B£of 
 
 The Pederition of the "Jo rid 
 
 By 
 Iter J, Bartnett 

 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 AT LOS ANGELES 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ROBERT ERNEST COWAN
 
 Ctje iteration 
 of ttje WorlD
 
 THE FEDERATION 
 OF THE WORLD 
 
 BY 
 
 WALTER J. BARTNETT 
 
 MEMBER AMERICAN SOCIETY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 
 
 l • '«!,*•" 
 
 SAN FKANCIfiCO: 
 THE MURDOCH PRESS 
 
 1906
 
 ! 
 
 The Federation of the World 
 
 The federation of the world — a conception so grandiose as 
 probably to seem chimerical to one who has not observed the 
 signs of the times, seems nevertheless to be slowly but surely 
 taking form and substance. 
 
 
 Far in the past, on the minds of the world-conquerors, shone 
 the ideal of a world united. In the present, on many a mind 
 is shining this great ideal ; but now has the dreamt-of tyranny 
 of the past been glorified into the idea of a union of the 
 nations in a voluntary federation. 
 
 Like the growth of a tree from a seed, the growth of the 
 modern ideal has been of an inevitable and fateful character; 
 and in its present stage a discerning eye can perceive the out- 
 lines of the grand consummation. 
 
 Immediately preceding the more definite conception of a 
 co world-federation are to be seen a number of nourishing fac- 
 J2 tors — each adding its quota, its energy ; as, for example, the 
 >r application of steam to navigation and to land transportation, 
 25 the extension of telegraph and telephone, the industrial inven- 
 j- tions which have rendered each country dependent on others 
 ■c for vast quantities of supplies, the practice of international 
 Sj loaning of money, the growth of international brotherhoods, 
 the readier and cheaper production of books, the growth of 
 the press, the increase of general education, and the consequent 
 partial elimination of national prejudices; each of these bring- 
 ing material benefit and inculcating ideas of interdependence 
 and mutual help on a national scale. 
 
 Let us consider now that which corresponds to the sapling — 
 the young form which, out of the darkness and groping of 
 
 3 
 
 CO 
 
 311820
 
 the life in the soil, has risen to view and, though but partly 
 developed, foreshadows the coming tree. 
 
 It is commonly accepted that the welfare and prosperity 
 of mankind depend more upon agriculture than upon any 
 other industry. Statistics from all lands on the production 
 and consumption of agricultural products, intelligently dis- 
 seminated, must affect the destinies of millions of people. 
 Official and reliable data concerning the results obtained by 
 such men as Luther Burbank, and miscellaneous information 
 such as that gathered by organizations like the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, if spread throughout the world 
 freely for the benefit of all who are interested, cannot but 
 profoundly influence for the better the agriculture of the 
 world and consequently improve the condition of the people. 
 If the advance made by our farmers in wheat-growing during 
 the past ten years could be intelligently presented to the 
 peasants of Russia, much of the agrarian trouble of that coun- 
 try would be remedied. If the information that the California 
 fruit-growers possess could be transmitted to the agriculturists 
 in Siberia, fruit-growing would in a decade be one of the 
 great industries of a large portion of that territory. On the 
 other hand, could the agriculturists of our country receive 
 accurate information freely and readily concerning the 
 products of field and orchard and vineyard of the remainder 
 of the world, our advance in these matters must proceed apace. 
 The food supply of hundreds of millions of people is now 
 being brought from far-distant points; to cheapen the mar- 
 keting and insure the purity of this food must necessarily 
 affect the well-being of those who depend upon it. Reliable 
 information as to crops and as to agricultural products in 
 storage and in transit the world over, will tend to promote a 
 better adjustment of supply to demand, promptly and some- 
 times with incalculable benefit to millions of people, as in 
 cases of threatened famine. 
 
 Our country spends millions per annum in securing infor- 
 mation of this character pertaining to its own territory, but 
 the benefits derived are but partial, owing to the lack of 
 accurate statistics concerning other countries. 
 
 4
 
 The inference from all this is: that the welfare of the 
 world is to a considerable degree suffering from a want of co- 
 operation of the nations in this very vital department of 
 human activity; and that it would be to the advantage of 
 all were the governments of the world to come to an agreement 
 on this subject — an agreement best embodied in a permanent 
 form, perhaps, by the establishment of an international board 
 of competent delegates from each nation, whose duty it should 
 be to promote the advancement of all forms of agriculture 
 throughout the world irrespective of nationality or of personal 
 interests. 
 
 To one man belongs the honor of perceiving this clearly 
 and of bringing it about — Mr. David Lubin, of California. 
 Through his efforts was the King of Italy converted to his 
 views. Thereupon under the leadership of the King was 
 inaugurated a movement of such strength that finally forty- 
 two nations assented to the plan of co-operation proposed; 
 and but a short time ago the Senate of the United States 
 ratified a protocol committing our country to its support. 
 Thus has been born the International Institute of Agriculture, 
 to be supported by funds from the treasuries of nearly all 
 nations — the first voluntary world-movement of all-embracing 
 import. 
 
 So interrelated are human affairs that, having been firmly 
 established and begun its work, this institute will gradually 
 enlarge its scope and more and more firmly cement the 
 common interests of mankind throughout the world. And 
 so potent is suggestion and so fecund are fundamental ideas, 
 that from this new organization and that older one, the Inter- 
 national Postal Union, which has accomplished so much for 
 the intercommunication of the peoples of the world, will spring 
 others of their sort. 
 
 The movements which are embodied in the Interpar- 
 liamentary Union and the American Society of International 
 Law are directed toward the codification of international law 
 and the firm establishment of principles that will be recognized 
 by the courts of every land. During the Russo-Japanese 
 trouble the peoples of many lands were concerned with the 
 
 5
 
 question as to what articles were contraband. The principles 
 of international law as interpreted by various writers were 
 not uniform, the result being that merchants were at a loss 
 as to what course of action to follow. This is an example 
 Oi many that might be presented wherein great benefits will 
 flow from the coming together of all nations in an institution 
 that will reduce these matters to order and uniformity; the 
 principles finally settled upon, to become active by being 
 incorporated in the various international treaties. 
 
 In connection with the establishment of the International 
 Institute of Agriculture and the formulation of definite laws 
 operative between the nations in peace and in war, there may 
 well be considered the establishment of a permanent body of 
 delegates to regulate matters of international commerce, thus 
 providing for greater commercial freedom, minimizing the 
 risks of commerce, and affording greater legal protection and 
 personal security to the people that engage in commerce. 
 Through the power of the Federal Government to regulate in- 
 terstate commerce, we in our country have been able to correct 
 some of the greater abuses that flow from the selfishness of 
 man ; for instance, that of the sale of impure foods, and that 
 of the lack of sanitation of packing establishments. Such 
 matters could be regulated on a world-wide scale by an Inter- 
 national Commerce Commission. 
 
 In relation to the foregoing, and matters for consideration 
 by such a commission, are the following: — 
 
 1. The adoption of a uniform standard of exchange through- 
 out the world. We all know the great benefits that have 
 resulted from the adoption by many nations of the gold 
 standard. Yet the adoption of this standard is but a part 
 of the great work that must be done to render stable the 
 commerce of the nations. When all have adopted the gold 
 standard — as they doubtless will — a second step will be 
 required, namely. — 
 
 2. The adoption of a common system of exchange, or money 
 whieh will be good the world over. There is no reason why 
 a system of exchange cannot be devised that will be a common 
 measure of value in all civilized lands. 
 

 
 3. The establishment of a common standard of weights and 
 measures. The good this will accomplish is obvious. The 
 use of the metric system is gradually being extended; in 
 another decade it will probably have become universal. 
 
 4. The introduction of a universal language. Such a 
 language, of scientific construction and capable of easy expan- 
 sion concurrent with growing needs of nomenclature due to 
 new inventions and scientific discoveries, — a language which 
 shall, along with the mother-tongue, be taught in the schools 
 of all nations, — would be an important factor in the promotion 
 of international understanding and popular benefit. 
 
 Through all these things will the peoples of the earth be 
 brought into closer and closer commercial relations. Commerce 
 will be greatly increased. In many ways will the material 
 welfare of all be advanced. Through the masses of the popu- 
 lations will be diffused a greater and greater knowledge; and 
 the consequent better understanding of one another will result 
 in a further gain — a gain inexpressible in terms of commerce. 
 
 The question may now be asked : What is to be the effect of 
 these movements upon the destiny of nations ? 
 
 Let us try to answer this. 
 
 First: The true function of government is the advance- 
 ment of the welfare of all classes. This function applies most 
 particularly to the care of the proletariat. To advance the 
 masses morally and intellectually it is essential to advance 
 them first in a material way : it is requisite to supply them with 
 work and increase their productive capacity — their power of 
 acquiring for themselves from soil and mine and factory and 
 trade a greater income and thus a better environment and 
 more leisure. For example, the people of Russia must be 
 taught how to utilize the energy of their vast water-power, as 
 the people of New York use that of Niagara and the Cali- 
 fornians that of the streams from the Sierra Nevada. The 
 workers of the world who are following primitive methods 
 must be shown how to more fully develop the energies of soil 
 and mine and stream through modern methods. Thus will be 
 aroused in them renewed and more intelligent industry, with 
 
 7
 
 greater scope for the employment of their minds: this, seem- 
 ingly slow though it may be, will inevitably result in intellec- 
 tual, moral, spiritual, and political progress. This awakening 
 of the higher nature in the masses will gradually be brought 
 about by the interworking of many factors, notably through 
 free and compulsory education, but chiefly perhaps through 
 the wide diffusion by the individual governments of knowl- 
 edge appealing to the immediate self-interest of men, enabling 
 them to earn more with a given amount of labor, — knowledge 
 derived from the general information and the statistics pub- 
 lished by such international institutes as we have spoken of. 
 
 Secondly: The greater enlightenment of the people of all 
 lands means ultimately the greater stability of government. 
 As the people become more enlightened, they will have an 
 ever-growing voice in government. As this proceeds, they will 
 demand — and some are beginning to demand it now — freedom 
 from the burden of taxation for the purpose of maintaining 
 the immense standing armies and the great navies. In Italy 
 the income tax alone is 14 per cent of incomes, and the total 
 tax in some sections of that country amounts to 30 per cent 
 of the gross earnings of the people. Already in Italy there 
 is a movement of great proportions opposing the voting of 
 further sums for army and navy. The masses of Hungary 
 are thinking the same way, as also are a large party in France 
 and a considerable party in Germany. The prosperity of 
 Canada and Australia has tended to broaden the minds of 
 the masses of England in respect to taxation: perhaps it was 
 partly in consequence of this that the voters of England in 
 the last election more forcibly than ever before expressed 
 themselves in opposition to the expenditure of large sums of 
 money for the maintenance of the army. 
 
 In this connection the Russian nation is a particularly in- 
 teresting subject. The peasants of Russia are thinking po- 
 tently. The Douma, temporarily discountenanced, will be- 
 come within a decade a power little dreamed of today by 
 many of the statesmen of Europe. Russia is the one country 
 in Europe that can be called the United States of Europe. 
 The most despotic of governments, she nevertheless is think- 
 
 8
 
 ing today the thoughts of America and studying American 
 institutions, and in the next twenty years will have enforced 
 many of our American ideas. Like the United States, she is 
 composed of many races. The Russian territories contain a 
 population of 140,000,000 people, divided into 111 races. Dur- 
 ing the past thirty years the government has been preparing 
 for the formation of the most democratic state in all Europe : 
 unconsciously it has been laying the foundations of a great 
 constitutional monarchy with power vested in the people. 
 This has been partly accomplished through the intercom- 
 munication between remote portions of the Empire provided 
 by the construction of one of the greatest railroad systems in 
 the world. The government now owns about 30,000 miles of 
 railroads, valued at more than $1,500,000,000. When the 
 history of the past century is written, the construction of the 
 great Siberian Railroad must be recorded as one of the most 
 potent civilizing factors of the century. Along the line of 
 that railroad millions of peasants will settle in the next 
 twenty years. Emigration from European Russia into the 
 Siberian territory will be rapid. Russia now has her outlet 
 on the Pacific. She contemplates building a new railroad, to 
 run from Lake Baikal through Chinese territory to Pekin and 
 the port of Tientsin. This road will open to the people of 
 Siberia, for their agricultural products and their timber, the 
 great markets of China; and the construction of the Panama 
 Canal will give to this vast country a world-market. When 
 it is remembered that Siberia is as large as the United States, 
 that it is situated mostly in the temperate zone, that it is 
 fertile, and that in great part the climate resembles that of 
 Illinois, one can readily understand that here the Russian 
 peasant will rapidly advance materially and commercially, 
 and that the form of government he will ultimately have, will 
 be a liberal one modeled in all probability after that of the 
 United States. 
 
 It is the destiny of the United States to extend a friendly 
 hand to the civilization that will develop in the Russian 
 territory bordering on the shores of the Pacific. With the 
 friendly aid of the United States, the great markets that will 
 
 9
 
 open up for the products of field and forest and mine and 
 factory of all Russia, the gradual enlightenment of the farm- 
 ami operatives of all classes in the way of improved 
 methods learned through the agency of the international in- 
 stitutes, the whole population of the Empire will come in 
 time to have the same incentives to general progress that the 
 people oi' the United States have; they will see their oppor- 
 tunities in the lands they already possess, will endeavor to de- 
 velop them io the utmost, and, like the peoples of other 
 countries, will mightily oppose through their representatives 
 in the Douma the maintenance of a great standing army. 
 
 As a general proposition we may say that the principle of 
 the government of the people by the people for the people, 
 is becoming universal, and that when the peoples of the Euro- 
 pean countries finally express themselves fully, it will be first 
 and fi i in the way of refusing to pay taxes for the 
 
 maintenance of great armies and navies. This will probably 
 occur within the next twenty years; it will be a bloodless 
 revolution ; and its effect will be most beneficial and far-reach- 
 ing, as the following considerations will indicate: — 
 
 The expenditures by the nations of Europe for military 
 and naval purposes aggregate probably more than $1,500,- 
 000,000 per year. In the standing armies and the navies of 
 those nations there are now about 4,000,000 men. This vast 
 number of men constitutes just so much energy directed to 
 other than productive ends. What it costs to maintain these 
 men represents, on the one hand, money derived from govern- 
 mental revenues other than taxes, which money might be used 
 by the government for the public benefit; and on the other 
 hand, money derived from taxes, which money, retained by 
 the tax-payers, would better their condition. 
 
 Were European states to disarm as against one another 
 ami retain armies and navies for policing only, there would 
 probably he released say three-quarters of these 4,000,000 
 men, or ?>, 000,000 men in good physical condition, among them 
 a considerable Dumber of very intelligent minds. Assuming 
 that one-tent h of these would emigrate to the New World, 
 we have hit 2,700,000 to engage in productive work in Euro- 
 
 10
 
 pean countries. Of these about 135,000 would be officers, men 
 of trained minds. Assuming that these 2,700,000 men would, 
 on an average, earn $400 per year apiece, this would mean 
 an increase of over $1,000,000,000 per year in wages alone. 
 It is likely, too, that the great majority of these men would 
 work for others and receive wages considerably lower than 
 the value they produce. 
 
 And further: We should have that part of the govern- 
 mental revenues other than taxes, and that part of the in- 
 comes of civilians expended by them as taxes, at present de- 
 voted to the maintenance of these men and the equipment, 
 fortifications, men-of-war, etc., corresponding to them — re-dis- 
 tributed and turned into more beneficial channels. The 
 money thus set free to be applied to public improvements, and 
 that now expended by civilians as taxes, but in the event of 
 disarmament restored to them, would amount in round num- 
 bers to, say, $1,000,000,000. 
 
 We should therefore have to the credit of European nations, 
 as the result of disarmament, a yearly increment of wealth 
 which we may conservatively estimate at $1,000,000,000, and a 
 yearly addition to public improvements and personal com- 
 fort and well-being represented by the amount of $1,000,- 
 000,000,— a total betterment of $2,000,000,000 ! 
 
 While the foregoing figures cannot in any case be considered 
 exact, they nevertheless are so nearly so as to indicate the 
 magnitude of the benefit that would result from disarmament. 
 
 In addition to the above, the following words from Mr. 
 Vivian of the British House of Commons are to the point: — 
 "War expenditure lessens the national and commercial credit, 
 intensifies the unemployed problem, reduces the resources 
 available for social reform, and presses with exceptional 
 severity upon the industrial classes." 
 
 And the following from an editorial in ' ' The Japan Weekly 
 Chronicle" (Kobe) : — "War" (and he might have added — a 
 constant readiness for war) "creates an incubus of debt 
 which lies as a permanent dead weight upon a country's life 
 and enterprise — which militates against those works of public 
 utility absolutely necessary for the national progress, and 
 
 11
 
 necessarily imposes a burden of taxation which is felt by every 
 
 The following also is pertinent: — In 1905 England spent 
 on her army and navy an amount exceeding $300,000,000, 
 whereas in the same year she appropriated to Education, 
 Science and Art only $79,000,000. These figures need no 
 comment 
 
 As reason, or the great common-sense of mankind, is bound 
 to triumph in the end, we may predict with absolute confi- 
 dence that in a comparatively short time — now that the move- 
 ment has been started — the benefits that so obviously will 
 accrue from the cessation of international wars, will appeal 
 with so compelling a force to the peoples of Europe that the 
 governments will finally heed their voice and gradually dis- 
 arm. In this it is likely that the weaker nations will lead. 
 Italy — ever one of the first nations to advance new movements 
 — will vote to disarm, retaining but a moderate standing army 
 and a small navy. France will follow. The people of Eng- 
 land will presently refuse to appropriate money for extensions 
 of the military or the navy: this the precursor of disarmament, 
 which will follow in time. Even the people of Germany, 
 headed as they are by the ambitious Kaiser, who is the sole 
 force of any magnitude opposing the peace-idea, will in the 
 course of a few years bring about reforms in the interests of 
 reason and general well-being. 
 
 The nations having partly disarmed, due to the enlighten- 
 ment of the people and their greater voice in the government, 
 the appeal to arms in cases of international friction will 
 inevitably become less potent than the appeal to peace through 
 arbitration — with the consequent maintenance of commercial 
 and governmental stability. 
 
 Therefore — repeating our propositions: first, that the true 
 function of government is the advancement of the welfare of 
 all classes; and secondly, that the greater enlightenment of 
 the people of all lands means ultimately the greater stability 
 of government; and setting beside these propositions the fact 
 that the principle of the government of the people by the 
 
 12
 
 people for the people is becoming universal, and the fact 
 that the nations are beginning to realize the self-interest that 
 lies in co-operation — we have a warrant unimpeachable for 
 the faith that is in us; namely, that in the course of but a 
 few years we shall see the shaping of a true world-movement 
 — for Japan and China, the United States of America, and 
 the rest of the civilized world will join with the nations of 
 Europe — toward the effectuation of an international under- 
 standing embodied in a permanent institution of universal 
 scope. 
 
 We have now considered those things that correspond to 
 the hidden, unconscious forces which precede the appearance 
 of the tree above ground, and we have considered the things 
 which correspond to the early growth and gradual shaping of 
 the tree : let us now consider that which corresponds to the 
 tree itself, developed. 
 
 In this permanent institution in which all nations will join, 
 the full characteristics of the world-federation will begin to 
 show forth — hesitatingly at first, for it will be subjected to 
 storms of criticism, blights of self-interest, heats of prejudice ; 
 but, even so, it will grow the hardier, and more deeply will 
 it send its roots down into the heart of humanity and to 
 greater purpose will it raise aloft its noble presence in the 
 pure air of altruism, of universal benefit and good-will. 
 
 This permanent institution, this parliament of widest scope, 
 which is to embody the international understanding, will from 
 its very nature eventually include within its purview the more 
 specialized international institutes. The details of its devel- 
 opment we can hardly foretell with definiteness, but we may 
 say with some confidence that the earliest action taken by the 
 great nations of the world will probably be the signing of a 
 protocol whereby they will cede to the jurisdiction of the par- 
 liament a certain armament, a certain number of ships and 
 sailors and soldiers, for the purpose of executing the deerees 
 of the tribunal ; thus enabling all the nations with safety to 
 disarm as against one another, retaining only such armies and 
 navies as they may need for policing purposes. The protocol 
 
 13
 
 will develop into a constitution providing for executive, ju- 
 dicial and legislative departments, and embodying articles 
 which in time all nations will ratify. And upon this must 
 inevitably follow the arbitration of international disputes, 
 the cessation of international war. 
 
 Strange is it to contemplate — and we see in it the working 
 <>f the Reason which rules the world— that to the head of the 
 most despotic of the great nations and to a representative of 
 the most democratic belongs the credit of first practically urg- 
 ing the idea of the promotion of a peace universal: to the 
 ir Nicholas and to Andrew Carnegie is the world indebted 
 for the preliminary shaping of this grand conception. 
 
 Mr. Carnegie has given much thought to this subject. Sev- 
 eral years ago he pointed out the great benefits that must 
 result from the organization of the nations into "The United 
 States of the World." His interest in the American Society 
 of International Law and in the peace conferences, and his 
 construction at The Hague of the Temple of Peace, where 
 will be housed the International Board of Arbitration and 
 also, we hope, the International Institute of Agriculture and 
 all other international institutes, for we believe that in this 
 ease the sooner will be effected the union of all in a true In- 
 ternational Parliament— all this on the part of Mr. Carnegie 
 will contribute much to the success of this great movement 
 which has for its object the preservation of peace and the 
 betterment of the peoples of all lands. 
 
 It is greatly to be desired that the International Institute 
 of Agriculture be permanently housed at The Hague. The 
 pn-sence there of the representatives of that institute, working 
 ther to better the economic conditions of their respective 
 countries, would be a factor of great potency in advancing the 
 cause of the International Board of Arbitration and universal 
 peace The Temple of Peace should be selected as the home 
 for all the world-movements. 
 
 With the federation of the nations under a constitution 
 ratified by all; with the devotion of human energies in this 
 
 14
 
 way to the material, intellectual, and moral welfare of hu- 
 manity; with the growth of tolerance through knowledge; 
 with the perception which is bound to arise, of the inter- 
 relation of all mankind and of the fact that the happiness 
 and prosperity of other peoples contribute to our own pros- 
 perity and happiness; — with all this we have the fullness of 
 growth which corresponds to the developed and firmly planted 
 tree, — a tree indeed, whose trunk is humanity itself, whose 
 greater limbs are the greater nations and whose smaller limbs 
 are the smaller nations, whose roots are the roots of humanity 
 in the Source of All, whose sap is the Spirit of Life. 
 
 Inevitable, fateful, not to be stayed in its growth — obviously 
 a part of the Divine Plan — proceeds this great idea. Let the 
 mothers and the teachers of the land aid in its progress. To 
 spread this gospel is a work of sublime importance. Men and 
 women are needed for this, and men and women are needed in 
 whom to embody the delegated powers of the nations. In 
 every nation is one person best fitted to serve as its representa- 
 tive. At the present we are singularly favored — we Ameri- 
 cans : our most efficient person is known to us. I refer to our 
 President, Theodore Roosevelt. 
 
 Already has President Roosevelt achieved for himself a per- 
 manent place in history. The great services he has, even so 
 far, rendered the cause of international arbitration and of 
 the world's peace, have determined that. His timely and insis- 
 tent mediation in the Russo-Japanese war resulted in bringing 
 to a conclusion and to a satisfactory settlement one of the 
 most costly and bloody conflicts in the history of civilization. 
 His work, together with that of President McKinley and 
 John Hay, prevented the partition of China; and during his 
 administration the United States has taken its place among 
 the great world-powers. Besides this, the tendency of his 
 mind and scope of his thought are plainly evinced in this 
 recent sending of Mr. Root on his mission to our sister na- 
 tions in South America — a mission which will not only 
 assure them of our cordiality and goodwill, but will tend to 
 bring them into closer relations with one another and ameli- 
 
 15 
 
 1820
 
 orate greatly the industrial, commercial, and other condi- 
 tions prevailing among them, by leading them to the 
 principle of resorting in cases of misunderstanding, not to 
 arms, but to arbitration, thus to a considerable extent direct- 
 ing them into line with the great world-movements. 
 
 When Mr. Roosevelt shall have completed his work as 
 Chief Executive, what better cause can he serve than that 
 of the active promotion of universal peace? Our country 
 urgently needs as its representative in the conferences at The 
 Hague a man such as he. It should appoint him, and should 
 empower him unstintedly to act with his confreres from the 
 other great nations in formulating a plan for international 
 arbitration and federation. He has proved his worth and his 
 capacity. He would attain the end he set out to attain. We 
 hope — nay, we urge — that when the time is opportune, the 
 United States of America constitute him its Permanent Dele- 
 gate to the International Board of Arbitration, the first 
 Parliament of the Federation of the World. 
 
 How better conclude than with the vision of a poet 
 whose insights the world is hastening to verify and confirm 
 to the full? Looking from the past to the future, he noted 
 the progress of humanity from the reign of physical force 
 and compulsion — the day of the brute in man — and saw it 
 culminate in the regnancy of moral suasion and justice — the 
 day of true manhood, when : 
 
 the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and tho 
 
 battle-flags were furl'd 
 In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the 
 world." 
 
 And going farther — searching to the heart of things with 
 the eye of insight — he prophesies the next step, the elimina- 
 tion of internal, that is, industrial or insurrectionary, strife 
 under the sway of Reason; — the outcome of it all, when: 
 
 " the common sense of most shall hold a fretful 
 
 nalin in awe, 
 And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in uni- 
 versal law. ' ' 
 
 lft
 
 12
 
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