sir Samuel, 17. 
 D'Ataide, Don Lnis, 177. 
 Dava, the,, 140. 
 Davall, Sir T. , 22. 
 Davies, David, 215??. 
 Davis, Juhn, 47, 50. 185h, 194, 
 Davis' Strait, 279. 
 Dawes, Sir Abraham, 21. 
 Dawes, Sir Thomas, 21. 
 Day, Francis, 31. 87, 2LG, 217. 
 De Aguiar, — , l'69. 
 De Barros, — , 162m, 172. 
 Deboys, 42. 
 
 Deccan, the, 35, 150, 240, 241, 245. 
 Deering, Sir E., 22. 
 Defence, the Treaty of, G9. 
 Degh, 144. 
 Dehra Dhun, 252. 
 Deicroe, Benjamin, 79. 
 Delagoa Bay, 158, 175. 
 Detawarr, ship, 288. 
 
 Delhi, 110, 133, IGSn, 223n, 252 ; the 
 Mogol Emperors of, 112, 240, 241 ; 
 prices of wheat at. from 1763 to 
 1835, 103«. 
 
 Delia Valle, Pietro, 236. 
 
 Denmark, 105, 117, 236 ; Prince George 
 of, 272. 
 
 De Nova, — . 1C6. 
 
 Deptford, 48, 208, 217. 
 
 Deplford, ship, 43. 
 
 Derbend, 142, 195. 
 
 Deschti-Kaptchack, 136. 
 
 De Solis, — , 171. 
 
 Destriers, 127. 
 
 Devikota, 251. 
 
 Devonshire, Earl of, 24, 77 ; Duke of, 
 28, 272. 
 
 Devonshire, ship, 43. 
 
 Dewangiri, 254. 
 
 De Witt's Land, 188. 
 
 Dharmapatam, 150, 233, 251. 
 
 Dharwar, 253. 
 
 Dholka, 42. 
 
 Dhotis, 38, 224. 
 
 Diamonds, 127, 143,144, 149, 165, 180. 
 202, 204. 
 
 Diapers, 40. 
 
 Diaz, Bartholomew, 159, 162, 163. 
 
 Diaz, Diego, 163. 
 
 Diaz, Peter, 166. 
 
 Dibajat (the Maldives), 108. 
 
 Dieppe, 76, 158. 
 
 Digard, Captain, 78. 
 
 Diggs, Sir Dudley, 71, 210. 
 
 Diggs, Thomas, 71. 
 
 Dimity, 37, 38/i. 
 
 Dindigul, 252. 
 
 Director, origin of the title, 55n. 
 
 Discovery, ship, 214n, 215«, 265. 
 
 Din, 148, 169, 174, 175, 178, 179, 208, 
 
 209, 216. 
 Divy Islands, 82. 
 Diwah-Mahal, 136. 
 
 Doab, the Lower, 252 ; the Upper, 252. 
 Doazar, 153. 
 Doe, Eadmund, 3. 
 Dofar, 127, 174. 
 Dolkas, 42. 
 
 Dominees, the Dutch, 56n. 
 Dooab, the JuUunder, 2.33. 
 Dooars, the, 253, 254. 
 Dorcas, ship, 42. 
 Doria Hondustankaia, 142. 
 Doria Khvalitskaia, 142. 
 Doria Stembolskaia, 142. 
 •' Dorset, Anne of," 159. 
 Douglas, Mr. James, 227, 228n, 239n. 
 
 Downton, Nicholas, 48, 49, 78. 
 
 Draqon, ship, 47, 48, 72, 80, 206h, 207, 
 273, 287. 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 196, 197, 198. 
 
 Draper, Mrs. Daniel, 87. 
 
 Draper, Robert, 2()4. 
 
 Drugs, 37«, 114, 117, 120. 
 
 Dubois, — ■, 17. 
 
 Du Bois, Charles, .30. 
 
 Dubois, Daniel, 29. 
 
 Duckingfield, Sir Robert, 22. 
 
 Ducy, Eobert, 264, 284. 
 
 Dudley, Sir Robert, 198. 
 
 Duke, ship, 93. 
 
 Duke of Alhanij, ship, 43. 
 
 Duke of Cumberland, ship, 43. 
 
 Duke of Grafton, ship, 43. 
 
 Duke of -Kingston, ship, 43. 
 
 Dumas, M. , 242. 
 
 Duncombe, Sir John, 268. 
 
 Dundee-Rajpore, see Rajapore. 
 
 Dunkin, Michael, 25n. 
 
 Dunkirk, 76. 
 
 Dunkirk, ship, 267. 
 
 Dupleix, M., 242, 243«, 244n, 24S«, 249^. 
 
 Durettas, 38h. 
 
 Durgarayapatnam, 89. 
 
 Duriano, 139. 
 
 Dutch, the, 47h, 70, 116, 201, 222, 230, 
 238, 252, 253, 255, 266, 267 ; general 
 remarks on, 54, 183—192; early 
 voyages of, 45 — 47; the Portuguese 
 and, 178, 179, 214 : the English and 
 50, 69, 69h, 70, 88, 93, 199, 205, 209 
 211, 212, 213, 214, 216,218,219,220 
 221n, 222, 225, 268. 269; factories 
 and colonies of, 92, 93, 211, 218, 219 
 possessions of, in 1664, 189 ; at the 
 present time, 192 ; records relating 
 to. 53—55 67, 68, 73, 79. 
 
298 
 
 Dutch E. I. Co., the, 3l'». 53 ; founda- 
 tion of, 31n, 186 ; the English E. I. 
 Co. and, 53, 68, 6<), 70; proposed 
 amalgamation with the English E. I. 
 Co., 210; colonial organization of, 
 55h. 
 
 Duties, prohibitory, on Indian manufac- 
 tures, 224n. 
 
 Dutties, see Dhotis. 
 
 Dwaraka, 253. 
 
 Dyeing, 41. 223. 
 
 Dyes, 79, 143. 
 
 Dyke, William, 71. 
 
 Eagle, ship. 42, 50, 52. 
 Eaglewood, 180. 
 Earl of Asliburnham, ship, 43. 
 Earl of Lincoln, ship. 43. 
 
 East India Co., the, 13, 13h, 15, 18, 20, 
 25?«, 30, 55»i, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 71n, 
 72. 73. 77, 78, 79, 196, 210, 238; 
 arms of, xii, 18«, 21n, 43, 223?*, 276, 
 286; bale mark of, 73, 223n ; char- 
 ters of, 13, 14n, 19, 64, 208, 218,263, 
 282—288 ; Court minutes of, x, 1, 2, 
 3, 4, 11, 13, 15, 16, 30, 74?i, 274; 
 formation of the Old or London Co., 
 13/i, 45. 199 ; formation of the New- 
 er Enghsh Co., Un. 27, 231, 272; 
 roll of su>)scribers to the New Co., 
 18, 19k, 27, 271, 286; amalgamation 
 of the two Cos.. 2, 4, 14n, 18. I8n, 19, 
 28, 232 ; proposed amalgamation with 
 the Dutch E. I. Co., 210; the mer- 
 chant adventurers incorporated with, 
 219 ; early voyages of, 205 ; factories 
 of, in 1709. 233 ; St. Helena granted 
 to, 93, 190, 218, 282; Bombay 
 granted to, 219 ; complaints against, 
 and negotiations with, the Dutch, 53, 
 54, 68, 69, 70, 79, 218; rules for 
 Court meetings, 276; policy of, 2.30, 
 231n ; stock adventured by, 1601 — 19, 
 70 ; Sir J. Sambrooke's report on the 
 trade of, 78 ; Sir Thomas I\Iun's 
 ditto, 213; exports of, 1600—21, 78; 
 imports and exportf? of, in 1631, 37n ; 
 coinages of, 222h ; the various offices 
 of, 39n. 
 
 East India House, 14», 39, 40. 
 
 Eaai India Merchant, ship, 50. 
 
 Easterling or Vandalic Hanse towns, 117. 
 
 Eaton, Mr , 26«, 52. 
 
 Ebony, 165. 198. 
 
 Eddova, 253«. 
 
 Edessa, 133. 
 
 Edmonds, Sir Clement, 71. 
 
 Edrisi of Sicily, 109. 
 
 Edward I., 124. 
 
 Edward III., 157. 
 
 Edward VI . 193, 277. 
 
 E(hi>ard and Dudlei/, ship, 44. 
 
 Edivard Bonadventure, ship, 198. 
 
 Edwards, Mr., 210. 
 
 Edwards, Sir James, 22. 
 
 Edwin, Sir Humphrey, 23, 24. 
 
 Egmont, Captain, 78. 
 
 118, 125, 
 164, 167, 
 
 Egypt, 60;^ 107, 111—115, 
 
 136, 138, 141, 144, 155, 
 
 226n, 254. 255. 
 Elba, 114. 
 Elemne, gum, 201. 
 Elephants, 143, 144, 152. 
 Elephants' teeth, see Ivory. 
 Elizabeth, Queen, 13n, Uh, 100, 197, 
 
 199, 208, 217n, 222n, 223n, 279, 281, 
 
 284. 
 Ellichpur, 241?!. 
 Elliston, Edward, 30. 
 Ellore, 89. 
 
 Elton, John, 195, 196. 
 Elwaies, Sir Jarvais, 21. 
 Elwick, John, 23. 
 Elwick, Thomas, 23. 
 Emanuel of Portugal, 154, 161, 164. 
 
 167, 168, 169. 
 Emeralds, 143, 180, 202, 205. 
 Emilia, ship, 53. 
 Enamelling, 105. 
 Encenso, 180. 
 Englesvad (Engli.sh-bazaar), 91, 234 ; 
 
 records relating to, 66, 67, 91. 
 Ennore, 251. 
 
 Eredia, Manuel Godinho de, 188. 
 Eri (Herat), 148. 
 Erikson, Leif, 160. 
 Erzeroum, 131, 134. 
 Erzingan (Arsinga), 134. 
 Espicanardo, 180. 
 Essex, ship, 43. 
 Etheredge, Sir James, 24. 
 Ethiopia, 141, 142, 146, 147, 149, 151, 
 
 153, 167. 
 Etruscan art, 115. 
 Eugene IV., 138. 
 Eugenia J amholana, 111. 
 Euphrates, the, 130, 138, 165, 182. 220. 
 Europa, ship, 43, 268, 269. 
 Evance, Sir Stephen, 23, 199. 
 Evans, John, 239n. 
 Evelyn, John, 22; extracts from his 
 
 diary, 13, 13«, 15, 40n, 220», 231. 
 Everest, Rev. Robert, 102n. 
 Expedition, ship, 49, 209, 264. 
 Exports and imports of the E. I. Co. in 
 
 1631, 37»). 
 Eyles, ship, 53. 
 Eynblicos, 180. 
 Eyre, Sir William, 229)(. 
 Eyton, Sir James, 24. 
 
 Factories, the E. I. Co.'s, 62, 68, 199 ; 
 list of, in 1709, 233 ; records relating 
 to, 11, 16, 61—96. 
 
 Factors, covenants with, 20 ; lists of, 28, 
 62 ; offending and defaulting, 30. 
 
 Ealcon, ship, 42. 
 
 Falconrj', terms of, transferred to fire- 
 arms, 215n. 
 
 Falkland Islands, 254. 
 
 Famagusta, 115, 155. 
 
 Famines in India, 102h. 
 
 Fanams, 223n. 
 
 Fans, 220n. 
 
 Fanshawe, Sir Richard, xii«. 
 
299 
 
 Karistan, 51. 
 
 Farnavis, Nana, letters from, 82. 
 
 Fars, 13G. 
 
 Fasstises, 143. 
 
 Fatehabad, 252. 
 
 Fatimite Caliphs of Egyi:it, the. 113. 
 
 Faunes, 202. 
 
 Fazackerly, Sir W., 24. 
 
 Felt hats exported, 37n. 
 
 Felton, John, 71. 
 
 Ferghana, 240. 
 
 Ferozepore, 253. 
 
 Fez, 111, 200. 
 
 Firando, 26n, 52, 209, 211, 235. 
 
 Fire of London, the, 13, 14n. 
 
 Firebrace, Sir Basil, 24. 
 
 Firingipot, 234. 
 
 Firmans, .see Phirmaunds. 
 
 Fitch, Ralph, 197. 
 
 Flag, sweet, 180. 
 
 Flaggs, 39. 
 
 Flandrina (Pandarani), 132. 
 
 Flax, 38n, 110, 117, 221n. 
 
 Fleet, Sir John, 17, 23. 
 
 Flemings, the, 118, 159. 
 
 Flinders, — , lln. 
 
 Florence, 33, 113, 114, 132. 
 
 Floretta yarn, 40. 
 
 Floris, Peter Williamson, 89: journal 
 of, 81. 
 
 Flushing, 76. 
 
 Flying Post, the, 17. 
 
 Fokien, 130. 
 
 Foot, Sir Thomas, 22. 
 
 Forde, Colonel, 88, 191. 
 
 Forde. Francis, 34. 
 
 Formosa, 65, 178, 189, 223. See also 
 Tywan. 
 
 Forrest, Professor G. "W., ix, x. 
 
 Fort Marlborough, 227, 232, 283, 
 287 ; records relating to, 92, 93, 
 287. 
 
 Fort St. David, 57, 89, 227, 229, 231, 
 234, 251 ; note on. 87 ; records re- 
 lating to, 66, 87. See also Cuddalore 
 and Tegnapatam. 
 
 Fort St. George, see Madras. 
 
 Fort William, see Calcutta. 
 
 Fort York, 227, 232, 234 ; records re- 
 lating to, 66, 67, 92. 
 
 Foster, Mr. William, x, 215n, 216n. 
 
 Founders' Hall, 39n, 199, 275 ; note on, 
 199». 
 
 Fowke, Edward, 245n— 248n. 
 
 Fowke, Joseph, 247n, 248n. 
 
 Fox, Charles, 27. 
 
 Fox, Stephen, 271. 
 
 For, ship, 43. 
 
 Foxcroft, George, 221. 
 
 Franco, Abraham, 247«. 
 
 Franco, Jacob, 247n. 
 
 Frankincense, 154, 165, 198, 204. 
 
 Franks, Aaron, 247n. 
 
 Fransia, — , 25h. 
 
 Frasdangeh (Chaudernagore), 230. 
 
 Frederick, Cajsar, 236. 
 
 Frederick & Co., 25». 
 
 Freeman Ralph, 264. 
 
 French, the, 47«, 76, 78, 88, 92, 116, 
 120, 124, 191, 208, 223, 227, 230, 
 255, 272, 273 ; notes on the French 
 in India, 57, 58, 242—249 ; the French 
 E. I. Co., 31n, 77. 
 
 Frewen. Sir Edward, 24. 
 
 Frobisher. Martin, 194, 198, 217n, 278, 
 280. 
 
 Fryer. John, 15, 32rt, 42, 50, 73, 83, 85, 
 237! 
 
 Fucheu, 126, 132. 
 
 Furnese, Sir Henry, 18«, 24, 271. 
 
 Furs, 120. 
 
 Further India, 41, 107, 178, 179, 234. 
 
 Fustians, 38n. 
 
 Gaeta, 134, 136. 
 
 Galangal, 39, 109, 149, 198, 201, 204. 
 
 Galbanum, 165. 
 
 Gallipolli, 136. 
 
 Galls, 37n. 
 
 Gallv-tiles, 76. 
 
 Gamboge, 12, 15, 27, 73. 
 
 Ganfu (Kanpu), 126. 
 
 Ganges, the, 106, 112, 139, _< 
 
 Ganisa or Ganapati, symbol of, xi. 
 
 Ganjam, 234. 
 
 Garcia, Diego, 171. 
 
 Garcinia Camhofjia, 152. 
 
 Garey, Captain Henry, 86. 
 
 Garnets, 139, 144, 152. 
 
 Garters, 37n. 
 
 Garwaie, Sir Henry, 21. 
 
 Gar way, Henry, 264. 
 
 Garway, Sir W., and Co., 71. 
 
 Gault, Signer, 68. 
 
 Gaur, 146, 153. 
 
 Gauze, gold, 40. 
 
 Gavotta, see Cabot. 
 
 Gawn, Alexander, 272. 
 
 Gayer, Sir John. 21, 23, 67. 
 
 Gazan (Jazan). 146. 
 
 Gebelli (ginger), 139. 
 
 Geffreys, Sir R., 23. 
 
 Gelongs, 63. 
 
 Gemelli-Careri, Giovanni Francesco 
 
 183. 
 " General Society," the, 14«. 282, 286. 
 Genoese, the. Ill, 113, 114, 117, 118, 
 
 124, 125, 130, 135, 136, 146, 155, 
 
 156, 157, 159, 166, 184, 255. 
 George I., 282. 
 George II., 19,273, 282. 
 George III., 283. 
 George and Martha, ship, 78. 
 Georgia, 121. 
 
 Germany, 47h, 105, 115, 118. 119, 193. 
 Gerrard. Sir Gilbert, 22. 
 Gheria, 82. 
 Ghilan, 51, 135. 
 Giava (Java), 154. 
 Gibbon, Edward, the historian, 30 : his 
 
 father and grandfather, ihid. 
 Gibbon, Hester, .30. 
 Gibraltar. 76, 254. 
 Gidda (Jiddah), 141. 
 Gilolo, 170n, 200. 
 
300 
 
 ■Gingala (Cranganore). 132. 
 
 Gingelly, 148. 
 
 Oinger, P,7n. 39, 110. 124, 128, 131, 
 
 139, 141, 143, 144, 150, 151, 153, 163, 
 
 165, 180, 198, 201, 224. 
 ■Ginghams, 26, 40, 59, 224. 
 Gingi, see Chingee. 
 Glass-making, 105. 
 Glatton, ship, 43. 
 Globe, ship, 48, 49, 81, 88. 
 Gloucester, 34, 41. 
 Ooa. 15, 65, 80, 84h, 148, 150, 104, 169, 
 
 170, 176. 178. 179, 182, 183. 186, 197, 
 
 198h, 201, 216, 221, 236. 
 Goa stones, 15. 
 Goaconehernlas, 63. 
 Gobi Desert, the, 123. 
 Godavari Districts, 251, 254. 
 Godinho, Manuel, 182. 
 Godolphin's Award, Lord, 18h. 19,28. 
 
 282, 287. 
 Godolphin, Francis, Earl of, 32. 
 Godolphin, Sir W., 23. 
 Goes, Benedict, 123, 168n. 
 Gofala. 203. 
 
 Gogo, 131. 148, 174, 175, 209, 233. 
 Golat (Kalhat), 144. 
 Golconda, 62, 149, 165, 215, 234, 241 ; 
 
 records relatincr to, 65, 81. 
 Gold. 35. 41. 128, 129, 137, 139, 141, 
 
 147, 163, 190, 222. 
 Gold lace, 37n. 
 Golden Hind, ship, 196. 
 Golden Phcenix, ship, 266, 267, 285. 
 Goldsborough, Sir John, 23. 
 Gombroon, 142, 182, 190. 213, 220, 
 
 233: records relating to. 16, 34, 51, 
 
 65, 74, 96. 
 Goodlad, Captain. 44. 
 Goodman, Samuel, 272. 
 Gore, Sir W., 17. 23. 
 Gorgarons (silks), 53. 
 Goruckpoor, 252. 
 Gosain, the Saiva, 207n. 
 Gosfright, Francis, 68. 
 Goshawks, 159. 
 Goshees, 63. 
 Gothland, 116, 117. 
 Goths, the, 115. 
 Gottenbourg, 33. 
 Goulston, Sir W., 23. 
 Gourdas, 72. 
 Governours-General, commissions to, 17 ; 
 
 the title of, 228n, 229n. 
 Govin Sewram Punt, 82. 
 Govindpur, 90. 229«. 231. 
 Grain, 153. 
 Granganore, 178. 
 Grantham, Sir Thomas, 23, 31. 
 Grapes, Damascus, 146. 
 Gray, Mr. A., 182. 
 Great Harry, ship, 217n. 
 Great Mogul, the, 80, 92, 197. 199. 207, 
 
 215, 216. 
 Green, Gyles, 264. 
 Greenland, 279. 
 Gregory X., 123. 
 Grenville, ship, 43. 
 
 Grevile, Sir Foulke, 200. 
 
 Griggs, Mr. W., x. 
 
 Grograme, 38n. 
 
 Guardafui, Cape, 166. 
 
 Guest, or Guift, ship, 47, 276 
 
 Guildhala Teutonieorum, 117. 
 
 Guilfar (Julfar), 148. 
 
 Guinea, 47n, 76, 164. 
 
 Guldene Zeepaard, ship, 188. 
 
 Gum benjamin, see Benjamin, 
 
 Gum lac, see Lac. 
 
 Gums, 165. 
 
 Gunny stuffs, 26, 38, 39. 224. 
 
 Guntur district, 127, 252. 
 
 Gunungapi, 170n. 
 
 Gurgi (Georgians), 121. 
 
 Guzerat, 106, 108. Ill, 124, 128, 136, 
 
 142. 144. 151, 174, 190. 224, 252, 
 
 254. 
 Gyfford, Philip, 86. 
 Gyfford, William, 80, 229/i. 
 
 Hague, the, 69. 
 
 Haileybury College, grant of arms to. 
 
 18?!, 288. 
 Hair stuffs, 76. 
 Haj Caravan, the, 146. 
 Haj-Tarkan (Astrakhan), 110. 
 Hakem. 113. 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard, 5, 6, 169k, 202, 205. 
 Halford, — , 18n, 286. 
 Hall, — , 18n, 280. 
 Hall, William. 29«. 
 Halliday. Sir Frederick, 229«. 
 Halliday, Mr., 16. 
 Hallyburton, Mr., 243n. 
 Hamath. 146. 
 Hamburg. 68, 76. 115. 
 Hamlet played on board the Dragon. 
 
 206n. 
 Hampi, 143. 
 Hampshire, ship, 43. 
 Hangcheu, 109, 130, 132. 140; Marco 
 
 Polo's description of, 126. 
 Hankin, Roger, 276. 
 Hanseatic League, the, 115, 116, 117. 
 Hanu-man, the Hindu monkey-god 
 
 223n. 
 Harby, Clement, 264. 
 Harby, Job, 264. 
 Harcourt, ship, 43. 
 Harda, 254. 
 Hardy, Sir Duffus, 261. 
 Harfords, 70. 
 
 Hargreaves' spinning jenny, 224/j 
 Harkand, sea of, 108. 
 Harlem, 70. 
 
 Harrinf/ton, ship, 273, 287. 
 Harrison, Richard, 19». 
 Harrison, Sir E., 15. 
 Hart, ship, 50, 206. 
 Hartogs, Dirk, 188. 
 Harwich, ship, 44. 
 Harwood, Sir Edward, 71. 
 Hastings, Warren, x, 18n. 19, oS, 228.'J. 
 
 229«, 288. 
 Hats exported, 37»r. 
 
301 
 
 Hitvanna, ship, 43. 
 
 Hawkins, Sir John, 11)8. 
 
 Hawkins, William, 48, 182, 207. 
 
 Havos, Claud, 25n 
 
 Heathcote, Gilbert, 271, 272. 
 
 Heathcote, John. 271. 
 
 Heathcote, William, 271. 
 
 Hector, ship, 43, 47, 48, 49. 72. 78, 207, 
 275, 276. 
 
 Hedges, Sir William, 23, 225, 229«. 
 
 Helhon, 146. 
 
 Helby, 139. 
 
 Hemp, 38h, 76, 110, 117, 221». 
 
 Hemp, Indian, 39. 
 
 Hendry Kendry, 83, 227. 
 
 Henry III., 116. 
 
 Henry VII., 45, 159, 193, 277. 
 
 Henry VIII,, 193, 275. 
 
 Henry III. of Castile, 134. 
 
 Henry the Navigator, Prince, 157 — 159, 
 161, 164. 
 
 Henry Clrace de Dieu, ship, 217/i. 
 
 Herat, 135. 136, 148. 
 
 Herba goods. 40, 59, 180. 202, 224. 
 
 Herbert, Philip, 72. 
 
 Herbert, Sir Thomas, 50, 72;i. 
 
 Herbert, Sir William, 237. 
 
 Heriott, George, 71. 
 
 Herjulfson, Bjorn, 160. 
 
 Hermenia (Armenia), 122. 
 
 Heme, Sir Joseph, 23. 
 
 Heme, Sir Nathaniel, 22, 23. 
 
 Hewer, William, 23. 
 
 Hichoch, Thomas, 236. 
 
 Hide, Nicholas, 71. 
 
 Hide, Sir Laurence, 71. 
 
 Hides, 43. 117, 128, 198. 
 
 Hill, Sir Roger, 23. 
 
 Hind, Al, 112. 
 
 Hindia, 254. 
 
 Hinterlands, 76. 
 
 Hippen's Island, 48. 
 
 Hippon, Captain Anthony, 48. 81, 88, 
 89, 209. 
 
 Historiographer to the E. I. Co., 79, 82 ; 
 Richard Hakluyt appointed, 6. 
 
 Hockins, 63. 
 
 Holkar, 253. 
 
 Holland, 26», 37n, 46ri, 76, 222. 
 
 Hollanders, see Dutch. 
 
 Hollar, 238. 
 
 Holies, .John, Duke of Newcastle, 32n. 
 
 Holies, Thomas Pelham, Dnke of New- 
 castle, 32. 
 
 Hollworthy, Sir Matthew, 22. 
 
 Holstein, Duke of, 236, 237. 
 
 Honawer (Onore), 111, 138. 
 
 Honey, 148. 
 
 Hong Kong, 254. 
 
 Hooblee, 223. 
 
 Hooke, Sir Hele, 23. 
 
 Hope's Advance, Cape, 194. 
 
 Hopefull, ship, 62. 
 
 Hopewell, ship, 92. 
 
 Hormuz, see Ormuz. 
 
 Horn, Cape. 184«, 279. 
 
 Horses, 127, 128, 143. 
 
 Hoseander, ship, 48. 
 
 Houblon, John, 25)i. 
 
 Houf/hton, ship, 36, 43. 
 
 Houtmann, Cornelius, 31 n, 45, 47, 185. 
 
 Howard, Lord Thomas, 198. 
 
 Howard of Effingham, Lord, 197. 
 
 Hoirland, ship, 272. 
 
 Hudson. Henry, 194, 280. 
 
 Hudson's Bay, 194. 
 
 Hugli, 72, 90, 91, 92, 190, 215, 217, 220, 
 224, 226, 228, 229, 234 ; records re- 
 lating to, 34. 65—67, 91. 
 
 Hugli River, the, 57, 90. 
 
 Hulaku Khan, 121, 122, 123. 
 
 Huinfry and Elizahelh, ship, 42. 
 
 Humfreys, Sir W., 24. 
 
 Hunter, Sir W. W., 102». 
 
 Hiitchinson, Norton, 273. 
 
 Huttah, 253. 
 
 Hyacinth, 144. 
 
 Hyderabad, 109. 241. 242, 249n. 
 
 Hvder Ali, 58, 250. 
 
 lakhut, 144. 
 
 Ibn Batuta of Tangiers, 110. 
 
 Ibn-Khurdadbah, 109. 
 
 Ibrahim Lodi, 240. 
 
 Iceland, 160n. 
 
 Iconium, 121. 
 
 Icy Sea, the, 194. 
 
 lest (Yezd), 131. 
 
 Imports and Exports of the E. I. Co. in 
 
 1631, 37h. 
 Ince's defence of Angengo, 86. 
 Incense. 124, 128, 154, 202. 
 India Alba, 240. 
 India Major, 119. 
 India Nigra, 240. 
 Indian Archipelago, the, 179, 189, 213, 
 
 214, 219 ; English possessions in 
 
 (1617J, 211 ; Portuguese possessions 
 
 in, 178 ; Dutch possessions in, 192. 
 Indies nuttes, 140. 144, 202. 
 Indigo, 12. 39, 47», 63, 124, 128, 142, 
 
 143, 145, 180, 201, 203, 212, 224;. 
 
 amount imported about 1621, 213. 
 Indraghiri, 189. 
 Indrapoora, 30, 234. 
 Indus, the, 106, 109, 112, 175, 178. 
 Ingeram, 234. 
 Ingram, Sir Arthur, 22. 
 " Injured Papers," the, 66. 
 InsuL'o Fortunatai, the, 158. 
 Irak-Adjemi, 136, 145, 146. 
 Irak-Arabi, 136. 
 Iran, the table-land of. 112. 
 Iron, 37h, 46h, 117, 210. 
 Iron wire, 76. 
 Iron Gates, the, 135. 
 Irrawaddy, the, 140. 
 Isle do Bourbon, 243«, 244/i. 
 Isle de France. 243//. 
 Ispahan, 51, 65, 85, 111, 142, 145, I'.tO. 
 
 233. 
 Istambul, 110. 
 
 Ivory, 39, 105, 129, 147, 158, 165, 198. 
 Izarces, 63. 
 
302 
 
 Jacatra, 53, 73, 186, 187, 211, 23-i. See 
 also Batavia. 
 
 Jacinths, 144, 152. 
 
 Jack trees, 111, 141, 151. 
 
 Jacob, John, 270. 
 
 Jacob, Sir Abraham, 23, 24. 
 
 Jacob, Sir John, 22. 
 
 Jafnapatnam, 177, 178, 189, 190. 
 
 Jaintia, 253. 
 
 Jambi, 39, 186, 189, 211, 219, 234; 
 records relating to, 65. 
 
 Jamboseer, 224. 
 
 James I., In, 14n. 31, 48, 49, 68, 69, 
 69n, 71, 71n, 81, 207, 208, 263, 277, 
 284. 
 
 James II., 64, 90, 270. 
 
 James, ship, 48, 49, 73, 75. 
 
 *• James and Mary " sandbank, origin of 
 the name, 90. 
 
 James' Town, St Helena, 94n. 
 
 Jamums, 111. 
 
 Jangli (Cranganore), 132. 
 
 Jansen, Sir Theodore, 14, 18n. 271. 
 
 Japan, 26, 26«. 40, 125, 200, 201, 206h, 
 207, 220n; the English in, 50, 156. 
 165, 194, 209, 211, 214, 223, 235; the 
 Dutch in, 186, 188, 190 ; the Porta- 
 guese in, 175. 179, 189; records 
 relating to, 5. 11. 51, 52, 65, 75. 
 
 Japara, 211, 234. 
 
 Jashk, Ras, 50. 
 
 Jask, 51, 211. 233. 
 
 Java, 165, 200, 203, 204, 226n; early 
 notices of, 107, 108, 111, 127, 132, 
 136, 140, 141. 154 ; the English in, 
 191, 205, 211, 227, 232, 234; the 
 Dutch in, 186, 187, 190, 191, 192; 
 records relating to, 54, 92, 93. See 
 also Bantam and Jacatra. 
 
 Java, Great (probably Australia), 187. 
 
 Java minor, 127. 140^ 200. 
 
 Jasartes, the, 112, 136. 
 
 Jazan, 146. 
 
 Jeffreys, Robert, 264. 
 
 Jehangir, 49, 207, 210. 
 
 Jenkins, Robert, 273. 
 
 Jenkinson, Anthony, 195. 
 
 Jennynges, Abraham, 264. 
 
 Jeroon, see Ormuz. 
 
 Jersey, Earl of. 29h. 
 
 Jerusalem, 111, 133, 254. 
 
 '■Jerusalem, the new," 188. 
 
 Jevons, Professor Stanley, lOln. 
 
 Jewels. 146, 148, 152, 153, 165. 
 
 Jews, 204. 
 
 Jhaijjar territory, the, 254. 
 
 Jhansi, 254. 
 
 Jiddah, 110, 136, 141, 146. 170. 
 
 Jinijili, 148. 
 
 Jinjira, the Saed of, 83, 230 
 
 Jiyone, see Ormur. 
 
 Jobson, William, 273. 
 
 Jo/m and Martha, ship, 42. 
 
 John the Great of Portugal, 157. 
 
 John II. of Portugal, 159, 161, 164. 
 
 John III. of Portugal, 177. 
 
 John XII., Pope, 130. 
 
 John of Gaunt, 157. 
 
 " John Company,"' origin of the name, 
 
 223/i. 
 Johnson, Sir Brian, 21. 
 Johnson, Sir Henry, 17, 22. 
 Johnson. Richard and Robert, 195. 
 Johore, 234, 253. 
 Joint Stocks, the, 25, 70, 72, 77 ; the 
 
 voyages on account of, 45. 46, 46«, 
 
 49, 78. 
 Jonah, ship, 44. 
 Jonas, ship, 264. 
 Jones, George, 246w. 
 Jones, Mr. Winter, 202. 
 Jonson's Alchemist, quotation from. 
 
 256n. 
 Jooneer, 142. 
 
 Jordanus, travels of, 131, 132. 
 Joseph, Captain Benjamin, 49. 
 Joseph of Lemago, 164. 
 Journals, Ships', 3, 4, 5, 6, 44, 214«. 
 Julin, 115. 
 Juljulan, 148. 
 Jullunder Dooab, the, 253. 
 Junkcevlon, 178, 189, 199. 
 Jupp, — , 39«. 
 Jute. 26, 224. 
 
 Kadam, the Hindu Sultan, 143. 
 
 Kadranj. 109. 
 
 Kalakbar, 108. 
 
 Kalambak, 153. 
 
 Kalbergah, 136. 
 
 Kalhat, 138, 144. 
 
 Kali, symbol of the goddess, xi. 
 
 Kalikata, 90, 229«, 231. See also Cal- 
 cutta. 
 
 Kalhana, 107. 
 
 Kalongher, 142. 
 
 Kamala, 109. 
 
 Kamaranga, 152. 
 
 Kanbait (Cambay), 136, 142 
 
 Kanpu, 126. 
 
 Kara-Korum, 120, 122. 
 
 Karanjah. 252. 
 
 Kamal, 252. 
 
 Karwar, see Carwar. 
 
 Kashan, 131, 142. 
 
 Kashgar, 123. 
 
 Kasimbazar, see Cossimbazaar. 
 
 Kaulam (Quilon), 141. 
 
 Kayal, 124, 128, 137, 139, 152. 
 
 Kayan Kulam, 151, 152. 
 
 Kaye, Sir John, 261. 
 
 Kazan, 141, 145. 
 
 Keate, Sir Jonathan, 22. 
 
 Keddah, 108. 
 
 Keelinge, Captain, 47. 76, 81, 206n. 
 207, 208. 
 
 Keigwin, Captain Richard, 23, 31, 227. 
 
 Kela, 108. 
 
 Kelberg, 142. 
 
 Kempe, George, 68. 
 
 Keneh, 144. 
 
 Kenery, island of, 83. 
 
 Kent, Harry, 273. 
 
 Kerman, 123, 136. 
 
 Kermes, 39;;, 40n. 
 
303 
 
 Kersics, 210, 204. 
 
 Kesh, 135. 
 
 Khakan of the Tartars, the, 122. 
 
 Kham-lakh, 40/;. 
 
 Khan (satin), 143. 
 
 Khanbalik, 136. 
 
 Khandeish, 253. 
 
 Khandy, 110. 
 
 Khantu, see Hangcheu. 
 
 Kharistan, 51. 
 
 Khilji, the House of, 240. 
 
 Khiva, 117 ; the sea of, 142. 
 
 Khorassan, 110, 123, 135, 136, 143, 
 
 148, 105. 
 Khotan, 123. 
 Khumdan, 109. 
 Khusistan, 51. 
 Khwarazm, 117. 
 Kiev, 120. 
 Kilwah, 154. 
 Kinbaiat (Cambay), 110. 
 Kino, 12. 
 
 Kinsay, see Hangcheu. 
 Kiola (blankets). 143. 
 Kipchak, 110, 132, 133, 136. 
 Kirby, Jeffrey, 264. 
 Kirke's lambs, 84h. 
 Kirwood, Thomas. 2bn. 
 Kish, the island of, 109, 110. 127, 128, 
 
 129,130. 
 Kishm, the island of, 50. 
 Kistna District, 251. 
 Knight, John, expedition of, 194 
 Knives, 37h. 
 KnoUys, Sir John, 22. 
 Koen, John Pietersoon, 191. 
 Kohistan, 136. 
 Koinsari, the, 59. 
 Kolcherry, 253?i. 
 Koning, Henry, 32n. 
 Koulam (Quilon), 111. 
 Kow, 149. 
 
 Kublai Khan, 122, 123, 124. 
 Kukah, 148. 
 
 Kulburga, 142, 143. 241. 
 Kulja, 131. 
 Kumaon, 252. 
 Kumar (Camboja), 108. 
 Kumpani Jehan, see John Company. 
 Kurdla, 249». 
 Kustack, 51. 
 Kuyuk, 119, 120. 
 Kuzrat (Guzerat), 142. 
 Kyrpuk, 144. 
 
 La Bourdonnaisj M. de, 242 ; the alleged 
 
 bribery of, vii, 242;i— 248n. 
 Labrador, 167, 193, 194, 278. 
 La Bretonnide, D. Devarenne, 19«. 
 Labuan, 254. 
 Lac. 12, 39, 141, 143, 145, 154, 165, 
 
 220h, 224 ; note on, 39n. 
 Lacca, 154, 180. 
 Lacey, Dr. Fulke, 62, 
 Lacquer, 39n. 
 Lacra, 149. 
 Lacrya, 201. 
 
 Ladrone Islands, the, 172, 197. 
 
 Lagundy Island, 214. 
 
 Lahore, 63, 190, 224, 234, 286. 
 
 Lake pigment, 39h, 41n, 154. 
 
 Lally, M., 247, 249n. 
 
 Lama, the Grand, 132. 
 
 Lamb, Mulis, 02. 
 
 Lambert, Captain, 44. 
 
 Lamori, 132. 
 
 Lancaster, Sir James, 45, 47, 198, 205, 
 
 276, 280. 
 Landak, 190. 
 
 Langhorne, Sir W., 17, 23, 64. 
 Langley, Geoffrey de, 124. 
 Lankhabalus, 108. 
 Lantore, the island of, 53, 69, 170n, 212, 
 
 213, 234. 
 Lapis Tuttia, 27, 180. 
 Lapland, 193. 
 Lapwing, ship, 43. 
 Lar, 51 ; the Sea of, 108. 
 Laristan, 51. 
 Las Casas, 95n. 
 Latimer [? Lord], 268. 
 Lannaret, pinnace, 75. 
 Laval, Francois Pyrard de, 182. 
 Law papers.' 11, 13. 17, 67, 79. 
 Lawns, 47h, 198, 224. 
 Layas, 122, 123. 
 Lead, 46n, 117, 210, 266. 
 Leaden Hall, the, 40, 67. 
 Leadenhall Street, 25n, Tin. 
 Lear, Dame Susanna, 23. 
 Leare, Sir Peter, 22. 
 Lease, counterpart of a, 18n, 284. 
 Leather, 43, 128. 
 Le Bruyn, Cornelius, 235. 
 Lee, Henry, 264. 
 Lee, William, 264. 
 Leedes, — , 197. 
 Leghorn, 68, 76. 
 Leicester, Earl of, 23. 
 Leigh, — , 18«, 280. 
 Lemago, Joseph of, 164. 
 Lemaire Strait, 184n. 
 Lemmens, Francis, 53. 
 Lemons. 109. 
 
 Leopard, ship, 34, 220/1, 267, 268. 
 Lequeos, the, 200. 
 Lesgi, 121. 
 Lethieullier, Mr., 03. 
 Lethieullier, Samuel, 22. 
 Lethieullier, Sir John, 22. 
 Levant, the, 114, 115, 12L 
 Levant Company, the, 195, 196, 
 Levett, Sir Richard, 17. 
 Lewis, Sir Simon, 23. 
 Ley, James, Earl of Marlborough, 84h, 
 Liazer, the island of, 203. 
 Libyan desert, the, 131. 
 Ligor, 189, 234. _ 
 Lima, Don Rodriguez de, 165. 
 Lime juice, 237. 
 Linen, 38n, 130, 202, 224, 224h ; calico 
 
 held to be, 221. 
 Lingam, 222h. 
 Linseed, 76. 
 Lion, ship, 49. 
 
304 
 
 Lion, Dutch ship, 185n. 
 
 Lioness, ship, 4B. 
 
 Lioness, Dutch ship, 185n. 
 
 Lishon. 76, 154,155, 161, 164, 166, 179, 
 
 182, 183, 184, l'J8n. 
 Lisle, Viscount, 23. 
 
 Littleton. Sir Edward, (11, 270, 271,265. 
 Littleton. Sir Thomas. 23. 
 Lizati. 153 
 Lloyd, John, 271. 
 Loban (frankincense), 154. 
 Lock, Samuel, 18h, 19n. 
 Lodi. the House of. 240, 241. 
 Lombok, 192. 
 Lonbrequera, herba, 180. 
 London, ship, 42, 50. 208. 
 Lon^, Catherine Tyluey, 29?i. 
 Long. Lady. 29». 
 Longcloth, 26, 40, 224. 
 Longwood, St. Helena, vii, 93» — 97n. 
 Looking-glasses, Zln. 
 Lord, Henry, 264n. 
 Lord Camden, ship, 43. 
 Lord Holland, ship, 43. 
 Lord Mansfield, ship, 36. 
 Loren9o, Ruy, 167. 
 Lori birds, 141. 
 Lothair, the Emperor, 116. 
 Lovelace, Sir W. , 71. 
 Lowe. Sir Hudson, 97/(. 
 Loyall Cook, ship, 44. 
 Loyall Merchant, ship, 42. 47?i. 
 Loyall Subject, ship, 42. 
 Lovd, Sir Richard. 23. 
 Lubeck, 76, 115, 116, 117. 
 Luca Antara, 188. 
 Lucas. SirGervase, 86. 221, 268. 
 Lucknow, 27, 224, 234. 
 Lungees, herba, 40. 59. 
 Luson, Joseph, 95n, 96n. 
 Lyell, shijD, 53. 
 Lymi, 118. 
 
 Maabar, 127." 
 
 Maarazia, 140. 
 
 Macao, the Portuguese at, 178, 180, 
 201 : the English at, 223, 235 ; re- 
 cords relating to, 66. 
 
 Macassar, the Dutch at, 189 ; the 
 English factory at, 211, 212, 219, 
 234 ; records relating to, 65, 76, 92, 
 93. 
 
 Mace, 47h, 76, 130, 135, 140, 154, 165. 
 180, 189, 198, 201. 203, 213 : oil of, 
 201. 
 
 Machian, 203. 
 
 Machicho, 159. 
 
 Machin, Robert, 159. 
 
 Maehin (South China), 136, 144. 
 
 Macinus (Burma), 140. 
 
 Mackenzie MSS., 55. 
 
 Madagascar, 13n, 77, 162, 164, 168, 199, 
 217. 
 
 Madapollam, 225, 234 ; records relating 
 to, 66, 07, 87. 
 
 Madder, 70, 147. 
 
 Madeira, 158. 
 
 Madoc ap Owen Gwynedd, 238. 
 
 Madras (Fort St. George), 20«, 30, 31, 
 43, 60, 63, 64, 80, 86. 89, 90, 217, 
 219, 224, 225. 229, 229«, 230, 231«, 
 234, 251, 286, 287 ; governours of, 17, 
 22n, 28, 64, 86, 219; founded, 87, 
 216 ; made a Presidency, 87, 217, 
 219 ; Winter's mutiny at, 23, 221 ; 
 captured bv the French, 242, 242;(— 
 248h; Black Town, 64. 86; records 
 relating to. 16. 64, 65, 66, 67, 82, 87, 
 216n. 286. 287. 
 
 Madre de Dios, ship, 198, 203. 
 
 Madui-a, 192, 251, 252. 
 
 Magadoxa, 163, 166. 
 
 Magellan. 101, 172. 179, 258; straits 
 of, 172, 173, 196, 197, 270. 
 
 Magindanao (Mindanao), 174, 178, 235. 
 
 Maha, 67. 
 
 Maha Champa. 108. 
 
 Mahe, 242. 
 
 Mahomed. King of Bijapur, 216. 
 
 Mahomed Shah, 242. 
 
 Mahomet II., 156. 
 
 Mahrattas, the, 82, 83, 87, 221, 228, 
 241, 242, 249, 250, 252, 253. 
 
 Maim, 178. 
 
 Majuj and Yajuj (Gog and Magog), 
 113. 
 
 Makiyan, 170/*. 
 
 Malabar coast, the, earlv notices of, 
 106—109, 111, 112, 124, 128, 130, 
 132, 136. 137, 139, 141. 155, 105, 179, 
 200, 202, 203, 204, 240 ; the Portu- 
 guese on, 163, 179. 189 : the Dutch 
 on. 186, 189, 190: the Danes on, 
 253« ; the English on, 211, 233, 251, 
 252. 
 
 Malacca, early notices of, 107. 127, 145, 
 153, 154, 183, 200, 201, 203, 204, 
 226?i ; the Portuguese at, 165, 166, 
 168.170. 172. 170. 178,179,189; the 
 Dutch at 183, 180, 189. 191,219: 
 the English at, 190, 197, 219, 230, 
 253 ; Achinese attacks on, 174, 175, 
 176. 
 
 Malacca, Straits of. 50, 124. 
 
 Malaiur, 127. 
 
 Malapolanda. 152. 
 
 Malay Peninsula, the, 107, 187, 209, 
 211, 214, 234. 
 
 Maldah, see Maulda. 
 
 Maldives, the. 108, 111, 136, 145, 168. 
 182, 203. 
 
 Male (Malabar), 107. 
 
 Malemo Canaco, 163. 
 
 Maliapur, see St. Thom^. 
 
 Malice Scourge, ship, 47, 275, 276. 
 
 Malleson, Colonel, and the alleged 
 bribery of La Bourdonnais, 242n. 
 
 ^lalmesbury, William of, 196. 
 
 Malta. 254.' 
 
 Manaar, 108, 177, 178, 190. 
 
 Manado, 189. 
 
 Managers, Committee of, 2. 
 
 Mandelslo, travels of, 236. 
 
 Mandeville, Sir John, 133. 
 
 Mandvi, 253. 
 
305 
 
 Mansaloro, 138, 150, 174, 178, 202, 233. 
 
 Mangos, 111, 141, 151. 
 
 Mangu Khan, 120, 122. 
 
 Manhattan, 187. 
 
 Manik (ruby). 144. 
 
 Manilla, 183, 18G. 
 
 Manna, 135, 204. 
 
 Manners, Lady Elizabeth, 24. 
 
 Manora, 178. 
 
 Mansura, 109. 
 
 Manzi (Southern China), 12G, 127, 128, 
 
 131, 132, 136. 
 Map ' ' with the augmentation of the 
 
 Indies," the, 20Qn. 
 Marble, 14G. 
 Mardin, 123. 
 
 Mai-e Scurge, shij), xee Malice Scourge. 
 Marignolli, travels of, 132. 
 Marine Records, 5, G, 44, 214n. 
 Markham, Mr. Clements, ix, 45, 48n, 
 
 50, 11?! 134, 206«. 
 Markham, V., 77. 
 
 Marlborough, Duke of, 24 ; Earl of, 84. 
 Marlowe, Captain Edmund, 48, 280. 
 Marquis of Rockingham, ship, 43. 
 Marseilles, 114, 259h. 
 Martaban, 178, 180. 
 Marten, Sir Henry, 69, 70. 
 Martha, ship, 272. 286. 
 Martin, Francois, 223, 242. 
 Martin of Nuremberg, 166. 
 Mary I., Queen, 193. 
 Mary II., Queen. 14n, 23,24, 50, 271, 
 
 277, 282. 
 Mary of Modena. 90. 
 il/ary, ship, 42,266. 
 Mary Rose, ship, 267. 
 Mascate, 178. 
 Mash, 110. 
 
 Massingbird, ^Mrs. Margaret, 23. 
 Massingbird, Sir John, 18/i, 65. 
 
 Massing herd, ship, 42. 50. 
 
 Massou'ah, 144, 174. 
 
 Master, Sir Edward, 22«. 
 
 Master, Sir Streynsham, 18n, 22n, 83, 
 86 ; diary of, b'4. 
 
 Master, Sir Thomas, 15. 
 
 Mastic, 201. 
 
 Masudi of Baghdad. 109. 
 
 Masulipatam (Metchlipatam), 88,224; 
 early notices of, 106, 183; the Por- 
 tuguese at, 178: the Dutch at, 88, 
 187, 190; the English at, 88, 209, 
 211, 212, 214, 215, 219, 228, 230, 
 234, 251; "Eliza's tree" at, 87; 
 records relating to, 64,65 — 67, 74,80, 
 81, 87. 
 
 Matterable Phirmaiind, 81. 
 
 Matthews, Sir .John, 23. 
 
 Maulda, 224, 226, 234; records re- 
 lating to, 66, 80, 91. 
 
 Maurice of Nassau. Prince, 186. 
 
 Mauritius, 168, 186, 190, 244?i, 254. 
 
 Mauritius, ship, 214n. 
 
 Mawaralnahar, 112, 13G. 
 
 Maxaque, 135. 
 
 Maximilian, the Archduke, 118. 
 
 May, Honble. Baptist, 23. 
 
 M<(yfloioer, ship, 74, 275 ; note on the 
 
 Pilgrim Fathers', 74n. 
 Mayors' Courts, 282, 286, 287. 
 Mazanderan, 142. 
 Jlazarine blue, GOh. 
 Mazua, 144. 
 
 Mecca, 110, 111, 137, 146, 147, 151. 
 Modes, the, 131. 
 Medicis, Co.smo de, 114. 
 Medicis, Lorenzo de, 155. 
 Medina, 146. 
 Medina, Mosos de, 24. 
 Medina, Sir Solomon de, 24. 
 Medlycott, James, 19?j. 
 Meerut, 253. 
 Megasthenes, 92. 
 Meggot, Sir George, 23. 
 Mehran (Indus), the, 109. 
 Melacha (Malacca), 153. 
 Melangoli, 152. 
 Meliancote, 141. 
 Melibaria (Malabar). 141. 
 Melinda, 154, 163, 166, 178, 181, 203. 
 Melons, 140. 
 Menado, 234. 
 
 Mendosa, Ferdinand de, 198)j. 
 Menentillus, 131. 
 
 Menezes, Don James de, 176, 177. 
 Menin, 146. 
 
 Mercator's projection, 206n. 
 Mercers' Hall, 13. 
 Merchant Adventurers, the, 219. 
 Merchant Hope, ship, 49. 
 Merchant Royal, ship, 198. 
 Merchant Taylors' Hall, 13h. 
 Merchants, list of the E. L Co.'s, 61. 
 Meredith, Sir Ch., 24. 
 Merry Wives of Windsor, 206n. 
 Meschet (Muscat), 148. 
 Meshed, 135. 
 Mesopotamia, 110. 
 Metchlipatam, see Masulipatam. 
 •Mexico, 183. 
 Mhow, 224. 
 Miaco, 26n, 52. 
 
 Michelborne, Sir Edward, 50, 207, 276. 
 Micklethwaite, Sir John, 23. 
 Middleburg, 68, 76. 
 
 Middleton, Captain David, 48, 207, 208. 
 Middleton, Sir Henry, 44, 47, 48, 207, 
 
 208, 209. 2G3, 280, 284. 
 Middleton, John, 47, 276. 
 Middleton, Mr.. 277. 
 Midnapore, 251. 
 Milan, 118. 
 
 Mildenhall, Sir John, 199. 
 Millet, Captain, 47/f. 
 Millet, 110. 
 
 Millington, Sir Th., 24. 
 Milton's references to the East Indies, 
 
 1G8«, 181,205». 
 Minab, 51. 
 
 Mindanao, the island of, 174, 178, 200. 
 Minibar (Malabar). 132. 
 Mints, 219. 222. 
 Mir Jafir, 91. 249. 
 Mir Kasim. 249. 
 Mirrha, 180. 
 
 u 
 
306 
 
 Misericordia, the river, 162n. 
 
 Mobar, 132. 
 
 Mocha, 73. 80. 186, 190, 208, 211, 233. 
 
 Moguls, the, 58, 89, 121, 123. 
 
 Mohamed Ali, the Xawab, 35. 
 
 !Mohun, Richard. 64. 
 
 Moira, Earl of, 95n, 96«. 
 
 Molaga (long pepper), 153. 
 
 Moluccas, the, early notices of, 154, 165, 
 
 200, 203 ; the Portuguese and, 173. 
 
 178; the Spaniards and, 170, 172, 
 
 186 ; the Dutch and, 186, 189, 191, 
 
 192, 210 ; the English and, 196, 205, 
 
 210, 234. 
 Mombasa, 154, 163, 167, 178, 181, 182. 
 Momya (mummy wax), 201. 
 Mongolia, 120. 
 
 Monoch (the Moluccas), 154. 
 Monson, Sir William, 208. 
 Monson, Mr., 243n— 248h. 
 Montagu [?Lord], 271. 
 Montague, Charles, 271, 272. 
 Montague, Earl of, 27. 
 Montague, Honble. W., 24. 
 Montecorvino, John of, 131. 
 Montgomery, Earl of. 71. 
 Moon, Island of the, 164, 165. 
 :\Ioore, Arthur, 30. 
 Moore, Sir John, 22. 
 " ^Moorish "' Government, the, 35. 
 Mordaunt. Honble. Charlotte, 23. 
 Morden, Sir John. 23. 
 Morees, 63. 
 
 Morghan (Murghab), the, 135. 
 Morning Starr, ship, 42, 78. 
 Mornington, Earl of, 29n. 
 Morocco, 111, 112, 200. 
 Morrice, ship, 214;i, 2I5n. 
 Morris, Sir W., diary of, 44. 
 Morro, 178. 
 Morse, ship, 36. 
 Morse, Nicholas, 242n— 248h. 
 Mortir, 170?i. 
 Moscow, 133, 183, 195. 
 Moshkat, 142. 
 Mosul, 8Sn, 123, 133, 224. 
 Motapalle. 127. 
 Motelo, 203. 
 Mother-of-pearl, 39. 
 Mountenev, Richard. 268. 
 Mozambique, 154, 162, 163, 166, 167, 
 
 178, 186, 203, 20Gn. 
 ^Mozambique Channel, the, 162, 163. 
 Miiller, Professor Max, xin, 215n. 
 Mulmuls, 224. 
 Multan, 110. 
 Mum, 5Gn. 
 
 Mun, Sir Thomas, 22, 213. 
 Munster, Treaty of, 32/i, 184. 
 :Murghab. the, 135. 
 Murrey cloths, 205. 
 Musa (plantains), 139. 
 Muscat, early notices of, 110, 111, 137, 
 
 142, 144, 148 ; the Portuguese and, 
 
 168, 178. 
 Muscat (? musk), 143. 
 Muscovy, 79, 157, 165. See also 
 
 Russia. 
 
 Muscovy Company, the, 278, 279. See 
 
 aha Russia Company. 
 Musk, 37«, 107, 109, 143, 144, 148, 165, 
 
 ISO, 198, 201, 204. 
 Musket, derivation of the term, 215«. 
 Muslins. 47«, 59n, 88h, 224, 225n. 
 Mustard, Thomas, 264. 
 Mutfili, 127. 
 Muzaffarnagar, 253. 
 Mvrabolums, 37n, 141. 150. 180, 198, 
 
 201, 204. 
 Myrrh, 165, 201, 204. 
 Mysore, 143, 24i, 250; papers relating 
 
 to, 58 ; list of captives at, 65. 
 
 Xacous (the Xicobars), 108. 
 
 Xadir Shah, 241, 242, 250. 
 
 Nagle, Lieut., 96?i. 
 
 Nagore, 252. 
 
 Nagpur, 254. 
 
 Nag's Head Inn, the, 39«. 
 
 Namone, 153. 
 
 Nana Farnavis, letters from, 82. 
 
 Nankeen Blue, 40. 
 
 Nanking, 132. 
 
 Nansari, 42. 
 
 Nantz, 76. 
 
 Naples, 132, 164. 
 
 Napoleon Buonaparte, 258; extracts 
 
 from the St. Helena Records relating 
 
 to, vii, 93n— 97;(. 
 Naronha, Don Garcia de, 174. 
 Narsapoor, 72. 
 Narsingha. 107, 150, 151, 153, 200, 240. 
 
 241. 
 Nash, James. 53. 
 Natal, 162. 
 
 Navigation Laws, the, 218. 
 Neapolitan yellow, 60rt. 
 Necuveran (the Nicobars). 127. 
 Negapatam, 154, 178, 189, 190, 252. 
 Neghostan, 143. 
 Negomba, 189, 190. 
 Neli (ginger), 139. 
 Nemptai (Hangcheu), 140. 
 Nepaul, 165, 252. 
 Neptune, ship, 43. 
 Nerbudda, the, 113, 241. 
 Nerbudda District, the, 253. 
 New Amsterdam, 187. 
 New England, 74. 76. 
 New Guinea. 170/(, 174, 188, 192, 200. 
 New Hebrides, the, 188. 
 New Holland, 188. 
 " New Style" Calendar, the, 187/i. 
 Neiv Year's Gift, ship, 49, 78. 
 New York. 160. 187. 
 New Zealand, 77n, 188, 192, 254. 
 Newberry, James, 197. 
 Newcastle, Duke of, 32, 
 Newfoundland, 193. 
 Newport, Christopher, 49, 209. 
 Nicobars, the, 108, 127, 132, 203. 
 Nicolas, emperor of Persia, 124 
 Nicosia, 121. 
 
 Nikitin, Athanasius, travels of, 141 — 
 144. 
 
307 
 
 Nile, the, 129, 130, 144, 145, 165. 
 
 Nilghiri Hills, the, 252, 
 
 Nimar, 254. 
 
 Nineveh, 88n. 
 
 Nirmul, 165. 
 
 Nishapore, 135. 
 
 Nizampatam, 89, 251. 
 
 Noell, Sir Martin, 221/*. 
 
 Norfolk, ship, 43. 
 
 Nori birds, 141. 
 
 Noronha, Don Antony de, 177. 
 
 North, Sir John, 72. 
 
 North-East Passage, the, 45, 185, 193, 
 
 194. 
 North- West Passage, the, 45, 193, 194, 
 
 277—280; the Fellowship for the 
 
 discovery of, 194. 
 Northampton, Lord, 39«. 
 Northern Circars, the, 251. 
 Norway, 76. 
 Nottingham, ship, 43'. 
 Novgorod, 117, 195. 
 Noz moscada, 180. 
 Nulls, Sir John, 22. 
 Nun or Non, Cape, 158. 
 Nunsarees, 42. 
 Nuremberg, 118, 166, 184. 
 Nutmeg Islands, the, 170. 
 Nutmegs, 37h. 47)i, 76, 107. 109, 130, 
 
 135, 140, 154, 165, 173, 180, 189, 198, 
 
 201, 203, 213. 
 Nux vomica, 39. 
 Nuyts, Pieter, 188. 
 
 Oath taken by the Governours, &c., of 
 the E. I. Co., 17; by the captains, 
 15. 
 
 Octal (Okkodai) Khan, 1 19, 120. 
 
 Odesschiria, 139. 
 
 Odoacer, 113. 
 
 Odorico de Pordenone, travels of, 131. 
 
 CEanaznenas bengallas, 202. 
 
 Oil, zerzalino, 147. 
 
 Ojajan, 135. 
 
 Old man of the mountain, the, 132. 
 
 Old Travellers, note on the, 105. 
 
 Olearius, Adam, travels of, 236, 237. 
 
 Olibanum, Sabaar, 84. 
 
 Olives, 146. 
 
 Ollerenshaw, J. C, 102;(. 
 
 Oman, 108, 109. 
 
 Omar, the Caliph, 108. 
 
 Ongule, 139. 
 
 Onore, 111, 138, 150, 168, 178, 202, 233. 
 
 Ophir, 181. 
 
 Opinno. 205. 
 
 Opio, 180. 
 
 Opium, 12, 35, 202, 204, 226. 
 
 Oporto, 76. 
 
 Orange, Prince of, 70. 
 
 Oranges, 111, 140, 152. 
 
 Orda, the Tartar, 141 
 
 Ordu, derivation of the term, 142. 
 
 Orford, Earl of, 272. 
 
 Organzine silk, 76. 
 
 " Original Correspondence " volumes, 
 the, X, 3, 5, 15. 
 
 Oris.sa, 19, 58, 59, 80, 179, 190, 199, 
 200, 226n, 241, 249, 251; English 
 factories in, 91, 216, 234. 
 Orkneys, the, 117. 
 
 Orleans, Duke of, 25n. 
 
 Orme, Robert, 87. 
 
 Ormonde, Duke of, 268. 
 
 Ormuz, 45, 50, 165, 183, 200, 204; 
 early notices of, 110, 111, 123, 124, 
 127—130, 132, 133, 135, 136, 138, 
 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 152, 
 165, 166 ; the Portuguese at, 168— 
 170, 178, 181, 200; the English at, 
 197, 213 ; records relating to, 51. 
 
 Orosius, 107n. 
 
 Os Papuas, 200. 
 
 Ossory, Lord, 26, 
 
 Ostend, 76. 
 
 Ostend Company, the, 31, 32/;. 
 
 Ostriches, 143. 
 
 Otrar, 136. 
 
 Ottoman Turks, the. 111, 114, 115, 118, 
 119, 124, 133, 156, 157, 175. 
 
 Oudh, 20, 241, 250, 252, 254. 
 
 Ovington, John, 50. 
 
 Oxenden, Sir George, 22, 83, 85, 221. 
 
 Osenden, Sir James, 22. 
 
 Oxford, Earl of, 27. 
 
 Oxus, the, 112, 123, 135, 169«. 
 
 Oxwick, 76. 
 
 Ozan, 195. 
 
 Ozenbrigs, 76, 
 
 Pacamuria, 139, 
 
 Padang, 190. 
 
 Paggen, Peter, 18?i. 
 
 Pagodas, 220«. 
 
 Painted cloths, 47n, 202, 225/;. 
 
 Palampores, 40. 
 
 Palicologus, Manuel, 157. 
 
 Paheologus, Michael, 124. 
 
 Palazuelos, Fernando de, 134. 
 
 Paleachat (Pulicat), 152. 
 
 Palembang, 127, 170, 186, 189, 192; 
 
 records relating to, 54. 
 Palestine, 110, 113, 119. 
 Palibothra (Patna), 92. 
 Palicole, 252. 
 Paliconda, 139. 
 Paliuria, 141. 
 Palm sugar, 131, 
 Palo da Cobra, 204. 
 Palo d'aguilla, 204. 
 Palos, 160. 
 Pals(/rave, ship, 75. 
 Pamir, 112, 123. 
 Panama, 173. 
 Panch Mahals, the, 254. 
 Panconia, 140. 
 Pandarani, 132, 150. 
 Panipat, battle of, 240, 242. 
 Panten, the island of, 132. 
 Faprnbur(/h, ship, 268, 269. 
 Papillon, Thomas, 22. 
 Papua, see New Guinea. 
 Paquin (Peking). 169n. 
 Paradis, M., 244n, 240n. 
 
 u 2 
 
308 
 
 Paradise Lost, references to the East 
 
 Indies in, 168», 181, 205n, 20G«. 
 Parchment Records, the, ix, 64 : list of, 
 
 284. 
 Pardai. 154. 
 
 Parkehurst, Sir Robert, 22. 
 Parliament, 33, 46n, 78. 
 Parrivicine, Sir Peter, 23. 
 Parsons, Sir John, 24. 
 Pascal of Vittoria, travels of, 131. 
 Paschal. John, 19n. 
 Passaman, 234. 
 Pataliputra, 92. 
 Patanoa. 40. 
 Patani, 3T«. 73, 175, 203. 209, 211, 
 
 234. 
 Pate, 154. 174, 
 
 Patna, 30, 92, 190, 212, 220, 224, 22G, 
 234. 249, 253; records relating to, 
 G6, 80, 92, 96. 
 Paulo Roon, see Pulo Roon. 
 Paunches, 63. 
 Payva, Alphonso de, 164. 
 Peaches, 146. 
 Pearl ship, 265. 
 Pearl fisheries, 108, 152. 
 Pearls, 80, 110, 126, 127, 129, 130. 135, 
 
 144. 165, 190. 202, 204. 
 Pears. 146. 
 Pedapali. 89. 209. 
 Pegolotti, 114, 130. 
 
 Pegu, 41h, 199, 200, 201, 203, 204, 236 ; 
 early notices of, 140, 144, 145, 151, 
 152,"^ 153, 165 ; the Portuguese in, 
 178; the Dutch in, 186, 189; the 
 English in, 197, 234, 250, 253. 
 Peint State, the, 254. 
 Peishwa, the, 82. 
 Peking. 123, 131, 132, 133, 136, 140 
 
 169«, 192. 
 Pelagonda, 139. 
 Pelongs, 40, 63. 
 Pembroke, Earl of, 72. 
 Penang, Pulo, 252. 
 Pendleton, Dr. Thomas, 62. 
 Penelope, ship, 198. 
 
 Peninsular and Oriental Steam Naviga- 
 tion Company's ensign, xi«. 
 Pentam (Bintang), 127. 
 Xlei'TaTrXoa, the Greek, 237. 
 Pepercase, 201. 
 
 Pepper. 13, 37n, 39, 47h. 53, 55n. 90, 107, 
 108, 109, 110, 112, 124, 127, 128,129, 
 131, 132, 137, 139, 141, 143, 144, 145, 
 150, 151, 153, 163, 165, 189, 190, 198, 
 199, 201. 202, 203, 207, 208, 210, 213, 
 221n, 224. 
 Pepjjercorn, ship, 48, 208. 
 Pepys, Samuel, 13, 217« ; quotations 
 from the Diary of, 26, 84, 220h, 221n. 
 Pera, 114, 136, 156. 
 Pera, ship, 188. 
 Pereyra, Diego Fernandez, 168. 
 Perfumes, 165. 
 Periplus of the Erythrcan Sea, the, 88;i, 
 
 106. 
 Perpctuanoes, 37«, 38/i. 
 Perron, M., 249. 
 
 Persepolis, 132, 236, 238. 
 
 Persia, 26. 27, 37h, 40, 60n, 79, 82, 217, 
 225h. 226h. 232, 255; early notices 
 of. liO. 112, 113. 114, 117, 119, 120, 
 123, 125, 128, 133, 134, 138, 145. 147, 
 149, 151, 153, 165, 183, 204, 236, 237; 
 the Portuguese in, 167, 178, 181 : the 
 Dutch in. 186, 190 ; the English in. 
 49, 63, 77, 195, 19'!, 197, 209, 213. 
 217, 233, 238, 254, 264, 265, 266 ; re- 
 cords relating to, 11, 51, 61, 65, 77, 
 79 ; -svater-colour paintings from, 49. 
 
 Persia, the Sea of, 108. 
 
 Persian Gulf, the, earlv notices of. 88», 
 105. 106. 108, 109, 112, 113. 123. 130. 
 138, 146, 148, 165, 182, 200, 236, 255 ; 
 the Portuguese in, 168, 178 ; the 
 Dutch in, 53, 190 ; the English in, 
 195, 196. 209, 211, 213, 220, 233. 
 
 Pertabghar, 83. 
 
 Pern, 187. 
 
 Perugia, Andrew of, 131. 
 
 Pervota (Pervottum), 142. 
 
 Pervranna, a, 81. 
 
 Petapoli, see Pettipollee. 
 
 Peter the Great, 195. 
 
 Petit, John, 227, 270, 285. 
 
 Petitions, a volume of, 17. 
 
 Pettipollee, 81, 89,209, 211, 219, 234; 
 records relating to, 88. 
 
 Pettv Cash Books of the E. I. Co., 42. 
 
 Peudifetania, 139. 
 
 Pewqu (Pegu). 144. 
 
 Pewter exported to the East Indies, 37«. 
 
 Peyton, Captain, 49. 
 
 P/taseolus Radiatus, 110. 
 
 Phayre. Sir Arthur, 236. 
 
 Phifip II. of Spain, 172, 177, 184. 
 
 Philippa of Portugal, 157. 
 
 Philippine Islands, the, 161, 172, 173, 
 200 ; the Company of, 32«. 
 
 Philpot Lane, 39h. 
 
 Phirmaunds, 35, 64; Bengal, bO. 216; 
 Fort St. David, 87 ; Masulipatam, 
 &c., 81, 215; Mocha, 80: Persian, 
 51. 
 
 Phojnicians. the, 7o«, 105. 106, 115, 
 118/i, 155, 158, 165, 254. 
 
 Pices, 222. 
 
 Pider, 153. 
 
 Piece goods, 40, 41, 42, 63, 190, 224. 
 
 Piqot. ship, 43. 
 
 Pilgrim Fathers, the, 74, 275. 
 
 Pillar, Cape, 172. 
 
 Pilot, ship, 161. 
 
 Pinascos. 40. 
 
 Pinder, Sir Paule, 22. 
 
 Pine apple fibre, 26, 40. 
 
 Pine apples, 140. 
 
 Pintci, ship, 160. 
 
 Pintadoe Quilts, 38. 
 
 Pinto, Ferdinand Mendez, 181. 
 
 Finns, the, 140. 
 
 Pinzons, the. 160, 166, 171. 
 
 Pipal, the, 39«. 
 
 Pippli, the English factory at, 91, 216, 
 224, 234 ; transferred to Balasore, 92. 
 217. 
 
309 
 
 Pirates. 190, 1.'73, 284, 287, 288. 
 
 Plantains, 139, 152. 
 
 Plantation House Church, St. Helena, 
 
 97». 
 Plantations, Committee for, l."?. 
 Plassey, the battle of, 191 , 248 ; Clive's 
 
 accovuit of, 57. 
 Plassei/. ship, 43. 
 Plinv, 257». 
 Plushes. 38». 
 
 Plymouth, 68, 264, 27o», 277. 
 Ph-mouth (New England), 74. 
 Po'int de Galle, 170, 178, 189, 190. 
 Poises. 53, 63. 
 Poland, 119, 224. 
 Policies, insurance, 67, 75. 
 Polo. Maiieo, 121—124. 
 Poio, Marco. 121—130, 156, 159. 
 Polo, Xicolo, 121—124. 
 Polumbum, 132. 
 Pomegranates. 146. 
 Pondicherry, 191, 223, 242, 243n, 247/;, 
 
 249«. 
 Ponent, the Lord of the, 122. 
 Ponsbourne, ship, 43. 
 Pooly, Sir Edmund, 221 n. 
 Poona, 253. 
 Poonamallee, 251. 
 Popinjays. 41, 60n. 
 Poplar, 78 ; the almshouses at, 27. 
 Porca, 81. 85, 174, 190, 233. 
 Porcelain, 37w, 40, 73, 75, 108, 109, 111, 
 
 144, 198, 202. 
 Pordenone, Odorico de, 131. 
 Porphyry, 146. 
 Porqua, 81, 85. 
 "Portcullis" money, 222». 
 Portland Bay, 68. 
 Portland, Earl of, 28, 271. 
 Porto Novo, 66, 234, 252, 2o3«. 
 Portsmouth, 36. 
 
 Portugal, 193, 201, 222n, 223, 225 ; 
 united with Spain, 177, 184; the 
 union dissolved, 177, 189. 
 Portuguese, the, 81, 195, 216, 227, 235, 
 240 ; general remarks on, 102, 155 ; 
 early voyages, 31n, 106, 111, 146, 147, 
 150, 152, 154, 176, 179, 184, 200— 
 205. 207, 213, 236, 278, 280; the 
 Dutch and, 184, 185, 189, 235; the 
 English and, 45, 46, 50, 65, 84, 196— 
 200, 208, 209, 212, 213, 214 ; list of 
 the possessions of, 178. 
 Post Boy, the, 17. 
 Postman, the, 17. 
 Potosi, 171. 
 Precious stones, 126, 127, 129, 143, 144, 
 
 145, 163, 180, 205. 
 Predicants, the Dutch, 56/(. 
 President, ship, 50. 
 Prester John, 132, 144, 156, 162. 
 Priaman, 205, 208, 228, 234. 
 Price, Mr. F. G. H., 25n. 
 Prichard, SirW., 17. 
 Prince of Wales, ship, 43. 
 Prince Kegent, the, 94n. 
 Princess Mciri/, ship, 243, 246«. 
 Private Trade, 13, 36, 43. 
 
 Prussian E. I. Companies, 32/i. 
 
 Pterocarpus santulinus, 38. 
 
 Ptolemies, the, 106. 
 
 Ptolemy, 106, 107n, 125. 
 
 Puckle's diary, 64. 
 
 Pudipatana, 139. 
 
 Pulci, Luigi, 257n, 278. 
 
 Pulicat, Varthema's description of, 152 ; 
 the Dutch at, 190, 209 ; the English 
 at, 209, 212, 234; records relating to, 
 67, 81. 
 
 Pulo Banda, 170h. 
 
 Pulo Condoro, 109, 127, 235. 
 
 Pulo Kapal, 170h. 
 
 Pulo Nera, 170«. 
 
 Pulo Pisang. 170«. 
 
 Pulo Roon (Poleroon), 170n ; the 
 English and Dutch at, 69, 189, 211, 
 212, 218, 220;;, 222, 235 ; records re- 
 lating to, 53, 69. 
 
 Pulo Suwanggi. 170n. 
 
 Pulo Wai or Pulo Ai, 170rt, 20S, 234. 
 
 Pulse, 110. 
 
 Punch, 237. 
 
 Punia silk, 26. 
 
 Punjab, the, 240, 241. 250, 252, 253, 
 254. 
 
 Purchas, Rev. Samuel, 5, 6, 52, 237. 
 
 Pussellanas (porcelain), 202. 
 
 Quaile, Capt., 78. 
 
 Quarequa, Sierra de, 171. 
 
 Quaritch, Mr., viii. 
 
 Quebulos, 180. 
 
 Quedah, 108, 200, 203, 234, 252. 
 
 Querimba, 178. 
 
 Quex (Kesh), 135. 
 
 Quicksilver, 39, 76. 
 
 Quiloa, 110, 166, 167, 178, 181. 
 
 Quilon, early notices of. 111, 128, 132, 
 133, 141, 151, 152, 154; the Portu- 
 guese at, 168, 189 ; the Dutch at. 189, 
 190; the English at, 233. 
 
 Quilts, 37n, 38, 198, 202. 
 
 Quinces, 146. 
 
 Quiros, 187, 188. 
 
 Rabast (Arabia), 143. 
 
 Rabbit skins, 117. 
 
 Racha (Aracan), 140. 
 
 Rachoor, 144. 
 
 Radaa, 147. 
 
 Radix China, see China root. 
 
 Raffles, Sir Stamford, 54. 
 
 Rafi Khan, 80. 
 
 Rainbow, ship, 42. 
 
 Rujamaul, 234. 
 
 Rajapore, 27, " 
 
 Rajbag, 233. 
 
 Rajputana, 241. 
 
 Ram Raja, 241. 
 
 Ramie fibre, 40. 
 
 Ramni, Al (Sumatra), 108, 
 
 Ramusio, 194. 
 
 Rander, 252. 
 
 Ranelagh, Earl of, 27, 
 
 ,85, 216,233. 
 
 271 
 
310 
 
 Raphael. 49«. 
 
 Ratisbon. 118. 
 
 Ratnagiri, 251, 252. 
 
 Rattera, 233. 
 
 Rawlinson, Dame JIary, 28. 
 
 Rawlinson, Honour, 28. 
 
 Rawlinson, Sir Thomas, 17, 23, 28. ' 
 
 Raymond, George, 198. 
 
 Raymond, M., 249n. 
 
 Raynal, Abbe, 87?i. 
 
 Rebecca, ship, 42. 
 
 Rebow, Sir Isaac, 24. 
 
 Records, leading divisions of the, 11 ; 
 certain, not included in this Report, 
 16 ; intended classification and ca- 
 lendaring of. 6, 7 ; proper method of 
 dealing with, 12 ; in disorder at the 
 union of the two companies, 4 ; sold 
 as waste paper, 2, 71«. 
 
 Records, post of Registrar of Indian, 
 abolished, 82. 
 
 Red Dragon, ship, see Draqon. 
 
 Red Sea, the, 106, 107, 131, 144, 155, 
 164, 167, 168, 170, 175, 200, 233. 255. 
 
 Red wood, 38. 90. 
 
 Reddall, Capt. . 44. 
 
 Redmosine cloths, 205. 
 
 Regard, ship, 272. 
 
 Retoiirne, ship, 42. 
 
 Revolution of 1688, the, 50, 187«. 
 
 Reynolds. Dr., 14;/. 
 
 Rhea fibre, 40. 
 
 Rhinoceros horn. 220)i. 
 
 Rhodes, 134. 164. 
 
 Rhubarb, 148, 169n, 180, 201, 204. 
 
 Rials, 72, 76. 
 
 Ribbands, 37h. 
 
 Ricault, Sir Peter, 77. 
 
 Rice, 108, 189, 190, 222«. 
 
 Richard and Martha, ship, 42. 
 
 Richard II. plaved on board the Draqon, 
 206n. 
 
 Richelieu, Cardinal, 31»i. 
 
 Richmond and Lennox, Duke of, 71 ; 
 Duchess Dowager of, 24. 
 
 Riha, 107. 
 
 Rio de la Plata, 171. 
 
 Rio de Solis, 171. 
 
 Rio do Iffante, 162. 
 
 Rio dos Boos Signaes, 162, 162h. 
 
 Rio dos Reyes, 162. 
 
 Roberts, Lewis, 37?/. 
 
 Robinson, Mr. , 97n. 
 
 Robinson, Sir John, 22, 267. 
 
 Robinson, Sir Leonard, 24. 
 
 Rochelle, 76. 
 
 Rodrigues, Michael, 215. 
 
 Rodriques, — , 25«. 
 
 Roe, Sir Thomas, 49, 50, 210. 
 
 Roehuck, ship. 50. 
 
 Rohilcund, 241. 
 
 Rohilla war. the, 249. 
 
 Roi Soleil, 222n. 
 
 Rolt, Thomas, 82. 
 
 Roman vitriol, 15. 
 
 Romania, Strait of, 134. 
 
 Ropes, 38;i. 
 
 Roquigny, Adrian, G8, 
 
 Rose, ship, 49. 
 
 Rose of Diepe, ship, 78. 
 
 Rose-water. 237. 
 
 Rosengyn, 170n, 211, 212, 234. 
 
 Roses, Damascus, 146. 
 
 Roses, artificial. 37». 
 
 Rostock, 116. 
 
 Rotterdam, 76. 
 
 Rottlera tinctoria, 109. 
 
 Rouen, 68, 76. 
 
 Roum (Anatolia), 136. 
 
 Row, Thomas, 25«. 
 
 Rowles, Capt. Richard, 48, 208. 
 
 Royal Captain, ship, 43. 
 
 Royal Charlotte, ship, 43. 
 
 Royal Exchange, the, 13. 
 
 Royal George, ship, 273, 287. 
 
 Royal James, ship, 217. 
 
 Royal James and Mary, ship, 90. 
 
 Royal Society, the, 14n. 
 
 Rubies, 135, 139, 144, 145, 148. 152, 
 
 165, 180, 202, 204, 220h. 
 Rubruquis, "William de, 120, 121. 
 Rucellas, the island of, 203. 
 Ruekta chandana, 38. 
 Rupees, first coinage of, 222. 
 Rupert, Prince, 25«, 268. 269, 285. 
 Russell. Sir W., 22. 
 Russia. 79, 110, 115, 116, 117, 119. 157, 
 
 183, 194, 195, 196, 236, 239. See also 
 , Muscovy. 
 Russia Company, the, 195, 278. .See 
 
 also Muscovy Company. 
 Russian leather, 43. 
 Rye, 110. 
 Ryswick, Treaty of, 191. 
 
 Saba, 133. 
 
 Sadaruncharees, 63. 
 
 Sadaseoghur, 150. 
 
 Sadi Khoja, 136. 
 
 Sadler, Ffrancis, 3. 
 
 Sadras, 253. 
 
 Safflower, 39, 76. 
 
 Saffron, 37«. 
 
 Sagapenum, 105, 180. 
 
 Sagas, the, 117. 
 
 Sago, 39. 
 
 Sagrez, Cape, 157. 
 
 Sahu, the Peishwa, 242. 
 
 Saidapet, 251. 
 
 Sailors in the E. I. Co. 's service in 1636, 44 
 
 Sainsburv, Mr. Noel. 16, 17, 201, 239 
 261, 263, 284n. 
 
 St. Andrew Undershaft. 14n. 
 
 St. Blaze, bay of. 162, 164.J 
 
 St. Gens, 178. 
 
 St. George, ship, 42. 
 
 St. Helena, 20, 30, 43, 154, 227 ; dis 
 covery of, 167, 190 ; the Dutch and 
 93, 189, 190, 218 : the English and 
 93, 190, 218. 235; grant of, to the 
 E. I. Co., 93, 190, 218, 282, 285 
 Napoleon Buonaparte at, vii, 93;i— 
 98/i ; emancipation of slaves at, 98;i 
 records relating to, 16, 66, 67, 93. 
 282, 285. 
 
311 
 
 St. Helens, Bishopsgate, 39. 
 
 St. John, the island of, 193. 
 
 St. Lawrence, the Gulf of, 167. 
 
 St. Louis, 113, 120. 
 
 St. Paul's, Commissioners for repairing, 
 
 77. 
 St. Petersburg, 196. 
 St. Philip, ship, 197. 
 St. Raphael. 161. 
 St. Thome (Maliapur), early notices of, 
 
 127, 132, 133, 139, 152, 197; the 
 
 Portuguese at, 168, 178, 189; the 
 
 Dutch at, 189 ; the English at, 251. 
 St. Valery, 76. 
 Saj (teak), 109. 
 Saker, 215»i. 
 Salabat Jung, 244. 
 Saladin, 114. 
 Salang Headland, 189. 
 Saldauha, Antony de, 167. 
 Saldanha Bay, 167. 
 Salem, 252. 
 Salisbury, Earl of, 27. 
 Salisbury, ship, 43. 
 Salisbury flannels, 60n. 
 Salloos, 62. 
 
 Salsette, 35, 132, 178, 197, 252. 
 Salt, 36. 
 Saltpetre, 13, 28, 38, 47n, 72, 190, 267, 
 
 269—272. 
 Salvadore, Francis and Jacob, 247?j. 
 Samanian dynasty, the, 117. 
 Samarcand. 112, 133, 135, 136, 148, 
 
 169n. 
 Sambragante, 148. 
 Sambrooke, Jeremy (the elder), 23, 77, 
 
 78. 
 Sambrooke. Sir Jeremy (the younger), 
 
 23, 221. 
 Samon, Robert, 264. 
 Samorin of Calicut, see Calicut. 
 Sampson, ship, 42, 50. 
 Samuel and Anna, ship, 44. 
 San Bernardino Gaspar de, 182. 
 San Lazaro, archipelago de, 172. 
 San Lorenzo, see Madagascar. 
 San Lucar, 173. 
 San Salvador, 160. 
 San Vicenzo, ship, 154. 
 Sanawar, 253. 
 Sand, Sea of, 131. 
 Sandai (Coram), 140. 
 Sandal wood (saunders), 38, 40, 107. 
 
 109, 111, 139, 140, 144, 145, 153, 
 
 165, 180, 201, 204. 
 Sandar Fulat, 109. 
 Sandu (Shangtu), 132. 
 Sanf, 108, 109. 
 Santa Cruz, 162. 
 Santa Maria, 171. 
 Santiago, 173. 
 Santiago, ship, 172. 
 Santo Stefano, 141. 
 Santo Stefano, Hieronimo di, travels of, 
 
 144. 
 Santy, 108. 
 
 Sanuto, ]\Iarino, travels of, 130. 
 Saphetica, 149. 
 
 Sappan wood, 40, 166, 189. 
 Sapphires, 139, 152, 165, 202, 204. 
 Saracens, the, 106n, 113, 119, 124, 125, 
 
 129, 156. 
 Sarai, 119, 120, 121, 132, 142. 
 Sarcenets, 198. 
 Sardonvxes, 139. 
 Sareh, '142. 
 Sarges, 3Sn. 
 Saris, Captain John, 48, 78, 209, 280; 
 
 journal of, 45)(. 
 Sartakh, 120. 
 Saserguntees, 63. 
 
 Satins, 37n, 38/i, 40, 130, 143, 205. 
 Satinwood, 165. 
 Sattara, 253. 
 Saugur, 253. 
 
 Saunders-wood, see Sandal-wood. 
 Savage, Lady Elizabeth, 24. 
 Savage, Richard, 24. 
 Sawuntwari'ee, 253. 
 
 Sayon, Vincent, 64. 
 
 Scanderoon, Gulf of, 122. 
 
 Scandinavia, 105. 
 
 Scawen, SirW., 14, 18«. 
 
 Schahrinou (Siam), 136. 
 
 Schirazo (Shiraz), 148. 
 
 Schouten, Cornelius, 184«. 
 
 Sciamuthera (Sumatra), 139. 
 
 Scinde, 37, 165, 250, 253. 
 
 Scindia, 252, 253. 
 
 Scindy (Tatta), 216. 
 
 Scinged, 67. 
 
 Scottish E. L Co., 31n, 232m. 
 
 Scrafton, Luke, 34. 
 
 Scummings, 39. 
 
 Scythians, the, 112. 
 
 Seahorse, ship, 78. 
 
 Sealing-wax, 40n, 154, 224. 
 
 Sebastian of Portugal, 177. 
 
 Sechutera, 141. 
 
 Seiads, the, 241. 
 
 Seide of pearle, 202. 
 
 Seilan (Ceylon), 127. 
 
 Selaheth (Malacca), 107. 
 
 Selapin, gum, 201. 
 
 Seleucus, embassy of, 106. 
 
 Selim, 114. 
 
 Seljukian Turks, 113. 
 
 Seneca, quotations from, 257«, 278, 
 
 27Sn. 
 Senegal Company, the French, 31«. 
 Separate voyages, the, 45 — 47, 205 — 
 
 209 ; profits of the, 46«. 
 Sequeyra, Don, 170, 176. 
 Sequin, the, 205n. 
 Serampore, 211, 253, 288. 
 Serendib (Ceylon). 108, 137. 
 Seringapatam, 250. 
 Sen-ano, Joilo, 172, 172h. 
 Servia, 118. 
 Sesamine, 107. 
 Sesianum Orientale, 148, 152 
 Seville, 76, 136, 193. 
 Shabait, 143, 144. 
 Shah Abbas, 49, 49h, 51, 209, 213. 
 Shah AlamH.,19. 
 
312 
 
 Shah Jehan, 80, 92, 216, 217. 
 
 Shah Rukh, 135, 136. 
 
 Shah Safi, 51. 
 
 Shahgarh, 254. 
 
 Shaista Khan, 80, 81. 
 
 Shakespeare's references to the Indies, 
 
 207n. 
 Shalloons, 60h. 
 Shangtu, 123, 132. 
 Sharpeigh or Sharpej^, Captain, -48. 
 Shausteth Cawne, 80. 
 Shawls. 12, 27, 40, 65. 
 Sheba, 133. 
 Shehr, 165. 
 Shellac, see Lac. 
 Shej^heard, Sam, 271. 
 Sherbet, duty on, 26)i. 
 Sherborne, Sighelmus of, 196. 
 Sherley, see Shirley. 
 Shilbert, Bartholomew, 19n. 
 Shillinge, Captain, 50, 212. 
 Shillong, 254. 
 
 Shinkala (Cranganore), 132. 
 Shipman, Sir Abraham, 84n, 85, 221, 
 
 222. 
 Shipping, papers relating to, 11, 13, 37, 
 44, 63 ; employed by the E. I Co. in 
 1614, 210. 
 Ships' Journals, 3, 4, 5, 6, 44, 214h. 
 Shiraz, 111. 135, 142, 145, 148, 152, 
 
 233. 
 Shirley, Sir Robert, 49, 209; Sir 
 
 Anthony, 49. 
 Shoes, Spanish leather, 37h. 
 Shrewsbury, Duke of, 28, 271. 
 Shuja-ud-Daula, 20. 
 Shuja, Sultan, 80, 217. 
 " Shut-up Nations," the, 1 13. 
 Siam. 41» : early notices of, 109, 136, 
 153, 165, 197, 199, 200, 201, 203, 
 204; the Portuguese in, 170, 175; 
 the Dutch in, 186, 187, 189 ; the 
 English in, 30, 191, 197, 209, 211, 
 214, 223, 227, 234 ; records relating 
 to, 66, 92, 93. 
 ^' Sicca-rupee," origin of the term, 
 
 205n. 
 Sicily, Edrisi of, 109. 
 Sidney, Sir Philip, 23. 
 Sielediba (Ceylon), 107. 
 Sierra Leone, 159. 
 Sighelmus of Sherborne, 196. 
 Sikkim, 253. 
 Silesia, 119. 
 Silesian spelter, 53. 
 
 Silk, 26, 27, 35, 37n, 38n, 40, 53, 59,63, 
 76, 107, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117. 120, 
 129, 135, 143—146, 148, 149, 152, 
 153, 154, 165, 190, 196, 198, 202, 
 205, 217, 220», 221h, 223, 224n, 232 ; 
 imports of (1621), 3L3; patterns of, 
 79. 
 Silk, wild, 180. 
 Sillan (Ceylon), 132. 
 Sillebar, 234. 
 Silver, 35, 41, 128, 130, 137. 163, 171, 
 
 190, 200. 
 Simla. 252. 
 
 Simon, seal by, 261. 
 Sina-baftas, 153. 
 Sinse, the, 106. 
 Sinai, Mount, 141. 
 Sind, Al, 112. 
 Sindabur, 150. 
 Sindbad, voyages of, 107. 
 Sindus, 107."^ 
 Sinemonde, 201. 
 Singanfu, 109. 
 Singapore, 127, 253. 
 Sinkalan (Canton), 112. 
 Siraf, 109. 
 Sirian, 189. 
 Sisoo, 107. 
 
 Sivaji, 82, 83, 221, 223, 227. 241. 
 Sivas, 123. 
 
 Skinner, Ephraim, 68. 
 Skinners' Company, Wn: their Hall 
 used for meetings of the New Com- 
 pany, 14. 
 Slaves, 56n, 143, 147, 189 ; emancipation 
 
 of, at St. Helena, 98h. 
 Slothany, ship, 266, 267, 285. 
 Sluys, 117, 184. 
 Smethwick, Mr., 77. 
 Smith, Dame Jane, 23. 
 Smith, John, 271. 
 Smith, Sir Thomas, first Governour of 
 
 the Company, 39?j. 
 Smyrna, 114. 
 Snakewood, 204. 
 Snell, G., 25n._ 
 Snow, Jerry, 25n. 
 Snuffers, 76. 
 
 Soarez, Lopez, 168, 170, 176. 
 Socotra, 136, 141, 168, 169. 182. 
 Soer (Suhar), 127. 
 Sofala, 154, 165, 166, 167. 168. 178. 181, 
 
 203. 
 Solar, 204. 
 
 Soldaia, 110, 111, 120, 121. 
 Soldania, 131. 
 Solomon, ship, 48, 49. 
 Solomon Isles, the, 200. 
 Solomons, Solomon, 247n. 
 Soltania, John de Cora, Archbishop of, 
 
 131. 
 Sondur, the island of, 127. 
 Sotomayor, Pelayo de, 134. 
 Sousa, Faria y, 181, 183. 
 " South land lately discovered,'" map of 
 
 the, 77. 
 Southampton, Earl of, 72. 
 SouthamjDton, 74, 275n. 
 Southamptonshire, 34. 
 Spain, 20, 47». 78, 111, 158, 159, 161, 
 210, 254, 255, 257n, 272, 273, 275, 
 278 ; in the East Indies. 45, 170, 171, 
 173, 174, 199«, 201 ; union of Portu- 
 gal with, 177, 184; the Dutch and, 
 184, 185, 186 ; the English and, 197, 
 198 ; the Company of the Philippine 
 Islands, 32n ; Sir Foulkc (Trevile's 
 list of Eastern countries having rela- 
 tions with. 200. 
 Spanish leather shoes, 37n. 
 Spanish wax, 40n. 
 
313 
 
 Spanish wine, 56n. 
 
 Speaker, ship, 43. 
 
 Speke, ship, 43. 
 
 Spelter, Silesian, 53. 
 
 Spencer, John, senior, 18«, 287 ; junior, 
 
 ibid. 
 Spencer. Samuel, 276. 
 Spice Islands, the, 88, 170, 171, 172, 
 
 184n, 211, 234. 
 Spicerie. the, 200. 
 
 Spices, 110, 114, 117, 120, 126, 127, 129, 
 131, 135, 143, 146. 149, 154, 165, 174, 
 189. 197, 202, 208, 210, 237. 263, 284. 
 Spikenard, 107, 149, 165, 201, 204. 
 Staden, 115. 
 Stamboul, 110. 
 Stamps, impressed, 33. 
 Staten Island, 184h. 
 Statera Romana, the, 118«. 
 Steel Yards, the, 117. 
 Stephens, Thomas, 196, 197. 
 Stepney, 78. 
 Sterne's Ehza, 87. 
 Stevens, Mr. Henrv, x, 15?i, 21h, 74n, 
 
 274. 
 Stick lac. 40«. 
 Stockings. 37/(. 
 Strode, George, 264. 
 Strong waters, 37». 
 Stuffs, painted, 47/i. 
 Succadana, 190, 211, 234. 
 Sudak (Soldaia), 111. 
 Suez, 165, 168, 175, 200; Canal, 255, 
 
 256. 259/i. 
 Sugar, 37h, 109, 126, 153, 190, 237. 
 Sugar candy, 37«, 39. 
 Sugar, jjalm. 131. 
 Suhar, 127. 
 
 Suleiman, travels of, 108. 
 Sultan Shuja, 92, 217. 
 Sultanieh, 131, 134, 135, 142, 145. 
 Sumali coast, the, 170. 
 Sumatra, earlvnotices of, 107 — 109, 111, 
 124. 127, 132, 139, 145, 153, 165,200, 
 203. 204 : the Portuguese in, 168, 169, 
 170 ; the Dutch in, 185, 186, 189, 191, 
 192; theEngUsh in, 191, 205, 208, 
 211. 228. 234 ; records relating to, 92, 
 93. 
 Sumbada, 143. 
 Sumbalpm", 253. 
 Sumbawa, 140, 189, 192. 
 Sun spots and commercial crises, IOIh. 
 Sunda, 203: the Straits of, 48, 214, 
 
 232. 
 Supervisors, Board of, 34. 
 Suraja Daula. 19. 
 
 Surat, 13, 22, 27, 30,31, 42,50, 60n, 
 210. 222//, 224 ; early notices of, 132, 
 182, 183, 236, 237, 23s ; the Portu- 
 guese at, 31«, 170, 174, 179 ; the 
 Dutch at, 190, 211, 220;; ; the English 
 at, 182, 207, 209, 211, 215, 216, 219, 
 220, 226, 228, 233, 252, 253 ; the seat 
 of the 'Western Presidency, 85, 211, 
 219, 228; Mahratta attacks on, 83, 
 221 ; records relating to, 16, 61, 62, 
 63, 65—67, 72, 73, 75, 82—85. 
 
 Surgeons, the Dutch E.I. Co.'s, 56n. 
 
 Susan, ship, 47, 275, 276. 
 
 Srasfikas, the, x, xi. 
 
 Swallow, ship, 273, 287. 
 
 Swally, 83, 85, 209, 233, 238 ; records 
 
 relating to, 67, 73, 82. 
 Swan, ship, 46, 266. 
 Sweden, 117. 
 Swedes, the, 116, 183. 
 Swedish E. I. Co., 31, 32n, 33. 
 Switzerland, 105. 
 Synda cloth, 37. 
 Syria, 60«, 88», 105, 110, 114, 115, 118, 
 
 125, 130, 133. 135, 136, 145, 146, 149, 
 
 151. 153, 155, 182. 
 
 Tabriz, 122, 124, 134, 136, 142. 
 
 Tacamihaca, 202. 
 
 Tackle, 38;;. 
 
 Tadmor, 111. 
 
 Taffaties, 37n, 38h, 40, 59, 135, 198, 
 
 224. 
 Tahiti, 188. 
 Talach, 143. 
 Talbot, Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, 
 
 28. 
 Tallies, 261, 262, 267, 269, 270. 
 Tamarinds, 180, 201, 204. 
 Tamerlane. 118. 133—136, 240, 250. 
 Tana (Azov), 110, 114. 
 Tanarius major of Rumphius, the, 154. 
 Tanassaria, 200. 
 
 Tangiers, 76 ; Ibn Batuta of, 110. 
 Tangut, 123. 
 
 Tanjore. 234, 242, 252, 253n, 254 ; re- 
 cords relating to, 82, 89, 95. 
 Tankana, 39. 
 
 Tannah, 27, 63; early notices of, 107. 
 Ill, 124, 128, 131, 132; the Portu- 
 guese at, 174, 178 ; records relating 
 to, 16, 85. 
 Taprobane, 107, 139, 200. 
 Tapseiles. 38. 
 Tapti River, the, 82, 209. 
 Tarai, the, 252. 
 Tarcnate, 203. 
 Targattes, 202. 
 
 Tarnassari. 152. 
 
 Tarras (Tattas), 76. 
 
 Tartars, the, 112, 113, 118—122, 132, 
 156. 
 
 Tartary, 149, 160, 204. 
 
 Tasman, Abel, 77h, 184n, 188. 
 
 Tasmania, 77«, 254. 
 
 Tatta, 175, 178, 216. 
 
 Tauris, 131, 134, 145. 
 
 Tavernier, John Baptiste, 15, 56n, 80. 
 
 Tavora, Don Laurence de, 177. 
 
 Tavov, 253. 
 
 Taylor, Joseph, 30. 
 
 Taylor, Peter. 264. 
 
 Tayumah, 108. 
 
 Tchin (Northern China), 136. 
 
 Tea, 12, 27. 32h, 39, 52, 108 ; introduc- 
 tion of, into England, 26n, 221. 
 
 Teak, 75)1, 109. 
 
 Tecoa, ••'ee Ticcoo. 
 
314 
 
 Tegnapatam, 227, 229, 231, 251. 
 
 Teheran, 135. 
 
 Telingana, 127. 
 
 Tellicherry, 227, 233, 251 ; records re- 
 lating to, IC, 96. 
 
 Telmont vellow, 60n. 
 
 Temir, 169/!. 
 
 Tenasserim, 136, 139, 151, 152, 189, 200, 
 204, 253. 
 
 Tenga (cocoa-nut), 152. 
 
 Tenreiro, Antonio, 182. 
 
 Ternassari, 139. 
 
 Ternate, 170, 170n. 174, 186, 189, 196, 
 203. 205n. 
 
 Terra Ausfra/is, 187. 
 
 Terry, Edward, 50. 
 
 Teutonic Hanse Towns, 117. 
 
 Tevnapatam. see Tegnapatam. 
 
 Tesel. the. 68, 185. 
 
 Thalamasvn, 132. 
 
 Thana (linnah), 131. 
 
 Theodosia, 110, 114, 132, 135, 142. 
 
 Theophrastus, 75n. 
 
 Thevnapatam. see Tegnapatam. 
 
 Thibet, 39, 132, 165. 
 
 Thomas, ship. 48, 72, 78. 
 
 Thome, Dr. Robert, 193, 275, 277. 
 
 Thread, 76. 
 
 Three Brothers, ship, 76. 
 
 Threedecker, the first, launched in 
 England, 47n. 
 
 Thsiuaneheu, 126. 
 
 Ticcoo, 208. 209. 211. 234. 
 
 Tidore, 170n, 173, 174, 186, 200, 203, 
 205n. 
 
 Tierra del Fuego, 172. 
 
 Tiger, ship, 50. 
 
 Tigris (Volga), the, 122. 
 
 Tigris, the, 130. 
 
 Timber, 107. 117. 
 
 Timber, 165, 178, 186, 189, 192, 204. 
 
 Tin, 46n. 84, 117, 153, 264, 266. 
 
 Tincal, 39. 
 
 Tinnevelly. 124, 128. 
 
 Tippoo Sahib, 20, 250, 252, 287, 288. 
 
 Tiyomen Island, 109. 
 
 Tobacco, 36. 
 
 Toddy. 131, 222n. 
 
 Togrel Beg, 113. 
 
 Tomson, 220;/. 
 
 Tonqnin, 106 ; the Dutch in. 186, 189 ; 
 the English in, 191, 223, 225, 227, 
 235 ; records relating to, 52, 65—67. 
 
 Topaz, 144, 152, 165. 
 
 Topsails, 38. 
 
 Tor, 164, 165, 200. 
 
 Tormapatani (Dormapatam), 150. 
 
 Torres, Louis Vaez de, 188. 
 
 Tortoise Shells, 39. 
 
 Toscanelli, 159. 
 
 Townley, Francis, 68. 
 
 Townshend, Mr., 14. 
 
 Trades Increase, ship, 48, 208, 209. 
 
 Trading Affairs of the E. I. Co., papers 
 relating to, 37, 38. 
 
 Tranquebar, 211, 253. 
 Transoxiana, 112, 117. 
 Trapor, 178. 
 
 Travers, William, 62. 
 
 Treaty of Defence, the, 1619, 69, 211. 
 
 Trebizond. 114, 121, 131. 134. 135, 136, 
 
 142, 165. 
 Trelawny, General, 24. 
 Trevandrum, 87. 
 Triana, Rodrigo de, 160. 
 Trieste, the Imperial Company of, 32/i. 
 Trincomalee. 189. 
 Trinidad, ship. 173. 
 Tripoli, 145. 
 Triton, ship, 43. 
 Triumph, ship, 217h. 
 Tryamong, 66, 234. 
 Tsiampa, 127. 
 Tudela, Benjamin of, 109. 
 Tughlak, Sultan Mahommed, 110. 
 Tuglak. the House of, 241. 
 Tulce, Sir H., 23. 
 Tuloji. Augria, 82. 
 Tumbolee Point, 90. 
 Tunis, 111. 
 Turbidi, see Turpeth. 
 Turkestan, 136, 143. 
 Turkev. 60h, 121, 134, 135, 145, 146, 149, 
 
 151.^153, 224, 254. 
 Turkey Company, the, 195, 196. 
 " Turkish rovers," 47n. 
 Turks, see Ottoman Turks, ana Sel- 
 jukian Turks. 
 
 Turner, Sir W. . 23. 
 
 Turpeth. 149. 180, 201. 
 
 Turquoise, 135, 148, 202. 
 
 Tuscany, Grand Duke of, 33. 
 
 Tushy-stone, 27. 
 
 Tutenague. 53, 63. 
 
 Tutia, 27, 128, 148, 202. 
 
 Tuticorin, 190, 234. 
 
 Ttvelfth Night, quotation from, 206n. 
 
 Twenty-four Parganas. the, 90, 249, 
 251. 
 
 Twer, 141. 
 
 Tvamong. 234. 
 
 Tvnte, John, 18n. 
 
 Tyre, 106n, 254. 
 
 Tywan, 223, 235; records relating to, 
 65, 66. See also Formosa. 
 
 Tzinitza, 107. 
 
 Ucaca (Ukak), 122. 
 
 Ulm, 118. 
 
 Ultramarine, 148. 
 
 Ummad Shahi dynasty, the, 241n. 
 
 Unicorn, ship, 42, 49. 
 
 Union, ship, 48, 208. 
 
 Unit)/, ship, 42, 50. 
 
 Upper India (China), 132. 
 
 Urostigma religiosum, 39n. 
 
 Usbeke, the province of, 204. 
 
 Vaeq (Balk), 135. 
 Yalentijn, 226/i. 
 Valentine, ship, 43. 
 Valladolid, 172. 
 Van dor Vort, Isaac, 68. 
 Van Diemen, Maria, 77n. 
 
;U5 
 
 Van Diemen's Land, 77n, 188. 
 
 Van Neck, James, 185. 
 
 Vandalic Hanse Towns, the, 117. 
 
 Vandals, the, 115. 
 
 Vandeputt, — , 2on. 
 
 Vansittart,Mr., 17. 
 
 Vansittart, Henry, 34. 
 
 Varnish, 7G. 
 
 Varthema, Ludovico di, 145 — 155. 
 
 Velvet, 40. 205. 
 
 Venice, 68, 70, 113, 114, 117, 118,121, 
 
 122, 123, 124, 150, 135, 141, 146, 155, 
 
 156, 166, 169, 174, 184, 204, 205, 236, 
 
 255. 
 Verasheroon (Viravasaram), 215, 219, 
 
 234. 
 Vere, Aubrey de, Earl of Oxford, 27. 
 Vermeil, 4bi. 
 Vermillion, 39, 41w, 84, 
 Vermillions (cloths), 37n. 
 Vernon, James, 28, 271. 
 Vernon, Thomas, 18w, 27, 271. 
 Verulam, Lord, 220n. 
 Viadme (Oxus), the, 135. 
 Vian, John, 214?j. 
 Viceroy, the title of. 229. 
 Vienna, 118. 
 Vijanagar, 107. 
 Vijayadrug, 82. 
 Villalobos, 172. 
 Viragi, the Vaishnava, 207n. 
 Viravasaram, 215, 219, 234. 
 Virgines, Cabo de las, 172. 
 Virginia, 76, 193, 202. 
 Vitriol, 15, 27«. 
 Vittoria, ship, 172, 173. 
 Vittoria, Pascal of, 131. 
 Vizagapatam, 226n, 251, 253; English 
 
 factory at, 89, 222, 230, 234 ; records 
 
 relating to, 89. 
 Vizeapore, 236. 
 Vlaardenq, ship, 44. 
 Volga, the, 110, 117, 119, 132, 141, 195. 
 Vyner, Sir Robert, 22, 25k. 
 
 Wafers, introduction of, 224. 
 
 Wall Tax Street, Madras, 86. 
 
 Waller's reference to tea, 26. 
 
 Wallis, Dr., 22. 
 
 Walpole, ship, 53. 
 
 Walsingham, Sir Francis, 200. 
 
 Wandewash, battle of, 249, 250. 
 
 War Office, 4on, 55. 
 
 Ward, Sir James, 23. 
 
 Warden, Andrew, 214;i. 
 
 Wardour, Sir Ed., 22. 
 
 Warehouses, E. I. Co.'s, 13. 
 
 Wares Cawne, 80. 
 
 Warr, — , 18n, 286. 
 
 Warsina, 193. 
 
 Warwick, Earl of, 71?!. 
 
 Water-recht of Wisby, the, 116. 
 
 Watling Isl.ind, 160n. 
 
 Watson, Admiral, 57, 82. 
 
 Watts, Sir John, 22. 
 
 Wax, 148, 201. 
 
 Waymouth, George, 194, 277—280. 
 
 Woddell, Capt. . 80. 
 
 Wellington, Duke of, 94n. 
 
 Westerling Hanse Towns, the, 117. 
 
 Westley, John, 72. 
 
 Westminster, Treaty of, 218. 
 
 Westmoreland, Earl of, 29/;. 
 
 Westphalia, Treaty of, 184. 
 
 Weymouth, 264. 
 
 Wheat, 110; prices at Delhi, 1763-1835, 
 103n. 
 
 Wheeler, William, 29n. 
 
 Whitaker, Henry, 68, 72. 
 
 White, George, 18n, l9/i. 
 
 ^Vhite Sea, the, 194, 277. 
 
 Whitehall, letter dated, 32. 
 
 Whitmore, Sir Geo., 22. 
 
 Wickham, Richard. 26n, 52. 
 
 Wilford, Nicholas, 77. 
 
 Wilkes, Mr., Govemour of St. Helena, 
 95n. 
 
 " Wilks's Collection," 79. 
 
 William III.. 14n. 22, 23, 24, 27, 31n, 
 50, 191, 258, 271, 272, 282, 286. 
 
 William IV., 223n. 
 William, ship, 62, 214n. 
 
 Williamson, Sir Joseph, 23. 
 
 Willoughby, Major. 218. 
 
 Willoughby. Sir Francis, 22. 
 
 Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 193, 277. 
 
 Willoughby, Sir Thomas, 22. 
 
 Wills, Mr., 97n. 
 
 Wills, entries of, 44. 
 
 Wines, 117. 
 
 Winet, 115, 116. 
 
 Winter, Sir Edward. 23, 221. 
 
 Winter, Thomas, 26n. 
 
 Wire, iron, 76. 
 
 Wisby, 116. 
 
 Wiseman, John, 72. 
 
 Wiseman, Sir Edmond, 23. 
 
 Woad, Indian, 212. 
 
 Wolstenholme, Sir John, 22. 
 
 Wood, Capt. Benjamin. 198. 
 
 Wood, Capt. John, 123. 
 
 Wood-carving, 105. 
 
 Wool, 27, 37n, 38«, 63, 117. 
 
 Woollens, 37n, 46n. 60w, 205, 224n. 
 
 Woolley, Thomas, 226n. 
 
 Worcester, Marquess of, 22, 24. 
 
 Wormseeds, 37«. 
 
 Wormwood, 180. 
 
 Wright, Edward, 206w. 
 
 Wriothesley, Henry, Earl of South- 
 ampton, 72. 
 
 Writers, lists of, 28, 61 ; the Dutch 
 E. I. Co.'s schrijcer, or, 55h. 
 
 Wyborne, Sir John, 227, 229. 
 
 Wynad, 252. 
 
 Wytfliet, Cornelius, 188. 
 
 Xanadu, 123, 132. 
 Xavier, St. Francis. 174. 
 Xeythona, 140. 
 
 Yaik, the, 119. 
 
 Yajuj and Majuj, 113. 
 
316 
 
 Yale. Elihu, 86. 
 
 Yale College, U.S., 86. 
 
 Yale. — . 5. 
 
 Yanaon. 242. 
 
 Yarkand, 123. 
 
 Yarn, 26, 35. S7n, 38n, 39, 40. 
 
 Yelverton. Sir Henry, 72. 
 
 Yembo, 136. 
 
 Yemen. 110, 146. 
 
 Yesen. 135. 
 
 Yezd, 131, 135. 142. 
 
 York. Cape, 188. 
 
 York Fort, see Fort York. 
 
 York, James. Duke of, 25n, 84, 266, 
 
 268, 285. 
 York, skip, 43. 
 Yule, Sir Henry, quoted, viii, 23n, 29n, 
 
 41, 84, 105,^107, 110, 117, 121, 123, 
 
 130, 131, 239n. 
 
 Zabaj (Java), 108. 
 Zamoriii of Calicut, the, see Calicut. 
 Zampa (Cochin China). 127. 132. 
 Zanzibar. 128, 136, 137, 165, 167. 
 Zavton (Chincheu), 111, 112. 124. 126, 
 
 131, 132, 133. 
 Zecchino or sequin, the Venetian, 205n. 
 Zedoarva. 141, 180, 202. 
 Zeila. i47, 165. 170. 
 Zeilon (Ceylon), 139, 151, 152, 203, 
 
 204. 
 Zerumbeth, 180. 
 Zerzalino oil, 148, 152. 
 Zida (Jiddah), 146. 
 Zinc, oxide of, 27, 53, 148. 
 Zinzan, Mr., 31, 229. 
 Zirbad, 136, 137. 
 Zofala, 178. 
 Zuffir Khan, 241. 
 
 ERRATUM. 
 
 Page 26, 7iote, line 5, for ISd. read 8c/. 
 
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