^ 1 i r^ ^ ^t-llBRARYQ^ ^'ja>^ ^AOJIIVJJO' .^WEUNIVERSy/) vN;lOSANC£lfj> -^WDNVSOr 'ya3AINfl-3\^ ''A«vaaii-^v^ ' ^•lOSANCElf Or O ■^/sajAiNn-aw'^ *^ 2^3 ^•OfCALIK ^^ o > so ^OF-CAllfO% ^^OF-CAIIFO% ynx )fv;i5]n'\\^ yn\ wx'v.sww'^ ^WE•UNIVERi>^, ^^^lOSANCE ^UIBKARYQa^ ^'' # o =a AWEUNIVERS/A J^il30NVSm^ ^•lOSANGElfx^ o '^/ia]Awn3WV -j^HIBRARYQ^ ^^t-llBRAH \Qi\m\^^ \Qi\m ^OFCAllFOft^ ''^Aaviiaii^ '^OMmin^ o ^lOSANGElfx^ %il3AIN(l-3\V ^•OFCAllFOff/l^ ^OFCAIIF' -'''/Aavaan-^^ "^OAavaai \WEUNIVERi/ ^>^ lOSANCElfj, o ^UIBRARYQr -5^llIBRARY6^^ ^jo>^ -^iSOjiivojo^ %a3AiNn ,\V\El)fJIVERi,,. v^lOSANCElfj> o '^^il]']^v^^l>^ «iM\'n i\\v ■ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ .^0FCAllF0/?4> >&A«vaan^vN NWEUNIVERS/a vvlOSANCI a, "^/sa^AiNii .^' ^UIBKAKY^k^ iffii Ir4lii 1^1 ^lOSANCflfJ^^ ^}^UIBRAf ^^^^tllBRARYQ/^ ^Wt Uf^iVEK'iV^ ^-lOSMtlfj-y. o ^UIBRARYQ^ ^MlBRARYQr %a3AiNa3WV^ ^^mmyi"^ AMEIINIVERS/a vj^lUS-ANCElfx^ ^QiJONVsoi^"^ "^ajAiNii-ay^^ .^WE•lfNIVERi'/A ^lOSAKCElfj-^ o ■%a3AINIl-3W^ A.OfCAllF0% ^OFCALtF0%. ^Wf•UfJlVERy/A ^lOSANCElfj> o t'Abvjian^ ^^^ ^^OillYJjO-^ '^^ ^OF-CAllFOff^ .^.OF-CAllFOfi^/)^ aWEUNIVERS/, ^^10S-ANCEI% ^(?Aav}iaii^^ ^'/JAyvyen-^^ ^qijonvsoi^ AIN(1-3WV ^^;OF-CAIIFO% >5cOFCAllFO/?^ ^t?Aavaani- .^WEUNIVER% ^■n\Wi%^\'^ ii(Si %il]AINrt-3WV^ ^^IIIBRARYO^ ^^UIBRARYOc^ aWEUNIVERJ/a ^jiTVDjo'f^ ^^m\m\^ '^■smm'^'^ ^mmm.^ v/saMiNn-3i\v* AWEUNlVERy/A ■<. '■! II "nJ > J>. CO .VlOSANGElfx* o evUIBRARY6>/: AWEUNIVERS//, ^.aojiTVDjo'^ '^jo'^ ^riuouvsoi^^ ^vWS-ANGElfX;. o ^«UIBRAfiYOx, ^^tllBRARYO/v ^JO^ \mmi^ ^OF-CAIIFO/?^ ^.OFCAIIFO/?^ *^ ^i i ^^^l•llBRARYa^ ^HIBRARYO/;^ tei ir^li i^li ,^WEl)NIVERS■/A v^lOSANCElfJV- OOrtTSTERSTONE. NUMEVER ^ 1913 Q i*iAGAZINE TOWER OF JEWELS, Panama-Pacific International ,:>.^ , Exposition MfBTiMStff^ i=Calif ornia has a Definite Proposition for Every Man! - WHATEVER your present position or prospects, your am- bitions or desires, California merits your attention. It is the place where ideals may best be realized. California offers opportunities in a thousand lines for men and women of intelligence and industry. CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE can supply accurate information concerning these opportunities — authentic information furnished by experts. For the purpose of giving its readers definite data upon any given subject pertaining to Cali- fornia, this magazine maintains a Readers' Service, which is always at the disposal of everyone who will write us, stating just what is required. This service is absolutelv free to readers of California's Magazine, New Call Building, San Francisco. > \ > CO CD Cornerstone m^^^ * I V — ' / MAGAZINE Price, $1.50 With Year' Subscriptio With Year's ^2.00 ormas E. J. WICKSON, Editor A QUARTERLY JOURNAL FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF AUTHENTIC INFORMATION CONCERNING CALIFORNIA Vol. I San Francisco, California, July, 1915 No. 1 California's Magazine is published quarterly by California Publishers Co-operative Association :: New Call Building, San Francisco, Cal. C 7 ^ '1^4.' H) J. ^ Two Dollars per year: Single ^subscription Kates copies, 50 cents. For Canada, add 50 cents to above rate; to all other countries, add $i.oo. T^hp PrirP °* ^^^^ i^^^\^\ CORNERSTONE NUMBER is ± He 1 / ICo $1.50, but subscriptions at $2.00 per year may be- gin with and include this Cornerstone Number. This olTer. however, is for a limited period only. A /il)PfflCi\irr /?/7//?r ^^'^^ '^^ furnished on application. JTLU UCf l^l^Jl^/l^ IVUl^CJ Only advertising of the highest class will be admitted. This issue, being devoted exclusively to circu- lation building, no advertising has been accepted or solicited. Future issues will, however, offer admirable opportunities for discriminating advertisers. It is understood that no speculative or doubtful advertise- ments will be accepted under any circumstances. The value of this publication as a medium for legitimate publicity will be demonstrated upon trial. f nVI tfl illJ tinVI Q Articles descriptive, picturesquf, or instructive K^U/ll^/ LU ni^LUn^ about California and the West aie always desired. Good photographs also in demand. Manuscripts should be accompanied hy a stamped and addressed envelope to insure rciVurn if unavailable. T\niJ fl /^ C^n'hi P^ • Those desiring copies of this Cornerstone Num- LJUUnU K^UJJi^Cd, ber of Cauforni.\'s Mag.^zine, specially bound in cloth or leather, may obtain same from the publishers at the following prices per copy, sent postpaid anywhere in the United States : Crash Buckram: A beautiful and durable binding in any desired color $2.50 Velvet Ooze Leather: A rich and exceedingly artistic style 3.50 Pigskin: The last word in new art binding; an exquisite volume 4.50 Entire Contents Copyrighted, 1915. All Rights Reserved. California Publishers Co-operative Association San Francisco, California J'rinted by Rlair-Murdock C'lmpniiy. Sail Francisco Color i'lates bj Commercial Art Company, ban Francisci: ^^y*x% I 1 CALTFORXTA'S A[A(^\ZINE To the Public: HIS IS llu' "('orncrstone Xuniher" of California's Maga- zim;. II is so called for several reasons. One is that it contains the records of the time and place written hy men and women representative thereof. The contrihutors to this numher are leaders of progress in many lines of endeavor. If, in after years, this cornerstone is opened, their successors will read with keen appreciation of achievements, strenuous hut peaceful, intelligently discussed at a time when so many of the greatest nations were locked in deadly combat; when destruction rather than construction seemed the ruling force of so great a portion of the world. These records will be fairly representa- tive of the spirit of achievement that persisted in the West in the face of whatever pessimistic trend the world-thought might be taking. Again, a cornerstone, technically speaking, binds together the two walls forming a right angle in a structure. The publishers of this maga- zine believe that with an issue of such magnitude and character, they have constructed and set in place a cornerstone which will prove ade- quate to bind firmly the walls of their purpose, i. e., the further develop- ment, the upbuilding of California, and its even more universal recogni- tion as one of the greatest of modern factors in the attainment of that "consummation devoutly to be wished" — universal harmony and the progress of all beniticent arts and industries. It is the aim of the publishers of California's Magazine to employ every commendable means to ac([uaint the people at large with the remarkable qualities of this state. It is their intention to "take Cali- fornia to the World," thereby ettecting a community of interests, a coali- tion of ideas, a unity of endeavor which shall result in the increase of outj)ul and the broadening of commercial activities; the growth of popu- lation and the strengthening of all lies that make for greater perfection and advancement of California. Cal fornix's Magazine welcomes, to this end, the active co-operation of all who love the interests of California as their own interests. It seeks the opportunity to lurther serve the cause of humanity and to spread PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT its gospel of construction to all parts of the world in the terms of Cali- fornia development. The making of this, the initial number, of Cali- fornia's Magazine has been a task of no small proportions, but it has been, at the same time, largely a labor of love. When men engage upon a constructive work, actuated by high ideals and appreciating the true nature of service, they are naturally grateful for the chance afforded them of accomplishing something really worth the while. The publishers believe that Providence makes particular provision for all work that is good and that certain men and women are ordained for labor of that character. Therefore, in striving to give credit where credit is due in the making of this number, they desire to express particular obligation to one who has done much to bring the work to a successful issue. E. J. Wickson, Professor of Horticulture and former Dean of the Agricultural College of the University of California, author of a number of standard works upon agricultural subjects and recognized authority in all matters appertaining to horticulture, has, as editor of this Cornerstone Number of California's Magazine, instilled into it much of his own personality and thereby rendered it more interesting, authoritative and valuable. The publishers are deeply sensible of their indebtedness to him in the preparation of the great mass of material for this issue and take this opportunity of expressing their appreciation. When they consider the long list of distinguished contributors to this number, the publishers believe they are justified in experiencing a feel- ing of pride and in maintaining that there has never before been in- cluded in one volume a more representative assemblage of writers who are at the same time leading citizens of the state, actively engaged in the furtherance of all effort tending to the preservation of its traditions, the continuation of its present-day prosperity and the realization of its future. To be sure, there are phases of California life and industry that have been left practically untouched in this number. But this, in itself, renders the continued existence of the publication essential. There is California manufacture, for example, of which little has been said, but which is undoubtedly one of the state's most important lines of industry and one susceptible of extensive development. Doubtless there are scores of other interests in California — fundamental, important and significant in the development of the purposes of this publication. What the contributors to this number of California's Magazine have done for the publication they have done for California. Their service is therefore twofold and in expressing their own gratefulness for this c.\i.ii'( )R.\i.\'s .m.\(;azixk invaluable assislanco llie publishers IVcl llial tluy may also inclucio the appreciation of all those who nuike up the eilizenship ol the slate. California has a right to be proud of her citizenry. It is an asset whose importance can not be overestimated. Ours is a country of thinkers and, as a certain great teacher has remarked, "the time for thinkers has come." The influence of the Western atmosphere, the broadness of the land, the frei'dom ol' Ihe life, and the licallh and vigor imparted by the clear air and by the cleanly lives of the inhabitants, inspires clarity of thought and reasoning powers. Those who have contributed to this number of Caluohnia's Magazine have demonstrated their ability to think along constructive lines and have enrolled themselves among the builders of California's greatness. CONCERNING SERVICE The publishers* conception of the word "service"^ — so widely used today, is truly philanthropic. It seems to them to endiody humanitarian principles w hich should restrict its application to the loftier purposes of life and work. To serve mankind honestly is divine service. If Cali- fornia's Magazine through its presentation of California's splendid po- tentialities thereby perforins a service to the world, in pointing the way for some of its people to better things, its aim will have been largely accomplished. The service this magazine offers its readers is definite and it is theirs to command. California has a definite propo- sition for every man wdio enrolls himself among her supporters by investment or home-making and California's Magazine purposes pre- senting this proposition so clearly and honestly that all may grasp its import and benefit thereby. California oilers conditions little short of ideal for the development of youth into splendid types of manhood and womanhood — therefore California is desirable to the homeseeker. There is room here for growth; mental, moral, physical. California supplies opj)ortunilies for honest work amid Ihe most agreeable sur- roundings and with prospects for rapid advancement. Therefore it is the place for those with life before them. California possesses an equable climate; its people find time for play as well as for work. Therefore it is the place for those who are no longer burdened with building for their own future, but whose concern is for others who are, and whose personal desires are limited to the comforts and enjoyments of home and peace. It is a state for those who are alive to the best tilings in life and who seek such things at their source. California's Magazine particularly desires that its readers shall make use of the service otl'ered them to whatever extent i-e((uired. PUBLISHERS' ANNOUXCE^FEXT CALIFORNIA AS A CENTER The idea of building a great publishing house on the Pacific Coast is the natural outcome of the tremendous impetus given the state as a result of the completion of the Panama Canal and the unmistakable and persistent trend of world-thought westward. That California is recognized as a world-center to be reckoned with now, more than ever, is patent to even the most casual observer. That it is destined to devel- opment far beyond present conceptions not alone in commercial, but in artistic lines as well, is an admitted fact. While the opening of this world waterway opens new channels for trade and determines beyond peradventure the future of California commercially, the growing im- portance of the state in art and letters must also be conceded. There is literature distinctly Calif ornian which has long been recognized by the discerning public both here and elsewhere. Besides the world owes much to California for some of the world's greatest figures in art- achievement. The world's debt to California is due and payable now. And California is ready to collect. But in what form shall payment be made? In appreciation, recognition, just reward of merit. In such coin do Calif ornians prefer to be compensated, for theirs is a heritage of spiritual power far transcending the merely material reward of dollars and cents. California's Magazine is the champion of all good things which are Californian. Its columns are open to its readers and their co-operation is always desired. The aim is to make this magazine different from any other publication not only in character of contents and illustration, but in respect to its policy and purpose as ^vell. To the end that better service may be rendered, the opinions and suggestions of readers are invited at all times. Lastly, the publishers believe that the future "looms big with promise" to all who strive earnestly for the Truth. Supporting, encouraging and furthering their laudable efforts, California's Magazine will endeavor to merit the continued respect and confidence of those to whom life means a consecration of labor to its highest ideals. President California Pnblishers Co-operative Association, Publishers of San Francisco, 1915. California's Magazine. CA[JFOR\TA"S AIAGAZIXK TABLE OF CONTENTS Whv California? What California Can Do for the World 49 Dr. David Starr Jordan, Chancellor Leland Stanford Jr. University Human Factor in State and National Development. 53 Hon. Franklin K. Lane, United States Secretar]^ of the Interior Labor Conditions in California 57 W. V. Stafford, Formerly State Labor Commissioner California's Promise to Posterity 62 Gavin McNab, Attorney-at-Law The High Quality of California Rural Life 78 E. J. Wickson (Editorial) California: Playground of the World 83 Menard Gilbert, Director, California Publishers' Co-operative Association, Publishers CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE. California's Financial Resources 93 Hon. Alden Anderson, Formerly Lieutenant Governor of Cali- fornia; California BanJ^ Commissioner, etc. Educational What California is Doing in Education 65 Hon. Edward Hyatt, State Superintendent of Public Instruction The University of California 69 Victor H. Henderson, Secretary Board of Regents, University of California Leland Stanford Junior University 75 O. L. Elliott, Registrar, Stanford University PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Natural Resources The National Parks of California 97 Mark Daniels, General Superintendent and Landscape Engineer of National Parks under the U. S. Department of the Interior Lumbering in California 107 G. X. Wendling, President Weed Lumber Co. of S. F. California State Forestry Work Ill G. M. Homans, State Forester The National Forests of California 115 Coert DuBois, District Forester Fifth District, U. S. Forest Serv- ice, San Francisco Chemical Industries of California 1 23 John Maxon Stillman, of Stanford University^ Mineral Development of California 127 Fletcher McN. Hamilton, California State Mineralogist Relation of California Soils to Permanent Fertility. 1 39 Dr. C. B. Lipman, Professor of Soil Chemistry^ and Bacteriol- ogy of the Universitv of California The Climate of California 148 William G. Reed, Instructor in Climatolog}) at University of Cal- ifornia Fish and Game — One of California's Great Resources 139 Ernest Schaeffle, Executive Secretary California Fish and Game Commission THREE big things have been accomplished in CaHfornia this year: The Panama-Pacific International Exposition, the Panama-California Exposition — and California's Magazine. Each marks an epoch in the further development of California's greatness. Preserve the records of this development in your file of this magazine by subscribing now. C . \ L T F ( ) R X T . \ • S ATA G A 7 T X V. TABLE OF CONTENTS Development Agricultural Potentialities of California 1 77 Dr. Thomas Forsyth Hunt, Dean of College of Agriculture of the Universit]^ of California and Director of the University Agri- cultural Experiment Stations Rural Credit and State Development 181 Col. Harris Weinstock, Member from California of the Ameri- can Commission on Agricultural Co-Operation and Rural Credit California's Immigration Problem 1 84 Hon. Julius Kahn, Member of Congress from California; for- merly) Member Legislative Assembl'^ of California The Parcel Post Service in California 1 87 Charles W. Fay, Postmaster of San Francisco California Coming Into Its Ow^n 1 89 Edgar Allen Forbes, Secretary California Development Board Modern City Building 1 97 Timothy A. Reardon, President San Francisco Board of Works California as a Place of Homes 201 Mark Daniels, Landscape Engineer and General Superintendent of National Parks Homes of California 209 Arthur Roland Kelly, President Los Angeles Architectural Club California Gardens 218 Hugh Bryan, Landscape Architect The Automobile in California Life and Industry. . . . 223 S. L. Mitchell, Secretary of the Automobile Club of Southern California PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Development Roads and Highways of California 227 George B. Harrison, Chief of Right-of -Ways-Division, Cali- fornia State Highway Commission Electric Transportation in California 235 Paul Shoup, President Pacific Electric Railways What Railroads Are Doing in California 245 E. O. McCormick, Vice-President Southern Pacific Company Development of Transportation in California 248 Seth Mann, Attorney and Manager of Traffic Bureau, S. F. Chamber of Commerce Light and Power of California 251 John A. Britton, Vice-President Pacific Gas and Electric Com- pany; Regent of the University of California California as a Field for Farm Mortgage Investment 255 Norman Lombard, B. S., LL. B., Manager Agricultural Credit Corporation of California; also Member Committee on Rural Credits, Commonwealth Club of California PLANT BREEDING Seed Growing in California 1 55 Lester R. Morse, President C. C. Morse Seed Co. Fundamental Principles of Plant Breeding 193 Luther Burbank, President Luther Burbank Society IF you have a friend in the East or elsewhere to whom you would like to convey compactly the wonder of California, why not send him a copy of this Cornerstone Number of CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE P Or, better yet, make him a present of a year's subscription, including this number. Depend upon it, it will be a welcome gift. 10 CALTI'ORXIA'S M.\r,.\Zl\K TABLE OF CONTENTS Waterways by Panama A Splendid Use for Cannon 273 Hon. John Barrett, Director-General Pan-American Union A Forecast for California and the True Significance of the Panama Canal 275 Dr. Benj. Ide Wheeler, President University^ of California The Psychological Hour for Logical Commerce. ... 280 John Hays Hammond, Formerl'^ Special Expert to U . S. Geo- logical Survey, etc. The Panama Canal and What it has Demonstrated since Opened to Traffic 281 Hon. Joseph R. Knowland, Member of Congress from Cali- fornia; and Member of House Committee on Interstate and For- eign Commerce California's Possibilities for Pan-American Com- merce 285 Hon. John Barrett, Director-General Pan-American Union Western Hemisphere Coming Into its Ovs^n 288 The Late Duncan E. McKinlay, Formerly Member of Con- gress from California and later U. S. Surveyor of Customs, San Francisco The Shipping Industry of the Pacific Coast 289 Captain Robert Dollar, President Robert Dollar Company Looking East from the West 291 Robert Newton Lynch, Vice-President and Manager S. F. Chamber of Commerce, and of California Development Board The Panama Canal in its Higher Meaning 295 Adam Hull Shirk, Editorial Staff California Publishers' Co-op- erative Association, Publishers CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE PL^BLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Panama-Pacific International Exposition The Panama-Pacific International Exposition : A Perspective as it is To-day and a Retrospect. . 305 Charles C. Moore, President of the Exposition The Exposition as an Expression of the Spirit of Co- operation 309 R. B. Hale, Vice-President of the Exposition Educational Aspects of the Exposition 311 George Hough Perry, Director Division of Exploitation Illumination of the Exposition . 317 W. D'Arcy Ryan, Chief of Illumination at the P.-P. I. E. Sculpture 321 A. Stirling Calder, Acting Chief of Sculpture, P.-P. I. E. Texture of the Exposition Buildings 325 George W. Kelham, Chief of Architecture, P.-P. I. E. Liberal Arts 329 Theodore Hardee, Chief of Liberal Arts, P.-P. I. E. Landscape Gardening 333 Donald McLaren, Acting Chief of Landscaping, P.-P. /. E. Live Stock 334 I. D. Graham, Associate Chief of Live Stock, P.-P. L E. Horticulture 337 George A. Dennison, Chief of Horticulture, P.-P. /. E. Food Products 341 Thomas G. Stallsmith, Chief of Department of Agriculture The Panama-California Exposition 349 Mark S. Watson, Director of Publicity, Panama-California Ex- position 12 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE TABLE OF CONTENTS California's Women California as a Field for Women's Activities 371 Hon. Phoebe A. Hearst, Honorary) President Women s Board, Panama-Pacific International Exposition; Regent Uni- versit]) of California The Work and Purposes of the Women's Board of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition 375 Mrs. Frederick G. Sanborn, President of Women s Board How the Women's Board of the Exposition Differs Organically from Similar Auxiliaries 377 Mrs. Gaillard Stoney, Secretary of Women's Board Woman's Part in Industrial Welfare Commission Work 383 Mrs. Charles Farwell Edson, Member of the Commission The Playground Propaganda in California 384 Ethel Moore, President Board of Plaxjground Directors of Oak- land Women as Bankers 385 Mrs. Phebe M. Rideout, Director of a Number of California Banks Woman's Part in University Extension Work 386 Miss Nadine Crump, Secretary Bureau of Class Instruction and General Organizer of U. of C. Extension Division; Graduate of Radcliffe Mills College 391 Miss Hettie B. Ege, Dean of Faculty^ and Acting President Work of the Commissioner of Elementary Schools. 394 Margaret E. Schallenberger, Commissioner of Elementary Schools of California California Federation of Women's Clubs 397 Mrs. James W. Orr, Past President of the Federation PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT 13 TABLE OF CONTENTS California's Women A Woman in the Office of Receiver of Public Moneys 400 Mrs. Grace Blackwell Caukin, Recently Appointed Receiver of Public Moneys — a Federal Position The San Francisco Center of the California Civic League 401 Mrs. A. E. Graupner, San Francisco ClubTVoman The California Civic League 403 Maybelle L. Feusier, Chairman Publicit}) Committee, Cali- fornia Civic League The Work and Purposes of the San Francisco Branch of the Associated Collegiate Alumnae 405 Mrs. Jesse H. Steinhart, Women as Farmers in California 407 Mrs. Emily Hoppin, President California Federation of Women's Clubs My Work as Assistant U. S. Attorney for Northern District of California 409 Mrs. Annette Abott Adams, Assistant U. S. Attorney for Northern District of California and a Graduate of University of California Silk Culture in California 412 Mrs. D. J. Murphy, President Ladies' Silk Culture Societv of California California's Women 414 Mrs. Marie Hicks Davidson, Editor of the Women's Section The Travelers' Aid Society 416 14 CAIJI-ORXIA'S MA(^.\ZTXE TABLE OF CONTENTS California Fruits Why California Leads the World in Fruits 417 E. J. Wickson, (Editorial) Why the Plum is Great in California 430 F. B. McKevitt, President. California. Farmers'. Protective League; formerly Manager California Fruit Distributors Conditions and Methods of the California Prune In- dustry 433 Joseph T. Brooks, Secreiar]^ of San Jose Chamber of Commerce Commerce The Citrus Fruit Industries of California 447 F. O. Wallschlaeger, Secretary Citrus Protective League of California The Olive: A Unique California Product 461 Mrs. Freda Ehmann, President Ehmann Olive Co. Why California Will Lead in Fig Production 465 George C. Roeding, President Fancher Creel^ Nurser]) Co.; ex-President Pacific Coast Nurseryman's Association and Cali- fornia Association of Nurserymen, etc. The Date in California 470 Silas C. Mason, Arboriculturist Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture What California is Doing for the World in Raisins. . 521 James Madison, Vice-President and Manager California Asso- ciated Raisin Company The Grape in California 526 E. M. Sheehan, Member and Secretary California State Board of Viticultural Commissioners PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT 15 TABLE OF CONTENTS Co-operative Marketing California Almond Growing and Marketing 477 George W. Pierce, President California Almond Growers' Ex- change California Walnuts and Their Co-operative Mar- keting 481 Carlyle Thorpe, Manager California Walnut Crofvers' Association California Fruit Growers' Exchange 501 Dr. G. Harold Powell, General Manager California Fruit GroTV- ers Exchange Co-operative Marketing of California Deciduous Fruits 505 J. L. Nagle, General Manager California Fruit Exchange How^ the California Fruit Distributors Distribute. . 509 Charles E. Virden, General Manager California Fruit Dis- tributors Co-operation in Selling California Cured Fruits. . . 511 Henry M. Ellis, General Manager California Cured Fruit Exchange What the Railroads Have Done for the Fruit and Vegetable Industries of California 513 J. S. Leeds, Manager Santa Fe Refrigerator Dispatch Company Protecting the California Producers 516 Arthur Dunn, Secretary and Manager Farmers' Protective League of California Growling of Vegetables for Distant Shipment in Southern California 534 H. S. Hazeltine, Secretarv California Vegetable Union 16 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZINE TABLE OF CONTENTS Field Products The Potato in California 540 Eugene H. Grubb and W. S. Guilford, Authors of ''The Potato," Published by Doubleda^, Page & Co. Truck Farming in California 542 E. J. Wickson, (Editorial) The Lima Bean in California 544 Parry R. Cole, Manager The Lima Bean Growers' Association Alfalfa in California 548 Gerald D. Kennedy, Field Expert of the California Develop- ment Board California's Leadership in Alfalfa 553 E. J. Wickson, (Editorial) The California Rice Industry 557 Theodore Goodman, General Manager California Rice Grow- ers Association Hop Growing in California 565 E. Clemens Horst, President E. Clemens Horst & Co. Hay in California 569 F. A. Somers, President Somers & Co. The Future of California's Cotton Industry 571 John N. Blackburn, Field Representative of the California Publishers' Co-Operative Association A PLEASANT and profitable income may be derived from acting as representative for CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE. Write now to the Busi- ness Department for information as to territory, etc. This work can be done during spare time and add considerably to your revenue. We desire agents in every part of the country. PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT 17 TABLE OF CONTENTS Live Stock California Range Cattle 575 W. Mayo Newhall, Vice-Pres. Newhall Land & Farming Co. The Shorthorn in California 579 David J. Stollery, Secretarv of the Howard Cattle Company The Hereford and the Range Interest 583 J. W. Goodwin, President Oro Electric Corporation The Sheep and Wool Industry of California 585 F. A. EUenwood, Secretar]) California Wool Growers'' Asso- ciation Swine Raising in California 591 A. M. Henry, President Swine Breeders' Association Work of the United States Bureau of Animal In- dustry in California 596 Dr. H. H. Hicks, Inspector in Charge of U. S. Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, San Francisco The Horses Which Move California Industries 60 1 Henry Wheatley, President California Horse Breeders' Asso- ciation The California Trotting Horse 605 Will M. Neal, Editor ''The Breeder and Sportsman" The American or Five-Gaited Saddle Horse 6n Hon. E. A. Bridgford, For Six Years President of the Pacific Coast Gaited Saddle Horse Association 18 r.MJI-ORXTA'S MAGAZTXE TABLE OF CONTENTS Dairying Opportunities in California Dairy Farming 617 W. H. Saylor, Formerly) Secretary California State Dairy Bureau; Publisher Pacific Dairy Revietv Dairy Products from the Cow to the Consumer 626 Ed H. Webster, General Superintendent of the California Cen- tral Creameries Dairy Instruction at the University Farm 629 Prof. H. E. Van Norman, Vice-Director and Dean University Farm School at Davis, Cal.; President National Dairy Show Food Manufacture How California Fruits are Served Fresh Around the World 489 Charles H. Bentley, Sales Manager California Fruit Canners Association Methods and Achievements of the California Dried Fruit Industry 493 Henry P. Dimond, Secretary Dried Fruit Association of California Factors in California Canning 517 A. W. Bitting, Food Technologist The California Sugar Industry 529 Robert T. Oxnard, Vice-President American Beet Sugar Com- pany The Milling Industry in California 561 Hon. Horace Davis, PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS Poultry Industry The Poultry Industry in California 633 George H. Croley, President Federated Poultry Associations of California What California is Doing to Improve the Quality of Poultry Products 650 Edwin T. Lindley, Judge and Official Egg Tester for S. F. Poultry), Pigeon and Pet Stocl( Association Turkeys in California 651 Rhode Island Reds 653 William J. Fox, Member San Mateo Poultr'y Association Single Comb White Leghorns 654 Harry Mortensen, Student Division of Agricultural Educa- tion, U. of C. Houdans 654 Fred L. Hall, Member Alameda County Poultry Association Black Leghorns 655 Samuel Adams Wells, ex-President California Leghorn Club Campines 656 A. E. Sinclair, Member American Campine Club Sicilian Buttercups 657 W. S. Woodhams, Member Executive Committee, San Mateo Poultry Association Langshans 657 George Lohr, Sales Manager S. F. Poultry Show Federated Poultry Association 658 E. J. Talbott, Secretary 20 CAT.IFORNIA'S MAGAZINE TABLE OF CONTENTS Poultry Industry— Continued Orpingtons 655 E. J. Talbott Plymouth Rocks 656 Edward Ellis, Member of S. F. Poultry^, Pigeon and Pel Stock Association The Hogan System of Selection of Fowls 660 Walter Hogan MISCELLANEOUS Guinea Fowls 652 W. A. French, Director San Joaquin Countv Poultr]^ Asso- ciation Bee Keeping in California 661 A. B. Schaffner, Manager of the Consolidated Hone^ Pro- ducers of California WHILE this Cornerstone Number of California's Magazine is certain to be of value, the service we may be able to afford you later is of still more importance. In order that we may be m a position to help you in whatever concerns your desires regarding California, you should register with us noTP. Use blank on last page of this number. Do this whether you are in immediate need of service or not. It costs nothing and will bring you much. We will issue bulletins between our regular editions telling of opportunities in California for everyone. These will come to you if you are registered with us. If we know your wishes we shall then be able to select such matter as will apply to you most directly. PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMENT 21 REPRESENTATIVES WANTED! CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE wants men and women to act as its representatives in all parts of the country — persons w^ho have vim, and energy and intelligence. Such persons can make an immediate success of this vsrork, for "California's Magazine" practically sells itself. We w^ant enthusiastic men and women — v^ho are confident of themselves and of their w^ork. In short, w^hat vv^e w^ant are "Live Wires. " Our Proposition is an Attractive One Special instructions and our terms to repre- sentatives w^ill be sent on request — the man or v^oman w^ho undertakes this w^ork w^ill find it lucrative, pleasant and interesting. We w^ould appreciate the co-operation of our readers to the extent of putting us in touch v^ith persons they may know^ and w^hom they believe w^ould be adapted for the purpose of obtaining subscriptions to this magazine; and acting as our representatives. Address : CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE NEW CALL BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO -79 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Publishers' Notes IT was originally the inten- tion to pnhlish this volnme as "The California Almanac." Later, the idea of issuing a quarterly publication and call- ing it California's Magazine was adopted. This will explain to those who have seen an- nouncements of the Almanac why its contents appear in this publication, and also accounts for the occasional references in the present number to the Al- manac — references which were admitted through inadver- tence. Everything that was to have appeared in the Almanac is contained in this Corner- stone Number of California's Magazine, together with much additional material, so that 'those who have ordered or may have contemplated order- ing the former publication will receive even more than they anticipated in the latter. T?IE next issue of C.\i.ifor- nia's Magazine will be out before October i, and will be the Autumn Number. While it will contain fewer pages than the present issue, it will, never- theless, be much bulkier than the average periodical and in the quality and scope of con- tents and in the importance of contributors will prove an ex- ceptional number. TO the end that people ev- erywhere be made to rea- lize fully the wonderful possi- bilities of this State, the pub- lishers invite the co-operation of Californians in supplying such facts as may have come within their own observation and experience that will tend to show what California can do for the world. Tf, for example, vou have made a success in farming on a small scale ; or if some particular branch of agri- culture has rewarded your ef- forts beyond your expectations; if you have discovered a new resource of practical value or have developed a new line of industry into a paying proposi- tion — if, in sliort, \ou have any- thing to tell that will serve as additional evidence of Califor- nia's munificence — tell it through these pages. Send pho- tographs, too, if you have them or can obtain them. DAIRYING is undoubtedly one of California's most important indu.stries, as the several articles by experts ap- pearing in this number will tes- tify. It is a business afifording opportunities at all times, and one not likely to be overcrowd- ed. The demand is always cer- tain, and with careful manage- ment and an understanding that will prevent costly mis- takes, large returns may be rea- lized. In the Autumn Number of this magazine Mr. Ed. H. Web- ster, general superintendent of California Central Creameries (who contributes a brief article to this issue), will give a de- tailed account of the dairying industry from the angle of a practical man who has studied the business in all its ramifica- tions. This article will be ex- haustive and will undoubtedly be of great value. THE State of California is one of the finest examples of the benefits that accrue from an equality of the sexes in mat- ters of business, politics and the general management of the affairs of life. California's women, from the earliest be- ginnings, have stood shoulder t(i slioulder with tlu' men and ha\e liafl tlieir part in the up- building of tile State. They have proved conclusively their splendid qualifications for con- structive enterprise ; for active participation in all work for the welfare of the community, as well as in the management of the home. Nor is this said in disparagement of women elsewhere ; California's Mag- azine is a firm believer in the high qualities of the feminine mind at all times, everywhere. In this number are numerous articles by women of Califor- nia, showing what they and others have done for the State and for its people. It is the intention to include in each is- sue articles by, for, and about women in this State, which will serve to encourage those who may be obsessed by a false be- lief in their own limitations, as well as convince the world of the splendid qualities of Cali- fornia's fair citizens. 'M With a Small Farm in California" is the title of a paper written for the next number by Mr. W. V. Staf- ford, formerly State Labor Commissioner, from informa- tion gathered during his recent travels about the State. ]\Ir. Stafford interviewed many so- called "small farmers" and found numerous instances of unique methods employed in the attainment of success with small tracts of land. The ar- ticle will be illuminating to those who have labored under the impression that to succeed in farming in California inva- riably requires a small fortune and many acres of land to be- crin with. PUBLISHERS' NOTES 23 CALIFORNIA possesses nu- merous artistic and liter- ary shrines, which, however, are not always easy to locate and are sometimes overlooked even by those most interested in such things. Frequently the searcher is called upon to make a pilgrimage down some half- hidden by-path, or to go delv- ing into the musty archives of the past ; again, he may be re- quired, in the pursuit of knowl- edge about artists and writers in California, to make excur- sions into the realms of Bo- hemia, or the fashionable cir- cles of society. In any event, the searcher is generally re- warded for his perseverance by discovering much of interest, much that is distinctive. For California's men and women of art and letters have been noth- ing if not original. In what other section of the country will you find such striking fig- ures as those which stand in bold relief against the back- ground of California? And there are others, less celebrat- ed, perhaps, but no less pictur- esque, interesting — typical. An account of certain ram- bles in search of shrines of art and letters in California will be published in the Autumn Num- ber of this magazine. It is by Adam Hull Shirk and is writ- ten in a style that renders it most delightful reading. PARTICULAR attention of readers of Califor- nia's Magazine is called to the superior quality of the illustrations in this issue, both in black and white and in the natural color process. The latter are the last word in lat- ter-day engraving art. The fish and game pictures, for example, are declared by experts to be the finest ever produced in the West, if not in the world. The dchcate hues in the rainlww trout, for instance, are retained in lifelike shades. In the fruit plates the actual bloom is ap- parent upon the satiny surface of the luscious plums, peaches, etc. The scenic pictures, those of the Yosemite Valley, partic- ularly, are wonderfully beauti- ful and give the person who has never seen this marvel among valleys, a perfect conception of the exquisite coloring. In future issues four-color process plates of California subjects will be made a particular feature, and subscribers to California's Magazine will, in a year, have accumulated a splendid series of exceptionally beautiful pic- tures, worthy of preservation, if only for their artistic perfec- tion. Many excellent photo- graphs for natural color illus- trations have already been se- cured, for the Autumn issue. IT should be apparent to those who read this number of California's Magazine that it offers the most convincing evidence of the unparalleled quality of the State as a place for living and working under desirable conditions. Therefore, if you happen to be a resident of this State and have friends in the East, or elsewhere, to whom you have often endeavored to portray the wonders of Califor- nia, perhaps with an idea of in- ducing them to come west, and possibly with only indifferent success — you must realize that in this number you have an ar- gument that is convincing be- yond anything of the sort here- tofore offered. And you need not be afraid to make use of it. because it is authentic : it is stamped with the seal of au- thority by men who know whereof tlicy speak and who do not speak unless the\' mean what they say. Why not, therefore, make use of California's Magazine in interesting your friends in Cali- fornia. If von are a loval Cali- fornian, you naturally want to attract to the State as many good citizens as you can. And in this Cornerstone Number you have hundreds of pages of convincing testimony to the greatness of California. THE book review depart- ment of this magazine will be an important feature of fu- ture issues and will contain unprejudiced critical considera- tions of the latest publications. Publishers are invited to send books and periodicals to this department for review and may be assured of full recognition of the merits thereof, with, however, just criticism where it seems to be deserved. THE excellence of Califor- nia's Magazine as a medi- um for advertising will be evi- dent to those who are familiar with such matters. While this number contains no outside ad- vertising whatever, and has been devoted to circulation building, future issues will car- ry ad\'ertising of the highest character only, which will include no announcements of a speculative or misleading char- acter. Those interested are ad- vised to communicate now with the Advertising Department of California's AIagazine to re- serve space in the Autumn Number. THROUGHOUT this num- lier are frequent references to the Readers' Service of Cal- ifornia's Magazine. These are commended to your attention and you are urged to take ad- vantage of the proffered assist- ance to any extent you may de- sire. There is no information concerning California, its re- sources and potentialities, but can be quickly supplied by the Service department, which is made up of trained experts wdio arc for the most part men of almost nation-wide reputation in their respective lines. 24 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE "Why California?" HERE'S a pertinent question: ''Why California?" Whence the source of our enthusiasm; why the con- tinued repetition of the statement, in varied forms, that California is today the most attractive spot on earth? Have we a reason for the faith that is in us, you may ask? Assuredly, we iiave. We know — and knowledge is even greater than faith. We know that California is wonderful and that its people are fine and true. And we want the world to know it also. That is why we have employed frequently the slogan : "TAKING CALIFORNIA TO THE World!" That is what we are doing, — through this mag- azine and by means of our RExADERS' SERVICE, which leaves no- thing undone that will mutually serve California and the readers of Californla's Magazine. "But why?" asks someone. "Why California?" And we answer: "Come and see?" Seeing is believing, so they say, but feeling in your innermost soul that a thing is so, is better still. And the Californian, either native or adopted, very soon learns to feel in his innermost soul, to know in his heart of hearts, that intense love of California, that loyalty to the State, that freedom, and above all, that confidence w^hich begets success and happiness. California gives everything — everything that man may re- quire. Out of the richness of her store. Mother Nature gives, and gives, and asks in return only honesty and industry and a smiling face and a continual practice of the Golden Rule. In exchange for these simple requirements she gives everything! That is "Why California"! READERS' SERMCE 25 What California Needs CALIFORNIA has everything to offer and all it requires in return is good citizenship. What California needs to- day is more people, men and women of high calibre; men and women who are industrious, intelligent, with high ideals and a capacity for expansion in the realms of mentality. In a word, it needs more citizens of the same type as those who have made it the marvelous State it is todav. California's Need is the World's Opportunity BECAUSE California needs that type of men and women, this is the time for the world to take advantage of the need and profit thereby. No matter what a man's station in life, or how much of a success he may have made in his work, Cali- fornia can offer possibilities that no other spot in the world offers. It is the State for the successful man because the success- ful man can appreciate its blessings and benefit himself and the State as well. Our Service to You is a Service to the State CALIFORNIA has a definite proposition for every man. What that proposition is, we can tell you once we know all about you and your desires. That is what our Re.^ERS' Service is organized for — to work for the mutual advantage of the State and the readers of CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE. The blank for registration on the last page of this number merits your consideration. Fill it out and mail it to us today. It may result in great benefit to you and yours. Readers^ Service - California's Magazine NEW CALL BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO 26 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZINE California Fruits and How to Grow Them A Manual of Methods Which Have Yielded the Greatest Success; with Lists of Varieties Best Adapted to Diflferent Sections of the State. By EDWARD J. WICKSON, A. M., Editor Pacific Rural Press SEVENTH EDITION— REVISED Over 500 pages of text, besides numerous full page, half-tone illus- trations on plate paper. Size of page 6x9 inches; handsomely bound in cloth; gold stamped on backbone and front cover This is the standard work on California Fruits, and one or another of its editions is to be found in the homes of most progressive fruit-growers in this State. — San Francisco Chronicle. Contents by The Climate of California and Its Local Modifications. Why the California Climate Special- ly Favors the Growth of Fruits. The Fruit Soils of California. The Wild Fruits of California. California Mission Fruits. Introduction of Improved Fruit Va- rieties. Clearing Land for Fruit. The Nursery. Budding and Grafting. Preparation for Planting. Planting Trees and Vines. Pruning Orchard Trees and Thin- ning Fruit. Cultivation. Fertilizers for Fruit Trees and Vines. Irrigation of Fruit Trees and Vines. The Apple. The Apricot. The Cherry. The Peach. Price, $3.00 pe Chapter Titles The Nectarine. The Pear. Plums and Prunes. The Quince. Vine Propagating and Planting. Pruning and Care of the Vine. Grape Varieties in California. The Date. The Fig. The Olive. The Orange. The Lemon. Lime, etc. Banana, Loquat. Persimmon, apple. Avocado. Berries and Currants. .\lmond. Walnut, Chestnut, Peanut, etc. Fruit Canning, Crystalizing and Drying. Injurious Insects. Diseases of Trees and Vines. Injurious Animals and Birds. Protection from Winds and Fros.ts. l^tilization of Fruit Wastes. r Copy, Postpaid Pine- Address PACIFIC RURAL PRESS, Publisher 525 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA BOOKS 27 California Vegetables In Garden and Field A Manual of Practice With and Without Irrigation for Semi-Tropical Countries By EDWARD J. WICKSON, A. M., Author of "California Fruits," etc. THIRD EDITION — REVISED AND EXTENDED 368 pages, 6x9^4 inches; well printed and strongly bound in cloth; illustrated It treats of the proper culture of all leading vegetables in California. It is full of information and instruction. It is simple, direct, and so clear that whoever uses it as a guide book cannot go astraj' in vegetable culture. — Sacramento Record- Union. Contents by Chapter Titles Vegetable Growing in California. Chicory and Endive. Farmers' Gardens in California. Corn. California Climate and Vegetable Cucumber. Growing. Egg Plant. Vegetable Soils of California. Lettuce. Garden Irrigation. Melons. Garden Drainage in California. Onions, Leek. Chives. Cultivation. Peas. Fertilization. Peppers. Garden Location and Arrangement. Potatoes. The Planting Season. Radishes. Propagation. Spinach. Artichokes. Squashes. Asparagus. Tomatoes. Beans. Turnip. Beets. Vegetable Sundries. Cabbage, Cauliflower. Broccoli, Vegetable Canning and Drj'ing. Kale. Seed-Growing in California. Carrot, Parsnip and Salsif^^ Garden Protection. Celery. \\'eeds in California. Price, $2.00 per Copy, Postpaid Address: PACIFIC RURAL PRESS, Publisher 525 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. 28 CALIl-^ORNTA'S :\ia{;azine California Garden Flowers Shrubs, Trees and Vines «^ Being Mainly Suggestions for Working Amateurs By EDWARD J. WICKSON, A. M., Hon. President, California State Floral Society FIRST EDITION— 1915 262 pages, SJ.^ x 7^ inches; illustrated; cloth bound; 12 full-page photo-plates and numerous text illustrations This book aims to tell the beginner in California, whether he be a scholar struggling with his school-garden, or a suburban gazing vacantly on his residence lot, or the farm-home maker, who is puzzled to translate his experience with teams, plows and pasture fields into trowels, pruning-shears and lawns, just what to do to make garden-soils, grow plants and surround his abode with beauty under the peculiar climatic conditions of California. Contents by Chapter Titles Intniductory. Climatic Characters and Advantages. Soils and Fertilizers. Tillage and Irrigation. Laying Out the Garden. Elements of Propagation. Growth of Plants from Seeds. Growth of Plants from Buds. Hot-Beds and Cold-Frames. The Amateur's Greenhouse. Planting, Pruning and Training. Characters, Adaptations and Re- (|uirements of the Months. Lawns and Ground-Covers. The Rose. The Carnation. The Chrysanthemum. Open-air Herbaceous Plants. Bulbs, Tubers and Roots. Flowers for Hot, Dry Regions. Water Plants in California Gardens. Choice and Treatment of Arbor- escent Plants. Shrubs Approved for California. Trees for Ornament and Shade. Climbing Plants for California Gar- dens. Methods Against Plant Pests and Diseases. Price, $1.50 per Copy, Postpaid Address: PACIFIC RURAL PRESS, Publisher 525 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA BOOKS 29 California Poultry Practice By SUSAN SWAYSGOOD In writing this book, the author, after a lifetime of active, practical and successful experience in poultry raising on the Pacific Coast, has endeavored to show the farmer how he can make the poultry department of his business more profitable. It deals with actual conditions — not theories — and covers every phase of the industry from eggs, chicks, diseases and remedies to the profitable marketing of the products of the poultry farm. CONTENTS BY CHAPTERS Some of the Advantages of Califor- nia Poultry Raising. When and How to Start in the Poul- try Business. Location. The Colony Plan. Open-Front Houses. Large and Small Plants for Eggs. The Care and Management of Eggs. How to Build an Incubator Cellar. How to Run the Incubator. Raising the Chicks. Why Chicks Die in the Shell. A Few Don'ts in Raising Chicks. Brooders and Brooding Systems. The Building of Brooder Houses. Poultry Appliances. Raising Broilers. Feeding for Eggs. Balanced Rations; What Are Thej'? Feeding the Breeders. Fattening and Preparing Fowls for Market. Balanced Ration for Heavy Breeds. The ^lold that Injures Poultry. Egg Foods, or Condition Powders. The Value of Milk in the Poultrv Yard. The Management of Poultry during the Summer. The Molt in California. The General Purpose Fowl. Capons. Prepotency, and Prolificacy. The Mediterranean Class. The American Class. The French Breeds. The Asiatic Class. Contains 160 pages of text, besides illustrations, bound in cloth Price, $L00 per Copy, Postpaid Address: PACIFIC RURAL PRESS, Publisher 525 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE ■■'rciniorrow to fresli woods and pastures new.""— Milton. Come, tlien. if you would find the hiding place of the i^reat i^od Pan and his followers today — for here is Arcady ! California is the World's Playground IT is the modern land of Romance, but unlike some of the ro- mantic countries of the Old World, it mixes commonsense with its idealism and never loses sight of the practical. Califor- nians have learned how^ to dream prac- tical dreams; how to realize ideals, and how^ to make their w^ork joy instead of drudgery. Also they have learned the ne- cessity of mixing play w^ith their w^ork. READERS' SERVICE 31 "To him who in the love of Nature holds Communion with her visible forms, she speaks A various language. . . ." — Bryant. Nature has granted California so many wonders, given her so manv attractions, that the Californian becomes a Nature-lover be- cause he cannot help it. You may Enjoy a Vacation in California all the year 'round There is every variety of Scenery to be found in California's 158,297 square miles of territory IF YOU HAVE DREAMED OF COMING TO CALI- FORNIA LET US TELL YOU HOW YOU MAY MAKE THAT DREAM COME TRUE! California's Magazine is devoted to the dissemination everywhere of information of authentic character concerning California To facilitate this work, and to supply detailed facts to those who are seriously considering California as a scene for their future work and as a place wherein to make their homes, we have organized the READERS' SERVICE which is at the command of everyone who wishes to ascer- tain the truth about California. This service is free to our readers. Write todav. READERS^ SERVICE, CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE NEW CALL BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO 32 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZIXE An Investment! A SUBSCRIPTION FOR (alifo ^ ormas is an investment that is certain to bring you returns out of all proportion to the expend- iture. You will gain in renewed enthusiasm and confidence in your own potentialities and you will discover opportunities that you had not previouslv been aware of. Our limited offer is worth considering: Those who subscribe now may have their sub- scriptions begin with this Cornerstone Num- ber, in itself possessing a value that can scarcely be reckoned in dollars and cents. While this offer holds good until further notice, it will not be long before it must be withdrawn and then to obtain the big initial number it will be necessary to pay the regular price therefor. SEND A COPY OF THE CORNERSTONE NUMBER TO YOUR FRIENDS IN THE EAST — IT WILL OPEN THEIR EYES AND CONVINCE THEM THAT YOU KNEW WHERE- OF YOU SPOKE WHEN YOU SAID CALIFORNIA WAS THE FINEST PLACE ON EARTH! CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE :: :: :: $2.00 PER YEAR Single copies 50 cents, except for this Cornerstone Num- ber, of which the price for single copies is $1.50. Two dollars, sent now, however, brings you the big num- ber and three more regular issues. Don't hesitate — write today. CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE NEW CALL BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE 49 What California Can Do for the World By Dr. David Starr Jordan Chancellor of Leland Stanford Junior U n'rocrsitx Editors Note: Doctor Jordan is too widely and well known in world circles to warrant any attempt to characterize his qualities and public services. Still for the benefit of the distant reader it may be said that he is distinctively a Californian in his experience, in the development and quality of his activities, and in his spirit and achievement. In pursuit of his lofty purposes he has never been known to take water — except at the very beginning of his scientific career when he chose to study the denizens of the mighty deep as his line of systematic and biologic research. Since then he has had most to do with men on their educational, religious, and socio- logical relations and from the organization of a great university to inspire and equip the youth for world purposes he has naturally passed to exhortations and warnings to the adult world to behave itself. Naturally, also, he finds that California has a unique duty and opportunity in this line. JUST now the world is mainly in need of two things — sanity and food. War is insanity, anarchy, disregard of morals, of law, of common decency generally, and just now is on the largest scale the world has ever known for that sort of thing. Europe is not much larger than the United States and holds no greater variety of soil, products, or population. The thirty, more or less, of the states of Europe are shut CALIFORNIA'S ^[AG.vZIXE off from their neighbors by an excess of armed men. This, instead of being simply a police force obeying the decrees of a civil poimhition, lias come to exist for its own sake; in many nations to the ntter neglect of the int(^rests of the people it pretends to serve. The exist- ence and maintenance of a dominant military caste, engaged in rivalries and anxions to try ont its new guns, its new tactics, its Zej^pelins, dreadnaughts, and subma- rines is the sole necessary cause of war. The immense j)rofits in the making and equipping of these hideous tools of scientific savagery is one of the most jjowerfid of the incentives which help on war. With this goes the fact that, on the continent, personal liberty has vanished, leaving every man a soldier. To keep up these costly agents of ruin it is necessary to load the borders with hate and to emphasize to the utmost any chance differ- ence between nations by speaking of it ahvays in terms of war. Never in the world would commercial jealousies bring on war if it were not that each adventurer or ex- ploiter is backed up by diplomacy, and the foreign offices of most nations are only the firm names under which exploiters carry on their business. On top of this every dii^lomatist is backed by the army, and his every woi'd is loaded, on the principle of the brass kimckles, with the threat of war. It is therefore not strange that w^e have war, even though overloaded Europe is in no position to pay for it, liaving already, through loans, expended tlie gains of ten coming generations. The remedy for this is the one found by our forefathers and followed by the provinces of Can- ada and the states of Australia and South Africa. If the European civilization of the next century is not to go the same hideous way it must not be founded on dynamite. It must not rest on f(nTe and fear and hate and lies. In DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN some degree it must be a democratic federation. In our own federal union each State gave up the rigiit of war and of separate meddling with international affairs. We liave free trade among the forty-eight States, the largest scale on which freedom of trade has ever been tried, and we have interstate citizenship. Something of the kind nmst come to Europe, else she will tread the road to bloody ruin again. After that she would have to be recol- onized from America, as she is now being fed by the peo- ple of her daughter continent. Given a tribunal to adjust international disputes, free trade among European states and an international citi- zenship, and it would be very hard work to keep up in Europe the spirit of rivalry and hate. This lesson, California, with her sister States, is pre- pared to teach. Under the flag where hatred dies away this single State offers all the variety seen in Europe. It is the overflow meeting of all the nations, and to tliis meeting all come in peace and in nuitual tolerance and respect. "I can not," said Charles Lamb, "hate anybody I know," and here in California we all know each other. And we all love California because she first loved us. And as California has fed us so bountifully we shall be ready to share her bounty with starving Europe. Al- ready the Belgians, led by Herbert Clark Hoover of Stanford Univei'sity, are our world guests. As the piti- ful struggle goes on to its final end in drawn game Poland, Servia, Hungary, Turkey, Alsace, Macedonia, France, must appeal to our charity. Later England and Germany, perhaps. We of California will know where our duty lies, and we shall not be remiss in our devotion to it. The Human Factor in State and National Development By Hon. Franklin K. Lane Oj California : United States Secretary of the Interior Editor's Note: The case for the farmer is taken up by Honorable FrankHn K. Lane in his article, which analyzes the burden of those who are attempting to make homes and discusses what help and van- tage can be given them in the public interest. Mr. Lane is a Califor- nian; he is also a big, broad-shouldered, strong-minded citizen who was a power in the interstate commerce commission, and is now a power in the interior department. He is a rational reformer, a far- seeing constructionist. He has the courage of his convictions. Not so long ago a prominent writer declared after an interview that "Frank Lane is one of the very few really big men in Washington." Mr. Lane represented the President at the opening of the Panama- Pacific International Exposition. He is at the forefront in world movements. His article is a valuable consideration of a vital topic. T ARGE questions are in their ultimate ^—^ simple questions, just as large men are simple men, men without complexity. That seems to be the order of our day. There is very little difference between de- ciding what should be the proper interpretation of a statute of the United States Congress and deciding what should be the proper construc- tion of a section of a city charter. The same kind of intellectual grasp that will solve a problem in any city or in any state will solve a problem in the nation. The problems that I have in the Department of the Interior are largely problems that turn upon standpoint. What is the thing to be done? And in whose interest should we work? There has been all through the world the theory that resources should be given to those men who can make largest use of them ; and that in some way the benefit of those resources will trickle down through some sort of sieve to the great body of the people ; that we would be better off if we consigned all that we had to some great master of industry and let him, in his infinite wisdom, take care of the mass of people underneath. That is a philosophy under which a great deal that is good has been done, under which continents have been opened, under which the resources of great bodies of land have been made available to the people of the world. But it is not a philosophy that is consistent, I take it, with the theory of our government or the tendency of our laws. Just as soon as we accept the theory that all men and all women, if vou please, are entitled 54 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE to ])articipate in government, there must neces- sarily follow the proposition that all i)e()ple ha\-e a right to say something as to what their economic and industrial possibilities shall be. So that it is no longer possible, no matter how advantageous it might be from the standpoint of efficiency or si)eedy de\elo])nient — it is no longer possible to turn o\'er a bit of our conti- nent to a few men and say "J)e\-eIop tliis as the East India t'onii)any developed India." or as Cecil Kliodcs planned to develop Africa. IRL 1'. Ml'.AXIXC. OK si:R\irK We think largely today in terms of eco- nomics, and the a\-erage man, and the man who is not of the average, believes that it is jiossible for him in some way to work out an economic and industrial ])hilos()j)hy by which advantage will ct)me to him and to the great mass of our peoi)le. even though there is no such thing as putting the master mind to work upon the problem excepting as the servitor of the many ; and the problem of our government largely is to so stimulate the imagination of these master men that they will be al)le to appreciate the glory that is theirs and the fullness of the life that they are leading if they are able to serve all men instead of themselves alone. The difference between men, I find, is largely a difference in imagination, a difference in vision. Some men see themselves as units, isolated, removed : other men see themselves in a relationship. 'I'lie world is tleveloping in l'".nghnul and in the United States a class of rich men who have as much satisfaction in doing good with their money as any poor men who live, and not get- ting that satisfaction like those, as John Boyle O'Reilly says in his ])oem on llohemia. who deal out "Charity scrimped and icL-d in the name of a cautious statistical Christ." but men who are not attempting to do anything other than make their wealth ayailable to their fellow men. It is a wrong economic theory. I am con- vinced, to say that those men who have grown rich have not served their country well. The money that they !ia\e made and the wealth that they are producing, if that wealth is used con- stant 1\- in creating more wealth and in taking proper adyantage of opportunity antl putting that ad\-antage to the benefit of the whole I'onununity. is \w\\ used — better used indeed than if it is dribbled away in a series of society functions, attended often with approval, be- cause they say that it tends to scatter money. The use to make of money is U) use it ; and the use to make ^A' land is to use it; and the use to make of water is to use it; and the problem that we ha\-e to solve in this country is how to gt't men to give to the whole country the benefit of the resources that may be held in a single hand or in the hands of a few, and we can not do that arbitrarily. Men can not have what they are eittitled to taken from them by sheer force of the strong arm. We must do it upon some philosophic basis and with reason behind us, because we have got to win the force and the command of public o})iniori. WHERE THE BURDEN BELONGS Now, I lind on every reclamation project that the greatest hindrance comes from the man who holds out of use land that should be cut U}) into small tracts and put at the service of the community. I shall try to solve that prob- lem by placing burdens upon that kind of men which are not to be borne by those men who are honestly attempting io make homes ; so that men shall have to pay to the government of the United States more promptly their pay- ment for water that we furnish to them if they do not use that water thaii they would if they did use that water. And so it is with the prob- lem of water power. The question is still undetermined as to what control Congress has over this (question of water, as to whether all the water that falls into the state does not belong to that state. There is a claim advanced seriously by some of our states, and ably upheld in argument, that all the water that falls y.ithin a state belongs to it, regardless of the condi- tion that would result in the neighboring states if all that water was appropriated by that state. I come against the prol)lem as to what terms ])ublic land shall be allowed to be used for reservoir sites on and for dam sites, and 1 am HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE 55 trying to adapt that same philosophy to the water question that 1 shall try to adapt to the land question ; that primarily the body of that water must be used, that you can not take a stream that is capable of producing 100,000 horse-power and by appropriation and by a partial use keep the public from the benefit of the full hundred thousand horse-power, but shall impose upon those people who ask for that river or ask for that dam site an obligation to develop to the highest the water power in that stream. I do not know that I can suggest anything more helpful than the thought addressed to those who live in the citv that the things that make life so tolerable in city homes, come out of the travail of a great body of our people of whom I have seen but little in my life until the very recent years — our farming population. THE FIGHT FOR A HOME Some time ago I was in A\'yoming upon an irrigation project, where they told me that the previous year the average growth per acre was $11, out of which the government asked $1.50. And one after another of those men rose in the meeting and told me of the struggle that they were ha^•ing in making homes for them- selves. One young fellow said that he had five acres. He rose at three o'clock in the morning ; he worked until seven ; at seven he went to work for a neighbor ; he stayed at work for him until six ; he had his supper and he went to work again, and he worked until eleven o'clock. Another man, with ten acres, said that he was milking eight cows and keeping two horses upon those ten acres of land. An- other man, with forty acres, told me of the struggle that he had had with a piece of sandy soil. He had poured w^ater onto it until he had l)Ut twenty acre feet of water onto that land, and yet he had not been al)le to raise a single crop of alfalfa; but his heart was still full of hopes. He had turned over the sand in his front yard and laid tarred paper a foot and a half below^ the surface of the soil, piled back the sand and put on water and raised his vegetables. These are the men who are workintr for us. These are the men who are doing the pioneer- ing in the United States today. The engineering work of the United States is unsurpassed. There is no greater tribute that can be paid to the American engineer than to say that he has built the dam that will hold the flood waters of the greatest river in the country. But we have been indifferent, too indift'erent to the man wdio works upon the farm that is irrigated by the United States. \\A have been too indifferent to the man who works upon every farm, and I am satisfied that there must come a movement in our time by which conditions will be made more tolerable not for that man alone. Init for the woman who is with him. They are the pioneers. I have been through the arid \\'est where these farms are being laid out, dry farms and irrigated farms, and those men are having a battle with the soil that is just as real and just as splendid and calls for as much heroism as any battle that men ever fought upon a battlefield with guns. There are two classes of men. Kipling says. He divides them into the sons of Mary and the sons of Martha. Mary pleased her lord and he looked upon her with favor. Martha dis- pleased him because she was at work; and the sons of Martha have been working for the sons of Mary ever since. And the man that we must have regard for in our study of economic questions, the man that the govern- ment should look to constantly and whose concerns should give the government concern, is that son of Martha who is struggling and striving to build the railroad, to build the irrigation ditch, to make the farm, to get the metal out of the mountains, to drive his ships across the sea, to explore in far-oflf Alaska, to drain the everglades of the South, to climb into places that are the highest, and find where men can make habitations for themselves. All our economic theories must be controlled, curbed and limited by the human ecjuation. There is no philosophy that solves any problem unless we consider first of all how men are going to live, and what their ideals of living are ; and if we are to have the United States 56 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZKNE filled from shore to shore with men who are independent American citizens, proud of that citizenship, loyal to their government, we must have conditions in the homes of the farmers of this country under which women will not work from four in the morning until nine and ten at night, and men will find that they can get some of the satisfaction that comes to men l>y mixing with their fellowmen without abandon- ing their farms where they are trying to make a living for themselves as well as for us. HOW IHK FARMER KEELS I want to make a plea for consideration of the i)r()bk'in of tlie American farmer ; as to how he is to become identified with those who live in the city and not feel a degree of bitter- ness against them. 1 find that there is building up a great class feeling in the United States, and that feeling some say lies at the House of Have on the one side and the House of Want on the other ; and the minds of some, it is roughly believed, say that this means the labor unions or the laboring men on the one side, and the capitalistic class on the other. I say seriously that one of the problems that must be considered is the problem of the dissatisfaction of the man who lives in the country, and that there is as much danger of a jthilosophy de- veloping on the part of the farmer that is antagonistic to the denizen of the city as there is that laboring men will be opposed to the capitalist. Those men feel that they have not had out of tliis country a square deal. They are willing to work, but they feel that an effort ought to be made to make their conditions more tolerable. Men on the farms in the United States pay ten and twelve per cent interest upon their money, when they want to buy a few cattle or some agricultural implements, and they say the man in the city can get his money for five })er cent, and what is the city man doing for them, wliat consideration does he give to them ? This country is great ; this country has a destiny that is unequalled, but that destiny can be worked out only by having in our minds constantly "the other fellow." That other fellow is the man upon whom we must lean ; we must not try to solve problems upon any theory unless we take into consideration the psychology of the man who has to work the farm and the psychology of the man who has to sail the ship, and the psychology of the man who has to do the work in the machine shop or in the ground. f~^ ALIFORNIA is a State where men may come nearer to realizing ^^ their ideals of life and work and that in a shorter space of time than almost any other place in the world. The prohlem of the American farmer is less a problem here than elsewhere but it is still a problem, just as the life and labor of any proportion of the human race must ever be. But the California farmer finds many of his problems solved by Nature herself; finds also that there is less manifestation of "man's inhumanity to man" and more general observance of the golden rule. The true life of the farmer — which entails peace of mind and happiness as concomitants of prosperity — is lived under California skies as no- where else and the farmer of this State takes his ])lace in the front ranks of the world's producers. There are thousands of i)ersons who w^ill read this and who will find their minds revolving (juestions that insist upon elucidation. "How can T know more of California?" "Where can I obtain information I know is dependable?" The service department of California's Magazine is organized for the very pur- pose of answering just such questions. Readers of this publication are urged to ])ut their ])roblems up to us for solution. Labor Conditions in California By W. V. Stafford Formerly California State Labor Commissioner Editor's Xotc: Air. Stafford's subject is one appealing to the human sympathies as few others can. but it is hkewise the most important of all economic problems. Labor in California is more greatly blessed than in most places, and ]\lr. Stafford gives facts and figures supporting that assertion. As former state labor commis- sioner he has enjoyed exceptional opportunities to become personally acquainted with the conditions which he describes in his usual pithy, terse and "straight-from-the-shoulder" manner. The subject of labor is a vital one, and every person who thinks at all will see its significance in relation to the future development of the State in the face of present-day conditions. ONE of the first essentials for comfort for the man who toils is a climate that does not run to extremes. In this respect California is particularly favored ; there are few spots on the entire planet where men can work as many days in comparative comfort as in this State. \\'hile California, with a coast line of about one thousand miles, with large in- terior valleys, and with high mountain ranges, has a variety of climate that em- braces every gradation between the two extremes it is a fact that the major por- tions of the State's industries are carried on in the sections where the temperature is of the most favored character. The manufacturing industries are con- ducted principally around the San Fran- cisco Bay district, and in the neighbor- hood of Los Angeles — where the climatic conditions for labor are perfect. Other important manufacturing cities are Sacra- mento and Stockton, where the winter climate is ideal and where the summer heat is hardly ever oppressive and the summer nights are pleasant and cool by comparison with eastern cities. Consid- erable manufacturing is pursued in a num- ber of smaller cities where the climatic conditions are similar to those mentioned above. The average number of rainy days in the year 1913 in twenty of the counties, where the larger population and the great- est industrial activity are to be found, is 48. Every other day in the year was either clear, partly cloudy or cloudy — ■ with the preponderance in favor of clear. San Jose had 215 clear days; Los Angeles 193; Sacramento 256 and Riverside 212. A WHITE man's' country California is decidedly a white man's country — the general impression to the contrarv. notwithstandino-. The Federal 58 CALIFORXIA'S AfAGAZTXE PREVIOUS to the development of irrioation systems emploxnient on tlie California farm was, for the majority, seasonable and precarious. Millions of acres of wheat gave em])loyment to plowmen and harvesters dnrini^- the brief periods of plantini^- and har- vesting- onlv. Today, with the wonderful systems of irrigation work- ing ])ractically the full length of the State, a competent, steadv farm hand has a better ])rosi)ect for permanent employment than has the factor\- o])erati\-e of a manufacturing cit)-. census of 1896 shows the State populatit)n to have been 91.6 per cent white ; the same returns for the year 1910 show 95 per cent white, the other five per cent being made up of ja])anese, Chmese, Negroes and Indians. Of these it may be said that the Japanese are not increasing, the Chinese are rapidly decreasing and the others do not in either instance re])resent one i)er cent of the State's population. "i'he Chinese have practically ceased to compete with white labor except in city laundries — the Japanese engage principal- ly in house cleaning and domestic service in the cities, and in fruit and vegetable production in the country. The census reports of 1910 show 7,659 manufacturing plants for the State with an invested capital of $537,134,000— the product of these establishments being $529,761,000 for the year, and employing 18,203 salaried officials and clerks and an average of 115,296 wage earners. About 25 per cent of these industrials were lo- cated in the city of San Francisco, about 15 percent in Los Angeles; the remainder scattered all through the State, in the fol- lowing cities, Oakland, Sacramento, Fresno, Stockton, San Jose, Richmond, San Diego and luireka, as well as a num- ber of other localities. We may safely estimate that if these figures could be brought up to date the> would show an increase of from 10 to 20 per cent. It is practical]}- imi)ossible to obtain correct figures as to the number of per- sons employed in all of the varied indus- tries of the State. Some idea of the labor empUjyed can be formed by a brief state- ment of the value of the varied products for the year 1913 : Orchard products $ 77,796,120 Vineyard 26,875,000 Carden. fresh 9,842.000 Farm products (grains, etc.) 99,083,000 Dairy and poultry products 53,756,448 Other held crops 27,435.800 Fish industry 10,678,534 Forest and lumber (estimated) 40,000,000 Petroleum 46,000.000 Mineral products (estimated) 54,000,000 Farm animals and products 77,584,300 Sundry other products (not included above) 31,600,000 Total $554,651,202 These figures, which have been care- fully and conservatively compiled, show that California has an income from the labor of her people, agriculttire, horticul- ture, manufacturing, etc., all combined, far in excess of one thousand million dol- lars annually. TRAXSPORrA riON FIOIRES SICXIKICANT Some conception of the bulk of the busi- ness of California may be formed by not- ing the fact that the steam railroads of the State employ 63,944 men in the varied l)ranches of transportation — with 14,601 miles of track. In addition to the steam railroads, California has nearly 3,000 miles of electric railway. Hie report of the State Labor Com- missioner for the year 1913 shows that 5,103 mercantile and manufacturing estab- lishments were inspected. These estab- lishments employed 148,549 persons of LABOR CONDITIONS 59 whom 110,321 or 73.3% were males and 8. % received from $ 3.00 to $5 .99 TO Tio or -r^ r 1 TVT- 1 ^1- '7c received from 6.00 to 8.99 38,228 or 25./% females. Minors under 2S.7% received from 9.00 to 11.99 18 years of asre constituted 4.8%, while 16.4% received from 12.00 to 14.99 . J 1^ r \-. . J 9.6% received from 15.00 to 17.00 minors under 16 years of age constituted 45% received from 18.00 to 20.99 less than one per cent. These figures 1-7% received from 21.00 to 24.99 ,, 1 , , . . , , . 12''/r received from 25.00 and over are all valuable as giving the relative pro- .^r .1 , , 1 t ■ 1 j rcxm ■- '^ . ^ Ot the total number considered, 60%' portions of male, female and child lal^or ■ 1 d-nnn 1 ^ . . . . received S^.UO or over per week. in the industries of California. LABOR 0R(3ANIZATI0XS In an investigation as to wages paid ^abor in all skilled trades is shown by and hours of labor m California industries ^j^^ ^^p^^^ ^^ ^1^^ Labor Commissioner to the Commissioner finds that of 145.154 ^^^ ^.^^^ thoroughly organized throughout individuals, 75% were males and 2d% ^j^^ ^-^j^^ ^^ ^1^^ 5^^^^ ^^ estimates the females. Of the male employes 1% j^^^j organizations as numbering over worked less than 8 hours per day; 36.6% ^^^^ thousand, classified as follows: (1) worked 8 hours; 43.2% worked 9 hours; n -i r ^ 1 • 4. /on -r ' ' Jjuilding stone working, etc.; (2) irans- 16.8% worked 10 hours; 0.9% worked 11 . ,• /^x r-i -1 • ^ . .-i r a\ ' ' portation ; (o) Clothing and textiles; (4) hours and 1.5% worked 12 hours. The vr <- 1 1 • ^ 1 • 1 -i r /cn ' ., . Aietal, machinery and shipbuilding; (i) wages paid were classified in groups rang- n • +• 1 -i r <_ fr\ wt a 1 ^ ^ t. _K t> Printing, building, etc. ; (6) Vv oodwork- ing from less than $3.00 to $25.00 and • \ ,- •, (n\ tt j a \- ^ H ^ ij^g. ^j-i^j turniture; (/) Food and liquors; P ■ (8) Theaters and music ; (9) Tobaccos ; 0.01% received less than $3.00 (10) Restaurants, etc.; (11) Public em- 1.25%^ received from $ 3.00 to 5.99 1 ^ f^n\ r- ^ ■ 5.3 % received from 6.00 to 8.99 ployment ; (12) Catering, engineering; 7.8 % received from 12.00 to 14.99 (13) Aliscellaneous. Each of the above 17.8 % received from 15.00 to 17.99 dwindling into several units. 15.3 % received from 18.00 to 20.99 ^, , r , , • , 14.8 %. received from 21.00 to 24.99 The hours of labor in the majority ot 22.2 % received from 25.00 to 28.00 and over, these trades are 8, with half-time in many Of the total number considered, 70% trades for Saturday. The wages of brick- received $15.00 or over per week. layers in the principal cities average about The female employes were limited to 8 $7 per day ; carpenters, $4, $4.50 and hours per day under the State law — a $5 ; cement workers receive $5 and small percentage working still less than 8 $6 per day as finishers ; finishers' hours. The wages paid females were helpers, $4 and $5 per day and ce- grouped in the commissioner's report in ment laborers, $3.50 and $4; elec- the same manner as the males and show trical workers, $4, $4.50 and $5 per day; as follows: lathers, $5 to $6 per day — generally THE discovery of gold brought to California a varied liumanity. The Argonauts came from every State in the Union, from every corner of Europe, and from the Isles of Australasia. The Germanic and Latin l)ranches of the Caucasian race were well represented. Eater the climate and conditions attracted the Chinese, the Japanese, and even the Hindoo. Eor a brief jieriod there seemed danger that the Caucasian would be swam])e(l. Wise legislation, however, 1)oth State and national, backed by healthy public opinion, brought about the necessary changes and California today is essen- tiallv a White Man's countrv. 60 CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZINE working- men at piece work, $4 per M ; These figures include every branch of painters, i:)aper hangers and decorators industry of which the Federal Govern- run from $3.50. $4 and $4.50 for the two mcnt took cognizance and are very com- former occupations to sometimes $5 and prehensive. $6 per day for decorators and sign Much has been said concerning the painters; plasterers receive $5.50, $6 and seasonal character of much of the labor in one locality $7 per day; plumbers in California and undoubtedly in the past range from $4.50 to $6 per day ; delivery that has been a great drawback to men wagon drivers. $18 to $21 per week; nf steady habits. The extraordinary de- blacksmiths and boilermakers run about \el()])ment of irrigation systems and the $4 per day ; machinists, 45 to 50 cents per consequent high class intensive farming hour or $3.50 to $4 per day ; bakers and and dairying that results, renders the op- confectioners. $18 to ^2.^ per week. jxirtunities for steady employment near These extracts from the statistics on the reach of all. Therefore, conditions file in the office of the State Labor Com- have materially improved in this regard missioner are quoted as giving a range as demonstrated by the following quota- of wages in some industries and can be tions from the last Federal census report, accepted as an average of the whole. It In an investigation as to permanency of is impossible to give in detail all the rates employment of 132,280 persons in all in- in an article of this character. dustries in California, it was found that THE LABOR OF THE FIELDS they werc employed as follows: About one-half of the labor and i)r()(luc- ^ ha 'tai ti r^ ' January 94.74/ or /I. % tion of the State of California is closely February 92,252 or 71.3% connected with agriculture and horticui- ^^^^^^ .::::;::::;::"7:."::::::::::" ": "^ 108:437 or 82. % ture. The citrus fruit industry alone em- May 115.839 or 87.6% ploys about 25,000 people, 3,500 of whom ju;;^ .:;:::: ::::::::::::::::z:::::::::: IzS or 944% are Orientals; 5,000 people are emploved August 131,202 or 99.2% . ^, I- 1 f 4.U- 1 \' ( September 132.280 or 100 % m the packnig houses of this branch of October 129,804 or 98.2% the State industries, one-half of these are November 121,486 or 91.8% r (M en i lATIOSAL. •'Park "^ r u L ARe S^H■"^ THE trans- portation facilities of California are admirable and have done an im- measurable service in the development of the State. Aside from the merely utilitarian value of the railroads, they af- ford some of the most pic- turesque rides to be found anywhere in the world. Our Readers' Service will gladly give any required information as to the transportation facilities of California. 8AKERSFI6I.D . ba;^3ara ^ I -uos Awiei£^ ■ ^^^—^^ ■ ■ ■' MT.^OWtj San Diego Panama California Exposition -t t it What California Is Doing in Education By Hon. Edward Hyatt State SiiptTintriuirnt of Public I iistniition Editor's Note: There are few subjects that today command the interest of the man of family so deeply as the quality and purposes of education, and in this respect California is particularly favored. A system of the most thorough character provides facilities for learn- ing not only in the larger cities and towns of the State, but even the most remote rural districts. Higher education, as well as ele- mental, has been provided by the State, and State Superintendent of Schools Honorable Edward Hyatt is a recognized leader in both the method and spirit of the State work, which he treats with under- standing and sympathy in the present paper. PEOPLE who think of moving to a new region are almost sure to inquire, "What kind of schools have they there?'' before they go far toward acquiring a home. It is safe to reply to those who ask this question of California : "The best schools you ever saw in your life!" The answer will probably be correct, even though the inquirer comes from the rich State of Xew York or the classic environs of Boston. The most striking characteristic of those schools perhaps lies in the provis- ion and care for the children in the re- mote rural regions. No mountain top is too inaccessible to have its school ; no plain too distant ; no sage brush desert too far removed. Wherever half a dozen children dwell, there you find a district school. And. mark this — this remote school, so far away, so small, so weak, has a standard school house, a standard teacher, a standard equipment and a standard length of term. The chances are that the building will be neat, well-painted and comfortable, even if it harbors only a half a dozen lonesome children. Cer- tainly there will be eight or nine months of school in the year. The teacher will surely have the same education and the same certification as in the proudest city. The books, apparatus, and other educa- tional appliances will be of the same character as in the populous centers. It is the idea of a generous state that one child is as good as another, no matter where he happens to dwell, and that it is our duty to guarantee the rudiments of an education to ex'ery child within our borders, even on the mountain top, the deep tangled wildwood or afar on the lonesome plain. GENEROSITY OF CALIFORNIANS The expense of all this, mind you, does not fall upon the parents of the children 66 EDL'CATloXAL or upon the residents or property owners of the local district. It is provided by the general tax uixni State and county. The rich cities, with their banks and ware- houses, and teeming- crowds, must con- tribute to the ])rei)aration of the remote rural children for citizenship and life. In the towns, villages and well-settled fruit and farming regions, educational conditions are correspondingly easier. No people anywhere in the world are more free-hearted and generous to all good things than those of California. De- scended from the hospitable and open- handed Argonauts, their generosity still abides. Ileautiful school houses dot the landscape everywhere. High schools, normal schools and other higher institu- tions abound. The newer structures are palaces, veritable palaces of education, built by skilled architects, in classic de- signs, of permanent materials and fitted with lavish laboratories, work-shops, class rooms, and everything else that can add to the opportunities for the training- of youth. Truly it has been said that the college of yesterday is the high school of today. Nowhere is the change and ad- vance in our mode of life more manifest than in our schools. The city of Sacramento, less than a de- cade ago, built a magnificent $250,000 high school, intended to take care of the city's children for all time and it was bitterly opposed by many people as being unnecessary as preparing too far into the future. At once it filled up and over- flowed. Other structures were added, clear around the block — already they have filled up and oxcrflowed, and another new and splendid building is preparing, in another quarter of the town. And the end is not yet. SCHOOL BUILDINGS FIRST This experience in Sacramento is dupli- cated in many another city, Stockton, Marysville, Oroville, Red Bluflf, Wood- land, Berkeley, Richmond, Riverside, Santa Ana. Santa Monica, Monrovia, ()aklan(l. ronidna. Redlands, San Diego, ha\e all been n(ital)le for school improve- ment during the immediate past. A town of a thousand inhabitants thinks nothing of spending forty, sixty, a hundred thou- sand dollars f(ir an educational plant. Iligh sell! X lis are in every county. Si)len- did Udrnial schools in different ])arts of the State prepare the teachers for the sur- rounding country. Business colleges are in all the larger cities and a large State industrial school is at Tone ; another at Whittier. Many of the high schools are accredited and lead directly to the State University at Berkeley, wdiich takes rank as one of the greatest institutions in the United States. One of the striking original features of the California school system is its plan of furnishing textbooks to the children. This is the only State in the Union that manufactures its school books in a state printing office and distributes them free to the boys and girls in the schools. It may be imagined that there were many obstacles and difficulties in the way of this plan. The original enterprise was marked by most strenuous opposition, abuse, vituperation, from every quarter. It was started nearly thirty years ago and has had many ups and downs as time has elapsed. It was handicapped for a long time by poor books prepared by local people; by uneconomic methods of pro- duction ; by political interferences of one kind and another. All these difficulties, however, have been met and disposed of as they came up, and at the present time the school book enterprise is in admirable condition and is regarded as a success- ful and beneficial institution by the people of the State. They would not do with- out it. The books are chosen from the best of those published in the world. The plates and rights are leased from the |)ublishers for four year periods. The EDUCATIOXAL 67 books are printed and bound at the State printing office at State expense and they compare favorably in workmanship with those in the markets of the country. They are then distributed free to the children, upon requisition from teachers, principals and superintendents, showing the needs of the schools. This gives great relief to the parents and saves much trouble to the teachers, and makes a relatively small expense to the State. The cost of furnish- ing the 400.000 children with school books is less than $200,000 yearly. AGRICULTURE AND EDUCATIOX There is a great growing belief that the schools must become more closely allied to the industries by which the people live. Particularly in California schools must be open to the genius of agriculture. It is highly desirable to build up a spirit of sympathy for agriculture in the minds of all the people and to bring them into actual contact with the agricultural life. For many generations everything in edu- cation has tended away from the farm. The district school never does one thing in its course to prepare the boy or girl for living on his or her father's farm. It always heads him rather toward clerical or professional pursuits in the cities. A movement has started in the prune orchards of the Santa Clara valley that bears so directly on these educational questions that it is here illustrated to show what is being done to solve them. The idea is to enlist the interest and the labor of the children and the people of the villages and towns in the harvesting of our perishable fruit crops, paying them full market wages for their work, furnish- ing them safe and attractive camping places, facilitating their coming and going, and giving them a season of health- ful, active, outdoor life. THE SEASON OF HARVEST This is a practical course of study in California agriculture that may well com- mand the co-operation of the educational forces of the State. The school term may very Avell begin and close so that the children and their parents can take part in the chief industry of the neighborhood. The chief hardship of the fruit grower is the lack of labor for the gathering of his crop. This it is that brings unas- similable foreigners upon us : Japanese, Hindoos, Chinese. This it is that is forc- ing much of our richest lands into the hands of aliens. The safety of our nation lies in having our land owned by our own people who can earn their living from the soil. It is a splendid thing to see the schools closed and the villages depopu- lated during the harvest season ; to see the mothers and the children living out- doors for a time and helping to pick the hops, gather the grapes, dry the peaches, take care of the prunes, apricots, toma- toes, and all that. It makes stronger, hap- pier, more wdiolesome people. Everybody may well join in it. There is no loss of dignity in it. It advances the interests of California's greatest industry, the indus- try Ijy which we mtist live for centuries into the future, with the world for a rival. It is truly educational, in the best and highest sense. The school garden is another idea along this line that is spreading all over the State, and it is a most delightful and prac- tical method of approach. Not all teachers have the knowledge and sympathy that makes for the highest success, but nearly all come of ancestry that lived by the soil ; and if their minds are open, their hearts willing, the old interests will come back, and there are not many children who fail to respond. The following tables will serve to give some idea of the wonderful growth of the elementary and high schools of Califor- nia during the past few years. 68 EDUCATIONAL Tables Showing Growth of Educational Institutions in California ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS 1907 Number of teachers 8,246 Number of pupils enrolled 294,385 Average daily attendance 234,624 Numljer enrolled per teacher 35.7 Number of graduates 12,683 Amount of v^tatc aid given $3,977,295.40 Amount of County aid given 2.866,479.17 Amount of District aid given (special taxes) 937,001.16 HIGH SCHOOLS 1907 Number of schools 179 Number of teachers 1,188 Numl)er of pupils enrolled 25,578 Daily average attendance 22.333 Numl)er of graduates 2,890 Amount of State aid given for year $ 237,016.77 Amount of District aid given 2.026,685.50 Amount bonds voted 429,576.50 Gain 1914 Percent. 12,266 48 422,029 43 319,229 36 33 24.780 92 $5,358,579.04 35 4.980,197.76 73 4,591.921.29 390 Gain 1914 Percent. 255 43 2,997 152 65,927 139 48,312 116 7,477 158 $ 642.815.52 171 5.506,429.22 172 1,893.657.00 341 The growth of our normal schools is also worthy of note, and serves to show how we are doing away with the old haphazard method of obtaining our teachers. More and more our schools are being taught by specially trained teachers who are in touch with the most modern educational methods and are thus able to assist their pupils to make the most of the time they spend in the school- room. The following table will illustrate the rapid growth of the normal schools and their attendance: NORMAL SCHOOLS 1907 Number of schools S Number of teachers 116 Number students in Normal proper 1.769 Number of pupils in Training School 2.109 Number of graduates 478 Total receipts $ 415.012.46 Total expenditure 274,785.71 Valuation of property 1,149,766.00 Gain 1914 Percent. 8 60 229 98 3,994 126 3.068 45 1,538 222 $1,056,998.51 154 516,389.90 81 2.392.214.00 108 Thus the prospective home-seeker may make his mind easy over the schools of this great and growing State. The little children, no matter where they live, are given good grammar school education. Those who can go further along the road to learning are always within reach of a good high school. If they choose to go still further, normal schools and universi- ties are within their reach. The school system of California has been rated as third by the Russell Sage Foundation among all the states of the Union. Cer- tainly this remarkable position among the galaxy of states is a guarantee of the highest educational opportunity to all who live within our boundaries. The University of California By Victor H. Henderson Secretary of the Board of Regents, University of California Editor's Xofc: Mr. Henderson is a graduate of the University of California and has therefore been a student of its scope, purposes, and duties and relations from his youth up. For a decade he has held the important and influential position of secretary of the board of regents — a distinguished body which is charged by the law with direct management of the university and not merely with honorary relation thereto. This experience has given Mr. Henderson most intimate knowledge of the internal affairs of the institution, to which he has added, by his own insight, zeal, and loyalty an understanding of the breadth and character of its relations to the varied interests of the State. These facts will assure the reader that the statement by Mr. Henderson is authoritative as well as masterly. 'nr^ HE University of California is second "^ in size of American universities. In undergraduates, enrolled for a full four-year course, it is largest of them all. And in quality it is recognized as belonging to the first order. Tuition is absolutely free for all Califor- nians. Women enjoy precisely the same privi- leges as men — except military drill. This marvelous growth in a few short dec- ades is due to the fact that the State has always been resolved to have the higliest tyi*e of university, not a utilitarian makeshift ; to the fact that private generosity has given many millions to help the cause of learning, and to the fact that the jjcople of California are eager that their sons and daughters sliall have all the training for life that ambition, intel- ligence, and zeal ma\- win tliem. The university started riglit. It was begun in 1860 as a classical college of the traditional New England type. In 1868 the State took over this "College of California." endowed it with the national land grants, and provided tax supjjort which has waxed ever more generous. To the fundamental instruction in the hu- manities and pure science were added courses in mining, mechanical, electrical and civil en- gineering, applied chemistry, and agriculture. Professional schools were developed of law, medicine, pharmacy, and dentistry, and a graduate school established. ^^'ith the arrival of Benj. Ide Wheeler, formerlv professor of Greek and comparative philology at Cornell, to be president of the university, in 1899. came clear and definite declaration that the true university must be a home of jirockutive scholarship, where stu- dents may learn how to advance the boundaries of knowledge, receiving their training from '0 EDL'CATIOXAL men who arc themselves continuallv seeking to win new truths from the unknown. PUBLICATIONS DKI' AR IMKN T The estal)lishment of a liberally supported publications department, devoted whollv to the issuance of publications which constitute an addition to the world's stock of knowledge, proved a vigorous stimulus to original re- search, for it insured a means wherebv the investigations of creatively minded men in the faculty and in the graduate school might be made available for the world interchange and co-oj)eration of science. The atmosphere of research prevails in the university. Immediately applicable to human needs is a vast proportion of the investigations so vigorouslv prosecuted by the College of Ag- riculture. In other realms of science constant achievement is being made in knowledge of the jirocesses of nature, and in the fields of history, economics, anthropology, philology, and the social sciences in general, new light is being thrown 011 what man has been doing in the world and which way advance- ment lies. Manv important fields of research have been entered upon through facilities afi^orded bv sjiecific endowment. Thus James Lick gave to the university the I.ick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, the foremost center of as- tronomical investigation in the world today, wdiere. for example. Director W. AV. Campbell has pro\-ed such memorable discoveries as that the older a star the swifter its motion, and that the i)lanetary nebulae move more swiftly tlian the swiftest stars themsehes. a disco\-ery wdiich seems to show that the old nebular hypothesis was based on error, and that the planetary nebulae are reallv farther along the path of evolution than the stars, and not an antet'edent form from which the stars are made. F.rHNOl.OC-.ICAI. S'l'LDIES A study of the life of ])rimitive man on the Pacific Coast, with an elaborate ethnological survev of California has been supported for many years by Mrs. Phoel)e Apperson Hearst. It has resulted in museum collections of great value and the issuance of a dozen bulky volumes. Tens of thousands of animals and birds ha\-e been collected bv the California Museum of X'ertebrate /oologv. supported bv the gen- erosity of Miss Annie M. Alexander, and \-aluable researches carried on as to hoV evo- lution reallv works. Studv of the processes of life in animal and plant have been carried on for a number of years past through the scientific staff of the Scripps Institution for liiological Research, maintained by Miss Ellen B. Scripps of Pa Jolla. with aid to the undertaking also from Mr. E. A\'. Scripjjs. And recently munificent provision has been made for attack on man's ancient enemies, the diseases, through the gift by Mrs. Hooper of San Francisco, of property valued at be- tween $1,000,000 and $2,000,000 to endow the George Williams Hooper Foundation for Medical Research. Its staff devote their wdiole time to investigation of the problems of func- tional and organic and of tropical diseases. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Through the long years when Professor Eugene A\'. Hilgard and then Professor E. J. W'ickson directed the work of the College of Agriculture, it achieved a great work of research. It solved multifarious problems of agriculture in a land where Anglo-Saxons have taken up a task whollv new to their race — that of tilling an arid soil, under irrigation ; of reclaiming the desert and of raising the fruits and field crops which in the past Northern races of men have bought from tropical countries, instead of raising them for themselves. Of late the State has richly increased the specific provision for the work of the College of Agriculture and under the direction of Dean Thomas F. Hunt, new great advances are being made. Students may specialize now in any one of se\-enteen dift"erent agricultural pursuits, choosing as a special profession the citrus fruits, sav. or pomologv. animal hus- EDUCATIONAL 71 bandry. landscape gardening, economic ento- mology, veterinary work, dairying — or any one of many other specialties. The graduate school of Tropical Agricul- ture and Citrus Experiment Station at River- side is a division wholly devoted to re- search and to the training of graduate stu- dents in methods of research as to plant breed- ing, soil treatment, the diseases and pests of plants, or other such problems, with special reference to tropical products. The University Farm of 781 acres of fine rich land at Davis, in the Sacramento Valley, is used to give practical field work to stu- dents in the College of Agriculture and is the site also of the University Farm School, where several hundred young men who have not the preliminary training to enter the four-year course in the College of Agriculture are re- ceiving a three-year training for successful farm life. SPREADING KNOWLEDGE To spread abroad into general use the new- knowledge constantly being won by science the College of Agriculture pours forth a stream of valuable publications, writes tens of thou- sands of letters to inquirers, reaches scores of thousands through farmers' institutes, teaches 13.000 by correspondence courses in agricul- ture, and stations a "farm advisor" in every county which will provide for local and traveling expenses an amount CLjual to the salary which the university and the United States jointly furnish. The farm advisor be- comes a permanent member of his community ; through farm bureaus in every neighborhood he stimulates the farmers to use the most im- proved modern methods, and he serves as a channel through which the local problems can receive aid from specialists at the university. Just as the agricultural work of the uni- versity receives co-operation from the United States, so the general support of the university is derived from many sources. Of the income of the University of California for tlie year ending June 30. 1914. which was approxi- mately $2,500,000, there came from the State of California $1,574,376.29 ; from the United States $80,000 ; from the income on the en- dowment, $279,000. The year's gifts of money for current use or for endowment or for build- ing work were $192,000. The balance sheet shows assets of $15,- 710,000, of which $5,540,000 are income pro- ducing endowments. PRIVATE GIFTS Only private gift has made possible the work of the university. During the past dozen years the gifts have averaged in value nearly $1,000,000 a year, in lands, buildings, endow- ments, gifts for current use. additions to the museum, library, or scientific collections, etc. Mrs. Phoebe Apperson Hearst, for example, gave a museum collection on which she ex- pended over $1,000,000, but which today could not be equaled for less than $3,000,000 to $5,000,000. She built the Hearst Memorial Mining Building at a cost, including equip- ment, of more than $700,000. She gave Hearst Hall, the woman's gymnasium ; she has sup- ported the Hearst Scholarships for many years and she has made innumerable other gifts of vast aggregate value to library, museum, in- dividual student, or specific department. Miss Cora Jane Flood endowed the Col- lege of Commerce with $377,000; Mrs. John W. Mackay and Mr. Clarence H. Mackay gave $100,000 for the John W. Mackay Jr. Chair of Electrical Engineering ; Mr. D. O. Mills gave $150,000 to endow philosophy; Mr. Edward Tompkins gave $107,000 to en- dow the Agassiz Chair of Oriental Languages ; Mrs. Sather endowed chairs in history and in classical literature with $140,000 each and a host of others have made gifts great and small. BUILDING FOR FUTURE Of particularly fructifying power was Mrs. Hearst's gift to provide for an international architectural competition for permanent plans for the university. She pointed out that the university site at Berkeley, with its fine background of lofty hills, its noble seaward prospect, and its charm 72 ■MMHjg' ^i~-&[ ^'; . . . 1 * ." r^ ■^f^lf^jiwUfr ^*?PTP^P!?! ^;^t'" . >*v^^"" -^ 5c5sr 4':-^.->' ; m ■<^^...%. • -• > c^ .. mkj^ -y^ ^^# ■ *-^4 h n Oaks on I'nivcrsity of TJIE C()lle.^-e (lavs of every successful graduate of a university re- main ahvavs in his memory and throughout his life they exert an influence ui)on his career. And the memory of those days is always associated with some ])hysical feature of the environment — as, for example, the oaks of the University of California campus. And this suggests a fact that is patent to every thinking i)erson — that environ- ment is one of the prime factors in the develojmient of the human mind. W'liat would Oxford l)e without its traditions? N'ale, Prince- ton, Harvard, Stanford — the surroundings, the atmosphere--all have their effect ujKm the student. In California the atmosi)here is essen- tially one of the most invigorating sort — the spirit of the great out of doors hallows the earliest recollections of every Californian. The dotted hillsides, the fields of hending grain, the mountains, the hlue tmpus, Berkeley, Cal. skies — all serve to refresh and render more receptive to knowledge the student mind. Another feature of California educational institutions — particularly the universities — is the amoimt of room that is given over to their use. At University of California there are great stretches, with winding paths among the distorted oaks leading to re- treats hidden in the masses of foliage. Green lawns delight the eye and the structures are attractive in appearance and spacious. On the campus outdoor ])lays are given when the Greek Theater is not em- ployed for that purpose and the setting is ideal for dramatic offerings. The young men and women who attend a California college will link with the memory of their Alma Mater the recollections of the long summer davs and the moonlit nights amid the most charming of nat- ural surroundings, or those enhanced or altered for ])ractical use. 74 EDl'CATIOXAL of i)ictures(]ue and dixcrsificd contour, topog- rai)liy. and natural u;ro\vth represented a unicjue opportunity for a splendid architectural development. Most universities, like most cities, have "just ^rowcd" with lamentable re- sults as regards architecture. Slic iiroposed that the distant future should l)e plaimcd for and an architectural composition \vroui,du out worthy of tlie State aiul of the site and of the future of the uiiiwrsitv. III.AkST IM.W ASSUME.^; FORM The Hearst Plan is rapidiv assumim,^ \-isil)le form. Already completed are the Hearst Memorial Mining Building, the University Library, given by Mr. Charles I'ranklin Doe, ■which cost, including the etiuii)ment provided by the State, $883,000 ; Boalt Hall of Law, for which Mrs. l^oalt gave $100,000 and the lawyers of California $50,000 more; the Greek Theatre, for which Mr. William Ran- dolph Hearst gave $50,000 ; the Sather Gate, which cost $36,000, and the Sather Cam- panile, for which Mrs. Sather gave $225,000; and Agriculture Hall and California Hall, built by the State at a cost of $213,000 and $272,000, respectively. .Ml these are of granite exterior, with steel frames fireproofed in concrete; concrete floors and roofs of red mission tile. All are of the highest possible type of construction and of fire-resistive (juality. And, in their admirable fitness for every day use and in their noble and serene beauty. Mr. John Galen Howard, supervising architect of the Hearst Plan, has made a contribution to American architecture of the highest and most permanent value. 'I'he city-planning movement in California, the cause of all that is good in public architecture, is being profoundly aided by this great and successful undertaking in architectural com- position on the broad scale. And, in Nowmber. 1914. the people of California set the seal of their approval on the great project of the Hearst Plan bv voting $1,800,000 in the form of the "University Building Bonds," proposed by the alumni through initiative petition, this to be applied to the enlargement and completion of the pres- ent monumental library and the erection of three more permanent buildings — a chemistry building, a second unit of the agricultural group and a great class room building large enough to accommodate 3500 students at one moment under one roof. California and Education TN CALIFORNIA the little red schoolhouse on the hill is a thins^- "■■ of the past. In its day it may have had its usefulness and certainly the halo of romance cast about it served to overshadow some of the sordid memories our fathers must have retained in which the birch rod was prominent. Today, the most remote rural district of this State has its school, which, while it may not be of brick or stone, is at least comfortable, and equipped with the latest essentials to education. And this includes a pedagogue who knows something- besides the "Three R's" and who controls his pupils with something far more effective than the birch rod of hateful memory. Education you must have in order to compete successfully in the world of today. Educa- tion you can obtain freely and regularly, no matter whereabouts in California xou uvdx elect to dwell. Leland Stanford Junior University By O. L. Elliott Registrar of Stanford University Editor's Note: As registrar of the Leland Stanford junior Uni- versity, Mr. O. L. Elliott is in a position to speak understandingly regarding- the great institution of learning with which he is asso- ciated. He gives briefly the history of the university from its incep- tion, handling the subject with sympathy and deep a]Dpreciation. The development and present extent of the college is told in a manner that renders the article not onlv valuable but highlv interesting as well. STANFORD UNIVERSITY owes its ex- istence to the public spirited liberality of Governor and Mrs. Stanford, and to the con- viction that through the promotion of educa- tion their great fortune could be made of most use to humanity. Their only child, the center of their hopes, died in 1884, in his sixteenth year. In creating a university as a memorial to the life thus cut off, it seemed to the bereaved parents that they would \k sharing with all the children of California something of what would have been given to their own son had his life been spared. ^^^^en it came to the accomplishment of their purpose, two main ideas were kept in mind. First, the outward habitation of the university must be beautiful in design and solid in execution. Again, thev would em- phasize the practical nature of a university education, which while not neglecting breadth of training, should be so directed as to fit its possessor for some useful calling in life. The founders of the universitv were not college trained, and their notion of what was neces- sary to the accomplishment of their purpose was naturallv vague. But in its broad and comprehensive features the actual university has conformed to their general idea; and if in its first quarter century of history Stanford University has made a sensii)le contribution to the educational progress of the Pacific Coast, it is because of the boldness and the vigor with which the university has stressed definite- ness of aim and result as the possibility and the glory of the higher education. A PEACEFUL VALLEY The site of the university is the Palo Alto estate of the founders in the Santa Clara Valley — a valley famous for its beauty, fer- tilitv, and excellence of climate, where, free from the rigors of Eastern winters and the extremes of Eastern summers, sheltered from the fogs and harsh winds of the coast and from the summer heat of the interior valleys, with a rare ocean quality in the air, the seasons are one succession of springtime and autumn. The buildings have been placed on the broad ]ilain sloping up from the bay to the foot- hills of the Sierra Morena. Here the old Mission architecture — the long, low buildings 76 EDUCATIONAL with the wide colonnades and open court — has been reproduced on imposing scale. The main university buildings consist of two (juad- rangles, une surrounding the other, with a facade 894 feet in length. The soft buff sandstone, the great expanse of red-tiled roof, the Avide arcades, the simple but imposing arches, the glimpse of trees and foothills and mountains, give an impression of academic seclusion, serenity and beauty whose fascina- tion deepens as the months slip bv under blue skies and Hotxling sunsliine. Other detached buildings for various purposes have been added, and a considerable area, including the first foothills, has l)een covered with residences of faculty, college fraternities and clubs, and occasional outsiders who have made their homes uj»on tlie nniversitv campus. A FORTUNATE SELECTION The carrying out of their educational plans the Stanfords wisely entrusted to other hands. They were singularly fortunate in their choice of president. However happily the generous vision of the founders has guided the develop- ment at Palo Alto, in its characteristic features, in its freedom from hampering tradition, in the autonomy and untrammeled opportunity of the individual department, in its call to the individual student to strike straight for his definite goal, in its exaltation of genuineness and disdain of sham, the university bears the ineradicable stamp of the genius of David Starr Jordan. From his l)uovancv. directness, and imperturbable optimism, and the response which this evoked from his first faculty, the university took on a tone and meaning and s])irit which not all its staggering vicissitudes have succeeded in effacing, and which have carried tlu* name and fame of Stanford far and wide. In its internal organization, and in the scope of its instruction. Stanford conforms to con- ventional types. There are twenty-six depart- ments, each representing a larger or smaller field of knowledge, and covering ancient and modern languages, philosophy, education, mathematics, history, economics and political science, the physical sciences, the biological sciences, and the more formally professional schools of law, medicine, and engineering. Half the students perhaps enter without any definite i>rofessional or vocational goal, and seek among the twenty-six departments for that general education so pedagogically po})- ular aiul st) hard to define. They are guided through the mazes of the curricula by means of the major subject system which allows the student, under the advice of some one department, to group around the courses in that department those supplementary and complementary studies which seem to promise tlie desired achievement. But tliere are two characteristic items which l)articularly reflect the Stanford contribution to educational progress. First, the university undertook to remove, not set up, artificial barriers between the high school and the university. The educational process it re- garded as one. the university taking up the task where the high school leaves it. Stanford does not prescribe particular subjects for ad- mission, but from the outset has held the satisfactory completion of a standard high school course the adequate and sufficient re- (]uirement for admission. The other point of departure was the university's recognition of the equality and autonomy of departments. Each department, representing a great field or division of knowledge, was to receive major students with a primary view of invitmg them to a (more or less complete) mastery of that field of knowledge. Each department aimed to provide equipment and opportunity for in- dependent work, thus making of the depart- ment, for those who had the ability and the calling, the ecjuivalent of a vocational or ])rofessional school for those interested in its vocational or jirofessional bearings, and a re- search laboratory for those devoted to pure scholarship. Tliis challenge to the interest and entluisiasm of the student was not to be obscured by unpalatable curricula, compounds of faculty -wisdom and senatorial courtesy, which must first be passed through the system. The student came at once under the direction of the chosen department, and preliminary and su]iplementary studies were planned with direct reference to the individual student and EDUCATIONAL 77 the end in view. The opportunity for thus making the educational process more interest- ing and more effective, while realized in fact in varying degrees only, has nevertheless stamped the whole spirit of the university. STORMS W'EATHERED The university was opened in October. 1891, and 550 students were registered the first year. In 1893, following the death of Mr. Stanford and the financial panic of that year, the uni- versity's resources were completely tied up and for a time its continued existence seriously threatened. Largely through the unflinching courage and devotion of Mrs. Stanford the storm was weathered, and in 1898 another forward movement began. This was again interrupted bv the earthquake of 1906 with its enormous damage to the university build- ings. Growth in numbers has therefore not been rapid in comparison with that of other universities. The attendance figure has this year (1914-15) for the first time reached and passed the 2,000 mark. The university en- dowment is not far from twenty-five millions. Not all of this is interest bearing, and without tuition fees (except in law and medicine) the income is not large as modern university in- comes go. The present number of students about reaches the limit which the trustees are willing to consider that they have means to provide for. The immediate problem is how to restrict the very natural tendency of a live university to grow. Whatever readjustments the future may require if only the present momentum be maintained Stanford University must continue to be, as it has been in the past, an important factor in the educational de- velopment of California and the Pacific Coast. After twenty-two years of service President Jordan resigned in 1913. and the trustees cre- ated for him the new office of chancellor. His successor in the presidency was Dr. John Casper Branner. professor of geology from the beginning of the university. President Branner in turn will retire at the end of the present academic year. Stanford's third president, yet to be chosen, will take office August 1, 1915. TN ALL schools, children should be taught to work in wood and ■*■ iron, to understand the construction and use of machinery, to be- come acquainted with the great forces that man is using to do his work. In this way boys would learn their aptitudes — would ascertain what they are fitted for — what they could do. It would not be a guess, or an experiment, but a demonstration. Education should increase a boy's chance for getting a living. The real good of it is to get food and roof and raiment, opportunity to develop the mind and body, and live a full and ample life. The more real education, the less crime — and the more homes the fewer prisons. — Robert G. Iiigcrsoll. The High Quahty Oj By E. J. Wickson TllK ([ualilv of rural life in California is relatively very high for several reasons which can be clearly indicated, and it has manifested itself by achie\-ements which could not otherwise have been attained, and by the creation of rural conditions which promise even greater achievements not alone for in- dustry but for manhood and citizenship. The foundation of the quality of California rural life was laid in the very settlement of the State bv those who had the nerve and ability to push through on the overland trails while those less resolute and less capable were either appalled by the effort or could not per- sist in it. In early days accession to California was largely a matter of courage and endur- ance. Afterwards, and even to the present time, another criterion of selection has pre- vailed, viz : mastery of funds and business confidence and enterjorise. California develop- ment upon a high plane of intelligence and financial ability has been ministered to by people from every civilized state and nation, and has escaped a low^ average in such intel- ligence and ability because its remoteness and cost of attainment have largely protected it from mass movement of inferior people from any state or nation. By what she has gained and by what she has escaped California has a select population in certain (pialities which make for success. Such people, of course, might have been expected to operate and to succeed in a large way in w-hatever intellectual and industrial effort they entered upon. When the chief pur- suit was gold the per capita production was the greatest attained in the world at that date ; the same was true of Avheat in the 60's ; of wool in the 70's ; of fruit in the 80's, and to the present ; of higher education in the 90's ( lidilonal) and to the present also — for two universities of the first rank, are not in the possession of any state which is not vastly greater than Cali- fornia in jiopulation. The California people because of their per capita content of power, gained by the process of selection and increased by the exercise of |)ower. according to recog- nized law's of development, have achieved great things in various lines. In the under- takings of rural life, which now constitute the over-shadowing industry of the State, Cali- fornia has employed energy, capital, and ap- plied science to novel products under novel, natural, and economic conditions in ways and to results wdiich would have been altogether unapproachable to a less resourceful people. Having said this much to indicate the origin and tjuality of a people Avhich has but just begun the development of this great State, I desire to mention a few specific things which I believe underlie the advanced and most sat- isfactory type of country life which is charac- teristic of California. First : Broad views of education. Although it is true that a considerable part of the pres- ent expansion and profitability of our leading lines of agriculture is due to those wdio came to California in mature life and brought capi- tal and minds well trained in business and professions, one would not prescribe their rich acquisitions and experience, in curricula for others to pursue. Still it is a fact that their example, and their precepts also, are a strong force for breadth in our educational efforts for agriculture. The success of the broad man in California is an incentive to breadth in our training. California is keenly conscious that common .schools which do not employ rural phenomena and points of view in their daily work are culpably narrow and neglectful. The alifornia Rural Life difficulty which these mature men have had in ascertaining elementary facts about natural conditions of growth in California makes them strongly insistent that these, and cultural methods to meet these, shall be taught in the common schools, and that high schools and colleges shall deal with them also in their higher bearings, with due regard to exposition of the best local practice in this State. It is perfectly clear that our people hold education in agriculture from youth to manhood to be a fundamental need and teachers of all grades are alert to qualify themselves for the work. Second : Social and financial recognition of agriculture. The recognition of agriculture as pursuit which does not debar its votaries from the highest social standing need not be con- tended for in California; it is freely con- ceded, not only in theory but in regular prac- tice, and agriculture as a vocation for young men is discounted only by a few farmers who do not understand or appreciate their own calling or are pursuing it under too heavy a handicap of some kind. There is in fact some danger that recourse to agriculture is becoming too popular, even fashionable, with our urban population because they are disposed to ex- aggerate the profits and minimize the knowl- edge, ceaseless efi^ort and command of ade- quate capital upon which success depends. This danger is, however, in itself an indica- tion of the attitude of the California mind toward agriculture. Individual social recogni- tion of a farmer is governed by exactly the same criteria, wise and otherwise, which fix the place of a man following any other work in life. Financial recognition of agricultural se- curitv has notablv advanced during the last thirty years. It began in the acceptance of warehouse receipts for grain stored in country warehouses at that earlv date and since then loans on other gathered products or on grow- ing crops have been freely available under or- dinary financial conditions. The old disfavor of country real estate as compared with city property has largely passed away ; in fact, much money has been loaned on boom valua- tions or prospects — an indication of the gen- eral confidence in agricultural security carried to excess, but still, in a way, evidence of the popularity of agricultural enterprises among our local financiers. Rates of interest are, however, too high considering the security of legitimate country loans and any scheme which would help other parts of the country in this regard would be of great advantage in Cali- fornia. Third : Average excellence of California country homes. With the understanding that light construction is advisable under climatic conditions ruling in California, it must be claimed that California country homes are of very high average excellence. This might be expected from the intelligence and social standing of the people who construct them. It is prol)al)lv true that there is a greater per capita consumption of periodical litera- ture in California country homes than in other rural communities. The per capita supply of running water, hot and cold, in farm houses and the use of it in all the devices of modern plumbing for cleanliness and sanitation are also very large. Fourth : The benign influence of co-opera- tion. Uncjuestionably the most powerful agency for advancement in the quality of rural life in California during the last two decades, has been co-operation. Underlying co-opera- tion is, of course, the general intelligence and business capacity of those who undertake to co-operate. Thus a degree of education must precede successful co-operation, but co-opera- tion is itself the most potent educational agency which has ever been invoked in Cali- fornia. It not only enables men to achieve, but it points the way continually to greater achievement. Strong co-operative effort is se- T COMING high above its neighbors, this gigantic CaHfornia tree ^-^ has developed to an enormous height, as can be noted by conii)ari- son with the man standing in his buggy. This tree is one of the innum- erable landmarks of interest with which the State abounds. CITIZEXSHIP 81 curing protection for our fruit industry all the way down to the killing of injurious in- sects from the United States supreme court. It has made feasible the distant distribution of 123,000 carloads of fruit products annually; it has secured nearly all our recent large pro- visions for agricultural education and re- search ; it has secured fair treatment from allied interests which formerly dominated rather selfishly ; it has enabled producers to demonstrate possession, not only of force, but of business acumen, soundness and capacity, which have not always characterized co-opera- tive undertakings, and have commanded the confidence and respect not only of rival busi- ness interests but of financial institutions. It is clear. I think, that the high quality of California rural life is demonstrated by its chief product, intelligent and successful co-operation. It is no less clear that what California may still need for the better life and more effective work of its rural popula- tion, it may secure through continued recourse to co-operation, the agency which it has itself engendered. In a word, the lesson of California expe- rience in attaining a high grade quality in country life is this : Strive for the dissemi- nation of a degree of intelligence which makes effective and durable co-operation possible, then let such co-operation do its perfect work. California Holds High, Low, and Game /"CALIFORNIA, with an area of 158,000 square miles, is the second largest State in the Union. It exhibits wide geographic diver- sity, for it includes the lowest area in the United States — Death \'al- ley, 276 feet below sea level, and the highest, Mount Whitney, 14,501 feet above the sea. Similarly there is a great diversity in scenic eflfects, climate, and vegetation. Records obtained at meteorologic stations in the Salton Sink indicate a maximum temperature of 130 degrees in the shade, the highest recorded within the continental United States, while it is probable that minimum temperatures on the higher peaks, like Mount \Miitney and Mount Shasta, approach the minimum within our boundaries, a total difference of nearly 200 degrees. Records of rainfall in the most arid sections of the southern deserts of the State represent the extreme of aridity in the United States, showing an annual average of less than three inches and periods of twelve months or more with only traces of rain, whereas the precipitation in Northwestern California is very heavy, an annual average of close to 100 inches being recorded at a few stations in Mendocino and Del Norte counties. — JJ^afcr Suf^f^ly Paper ^^8. U. S. Gcoloi'ical Sun'cy. A Scene in Muir Woods, Three Hours from San Francisco California: Playground of the World By Menard Gilbert Editor s Note: Seen throu.s,"h the eyes of a nature-lover and an ardent Californian, this State offers untold wonders. Mr. Gilbert is both of these thino-s; he is, moreover. thoroujD'hly equipped with prac- tical knowled!?'e of what California can afford those who for one reason or another seek her for recreation or rest. The W^est is an open book to Mr. Gilbert, who has traveled throuo'hout the leno-th and breadth of the country many times. His article makes picturesque reading' and, while the author is an idealist in many ways, he is not such to the exclusion of practical methods. He has identified himself with the Cali- fornia Publishers' Co-operative Association and will take an active part in the extensive work for California the oro-anization contem- ]^lates. As a native son, Mr. Gilbert also believes this work will, ■|)atriotically, prove whollv agTeeable. CALIFORNIANS are firm believers in the adage, "all work and no play makes of Jack a dull boy," and since they have been favored by Nature with an environment that conduces to recreation in the fullest sense of the word, they not only mingle play with their work but soon teach all newcomers to do the same. Thus California is fully entitled to the appellation — "Playground of the World" — be- stowed 1)\- those who. regarding the State from the viewpoint of the outsider, have been able to grasp the significance of its possibilities more thoroughly, perhaps, than have those who see its wonders all about them, every day It matters not whether the balmy airs of summer or the snows of winter dominate the scene, the playgrounds of California are equally attractive to those who delight in Nature's every mood. PLAYGROUNDS 85 of their lives. Not that familiarity could ever breed contempt and the Californian is justly proud of his domain, but the novelty having been l)lunted to some extent, he occasionally fails to realize that he is living in a wonder- land and that a day's journey will, generally speaking, bring him to scenes that are unex- celled for grandeur or idyllic charm anywhere else in the world. So that there are Califor- nians who have dwelt for many years almost in the shadow of the Yosemite's towering crags, yet who have never visited the famed valley. It is not too much to assume that every normal man and woman is a lover of Nature. No matter what their creed, occupation, or sta- tion in life, the sublimity of natural scenery, the majesty of lofty peaks, the hush of the forest aisles, the restless song of the sea. the simple peace of a purling brook with fern- embowered banks — these things will appeal to those who look "through Nature up to Na- ture's God." The child in man never entirely deserts him so long as he breathes the breath of life. Be- cause we have put aside forever toys and pina- fores, is no reason to imagine that we have finally locked our hearts against those things that appeal to our sense of the beautiful, or that keep the fires of youth burning long after our hair has been silvered by successive winters. If. then, to mix a little play with one's work is essential to the health, happiness, and success of mankind, the next thing to consider is where that play may most profitably be in- dulged in. The ^\'esterner need go liut a short distance to find his playground and it will profit even the most remote Easterner. North- erner, or Southerner, as the case mav be. to follow the sage advice of that ]jhiloso]jher who said: "Go West, young man. go West." Young or old. man or woman, if one would commune with Nature in her grandest moods. ])ursue the trout in his native waters, lave in the rolling breakers, bask in the soft airs of a semi-tropical paradise, or dare the rugged steeps of mountain fastnesses — California is tlie ])lace. and it shall be mv ])urpose herein- Where the Merced River, whipped into ("0:1111. tumbles over a rocky bed in the Yosemite Viilley 86 PLAYGROUNDS after to tell briefly of some of the natural playgrounds with which the State abounds, open to the children of all the world up to the age of ninety-nine years. THE MOUNTAINS Says Edwin Markham in his latest volume, ■'California the Wonderful" : "Again and again in California great Na- ture, the mystic world-mother, has sounded the note sublime. Seashore, desert, mountain, giant tree, strange valley, towering cliff — all have been staged for a world spectacle, a drama of magnificence. "From every point in the State you mav look upon majestic mountains, some of them lifting their broad fronts near at hand, and others making ghost-flights in the distance." The Californian Sierra Nevadas cover 600 miles, reaching from Mount San Jacinto to Mount Shasta, and nowhere in all the land is there a more wonderful vista of mountain scenery. At times the cloud-searching sum- mits tower to a height of 15,000 feet, with great canyons between and clothed withal by mighty sequoia, pine, and fir forests, owning moreover, a vallev which was termed by the Indians "the Heart of the Sky Mountains," and which constitutes the greatest of the .Sierran rifts, a place of everlasting wonder, a battleground of giants, the evidences of whose titanic struggles the soft mosses and featherv trees seek vainlv to hide, while 'I'itan's tears gush forth forever in cascades of colossal fall and shimmering beauty. On the Western Slope there are innumer- able trails whereby the Sierras may be entered but onlv through certain gateways may we pierce the fastnesses, penetrating to the East. Here the alpine climber may find conquests wortliv of his steel, for these trails are at times obscure, even perilous. The gateways to the Mohave are the San Gorgonio and the Cajon passes, while to the north are the passes of Tehachapi and El Tejon, and still fur- ther in the same direction is Kearsarge Pass, highest of the mountain gateways, the en- trance being near the head-waters of the south fork of King's River. Mono Pass is 100 miles bevond and cast of the Yosemite, and continu- Iii winter the l)oughs bend beneath their white bur- den (a scene in the Yosemite) PLAYGROUNDS 87 ing on at last is reached Beckwourth's Pass, named for a valiant Virginian, pilot of those who in early years essayed this trail, and who had discovered the rift in the mountains many moons before. There is adventure and to spare for those who would spend their play time in the lap of Nature in her most rugged form. There is romance and tradition to please the heart of the most ardent ; through these clefts, the miners' pack trains in the "days of gold" wended their arduous way ; in the shadows of the soaring peaks, hidden by tangled brush and giant trees, the picaroons of the early West, bandits whose names have come down in his- tory, plied their desperate trade. There, to- day, the coyote and the grizzly bear, the puma and the vicious tree cat, still haunt the silences ; there is hunting and fishing and mountain climbing and regions of eternal snow, with views that turn the head dizzy by their elemental vastness. This, indeed, is a playground for the stout of heart, but there are places to which even the most timid may penetrate without fear, and yet gain a splendid conception of the ultimate wonder of the region. THE FOREST WONDER Up to that point where the snow queen bars further advance into her white domain, the forests curve over the ridges and canyons down the whole vast extent of the Sierras. From the madrone and oak-clothed foothills one climbs upward to where the pine, the cedar, and the fir stretch onward to the frozen belt. Both north and south of the Yosemite for a certain distance are the mighty sequoias, monarchs of treeland, while the Coast Range, bordering the shores of the Pacific, boast won- drous redwood forests, which, beginning in the latitude of Santa Cruz, reach beyond the confines of the State in a 400-mile stretch. In this Coast Range are such familiar peaks as Mount Diablo, or Tamalpais, while jour- neying northward, one encounters the starry heights that rise above the land of Mendocino, where the heart of the redwood forest is. Here is a region of silence broken oftimes Vernal Falls, Yosemite— one of the most beautiful cascades 88 CALIFORNIA Where Nature's graceful carvings along the Monterey solely by the booming of the mottled grouse, while in the crags the eagle finds his home, in a freedom as perfect as that of the land whose symbol he has become. Here is every joy that can be expressed by Nature, traced in fern-liaunted hollows, fields that are carpets of wild-tiowers. vistas that invite excursions and jioiiit the way to fairy- land. Leaving the Coast Range and returning to the Sierras, a slightly more extended consid- eration is deserving Mount Shasta — always beautiful, always a glorious picture by day or by night, in any weather from any point of view. Alone, dominant, masterful — a solitary monarch brooding over an incomparable em- pire, head encrowned in ermine, appareled in Lincoln green, at its base gardens where sum- mer roses blow and azaleas mingle with lilies and all is a riot of color and perfume — such is Shasta. Taking the back trail, Mount Lassen is encountered, a living volcano, scarcely a de- sirable playmate, but. like an ill-tempered child, venting its fury and harming no one so much as itself. A sportsman's paradise The huntsman and the disciple of old Izaak Walton are the greatest children of all. The pursuit of edible game or of that which is dangerous or destructive, is apparently in- nate with man— sometimes he carries it to extremes and allows his love of sport to take the place of better judgment. But in the Feather River country, of which Oroville marks the portal, there is game and to spare, fishing to make the angler's blood leap ; shooting involving all the excitement essential to the sport, unless one's ambitions turn to the African big game trails. What is termed the Feather River country inckides half a dozen counties, but perhaps the most prolific game sections are to be found in Plumas and Butte counties. This wonder- ful expanse of primitive California has been opened up to the ])ublic but recently by the Western Pacific, which runs through the (^irand Canyon of the Feather River from Oroville to Mabie. a distance of 113 miles. ilhlcd by the hand of man — Serpentine 17 mile Drive Matchless in color, walled by mountains, a mile and more above the sea, lies Tahoe, an enchanted lake whose hues rival the boasted Bav of Naples or the waters of Como, and environed as some fabled inland sea in the Arabian tales of Scheherezade. Here there are boating and fishing and opportunities for camping amid scenery that is excjuisitely beau- tiful. It is a region of lakes about which in- numerable resorts have sprung up, all accessi- ble by railroad and stage routes ; there is tennis and dancing for those who prefer less rugged amusement ; for the more adventur- ous, riding and mountain climbing. Among the numerous pools of varying sizes and char- acter, is Donner Lake, three miles from Truckee, famous because it was the scene of the Donner tragedy in 1846. Standing senti- nel over this land of lakes is Mount Tallac, with lesser peaks all about, girding this scene of Sierran sorcery. NATIOXAI. PARKS Elsewhere in this volume I believe the national parks of California have been de- scribed in detail, and therefore I need refer but briefly to these natural playgrounds for the people, now cared for by the national gov- ernment. Yosemite has already been touched upon, and were a dozen pages to be devoted to it. justice could not be done to what is unquestionablv one of the most sublimely beautiful spots in all the world. Here the woes of a world may be forgotten in silent and awed contemplation of Nature's handiwork. Here there are lakes so still that a reflection perfect as in a mirror is found ; cascades that tumble down precipitous cliffs from inspiring elevations, churned into foam- ing fury upon the rocks below ; waterfalls that pour smoothly over glassy rock faces, or fall filmily, like the veil of a bride. Here the waters sing a song that after a time becomes a part of one's very life, a soothing murmur, plaintive at a distance, like a mother's lul- laby. Here is everything that Nature can give of beautv and wonder and enchanted loveliness. By dav. especiallv at dawn, when rose-hues vie with gold as the sun appears, the Yo- semite Yalley is unspeakably beautiful ; but 90 CATJFORNIA PLAYGROUNDS Over satin faci'ii rock harriers pour the waters in feathery foam it is perhaps at night, when "her lofty cliffs and i)innacles are stilled and silvered by the moon" that one gains the most inspiring pic- ture. At sunset, a iire kindles in the hollows and clefts, and turns the tree tops into living flame, while all the vast Hoor of the valley is a sheet of gold. If ever the great god Pan lived and ruled, tliis had been his kingdom. Everv tree might mask a hamadryad, every bush a satyr, and in the falling waters one need not stretch the imagination greatly to beliold nymphs playing and leaping in the rainbow spume, mingling their laughter with the ceaseless song of the cascades. In the General Grant and Sequoia National parks are great groves of sequoias, sheltered bv the law, protected from destruction, to re- main as they have for countless ages, com- pelling in their magnitude, gigantic. Gargan- tuan toys for the children of men in the kindergarten of God. In these places are fishing of the finest. automobile roads, and ideal camping provis- ions, but it is the great sequoias that will ever prove the prime attraction to sightseers in these protected parks. THE HK; IREES There are, properly speaking, two varieties of the sequoia — the Sequoia sernperviretis and Sequoia gigaiitca. The former is the redwood, composing the immense Coast Range groves ; the latter is the real big tree of the Sierras. The redwood attains a height of 275 feet, wliile tile big tree soars at times 40() feet toward the sky. In girth, the big trees some- times measure ninety feet around. As to age, there is scarcely a possibilitv of actual esti- mate, but thev are certaiiilv the oldest living things in all the world. Aside from the trees fountl in the national parks, may be noted those in Big Basin, or California State Redwood Park, sixteen miles from Santa Cruz ; Santa Cruz grove, six miles from Santa Cruz ; Muir ^^'oods, the nearest CALIFORNIA PLAYGROUNDS 91 to San Francisco ; Giant forest ; California grove; a grove in Calaveras County; Mari- posa grove, near Yosemite Park, etc. Seated some night in midsummer by the wonderful stretch of white sand and the broad expanse of sea and sky, at one of the Los Angeles beaches, watch the phosphorescent glow that tints the crests of the high breakers, until they seem the home of moonbeams ; hear the boom of the surf, as the walls of water break and tumble shoreward — and no matter how unromantic you may think yourself, you will be moved. See these same breakers in the light of noonday and they lose some of their awesomeness but none of their charm, a charm that is as potent as that supposed to have been exerted by the sirens to lure sailors upon the jagged rocks of the coast of Sicily. There through the long summer days children, old and young, disport in the surf, like dolphins, laughing, sun-browned, glowing with health : resting betimes in tlie silver sand. breathing in the good salt air, absorbing the health-giving sunlight. Such are the southern beaches, such, indeed the beaches of Monterey Bay, Santa Cruz, Pizmo, Santa Barbara. The beach at the Cliff House, San Francisco, while not always warm enough to make swimming enjoyable, is much of the time a delightful resort, with picturesque attributes, such as the Cliff House, Sutro Park, etc. Pebble beaches like that at Catalina Island oft'er a variation ; while for those who prefer fresh water swimming, the beautiful country along the Russian River affords many oppor- tunities for delightful vacations. At nearly every beach there are added at- tractions, such as concerts, golf, dancing, and so on, so that the "children" mav not find time hanging heavily upon their hands when the call of the waters sounds but faintly in their ears. There are springs without number sprinkled Giant tree in W'awoiia Grove. Yosemite a patriareli ol' (iari;aiitiian proporti size of tlie man witli that ot tlie tree ins —compare the 92 CALIFORNIA PLAYGROUNDS throughout many parts of the State. Along the line of the Northwestern Pacific are in- numerable resorts adjacent to all sorts of medicinal springs, wliilc this same line taps some of the most picturcsciue scenic country in the State. Hut a few of thf attractions of California for those who are on ])leasure bent have been noted in this necessarily sketchv jiaper. Per- haps some of the most charming and idyllic spots are to be fountl unexpectedly bv the va- cationist with an eye for beauty. At the end of every by-path new wonders await those who go straying away from tlie haunts of men. Arcady lies just over yonder antl by that Cas- talian font Pan pipes as of old. calling his subjects to play. Care can not follow into those wildwoods ; once buried in the im- mensity of Nature's breast, men and women, cliihlrL-n all. fnul surcease from every sorrow, ■'the world forgetting and bv the world forcot." THE joys of motoring- and other metliods of travel are enhanced a thousandfold by fine roads, and these are a feature of Cali- fornia. The road builders of this State have also learned the value of retaining- natural scenic attractions, as the above photograph evi- dences. Incidentally, if you are living in some other State and wish to know about the touring possibilities of California, send a query to the Service Department of this publication and information will be stipi^lied cheerfully. California's Financial Resources By Hon. Alden Anderson Fonncrlx Lieutenant Governor of Califoruia. Bank CovDnissioner, Etc. Editor s Xotc: Honorable Alden Anderson is a man whom Cali- fornians have delighted to honor and he has always returned public service commensurate therewith. He has been connected from his youth with our great fruit producing and shipping industry and by his mastery of large undertakings in that line was drawn into leader- ship in financial afifairs and to special interest in banking and its rela- tion to California industries and development. As the future of our State must rest fundamentally upon fair and righteous banking, Mr. Anderson's experience, insight, and knowledge of the relation of important things eminently qualify him to set forth our California financial resources, which he does in a popular way for general edi- fication. ' I ''HE banks of a community bear the -*■ same relation to its commercial life as the heart does to the human system. Money is the industrial life blood, and going- through the arteries of trade is essential, in this day of intricate and ex- tensive exchange of commodities, to the continued existence oi our present-day standard of living. As banks are the financial warehouses, I will, for the purpose of this article, con- sider the assets of the banks as the finan- cial barometer. It is not my intention to relate past history of banking in Califor- nia, but rather to give an idea of financial conditions of San Francisco and the State of California at the present time and re- late in as few words as possible the reason or causes of the strength of that position. There is. quite generally, much confu- sion in the minds of those who do not cfive the matter deep thought or study, as to the function of banks and the source from whence the bidk of the assets of the banks come. Banks do not com money or create wealth. Rather do they reflect the status, the condition and the resources of the place or district wherein they are located. They are the conservators or concentra- tors of the values made by others, and if a community had no value there would l)e no banks, or need of them, to handle its finances. The total assets of the State banks of California, according to the report of the Superintendent of Banks of the State, under the call of September 24th, 1914, was $742,182,780.4". and the total assets of the national l^anks, under the call of the Comptroller of Currency (or the aver- age of calls of 1914) was S512.252.197.35, or a total of .$1,254,434,977.82. Of these 94 FIXAXCIAL RESOURCES total assets. San I'Vancisco banks hold ( )ur distance fi'dni other financial $538,711,177.70. centers, in a way. lias developed inde- Ki\.\i, \ \LLKv OF rHE NILE pcndcncc and self-reliance and it is satis- W'ith the aliove as a criterion, it needs ta^'tory and pleasant to those interested no arijunient to prove our importance as a i" ^'i^' hanking business to have the scene financial center. I'.road valleys, with soil "f their endeavors far removed from the as i)rolific as the famed Valley of the a-itated centers, and to feel that no mat- Xile. but with a far j^Teater variety of ter what the stress and strife and con- l)ro(luction: the hills beyond, with their tention brings forth in the w^ay of new- thousands of acres of pasture, and the necessities, of new alic^nments and ad- mountains with their forests of timber justments, that they will i)robably be and deposits of mineral wealth; with less aft'ected than those engaged in the water transportation to the ends of the -^anie business in any other part of the earth, and the main lines of railroads lead- country. ing north and s..uth. east and west— there ^ <1<' "'^t mean to infer that a general is no single necessarv element lacking to industrial and commercial depression ])revent a continual' increase of wealth, ^^'O"'^! ""t atfect us, for it would, but I of development and social and material ^o mean that we are probably as little ' afifected, one way or the other, as any The development of this rich country ^^her section in the United States, has not much more than obtained a good ^'^"^§' "^ ^'^^ "^'^^'^^ of a great produc- headway as yet, but the signs of the times '"- ^^^t^°"- ^^ ^^'^ ''^'''''^ ^^^''^^ ^^^"Ote, indicate a rapid increase and every step ^^'^ere the variety and extent of produc- r 1 -11 ij 4- ^. 1 tion are approached nowhere else in the torward will add to potency and power ' ' r -1 . world, a regular income is sure and in as a nnancial center. '^ ^r ^\ ^ ^\ r- ■ wet or dry years, high tarifif or low tariff, Jo prove that the figures given are •' -^ '^ , ' , • , ,■ ] 4.1 .. ..1 4. i- 1 we finish our twelve months' work in a not misleading, and that the totals are 1 , ' 1 4 4- 1 .L i-^- -.. • stronger position than we commenced it. based upon sul)stantial actualities, it is ^ i but necessary to enumerate the value in ^''^^ francisco i-axored dollars and cents of various productions ^'''' Francisco is recognized as the most of the State for last season. Some of the i'^portant financial center of the Pacific figures are for the actual results and the ^'''''^^- ^^ ^'^'' ^he selection of cities for others estimated by competent authori- ^'^^ ^^^^^''^^lon of the twelve Regional Banks ties engaged in the different industries: ^^'^^ ""^^'' ''''y ^^'^'^ '''^'^ "^''^"^ "^- Orchard products $112,150,000.00 '^''^''' ^°' preferment, but when it was Live stock and dairy and poultry found that there would be but one of such products /H'^!^-^o2!^ l^anks on the coast, by general consent Field and garden products 133,000,000.00 , , . , i o t- Vineyard products 32,000.000.00 the location was awarded to San hran- Mineral products 130,000,000.00 cisco. $494,650,000.00 'lie Federal Reserve Bank of San Fran- Four hundred and ninety-four million cisco ranks sixth in total assets of mem- six hundred and fifty thousand dollars her banks and the district, Number 12, for our year's crop and output. is comprised of Idaho, Washington, There is the story. With that prodi- Oregon, Nevada, Utah. California and gious production and many of the activi- practically all of Arizona, a territory ties only in their infancy, the strength larger in extent than Creat Britain, Ger- of our position and continued growth and many, France and Italy combined (ex- development is not problematical. elusive of colonies). With reference to FINANCIAL RESOURCES 95 deposits, the member banks of California have 53 per cent of the total deposits of the member banks in the territory com- prising- the district, and as above indi- cated, the State banks are in the same relative strong position. To be a successful banker in California requires a vast amount of general knowl- edge and information and makes the study of human nature constant and imperative. The bankers here deal directly with as cosmopolitan an aggregation of patrons, or would-be patrons, as could be gathered together at any place, were a universal call heeded for a congress of the nations and the peoples of the earth. A list of the daily callers and their business with the officers of any com- mercial bank in any of our large cities would make very interesting reading and would at the same time give a good idea of the variety of things a good bank official must be more or less conversant with. SOME BANK CALLERS Here comes a native of Sweden, who desires to talk about the raising of sugar beets ; next a native of Switzerland, barely able to make himself understood in English, wishes to add a few cows to his string. The following visitor, a genuine Yankee, who has become a hop grower, and wants more land and a new kiln ; now a fisherman must have a new boat and new nets, and then a trio of Japanese, to report the operation of their rice mill already erected and to negotiate an additional loan on warehouse receipts for rice stored. Here appears a soft- spoken Chinese who has in prospect the leasing of a large cherry, pear, peach or plum orchard, and must first arrange for additional finances. Next a retired mer- chant from a large middle west city, who has followed the setting sun and intends to spend his remaining days in California, has purchased an orange and olive grove and wants information as to whom he can best employ to do his orchard work for him. Next comes an enthusiastic Italian to report on his sales of shipping grapes and maybe to negotiate a loan on wine stored. Here a Canadian who is going to plant an orchard of walnuts (a large growing tree) and alternate with almonds (a small growing tree), and what does the cashier think of it, and will his bank assist him in his enterprise. One day I heard a babel of strange voices and considerable confusion in the lobby of our bank. Upon investigating I found about fifteen Hindoos assembled there and evidently holding an animated meet- ing. It seems one of their race had been arrested and they were considering ways and means of bailing him out. So it goes ; here a Syrian buys exchange to send to his beloved and far away Jafifa ; a Portu- guese tells of his success as a cheese maker and of cutting six crops of alfalfa this year. He adds to his growing sav- ings account against a day when he can send for his brother Manuel, or buy more land. A chicken raiser pays off an old loan and wants to know what the pros- pects of a new loan are if he decides to plant twenty acres of broom-corn so that he may have the seed for his chickens and the stalks for the broom factory. Nationality follows nationality ; merchant follows farmer and farmer follows mer- chant, so that we bankers are receiving constantly mental photographs of the ac- tivities and marvelous diversity of. as I said before, the most wonderful product- ive and cosmopolitan section in the world. califorxha's excellext baxkixg laws In conclusion I might say that we have in California as strict, complete, far-reach- ing and altogether good bank laws as any state in the Union, and that the State banks generally strive to uphold the s])irit and the letter of tlienL If banks here follow the law there is no danger of them getting into financial difficulties. The national banks of the section stand 96 FIXAXCIAL RESOURCES now as they always have. \cr\ hij^h. and ]\n<^ the business of their patrons, inas- those interested in them feel (|uite well niueh as California is sueh a large ship- satisfied with the new Currency Act, just ping- and exporting state and the provis- passed by Cong;ress, and believe that it ions of the new act are particularly ad- will assist them very materially in hand- vantag;eous to such activities. The Heart of Commercial Life T>AXT\S arc the heart of the coiiiniercial life of any community. \\ here there are banks there must be money, or there would l)e no need for them. There is an old saying, *Tf you would make money, go where monev is made" ; in other words, seek those localities where the financial conditions are evidenced by the provision for their devel- opment. There is scarcely a country tow'u of any importance whatever in California that has not its banking institution, and the man at the head of that institution is generally respected and looked up to as a fount of wisdom. This is as it should be: A bank should not be merely a place where money is kept and dispensed ; it should be ( in the smaller community ) a headquarters of financial information ; a bureau of advice to farmer or stockman, fruit grower, or vineyardist, or manufacturer. Hard and fast rules are said to be necessary in business, but the biggest btisiness men will tell you that there are no hard and fast rules in business. And the bank with men at its head who mix a little humanity with their business methods will lose noth- ing and gain much. But, bv the same token, bankers must be readers of character. California bankers know the conditions of the locali- ties in which they are situated. They know the people and many the overdue note that is held up a few days longer to help some fellow out of a hole; the mortgage on the farm is pretty much of a joke nowadays, especially in the West, but the foreclosure is relegated to the limbo of things forgotten. The banker must be the friend of his patrons, and tliev must know it so that all ])arties concerned may carry on a profitable business relationshi]). "The development of this rich country has not much more than obtained a good headway as yet, but the signs of the times indicate a rapid increase. . . ." —Hon. Alden Anderson, formerly Lieutenant-Governor of California. A ND SO, you see, opportunities for success in California ■^ ^ are abundant. This must be so in a country whose devel- opment has scarcely begun. Mr. Anderson (in the preced- ing article) continues by quoting figures on production, and adds: "With that prodigious production and many of the activities only in their infancy, the strength of our position and continued growth and development is not problematical." TS NOT that convincing evidence that California is the place for you, no matter what your present prospects? Doesn't it prove to your satisfaction that the man who can do so and does not come to California now is missing a golden opportunitv to lay the foundation of his fortunes — ■ more, to establish in himself and in the hearts of those depen- dent upon him a true sense of the joy of living? T ET US tell you, through our READERS' SERVICE, more of -*-^ this wonderful State. You have an example of what we can supply in this respect in this number of CALIFORNIA'S Magazine. But we have resources of information far be- yond what are manifested in this volume. Ours is the most far-reaching co-operative organization for the development of California that has ever been formed. We know what California can do for the world and we mean that the world shall know it, too. We can bring overwhelming proof to support every assertion we make and to convince even the most skeptical of the true greatness of CALIFORNIA. Write us today. READERS' SERVICE CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE NEW CALL BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. Courtesy Santa Fc Railzcay Co. Vernal Fall, Voseiiiite Valley. I-oeated si< the lieiid of tlie A alley, this -ivoinlerfiil easeade is one of the largest ol' all the Vo.seiiilte fir«>iii». "Vernal meets all the re«iiilreiiieiit.s of an ideal esitaraet. — a solid sheet ol' elear ^vater hendinur easily from the hrink of a broad, level iilatforni, and ott'eriug' all the colors o£ its o«n delightful rainhows." -^ .John H. AVillianis. Kearsarge Pinnacles and chain of lakes near Kings River Canyon The National Parks of California By Mark Daniels General Superintendent and Landscape Engineer of Xational Parks under the United States Department of the Interior Editor's Xofc: Mr. Daniels was appointed superintendent of na- tional parks because of his established reputation as a landscape architect. He has designed some of the most satisfactory work in that line ever achieved in this State. His command of the resources of his profession and his thorough understanding of the artistic and humanistic elements involved in the management of great natural endowments for the greatest public good are demonstrated by his discussion of the principles underlying the proper management of the national parks of this State. Californians have a profound interest in the subject, and Mr. Daniels ministers to the promotion and satis- faction of it. CALIFORNIA enjoys the- unique distinc- tion of having within her borders three national parks and six national monuments. Of these the three parks are : Vosemite Na- tional Park, Sequoia National Park, and Gen- eral Grant National Park. The six monu- ments are : Muir Woods, the Pinnacles, Cinder Cone, Lassen Peak, Devil Postpile and Cabrillo. The three national parks and the first two named monuments are admin- istered by the Interior Department, the next three named national monuments are admin- 0,9 C.\LI1-(^RXTA'S MAGAZINE istered by the Department of Agriculture, and the last is administc'red by the War Depart- ment. Ihere are two general classifications of the land set aside for the preservation of scenic wonders, liistoric landmarks and cibjects of historic and scientific interest, the national parks and tlie national monuments. The prin- ci{)al difi'erence between the two withdrawals is that the national parks are created by act of Congress and generally carry an appro- priation more or less adequate for their pro- tection and administration, while the national monuments are as a rule set aside by presi- dential proclamation, with no funds appro- priated for their maintenance. Some considerable objection has been made to California possessing so many parks and monuments, but if one is conversant with the topographical and geographical conditions of the State of California the objection quickly changes to a feeling that the number and areas of these parks and monuments within the State is very inadec]uate. EXQUISITE MOUNTAIN SCENERY The Sierra Nevada Range of mountains from Mount Whitney to Mount Shasta is re- I)lete with scenery such as people of all coun- tries travel thousands of miles to visit. There are in this range of mountains the deepest canyons in the world, the largest trees in the world, the oldest living thing in the w'orld, the highest waterfalls in the world, and the highest point of land in the I'nited States, and in addition to all of these marvels and won- ders the entire range is a riot of exquisite landscape beauty, wild fiowers, forest glades and alpine lakes. To one who has traveled these mountains tlie fact that so many people from this coun- trv travel annually to Europe is a never-endirig source of wonder. Men who have made moun- tain climbing their pastime and occupation for years have said that undoubtedly the fine.st range of mountains in the world for tourists and mountain scenery lovers is the Sierra Ne- vada, and it is particularly surprising to hear such men as Professor J. N. Le Conte of the Universitv of California state that in Switzer- liridal Veil I":ills in Yoscmitc Valley — one of the most renowned of all waterfalls in this National Park NATIONAL PARKS 99 land there is no glacier system which excels in beauty and grandeur the system which crowns Mount Rainier in the Mount Rainier National Park. Unfortunately, the reason for the small amount of travel to the high moun- tains of California is the fact that so little information has been disseminated to the gen- eral traveling public, but it is hoped that the federal government will within the near future establish a bureau of information regarding the merits of the national parks which will adequately fill this long felt want. SEQUOIA AND GENERAL GRANT NATIONAL PARKS The three national parks of the State are in the Sierra Nevada. Sequoia, the most south- erly, was originally set aside for the purpose of preserving to posterity a magnificent grove of Sequoia gigantca. Little or no attention was paid to the scenic values of the area set aside other than the merits of the Sequoia groves. There are, however, within the boundaries of the park many features of in- terest in addition to the giant forests. There is, for instance, running through the center of the park in an easterly and westerly direc- tion, the great Kaweah Canyon, which at one point is over one mile in depth, and there are within the area of the park over one and one-quarter million Sequoia gigantea trees. This park was set aside on September 25, 1890, and contains 161,597 acres. The record of tourist travel shows that people from practically every civilized nation in the world are annual visitors to this national park. It is difficult to conceive of anything more magnificent or more awe inspiring than the view of these giant forests. This is the only area in which the Sequoia gigantea is found in all ages from 20 years to 8000 years, and there is a contrast ever evident of great age and virile youth. It is difficult to appre- ciate as one stands contemplating a tree 250 feet in height and thirty feet in diameter, containing as many board feet of lumber as may be estimated in a cruise of sixty acres of good timber land, that its great towering shafts were 6000 years old when Christ was born. ,\ visit to the groves of these trees. A typical ('al ilOriiia Hcdwood Cathedral Spires, Yoseniite — one of those numerous phices in the great valley \\hich awe the visitor to silence and carry his thoughts to almost divine heights Deer Horn Mountains I'roni liryantluis Lake, near Kines River Canyon I El Capital] stands sentinel eternally over the Valley of ICneliantnieiit 102 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE from between whose towering shafts one may at noontime clearly see the stars, lias the most salutary effect. People frciiuentlv arrive in noisy parties and depart speaking in whispers. Truly if there is any place where it may be said thai men "came to scoff and remained to pray." Sequoia National Park is that place. (Seneral (}rant National Park is a small area just north of Sequoia, containing 2536 acres which was set aside (October 1. 1890, Fishing is excellent in both parks and the roads are open to automobiles. The Se(iui)ia and ( leneral (irant national parks are situated in i'ulare and Fresno coun- ties. The former may be reached from Visalia on the Southern Pacific and tlie Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads, and Exeter on the Southern Pacific, thence by way of the Visalia l^lectric Railway to Lemon Cove, thence fort\' miles bv stage or ])rivate convey- Middle I'ork of Kings River Canyon Ironi Inspiration I'oint for the purpose of preserving an isolated grove of Sequoia gigantea, and was named after the greatest tree in the grove, the General Grant. Nestling on its western border is a small moun- tain lake, and in its confines are numerous exquisite bits of scenery. There are accommodations in both Sequoia and General Grant national parks for tour- ists, consisting of tent cottages and a general dining room. In each of the parks are com- plete equipments of saddle horses and pack animals for trips through the mountains. ance to Camp Sierra in the park. This road is through a panorama of scenic wonders. wStages leave Lemon Cove for Camp Sierra three times a week during June, and daily ex- cept Sunday for the remainder of the season. Similar service is provided from the camp. 'Idle fare is not excessive. General (irant Park can best be reached from Sanger on the Southern Pacific Railroad, thence by auto stage or private conveyance a distance of forty-six miles to the park. Stages leaver Sanger daily for Hume, via the NATIONAL PARKS 103 park. General Grant Park can also be reached from Guttler Station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, thence by stage or private conveyance by way of Orosi and Badger to the park, a distance of thirty- nine miles. This park may be reached from Dinuba and Reedley on both railroads. Between June 15 and October 1 is consid- ered the ideal period for visiting either of these two parks, the weather during that time usually being pleasant. Ideal for trout fishing, boating and bathing are the streams and lakes in these parks. The waters are all pure and good for drinking purposes. In the forests are the oldest and largest trees in the world. Not only the giant Sequoia, but pines, fir, cedar and decid- uous trees abound, while the wild flowers, ferns, mosses and shrubbery, together with the myriad of smaller wild animals and song birds, make the country a never-ending source of delight to the lover of nature. The Yosemite National Park has been justly called the incomparable. It was set aside October 1, 1890, and contains 719,622 acres. There is no equal area in the world which contains so many wonders of nature, magnifi- cent scenes, glorious growths of flowers and forest trees. It is most unfortunate that the average tourist who goes to the Yosemite National Park visits little more than the Yosemite Valley and its immediate vicinity. This valley is a great chasm approximately one-half mile deep with vertical side walls hewn out of living granite by glacial action over which pour a series of rivers and small streams. The floor of the valley is at an elevation of approximately 4000 feet above sea level and the tops of its wall vary in elevation from 6000 to 8000 feet. The description of its scenic wonders is a monumental task which defies the art of any writer. All that can be said is that any de- scription which mav be written about this park must fall short of the glories of an actual visit. The Yosemite Village is on the floor of the valley and there are in this village accommo- dations of varying character for tourists, to- gether with every form of transportation neces- sary for visiting the high mountains in the North Dome and a section of the Merced River 104 NATIONAL TARKS park, and there arc sufficient wonders and views of magnificent scenery within a day's horse-back, ride from the vaHev to justify several seasons" visits to thi' park. In the early summer the river banks and forest gUules are massed with azaleas, and there is throu,L,dn)Ut the vallev the gentle hum of watt'rfalls. A few hours' ride on horse- back brings one to the top of the canyon walls, from whence can be seen one-lialf mile below the (juaint mountain \-ilIage nestling at the base of a half-mile high cliff over wdiich pours a roaring, snow-white river. Looking to the east, miles upon miles of ragged, saw- lootli crest of tlie Sierra Nevada is clearly visible with the great snow banks and glaciers. In the higher areas of the park are numer- ous lakes which are fully stocked with game fish which make the back mountain country the fisherman's paradise. Fortunatelv these lakes are sufficiently numerous to make it not more than a few hours' journey from one to another, so that camping may be conveniently practiced in traveling from lake to lake. There are trips from headquarters in the valley to fit the convenience of any tourist : One-day trips, two, four, six, eight and up to twenty- day trips, traversing practically every variety of mountain scenery that can be found any- where in the world. There are in the park three groves of Sequoia gigaiitea; on the east- ern border is Mount Lyell, with its glaciers and vast snowfields ; traversing the park north of the valley the Tuolumne and its canyons and waterfalls ; while along the eastern border of the park runs the broken crest of the Sierra Nevada. The Department of the Interior is now- taking steps to develop these parks in Cali- fornia and to make them open to tourists in a manner closely resembling the system of ac- commodating mountain climbers that is so popular in Switzerland. It is devoutly to be hoped that the traveling public will respond with the attention that these mountains so thoroughly warrant and justify. The park is open to automobiles and may be reached by three different roads of entry — the Coulterville, the Big Oak Flat and the Wa- Loiic Juniper tree in the Sierras NATIONAL PARKS 105 wona roads. The Coulterville road enters the park via Coulter\dlle and Hazel Green and passes through the Merced Grove of Big Trees ; the Big Oak Flat road enters via Stockton, Chinese Camp and Crockers and passes through the Tuolumne Grove of Big Trees, while the Wawona road enters from the south via Raymond and Wawona. The rail transportation to the valley is via Santa Fe or Southern Pacific to Merced ; thence via the Yosemite Valley Railroad to El Portal ; thence by auto bus up the canyon of the Mer- ced practically along the entire length of its wonderful cascades to the floor of the valley. While every provision is made for the en- joyment of the park by visitors, strict rules are provided and enforced, to the end that no one may be the sufferer by another's thought- lessness or maliciousness. Likewise extraor- dinary precautions are taken against disastrous fires which might be caused by careless campers or smokers. One rule particularly gives an idea of the extent to which the government has gone to insure the pleasure of those who are its guests temporarily in this wonderland of nature: There is a body of water caller Mirror Lake ; so placid and clear are its limpid depths that the fabled fountain in which Narcissus is reputed to have caught his reflection might well have been a Missouri river by comparison. Rule 5 declares that no one is allowed to throw anything into Mirror Lake, thereby causing ripples and disturbing the reflection, which "all are entitled to behold." Extreme caution is urged in all methods of transportation and particularly with regard to automobiles, which were recently admitted to the park. Motorcycles are not permitted. Pages might be written depicting the won- ders that burst upon the vision of the tourist in Yosemite at every turn, but as has already been indicated, no pen is adequate to describe with justice the actual grandeur, matchless beauty and impressive character of this epic poem of Nature. A visit is essential to a con- ception of what it, as well as California's other national parks, offers those in search of scenic wonders. Overhanging Rock, Yosemite National Park, from which a comprehensive view may be obtained of the entire valley Mirror Lake, Yoseniite. So still that never a ripple disturbs its al)solutely plaeid surface Half Dome, Yoseniite, in mid-winter Lumbering in California By G. X. Wendling President of the Weed Lumber Coiiipait\ of San Francisco Editors Xotc: A Jr. G. X. Wendling- in his hig-hly interesting as well as authoritative paper discusses the great lumbering industry in the State from the viewpoint of the practical business man as well as from that of the student of the tree from twig to bole. He also includes some consideration of the national situation in this direction and his figures and comparisons are valuable and instructive. As president of a large lumbering concern and one of the largest lumber operators in the State, Air. \\ endling has studied the subject from all angles and has, so to speak, made of it his life-work. IN THE early days lumbering was carried on entirely as a local industry, the miners using the timber near at hand necessary to the construction of mining cabins, etc. The mate- rials were in the main split or rived for wall boards, and shakes for roof or covering mate- rials, as sawmills had not made their way into California at that early period, but the forests offered the natural materials for ready con- version, and the hardy pioneers made good use of them in fitting their needs, and this emphasizes the fact that man's real needs are, after all, quite simple until he outgrows his real wants, when artificial culture };uts other and unnatural burdens upon him. But with the growth of population and the improve- ment of transportation facilities, there came into use in various parts of the State, the small saw-milling operators whose output has with time expanded into the larger productions, many concerns now producing up to the 100.- 000.000 feet mark annually. A brief reference to tlie lumbering industry nationally is, I think, in order as an indication of its general scope : IN THE UNITED STATES Statistics in Detail — There are about 40,000 establishments, employing in round figures about 800,000 persons ; about 50.000 are proprietors and firm members; about 20,000 are salaried officers, superintendents, and managers ; about 18,000 are male clerks ; about 8000 are female clerks and stenographers ; the average number of wage earn- ers about 700,000. Value of Production igog Most Recent Statistics Available — Approximate value of production in 1909, $1,156,128,747, plus value added by manu- facture, $648,011,168. reaching in commercial value nearly $2,000,000,000. Standing Timber on tlie Pacific Coast — Standing timber in the following enumerated Pacific West- ern states is as follows : Feet Montana 65,000.000,000 Idaho 129,100.000.000 Washington 391.000.000,000 Oregon 545.800,01X),000 California 381,000.000,000 Total 1.511,900.000,000 California having 381,000.000.000 feet of standing timber, valued at $3 per 1000 feet, reaches the generous dollar value total of $1,H 3, 000,000, a financial resource worthy the profound admiration of the king or em- peror of any nation, and yet we. who are the natural heirs of this vast property, being a part of it, seemingly accept it as a matter of course, and one is reminded of the fact that man\- men and women of California, who were born within twenty miles of one of na- ture's greatest pieces of natural architecture, the Vosemite Valley, have never seen the val- lev and its wondrous attractions. 108 LUMBERING The value of tlie California stumpage is governed by the quality of the timber — quan- tity in anv gix'en area, acressibi]it\- and case of 0})eration. The logging costs vary in dif- ferent localities, running from $4.50 to $7. including the cost of railroad building, which can be roughly estimated at $1 per thousand feet. This holds good generally throughout the Pacific C\)ast states. Ri'dn'ood — In California we encounter a very different forest growth from the timber in ^\'ashington and Oregon. Here we have, in addition to the pine family, that wonderful redwood, lommon onlv to California, botani- callv known as Srqi/oia scmpcrvirciis. This wonder ful member of the cedar family, in fai't the mastodon of the entire cedar grotip. finds its habitat maiidv in the counties of Del Norte, the northeastern countv of the State, extending southward through Humboldt, Mendocino, Sonoma. Marin, and to a limited extent into Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties. Some groves of the redwood family are fotmd in the vSierra Nevada range of moun- tains, though they are viewed mainly in the light of ornamental groves, where sentiment has decreed, as in fact it should, that these vast forest giants, many thirty feet in diame- ter, should continue to stand, as they have stoinl throughout countless ages filling the wandering savages with wonder and civilized man with awe. "The woodman's axe" should spare these trees that were old when Babylon was an empire. The redwood forests range in extent from the southern border of Oregon to Monterey, a distance of some 600 miles, but the main forest from a commercial standpoint is located in Del Norte, Humboldt, and Mendocino counties. The growth is generally very dense, averaging about 50,000 feet per acre ; the trees are large, reaching a diameter of twenty feet, and a height as great as 350 feet. In beauty and majesty these redwood forests stand in a class by themselves, and are easily the lords of the forests. The family aggre- gates about 75.000.000,000 feet. Production — The animal production is about 600,000.000 feet, hence the visible sup- l>ly at this writing is ample for 100 years' cutting. I scs — Redwood has no wood competitor for foundation timbers, being almost imper- vious to decay, for general finishing lumber, window frames, dotjr frames, mouldings, house siding, shingle and other general building pur- poses, it stands in a class by itself, as it re- sists moisture and decay wonderfully, and like- wise resists fire more successfully than any wood fiber on the market. Mode of Harvest — The forests being so vast as to size, call for the largest logging eiiuipment ; many of the logs are blasted in the process of logging, otherwise they would be too large for standard railway equipment. Logging — Logging methods in the redwoods have been undergoing changes in recent years, as indeed is the case in all lumbering, but especially in redwood, where with the expe- rience of years, machinery has practically taken the place of the earlier methods, where the ox team had undisputed sway, and now logging is carried on at perhaps 60 per cent of the cost of the earlier and more primitive methods. Fire Hasord— Fire in the redwoods is like the Dutchman's coon, "a seldom animal," in fact the method of harvesting redwood con- sists of : Falling the trees, cross-cutting the trees to the desired lengths, limbing the trunks, peeling the bark, then setting fire to the debris. No harm results ; on the contrary much effort is expended in keeping the fires sufficiently aflame to clean u\) the rubbish. Redwood possesses the wonderful quality of being the safest shipper green from the saw tlirect to the ship's hold, standing transporta- tion to any part of the world without injury ; in fact, transportation in tliis c-ondition has the etfect of jtartially seasoning the wood. \\'ood stave pipe for water mains, sewer pipe, and other conduits has come into general use in the last twenty-five years ; in this con- struction redwood has j^roven king and in this particular field it has won the title of "The LUMBERING 109 Wood Eternal." on account of its lasting qual- ity when placed in the ground. Si/ga/- Pine {or Piniis laiubcrtiaiia) — This wonderful tree is found on the Pacific Coast only, ranging in territorial extent from Cen- tral Oregon in the Cascade Range southward for a distance of about 1200 miles through Central California in the Sierra Nevada Range. 7'hese sugar and white pine trees grow up to twelve feet in diameter and reach a height of 250 feet. The wood is soft, of a creamy white color, and is generally useful for the same purposes common to the white pines of Michi- gan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and usually growing in a mixed forest carrying about an equal quantity of white pine (or Finns pon- derosa), and other woods, such as white fir (or Abies concolor), and red fir (or Abies inagnifica) . Here it is rather a common re- mark among California lumbermen that our forests run about one-third sugar pine, one- third white pine, and one-third white and red fir and some incense cedar, valuable for the manufacture of lead pencils; in fact, the pencil manufacturers of the world must look to California for their future supply of cedar for pencils. Logging — Logging operations in these for- ests are the most modern methods known to the art, and it is really an art as now con- ducted. Elevation — These forests are found gener- ally in an elevation ranging from 1500 to 7000 feet. The choicest growth is found in elevations ranging from 3000 to 5500 feet above sea level. The fire hazard is regarded nominal, as the operators clean up and burn the slashings, taking care to protect the young growth for future use. Uses of ]]liite and Sugar Pine — Pine is mainly useful for general building lumber. It makes a beautiful house finish and trim, pos- sesses exceptional value for doors, windows, blinds, and as a veneer material has no supe- rior in soft woods, being entirelv free from face checking. As a material for the maiui- facture of box shook pine is king, as the shook when manufactured and ready for use may be shipped to any climate free from checking. In California the fruit products are packed in the main in white and sugar pine boxes and these containers are manufactured from the lower grades. The annual consumption of raw material for this jjurpose reaches the generous total of about 200,000,000 feet annually. Sugar pine as a pattern material and for piano keys outranks all known soft woods, as it is not subject to expansion or contraction after being thoroughly seasoned. The principal uses of the lumber products may be summarized as follows : In the pine members of the general forest found in the main in the higher Sierra Nevada Range, we have practically an inexhaustible supply. These forests supply materials for general construction throughout interior Cali- fornia, but are not shipped to the seaboard cities for construction purposes, as Oregon fir has from the earlier days held the trade in the bay cities of San Francisco, Oakland, Ala- meda, Berkeley, Stockton, Sacramento, San Jose, and smaller towns in the region where these cities are located. This is also true of Southern California south of the Tehachapi Range, or to generalize, all Southern California receives its building lumber from Oregon and Washington, in fir — its redwood (in the main), from the coast counties of Del Norte, Humboldt, and Mendocino. Produetion — The production in California at this writing aggregates about 500,000,000 feet annually ; hence with a standing resource in California of 381,000.000,000 feet we may assume that, at the present rate of cutting. we have a supply for about 800 years. Comparison — In conclusion, a comparison of Pacific Coast sugar and white pine with the wonderful forests of white pine originally standing in Michigan. \\'isconsin, and Minne- sota, may not l)e out of order. l"he forests of those states served a double purpose, in that as they were cut away the lands were cleared for the building of homes for tlie farmers ; the expansion of the lum- no CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE bering camps into the cities of Detroit, Sagi- naw, Grand Rapitls. Madison, St. Paul, Min- neapolis, Duluth, etc.. has made a civilization worth perhaps millions of times more to com- merce and society than if the entire forests were standing there toda\- in their priine\-al naturalness ; and yet a greater purpose was accomplished, in that ;is the forests disap- peared in those states, the lumber thus pro- duced was supplied to build the homes, barns, and fences of another civilization in the prairie regions of Indiana. Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, the Dakotas, and Western Min- nesota, making it possible to quickly develop that country, which has become the nation's granary. May we not hoi)e for similar results as our forests disap|)ear. though with us of the Pa- cific states, our forests are so vast that we will be busy for centuries removing them, though every quarter section, when cleared of its forests, where the lands are fertile, is worth easily double, and more, for agriculture, horti- culture and dairying purposes, than with the timber standing. A word as to how the dollar in lumbering in California is distributed may be interesting to the readers of the "California Almanac" as well as the approximate amount paid in wages annually. The total amount distributed to tile workmen is about .$2.^. 000. 000 vearlv. THE BEST WAY Theodore Roosevelt in ''Tlie Mcfropolitaii' for MarcJi JAPAN is already playing a very great part in the civilized world. ^ She will play a still greater part in the future. It may well he that she will prove the regeneration of all Eastern Asia. She and the United States have great interests on and in the Pacific. These inter- ests in no way conflict. They can be served to best purpose for each nation by the heartiest and most friendly co-operation between them on a footing of absolute equality. There is but one real chance of friction. This should be eliminated, not by pretending to ignore facts, but by facing them with good-natured and courteous wisdom. Each country should receive exactly the rights w^hich it grants. Travelers, scholars, men engaged in international business, all sojourners for health, pleasure, and study, should be heartily welcomed in both coun- tries. From neither country should there be any emigration of work- ers of anv kind to, anv settlement in mass in, the other countrv. California State Forestry Work By G. M. Homans State Forester of Calif oriiia Editor s Xotc: Before the national g-overnment took up forestry work in California the State of Cahfornia provided for the guarding and extension of forests, beginning with a law organizing and provid- ing for a State forestry commission in 1885. Some years later new laws were passed, a new commission organized, and more definite protective and promotive work has been done. For nearly ten years this work has been under direction of Mr. G. M. Homans, who has prepared an article showing what California is doing for forest pro- duction, encouragement of reforestation, and tree planting generally. LONG before the federal government set aside any natural forest reserves in Cali- fornia our State Legislature created a board of forestry which acted largely in the capacity of a commission of inquiry with emphasized educational functions. Police powers were conferred in 1887 ; and the first real achieve- ment of the board was the publication of three valuable reports on the forest conditions and forest trees of the State. Previous to 1905, at which time a new forest law was made and a new board created, the State spent several thousand dollars in co-op- eration with the federal government with the purpose of obtaining a suitable forestry bill. A study was made of the State preparatory to launching such a forest policy. The pur- pose of the law is to protect the great forest resources of the State for the benefit of the greater number of citizens and to stimulate a wholesome activity along forestry lines. VOLUNTARY FIRE WARDENS The state forester is autliorizcd to appoint voluntary fire wardens in and for whatever localities he deems such appointments neces- sary. There are now about 1300 voluntary fire wardens active in the endeavor to prevent and suppress forest and range fires throughout the entire extent of California. These men are vested with police authority and can arrest, without warrant, any violator of the state and federal forest laws. The State is able to effect- ively co-operate with the federal forest service through the conferring of police ])ower, by the state forester, upon all rangers and other forest officers in the employ of the federal government within California. However, such police power is not given to a man unless he is recommended by a superior officer unless, in the discretion of the state forester, the authority may be given without recommen- dation. The first qualifications for a fire warden are courage and fortitude. Often he is required to remain in charge of a fire-fight- ing crew for several days with little or no sleep and as little food. Perhaps we have no IT IS a gratifving thing to know that California's magnificent forests are in good hands — that the government has competent men in charge wdio will see to it that the homes of the trees are not violated ruthlesslv. 112 FCi A niajiiiUicciit redwood forest — one of Ihe wonderful scenes on the new Overt; I better opportunity than here to express our appreciation of the valiant assistance and work of the voluntary fire wardens. They have done much toward decreasing the damage likely to be occasioned by forest fires. ( )ur present state forest laws further provide that it is a misdemeanor to set a fire on any property within the State without first taking every reasonable precaution to prevent the fire getting beyond control. A great many darnag- ing fires in the past have originated because such precautions were not taken. Furthermore, if a fire gets beyond control and burns over land belonging to another, the person damaged thereby can recover damages by civil suit against the responsible person. In this way the State aims to protect its citizens justly against injury due to neglect or carelessness. The forest laws provide for severe punishment for incendiaries. The state forester conducts special field studies and investigations directed toward the public good. The reports of these investiga- tions are published and distributed at no cost to those who wish to receive them. The State has recently passed a law making it possible for any county to organize a county board of forestry for the purpose of conduct- ing local forest activities. Several counties have already taken advantage of this provi- sion and are doing commendable work along the lines of park and highway planting. The state department stands ready, at all times, to assist the counties by giving helpful sugges- tions, and by encouraging forest and highway planting. Although the State is not in a po- sition to distribute trees for planting, the state forester is very frecjuently called upon to study certain localities wath reference to suitable svstems of planting. The correspondence rela- tive to this phase of the work is naturally large since manv inquire as to appropriate J .(•en San Francisco and Eureka.— Cour^esi; of Sorthwestern Pavific Hailroad Species for planting in their respective localities. Throughout the State there is a growing sentiment in favor of community protective associations. These communities receive the hearty support of the state board of forestry and are greatly assisted by the State in organiz- ing and outlining the scope of their work. A few associations, now fully organized, are ac- complishing much in forest protection and improvement. EDUCATION IN FORESTRY One great phase of the State's forestry work is that of education. Publications are issued by the state forester, from time to time, relat- ing to matters of state-wide interest in forestry. A few of the recent publications, now ready for free distribution, are : The Fourth Biennial Report of the State Forester, Pharmacal Plants and Their Cul- ture, Wood-Using Industries of California. Fire Prevention Day — A Lesson. The Forest Protection Problem in California, Annual Fire Report, 1913, Handbook of Forest Protec- tion, Street and Highway Planting, Fifth. Biennial Report of the State Forester. The office collection of descriptive views is constantly being enlarged and illustrated lec- tures are freely given before schools, clubs, and associations upon request. Forestrv is a subject that will ultimately occupy a great deal of attention in California. Our forest resources, third in extent, place us. in a position to look to their perpetuation, protection and proper use. Our purpose is to so endeavor and so organize our efforts as to insure to future generations an enjoyment of the majestic forests, the unex elled scenic won- ders, the inexhaustible industrial activities, and the abundant field for the sportsman, equal to, if not better, than what we of Calif orni;i. have today. The National Forests of California By Coert DuBois District Forester Fifth District U . S. Forest Service, San Francisco Editor's Note: Mr. DuBois in his article estimates the vakie of Uncle Sam's forest resources within the limits of California at $250,- 000,000. He proceeds to describe in most interesting detail what Uncle Sam is doing to preserve and protect his California property and to make it productive in a modern, scientific forestry way. He shows exactly what the relations are between this great national un- dertaking and the general welfare of the State and the industries, recreations, and welfare of individuals. Besides these considerations the details of organizations and the duties of the various officials in the eighteen distinct national forest reservations in California are very interestingly set forth. AL'l'HOUGH they occupy the roughest and most mountamous portions of the State, the national forests in California con- tain resources which may be conservatively valued at $250,000,000. They protect the sources of nearly all the streams that supply the State with water and water power. They contain about one-third the timber of the State. They provide forage for a large pro- portion of the State's live stock industry, and they furnish recreation grounds for tliousands of citizens not only of California but of other states as well. During the fiscal year that ended June 30. 1914. the national forests in Cali- fornia furnished 57,000,000 feet of timber: provided forage for 189,451 head of cattle and horses, and 433,058 head of sheep and goats ; developed 70,221 hydro-electric horse-power ;* and yielded a rental of $16,258 for 3599 spe- *Permits have been issued for ten times this amount, and the works are now under construc- tion. cial uses of various kinds. The total receipts during this period amounted to $260,007.34. Under the law, the State receives 25 per cent of the gross receipts for the benefit of its schools and roads, and an extra 10 per cent is expended by the Secretary of Agriculture within the State for public roads and trails. This amounted to $91,000 during the last fiscal year. The expense of administering tlie national forests is borne entirely by the federal govern- ment. Tlie annual appropriation for this pur- pose for the forests in California amounts to a little over $770,000. Since the net receipts after deducting tlie $91,000 that is expended for tliL' benefit of the State amount to about $179.01)0. the net cost of administering the national forests is, therefore, in tlie neighbor- hood of $600,000 a year. The principal item of expense is for the protection of the forests from fire. The value of tlie improvements built to further the administration of the national 116 FORESTRY Harvesting tlic forage crop on a National I'ol'cst. Heel' Cattle l)eing gatluTed in tlif timbered range in tlie Sierras. — Photo by U. S. Forest Service fall from a forests in California amounts to $814,257. These consist of 258 miles of road, 3886 miles of trail, 3663 miles of telephone lines, 413 miles of fire breaks and fire trails, sixty-eight bridges, and numerous lookout towers, dwell- ings, fences, corrals, etc. NATIONAL FOREST POLICIES AND PURPOSES National forests are set apart to insure a perpetual supply of timber for the use and necessities of the people of the United States, and to i)revent destruction of the forest cover which regulates the flow of streams. They are "open to all persons for all lawful purposes. The timber, water. ])asture, and other re- sources are for the use of the people, and the minerals are open to exploitation just as on the unreserved public land."* The distinction between national forests and national parks should be clearly understood. *The Use Book: A Manual for Users of The National Forests, July 1, 1913. Copies may be obtained free of charge on application to the Dis- trict Forester, 114 Sansomo Street, San Fran- cisco. The purpose of the latter is chiefly esthetic. Whereas the national forests, although they are largely used by the public for purposes of recreation, have a primary purpose that is strictly utilitarian. Originally the itational forests were called forest reserves. The name was changed by Congress in order to bring out more clearlv the point that the resources of the forests are to be used. The national forests are reserved in the sense that certain of the land laws which apply to the public domain are not effective on the forests; but none of the resources are reserved from use except in occasional cases where one use is incompatible with another. The mature timber in national forests is for sale, and is cut as the market demands it. Only stumpage is sold, the title to the land and the immature forest remaining in the ownership of the people. Timber is sold in amounts ranging from a few^ thousand feet up to whatever amount may be necessary to warrant the investment re- (juired for constructing a railroad or other FORESTRY 117 means of transpi)rtation into comparatively in- accessible regions. Forage resources are sold under regulations whose leading objects are the protection and conservative use of all national forest land adapted for grazing, the permanent good of the live stock industry through proper care and improvement of grazing lands, arid the pro- tection of the settler and home builder against unfair competition in the use of the range. Claims may be initiated upon lands within national forests under the mining laws, the coal land laws, and the forest homestead act. Prospecting is not interfered with in any way. Timber may be used free of charge by bona fide miners and prospectors who may not rea- sonably be required to purchase and who have not on their own claims a sufficient or accessi- ble supply. The national forests x:ontain water powers of great value. Permits for the development and use of these water powers are granted under regulations which seek to prevent the appropriation of power sites for speculative purposes, to secure prompt and full develop- ment, to prevent monopoly, and to secure a reasonable compensation to the government for the use of the land occupied and the beneficial protection given to the water shed. Timber, stock range, water power, summer resort sites — these are the natural resources of. the national forests waiting upon individual enterprise for commercial development. But there is still another resource in the forests which is being used every summer by the general public, thousands of them, non- commercially and free of all charge, and that is the opportunity for camping in the mountain forests. The habit of roughing it in the woods in summer is strongly ingrained in the Cali- fornian and is a very real factor in California's public health and happiness. With all of the attractive wild lands outside the national forests passing rapidly into private ownership Where Nature's forces are Harnessed by Man — 45,000 Horse-power put to Ijc-nefieial use at a hydro-electric plant on one of the National Forests of California 118 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAciAZIXI-: Naval stores are now an undeveloped resource of the California National Forests. These tapping experiments conducted by the U. S. Forest Service show that the industry is conimcndably feasible in California. — Photo by U. S. Forest Service and increasing in value as game preserves and commercial resort sites, it is only a matter of time when the forest lands where any man may hsh, hunt and camp at will will be restricted to these national forests. Realizing this, the United States service has gone systematically to work to provide for a vastly increased use of these areas by the public of the future. Through organized co-operation with the Cali- fornia fish and game commission, a feature of whicli is the apjiointment of every forest ranger as a state game warden, a supply of hsh and game is assured for public enjoyment. Strategic areas along pojjular travel routes are set aside as public camping grounds, and no individual is allowed exclusive use of them. The rangers recognize as part of their regular work the duty of courteously aiding mountain travelers in every possible way by giving them directions as to routes, information on fish or game, or maps. The administration of the various resources of the forests and the protection of the forests, especially from fire, constitute the principal work of the forest service of the United States Department of Agriculture. NATIONAL P'ORESrS IN CALIFORNIA There are eighteen national forests in Cali- fornia comprising 20,555,680 acres of govern- ment land. Three are located in the moun- tains of Southern California, one is in the Coast range south of Monterey, and the rest, which contain the heaviest stands of timber, cover the Sierras and northern Coast ranges. Their average size, including the areas within their boundaries not owned by the government, is one and one-half million acres. General supervision over the national forests in California is exercised by the district for- ester, with headquarters at 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco. Each national forest is in charge of a super- visor who plans the work on his forest, under the general direction of the district forester, FORESTRY 119 and supervises its execution. His headquar- ters is located in a town situated conveniently to his forest. Routine work involved in the supervision of timber sales, grazing, free use of timber, spe- cial use and other contracts and permits, the carrying out of the protective and improve- ment plans and other administrative activities is performed by rangers. Each forest is di- vided into ranger districts of such size that under ordinary conditions all the regular work can be handled effectively by one fully equipped ranger with the necessary temporary assistants. The average ranger district has about 60,000 acres, but where there is only a small volume of business or the fire hazard is low, very much larger districts mav be established. The permanent field force on the forests numbers about 220. As the fire season ap- proaches extra men are put on until at the height of the fire season the force amounts to nearly 900. ^\'hen the fire danger decreases with the coming of the fall rains the extra men are laid ofl:. FOREST FIRE PREVENTION The fire risk in California is excessive. The long dry season, the inflammable nature of the cover, and the campers during the summer, tend to produce severe fire conditions. Most fires are of human origin. The seasoned camper is by no means a source of fire danger ; he is. rather, a safety factor since he knows what precautions must be taken and helps to instruct those who are less experienced. But until a camper has had at least a season's experience in the forests he is apt to take unwarranted chances with campfires, matches, burning tobacco, etc. ; and, speaking generally, the more people there are in the forests the greater the risk. The fire organization on the national forests includes measures designed to prevent, detect, and suppress fires. Absolute prevention is, of ]*ig wheel logRiiig in a yellow pine stand on a National Forest in .NortlieiTi (.alilornia. L nder forestry principles between 75 and 80 per cent of this timber is being cut. — Photo by U. S. Forest Service 120 FORESTRY course, impossible — lightning causes a certain percentage of fires each year, and a few fires ■-tart in otlier wavs that may be fairly called unpreventable. Among these are the breaking of transmission lines, the accidental burning •of houses in the forests, etc. There is also a theory very prevalent in California that broken bottles, by focusing the sun's rays upon in- flammable material, are a frequent source of fires, but the theory has never been verified. During se\en \ears in wliich accurate fire records have been kept in California, not a single authentic case of this sort has come to light. Two-thirds of the fires can be prevented by educating the public. This the service attempts to accomplish by various devices, but especially bv giving currency to the following six rules : 1. Matclics — Be sure your match is out. Break it in two before you throw it away. 2. Tobacco — Throw pipe ashes and cigar or cig- arette stumps in the dust of the road and stamp or pinch out the fire before leaving them. Don't throw them into brush, leaves, or needles. 3. Making camp — Build a small campfire. Build it in the open, not against a tree or log or near brush. Scrape away the trasli from ail around it. 4. Leaving camp — Never leave a campfire, even for a short time, without quenching it with water and then covering it with earth. 5. Bonfires — Never build bonfires in windy weather or where there is the slightest dan- ger of their escaping from control. Don't make them larger than you need. 6. Fighting fires — If you find a fire, try to put it out. If you can't — get word of it to the nearest U. S. forest ranger or state fire warden at once. Keep in touch with the rangers. The work of detecting and suppressing forest fires has been greatly systematized in recent years. Nowadays, fires are reported mainly by lookouts whose function is not to fight fires but merely to discover and report them. The lookouts are located on command- ing peaks, and remain on duty continuously. They are equipped with the necessary instru- ments and housed in cabins, from the interior of which the entire area under protection can be kept in view. Each forest has several look- outs. Where the same area is under observa- tion from two or more, the location of a fire can be determined very accurately by triangu- lation even at a distance of many miles from either. The lookout is in communication with the ranger either by telephone or by heliograph. Telephone service is the most certain and sat- isfactory, but heliographs are used in situa- tions wdiere other facilities are lacking or are too costly. ( )n receiving a report from a look- out, the ranger in whose district the fire is located takes immediate steps to put it out. His assistants are stationed at various strategic points, each connected by telephone, and they remain within hearing distance of the bell. In fighting a forest fire it is as necessary to be prompt as it is in saving a burning house. For this reason the forest firemen are kept at their stations in constant readiness. This sys- tem has proved to be very economical. Instead of having large fires to fight, the majority of fires are kept to an area under one-quarter of an acre and are handled by one or two men at the most. When large fires occur, due to exceptional circumstances, large bodies of fire fighters may be required. These are so far as possible or- ganized in advance so that no time may be Lot^i^iiiH (111 a National I im(s| m California; the in- cense cetlar wliicli is tailing will eventually be manufactured into lead pencils. — Photo by U. S. Forest Service FORESTRY 121 lost. They are recruited from nearby ranchers, stockmen, lumbermen, and even from the set- tlements outside. Transportation facilities, both for the men and for their subordinates, are also arranged beforehand, and tools and non-perishable food supplies are cached in places where a demand for them is likely to arise. In the more thickly settled portions of some forests, especially where there are numerous occasional visitors from nearby towns, moving patrolmen are employed. These, by calling the attention of campers to the necessity for taking proper precautions and even by their very pres- ence, keep a great many fires from starting. They also attend to the extinguishing of such fires as occur, and in the case of large fires take charge of the fire fighting until tlieir superiors relieve them. The system thus briefly described handled 1628 fires on the national forests of California during the season of 1913. This was an ex- ceptional year for electric storms, lightning having caused 804 fires, or nearly half the total. Thirteen per cent of the fires were caused by campers. The total area of forest burned was a trifle less than 90,000 acres ; 10,418 acres being timber land and the re- mainder brush or grass land. Only 275 fires attained an area larger than ten acres, and 912 were caught and put out before they had covered a space of 100 feet square. One additional phase of fire protection work should be mentioned, namely, the safeguarding of dangerous areas either by reducing their inflammability or by constructing fire lines around them. Obviously, the simplest way of cleaning up considerable areas that are in dan- gerous condition is by the careful use of fire. The debris resulting from the cutting of tim- ber under the timber sale regulations would form a serious menace to the young growth from which the future forest will be derived, unless it were disposed of somehow. The usual practice is to require that tlie purchaser of government timber pile the brush, tops, limbs, and other debris in piles of suitable size, which are fired at the proper season by the rangers. A few years ago the opinion was very preva- lent in California that the entire forest area should be burned over periodically in order to eft'ect a general cleanup. This theory is now very largely discarded, and properly so. There are certain arguments in favor of it, but it is chiefly based upon conceptions that are funda- mentally wrong. In the first place, although it appears to cost nothing, it is in reality an extremely expensive measure when performed eifectively. Advocates of this theory — the so- called "light burning" theory — assume that it is only necessary to touch oft" a piece of forest at the proper season and that the fire will do its work without further attention. This is by no means the case. It is obvious that there are many areas that fire should be kept out of at all hazards, or. if they are to be burned at all, should be burned with extreme care. This means, then, that the fire must be kept under control — which would entail prohibitive ex- pense as compared with the cost of keeping fires out entirely. One large tract in the Northern Sierras was cleaned up in this fashion at a cost of 50 cents per acre. At the same rate, the expense of light-burning the whole yellow pine belt in California would amount to at least $5,000,000. But besides the prohibitive cost there are two other objections to this practice. One is that the young growth is inevitably destroyed; in fact, since thickets of young growth are especially inflammable, it is one of the objects of light burning to consume them. But the forests of the future can not be created all at once when they are needed. They require a development period of at least one hundred years before they produce material fit to cut into lumber. Any system which protects the mature timber at the expense of the young growth which is to replace it violates the prin- ciples of forestry, and, unless the sacrifice is absolutely unavoidable, of common sense as well. It was formerly argued that this sacri- fice was necessary ; that unless the debris which collected on the floor of the forest year after year was burned, unless the thickets of voung growth were kept down, the final result would be a conflagration that nothing would control. This argument upon examination is 122 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE found not to hold. Tlic record of the forest service in California during the last year proved that verv severe fire conditions could be handled without any considerable loss of timber. But, what is more important, it is found by e.xperiment that burning decreases the amount of litter, not for a period of years, but at most for an iiUerval of a few months. The litter upon the ground at the time of the burning is consumed, but is replaced with more than normal rapidity by the debris shed from the trees scorched by the fire. In short, light burning — in order to make the forest safe against future fires — must not be "light." but must be a fire of exactly the sort that it is the object of the practice to prevent. Fortunately, the light burning method is no longer advocated to any great extent. CALIFORNIA FOREST RESOURCES The national ft)rests in California contain an estimated stand of 100.000,000,000 feet of merchantable government-owned timber, con- sisting of pine, fir, and cedar. About 60,- 000,000 feet a year are being converted into lumber, but a large portion of the stand is W'ell along toward matuTity and several times the present cut could be removed annually with benefit to the stand. The government is, there- fore, anxious to dispose of the mature timber when conditions permit. Thus, w'herever mar- ket conditions warrant the installation of new plants, excellent opportunities are offered by the national forests of California for persons desirinc to enter the sawmill business. 'i'lie best-timbered national forests in Cali- fornia are located in the Coast Range from Lake County north to the Oregon line, and southward along the Sierras from the state line to Kern County. The forests in the Sierras contain the famous sugar and yellow j)ine belt which produces the most valuable lumber on the Pacific Coast. The principal species in this belt are sugar pine, Western vellow (or white) pine, incense cedar, white fir. and toward the north, red fir and Douglas fir. The Coast Range species are the same with the exception that there is a much larger pro- portion of Douglas fir. The following is a list of the forests: A'atiu)ial Forest Headquarters Angeles Los Angeles, Cal. California Willows, Cal. Cleveland San Diego, Cal. l-lklorado Placerville, Cal. Inyo Bishop, Cal. Klamath Yreka, Cal. L-issen Red Bluff, Cal. Modoc Alturas, Cal. Mono Gardnerville, Nev. Monterey. .A.rbolado, Cal. Plumas Quincy, Cal. Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, Cal. Sequoia Hot Springs, Cal. Shasta Sisson, Cal. Sierra Northfork, Cal. Stanislaus Sonora, Cal. Tahoe Nevada City, Cal. Trinity Weaverville, Cal. Detailed information regarding any special features of the national forests may be ob- tained by addressing the forest supervisor at any of the forest headquarters, or by com- municating with the district forester, 114 Sansome Street, San Francisco. '^Vl/'HEX we plant a tree, we are cloii\^- wliat we can to make our ' ^ planet a more \vholesome and a happier dwelling place for those who come after us, if not for ourselves/' — Oliver Wendell Holmes. The Chemical Industries of California By John Maxon Stillman Member of Facultw Ldand Stanford Junior Universitx Editor s Xofc: Doctor Stillman is recognized as one of the most scholarly technologists of California ; also as one of the most direct and concrete in his thought and knowledge of oiu* conditions affecting the development of technological industries. His educational services have been no less distinguished, for he has participated intimately and influentially in the upbuilding of Stanford University from the date of its foundation. Aside from these important general phases of experience Doctor Stillman's long continued participation in tech- nical instruction and research eminently cjualify him to prepare the following sketch, which so well reflects the safely progressive pur- poses of this publication. IN THE development of a new country, min- ing, agriculture, and manufactures most closely related to the necessities of life are naturally the earliest to be developed. This is true of California. The so-called chemical in- dustries are in general a later development. By chemical industries are meant those indus- tries in which products are obtained as the result of chemical ])rocesses from raw mate- rials whether of mineral or of organic origin. These processes may be of comparative sim- plicity and relatively slight cost. sui:h as the refining of petroleum, or thcv may demand much labor and expense so that the value of the finished jjroduct is determined bv the cost of the labor rather than by the cost of raw materials. Such, for example, are the Port- land cement industry, sugar manufacture and especially such processes as the manufacture of organic dyes, or synthetic drugs. The con- ditions necessary for success in developing the chemical industries in any particular locality are availability of raw materials, labor, skilled and unskilled, cheap fuel or power, and ac- cessibility of markets for the product — a con- dition involving costs of transportation. OBSl'ACLES REMOVED In California there are many minerals and raw materials of organic origin which could form the basis of chemical industries. The chief difficulties lying in the way of their de- \-elopment, however, were for a long time the lack of cheap fuel or power. The compara- tively recent development of the immense pe- troleum resources of wdiich the ainuial produc- tion exceeds $35,000,000 in value, together with the invention of practicable methods of aji] living its use to a great variety of furnaces and burners, removed one of the most import- ant obstacles to the development of chemical industries in the State. Tlie construction of great plants by which the power of water falls or torrents from the Sierras can be util- ized to furnish cheap power in the form of electric current removes another important dif- ficulty. The gradual extension of railroad sys- 124 CHEMICALS terns and the improvement of waterways, and doubtless also the opening of the Panama Canal are increasing the facilities for connect- ing localities which may advantageously serve as sources of raw material with. the necessary markets for their products. Labor has also been in general more ex- pensive and still is so, than in competing states or nations. Where the element of expense for labor is small as compared with machinery, fuel, water, and raw materials the difference in cost of hibor may be oi suborcUnate import- ance, but where much skilled and unskilled labor must of necessity enter into the cost of production, this difficulty is still a real one. SUPPLYING LOCAL NECESSITIES Naturally the chemical industries to be earliest developed were those supplying local necessities. As California furnished many ores of precious metals or of many other useful metals, the metallurgical processes were among the first to be introduced, at first gold, silver, and quicksilver, and later the more expensive reductions of lead, copper, and zinc. In the year 1912 the values of the production of these metals in California is given as: Gold, $19,- 713,478; silver. $1,300,136; copper, ^33,- 451,672; lead, $1,144,731 ; zinc, $4,345,591 ; mercury (in 1909), $863,034. The production of illuminating gas, at first from coal, always an expensive source in Cali- fornia, and later more cheaply from crude oil, was an early necessity, and the value of illu- minating and fuel gas produced in California was estimated in 1912 at over $11,000,000. The need of blasting powder in mining and engineering projects gave rise to an early establishment of factories for explosives and these have increased in the volume of their product and the variety of products, so that the manufacture of explosives is an important local industry. The making of clay products — i)rick, tile, and ceramics — is another industry which was of necessity early introduced and has progressed continuously — the products being valued in the last census at over $4,500,000. Fermentation and distilling industries — beer. wine, and distilled liquors — are developed to an annual production of not far from $25,- 000,000 in value. The manufacture of sugar from the beet was encouraged by the costs of transportation of refined sugars from Eastern points, and the consequent relatively high price of refined sugar. At first a struggling industry, it has developed under the influence of increased facilities for transportation and irrigation, as well as under the protective tariff, until the value of its products lies between $15,000,000 and $20,000,000 annually. The sugar refining industry is also an im- portant one, two large refineries on San Fran- cisco Bay operating on Hawaiian raw sugar, as well as on sugar from other sources. The application of crude oil to fuel pur- poses has created an industry of large propor- tion in the manufacture of Portland cement. Twenty years ago California depended mainly upon cement from Germany or the East. At present some twelve or thirteen factories are manufacturing not far from $8,000,000 per annum of Portland cement. The manufacture of sulphuric, nitric, and other acids is estimated at over $1,000,000 in value per annum. Artificial fertilizers are manufactured to the extent of over $2,000,000 a year. The refining of crude petroleum was the natural outgrowth of the oil development and in the last United States census twenty-nine refineries are stated to have produced products to the extent of nearly $18,000,000 for the census year. The production of salt from ocean brines and its refining is carried on on the shores of San Francisco Bay and on the coast of South- ern California, the annual production being in 1910 valued at $750,000. Of especial interest are certain chemical in- dustries which have developed from conditions peculiar to California. Such, for instance, is the refining of borax, ores of which are found in the comparatively rainless districts of Death Valley, the basin of Owens Lake, and some other localities. Owing to difficulties of ac- CHEMICALS 125 cessibility of water, fuel, and transportation to these arid regions, the costs of production were considerable but not great enough to prevent the development of a profitable business in the refining of borax. MAKING THE DESERT PAY These arid regions have long been known to contain enormous deposits of common salt, soda, and borax, and more recent investigations have shown also that they contain in the form of brines very considerable quantities of potash salts. Government experts (1912) estimate the quantity of potash in Searles Lake basin in the form of saturated salt brines at from 4,000,000 to 10,000,000 tons. Owens Lake is estimated to contain almost as much. Estimates of a private source (Mr. C. E. Dolbear), are for the Searles Lake deposit even higher, being for potash as chloride 30,- 000,000 tons, for borax 17.100.000, sodium carbonate 115,130.000, sodium bicarbonate 42,700,000 tons. A serious effort is being made to render available the resources of this region ; a rail- road has been built and a factory is in prog- ress. If the practical difficulties in the way of the profitable working of these brines can be overcome, it will be of great importance to this State and to the nation. The enormous masses of sea weed or kelp in coast waters have lately been the subject of much study and speculation with a view of making them a profitable source of potash salts. It is still an unsettled question as to whether this potash content, somewhat vari- able, can be profitably extracted under com- petitive conditions. The manufactures of paints and varnishes, of glass, soap, matches are also prominent in- dustries already established and of importance in their contributions to the commercial and manufacturing interests of the State. There are many possibilities for the future of chemical industries in California. There are also evidences that a realization of these possibilities is becoming more general. The financial and commercial conditions produced by the European war have naturally operated to postpone expansion of existing industries and to discourage new ventures. At the same time the embarrassments arising from the war have brought home to the American people the dangers of relying too securely upon the resources of foreign countries, and we may look for efforts to make our industrial welfare more independent in character. The rapid extension of irrigation systems, increasing facilities for transportation, by rail and by sea, the develop- ment of cheap electric power, and the utiliza- tion of oil as a cheap fuel are all factors which are making more practicable the main- tenance of industries which thus far have been left to the states east of the Rocky Mountains, but which, with a combination of business en- terprise and chemical and engineering skill, can successfully be established in California. American inventive genius has usually found a way to offset, at least to a considerable ex- tent, the higher cost of labor by labor-saving devices, and we may trust that problem will also be solved. GREATER APPRECIATION ESSENTIAL Two essential conditions are necessary for the upbuilding of chemical industries in Cali- fornia — a greater appreciation by the capi- talist of the value of first-class chemical knowledge and chemical engineering skill, and a sufficient number of well trained chemists and chemical engineers who can take the ini- tiative in pointing the way and in directing the processes toward success in new ventures. It is here that evidences exist which are most encouraging. There is manifestly a growing tendency in many of the larger industries to secure and depend upon trained experts, and there are alreadv many able chemists at work, wliile our universities are contributing in no unimportant way in increasing the number of well trained chemists whose skill and ability will, in time. ])lace the chemical industries of California and the Pacific Coast upon a basis commensurate with its natural resources and commercial capabilities. The American Chem- ical Society, which numbers some 7200 mem- bers, has already over 300 members in Cali- 126 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE fornia, a number exceeded only by New York, ores at Heroult, the electrolytic separation of Pennsylvania. New Jersey. Illinois, Massachu- arid sprays, or cement dust, from flue gases setts, and Obit). by Dr. Cottrell's process, and tbe Thiogen \\'bile, of course, not all of tbese are cai)able process of Professor Young for the recovery of taking the lead in seeing the opjiortunitics of sulphur from smelter fumes. These and for new industries or for adapting obi methods otlier \-entures are symptomatic of a realiza- to changed conditions, yet years and experience tion of the necessity of chemical invention and will ultimately bring leaders to the front. enterprise. When industrial conditions gener- That important initiative already exists is evi- ally are more settled tlian at the jiresent, we denced by such California enterprises and ex- may expect a marked advance in the chemical periments as the electrolytic reduction of iron industries of California. California's Comprehensiveness XTOT alone is California agriculturally among the most fertile of ^^ sections, not only in the United States, but in the world, but also is it markedly comprehensive in its fertility. Where another State or another country may excel in any one product, California excels in a hundred. There is scarcely a land that has not met a competitor in California. Does the Egyptian Delta grow cotton? Do the South- ern States follow suit? Then California must needs have a hand in the game — and lo ! the Imperial Valley looms up as a cotton producer promising to outdo all rivals. Does far-ofif Smyrna grow the finest figs, or the Holy Land the choicest olives? California is there, also, and to be reckoned with. Do China and Japan, Oriental lands, produce rice that excels? Nay, they must look to their laurels, for the Sac- ramento A^alley of California — and other localities as well — are becom- ing factors in the market for this precious cereal. No Klondike, no Australian gold field, can surpass California's store of the glittering metal ; nor can the fabled shores of the Rhine, the valleys of the Moselle, the hills of Castile, nor yet the vineyards of Omar's fairy- land, give fairer draught than the sun-kissed slopes of the rolling foothills of California. So through the whole catalogue of products: Is it any wonder that Californians regard with a pride akin to adora- tion the Golden State, golden not alone because through its terrestrial depths the greatest mother lode in the world twines, but because the shores are sun-kissed to golden wonder and the flowers and fruits, sun-burnished, contribute to the glory of it all. Mineral Development of California By Fletcher McN. Hamilton CaViiorn a State Mineralogist Editor's Xofc: The executive work which CaHfornia undertakes for the better knowledge of her metal and mineral resources and indus- tries is vested in a State mineralogist and an institution known as the State mining bureau in the Ferry Building, which is itself State prop- erty, in San Francisco. The State mineralogist, Mr. Hamilton, pre- pares for our publication a statistical and descriptive review of the resources and industries of which he holds official purview. Mining in its various forms was the foundation of California's greatness and introduced the State to the world's notice. Mr. Hamilton's account shows that mining is still a great industry and minerals a great resource of the State. CIVILIZATION is directly dependent upon mining and the mineral products. California has the greatest store of mineral wealth of any state in the Union. This is shown by the fact that although it is a thinly populated state, having but fifteen people to the square mile, its present annual output of minerals is over $100,000,000. and California is out-ranked by only four other states which have many times the number of people to the square mile that we have. There is ample indication that future developments will dis- close mineral resources that are now scarcely thought of In" the ordinary person. The early history of California is synony- mous with the early history of mining in Cali- fornia. The discovery and development of the marvelous gold deposits and the ease with which this golden wealth was accumulated, accounts for the rapid growth of agricultural and industrial activities. In merely three years after the important discovery of gold at vSut- ter's mill there had been won from the earth over one hundred million dollars. It is wonderful to relate, that, with the ad- vancement and growth of the State of Cali- fornia and with the demands and necessity for the numerous mineral products used in the va- rious arts and industries of a complex civili- zation, the natural resources within the confines- of our State have been discovered and de- veloped to such an extent that we can supply practically all our needs. California today produces on a commercial basis over forty different rocks and minerals. Mineral deposits are known in everv one of our fifty-eight counties, and all but two have a commercial output. CAI.IFORNI.A^'; GRE.\TEST MIXKRAL I'KODLCT Petroleum is the mineral product which looms largest in a summarv of mineral re- sources. During 1914 the recortl production of 105.000.000 barrels was attained, valued at $49,000,000. This industry has been almost 128 FORESTRY *^-:,:t-^..-. '; Pciiiisylvaiiia Mine, at (irass Valley, (Uililonii; entirely developed within the last fifteen years. It is not confined to a monopoly as many sup- pose. There are some three hundred com- panies engaged in the production of oil which is purchased and marketed by four or five large concerns having thousands of miles of pipe lines and many tank steamers touching various Pacific ports. The future supply of oil is so large that even a conservative estimate "vvould appear absurd ; however, it should be borne in mind that when the oil is taken from the ground it is exhausted, and therefore par- ticular consideration must be given to methods for its conservation. Competition among producers has been so keen that more oil is produced every year than is needed and the amount going into storage is constantly increasing until we at present have almost 60,000,000 barrels stored above the ground. Lack of co-operation among pro- ducers has therefore prevented tlicm from obtaining as large a profit as they should. However, the general public has profited to such a great extent that even electric jjower, generated by water falling through pipes down our steep mountain slopes into hydro-electric power stations, in many places, ran not com- pete with power generated from oil fuel. The inferior grade and small number of coal de- posits in California make our abundant sup- ply of fuel oil of even greater importance. With practically no co-operation producers of oil received about $5,000,000 in dividends during 1914. WHAT GOLD CAN STILL DO FOR CALIFORNIA Gold is responsible for the remarkably fast development of California in that the great quantities early discovered in the State quickly drew many hardy pioneers within our borders. During 1914 over $21,000,000 in gold was produced, this bringing the total gold pro- duction of California to well over $1,600,- 000,000. Creditable estimates show that nearly as much more gold remains buried in the ancient gold-bearing gravel channels and hy- draulic mines in our mountains. These gravel channels were profitably worked by the hydraulic method, but as it was claimed that the silt carried down from hydraulic mines was rapidly damaging our navigable streams and agricultural lands, legislation was enacted whereby the hydraulic mining industry was regulated to the point of strangulation. This branch of the mineral industry deserves par- ticular attention and investigation in order that due consideration be given. Facts and plans will be presented showing that this enor- mous amount of metal wealth can be devoted to the use of mankind, not only without undue injury to other industries and pursuits, but can be directed to be of particular benefit to them. The deposits of gold ore have been bounti- I A CAL,IFORMA OIL GUSHKK. Tlie petroleum iuilustry iu Cnliforuisi lias been developed aliuost entirely within the last fifteen years and at the present time tlie total annual production is over 100,000,000 harrels. This Map Shows Where the Mineral Wealth of California is Located "^, MT. SMAStA V- IX/TR. FLETCHER McN. HAMILTON, California State Mineralogist, ''■ ''■declares: "It is wonderful to relate that, with the advancement and growth of the State of California and with the demand and necessity for the numerous mineral products, . . . the natu- ral resources within the confines of our State have been discovered and devel- oped to such an extent that we can not only supply practically all our own needs, but furnish a large surplus for consumption outside of the State as well." Those who are attracted by this phase of California's produc- tiveness may become informed of any detail through our READERS' Service, whose experts are able and ready to answer all queries. There are opportunities today, as in the past, for those who are interested in mining, etc. Eureka© iA-f 4^S.- £ f* L : HAS 7*yr J NO ^J CAS ^>1«^ ICOI"'' "rJ^PtACBd'^ LAKE •^ Oo, V SOUtN^ >/' San Francisco., „ _ > OST0dr(T,0N ,• .1 ^\/ J^^VoSEffiu ^ A MARIPOS^ -■«„ '^nl^ MT.//HITNEY ,! Goto .NATIONAC- ,.,. so ^^i ^;^ / I •PApH \ S/ll.7 OOiO sooA Copfen ,' , quicKiTAtt J. . i..:_^.l — T ■TT-" V Yl OOiO SALT-- 0/i ■ ' iiioulh Mi velopment can be foreseen. A brief review of the subject reveals the fact that in several instances California is the sole source of do- mestic supply, and with but few exceptions this State contains deposits of every mineral produced elsewhere in the United States. Seventy-five per cent of the quicksilver pro- duced in the United States comes from Cali- fornia. One of the important uses of quick- silver is in the manufacture of fulminate for explosive caps. Another important use is in various electrical equipment. The war caused a very rapid rise in the price of this com- modity which stimulated activity during the latter part of 1914, and the total production will be valued at about $750,000. There are over twenty producing mines scattered through eight counties. Innumerable undeveloped prospects are known to exist. Magnesite is a mineral which affords con- siderable opportunity for future development. Reports of actual production have been re- ceived from twenty-four different properties located in four counties. One of the uses which has caused it to be i)articularly noticed recently is in building ojierations. It is used Head-frame, Fremont Mine, Amador County 132 CALH-ORXIA'S MAGAZINE Raymond Orauitc (Company Quarries, Kiiowh's, (California in making plastic material for flooring, tiling, wainscoting, artificial marble, paint, and fire- proofing. Some notable examples of the use of this mineral will be seen at the Panama- Pacific exposition, where some 5000 square feet of magnesite flooring is in use. It is curious to note that although California is the only State in the Union which has pro- duced magnesite, and although there are many large deposits of it here, there have been con- siderable imports of foreign magnesite landed at our very doors. It is inconceivable that such a condition can long prevail. Chromic iron ore is another mineral widelv Tlie Hank of (California, San Francisco i built of Raymond granite) distributed over California, being produced in a small way in four different counties. Since the completion of the Panama Canal there is no reason why this industry should not in- crease considerably. Some of the extensive uses of this material are for refractory furnace linings in steel and allied industries. It is also used as an alloy in making high-grade steels. The interruption of trade by the Euro- pean war has served to stimulate an investi- gation along this line, and the advantage of cheap freight through the Panama Canal will undoubtedly tend to overcome the previous tendency of American users to depend upon Rhodesia and New Caledonia for our supply. Tungsten is another mineral used largely in the steel industry and also as a filament in electric light bull)s. The industry has rapidly grown since its inception in 1905 until the normal production is at present worth about $2 50,000. There is reason to expect that this iiulustr\' will also expand. Iron ore has played so prominent a part in all of the other states that exceed California in mineral output that it is reasonable to in- quire as to our iron resources. There are large amounts of iron ore in California, but in the l>ast the reduction of such ores has alwavs I MINERAL 133 depended upon a cheap supply of coking coal. However, with our great supply of petroleum and the experiments that are heing carried on with electric smelting, it would indeed be a bold prophecy to make a statement that our iron resources will never be of importance to California. Building stones of many varieties are found distributed throughout the State in sufficient quantities to meet any need that can be well imagined, and many buildings throughout the State already serve as testimonials of its utility. Sandstone alone is annually produced to a value of about $100,000. Granite is produced from nearly tvrentv counties, the annual pro- duction being worth about $500,000. San Francisco itself shows in many of its finest buildings the use of California building stones, especially the sandstones and granites, as well as artificial stone, brick, and tile, manufac- tured from our large clay resources. Asbestos is a mineral that is commonly known to every one and occurs in many locali- ties in California. However, the production of asbestos has never been important in the past and the United States has depended almost entirelv upon the Canadian deposits. New uses are being found for asbestos, particularly in building operations, as it has been discovered that asbestos wall plaster renders the wall impervious to heat and also does away with the echo, which is undesirable in many build- ings. The asbestos pulp has been mixed with cement and magnesite for roofing and flooring with very satisfactory results. There is no doubt but that this industry can be expanded by the proper application of energy. Clay deposits are at present worked in four- teen different counties of the State. With our fuel oil supply and with the growing popu- lation and industrial development of Cali- fornia, it is only a matter of time until the pottery and clay products industry will be of much greater magnitude. Even at the present time we have a considerable number of pot- teries and brick manufacturing plants from one end of the State to the other. But the new uses to which such i)roducts are being put, and even the new^ products themselves, assure a much larger growth of this important min- eral branch. Potash is a mineral wdiich has become of national and even international importance. Up to the present time the principal supply Scene ;it Um.mudiuI Oiiarries 134 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE /^^AUFORNIA today produces on a coniniercial l)asis over forty ^-^ different kinds of rock material and mineral i)rodncts. The pro- duction is widespread over the State, all but two counties i)articii)at- ing therein. Annual Mineral Yield of California The followiiiiv table shows the annual yield of the mineral products in the State of California for the year 1913, compiled from returns received by the state mining bureau, being the latest complete annual data at this date: Substance Amount Value Asbestos 47 tons ^ 1,175 Asphalt 2,752,000 Barytes 1,600 tons 3,680 Bituniinous rock 37,541 tons 78,479 Borax 58,051 tons 1,491,530 Brick 358,754 M 2,915,350 Cement 6,167,806 bbls. 7,743,024 Chromite 1,180 tons 12,700 Clay 231,179 tons 261,273 Coal 25,198 tons 85,809 Copper 34,471,118 lbs. 5,343,023 Feldspar 2,129 tons 7,850 Fuller's earth 460 tons 3,700 Gems 13,740 Gold 20,406,958 (iraphite 2,500 lbs. 25 Gypsum 47,100 tons 135,050 Infusorial earth 8,645 tons 35,968 Iron ore 2,343 tons 4,485 Lead 3,640,951 lbs. 160,202 Lime 613,444 bbls. 528,547 Limestone 301,918 tons 274,455 Magnesite 9,632 tons 77,056 Marble 41,654 cu. ft. 113,282 Mineral paint 303 tons 1,780 Mineral water 2,350,792 gals. 599,748 Natural gas 14,210,836 M cu. ft. 1,053.292 Petroleum 98,494,532 bbls. 48,578,014 Platinum 368 oz. 17.738 Pumiee 4,500 Pyrites 79,000 tons 218,537 Quartz rock 4,040 tons 7,756 Quicksilver 15,6()1 flasks 630,042 Salt 204,407 tons 462.681 Sand, glass 14,578 tons 14,143 Sandstone 62,227 cu. ft. 27,870 Silver 832,553 Soapstone 1,350 tons 6,150 Soda 1,861 tons 24,936 Stone industry* 6,168,020 Tungsten ore 7,592 tons 234,673 Zinc 1,157,947 lbs. 64,845 Total $101,396,639 *Including granite, macadam, rubble, paving blocks, sand, and gravel. Bulletin 08, giving the complete mineral statistics for 1913, will be furnished upon reciuest. MINERAL 135 has come from Germany, where the govern- ment has maintained monopolistic conditions in order that their natural resources should not be depleted at a loss to its own citizens and a gain to foreign countries. During the past few years prospecting has been done by our federal government in search of potash deposits which might obviate the necessity of depending upon foreign countries for this very important fertilizer. California now bids fair to become an important producer of potash, there having been erected a large plant at Searles Lake in San Bernardino County. This so-called lake is similar to many of the other playa of the desert portion of America. In the desert regions the natural depressions frequently have no outlet and as the minerals of the surrounding hills have been worn down by erosion or slowly dissolved out by the occa- sional rainfall, the water carries such soluble minerals to the lake bed. The water soon evaporates and finally we have the concentra- tion of various salts. Another of the desert saline products is borax which, unlike potash, has already been well developed and our annual production is worth about $1,500,000. California is the only state in the Union producing borax. Our deposits supply various foreign countries, and offer another striking illustration of the possi- bilities of mineral development in California. It has been recently brought home with great force to the American people that we have an inadequate supply of chemical manu- facturing plants. Many persons have recently found that since the German supply has been cut off, common articles, involving chemical products, have raised greatly in price or are not to be obtained. This knowledge will be a distinct gain to America, and particularly to California, where we have nearly, if not all, of the raw materials necessary for chemical manufacture, and application of capital and close research may be expected to place Cali- fornia in an enviable position as a chemical producer. A crude start in the chemical industry has already been made, and one of the products is sulphuric acid, the pyrites from which it is made alone being annually valued at about $250,000. Even when it comes to mineral waters Cali- fornia stands forth pre-eminently. The waters with all their beneficial and medicinal quali- ties are here, and the possibilities of making California world famous for her mineral springs can not be exaggerated. The foregoing gives briefiy some idea of the magnitude of the mineral industry in this State. With the conditions of the import business aft'ected as they are by the war in Europe, with the Eastern markets opened by the Panama Canal, and with many of the natural resources at hand ready to be used, there does not seem to be any reasonable doubt as to the possi- bilities of growth in this great basic industry. A STATE MINERAL MUSEUM The state mining bureau, located on the third floor of the Ferry Building, San Fran- cisco, is supported by biennial appropriations from the legislature and aims to foster de- velopment of the mineral resources of the State. The results of its investigations are at the service of the public. A museum contain- ing some 20,000 mineral specimens is con- stantly open to the public and visited by thou- sands of interested persons. There is a library containing some 5000 volumes of selected works dealing with the mineral industry. There is a laboratory where rock specimens are iden- tified free of charge, and such information as can readily be had is given to any person sending or bringing samples. The statistical department annually sends out requests to all owners of mineral properties and issues an annual report which is distributed free of charge, fully enumerating our mineral pro- ductions. A corps of trained engineers has been employed in the past two years in re- porting upon the mines and mineral resources of the State, which reports will be available to those interested in the mineral development of the State. 136 CALTFORXTA'S AIACkAZTXE Panoramic view of New Idria, plant and town, TT IS wonderful to relate that, with the advancement and growth -■- of the State of California and with the demand and necessity for the numerous mineral products used in the various arts and indus- tries of a complex civilization, the natural resources within the con- fines of our State have been discovered and developed to such an extent that we can not only supply practically all our own needs, but furnish a large surplus for consumption outside of the State as well. Source of supply ol' liayniond (S MINERAL 137 County, California. An early morning view DEPOSITS of gold ore and placer gold in California have been bountifully scattered by Nature and our present annual pro- duction of over $21,000,000 comes from not less than thirty-two coun- ties. Gold being a product that is always marketable, the conditions resultant from the European war will undoul^tedly stimulate devel- opment of our gold resource, and many opportunities await the intelli- gent investment of capital. limy (Juarry scene at Knowlos, California Relations of California Soils to Permanent Fertility By Dr. C. B. Lipman Professor of Soil C/iroiisfry and Bactcriologx. Unk'crsitx of California Editors Xotc: Doctor Lipman, who is the leading" soil investigator of California now in active service, interprets into clear, popular terms the results of investigations which have been pursued in this State during the last forty years, and discusses their relations to the fundamental principles of soil fertility as discerned by modern soil science and demonstrated by the most successful agricultural prac- tice. He enables the general reader to understand why our deep soils are inherently fertile and proceeds to a demonstration of the basis for their proper management from all points of view. His article is distinctly a notable contribution to future prosperity of California agriculture. AS THE source of the raw materials of food, clothing and shelter for the world the soil occupies a position of unique im- portance to man and animal, which, if com- parisons were not odious, would place it para- mount to all other interests of mankind. While, however, the conservation of all the soil's re- sources has received but scant attention, the significance thereof is much more fully appre- ciated and comprehended than its nature, variation and mode of functioning as such indispensable factor in our existence. Assum- ing therefore that my readers are fully aware of the overwhelming importance of the soil to the material welfare — if nothing mor^ — of the human family. I shall not go into a dis- cussion of the economic phases of the subject, but shall confine myself to some interesting discussion with reference to the nature of soils, particularly of California soils. I shall at- tempt, moreover, to bring out as popularly and as clearlv as I can how a soil's nature, in the broader sense of that term, is related to the kind and quantitv of crops which it can produce and other factors concerned with the production of a fertile soil or with the mainte- nance of such. THE TEXTURE AND STRUCTURE OF SOILS As may appear obvious, the soil is not a solid mass of rock particles, but one in which the spaces about the particles are of considerable size. This total pore-space, as it is called, will vary from 40 per cent in the coarser sands to 60 per cent in the finest silts and clays. In other words on the average every acre foot of soil in depth is only one-half solid material, the balance being empty space. For optimum ct)nditions with respect to the plant's air and moisture supply, half of such open space should be filled witli water and half with air. The air and water supply of soils is there- fore in considerable degree regulated by the "texture of the soil," as it is called, and by which we mean the mechanical composition thereof. This mechanical composition is de- termined by separating a soil into the various amounts of each of its component sizes of soil grains. It nmst he remarked here, however, 140 CALII'ORXIA'S MACAZIXE that another factor besides pore-space and c\-en more niarkedlv than tlic hitter, reguhites the water supi)lv. This factor is the total surface of the soil particles within the soil. While pore-space, as we ha\e seen, \-aries relatively little between the coarsest and the finest soils, the surface is enorniouslv dilferent between them. \\'ater is not only spread over the surfaces of these particles, but a larger surface means usually a greater retention of water, and since water serves to dissolve off the minerals from the surfaces of soil par- ticles and vields them as food to the roots of plants, we can readily see the important re- lationship of the internal surface of a soil to its fertility. In this connection we are brought to con- sider soil structure as distinguished from soil texture. By the latter we mean the coarse- ness or fineness of a soil or the proportions of sands, silts and clay which it contains. By structure we mean the kind of aggregate par- ticles built up in a soil from these single particles through the cementing action of or- ganic matter, various salts, frost, changes in temperature, tillage, action of roots of plants, action of bacteria, lower animals, etc. These more or less loosely cemented soil particle ag- gregates determine the structure of a soil and modify very materially its total surface, and hence its water holding power, air holding power, and available laboratory space, as it were, for the manufacture of soluble plant foods. These ideas with reference to soil texture and structure must be borne in mind when the discussion below given is considered. There are perhaps but few people who realize how enormous the internal surface of soils is and for that reason it is hard for the unin- formed to realize what a i)rofound role is played by it in the economy of i)lant nutrition. It mav be said that in an acre of soil to a dejith of four feet the total surface may vary from 40 to 50 square miles in the coarse sands to about 300 or more scjuare miles in the finest clay loams and clays. One of the prime objects in soil manage- ment should be to make such skillful use of tillage, linniig. draining and the introduction of organic matter as will insure an ideal con- dition for the I'ormation of aggregates of soil l)articles known as (■oini)ound particles, or in other words, to make certain of proper soil structure. FHE son. AS A MKDllM OF PLAN 1' C.ROWrH The soil attains its greatest measure of use- fulness when it permits the largest and most healthful development of the roots of plants. It is therefore of value in agriculture in such measure as it approaches the ideal condition as a medium for plant, or more specifically, of root growth. In other words, the develop- ment of the above ground parts of plants merely mirrors the development of their below ground parts — the roots. That being the case, and the investigations of many men in many places will bear out this assertion, it follows that one can only succeed in making the soil function successfully as a producer of plant growth by providing therein, as nearly as may be. the conditions which are congenial to a wide ramification of roots. It becomes logical therefore to inquire what are such con- genial conditions for root development. To answer that query it is necessary first to understand that there are certain indis- pensable requirements for plant growth, in- cluding roots and tops. These are air. moisture, plant food, heat and light. The first four are common to both roots and tops. The last named is necessary for the tops of plants only and. since it perforce accompanies the supi)ly of heat which comes principally from radiation from the sun, we shall give it such consideration as it needs under the head of heat, ^^'e mav now. to advantage, give to each of these i)rime necessities for plant growth more detailed attention. Till- Air Su/>f>ly — Plants are no exception to the general rule that living things, from the simplest to the complex, must have a sufi'icient sup]ily of air in order to carry on their normal functions. \\'hilc this general idea is pretty thoroughly understood by the layman, there is at least one phase thereof which the average individual does not in the slightest appreciate. SOILS 141 I refer to the absolute necessity of oxygen for the roots as well as for the tops of plants. While in the case of aquatic plants such oxygen is necessary only in small quantity and in the case of others in large quantity, it is none the less indispensable. Space will not permit my fuller discussion of the evidence adduced by investigators to prove the close relationship between air supply for the roots of plants and the well being of the latter. I need but refer the reader to the splendid contributions of soil physicists on this point as typified by that part of King's "Physics of Agriculture," which deals with that subject. Suffice it to say here that it has been dem- onstrated beyond peradventure of a doubt that, other things being equal, the growth of plants in soils is a function of the air supply for their roots. If the reader will bear this point in mind he will the more readily grasp the cogency of statements made below anent Cali- fornia soils and their productiveness. The Moisture Supply — That water is an essential material to plant growth becomes at once obvious when one considers : First, that seldom less than three-fourths of the weight of plants consists of that simple chemical com- pound of hydrogen and oxygen. Second, that water is the vehicle by which available plant food is carried up to the plant factorv — the leaves. Third, that water is necessary to the life and well being of plants and to the purely chemical as well as biochemical chances which must occur in soils if plants' roots are to be supplied with so-called available or usable plant food. The Heat and Light Supply — The heat and light necessary to plant growth are. of course, almost entirely received from the radiant energy of the sun. The absolute dependence of plants on heat is well illustrated bv the fact that Init very few seeds will germinate at the freezing tempei^ature, that the earliest crops are produced on the driest and lience the warmest soils and that the most luxuriant plant growth is obtained in the tropics and other regions of high temperatures on the earth's surface. The reasons for such depend- ence of plants on heat are verv well known and can be summed up as follows : First, the activity of the individual cells of which plants are composed is dependent upon a certain de- gree of temperature for the accomplishment of chemical and biochemical reactions by them which are essential to life. Second, chemical reactions are doubled in rate with every rise of 50 deg. F., thus hastening the transformation in the soil of insoluble to soluble plant food materials. Third, the bacterial activity in the soil, which is responsible for some of the chem- ical reactions by which plant foods are made soluble from insoluble, must have enough warmth in order to activate. For example, the best work of nitrate-producing bacteria takes place at a temperature of about 86 deg. F. Light is necessary only for the tops of plants, but is there absolutely indispensable since the green coloring matter of the plant leaves known as chlorophyll, which is the agent in the manufacture of sugars and starches from carbonic acid gas from the air and water from the soil, can not work in the absence of light. The latter furnishes the energy for that most interesting and still mys- terious process. The Plant Food Supply — \\'e have now known for over a century that of the eighty odd chemical elements known there are but ten which are essential to the life of plants. They are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, plios- phorus. sulphur, potassium, magnesium, cal- cium and iron. The first three are obtained from the air and from water, and if the latter is properly supplied and conserved plants will not suffer for the want of those elements. The other seven essential elements are obtained by the roots of plants from the chemical com- pounds in solution in the soil water. One of them, nitrogen, may be obtained from the air bv certain classes of plants — the legumes, including clovers, alfalfa, vetch, peas, beans, etc. — through assistance rendered bv a class of bacteria which lives in little nodules on their roots. The chemical compounds other- wise referred to as being in the soil water are derived by weathering of the minerals of which soils are largely composed and which, of course, are in turn derived from the rocks 142 CALI !• ( )R X I A'S MAGAZl XE from which they were originally split off. When soils are formed from a few minerals like quartz, which contain very little if any of the essential elements above named, the latter must be added in some form commonly known as fertilizers. C.VI-IFORXIA .SOILS IN THE I.IC.H 1 OK I IIK FORliGOIXG l''rom the principles above enunciated it follows that soils must of necessity show great variations with reference to their sup])ly of air, moisture, heat and jdant food not only under anv given set of climatic conditions, but more particularly under different climatic con- ditions. Thus in a region of much rainfall. in whith clav forms more rapidly, we should expect a predominating number of clay soils with excessive water-holding power, especially in the subsoil into which much of the clay is beaten by heavy rains. But if that is so they must of necessity have a more limited air supply. Also when soils hold much water they use up so much heat in the cwaporation of water that the soil only with difficulty attains the degree of temperature optimum for plants. Then too in soils with much clay and much water, roots can not develop widely and deeply for reasons explained al)ove. or in other words, their foraging surface is decreased. Finally in a region of much rainfall much better oppor- tunities for the leaching out of plant food are available and particularly of that fraction of the plant food known as the supply of avail- able ]i]ant food, which is the only portion that plants' roots can assimilate. Converselv. it follows that in the other ex-, trcme of climate or. in other words, in the arid as contradistinguished from the humid region, the drawback above pointed out must largely disai)|)ear and be replaced by as many advan- tages. Thus in California, which belongs in the arid region of small rainfall in a limited season, clav forms more slowlv. Soils here are thus predominantly of the lighter or sandier varietv. It follows from that, that air must penetrate into tlicm with greater facility and to a greater depth : also that excessive amounts of water will more readily drain awav. But these are congenial conditions for a large and deep root development. There- fore roots must haw a much larger area of soil surface from whith to obtain the great necessi- ties to their t'xistence above enumerated. The climate of the arid region insures to plants, nioreo\-er, similar ad\-antages with regard to heat antl plant food. For the larger number of davs of sunshine, which we have along with the warmer sun in summer, and the verv mild winter tem])eratures operate to maintain a nuich greater amount of heat in our soils. Likewise in the absence of excessive and con- tinuous rainfall, there must occur the minimum leaching effect and hence arid soils, to which ours belong, must contain far more of the elements found in soils which are essential to idant growth. Tin-: PEPITI OF CALIFORNIA SOILS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE Briefly, therefore, the climatic conditions peculiar to the arid region have made possible the formation in California of soils popularly spoken of as deep, well aerated, and rich or well supplied with plant food. Their depth, moreover, is at once the most characteristic and most valuable asset of California soils. For greater depth means, popularly speaking, greater foraging surface. From what has been said above it stands to reason that a plant root which covers two hundred soil ytarticles and therefore has available to it all the plant food carried in the water films which invest them, must have twice the chances for a suc- cessful and vigorous growth that arc possessed by a similar plant whose root system has only available for its spread one hundred soil par- ticles of the same kind. A proper understand- ing of this simple fact renders easy the explanation of the celebrated fertility and durabilitv of arid soils. It is the key. more- over, and this is very important, to the devel- opment of svstems of soil management in California which, so far from reducing the wonderful intrinsic fertility of our soils, will render possible the enhancement thereof. We therefore have the advantage of not onlv much more of the important plant food elements in an acre foot of California soils than exists in an acre foot of an Eastern soil SOILS 143 because of lack of leaching here, but for every acre three feet in depth offered the roots of plants by Eastern or humid soils, our soil? offer at least six feet in depth of such available and congenial soil surface. In many of our soils these depths are much greater. A little reflection will make it obvious that the logical outcome of such a condition as that above described for California soils, is that they will last longer not only because they have been leached less but because the roots of plants have so much more soil surface to draw upon for their food. Fertilizers need therefore to be used sparingly, if at all, on many of our soils, thus making the cost of maintaining a fertile soil a much smaller one in California than in Eastern states or other humid regions. California soils contain, on the average, ten times as much lime as Eastern soils, about three times as much potash and about the same quantity of phosphoric acid. This is true when equal weights or volumes of soils from the two regions are compared. If we assume that our soils have only twice the amount of surface (they have much more) suitable for root development possessed by Eastern soils, then there is on the average, available for the use of plants, twenty times as much lime in the soils of California as in the Eastern states, six times as much potash, and twice as much phosphoric acid. The condition with respect to nitrogen is that in reality most California soils are poorer than Eastern soils in that important element, weight for weight, or volume for volume, but here again depth and extent of soil surface enter into the subject and owing to the greater depth of our soils considerably more nitrogen is available for the uses of plants than in Eastern soils, taking averages for considera- tion. THE ONE GREAT DEFICIEXCV IN CALIFORNIA SOILS The one great deficiency in all the arid soils of California, such particularlv as those of our interior valleys, is organic matter. I'he latter is the characteristic component of agricultural soils and distinguishes them from masses of disintegrated rock particles. It is a material which maintains a good structure in soils in accordance with principles above explained; it is the chief source of carbonic acid gas, which dissolved in the soil water helps to change insoluble to soluble plant food ma- terials ; it is the source of nitrogen for most crops ; it furnishes carbon and other materials as sources of energy for soil bacteria of various kinds which are essential to the mainte- nance of an available plant food supply. Many methods may be employed to make good this deficiency in California soils. Barn- yard manure should be used to plow under as the first choice, whenever it is available. The next method should be the deep incorporation through plowing of green manure crops or cover crops. In the southern part of Cali- fornia the vetches serve best for this purpose. In other parts of California burr clover or Canada field peas may be used, or one of these mixed with grain like barley, oats, wheat or rye. When none of the legumes can be employed a cover crop of the grains alone- will assist. "When none of these methods is practicable, well rotted bean straw or spoiled alfalfa hay, preferably, or other forms of straw and weeds, both green and dry, should be mixed with a small quantity of stable manure and thoroughly packed and moistened. This Avill make a large mass of well-rotted organic matter which is excellent for incor- poration with the soil. In valleys with a very long, hot summer, organic matter of some kind should be placed on the surface of the ground, especially in orchards, to keep the soil cool and moist. This will prevent rapid oxidation or "burning out" of the organic matter. This operation, which is called "mulching," can be carried out about May 15 or June 1 and culti\-ation discontinued for the balance of the summer. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE OF CALIFORNIA SOILS It is manifestly impossible to discuss with any degree of detail this important subject in the brief space allotted me, but some serious abuses in our irrigation practice render a proper comprehension of the subject of the greatest practical moment. I venture there- 144 CALIFURXIA'S MAGAZINE fore to speak of these important points briefly. In a word, the lication to California soils the writer hopes that he has made the most economical use of the brief space allotted liim. If the reader will have learned from my remarks that the most valuable asset of California soils, when viewed by and large, is their depth, he will have grasped the essential truth about them. Moreover, a proper understanding thereof ex- plains the inherent fertility of our deep soils and gives a reasonable and logical basis for their management from all points of view. It is also hoped that the reader will catch from the foregoing paragraphs some of the author's enthusiasm for the fascination of a subject which deals with a study of a most wonderful medium for plant growth in Avhich there operate profound laws of physics and chem- istry and which is at the same time a home and laboratory for hosts of living organisms. All of these forces are constantly activating to make the soil a more congenial and richer medium for plant growth, if we will only make it possible for them to operate normally. 44 O ACK to the soil" may be applied literally as well as figuratively -^ in the case of the man who intends to seek his means of living in the fields. California is adapted as are few other States to the needs of every class of farmer, no matter how great or how small his enter- prise. Accurate information regarding the soil of any particular por- tion of the State will be cheerfully furnished readers of this publication if they will write the Service Department. The information supi:)lied will be obtained from soil experts, who know all about the conditions and rec|uirements. University Peak, near Kearsarnc Pass, near Kiiit^s Rivtr (".anyoii, Cal ilornia. A picturcs(iuc view of high altitudes in one of tlie most beautiful sections of the State The Climate of California By William G. Reed Instnic-tor in Clinmti'lci^x at tlu- i' nirrrsity of California lulifor's Xofc: Mr. Ixeed i^ives accurate data on tlie climates of California and contrasts them with the climates of other older-settled reo'ionsof the world, thus renderini^- the difterences clear and readily intelligihle. He also inter])rets the sio-niticance of these differences to human industry and comfort. California is discussed in its various climatic sulxlivisions, and the ruling- characteristics of each are noted. The statement is hrief, striking, and will lead to a better understand- ing of California even by Californians. To distant readers, the rec- ords and descriptions are illuminating. GENERAL FEATURES— Fhe Califor- nia climate is of the type known as Mediterranean because in its essential features it closely resembles that of this famous region. This is because the conditions controlling the clijnates of the t-wo regions are the same. Climates similar in their main features are •also to be found in Central Chile, in South- western Australia, and in New Zealand. The characteristic features of the Mediterranean or Californian climate are the generally mild temperatures — and this is in spite of the fact that in certains portions of the State tlie ther- mometer reads higher than anywhere else in the country — the dry, or nearly dry summers, and the occurrence of winter rains. Ikit the statement that California has the same general climatic features as the Medi- terranean lands does not tell the whole truth. The mountains and valleys of the State make for a diversity of climate which, viewed super- ficially, seems extraordinary. The State has been called "a land of contrast and contra- diction; a region of much sunshine and of much fog ; a desert and a country of gardens. And because of the sea and the mountains. climate is so modified that men marvel, whereas it would be marvelous were it not so I" It is scarcely possible to write of the climate of California ; the State has many climates. These can be grouped for convenience as coast, valley, desert, and mountain; and al- though there are certain features common to all, the differences are as marked as the simi- larities. TEMPERATURE Coast — The coast of California has climates of great uniformity. In the part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains the differ- ences between North and South are strongly marked, and the terms have almost the same significance as cold and warm. In California this is far from the case, and north and south have little significance as far as temperature is concerned ; temperature changes much more rapidlv from east to west than it does from north to south, the differences are those of coast and interior rather thari of latitude. The records of tlie weather bureau may be tpioted to show this relation between north and south on the Pacific and the Atlantic coasts and in the great Mississippi Valley. Average temperatures for the vear are manifestly of little value as showing actual conditions, although even in these averages the differences are not as marked in California as in other CLIMATE 149 I)arts of the country. In the whole distance California its cool summers and warm winters, from Eureka to San Diego, nearly 700 miles, VaUc^ys— The topography of California there is a change of temperature of only 10 plays an important part in the temperature degrees, while in the same distance on the conditions of the portion of the State away Atlantic Coast the difference is 1 7 degrees, and from the immediate coast. A glance at the in the Mississippi Valley it is 16 degrees. map will show that the mountains are for Latitude (Approximate) 41° North 38° North 34° North 32° North 41° North 38° North 34° North 32° North 41° North 38° North 34° North 32° North TEMPERATURES OF CALIFORNIA COAST AXD EASTERN POINTS California Coast Eureka 51° San Erancisco 55° Santa Barbara 60° San Diego 61° AVERAGE FOR THE YEAR At la II tic- Coast Boston 49° Baltimore 55° Wilmington 63° Savannali 66° AVERAGE FOR THE COLDEST MONTH Eureka 47° San Erancisco 50° Santa Barbara 54° San Diego 54° AVERAGE FOR Eureka 55° San Erancisco 59° Santa Barbara _. . .67° San Diego '. . .69° Boston 27° Baltimore 33° Wilmington 47° Savannah 50° THE WARMEST MONTH Boston 71° Baltimore 77° Wilmington 80° Savannah 80° Mississippi J-allcv Chicago 49° St. Louis 56° ]\Iemphis 61° Vicksburg 65° Chicago 24° St. Louis 31° Memphis 40° Vicksburg 47° Chicago 72° St. Louis 79° Memphis 80° Vicks1)urg 80° But more important than uniformity with change of latitude is uniformity throughout the year, ^\'hile the differences of latitude between summer and winter on the Atlantic Coast are 30 to 40 and in the Mississippi Valley even greater, the California coast region has dift'erences of less than 10. The region is, therefore, one of warm winters and cool sum- mers when compared with almost any other portion of the country. The explanation of the mild temperatures of California is to be found in the existence of the great ocean which lies to the west and in the fact that the winds blow from the ocean to the land. The temperature of the water of the Pacific varies little from 55 during the year, in some ])laces it is less and in some jjlaces it is more, but everywhere it is relatively constant through the year. The air lying over this great body of water has nearly the same temperature as the water, but were it not for the westerly winds the climate of California would be as little influenced by the Pacific as the Eastern coast is influenced by the Atlantic. It is the westerly winds which bring the mild ocean air to the land and irive the most part unbroken ranges nearly parallel to the coast. The great valley of California, drained by the Sacramento and the San Joaquin rivers, is by far the largest, but Salinas Valley and the smaller valleys tributary to San Francisco Bay are of much the same general character. These inland valleys are sheltered from the ocean winds and show a marked dift'erence in temperature and humidity from the coast region. A\'hile on summer afternoons the coast is cool and foggy, the valleys are warm and dry. In the great valley especially, summer afternoon temperatures are exceed- ingly high ; at Fresno a maximum temperature of 115 has been recorded and temperatures of from 100 to 110 are not uncommon in the great valley and by no means unknown in the smaller valleys. The In'gh temperatures occur with very low humidities, so that the ther- mometer is not a wholly fair indicator of the conditions, which are not nearly as op])ressive as temperatures considerably lower in other parts of the country. The cooling during the night is very great, the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures in twenty- four hours frequently amounting to 40 or 150 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE more. ?>osts occur freciucntlv during the winter montlis ; the first killing frost occurs about the first of December and the last about the end of March, but the occurrence of frost is widely different in different localities and in different vears. In the \-alleys south of the Tehachapi Mountains the minimum temi)eratures are not as low as in the great valley and the maxima are scarcely higher except in the desert regions to the east. Deserts — The term desert has lost its terrors for (/alifornians because of the fact that some of the most fertile regions of the State are properly classed as desert. The most spec- tacular of the desert regions is Imperial Valley, which is now a prosperous agricultural district with no less than five flourishing towns, although this region was an almost waterless waste as recently as the beginning of this century. The regions of the State known as desert are the whole southeastern ])ortion ex- cept the region between the mountains and the ocean, and also the region east of the Sierra- Nevada, known as Owens Valley. This region is one of high afternoon tem- peratures and extreme dryness ; the highest temperatures in the United States occur in this part of California ; temperatures as high as 130 have been recorded in the Colorado Desert and a temperature of 134 was recorded in the shade by standard instruments under weather bureau conditions on July 10, 1913, at (Greenland Ranch in Death Valley, which is a part of the Owens Valley region; this is the highest shade temperature ever recorded in the continental United States. In spite of this temperature and the reputation which Death Valley holds, it has been stated by the leading official of the weather bureau in California that "the records of the weather bureau uphold the belief that it is quite possible, if proper care be taken in the matter of supplies and provisions for physical com- fort, to live and work in this section." This applies equally well to all parts of the desert in California. The only lack of the desert in the matter of climate is water, and where this can be supplied bv irrigation, the climate con- ditions for agriculture are unsurjjassed. M (iiiiiliiins — The mountains of California are generallv cool througln)ut the year and hence furnish the great playground for the people of the State and for others who are fortunate enough to make the trip. In winter snow occurs in the Sierra Nevada and the northern portion of the coast ranges furnish- ing a large part of the water supplv of the State. In the valleys among the mountains the summer days are warm and the climates ex- cellent for many varieties of agriculture. FROSl' The frost problem in California is one upon which a great deal might be said. There is no part of the State which is frost free. North of the Tehachapi Mountains frosts occur every year except on the coast, and all parts of the region are subject to killing frosts from No- vember or December to April or Mav. the l»eriod is a little shorter in the south and longer at the higher altitudes. South of the Tehacliapi frosts occur only under particular conditions of wind and dryness so that frost may be regarded as a tvpe of storm and can be forecasted as such, so that the necessary preparations may be made to protect against frost damage. After a few days of a drv and somewhat boisterous north wind in the southern region of the State a clear, quiet night will result in more or less severe frosts. The valley bot- toms are nn)re subject to frost than the sides of the same valleys, as frost is mainly the result of the drainage of the cold air to the lower places. The studies carried on in this part of the State have made the prediction of frost by the weather bureau entirely practi- cable, and frost forecasts are now made with certainty twelve to thirty-six hours in advance of the occurrence of frost. This, together with the methods of protection in common use. have rendered damage to crops by frost one of the ])reventable losses and there is no reason why such damage should occur except through neglect of the proper precautions. CLIMATE 151 RAINFALL Like the temperature the rainfall of Cali- fornia is the result of the position of the State. Over the greater part of the State the rain occurs in the winter months, about one- half the total coming from December to and August are usually rainless, the length of the dry summer increasing to the south where four months are usually without rain. The average monthly distriliution of the rain at selected places in California is shown by the following figure. The amounts of rain vary March. In the northern part of the State July widely with different parts of the State, from z < u < 2 a. < -1 i z 3 3 < 0. u 1- o o > o z 1 z < u b. < 4 > < 2 Z -5 J =3 1 1 o 0. U in ^ a - o z o u a < m u 2 < 5 Q. i 2 _i 0. < o z o u o Z "J 4 U -) L. < DC a < > < z 3 -> J C5 3 3 -> < a u in > o o u z o z < < 2 < < 2 2 J 3 3 o 3 < a.' > z o u a - MODESTO p 1 *i i llh-. 1 SAN JOSE SALINAS A li.A FRESNO 4«^4i^ a1 tilt., "i INDEPENDENCE - LOS ANGELES SANTA BARBARA BAGDAD f lll*.X_-.i-^Jl* NEEDLES SAN DIEGO I ■ iIL_....iu l^.-^_lx^^il TULARE 4. •s 2 1 1 1 1 ll._ llll SAN LUIS OBISPO SAN MATEO BAKERSFIELD TEHACHAPI I IiL.- ill MOKELUMNEHILL MOUNTTAMALPAIS SANFRANCISCO ROGKLIN SACRAMENTO , 1 1 L.i HORNBROOK 3 EUREKA RED BLUFF PALERMO MARYSVILLE JJ: * I tti::it 1 In ■ 152 CALIFORXIA'S ^lACiAZIXE the Colorado Desert, where the average annual amount is about two inches, to the mountains in the northern part of the State, where the amount in some cases reaches an average of 100 inches. The distribution over the State is l)est shown l)y the map which is based on all available records and indicates the condi- tions w'ith considerable accuracy. In general there is more rain in the north than in the south, and more on the mountains than in the valleys. The streams supplied by the moun- tain rain and snow furnish the water for the development of the hydro-electric power of the State and for the irrigation of the drier valleys. The rainv season is a time with a great deal of fair weather ; the average for the State is about one rainy day in three during the winter months. The number of rainy days is greater in the northern part of the State and the dry summer is shorter than in the southern part. The rain comes in storms last- ing for two to seven days at a time with periods of fine weather between the storms. Marcl^ Hprll \ na^ \ Juni The character of the rainy season may well be shown bv the diagram of the rainfall at Berkeley in the central part of the State for the twelve months, ending June 30, 1914. when the rainfall was somewdiat more than the aver- age. This figure shows the amount of rain for each day of the year, the longer the line the more rain ; the months are marked at the bot- tom antl the number of inches of rain at the sides of the figure. In the drier parts of the State summer rains of the thunderstorm type occur ; these are sharp showers, generally of short duration, in the afternoon hours. Occasionally these show- ers are of great intensity when they are known as "cloudbursts." and sometimes they do great damage, but the cloudburst is an abnormal thing and is a rare occurrence in any particular localitv. In the mountains summer thunder- storms also occur at times. SNOW Snow is common on the mountains ; it has an important eft'ect on the State as upon the conservation of this snow depends the stream This Map Shows the Climatic Conditions of Cahfornia for Which it is Renowned .rH> EURE TN the opinion of experts, the California climate ranks high among its as- -*■ sets. The generally mild temperatures with the cool summers and almost total absence of winter as this season is known elsew^here in the United States; the long growing season with the abundance of sunshine, the heavy rains on the mountains furnishing water for irri- gation and for power, and the even temperature of the coast region, give State a combination of climatic ditions with which few regions compare. Farming in this State rendered far easier and far more sfactory as a result of the eli- te. Our Readers' Service can give you data as to the climatic and soil conditions in any sec- tion of the State. This data is absolutely authentic, being supplied by foremost experts of the State. SCALE OF SHADES -ivches 0.00 TolO'MC 20 TO JO 30ro40 Ok'Ef? -fO £0 THERE are more than a thousand miles of seacoast mark- ing California's splendid frontage upon the Pacific and throughout this Coast re- gion the climatic conditions are Surprisingly uniform. Some of the most ideal sites for homes are along this coast, where the ozone of the salt sea puts a tang in the atmosphere that creates eliergy and activity. San Diego ' Panama California Exposition \ "This California which is just bursting forth into a new Hfe is richer in resources and opportunities than any gold- seekers ever dreamed." — Dr. Benjamin Ide ]]' heeler, President Universitx of California. pERHAPS you have regretted that you didn't live in the days of '49, or if you did live then, that you didn't take advantage of the opportunity to make a fortune by coming to California with the gold-seekers. T^O YOU know that opportunities are plentiful today in Cali- fornia? Not, perhaps, surrounded by the glitter and romance of the "days of gold," but more certain. Remember, that even in those times not every man made "his pile." Luck had a lot to do with it and common sense also. Today the common sense is as neces- sary as then, but luck has very little to do with the case. ^T^HE biggest brains in the State, men who know whereof they speak, will tell you that the California of today is the California of peace and progress and plenty. It is a land where no man need go hungry if he be willing to work; it is a State wherein men and women who do work are richly rewarded in not alone dollars and cents, but in contentment and peace of mind — which, most persons believe, are the most important things in life. SERVICE /CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE has a Readers' Service, fully organized to supply you with whatever information regarding California vou may consider essential to making it your home and the scene of your future labors. \^^rite us todav. READERS' SERVICE CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE NEW CALL BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. CLIMATE 153 flow during the dry summer months. At sea level snow is rare, although not unknown. "In no j)ortion of the habitable globe," savs a California climatologist, "are seasonal rain- falls more watched and studied than in Cali- fornia. There are many sections of the United States where departures from normal condi- tions are followed with interest ; but there is no district where an excess or deficiency in rainfall means more or is more directly and vitally connected with the community than in our own State." There is a wide fluctuation in the amounts of rainfall in different years, from scarcely more than a third to more than twice the normal. The records kept for over sixty years show that there is no regular sequence of wet and dry years or even of wet and dry months. An abnormally wet month may be followed by another wet month, by a month abnormally dry. or by a month with its normal amount, and the secjuence seems to be a matter of absolute indifference. The record does show one thing very clearly and that is that the climate of California is the same now as it was sixty years ago and that the State is neither becoming wetter nor drier, but that, in spite of fluctuations in the amount of rainfall, the average remains the same, and that there are in the long run as many years of excess as there are of deficient rainfall. FOG In California there are two types of fog which are etTective as regulators of the climate. The "tule fog" of the winter nights is a low- lying fog filling the valley bottoms to a depth of about a hundred feet, chiefly along the riyer courses ; the blanketing effect of the fog often l)revcnts frost. The foothills are for the most part above these fogs. The other type of fog is the famous fog of the Pacific Coast; it is common from Mexico to British Columbia, although best developed in the vicinity of San Francisco. This fog. which grades into a low veil of cloud a thou- sand feet above the ground or less, locally known as "high fog." occurs in the spring and summer months shutting oft' the direct rays of the sun and thus preventing high temperatures. .\lthough often a menace to naviiration and imparting a chill to the summer air which makes the Ea.sterner shiver, the fog must be regarded as one of the most valuable of the assets of the California coast as it unites with the ocean influence to make for the cool sum- mers of which the region is justly proud. The fogs also furnish a good deal of moisture to the trees of the region and take the place of rain to some extent. SUXSHIXE California is pre-eminently a land of sun- shine. The amount of bright sunshine in the great valley and in the desert regions exceeds 80 per cent of the daytime and even on the coast, in spite of the summer fogs, the average sunshine for the year is over 60 per cent. In San Diego, for example, there has been an average of 356 days a year when there was bright sunshine for an hour or more. In general, the sunshine of the interior portions of the State is greater than that of anv other section of the United States, and greater than that of the Mediterranean region famous for its sunshine. The coast has about the same- amount of sunshine as the Mediterranean. WINDS The prevailing winds of the coast region are- from the west, but during the winter storms southeast winds occur. In summer the west winds blow steadily during the afternoon hours. Occasionally during the months of April, May, and June the west or northwest winds reach high velocities. In the great valley the winds are pre- vailingly frcnn the north : they are occasion- ally strong and do damage. In the Sacramento- ^^alley the summer winds are from the south ; this well-known south wind, felt nearly every summer night, materially moderates the heat of the valley. The winds throughout Southern California are light except during occasional storms. In general the winds of the State are cool ; but the most trying climatic feature of Cali- fornia is the so-called "norther." or hot. dry wind from the north or northeast, which occurs in the valleys, chiefly in May, June, and July. In the southern portion of the State- 154 CAT.TI'ORXTA'S MAGAZINE similar winds, known as Santa Anas, may occur in December and Jaimary. Their velocity sometimes exceeds twenty miles an hour and as muc-h dust is carried they are i^enerally disagreeable. There are. however, only a com- parativelv few days each year when this type of wind blows. CLIMATE AS AX ASSKT OF CALIFORNIA Among the important natural assets of Cali- fornia the climate ranks high. The generally mild temperatures with the cool summers and almost total absence of winter as this season is known elsewhere in the I'nited States, the long growing season with the abundance of bright sunshine, the heavv rains on tlie moun- tains furnishing water for irrigation and for power, and the even temperature of the coast region give the .State a combination of climatic conditions with which few regions can com- pete and which far surpass the conditions of cdimate under which the great mass has to live and work. f /'^ ALTPA)RXI A is a land with many phases of soil and climate, ^^ of fruit and Hower. Think of all the Arcadias and Avalons and Ardens in the world, of the wonder- waters and the enchanted lands. Think of the hushed henediction of the skies of Italy, shining- hetween the Alps and seas; of the quick fruitfulness of Egypt's ancient sands nourished hy the Nile; of the patient thrift of Holland's open plains rescued from the sea; of the yield of the Rhine slopes of Germany sunning on a thousand hills ; of the luxuriance of Sahara's chance oases watered by the desert wells ; of the rich pampas plains of Argen- tina, bordered by the fair gardens of Persia, scenting all the winds that blow — think of all these places of beauty and abundance, and T will show you a duplicate of any one of them in nw California of many moods. She i)roduces under one sky all that those other lands ])ro- duce under their far-scattered skies." — Edzi'in Markliaiii in ''Califor- nia flic iroiufcrfiil." Seed Growing in California By Lester A. Morse President C. C. Morse cr Co. Editor's Xotc: Mr. Morse is the head of the largest seed growing enterprise in Cahfornia, which was estabhshed by liis father, the late C. C. Morse, and has added thereto a seed distribution business pro- portionally important. He therefore speaks from an experience of two generations. He indicates the particular lines of seed growing in which California is great and the sections in which each is most successfully grown. He also indicates California's place in the seed supply of the world. DIFFERENT kinds of seeds require dif- ferent soils and climates, and no one section of country will produce more than a comparatively few varieties. Because a section of country produces good vegetables or good fruit, it is no indication that that same section will produce good seed. The whole State of California represents a great variety of climates and soils, and on the whole will produce a long list of vegetable, field, farm and flower seeds — -a longer list than any country with the possible exception of France. Interesting Instances — Ihe valleys along the coast where fog is prevalent are peculiarly adapted to the growth of peas — culinary or eating peas. Owing to the cool weather and the dampness occasioned by fog, there are no pea weevils, and the seed is wt)nderfully well developed and bright. Peas grown in good, average soil hold their type well — much better than in the inland valleys. Peas have become a very important seed crop, and in 1912 fully 4000 acres were devoted to growing pea seed along the coast from Humboldt to Ventura. Another important seed crop is beans, pole beans, dwarf, bush or string beans, and lima beans. We refer now to seed beans onlv and such varieties as are used bv seedmen in their trade, and not to beans as used commercially for eating dry. There is less area adapted to beans than to peas, but the Lompoc Valley and sections about Watsonville, Salinas, Arroyo Grande, and Santa Maria are wonder- fully adapted to pole and bush beans, and the sections about Ventura and Santa Barbara are especially good for lima beans. There are limited areas in other portions of the State where these beans can be successfully grown, but the places just mentioned are the best adapted for superior quality — for fine, bright seed samples and the best reproducing quali- ties. The average annual acreage of seed beans is about 5000. (jood vine seeds, watermelon, muskmelon. squash and pumpkin, grow to perfection in the interior valleys, from Redding at the north to Bakersfield at the south. These plants re- quire good, hot summer weather, and with such climate, rich soil and irrigation, good c^op.'^ of fine quality are fairlv sure. As yet there is hut a limited area devoted to these crops, but with better knowledge of production the acreage will increase. California sweet corn does best in the sec- tions just adjoining the coast, where it is neither hot in summer nor foggy. Good field corn is produced in the Sacramento Valley, 156 CALII'"( )K.\T.\'S MAGAZINE C;ilil'<)iiiia's (iarpct of (ioki — I'oppics t^rowiiit; lOr soctl and can stand rather more hot weather than sweet corn. I'ntil only a few years ago (not more than five). Cah'fornia grown corn was not supposed to produce good seed, and most of the seed used was im]K)rted from the Middle \\'est. It was found that the reason for failure was simplv lack of knowledge. When the same intelligence was ap^died in selection, cultiva- tion, and choice of location as is applied to other kinds of seeds, it was found that our California grown corn seed does better on the Pacific ("oast than Eastern grown, and the future of corn growing for seed is bound to show a greatly expanding acreage. Up to the present time there is ])ut little beet seed produced in California, and jjracti- cally no cabbage, mangel, sugar beet, turnip, cauliflower, rutabaga, egg plant, or pepper. These could be grown bv going farther north for the brassicas and mangel and further south for pepper and egg plant, but there has been no especial encouragement for these items since the European source of supply has hitherto been satisfactory. The future may force all of these lines to our coast. Garden V ci^ctabh-s — California seed farms are famous all over the world and practically all seed dealers know us. but what are com- monly known as California seeds in vegetables are carrot, celery, endive, leek, lettuce, onion, parsley, parsnip, radisli. salsify, and tomato. All of these items are produced on a large scale, and the California crops of same prac- tically set the growers' prices for the world. All are grown in great variety and all are sold to dealers everywhere. So far as quality of the strains is concerned, most of these California crops must compete SEED GROWING 157 with P>ance and Germany, and during full years the European crops hold the foreign markets. But California onion and lettuce seed is superior to that produced anywhere else. Here we have the best possible climate for developing, curing, threshing, and cleaning seed. Lettuce requires a semi-arid climate for ripening, and here it receives full share of dry summer weather, so that the sample of seed 'is immeasurably superior to foreign grown. It is quite impossible to grow lettuce seed in coun- tries where summer rains are frecjuent. California radish makes a larger root and rather larger top than foreign grown stocks, but the seed is a much finer sample and has a very high vitality which is lacking in seed from other sources. It makes the verv best radish for kitchen garden purposes, though not always popular with green house market gardeners who wish small tops and small, early roots. ( )nion seed as produced in California has met and overcome a very decided and per- sistent prejudice. As a rule the onion repro- duces itself better in its immediate environment and Eastern frrown or foreign trrown onion seed is very likely to run largely, if not en- tirely, to scallions or stiff-necks when used here. The same result is likely with the onion seed taken from any one climate to another, but California seed will make a well ripened, mer- chantable bulb in any locality where onions are grown. It is remarkable to be able to pick out a plot of onions grown from California seed in England, or France, or Germany, and find them invariably all uniformly ripe and well matured, free from stiff-necks, and all varieties usually ripened earlier than the same variety from other sources. For these reasons just mentioned, California is the chief world's supply for onion and let- tuce seed, and is rapidly becoming so for radish, celery, and the other California specials just enumerated. California Flowers — \\'hen it comes to flower seeds, the list of varieties and species is only limited by the cost of production. Prac- tically all flower seeds could be grown in Cali- fornia if protected from European labor com- petition. As it is. manv flowers are now grown here on a large scale and the area is rapidly increasinij. Where Utility and Beauty Mingle — Radish in blossom 158 CALII-ORXIA'S ^[ACAZTXE P^^^I^H lis •■■■ ^ ^^*^tj :^A,4 '■■■■■ >.. >,.■, ••v^. Planting Onions lor Seed Exclusive oi sweet peas, three firms south grow a total area of fully 500 acres, and de- voted to candytuft, cosmos, stocks, asters, poppy, etc. vSweet peas, of course, are the great Cali- fornia leader, and practically the world's sup- ply is produced here. California has the proper .soil and climate for sweet peas and many grow- ers are sweet pea specialists. For the past three years the country about Santa Clara Val- ley, San Juan Valley. Arroyo Grande, Lompoc, and Los Angeles, has contained no less than 2500 acres each year all planted to sweet peas for seed alone. All classes, all types and all varieties are produced in these localities, and the seed when harvested is shipped to all parts of the world. While now noted for .seeds of a very great varietv and destined to increase the list very much, California is now and always will be celebrated for the great triumvirate of onions, lettuce, and sweet peas. |fti--T't[Yfr-ii Where seed is grown for a good part of tlie world — Panoramic view ol dillcrent on ranch ol' C. C. Morse & Co. Fish and Game: One of California's Great Resources By Ernest Schaeffle Executive Secretary California Fish and Game Conimission Editors Note: Fishing and hunting- are largely counted ''sport" in the public mind, but Mr. Schaeffle discusses fish and game as an important resource of the State, both directly and indirectly. This resource is large, unique, and influential in State development and exceedingly interesting, also, as Mr. Schaeffle presents it. The pres- ervation and protection of wild life of a beneficent kind is recognized in all civilized nations as a public duty and benefit, and Mr. Schaeffle's article shows forcibly what California has to do in that line. By constant contact with those who are close to Nature and her animal product, as well as by study and personal investigation, the writer of this fascinating article is enabled to handle the subject with no uncertain pen. WITH the last few years a great many of thousands of sportsmen who may be said people have come to realize the fact to have had a purely selfish interest in saving that the fish and game of any region have a the fish and game supply for the pleasure of tangible value, which can be measured in dol- themselves and of their children after them, lars and cents just as we have long measured The influence of these two classes, however, the value of the forests, the mines, the water has never been sufficient, and probably never powers, and the lands. In the writer's opinion would be sufficient, to insure the eft'ectiveness this newly developed sentiment is a fortunate of conservation measures necessary for the per- thing as it would seem to present a convincing petuation of the wild life resources of any argument in favor of conservation to the thou- state ; but with the realization of the fact that sands of people who would be unable or un- fish and game have a very great value to a willing to consider any other argument less state in the dollars and cents expended by resi- material in nature. It is true that we have dent and foreign sportsmen in the pleasures of always had a comparativelv limited number the fieUl. has come an entire change of senti- of people who were natural conservationists ment on the jiart of thousands of farmers, and who objected to the waste and destruction mountaineers and others who w^ere formerly of any natural resource. \W have also num- indifferent or even antagonistic to preservation bered among our population a certain number laws and methods. 160 CALI FORXIA'S ^TAGAZIXE ("alifornia has always been sin!j;ulaii\- for- tuiiatc in the possession of rich and \-arie(l wiUl life forms. This wealth in hsh and game has as a iiatnral conseciuenee developed a fishing and hnnting class larger in proportion to the total population of tlie state than borne bv any similar sporting ])opulation in an\- other state or country, 'rinft this statement is jus- tified, we ha\e only lo consider the fact that each year the fish and game commission is issuing lOO.oiU) indix'idual licenses to hunters and 85,000 licenses to those who fish for pleas- ure, to say nothing of the licenses that are issued to the 4000 commercial fishermen of the state. These totals seem to be exceeded in only three or four states in the Union, states in which the poitulation is very much greater than in California. From the records that are available it seems that California is now being led only by Pennsylvania, New York, and Illinois, while it is interesting to note that in Creat Britain, with its population of close to 50,000.000. less than 65,000 game licenses are issued annual 1 v. WHAT INDUSTRY MEANS Now let us estimate, if we can. just what this hunting and fishing "industry" means to the State in the mere expenditure and distri- bution of money. Of course every hunter needs guns, ammunition, special clothing, tents, and camping outfits, trained dogs and other gear and paraphernalia so varied as to be impossible of appreciation bv anv one who has not taken a ])art in the game. Further- more, as the best hunting and fishing grounds are not situated in the outskirts of our big towns and cities, the sportsman must travel, often considerable distances, which means that his outlay for railroad fares, stage, and auto fares and for express charges is a verv con- siderable item. Added to all these other mat- ters of expense are the cost of accommodations at the thousands of country hotels, boarding houses, and camps that have sprung up in the last generation from one end of the State to the other and in every district in which game and fish can be found. The president of the fish and game com- mission. Mr. l''rank M. Xewbert. who has had opportunities for studying the fish and game industry probably superior to those of any other person in the State, estimates that the yearly expenditure in California on account of fish and game reaches the surprising total of $15,000,000. We lack the si)ace to consider the details of the expense included in the total gi\en but Mr. Newbert's statement is based upon years of study and undoubtedly is nearer the correct amount than would be an estimate made by any one else in the country. If the statements just oft'ered are accepted, it would seem that the case of the conserva- tionist is complete, but there is no need of stopping here as there are still additional facts to be presented which may be of some in- terest. In the first place we find that in prac- tically every other state in the Union there has been during the last twenty-five years a regrettable diminution in the suj^ply of fish and game. This reduction in the supply is having two results, according to the observa- tions of state and national conservationists. The first is that there has been an inevitable cessation of hunting and even interest in hunt- ing and in conservation in all of the states in which the game supi)lv has been depleted. Secondlv. we find that each vear. from the states in which game has become scarce, there is an increased migration of hunters and fish- ermen to the more fortunate states, like Cali- fornia, that have jjreserved a satisfactory pro- portion of the original wild stock. \\'hile it is true that the number of these outside sports- men wlu) ha\e thus far come to California for their annual outing, is comi^aratively limited, there is reason to believe that more and more of these visitors are reaching us every year with the probability that within ten years the State will entertain from 25,000 to 50,000 of them each season. In the writer's opinion this is a very fortunate deyelo|)ment for many rea- sons. Not only will these good people come here each season, often bringing their families with them, to the financial betterment of the State, but many of them who otherwise would not become acquainted with the advantages Mexican ^^ lid Turkey; introduced from west coast of Mexico by the State Fish and Game Com- nussion. — Repradtteed by natural color process from original painting by Louis Agassiz Fuertes, probably leading bird artist of the world. ,^-^-*. s ^ £^. i/ ■ -^^Vfifii -■■;- \d FISH AND GAME 163 offered here, will find farms, locations in tim- bered areas, openings in manufacturing and other commercial lines and will remain here to the State's very great betterment in all ways. That the readers of this remarkable publi- cation may have some idea of the attractive- ness of California in a fishing and hunting way, we will endeavor to sketch very superfi- cially and briefly the possibilities that offer themselves both to the resident sportsmen and to those who may be so fortunate as to visit our land. Probably the finest hunting that we have, the hunting that is enjoyed by the great- est number of people, is furnished by the deer. The deer is rightly considered the most valu- able form of game we have in the State be- cause of its general distribution, because of its great value as food and because of the thrilling sport it affords to so many thousands of hunters. It is found in every county of the State with the exception of San Francisco, and in fact is hunted and killed each year in con- siderable numbers within twenty miles of the metropolis. Probably no county of the State of like area has furnished so many deer as has little Marin, which lies only across the Golden Gate from San Francisco. Surprising as it may seem, the annual kill in this little county, a large part of which is covered with the sub- urban residences of San Francisco people, numbers around 400 deer, all males, of course, as the State law does not permit the shooting of female deer. According to figures which have been painstakingly gathered by the fish and game commission, the deer hunters are now lawfully taking an average of over 8000 deer a season. If we add to this total the numbers unlawfully killed and the num- bers killed of which no account is given, it is probable that the total killed for the State amounts to over 15,000 animals. As large as this total may seem there is apparently no rea- son for alarm as in every part of the State, ex- cept Southern California, there are reports of a gratifying increase in the supply. This in- crease is due no doubt to the fact that there has been no deer hunting in California for commercial purposes for years and to the fur- ther fact that the female animals have been carefully protected. Next to the deer in interest and value come the wild fowl, the geese, the sea brant, the ducks, and the shore birds. While not so gen- 'irously distributed as other forms of game, hey are fairly well represented in every sec- tion of the State, even in the southeastern desert region, strange as it may seem. From data collected by the fish and game commis- sion it appears that not less than 1.000,000 wild ducks and 100,000 geese are killed in the State each year. Unfortunately, no figures as to the kill of shore birds are available, although of course their numbers are very much less than those of the larger varieties of wild fowl. At the present time the great wild fowl regions are the overflowed areas in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, the marshes adjacent to San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun bays, the bays along the shore line in Humboldt and Del Norte counties, the swamps and lakes in Northern and Northeast- ern California, the marshes and artificially cre- ated club lands along the southern coast, and the irrigated areas in Southeastern California in what was formerly desert. Being as it is the wintering ground of millions upon millions of wild fowl bred in the north, there is every reason to believe that California will continue to hold its important place as a sportsman's paradise. At the present time the State laws give ducks, geese, and shore birds needed pro- tection, while supplementing them we have federal regulations which in time no doubt will be rigidly enforced and a guarantee against the extermination of any species protected un- der their many provisions. PLENTY OF QUjVIL California is peculiarly fortunate in its up- land game birds. The valley quail alone, found practically from one end of the State to the other, furnishes hunting which can not be excelled anywhere or by any other variety of game. This bird finds a congenial habitat at least somewhere in every county in the vState. The number of men who go afield in its pursuit runs into the thousands. To the angler, few parts of the world offer such varied attractions as does this State. '\MTether his hobby be fishing for the humble mud cat, flv casting for the beautiful rainbow i ? = y; 5 2 tc 2 "" j^ £ " .E Jc ~ ■= — y; FISH AND GAME 167 trout, surf fishing for the many species which frequent the coast, or the pursuit of the lordly tuna or sword fish, he may have his fill. Sup- plementing the work of an already generous nature, man has in California done some of the greatest work in acclimatizing imported species and in propagating and distributing both native and imported varieties of trout and other fish that has ever been accomplished. ^\'hile many of the streams of the State natu- rally suited to trout and other fish were found teeming with them by the pioneers, the range of many species has been extended through transplantation so that today we find even the small streams and lakelets in the high Sierras literally alive with beautiful gamey fish, while to the numbers of native species have been added such splendid fish as the large mouth and small mouth black bass, crappie, yellow perch, striped bass, the brook trout of the Eastern streams, the Loch Leven or Scotch Lake trout and the German brown trout (Sal mo fario), of Europe. This work of in- troduction, artificial propagation and trans- plantation so well begun is being prosecuted in increasing magnitude each year. The State now operates eight hatcheries with the possi- bility of opening two more within the next year. From these eight hatcheries each year are planted an average of around 12,000,000 trout, the distribution of which keeps a special distribution car on the road six months out of each year. ENORMOUS FISH "CROP" To do justice to the subject of the State's commercial fisheries volumes would be needed. We have over 4000 people engaged in the ac- tual catching of fish. Their annual "crop" amounts to 87,000,000 pounds (in round num- bers), and has a value to them of $4,000,000. While it is impossible to secure complete figures as to the retail value of the catch, it seems reasonable to place the total at the very respectable figure of $10,000,000. That even this great business is capable of further de- velopment is shown by the history of the tuna or albacore industry, which three years ago amounted to practically nothing and for the season of 1914 brought the canners $1,600,000. It is believed that this single industry will be increased in value by 50 per cent during the present year. The salmon industry is of peculiar interest, not alone because of its annual value to the fishermen of $500,000, but because of the fact that it owes its revival and continuance almost solely to the hatchery operations of the Na- tional Bureau of Fisheries and the State Fish and Game Commission. In 1885 the State first took up the artificial propagation of salmon, it having developed that the salmon, particularly in the Sacramento and its tribu- taries, had become practically extinct. This diminution in the salmon runs was due to the fact that with the advent of the white men there had been a great demand for the salmon in the Sacramento River and with no hatch- eries to increase their numbers or adequate laws to protect the breeding fish and with the great spawning beds on Feather, Yuba, Bear, and x'lmerican rivers destroyed by mining oper- ations, their numbers had lessened year by year. The salmon had abandoned many of the streams altogether as the eggs deposited on the spawning grounds did not hatch, being de- stroyed by the detritus from the mines. In 1885, - the state commission established a salmon hatchery on Hat Creek, a tributary of Fall River. This hatchery was later aband- oned and a larger hatchery opened at Sisson. The output of the latter hatchery alone has brought the salmon back to the waters of this State and in sufficient numbers to make pos- sible a profitable industry which shows no signs of decreasing in volume or profits to those engaged in it. With a revenue of around $300,000 each year from the sale of licenses to sportsmen and market fishermen and from fines collected from violators of the law, California is assured that all means necessary for the perpetuation of its fish and game supply can and will be carried out, particularly as during recent years a pub- lic sentiment has developed which recognizes the value of the State's wild life resources and demands that they be conserved for the benefit of those who are here to enjoy them now and for those who will come after us. Aiitoiiiobile Hoai] Icadin); iliroiiuli (lu nortlifrn cou.st of C:ililtiriii:i, .secmAMB.. >Niii(; forests of |iriiiiev:il re«l^voo«{s, alon^ tlie o everj tiirii rrazzaz, now sojourning in El 178 CALII-ORXIA'S MACAZIXE Paso, Texas, for reasons with which we are not concerneil in this article. It occupies about three-fourths of the state of Chihuahua, It is said to be a tract of 100,000,000 acres. The first of these tracts, the nine North At- lantic states, contains 25,000,000 people. The second tract of equal size. California, con- tains 2.500,000 persons. 1 do not know how many people live on the 100,000,000 acre Mexican ranch, but suppose, to make the pic- ture complete, that there are 250.000 souls. There are single counties in California that. if they were as densely populated as Massa- chusetts, could hold the present population of California. The 25,000,000 people of the North At- lantic states are better fed, better clothed, better housed, and better educated than when there were onlv 2.500.000 inhabitants. It is not asserted that this is due necessarily to the greater population, but that it is true in spite of it. Some day, probably within the life time of persons now living, California will contain not less than 10.000.000 people. \\'hen that day comes we can expect them to be better fed, better clothed, better housed, and better edu- cated than the present population, which per- haps has no superiors at present in these par- ticulars in the world. The greater population of the North At- lantic states is due to the fact that those states face upon the same ocean as the coun- tries of Europe. These states have had the wealth created by the vast number of immi- grants without having the expense of raising them to the wage-earning age. Had the Pa- cific Coast states, witli their fertile soils, rich ores, vast water power, and unexcelled climate faced the Atlantic Ocean, they might now con- tain 40,000,000 people instead of 5,000,000. It costs an immigrant two and one-half times as much to reach San Francisco from Genoa as it does to reach New York. Fifty years ago the differential was vastly greater. As soon as boats begin to run directly from Bramerhaven or Naples to San Francisco by way of the canal, it will probably cost the immigrant only 50 per cent more to reach the ^\'estern Coast than the Eastern Coast. It is not necessarv to assume that more iinniiL:;raiits will come to America, but mcrdv that thcv will be dif- ferent Iv distributed. In 1910 l/.OOO.OOO acres of the 28,000,000 acres of the farm lands in California were held in ranches of over lOOO acres. It is esti- mated that there are .^0.000,000 acres of land in California suited to agriculture. Only six per cent of this area, or three per cent of the total area, is held in farms of under 175 acres. There is a certain county in California con- taining 805.760 acres, which in 1910 was re- ported to contain 663 farmers. The total area in farms was 491,198 acres, or 741 acres per farm. A small reclamation project has been developed in this county. Settlement began in 1911. Two hundred and sixty families now occupy 8000 acres, 7400 of which are under irrigation. It is estimated that in 1914 $100,000 worth of a single product — butter- fat — was sold from this area. There is nothing to prevent the sale of $500,000 worth within five years. The bank in the town adjoining this project has 1575 depositors with deposits aggregating $404,000. Note that this is less than one per cent of a county which in 1910 was reported to contain 663 farms. ^Vhen this 8000 acres was a sheep ranch it may have brought in 10 cents an acre. It now contains about 260 thirty-acre farms, each with a family averaging four and one-half persons. The people of the project recently sent a representative to Washington to say to Secretary Lane that they had no complaints to make. If this were not an unusual case it would not have been quoted here. Neverthe- less it illustrates the agricultural potentialities of California, because this instance may in the future be duplicated many, many times, if only the right methods are employed. The citrus industry offers a further illustra- tion of what may be accomplished. In 1890 there were 4000 carloads of oranges and lemons shipped from California. In 1914 nearly 50.000 carloads were handled. Last year the consumers paid $86,000,000 for the citrus fruit raised in California. It is esti- mated to have been raised on 125,000 acres. When this fruit was hanging on the trees it AGRICULTURAL POTENTL\LITIES 179 was worth 25 per cent of what tlie consumers paid for it and it is estimated to have given employment to 8000 families. How many families were supported by virtue of the re- maining three-fourths which the consumers paid can only be surmised. Like all other places, California has two sides to its shield. Success depends upon knowing what is on both sides of the shield. In California, as elsewhere, too many people have been living off of the increased value of the land and unfortunately have been living off this increment before it was earned. Some people look upon this as a local phenomenon. While it may have received greater emphasis here than elsewhere, it is only a part of a widespread disease. This unearned increment has made possible the extravagant living for which the past fifteen years have been noted. Few people can live extravagantly unless they issue their promissory note against the future. It is not that the wholesale price of land is too high in California, but the overhead charge of dividing up these lands and finding settlers has been too great. Nowhere has the art of selling been developed to a greater degree than in California. Often the art of buying has not been equally developed in the newcomer. The goods are here but sometimes the buyer does not find them. Not infrequently the seller displays his shelf-worn articles. REASONS FOR ERROR Buyers have commonly been led into error for the lack of understanding three factors : 1. The time required to make a farm a going concern. 2. The value of a dollar. 3. The requirements of a successful farm. When fifty years ago the pioneer went into Iowa he had only to turn the furrow in order to seed to oats or plant corn. In from three to six months he deposited in the bank the cash for the crop. When his son came to Cali- fornia, he found conditions different. In an irrigated region, water must be brought to the tract, the land must be leveled and checked before a crop can be started. A\nnle a slight return may be made the first year a going concern can not be made with a piece of raw land under irrigation short of two years and in some of the more profitable lines it takes from three to five years. The less capital to start with the longer it takes. A dollar does not go as far in the Pacific Coast states as it does in the older and more thickly settled ones. Labor is higher. The cost of long hauls must be added to the cost of materials. It will all come back in the end if wisely expended, but this does not help the man while he is getting started. I received a letter from a prospective settler in the Mid- dle West who had a couple of thousand dollars to invest. He said he had read in the highly colored prospectuses of leading devel- opment firms that anything could be raised from a bean to a fig tree. He appealed to me for some believable information concern- ing the products of California. It was neces- sary to say to this prospective buyer that it was perfectly true, in California anything could be raised from a bean to a fig tree. Further that what was said in the highly col- ored literature which he had received was quite possible, but it was not evidence that he could make a living on a farm in Cali- fornia. His success would depend wholly upon his wisdom in purchasing and his own ability as a farmer. There is an old English saying which reads, "If wishes were wagons, beggars might ride." It takes more than a wish to become a suc- cessful farmer. If it were not so there would be more competition in farming than there is at present. Oftentimes a competent man could make a living where another has made a failure, but the man who is competent to make a living under the particular conditions would have known enough to have purchased elsewhere. Many persons have no adequate conception of the requirements of a successful farm. Neither will this article undertake to list them, but this much may be said, that it is not the yield per acre nor the per cent earned on the investment that makes a successful farm. It is the income per unit of labor. Neither is this income to be reckoned wholly in dollars and cents ; it comes in certain human satisfactions that no money can buy. In these latter respects few, if any, places have greater potentialities than California. Til ERE is a certain weirdness in the grotesque form of these mon- ster trees, which shadow a winding- road near the coast of the Pacific Ocean, not far from San F'rancisco. Rural Credit and State Development By Col. Harris Weinstock Member from California of the American Commission on /Igrieiiltiiral Co-of^eration and Rural Credit Editor's Note: After years of zealous study of finance from the point of view of human interest through the increase of individual prosperit}' in agricultural production Colonel Weinstock has arrived at the conviction that the state should adopt a plan for fair finance in farming. His beliefs in this direction are widely shared by the citizenship of California, and the following contribution will there- fore meet with sympathetic interest. As a member of the American Commission on Agricultural Co-operation and Rural Credit, Colonel Weinstock has had an excellent opportunity to investigate the prob- lem from many angles and gives his readers herein the summed-up results of his findings. IN 1913 two commissions were appointed, one by the state government, representing a group of about sixty commissioners, known as the American Commission, and the other consisting of seven federal commissioners, ap- pointed by the President of the United States, to visit Europe to investigate the various sys- tems of European rural credits, and to report thereon to Congress. As one of the commissioners for California appointed by Governor Hiram W. Johnson, I brought back with me from my European investigations, two valuable demonstrations : First, the amortization method of payments of farm mortgage loans ; that is, spreading the re-payments over a long period of years. Second, the plan of issuing marketable land bonds in lieu of land mortgages. I found that these two ideas have been put into successful operation in Europe, and have done much to revolutionize the rural conditions of Europe. The system has enabled the small- est European land owner to borrow money on long time payments, at the world's lowest rate of interest ; in other words, the smallest Ger- man, French, or Italian farmer could borrow the little money he needed in the markets of the world as cheaply as a Rockefeller or a Pierpont Morgan. I found, further, that the system as applied by the British Parliament to Ireland had brought about a social and economic revolution in that little country, unparalleled in the world's history. The Irish land bill enacted bv Parliament a decade or more ago, created a royal commission with the power to ap- praise the value of and to condemn the large landed Irish estates ; to buy them from their absentee landlords, paying them a bonus of about 12 per cent above the appraised valua- tion ; to cut up these great estates in small parcels, sell them to selected Irish tenants, advancing them 100 per cent of the purchase price, and granting them seventy-five years 182 CALTFORXIA'S ^lAGAZTXF. time in uhicli to make annual repayments, at the rate of about one-half of one per rent on tlie principal, chargini; them only three per cent interest on the deferred payments. This system has within a decade con\erted over 300.000 poverty-stricken, wretched, un- happy, discontented tenant farmers into over 300,000 happy, prosperous, contented, and progressive landed proprietors, so that little old Ireland, from being the most miserable and poverty-stricken country in all Europe, has become one of the most prosperous coun- tries in the world. IXViriNG THE WORLD In a crude and an imperfect way, we of California have appreciated the importance of breaking up our great bodies of land owned by the few. into small parcels, inviting people from all o\er the world to become farm colo- nists in our midst. Great fortunes have been e\j)ended throughout the nation and else- where, inviting people to engage in California agriculture and horticulture, but our methods have been so crude and so unscientific, and the love of greed on the part of land pro- moters has been such, that a very great pro- portion of those who have been induced to come here, and to buy our acreages, have failed with great misfortune to themselves, and with serious injury to the State. The usual method of procedure in attempt- ing to colonize in California has been for a group of capitalists and promoters to get to- gether, to buy up a body of land. ])aying. as a rule, $35 to $40 an acre for the raw land, to spend $.S0 or $60 an acre thereon to water and to improve it, to spend an additional $40 or $50 an acre in advertising it, and then to sell it to colonists at about $200 an acre, which, even then, would onlv allow a reason- able margin to the promoters. Blinded by glittering statements and great promises of future possibilities many within and without the State were led to invest their little all in such colonization schemes. As a rule, they would be called upon to pay down at least 20 per cent of the jjurchase price, with, say, four or five years additional time to pay the balance, at a maximum rate of interest. Comparatively few of these pur- chasers would be scientifically trained farmers or fruit growers. As a rule they would be Eastern i>eople, some with no farm experience and some with farm experience that would not tit into tlie California t'limatic conditions, and some of them city people seeking rural homes. As a consequence, the land would have to yield annually enough to pay about 20 per cent on the purchase price, the maxi- mum rate of interest on the deferred payments, and to afford a li\ing for the colonist and his family, despite the fact that the soil may have proven most inferior and despite the further fact of the lack of experience on the part of the colonist. As a consequence a frightfully large proportion of such investors have come to grief ; have been forced back to the cities, many of them as unskilled laborers, to swell the ranks of the casual unemployed and many of them have cursed the State as a delusion and a snare; have shouted their misfortunes from the housetops, and have thus injured California in the eyes of their sympathizers here and elsewhere. Compare this crude, unwise, and unscientific method of colonization with the plan followed, for example, by Australasia. The Austral- asian government made the matter of farm colonization a state affair. In those domin- ions, the State sends its experts out to spy out the land and to buy desirable tracts at the lowest market rates. Such land is then drained, watered, and improved, again by ex- perts, at the lowest possible cost, cut up into small parcels and sold to carefully selected colonists who have the body and the brains that are essential to farming success. In the State of Victoria. Australia, for example, the cash payment required on the land by the State is only 3 per cent of its .sale price, and thirty-one and one-half years are given in which to complete payments, with interest on deferred payments at 4^4 per cent. Besides giving this long term of payment and requir- ing this low rate of interest, the state builds ' houses for the settlers, on cash payments, for about a quarter of the cost, the remaining payments being allowed to extend over twenty RURAL CREDIT 185 /ears, with interest at five per cent. Further- more, the state details expert graduates from its agricultural colleges to settle among the colonists, and to play the part of teacher, friend, guide, and instructor, all with a view to taking the inexperienced by the hand, and teaching them as speedily as possible, scientific farming. As a result of this wise, beneficent, and scientific method, Australasia is rapidly becoming an object lesson to the world in successful farm colonization, adding greatly to the wealth of the state and to the prosperity and the well being of its people. The Aus- tralasian dominions, to finance these schemes, issue state bonds, and by virtue of the high credit enjoyed by those countries, are enabled to borrow money in the world's markets, at the lowest current rate of interest. Whereas, in the Western United States, 100 per cent and over is more often added to the original cost by the land promoters, in Australasia the colonist gets his land at the actual cost of the land and improvements, plus about 10 per cent. There is no other spot in the world where possibilities for carrying out, for example, the Australasian idea, are so great as right in our own commonwealth of California. We not only have the soil and the climate, which will compare more than favorably with those of Australasia, but we have the world's great- est markets at our very door, whereas Aus- tralasia is isolated from great populated cen- ters, thus being placed at a serious marketing disadvantage. It is not difficult to foresee how, if suitable plans are carried out, it must revolutionize the rural conditions of California, by enabling the struggling farmer to borrow his money as cheaply as the greatest financier, giving him thirty years or less in which to make re- payments. In many instances such advantages may save many farmers from failure who find them- selves on the ragged edge, and who are unable to meet their loans, by enabling them to secure their money at the world's lowest interest rate, and with miny years in which to make repay- ment, thus greatly adding to their possibility of final success. It will be a great day for California when these plans can be successfully carried out. It will not only be a great day for California, so far as its own prosperity is concerned, but it will also be a great day for this common- wealth, in becoming an object lesson to the sister States of our Union, who may follow, as they have in other things, the example set by our State. Thus may we not only become a blessing to ourselves, but also to the nation. ^^/"^0-OPERATION is a word often used and often misused; some- ^^ times carelessly used and sometimes used with intention to mis- lead. When used fairly it not only should imply an intention to help one another but it also implies the ability to do so. It carries with it the possession by each party of some element of strength or of service which can be helpfully joined with what the other party can contribute to the partnership. This constitutes true co-operation." — B. F. Voa- k II III ill "TJic Fra." The Immigration Problem in California By Hon. Julius Kahn Mnnhrr of Congress from Calif(iriiia Editor's Note: Honoral^le Julius Kahn possesses the distinction of having- served longer as a representative to Congress than any other man from the Pacific Coast. He was elected in 1898, following six years as a member of the California Legislative Assembly, and has served continuously, with the exception of one term, to date. His resolution and active work were prime factors in securing the Expo- sition for San Francisco. Congressman Kahn has served on numer- ous Congressional committees, among which may be named those dealing with judiciary, naturalization, military, immigration, and national exposition problems. In all these departments of work he has proved highly efficient. His experience in immigration mat- ters enables him to write with incisive understanding upon the sub- ject. His ])aper will be found thoroughly interesting and of undoubted value. THE opening of the Panama Canal to the commerce of the world will materially affect the future of California. Millions of acres of fertile and arable soil will be opened up to agriculturists and horticulturists in our productive valleys and the foothills of our great mountain ranges. This State can be made, and will be made, the world's granary. Our great extent in area from north to south and our climatic conditions enable us to pro- duce all those food products that are so es- sential to the very existence as well as the pleasure of the human race. Our cereals, our vegetables, and our fruits mature many weeks before similar products ripen in the Eastern section of our country. Those consumers on the Atlantic seaboard and in the Mississippi Valley region who will be able to secure our food commodities at reasonable prices far in advance of their own seasons will be- come steady customers for the products of California. farmers' opportunity Our great difficulty heretofore has been the necessary supply of farm labor. Orientals have never found favor in the eyes of Cali- fornians. But. with the opening of the Pan- ama Canal, nianv thousands of European laborers will come directly through the great waterway from their native lands to the Golden Gate. Most of these will be farmers and horticulturists. They and their ancestors for many generations have been compelled to eke out an existence on lands that have been worked for centuries and that can only be made productive by the constant use of fer- tilizers. These men know what intensive farm- ing means. If they can be spread upon the lALAIIGRATION PROBLE^I 185 lands in the interior they will add enormously to the wealth of the Golden State. For our soil is practically virgin. Millions of acres have never been tickled by the plough as yet. They need no artificial fertilization. The farm laborers from Europe, taking advantage of these favorable conditions, will be able to gather enormous harvests. And the markets for these harvests will constantly increase. WORK OF COMMISSION An immigration commission already has been appointed to meet the conditions that will arise out of this tide of immigration. This commission will endeavor to prevent the con- gestion of these masses of immigrants in our cities. They will seek to send them back to the land. They will endeavor to induce them to take up the arts of husbandry in this com- monwealth. That means that labor of the right kind will be found tliat will enable the owners of large holdings either to go into the business of raising crops themselves, or it will enable them to sell their great tracts to small holders who will take advantage of the labor conditions to put their farms, orchards, and vineyards under cultivation. The crops of fruits and melons and berries and vegetables will increase enormously. Our dairies, our hop fields, our cereal producing ranches, our vine- yards, and our orchards will be expanded and extended until the entire State will become one vast, extensive farm. Lines of refrigerator ships will undoubtedly be established to take these products to the markets of our Eastern seaboard and even to the ports of Europe, Asia, and South America. Today large quan- tities of fresh fruits and vegetables are shipped to London and other European cities in re- frigerator ships from South Africa. England, and even our own country, as well as many of the large communities in the Orient receive fresh beef, fresh vegetables, and other prod- ucts of the farm and dairy from Australia. Argentina is sending her farm products to our own Eastern seaboard, as well as to European countries. These exports add materially to the wealth of the exporting nations, and we in California ought to take advantage of the new conditions that will come to us through the opening of the canal to increase our trade in the products of this State with the great con- suming masses of our Eastern Coast and the western coast of Europe. There is no reason why our immigration problem should become a difficult one. On the contrary, it ought to be easy of solution. In many of the smaller valleys of California, European immigrants and the sons and daughters of these immi- grants have already created productive farms, dairies, orchards, and vineyards. They have taught us what can be done by the industrious immigrant on the lands of California. The future for the interior of the State, when the tide of immigrants shall be dis- tributed upon our uncultivated lands, holds as bright a bow of promise as ever hung upon the clouds of a retreating storm. "T^OR OUT in San Francisco a panorama is beginning to unfold be- ^ fore us — a splendid panorama of our past and the past of those countries closely allied with us in the endeavors of civilization. We have only to stroll and watch, and we can not help drawing from it that "\-ision without which a people perishes." On our way there we shall catch sight of glories of pastureland, sublimities of mountain range, the golden sight of Titan young cities of the West, the realiza- tion of that heritage the pioneers have left us. In great spaces fit for men to breathe in are born great dreams. We must necessarily return with fresher springs of inspiration opened in our souls. — From Editorial in "Tlic Century^' for April, IQ15. 'M' Mounl Sliaslii. Ndrtlicrn C.;!! i foniia itl\ /T ( )L'XrAIXS sccni to have l)ecn l)iii]t for the human race, as at once tlieir schools and cathedrals; full of treasures of illum- inated manuscript for the scholar, kin(ll\- in sinii)le lessons for the worker, quiet in pale cloisters for the thinker, glorious in holiness for the worshiper. They are great cathedrals of the earth, with gates of rock. i)avements of cloud, choirs of stream and stone, altars of snow, and vaults of purple traversed hy the continual stars." — Riiskiu. The Parcel Post Service in California By Charles W. Fay Postmaster of Son Francisco Editor's Note: The bridging of great distances and the consequent closer relationship between the remote farmer and the marts of trade as a result of the perfection of the parcel post is the subject of the following article by Charles W. Fay, postmaster of San Francisco. Mr. Fay finds in the new order of things a cause for much satisfac- tion, and his views will be read with interest since he is known to have always taken an active interest in public affairs. ]\Ir. Fay was for three terms secretary to former Mayor Phelan (now senator) of San Francisco. He was appointed postmaster by President Wilson. WHEN, two years ago, the parcel post system was added to the mail service and the United States government seriously entered the business of transporting packages, a new field of opportunity w^as opened, the scope and value of which are only just begin- ning to be realized. By its order inaugurating the parcel post system the Post Office De- partment placed at the disposal of the people for the handling of parcels, more than 60,000 post offices and stations, 33,000 city carriers, 45,000 rural carriers, and 1,000,000 miles of rural free delivery, and brought 20,000,000 people, who were, up to that time, out of touch with any market, directly in contact with the world of trade. Nowhere has this new service a better field of usefulness than in California. All con- ditions of populous districts are present in and around the large cities, and through the avenues of the mail service these centers are brought in touch with the far distances in the forests and in the mountains. There the express service, because unprofitable, was un- known, and the monthly or even semi-annual trip to the nearest, but still far away settle- ment, was the only means of getting supplies. Now this has all been changed. No place is too lonesome to be out of reach of the post office, or too far away to be forgotten. The element of cost does not determine the char- acter or extent of accommodation. The entire service bears the burden in the lonesome places and the same theory that will spend a dollar to send a two-cent letter through the ice fields of Alaska, will bring a parcel to some pioneer or prospector far out in the wilderness where he is blazing the trail. Service of this kind can not be done under the theory of a profit paying business, and yet in the long run it does pay, for its value is rated in citizenship and manhood and new opijortunities. not in dollars and cents. NEW OPPORTUNITIES DI.SCOVERED It is in this opening up of new opportunities that the parcel post is playing the most im- portant part. It is no longer true that a man or small merchant with goods to sell must find his market in his own vicinity. He can, through the parcel post, find it anywhere. 188 CAIJFORXIA'S MAGAZIXE L'nck-r the zone system he may liiul that some markets are more avaihible than others, and that some products may be unavailable at some places but available elsewhere, but if lie will give the system half the study he gives to railroad and express rates and conditions he will find some part of it accurately tuned to the song of his needs, and he has only to keep in harmony. ■"1 ARM TO cnv"' SERVICE The parcel post system gives special heed to the marketing of farm produce in the cities, and a "producer to consumer" service that, starting as an experiment, has become a firm and rapidlv growing fixture in the trade of the country. And supplementing this "farm to city" service is a "city to farm" service that is swelling the volume of business handled to proportions far beyond any prophecy made when the service started. Potatoes, fruit, meat, fresh vegetables, honey, butter, eggs, dried fruit, nuts, dressed poultry, squabs, berries and a hundred other things are streaming into the city of San Francisco and other places where these "farm to table" centers have been established; and grain, cement, nails, black- smitlis' coal, flour, meal. salt, plaster, and even bricks, are going out to where no de- liveries of anything have ever before been made, except through the medium of the old farm wagon. Ore is transported by ])arcel j)ost to the assay office and to tlie smelter. lUillion is transported fnim tin- smeller to the mint. Gradually new fields are opening to the new service and up-to-date merchants are calling more and more upon its facilities. Yielding to their needs, rates have been lowered and weight limits have been twice raised. Books have been admitted as parcel post ; printed matter also when in tjuantity beyond the or- dinary third class package. Regulations have been amended to allow sealed packages of proprietary articles to be transmitted at parcel post rates. New methods of handling have been devised ; new schemes of distribution to prevent reliandling have been thought out; insurance on small articles has been cut in half ; arrangements have been made to furnish a delivery receipt to the sender and to collect the value of the package if he so desires. government's concessions In every way possible the Post Office De- partment has been following the demands made upon the parcel post service with further concessions, in order that business needs may meet with business treatment, and a service not for one but for all, may be placed at the people's disposal. With its varied products, its wide diversity of industries and its profusion of opportunity, California should profit largely by the parcel post. It has entered into the heart of the commercial life of the State, and day by day its hold on the situation is growing stronger. It is an element in trade that must be reck- oned with, and those who first see and avail themselves of its opportunities will secure an advantage hard to overcome. "T^ill'^ modern farmer .sometimes scarcely realizes the advantag-es -*- he has over what his forefathers had to contend with. The telegraph, telephone, antomohile, and now the parcel ])OSt — all are factors in the development of the agriculturist of today. And his ability to produce is greatly increased, while he and his family no longer are veritable slaves to the soil, but masters of it, causing; it to yield bountifully. California is an ideal locality for those who would farm under the best conditions. California Coming Into Its Own By Edgar Allen Forbes Secretary of the California Developuiciit Board Editor's Note: Contrasting vividly the activities and vast production of the Cahfornia of today with the Cah- fornia of the padres, Mr. Forbes, known nationally as a high class magazine writer and editor, paints the tremendous advancement of the State in glowing slashes of color upon his canvas of years. In his position as secretary of the California Development Board he is so placed as to be constantly in touch with what the State is doing. Therefore it is not surprising that his paper should possess the attention to de- tail in the matter of agricultural and other production that it does. FROM its earliest beginnings, California has been a land of promise, but in that dreamy, romantic and at times tragic era of its history, against whose skyline stand in bold relief the padre and the concjuistador, the resources of the country were untouched, its possibilities were as yet an unknown quantity. All that could be discerned by the necessarily narrowed vision of those early figures in the history of California, was that it possessed wonderful scenery, equable climate and an abundance of animal and vegetable life, with none but the aboriginal inhabitants to lay claim thereto. The missionaries were at that time con- cerned more deeply with the salvation of the Indians than with the development of the land or the settlement of the province. They saw a great deal to be done for the soul of the Indian and beheld in this their most press- ing duty. But the conquistadors, lusting only for conquest and gold, regarded the Indian as simply a slightly better developed type of the beasts that haunted the forests and plains, and by a system of cruelty, amounting fre- quently to barbarism, forced him into slavery and soul-killing labor. So the padres found very soon more than mere soul salvation await- ing their energies. They must strive against the powers of might, the powers of wealth ; the Indian's body must be saved as well. In this heart-breaking task the names of such men as Las Casas and Junipero Serra stand out strongly ; it was through the efforts of these and other members of that early band of heroic missionaries that the mission idea became a fact. The Indian was a non-tiller of the soil. 190 C-ALII-ORXrA'S MAGAZIXI', The conquistador and the cavalier of the period had neither time nor inclination for such work. True, tlie Indians were made to labor under the lash of the conquistadors, but it was a labor that killed and its liarvest was largely stained with the blood of the toilers. The true idea of development did not come into being until the missions were founded and brought to a flourishing state. Twenty- one missions were built up in less than seventy years, and the value of the property acquired by the thrifty padres, represented by land, harvest, and flocks, mounted into the millions of dollars. Then came Mexico's revolt from Spain in 1821 and with this successful insur- rection began the "secularization" of the mis- sions. The Indians were given their freedom and land and stock, which they promptly pro- ceeded to lose by gambling or through their natural disinclination to labor. The mission system was demoralized and dismembered, and though a few^ friars stayed on, doing what lay in their power for the unfortunate Indians, the end was inevitable. The march of prog- ress had destroyed forever the system that had been in vogue nearly two-thirds of a cen- tury. And before the triumphant advance of this same progress went down alike padre, Indian and cavalier, destined henceforth to flourish only in memory and in the pages of history or romance. THE GLK.VM OF GOLD The agricultural jjossibilities of California may have been recognized to some extent by the Franciscans and some occasional isolated conquistador, but before they should be real- ized to any great extent another source of riches was to be uncovered. From the utter- most ends of the earth, lured by the gleam of nuggets in the placer fields and by the ex- citement of an unknown life in "the new and naked lands." came the gold-seekers. The excitement they found, many found "pay dirt" as well ; others found only failure and igno- minious death. And the total cost of pro- duction (reckoned in expense, time, toil and suffering) was out of all proportion to the number of ounces of gold. And so the Forty- Niner retraced his steps along the Via Dolor- osa, leaving behind him a region which, sixty-five years later, is still the richest gold- producing state in the Union. I'rior to the coming of the gold-hunters and fnllowing the eventful jHTidd of the padres, was an Arcachan interlude, when the plains l)ecame dotted witli haciendas and the hills and valleys were the abodes of great flocks and herds — the days of the Spanish grants, of the grandees; days of chivalry when "softly sighed of love the light guitar." Following on the lieels of this pastoral era was the Mexi- can period, and then the immigrant trains bL'gan to wend tlieir circuitous and tortuous way across the great plains and the fame of California was spread abroad. The "prairie scliooners" brought to the new land many whose names are inseparably linked with its history — such names as Bidwell, Sutter. Don- ner, Fremont, and others. In seeking a location suitable for the erec- tion of a flour mill which Cai)tain Sutter wislied to build, James A\'. Marshall uncovered gold and by this simple act transformed the country into a gigantic lodestone that was to attract countless thousands to its shores. Al- ready the American flag was floating over tlie Monterey customs house, as well as Sonoma, Los Angeles, San Francisco. Two 3'ears later tliis flag had a new star and California, hav- ing passed through many hands and number- less vicissitudes, had become safely anchored at last. Had men not been blinded by the lustre of tlie yellow metal in those days, it is con- ceivable they might have given more attention to the other possibilities of the soil. Ikit this was hardly to be expected; where gold lay beneath their feet, though sometimes eluding even their most ardent search, it was scarcely likely they should be content to sow and wait upon nature to produce a crop that they might harvest. These men, many of them, were farmers — had left farms to search for gold. But while they must have realized what oppor- tunities lay before them in agricultural lines, tlie immediate prospect for gold discovery was too powerful a magnet. Even where fortune passed them by they refused to till the soil. DEVELOPMENT 191 Witness the case of one sturdy young farmer who came from the worn-out soil of one of the Southern states to seek wealth in the new golclfield. He had to undergo months of hardship before he could sink a pick into the creek bed of a California placer iield. He came, he toiled, grimly endured the hardships incident to the pioneer life ; then he went back empty handed to his people. Today we know he might have remained as the absolute owner of a large part of the San Joaquin Valley or of the area now covered by the city of Los Angeles ! The overland stage, the pony express, then the railroads, each aiding in the development of the new State, were coincident with the agricultural awakening that began Avhile yet the gold fever held sway. First came the great cattle era, then its decline and the rise of the grain, the apotheosis of the wheat, and its fall — and then the breaking up of the vast domains and the cropping forth of the smaller ranches, and farms, the orchards, vine- yards, gardens. There are still, in our present day, great live stock ranches ; there are fields of golden grain apparently without end — but the days of the wheat and cattle barons are gone forever. This is the day of the farmer, and already the spirit of co-operation is making itself felt in contradistinction to the monopolistic methods of those earlier times. CONTRASTING FIGURES Sixty-five years ago the cash value of all the farms of California as entered in the records of the Eighth Census, was but $3,874,401. There are numerous individual holdings in tliis State today that could not be bought for that amount. Li that same period there were 4780 "working oxen" in California, the number increasing in the next decade to a total of 31,527. A "working ox" would be a curio todav to most Cali- fornians, but the motor vehicle registration in California in 1914 included 122,800 entries. The orchard products of California were then listed at a total valuation of $17,700; now they are figured not in dollars but in carloads. For example, in 1913 the ship- ments of oranges and lemons alone amounted to 18,085 cars — more than a car for every dollar's worth of all the orchard products of 1850. The wine makers of that generation considered it something of an achievement to report the manufacture of 58,055 gallons of wine, but the State board of viticultural com- missioners reports that the 1914 output was "slightly under 40,000,000 gallons," not counting 3,320,744 gallons of brandy and perhaps 50,000 gallons of unfermented grape juice. Thus, by comparisons, an idea of the tremendous development of California's re- sources can be gained. There is small need for any one to lament the vanished days of the discoverer and the explorer. California is still in the epoch of discovery and every year records new marvels in agriculture and horticulture. It is gen- erally understood that the citrus industry thrives in California. Yet the navel orange, the chief factor of this industry, was intro- duced from Brazil as recently as 1870, and the first crop of seedless oranges (sixteen in number) ever grown in North America came from two trees in 1878-9. A crop of six million boxes a year is not considered remark- able today. Despite the fact that the grape was grown in the mission gardens by the Franciscan friars, the wine industry does not actually date back beyond the memory of men now living. The same is true of the raisin industry, which is even younger, and of the English walnut, which though it now has a production in California of frt)m eight to twelve thousand tons annually, has been grown in California for less than half a century, and the two men who liad most to do with the creation of the industry in California are still living. An atmosphere of romance surrounds most of these products, but they have arrived at their full fruition largely within compara- tivelv recent times and as the result of prac- tical methods of cultivation. NEW DISCOVERIES Every once in a while some new discovery awakens a county or section of the State to the realization that its resources have not yet been exhausted, and that opportunity is for- 192 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE ever present for those who do not bar their doors against it. One of the more recent surprises has been the Imperial Valley, which has developed into a "cotton belt" that promises to rival those districts of the South which liad h)ng held the supposedly exclusive control over this in- dustry. Such illustrations might be indefinitely mul- tiplied, evidence of the fact that California has not yet come into its own, but is simply on the way. STRIKING DATA The following items of fact concerning pro- duction in this and last year are significant : The total number of cars of citrus fruits from the State was 47,839 cars for the sea- son November 1, 1913, to October 19, 1914. The total number of cars of deciduous fruits up to October 21 was 14,301^, as against 11,946^ cars same period in 1913. — October, 1914. The total pack of California canned fruits for 1914 is estimated at about 5,500,000 cases of the market value of about $15,000,000. The total canned vegetable pack is estimated at about 3.000,000 cases; approximate value $6,000,000.— December, 1914. Approximately 12,000 carloads of vege- tables were shipped out of the State during 1914, the largest amounts being of potatoes, onions and celery. — December, 1914. The lima bean crop for 1914 is estimated at 1,550,000 bags of eighty pounds each. — November, 1914. In 1914 the yield of rice per acre in Cali- fornia rice fields was 53.3 bushels. The yield per acre of California's nearest competitor was 39.8 Inishels. California is "iven fourth rank in the jtroduction of rice in the United States. — 1 anuary, 1915. Seventy-three thousand dollars was paid to dairymen of Fresno County for June butter fat.— July, 1914. It is reported that 6,650,000 pounds of butter was i)roduced in 1914 from 32,000 cows in the Imperial Valley. — Februarv, 1915. These are fairly representative items and it may be truthfully said that practically every county in the State is able to furnish without difficulty figures fully as impressive regarding some sort of product. California oflfers a diversity of climatic and soil conditions unparalleled in any other state ; between Del Norte County (on the Oregon frontier) and Imperial County (on the Mexi- can border) stretch over eight hundred miles, wherein can be found scenery, climate and soil in greater variety than in any other 153,650 square miles of territory under the American flag. Here may be found any alti- tude from the line of perpetual snow to the plain that drops below the level of the sea; any degree of humidity, any temperature, any sort of landscape, any kind of vegetation. California, as it has been the endeavor to show herein, has from the beginning supplied man with everything he needed for his own comfort and where he has had the energy and enterprise to labor honestly, has responded richly to his efforts. And if romance has suffered, industry has gained by the growth of civilization. The past, with its picturesque- ness, need not be regretted. The golden op- portunity of the Now is more alluring than any which beckoned men in the old days. California is at last coming into its own, facing "that God's own hour — when a new horizon heaves itself up against a new dawn." 44 It will easily 1)e '' I ""HE settlement of the West has t)nly l)eg-un. ^ possible to support a population five times as great as that now found there. CHniatic conditions are favorable; health conditions are good; the splendid class of pioneers who settled the W^est have built up social and ])olitical institutions which are attractive to think- ing people." — llioinas H. Means in "The Econoniist." Fundamental Principles 6^/ Plant Breeding By Luther Burbank President of the Luther Burhank Society Editor's A'Ofe: jNIany years of devotion to the study of the princi- ples of plant life have placed Mr. Luther Burbank in a unique position whereby he has been enabled to combine a labor for beauty and for utility in the development, transformation, and creation of forms of fruits, veg-etables, and flowers, achieving- a success thereby that makes his name one to conjure with in the realms of horticultural research and experiment. The genius of Luther Burbank, coupled with the rich soil and balmy air of California, have united in bringing to the world added riches to appeal to palate and eye. Li the following article Mr. Burbank treats of the fundamental principles of plant breeding: in a his^hlv interestins" manner. THE fundamental principles of plant breeding are simple, and may be stated in few words ; the practical applica- tion of these principles demands the highest and most refined efforts of which the mind of man is capable, and no line of mental effort promises more for the elevation, advancement, prosperity, and happiness of the whole human race. Every plant, animal, and planet occupies its place in the order of nature by the action of two forces — the inherent constitutional life force with all its acquired habits, the sum of which is heredity ; and the numerous com- plicated external forces or environment. To guide the interaction of these two forces, both of which are only different expressions of the one eternal force, is, and must be, the sole object of the breeder, whether of plants or animals. When we look about us on the plants in- habiting the earth with ourselves, and watch any species day by day, we are unable to see any change in some of them. During a life- time, and in some cases perhaps including the full breadth of human history, no remark- able change seems to have occurred. And yet there is not today one plant species which has not undergone great, and to a certain extent, constant change. The life forces of the plant in endeavoring to harmonize and adapt the action of its ac- quired tendencies to its surroundings may, through many generations, slowly adapt itself to the necessities of existence, yet these same accrued forces may also produce sudden, and to one not acquainted with its past history, most surprising and unaccountable changes of character. The very existence of the higher orders of plants which now inhabit the earth has been secured to them only by their power of adaptation to crossings, for through the variations produced by the combination of numerous tendencies, individuals are produced 194 CAiJI'ORXTA'S ^FAGAZINE whicli are better ciuluwed to meet the i)re- vailini; conditions of life. Tlius to nature's persistence in crossing do we owe all that earth now i>riuluces in man, animals, or plants ; and this magnificently stupendous fact may also be safely carried into the domain ot chemistry as well, for what is common air and water but nature's earlier efforts in that line, and our nourishing foods but the result of mvriad complex chemical affinities of later date? Natural and artiticial crossing and hybri- dization are among the principal remote causes of nearly all otherwise perplexing or unac- countable sports and strange modifications, and also of many of the now well established species. Variations, without immediate ante- cedent crossing occur ahvays and everywhere from a combination of past crossings and en- vironments, for potential adaptations often exist through generations without becoming actual, and when we fully grasp these facts there is nothing mysterious in the sudden ap- pearance of sports; but still further intelli- gent crossings produce more inmiediate results and of great value, not to the plant in its struggle with natural forces, but to man, by conserving and guiding its life forces to supply him with food, clothing, and innumerable other luxuries and necessities. Plant life is so common that one rarelv stops to think how' utterly dependent we are upon the quiet, but magnificently powerful work which they are constantly i)erforming for us. It was once thought that plants varied within the so-called species but very little, and that true species never varied. We have more lately discovered that no two plants are ever exactly alike, each one having its own individuality, and that new varieties haxing endowments of priceless value, and even dis- tinct new species, can be produced bv the plant breeder with the same precision that machinery for locomotion and other useful purposes is produced by the mechanic. ADJUSTING TO COXmilONS The evolution and all the variations of plants are simply the means which they employ in adjusting themselves to external conditions. I''>ach plant strives to adapt itself to environ- ment with as little demand upon its forces as possible and still keep uj) in the race. The l)est endowed species and individuals win the l)rize, and by variation as well as persistence. 'I'he constantly varying external forces to which all life is everywhere subjected demand that the inherent internal force shall always be ready to adapt itself or perish. The combination and interaction of these innumerable forces embraced in heredity and environment, have given us all our bewilder- ing species and varieties, none of which ever did or ever will remain constant, for the in- herent life force must be pliable or outside forces will sooner or later extinguish it. Thus adaptability, as well as perseverance, is one of the prime virtues in plant as in human life. Plant breeding is the intelligent applica- tion of the forces of the human mind in guid- ing the inherent life forces into useful direc- tions by crossing to make perturbations or variations and new combinations of these forces, and bv radically changing environ- ments, both of which produce somewhat simi- lar results, thus giving a broader field for selection, which again is simply the persistent application of mental force to guide and fix the jjerturbed life forces in the desired channels. IMant breeding is in its earliest infancy. Its possibilities, and even its fundamental prin- ciples, are understood but bv few ; in the past it has been mostly dabbling with tremendous forces, which have been only partially appre- ciated, and it has yet to approach the precision which we expect in the handling of steam or electricity, and, notwithstanding the occasional sneers of the ignorant, these silent forces em- bodied in plant life have vet a part to play in the regeneration of the race which by com- parison will dwarf into insigm'ficance the serv- ices which steam and electricity have so far given. Even unconscious or half conscious plant breeding has been one of the greatest forces in the elevation of the race. The chem- ist, the mechanic have, so to speak, domesti- cated some of the forces of nature, but the plant breeder is now learning to guide even LUTHER BURBANK 195 the creative forces into new and useful chan- nels. This knowledge is a most priceless legacy, making clear the way for some of the greatest benefits which man has ever received from any source by the study of nature. A general knowledge of the relations and affinities of plants will not be a sufficient equipment for the successful plant breeder. He must be a skillful botanist and biologist, and having a definite i)lan. must be able to correctly estimate the action of the two funda- mental forces, inherent and external, which he would guide. The main object of crossing genera, species, or varieties is to combine various individual tendencies, thus producing a state of pertur- bation or partial antagonism by which these tendencies are, in later generations, disso- ciated and recombined in new proportions, which gives the breeder a wider field for selec- tion ; but this opens a much more difficult one — the selection and fixing of the desired new types from the mass of heterogeneous tend- encies produced, for, by crossing, bad traits as well as good are always brought forth. The results now secured by the breeder will be in proportion to the accuracy and intensity of selection, and the length of time they are ap- plied. By these means the best of fruits, grains, nuts, and flowers are capable of still further improvements in ways which to the thoughtless often seem unnecessary, irrelevant, or im- possible. ^Vhen we capture and domesticate the va- rious plants, the life forces are relieved from many of the hardships of an unprotected wild condition, and have more leisure, so to speak, or, in other words, more surplus force, to be guided by the hand of man under the new environments into all the useful and beautiful new forms which are constantly appearing under cultivation, crossing, and selection. Some plants are very much more pliable than others, as the breeder soon learns. Plants hav- ing numerous representatives in various parts of the earth generally possess this adaptability in a much higher degree than the monotvpic species, for having been subjected to great variations of soil, climate, and other influ- ences, their continued existence has been se- cured only by the inherent habits which adaptation demanded, while the monotypic species not being able to fit themselves for their surroundings without a too radically ex- pensive change, have continued to exist only under certain special conditions. Thus two important advantages are secured to the breeder who selects from the genera having numerous species — the advantage of natural pliability, and in the numerous species to work upon by combination for still further variations. CARE IN SELECTION NECESSARY The plant breeder before making combina- tions should with great care select the indi- vidual plants which seem best adapted to his purpose, as by this course manv vears of ex- periment and much needless expense will be avoided. The differences in the individuals which the plant breeder has to work upon are sometimes extremely slight. The ordinary un- practiced person can not by any possibility discover the exceedingly minute variations in form, size, color, fragrance, precocity, and a thousand other characters which the practiced breeder perceives by a lightning like glance. The work is not easy, requiring an exceedingly keen perception of minute differences, great practice, and extreme care in treating the or- ganisms operated upon, and even with all the naturally acquired variations added to those secured by scientific crossing and numerous other means the careful accumulation of slight individual differences through many genera- tions is imperative, after which several genera- tions are often, but not always, necessarv to thoroughly "fix" the desired type for all prac- tical purposes. The above applies to annuals, or those plants generally reproduced by seed. The breeder of plants which can be reproduced by division has great advantage, for anv valuable individual variation can be multiplied to anv extent de- sired without the extreme care necessarv in fixing by linear breeding the one which must be reproduced by seed. But even in breeding perennials the first deviations from the origi- nal form are often almost unappreciable to the 196 CALll"URi\lA'S MAGAZINE perception, but by accumulating the most minute differences through many generations the deviation irom the original ft)rm is often astounding. Thus by careful and intelligent breeding any peculiarity may be made per- manent, and valid new species are at times produced by the art of the breeder, and there is no known limit to the improvement of plants by education, breeding, antl selection. The plant breeder is an e.xplorer into the in- finite. His brain must be clear and alert in tlirowing aside fossil ideas and rapidly replac- ing them with living, throbbing thought fol- lowed by action. Then, and not until tlien. shall he create marvels of beauty and value in new expressions of materialized force, for everything of value must be produced by the intelligent application of the forces of nature which are ahvays awaiting our commands. The vast possibilities of plant breeding can hardly be estimated. It would not be difficult for one man to breed a new rye, wheat, barley, oats, or rice w-hich would produce one grain more to each head, or a corn which would produce an extra kernel to each ear, another potato to each plant, or an apple, plum, or- ange, or nut to each tree. What would be the result? In five staples only in the United States alone the inexhausti- ble forces of nature would produce annually, without effort and without cost, 5,200,000 extra bushels of corn, 15,000,000 extra bushels of wheat, 20,000,000 extra bushels of oats, 1,500,000 extra bushels of barley. 21,000.000 extra bushels of potatoes. But these vast possibilities are not alone for one year, or for our own time or race, but are beneficent legacies for every man, woman, and child who shall ever inhabit the earth. And who can estimate the elevating and refining in- fluences and moral value of flow-ers with all their graceful forms and bewitching shades and combinations of colors and exquisitely varied perfumes? These silent intiuences are unconsciouslv felt even by those who do not appreciate them consciously, and thus with better and still better fruits, nuts, grains, and flowers will the earth be transformed, man's thoughts turned from the base, destructive forces into the nobler productive ones which w ill lift him to higher planes of action toward that happy day when man shall oft'er his brother man. not bullets and bayonets, but richer grains, better fruits, and fairer flowers. Cultivation and care may help plants to do better w'ork temporarily, but by breeding, plants may be brought into existence which will do better work always in all places and for all time. Plants are to be produced which will perform their ajjpointed work better, quicker, and with the utmost precision. Science sees better grains, nuts, fruits, and vegetables, all in new- forms, sizes, colors, and flavors, with more nutrients and less waste, and with every injurious and poisonous quality eliminated, and with power to resist sun, wind, rain, frost, and destructive fungus and insect pests ; fruits without stones, seeds, or spines ; better fiber, coffee, tea, spice, rubber, oil, paper, and timber trees, and sugar, starch, color, and perfume plants. Every one of these, and ten thousand more, are within the reach of the most ordinary skill in plant breeding. Fellow plant breeders, this is our work. On us now rests one of the next great world move- ments, the guidance of the creative forces are in our hands. Man is slowly learning that he, too, may guide the same forces which have been through all the ages performing this beneficent work which he sees everywhere above, beneath, and around him in the vast teeming animal and plant life of the world. IV/r Y (i.VRDI^^X. with its silence and the pulses of frai^Tance that ^^^ come and .^o on the airy undulations, affects me like sweet music. Care stops at the gates, and gazes at me wistfully through the bars. Among my flowers and trees Nature takes me into her own hands and I breathe freelv as the first man. — Alexander Suiifh. Modern City Buildin By Timothy A. Reardon President San Francisco Board of Public Jl'orks Editors A^otc: As one who has had superior opportunities for noting the processes of evohition in the development of the marts of men, Mr. Timothy A. Reardon has profited thereby to such an extent that he has been enabled to put to practical use many of the ideas thus gained. His article points the way for an escape from the sordid in city building and to something approaching an attainable ideal. Mr. Reardon sees the city with a broad vision from a vantage point and with a wholesome regard for the rights of the multitude as opposed to those of the few and favored. IT SHOULD not be proverbial that "God made the country and man made the town." Therefore, it is incumbent upon those who have a part in the building of our cities of today to exert their efforts toward making them as nearly perfect as possible ; as nearly as possible free from those objectionable fea- tures that have long been supposed inseparable from man-made habitations. Two things go toward the ultimate per- fection of any work that concerns the building of the ideal city : First, the right kind of citizens, and, second, the right kind of motives. It is self-evident that it would be hopeless to attempt the construction of a secure sus- pension-bridge from imperfect material ; no more can you build a city with unprincipled or i;tterly selfish citizens. It is likewise ap- parent that if a man sets out to do a thing, no matter how laudable his enterprise on the face of it, if he proceeds with a mental reser- vation that he will in the end turn it to his own selfish account, the work can not prosper ; or, if it should appear to do so, must ultimately decay because rotten at the core. To repair the damage ere too late, it is necessary to detect the infection and destrov it. In short, right motives are as necessary as right materials, and neither can hope for lasting success without the other. Granted the above prerequisites to success, it generally follows that a city builder, or builders, since it always requires more than one head or one pair of hands to accomplish a work of any magnitude, must be provided with financial backing, certain natural advan- tages, and space wherein to work. From what has been accomplished in the way of city building in some parts of the country, how- ever, it would seem that the matter of natural advantages is not always essential. Cities have been builded under what in the beginning must have seemed almost insurmountable obstacles. In the West, in California particularly, there is little need of considering this, or even the question of room, and financial aid is usually provided without much effort. Perhaps the better word to express what is aimed at in this paper, would be "rebuilding" instead of building, since, it is scarcely neces- sary to say. few, if any, cities are perfect, and their rebuilding, reconstruction, in fact, offers unparalleled opportunities for the city builder to show bv comparison the advantages of modern methods over those of the past. 198 CALllXtKXiA'S MAGAZIXE The most approved nioclcrn ick-a in tlie con- struction of the municipal licart of tlic city of importance is the "civic center" iihui. The groujiinL;. or assembling of the civic structures and the provision thereby of conveniences otherwise unattainal)le. is of undnubt^d ad- vantage. Likewise, the efforts at symmetry or classical outline in the construction of the buildings tliemselvc^ and of the surrounding grounds, are highly commendable. One of the sins of the early city builder was ugliness and lack, of uniformity in construction. But, while it may be comparatively easy for the administrative bodies to create civic centers composed of buildings tliat liarmoni/.e, it is a far more difficult matter to secure anything like harmony or symmetry in the city gen- erally, eitlier in the business or residential dis- tricts. Apparently the only safe plan henceforth, in the erection of buildings of any magnitude, will be to follow certain classic models, so thoroughly established as standards of perfection in both contour and utility as to ])rove, in all likelihood, equally acceptable tt) future generations. Perhaps wi.se lawmakers in days to come will provide measures to insure some such recognition of the laws of harmony and thereby materially enhance the future aspect of the cities. UPWARD TENDENCY Whether a city be constructed upon com- paratively small area as in tlie case of some of the Eastern municipalities, or with room to spread as in most Western instances, the modern tendency seems to be ujiward; hence, the skyscraper, undoubtedly tlie outcome of the necessity of conserving land space and gaining as much as possible in height to offset the fabulous values of city property in the business districts. And yet, the sky- scraper will be found in cities where there is no physical need for it. so it must be assumed that it is a type of office building which experience has proved desirable, despite any apparent drawbacks or qualities of un- safety, now largely minimized by excellence of construction and perfection of ecjuipment for escaping and fighting fire, etc. Perhaps the chief feature that has endeared the skyscraper to the constructor of city build- ings, after the matter of conservation in ground space, has been the conij)actness and resultant saving in cost and time to tenants and owners alike. The ultimate of this is attained in certain I'^astern structures, wherein, it is said, a man might spend a lifetime if need be, finding within the confines of the building all the necessaries of life. This however, is a custom it is to be hoped will never become prevalent, else we are likely to degenerate into a race of human moles, spend- ing an artificial existence and forgetting the sunshine and the blue sky. The "city-beautiful" movement, which has gained favor in numerous cjuarters, has much to recommend it. pro^•iding the idea is not carried to impracticable limits. Certaiidy the beautifying of a city in a dignified and prac- tical manner, and the retention of city squares and parks, with lawns and shade trees, is highly commendable. We of the \\'est have much to be thankful for. whether our lot be cast in city or country, since we are always in touch with both. Thus the residents of San Francisco may with a short ride find themselves in the most delight- ful of natural surroundings, such as the San Mateo county slopes and hills, or. by cross- ing the water, the numerous charming environs of the east ba\- cities. The same applies to the southern part of the State, where the numerous attractive beach resorts afford tempting oppor- tunities for relaxation for the people of the city. So, with the interior cities and larger towns — everywhere the country beckons. Indeed, tliere are few cities in our land where the citizen may not. without a great deal of time or expense, find natural settings to satisfy his most svlvan mood. It is only the very poor in some of the greater Eastern cities who find it impossible to escape even for a time, the narrow confines of stone walls and the dismal vistas of cobbled streets, and the energies of those more fortunately situated should be ex- erted in their behalf, until such a thing as comj)ulsorv continuity of city life is no longer possible under anv circumstances or in any part of the United States. MODERN CITY BUILDING 199 San f^rancisco, during the present year is host to the world, and the department of public works, under whose supervision most of the details of civic improvement are handled, has exerted every effort to place the city in the best possible condition to re- ceive the throngs attracted West by the expo- sitions. Besides the realization of the first of San Francisco's great tunnel projects and the com- mencement of construction on the Twin Peaks tunnel, the development of the civic center grounds and buildings, the construction of a road to the Hetch Hetchy damsite. and the extension of the lines of the Municipal Rail- way, the board has effected the improvement of 453 blocks of streets and of 89 crossings and intersections during the past calendar year. In addition, the streets or sidewalks fronting 1 1 1 parcels of citv propertv have been improved. Modern equipment in the corporation yard for street repair and con- struction has been installed. A tremendous amount of sewerage work has been accom- plished. Among noteworthy improvements planned or under way may be noted the further extension of street railways on the municipal lines ; a fire alarm central station, second to none in the United States, now practically completed ; equipment of schools with metallic fire escapes; an addition to the polytechnic high school ; the permanent improvement or construction of numerous extensive boule- vards, etc. THE LARGER WORD San Francisco as a city has retained its individuality, its character, throughout many vicissitudes, and this is mainly due to the character of its citizens, ^^'hile a great per- centage of the crowds which throng the streets is transient, particularly at this time, owing to the exposition, and while the city is thor- oughly cosmopolitan at all times, as any sea- port must inevitably be, there is still persistent in the main body of the population that spirit, which has been handed down from father to son. since the days of the Argonauts ; an indomitable spirit ; unquenchable, distinctive, in a word. San Franciscan. But there is a larger word, and with that broadness of view that is one of their chief characteristics, the San Franciscans will admit it readily. This word has come to mean more with every pass- ing day; it is representative, comprehensive, inclusive ; it discourages selfishness and petti- ness and inspires the spirit of brotherhood which is so necessary to progress. That word is— CALIFORNIA! .^1 a* I ''HE hig-hest faculty of mind is the constructive faculty — the fac- ulty that builds. A man who builds an industry must be a strong- man. The man that builds is not to be feared. He is helping to organize the world for our benefit, and he is keeping our building faculties in practice. The trouble with the old and narro\\-er culture was that it was receptive rather than constructive. . . . The cul- tivated man in a perfected, democratic, industrial life will be the most widely and sanely cultivated man that has been evolved." — [['. H. Page. T^OES iliis a])i)eal to you as a charming- and effeclix'e site for a niod- J-^ ern hillside home? There are many such locations in California; restricted subdivisions for homeseekers who desire something dis- tinctive as a dwelling- place. California as a Place of Homes By Mark Daniels Landscape Engineer and Superintendent of National Parks of California HOWEVER slightly the sense of the ar- tistic may obtain in the individual na- ture, or appreciation of the beautiful enter into the individual's concept of what is essential to life and happiness, in some degree he is conscious of a sensation when the word "home" is considered that lifts it above ordinary terms and in his mental vision enshrines it as some- thing more splendid than the average. There are men and women, too. who, yield- ing to the strange fever known as wanderlust, boast that wherever they hang their hats is home to them. But, back in some cloistered chamber of their hearts, it is safe to say, dwells a memory centering about the word "home." They think they have forgotten, these birds of passage, but they have not. There are persons whose souls are appar- ently so steeped in selfishness, or whose lives are so entirely devoted to the pursuit of mate- rial wealth and power that the thought of home as anything other than a place in which to sleep, has to all appearances, no significance. But when the pot of gold at the rainbow's end is found empty and the fruits of fame turn to apples of Sodom, in that hour shall memory carry them back over the years to a place, however humble, that once held for them all they knew of home. Fortunately, with the great majority of us. home is perhaps paramount in our visions of earthly bliss, and the more beautiful we make our homes the more beautiful will be our lives, the more wholesome our outlook upon the world, and the less apt will we be to allow our minds to become possessed of unhallowed thoughts. Where our treasure is there will our hearts be also ; therefore it is our duty to make our home the receptacle of our treasure and no man who is not a miser will hide his treasure in a hovel. Gradually even those whose station in life makes it impossible for them to be the possessors of splendid dwell- ings in the midst of roomy grounds, are find- ing ways and means to escape the sordidness of the tenements for the suburbs and the vine thatched cottages. Particularly is this true of the West — of California especially — where an hour's ride and frequently a much shorter one. will bring us from the city to the country the transition being rendered less arduous and expensive with each new development in transportation. It is with members of that class, however, who are so fortunately situated as to be able to afford at least comparatively spacious grounds and buildings in proportion, and who can choose the location of their homes with an eve to the natural scenic investiture, that I would deal in this paper. UXADULTER.4TED BE.\UTV OF CALIFORXI.A. In the beginning I may say that nowhere else in the United States and in few places in the entire world, is there to be found such unadulterated beauty and diversity of scenery, such opportunities for possibilities in archi- tecture or landscape gardening as in Cali- fornia. But it is only within comparatively recent times that the most effectual means of accomplishing what I may term the ultimate in picturesque home construction has been taken into account in this State; by this I 202 CAI.TFORXTA'S AIAGAZINE A graceful curve in a ('.alifdniia siilnlivisioii for hoiiu's mean the restricted district composed of a number of units or miniature estates, all of which, however, form a complete and harmo- nious whole. These miniature estates may vary in size from five to forty acres and in some cases even less than five acres, the extent of the entire district so treated depending upon the sizes of its units. And in this regard, Cali- fornia is favored above most other states in that it has not only room, but room so situated as to be suitable in every respect for the ])ur- pose of home making. A RIVAL OP' PARIS Take the city of San Francisco and its en- virons, for example, and consider from the viewpoint of the landscape architect its pos- sibilities for the creation of idyllic homes and gardens. If Italy possessed such possibilities we would be crossing the ocean in droves to visit it. There is no place on the Atlantic Coast of this country and not more than three localities in the Old World that even compare witli it. North, south, east, or west, it matters not, the eye is favored with a vista that teems witli suggestive possibilities. Go down the peninsula to where the lakes belonging to the Spring Valley Water Company are spread in a chain of tiny lagoons rivaling the famed Lakes of Killarney or the "lochs" of Scot- land. Already several fine subdivisions have been laid out in that vicinity and partake of an Old World charm that is beautiful beyond compare. Journey to Marin County's slopes, and wade knee-deep in fern, while tall trees rise to imposing heights above your head. There are vallevs — hill slopes — wooded dells. rivaling anything that I'Airope's most famous beauty spots can afford. Cross over to Pied- mont, Berkelev. Xorthbrae. Thousand Oaks, and there vou will find foot hill sites with wonderful panoramic marine views that will hold you spellbound by their enchantment. ( )ut bevond Twin Peaks vou will find Forest Hill. St. Francis Wood, and other subdivisions which provide the most ideal locations. In short. San Francisco is like Paris — surrounded HOAIES AND GARDENS 203 by small cities, each with its own particular style of charm, all within easy distance of the metropolis, and contributing to the general beauty and utility of the entire scheme. It is a wheel within a wheel, so to speak, San Fran- cisco constituting the hub. This is but one example — the State, from one end to the other, affords similar facilities for those who are alive to the artistic possibilities. In the South, Los Angeles forms another hub, with spokes reaching out in all directions, the ocean on one hand, the desert and the mountains on the other, compassing the circle. In the interior there is no county but oifers individual ad- vantages, with mountain and valley scenery, crystal lakes, and rushing rivers, towering crags down which pour foamy cascades, trees that seem to touch the stars, or that, giving their growth to breadth rather than to height. spread their branches in grateful shade. Wherever conditions seem at all propitious the restricted district idea of subdivision seems to be laying hold of those who make a busi- ness of turning natural beauty to practical ends in forming home sites for persons of re- fined taste. The possibility of building a fine home and in a year or two having a soap fac- tory or laundry erected within a stone's throw, was not to be considered. Therefore the re- strictions for upwards of thirty years, insuring only buildings of a uniform excellence, bar- ring business establishments, and making easy the minds of those who invest rather heavily in home construction. ART THAT IS CONCEALED The art of the landscape architect consists more in knowing what not to do than what to do. In other words, he must seek to retain the natural effects of the setting and, where changes are essential to utility, to disguise man's handiwork as much as possible. It is merely obedience to the familiar rule — "true art is to conceal art." When, therefore, the artist in large effects wishes to decide upon the proper preparation of a certain area he must first gain a broad conception, a perspect- Delicate piece of landscape engineering — fitting a road between two enormous boulders 11. C. Ncwiirs |)i(liiri'M|iic liiinic in riidusaiid Oaks. ('.:il i IDiiiia, an ciiviron of San I'laiK-iscH) (Iroimds ol Mark Daniels" iKinic in Tlioiisand Oaks HOMES AND GARDENS 205 A hoiiie Ijuricd by feathery trees ive view taking into consideration all the dis- tinct features — vista, character of verdure, topographical conditions, water effects, etc. Then he must gaze with half-closed eyes upon the ensemble, finally fixing in his mind the best means of turning to advantage what na- ture has provided for his use. Consider a spot upon the slope of the foothills, where the ground is rendered unavailable for agricultural pursuits by the steep inclines or by the frequent outcroppings of rock, but where gnarled oaks spread their distorted branches and serpent like roots on every hand. Here is an ideal location for the landscape architect and one need only glance at some of the accompanying photographs to see what has been done with just this sort of material. Follow California's wonderful coast line and innumerable opportunities for home sites within sight and sound of the sea may be noted. No one with an appreciation of the beautiful can travel for one day in California and re- main uncnthusiastic. And when twilight comes stand at the summit of a hill, "knee deep in June" and look out to where the sun has turned the sea into a shimmering copper shield. Watch a little golden ship sailing out through the Golden Gate and while watching see the gold change to brown and purple as night falls — and there will be inspiration and to spare for whatever work one may be engaged upon. It is not on record that Edgar Allen Poe ever visited California but one may be ex- cused for wondering how, even with the imagi- native genius he possessed he was able to com- pose that masterpiece of descriptive writing. "The Domain of Arnheim," without having first seen the beauties of this State. There are a dozen places where the fabled domain might :lassic pathway that might be situated in an Olil World suburl) but wliich is typical of some of California's fine subdivisions 205 CA 1 1 1( ) R X 1 A'S M A ( ; A Z 1 X E Wliiit finer scttiiif^ liir cliildliootl's dcvelopnu'iit, for instilling only ideals of beauty, and appre- ciation of Nature's liountifulness than this sylvan scene — a California wooded hillside turned into a place of hoiiies have been located. No dream of Arcadian poet surpasses the pastoral beauty of Califor- nia's woods and fields ; nowhere has the Great Artist painted with more daring sweeps of color than here, wliere the sun dies in a l)cd of crimson and gold, and nowhere is there a greater peace when The azure curtain of God's lionse Draws back, and hangs star-pinned in space. One may not dwell upon this subject without falling into the mood poetic. And every nail that is driven into a typical California home, wherein beauty and service commingle ; every spadeful of earth that is turned, every seed that is planted bears witness to the same spirit of appreciation. In short, one can not be a part of the great work that is rapidly turning to account every portion of this Western land without l)eiiig insjjired by its qualities of en- during iicauty. FLORAL EFFECTS ^^'hL're it is necessary or advisable to add to the natural floral effects of any particular locality, the garden expert finds no difficulty in making anything grow in California tliat will grow anywhere else in the world. The possibilities of flowers and shrubberv as a means of accentuating or enhancing any fa- vored spot are too patent to need an extended survey. Properly cultivated, successions of blooms may keep a garden in perpetual blos- som throughout all seasons. HOMES AND GARDENS 207 A recent writer in '"House and Garden" says : "For the making of a garden the Califor- nian has practically the world to draw upon. Indeed, so inclusive is the hospitality of the State's climate that the supreme temptation is to plant something of everything on earth and turn one's place into a botanic museum." The writer goes on to complain of the pre- ponderance of such medleyed horticulture in the State, which is another argument for the skilled and artistic worker in the beautifying of California home sites. TREES A GREAT ASSET Trees are another wonderful asset to the landscape gardener and the low-spreading oak has as wonderful possibilities as have the ma- jestic redwood, or the singing pines. The man with an eye for harmonious effects will select a site suitable for the style of dwelling he in- tends to erect, or vice versa. There are counties in the State where the redwoods run down almost to the ocean's shore ; in other districts the madrone vies with the scrub or live oak, or tall poplars in martial rows look down with austere mien upon less formal locusts. The knowing homeseeker or home builder knows just how to utilize the trees upon the land chosen. Water is always a favorite means of en- hancing a garden landscape and California offers so wide a variety of marine and aquatic features from which to select that one need never be at a loss. Much of the country abounds in springs from which small brooks and often large streams flow toward some river. Lakes are common in many sections, and to the west is always the Pacific, visible from 1 200 miles of coast land. HILLSIDE HOMES The hillside home is conducive to mental uplift and the homeseeker who has had his appetite whetted by Swiss chalets or Italian villas can find exactly what he requires in California. The one who is fond of boating, fishing, hunting, out-of-door sports, has a great ex- panse from which to select a home site within easv reach of his favorite hobby. Those who love to dwell in the shadow of historic associations, where ghosts of the past haunt the byways, may find in the vicinity of the old missions available locations for homes partaking of that type of architecture and gardening effect. NATURE AND MAN To sum up, it is the subdivision plan, with necessary restrictions, and the employment of persons of discernment to make the needful changes in landscape, and to plan the archi- tecture that will eventually dot California from end to end with picturesque estates, each a type of beauty with distinguishing charac- teristics, until the State in its entirety as a place of homes becomes as much a paragon as in other respects. When Nature's hand and man's are linked in friendly clasp, and har- mony reconciles their association, artificiality ceases to be artificiality and a perfection is wrt)ught wherein beauty and utility are min- gled in right proportions. The straight line in rustic surroundings is nnissary to accentuate the irregular charm of Nature's less formal moods M A cottage at San Diego, California. An adaptation of tlie flat-roofed Egyptian type — Irving J. Gill, architect Homes of California By Arthur R. Kelly President Los Atif^clcs Architectural CI ill' Editor's Xofc: California is pre-eminently a place of homes. It possesses the natural advantages of scenic investiture second to none in the world, climatic perfection, etc., enabling the most fastidious to build according to their desires. Mr. Kelly, who has designed many of the most beautiful homes in the State, gives in his article a general survey of the home-making possibilities of California and also offers suggestions as to the character of structures that have found most o'cneral fa\-or here. IN CALIFORNIA a home is not a home without a garden of some sort ; therefore when I speak of a home I mean not only the actual building, which is used as a habitation, but also the ground surrounding it, and even the vistas bevond its immediate locality. In fact. 1 wish to include in this term all of the surroundings which lend to it anything of joy and beauty. Peoi)le have come to think, especially the people of the East, that the domestic archi- tecture of California is distinctive and gen- erallv better than that of any other part of the countrv. The reason for so thinking is 210 CALTFORXIA'S ^[.\(;.\ZI\K A house iit Hollywood, C.alil'oniia, having the true feeling of the Spanish Colonial architecture at its best. — Mi/ron limit and Elmer (ireij. architects undoubtedly founded on fact, for although California has not the great number of palatial residences that al)()und in the far East, the general average of architecture, especially among the moderate-priced residences, is very much above the average residence architecture of the East. 'I'he reason for this is very easily cxpkiined. riie liouses of California, as a general rule, are all fairlv modern and any one will admit that for this reason, if for no other, the average should l)e better. Because of this and because the architects of today are doing so much better work than those of yesterday and because the taste of the people of the whole country is better than it used to be. it is inevitable that the domestic architecture of the new far West should be better than that of the East, wdiere for years after the decline of the old Colonial period, there was no do- mestic architecture worthv of the name. Cali- fornia has drawn people of refined taste from all parts of the country and it is their strong appreciation of good architecture as well as their general high standard of what they re- quire in their own homes that has made for the improvement of the quality of California domestic architecture. We can not say that the people of California have better taste than the people of the East, for the peojde of Cali- fornia are the people of the East, but because the homes of California are being built today by jieople who have more appreciation of good architecture than had the ])eople of fifty or seventy-five years ago, and because the archi- tects of today are a better trained class of men. I'he modern homes are not only better to live in. but are also better in appearance. TVPES PECULIAR TO STATE 'inhere are certain types of domestic archi- tecture which are [jcculiar to California. Chief among these is what is known as the Spanish HOMES AND GARDENS 211 Mission style of architecture. This style has, of course, derived its name and character from the old Spanish missions which were built in California by the Franciscan fathers during the Spanish occupancy of this country. These old missions have furnished the inspiration for the development of a style of architecture which at its best is undoubtedly very pleasing and especially fitting to this particular en- vironment. The California Spanish missions were nat- urally more or less influenced in design, by the style of architecture used in the churches and cathedrals of Spain and Old Mexico, from which their builders derived their ideas, and. truly speaking, a great deal of the so-called Mission architecture is more nearly Spanish or Spanish Colonial than it is Mission. There is, however, as shown in the accompanying illustrations, a true type of Mission architec- ture which carries out the coarse detail and generally crude, yet graceful outlines of the old California missions. It is in this true Mission type that we have the one distinct contribution to architectural style, which is always associated with California. Another type of residence architecture, which has not as yet, and probably never will reach such a stage of development that it will be termed a style, is a type of building which had its origin in and around Los Angeles. Messrs. Green and (ireen are the originators of the type, and they liave taken for their traditional basis the architecture of Japan and Switzerland. The chief characteristics of this type of residence is the expression of an honest and logical construction throughout, with unusually wide projections of eaves and overhang and the almost exclusive use of the simplest of materials. This type of building has had a very wide popularity in Southern California, chiefly because it has been com- paratively easy for the ordinary builder to grasp the fundamental ideas portrayed in the This house at Nordhoff, California, is an example of how the Swiss type may be used in certain localities effectively. — Myron Hunt and Elmer Grey, architects 212 CAT.TFOKXIA'S MAGAZTXE A Swiss c'linlct ;il Hollywood showing the t>pc in :i chariiclclisl ic sctliiif^ — Arthur R. Kflh/. arcltifcct work (if its originators, and not onl\- a nuinl)fr of architects. l)ut liundrc-ds of builders as well, are followiiiL!; with no small degree of success, the lead of these \-ery clever designers. Ill i: IMilM I.AR lU NC, Al.OW Another type of building, which can hardly claim the dignity of being called a style, but which nevertheless is now seen in all parts of the United States is the bungalow. The word "l)ungalow" was originalK- applied to the low thatched roofed houses of India and the first buildings in California, to which tliis name was applied, were in a general wav adajita- tioiis of this Indian dwelling to the recjuire- ments of American familv life. Now, how- ever, the term "i)ungalow" is applied to almost any type of small dwelling of either one or two stories, and strange to say, those build- ings which most closelv follow the lines of the buildings from whit-h the name was de- ri\-ed. are verv much in the minoritv. To California, nevertheless, belongs the honor of having built the first American bungalows, and if the jiopularitv of the type is any triterion, it is a verv great honor indeed. Another dex'elopment of the bungalow idea wliich is distincti\-e to California is the l)unga- low court. As vet. this idea has not been used much in other parts of the country, but it un- doubtedh' will spread as the bungalow has spread owr the whole Cnited States. As a source of income, the bungalow court is one of the best of anv of the schemes which have to do with rentals, and its success lies in the fact that so little ground is necessary for the building of a satisfactory court. For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the idea I will e\i>lain. as well as illustrate, the HOMES AND GARDENS 21. essentials of the scheme. Bungalow courts are usually built t)n lots having a frontage of not less than sixty to one hundred feet, and with a depth varying from one hundred to three hundred feet. The usual plan is to run a drive or walk down the center of the lot and to locate the houses at intervals along the sides of the lot facing toward the center. By this arrangement a large number of exceedingly attractive and rentable houses can be built on a comparatively small piece of ground, and the rent derived from such a scheme is usually all that the most avaricious landlord could wish. These small houses are very often sold to in- dividuals so that each plan is distinctly a home, although the ground space that goes with the house is sometimes very little indeed. Some very attractive gardening has been done in connection with these courts as is evidenced by some of the accompanying illustrations. TRANSPLANTED STYLES Beside the styles and types of homes which are distinctive to, or have been originated in, California, there are hundreds of other styles and types of houses which are transplanted from other environments. Among these are some which have originated in the United States, but which are peculiar to certain locali- ties. The Colonial and Dutch Colonial styles have been used in California with no little degree of success, from the standpoint of good architecture, but still there is a sort of incon- sistency in building a house of this type, which was originally designed for the cold, snowy East, in a land where sunshine and bright skies are the rule rather than the exception, and where snow is never known except on the tops of high mountains. \\'hatever esthetic reason there may be for not building any par- ticular style of house in any particular locality, the fact still remains that man has a right to build his home where he chooses and in whatever way he chooses, and as long as this riirht exists, houses of all sorts Avill be built All ;ittra(ti\\ luniic at Oak Knoll, Pasadena, possessing a suggesti(>M or Spanish architecture. — Elmer Orvi), nrchitevt Cudahy ranch house near Los Angeles; attractive hecaiise ol' its long horizontal lines and rustic clearness. — Arthur H. Kcllti. urthilcil in all sorts of places in all sorts of styles. As in every other part of the I'liited States, the domestic ar- chitecture of l'',nj4land has had a strong influence on California homes. There are a threat many half -timbered lOlizabethan houses in California ; some have followed jirecedent to a large de!j;ree. while others have only kept the general feeling of the work from which their inspi- ration was derived. Needless to say. there are a gre^at many ar- chitecturally bad half-timbered ht)uses in California, l)ut there are a good many which are very creditable interjtretations of the style. ( )f the countries whose cli- matic conditions and topogra- phy somewhat resemble those of California — Egypt, Italy, and Spain — have lent to our residence architecture a most jdeasing influence. There is nothing more fitting to Cali- fornia environment from an ar- chitectural standpoint than the white walled, tile roofed houses of Spain and Italy, or the flat roofed houses of Egypt. Few of the architects who have used the Egyptian houses as the basis for their designs have gone so far as to leave off all cornice molds. 'The flat roofs with various cornice projections, from a narrow mold to a three or four-foot corm'ce. are .seen in large numbers in all sections of Califorin'a ; but in the south, around San Diego, a few archi- tects have left off any sugges- tion of a cornice. This type is rather pleasing in efifect when it is well handled as to propor- tion and spacing of openings, HOMES AND GARDENS 215 but it takes a man with a strong appreciation of proportion to handle successfully so difficult a problem as is presented in the treatment of wall surfaces de- void of detail, and with only the size and placing of open- ings to work with. BRILLIANCY OF WHITE PLASTER Because of the clear atmos- phere of California, and the consequent sharp and brilliant shadows which occur, white plaster seems to have a bril- liancy which no other exterior wall covering can obtain. It is undoubtedly this brilliancy of shadow which is responsible for the general pleasing effect of most white plaster houses. Ar- chitects of very moderate ability and designers and contractors who have no architectural training whatever have often built white plaster houses which would pass muster under all but critical examinations. A great many of the houses of California which have been carried out along the lines of the Italian villas have been es- pecially successful because the climatic conditions of Italy are so nearly the same as those of California. Then, too, the to- pography of the two countries is quite similar, and those houses which have been de- signed to follow closelv the simple type of Italian villa. have l)een especially successful in this setting. This is not so generally true of the more pre- tentious houses in the Italian style, principallv because the ground space around them has not been sufficient. In those adaptations of the Italian style of domestic archi- A detail of the ('.lulaliy ranch house Ui'tail ul' a Swiss chalet at Hollywood. — Arthur R. Kelly, archilcct 216 CALll'ORXl \"S .MA(,AZ1XE iji ();ik Kiiwll. I';isadciia, typifying the out ol' door living room — Mfiron Ilttnl and Elmer Greii. arvhitecls tecture in which simple wall surfaces and beautiful proportions have been the dominat- ing note, and where the detail has been treated with refinement and not exaggerated, we have examples of some of the best homes of California. The red tiled roofs, the white plastered walls, the beautifully molded cornices and the clean-cut treatment of all the details which are the characteristic features of this style of architecture seem to fit in espe- cially well with the bright sunshine and bril- liant blue sky of this beautiful country. With the sharp contrast of light and shade that is so emphasized in this type of house, the whole composition seems literallv to sparkle and snap with brilliancy, and we do not wonder that not only architects, but even "jerry builders" are attempting to solve their problems in home building by the use of this most interesting and popular style of architecture. Similar in general characteristics, but differ- ing materiallv in detail from the Italian stvle, the Spanish and Spanish Colonial architecture has exerted some very beneficial influence upon the domestic architecture of California That it has not had more influence is due -to the fact that only the architects of wide experience and training are at all conversant with the style, and because of this fact, it has been the more monumental i)uildings rather than the residences which liave felt its influence. How- ever, the architects who have created homes in this particular style have usually been men of tliorough training and some remarkably good work has been turned out. as is shown by some of the illustrations accompanying this article. Those of the less pretentious houses of Cali- fornia which can boast of being designed along any particular line have had, in a great many cases, the Swiss chalet as a basis for their style. Naturally, large numbers of these are badly done, because of the lack of training of their designers, and because in numerous cases, loca- HOMES AND GARDENS 217 tion has not been taken into consideration. A Swiss chalet can not be successfully built on a small flat city lot crowded in between other houses of conflicting types ; and if the owners or designers of houses for such locations had any esthetic feeling whatever, they would not attempt such an utter impossibility. Neverthe- less, where the location has been suitable, and the architect has been comiietent. the Swiss chalet has been used with very great success. CLIMATIC COXUI riOXS Climatic condition has had a much more general influence on the plan of California houses than it has on their exterior design. Naturally, the homes of this locality are planned to take advantage as much as possible, of the out of door life which is so enjoyable in this delightful climate, and rarely is a house jilanned which does not, to some extent, con- template some pretense at a garden. Most every house can boast a garden porch which in a way ties house and garden together. The abundance of large French windows and spa- cious doorways, making it possible to open up the whole house to the out of doors, bespeaks the influence of climate on our systems of liv- ing. For nine months in the year more than half of our day life is spent out of doors, and when it is necessary that time be spent inside the house, those homes which are most suc- cessful are those in which the plan is so laid out so that house and garden are as one, and a constant reminder is always present of what lies just beyond the doors. This tying together of house and garden is coming to be a more and more important feature of California houses, and in those houses which have been planned to take advantage of all that nature and the climate have to offer, we have the most successful type of California home. Patio in a house at Covina, (^alironiia, showing the use of the Spanish interior court — Arthur R. Kelly, architect 218 CAI.T I'( M>J\ I .\"S MAGAZINE Italian I'ci'KoIa ellcct to S!ii"i porch of Coviiia lionu'. — Arthur H. Kellij. arrliilect California's Gardens By Hugh Bryan ONI'- tDuhl nui write of ("alifornia with- out dwelling at leii:j;th uiiun lier gar- dens. Neither can one write of the gardens of California without considering the wonder- ful climatic conditions that make these gar- dens possible and the magnificent variety of natural scenic effects that are a setting for her gardens, and fur which she offers ten thousand grassy mountain slopes, woodland hills and forest plains, the blue Pacific and snow-crowned mountains, with the warm sun- shine over all. In fact, California without a garden would be as beautiful as she is with gardens, but in a wild and willful way we could not love her without her gardens as we do now, for the gardens make their own pe- culiar imjjressions upon the heart ; they give to one moments of ineffable enjoyment, a pleasure so i)ure that it removes us from the cares of this earth and tills us with [ieace. In no other part of the I'nited States have the people taken to the witchery of gardening as thev have in California, and 1 am pleased to note that this evidence of taste and refine- ment is not confined to those of the w-ealthier class. The majority of the unostentatious homes of the middle class are things of beauty on account of the taste displayed in the treat- ment of the grounds. Each property of this HOMES AND GARDENS 219 A vista lending joy and beauty to tlie home. — Myron Hunt and Elmer Grey, architects class carries an impression as to the person- ality of the owner. I have in mind two small gardens that are now in bloom, one made of azaleas, ferns, and lilies, the other of roses and pansies, both perfect and both completely satisfying to a lover of the beautiful. No better results could have been obtained upon a hundred acres with unlimited means than have been obtained upon these two small lots at an insignificant outlay of money, for thev are perfect. I have no doul)t but that when the season of bloom is over for the i)lants now showing others will take their place which will reflect the refined taste of the owners quite as well as those now in bloom. Those who visit us from the North and East are apt to form the impression that California is a State of beautiful Howers and gardens partially for the reason that plants that bear flowers grow here without anv spe- cial care. Nothing could be farther from the fact. True, the soil and climatic conditions of California are such that plant life attains a high degree of perfection here, but gardens here require as much and more constant cul- tivation, more water and more intelligent care than they do in a country where for part of the vear plant life is at rest. If the garden owner of California would have his garden prettv the vear through he must use great care in the selection of his j)lants for a succession of bloom in summer, winter, spring, and fall for there is no season of the year, at least in Southern California, when the garden may be bare, whereas the Northern or Eastern gardener has onlv to consider the three seasons of spring, summer, and fall. While California has no old gardens as the gardens of England are old she has some of tlie most notable gardens in America, among wliich are the gardens of Mr. Busch and Mr. Huntington of Pasadena, several descrip- tions of which have been written by more able j)ens than mine. There are many other 220 CALIIX^KXIA'S MAC.A/JXI". bcauliful cstatfs. perfect in e\cTy dclail of waterwavs. pools, fountains, statuary and t^ar- deii buildiuL^s. hut these gardens are the work of professional landscape gardeners and no more represent the home life, tastes, and pleas- ures of the i)eople of California at Iar;j;e than the paintings of Corol represent the artistic develojjment of the people at large of his time and of his country, whereas the cottage and bungalow gardens of the middle class of C'ali- fornians do voice the state-wide love of the beautiful. The architects of the State have done more to make the reallv beautiful gardens of Cali- fornia possible than anv other influence: lhe\' seem to realize to a high degree the fact that whatever is done in the way of gardening is helped and encouraged bv the i)resence of har- monious architectural lines in the buildings and that no amount of skill in LrardeniuLr can soften the presence of an uglv building. The b.'tter class of landscape gardeners realize this to the extent that thev insist upon all archi- tectural lines in pergolas, walls, and garden buildings being dealt with by the architect of the building. ( )n the other hand some reallv good possi- bilities ha\-e been spoiled bv the architecture [iredominating in what should b^.' the living part of the garden, and waste and harshness the results of elaborate tracerv on the ground. 1 know of one garden tlesigned bv a leading architect of Southern California, the lines and proportions of which are perfect, but his selec- tion of plants was so unfortunate that even now tlie place begins to look o\-erloaded and in a short time the planting will have to be done all over by one better versed in the science or art ot gardening. The best results in the large and small gardens of California Example ol' the nut dI diiur liviiin rcHini in tlic n sc-i'c)vcrc(l poi-cli aiicl llciw cr-lillcd t^ariicii MijVdii Hunt uiul Hliiicr (ircii. (trcliilccls HO:^IES AXD GARDENS 221 have been attained when the architect and with the subject of amateur gardening I landscape gardener have worked together can not refrain from using the property of toward the same end. Mr. Arthur Letts of Los Angeles as an ex- The amateur gardeners of California have ample of what the amateur gardener can ac- done a great deal to build up the reputation complish, for in planning his gardens Mr. of the State in the matter of gardening. In Letts has made no mistakes that are not quite an article of this kind one does not feel free excusable and he has avoided any effect that to mention private places, but in connection looks ugly or extravagant. WHEX the (lav's work is dune, when the cares of business have l)een i:)Ut aside and the desire comes to rest and reflect, to renew one's mental i^owers for the morrow — what i)lace so desirable as home? And how essential that home should be homelike — delio-htful in its ap- pointments, pleasant in its surroundino-s, thoug'h not necessarily ex- pensive. California is a State wherein homes mav he made under the most auspicious conditions, where a man may suit his pocketbook and yet find much that is to his likin^s^. There are advantages and opportu- nities for picturesf|ue homes, simple or ornate, as the case may be. The environment provides beautiful locations, aft'ords sug-o-estions for in- dividualistic, characteristic, architectural styles and for the arrange- ment of gardens that delight the eye and, in many instances, contribute to the income. There are many men and women in California who on small places are making comfortable li\'ings 1)y raising flowers for market. Think of that — you who toil in some two-by-four ofiice or noisome factory — think of making a living by tending flowers in a land that is a veritable flower garden throughout its length and breadth. Rich or poor, old or young, California is and should be the goal of those who seek a spot wherein to ])itch their tents and build their camp fires ; it is pre-eminently a homeland, where the songs of the birds lull one to sleep at night and soft airs burdened with tropic fragrance play an obligato. It is a land of joyful work, where energy comes with the sunshine and the odor of the pine woods ; it is a place in which to labor and lauG'h and love and live. Tt is the homeland of the world. AX7"ELL has this been named Sentinel Rock, for it stands gTtard over ^^ the enchanted valley of 'S'osemite — an eternal trust that it will ne\-er forsake. On the Coast Route south of Mission San Jose The Automobile in California Life and Industry By S. L. Mitchell Secretary Automobile Club of Soutlieni California Editor's Xofc: The automobile has exerted irresistible force for the improvement of California roads and highways, and how fully such improvement is justified by the place which automobiles, motor trucks, tractors, etc., occupv in California activities, both recreational and productive, is impressively presented by Air. Mitchell. He gains mastery of his subject by experience, by wide acquaintance among others who lead in use and ])romotion of the interests of the elegant and powder ful posterity of the old "chug wagon," and his article will interest evervbodv. IF THERE is anv historical date of greater importance to California than those of 1849 and 1915, it is found in the year 1896. Looking backward through the smoked glass of time, the eye is pretty certain to light upon the year 1896 as the beginning of things so far as the "motor vehicle era" is concerned. It is true that the Charlie Rosses of the motor world are continuously turning up and crying: "Here I am. I am the first auto- mobile ever built. You must recognize )ne." But for the most part a very little time given to investigation generally disproves the as- sertion and the investigator reverts to 1896 as the year in which the automobile came into its own. All of which is by way of showing that the future of the motor car in California — and its present, too — had its beginnings only a comparatively short while ago. 224 CALIFORX 1 A"S Al AGA/. 1 X 1- Grizzly Giant on Pine Crest Road After all, it is a rcniarkahk' thiiiLj; that California has conic to asstunc the Icackrshii) in the advance of motor-car liistorv, ami \ct it has. Separated from the birthplace of the first "ben/Jne l)Ugi;y," as the in\-eiitor chris- tened it, by chains of mountains, bv ri\ers and by generations of transplanted civilization, California reached across those mountains and plucked the motor car to her bosom. 1 think the reason for the rapid i;ro\vth of the use of automobiles on the Pacific Coast is found in the eagerness of the Calif ornian to adopt new ideas. The motor-driven \ehicle was a new idea, and where the conservative East waited, the imi)etuous \\'est seized at it and made it its own. IXFLLENCE OF THE AUTOMOBILE It was onlv natural then, that the auto- mobile should briujj; with it certain direct in- fluences upou the people of the West, tipon the industries and e\'en ujion the very contour of the country itself. In the order of the regeneration, the buildiiuj; of hijj;hwa\s must come first. It was early seen that an auto- mobile without roads was as useless as a })en without ink. Perforce, the roads must be built. 1 think the awakeiiini;' was simulta- neous o\-er the entire State of Califorin'a. but in Southern California the road building activ- ities have soared to their greatest heights. At first roads were built niaiid\ for pleasure pur])oses. The economic significanee of high- ways was tlie introduction of another factor into the scheme of things — and that was the birth of the "motor truck." I-'arlv owners of One 1)1' (Uililorniji's clioii'c country boulevards — near .Vtascadcro AUTOMOBILING ">-}-. ^^•^ which it was cullectcd and the State itself — to re^•ert to the construction and maintenance of more roads. This sum will be increased during the years to come and as the roads are fashioned with it, new territory will be thrown open to homesteaders and agriculturists who are more and more finding their way about bv automobile and subsequently shipping their produce to market by motor truck. Like an endless chain the growth of ^lopu- larity of the automobile is coupled with the growth and development of the country, the highways, industry, farming and commerce. It matters very little if more automolnles mean more roads or if more roads mean more automobiles ; the one follows the other as the day does the night, and with the cycle there comes the stimulation of commercial activity. An ideal stretch of road three miles south of Paso Robles automobiles were wealthy — they had to be. And automobiles were luxuries. So the fight for better roads in California was at first a bitter one. Then, like an avalanche, the demand for more and better highways swept over California until today this State, so far as rural roadways are concerned, leads America. AS AID TO THE FAI^iMER Instead of superseding the railways, the motor truck has allied itself with them. Out of the wav centers have been linked to market centers first bv the motor truck and then by the railway, the latter often completing the transportation of farm products to the urban consumption bureaus. The farmer has long since withdrawn his protest against the "devil wagons" and has gone on record as among the foremost of the road constructionists. Millions of dollars have been expended by State and bv counties for smooth, durable and cndiirablc highways. Millions are about to be s])ent. In a single year, motorists of Cali- fornia paid into the State treasury more than $1,250,000 in license tax moneys. This sum was divided equallv between the counties in White oak, draped with n i^s. near Gaviota Pass^ a little oil the beaten track 226 CALIFURXIA'S .MAGAZINE ("iilifornia, leading the I'liited States as it (Iocs in the number of automobiles, per capita, in actual operation, is at this time occupying almost the entire vision of many of the most important motor vehicle manufacturers. Branches are being t)pened throughout the State every day. thousands of men are given employment and almost hundreds of factories for tile making of accessories are built during the year. These are some, and only some. of the economic significances of California's automobile era. INCREASED EFFICIENCY No longer must the professional man waste hours of his day in transit from one calling point to another — his working time is doubled because of the time-saving motor-propelled vehicle. The efficiency of the physician is increased, as is the economic value to the com- munity of the lawyer and the practitioner of any branch whatsoever in the scheme of social service. It is not a hypothetical statement, this. However, there is another and less concrete phase of the development of motor car activity which must at the same time be reckoned with and perhaps more emphatically in California than in any other state. That is the reactional significance of the automobile. At first this was a factor only "among the classes," but that was true when gasoline cost almost as much as milk and when six-cvlinder cars were considered impossible. To glance along anv of the Southern California l)oule\-ards this year is to be reassured inunediatelv that the "masses" are "getting theirs," thanks to the reduced cost of motor cars and the reduced cost of keeping them on the roads. To the nation this getting out of doors bv the masses has a very real significance, for each year it means the preservation of hu- niaiiitw the quickening of sluggish intellects and a wide-awake interest in the land which l)roduces the bread of America. Certain unfortunate circumstances abroad presage another factor in California history. A general sentiment is spread over the country that to "go \\'est" is the domestic ecpiivalent of "crossing over." In other words, that Cali- fornia is to America what France as a touring ground is to the continent. So California is very probably about to enter the lists as the magnet which will bring out of Eastern gar- ages the cars which always before have gone to Europe for their winter, fall and summer touring. It will rest, in a large part, with California whether or not the succeeding years will find these same cars aptly employing the new slogan — to "see America first." If so. many millions of American made dollars will be spent in the place of their birth which here- tofore have found their wav into the coffers of certain well-known continental inn-keei)ers. 7f^ I'ahu-Sli;i(lc(l Drive in Soutlicrn C.al ifoiiiia Roads and Highways of California By George B. Harrison Chief of Right of Ways Division, California State Highway Commission Where the Road licvvs a^vay like a ^vliite river Editor's Xofc: California is now spending $40,000,000 of State money in the construction of a rational system of concrete State high- ways which will carry travel and traffic through the great valleys from end to end of the State and across these valleys and their inclos- ing mountains from side to side of the State on several points. AMiat the State is doing is being nmltiplied by county appropriations. Mr. Harrison adduces great facts and comments to give the reader some idea of the activity in this fundamental i^hase of State development. CALIFORNIA is in the midst of a period of reconstruction, — that is evident in all lines of activity, — and a fundamental phase of it is the work of rebuilding and modernizing her principal highways. A State with 130,000 motor vehicles; with a thousand and one remarkable sights for tourists scattered over 1000 miles on the level stretches and 3000 miles along the ocean and over the mountains ; with a climate that makes life indoors almost immodest at anv time of the vear : with the Vosemite, the Lassen volcano, the Big Trees, the Mission sites and traditions, the Seventeen- mile l)ri\-e, and one hundred and one Ra- mona's marriage places ; and with room and resource for a nation's population — such a state would not l)e meeting her twentieth century responsibilities without a modern and adequate system of highways. And hence, among all the activities recorded by "The Cali- fornia Almanac." not the least of the advance- ment is that of building 3000 miles of State 228 CALTF( )R.\"I.\'S MACAZIXI-: Here the roailwiiy Iciuls lu'twri'ii sin'cailiiis orchards, rc(li)lciit of pcrrimic Iroiii myriad blossoms, in Santa Clara C.ouiity hij4li\vavs of tliL' best tvpc. a basic system for future sujiplementing by state and count}- planning. The State highways comiirchend the modern roadways now being built under the mandates of the State highways act approved bv the people of California in November. 1910. and providing a l)nnd issue of $18,000,000 for ac- quiring and improving in a permanent manner. a system of highways by the State. In the wording of the act this system was to be "so laid out and constructed or accjuired as to con- stitute a continuous and connected State high- ways system running north and south through the State, traversing the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and along the Pacific Coast by the most direct and practicable routes, con- necting the county seats of the several counties through which it passes and joining the cen- ters of population, together with such branch roads as may be necessary to connect therewith the several county seats lying east and west of such State highway." The law also directed that construction must be permanent in char- acter with permanent control and maintenance by the State. DIIFK ll.rv OF EARLY TOURING Tlie intention of the law was to secure re- construction of the State's inadequate high- ways. There were many old-timers' roads whicli ran liither and yonder with an easy dis- regard of distances, straddling the section lines with right-angled turns in the valleys and climbing the mountains as al)ru])tly as nature dictated. Pioneer motorists were trying to '"see California" over roads that dragged deep in sand, covered tliem with dust or mud. tested tlieir cars and their tempers, and often pre- sented slopes which invited the automobile down the mountains while negotiating a grade of 25 or 30 per cent. A few counties, notably Los Angeles. San Diego. San Joaquin, and Sacramento, had improved roads within their respective boundaries, but in many sections — even out of San Francisco — the roads were abominable. Tlie state highways act en- deavored to ri'spond to the twentieth century traflic call with a thorouglily modern and ade(]uate highway system. Administration of the act is now in the hands of the California highway commission, consisting of Mr. Charles D. Blaney, Mr. GOOD ROADS 229 Newell I). Darlington, and Mr. Charles F. .Stern, with Mr. Austin B. Fletcher, highway engineer, as executive officer of the commission. The commissioners were appointed by Gov- ernor Hiram AW Johnson, who found the State highways act among the large responsi- bilities grouped for the beginning of his first term of office. The mandates of the law and the obliga- tions to the bondholders together with the pioneer nature of the work and the difficult engineering conditions presented in California, offered a problem of dimensions to the highway commissioners when they assumed office in August, 1911. At that time Mr. Burton A. Towne. who was later impelled bv pressure of his own business to resign, was made a member of the highway commission with Mr. Blaney and Mr. Darlington. The commissioners found no one who had the explicit idea of the manner of laying out tlie proposed system of State highways. (Governor Johnson himself has said that when the State highways act was con- sidered prior to the selection of a commission there was no one in his official circle to suggest a definite plan for meeting the in- structions of the statute. A general agreement seemed to be reached, however, that the con- struction of three thousand miles of permanent and adequate types of modern highways within an expenditure of eighteen million dollars was an exceedingly difficult project, if at all feasible. Experts placed the probable cost of such a system, according to their respective interpretations, at sums varying from thirty- five million to fifty-four million dollars. A PROBLEM .SOLVED The highway commission was confronted, therefore, with this problem : Take eighteen million dollars, divide by three thousand miles of road costing probably ten or fifteen thousand dollars per mile, and turn any surplus back into the State treasury. The commissioners attacked the problem, and the more thev saw of California the more they guessed they had not been given a simple task, but they reached a solution. A definite plan was developed; the best road builder in America, from all testimony, was made the commission's execu- tive off'icer ; a businesslike and efficiently checked organization was perfected, and the State wjs districted and placed in charge of capable engineers subordinate to the highway engineer; practically seven thousand miles of possible trunk roads were personallv inspected : A wDodhiiul roati in the heart i>l the Ucdwocid l;-.-,• yy r\-^ ■ y^' witliciiit the (liscoml'Di't of dusty or miuidy n down the I'ciiiiisula Ironi San I'raiicisco ads on the State Hiahway no case less than fifty feet in radius; as many culverts of sufficient cajjacity as are needed to take care of surface and undcrnround water ; a traveled way under ordiiiarN' conditions not less than twenty-one fivt in widtli. and in mountains not less than sixteen feet wide, with the center paved or surfaced so as to be hard and smooth under all climatic conditions at all times of the year, the width of surfacing to be in general fifteen feet; smoothly graded roadsides, reserved for future tree planting." The policy of jtaving the trunk roads was early adopted, but no rigid standard of applying the same type of pavcmciu to all localities was In the lioUow of the hills, jet a level road. No grades on the main routes of the State Highway exceed 7 per cent considered ; the type of paving laid in any locality dei)ends upon the traffic requirements peculiar to that locality. Where the traffic volume is great the paving is wider and the wearing surface thicker than wdiere a moderate traffic is found. Over the greater part of the paved mileage, however, a tvpe is l)L'ing constructed well ada])ted for conditions in California, and wliich for prai'tical purposes is virtually a city street along the outh'ing highways. A per- manently hard and firm subgrade with a cement concrete base and a liituniinous wear- ing surface of one-half to three-eighths inch provides a highway pa\Lincnt which has been tested severely in the California State work, and with a success fully justifying its adop- tion. Such a pavement is used when there are ideal subgrade conditions and an absence of frost. Under more adverse conditicms the base is thickened. W'lien the traffic demands. a thick wearing surface of asphaltic concrete is used. The four-inch concrete base with the thin bituminous top has been open to constant and exacting trafl^ic on a portion of the State highwav for more than two vears without GOOD ROADS 233 showing appreciable wear, and it appears to be good for two years more without repair. Materials are of California origin throughout. Lateral roads are paved only where their traffic makes them practically main roads ; in general, they are surfaced with gravels or other good local material. COUNTIES ASSIST The highway commission has been able to extend the mileage of highway improvement and to increase the amount of pavement con- siderably by economies and savings put into effect at the beginning of the work. The counties have agreed, almost without excep- i.ion, to contribute rights of way and bridges for the State highways. Construction is omitted within the limits of incorporated cities and towns. Cement and other materials are purchased in large quantities by the State at extremely low prices, and the Southern Pacific and other railroads have granted very low rates on State highway materials and con- struction machinery. The savings thus ob- tained aggregate several million dollars, and permitted an accordingly greater mileage. Of the three thousand miles of modern high- ways planned for the California system loca- tion survevs had been made at the beginning A perfect stretch of road in Southern California of 1915 on 2150 miles, and of the mileage surveyed plans and estimates with layouts ready for construction had been completed on 1 164 miles. Contracts had been let, including a certain amount of work undertaken with day labor, on 897 miles, of which 650 miles were for the construction of concrete base with the thin bituminous covering and 19 miles were concrete with a thick wearing surface. Forty miles were macadam, and the remainder was practically all graded road only, most of which must weather the rains of one or two winters before the pavement can be laid. The headquarters of the California highway commission are at Sacramento, and division offices are also located at San Francisco. Los Angeles, Fresno. W'illits. Dunsmuir and San Like a shadcil country lane is this beautiful San Mateo roadway 234 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Luis Obispo, and at any of tliese offices in- quirers interested in good roads are welcome. Reports of j)rogress and other inlornialion re- lating to the State highways are published in the highway commission's "Highway Bulle- tin." which is sent free of cliarge to any inter- ested person. Travelers seeking information about tours and touring conditions in Cali- fornia mav obtain suggestions from the un- usually efficient information departments of tlie automobile clubs at San Francisco, Los .\ngeles and Santa Barbara. M(3UXrAIX KOADS The State has improved a number of roads in mountainous districts with funds inde- pendent of the bond i.ssue provided for the State highway. These State roads are con- structed and maintained bv the State Depart- ment of Engineering, and are now under the supervision of State Engineer \\'. F. McClure. They cross the mountains toward and serve Lake Tahoe ; e.xtend through the Sonora pass to Bridgeport, and are individual roads in Lassen, Mono and Trinity counties. State highwav construction has been pre- ceded by county improvement of roads in Los Angeles, Sacramento, San Diego and San Joaquin counties. ( )tlier counties, particularly in the southern ])art of the State, have under- taken local road improvement of a modern type. Orange, San Mateo, Riverside, Kern and San Ik'rnardiiio counties are in line, and Santa Barbara, Sonoma and Tulare counties have had improvement under consideration. ( )ther ct)unties liave considered road building to a lesser e.xtent. Eos Angeles Countv, which had several hundred miles of paved highways, and j)lans to extend the mileage until every section of the county will have been served, finds that the reconstruction of her roadways is worth many times the expense. Orange County, smaller in extent, but with 107 miles of paved county roads just finished, testifies that the undertaking compensates for bond payments and interest and leaves the county richer after wiping out the debt incurred for good roads. That the value of her highway improve- ment means more to California than a new trans-continental railroad is beyond dispute. The completion of the State highways means that all parts of the State will be accessible, easily and safely, for the motorist, that com- mercial tratfic will be greatly advanced, that the tours into historic and scenic sections will be advertised in winter and in summer in all parts of the world where travelers are ap- pealed to, that rich agricultural and horti- cultural sections will be opened to invite settlers, that Californians will form the habit of acquaintance with their great State, and that millions of dollars will be added to the wealtli of California over and above the total cost of the road improvement. ^^'' I M ) TMIi motorist with pioneering' instinct who dehg-hts in ex- -^ plorini^ the unheaten paths of the wilds, the i^Teat chain of the snow-cap])ed Sierran cor(hlleras of our Western Coast offers untold possibilities. ^ . . Perhaps the most inspiring- feature of the beauty of these mountains is to be found in the granite gorges and canyons that cleave the western slo])es to de])ths of three and four thousand feet." — Cliai-lcs J. I'cldcn in "Scrihiicrs." Electric Transportation in California By Paul Shoup President Pacific Electric Rai/icays Company Editors Note: Mr. Shoup, who had years of training in steam rail- roading, and afterward became our leading "lightning conductor" in transportation enterprise, writes a descriptive article on the devel- opment of suburban electric lines in California, in which California in some respects leads the world. He shows how California's largest cities are in a way the product of trolley systems. People in all parts of the world may read how fine our systems and equipments are, of the way they have been secured, and what they are doing for the jovs of California life and the advancement of industry. THE interurban electric railway systems of California are practically a prod- uct of the last fifteen years. I'heir growth, until recently, has been rapid, and nearly every fertile section of the State has one or more systems in the embryo or reasonably comprehensive as to the terri- tory it serves. The greatest single development is that of the Pacific Electric Railway Company in and around Los Angeles. Its lines serve a ter- ritory 2500 square miles in area, with a pop- ulation of 750,000 people. This system grew from the small beginnings of 1900 to 601 road miles and over 1000 track miles in 1915. The first principal development was natur- ally in the immediate vicinity of Los Angeles, and it has made of that city the greatest interurban electric railway center of this country. The Pacific Electric connects Los Angeles with more than forty other incor- porated cities and towns. The few towns in Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, and Orange counties not served by the Pa- cific Electric are relativelv rare enouirh to prove the rule that this system "reaches all points." Its development in the last year or two has been chiefly in building links connecting detached sections of the system. The local lines serving respectively the Riverside and San Bernardino valleys were joined a little more than a year ago, and the eastern di- vision thus formed was connected with the main system around Los Angeles in July last, giving a direct route between the Los Angeles section and San Bernardino, Redlands, Highlands, Colton, and Arrowhead Springs. In Februarv of this year the line between Riverside and Corona was opened, and in March a direct route between Los Angeles and Riverside was established through Rialto and Bloomington. The expanse of territory now served may be judged from the distances between the points at extreme ends of the system, as fol- lows : San Fernando and Corona, 105 miles; Redlands and Owensmouth, 97 miles; Bal- boa and Highlands, 103.60 miles. The company operates, as an adjunct to ELECTRIC TRAXSPORTATION 237 Alpine Tavern, Mt. Lowe, ('.!ilir( its interurban service, city systems in Pasa- dena, Long Beach, Santa Monica. Venice, Pomona, San Bernardino, Redlands. River- side and Santa Ana, as well as a part of the Los Angeles citv service. The interurban trains number more than 2000 every day; 75.000,000 passengers will be carried this fiscal year, and the gross earnings will be somewhat in excess of $9,000,000. Like nearly all the interurban svstems of California, the lines outside of business cen- ters of the cities are on private rights of way. The tracks are of standard construc- tion, built for safe operation and speed ecjualing that of the steam lines. VARIED CONDIIIOXS The Pacific Electric operates lines under most varied conditions : its mountain division reaches Mount Lowe 5000 feet above the sea; its beach section follows tlie ocean shore from Port Los Angeles on tlie north to Balboa on the south, a distance of 55.70 miles, on almost a contiiuious coast line touching every seaside resort tributarv to Los Angeles and unbroken except for the cliff section between Redondo and Point Fermin ; its valley lines are through orange groves and vineyards and along the foothills, with changing panoramas of snow-scarfed moun- tain ranges, towns orchard-encircled, and val- leys green in cultivation. The Pacific Electric operates railroads, amusement jjarks. wharves and docks, a hotel, the largest business block in Los An- geles, an observatory, a light and power busi- ness, a burro "short line." and, on a limited scale, joins its neighbors in ranching. It carries passengers in and out of the business center of Los Angeles in greater number e\-ery day than was the entire population of the city in 1900. If you were on a journey to encircle Los Angeles from ten to fifteen miles from its center vou would cross more than twenty lines of this railway. It gives frecjuent and rapid express and frenght ser- \-ice to each communitv it reaches ; takes to tlie suburban resident before breakfast the morning newspaper : brings to town the milk from the dairy for the city householder be- fore he is awake : returns the theater-goer to his home, wherever it may be. after the night ])erformance : ser\-es industries on an equality with the steam lines, both as to local and npHE ascent to Mount Lowe — one of the many delii^-htful railway -■- trips in Southern Cahfornia. Every lover of natural scenery and altitudes hastens to visit iMount Lowe while in the southern part of this State. ELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION 239 transcontinental rates; carries annually 250,- 000 tons of beets to sugar factories ; delivers to steam lines for Eastern shipment some thousands of cars of oranges and lemons from the twenty-five packing houses it reaches ; takes the United States mail to every postoffice on its lines ; operates daily sight-seeing cars the width and breadth of the territory served, that the Eastern visitors may know of the Southland; spends $100,000 a year advertising the attractions along its lines. It has 5000 employees, with a monthly pay-roll of $350,000. During the last four years it has contributed to the paving and maintenance of streets in cities it serves more than $1,500,000. Its expenditures in its op- erations and extensions of its lines during each year for more than twenty years have largely exceeded its gross revenues. In the last decade every town served by the Pacific Electric, with not more than one or two exceptions, has doubled in population ; and the marvelous city of Los Angeles has, in fifteen years, quadrupled the number of its inhabitants. AN IDENTICAL OUTLOOK The growth and prosperity of Southern California and of the Pacific Electric are so closely interwoven that the outlook for one may well be said to be the outlook for both. The relationship between the country- served and its interurban systems elsewhere- in California is much the same as that of the Pacific Electric and Southern California. It varies only in degree. In the development of the Sacramento Val- ley in the last decade the Northern Electric has been a great factor ; with its neighbor ta the south, the Central California Tractioni Company, it has been one of the two great- est agencies in the marked development of Sacramento as a city (the other being the monthlv influx of money which, in ffreat vol- The GUI and the New — l-^Iecfric line runs beside the old San Gabriel Mission 240 CALII'ORXIA'S MACAZIXE ume, the Southern Pacific distributes thr()u,u;h its shop and other pay-rolls). The Northern Mlectric operates some 200 miles of line with i,q-()ss earnings t)f $1,000,- 000 per annum. It carries 2,500.000 jiassen- gers per annum, wliich is more than ten for cverv resident i>f the territorv ser\'e(l. Its lines extend northward from Sacramento to Oroville, Marysville, C'hico. and Colusa, and westward to Woodland. On its main lines it operates eiglit i)r nine passenger trains eacli way dailv, serving over ninety towns and smaller conmiunities. Like tlie Pacific Elec- tric, its lines are of standard construction, ''^^-'.- Piotur('S(|uc view of the ascent on the Mt. I. owe liiK and it gives passenger, freight, express, and mail service. The ricli agricultural terri- tory it serves is responding to its develop- nu'nt. and with the carrNing out of tlie rec- lamation and colonization work accompany- ing this growth, the Sacramento Valley will rome into its own. i)i:\Ki()i'i xc, i-Kii r I xnrs ^K^■ The Central California Traction Company, over a broad i)ri\-ate riglit of wav, links the cities of Sacramento and Stockton, some fifty miles apart, with a well built line. Com- pleted within the last few years, it has ser\-ed to deNeloj) one of the best fruit territories in California, and can now point to a record of o\-er 1000 car loads annually of fruit for the Mast originating along its rails. With the Northern Electric it has served as an im- portant factor in the development of Sacra- mento City. Both lines sup])lement the main cit\- system with street car service. The Cen- tral California Traction Companv is the bridge between the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Its seven passenger trains a da\' each way between Sacramento and Stockton and additional service between i.odi and Stockton carry in the course of the war some 2,000,000 jjassengers (these fig- ures including some street car service in Stockton and Sacramento), and the seventy- eight mites of road, even in this its [)ioneer- ing period, arc earning annuall)' a gross rev- enue of o\-er $350,000. The business pulse of Storkton, that substantial, sure, and steady metropolis of the rich upper San Ioa(iuin, has been greatl)- ()uickened l)y the ^et the reader look for himself and see con- ditions as they are developing today in our Golden State. As he journeys through its great valleys he may see on all sides of him large farms being cut into smaller tracts and each tract farmed more or less intensively and planted to trees, vines, alfalfa, garden truck or some other crops that bring immediate and large returns to the farmer. As he looks farther he will find that a most important thing in connection with this intensified farm- ing is the application of water to the land. Recent developments in the rice industry in the Sacramento Valley are in attestation of that fact. If he goes yet one step farther in his investigation he will find that in the great majority of instances, the percentage increas- ing daily, the water is being pumped from wells and the pumping plants driven by elec- tric power. Irrigation is not a new thing; neither is reclamation ; but both sources of prosperity to the tiller of the soil in California were, to all practical purposes, uncertain quantities until that great up-builder, that greatest of all developers, cheap electric power, was made available, and the legend, "Electricity on the farm," came to be generally inscribed upon the banner of interior development. KLECTRICITY AXD PROGRESS H.\ND IN HAND The farming industry is particularly in our minds just now, for from end to end of our Golden State there are long, sweeping valleys of astonishing fertility that call for but in- telligent cultivation to yield returns in bound- less abundance. The finger of opportunity points to those valleys. The legend, "Cali- fornia invites the world in 1915," meets the eye of the traveler East and West, North and South, in every section of the civilized world. The completion of the Panama Canal and the great universal exposition that is being held here in celebration of that greatest of great engineering achievements must bring thousands from the East and abroad to take this chance afforded of settling in a land so favored as ours. The enormous boundless natural re- sources of our State will be drawn upo!i more and more and electricity, electric power, will be the chief aid to this process of development of our natural resources. The power com- panies throughout the State know this and are preparing to meet the demand. They, like the farmer, like the miner, like the manu- facturer, like the merchant, like the house- holder, have their investments to protect and to realize upon. The aggregate investment of the power companies operating in California today reaches nearly $325,000,000 and their securities are in the hands of the public both at home and abroad. It is to their interest that this State of ours shall develop in every direc- tion of industry. To the common benefit, then, shall electricity and progress walk hand in hand through the ages to come. "Do it electrically," is the adopted slogan of a great Eastern appliance house. It speaks for California just now^ California as a Field for Farm Mortgage Investment By Norman Lombard, S.B., LL.B. Manager Agricultural Credit Corporation of California ; also Member Committee on Rural Credits Commonwealth Club of California Editor s Note: Credit based upon agricultural security is a phase of finance today that is becoming more and more important to both the producer and the investor. Mr. Lombard has made this a study and his present knowledge of the subject may be said to be authori- tative. The principle of the rural credit system involves the pro- motion of prosperity among food producers as well as the supplying of a means of employment for capital seeking safe and long-term investment. California laws now favor organization for rendering good agricultural security more efifective in securing the capital which is needed for the promotion of the industry and the advancement of the State. Mr. Lombard discusses California as a field for farm mortgage investment with attention to detail. IN explaining just exactly why I con- Almanac" will assist the reader in under- sider California to be the ideal farm standing some of the statements which mortgage investment field, I will divide follow. It will be noticed that along the the subject into the following divisions: coast of the Pacific Ocean there is a range A— The Topography and Geography of ^f mountains— again along the eastern California. boundary there is another range, the B— California Climate. Sierra Nevadas, containing the highest C— The Nature of the Products. peaks in the United States. These two D— The Character of the Land. mountain ranges form the natural bound- E— The High Class of Agriculture. ''^"es of the tremendous bowl which ex- F — The Water Supply. tends throughout the interior of the G — Land Values. State, and it is within this district that H — California Laws. the great agricultural industry of the Subdivision A : Topography and Geog- State finds its home. raphy: — A glance at one of the pictorial This great interior valley of California relief maps contained in "The California has ])een divided in local parlance into 256 CALTFORXTA'S ^lAC.AZINE two ])arts. the northern end called the Sacramento \'alley and the southern end the San Joaquin (pronounced San W ah- keen ) \'alley. the respective parts bein,^ named after the rivers which drain them, 'ilirous^hout the i^reat extent of this magnificent valley, ai;riculture is practiced in its most highly develo])ed and most intensive forms. The land has a slope of about one foot to the mile, affording ex- cellent drainage and it is abundantl}- watered from the melting snows from the Sierra X'exada mountains to the eastward, as will be more fully explained under the heading "Water Supi:)ly." Of course, it must l)e understood that there are other splendid agricultural dis- tricts but space cannot be taken to de- scribe them all in detail in this article as they have been fully covered in other parts of this book. A\'e will mention how- ever, the wonderful orange growing dis- tricts in the vicinity of Los Angeles ; the great Imperial Valley in the sotitheastern corner of the State ; the Inyo \^alley in the east-central ])ortion of the State, (where Los Angeles obtains its water supply) ; and the coastal country, extend- ing from Eureka on the north to San Diego on the south, comprising the nar- row strip of country between the ocean and the Coast Range mountains through- out practically the entire extent of the sea coast of the State. Subdivision B : California Climate : — Throughout most of the agricultural dis- tricts of California snow is hardly ever seen, the winters are just sufficiently cold to make a light overcoat comfortable and the summers have sufficient temj^erature to ])ut the "sugar in the raisin and the bloom upon the i)eacli." hAen though the mercury may run high in interior situations, the dry air prexents the heat from being oppressive. The rainfall is confined almost entirely to what are known as the winter months, so that from say April to September, the farmer can count upon clear days in which to mature and harvest his crop, and it is this condition also which makes pos- sil)le the dried fruit industry of the State, the fruit being cured and dried in the open sunshine. The splendid climatic conditions also make for long-growing seasons for crops and inexpensive winters for stock and people, factors which con- tribute \ery largely to the prosperity of our California farmers. Subdivision C : The Nature of the Products: — The ecpiablc climate, the loiig- growing seasons, the freedom from early fall rains, the lightness or practical ab- sence of frost, the fact that water can be had where and when needed and the soil conditions existing in California, all make possible the production of unusual crops which command the best markets and the best prices ; for example : oranges and lemons, prunes, grapes, pears, peaches, figs, olives, dates, almonds, apricots, etc. These crops are all grown in consider- able quantity in California and each forms the nucleus of a very profitable and suc- cessful industry. It must not be stip- posed, however, that these are the only crops produced in California : they are, perhaps, more written and talked about by tourists and visitors than other crops, but that is only because they lend them- selves better to descriptive literary ef- forts. California also produces its crops of wheat, barley, beans, alfalfa, potatoes, cotton, corn, rice, etc.. not forgetting com- mercial vegetables in large amoiuits. as will be understood by any one glancing through "The California Almanac." The live stock, dairy and poultry interests are also very large. As to those croi)s which reputation has designated as peculiarly Californian. it should be noticed that they are staple and easily marketed, being shipped to all corners of the globe and to every state in the Union, dried, canned, preserved or fresh. Thev furnish during the winter AGRICULTURAL CREDIT 257 lonths the supply of fruit which is neces- ri\i- lege to take an active part in framing the various acts. It was not until l'M)6 that Congress finally determined upon the lock type of canal. In 1912 legislation was reported from the com- mittee on interstate and foreign commerce providing for the opening, maintenance. i)ro- tet'tion and operation of tlie canal. This legis- lation involved manv intricate jiroblems. not tlie least important being our rights under the various treaties, and the question of the effect of toll rates uptui prospective foreign and domestic commerce. An exhaustive and painstaking study of the numerous treaties convinced me that the United States clearlv had the right to exempt Ameri- can coastwise ships from the payment of tolls. I submitted the minority report from the com- mittee advocating exemption and was sus- tained in my views by Congress and the Presi- dent. Two years later a bill was reported repealing the free toll jirovision. I again sub- mitted minority views, but the legislation was carried through Congress. With many others I felt that if repeal was forced through that it should be accompanied, and I so declared on the floor of the House, bv some declaration, unec|uivocal and unmistakable as to its mean- ing, that would make it clear that we did not accept the foreign ])owers' interpretation of the treaty which would clearly mean the sacrifice of important and vital American rights af- fecting this nation, commercially, politically, and strategically, now and for all future time. The Senate inserted an amendment which is a part of the repeal act and reads as fol- lows : "Provided, that the passage of this act shall not be construed or held as a waiver or re- lin(|uishment of any right the United States may have under the treaty with Great Britain to lUscrijiiiiiati- in icT-i'or of its 7'cxsris bv exempting the vessels of the United States or its citizens from the payment of tolls for passage through said canal, or as in any way waiving, impairing, or affecting any right of the United States under said treaties, or other- wise, with respect to the sovereigntv over or the ownership, control, management of said canal and the regulation of the conditions or charges of traffic through the same.'" This leaves the entire cpiestion open for future consideration, but repeal unquestion- ably and necessarily weakened the case of the United States, the Senate proviso notwith- standing. Convinced, as 1 h.ave already slated, that the United States had the absolute right to ex- empt American coastwise shijts. I advocated this policy upon the theory that it would result in a direct benefit to the shipper and consumer of the United States. 1 felt that the Ameri- can people, having constructed this waterway unaided, at an expenditure of nearly $400,- 000,000, were entitled to the fullest benefits. I have always frankly admitted that even with a toll of $1.20 ])er net register ton upon coastwise traffic that all Atlantic and I'acific ports could shij) through the canal in com- petition with the transcontinental railroads, and at reduced rates, particularly if we barred, as the canal act does, transcontinental railroad- owned and controlled steamships, and further provided, which Congress likewise did, that no coastwise ship, trust-owned or controlled, or which entered into rate fixing agreements, could have access to the waterway. My contention was, as a reference to the minoritv reports and to mv speeches ujion the floor of the House will disclose, that the lower the toll the greater competitor the canal would become of the transcontinental railroads, and. what was of even greater importance, the far- ther inland would reduced rates be reflected, and the wider the markets opened up to the products of California and other states. In the minority report which I submitted to the House of Representati\-es on the canal bill on March 20. 1912. I said among other things : "Any reduction in rail freight rates forced by sea competition between, say New York and San Francisco, is contemporaneously applied between Chicago, St. Paul. St. Uouis. Kansas Citv. and, in fact, every city of the Middle WATER\\'AY BY PANAMA 283 West on the one hand and every Pacific Coast city or town on the other. This always has been so — it always will be so." Continuing in the advocacy of this policy, calling for the fullest utilization of the canal, I declared : "It can not but minimize rail freight rates on all the manufactures of the Atlantic sea- board and the Middle West, the products of the great Mississippi Valley and those of the Pacific Coast, to the ultimate advantage of the producer and consumer throughout the en- tire country." On January 29 of this year the Interstate Commerce Commission rendered a most im- portant and far-reaching decision bearing di- rectly upon the broad question of the value of the canal as a regulator of freight rates, and sustaining the argument that any reduc- tion in freight rates forced by sea competition between Atlantic and Pacific ports would be applied between other points. The application before the commission was for relief from the provisions of the fourth section of the inter- state commerce act, known as the long and short haul provision, from the operation of which section the commission has authority to relieve carriers. The railroads desired to meet, at least in part, the competition of the canal. The record shows that the application was supported — and this is most significant — by shipping in- terests in Chicago, Duluth, Minneapolis. St. Paul, St. Louis and the Missouri River cities upon the ground, and 1 cjuote from the com- mission : "That if further relief be not afforded to the carriers upon this traffic, the present policy of the carriers of ifiaintainiiit^ rates from in- termediate territory to the Pacific Coast no higher than from the Atlantic seaboard will be defeated." These localities all feared the effect of the canal. It has already brought them reduced rates, for the commission authorized the trans- continental railroads to reduce certain rates between Atlantic and Pacific Coast terminals, which rates might be lower than to interme- diate points. Reductions were also author- ized, lower than to intermediate points, from the Missouri River territory to Pacific ter- minals. The Interstate Commerce Commission in its decision made some general observations concerning the influence of the canal on freight rates of great interest to the people of the Pacific Coast. "Since the opening of the Panama Canal," states the commission, "the water carriers have materially reduced their rates, shortened the time of transportation, increased the frequency of sailings, added to their tonnage capacity, and greatly added to the tonnage secured of this coast to coast freight." Here is another most significant passage : "We are witnessing the beginning of a new era in transportation between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. To secure any considerable percentage of this coast-to-coast traffic rates on many commodities must be established by the rail lines materiallv lower than those now existing." That the commission is desirous of extend- ing to all the people the benefits of reduced rates is evidenced from the following passage : "In so far as any reasonable and lawful reduction of rates will permit, the benefits of this increased service should be extended to all of the people." "It may be said also," declares the com- mission, possibly in the way of a suggestion or proffer of advice to the railroads, "that a policy of greater liberality on the part of the rail carrier to these interior towns will result in benefit to themselves." Over fifty ships are in regular service be- tween Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific coasts. There are half a dozen lines, with more in prospect, the largest operating twenty-six ships with sailings every five days, and the smallest at least two ships, with thirty-day sailings. In this connection it may be well to recall that when the legislation was pending pro- hibiting railroad-owned ships from operating through the canal in competition with their rail lines, it was freely predicted in committee and on the floor of Congress by the railroad interests opposed to this legislation that such 284 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE an inhibition would mean that few if any other ships would be built, purchased or leased for the service. It was generally believed that sailing vessels would not use the new route. Up to the first of the year four sailing vessels have passed through the waterway. One of the vessels was an old prison ship on its w-ay to the San Fran- cisco exposition, and another a pleasure yacht. The tw'o remaining vessels carried freight. It will be interesting to learn if the experiment proves profitable. The second minority report which I pre- sented to Congress upon this subject, sub- mitted on March 14, 1914, in opposition to repeal and in favor of maintaining our his- toric policy of free commercial intercourse be- tween the states, contained these words : "Nor are reductions in rail rates the only advantage which the people from the great interior of our country are to reap. Much of the commerce of the great Mississippi Val- ley will How down the rivers which drain it to the (iulf and thence through the canal to the Pacific Coast. Likewise Pacific Coast products will to a large extent eventually be distributed through the Middle West via her waterways. Every burden placed upon traffic through the canal impairs its usefulness as a competitive route." Under a free toll policy a greater volume of canal traffic would unquestionably have moved to and from interior points. I have made care- ful iiujuiry from official and other sources to ascertain the extent of interior shipments since the canal opened. The Interstate Com- merce Commission directs attention to move- ments of cast iron pipe from Birmingham, Ala., by rail to New Orleans and then through the canal to the Pacific Coast ; also structural iron originating at various points in Pennsyl- vania. Wheeling, W. Va., and a number of Ohio points have utilized the waterway. There have also been instances of small quantities of freight being carried between Chicago, St. Louis, Kansas City, Detroit and St. Paul through the canal to the Pacific Coast. It is interesting to note the character of freight carried. In the December monthly summary of foreign commerce issued by the Department of Commerce a partial list is given of the domestic nicrchandise sliipi)ed through the canal in the coastwise trade. Between the Atlantic and Oulf ports to the Pacific Coast we find the largest shipments to be of iron and steel manufactures. Cotton goods were well up on the list. Boots and shoes are being shipped in large quantities. Among othei articles are printing paper, tinware and to- bacco. From the Pacific to the Atlantic and Gulf we find in the lead canned salmon, fruits (mostly dried), nuts, hops, beans, wines, lum- ber and wool. Except as to foreign business, the Panama Canal is meeting expectations regardless of general business depression. With the war settled there is every reason to predict that the estimates touching foreign traffic v/ill be exceeded. This great artificial waterway, the most stupendous enterprise of the age, is cheapening freight rates. Already the rail- roads are taking notice. I do not believe these land carriers are going to seriously suiTer. I Iiope not. There will be an adjustment of rates. Certain commodities will move by water and others by rail. There will be a larger volume of freight moving because of cheap water rates, resulting in a large share of the new business going to the railroads through back hauls. After all, however, does not the military im- portance of the canal overshadow all commer- cial considerations? This has always been the view of Colonel Goethals. It is a satis- faction to Pacific Coast residents to know that the Atlantic fleet is now available in case of emergency. To those of us who fought successfully for the fortification of the Panama Canal, events growing out of the European war have fur- nished ample vindication. We were urged to neutralize the waterway — to erect no forti- fications ! Belgium was neutral. We have heard much of the freedom of the seas. There is no freedom apparently while war exists. But the canal is fortified, and this knowledge is more reassuring to the American people todav than ever before. California's Possibilities for Pan-American Commerce By Hon. John Barrett Director General Pan-American Union Editors Xofc: Though a New Englander by birth and education, Honorable John Barrett when he started West, as he expresses it, ''did not stop" until he arrived at the Golden Gate. He taught school in this State, became a newspaper man, and finally entered the diplo- matic service as minister to various countries and later became direc- tor general of the Pan-American Union. Mr. Barrett is an enthusiast as to Latin-American possibilities for increasing trade wnth this coun- try, and in his article he has pointed out briefly but forcefully just what we must do to develop that commerce. A fluent speaker and o-raceful writer, Mr. Barrett is dailv arousinsr in others the enthusi- asm that actuates his own purpose. FEBRUARY 20, 1915. marked the begin- sition be made the actual celebration of the ning of a new era in the history of newly created possibilities for the development California. It was the birthday of San Fran- of Pan-American and Pacific commerce which Cisco's coming of age as a world city. Above must follow the opening of the Panama Canal, all things, it signalized her prominence and Let San Francisco be inspired by the expo- emphasized her possibilities as a great Pan- sition to take action in the form of both indi- American center of commercial activity and vidual and organized movement by its own international influence. citizens and in co-operation with those of other The people of California want to achieve coast cities, to extend its present worthy efforts some great tangible result from the Panama- and inaugurate new plans to build up its ex- Pacific International Exposition. Speaking change of products, raw and manufactured, from my standpoint, as the executive officer with the twenty countries of Latin America, of the Pan-American Union, the official or- all of which are either directly or indirectly ganization devoted to the development of com- dependent upon the Panama Canal or tribu- merce, friendship and peace among the twenty- tary to the trade of the Pacific Ocean, one American republics — the United States and I can not therefore urge too strongly that her twenty sister nations — and hence from the now is a most propitious time to get into the unique position of being the only international closest touch with all Latin America. A new officer in America, let me urge that the expo- spirit and conception of Pan-Americanism is 286 CALTFORXIA'S AIAGAZIXE T\[\i work (the I'anania Canal) stands as a Irinniph of Ameri- can accomplishment ; hnilded into it are American imai;"ination, American creative i^enins. American hrains, courage, perseverance, and a tithe of the wist resources of our poej)le; a work not for our- selves alone, hut for all the ])eople of all the climes 'Avho go down t(^ the sea in ships and do husiness in great waters." — Isliain Raudolpli, C. E., D. /:.. /// "The licoiiouiisf." abroad from Canada south to Chile. Pan- American solidarity of interest is being splen- didly emphasized and strengthened by the l-:uropean war. I'an-American inter-depend- ence in both trade and diplomacy is being proved beyond a ciuestion by the struggle of the European nations. Possibly the silver lining to the dark war cloud is the spontaneous present evolution of the Monroe Doctrine into a Pan-American policy — into a new relation- ship wdiere the Monroe Doctrine belongs as nnich to Argentina, Brazil and Chile, as it does to the Cnited States. Possiblv still more, let us hope that Pan- American co-operation as exemplified in the present practical action of the Pan-American Union for the protection of the interests of the neutral American nations may yet develop into a ])owerful and well meaning intiuence to bring peace to i-Airope through the impartial mediation of the united nations of the Western Hemisphere. Just as Pan-American mediation saved the United States from war with Mexico, it may yet, in the form of the mediation of the United States, backed by the unbroken align- ment of its sister American nations be al)le to prepare the way for jjeace in I^Airojje and the restoration, therefore, of peace everywhere on earth and good will to men in every clime. CALIFORNLA. SHOULD LK.M) IN PAK- AMERICANISM Pan-Americanism is the slogan of the hour and California must become a mighty factor in building u\> the two great essentials of lasting Pan-Americanism — namely. recij)rocal commerce and mutual confidence. Studying the jiractical side, let me con- gratulate California on what it has already done and is doing, both in individual and organized or united effort, to build up its Pan-American commerce and relatit)nship. Let me urge further practical effort along the following lines : First, the ac(iuiring of thorough knowledge of the field in the form of data that can be obtained from the reports and publications of the Pan-American Union, and the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in ^^'ash- ington ; Second, the extension of the work and re- sponsibility of the foreign trade sections of the chaml)ers of commerce of the state ; 'Fhird, the sending to Latin America of tiualified representatives either by individual firms or bv firms acting together; Fourth, the utilization of the opportunities and facilities afforded by reasonable commis- sion houses and manufacturers' agents; Fifth, advertising in the Spanish and Portu- guese languages, instead of l'>nglish. in papers and magazines sent to or published in Latin America, and the distribution of catalogues prepared in accurate and idiomatic Si)anish and Portuguese ; Sixth, the manufacture or preparation of just what the Latin-American market wants and then the proper ])acking thereof for the peculiar conditions of transportation and climate ; Seventh, the organization and development of banking, credit and exchange relations and facilities suited to the peculiar demands of Latin-American commerce, including the establishment of branch banks on the west WAtERWAY BY PANA^IA 287 coast of Mexico, Central and South America, controlled by California capital; Eighth, the possible organization of a large trading company with ample capital for the purpose not only of building up its own trade but helping the small coast manufacturer, ex- porter, and importer to enter the field ; Ninth, the development of import as well as export trade, to provide return cargoes for vessels and bring raw products for new in- dustrial plants which will employ California labor and capital in converting such raw products into salable articles ; Tenth, the extension of first-class freight. passenger, and mail steamship service under the United States flag between California ports and the principal ports of Latin America ; Eleventh, the study of the Spanish language and the geography, resources, commerce, and history of Mexico, Central and South America in the practical courses of the universities, public and private educational institutions, and especially in the commercial courses of high schools, in order to properly prepare young men and women for the Pan-American field of trade and activity ; Twelfth, the making of the great cities of the State centers of attraction for the travel as well as the trade of the people of Latin America ; Thirteenth, the showing during both exposi- tions of special hospitality to the visitors from Latin America, who I believe will come here in large numbers this year because they can not go to Europe and because they want to see the greatest and most beautiful expositions which the world has ever known ; Fourteenth, the inauguration and fostering here of a general Pan-American movement in the knowledge and appreciation, on the part of our people, of the peoples and progress of Latin America which will awaken in re- turn the responsive sympathy, knowledge and appreciation on the part of the Latin Americans, of the peoples and purposes of the L^nited States. LEADERSHIP OF THE UNITED STATES In conclusion, let me give a few figures which will encourage the ojjtimist and dis- courage the pessimist on Pan-American com- merce : In 1913, according to the latest figures of the Pan-American Union, the twenty coun- tries of Latin America conducted a foreign trade valued at the immense total of $.3,000,- 000,000, which represents an increase of nearly one hundred per cent in the last fifteen years. In this commerce, contrarv to usual belief, the United States stands far ahead of Great Britain and Germany. In 1913. the figures for the L'nited States, counting both exports and imports, the only true measure of trade, were approximately $804,000,000; of Great Britain, $640.000.000 : of Germany. $408.- 000.000. The actual exports alone of the United States were slightly ahead of Great Britain, being $325,000,000 to Great Britain's $322,000,000. '' I ""HE chief single fact cil)oiit the canal is its aptitude for beconiino- -*- a vital world asset, from the use of which under a far-seeing- policy, our land and all lands will thrive. It should he no cause of contention, hut a hond of fraternitv and assured peace. — JoJiu Bates Clark, Ph. P.. [J. .P., in "The Ecohoiiiist." 288 C \l.ll'( )1<.\"IA"S MACA/IXK The Western Hemisphere Coming Into Its Own By the Late Hon. Duncan E. McKinlay W'Jw as a Member of Congress from California Visited the Canal with the Interstate Committee of the House. Formerly United States Surveyor of Customs, San Francisco I'V WOULD seem as if the Western hemisphere was at last coming into its own in dignity and progress, in its relation to the world. Certainly the tides of people of enterprise and of business have been steadily pressing westward since long before Bishop Berkeley declared that "Westward the course of empire takes its way," and that Western wave is rushing onward today more strongly and steadily than ever before in the world's history. Men of even middle age today will probably live to see the fulfillment of the dreams and prophecies of the olden time in the opening up of our coasts and land to ship commerce with every country on the globe. In ancient days it was the fact that seas divided nations because of the difficulty of ocean travel. In those days the only safe routes were those over land, but in this modern time of gigantic ocean-going vessels, capable of carrying thousands of pas- sengers and many thousands of tons of freight, water travel and transportation is the cheapest and most agreeable of all forms. And therefore, today it is a fact that the seas unite the countries of the world instead of dividing them. The completion of the Panama Canal will be only the completion of one link in the chain of three great improvements that are in contemplation by the statesmen of America. . . . The improvement of the Mississippi and its tributaries then, is one of the links of the chain. The Panama Canal is the central link. The third link must be and will be, . . . the re-establishment of the American merchant marine. . . . I believe that it has been a well recognized policy of all the Presidents and statesmen of our country for the last twenty years to urge the accomplishment of these improvements. They come slowly, of course, but all large projects take time in their development, and those of us who today are so fortunate as to live in California, or anywhere on the Pacific Coast, may easily look forward to the time, not far distant, when California will be at least the second state of the American republic in wealth, and industrial and commercial power, and San Francisco the second city in importance under the American flag. *This publication had secured from the late Honorable Duncan E. McKinlay the as- surance that he would prepare a paper on the Panama Canal especiall}- for this publication. But Providence decreed otherwise and Mr. McKinlay passed away ere accomplishing his purpose. Tlie editor and publishers of this edition unite with the family and many friends of the late congressman in sorrow at his untimely demise. The above excerpt from a book by Mr. McKinkiy seems particularly apropos. It reflects the l^readth of view and patriotic spirit which characterized his public services. The Shipping Industry of the Pacific Coast By Capt. Robert Dollar President Robert Dollar Company of San Francisco Editor's A^ote: Captain Dollar, who is prominent not only in ma- rine circles but in the public affairs of San Francisco, has prepared a very interesting- statement showing the conditions under which ships are handled from this port. He discusses the three main di- visions of our shipping — coastw^ise, intercoast via Panama, and for- eign — and cites figures of traffic and conditions affecting it which should be w^idely known and considered. Captain Dollar looks for- ward to a time when the commerce of San Francisco will exceed that of New^ York of today. What is necessary to bring the maritime commerce between this Coast and other ports to its proper magnitude is suggested in his article. THROUGH the foreign trade we antici- pate a very great advancement and development of the shipping industry of the Pacific Coast. This will be brought about by the great increase of trade that we will get from the opening up and development of China. If it only keeps on increasing as in the past thirty-five years, when the Pacific Mail were the only company operating steam- ers, and their combined cargo capacity, of all their steamers at that time, was not as great as one of their large, modern, up-to-date steamers of today ; if the increase keeps up in the same ratio, long before this century closes, the center of the world's commercial activity will be transferred from the Atlantic ' to the Pacific. It has been generally supposed that the opening of the canal would take away a great deal of freight from our ports, but from the line of the great northern circle from Panama to Japan, San Diego is only 225 miles, Los Angeles 245. San Francisco 325, Eureka 430, Astoria 670. entrance to the Straits of Juan de Fuca 800 ; so it will be seen that the deviation will be very slight. The Pacific Coast is favored with many good and commodious harbors. Commencing in the extreme south is San Diego, having ample accommodations for all the rec^uire- ments ; next, Los Angeles with more than they require and by dredging they can extend indefinitely ; then comes San Francisco with sufficient anchorage for all the navies of the world. Eureka has plenty of room for her rapidly growing trade. Then in Oregon is Coos Bay. As soon as contemplated improve- ments are completed, they will be able to berth the largest tramp steamers afloat. Then comes the Columbia River, when the jetties and dredging they contemplate are completed, they can receive vessels drawing thirty feet of water. Willapa and Grays Harbor are rapidly increasing their facilities to receive large ves- sels. At present steamers 400 feet long and drawing twenty feet have no trouble going in and out. Then Puget Sound, unsurpassed for its land locked bavs. sufficient to take at one 290 CALIi-URXIA'S MAGAZINE time all the ships of the world. Seattle and Tacoma are rapidly building wharves to ac- coininodate the great increase expected after the canal has been in operation. So from the foregoing, it will readily be seen that we have a combination of the best seaports in the workl. ( )ur shipping may be divided into three parts, namely, first, coastwise ; second, inter- coast via Panama, and third, foreign. The bulk of the cargoes carried is from north to south : lumber furnisliing more than MS per cent of the whole. Tliose vessels carry norlli bulk cargoes, but not to exceed 10 per cent of their capacity. The steamers engaged in carrying lumber on this coast are con- structed specially for this trade, and are en- tirely different than those seen in any other part of the world. The machinery is placed aft. and from 30 to 50 per cent of the cargo is carried on deck and with perfect safety to both the vessel and cargo. The ordinary height of these deckloads is from twelve to eighteen feet. To those interested in shipping who visit our exposition, this will be one of the most interesting sights. Then the trade that will go from one sea- board of the United States to the other is problenialical. The value of commodities car- ried in 1913 was $80,026,517. This was an increase from 1900 of $73,208,737, although handicapiK'd l)y having to trans-ship by rail either via Tehuantepec or Panama, this was a good showing, but as to what the increase will be we must wait a year or two and see how the trade will develop, before we can even make any calculations. That the increase will be gradual, we are sure of, although some expect a boom all at once. In tliis they will be disappointed, but that there will be a tre- mendous expansion of this trade, admits no argument. The great differenc-e between rail and all water rates will be sufficient to war- rant this prediction, for with the opening t)f the canal the rate of freight has been reduced about 30 per cent. Foreign trade has not been pushed as it should. The local or domestic demand has satisfied all producers, therefore there was little incentive to go further afield as long as the home consumption kept up. Now we see tliat we must reach out for foreign mar- kets. So far we have only exported the prod- ucts of the forest, fields and fisheries, now we must reach out for manufactures. Up to the present time labor conditions have been such that efl"ectually precluded the possibility of manufac-turing on this coast for export. Now we feel that with the opening of the canal, a great number of emigrants will reach our shores. l'lmplo\'ment must be found for them either in the cultivation of our fields or in manufacturing as very few will have money enough to take n\) land although there are millions of acres lying idle, waiting for people to cultivate it. We can expect factories to be built because raw material can be got as cheaply as in any part of the United States. Iron ore of a better quality can be laid down on these Pacific Coast ports at a lower price than the supply is delivered at Pittsburgh. Coking coal can be delivered here at a price that will produce coke at competitive prices if produced in the most modern by-product ovens, so there is no reason why we can not produce iron and steel, not only for our own requirements, but for export also. Then raw cotton and wool can be delivered at our sea- board as cheap as anywhere else, as both are grown near by. The opening of markets of China ah)ne warrants the prediction of an enormous com- merce between that country and ours. Tlien there is the Philippine trade that has in- creased by leaps and bounds and a great trade will result. Japan, India, and the P'ast Indies will all increase their trade with us. If we look at the custom house statistics they are extremely encouraging. In 1856 our total ex- ports from this entire coast were $3,460,448: in 18S0, $38,888,418: in 1914. $112,146,011. So if this same ratio of increase continues for the next sixty years, it can easily be seen that tlie fulfdlment of my i)rediction will be ac- complished, that the Atlantic trade will be superseded by the Pacific, and that the com- merce of San Francisco will exceed that of New York of todav. Looking East From the West By Robert Newton Lynch P^we President ami Manager San Francisco Chamber of Commerce and of the California Development Board Editor's Xofc: The enlarged vision of the Westerner who regards the East in the hght of commercial possibilities and the results of present day tendencies is comprehended by Mr. Lynch in his article. He sees the inevitable expansion, the drawing together of the cen- ters of trade, the development of latent or under-developed resources, the certainty of increased manufactures, the potentialities of the extension of maritime commerce between the cities of California and the Orient as w^ell as the Occident. Mr. Lynch is a keen observer and a student of commercial interests and relations. His article is edifvino' and instructive. A REVOLUTION in the trade and indus- trial conditions of the Paciiic Coast so profound as to defy accurate estimates of its extent or prophecy as to its future develop- ment has been created by the opening of the Panama Canal. The man who lives and works upon the Pacific Coast, turning his back upon the setting sun and facing eastward, finds spread before him a vast field of operation that had not before been apparent, for it was inaccessible in a degree rendering worse than useless any effort at successful competition with Eastern enterprise. Heretofore the great pressure of Eastern business has forced the Western manufacturer and jobber to the verv rim of the continent. The business area on this coast for the dis- tribution of goods was of the smallest, while the Eastern jobbing houses or manufacturers' agents extended their operations to much of the territory rightfully belonging to Pacific Coast trade centers. Now all this is rapidly being changed and a new era in the develop- ment of business upon the Pacific Coast is inaugurated. It was generally conceded that the opening of the canal would affect the condition, but there was no little anxiety over the matter of tolls. A\'hen, however, the rates were an- nounced, it was found that the cost of carrying goods through the canal with tolls was 40 per cent below what had been expected, rcith- oitt tolls. This was the sole remaining barrier to future success for Western business through the canal removed. It was now certain that the great bulk of produce destined for Pacific Coast points must come by water to these ports for distribution to local centers of consump- tion. Not to be outdone in generosity to the West, the Interstate Commerce Commission, in the now famous long and short haul case and that of the intermountain rates, gave decisions that were of the greatest possible value. As a re- sult of these new decisions, the railroads may compete with the water rate established 292 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZIXE through the canal only at the expense of de- moralization of much of their intermediate business. It is to be assumed that the rail- roads will prefer to liandle business from San Francisco, for example, to interior points at a profit, rather than from I\astern points to these same places by rail at a loss. The effect of this new order will undoubtedly be felt as far east as the Rocky Mountains, and the Western business man may now look confi- dently for resuUs in the territory naturally tributary to \\'estern points. Pacific Coast cities that were the termini for perhaps two or three railroads now have become the begin- nings of great railroad systems. It may now be assumed as a natural con- sequence that Middle Western manufacturers will establish factories on the Pacific Coast to provide for Pacific Coast business. The rapid increase in population of the districts included presents an attractive aspect to the man who contemplates such a move. There are now six million persons west of the Rocky Mountains and half of this number are in California. It is admitted that the West is growing more rapidly than any other section of the United States, and California, with its innumerable opportunities, its inexhaustible resources, its ability to sustain a great population, will con- tinue to increase and become with each pass- ing year a greater factor in trade, a greater market for commercial and industrial activity. Another perfectly natural outcome of the opening of the Panama Canal has been a stim- ulation of interest in the development of natural resources in California. It has be- come apparent to every thinking individual that if ships are to come in large numbers to this coast laden with raw material as well as finished product for distribution in the Western arena of trade, they must not go away empty. Thus new impetus is given to manufacture from locally produced material ; from the abundant natural resources of the State will be drawn supplies with which to manufacture vast quantities of desirable goods for which there is a waiting market in the Orient, in the southern portion of our own continent, and elsewhere. This means a mar- velous growth for California; its products will move at practically half the freight cost under the new order. It will be interesting to note the rapid de- velopment of coast-to-coast traffic across the Isthmus even before the opening of the canal. For example : Coast-to-coast tonnage via the Isthmuses of Panama and Tcliauntepec has increased 446 per cent in the last six years. According to figures of the Department of Commerce and Lal)or for the year ending June 30, 1913, the total value of all goods shipped via both isthmuses amounted to $131,- 556,285, of which $87,564,507 was westbound and $34,991,778 was eastbound. The leading articles of shipment ranked as follows : West- bound — Manufactures of iron and steel, $18,755,779; manufactures of cotton, $11,- 067,774; manufactures of paper, $6,467,- 774. Eastbound— Wines, $4,044,320; fruits, $3,708,094; wool, $33,469,21 7 ; canned sal- mon, $2,129,703. The largest eastbound item was sugar from Hawaii to the Delaware Breakwater, amounting to $19,309,351. The first year's tonnage through the canal should easily reach the million mark, with a valuation of $150,000,000. Figures thus far compiled regarding move- ments through the canal show the following interesting facts : Two hundred and fifty-seven vessels used the Panama Canal before December 1, 1914. Two hundred and twenty-seven were laden. By principal routes, and with an indication of the tonnage on which tolls are assessed, this traffic mav be summarized as follows : Vessels Tonnaije Coastwise, eastbound 54 ,320,155 Coastwise, westbound 61 282,020 U. S. Pacific Coast to Europe 34 248,020 Europe to U. S. Pacific Coast 8 38,318 South America to U. S. and Europe. 24 166,917 U. S. and Europe to South America. 15 74,644 U. S. Atlantic Coast to Far East. ... 24 148,207 Miscellaneous routings 7 19,203 Vessels witliout cargoes 30 Total 257 1.297.484 Tlie tolls collected on this traffic aggregated $1,135,205. Collections of tolls began May, 1914, when barges were first permitted to use the canal and assumed considerable volume with the opening of the canal on August 15 to ocean-going vessels. WATERWAY BY PANAMA 293 As may be supposed, the harbors of the Pacific Coast, in anticipation of the immediate business and the future volume certain to result from the new order of things, have made or are making provision for adequately handling the situation. San Francisco harbor front, for example, which is owned by the State of California, is now being fitted with new docks and wharves under a State bond issue of ten million dollars. The interest on same, and all sinking and redemption funds, are paid out of the revenues derived from the harbor. The Bay of San Francisco covers an area of over 420 square miles and has a shore line exclusive of navigable inlets, of 100 miles. The city and county of San Francisco, con- solidated, has a water frontage on the bay of ten miles. The pierhead line is 800 feet from the bulkhead line and is fixed bv the United States government. On January 1 of this year there was a total completed seawall 18,690 feet in length; 34 completed piers and three planned, from 600 to 1000 feet in length and from 100 to 200 feet in width. The total berth space of all piers is 48,728 lineal feet. The dock area of all piers is 3,471,697 square feet. The Embarcadero. the street fronting the harbor, is also owned by the State, wdiich operates a belt line railroad over its entire length. On January 1, 1915, the belt line was 20,600 feet long. Freight can be un- loaded directly on the freight cars on the belt line from the freighter alongside the dock (the belt line being connected with the main lines of all transcontinental railroads, and the spur tracks serving San Francisco's industrial area) , so that freight can be transferred direct from steamer to warehouse or factory. Deep water is found at all docks and wharves on the San Francisco water front. Typhoons and hurricaiies are unknown, and the greatest liners dock without difficulty in any weather and at all stages of tide. Ten fathoms is the average depth in the bay, afford- ing safe anchorage at all times. A depth of six and seven fathoms is reached at the ends of all piers. The only transport docks owned by the United States are at San Francisco. Nor is San Francisco the only California harbor to directly benefit by the opening of the canal, or that is prepared to handle the increased business. San Pedro, San Diego, Oakland — all have havens for shipping, all are planning for great future development, and are already feeling the eft'ect of the open- ing of the great world waterway. So the Westerner, when he has the time to spare from his work, may turn his gaze east- ward, envisioning new horizons, glimpsing in his mind's eye the shores of distant lands, with which he may now have traffic under condi- tions profitable and otherwise satisfactory to all parties concerned. THERE has never been a time in the history of Cahfornia when greater opportunities existed for manufacturino- enterprise than today. The opening- of the canal is creating a veritable revolution in trade and industrial conditions. New fields are spread before the Western manufacturer and business man. There are sites for factories, opportunities for investment, that will be unavailable unless taken ad- vantage of almost immediately. Our Service Department is in a position to supply information on this subject and to obtain options for those who are ready to take advantage of the great chances that exist today in California. Nothing is ever gained l)y procrastination except cause for lasting regret. The man who succeeds is the one who continually seeks means of advancing his facilities. The California manufacturer or business man works amid conditions that are ideal and with trans- portation facilities tremendously enhanced by the opening of the world's greatest waterway. WluTo the stiriiiit; song el' till'. m;i s unuls clcriially and tlic suif is whipped to loam npon tlie eks of Midway Point, Monterey The Panama Canal in Its Higher Meaning By Adam Hull Shirk Editor s Note: By reason of the fact that Air. Shirk, through wide reading and study as well as much personal experience, has acquired a grasp of the meaning of the greatest achievement of modern times in the higher sense, he has been called upon to write of the Panama Canal from that viewpoint. His article leaves a clear impression of greatness upon the reader. Mr. Shirk has become identified with the California Publishers' Co-operative Association permanently and is expected, as a result of his humanitarian principles and sympa- thetic appreciation of the requirements of the people, as w^ell as of the indubitable greatness of this State, to accomplish much for the organization in aiding in the attainment of its highest ideals. IN SO FAR as any work of man may attain to a semblance of deific proportions, the construction of the Panama Canal represents the apotheosis of human labor. The greatest workers in every age have also been its greatest poets, for Calliope has not withheld her gifts from those whose epics have been written in stone rather than upon parchment. The Pan- ama Canal is an epic, and every drop of water that courses through it, mingling the Pacific and Atlantic, will sing the song that was writ- ten to the mighty tune of steel upon steel and steel upon stone; written with earth-rending blasts upon the very breast of Mother Nature. All the labor that makes for progress, all the work of man that is worth the while, all the dreams that reach a practical solution, all the ambitions that deserve to be realized, all the thoughts that partake of eternal quality, are founded upon constructive principles. The history of the universe, and of this terrestrial ball whirling in the uncharted reaches of space, is constructive. Destruction has no part in the plan of Him who looked upon his finished labor and saw that it was "very good." What may have seemed afterward to have been born of some cataclysmic thought was never such in the mind of the Creator. Otherwise there would have been no reason in the eternal scheme of things. One does not build up in order to tear down unless there is a mental unbalance upon which such a paradoxical state of thought may be blamed. And surely no man dare say that the Mind which has held the stars, the planets, the constellations in their courses, has ever been less than perfect. Such wrong mental attitudes can be at- tributed to men, and their outcome is war and waste, hatred and want, fire and sword and pillage and rapine and destruction. In an age when the thoughts of a certain percentage of humankind run along such destructive chan- nels, it is cause for rejoicing, a mental weapon wherewith to combat the whisper of supreme evil that would have us believe that all things are for nausrht and that existence itself is a 296 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE mistake, to realize that such a titanic whjfI: as the Panama Canal, such a constructive ac- complishment, a labor which will bcneiit the world's people as a whole, should be brought to a triumphant conclusion. To know that t)nly great and good ends have been served, that men have been brought closer to one another, that in a spirit of profitable and honorable trade they may yet learn the advantages of peace — to know that such is the meaning of the Panama Canal is most satisfying and reas- suring to those who find it hard in times like these to preserve a spirit of optimism, to pre- vent themselves being drawn under by the maelstrom of the black waters of selfishness, rapacity, and hatred. Is it not, as yet. too early to say what the Panama Canal really signifies to the w^orld? At best we can only surmise and doubtless the passing years will discover new ends that will be served by this gigantic waterway, new bene- fits to be derived that can not even be con- ceived of now. PRIMARY PURPOSE Priniarilv the purpose of the canal is, speak- ing commercially, the shortening of distances for oversea traffic. To even the lay mind it will be patent that, given a line of steamships running between two ports, great benefit is certain to accrue from a considerable reduction of the distance to be covered. It is scarcely within the province of this paper, however, to enter exhaustively into the commercial aspects of the canal, however much this may be said to be the fundamental object of the great work. This feature has already been handled in a comprehensive manner in this volume by men who are familiar with the subject from every angle. Nor is it possible for any one, no matter how well informed, to treat of the Panama Canal in its entire scope. It touches so many phases of life, will have a reorganizing influence upon so many lines of endeavor; in its potentialities offers so extensive a vista for the prospective vision, that the mind halts, is staggered, by the cumu- lative facts and possibilities, actualities, and speculations. It is then that the great fact is brought home in all its intensity — the fact that a work of such magnitude holds more than e\-en a generation of men can conceive, that it is. in more than the literal sense, created for all time. In short, it is something greater than a work of mere human ingenuity; it includes ins})irational qualities of the highest order. In its inception, and throughout the multitude of vicissitudes down to its actual completion, the building of this great waterway required the accumulated brain force of many master minds, and it is therefore reasonable to infer that no one man can hope to gauge its great- ness, reckon its future effect upon the world, or even detail, save in the most sketchy manner, the true history of its construction. How many defeats, how many failures, how many tri- umphs went to the making of this canal ! How many men have lived and died since it was first begun ! What changes will it bring about in our civilization, what blending of nations, what resultant effect upon the characters and the development of future generations ! This may seem an extravagant view of the matter, but when any one will stop to consider what it really signifies, it will be seen that the entire gamut of emotions is run in the contemplation and execution of the work. Tragedy to comedy ; shattered dreams, realized ideals ; Napoleonic ambitions, humanitarian visions — all have been experienced in this vast feat of engineering, indissolubly linking the poet in stone with the poet in parchment, as I said in the beginning, proving the inevitableness of the assertion that all men partake of the same characteristics, and, in greater or lesser de- gree, dream the same dreams, are influenced by the same ultimate desires, and that all these ultimate dreams and desires are fine and big and beautiful. It is only the elemental in us that inclines to destruction, for man, like the Creator, is a constructionist by disposition. He finds no real pleasure in tearing down ; he does gain a real joy in building up. This is seen in the fact that no sooner has the nation which has been at war returned to the ways of peace, than it straightway sets about re- building. This is not only for economic rea- WATERWAY BY PANAMA 297 sons. If man were really the savage beast he seems to be when at war, in peace he would be no less so, and might dwell contentedly amid the ruins of his own making, satisfied to live as his primitive forebears. Education, civilization, you say? Then why have not edu- cation and civilization saved him from war and waste? The truth is he fights because he allows the spirit of the wild beast to enter his mind and take possession of his citadel of reason. When he becomes himself again, he realizes his error, sees about him the horrible reminders of his colossal mistake, and sets about repairing the damage. His sense of the beautiful, his sense of fitness, both are offended by the chaos. He is a constructionist. He would put his house in order. And so we are led by tenable lines of rea- soning to the assumption that the Panama Canal, built if you will for commercial pur- poses, is in its ethical qualities, a monument to the constructive nature of mankind. It is a lasting temple to the glory of labor, to the everlasting honor of the builder. PERSONALITY IN THE WORK If, in the latter days of the construction of the canal, one man's personality stands out in bold relief more than another's, it is that of Colonel George W. Goethals, chief engineer and chairman of the canal commission, under President Roosevelt's appointment in 1903, and first governor of the Panama Canal by appointment of President Wilson in 1914. Coming of sturdy Dutch stock, he retained pre-eminently the characteristic of rigid ad- herence to his line of duty which was typical of his ancestry. He also displayed rare judg- ment and foresight, great engineering and ex- ecutive ability in his administration of the dif- ficult problems set before him in the so-called "thirteenth labor of Hercules." A graduate of West Point, Colonel Goethals had the good sense and rare judgment, nevertheless, to re- frain from any exhibition of militarism in his direction of the affairs on the isthmus. Had he been a soldier of the martinet type he would have seen a complete demoralization of affairs, for much uneasiness had been occa- sioned by the change from civil to military direction. But Colonel Goethals never wore a uniform, and declared that, to quote from an article by Mr. Joseph B. Bishop, former secre- tary of the Isthmian Canal Commission, in Scribner's Magazine, "there would be no more militarism in the future than there had been in the past, and that no man who did his duty would have cause to complain because of it." To quote further from the same source : "He (Colonel Goethals), is one of those rare persons whose mental vision is not hampered by full knowledge of details. He uses that knowledge as the foundation for a broad, gen- eral view of the field of action, with every portion of which he is familiar. He is not only able to see all phases of the problem as it exists today, but to foresee the questions that will arise in the future and prepare to meet them. He has in rare degree the gift of sa- gacity, without which there can be no success- ful leadership." And this, I think, sums up admirably the qualities that have made Colonel Goethals, in the very general, if not entire, consensus of opinion, the ideal man for the work. NOT A NEW PROBLEM Prior to as well as contemporary with Colonel Goethals in the history of the canal have been many notable personalities, which have represented presidents, statesmen, engi- neers, legislators, discoverers, navigators, sol- diers. For the first actual consideration of the great undertaking was 394 years before it be- came an actuality and it has been a perennial subject of contemplation during the interim. After Balboa entered what he termed the "South Sea" and claimed it by right of dis- covery for his royal master, the King of Spain, Pedro Arias de Avila, who was responsible for Balboa's execution, appears as the next in line of those connected directly or indirectly with the canal, and during his regime, the city of Panama was built and constituted a city by royal decree. In the report of the Isthmian Canal Commission, 1899-1901, it is recited that "the importance of a maritime connection and the discouraging results of the efforts to 298 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE discover a natural channel between the two oceans suggested to many minds the idea oL a shi[) canal." This was in 1520 or thereabouts and it is recorded that Charles V directed that the Isthmus of Panama be surveyed with this purjiose in view at that time. Hut the re- ports of eiigineers were discouraging and the work was not then undertaken. Cne can only conjecture what might haw been tlie resultant effects upon history, what the changes in our maps, had the project been successfully carried out in those early years. PROGRESS SLOW Perhaps it was the characteristics which have been often attributed to the Castilian race that were responsible for the fact that, during the 300 years of Spanish occupation, no actual progress was made in the way of establishing a maritime connection between the two oceans. Baron von Humboldt here appears upon the scene, displaying a decided and intelligent in- terest in the problem. His writings were read with interest and sufficient credence to induce the Spanish Cortes, in 1814, to pass a decree for the construction of the canal through the l^eninsula for vessels of the largest size and which pro\'ide(l for the formation of a com- pany to carr\- out the project. But it led to nothing as usual and Spain lost all chance of obtaining the glory that might have accrued from the successful completion of such an undertaking, when, in 1823 the last of her South and Central American provinces suc- ceeded in establishing their independence. From 1814 to 1869 onlv similar abortive attemjjts were made. During that period rail- road enterprises providing for transportation facilities across the isthmus were fostered, and the Panama Railroad Company succeeded in establishing a line which was built at great expense in money and human lives, though in extent it was but a trifle over forty-seven miles. It was opened to traffic in 1855. AMERICA LARES A HAND In 1869 President Grant in his first mes- sage to Congress advocated an American canal. np'HERE'S the man on the steam drill. His dentistry of the earth's -*■ crust is to be observed whenever an excavation for l^uilding' foundations is torn out of the solid rock. Without his preliminary labor neither dynamite nor derricks avail. His weighted tripod is set up. The long drill rod is fixed in place. The steam is coupled on. Then begins the ceaseless pfuff — pfuff — pfitff — in explosive snorting. A helper, with a tin can attached to a stick, pours drink after drink into the drill hole. Unconcerned the man ])erches on the drill. He balances himself erect on the l^ucking tripod or sits gracefully on a projecting seat like the outrigger of a sailing canoe. The pulsation and din of his machine do not move him. The spurting ])lume of steam sometimes half conceals him; he sits reposeful but alert. Der- ricks carry their loads over his head. Huge bowlders and barrows full of splintered rock swing by, lurching and oscillating just above him. He does not heed them, rarely even looks up. The thunder of a blast not far away hardl}- makes him turn bis head. The thrill and panoply of the battle field are not for him. He makes no gallery play for the l)enefit of the onlookers who all day long line the brink of the yawning excavation. His attention is given to the quivering machine beneath him. Without him and his brothers the Panama Canal could never have come. Here is a hero of peace — steadfast, unassuming, and masterful. — Editorial in "Collier's." WATER\\'AY BY PANAMA 299 and Congress responded by adopting a joint resolution providing for further exploration of the isthmus. In 1872 a second resolution au- thorized the appointment of a commission to study the results of the explorations, and to obtain information relative to the feasibility of a canal. This commission reported in 1876 advocating what it termed the "Nicaragua Route," as offering fewer obstacles and pre- senting greater advantages for the construction of a canal, than any other. The report was not transmitted to Congress till three years later. FRANCE ENTERS FIELD About this time, in 1876. to be exact, France entered the field as a supporter of Lieutenant T>. N. B. Wyse. who made a contract with the Colombian government to build a canal across the territory of the republic. Later the con- tract was modified so as to give to the pro- moters the exclusive right for ninety-nine years of constructing a canal as covered by the orig- inal contract. The general route was to be de- termined by an international congress of en- gineers to be assembled not later than 1881. So the International Scientific Congress con- vened in Paris in 1879 and decided in favor of the route from Colon (Aspinwall) tt) Pan- ama. The concession held by Wyse was trans- ferred to the Panama Canal Company, known officially as "La Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceanique de Panama." Why record in detail this "grande fiasco" ? Suffice to say that in 1889 the bankrupt company was dissolved by a judgment of the "Tribunal Ci\-il de la Seine" and work finally suspended on May 15 of the above mentioned year. The notorious Ferdinand de Lesseps was president of the ill-fated "compagnie." The liquidator appointed a "commission d'etudes" to study the project which later sub- mitted an estimate of the expense wliirh would be attendant upon the construction of a lock canal. In 1894 the New Panama Canal ( "oni- pany was organized and took on'lt all of the canal property except the Panama railroad shares, ^^'ork was resumed in a small way and continued until 1899, at which time the ex- cavation had been enlarged to some extent and several millions of additional dollars buried in the sands of the isthmus. Here the alien element in the until then ill-starred enterprise virtually bade farewell to the work. COMMISSIOX APPOIXTEU President McKinley. authorized by an act of Congress approved March 3. 1899, ap- pointed a commission to investigate the Nica- ragua and Panama routes, as well as any other possible routes, the value of a canal from all angles, and the rights and privileges. The members of the commission convened in June of the same year and began their labors. They visited Paris and examined the plans, maps, and data of the New Panama Canal Company, now exceedingly anxious to dispose of its hold- ings, and exceptionally courteous to the com- missioners from the United States. After a trip to Nicaragua and exhaustive investigations the commission submitted its re- port to the President toward the end of the year 1901. The work was concentrated upon the Nicaragua and Panama routes, though four others were considered and estimates were furnished therefor. The report was compre- hensive, going into minutiae of costs ; routes were compared, and endless correspondence and negotiations resulted, the final conclusion and recommendation transmitted to Congress in December, 1901, being as follows: "After considering all of the facts developed by the investigations made by the commission and the actual situation as it now stands, and having in view the terms oft'ered by the New Panama Canal Company, this commission is of the unanimous opim'on that the most 'practi- cable and feasible route' for an isthmian canal to be 'under the control, management, and ownership of the United States' is known as the Nicaragua route." This, however, was not the end, and the Nicaragua project went a-glimmering. desj^ite the recommendation, when the commission later addressed a further communication to the President, submitting the proposition of the New Panama Canal Company to sell and dis- pose of all its rights, property and unfinished 300 CALII"X)RXIA'S A1.\{;AZINE work to the Inited States for $40,000,000. The report went to the Senate. Congress em- powered the President to make the purchase and to acquire a strip of land across the isth- mus from Colombia. A treaty was negotiated by Secretary of State John Hay. with a Mr. Herran representing Ct)lonibia. i'he United States ratified this treaty in 1903. but the Colombian Congress rejected it. Then fol- lowed the throwing off of the voke of Co- lombia by the state of Panama. This occurred Novembers, 1903. A WONDERFUL RECORD The history of the subsequent negotiations with the new state of Panama, the transfer of the property and rights of the canal company to the United States, the continuation of the work at first along the lines of the former concern, the appointment of new com- missions, officials, and others, down to the actual completion of the great waterway and its opening, forms a record of tremendous ac- tivity, painstaking effort, precautions of the most elaborate sort in the matter of sanitation, which have resulted in a great reduction of the mortality in the Zone, and has culminated in a triumph of administrative and executive ability and of engineering skill that has brought lau- rels to many men and given finally to the United States of America, the honor of accom- plishing the greatest feat of modern or ancient times, beside which the building of the Pyra- mids and the construction of the Assouan dam sink to comparative insignificance. Particu- larly is this true when w^e consider the advan- tages to the world and its peoples accruing from this uniting of tlie waters of the two oceans and the resultant decrease in distance between the most important points of commer- cial intercourse. In a recently published article Mr. Isham Randolph, C. K., D. E., a member of the board of consulting engineers for the Panama Canal, of the advisory board of engineers, 1909, etc., says: "All American engineers glory, with the American people, in the achievements in Pan- ama of the men of the corps of engineers of the United States Army. In many fields that corps has built up and sustained a reputation for ability, honor, and integrity, which is a glory to the service; but we civilian engineers would not have our countrymen forget the part that our unbrevetted fellows bore in the build- ing of the Panama Canal. Goethals, Hodges, Sibert, Gaillard will always be foremost in the thought when the building of the great canal is under discussion ; but I do not believe that they forget, or for one moment under- rate, the support they had from Williamson, Goldmark, Schildhauer, Zinn, Saville, Nichols, Cornish, and others who supplemented their efforts from start to finish." This graceful acknowledgment fittingly sums up the work that has been nearly four centuries in the making. VARIED PHASES There are innumerable phases of the com- mercial importance of the canal to which, despite my initial reservation, it is almost im- possible to avoid referring at least briefly. Some of these are summarized succinctly by Mr. A. C. Laut in a recent periodical con- tril)ution : '^TATURAL conditions on the Pacific Coast have made possible a ^ ^ remarkably rapid development of that territory in the last sixty years. Its future development, to which the Panama Canal will con- trilnite, will be even more rapid. The present tendency is toward de- velopment of a constantly more intensive character. This, together wnth an ever broadening- market for its products, will result in greater prosperitv. — Tlwinas H. Means in "Commercial and Financial Chron- icle." WATERWAY BY PANAMA 301 "New fleets under the American flag. Pa- cific Coast products on Eastern markets at low- freight. Middle West exports on the Pacific Coast by water. A new era in Asiatic com- merce through American channels. American ships picking up South American commerce, abandoned by German and British lines." The meaning of the canal to Latin-America is of tremendous significance, implying that those countries known commonly as South and Central America, will now be developed along the lines of trade wherein they have hitherto been decidedly backward — particularly Central America. The possibilities for import and ex- port, with the opportunities to be derived from the canal, admit of much speculation, the least sanguine of which assures a great increase in both respects. HARBOR DEVELOPMENT The completion of the canal has also meant much to California in the impetus it has given to the development of the harbor of the coast. The opening of the waterway has meant the avoidance of the mountain barriers which in the past have separated the Pacific Coast from its true source of sustenance. Therefore the improvement of harbor facilities in all Pacific Coast ports has become absolutely necessary and not merely a pleasing subject for spec- ulation. It is a pressing need, a thing of today, not tomorrow. And generally, when a matter becomes vital, ways and means are found to accomplish what is needful, despite the obstacles, real or fancied, that have here- tofore blocked progress. Along some 1500 miles of coast, extending from the Mexican border northward, there are eight major port developments in progress. aside from numerous minor projects. Each one possesses problems that are peculiar to itself. It is the opinion of harbor experts, in a nutshell, that a port should hj considered as the connecting link between the highways of the land and those of the sea, and this has been borne in mind by those in whose hands rests the work of developing the harbors of the Pacific Coast. Thus, San Diego, actively em- ployed in making her harbor readv for the big ships that will reach her port first on their journey up the coast, is to have a railroad, now building, to open up the hinterland. This line will in time, it is confidently believed, reach back to Grand Junction, Colo. Through this port undoubtedly much freight will move to and fro, serving Arizona, New Mexico, and further Eastern points. San Diego has thrown off any apparent lethargy, a legacy (little to be desired in these modern days of hustle, how- ever romantic its tendency), from the old days of the padres, and has awakened to the im- portance of its position in the scheme of mari- time commerce. Its present day activities in harbor development, its exposition, its railroad work — all evidence that the days of do/ce far nientc are gone forever. LOS ANGELES HARBORS Something less than a hundred miles north of San Diego is Los Angeles, which has by the absorption of Wilmington and San Pedro, on the coast, provided itself with a means to an end, that end being a harbor. In this respect she was face to face with large obstacles, since protection from the drive of the ocean was essential to the formation of any sort of suc- cessful port. With government aid a break- water was built, which embraces within the curve of its protecting arm 960 acres of outer harbor. The inner harbor is being constructed in what was once a slough and delta of the San Gabriel and Los Angeles rivers, at the entrance of which a splendid concrete pier is being built. It is an admitted fact that San Francisco Bay is the most important port on the coast. How important it is can best be gathered from the following tribute paid it recently by Gen- eral Chittenden of the Seattle Port Commis- sion. Lie said : A TRIBUTE "^^llate\ cr changes the future may have in store, it is now true, and for a long time will so remain, that San Francisco Bay is far and away the most important port on the coast. It is a wonderful port — wonderful in the strategic relation to its California hinterland and the great interior of the country ; wonderful in its 302 CAT.I !•( )RXIA'S M AGAZ I X E physical conformation as a vast sheltered har- bor opening in. through a narrow and easily defended eiitraiu'e. from a coast line almost devoid of harbors in either direction for hnn- dreds of miles ; wonderful in its romantic his- tnr\- : and wonderful in its relation to the com- merce of the world. Nature wrought a master- piece when she made San Francisco Bay. Its great exjianse and its navigable coimections north and south, through the rich valleys of the San Joaquin and Sacramento, fit it per- fectlv for the great c-ntr<'pol of a vast em])ire. The work of nature was supplemented by the good offices of fortune, which early turned the attention of the world to this port and laid the foundation t)f its future greatness so deep that neither earthtpiake nor the growth of rivals can shake it. The (iolden (late — named three centuries before, in beautiful prophecy of the Argonauts of '49. whose anchors drt)pped into vellow sands brought down l)y the slickens-laden streams of the Sierra — was the scene of a mighty commerce while yet only random traders sought the furry wealth of the harbors farther north. The first transconti- nental railway had its traffic into the Sacra- mento for twenty years before any other por- tion of the coast was similarly favored. San Francisco has written the most important chap- ter of lu'r history while her sister ports are still almost unknown to the world. Congress did well when it selected the California me- tropolis as the site for the celebration of the opening of the canal. What a contrast it will be — the struggling mass of humanity and freight on its way across the fever-stricken isthmus to the land of golden promise in '49, and the floating palaces which will then ]iass safely through Culebra Hill to a scene of re- splendent riches undreamed of by even the wildest imagination of sixty-six years before!" K.\Sr SHORE IMPROVEMEX IS I'he east shores of this wonderful bay af- ford remarkable evidences of develo|)ment ex- tending southward from San Pablo and Suisun bays. The greater part of this is included in that section lying between Oakland and Ala- meda on the San Antonio estuary, which has received government aid and is known offi- cially as ( )akland's Inner Harbor. In all there is here afforded some fourteen miles of shore line. The harbor has become a really great in- dustrial center, possessing docking space for large and small ships, dry docks, etc. Colonel Thomas, U. S. A., in a general plan for future development of this side of the bay, treats the water fronts of Richmond. Berkeley, and Oak- land as one unit. If carried out as planned IN GENERAL it is the common interests of mankind that will l)e promoted bv the use of the F^anama Canal, and the gains will be those in which all nations will ])articipate. If we divide the world into two hemispheres by a meridian rnnnini^- throui.ih the Pacific and the Atlantic, the commercial center of one hemisphere will be at Panama and that of the other at Suez. At these points routes innumerable intersect, and through each of the artificial straits will pass an ever-increasing- volume of commerce. Relatively the increase of the traffic through the Panama Canal will be the greater, and long before the time when the full economic transformation of the Pacific coun- tries will have been established it will take more than one channel across the American isthmus to accommodate it. No traffic which the ])resent generation will witness will constitute a tithe of that which wall be seen in the future, and no figures that any one would now dare to make will measure the wealth that will ultimately flow from it. — "Couiuicrcial and Fiiinncial CJiroiiicIc." WATERWAY BY PANAAIA 303 some ten miles of shore line for pier construc- tion would be provided. Concerted action is at present a matter of speculation, however. Enough has been said to show that the coast of the Pacific is well provided with harbors and it need only be added that in every case the development of these natural advantages is being pushed to the extreme limit, in contem- plation of a demand for every facility as the result of the canal opening. Even the tempo- rary unsettling of trade conditions as the re- sult of the European struggle has not deterred or discouraged this activity noticeably. IXLAXD WATERWAYS Inland waterways are not being overlooked in the general scheme of aquatic develojjment and the government has not been backward in providing funds for the improvement of navi- gable channels connecting with the bays just described, and the State has co-operated so that a large amount of work is in progress which was recently summarized by Mr. Paul M. Norboe, assistant state engineer, as follows : WORK XOW IN PROGRESS The work now in progress under the current federal and state appropriations for the benefit of navigation may be summarized as follows : By the United States war department : Cut-offs on San Joaquin River, snagging and jetties on Sacramento. By the war department in co-operation with the State : Widening the mouth of Sacramento River, debris control, survey of San Joaquin River to Tulare Lake. By the state dejjartment of engineering : Bank i)rotection at Collins Eddy, Sacramento, $8000 ; bank protection, Riverside, Sacra- mento River, $75,000; snagging. Feather River. $300 ; bank protection. San Joa(]uin below Stockton, $1136; bank protection. San Joaquin above Stockton, $40,200. ^^'ork now in progress the results of wliich are collaterally in the interests of navigation : By the United States reclamation service in co-operation with the State : Surveys for reser- voir sites in headwaters of Sacramento River. By the United States geological survev in co- operation with the State : Stream measure- ments on all important tributaries of naviga- ble streams. Topographic survey of the great valley from Red Bluff to Bakersfield. By the state department of engineering : Survevs for flood control. Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. By the reclamation board : The direc- tion of all private reclamation projects so as to conform to the plans for the ultimate complete reclamation and flood control projects in Sac- ramento and San Joaquin valleys. CANAL STATISTICS Reverting to the primal cause for the major portion of the activity that is today apparent upon the entire Western hemisphere, the Pan- ama Canal — it may not be amiss to append a few statistics regarding the cost and size of the great waterway, and of the advantages in dis- tance gained by its existence : Figures as to the length of the Panama Canal, its various sections and cost of con- struction : Length from deep water to deep water ( miles ) 50 Length from shore line to shore line ( miles) 40 Bottom width of channel, maximum (feet) 1,000 Bottom width of channel, minimum 9 miles, Culebra Cut ( feet) 300 Locks, in pairs 12 Locks, usable length ( feet ) 1,000 Locks, usable width (feet) 110 Gatun Lake, area ( sciuare miles) 164 Gatun Lake, channel depth (feet) 85 to 45 Culebra Cut, channel depth ( feet ) 45 Excavation, estimated total ( c u 1) i c yards) 182,537,766 Concrete, total estimated for canal- ( cubic yards) 5.000,000 Time of transit through completed canal (hours) 10 to 12 Time of passage through locks (hours) 3 Relocated Panama Railroad, estimated cost $9,000,000 Relocated Panama Railroad, lengtl: (miles) '. . . 47.1 Canal Zone, area ( square miles) 448 Canal and Panama Railroad force actually at work ( about ) 35,000 Canal and Panama Railroad force. Americans ( about ) 5.000 Cost of canal, estimated total $375,000,000 DISTANCE ADVANTAGES OF THE CANAI. How much closer the Panama Canal will bring California ports to the great harbors of the East coast and of Europe can be imder- stood from the following table. In it the dis- 304 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE FC)RA1ERJ>\' Pacitic Coast products for luiropean markets were trans-shipped at Atlantic harbors from rail to sea. What is to hinder these products going direct to Europe without breaking bulk at Atlantic ports? — .1. C. Laut in "RcriciK' of Rcricws." tancc from Los Angeles is coin})Uled, showing the saving by passage through the canal in- stead of by the Straits of Magellan or going round the Horn. The table follows : Jla Via Gain From Panama Magellan Panama New York 4.799 13.214 8415 Norfolk 4597 13,140 8.543 Charleston 4398 13,149 8,751 Port Tampa 4,033 13,313 9,281 New Orleans 4198 13,614 9,416 Galveston 4,299 13,796 9,487 Liverpool 7.538 13.584 6.046 Hamburg 7,967 14.034 6.067 Antwerp 7,688 13.755 6.067 Bordeaux 7,438 13,271 5.833 Gibraltar 7,472 12,653 5,191 ECONOMIC CHANGES That the Panama Canal is already causing and is destined to cause far greater economic changes, goes without saying. Vexed ques- tions of rates are being settled ; immigration, for the time being sadly affected by the Euro- pean war, will present an entirely different aspect ; the competition between rail and water for transportation will naturally become a source of considerable activity, though even- tually destined to result in co-operation rather than competition. There must and will be re- adjustments all along the line, but when things have settled into an equable form, it will be found that the alterations in systems have re- sulted in the greatest good to the greatest num- ber, at least. The canal is another link in the chain of world transportation and, thus far, the greatest. In another section of this volume the Pan- ama-Pacific International Exposition, com- memorating the completion of the great canal, is described graphically by those who have been instrumental in its inception as well as personally in charge of its construction. So that there is no necessity for my adding any- thing to what they have written other than to sul)mit that the exposition, in its poetic beauty, fittingly symbolizes the work whicli 1 have chosen to regard as an epic of labor. A WONDER FOR CENTURIES TO COME In a general way it has become almost a truism that the wonder of today is the com- monplace of tomorrow. In an age when prog- ress in every line of invention and discovery has become so rapid as to cease to be a subject of surprise or even comment in many instances, it takes a great deal to stir the average man or woman out of his or her aplomb. Particu- larly is this true in America of Americans. But the Panama Canal is almost beyond mere wonderment. If, through the fact that it has been long in the making, it has become so fa- miliar to the minds of the people as to almost lose its true significance, then it is time that all should realize the stupendous nature of the work. It is greater than we can know ; those who builded, "builded better than they knew." And neither tomorrow, nor ten centuries hence, unless Iw some cataclysm of nature, shall it cease to be a lasting triumph of human enterprise, a glorification of the spirit of achievement. 44 THE CANAL will unciuestionably make the Pacific Fisheries a bigger figure in the export trade than ever before. -Miller Freeman in "Coniniercial and Finaneial CJironiele." The Color of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition IN THE following pages some of the most charming scenes at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition are shown in natural colors, thereby affording a clear idea of the true wonder of the great fair. It is admitted by all who have visited the Exposition, including some of the most noted artists, that the coloring far surpasses that achieved in any similar eft'ort in the past. The delicate pastel eft'ects of the buildings, melting into the blue of sky and water, blending with the soft greens of lawns and foliage, are a delight to the eye and convey a subtle suggestion of restfulness and peace that is one of the greatest charms of the Exposition. A portion of the "Arch of the Setting Sun," at the Western end of "Court of the Universe." On the right is shown one of the Du Monti mural paintings Like a painting bv :siaxficUl Parish, or a restoration of some classic temple, is the Fine Arts Palace, o/ which the colonnade is here shown reflected in the limpid waters ol I'lne Arts Lagoon Two splendid It;il Kill lM\\.l^ maik ilu . iiir:iii< . t. Ill, (iiirt of Palms. In the foreground the South (.■ntiiiiiif Ic) tile I'alaic ni l^ihcral Arts is seen This nanoramic view of a portion of the Exposition was taken N<)\(iii1mi Lin. in I. ii.in tin Tlic ishuul ol Ali-;itr; ^ A uait of the Northern l-;icade of the i:xhiljition Palaces frunting on the liny of San Irancisco enhances the Expos ti irrui ^ leights of the "Presidio." The big eucalyptus trees at the left obscure tlie Palace of Fine Arts, seen to the right center I iJiJ/- in this view. The proximity of the Pacific waters is one of the natui ;he eyes of visitors ..rnrnii 'Half Dome of Philosophy" — Western entrance to Palace of Education. The niil)l( sti ucture is reflected in tlie pellucid waters of "ine Arts Lagoon The Western entrance to Palace of Lilx'ral Arts is particularly effective. This gives also a partial view of the Court of Palms Perhaps the nio.st Ijcaiitil'iil structiii'c at the 1 Exposition is the I'alacr 'il Ih rl (It'ilul tilass dome, risiiiii to a liciiiht o( iu'arl\ 2(10 l\tl ith its ^\ on- typifying tl I m! I lie I'our Seasons" Panama- Pacific International Exposition A Perspective as It Is Today and a Retrospect By Charles C. Moore President of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Editor's Note: Those who have contributed in an artistic or me- chanical capacity to the building of this great exposition have told of their part in the work. Others have recounted the possibilities and significance of the undertaking. But Mr. Moore, holding the highest office in the gift of the exposition stockholders, in a broad general view shows how the exposition was made possible and what its effect upon the world is likely to be. THE Panama- Pacific International Expo- sition stands today completed. View- ing the vast exposition area, with its domes and spires and minarets, its lofty towers and massive buildings and garden spaces it is as though some genii had rubbed an Aladdin's lamp and brought forth the miracle. Two and one-half miles in length along the southern shores of San Francisco Bay and averaging, perhaps, one-half mile in width, with 250 buildings of varying sizes embraced in the ground plan, the spectacle, unique in its ar- chitecture, its color, its sculpture, and the prodigality of its arboreal and floral life, stands as one of the wonders of the world. In its field it is, indeed, an accomplishment as monumental as the event it commemorates — the completion of the Panama Canal, not only man's greatest engineering achievement, but the most helpful single accomplishment of its kind in the world's history. The exposition as it stands today comes as the culmination of many years of effort. It is an expression not only of the enthusiasm of California and of the patriotic spirit in which the American people accept this achievement of their national government, but it involves a recognition on the part of the nations as to the enduring character of the Panama Canal ; of the lasting effect the canal will exert upon the civilization of the world and, at this time particularly, the exposition affords a striking testimonial of the high regard with which the United States is held by her sister nations. The inception of a world's exposition to celebrate the opening of the canal was ad- vanced for the first time in San Francisco on January 12, 1904, when Mr. R. B. Hale of San Francisco, now vice president of the ex- position and at that time a director of the Merchants' Association of San Francisco, ad- dressed a letter to his fellow members of the board inquiring if it would not be well to observe the opening of the canal by a universal 306 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Under Main Archwav, Tower of Jewels exposition and outlining a plan of procedure. The propriety of such a celebration was widely recognized. In Europe the press and men prominent in public life had for some time anticipated that an event of such lasting com- mercial importance should be fittingly recog- nized. Many cities in the United States sought the honor of holding the international cele- bration, but Congress finally decided that by virtue of her position and of the steps that had been taken, the honor should be awarded to San Francisco. Mr. Hale's suggestion was almost jjrophetic and it is a wonderful commentary upon his great abilities and foresight that the plans of financing the exposition which he j)resented in his first letter have been followed so closely amid the unforeseen conditions that have trans- pired in a momentous decade in San Francisco. In this letter Mr. Hale said: "Is the time not ripe for us to consider a world's exposi- tion in 1915? Five years of active preparation would leave us six years to develop the in- terest in a proposition of immense magnitude. St. Louis raised $5,000,000 by private sub- scription, $5,000,000 by municipal bonds, and received $5,000,000 from the government of the United States. San Francisco could do the same thing and it might be possible that the State of California would appropriate $5,000,000. This money could be raised easily, provided it seemed practicable to divide the subscription into a ten year's proposition in- stead of raising it all at once." No definite action was taken at tliat lime but the project awakened widespread interest. Many conferences were held, public sentiment was sounded and finally it was deemed that there was sufficient strength back of the ex- position idea to warrant going to Congress with a bill. Accordingly, early in 1906, a bill was in- troduced in Congress on behalf of a world's exposition at San Francisco in honor of the completion of the Panama Canal. In effect the bill gave notice to the world that San Fran- cisco sought the honor of the next interna- tional exposition. Then came the earthquake and fire of April, 1906, and in the diversion of the energies of the men backing the move- EXPOSITIONS 307 ment of the rehabilitation of their own de- stroyed places of business the active propa- ganda was suspended, but later in the year the project was revived with energy. Later, in the fall, there was introduced in the legis- lature of California a proposition to amend the constitution of the State so that stockholders in the exposition company should be exempted from the usual stockholders' liability. The initial step in forming the working or- ganization now known as the Panama-Pacific International Exposition was taken on De- cember 10, 1906, when articles were filed for the incorporation of the "Pacific Ocean Expo- sition Company." Three days later the directors organized and Mr. Homer S. King was elected president. Activity continued during December and early in January a bill was introduced into the legislature by Senator Edward I. Wolfe carry- ing an appropriation of $1,000,000 from State funds "to pay expenses necessary for the proper representation of the State of California and of an exhibit of the products thereof, at the proposed international or world's exposition, to be held in the city and county of San Fran- cisco in 1913, commemorative of the four hun- dredth anniversary of the discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez Balboa, and to provide commissioners thereof." But this bill, while a record of activity for State support, died by pocket veto. The enthusiasm of the proponents of the exposition did not die. It became strengthened. In November, 1909, it was determined to in- terrogate representative men and 2500 queries were sent out to members of commercial bodies asking whether they favored a world's expo- sition to be held at San Francisco to commemo- rate the completion of the Panama Canal. The replies came back with such a unanimity of ap- proval for the idea that a mass meeting was called on the floor of the Merchants' Exchange on December 7, 1909. This initial mass meet- ing — one of many, all marked by high enthu- siasm and heartiness — determined that a com- mittee of six be appointed to name a ways and means committee of 100 members, or more if necessary. Meantime, Washington had been made acquainted with the ardent spirit of the exposition enthusiasts for on December 6, the day before the first mass meeting. Rep- resentative Julius Kahn introduced a new bill in Congress carrying a $5,000,000 ap- propriation. December was a big month for the exposi- tion idea, for on the 26th the committee of six returned two hundred names which be- came the ways and means committee. This committee met on December 29 and a com- mittee of three was appointed to name a directing committee of thirty, this latter com- mittee afterwards becoming the board of di- rectors of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Company. It was at this meeting, on the day after Christmas, that Mr. F. W. Dohrmann sug- gested the slogan : "San Francisco Invites the World." This remained the slogan for some time, later "California" being substituted for San Francisco w'hen the exposition idea swept the State and all the counties of the State sought representation. It began to appear, as the exposition idea communicated to other states and nations, that the original title for the corporation was not broad enough. Consequently it was decided to change the name and this was done on March 22, 1910, when the present company was incorporated. By this time the fever fov the exposition was general and San Francisco was beginning to solidify in sentiment to win it, as it appeared that other cities would con- test before Congress for the honor. A mass meeting was called for the floor of the Merchants' Exchange for April 28, 1910. To those who were present at that meeting it must remain a lifetime memory. It will surely go down in the annals of California as a day throbbing with the fire, the State pride, the spirit of the pioneer to do things, that have made this great State what it is. Some had breathed a fear that the time was too short, forgetting that to the people who had re- builded their city almost over night when a holocaust of fire had laid it low, nothing was 308 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE impossible ; forgetting the blood of the pio- neers tliat runs through the veins of San Fran- cisco, forgetting the pride of San Francisco to do and do in a big and epoclial way, any- thing she undertakes. Public subscriptions were called for and tlien began tliat tlirilling two hours that still brings the tingle of excitement to one in memory, when the unprecedented sum of $4,098,000 was pledged dollar by dollar by citizen after citizen, organization after organi- sation as the hard cash and final argument of San Francisco's ability to swing the exposition. New Orleans was now actively in the fight and the wires carried across the continent to Washington the news of San Francisco's sen- sational pledge of earnestness. It had its due eflfect. On May 9, 1910, Congressman Kahn intro- duced the resolution on which the issue was joined with New Orleans. It said nothing of an appropriation because the fact had devel- oped that Congress would not favor an appro- priation. It simply designated San Francisco as the place where the canal and the discovery of the Pacific Ocean celebration was to be held. It was thought desirable to raise more funds and another mass meeting w-as held on June 16 of the same year, at which time it was guaran- teed tliat San Francisco's subscription would total $7,500,000. At this time Gavin McNab suggested the bonding of San Francisco for $5,000,000. It was now time fur tlie legislature to take action, and it met in special session on Sep- tember 26, 1910, and proposed for the ap- proval of the public two constitutional amend- ments; one to raise $5,000,000 by state tax and the other to permit San Francisco to bond itself for the same amount. The State voted the tax amendment and on November 15 San Francisco passed the charter amendment bond- ing the city for $5,000,000. On January 31, 1911, the Kahn joint reso- lution, recognizing San Francisco as the place to hold the fair, won in the House by 188 to 159 votes and on February 11 the bill finally passed the Senate. How San Francisco made of that night another New Year's eve is a feature of the entire history of the progress of the exposition still fresh in the memory. The carnival spirit that only awaits expression here found its full expression that night in the greatest spontaneous outpouring in all the long history of the city's festival times. The site was selected in July, 1911. Ground was broken by President William Howard Taft for the exposition October 14, 1911, and from that time on the history of the exposi- tion became the history of a great business en- terprise, constructed on a colossal scale, blend- ing art wdth utility and keeping ever in view the dominant thing that the purpose of the great exhibit palaces was after all education : To bring to the world a review of the world in brief ; an epitome of progress. We are confident we have succeeded and we await the approval of the world. Editor's Note : In preparing tlie Exposition section of the Cornerstone number of California's Magazine the thanks of the publishers are especially due Messrs. Ham- ilton Wright and Nolan Davis, editor-in-chief and chief, respectively, of the Bureau of Publication, Panania-Pacific International Exposition. Both these gentlemen have lent valuable aid in obtaining the articles and illustrations for this section and this while engaged with the tremendous amount of work which devolved upon them prior to and during the opening days of the great fair. Mr. George Hough Perry is to be congratulated upon having secured the services of Messrs. Wright and Davis in the department of which he is director — that of Exploitation — a department the import- ance of which can scarcely be over-estimated. Both have proved their ability to emu- late the dynamo in their labors to place the Exposition before the world, the one through newspaper and periodical articles, the other in the preparation of special liter- ature, and supervising printing, engraving, lecturing, and other departments of the or- ganization. California's Magazine is delighted at this opportunity to testify to their kindlv and able assistance in its behalf. The Exposition as an Expression of the Spirit of Co-operation By R. B. Hale Vice President of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Editor's Note: The spirit of co-operation, so essential to progress, is credited by Mr. Hale as being- the underlying factor of the exposi- tion, of which spirit the exposition is, therefore, the expression. Mr. Hale is a business man with wide experience and this fact enables him to include in his view of the great undertaking a practical consid- eration of its merits and possibilities, not, however, to the exclusion of a thorough appreciation of its spiritual significance and beauty. THE Panama- Pacific International Ex- position is an expression of the spirit of co-operation. It represents the united efforts of many men ; the genius of great architects ; the scientific planning of able engineers ; the careful workmanship of thou- sands of artisans ; the direction of experienced exposition authorities ; the financial aid of California's citizenship ; the assistance of the states forming our great country ; the sympa- thetic support of people of every clime ; the productivity of the world in art, in science and invention. It is a compendium of the world's progress, an encyclopedia of learning, a reflection of the past, an expression of the present, and a promise of the future. Only one preceding international exposition has made a distinct contribution to exposition architecture in this country. The World's Columbian in Chicago, which introduced the Roman type in plaster, creating the "Great White City," and left its impression upon the people of this nation, as is now evidenced by the Pennsylvania and New York Central depots in New York, and the Grand Central station in Washington. The Panama- Pacific International Exposition has introduced a number of innovations which promise to change the character of our building in a very marked degree in this country. Not only is the old Roman typified in that matchless colon- nade of the Fine Arts Palace, but at least six other periods have contributed to produce the various courts and facades of the main group of palaces, and the architectural effects in the Machinery and Horticultural palaces, Festival Hall, and the South Gardens. Transforming barren lands and swamps into courts of palms and flowers in the short space of two years, is the work of genius in landscape gardening; the Tower of Jewels, the dominating architectural note by day, a veritable vision of sparkling jeweled beauty by night — the whole ensemble a magic city of brilliancy and perfection, which exalts, but leaves us powerless to describe. For the first time mural paintings have been used in exterior decorations. Never before has 310 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE such an elaborate and artistic color scheme been attempted, and the wonderfully beautiful effect obtained by the scientific use of indirect lighting has been so sensationally impressive that it has become the wonder and admiration of those world visitors whose stamp of un- qualified approval is now spreading its influ- ence around the globe. The picture has surpassed the dreams of our dreamers. It is world-wide in its significance; it is destined to leave its impress on the people of all lands. The exhibits will record the history of the arts of peace in a world at war. It is our fervent prayer that the year 1915 may be glorified by celebrating a world at i)eace, and that war will never again dis- turb the friendly intercourse and the lasting comity of mankind. Then will the spirit of co-operation and the beneficent influence of brotherly love come into its full fruition, to the everlasting benefit of all people in all lands. Educational Aspects of the Exposition By George Hough Perry Director of Division of Exf'Ioitation. Panaiiia-Pacific DUcrnational Exposition Editor's Note: A comprehensive survey of the exposition, with an indication of its educational value to the world, is included in this ar- ticle by Mr. George Hough Perry, director of the division of exploita- tion of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The contribution is not onlv interesting but highly edifying as well. THIS great exposition is fundamentally educational in its scope and character. What was before the selection of the expo- sition site a barren waste of sand dunes. sloughs, and Chinese gardens has become, under the landscape gardener, Mr. John McLaren, and the genial California climate. a veritable Garden of Allah. Experienced gardeners were sent by the exposition to the four corners of the world in search of rare plants, shrubs, and trees. The result is the wonderful transformation of this barren waste into a landscape of unprecedented beauty and charm. One thousand year old dwarf trees from Japan, millions of tulips and hyacinths from the Philippines and Holland, beautiful euca- lyptus, cedar trees and palms may be seen everywhere about the grounds, and give an appearance of permanence and age in no way in keeping with the less than three years it has taken to accomplish the results. Such is the genius of the landscape engi- neer and the soil and climate of California. By a system of plant rotation, the flower beds of the grounds are in constant l)loom. As you go along the Avenue of Palms today you will see beds of daffodils, tulips, hya- cinths, and pansies ablaze with beauty, and the air fragrant with their perfume, while en- circling the grounds is a unique wall appearing now as a closely cropped vertical lawn, and at other times aflame with delicate pink flow- ers. This is the Mcsembr\antheuitim spcctablis used at this exposition in this manner for the first time. Under the great dome of the Horticultural Palace are gathered the rarest flowers, plants, and shrubs of the tropics, growing in all the profusion and vigor that they do in their na- tive land. At night, under the play of colored lights, this palace is a bewitching fairyland of color. The landscaping elTects at the approach to the Palace of Fine Arts, with the walls of green lawns, the beautiful lake, reflecting the wonderful columns of the building itself, im- press every visitor as few beauty spots in the world do. Without doubt, the landscaping effects at this exposition surpass anything ever seen at any other exposition. St. Louis, in a far less hospitable climate, spent $3000 per acre for landscaping, while California lavished the magnificent sum of $14,000 per acre for this purpose. In architecture this exposition is in a class 312 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE of its own. No other exposition has even at- tempted an approach to it in this respect. The student of architecture would not find in his travel around the world such examples as may be seen here. The seven great epochs of architecture are here unfolded in historic sequence, from the ancient schools to the very latest types. Egyp- tian, Grecian, Roman, Moorish, Gothic, French Renaissance, and even the Aztec may all be seen here at their best, in the exhibit palaces, the colonnades, and the courts. Dr. Gonsaulus, of the Armour Institute of Technology, was so impressed with the edu- cational value of the architecture of this ex- position that he said he would select a trip to San Francisco for his classes in architec- ture in preference to any amount of world travel. The American Institute of Architecture de- cided that the best possible exhibit they could make was the architecture of the exposition itself. They will therefore make no other exhibit, but report back to their body the architecture of the exposition. The exposition does not merely exemplify the world's great schools of architecture, but the arrangement of the exhibit palaces, their courts, and the general use of these architec- tural forms, present to the world the highest possible example of all that is best in the history of the art. A visit to the grounds is an education in architecture of the highest sort. A STUDY IN COLOR For the first time in exposition history one great artist has painted the whole exposition city. One beautiful, harmonious color scheme dominates everything within the grounds. Ab- solute conformity to this color scheme, from the tiniest blade of grass to the flag poles, candy booths, flower beds, lawns, and lights has been insisted upon. This exposition pre- sents a study in color of surpassing beauty. Not since the days of the ancients has there been any such attempt to co-ordinate color, architecture, and statuary. By having a colored background, colon- nades and statuary stand out in all their ma- jestic beauty. It was a daring thing that Jules Guerin conceived and executed, but the results fascinate and delight every visitor. Secretary McAdoo, when he visited the ex- position recently, said that one of the results EXPOSITIONS 313 of this exposition color scheme would, in his judgment, be the employment of color com- missions by the various states. So great Avas the impression made upon one of the chief officials of the exposition that in building his country home he said he would not now think of building his residence wath- out working into it a color scheme. One of the remarkable results of this color scheme, together with the material used in the construction of the exhibit palaces, is to give to everything the appearance of age. This is the most striking feature of the external appearance of all the buildings. The material out of which all exhibit pal- aces and all other structures upon the expo- sition grounds are built is made to imitate the Travertine marble, of which ancient Rome was built. The creamy, slightly broken effect of this material is most restful to the eye. SCULPTURE Sixty of America's best sculptors, under the direction of Karl Bitter, produced more than 200 groups and pieces of commanding beauty and interest. One dominant theme has been developed throughout — the conception and completion of the Panama Canal. Although each man worked along his own lines, and developed his own theme, he did so with one big thought in mind, and the result is a relationship between all of these works which adds tremendously to their significance and attractive force. Heroic statues of discoverers and conquer- ors ; massive symbolical groups, such as the "Nations of the East" and the "Nations of the West" ; beautiful fountains, water- nymphs, and sprites fascinate and hold every visitor to the exposition grounds. One of the distinctive features of this exposition is the amount and character of its sculpture. MURAL PAINTINGS Heretofore, mural paintings at expositions have been of a temporary character. Here, however, these are done on canvas, and are permanent. Their life is not limited to the brief period of the exposition. Init will be lasting. This has resulted in the very best eft'orts on the part of the artists, and a quan- tity and quality of mural paintings never wit- nessed at any other exposition. EXHIBITS ■ No less remarkable than the exterior deco- ration of the buildings and grounds is the extent and character of the exhibits. In the selection of exhibits for this exposi- tion one principle has been adhered to throughout — the selection of those things which would show processes ; the securing of such a collection as would present a cross- section, as it were, of the world's activities. The more than 60,000 exhibits, housed in eleven magnificent exhibit palaces, along forty- two miles of exhibit aisles, present a live, working, bustling world in miniature. The field of human achievement has been divided into the following classifications : Live Stock, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining and Metal- lurgy, Manufactures, Transportation, Varied Industries, Liberal Arts, Education, Social Economy, Fine Arts. Nearly every exhibit palace is equipped with moving picture theaters, which greatly facilitate the showing of manufacturing proc- esses, educational methods, scenic attractions, and the life and activities of the world as it is today. It is impossible to more than suggest the wealth of information, education and enjoy- ment to be derived from a visit to the exhibit palaces of the Panama- Pacific International Exposition. For example, in the Palace of Food Products may be seen a flour mill in actual operation, turning out and sacking flour. In the same palace may be seen a huge oven, in which the bread of all the nations is baked and distributed by natives in costume on fete days. Here, also, is a pure food labo- ratory, where the nutritive value of any food may be determined "while you wait." The government has on exhibition a model kitchen, showing what can be done to make the work in the kitchen pleasant, efficient, and healthful. To the baker, the housewife, the teacher of domestic science, and the farmer the exhibits of this palace present a mine of most valuable 314 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZ I X K information. The farmer will find in his visit to the fifteen-acre Palace of Agriculture every kind of plow, cultivator, harvesting ma- chine, traction engine, windmill — everything that makes for efficiency and conven- ience on the farm, in working form, with expert demonstrators to inform him upon every question pertaining to them that he can raise. In connection with these exhibits short lec- tures are given daily by experts on every phase of agricultural activity. In the Palace of Horticulture the visitor will find a section of the tropics transplanted, in which may be found every variety of fern, palm, bamboo, cane, shrub, and flower, grow- ing in all the vigor and profusion they do in their native land. Here are royal palms from Cuba, orchids from the Philippines, and almost daily flower shows. Here has been gathered exhibits of every sort of fruit, as well as horticultural implements, and a can- ning factory in full blast. Here also are seed and orange packing machines, raisin seeding apparatus, spraying machinery, etc. A $1000 trophy cup has been offered for the finest new seedling rose. Every lover of domestic animals will find endless pleasure and information in the little world that centers around the sixty-five-acre live stock pavilion. It is the most elaborate, comprehensive, and important live stock ex- hibit ever seen. Here will be found twenty-five varieties of prize horses, seventeen varieties of dairy cattle, nineteen varieties of sheep, thirteen varieties of goats, fourteen varieties of swine, 220 va- rieties of poultry, twenty-five varieties of calves, six varieties of rats, 195 varieties of pigeons, 220 varieties of dogs, thirty varieties of cats, eighteen varieties of hares and rabbits, six varieties of mice. There will be bench shows, fancy stock shows, pure bred stock shows, cat shows, horse shows, poultry shows, horse racing, sledge-huskie contests, etc. Here will be found the best mile track in America, a live stock arena which seats 6000 people. It will take three miles of silk ribbon to decorate the winners. The mining engineer, as well as the man who actually with pick and pan coaxes from Mother Nature her golden treasure, will find in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy sam- ples of the mineral wealth of the world; EXPOSITIONS 315 processes showing how this wealth is taken from the earth and transformed into useful articles of commerce; a working mine, with a miniature mountain, showing placer, quartz, and coal mining; mining machinery, safety devices, and moving pictures of mining proc- esses and operation. A house operated throughout entirely by electricity is seen in the Palace of Manu- factures. In the Palace of Transportation one may enier a railway train, and by means of moving pictures, take a trip over an entire railway system. In this palace may also be seen the huge Mallet type of locomotive, a portion of its side removed to show how it is made and operated. Freight cars, trolley cars, steam railways, automobiles, motorcycles, aeroplanes, models of the latest steamships, with a cross section showing how they are made — indeed, the whole story of transportation is here told in working models, moving pictures, and trains. The famous Roman Baths of Caracalla have been reproduced in the Palace of Ma- chinery. It is the largest building in the world, covering nine acres of ground, and the 250 exhibitors have placed more than 2000 separate exhibits within its spacious enclosure. In this palace may be seen the wonderful Diesel engine, the revolutionary Neuland gen- erator, a model of the Woolworth Building of New York, a submarine engine, workman's safety devices, a printing press actually print- ing and turning out papers, a most complete government exhibit of every form of activity in her Navy Department, coast defense guns, models of vessels, torpedoes, shells, and a model of the Luzon floating dry dock. A visit to the Palace of Varied Industries will be a source of much pleasure and profit. Here may be seen silk thread machinery ac- tually making thread ; machines weaving silk pillow covers ; towels and counterpanes being made by the latest weaving machinery ; shoe machinery in full operation. The Palace of Liberal Arts is full of ex- hibits of a most interesting character and of high educational value. In this palace may be seen models of villages, illustrating the home life of various races ; theaters and music halls in which the finest music may be heard. One of the most interesting exhibits on the grounds is to be found in the building. It consists of a large lecture room, in which the wonderful development of the Bell Telephone System is explained by lectures and moving pictures, and at the conclusion of the programme the visitor is permitted to listen to a telephone conversa- tion from New York City over the 3400 miles of wire constituting the direct trunk line be- tween New York and San Francisco. No educational conference has presented such a wealth of information upon every phase of educational activity and social welfare as the Palace of Education and Social Economy presents. In this palace moving pictures show how industrial classes are taught in such great working men's centers as Garey ; playground activities, and other forms of recreation. Here will be found industrial classes of Philippine children, seven years of age, weav- ing rugs, and a model kindergarten with classes being taught daily; schools for the deaf, dumb, and blind and the sub-normal. Here the government has detailed skilled phy- sicians to make examinations of children and recommend to the parents those things which are necessary for the correction of any physical defects. The Palace of Fine Arts and its wonderful setting is one of the most striking features of the whole exposition. No less remarkable than the beautiful exterior are the extent and quality of its exhibits. Paintings from the time of West, Copley, and Stuart to the present day are to be found here ; canvases from many of the warring nations and their dependencies — harbingers of the peace which it is hoped will soon come — statuary, bronzes, etchings — a museum of art of the most fas- cinating interest and educational value. On the "Zone" $10,000,000 has been spent to furnish entertainment to the exposition visitor. Concessions on the "Zone" — a mile long — do not merely furnish amusement, but 316 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Main Entrance of the California Building, Panama-Pacific International Exposition they are also distinctly educational in their character. The exposition management has maintained the same care in their selection as in that of the exhibits. Young and old may find on the "Zone" relaxation and entertain- ment of the very highest kind. More than half a million dollars has been spent for the musical programme of the expo- sition. At an enormous expense the Boston Symphony Orchestra has been secured and will cross the continent and give a series of concerts within the exposition grounds. Such musical directors as Max Bendix with his eighty per- formers ; Gabrielle Pares with his orchestra of seventy men ; Casassa's band ; the organ- ists, Clarence Eddy and Edward Lamare, are all under contract to give concerts during the exposition. More than 800 local, national, and inter- national conventions and congresses will take place here during the exposition. They rep- resent every line of organized activity today. No such number of conventions has been ob- tained for any other exposition. These are only a few of the striking edu- cational features of the exposition. A great international exposition has always been regarded as a powerful educational factor, but the Panama-Pacific International Exposition will go down in history as one of the most potent educational influences of the centurv. u T IFE is progress — perpetual adaptation to new conditions. The ap- •*-^ parent excellence of a result actually attained, the mistakes and errors involved in imperfect efforts to advance to better results, must not be allowed to obscure our view of this truth." — Artliiir T. Hadley. Illumination of the Exposition By W. D'Arcy Ryan Chief of Illuiuiuation at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition Editor's Note: Mr. Ryan, famous for his work in the illumina- tion of the Hudson-Fulton celebration of the Hudson River, in the lighting of Niagara Falls, and in the lighting of the locks of the Panama Canal, is recognized as one of the world's foremost ex- ponents of the new art in scientific illumination. Under Mr. Ryan's skillful direction the exposition grounds become a magic fairyland at night, glowing with vast numbers of jewels, and every detail of sculpture, of tow^er, and minaret stands forth in startling brilliancy against the background of the night. Mr. Ryan describes some of the principal features of the lighting of the exposition in the follow^- ing article. THE illumination of the Panama- Pacific International Exposition marks an epoch in the science of lighting and the art of illumination. Like many other features of the exposition the illumination is highly edu- cational in character and emphasizes, more than anything that has gone before, the result of concentrated study in the best uses and application of artificial lights. Previous exposition buildings have, in the main, been used as backgrounds upon which to display lamps. The art of outlining notably the effects obtained at the Pan-American Ex- position at Bufi^alo could probably not be sur- passed. This method of illumination, how- ever, has been extended to amusement parks throughout the world and is now common- place. Its particular disadvantage is the fact that it is practically impossible to obtain a variety of effects so that the exposition from every point of view presents more or less simi- larity. Furthermore, the glare from so many exposed sources, particularly when assembled on white buildings, causes severe retinal fa- tigue. There are some who still maintain that the public will not be attracted except by glare of exposed sources and great brilliancy. This is analogous to saying that the masses can be attracted only by one form of lighting and the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- tion overwhelmingly disproves this theory. The lighting effects are radical, daring, and in every sense new. the fundamental features consisting primarily of masked light upon softly illuminated facades, emphasized by strongly illuminated towers and minarets in beautiful colored tones. The direct source is completely screened in the main vistas. At all other points the screening is at a maximum. The "behind the scenes" effects are minim- ized to few locations and direct sources are permitted only at points of emphasis such as gates, where for utilitarian purposes and also to act as markers, exposed sources of rela- 318 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE tively high intrinsic brilliancy arc ahsolulcly necessary. WONDERFUL CONTRASTS Furnishing wonderful contrasts to the sott illumination of the palaces with their high lights and shadows there is "The Zone" or amusement section, with all the glare of the bizarre, giving the visitor an opj)ortunity \o contrast the light of the present with the illumination of the future. Passing from The Zone with its blaze of lights, one enters a pleasing field of mystery. The visitor is at first impressed by the beauti- ful colors of the heraldic shields in which are written the early history of the Pacific Ocean and California. Looking from the semi-shad- ows upon beautiful facades, the Guerin colors which fascinate in the day time are even more entrancing by night. The lawns and shrub- bery surrounding the buildings and the trees with their wonderful shadows appear in mag- nificent relief against the soft background of the palaces, and the Tower of Jewels, stand- ing mysteriously against the starry blue-black canopy, surpasses the fairy dreams of Aladdin. Entering the Court of Abundance from the east, with its masked shell standards strongly illuminating the cornice lines and gradually fading to twilight in the foreground, a sensa- tion of mystery analogous to the prime con- ception of the architect's wonderful creation is felt. Soft radiant energy is everywhere. Lights and sliadows abound. Fire spits from the mouths of serpents and sends its flickering rays over the composite Spanish-Gothic- Oriental grandeur. Mysterious vapors rise from caldrons and the beautiful central group symbolizing the earth in formation. Passing through a \'enetian court the visitor emerges into the Court of the Universe where the illumination reaches its climax in dignity, thorouglily in kee])ing with the grandeur of the court where an area of approximately 450,000 square feet is illuminated by two fountains rising ninety-five feet. The primary source installed in these fountains gives a com- bined spherical candle power of about 500,000, and vet tlie intrinsic brilliancv is relativelv so low that these great sources are free from dis- agreeable glare. PE.\CE SUGGESTED Passing through a second Venetian court to the west, the classical grand Court of Four Seasons is discovered. This field of illu- mination is in perfect harmony with the sur- roundings, suggesting peace and quiet. The columns stand out in semi-silhouette against the warmly illuminated niches with their cas- cades of falling water. The placid central pool reflects, in marvelous beauty, scenes of enchantment. Having reviewed in order illuminations mysterious, grand, and peaceful, the spectator emerges from the West Court upon lighting classical and sublime, the magnificent Palace of Fine Arts bathed in triple moonlight and casting reflections in the lagoon impossible to describe. Thus far the visitor has only passed through the central, east, and west axes of the exposi- tion. There are many more marvels in illu- mination to be seen. If one wished to study the art of illumination he could visit the ex- position every evening throughout the year and still find detail studies of interest. For instance, artificial illumination in com- petition with daylight is a feature worth one's attention. Two or three nights a week the searchlights are turned upon the towers as the sun goes down. If the spectator would view this from a vantage point he should take up a position in the northwe.st section of the Court of the Universe and watch the marvel- ous eft'ect of the Tower of Jewels as the day- light vanishes and the artificial illumination rises above the deepening shadows of the night, i'lic prismatic colors of the jewels intensify and the tower itself becomes a vision of beauty never to be forgotten. With the approaching darkness the moscjuito fleet of searchlights sends forth 200 tiny rays bringing the seraphic or star figures surrounding the Court of Honor out of darkness and the jeweled heads send forth all the pure colors of nature, from the i)alest violet to the deepest red. Without revealing, a trace of the origin of the source. EXPOSITIONS 319 the Pompeiian red walls surmounted by a cerulean blue canopy studded with golden stars spring into existence revealing in silhou- ette a colonnade magnificent. Another master switch closes and the two great fountains in the Sunken Gardens shed their radiance over the scene, completing the most wonderful night picture ever beheld, the illumination of the Court of the Universe of the Panama-Pacific International Ex- position. AN ENCHANTING VIEW Another evening one may stand at the main entrance of the tropical or South ( iardens. As the first switch is closed, soft radiant sources spring into existence in the line of vision re- vealing the palms and tropical foliage in sil- houette. As if by magic the towers, minarets, and pylon-lanterns of the exposition become visible, bathed in ruby tones appearing with the iridescence of red hot metal, gradually fading to delicate pink in the flood of more than 100 searchlights which convert the ex- terior of the towers into soft Italian marble. Another switch is closed and the flags sur- rounding the parapet walls burst into flames. In rapid succession the facades spring out of the darkness as the banner standards cast fairy-like radiance over the scene, wdiich is en- hanced by the colors of the heraldic shields. This transition is rapidly followed by a burst of orange and red lights from the windows of the exposition, including the clerestories, domes, and minarets, giving the exposition the effect of life within and thereby adding joy and happiness to the picture. Glancing to the west one beholds the enor- mous dome of the Palace of Horticulture con- verted into an astronomical sphere with its revolving spots, rings, and comets appearing and disappearing above and below the hori- zon, vanishing and reappearing in the field of vision and changing colors as they swing through their orbits. The action is not me- chanical, but purely astronomical, suggesting the formation of the universe, the "Nebular Hypothesis." If an entire evenin"; were devoted to watch- ing this dome similar effects would be noticed, but an exact duplicate of color, formation, and position would probably never appear. If one has caught the inspiration from the sublime and beautiful in illumination, another evening will be spent in enjoyment of the re- fined spectacular features of the art. It is merely necessary to take up a position any- where on the "Marina" or North Gardens and wait for the signal gun. Over 2,600,000,000 projected candle power will simultaneously burst forth from the great scintillator located on the miniature Morro Castle at the entrance of the Yacht Harbor, forming an Aurora Borealis which reaches from the Golden Gate to Sausalito and extends for miles in every direction. Wonderful Scotch plaids appear in the sky and one is sure to be impressed by the wierd "Ghost Dance" or the "Spook's Parade" of the beams. The north facades of the exposition are illuminated in ever-changing colors. Alcatraz and the Marin hills come in for their share of attention. Fireless fireworks, mammoth steam effects, some rising to a height of over 100 feet, in- cluding the "Devil's Fan," "Plume of Para- dise," "Fairy Feathers," "Sunburst," and "Chromatic Wheels" are novel features. Ex- plosions of mines produce great banks of smoke giving forth radiations of every known tint and shade. Sunset clouds burst forth in the night, strange and grotesque figures move across the sky illuminated by the concentrated rays of the searchlights. Flags of all nations float through the air. Artillery thunders, driving belching smoke into the blaze of artificial glory. Steam ser- pents spit and hiss as they execute fantastic gyrations. A modern 200-ton express locomotive with eighty-one-inch driving wheels is shown speed- ing at a mile a minute on water brakes, the smoke and steam producing one of the most gorgeous and impressive spectacles in color ever created. From time to time during the year special features will be announced. On certain nights 320 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE li<^hts are turned on before dark to produce the Festival Hall from their respective lagoons in effects previously mentioned and on other eve- the South Gardens ; the colonnades and nings do not appear until after darkness. "Novagems" on the heads of the seraphic The scintillator programme is also subject figures and Tower of Jewels, as seen in the to considerable variation, as there are over 300 water mirror in the north arm of the Court effects worked out. which it would be im- of the Universe. possible to produce in a single evening. On windy nights the flags are at their best ; ATMOSPHERIC coxDiTiONS on foggy nights wonderful glows are produced Atmospheric conditions have great influence over the exposition impossible at other times. upon the effects; for instance, on still nights When the wind is blowing over the land, the the water reflections in the lagoons deserve scintillator display is different from nights stuilv : particularly the Palace of Fine Arts when the wind is blowing across the bay, and as viewed from Administration Avenue, the a further variety is introduced in the action facades of Education and Food Products of the smoke and steam on calm nights. The palaces through the colonnade of the Palace exposition visitors therefore have at their dis- of Fine Arts : the palaces of Horticulture and posal an ever-changing spectacle. California in 1915 By THE Late Elbert Hubbard (From "The Fra") T with one another as we never have been before. 44^T^HIS IS A GENUINE NEW YEAR. It is the newest New Year that the world has ever seen. Americans are at peace "We have gotten rid of many of our whims, prejudices, supersti- tions. "In degree we have ehminated hate and fear and doubt, and tlie truth stands out limned against the sky. "Happily, this is the year of two great expositions, both held in California. "The time could not have been more fortunate — aye, nor the locali- ties. For once our attention is taken from the East and is directed to the West. "The tide of travel which has usually set toward Europe will be directed to California. The poetry, the science, the oratory, the litera- ture, and the reason of the w^orld will be assembled there. And as Eighteen Hundred Seventy-Six was a pivotal point in the career of America, so will be Nineteen Hundred Fifteen. This year for us is big w^ith promise — a promise which will find fulfillment in a larger manhood. "It is a wonderful time in which to live." Sculpture By A. Sterling Calder Arfing Chief of Sciilptwi' at Panama-Pacific International Exposition The sculpture at the Exposition is undoubtedly the finest showing- of works of contemporary sculptures that has been executed any- where in the world in recent years. Mr. Calder is not only one of the foremost sculptors of the day, but he has taken upon himself a great executive work and performed it with an ability as an executive that is only equaled by his genius as a sculptor. Among Mr. Calder's finest productions are the great Fountain of Energy in the South Gardens. With Messrs. Frederick G. R. Roth and Leo Lentelli, Mr. Calder collaborated in the two famous groups, the Nations of the East and the Nations of the West, crowning the arches of the Rising and the Setting Sun in the Court of the Universe. THE sculpture of the Panama-Pacific In- ternational Exposition expresses the note of the exposition in its celebration of the completion of the Panama Canal, a task that culminated the effort of centuries to get a passageway from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It is the sculpture that interprets the meaning of the exposition, that symbolizes the spirit of conquest and of adventure, and lends imagery to all the elements that have resulted in the union of the Eastern and Western seas. Divest the exposition of its sculpture and you would have no visible symbols to characterize or interpret its purpose and its accom- plishment. At the exposition today there is given very remarkable evidence of the spirit of the Ameri- can sculpture of the present time. It reveals the ideals of the sculptors and what they stand for in American art. The works are remark- able for their originality and qualities of design. Of those who contributed the product of their creative talent to the full display men- tion is deserved by Messrs. Albert Jaegers, Furio Piccirilli, Evelvn Beatrice Long- man, Messrs. H. A. MacNeil, A. H. Wein- man, Robert Aitken, Paul Manship, D. C. French, F. G. R. Roth, Leo Lentelli, John Flanagan, Mrs. Edith Woodman Burroughs, Mrs. Harry Payne Whitney, Messrs. Isidore Konti, Haig Patigian, Sherry Fry, Chester Beach, Albert Weinert, Ulric Ellerhusen, B. L. Zimm, Douglas Tilden, Herbert Adams, Allen Newman, Charles R. Harley, Ralph Stackpole, Mahonri Young, James Earle- Eraser, G. Gurlach, L. Borglum, C. C. Ram- sey, Albert Laessle, Edgar Walter, John Bate- man, and Kark Gruppe. Mr. Karl Bitter, chief of the department, is not represented bv personal work, but his intelligence and ex- perience in former enterprises made the suc- cessful accomplishment of this possible. To an extraordinary degree this exposition shows the growing intimacy between sculp- ture and architecture, and, in its complete- ness, stands as a monumental example of the resultant beauty in total effects due to this happier union of the arts for the fulfillment of a mutual ultimate purpose. From the beginning the general architec- tural scheme to be carried out by the struc- 322 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Arch ol' the Rising Sun, Across Court of the Universe tural exterior of this exposition was that of a cohesive series of Oriental palaces ; in reality, a group of buildings and gardens, yet convey- ing a sense of one structure in design and effect. It is in connection with this group of buildings that sculpture has been principally applied at this exposition, and just as these buildings are unique in their escape from iso- lation, so is the sculpture unicjue in the co- hesive design which it governs as a whole. The general plan of the sculpture has been to form a sequence from the first piece that greets the visitor on his entrance from the city on the south throughout the five courts and the circuit of the enclosing walls. Here then the exposition presents sculpture of a closely applied architectural kind decorating the great .arches, towers, and facades, supplementing the free standing monuments, fountains, groups, and statues. The sculptor has sympathetically composed his statues, spandrels, medallions, and friezes with the supporting structures of the architect, and the combined work is stamped with character, beauty, and thought. Never before, perhaps, have sculptors any- where, since sculpture and architecture worked hand in hand, so completely played their most important roles in the ensemble setting that constitutes the Panama-Pacific International Exposition visually. On arches and columns, in niches, fountains, and free standing groups they sing of many themes and always in har- mony, but with no loss of character or indi- viduality. CONTRASTING EXAMPLES Consider, for example, the contrast in con- ception and modeling in the work of such masters as Isidore Konti, who designed the high relief encircling the pedestal of the "Column of Progress" — a very serious work, and Mrs. Burroughs with her naive concep- tion of the "Fountain of Youth," the charming formalization of Manship's groups in the Court of the Universe, the swinging bravura of Aitken's Elements in the same location, the broad classic treatment of Zimm's and Eller- husen's work on the Palace of Fine Arts, the poetic naturalism of Eraser's "End of the EXPOSITIONS 323 Trail" and Borglum's "Pioneer," and the statuesque vigor and well observed horseman- ship of Rumsye's "Pizarro" and Niehaus's "Cortez," the gracious supple loveliness of Frye's girls on Festival Hall, Lentelli's facile renderings of architectural themes, Weinert's charmingly quaint linials, Mahonri Young's and Stackpole's sturdy naturalism and Harley's richly designed archaeological groups teeming with Piranesi reminiscence — - MacNeil's fine group of the "Adventurous Archer," capping the "Column of Progress," Beach's colorful compositions for the tower of the Court of Ages, Jaeger's dignified groups in the Court of Seasons, Piccirilli's thoughtful niche fountains in the same court, and Miss Evelyn B. Longman's classic fountain of Ceres. SYMBOLISM IN MOTIFS The heart of the symbolic significance of the sculpture is centered in the motifs that have been treated in the central axis of the plan of the exposition from south to north, from the main Scott Street entrance to the bay. Here the "Fountain of Energy," a joyous aquatic triumph celebrating the completion of the Panama Canal, first greets the visitor in the center of the South Gardens. Passing this, on each side of the great archway of the tower, are stationed the equestrian statues of "Pizarro" and "Cortez." Within the colon- nade at each end, west and east, are the mural fountains of "Youth" and "El Dorado." Ar- riving within the Court of the Universe, which is the one best place to obtain a general con- ception of the scope of the sculpture, we realize that here, enclosed by the sweeping star-capped colonnade, is the arena of uni- versal themes. The titanic elements slumber on the terrace wall, while the lighter themes of music and dance decorate positions in front of the triumphal arches of the "Rising Sun" and the "Setting Sun." Richly laden with delicate relief sculpture of great beautv. these form magnificent piles crowned bv the distin- guished groups of the "Nations of the East" and the "Nations of the West," here brought face to face. Before them, in the sunken gardens, the handsome architectural fountains of the two "suns" play. At the north entrance to the court stands a colossal sentinel — the "Column of Progress" symbolizing progressive hmiian effort, balanced at the end of the south vista by the "Fountain of Energy" joyously proclaiming the triumph of the moment — the achievement of the Pan- ama Canal. The "Column of Progress" is the first great column in the world whose design was inspired by a purely imaginative motif, and the first sculptured column erected at any exposition. "The unconquerable impulse that forever im- pels man to strive onw-ard, assailing in endless generations, the impeding barriers of igno- rance, his eternal otpimism and stern joy in effort"; these are the thoughts that have in- spired the conception of the "Column of Progress" and that are embodied in its sculp- tured friezes and crowning group. The column itself is a symbol of achievement, and the pro- cession of figures forming the frieze of the pedestal embodies, in high relief sculpture, the successive generations born teeming from the earth, irresistibly pressing onward, seeking by devious ways the golden dreams of life. This is the work of Isidore Konti. TARGET OF TRUTH Above the capital of the column, crouching figures of toilers form the circular frieze, which in turn supports the crowning group, representing the supreme moment of man's prime. This group, as well as the frieze of the toilers, is the work of Herman A. MacNeil. It is composed of three figures : A kneeling woman in fearful expectation, eager to ap- plaud success ; a guarding male supporting the central figure of the "Man of Purpose," who launches his shaft to the obscure target of "Truth," unseen but to himself and those of his kin, who, yet to come, shall speed the world to progress. Crowning the arch of the "Rising Sun" is tlie monumental group — the "Nations of the East." This grou]) is one of colossal size and is sumptuous in its number of Oriental figures including mounted horsemen, camels, a huge 324 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE elephant as the central figure, an Arab war- rior, a negro servitor, bearing baskets of fruit, an Egyptian falconer, the Buddhist lama bearing the emblem of authority, Alohamme- dan camel riders, and the spirit of the East, attended by Oriental mystics representing India. Inscribed beneath the arch are the fol- lowing lines from "The Light of Asia," epit- omizing the spirit of the East : "Unto Nirvana, He is one with Life, yet lives not — He is blest ceasing to be — Om Mani Padmi om — The Dewdrop slips into the Shining Sea." Similarly the "Arch of the Setting Sun" is surmounted by a group representing the "Na- tions of the West." Like the group described above, this work is characterized as both vital and imaginative, and is conceived in the same large monumental style. The types of those colonizing nations which have some time in history left their permanent imprint on our country have been selected to form it. In the group are the "Mother of Tomorrow," "Enter- prise," and the "Hopes of the Future," and horsemen, pedestrians, and oxen drawing a huge prairie wagon. The following lines from Emerson's "The Young American" have been inscribed on the arch beneath this group : "There is a sublime and friendly destiny by which the human race is guided — the race never dying — the individual never spared — to results affecting masses and ages." Like music, sculpture embodies a mood. This is delightfully apparent in the twelve fountains which constitute an interesting group of widely different conception designed for as different conditions and positions. The "Fountain of Energy" may be characterized as joyous in mood; the "Fountain of Life" — dramatic; the "Fountain of the Rising Sun" and the "Fountain of the Setting Sun" — ar- chitectonic ; the "Fountain of Youth" — naive ; the "Fountain of El Dorado" — literal ; the "Fountain of Ceres" — classic; the four "Fountains of the Seasons"- — pastoral ; the "Fountain of Beauty and the Beast" — playful. Sculpture is the most important of all arts to an exposition, because it is the most human. Architecture without it would be cold and without appeal ; color have no lovely shapes on which to rest. It is the essence of form, the crown to architecture, the "Song to the Eye." I foresee a great future for sculpture in America, where our temperament demands it. The educational value of this display is in- calculable. It is at once a school for sculpture and for the public. In a word, our sculpture is a triumph of unified conception and exe- cution in imaginative and inventive originality. Texture of Buildings at the Exposition By George W. Kelham Chief of Architecture, Panama-Pacific International Exposition Editor's Note: The difficulties of obtaining just the proper texture of material for the exposition buildings, the right shades of coloring, and the necessary durability are told by Mr. Kelham in this inter- esting paper. As is widely known, the architecture of the exposition is a result of the co-operative work of a number of the most famous architects in America and the result has been all that even the most sanguine could have anticipated. Mr. Kelham's article is a valuable record of the accomplishment. IN THE science of exposition engineering, now recognized as being as distinct a branch of engineering as railroad, structural, or electrical, many perplexing problems arise that are little dreamed of by the layman. Mat- ters that may seem to be mere details of com- paratively little importance turn out to be things of vital moment. One of these problems appeared early in the preparation for the Panama- Pacific Inter- national Exposition, to be held in San Fran- cisco in 1915. It was the question of the tex- ture of the outer walls, or covering, of the great exhibit palaces. The way the problem was solved makes an interesting and instruct- ive story. At the end of a long day's work, in fact of several such days, a group of architects gath- ered around a table in San Francisco. Nearly all the preliminary architectural work of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition had been gone over, threshed out, criticism freely offered and as freely accepted, and these men were sitting back with the feeling of a good dav's work done and with a well defined in- tention of doing no more. I remember going over in my mind whether I had better say what I wanted to then, or let it go over until the next day and then, re- membering that one, if not two, of our most important members were to leave that night, I brought out the subject of my thoughts. What about texture? A very innocent ques- tion in itself, and one that to the lay mind means nothing. But this, I believe, was the beginning of the most important single achievement of this exposition of 1915. What about texture? There is nothing in the whole range of architecture and building more im- portant and at the same time more illusive ; nothing that produces greater charm, without which and its inevitable close relationship to color, no great architectural effect has been produced. Now, it is perhaps a far cry from the really great terminal of the Pennsylvania railroad in New York, all the way to San Francisco Bay and this exposition. Nevertheless the trail is perfectly clear and when the discussion of this question of texture had got well under 326 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE way, it was Mr. Richardson, of the firm of McKim, Mead & White, who suggested: "Why not have Mr. Paul E. Dennivelle come out and see what he can do?" It was this same Dennivelle who had schemed a way to produce the very beautiful imitation stone used in the large waiting room of the Pennsylvania station in New York, which is simply a faith- ful reproduction of Roman Travertine rock. A telegram was sent to him that night. On his arrival in San Francisco, after con- sultation with the different architects inter- ested, and with Jules Guerin. chief of color of the exposition, we decided to attempt to make the entire exterior of the exposition buildings and courts as nearly like Travertine rock as tlie conditions would permit, and, most important of all, to get what color we used into the material itself and so avoid entirely the use of paint. This was the beginning of a long series of experiments and disappointments, but it re- sulted in overcoming difficulties which at times seemed insurmountable and produced a ma- terial which not only gives a delightful tex- ture and surface, but also does away with the disagreeable glare always found in buildings of white stucco, and doubly unpleasant in a climate with the intense sunlight of California. To a person interested at all in material of this kind, it may be worth while to hear a little of the troubles we encountered. First we were confronted with the question of cost, next with the appearance of the surface and then with the necessity for using a material that would be sufficiently durable to last through the period of the exposition ; in some build- ings more than two years. For a long time it looked as if the whole affair would end at the first problem. It did not seem possible to produce such a surface as we wanted at approximately the same price as ordinary plaster, and right here was where Mr. Dennivelle proved himself. EXPOSITIONS 327 Of course, he had to make the scale of the stone texture much greater for the exteriors than would be the case in actual Travertine and in order to do this he used every sort of tool, from an ordinary plastering trowel to a whisk broom. First, all kinds of markings were made in the plaster to give it the lines and pit marks of the stone, and then, just before it set. a trowel was passed lightly over the surface, bringing it to a wonderfully close imitation. All this at first cost a good deal more than could be afforded, but by changes in methods, suggestions to the workmen, and constant ex- periment, Dennivelle succeeded in arriving at a satisfactory cost basis and we were over hurdle number one. The next step was to get the right color value and to keep it reasonably uniform. This sounds simple enough, and it would be for work of ordinary size, but when it is realized that our problem involved buildings covering acres in extent, designed in all parts of the world and built by nobody knew how many different contractors, it becomes evident that any scheme by which each contractor should try and make his work like the others would result in chaos. We were told it was not practicable ; that we would never be able to hold the different men in line and that we would have as many different color effects as there were buildings. For a time it looked as if this were true, for plaster, sand, and coloring matter must neces- sarily be the same in each piece of work. Nobody but the director of works of the exposition knows how many schemes were ex- amined to solve this problem. The final solu- tion was simple enough, but after what a struggle ! It was this : We got the plaster mills to agree to furnish all the material to be used with the color already mixed as it came from the mill, so that every plasterer perforce had the same color, and the exposition company furnished all sand of a uniform color. Thus we sue- 328 CALI I-X")R.\ I A'S MAGAZI NE Palace of Horticulture andTcwers entrance (Sourt of Palms ceeded in disposing of problem number two. The third problem did not offer any great dilTicuIty. A coat of lime plaster was put on the wood lath, followed by a finished coat of "hard-wall," with some additional mixture in the latter, giving a very hard surface, far more durable than the ordinary stucco finish. It took a long time to arrive at the right color value to .satisfy the color sense of Mr. Guerin, but witli that accomplished our troubles were over and a long step had been taken in expo- sition work. It is difficult indeed to describe the effect of the material w-e had produced. It is like stone and at the same time it is not like it. All the expositions of the past either have been whitened or paint has been used on the exterior surfaces, and there can be little dif- ference of opinion in regard to the lack of satisfaction with both methods. We who have been connected with this work felt from the beginning that some means had to be found to improve on past conditions; just what, we did not know, but our faith in the possibility never wavered, and that it was well justified I believe will be the opinion of every visitor to the exposition in 1915. Many visitors may not realize or appreciate the effort that has been made along these lines, but each and every one will realize that the effect is har- monious and agreeable, that there is a gen- eral color tone that glows with the softness of a piece of antique marble, and that the mural paintings and flat colors are an actual part of the walls and not, as so often has been the case, an individual spot. This idea has been carried into everything. The roofs, the flags, even the planting, are made to take proper place in the color scheme adopted, the backbone of which is our Tra- vertine rock, imitation, if you will, but Tra- vertine just the same, a stone to which nature has given the loveliest of colors. To produce this general effect of one great color scheme has been the constant effort of those having it in charge, and it is their belief that the result measures up to what had been hoped for. Thus the exposition celebration of the completion of the Panama Canal proves that, even in this day and this generation, different arts can and have been made to work in real harmony. Liberal Arts By Theodore Hardee Chief of Liberal Arts. Panama-Pacific International Exposition Editors Note: Mr. Hardee tells of the many wonderful exhibits that may be seen in the giant Palace of Liberal Arts and also in that portion of the Palace of Machinery which is devoted to machines given to the manufacture of the products of the graphic arts. Through the liberal arts man has attained his present stage of cultivation, and Mr. Hardee's article is an exposition of the displays in his depart- ment. LIBERAL ARTS rank high in the expo- sition's classification of exhibits, em- bracing, as they do, the applied sciences which indicate the result of man's education and culture, illustrate his tastes, demonstrate his inventive genius and scientific attainment and express his artistic nature. Thus they include electrical methods of communication, musical instruments, theatrical appliances and equip- ment, instruments of precision, medicine and surgery, chemistry and pharmacy, photog- raphy, civil engineering, typography and pub- lications, architecture, map and model making — in brief, nearly everything pertaining to the higher branches of human progress. The fact that the world-total of exports of the products of liberal arts is about 8 per cent of all export trade is indicative of the impor- tance played by the liberal arts in the indus- trial world. The liberal arts display presented in the Panama-Pacific International Exposition con- sits of interesting processes and products rep- resentative of the highest types in all parts of the world. The six-acre floor area of the Palace of Liberal Arts and 30,000 square feet of floor space in the Palace of Machinery, for some of the heavier exhibits, are devoted to their exhibition. The exhibits from the United States are classified in industrial groups, while foreign displays are grouped in accordance with nationality. Everything is entered in competition by the international jury on awards. GOVERNMENTAL EXHIBIT The most extensive exhibit in this depart- ment of the exposition is the display entered by the United States government, occupying 66,000 square feet and inclusive enough to illustrate comprehensively the workings of the governmental machinery of the greatest repub- lic on earth. Included are a miniature model of the Capitol at Washington, D. C, and dis- plays from the printing office, the isthmian canal commission, the reclamation service, the bureau of standards, the Smithsonian Institute, the National Red Cross Society, the civil ser- vice commission, the supervising architect's office, the census bureau, the educational and medical bureaus of the War and Navy depart- ments, the Library of Congress, the labor bu- reau, the Indian office, the bureau of parks and reservations, the public health service, and other important agencies of the government. The great strides made in the development of wireless telegraphy, as well as the still later eft'orts in the development of wireless telephony, since the last great international ex- position, are exhaustively demonstrated here amonfr other American exhibits. 330 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZIXE In a booth erected at a cost of over $30,000 the American Telephone and Telegraph Com- pany has prepared a remarkable display. The exterior of the booth is at once unique, beau- tiful and patriotic, being a huge curved map of the United States, showing the development of telephone and telegraph service. The map is illuminated from the back and the principal rivers, lakes, mountains, valleys, plains and cities are picked out with jeweled lights. Be- hind it are several enclosures, one of them a theatre for moving pictures and practical demonstrations of long distance telephony by which the audience is able to hear speech from distant points. Other services of wire and cable are also practically demonstrated in this structure and there are displays of historical significance showing the development of early forms of instruments into modern appliances. The General Acoustic Company's exhibit of dictagraphs and instruments employed in the "Turner system" of inter-office communica- tion demonstrates how business transaction is expedited through this remarkable invention, and how the little instruments are adapted to the detection of crime. Here, also, occupying 600 square feet, is shown the De Forest Radio Telephone and Telegraph system, a simple looking apparatus by which wireless telephony is conducted. By means of this wonderful system the exposition management intends keeping constantly in touch with the great fleet of warships com- posing the international naval pageant while en route to San Francisco from Hampton Roads via the Panama Canal this spring, with President Wilson at its head. A "working exhibit," installed by the Star Electric Company, in conjunction with the Aero Fire Alarm Company, consists of a cen- tral fire alarm station for the 102 boxes scat- tered throughout the exposition grounds and buildings. These boxes are absolutely non- interfering and successive, so that nine alarms may be sounded simultaneously and all register in rapid succession — just three times the num- ber that could be so registered with surety before the advent of this type of box. The central station equipment includes a twelve- circuit switchboard, an eight-circuit automatic repeater, four local engine house circuits, a signal wheel for transmitting still and special EXPOSITIONS 331 alarms, a punching register and an automatic time stamp that is controlled by a self-winding electric clock. In the same booth is located the exposition's central police station, with facilities for telephonic communication with the headquarters of the military guards. Here also the Star Electric Company exhibits its various styles of apparatus. In a magnificent booth, covering 2000 square feet, the Western Union Telegraph Coaipany demonstrates for the visiting world's instruc- tion how its system is operated. Mural illus- trations show such particulars of its mysteries as could not be demonstrated comprehensively in more practical form. How messages are relayed around the world is one of the matters made clear to the "uninitiated" by this exhibit. There are also many other interesting ex- hibits in the group devoted to electrical methods of communication. The wonderful exhibit in the field of har- monics runs practically the whole gamut of musical instruments from the latest in great pipe organs to the lesser instruments of more common usage. Where processes of manufac- ture can conveniently be shown they are util- ized, especially in the ingenious devices for automatically reproducing vocal and instru- mental music, including phonographs, grapho- phones and talking machines, self-playing or- chestrions, electric pianos and other mechan- ically operated musical instruments. GREAT PIPE ORGAN Installed as a working exhibit in Festival Hall is a $50,000 pipe organ which was built by the Austin Organ Company at Hartford, Conn., in accordance with plans drawn by a committee of the i\merican Guild of Organ- ists. It is 71 feet high, 40 feet wide and 20 feet deep, with 113 speaking stops, five key- boards and an auxiliary echo organ in the crystal dome of the building. For its opera- tion a 35 horse-power electric motor is required and, during the exposition, it will be played by the most celebrated organists available, among them Mr. Edwin H. Lemaire of Lon- don, who has been engaged to give more than one hundred recitals. At the close of the exposition this magnificent instrument will be presented by the exposition management to the municipality of San Francisco and placed in the million dollar auditorium which is an adjunct of the exposition proper. In this organ's construction all "freak" attachments have been omitted, the purpose of its designers being to maintain the sentiment of grandeur and nobleness which essentially pertains to such an instrument. A feature of the Victor Talking Machine Company's extensive exhibit is a demonstra- tion of the Victrola's utility as a teacher of singing. Considerable floor space is given over to the display of the Columbia Graphophone Company, a detail of which is a demonstra- tion of how records are made. INSTRUMENTS OF PRECISION Most prominent among the exhibits of "in- struments of precision" and symbolizing the applied sciences represented by the liberal arts is the great telescope which stands under the dome, weighs ten tons, measures forty feet long, has a 20-inch lens and was made ex- pressly for the Chabot Observatory at Oak- land, Cal., by the Warner & Swasey Co., makers of the famous Lick and Yerkes tele- scopes. When directed at its zenith the object glass of this telescope is thirty-eight feet above the floor. All of its optical parts, including the lens, are the product of the John A. Brashear Company. As its magnifying power ranges from 100 to 1000 diameters, its size is not exceeded by more than three telescopes on earth. The National Cash Register Company, in an exhibit covering 2600 square feet, shows cash registers of its manufacture in all established shapes and sizes, together with processes of their making either demonstrated or depicted. For the latter purpose a motion picture theatre is utilized. There are also numerous displays of adding and calculating machines, among the principal exhibitors being the Burroughs, the Dalton, the New Standard, the Felt and Tarrant and the Marchant. Gate registers are shown by the Coin Machine Manufacturing Company. 332 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE The Toledo Scale Company takes up 1000 square feet and similar space is occupied by the KeufFel cSc Esser Co.'s display of laboratory apparatus, nautical, surveying and other deli- cate instruments. Comprehensive optical ex- hibits are placed by the Bausch & Lomb Co. and the A. Lietz Company. Related to the exhibits classified as "medi- cine and surgery" is the Exposition Hospital, a "working exhibit" established under the auspices of the United States Health Service. Its equipment is largely furnished by various exhibitors and it is maintained for first aid treatment of bodily injuries received by persons within the exposition enclosure. It is fully equipped with all necessary appliances, and has a library of the most up-to-date medical and surgical literature, as well as a corps of competent doctors and surgeons. Its X-ray apparatus is pronounced the finest and most complete ever manufactured. Johnson & Johnson have an extensive display of dressings. The Chicago Company has an exhibit of artificial limbs, and other exhibitors in this group are the Carnes Company, the Chicago Company, the Aunger Company, and A. A. Marks. Similarly the Columbus Dental Company, the Harvard Company, and the Dentists' Supply Company have interesting exhibits in their line. Chemistry and pharmacy are extensively rep- resented. The group covering twenty-four classes — all of vast interest even to the layman. The Radium Therapy Corporation of New \'()rk has an exhibit showing the utility of radium as a healer, and also a demonstration of the process of preparing radio-active water at home. Other attractive exhibits are of perfumes by Paul Rieger & Co. of San Francisco and the California Perfume Company of New York ; dentifrices by the Sanitol Company ; alkalis by the Solvey Process Company ; face creams and lotions by the Laughlin Fruit Re- fining Company, Walter H. Willet and Chan- nell Chemical Company ; biological products by the Cutter Laboratory and various products by the Western Carbonic Gas Company, the Ohio Chemical and Manufacturing Company, the West Disinfecting Company, the Emerson Drug Company, and the American Druggists' Syndicate. Photography, in the particulars of its equip- ment, processes and products is exhibited in the Palace of Liberal Arts. The Eastman Kodak Company and the Ansco Company each shows how its cameras are made and how its cameras make pictures. Moving picture machinery is displayed by the Nichols Power Company, and the Vanoscope demonstrates how' "movies" may be operated in tlie home. Specimens of fine portraiture are contributed by the Sprague- Hathaway Company and by Kathryn Hop- kins, and scenic and commercial views by Mr. H. C. Tibbitts. A pictorial booth especially devoted to artistic photography shows a splen- did collection of about five hundred carefully selected pictures of the highest merit. Pho- tographers' and cinematographic supplies are shown by the Simplex Photo Products Com- pany. In the field of graphic arts, printing and bookmaking are practically demonstrated on a large scale. The San Francisco Chronicle shows how a metropolitan daily is turned out, and the Hearst publications, in the Palace of Machinery, have a continuous demonstration of the latest Hoe press, printing three sections of a Sunday newspaper at one time. Other exhibitors in this group are numerous, covering presses and other machinery, typewriters, en- graving equipment, bookbinding machinery, books and publishers' displays. A working model of the New York State barge canal system covers 2000 feet in the space allotted to civil engineering, showing how its $150,000,000 network of waterways is operated. Road building is demonstrated by the highly interesting displays made by the Austin Western Road Machinery Company and the Graves-Spears Road Machinery Com- pany, which includes exhibits from the Ohio Road Machinery Company, the Buffalo Steam Roller, Powder and Mining Machinery Com- pany, and the Smith and Sons Manufacturing Company. EXPOSITIONS 333 The architectural group shows a 20-foot high model of the new Woolworth Building in New York city — the tallest building in the world. Among the "working exhibits" elsewhere on the exposition grounds, in addition to those already mentioned, are the garbage and refuse disposal plant ; a reproduction of the Panama Canal, which is a big feature in the Zone (this exposition's street of carnival fun) ; the opera chairs in Festival Hall, and the Remington typewriters and Columbia dictaphones used ex- clusively in all the offices of the exposition management. Twelve hundred square feet of the Palace of Liberal Arts contain a display of theatre chairs by the Wisconsin Seating Company. The American Map Makers' Company has 800 square feet covered by its exhibit, and B. J. S. Cahill's modern map of the "earth cut in two" is also on exhibition. In the foreign section of the Pala.ce of Lib- eral Arts elaborate exhibits touching the numerous branches of the liberal arts are made by the following countries : Japan, China, Netherlands, Uruguay, Great Britain. Ger- many, Italy and Argentina. While the various exhibits given specific mention in this article by no means exhaust the list of attractions housed in the colossal Palace of Liberal Arts, they are, however, compre- hensive and representative, illustrating the gen- eral scope of the exhibit of this highly interest- ing department of the exposition. The Courts of the Exposition are un- questionably among the most attractive features of the great enterprise. In these courts there is to be found a spirit of beauty and brooding peace that has never before been reached in any work that has not been hallowed by age. It is the dignity and peace of some ancient city, sancti- fied by time. ntranee to (?oart of The Tour Seascns from eourt of Palms -sr^-uTiajaga^sgr^v Live Stock By I. D. Graham Associate Chief of Live Stock at Paiiaina-Facific International Exposition Editor's A^ofc: The live stock exhibit at the exposition is the most extensive and comprehensive of any exhibition of hve stock in the world. More has been offered for premiums and prizes for live stock than has ever before been offered, the total aggregating almost $500,- 000. Mr. Graham's article deals comprehensively with these inter- esting topics. He is a widely known authority, and his declarations will be treasured for many years. THOUGHT is the deed in the gristle. To conceive of a wonder work and to carry the conception through to fruition under adverse circumstances stamp the caliber of the people who do great things and of the men who are their leaders in thought and action. The Panama Canal is justly ranked as one of the greatest engineering feats of all history, and the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, which celebrates this achievement, is another wonder work and tlie greatest of its kind. To have executed the one within tlie time and money limits only adds to the virtue of the accomplishment, and to have duplicated this record in the building of the other and the throwing open of its gates on the date announced was no less a creditable performance. As it is true that live animals and birds hold an interest for every human being, and as it is true that the most successful expo- sitions that have ever been held in any part of the world are those in which live stock ■constitutes an important feature, and as it is further true that the dominant motif of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition is education, and that there can l)e no adequate exhibit of the resources of any country which does not include its live stock, it is only fitting that the department of live stock should have been given a large place not only in the expo- sition but in the special activities which serve to distinguish this exposition from previous ones. That the interest in the live stock exhibits is general is shown by the fact that there are more than forty pure bred record associations which have appropriated money for supple- mental premiums to be awarded to their sev- eral breeds, and that the amount so appro- priated is larger than that given by such associations to any previous exposition. It is further shown by the fact that more states in the Union have appropriated money for live stock in this exposition than ever before, aiul these appropriations together with that which has been set aside by the exposition for the payment of premiums aggregate approxi- mately $500,000. Every phase of the live stock industry that can be handled within the limitations existing has been provided for by the department of live stock. The displays in this department arc made in two grand divisions. First, the view herds and flocks which are to be main- tained throughout the period of the exposition from tlie opening to September 20 as non- competitive, educational exhibits supplied and maintained by the breed record associations ; and second, the competitions for premiums EXPOSITIONS 335 which will take place from October 1 to the close of the exposition. This maintenance of view herds affords the visitors an opportunity to see the animals in wdiich all are so greatly interested, regardless of the time of their visit to the exposition, and in this respect this department is unique. The buildings contain more room in fewer structures than was provided for in the last great exposition, and were erected at a total cost of $150,000. The barns provided for the larger animals are eight in number and contain 1124 stalls. These barns are grouped about the forum or show ring, which is provided with ample seating capacity, and the arrange- ment is such that all animals are led directly from their stalls into the show ring, thus facilitating the judging. It has been the purpose of the department of live stock as planned by Chief D. O. Lively and executed under his direction, to make every activity of educational value. Not only are the animals shown in the competition for premiums and in the view herds, but special events are provided for, many of which show their characteristics and their value to man- kind. In spite of the prediction that the motor vehicle would supplant the horse, it is true that there never was a greater demand for horses of quality or at a better price than now exists, and the horse has a very prominent place in the activities of this department. Not only did he appear in the universal polo tour- nament in March, but is the principal feature of other events as well. In June and October will be held two light harness race meetings in which a total of $227,000 in purses and stakes will be hung up. In each of these periods of racing there will be one race for trotters and one for pacers for a purse of $20,000 each, making four different r;^ces for this amount. Then there will be the special horse show, which is of great utilitv and high social im- portance, in which provision is made for show- ing the best qualities of horses of all breeds. In connection with this will be the special cavalry events provided for the commissioned olificers of both the regular armies and the national guards of all countries, to which has been added a series of events for the en- listed men as well. Problems of importance to the dairy in- dustry and which have not yet been solved by the practical dairyman are being taken up for solution. The feeding of cows for the best results; the balancing of dairy rations from among the available feedstufifs in differ- ent sections ; the sanitary care of both animals and stables ; the sanitation and care of milk for use in ordinary commerce, for the supply of the hotel and restaurant trade, for infants and hospital use as well as for the manufacture of butter, cheese, ice cream and other products is being undertaken ; the reduction of the bacterial count ; the methods of the medical milk commission and the boards of health ; the bacteriological examination of milk to- gether with its chemical tests, and other prob- lems which may suggest themselves form a part of this programme. Thousands of dollars are lost each year by the flock masters and farmers of America be- cause of lack of care and method in the sorting and grading of their wool clip. In other countries where wool production is a prominent industry great care is exercised in sorting and grading the clip so that the fleeces from the lambs will be baled together and those from the rams in a separate receptacle, while the tag ends of all fleeces are sorted and separated for their own market. It follows, as a desirable feature that in this connection, will be ^^eld a sheep shearing contest in which practical men and women from all countries will compete for the premiums in the use of both hand and power shearing machines. Also there will be held a series of old-fashioned, sheep dog trials, serving to demonstrate the remarkable intelligence and training of this, most useful helper to the flock-master and shepherd. In addition to the individual fat classes provided in the diff^erent classifications, there will be a competition provided for car lots of~ 336 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE fat animals in order to demonstrate just what are the market requirements for beef, pork and mutton. In this there is a separate classi- fication made for swine of the lard type and another for swine of the bacon type, for the first time in tlie history of expositions. There is ni)w being conducted an egg-laying contest in wliich birds from foreign countries are competing witli those from many diiferent states in the Union, and which is provided for the special benefit of the utility poultry- man. The poultry show which will be held late in November is provided more especially for the fancy in breeding, and this now prom- ises to be one of the greatest exhibits of poultry .and pigeons that has ever been conducted. There will l)e a universal kennel show under tlie rules of tlie department of live stock of the Panama- Pacific International Exposition, in which dogs of all nations and breeds, with due recognition of equal privileges for each, will be shown. The same will apply to the universal cat show which will also be con- ducted under the department rules and in which classification is made for all recognized varieties of both long-hair and short-hair cats. This Avill be followed immediately by the pet stock show, for which full classification is provided. One of the most important of the special activities of the department of live stock and ■one of more than ordinary significance will be the show of children's pets, with which the activities of this department will culminate. It is contended that no child can attain to that •development of mind and heart which makes for the good of humanity and civilization so readily or at such an early period as when -provided with animal pets. Consideration for •others, affection, self-confidence and self- reliance, with many another good quality is thus developed which can not come to him so ■ early or so well in any other w-ay. For this reason it is planned to invite the children to "bring their pets and enter them for exhibition in competition for the prizes offered and to liave these pets judged, not as breeding animals .or birds, and not as utilitv animals or birds. but simply and solely for their adaptability and usefulness as pets for children. In carrying out the educational features of this department a large assembly hall has been built on its grounds for the accommodation of numerous live stock organizations which will hold their annual meetings in San Francisco in 1915. This hall is provided with moving picture and magic lantern apparatus and means of demonstration for the public instruc- tion and entertainment. Feed is provided by the department of live stock for all animals and birds and is sold to the exhibitors without profit. This is done to accommodate the exhibitors, who are thereby spared the necessity of searching for their feed supplies after arrival here, and it is also in- tended to protect them against extortionate charges. There is no charge for stall rent, exhibit space, entry fees, or water in the department of live stock, though a nominal charge is made for cooping and feeding the poultry, pigeons, pet stock, dogs, and cats. The exhibition dates for the different classes and groups of domestic animals in competition for [premiums will be as follows : Horses, mules, asses — September 30 to October 13, 1915. Cattle, beef and dairy — October 18 to November 1, 1915. Sheep and swine — November 3 to Novem- ber 16, 1915. Car lots of fat stock — November 1 I to November 14, 1915. Poultry and jngeons — November 18 to November 28, 1915. Dogs and cats, pet stock and children's pets will occupy the time between November 28 and the close of the exposition. The purpose of the department of live stock is not only to give a great exposition of the results of the breeders' art, but to leave a large and permanent influence for good upon the breeding industry of the world as well as upon the live stock industry of the Pacific Coast regions, and the already assured success of Chief Lively's plans will do all this and more. Horticulture Bj; George A. Dennison Chief of Horticulture of the PaiuiDia-Pacific International Exposition Editor's Note: The horticultural exhibit at the exposition is the most wonderful ever shown. Alany interesting displays are pre- sented from China, Japan, England, Australia, New Zealand, Cuba, Canada, the Philippines, The Netherlands, France, and other lands. The vast Palace of Horticulture is one of the most beautiful buildings on the exposition grounds, and Mr. Dennison describes what is to be seen in this building, as well as the out-of-door floral displays. IN MAGNITUDE and general character, the horticultural exhibit at the Panama- Pacific International Exposition far surpasses all previous exhibitions of the kind held any- where. It is, also, distinguished as the first ever to be presented in a distinct department of its own bv any international fair in the world's entire series. The comprehensive scope of this exhibit, the magnificence, wonder and novel beauty of its displays, the unique plan underlying it all and the wonderfully artistic presentation of the "best of the best" from the horticulture of the many nations participating, render it historical in importance, as well as vastly entertaining and instructive to all who join the exposition's throng of guests. The horticultural exhibit includes represen- tative displays touching practically every im- portant phase of horticulture as it is carried on in China, Japan. England, Scotland. Ire- land, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, The Netherlands, France, Italy, Argentina, Cuba, the Philippines, Hawaii and the following states of this continent : Oregon, ^^'ashington, L'tah, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, California, Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Ohio, Louisiana. New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Florida, and Maryland. The general plan of this great exhibit is based on three divisions : The outdoor, the conservatory and the economic display. MAMMOTH GARDEN A mammoth garden of nine acres lying to the north of the great Palace of Horticulture and in front of the Inside Inn has been set aside for the outdoor exhibits. Every partici- pating state and nation has a part of its hor- ticultural display in this Brobdingnagian gar- den. The Netherlands and the .State of Massa- chusetts exhibit out of doors exclusively. Holland's unified exhibits in this garden are presented under the auspices of the Na- tional Board of Horticulture of the Nether- lands and are of such character as to represent the quintessence of the floral culture industry as it is famously carried on in that country. A flowering mass of sixty thousand bulbs is but an item in this gorgeous feature of the exposition. Trees that have attained the growth of years in their native Dutch soil are seen here large, beautiful, and flourishing in their new environment, by the side of rho- dodendrons, trained conifers and numerous other botanical specimens all set out in relation to a definite landscape garden effect, as de- signed by Mr. D. T. Tersteeg of Maarden, Holland — the most noted among the many famous landscape architects of his country. 338 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE A COLONIAL VLSTA The displays of Massachusetts, representing the combined offerings of her best-known growers, constitute a colonial garden in which a fountain and sun-dial are quaint ornamental features. The landscape treatment here, which was planned by Mr. Stephen Child, one of the foremost representatives of his profession in the United States, has a thoroughly prac- tical side, while being also a masterpiece of beauty, as it is designed as an object lesson showing liow to make the most effective use of the trees and other forms of plant life rep- resented. Notable features of the Massa- chusetts floral displays are some wonderful gladioli exhibits by Mr. Arthur Cowes. Mr. John Lewis Child and Mr. B. flaniin(md Tracy, the most noted gladioli growers in America. There is also a splendid assemblage of stately carnations consisting chiefly of va- rieties developed by the exhibiting growers. These include the "Princess Dagmar" by Mr. \y. D. Patten, and the "Bcnora," the "Gor- geous" and the "Alice" by Mr. Peter P'isher. Here is illustrated one of the basic plans un- derlying the whole great horticultural exhibit — to induce each exhibitor to present for uni- versal inspection and enjoyment whatever is his own original and greatest contribution to the botanical world, whether it be a variety distinguishable for early maturity, rapid growth, sizable proportions, extreme produc- tiveness, commercial superiority; depth of, delicacy or novelty of color ; distinctiveness of aroma or flavor, or any other characteristic. This individualizes the displays, attaching to each an element of personal interest apart from other significances. One of the greatest and most interesting di- visions of the outdoor horticultural display is the California Garden. This was laid out by Mr. Carl Purdy, best known for his original botanical work which made possible the do- mestication of California wild flowers. Among tlie features included here is an extensive show- ing of Luther Burbank's famous creations; also wonderful displays of California roses and palms and a great exhibit by C. C. Morse i.\: Co., the famous seed growers. FROM CHRYSANTHEMUM LAND The Japanese display in this glorious garden is made under the direction of the govern- ment bureau of forestry. The landscape treat- ment, a rare work of art, is the design of Han- EXPOSITIONS 339 nosuke Izawa, the greatest of Japan's land- scape architects, and it holds many a surprise for the exhibition visitor. In that portion of the outdoor exhibit known as the "Eastern Garden" is a general area for the miscellaneous exhibits not grouped with the bulk of growers' displays. Here is to be found a magnificent exhibition of roses from Rhode Island and Maryland; wonderful new heliotropes of exquisite color and rich fra- grance from New Jersey; iris and peonies from Pennsylvania, and countless other deli- cate beauties from the many flowering zones of the world. Great interest has been excited among the rose growers of all nations by the international rose contest in which the exposition offers a $1000 trophy for the finest rose, unnamed and heretofore unexhibited, but which is to be developed for the admiration of the world for the first time at this exposition. A spacious rose bed which was set apart for these lovely flowering competitors is in itself a spot of novel beauty and is surrounded by the choicest prod- ucts of such famous English growers as Kellogg & Co. and Sutton and Sons. - The prize is to be awarded by an international board of judges composed of botanical experts. Whatever rose receives the vote of honor will be given a name commemorative of the great exposition wherein it grew and blossomed to a world-wide fame. Among the renowned rose growers who have entries in this contest are Mr. Hugh Dickson, Belfast, Ireland; Samuel McGredy & Co., Potsdown, Ireland ; Mr. E. Pernet-Ducher, Venissieu-Lyon, France; Dob- die & Son, Edinburgh, Scotland ; S. Bide & Son. Farnham, Surrey, England; Mr. E. G. Hill, Indiana; Brant-Hentz Flower Company, New Jersey. WONDERFUL STRUCTURE The conservatory displays of the horticul- tural exhibit are held in the Palace of Horti- culture. Considered apart from its relation to the wonderful exhibits it domiciles, this structure is in itself a feature attraction. It is colossal in size, 672 by 320 feet, made almost entirely of glass, surmounted bv a huge glass dome 1 853/2 feet high and 152 feet in diameter, larger than that of St. Peter's at Rome. This structure was erected at a cost of $341,000. Here the different parts of the world that are horticulturally famous present the choicest and most magnificent collection of specimens ever assembled in a mammoth hothouse. Under the great dome the visitor finds a tropical garden — the exhibit of Cuba. Grow- ing herein is an elaborate and representative collection of trees and other plant forms which made fourteen carloads when brought from tropical Cuba. There is mycrocycus 1000 years old, royal palms, giant tree ferns, trop- ical lilies, bamboo palms, bread fruit, banana trees, mangoes, guanabano, cocoanut trees and date palms in actual bearing, and the finest specimens of crotons ever shown in this country. The Hawaiian exhibit in the Palace of Horticulture is given under the direction of the United States Department of xAgriculture. Hibiscus, one of the many forms of vegetable life native in Hawaii, is displayed by the side of other famed and representative plants. Australia exhibits giant tree ferns whose size eclipses by far that of any heretofore shown in America. From the Philippines is a great floral treasure bed rich with the blooming exhibit of more than four hundred varieties of dainty orchids, all different but blending their wealth of colors in one indescribable, picturesque expanse. A feature of Japan's conservatory display is an aquarium of gold fish which gives the typical Oriental flavor to the plant and floral displays of that country, besides being an object of rare interest and wonder in itself. ECONOMIC FEATURES The economic section of the horticultural exhibit is also housed in the Palace of Horti- culture. The dominant idea in the displays here presented has been to show plant life and its products in relation to actual use — rather than to mass mere objects of curiosity and rarity for idle sightseeing purposes. Herein the horticultural exhibit at this exposition 340 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE marks another distinct departure from prece- dent and places itself on a uniciue and practical basis. As a wliole, this part of the exhibit is a great industrial demonstration, of in- struttive \alue and interest, showing processes as well as products. A model cannery, the combined exhibit of the National Canners' Association, is shown in operation, conducted under the direction of Doctor and Mrs. A. W. l^itting, the most noted food technologists in America. Doctor Bitting excels as a chemist while Mrs. Bitting is an expert microscopist. This cannery exhibit demonstrates the various processes involved in fruit canning from the moment the fruit is received in lug-boxes to the final matter of being crated for delivery to the grocer. No detail has been omitted and everything is done in public view. As the canning industry is one in which horticulture reaches its fullest and most practical commercial expression, this feature of the great exhibit is proving one of overwhelming popularity. Similarly, there is an orange packing house showing every process involved in this industry — receiving, brushing, grading, wrapping, box- ing and mailing. A raisin seeding exhibit in- structs the world graphically as to the labor and methods required in preparing this com- modity for market. Another intensely interesting feature is pre- sented by C. C. Morse & Co., whose demon- stration is of packing flower seeds for retail distribution. Each variety of seed thus fea- tured is shown in the fulness of its final flower- ing glory by an extensive exhibit of blooming pot plants. A comprehensive exhibit of dried fruits in air-tight, sanitary packages of various pojailar sizes illustrates the modern tendency (brought about by the encouragement of Wells. Fargo (^ Co.) of doing away with carrying exposed fruits in bulk ([uantities. An ingenious display of horticultural ma- chinery shows practically everything up to date in the line of appliances and implements used in the care and handling of the soil, plant forms and their products. And a display of allied interest and of wonderful beauty is tin- exhibit of objects for garden ornamentation, of which fountains, garden seats and statuary are exemplary. The state exhibits included among those of the economic division illustrate the various phases of horticulture as carried on in their respective localities. To this end there have been entered many splendid ex- hibits of fresh and dried fruits, commercial packages of horticultural products, and pho- tographs showing orchards and gardens and methods employed in their cultivation. FIVE-FOLD PURPOSE As a whole the horticultural exhibit at the exposition was planned with a five-fold purpose — to appeal with equal interest to the tourist, the visitor, the student, the business man and the investor. The tourist sees the pride and glory of the soil from the "other" sections of the world ; the visitor is entertained by the beauty and novel wonder of all that is before him. The student finds an unequaled oppor- tunity to increase his store of knowledge of all points pertaining to the horticulture of the earth. The business man finds the exhibits of commercial products so arranged as to permit the placing of orders on the spot. And the investor is enabled to discover, through actual living evidence, the productive possibilities of soil from almost every section of the earth. IV/r AN IS incomprehensiljle without Nature, and Nature is inconi- ^ ^ prehensible apart from man. For the delicate lovehness of the flower is as much in the human eye as in its own fragile petals, and the splendor of the heavens as much in the imag'ination that kindles at the touch of their g-lory as in the shining- of countless worlds. — Hauiilfoji JJ'righf Mahic. Food Products By Thomas G. Stallsmith Chief of the Department of Agriculture, Panama-Pacific International Exposition Editor's Note: This department was organized on April 1, 1913. It contains two great palaces, the Palace of Agriculture, embracing a floor area of approximately eight acres, and the Palace of Food Products, covering the same amount of ground. In addition to the exhibit space in these two palaces much outside space is devoted to exhibits of agricultural machinery, pumps, windmills, and forestry exhibits. ^Ir. Stallsmith's article describes some of the principal features illustrated by his department. AS AGRICULTURE is the most funda- mental and varied of the industries, the exposition's exhibit of all that pertains to agricultural pursuit and food products has been planned on a scale of magnitude and diversity that reflects their importance and multiform character. The exhibits are con- tained principally in two great palaces — the Palace of Agriculture, embracing a floor area of approximately eight acres, and the Palace of Food Products, covering about the same space — while an outdoor area is occupied by forestry exhibits as well as displays of agri- cultural machinery, pumps, and windmills, and a portion of the Palace of Machinery houses the exhibit of the office of public roads, this being a branch of the exhibit of the United States department of agriculture. Listed by classification the whole exhibit of agriculture and food products consists of dis- plays reaching into the numerous interesting phases of farm equipment and methods of im- proving lands, agricultural implements, and farm machinery, fertilizers, tobacco, appli- ances and methods used in agricultural indus- tries, theory of agriculture and agricultural statistics, vegetable food products and agricul- tural seeds, appliances for gathering wild crops and ])roducts obtained, animal food products. equipment and methods employed in the prepa- ration of foods and beverages, farinaceous products and their derivatives, bread and pastry, preserved meat, fish and vegetables, sugar and confectionery, condiments and rel- ishes, nut and other foods, waters and unfer- mented fruit juices, wines and brandies, syrups and liquors, distilled spirits and commercial alcohol, fermented beverages, inedible agricul- tural products, useful insects and their prod- ucts, injurious insects and plant diseases, for- estry, and forest products. The exhibits included here are drawn from the following states and foreign countries : California. Utah, Washington. Louisiana. Michigan, Ohio, Missouri, Colorado, Iowa, New York, Oregon. Illinois. Kansas, Nevada, Massachusetts. Indiana. Alabama. Georgia. Virginia, Pennsylvania. Wisconsin, Montana, Arkansas. Porto Rico, Cuba. Philippine Is- lands, Japan, China, New Zealand, Uruguay, Italv. Netherlands, Argentine. Spain, France, and China — in addition to an extensive and extremelv interesting exhibit by the United States department of agriculture. The governmental exhibit of our own coun- try comprises displays made respectively by the bureaus of plant industry, animal industry, chemistrv. weather, biological survev, forest 342 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE service, the office of experimental stations, and the office of public roads — all being branches of the federal department of agriculture. INSTRUCTIVE EXHIBITS The bureau of plant industry shows speci- men varieties of grains, both in heads and in the seeded state, as well as of corn and rice, and illustrates through its exhibit the govern- ment's work in grain standardization. Fac simile models of fruit are used for an instruct- ive object in showing numerous forms of fruit diseases. A cross-section miniature steamship with a cargo of corn shows the deterioration to which various portions of the cargo are liable, depending upon relative proximity to tlie surface. Other phases of the exhibit of this bureau relate to tobacco, fibers, plants grow-n for drugs, soil bacteriology, and seed investigation. The exhibit of the bureau of animal in- dustry is divided into four parts : Meat inspec- tion, field inspection, animal husbandry work, and dairy work. The first of these includes a comparative display of healthy and diseased tissue, along with pictures of inspectors at work; and a miniature model of a municipal abattoir shows the type of slaughter house recommended for the use of small cities. The exhibitive group relating to field inspection contains models illustrating the best methods of dipping cattle and sheep for the eradication of disease. Poultry has come in for a generous share of attention in the government's work in animal husbandry, as the exhibit at this exposition w^ould indicate. Here are models of the types of houses, trap nests, etc., used on the experimental poultry farms of Uncle Sam ; an incubator is employed to show the more rapid deterioration of fertile over non-fertile eggs, proving the advisability of producing only non- fertile eggs for market ; comprehensive col- lections of poultry feathers are also exhibited, as well as a remarkable collection of ostrich feathers "grown in America" and loaned for exhibition by the Arizona Ostrich Growers Association ; an extensive collection of eggs of domesticated fowls, including the ostrich, is another interesting item in this display ; here, too, is an exhibit of wool clippings and hides ; and work in developing horses for army re- mounts is shown by a series of pictures. Uncle Sam's tireless efforts directed toward the clean milk movement are typified by the exhibit re- lating to the dairy work done by this bureau. A miniature model shows the type of dairy approved for its features of sanitation and con- venience, and a series of forty-eight interesting pictures tells without words "The Story of Clean Milk," dealing with every detail in- volved in its handling from its extraction from the cow to its delivery to the consumer. FOR PURE FOOD Wliat the government is doing to enforce the pure food and drug laws, the net weight and package laws, and the insecticide laws is revealed by the exhibit of the bureau of chem- istry. This bureau also has an exhibit showing the chemical constituents of well known brands of baby food; and allied to this phase of the display is an exhibit which "shows up" various patent medicines which federal investigation has proved to be "fakes." The weather bureau has on exhibition all the different kinds of apparatus used in its service, even to a balloon, a box kite, and in- struments for determining atmospheric condi- tions far overhead ; and a huge map gives a complete daily report of weather conditions in all parts of the United States. As tlie work of the bureau of biological survey is to determine which of the wild ani- mal forms are beneficial and which harmful, to study likewise their habits, and to determine further the best means to their extermination or preservation, according to whichever is de- sired, the exhibit of this service is instructive along those lines. Items in this display are an elk group, prairie dogs, birds, both of bene- ficial and injurious varieties, and a map show- ing the migrations of the principal birds. The exhibit made by the bureau of forest service is designed principally to show the work in the administration of national forests. Models of forests, transparencies, and colored l)ictures are devoted to that end. There is also an exhibit of forest products, and a model EXPOSITIONS 343 of a fire lookout tower and the tools emplo3'ed in fighting forest fires. Interesting features in the exhibit of the office of experimental stations are models show- ing methods of irrigation and drainage ; a calorimeter model — a modern, scientific instru- ment used to discover the energy values of different foods ; and a kitchen embodying both in construction and equipment certain ideal features that make for both sanitation and etficiency. The exhibit installed by the office of public roads and contained in the Palace of Machinery, comprises thirty-eight road models illustrating many types of road construction, and shows the historical development of roads from those in the days of the ancient Appian Way to the present-day macadamized road. Another part of this bureau's exhibit shows the locations of roads in the national reserves. Picturesque in character is the Idaho agri- cultural exhibit which includes a reproduction of the famous Shoshone Falls showing the agricultural valleys of that region and the system of irrigation employed. CUBAN SCENES Cuba has sent a reprint of Morro Castle with a painting of Cuban agricultural scenery, together with displays of tobacco, rice, and other characteristic products of her soil. From the Philippines has come one of the finest collections of high grade woods ever assembled for exhibition. Many of the varie- ties are exhibited as hardwood floors showing the high polish which they are capable of tak- ing. In another instance a choice varietv is displayed in form of a huge one-piece table, twelve feet in diameter, beautifully and highly polished. Native Philippine gums, useful for making varnishes, lacquers, shellacs, etc. ; to- bacco, rice, and sisel fiber grown in that land are also on exhibition. New Zealand has contributed a display of refrigerated meats and butter. The exhibit of the state of Washington is quite comprehensive and of great interest, showing in minute detail every process in- volved in the fish canning industrv beginning with the spawning stage and ending with the final canning of the actual fish. A feature is the demonstration of the "Iron Chink" — a machine which beheads, cleans, weighs, cuts, slices, and cans the fish, all without their once coming in contact with human hands. The United States Bureau of Fisheries has a large exhibit showing fish hatcheries in oper- ation, and the Pacific Coast Fisheries Asso- ciation has a display occupying 1200 square feet of floor space. FARM IMPLEMENTS SHOWN Farm implements are shown exhausti-\-ely in the Palace of Agriculture. The International Harvester Company, occupying a floor area of more than 22,000 square feet, has a most extensive display of its agricultural imple- ments—all in operation. The Holt Manufac- turing Company, too, has an exhibit of its farm machinery, one of the unique and orna- mental features of this display being a farm house — complete in every detail — built of solid oak. Numerous other manufacturing concerns of prominence have their implements arrayed for the inspection of visitors; the result is one of great instructive value not only to farm- ers but also to the entire sight-seeing world. A huge exhibit installed by the Sperry Flour Company shows by actual demonstration all the processes gone through from the cleaning of wheat to the baking of the characteristic breads and pastries of the many nations of the world after the flour is finally made. The mill in which the wheat is reduced to flour occupies three stories of the building, has a capacity of 360 sacks of flour per day, and is of the very latest design. In a most up-to- date mechanical bakery the many steps from wheat to bread are shown without human hands once touching the product. Mechanical exhibits in this connection show the scientific side of the milling business. But the most spectacular feature of this exhibit is in the Booth of All Nations in which bakers in characteristic national costume demonstrate the uses of Sperry products in the making of the special confections and pastries of the dif- ferent parts of the world. 344 CALU-ORXIA'S AIAGAZIXK 'I"he exhibit made by the Albers l^rothers Milling Company is a colossal bowl of mush through which the constant i)lay of a jet of steam gives the appearance of ceaseless cook- ing, and "kewpies" are as constant in their tasks of stirring and pouring cream into this great receptacle with its steaming contents. One of the joint exhibits in this department of the exposition is a model kitchen ec]uipped with only the most modern appliances of the culinary art, and presided over by Mrs. Louise Andrea of New York, a noted teacher of cookery and originator of recijjes for food products. The California \'iticulture Association offers in a joint exhibit all the famous Cali- fornia vintages displayed symbolically in a handsome booth built in pergola style and decorated with grapevines in natural color. A very unique feature in another of the joint exhibits in the Palace of Food Products is that presented by the California Central Creameries. Baskets of flow^ers and various tloral designs are moulded in butter; lilies. daisies, and such sj)ecimens as can be faith- fullv represented by the color of butter are iucludetl, and so perfect is the likeness to the real living flowers that they can scarcely be distinguished. This display is the art work of Mrs. K. M. Cooksley of New York. There are many exhibits of tobacco prod- ucts. One of the most picturesque of these is that of the Petri Italian-American Cigar Com- pany whose booth is presided over by Italian women tohacqucros in national dress. Supplementing the many exhibits pro^jer are a number of motion picture theaters in the Palace of Food Products in which free enter- tainments are offered. One of these is devoted to the uses of exhibitors not otherwise pro- vided for in this scheme. To describe or even list in thorough detail all the various displays housed in the two great palaces given over to the exhibition of the numerous phases of agriculture is impossible in the space at hand. Comparatively speaking, only a handful of the many vastly interesting displays has been mentioned in this article. Landscape Gardenin By Donald McLaren Acting Chief of Lamiscapiug. Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Editor's Note: Mr. Donald McLaren is the son of Mr. John McLaren, whose reputation was made even before he undertook the tremendous responsibihty involved as chief of the landscape engineer- ing at the Exposition. Mr. Donald McLaren, like his father, is recog- nized as one of the great landscape experts of the present day. Indeed, it is the opinion of noted visitors from abroad that the landscape effects at the Exposition have not only never been surpassed, but have never been equaled anvwhere. Mr. AIcLaren's article describes some of the interesting landscape features. TO CONVERT a 635-acre expanse of barren sand dunes into a famous land- scape ; to have it verdant, flowering, and boast- ing of full-grown trees and shrubs from various quarters of the earth ; to make it in every way picturesque and beautiful in a degree befitting its association with the most wonderful and highly artistic architecture of the day ; to bring about this great transforma- tion in but two years' time may see incredible at first report. Vet such was done in beau- tifying Harbor View at San Francisco as the site for the Panama- Pacific International Ex- position. That this task was one of magnitude and presented more than normal difficulties can be understood readily when it is considered also that all the great areas to be planted were composed of drifting sands or of sands pumped in from the bav. upon which no or- namental plants of any character might clier- ish a hope for existence. The entire planting areas, therefore, required covering with good surface soil to a depth sufficient to maintain lawns and the infinite varieties of trees and garden plants which today, in their full fruition, clothe the Panama- Pacific Interna- tional Exposition grounds. The landscape phase of the exposition, then, aside from being a magnificent scene for the visual delight of the world, may be regarded also as a miracle of accomplishment to the great triumph of California soil and climate as well as to scientific application. The trees and shrubs which were transplanted in their full-grown state and replanted here took to root without adverse struggle, and the smaller flowering plants developed with an amazing swiftness, as if conscious of the im- portance of the part they were to plav in the big plan of decorating, and anxious to do it promptly and well. Another landscape problem, special with the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, was presented by the duration of this exposition. Opening on a winter date (February 20) and scheduled to close on a winter date ( Decem- ber 4), evergreen varieties exclusively were necessarily required in the trees and shrubs used. By a scheme of rotation for the smaller plants in the blooming beds, the floral blaze of color will be without interruption throughout the whole continuance of the fair. rXIQUE DESIGN The general landscape design of this ex- position site is not after the pattern of any 346 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE other. It is rather a treatment developed in determining the most effective way to handle the variety of special situations which this particular site presented. On account of the varied conditions prevailing in the different parts of the grounds — some si)ots being bleak and exposed, while others are naturally shel- tered and protected — there has been an abund- ance of upi)ortunities for using many classes of plants. In fact, in some of the southern exposures of the inner courts, many high-class semi-tropical plants such as palms, bananas, tree ferns and weigandies have been used with exceedingly good effect. The height of the buildings, too. had to be taken into account in planning the general landscape scene. The uniform height of the various structures being sixty feet, from the ground to the cornices, extremely large trees have been banked up against them. For this purpose much use has been made of cypress and eucalyptus in heights ranging from thirty to fiftv feet. All of these trees were taken from (iolden Gate Park and the Presidio reservation, and their total number represents the largest collection of evergreen trees ever moved in connection with any landscape work. In the general plan of lay-out there are three main avenues which make use of large specimen palms and other trees. The East Driveway, between the Palace of Machinery on one side and the Palace of Varied Indus- tries and the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy on the other, has groups of individual speci- mens of Dracaena indivisa — all well branched and averaging tw-enty feet in height. The buildings named above are clothed with Monterey cypress, banked up with Law- son cypress and Thuya gigantca. in front of which are specimen plants of various firs and spruces, and individual specimens of Spanish fir or Abies pinsapo'hdiVQ been set out between them and the Dracaena Avenue. In front of the firs and spruces a magnificent blaze of color will be maintained. During the opening days of the exposition bright red azalea of Japan keeps that stretch of earth bright, to be followed bv a bank of hvbrid rhododen- drons from Europe, relieved by a sprinkling of Japanese lilies of various kinds. The last planting in this rotation will be of Hydrangea Jwrtcnsis, a handsome flower of pink color. The South Driveway is planted out in speci- men plants of Canary Island date palms, alter- nately spaced every thirty feet by California fan palms — all ranging from eighteen to twenty-five feet high. There is a double row of these on each side of the half-mile driveway. The trunks of these palms are planted with hardy ferns interspersed with color furnished bv ivy-leaf geraniums, mesembryanthemum and other plants. Passion vines, planted at the bases of the palms, run \.\\) the trunks and out over the leaves, dropping their brilliant flowers down from the ends of the leaves in a beautiful festoon effect. Facing the South Driveway, and against the south fronts of the buildings, are specimen plants of blue gum trees, forty to fifty feet high, banked up w- ith smaller growing varieties of eucalyptus, and in front of these are banks of yellow flowering acacias set off by beds of flowering shrubs and pansies, which will be replaced later on during the exposition by flowering perennials, and after that by dahlias. The West Driveway too has made much use of eucalyptus. It is used there as a street tree as well as banked, in various specimens, against the faces of the buildings. Variety in effect here is attained by other kinds of plants, including many handsome blooming favorites. UNINTERRUPTED VIEW For an obvious reason, the North Driveway, fronting on the North Gardens and giving magnificent views of San Francisco Bay and the hills of Alameda and Marin counties, is not lined with avenue trees. Against the buildings exposed to this driveway, how-ever, Monterey cypress trees, forty to fifty feet in height, are growing, banked by smaller speci- mens of the same variety together with hardy species of acacias. "Fountains and waters are the soul of gar- dens," said a distinguished Frenchman two centuries ago. That this theory is accepted to- EXPOSITIONS 347 day finds proof to some extent in the land- scape of this exposition. The various pools and fountains and lakes which abound here as part of the architectural scheme have utility also in adding to the effectiveness of the nu- merous forms of plant life which are arrayed with graceful poise in this landscape garden design. Because of the magnificent views obtainable from and across the North Gardens, the plant- ings here have been restricted to simple lawns relieved by groups of low-growing hardy, ever- green shrubs. FINE ARTS LAKE PICTURESQUE One of the most picturesque spots in the entire landscape is afforded by the Fine Arts Lake. Here the treatment has been confined to the natural. Natural groups of evergreen shrubs rise from the small promontories and inlets of the lake. Many large trees and shrubs, as well as 10,000 periwinkle, have been set around the borders of the water. Here, too, have been planted violets — a mass of 5000 plants — whose delicious odor rises with welcoming effect from a bed of green and purple beauty. A simple little garden retreat with nooks and resting places lies north of the Fine Arts Lake. The South Gardens embrace the entire ter- ritory between the Palace of Horticulture and Festival Hall. Situated herein is a French garden containing three large and magnificent pools, and ornamented with several small foun- tains, balustrades, and bursts of gaiety in the form of blooming flower beds. Rising from a solid expanse of yellow pansies is a beauteous bloom of yellow daffodils. Here, too, the scheme of color rotation will be followed. The pansies and daffodils will be followed by a gorgeous bed of red tulips, and the final planting will be of Begonia erfordi — beautiful flowering plants having blossoms of dainty shell pink. The rotation for this single part of the whole landscape involves more than a quarter million plants. Along the southern edge of the South Gar- dens is a very unique effect which marks an original treatment. A hedge twenty feet in height, eight feet wide and 1150 feet in length is built by a masonry of 7500 boxes of Mesem- bryantheiniiin spectabilis — a green plant very effective for such a use. On both sides of Festival Hall and the Palace of Horticulture four imposing groups of trees, fifty feet high, have been planted to give the harmonious touch demanded by the domes of those great structures. Monterey cypress, Monterey pine and different species of acacia are utilized banked up with other kinds of trees of lesser size, while specimen plants of Lawson cypress and Thuya gigatitea in the surrounding lawns give finish to the groups. Each of the main courts having a distinctive architectural character and special significance, the landscape treatment in each has been made in conformity. The North Avenue leading to the main court, known as the Court of the Universe, is distinguished by hedges of heaths, massed in variety and banked with red azaleas. 'When these flowers have passed the period of their blooming glory the expanse of flaming red will be maintained by rhododendrons. The main court itself is decorated with Italian cypress — a handsome and imposing variety of tree whose effectiveness in its treat- ment here is strengthened by the height of the trees, reaching forty feet in the air. In the West Court, or Court of the Four Seasons, an evergreen treatment of trees and shrubs likewise prevails. Here have been used some of the higher types of acacia and other trees, and ample color is given by the free use of specimen bougainvilleas. which have been trained in columns twenty feet high ; also pillar roses of the same height, and a hand- some assemblage of hybrid rhododendrons, while water lilies motionlessly swim the sur- face of the pools. In the Court of Abundance, lying to the east, a feature is made of California orange trees transplanted from the citrus zone with their golden globular fruit still on them serv- ing as a wonderful and colorful ornamenta- tion. Here also are vews and formal Italian 348 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE cypress trees, and a lavish profusion of spring flowering bulbs and summer flowering annuals add brightness and greater beauty to the whole effect. As the name would suggest, tlie Court of Flowers is distinguished by its abundaiKe of bright colored flowering plants of many sjjc- cies renowned both for beauty in form of blossom as well as color. Azaleas and a won- derful collection of heaths are also used. The Court of Palms, besides its showing of the different palm varieties, presents also a collection of sweet-smelling shrubs, among them being mvrtle, breath of heaven, lavender, lemon verbena, rosemary, and others. The Horticultural Garden, while being an integral part of the great horticultural exhibit, also joins harmoniously in the general land- scape effect of the whole exposition and will be a section of intense interest and instruction. The California Garden lies within the old cypress hedge around which the California Building was built, and its general ])lan is in replica of the I*'orbidden (iarden in the famous SaiUa liarbara mission. Only native California ])lants are grown in the California Carden. Among them are such favorite and typical species as wild poppies, Sequoias forty- five feet bight planted in groups, madrone, joalms, and masses of bulbs and other flowering plants whose compactness makes a carpet of excjuisite color and design from which the larger shrubs and trees rise in their stately heights. In general the scheme of the Cali- fornia Building's exterior and the California Garden together is to epitomize the State as she is known in art and nature. Mission archi- tecture and native flora join in unity of ])urpose. Taken as a whole the landscape garden effect of the Panama-Pacific International Ex- position is more than a poetic vision of out- door beauty — it is a great landscape epic, im- pressive beyond words, and eloquent of the wonderful fecundity of California soil and of the magical maturing power of her climate. '' I ""HERE are many principles to apply, and many essentials to jjro- ^ vide, if we would add years and decades to life, and retain youth, virility and power all throuo-h life ; but the most important essential is to live for some g'reat and wonderful g'oal — to work for something- of tremendous value to the individual and the race — to have some ex- traordinary object in view that uiusf 1)e realized in this life before we can think of going elsewhere. Whatever your age now, be it fifty, seventy, or ninety, begin at once to build for a greater future than you ever dreamed of before; and fill your soul with persistent desire, unbounded enthusiasm, and invincible determination to live to see this great dream come true. — Eternal rro'jrcss. ^ St 1 » 1 a^ sb >.jaH^^>^.. 1^ ^^P^.'^ffT^S^. >r '^'^^Hl^^^^^^B aB^igi ' ■^:wf'";:--i>?=t^>f "--^^A.i^'"'. -J::s l^ll The agricultural demonstration is San Diego's boast. The model intensive farm and the demon- stration of large scale farming are rivaled as interest arousers by the great citrus orchards The Panama-California Exposition By Mark S. Watson Director of Fiihlicitx. Fanaiiui-Califoniia Exposition. Editor's Xofc: Mr. Watson in the foUowino- pag'es gives a clear idea of the methods by which the San Diego Fair has been made a suc- cess virtually from the start. His account will prove most interesting- reading. The beautiful, natural setting of the Panama-California Ex- position, together with the unique ideas employed in its construction, are noteworthy reasons for its delightful qualities and its popularity with visitors. T F SAN DIEGO'S Panama-California Kx- position, which was started several months before the Panama-Pacific at San F'rancisco. had been allowed to go ahead, without the holding of the larger fair at the nortli. San Diego would undoubtedlv have built an expo- sition patterned after those of Chicago and St. lA)uis. \\ ith tile assistance of the extraor- dinary climate of Southern California it would undoubtedly have been beautiful, but there would have been little else to commend it above all other fairs. Soon after the exposition was started, how- ever, it was announced that San Francisco would build an international fair, in scope, in 350 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE The largest outdoor oigaii in the worlil, its curved colonnades partially encircling the Plaza de los l^^stados. It is permanent ])urp()se. and in treatment l)roadly similar to the great world's fairs of the past. San Diego was faced with the question of whether it would build a similar fair, or de\-el()}) one along entirely new lines, or aban- don its own original idea. The last was in- conceivable. I'he first was obviously inadvis- able. The remaining alternatiw was the best, and as time went on it was found to be far better than it was guessed at the outset. By adopting an entirely new form of architecture so far as exposition treatment was concerned, the Spanish Colonial, there was achieved a re- sult nothing short of amazing. By adopting a new idea in entertainment features there was gained an atmosphere which no other fair ever conjured up. By adopting a new field for de- velopment the exhibit feature — the raison d'etre of any fair — leaped into importance chiefly because of its novelty, timeliness, and sincerity. At some time after the opening of every fair there has come to its managers the sorrowful realization that mere size and number of ex- hibits are not sufficient. There is the memory of the surprising speed with which the visitors fairly galloped through vast halls crammed with exhibits which had taken years to assem- ble. This was the first field for endeavt)r which San Diego noted, and here came the first radical change. NO COMPErniVE EXHIBITS "There will be no competitive exhibits," came the ruling. "The bulk of our ^•isitors will not care to see forty variants of the same machine. They will wish to see only the best example of a type. Moreover, they will wish to see it so displayed as to demonstrate just what it does and how it does it." Hence there is not an exhibit by a dozen manufacturers of baking machinery. There is one section of the Varied Industries Building SAN DIEGO FAIR 351 taken by a large flour milling company, the whole display back of plate glass. On the up- per floor is a dough mixing machine of the latest type, which accurately measures con- stituent parts and sends a river of dough down an inclined plane to a kneading machine, thence out through a cutter which measures the dough for loaves so nicely as to show no appreciable variation in a run of several thou- sand. Here are the trays on which the loaves are placed and carried over to the electric and gas ovens, and beyond these the wrapping room and the sales room. An added feature is the lecture room for housewives. The whole thing is a singularly effective demonstration of one important branch of household econ- omy. Incidentally, this exhibitor supplies all breads used on the exposition grounds, and instead of meeting a heavy expense charge each month, clears a neat profit. In tlie same building is an orange shipper, who has given up a large part of his space to an orange sorting and packing machine and another machine for quick preparation of juice. These attract the attention of visitors who immediately become desirous of sending to some one in the East a small box of oranges grown within a short distance of the San Diego Exposition — and find the boxes ready for immediate shipment. A hundred examples could be cited, but these are sufficient to call attention to the human nature of the exhibits and the effectiveness of San Diego's leap for- ward from old time traditions. Understanding of the agricultural display, the most notable one which any world's fair has devised, must be preceded by some infor- mation as to what the exposition is trying to do, not for the city of San Diego, but for the great West which has responded generously to San Diego's invitation. The upbuilding of tlie West has been rapid, but its uninterrupted progress must be based on one essential — the development of the enormous resources in the Vice President Marshall and other distinguished visitors review the parades held in the Plaza de Panama 352 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE soil. Thus San Diego seeks to call the world's attention to the West's farming resources, not by oratory, not by printed matter, but by in- telligible and intelligent display. The largest agricultural implement manufacturer in the world has taken the largest exhibit space that company ever took, and is simply enlisting the aid of San Diego's all-year climate. It has set out an orchard in which there are bearing trees — treated with the cultivators, the fer- tilizers, and the other orchard machinery which that company makes. It has reserved another great space w^here that company's tractors and plows and reapers are at work. It does not stop with giving the farmer the information he wants. It gives the city man the information which would enable him to start farming, and also the impetus to make use of that information. INTENSIVE FARM The tourist finds adjoining this display a model intensive farm which explains to the Easterner that a great tract is not necessary for profitable farming, that results can be at- tained on a few acres, and that the farmhouse can be as comfortable, under modern condi- tions, as the city residence. Or he can go across the way and see an orange and lemon orchard in full bearing power. Or he can see a tea plantation transplanted from Ceylon, an appealing substitute for the conventional tea display. Up this same road he can see farm- ing implements of many types performing the feats which only modern methods can perform. The belief is that this will start a back to the land movement of great proportions. The Western states exhibiting and the California sections which have their own impressive dis- plays are making use of that possibility and in their individual buildings are sliowing what they have to oiTer to the settler. What is true of farming is equally true of mining, or for- estry, and other fields of endeavor. The effort to have the exhibits comprehen- sible is followed out even in the difficult realm of anthropology and ethnology, in which the United States National Museum has been one of the chief contributors. The display in the Science of Man Building is so arranged as to be grasped in its l)roadi,'st features by the casual visitor. In its detail it strikes home as the best otTering of the sort wliich world's fairs have shown, this being recognized at the outset by the scientific societies which have vis- ited the exposition. It is wortliy of mention that some of the casts of the exhibit are now the only ones in existence, being the only copies of certain casts destroyed in the Euro- pean war. The portrayal of conditions among the ancient Mayas and Aztecs and Incas and Toltecs is incomparable. ON THE "isthmus" And there are less serious features. As in all cases, there is the "Pike," or "Midway," only here it is the "Isthmus," another re- minder that both California expositions cele- brate the opening of the Panama Canal. The canal itself is duplicated in miniature in a remarkable manner in one of the largest con- cessions. Indian life of the Southwest, with 200 Apaches, Navajos, Supais, Hopis, and Zunis weaving their rugs, shaping their pot- tery, and hammering out their metal orna- ments in a setting which has reproduced with extraordinary fidelity the Painted Desert. There is a typical California '49 camp. There is an Hawaiian village, and along the street the many other attractions of an amusement character. In the streets of the exposition it- self wander Spanish singers and dancers. San Diego faced a big task, and overcame it. The smallest city which ever built a fair of these jtroportions lias witnessed the en- tirely novel feat of having it go on a paying basis in the second of its twelve months of operation, and add steadily thereafter to net profits. Ear more important, it is accomplish- ing the results at which it aimed. It is calling attention to the possibilities of the great West in the most effective manner the West has ever been exploited for permanent results. The na- tion will be the winner. WOMAN'S SECTION — CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINP: 369 CALIFORNIA'S WOMEN EDITOR'S NOTE THE articles in the following pages, written by a score of the representative women of California, are not presented as a complete digest of what women are doing in the intellectual, economic, and industrial development of the state. Thev are only typical. But between the lines may be discerned the characters which spell the general intent of woman's participation along those avenues. They disclose her earnest endeavor to do the things which shall make for the betterment of her state and the improvement of the conditions in which she and her children and her men-folk live. It will be seen that there is no difficulty which daunts her, no work of which she is fearful, and no avenue which she considers closed to her sex. The collated articles are but a fragment of what might have been presented had space permitted. But they are representative and, we believe, are a credit to the womanhood of California. Honorable Phoebe A. Hearst WOMEN'S ACTIMTIES 371 California as a Field for Women's Activities By Hon. Phoebe A. Hearst Honorary President of Women's Board of PaNa/ua-Paeific International Exposition ■ and Regent University of California AS THE RESULT of many years' observation and experience of California life I do not hesitate to state the following facts which may be of interest to women who contemplate making homes in California : In California women have been recognized since pio- neer times as physically and intellectnally qnalified to occnpy high positions of trnst and responsibility in con- nection with public affairs, and have discharged the duties of such positions with i^opular recognition of their efficiency as well as with popular approval of their devo- tion and energy. In California enterprises women have always partici- pated not only as owners, but as directors and managers, and have certainly attained as high percentage of success in such affairs as men have. It is no surprise in Califor- nia that a woman should decide to direct her own business affairs. On the other hand, it is rather expected that she will manage them, for during the several recent decades of rapid development of the finance and industry of the State women have made good in such undertakings. 6/1 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE EDITORIAL MRS. PHOEBE APPERSON HEARST has lived so long in California that she may almost be regarded as a native daughter of the Golden State. But she was not born in the West. She came to California in 1862, six months after her marriage to George Hearst, who later became United States Senator from California. She ivas born in Franklin County, Missouri. William Randolph Hearst, the newspaper owner and publisher, is her only child. Mrs. Hearst has two homes in California, the famous Hacienda del Poso de Verona, at Pleasanton, in Alameda County, and a chateau on the McCloud River, in the north. At the Hacienda Mrs. Hearst presides as a princess over a splendid demesne. Here she entertains in a lavish manner at big affairs of public import or at the small, intimate functions incident to her social position. All over the world Mrs. Hearst is known as the Lady Bountiful of California, and as the First Lady of the State. For this reason, and because she is per- sonally loved by those who are privileged to know her, she was chosen to be the honorary president of the Woman's Board of the exposition, which body is now dispensing the State's hospitality at the California Host Building at the exposition. Her philanthropies, public and private, her generosity to institutions of learn- ing, and enterprises of scientific research, her kindly nature and sweet, womanly graciousness to all with whom she comes in contact have placed her at the top of the long list of California women held in high esteem by the general public and in the deepest affection by those who come within the charmed circle of her personal friendship. AVO^IEN'S ACTIVITIES 373 The enfrancliisenieiit of women in California was the logical result of the foregoing demonstration. It was not a whim or sentiment of men, for whims and sentiments were generally against it. It was an irresistible evolu- tion from California experience, and it stands as a surety to coming women that they will be free to act in public affairs and in their own business and that they will be appreciated and judged just as men are in similar under- takings. In social affairs women in California are less hamj^ered by tradition and convention than in older communities. This is their share in the glorious freedom of the West. In home-making California women have notable ad- vantage over their sisters who are called upon to perform domestic duties in cold, wintry, or sultry summer cli- mates. California homes cost less to build because equal grace and capacity of habitation can be had without pro- viding strength against snowfalls and exclusion of zero temperatures. In houses which befit the California cli- mate and which would be regarded as summer shelters in the East, or in Korthern Europe, one can provide modern plumbing with all its conveniences without exceeding the cost of the mere shell of a house in a wintry country. And then the almost continuous open air life of the family, the health and vigor of the children, and the better nature of the man-of-the-house are all joys beyond estimation to the housewife. Whether it is their lot to live in city mansions or tenements, in country villas, or in board cot- tages colored only by the climbing roses, the California climate works constantly with and for the women, and the California spirit which illumines the home gives them strength and joy in the duties they are called upon to per- form. Mrs. Frederick G. Sanborn Work and Purposes of the Woman's Board of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition By Mrs. Frederick G. Sanborn President of Woman's Board MRS. FREDERICK G. SANBORN (Helen Peckj came to California so early in her childhood that she almost may be considered to be a native of her beloved West. She has lived more than thirty years in the home in Dolores Street in San Francisco which is her present address. She was the spontaneous and unanimous choice of the women of California as the president of the Woman's Board of the exposition, and has administered the affairs of the office with a gracious dignity, a remarkable tact and a masterful executive ability. No detail of the work involved ivas too trivial to merit her attention, and no phase of it too perplexing or too large in scope for her grasp. From the first organization of the Woman's Board she has had a clear vision of the methods by which to insure the state-wide sympathy of women in exposition participation, and the unfolding of events each day proves that she builded better than she knew. Mrs. Sanborn has been president of the Century Club and the Sorosis Club of San Francisco, and during the Spanish War was vice president of the San Francisco Red Cross Society. She has always been officially connected with relief work and an active worker therein. She is president of the Protestant Orphan Asylum of San Francisco, the oldest organized charity on the Pacific Coast — [Editor's Note. THE Woman's Board Panama-Pacific fine California women are making a con- International Exposition, composed en- certed effort to assist in the great work, tirely of California women, was organized in There is no woman's building at the ex- the interest of the exposition, and in order position, as the men and women of Cali- that it might be financially and legally re- fornia are accustomed to working together, sponsible, was incorporated under the laws Women's work is placed in the various de- of the State of California. partments of the exposition and not dis- The association of which the Woman's played or judged as women's work. Board constitutes the executive body con- It is the pleasure and duty of the Wom- sists of the stockholders and auxiliary mem- an's Board and its auxiliaries, serving as bars. hostesses for California, to meet, greet, and County auxiliaries of the Woman's Board entertain visitors to the Panama-Pacific In- have been organized generally in the fifty- ternational Exposition, endeavoring to make eight counties of the State, so that many all welcome. In addition to hostessing their 376 CALIFORXTA'S MAGAZINE exposition, the Woman's Board has, from the fund contributed by the women of the State, furnished the California Host Build- ing, guaranteeing to maintain it throughout the exposition and assuming its entire re- sponsibility. In addition to serving as hostesses during 1915 at the exposition and in San Francisco, the county auxiliaries also welcome guests in their several counties. California has in- vited the world to come, and Californians in all parts of the State will welcome those who attend her exposition, and visit her mountains, valleys, and shores. Believing that the stranger within Cali- fornia's gates is entitled not only to a cordial welcome and generous hospitality, but to such need of protection as lies within her power, the Woman's Board, more than a year ago, issued a call and organized a non-sectarian, non-political Travelers' Aid Society for the protection of the traveling public, particularly young women, girls and boys. EFFECTIVE SERVICE This organization rendered effective serv- ice during the pre-exposition period, and will endeavor during the exposition year and thereafter to protect and guide visitors upon their arrival in San Francisco, or in the cities on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay. A careful inspection and registration of reputable homes, boarding houses, and hotels has been under way for many months. All trains are met by expert Travelers' Aid workers, and those requiring protection will be carefully safeguarded. The badge adopted by the Travelers' Aid Society of California is shown in its exact size and colors on another page. LECTURE SERIES Another department of work which has been far reaching in results is the series of exposition lecturettes prepared by the pub- licity department of the Woman's Board, for school children. They have gone gener- ally to the schools of this State, and many thousands are now being sent to school chil- dren of the other states. The preliminary preparation and supervision of the day nursery and children's playground has been entrusted by the exposition management to the Woman's Board, and little folk placed in our care will receive excellent mothering and expert attention. Altogether the activi- ties of the women of California in connec- tion with their exposition are varied and have been seriously undertaken. ^^^ I HIE woman of tomorrow will not dilTer from the woman of yes- ^ terday in femininity or physique or capacity, in her charm for men, or in her love of children, hut in response of her eternally feminine nature to a changed environment. Today woman is heginning to be educated for the new era, and man must o'o with her. She is learning home-making with new implements and new opportunities. She need no longer be a drudge and she must not continue to be a doll. The new mother, alert to the larger needs of her household, is more competent than her grandmamma, and must even sui)i)lant 'the tired businessman' in municipal housekee])ing until he can be her equal and himself deserve the suffrage." — Charles Zuchlin. How the Woman's Board of the Exposition Differs Organically from Similar Auxiliaries By Mrs. Gaillard Stoney Secretary of Woman's Board MRS. GAILLARD STONEY has served as secretary of the Woman's Board since the incorporation of that body. She is well known in San Francisco society as well as in the world of women's clubs and in church and charitable activities. She is the wife of one of San Francisco's prominent attorneys. — [Edi- tor's Note. THERE have been three great interna- tional expositions in America cele- brating national events. The first was held in Philadelphia in 1876, and was known as the Centennial, which celebrated the birth- day of our independence; the second was held in Chicago in 1893 and known as the World's Columbian Exposition, which cele- brated the (discovery of America; and the third was held at St. Louis in 1904, and celebrated the Louisiana Purchase, or in other words, the peaceful conquest of the West. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition is the first great exposition to celebrate an international event, the comple- tion and opening of the Panama Canal. Expositions more than anything else in the world show the progress of woman's work. At the Centennial in Philadelphia the woman's commission brought together the exhibits shown in the woman's depart- ment, raised funds necessary to build the Woman's Pavilion, suggested the depart- ment of public comfort, and originated and carried to completion other useful and prac- tical ideas. But their work was infinitesi- mal in comparison to what the board of lady managers accomplished at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. That board was created by act of Congress, said act allowing them to appoint one or more members of all committees authorized to award prizes for exhibits which were pro- duced in whole or in part by female labor. The board of lady managers numbered one hundred and fifteen members, who were ap- pointed by the different state commissions, two women from each state, one a Demo- crat and the other a Republican. There were also nine members from the city of Chicago, appointed by the president of the World's Columbian Exposition commission. Provision was made for alternates. An ap- propriation of about $150,000 was made for their expenses. The cost of the first meet- ing, which continued seven days, was $18,000. The traveling expenses of the members of the board and their hotel ex- penses were paid out of the appropriation. A salary of $5000 was allowed for the president, which she did not accept for her- self, but paid it out for the services of a Mrs. Galllard Stoney WOMAN'S SECTIOX 379 private secretary. The salary of the sec- retary was $3000. It was at the request of the board of lady managers that women for the first time were asked to be represented on state commis- sions. They organized a woman's dormitory association and built a dormitory with ac- commodations for more than a thousand women at a cost of about $50,000, and it was a financial success. BROAD SCOPE OF WOMAN's WORK They presented the broadest scope of woman's work in educational, professional, artistic, inventive and industrial fields. A most important duty was to secure a full representation of all the industries of women in the main exposition buildings. This was the first universal accumulation of woman's work, the preponderance being in manufac- tures, liberal arts and fine arts. An appropriation of $200,000 was made for a woman's building, which was designed by a young woman graduate of the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology. It was the intention of the board to show that the women among all primitive peoples were the originators of most of the industrial arts, and it was not until these became lucrative that they were appropriated by men. The following ten years show the most remarkable progress made by women in the history of the world and at the St. Louis ex- position woman for the first time stood on an equality with man. Women were placed on the juries of awards; women sculptors and painters did some of the finest work exhibited; for the first time there were women concessionaires, and a woman con- tractor competed with men for the construc- tion of a building. Woman had some part in the making of everything exhibited, ex- cept possibly in one or two departments of machinery. There was no separate woman's building, but the board had the use of a building of the Washington University, where it entertained. At the first meeting it passed a resolution asking the commission that it use the utmost care in awarding con- cessions for "shows" in order that there might be no objectionable features, and this resolution was largely instrumental in low- ering to a minimum the number of objec- tionable features on the Pike. Appointment of the board was by act of Congress and the members were appointed by the national commissioners from every section of the United States. The board of lady managers numbered twenty-four. It had an appro- priation of $100,000, but it returned about $28,000 to the exposition company. It was allowed traveling expenses and $10 a day for each member for subsistence while in attendance at meetings and on duty at the exposition. The women jurors were paid $7 a day and traveling expenses. The prin- cipal work of the board of lady managers at the Louisiana exposition was entertaining the visitors and distinguished guests from all over the world. MORAL SAFEGUARDING The woman's board of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition was organized at the request of William H. Crocker, vice chairman of the Panama-Pacific Interna- tional Exposition. There are thirty-six directors on the board and it is incorporated for $25,000, it being obligatory upon each director to purchase at least five shares of stock at $10 a share. It was made a sub- committee of the exposition directorate and agreed to raise $200,000 for the furnishing and maintaining of the California Host Building, of which it was given entire con- trol. Each director was taxed 50 cents a month for a flower fund for the purpose of sending flowers to official and distinguished visitors. The functions which have been given during the pre-exposition period have been entirely by subscription so that not a cent of the money raised was paid out for entertainment. The woman's board pro- vided its own offices in the Exposition Building and, like the board of lady man- agers of the Louisiana exposition, the first thing it did was to ask the directors of the exposition that there would be no objec- 380 CALII-T)RXIA'S MAGAZINE tionable features in the amusement conces- sions, and to plan for the moral safeguard- ing of the women and girls during the exposition year. The Travelers' Aid So- ciety was organized by the woman's board. This work is receiving financial assistance from the woman's board and will be largely supported by them during the exposition. Already a number of the directors have con- tributed large sums of money, and subscribe $5 a month. In addition there are to be women in uniform and without uniform on the grounds night and day, and President Moore under his own signature has said that this exposition stands for moral pro- tection and will leave nothing undone to support its position. The next work was to plan a way for raising, in addition to the sale of stock (no dividends and no liabilities!) the money needed for furnishing and maintaining the California Host Building, and the result was the formation of the county auxiliaries, with a chairman in each county, and sub- chairmen in each town and city, as associate directors of the woman's board, to co- operate and assist in being the hostesses. To offer an inducement to those who might not be otherwise interested to become members of the auxiliary, a part of the California Host Building was reserved as a tea room and a rest room for their exclusive use. This is the status of the woman's board. From the thirty millions raised by the men of San Francisco and the counties and State of California, it has not received one cent. It has given its time freely and its money liberally to stand by the men who made this exposition a success, and no one is receiving a cent in compensation. That is the spirit of the women of California! Perhaps the crowning triumph of woman at this exposition is her recognition as as- sistants in the different departments of the exposition. TO THE PIONEER MOTHER The director of the fine arts department, Mr. J. E. D. Trask, was anxious to have something typical of California in the place of honor under the dome, and deeply pon- dering what it should be one day he met Mrs. Ella Sterling Mighels who told him of her plan for a monument to the Pioneer Mother. "That," Director Trask said, "is what we will have," and accordingly he asked the woman's board to form an asso- ciation for the purpose of raising $25,000 for a monument in bronze, to be afterwards placed in the civic center of San Francisco. Mr. Charles Grafly of Philadelphia is the sculptor. Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst and Sena- tor James D. Phelan were appointed a com- mittee to visit Mr. Grafly's studio and pass final judgment on the monument. All the contributions have been in small sums, as it was the wish of the association to have every one in California contribute, and even the children in the public schools have given a penny subscription, the maximum sum asked for from them being 5 cents. This is the first monument to motherhood in the world. ^^ A WOMAN should deem it one of the g-randest privileg-es of her sex that she can now help to choose the men who will make the laws under which her children must live, and exert her purer inflti- ence upon the i)olitical atmosi)here of her time." — Cardinal Moran of /Uistralia. Mrs. Marie Hicks Davidson Editor's Note: The task of compilini^" the material for the Woman's Section of this pubHcation having- devoh'ed upon Mrs. Marie Hicks Davidson, she has displayed rare judgment and al)ility in comjileting- it. It has been largely due to her extensive ac(|uaintance with California's notable women, the result of wide newspaper exj^erience, that she has been successful in obtaining representative contributions, covering- a wide range of subjects. While, of course, no effort has been made at completeness, an obvious impossibility in such limited s])ace, it may l)e said that if the list of contributors to this section does not include all the foremost women of the State, it does contain none l)ut those who for one reason or another are entitled to highest honors from California. Mrs. Davidson is herself (lee])ly interested in all those activities with which the modern woman concerns herself. She has owned and edited a news- paper, she w^as for a year a i)ublicit\- w riter on the Woman's Board of the Exposition; she is a short story writer of recognized ability, and she regards life and its duties with that clear but high-spirited vision that makes California women immediately recognizable throughout the w^orld. Mrs. Davidson, it may be added, is permanently identified with California's Ma^^aaiiic and will edit the woman's department of this publication. Airs. Charles Farwell Edson WOMAN'S SECTION 383 Woman's Part in Industrial Welfare Commission By Mrs. Charles Farwell Edson Member of the Commission EDITOR'S NOTE: The Industrial Welfare Commission of California of which judge Frank J. Murasky of San Francisco is chairman, is composed of five com- missioners and a secretary. One of the five commissioners is a woman — Mrs. Charles Farwell Edson (Katharine Philips Edson) of Los Angeles — ivithout ivhose name no roster of California's distinguished women would be complete. Mrs. Edson is now serving her second term as chairman of the social and indus- trial department of the California Federation of Women's Clubs. She is serving her third year as the woman member of the Council of the National Municipal League. AS THE woman member of the Industrial Welfare Commission I will say that our aim is to provide a real living wage for the working women of the State and to safeguard the learners during their apprentice- sliip period so that they really may be taught a trade and not i)ut into blind alley occupations, to be used and ex- ploited and then thrown out unskilled and unprepared for life as it is. We hope to co-operate witli our commis- sioner of vocational education and slowly try to develop in California an industrial condition that will be as much the envy of the other parts of the nation as is our glorious State in other respects — a pretty high ideal, but one worthy of any one's highest endeavors. CaUfornia has succeeded in getting a well-enforced eiglit-liour hiw for women and children, a good child labor law, and one of the best workmen's compensation acts in the Union. Our commission hopes to snpplement this work with the ad- ministration of our minimum wage law for women and minors so that we will help solve the serious industrial problem not only of our own State but also of the more highly complex industrial States of the East. Playground Propaganda in California By Miss Ethel Moore President Board of Playground Directors of Oakland MISS ETHEL MOORE, daughter of A. A. Moore, the distinguished attorney of Oakland and San Francisco, has done missionary work in the public playground movement for a number of years. She is a member of the Association of Collegiate Alumnae, a member of the California Federation of Women's Clubs, and was one of the most enthusiastic of the pioneer band who worked for suffrage in California. — I Editor's Note. CALIFORNIA is frequently called "The playground of the nation," which means that on account of its climate it is a veritable Mecca for visitors. But there are few who realize how the natural recreation attractions of California are being developed for the benefit of our own per- manent residents. This was the first state to organize mu- nicipal recreation commissions, separate and distinct from any other office or part of the city government. The function of such a commission has been to promote every form of helpful exercise and wholesome en- joyment that would aid and abet in the use, rather than the abuse, of leisure. Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, Alameda, San Diego, Fresno, Stockton, Sacramento and Richmond have such commissions. Under their auspices are laid out and maintained public play- grounds, tennis courts, athletic fields, run- ning tracks, baseball diamonds, summer camps. With trained leaders all manner of games are conducted, meets and tourna- ments held, clubs and classes, evening dances, chorals, theatricals, festivals and pageants promoted. Boy Scouts and their hikes are encouraged. Camp Fire Girls and their ceremonials, women's outdoor clubs and their frolics. Nor are these activities confined to land. Boating and swimming are popular sports, and flying for the boys who own aeroplane models. Thus in our towns and cities are we try- ing to counteract the tendency of the home to evolve into the apartment house type and the family into the one-child type. Moreover, with the shortening of the hours of labor the use of leisure becomes a prob- lem the community must help the individual to solve. That vigorous out-of-door play is as vital in the body-building of the child as light, food and air — that the social and moral effects of supervised sport are essential in the character making and the training for citizenship of our youth — and that new life, re-created in moments of hearty enjoyment, every man and woman must have — these are the principles that led to the appoint- ment, after concurrent resolution of the last legislature, of a state commission of recre- ational inquiry. WOMAN'S SECTION 385 To the present legislature of 1915 the result of this inquiry has been presented, and the report covers the whole field of recreational needs and opportunities. Our mountains and forests, moving pictures and skating rinks — no possibility is omitted. Many a constructive suggestion is included, on recreation for the Insane, recreation for remote camps and other centers of indus- tries, recreation for the country district. and recreation as a substitute for the saloon. Such a survey will surely hasten the day in this State when all alike, young and old, may have every opportunity for that true recreation which means renewal of strength to meet the responsibilities of life. To quote Dr. Richard Cabot: "Work, play, love, worship — with these any life is happy despite sorrow and pain — successful despite bitter failure." Women as Bankers in California By Mrs. Phebe M. Rideout Director of a Number of California Banks A LTHOUGH banking Is not an occupa-- -^ ^ tlon for which women are especially fitted, there are of course among women, as among men, persons who either start with natural ability in financial matters, or fall heir to responsibilities which they must learn to carry, and carry successfully. Bank- ing as a profession, it is needless to say,, contains great interest and fascination. Already women have shown themselves capable In this profession, for they are now doing good work as assistant cashiers, heads of students' departments, and the like. At present It may be doubted whether the gen- eral public would place so much confidence in a woman banker as in a man; and an equal confidence is precisely what women, as bankers, must learn to deserve. There is reason to think they can do so, as they have already done in other businesses.. yiy/?5. RIDEOUT is a director in a number of banks in California, succeeding -iri her late husband in the varied business interests in which he was engaged during the formative period of California's commercial and banking industries. She directs her business from her home in Washington Street, San Francisco.— I Editor's Note. Women's Part in University Extension Work By Miss Nadine Crump Secretary Bureau of Class Instruction and Gen- eral Organizer U. of C. Extension Division MISS CRUMP is a graduate of Rad- cliffe, the Harvard annex for women, and has been affiliated with educational work all her life. She is said to have found her forte in the work she is now pursuing at the University of California. — [Editor's Note. TN INTELLECTUAL activities, the limi- ■^ tations are not fixed by sex. It so hap- pened, however, that in university extension as in many other uplift movements women took the initiative, for this great democratic movement in education was begun at Cam- bridge, England, when to a group of women Mr. James Stuart made an address on the "Art of Education." When the English sys- tem was transplanted to America, it was before the American Library Association. At that time women had only a small part in the administration of libraries, but con- stituted then, as now, a large per cent of the patronage. The extension idea found in America a fertile soil, for there had been started here a new and powerful agent of popular education, the Chautauqua move- ment. Of those who formed the long lines that marched on Chautauqua Day, a large proportion were women. In the establish- ment of the University of Chicago, univer- sity extension was for the first time made a department co-ordinate with other depart- ments of the university, and sent its lectures and lessons to all parts of the country. It was women at the head of schools, and women committees everywhere, who wel- comed for themselves and their communi- ties this new educational opportunity. So it has been that in this movement to educate all of the people, woman was there in the beginning, and, in the carrying out of the work, she has done her large part both as patron and promoter. California is one of nearly fifty colleges and universities now engaged in university extension work other than agriculture. It has been so engaged for many years, the work being done chiefly through courses of WOMAN'S SECTION 387 lectures. In 1913 the work was organized under the name of university extension di- vision. The present plan of administration is as follows : The division consists of two departments, one of instruction and one of public service. The department of instruc- tion consists of three bureaus : The bureau of correspondence instruction, the bureau of class instruction and the bureau of lectures. The department of public service consists of two bureaus, one of public discussion and one of information and municipal reference. There is a secretary in charge of each of these five bureaus acting under a director of the division, who reports to the president and academic council. PAST EXPERIMENTAL STAGE After a half century, university extension teaching might be said to have passed the experimental stage. There are, however, still doubting Thomases. Some people, more of them found in the academic walks of life than elsewhere, are visibly shocked at the suggestion of a university giving in- struction extra mural; the shock amounts almost to a nervous breakdown at the thought of offering any course not found in the regular curriculum. The tendency of those who live long in an academic atmos- phere is to become divorced from life, to interpret its meaning in terms of units of credit and degrees, and to make the course of study not only the end rather than the means, but to regard it with such reverence as to consider any attempt to add to or sub- tract therefrom as highly and harmfully iconoclastic. In the words of the old song they believe It was good for our fathers, It is good enough for me. This state of mind is a natural result of their conception that a university is a place where only the favored few may spend time in the pursuit of knowledge. Their faces are turned backward to the old ideals of a uni- versity, which by the pursuit of abstract truth trained men's minds but did not pre- pare them in any specific way for the duties of life unless the duty lay in following one of the so-called learned professions. A state university is an institution estab- lished by the people, and supported by the people for the purpose of raising the stand- ard of its citizenship. This it has been doing by furnishing instruction for students on the campus. If it stops there, it fails in its opportunity and in its duty, for a very small per cent ever reach the campus. Better conceive a state university as a source of information and inspiration to which all the people may turn in time of need. How well this can be done is illustrated by the work done in agricultural extension. It is but a few years since the agricultural college was spoken of in terms more or less derisive. If a boy did not fit well into the established course in high school, he left and went to the agricultural college, and the report of such transference of allegiance was always spoken of as if he had chosen the second best. But when it was learned that the "cow college" even in its short courses bore a direct result in increased wealth to the individual and the state, there began a change in the attitude toward it. When Farmer Jones learned that if either his hog or his alfalfa was sick, he had the services of a free clinic at the university, he began to feel that after all the university was not an institution to be financially fath- ered by the state for somewhat the same reason it fathered the reformatories and the asylums, but as an institution that bore a vital relation to his life and that of h.is neighbors. So when he or his neighbor went to the legislature, he made it his business to see that the money was appropriated for agricultural teaching. NEEDS DIFFER Farmer Jones's need was one thing; that of the young woman in the Spanish class was another. By doing general housework for thirteen years, her mother had kept her in school until she had finished a course in the commercial high school. To perfect herself for a secretarial position, she needed some 388 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE courses in Spanish. Attendance upon classes at the university or private instruc- tion were both prohibitive, but she could afford while holding her first position as stenographer to attend an extension class. At the present time, plans are forming to organize a class mainly for teachers whose lots have fallen in a place barren of oppor- tunities for amusement or instruction. Through the university extension such op- portunities may be offered them as will enrich their own lines and make them more valuable to their profession. Some of these might not feel entirely at home in the campus class rooms, some of which are not always "wells of English undefiled," where pretty girls speak of a "dandy major" or "a peach of a p. g." but somehow manage to struggle along, confining themselves only to the simpler forms of their mother tongue. One of the most interesting and earnest ex- tension classes being conducted at the pres- ent time is one in elementary electrical en- gineering. The class is composed of men under thirty. Most of them left school be- fore entering high school or just after, to take up a trade. They are holding positions with an electrical company but have gone as far as they can without more technical knowledge. On the night the class meets one finds them in groups studying long be- fore the hour of recitation. Their need and their desire is to increase their knowledge, that they may increase their efficiency. No one can well deny that in providing instruc- tion for these an institution supported by the state is not within the limits of its duty. The university is not always the one to play the part of Lady Bountiful. It has not learned how well it may be served in mat- ters of knowledge by the people. It goes to great trouble and expense to secure his- torical documents for its library and speci- mens for its museum, but is indifferent to the great fund of information gathered from experience and stored up in the minds of the living. It was a pioneer farmer who called the attention of specialists in the Col- lege of Agriculture to the fact that in the zeal for land development great harm was being done; that the cutting away of the un- derbrush prevented the accumulation of water in the natural reservoirs, and hence resulted in great loss to irrigation. In this day of improving conditions of country life, a great deal of attention has been given to the problem of the septic tank. Some have been offered the country folk that would not only take a Philadelphia lawyer to ex- plain, but a Philadelphia banker to purchase. A farmer, I am informed, has invented one so simple that any one can install it and at a cost of only $25. When a university has made its perfect adjustment, it will not only be furnishing instruction, but receiving it, drawing force from the people, highest, humblest, all, and then sending it out again to all who can make use of it. In the eighteen months since the work of the general extension division was begun in California, 146 courses have been offered by correspondence. Up to date the registra- tion for these courses is 2677. In addition to this, definite instruction has been offered through class instruction. Wherever, within a distance not too remote from the univer- sity, a sufficient number of people desire to study the same subject, a class is formed to which an instructor is sent. One hundred and fifteen classes have been formed and more than 1600 persons have received in- struction in this manner. Who are the people doing this work and what courses are they taking? The students are from almost every walk in life. There are men and women of leisure who desire study for its own sake, among whom are many who have college degrees. There are those who could not pass the entrance ex- amination but whose earnestness and ma- turity enable them to pursue the work with profit. Some of the courses offered are the same as in the university and carry univer- sity credit. Whenever such is the case, there is no lowering of the standard, either in the quantity or in the quality of work. WOMAN'S SECTION 389 The subjects taught have been: English composition and literature, commercial and parliamentary law, public speaking, German, French, Spanish ; engineering — elementary electrical; stenography and typewriting, auditing, domestic art, history, education, political science, economics, and banking. The greatest demand for instruction in classes has been for French and Spanish. In San Francisco and Oakland alone, 547 people have been studying one or both of those languages. Some work of great prom- ise is being done both by correspondence and in classes. The classes in English range from elementary composition to those who have won some distinction in literature. In some extension classes are those who have their master's degree and who attest their scholarship and prove their allegiance to their academic training by insisting upon the very latest in bibliographies. A NEW VIEWPOINT An interesting feature of the extension work is the demonstration that the university has caught the new viewpoint in regard to prison administration and is carrying instruc- tion into the prison cells. Six hundred and ninety-five men at Folsom and San Quentin are taking correspondence courses. In ad- dition to that number 593 are being taught in classes by men who go to the prisons at stated times to give the instruction. Another form of instruction is by means of lectures. Since the organization of this di- vision, 47 lecture courses and 150 lectures have been placed. These have been on his- tory, political science, art, education and literature. When the war broke out, there came a demand for instruction on the Euro- pean situation. To meet that a lecture course was planned which has been placed in thir- teen cities and towns in the State. This is suggestive of the method by which extension work is carried on. It is trying to avoid the mistakes made by the public schools and the universities in framing a course of study based on traditional ideas in the belief that it was adequate to the needs of modern society. The university has no preconceived notion of what a com- munity should have. It endeavors to can- vass situations, crystallize interest, and pro- vide such instruction as is needed and desired. If a sufficient number in any local- ity thirst for further instruction on the final e in Chaucer, that instruction will be given, but if Susie Smith and her friends prefer spending an hour not at the movies nor the dance hall, but in listening to a lecture on the literature of California, her wishes are respected and the university endeavors to provide the instruction. LECTURE FIELD LARGE There is a larger field for service through the lecture work than may be supposed. One small city in the State has this year sup- ported a lyceum course that cost the citizens about $1000. So generously have the people supported it that the largest auditorium in the town is not large enough to accommodate the subscribers should they all decide to be present at the same performance. This, however, does not happen, for with the fine community spirit that characterizes the place many have subscribed who never attend. At the close of the lyceum course this spring the committee placed a university extension course to satisfy some who desired mental food other than that furnished by the lyceum course, and with a conscious effort to raise the standard of entertainment. There are many such communities and here is a great opportunity for the university. The uni- versity go into the lyceum business? Even so, until we hear no more of lyceum bureaus exploiting both entertainer and community for a high profit for themselves. If the plans of the management of university extension are carried out, the moving picture show will have a competitor that will force it to retire from business or raise its standard. The desire of the extension division is to estab- lish a bureau of visual instruction which will collect and loan slides on all subjects of educational value. These will be sent free of charge to all parts of the State. 390 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE In addition to these bureaus of instruc- tion, there are two bureaus of public service, the bureau of public discussion and the bu- reau of municipal reference. The bureau of public discussion is established for the pur- pose of stimulating and directing the interest of the people in vital questions. A very im- portant work by this bureau has been done this year in organizing a State debating league. The bureau of municipal reference devotes itself particularly to municipal prob- lems, aiding municipalities in solving the many vexing questions that confront them in this day of reform in city government. If the question, for instance, is a new charter, street paving, public amusement, impartial and reliable information can be had at the university and elsewhere. It is the aim of the secretary of this bureau to put this in- formation at the disposal of the individual or the municipality desiring it. It is desired not only to make all extension work valuable and interesting, but contin- uous, and to that end encouragement and assistance are given in organizing perma- nent centers. Centers have been formed in Fruitvale, Fresno, Sacramento and Redlands. In these places people interested in advanc- ing the intellectual life of the community come together and organize in a very simple manner, with a president, a secretary, and a local committee. The fee for membership is fixed, by means of which a fund is created with which to carry on the work. Stockton is practically a center, as it has been a gen- erous patron of extension lecture courses, and has maintained a large class in the study of literature, now entering on its third course of lessons. The Los Angeles Teachers' Club has for a long time made university exten- sion lecture courses a regular part of its programme, with many doing the study con- nected with it. In San Francisco the work is largely cen- tralized at the Underwood Building where, through the courtesy of the regents of the Hastings College of Law, the extension di- vision has the use of the rooms of the col- lege in the afternoons and evenings. During the past semester twenty-two classes have met there. Such is the plan of the univer- sity extension work as it is being carried on. Such is a brief report of the accom- plishment of the first few months, so far as it can be made in statistics. In this work, what part have women had? In the department of administration there is one woman. Of the total number who have taken instruction, 3425, 1670, almost one-half, have been women. These figures indicate that the women of the State are as eager as the men for individual improvement and advancement. The connection, however, which women in groups have made to the university has been very inconsequential. Of the forty-eight lecture courses placed in the State, the Woman's Club of San Ber- nardino has the distinction of being the only woman's club to assume entire responsibility for a course; of the 150 lectures placed, Ebell of Los Angeles became the patroness for one lecture, the only woman's club to as- sume such responsibility. It is a significant and interesting fact that with the opening of the door of greater po- litical opportunities came this new oppor- tunity for women to prepare themselves for their greater political duties. It has been hoped that the women's clubs would incor- porate into their programmes some definite line of study directed by the university, and to that end some courses have been planned. With the opening of the Panama Canal there is no more vital question to Californians than the immigration question. With the desire to help those who wished to be informed, a course on the subject has been offered. Courses on other subjects of equal interest have been planned. The women of Califor- nia are a great army. In the federated clubs alone, with their 33,000 membership, lies a tremendous influence for good in the social and political life of the State. It is the desire of the university to serve them and all other citizens in any capacity that will make for a higher standard of citizenship. Education for Young Women in California By Miss Hettie B. Ege WRITERS on the early days of Cali- fornia tell us that shortly after the discovery of gold on the Pacific Coast great need was felt for educational opportunities for the children of the pioneers, and partic- ularly for the girls of those days. An im- mediate response to this need was made in the little town of Benicia. Here, in the fall of 1852, a boarding and day school for girls and young women was opened. This school was a connecting link between the East and the Far West, as its first teacher. Miss Susan A. Lord, came from Boston. After a few years the school was purchased by Miss Mary Atkins of Cincinnati, who increased the scope of its work, and administered its affairs ably for thirteen years. Then the school again changed hands, having been purchased in 1865 by Doctor and Mrs. Cyrus T. Mills. Dr. Mills was an alumnus of Will- iams College and had come under the stimu- lating influence of that wonderful leader, Mark Hopkins. Mrs. Mills was graduated from Mount Holyoke Seminary and for some years after graduation was associated with Mary Lyon as a teacher. The name of the school was now changed to Mills Seminary and was continued at Benicia for six years longer. The question had arisen regarding removal to some locality which was develop- ing more rapidly than Benicia and which would offer the students more advantages. It was transferred accordingly to the suburbs of Oakland in the beautiful foothills of this region where a tract of 150 acres was pur- chased. It continued with approximately the same course of study for some years. Mills Seminary had been deeded in 1877 to a board of trustees having been incor- porated under the laws of the State, and it is to be held in trust by these trustees and their successors forever. The purpose of the institution was understood to be that of educating young women. By the terms of the gift it is to be Christian in character but not sectarian, and "students of every faith are to be made welcome." Doctor Mills's death occurred in the spring of 1884. He had been prominent not only as an educator but as a man of business affairs. It was said of him that he was en- titled to a place among the educational bene- factors of the State, and that he had enriched the public. The people of Pomona, where he had certain business interests, wrote at the time of his death : "He made the un- known town of Pomona waken, and grow, and bloom, and blossom, and waft the per- fume of its orange blossoms throughout all the states." The school up to this time had accomplished much fine work for the young women of that day. Among its graduates are women of prominence in the State — women who have served and are serving suc- cessfully on boards of education; those who have been prominent in church and mission- ary work; leaders in welfare work, hospitals, and social service; home makers and teachers. It had been the plan of Doctor and Mrs, Mills to enlarge the curriculum of their school. In 1885 this was done, a college charter was granted by the State, the name was changed to Mills College and Seminary, Miss Hettie B. Ege Dean of the Facult\) and A ding President of Mills College MISS HETTIE EGE is dean of the faculty of Mills College, and in that capacity is virtually the president of the institution, since no president has been named since the administration of Dr. Luella Clay Carson. Miss Ege has been connected with Mills for many years, and is generally beloved by students and graduates of the college. She enjoys the esteem of educators all over the world. Since Mills is to California what Wellesley is to the East, it is most apparent that the leading spirit of the institution is a dominant figure in the educational activities of the State. — | Editor's Note. WO^IAX'S SECTION 393 and Mills College was authorized to confer degrees upon its graduates. The two de- partments of college and seminary were carried on together until 1911, when the last seminary class was graduated. Upon the death of Doctor Mills, Mrs. Mills became president. In 1909 she resigned this office and Miss Luella Clay Carson of the State University of Oregon succeeded her. Miss Carson filled the position until 1914. A REMARKABLE WOMAN Mrs. Mills, whose death occurred in 1912, was a woman of executive ability, of re- markable courage, and great breadth of sym- pathy. Many California women testify to her helpful and lasting influence upon their lives. During the past six years Mills College has strengthened and broadened its curricu- lum and has made its entrance requirements more rigid, so that they now are equivalent to the requirements for entrance to the State University. Graduates of the college are doing creditable post-graduate work in dif- ferent universities, taking their second de- gree in one year after graduation. The so- called standard departments are included in the curriculum; attention, however, is being given to such subjects as changes in the social order from time to time demand, and due emphasis is placed upon those fields of work in which women are becoming in- creasingly interested and in which they play a large role. In California, where the oppor- tunity for outdoor life is so great and where the public playground is being so well de- veloped, there arises a demand for trained workers in this line; accordingly the college has enlarged its department of physical edu- cation and students are now majoring in this subject. The gymnasium is comparatively new and well equipped; there are courts for tennis and basketball on the campus. Stu- dents row on Lake Merritt, which is within easy reach of the college. The completion of this course fits graduates as teachers of gymnasium work in the schools or as play- ground directors. After finishing a four-years course in the home economics department, graduates are appointed to positions in high schools. The factories, shops and refineries of San Fran- cisco and its environs offer opportunity for field work. The schools of Oakland are avail- able for practice teaching in home econom- ics, physical training, and for student investigation in child psychology. The set- tlements, juvenile court, in some of its phases, the civic leagues, the meetings of the Associated Charities, in the neighbor- ing cities, are open to the students of sociol- ogy for investigation and observation. The college offers good opportunities for the study of the theory and practice of music, and for the history and practice of art. GIVE ANNUAL PLAY Under the auspices of the English de- partment an annual play is given; recent productions have been: Ben Jonson's "Sad Shepherd"; "Much Ado About Nothing"; Mackaye's "Canterbury Pilgrims," and Yeats's "Countess Cathleen." There is also an annual May Day fete, at which the physi- cal education department presents a pageant. The student body maintains the usual col- lege institutions and organizations : Self government, the Young Women's Christian Association, the athletic association, the walking club, the rowing crew. A student council made up of representatives elected from the various classes confers with the student affairs committee of the faculty on extra-academic matters. The students up- hold the Mills College tradition of attend- ance at morning chapel and church service. Mills College aims to equip young women for efficiency in the home and in the world, for carrying into life the spirit of co-opera- tion and unselfish service. Work of the Commissioner of Elementary Schools By Miss Margaret E. Schallenberger Commissioner Elementary Schools of California MARGARET E. SCHALLENBERGER, commissioner of elementary schools of California, was born on the ranch, which is still her home, in Santa Clara Valley. Educated in childhood in an ungraded country school, she entered at fourteen the San Jose State Normal School. Upon graduation she taught first in rural schools of the State, later in the city schools of San Jose, and after five years of service there, in the normal school from which she had been graduated. At the end of her first year of principalship of the normal training school she became instructor in the Leland Stanford Jr. University. Miss Schallenberger is a graduate of Stanford University and also of Cornell University, receiving from the last named institution the degree of doctor of philosophy. She is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and of Sigma Xi honor societies. She has lived a life of varied experiences, years of which have been devoted to the training of teachers for the elementary schools. She has lived much with children and has kept in close touch with rural life conditions. Her life history, undoubtedly, has much to do with her efficiency as commissioner of elementary schools of the State. — [Editor's Note. np OUTLINE clearly and concretely, -*- in an article as brief as this of neces- sity must be, the nature and scope of my work during the past year, would be im- possible. I shall attempt, therefore, merely to give a few facts concerning the creation of the office of commissioner of elementary schools of California and to state some of the elementary school conditions toward which the work of the office has been and is being directed. The elementary teachers of the State of WOMAN'S SECTION 395 California number 12,266. Variation in the efficiency of the schools taught by these teachers is marked. Therefore equal op- portunity is not provided for all the children of the State. State superintendents, county and city superintendents, members of boards of edu- cation, faculties of State normal schools, and professors in the departments of edu- cation of the University of California and of Leland Stanford Junior University have each and all proved their worth in aiding in the direction and supervision of the work of elementary education, but the activities of each and all are limited by manifold and increasing duties and interests, some of which lead away from, rather than toward, much that is of vital importance to the elementary schools. The enactment of a law, therefore, ap- proved June 6, 1913, providing for the em- ployment of an official to be known and designated as the commissioner of ele- mentary schools, committed to work in the interests of this particular field of education, who shall visit the elementary day and eve- ning schools of the several counties of the State, investigate the courses of study, re- port his findings and make recommendations to the State board of education, was vir- tually a recognition by the people of the necessity for more and special attention to the elementary schools; and the wording oi the law defining the duties of the office im- posed an inferred obligation on the part of the State officer employed to use continually all possible diligence and effort in bringing about action for the improvement of these schools. This did not mean that the commissioner was to work alone, unaided by those co- operative agencies which have proved and are proving extremely valuable, but rather that with and through these agencies and others which might be brought into action, the central State office might be instru- mental in strengthening, enriching and uni- fying the elementary school system to the end that it might more completely serve the interests of the State. With this understanding of the meaning and function of the office, I entered upon my duties January 1, 1914. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CONDITIONS So important have been the changes wrought by discoveries in science, so varied and complex are the life occupations, the interests and the means of service of the people, that the ideals and functions of the elementary school of today are quite unlike those of twenty or even ten years ago. Edu- cation is no longer the acquirement of a body of facts, but is dynamic in character, being carried on by means of various life experiences; and the problem before edu- cators today is the determination of the value of these experiences. The laws of psychology, sociology, hygiene and ethics, therefore, are studied eagerly by the pro- gressive teacher. The child must be taught to live sanely and must, through concrete experiences, become imbued with right ideas concerning the necessity for the sup- port of himself and of others. At the same time appreciation of music, of art, and of literature are recognized also as valuable life experiences. Love of nature and command of nature's forces are both to be attained. Honor and loyalty, unselfishness, courage, diligence, thrift, generosity, the feelings of mercy, pity, brotherly love, and desire for service, to be taught, must be experienced. Op- portunities must be given for these expe- riences. The two great forces conditioning all lives are heredity and environment. Each human being is what he is through and by means of heredity and environment, not what he would have been had his environ- ment been different. Absolutely essential for the planning of his early education is the study by the teacher of the conditions under which the child's life experiences are in operation, and the determination of what those conditions ought to be is the modern educator's problem. Moreover, the school is 396 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE truly performing its service only when it projects its efficiency into the home and makes possible the continuation of activities inaugurated but only partly carried out in the school. Since the direction for the whole range of his life's activities is given to the child in the elementary school, the experiences planned for him there are of vital import- ance, and to be right, need certain pro- visions. The state should provide good teachers. No teacher can be too well educated for work in the elementary school. Books no longer are the only tools of the elementary teacher. She must not only understand just what she is trying to accomplish through their use when they are used, but she must be able to lead the child into many an ave- nue to which no book provides an entrance. High standards of teaching qualifications for the teachers mean right life experiences for the citizens of the state, for the child's school experiences are truly a part, and a very important part, of his life experiences. Expert supervision of these teachers is imperative. No individual in any field of activity who works alone, receiving neither help, suggestion nor recognition, does his best work. Sanitary school buildings and school grounds, with room for play, comfortable and sanitary furniture, as beautiful, too, as may be, should be provided. The physical well-being of the state's citizens demands the former and their aesthetic appreciation as consumers the latter. School and home gardens should flourish, much work of all kinds should be done with the hands; habits of thrift should be in- culcated; libraries, that the library habit may function, should be in evidence. Schools are often benefited by various in- fluences which are brought to them by the people as the result of social, economic, ethical, scientific, and artistic development. Among them are the moving picture, the phonograph, and the school savings bank. I have observed these agencies operating effectively in the elementary schools and believe that they well deserve the careful consideration of all teachers as direct edu- cational agencies. All of these and many other conditions offer opportunities by means of which our citizens will learn to find themselves. Each child is a unit different from all other children, yet all children are alike. Mind patterns are different, mind material is common. With the state itself lies the responsibility of providing the conditions under which a system of education may be wrought out sufficiently simple to be the same for all the children, yet sufficiently complex to give each different unit his unique opportunities. 44 T^OR every wise man knows that one of the thin^-s most wortli ^ while is to command the active, willin^-, and intelligent co-opera- tion of women in the management of human affairs. He must have it. There is no ])rice, consistent with human ])rogress and the ])ersistence of humanity, that is too great for liim to pay for it." — E. S. Mariiii. TTze California Federation of ^ Women's Clubs By Mrs. J. W. Orr Past President of Federation rHERE are certain names which suggest themselves to a well-informed mind when different subjects are discussed. When the theme is "Women's Clubs'" in California, the names of Mrs. J. W. Orr, Mrs. Lovell White, and Mrs. Aylett Cotton flash at once into the consciousness of one familiar with the history of the club movement in San Francisco. Mrs. Orr has been president of the California Club, the pioneer civic club of women in San Francisco, and has held all the offices of succession in the California Federation, and is therefore quite capable of discussing the federation from any point of view. An intimate and sympathetic knowledge of the federation and an official connection covering several years are the material basis for the following article. — [Editor's Note. '' I ""HE California Federation was organ- -*- ized in 1900 in the city of Los Angeles as the result of concerted action on the part of representatives from the literary, social and civic clubs of the State. California but followed in the footsteps- of other states similarly organized. State federation was a necessary corollary to na- tional federation, as an effective means of disseminating the plans, programme and 398 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE general recommendations of the executive body of the General Federation of Women's Clubs. Be it known that system prevails in the direction of the club movement. The na- tional motto is, "Unity in Diversity." Cali- fornia's motto is, "Strength United Is Stronger." Departments of work approved by the general federation virtually become the programme of every state federation, and these cover every phase of activity in club life, for the standard of the federation and the policy of the individual club are one and inseparable. The subjects presented are quite inclusive; side by side with our educational and civic work are carried on the literary, artistic and musical studies which first brought women together in clubs. We have found it not incompatible to com- bine personal culture and participation in public activities. Julia Ward Howe said, somewhere and some time, that "the women's clubs were a reserved force." In the evolution of so- ciety that reserved force has become released and is finding its best expression and doing its best work in the federation of clubs. Biennial conventions for the gen- eral federation, annual conventions for the state, and district conventions within the State — California has six — bring us together for conference, comparison, suggestion and recommendation, and the result is a mutual- ity of interests and a fellowship of service. UNITY OF EFFORT Federation means organization, unity of effort and diversity of interest, efficiency in planning and directing, the stimulation of fellowship, the cultivation of a tolerant out- look, the advantage of co-operation, a digni- fied avenue of expression and service, definite ways and means to create and in- fluence public opinion, a continuity of effort that brings results, opportunity to develop the most powerful force in the world, per- sonality. It relates the woman to the group or club, the club to the state, and the state to the sis- terhood of states in the federation. Our numerical strength in the United States is a million club women in more than six thou- sand clubs. In California approximately thirty thousand club women in four hundred clubs. Organization has given us strength, power and place. Publicity has induced a whole- some realization of aggregate responsibility, and tempered the natural feminine tendency toward "direct action." The business of being a club woman means that we must be informed of what is new and vital in the social or common thought of the day; what the ideals are which lead; what possible activities are ad- visable; what compromises are inevitable, and what general policy shall prevail. We must constantly seek our ethical, social, and political adjustments. The door lately opened to California women gives upon a new vista. The state federation must now take into account the added power of women's political equality. NO PARTISAN PROGRAMME We have no partisan programme or affiliations, nor do we advocate the cause of any special interest, but we are con- cerned with the advance of education, with the betterment of social and industrial con- ditions, with the conservation of the child, with the preservation of our natural re- sources, with questions of public health and morals, and with the eternal warfare against war. That these are political questions at bot- tom, and that we reach results through the machinery of politics, in no way reflects upon the integrity of the federation as a non-sectarian, non-political organization. It is woman's nature to love and serve in the interests of the home. The federation takes women in the mass and uses their po- tential motherliness in the cause of hu- manity, uses this "released power" to es- tablish in institutions and embody in the laws and statutes of the commonwealth, re- medial measures which shall safeguard all WOMAN'S SECTION 399 homes and all children, to the end of a better and finer social life. The average club woman is a wife and mother, with average education, ability, at- tainments and leisure. The federation unites this good, average human material to some common human need. WOMEN AS LEADERS It is conceded that women are assuming leadership in matters of public welfare. It is necessary that leadership should be in- telligent and sympathetic, and have the long view on human institutions. This is our task, "so to be disciplined to a larger vision." The federation in its wider reach rests upon the altruism of the average woman "concerned about m.any things." What has the California federation done? Encouraged the organization of clubs in every county and community in California. Established a community of effort and re- ciprocity in service and sociability. Stand- ardized study programmes in literature, art and music. Directed civic work in the in- terests of cleanliness and beauty. Intro- duced tree planting in highways and by- ways, and safeguarded the purity of streams. Studied and indorsed the national plan for the conservation of waters and for- ests. Initiated protective and remedial leg- islation. Is committed to the extension of woman suffrage. Co-operated with all as- sociations of men and women whose social ideals are in accord. Finally, as a great in- stitutional body, we stand for Peace and Progress. '^nr^HE daug'hters of California have a noticeable alertness and in- ''■ dependence of mind. One reason, at least, for this is found in their pioneer heredity. The pioneer is always a person of energy and resource. In his first-hand struggle with difficulties his energies are aroused into glowing life. . . . The California w'onian in any walk of life meets fate with a high heart and a fearless spirit. . . . Con- ditions of fortune and climate and temperature all working together, have brought out a notable originality in w^oman's w^ork on the Pacific Coast." — Edzvin Markhaiu in "California the JJ'ondcrful." A Woman in the Office of Receiver of Public Moneys By Mrs. Grace Blackwell Caukin Receiver of Public Moneys MRS. CAUKIN'S appointment to the receivership in San Francisco of the public moneys ivas a reward from the present administration at Washington for her services in organization and her executive ability. Since her appointment there has never been any doubt in the minds of her male associates in the customs house of San Francisco as to her mental equipment, as the affairs of the office are conducted with clock-like precision and accuracy and without friction or confusion. — [Editor's Note. WOMEN have, here and there, made a success of farming and cattle raising, but as yet are new in this work. When they realize that there is independ- ence and happiness in farm life — especially community farm life — they will put their energies into it. A married woman, unless she is head of the family, can not homestead land; but there are groups of independent women who could, by filing on claims sit- uated closely together, make a success. No woman should undertake an isolated country life alone. Uncle Sam has land to give away, almost for the asking and for the effort one is will- ing to put onto it, and it is a pleasure to be able to do work which is bringing con- tentment and happiness to people who have longed for a small start in the country, but through no fault of their own have been un- able to reach the exorbitant prices charged in this State. There are many tracts of land still open, some of which will prove most excellent opportunities. When a man or woman comes to the Land Office, with but a vague idea of the system of finding and filing a homestead, with the longing to better themselves the strongest idea, it requires the best service one can give. In this department, as in every other, the idea of service comes first. Mr. Lane, the secretary, is an inspiration to the entire working force of the Interior Department. In the many other federal departments it seems to me the work is more automatic; collecting income taxes and fixing customs duties lack the ideals which are so necessary to successful work in the land department. And if one is looking for romance, where better can it be found than in the lives of those who represent the pioneer spirit of the present time ? The San Francisco Center of the California Civic League By Mrs. A. E. Graupner MRS. A. E. GRAUPNER ( Elise W./ has been a prominent figure in club affairs and suffrage campaigning in San Francisco for a number of years, but none of her public work has ever swerved her allegiance from the delightful home over which she presides as wife and mother in Jackson Street, San Francisco. Mrs. Graupner has been particularly active in the Collegiate Alumnae and the "San Francisco Center," of which she ivrites below. — [Editor's Note. THE San Francisco center of the Cali- fornia Civic League was founded by the College Equal Suffrage League, imme- diately after suffrage was granted to the women of the State, in October of 1911. According to its constitution, the purpose is to unite its members in non-partisan edu- cational and civic work. The open forum, as maintained by the center, affords the opportunity for discussion of public ques- tions of general interest. A basic principle of center meetings is that both or all sides of live public ques- tions shall be presented. The large attend- ance at the frequent events, including lunch- eons, dinners, and headquarters meetings, indicates the success of the organization in stimulating an interest in public questions, both political and economic. The membership roll is approximately one thousand, including persons of all political parties. From time to time distinguished members of the several parties have spoken before the center, including Governor Hiram Johnson, Senator La Follette, Secretary of the Navy Daniels, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, and Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. The work of the center has been not only of a general educational character, but has extended to specific efforts in behalf of the State and city's welfare. Active interest in the work of the board of health, in relation to the city housing con- ditions, caused the center to urge the ap- pointment of Mr. Lawrence Arnstein on that board. Mayor Rolph appreciated the value of the suggestion and accordingly asked Mr. Arnstein to fill a vacancy. The activity of the housing section led the center to add the weight of its influence towards securing an amendment to the State housing law, making possible compulsory alterations of tenements with windowless or dark bedrooms. This will help to save the city of the future from all the sordidness of tenement districts. Through the housewives' department the center secured the co-operation of the State dairy bureau, the State veterinary depart- ment and the Milk Improvement Association in issuing a call for a conference on State milk legislation. The conference was housed by the University of California through the courtesy of Dean Thomas Forsyth Hunt of the College of Agriculture. Both the uni- versity and the Federal Department of Agri- culture sent representatives to act in an advisory capacity. The conference was attended by repre- 402 CALII'ORXIA'S :\I.\GAZINE sentatives of both producer and consumer. A legislative committee was appointed, with instructions to draft legislation looking toward improvement in the general milk supply. As a consequence a bill has been drawn defining and standardizing pasteur- ization. The committee looks forward to the day when all milk sold in the State of Cali- fornia will be either certified or pasteurized. The referendum on the red light abate- ment act was supported by a strong center committee previous to the November elec- tion. Thus the organization lent its support to the attempt to minimize the vice of com- mercialized prostitution in the State. In January, 1913, the center became in- terested in the possibility of developing some form of social insurance for widows. As a consequence of this interest a bill passed the legislature calling for the ap- pointment of a commission to investigate the whole question. In naming the commission Governor John- son appointed Miss Katharine Felton, one of our members, to fill one of the five places. Believing that woman's point of view is always valuable, the center urged the trus- tees of the Public Library to fill a vacancy in their board from the ranks of the many intellectual and public-spirited women of the community. The request was granted by the appointment of Miss Laura McKinstry to a place on the library board. The interests and activities of the San Francisco center of the California Civic League are thus shown to be manifold. A full account would necessarily be too long for the space allotted. It will be seen, how- ever, that education and service are the guiding principles. Believing that her general experience in public health work would add strength to the State board of health, the center urged upon Governor Hiram W. Johnson and se- cured the appointm.ent to that board of Doctor Adelaide Brown of San Francisco. The indorsement and co-operation of indi- viduals and organizations interested in public health work throughout the State was given the center in its effort. So general was the interest in securing the appointment of a woman so well equipped for the work that all geographical considerations were waived in asking this appointment. ii T T IS ABSURD that woman should be considered inferior to man ^ fromapoHticalstand])oint. In these days most (juestions are settled 1)y popular opinion. Why, then, should the saner — certainly the soberer — half of humanity be silent? It is neither reasonable nor logical." — Lucie Fcli.v Faiirc. California Civic League By Miss Maybelle L. Feusier Chairman Publicity Committee California Civic League MISS FEUSIER is chairman of the publicity committee of the California Civic League. She is a member of the Mills Club and of other women's organizations in San Francisco. — [Editor's Note. \\7 HETHER the epoch creates great * ' men or great men create the epoch may remain debatable, but this at least is proven : When the need arose for the newly enfranchised women of California to study civic problems, there immediately arose an organization to meet that need. The Cali- fornia Civic League, state-wide in its scope, was created to educate women in citizenship and to guide them in supporting and pro- moting desirable legislation. It accomplishes this through study and service, service alike to the individual citizen and to the commu- nity. It enters into no partisan politics for it supports measures and not men. It draws its membership from all parties, from all classes and from all religious denomina- tions, — one more proof of the eternal de- mocracy of American institutions. The California Civic League is composed of centers or branches and of an executive State board. The centers, thirty-six in num- ber at the present time, are scattered throughout various cities and towns of the State. No group of women desiring to edu- cate themselves in civic matters is too small to form the nucleus of a center. The small- est today is composed of thirteen members, the largest, in San Francisco, has over one thousand members. The centers are as in- dependent of one another as are the states of the Union, but all are linked in a com- mon bond through the State board. Each center determines its policy in regard to the problems of its community, but on ques- tions of state-wide interest the executive board, after submitting a referendum to its centers, determines the policy to be pursued, which sometimes involves the initiating of legislation. In such cases there is, mani- festly, a large body of active women throughout the State supporting these meas- ures and educating their communities to the need and wisdom of them. It is pre- cisely this responsive co-operation that gives the organization its strength. During the three and a half years of its existence, the California Civic League has issued syllabi on thirteen subjects. These syllabi are prepared by the highest type of experts and as they deal exclusively with facts, they form the "text book" for the centers in their study of the problems in- volved. They are essentially educational. They have included such a scope of topics as citizenship, voting and registration, party convention and primary systems, or- ganization of the California legislature, the unprotected girl, causes and conditions of the social evil, business aspect of the social evil, prevention and remedy of the social evil, milk inspection, the jury system, the feeble minded in California. TRAINED SPEAKERS SENT Upon the most vital subjects, speakers are trained and sent to all parts of the State 404 CALll'ORXIA'S MAGAZINE wherever there is a call for them or wherever an audience can be assembled. This is the method of creating an enlight- ened public opinion, by educating all who are willing to listen; and as the California Civic League undertakes nothing which in its judgment is not just, needful and the time propitious, it has never failed to work without fruitful results. When the time does not seem propitious, it devotes its en- ergies to a campaign of education, leaving legislation for the future. But it never un- hitches its wagon from the star. Its executive board is composed of women who give unsparingly of their time, their good effort and their wisdom. Honor with- out service is not within its fold. Miss Charlotte Anita Whitney, one of the found- ers of the organization, was its first presi- dent, and Miss Julia George now guides the helm with admirable skill. The permanent headquarters is located in the Phelan Building, San Francisco. The centers, in addition to their co-opera- tion with the State board, do most valuable work in their separate communities. But perhaps to the woman, community will al- ways mean environment for her boy and girl. It is consistent then to see her energies directed towards securing playgrounds, lighting parks, obtaining medical inspection in schools, organizing sanitation campaigns with investigations of dairies, bakeries and markets. It is consistent to see her entering protests against notorious road-houses, against an over-abundance of saloons, against law-breaking gambling halls — and knowing no compromise till her purpose is accomplished. It is consistent to see her having the curfew laws enforced, raising funds for manual training classes, establish- ing gymnasiums, voting bonds for better school facilities — and all these are the things she has done. So here, where experience has dem- onstrated that to the woman, community primarily means environment for her boy and girl, there has been belied that awful bogie, paraded by many good men, that citizenship would unsex woman. On the contrary it has but directed her watchful, maternal instinct to broader fields which she seeks to render wholesome for the rearing of her child. It will take something vastly more terrible than the service of citizenship to unsex woman. In conjunction with these active interests, the centers study political measures to be voted upon, hearing both sides of the ques- tions from their advocates. During cam- paign periods, the rural centers, almost with- out exception become open forums where opposing candidates present their viewpoints upon the same evening, before the same audience, and submit to questioning. Ques- tions are generally allowed for a limited period at all center public meetings, but personalities are immediately called to order by the chairman. Thus an opportunity to vote intelligently is rendered to all. It may be said then, that the league has done something for the State in promoting good citizenship and in bettering the envi- ronment for the child of today and for the generation of tomorrow — for the California Civic League has always known that "its reach should exceed its grasp." The 1915 officers of the league are : Miss Julia George, president; Mrs. Dane Coolidge, first vice president; Miss Char- lotte Anita Whitney, second vice president; Mrs. William R. Colby, third vice president; Doctor Katherine Howard, treasurer; Mrs. Walter Brown, recording secretary; Miss Florence Locke, corresponding secretary; Mrs. R. C. Young, auditor. Directors — Mrs. Annette Abbott Adams, Miss Frances McLean, Miss Lucy Stebbins, Miss Lorraine Cerf , Mrs. G. A. Merrill, Mrs. James Ellis Tucker. Chairmen Standing Committees — Civic extension, Mrs. Richard G. Boone; educa- tion, Mrs. Robert 0. Moody; finance, Mrs. C. C. Hall; legislation. Miss Charlotte Anita Whitney; organization, Mrs. L. E. Block- man; publicity. Miss Maybelle Feusier. The Work and Purposes of San Francisco Branch of Associated Collegiate Alumnae By Mrs. Jesse H. Steinhart AS MISS AMY SUSSMAN, Mrs. Steinhart was one of the most brilliant and y~i. generally beloved of a large group of "college women" who are the life and inspiration of the membership of the Collegiate Alumnae of San Francisco. Since her marriage to the young San Francisco attorney she has been no less active in all the affairs, social and serious, of the "Branch," and their home in Fillmore Street is the rendezvous for the artistic and intellectual members. — [Editor's Note. '' I ""HE National Association of Collegiate -^ Alumnae was organized in Boston in January, 1882, for practical educational work. Three years later Miss Sarah Dix Hamlin was asked to organize a branch of the association in California. Graduates of the University of California were not eligible for membership at that time, and without them there were too few eligible women college graduates to form a successful branch. So in October, 1885, an independent organization was formed, which, with the subsequent admission to membership of alumnae of the University of California in March, 1886, became an active branch of the association of colle- giate alumnae. Prominent among the early members were Miss Sarah Dix Hamlin, Miss Caroline Cooke Jackson, Miss Mili- cent Shinn, Miss May Treat, now Mrs. Alex- ander Morrison, Mrs. May Cheney and Miss Gertrude Mason. Most of the early meet- ings were held in Miss West's school. PREJUDICES DISPELLED The activities of the association were edu- cational in the widest sense of the word. Through its efforts the prejudice against college graduates as teachers was largely dispelled, and positions found for these in the schools throughout the State. One of its members. Miss Jackson, was instrumental in the foundation of the Asso- ciated Charities, and represented the branch on its board of directors for five years. The importance of physical training for women in universities and colleges under the women directors and examiners was recognized, and at the request of the branch, the uni- versity granted the use of the gymnasium to the women students and appointed a woman physician as physical director. In 1894 the branch effected the organiza- tion of the Settlement Association of San Francisco and the establishment of the first social settlement on the Coast. At its re- quest, in 1897 Governor Budd appointed the first woman regent, Mrs. Phoebe Hearst, to the board of regents of the University of California. During all this period com- mittees were dealing with new educational problems, domestic science and art in the public schools, and the socializing of the 406 CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZINE school. It was largely through the efforts of the California branch that sewing was introduced into the public schools and that public playgrounds and the wider uses of the school building were established. The appointment of a woman on the board of education of San Francisco was also largely due to the efforts of the branch. A logical outcome of this interest in the public schools was the study of the school situation in San Francisco, undertaken last year by the school survey section of the branch. A pamphlet was published in 1914 entitled "Some Conditions in the Schools of San Francisco," which undoubtedly was the means of increasing by over a hundred thousand dollars the school appropriation for the year 1914-1915. The section also maintained a study class on school conditions, with an active mem- bership of over forty, and had free public lectures on all practical educational prob- lems. This section is still actively engaged in the work. PURE MILK SUPPLY No less important has been the efforts of the branch to establish and maintain a pure milk supply for the bay region. The certi- fied milk and baby hygiene committee not only supplies certified milk to the "boarded- out babies" of the Associated Charities of San Francisco, to the Baby Hospital of Oakland and to other institutions, but pub- lishes pamphlets and gives free lectures to mothers on the care and feeding of infants. Another group is actively interested in the welfare of the women students of both Stanford University and the University of California. A loan fund is available for their use and benefits have been given for their club houses. The branch maintains, besides, four very active literary sections. It does not neglect the social side of life, but offers for the amusement of its members several times during the year plays and pageants and other entertainments gotten up through the united efforts of its musical and dramatic sections. Its regular meetings are held on the fourth Saturday of the month, and usually take the form of a luncheon, followed by talks on subjects of the day. r^ ALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE is to occupy a place in the literary ^^ life of the West that is unique. It purposes to portray by picture and story the true munificence of this o-reat State and to bear aloft the banner of pro^^ress. It intends, as well, to render unto those who serve California the full meed of praise. It will tell who are doin.^- the big- thnig-s and how they are doing- them. And in this connection, it can not fail to take into consideration largely the wonderful results of the activi- ties of California's women. California's Mag-azine realizes that the co- operation of the women citizens of California is necessary to its success, and it earnestly desires that this co-operation shall be forthcoming. The publishers will not, rest assured, be insensible to the reciprocal duty that is theirs. The women of California will invarial)lv find in this mag^azine a champion of their rights and of their interests. w Fi omen as rarmers in Calif ornia By Mrs. Emily Hoppin President of California Federation of Women's Clubs MRS. HOPPIN is president of t h e California Federation of Women's Clubs. She resides upon a large ranch at Yolo, where she is known throughout the countryside as one of the most successful farmers of that section. — I Editor's Note. AMONG the occupations that are open- ing for women, that of farming is attracting more and more attention; and while all country life has pleasant phases, the country life of California is particularly alluring, both on account of the glamour of romance that has always hung over it, and on account of the mild climate and fertile soil. What are the opportunities for women as farmers in our State? They are good for a resourceful woman with some capital ; a woman who can face some discouragements, some trouble, and some labor. The pro- specti that are sent out by advertisers can not always be relied upon, for the reason that many times they give the maximum profit with the minimum expense, with no allowance for partial failure of crops, or unforeseen contingencies. NO ROYAL ROAD There are women in the State who have built a fine business from a comparatively small beginning, but there is no royal road to fortune in any business. California, how- ever, offers many favorable conditions, espe- cially in our great valleys. No woman should come here to engage in business without capital. There is now little desirable land that is not under private own- ership. While water in many places is not absolutely necessary, yet it adds a value to every acre upon which it can be placed. In the Sacramento Valley, with which I am most familiar, excellent fruit and alfalfa can be raised without irrigation ; but it is always better to pay a little more, and get land where the fruit can be irrigated in seasons when the rainfall is below normal, and where the alfalfa can be irrigated every season, thus insuring almost double the amount of hay per acre. The price of land varies with the location and distance from a town. The alluvial land near the water courses in the Sacra- mento Valley can be bought at from $250 to $500 per acre. It is well to buy land that has demonstrated its adaptability to differ- ent crops and general farming, for poor land often lies within a short distance of good; 408 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZINE but all this alluvial soil has already proved its value. SPECIALIZATION As this is the age of specialists, some women have specialized and have done well. One woman, for instance, on land in the Santa Clara Valley, specialized with violets, and from a small beginning acquired a com- petence. Her location was particularly adapted to violets, and her market was at her door. Another woman whose home was in the Sacramento Valley devoted her ener- gies to olives, and she, too, acquired a com- petence; but her home was her own, and did not require a purchase. While these and other specialists have made money, the door of special opportunity does not open to all women; the safest way is to plan for intensive farming. To use a homely phrase, your eggs are not all in one basket, but a rotation of crops and di- versity of interests not only equalize the farm work through the year, but are more likely to insure a reliable income. Let a woman buy twenty acres in a favor- able part of the Sacramento Valley. She ought to allow at least $300 an acre for her land, a price which should insure her land subject to irrigation, possibly with the water already on it. The alluvial valley land is capable of producing a wide diversity of crops; not only cereals and alfalfa, but all kinds of fruit, including prunes, almonds, olives, pomelos, oranges and lemons. ALFALFA DEPENDABLE Alfalfa can be depended on to produce five crops per year, with an average yearly yield of from five to ten tons per acre. The latter, however, is unusual. If one markets the alfalfa in cattle and hogs, a maximum price can be obtained, provided it is borne in mind that a poor cow will eat as much as a good one. It is not advisable to keep a cow that will produce less than an average of a pound of butter a day, and in these days, an average of two pounds is nearer the mark, which with the by-products of the milk gives a good margin of profit. Raisin grapes are particularly adapted to the valley soils, and after they are well started can nearly always be depended on for a crop that with average prices will net close to $100 per acre. Almonds also are as profitable a crop as raisins, and are easily cared for and harvested. Peaches, apricots and plums are more perishable and need prompt harvesting. Prunes require irriga- tion to obtain the best results, and care should be taken in the selection of varieties. The citrus fruits are also profitable, and so far have been free from damage by frost; these, too, need irrigation and careful cul- tivation. Fowls ought to find a place on our small farm, and with care can yield a profit besides furnishing the eggs used in the household. A selection of any of these fruit products may be made, which in conjunction with part of the land devoted to alfalfa, and to a ro- tation of crops, will yield a good income if one has freedom from expensive sick- ness, has an average family, and not too great a desire for luxuries; so there is no reason why women should not succeed as farmers in California. Even with a small income of money, the farm life of California can bring in a gen- erous income of happiness. Food and clothes for the body are not the sum of life ; the food for the soul is equally necessary. Each season in California is a delight; the verdure and flowers of spring, the long sum- mer days, which, though hot and dry, bring the perfect mornings and the wonderful, star-lit nights ; the hazy autumnal days that are something to remember, and the rainy ones of winter that waken the earth to new life — all these bring "an inward joy in all things heard and seen" — a joy that can not be measured by dollars and cents, but is measured by growth of soul and love of God. My Work as Assistant U. S. Attorney for Northern District of California By Mrs. Annette Abbott Adams Assistant U. S. District Attorney and a Graduate of U. of C. MRS. ADAMS was appointed an assistant United States district attorney in September of igi4, and since that time has brilliantly conducted a number of prosecutions for the federal government. From teaching in the public schools she graduated into the law, taking her degree of Juris Doctor at the University of California in igu. She was admitted to the bar of California the same year, and practiced in Plumas County until June of Kpij when she established a law office in San Francisco with Miss Mar- guerite Ogden as a law partner. — | Editor's Note. THE reader who expects to find a "story" in this article is doomed to disap- pointment unless, perhaps, he feels as I do, that the fact that the work which is given to me as assistant United States attorney does not differ from that of the men as- sistants in the department is significant. In my opinion there is no particular rea- son why a woman lawyer's work should differ from that of a man lawyer, whether engaged in the service of the government or in private practice ; but the importance which the public press has attached to my appoint- ment as a federal prosecutor is evidence that 410 CALII'ORXIA'S MAGAZINE in the mind of the public there persists a contrary opinion, and if it were otherwise I would probably not have been asked to write this article. To be a "lawyer" without the distinction of being a "woman lawyer" is to be a "con- summation devoutly to be wished"; and until the public shall have come to realize that success in any line of endeavor is de- pendent upon the fitness of the individual, and is not a matter of sex, we women, whether in the professions or other fields of labor, shall not have truly arrived. A LIMITED PROFESSION The profession of law for centuries has been limited almost exclusively to men, and they have guarded it jealously. Only about one thousand women have been admitted to the bar in the United States, and three states, Virginia, Georgia and Arkansas, still deny to women the right to practice in their courts. Not all the women who have been admitted have engaged in active practice; and a certain prejudice, not entertained ex- clusively by men, has made success for the woman lawyer difficult of attainment, for clients are necessary to the practice of law. Even here in California where for many rea- sons, of which equal suffrage is one, the opportunities for women are greater than they are anywhere else in the world, while women have generally been accorded a friendly welcome into the legal profession, there are nevertheless those who vouchsafe us only a gentle tolerance coupled with a mild patronage, which a saving sense of humor only renders innocuous. And therefore I say that perhaps the fact that my work as assistant United States attorney does not differ from that of the men assistants has a deeper significance than may at first glimpse appear. At any event I like to think so. But of my duties! Section I of article III of the federal con- stitution provides that the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior tri- bunals as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish; under this power Congress has established among other tri- bunals the United States district courts, hav- ing jurisdiction over certain districts into which the United States is divided. Cali- fornia is divided into two such districts, known as the Northern and Southern dis- tricts, each having two district judges. Terms of the district court for the Northern dis- trict are held at San Francisco, Sacramento and Eureka, and for the Southern district at Los Angeles, Fresno and San Diego. By the federal statutes these district courts are given jurisdiction in certain speci- fied matters, among others being civil suits brought by the United States, cases arising under the postal laws, under the patent, copyright and trademark laws, all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdic- tion, suits against consuls and vice consuls, and all crimes cognizable under the au- thority of the United States. The United States attorney and his assistants for any district represent the government in all civil suits to which the United States is a party, and prosecute all criminal cases cognizable in the district courts. Thus far my work has been mainly in criminal matters, such as the prosecution of offenses against the postal laws, forgery of government obligations, counterfeiting, smuggling opium, violations of the revenue and navigation laws, and the white slave traffic act, and crimes committed upon the high seas or upon territory under the ex- clusive jurisdiction of the United States. Reports of offenses reach the office of the United States attorney from various sources ; through special agents or inspectors in the various departments, such as the post office, the internal revenue, the treasury and the bureau of investigation for white slave mat- ters; through the local police department and from police officers throughout the district. On receipt of a report of a violation the matter is assigned to one of the assistant United States attorneys, who is thereafter in charge of the case, and who presents it ^^'OA^AX's section 411 to the United States commissioner or to the grand jury, or to both, as the case may be, finally tries it in the district court, and, in case an appeal is had, carries that on in the circuit court of appeals. Prosecutions are begun either by a com- plaint sworn to before a commissioner who acts as a committing magistrate, or by in- dictment by a federal grand jury. In the former case, on the filing of a complaint a warrant of arrest is issued by the commis- sioner, and the arrest of the offender is made by the United States marshal or one of his deputies. The defendant is then brought before the commissioner for a pre- liminary hearing; if the commissioner finds "probable cause" — that is, reason for be- lieving that a crime has been committed by the defendant — he holds him to answer to the grand jury, and may admit him to bail. Occasionally an accused person is released by the commissioner on a showing that he is probably innocent. Before the grand jury, a body of twenty- three men, twelve of whom must vote for in- dictment before a bill can be returned, the case of the prosecution only is shown, the government calling witnesses for that pur- pose. If an indictment is voted it is then returned into open court, and the district judge orders a bench warrant to issue. Under the authority of the bench warrant the United States marshal brings the defendant into court where the indictment is read to him and where he enters his plea of "guilty" or "not guilty." If the latter plea is made he is either released on bail or held in jail awaiting trial. The federal government has no jail in California, but by contract with Alameda County federal prisoners are kept in the Alameda County jail in Oakland, or, if con- victed of felonies they may be sent to Mc- Neil's Island, to the federal penitentiary there. By arrangement with the State of California, federal prisoners have some- times been sent to the State prison at San Quentin. ETHICS OF THE CASE It is frequently argued that women can not be successful prosecutors because they are by nature defenders. While it is per- haps true that social conditions put women on the defensive in the game of life, is it not possible that the supposition that there- fore they can not serve as prosecutors is based upon the popular misconception of the obligations of a legal prosecutor, which measures his success by the number of con- victions had, without regard to whether a conviction in a particular case would be truly just? And is it not a belief that the ethics of women would prevent them from prosecuting vigorously those whom they be- lieved to be innocent that is at the bottom of this, rather than a conviction that they lack the capacity to prosecute successfully in a proper case ? A prosecutor is not nec- essarily a persecutor, and if the prosecution of an offender against the laws is not a de- fense of society, the whole system is wrong. But that is beyond the scope of this article; and the opportunity having been granted me to justify my belief in the capacity of women by deeds rather than words, let me return to my duties. ASA COXMXXTNG TESTIMONY to those who may ask con- ^ cernino- the educational facihties of California, it may be stated that the school system of this vState is rated third in the United States by the Russell Sase Foundation. Silk Culture in California By Mrs. D. J. Murphy President of Ladies' Silk Culture Society of California MRS. MURPHY is a pioneer San Franciscan, who, after reading an exhaustive treatise on silk culture in Europe, decided to investigate the conditions in California with reference to raising silk worms and the mulberry trees upon which they feed. She induced a number of friends to join her in establishing an experi- mental farm in Rutherford, Napa County, where they have by actual production for a number of successive years, proved to their own satisfaction that California offers remarkable possibilities as a silk manufacturing State. Mrs. Murphy is the widow of a former district attorney of San Francisco. — | Editor's Note. THE MEMBERS of the Ladies' Silk Culture Society of California beg to call your special attention to their work, which must appeal to every person who desires to help our boys and girls to a prac- tical knowledge of a branch of industry that for thousands of years has proven a source of wealth to every nation that has fos- tered it. Now the United States sends over ninety million dollars a year to foreign countries for raw silk. Why not raise this raw material ourselves and keep this vast sum of money at home ? Experiments have demonstrated that Cali- fornia is better adapted by its soil and climate to the growth of the mulberry tree, the natural food for the worms, and for the raising of them, than any other country on the globe. The Ladies' Silk Culture Society of Cali- fornia has practically shown that this in- dustry can be successfully carried on as a special business on any scale desired, in over thirty counties of this State. It would certainly be more remunerative than many other speculative investments, making us independent of this foreign importation. To WOMAN'S SECTION 413 those who argue that we can not compete with the cheap labor of Asia and Europe we answer, we have done so in other branches of productive industry, notably in fruit, wine and varied other productions. The raising of silk worms from its very nature is a home industry; it calls for no large investment of capital — a few patches of the mulberry tree planted round the home, the orchard and the garden, by the men; the labor of caring for and feeding of the worms can be done by the women and children of the family. The work is easy, particularly to those who are unfitted for severe or rough labor. When the cocoons are ready they can be sent to the filature station and sold, as the farmer now disposes of his fruit to the can- neries. The modern methods in most silk- raising countries are carried out on these lines. In former efforts that have been made to promote this industry in our State, the great drawback to a permanent success has been and is the lack of knowledge on the part of our rural population of the great value of the industry and in not knowing how to raise the worms, there being no educational institution in the State for this purpose. The art is not difficult to acquire; it can be easily learned from printed instructions, which, if carefully followed, will result in success. The society will freely give these instruc- tions, which also will be printed in French and Italian, to those desirous of experi- menting. Till within the last few years the reeling of the silk from the cocoons was also done in the home, but the old-fashioned hand loom is now almost a thing of the past. Reeling the silk from the cocoon has become an organized factory industry, giving em- ployment to thousands of girls and women all the year round. The Ladies' Silk Culture Society will, in the near future, own one of these latest, up- to-date machines for reeling, and will buy at the highest market price all the cocoons offered them. The art of reeling will be taught by expert teachers and this branch of the industry will be carried on in the city. It is by such practical efforts as these that the society hopes to establish this val- uable industry in the State. The basis of silk culture is the mulberry tree. The first step, therefore, to future success in developing the industry is to plant the trees everywhere throughout the Stste that is best adapted to the raising of the worms, not only around the home, but in every vacant corner of the farm, along the highways, as shade trees, on river banks and the foothills that are now uncultivated. It should be the duty of the supervisors in every county to provide funds for this pur- pose. In all European silk-raising countries the governments take the greatest care that these trees are provided and cared for, hence the great commercial value of the in- dustry. Every school house in the State should have a few trees in its yard, and practical instructions in raising the worms given to the children. This also is provided by the government in silk-raising countries. By such methods as these the industry will spread and another source of wealth to California be assured. Every nurseryman throughout the State should at once realize what the value of these trees will become in the future. Samples of the raw silk, raised by us, have been placed in the information bureau in the Ferry Building, San Francisco, and also at the Chamber of Commerce, Napa County. A spool of our silk was reeled by Carlson & Currier at Petaluma, and pro- nounced equal to the best raised anywhere. At the recent Land Show in San Fran- cisco a gold medal and the blue ribbon was awarded for raw silk raised at the Agricul- tural Institute, Rutherford Farm. An ex- hibit of California raised silk is made at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Calif ornia s w omen By Mrs. Marie Hicks Davidson (Editorial) A FAVORITE jeremiad directed at the modern woman is that she is not the sturdy specimen of the pioneer times, that she is flaccid, lazy, selfish, irresponsible. As a matter of fact, there is no modern woman. Woman has not changed in all the ages. She still is the female of the species, with the same inherent characteristics to be found in the babe of yesterday as were in the Mother of the Gracchi. It were just as consistent to speak of the modern man as a creature entirely different in mould and attributes from Adam or the supermen of the Golden Age. Even in the days of an- cient Rome a Latin writer lamented, in a line which since has become a classic, "The times have changed, and we have changed with them." That is the secret of the entire situation with reference to women. The times have changed, and women have changed with them. True, it is a far cry from the cour- ageous creature who crossed the plains with her husband, to the exquisite chatelaine of a steam-heated apartment. But the fault lies not with the woman. She now has no plains to cross. The other had no steam- heated apartment. Neither did man in those other days pay a price to have his nails pol- ished or his face massaged. The average man or woman gives only what is demanded, does only what is nec- essary, follows the line of least resistance, conforms to the manners of the times. It is the average which preserves the race. It is the average man who arises to occasion. It is not necessary or becoming for him to make a show of bravery when there is no need. So with woman. Even so with the mod- ern woman, that mythological being who is said to be jejune and altogether un- worthy of her ancestors. So with the California woman. The time when she hewed wood and hauled water is past. She did it when necessary, did it uncomplainingly, and found her strength equal to the need. Now, after times of stress and peril, of physical labor and crude living, she has come to another era in her development. Some there are still living who came to California in prairie schooners. They do not disdain now to loll in limou- sines. Accretion along all lines has been their portion. They have accumulated ex- perience, capacity to enjoy, a widened hori- zon, a broader sympathy, tolerance, under- standing. They and their daughters are doing the work now to be done. They have nothing to do with yesterday, except to profit by the experience of yesterday. For yes- terday's work is done. And what is today's work? What is the Zeitgeist of the age ? The faddists and the extremists excepted, woman is doing what she has always done, the thing nearest at hand. She is, as always, consecrated to service to humanity. The kindly, the useful, the humane, the neces- sary, the exigent, these are the things which she is doing, whether they be in the home, the schoolroom, the field, the legislature, the market place, the hospital or the death chamber. There is no sex in vocation, no gender in work, no physical classification of mind. Work is utterly neuter, and the best work is that which is most skilfully and conscien- WOMAN'S SECTION 415 tiously done. Perhaps that fact is more fully realized in the West than elsewhere. It may be because here the traditions do not trammel. Perhaps it is that the eternal verities have greater influence in virgin sur- roundings. Whatever the reason, it is a recognized fact that woman in the West is given credit according to her achievements and that by her work she is judged. She stands side by side with her co-workers, be they men or women. There is no woman's building at the Panama-Pacific Exposition, which is now at- tracting millions to San Francisco. The fact is significant. It is a commentary upon woman's status in California. She is not segregated. If she farms she takes her place with agriculturists, and not with "lady farmers." If she votes she goes to the com- mon booth and there awaits her turn. There is no booth for the "lady voter." If she practices law she takes an office in a public building, and appears in courts of law. She defends, prosecutes or counsels whomsoever comes to her. Does she paint? Then she "has real saints to paint from," according to her vision and her genius. She does not compete with man. She is trying to live her life as competently as he lives his. By experience and inclination she is more fitted to some things than to others. And in those avenues she seems to excel. It is only long practice which makes for this fact. In the business of replenishing the world, her functioning is dictated by nature. But that is quite apart from her mentality and her capabilities. The fact that hers is the most important part to play in that respect does not argue that her place in the scheme of things is more important than that of man. It is but another proof that she is a complement of him. Women in California are not attempting to effect reforms for "the sex." There is no one-sided emancipation afoot. They are doing things for the race. Until man has subdued the earth there will remain the ne- cessity for common service, nation to na- tion, family to family, man to man. Because California women go to the legislature and there present bills which they believe nec- essary for the comfort and well-being of their children, it is not to be supposed they are attempting to promote feminist propaganda. If they are not benefiting hu- manity, at least they believe they are doing so. Angels can do no more than have good intent, and do the best their circum- stances allow. Which calls to mind that men once engaged in bitter controversy as to whether angels were male or female. The decline of women's civic clubs in California would seem to indicate that wo- man herself has realized the futility of setting herself apart. These institutions were at variance with the very principles she expounded. The success of co-education in the two largest seats of learning in the State are a living proof that it is not good for man to be alone. "Woman's work" is a hollow phrase. Were such a thing ever intended the Creator would have placed the males upon one hemi- sphere and the females on another, with an impassable gulf between. But He did not do that. "Male and female created He them." From preceding pages the reader will discern that women are doing their part in the development of California, and no more than their part. They have taken up the duties at hand, are trying to solve the same problems as are their brothers, are learning the same lessons, setting the same ideals. If it be true that the soul's highest duty is to seek its sphere and there to be of good cheer, then the California woman is taking her place on Parnassus. For she is abreast with optimism. She sees no danger to the race. She sees work — not woman's work, or man's work — but work, service, as the deliverer from whatever bondage there may be for her or her daughters. The preceding pages, written by women who work, are an anthology of efficiency. ^ I IK TRAA^KIJ^RS' AID SOCIETY of Cal- itoniia is a i)crmanent, non-sectarian, non- partisan ()i\^anization, formed at the sug-i;-estion of the Woman's P.oard of the Exposition, to take care of the oreat volume of travel which beo-an to filter throui^h San Francisco at the openini^- of the Exposition, and which will continue indefi- nitely, on account of the facilities offered by the Panama Canal. Ao-ents of the society meet every train and boat which brino- travelers or immii^'rants to Califor- nia. They assist homeseekers to find just what they want according' to their means and their tastes or capabilities. They tell the traveler of the rei)utable hotels and lodg-ings, and assist them in reaching- these places from the railroad stations or ferries. They are, in short, a reliable bureau of information and encouragement. Catholics and Protestants, Jews and Gentiles, men and women, comprise the directorate of the society, and the test for employees of the organi- zation is based upon the strictest moral and cfli- ciency qualifications. The society has ])ermanent hea(l(|uarlers in the Hearst Building at Third and Market streets, and in the Ferry Building, both in San Francisco. California Pt^sicli Orclisinl ia full bloom Courtesy J. K. Annsbv Co., trackers SUN-KIST Brand of California Fruits. Why California Leads the Entire World in Fruits By E. J. WICKSON UloNMOin-laden Prune Oroli:ir«l in Csilifornia. Among < jilifornia <1(M-iench titles, and one of them, "William's Bon Chretien," seems to fix an old belief that the Englishman borrowed it from France. In fact, the French "Bon Chretien" is traceable even to records of propagation and descrip- tion of it in 1485. Before, then, the achievement of Christopher Columbus, our Bartlett was perhaps living an honorable life and is now gloriously renewing its youth in California and through our undertakings with it, and the achievements of others who have taken suggestion from them, the Bartlett is not only the greatest pear in California, but the greatest pear in the world — at least from a commercial point of view. Illustration by courtesy J. K. Armsby Co. Sun-Drying California Apricots California Has Apricots for the World IX THE parts of the world developed and dominated by nations of the Cau- casian race there are but narrow areas of land where the apricot tree lifts its head of most beautiful foliage proudly and confidently to the sky and bears great weights of golden fruit without danger of frost injury. The limitation of area over which the apricot is a sure producer is caused by the fact that of the deciduous fruits of the temperate zone the apricot is more subject to frost-injury than any other except the almond. The tree is very eager to start its growth at the touch of even winter sunshine, its blossoms and young fruit are very sus- ceptible to injury from frost and therefore the tree demands exposures which are ]iractically free from spring frosts to assure regular and profitable fruit-bearing. Of course horticultural art has succeeded in contriving artificial conditions afford- ed by training the tree against walls and by frost shelters, which secure fruit production in northerly situations, but fruit thus grown is an expensive luxury and can never figure largely in commerce. It is true also that hardier varieties of apricots have been developed, but the fruit of such varieties is inferior and the growth of it does not constitute an industry of any importance. Commercial apricot-growing requires climatic characters which favor the safe production of the best varieties in the largest quantities. Apricot-growing as a commercial industry is pursued at several points in the countries touching the IVIediterranean, in Australia, in South Africa and in Cali- fornia. Asia, away from the Alediterranean, has of course apricot production here and there, of great antiquity, but it does not go far in the world's commerce. Arizona has districts sharing CaHfornia's snitabiUty to the fruit, and there is small production of some promise in a few locations in the upper Pacific Coast States, but California practically monopolizes the apricot industry not only of the United States but of the Western Hemisphere, although suitable areas for it undoubtedly exist in ]\Iexico and elsewhere southward through South America. California's greatness in apricot-growing is therefore established not alone upon natural suitability but upon the energy, ability and enterprise of the Cali- fornia people in the development of production and rendering the product service- able in the world's trade. This clearly appears from the forms which the fruit assumes for final sale. The California apricot crop in a favorable year may be estimated at 125.000 tons as it comes from the trees. Of this, the fruit is used for the following purposes : For local sale as fresh fruit. 2,500 tons ; for ship- ment overland as fresh fruit, 2.500 tons ; for canning, 30,000 tons ; for drying, 90,000 tons. The preponderating commercial form which this fruit assumes is the California dried apricot, and as such it is known the world around. It is a distinctive product in the size of the half fruits, which are clearly recognized as largely preserving their natural form and color. This is due to the wise use of sulphur-fumes to ])revent darkening by oxidation and to the curing in the sun in a most cleanly way by the use of wooden trays, as shown in the accompanying engraving, and to exposure to the sun only until the surplus water is expelled. Thus the Cali- fornia dried apricot remains elastic, rich-flavored and golden-colored and sells as "evaporated fruit." The dry air and clear sunshine of California are essential to the c|uality and handsome appearance of this high-class product. The pits of the apricot are also an important commercial product, the kernels being in sharp demand by confectioners as a substitute for almonds and the product is largely exported. The accompany- i n g photograph shows the manner in which Califor- nia .\pricots are boxed and pressed for shipment to all markets of the world after being sun-dried as por- traj-ed in the pic- ture above. Illustrations by courtesy of J. K. Armsby Co., pack- ers SUX-KIST brand of Califor- nia Fruits. a •^ QO •^ C« ^ c« •^ u O P C« S '" 'm i: *- ra y o • i„ M "^ ^ ■2 "2 5 n >. u c ^ c^ -a " — o o .S H 5 - C -^ 'n a U >« ^ ^ g 1" — —en! o ;- ra o o ^ "^ o > 1> ^ 4j e. — •S ^ ^ •*- u •" t; v; h u c^ii C a > ^ 'O g E5 o ^ ^ i: > o I- ■1-' — — c 3 T3 V > a n ^ a > M-t V- 3 V ■~ ^ o j: >> .^ -^ ^ 01 C^ o o >. C o li E C C8 E U 3 o X 3 _C u u O (/5 r^ > 1/) V T3 5 .2 u S 3 be V o — "o CALIFORNIA FRUITS 425 soils of the high foothills and mountain slopes, where the grapes are less in quantity, but of superior aromatic qualities. This wide adapta- tion gives an immense area suited for grape culture, but the chief reason for the achieve- ment and the promise of the grape in Cali- fornia is in the fact that the European species, Vitis vinifera, thrives and thus the California grower has command of all that the Europeans have accomplished in centuries in the development of special varieties of the species for special purposes. The grapes of the States east of the Rocky Mountains are not grown in California because the European varieties are the only ones from which raisins can be made ; they also furnish the world's wine and brandy and they give size, beauty and shipping quality beyond all comparison with American varieties. \\'herever wealthy Eastern connoisseurs choose grapes for their glass houses they select European varieties. The Californian grows his "hot house grapes" in the open air. He also grows them without the cost of trellising, because most of the European varieties will bear well in short- pruned bush form and the others accept a high stake or a two-wire support. Details of the grape interest are given on other pages of this publication, Mr. Madison for the raisin branch and Mr. Sheehan for the wine and brandy industry. Briefly, however, it may be noted that table grapes are grown for local use everywhere and for shipping chiefly in Sacra- mento, San Joaquin, Tulare, Placer, Fresno, Stanislaus, Santa Clara and San Bernardino counties, though other counties participate in this branch. The raisin, interest is chiefly con- centrated in the center of the San Joaquin Valley in Fresno and Kings counties, though there is a raisin product of some moment in the Sacramento Valley and in Southern Califor- nia. The wine and brandy interests are widely distributed through the length and breadth of the State. SEMI-TROPICAL FRUITS Space will admit only of reference to those fruits of the semi-tropical class which have reached considerable commercial importance. Others which are at present succeeding with amateurs, and some of which may ere long reach economic account, are too numerous for discussion. Suftice it to say that the date fruits freely in central parts of the State and is now being advanced by systematic effort through plantings on the Colorado Desert by the United States Department of Agriculture and bv private planters, as ably set forth by Mr. Mason on other pages of this publication. The banana is fruited for home use in many thermal situations. The pineapple is grown in a small way in frostless places near the coast in Southern California. The cherimoyer is found in the markets of Los Angeles, while the avocado or alligator pear, grown in South- ern California, reaches the markets of San Francisco as well. The latter fruit is quite hardy in several parts of the State and has recently been quite widely planted. The guava and the loquat are produced for local use and sale and new varieties of the latter originated in Southern California are becoming widely known. The persimmon and pomegranate grow in nearly all fruit districts, but only a limited amount can be profitably disposed of, either locally or by distant shipment. Many other fruits of the semi-tropical class may be found in the citrus districts. Fig — The fig is one of the great fruits of California. Old trees attain the dimensions and aspect of oaks and bear so much fruit that it becomes of some importance in swine feeding. The tree is perfectly hardy in all coast and interior situations (except in a few places where the temperature falls 10 or 12 degrees below freezing) and no thought is given to protection. This fact, demonstrated more than a century ago by the padres at the old missions, naturally suggested the fig as a great commercial fruit and for decades it has been successfully grown and trees of con- siderable age can be found in nearly all coun- ties except those of the mountains. Pro- duction has, however, been restricted by the fact that fresh figs do not take kindly to long shipment and by the fact that until recently our dried figs have not compared well with the product of Smyrna. This condition has, how- ever, been completely changed by the expe- 426 C A LI FORN I A"S M AG AZ I X E Apricot (jrchard at 5 years; Sunnyvale, C-al. rience of the last few years as described by Mr. Roeding in his special article on this subject. The fig industry comes upon a new- basis through the successful introduction of the pollination insect which is essential to the success of the Smyrna fig. California Smyrna figs are now being produced in considerable quantities and California is thus equipped to enter into competition with the time-honored Asiatic product for the world's trade in dried figs. Olive — The olive is another fruit which has been successfully grown in California for more than a century. The importance of the olive as a food in the south of Europe and its stand- ing as an export thence to jiopulous northern countries, coupled doubtless with its favored place in song and story, induced a premature popularity among California fruit planters, and experience with the fruit for a number of years did not justify all the expectations cher- ished for it. Planting practically ceased for a time and considerable acreage was displaced. Recently, however, through the action of the pure food laws, which have prevented the use of the word "olive" in connection with cheap substitute oils for salad purposes, and through the process of canning and bottling hermet- ically, which has made it possible to produce pickled ripe olives of suitable varieties with good keeping qualities, the olive has found itself in our commercial fruit growing and lias a bright future, as described by Mrs. Ehmann in her special article on this subject. California is now producing, largely and profitably, good olives and olive products in suitable places through the efforts of masterful men and women who have risen to the require- ments of this fruit, in the production of which California has almost a monopoly of favoring climatic conditions. Practically all the coun- ties of the State except those on the high mountains and on the upper northwest coast, have olive trees in bearing — the interior val- leys and footliills of the Sierra Nevada lead- ing in the i)roduction. Lemon — Wonderful progress has been made in (le\eloping tlic lemon industry in California and imported lemons have met sharp compe- tition in the markets of the United States by the California product. New varieties have been secured, new methods of culture and CALIFORNIA FRUITS 427 fruit handling have been devised. Though lemon growing is possible in most sections where oranges are produced, the present product is chiefly made in the counties of Ventura, Santa Barbara. Orange. vSan Ber- nardino. Riverside and San Diego. The lemon does best in a practically frostless place, being more tender than the orange. For this reason the chief product is in the southern coast coun- ties. In suitable situations in the interior, however, the lemon does well, but has been largely displaced by the orange, which has been on the whole more profitable and is marketable fresh from the trees, while the lemon requires curing and a good part of the crop has to be held from winter maturity to be sold in the following midsummer, when the chief demand for lemons occurs. Orange — California has accomplished more with the orange than with any other single fruit, and the advance during the last few years has been exceedingly rapid. At present, not only is the United States largely supplied with California oranges, but the fruit has been successfully sold in England and Ger- many. For many years nine-tenths of the vast production of oranges came from South- ern California, but recent plantings have been largely on the mesas of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys and in the central part of the State. The orange thrives in suitable sit- uations through a north and south distance of over 600 miles, and the topography of the State is such that similar winter and summer temperatures occur all through this distance. There is, fortunately, however, some dift'erence in the ripening of the fruit in the dift'erent portions of this belt and the northern portion, because of its mountain environment and dis- tance from the ocean, has an earlier spring and summer and is. therefore, able to ripen its oranges for an earlier autumn market. This difference distributes the fruit through a greater number of months and is of great advantage to the product. In fact, by choice of earlv and late varieties and bv using the A strawberry field in tlie Pajaro Valley 428 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE variation in the season of maturity, California can furnish fresh oranges in large quantities all through the calendar year and can make the United States practically independent of importations. Another advantage peculiar to California is that the orange grown in a dry summer is more dense in texture and has much better keeping and shipping quality than an orange grown in a humid summer. The fruit is also more sprightly and refreshing, and though there is some controversy over the al- leged superior sweetness of the Culf fruit, the popularity of the California fruit and prices which it commands are evidence of its wide popularity. Although the California growers have made the most energetic and systematic effort for the wide distribution of the product for several years the fruit has proved so acceptable that it is evident that the limit of consuming capacity of the United States is still beyond reach and the outlook for the California orange is very promising. The articles by Mr. Wallschlaeger and Mr. Powell on other pages of this publication show the nobility of the product and the en- terprise with which it is being handled. The pomelo or grape fruit is also grown in California, but has not met the extent of demand which was anticipated. SMALL FRUITS In California the term "small fruits" signi- fies only berries and currants, as the cherry is always classed by us with other great or- chard fruits, and the grape stands alone as the foundation of a great fruit industry, as has been indicated. Aside from supplies for home use and local markets, there is a large field for small fruit growing for shipment. Berries are largely used by the canners. Small fruits are also shipped from California to markets from one to two thousand miles dis- tant in the interior states and territories to the north and east. The earlier ripening of these fruits in California gives our shippers an opportunity to place the product in this vast region, although there are home grown supplies later in the year. The growing of small fruits is scattered over the State and the special regions are widely distant from each other. The most prominent for straw- berries are thv San (Jabriel and San Fernando valleys in I.os Angeles Countv, the Pajaro Valley in Santa Cru/. and Monterey counties, antl the I'lorin section in Sacramento County. There are, however, many places which have a smaller acreage, but special reputation for fruit out of season; in fact, it is possible to find ripe strawberries every month in the year at some point or other in the State. DIMENSIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA FRUIT INDUSTRY There is no arrangement by which enumera- tion of California fruit-bearing trees and plants can be made, except during the United States Census years, and therefore statistics in these lines are in part estimates and matters of judgment. The best available, and based upon reports by county assessors, are the fig- ures published by the State board of equaliza- tion. The following figures are from the report of the State department for 1914, which is made as of March 1 of that year : NUMBERS OF FRUIT TREES AND ACREAC.ES OF GRAPES AND BERRIES Fruit Bearing Non-Hearing Total Apple 2,044,916 753,313 2,780,229 Apricot 2,578,778 578,940 3,157,718 Cherry 628,699 323,419 952,118 Fig 441,621 61,619 503,240 Olive 638,184 221,923 860,107 J^cach 10,199,568 1,297,075 11,496.643 Pear 1,751,326 349,910 2,101,236 Plum 1,017,881 122,308 1,140,189 Prune 8,078,830 1,227,234 9,306,064 Lemon 1,108,639 721,360 1,829,999 Orange 7,919,949 1,676,271 0,596,220 Pomelo 56,224 23,337 79,561 Almond 1,480,768 390,918 1,871 686 Walnut 689,208 424,501 1,113,709 Totals 38,634,591 8.154,128 46,788,719 .Vo/i- Crapes (acres) Hearing Bearing Total Table 58,799 12,227 71,026 Wine 164,300 30,560 194,860 Raisin 112,168 8,624 120,678 Totals 335,267 51,411 286,678 Small Fruits' Acres Value Strawberries 4,585 $1,149,475 Blackberries 2,576 282,383 Raspberries and Loganberries. .. . 1,992 304,169 Other berries and currants 534 9,697 *The figures on berries are from the United States Census of 1910, none more recent being available. CALIFORNIA FRUITS 429 COMMERCIAL USES OF VARIOUS FRUITS To show the very important fact that the leading California fruits of the deciduous class have several forms of commercial suita- bility and to suggest how California growers, merchants and preservers have not only guarded but have also extended the lines of wealth-winning by discriminating intelligence and enterprise in production, preservation and transportation, the following table is com- piled, chiefly from the data collected by Mr. Howard C. Rowley, editor of the California Fruit News, who is an acknowledged authority in such lines. The figures for fresh and dried fruits are for 1914; for canned fruits. 1913: Fresh Canned Shipments Fruits Kind of Fruit — (cars) (cases) Apples^ 31,535 Apricots 208 818,880 Cherries 166= 162,665 Grapes 8,773 41,665 Peaches 2,144 2,398,550 Pears 2,725 529,860 Plums 1,906 65,975 Figs Lemons 2,954 Oranges 45,594 Various 49 9,405 Almonds Walnuts Berries" 105,990 Totals 64,519 4,194,525 216,450 The figures for fresh fruit shipments in- clude only shipments beyond State lines by rail, taking account neither of local marketing nor movement by sea. The figures for canned and dried fruits are intended to represent the total production. A GENERAL REMARK On the whole it is true that the immense fruit products of California are being easily Vried Fruits (tons) 4,000 19,500 90,0003 32,000 51,000* 6,200 2,500 2,250 9,000^ ^Apples not included U. S. D. A. figures California apple crop 1,300,00 barrels. -\Some years 250 cars. ^Raisins. ■•Prunes. "Some years 12,500 tons. "No data for shipping or drying. Acreage by cen- sus of 1910, 9687; value of product, .'? 1,789,21 4. disposed of at fairly remunerative rates, and the business is in good heart and enjoys a good outlook. There is, of course, fluctuation from year to year in the values of different fruits and in the market conditions which they meet at distant points. Such "off years" strike the fruits somewhat irregularly and are discouraging first to one special grower and then to another, because our localities are largely given to specializing, according to favoring culture conditions or otherwise. Still we find that our fruit growing districts have the busiest towns, the handsomest rural im- provements, the largest assessment rolls, and are most attractive to home-seekers. While these things are true our fruit industries must be counted in prosperous condition, although the greatest special anticipations are not al- ways realized. THE LEADING QUESTION ANSWERED Briefly, in conclusion, the question set in the title of this article may be answered in this way : California leads the world in fruits because the State is naturally endowed with suitability of soil and climate for the pro- duction of so many which are acceptable in commerce ; because the California people have invested capital and put forth effort to grow and preserve these many fruits to the limits of commercial demand and then by organiza- tion and co-operative effort, have passed beyond all previously existing limits by de- veloping new demand wherever on earth such extension was found to be possible. Oppor- tunity for continuance of this effort remains open. The civilized nations are but scantily supplied with fruit-foods. It is California's function to teach them, by example, to pro- duce for themselves to the limit of their natural suitabilities and to supply fruit-foods from her breadtii of adaptation and abund- ance wherever local limits of production may be reached. 'I'hus it is California's duty to lead and lier opportunity to supply. Why the Plum Is Great in California By F. B. McKevitt President Calif ornia I-'annrrs' Protective Leai^iie ; fonnerly Manager California Fruit Distributors Juiifor's Xotc: California grows all the best plums of luiropean origin because the curculio does not live in this State and all the unique plums of Asiatic origin because the}' are not touched by de- structive frosts. For size and variations in forms, colors, flavors — which give beauty and deliciousness beyond all the plums grown in other States — Cafifornia has no rival in production of plums for long shipment. Mr. McKevitt is a leading plum grower and shipper and gives important details from experience and observation. His article will be read with interest bv both expert and layman. CALIFORNIA seems to be the natural home of the plum. Nearly all varieties that are valuable commercially are grown here and do exceedingly well, attaining a size, beauty and perfection of flavor unexcelled anywhere. 'i'he tree is healthy, entirely at home on the hills or in the valley, and when grown upon Myrobolan, or other wild plum root, is long lived. On the peach root its profitable life on deep and well drained land is twenty-five years or more. The tree is not subject to disease and insect pests, outside of scale insects which are not usually troublesome. The dreaded curculio, which makes profitable plum growing practi- cally impossible east of the Rocky Mountains, has never found lodgement near here. This insect stings the young fruit, depositing its eggs in the wound, and causes a premature dropping of the fruit, often entirely ruining the crop. The best European varieties are particularly subject to its attack and in con- secpience their production in the East has almost ceased, while in California these best plums of the world are triumphant. Plums are regular and heavy bearers; the fruit is grown on spurs, and usually even in seasons of light rainfall the bud development is ample for a crop. There are few varieties of fruit that can be grown as cheaply, as the pruning cost is less than half that of peaches and apricots, while the tree will flourish in soils that are too heavy or damp to be suit- able for any other fruit except the pear and quince. While the cherry, peach, nectarine, and apricot demand a deep, rich, sandy soil, which is classed as our very highest type of orchard land, the plum, grown upon the wild plum root, does well in second or even third- grade laud, producing as large a revenue per acre as if grown upon the best and most costly land. riums are divided into two distinct groups : A plum that will dry sweet is generally known as a prune; all others as plums. The former is a most important fruit and is grown more largely than any other of the plum THE PLUM 431 family, and its varieties constitute the basis of our California prune industry, which is dis- cussed in detail by another writer elsewhere in this publication. Plums grown for table use are divided into two classes, the European and Japanese. Of the former those best known and most com- monly grown here are the Clyman, Tragedy, Purple Duane, Columbia, Yellow Egg, Golden Drop, Bradshaw, Diamond, Grand Duke, Giant, and Hungarian. Of the Japanese va- rieties there are many and almost, if not quite all, have been originated by Luther Burbank of Santa Rosa, who has spent a life time in hybridizing fruits and flowers, and whose work has resulted in giving to the world some of the very finest productions. Among these plums deserving of especial mention are the Beauty, Climax, Formosa, Burbank, Wickson, Santa Rosa, and Gaviota. With the varieties above mentioned one may plant his orchard so that a constant succession of fruit of both classes may be had from the opening of the season (May, in the Vacaville district), nearly to its close in autumn. Most of these are consumed in the fresh state only, but some, like the Yellow Egg and Golden Drop, are in demand by the fruit canners. Plums furnish a very considerable part of our Eastern fresh fruit output, amount- ing to from 1500 to 2000 carloads annually which is a very good thing as production is increasing rapidly also. For Eastern shipment, in order that the fruit may safely endure a trip covering ten or twelve days, it is necessary to pick it before it is thoroughly ripe, but it has been found that with this fruit the ripening process continues after it is removed from the tree and when exposed for sale at destination has acquired a color, beauty, and flavor attractive to the eye and most acceptable to the palate. Most plums are heavy bearers, yielding from two tons per acre in the lighter soils of the hills to ten tons in the valley. In order to make the fruit large and attractive it is neces- sary to pick off the surplus specimens before the hardening of the pit, leaving the largest and finest growing far enough apart so that they shall not touch each other when fully grown. Thinning is a heavy item of expense and not infrequently costs more than the pick- ing of the matured crop. Plum trees usually begin bearing at four years, but do not reach full productivity until eight years of age. From the foregoing it will be seen that the plum occupies a prominent place in the horti- cultural industry of California and that its importance is much more likely to increas'-, than to srow less. /'CALIFORNIA itself is always a realm of interest and delight to ^^^ visitors, particularly from the Eastern part of the United States, because of its almost inconceivable range of climate, scenery, and products both natural and cultivated. Northward from San Francisco are fertile valleys, lofty mountains, and vast forests. Southward are areas of specialized products, particularly on irrigated land. Still farther south are the orchards of oranges and other citrus fruits; and in the mild sub-tropical climate of the Mexican border almost everything possible will grow\ wherever water can be supplied. Cali- fornia is a w^onderland. — From Editorial in "The Review of Reviews/^ 432 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Facts About the Olive Industry T N ANCIENT GREECE tlic olive was sacred to l^allas Athene and ^ was a symbol of chastity and peace. For hundreds of years the olive has been one of the leadin.^' fruits of the world, borne by a small tree (Olea Europea) of the order Oleaccce, and is the most important mem- ber of its o-enus which includes between 30 and 40 species. It is a native of Western Asia and probably of the Mediterranean re^^ion and attains a height of about 25 feet. Throughout the semi-tropical parts of the Old World the olive has 1)een g-rown upon a commercial basis for many centuries. Individual trees have been known to be more than 1000 years old. The olive was introduced into California during the eighteenth century ; parts of New Mexico and Arizona are found to be adapted to its growth, and are gradually coming into notice. Probably the seed was introduced into California from Mexico in 1769 and i)lanted at the San Diego Mission, whence cuttings were taken to other missions throughout California, and this olive, the only one known in the State till about 1880 was called the Mission variety. Since 1880 numerous other varieties have been introduced from the olive growing countries of Europe. The olive is propagated by layers, suckers, sprouts, cuttings, tips of trees, grafts, buds and seeds ; the last three being tedious and slow, are rarely employed. The favorite method is to jM'opagate by means of "tips." These are obtained from small dormant branches, rooted in moist sand and then transplanted in nursery row'S. The trees generally begin to bear at eight years and reach full i)roductivity at about thirty. The principal uses of the olive are for oil production; for pickling, either ripe or green, and for drying. The olive crop of Italy alone yields about 90,000.000 gallons of oil per year. The olives are collected as soon as they become ripe and are crushed in circular stone troughs with a perpendicular millstone ; the ])aste is then pressed in bags and afterw^ard clarified by being pressed in cotton w^ool. In California the fruit is carefully gathered by hand, bruised as little as possible, and preferably crushed at once, otherwise partly dried in very thin layers, through which air must circulate freely to avoid moulding and fermenting. The modern crushers do not break the stones. The crushed pulp is placed in linen sheets and pressure applied gradually. A second i)ress- ing is made after the pulp has been mixed with cold water ; impurities are washed out with clear water, resulting in producing the clear oil demanded for American consumption. The California production of olive oil is in the neighborhood of 2.000,000 gallons annually. The importations into the United States are nearly 6,000,000; the production and importations of pickled olives are in about the same proportion. There is undoubtedly a large field and a wonderful future for the olive industrv in California. Xatural color pliotoKrapli of C'jilifornia iirune»i as they prro^v upon tlie trees. Belo^v ik a prune orchard in full bloom. The prune industry represents to California a yearly in- come of approximately $10,000,000 and is continually increasing. Csiliforiiia priincs. itliotoKrnplietl in natural size and folor. slio^Ains' lio%v tliey are faoed :iud packed for .sliipnieiit to :ill parts of tho ««»rld. I'ruui's ;;r»»>vii sind cured in Cali- fornia are admitted to l>e ot° the tirsst (iiiality. Tlie average annual yield in this State anioiintM to IT.'i.tMIO.UOII pounds. Illiistrnlioiis courtesy J. K. Annsby Co., packers SUX-KIST Brand California Fruits. Conditions and Methods of the California Prune Industry By Joseph T. Brooks Editor s Note: The prune is now probably the greatest deciduous fruit g-rown in Cahfornia as determined by its standing in the mar- kets of the world. Mr. Brooks, resident in a valley wdiich makes about half of all the prunes in California, has long given close atten- tion to this special product and discusses the history of it briefly; the greatness of it as shown by statistics; the parts of the State where prunes are made; the methods of prune making and the varieties largely used; packing and marketing, with something about the dis- tribution to different parts of the world, etc. ; also the outlook under present conditions of trade, transportation, etc. THE prune industry has reached tremen- dous proportions in California and the product has become a staple crop to be reck- oned with annually, as are the wheat and corn crops of the Middle West. The prune is also a staple food — nutritious, keeping well, and, when properly cooked, extremely inviting and palatable. Prunes may be served in so many ways that they can be used every day without becoming tiresome. The development of this industry bids fair to increase annually and provides for earnest consideration on the part of the packers, brokers and growers to develop markets throughout the world, since the prune is so widely acceptable. There are many varieties of prunes grown in California, such as the Imperial, Silver, Sugar, Standard (Burbank's latest prune). Pearl, Italian, French Petite d'Agen, Robe de Sargent and other varieties, but the California French prune, known generally as the Petite d'Agen, is the variety which has predominance.* This variety is very sweet, its flesh is of fine texture and bright in color, and when not irri- gated too freely has less shrinkage in curing than other varieties and is a constant producer. Prunes may be raised in almost any part of California, but the greatest product attained thus far has been in Central California. Santa Clara Valley, which extends from thirty to eighty miles south from San Francisco, raises *I would indeed be inappreciative if I did not give full credit for revisions and suggestions to Mr. Leonard Coates, president of the Leonard Coates Nursery Company of Morgan Hill ; to Mr. E. N. Richmond, a practical prune grower and packer in charge of the vast business of J. K. Armsby Company; to the California Fruit News of San Francisco, and to "California Fruits and How to Grow Them," by Professor E. J. Wickson. 436 CALIF( )R\IA'S MAGAZIXE A fully ticvflopt'd Prune Tree is a mass of luxuriant foliage with normal crops c.'\cry\vhere, between 50 and 60 per cent of tlie entire world's output. SlOC.E.snONS I'OR PRUNE PLANTING To one contemplating the planting of a prune orchard, the first consideration must be given to locality, as has already been empha- sized. Inasmuch as the State has been thor- oughly exploited on prune producing, the mat- ter of judgment and fact must prevail in your selection of the district of the State in which you are going to plant. The second consideration is soil. There are thousands of acres planted to prunes in this State today that are not adapted to this va- riety of fruit, and should have been planted to some other variety of fruit or to vines. The prune tree recjuires a deej), rich sandy or loamy soil, and from that to a heavy soil, well drained. lli)on such soils water is generally obtainable for irrigation purposes. Light or shallow soils do not grow successful prune orchards. Such a soil as first mentioned will grow large, thrifty trees capable of producing annually from five to ten tons of green prunes to the acre of large-sized fruit, while soil not adapted to prune growing will grt)w only a small tree capable of producing from two to five tons of prunes to the acre of small fruit. Competition is bound to enter the producing field as well as other fields of the business world, and it is the man who can produce at the lowest cost who will be the most successful in this business. The lowest cost means the greatest tonnage of good fruit to the acre and not the greatest economy in the working of the property ; hence the necessity of giving the (luestion of a soil a very thorough considera- tion and investigation. The third consideration is the root upcm which your tree is budded. In my estimation the mvrobalan is by far the most successful root to plant for prunes, for the following PRUNES reasons : First, it is the hardiest, and is long lived ; second, its roots naturally seek mois- ture, giving you a deep-rooted tree ; third, it will stand more moisture and is not nearlv so subject to soursap as the peach or almond root ; fourth, the fruit produced from the tree on myrobalan root is firmer and will show a less shrinkage in drying than either of the other roots, thereby making a heavier fruit or grade than the fruit produced on trees budded to other roots. If your soil is of a light character, then either peach or almond are better adapted, but for genuine prune soil, the myrobalan is the root to select. Of the other two roots gener- ally used for prune, the almond is preferable to the peach. Trees budded to the almond root are good producers and much Ibnger-Mved than trees budded to the peach root. The question of planting on the square or triangular system is largely a matter of choice. On the triangular system a few more trees can be planted to the acre. Do not plant your trees too close together. Plant anywhere from twen- ty-two to twenty-seven or twenty-eight feet apart. The farther apart you plant, the better opportunity are you going to give the trees to develop into large, thrifty trees — they have more air, sun, and room to develop. Prior to planting, plow deep. Plowing in the orchard business does not mean skimming over the surface of the ground. It means get- ting down from eight to eleven inches. This can be done with a disc plow and good stock. Use a sub-soil plow and put it down deep along the rows in which you are going to plant your trees, so as to break the under-crust and give the young root of the tree an opportunity of easy growth. During the i)ast few years, dynamite has i^^ti^:^'^^W:~. '-i..' Prunes are permitted to ripen and fall from the trees and then are gatliercd by liand. placed in boxes, and carried to the dr.ving trays 438 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Facing prunes: Two layers are carefully faced against the top of the box by hand; the box is then filled and pressed, when the bottom is nailed on. Upign opening the box from the lop the fruit presents an inviting appearance ; been used in starting young orchards with ex- cellent results, by blowing up the hole in which you are going to place a young tree. If intelligently done, it loosens all of the soil and gives the root every advantage of deep growth. Planting for the most satisfactory results sliould be done either during the latter part of December or through January or February. The selection of nursery .stock is a very im- l)ortant factor toward success. Select one year old trees, good, clean roots and plenty of them, with a straight top from four to six feet liigh. As soon as you get your stock from the nursery, heel in the ground in good shape until such time as you are ready to plant, for it must be rememliered that the small rootlets are very sensitive to cold or lack of moisture. Before planting, examine the roots closely. cutting off the bruised or broken ends of tlie roots that have been damaged while being handled at the nursery. Examine close for black-knot or for indications of the peach borer. Have your ground carefully laid off so that each tree may be placed in its proper position. When you are ready for planting use the planting board (which is made by taking a one-inch by four-inch piece of wood four feet long, cutting a notch in each end and one in the center), placing it so that the stake which indicates where the tree is to be set will be in the notch in the center of the board and then place a stake at each notch at the ends. Remove the board and center stake and you are ready to dig the hole. Replace the board, hold the tree in the center notch and it will stand in the right place. PRUNES 439 When planting, dig a hole deep enough so that when the end of the long root going downward rests on the bottom of the hole, the tree will rest two or three inches deeper than it did in the nursery. This means that the point at which the tree is budded is just about on the surface. Very great care should be taken so that the soil is well worked between the roots, using as fine a dirt as possible, and that every root goes out naturally from the tree. If this is not done and the soil is thrown into the hole carelessly, the roots will all be crowded together to the detriment of the fu- ture growth of the tree. Head the tree back to within from one and one-half to two feet from the ground. As good a system in securing the measurement for the heading of ar young' tree is to cut at a point which measures a trifle above your knee cap. PRUNING, CULTIVATION AND CARE The most careful consideration should be given to the question of pruning, and here again judgment must be used. Remember you are going to produce fruit for a profit and not wood. At the end of the first year you can commence to mould your tree into shape. About four main limbs from the trunk should be allowed to grow and develop. These limbs should be trained through pruning so that the center of your tree is left open for sunshine, air and the development of fruit producing twigs. Judgment must be used as to the num- ber of branches and laterals which are allowed to grow from the main limb. By proper prun- ing it is possible to bring a young prune orchard into producing from 1000 to 2000 pounds of fruit per acre at the end of the fifth year ; at the end of the sixth year from 2000 to 5000 pounds of fruit to the acre. From that time on there is a gradual and steady increase in production as the tree ages. The inside twig wood will be the first to produce. Many grow- ers make the mistake of pruning their orchards only once in every three or four years. A prune orchard should be pruned not less than every other year, and the grower who trims his or- chard each year secures the most satisfactory results. Strive to keep new wood growing and renewing the tree. Through the spring and early summer montlis cultivate the ground frequently. Plow first and follow with a harrow, spring-tooth harrow (which is an excellent implement for leveling the ground), disc harrow or cultiva- tor. Finish your cultivating by leaving the ground well pulverized and smooth for the pickers. In the Santa Clara Valley deep fall plowing has been resorted to by many with great success. It has been found that deep fall plowing — from nine to eleven inches — following irrigation is the best remedy against thrip — a pest preying upon the tender young fruit buds in the spring months. Following the fall plowing the spring plowing can be dispensed with if one desires to do so. The spring work can then be carried on with a disc liarrow, cultivator and other implements to good advantage. It has been found in all fruit growing that "Water is King." Fall irrigation immediately following the harvesting of the prune crop acts as an insurance for a crop for the follow- ing year, it being a tonic to the tree. Through water, the tree is given additional nourishment after having gone through the dry summer months producing fruit and growing wood; and the young fruit spur is strengthened and becomes strong and vigorous before the tree goes into the dormant stage. Water should be used during the spring months, thereby insur- ing the tree with ample moisture and nourish- ment to carry it through the summer months and through the producing period. Fertilization should be given serious consid- eration. The cjuestion of fertilization is an- other stt)ry. but you must appreciate the fact that tlie trees can not continually take from tile soil and continually jjroduce unless vou. on your part, are willing to renew the soil l)v fertilization. The keeping of the bark of the tree in a clean and healthy condition must have vour attention. This can be done through the sys- tem of spraying. The most popular sprays for this purpose being crude oil emulsion, distil- late emulsion, known as Buggo, and the lime- sulphur spray. The best time to spray for this purpose is through the months of December. 440 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE A panoramic view of spreading pn PRUNES may be rated as one of California's most prolific and profit- able productions. There is scarcely a county in the State where prunes will not grow, though certain sections of Central California seem to be particularly suited to their propagation. The average annual yield amounts to 175,000,000 pounds. The prune industry represents to the State a yearly income of between $8,000,000 and $10,000,000 and is increasing each year. This, however, does not mean that there are not opportunities still of entering the field of prune production and in- terested readers of this publication are invited to write our service department for detailed information relative to the industry — where suitable prune land may be obtained, or growing orchards secured; methods of harvesting and marketing the crops, etc. Prunes are among the surest of crops if proper care is taken in selection of soil and the class of trees, together with reasonable attention to the trees after they Twenty-five thousand trays containing 1,000,000 pounds i PRUNE INDUSTRY 441 trds in Santa Clara Valley, California are planted and to the curino- of the fruit. The CaHfornia French prune is the predominant variety though numerous other kinds are grown in the State. Prune trees bear heavily and must be so trimmed as to enable the branches to support the heavy loads of fruit when fully developed. A California prune orchard presents a beautiful picture while an idea of the extent of the curing or drying- process may be better gained from a glance at the accompanying photograph than from any amount of description. The prune industry is developing continually and greater interest on the part of fruit men and investors is being manifested as its im- portance is recognized. The prune is a staple food product of great nutritive value, besides being unusually palatable and susceptible to many methods of treatment by the culinary expert. It is an all the year 'round food, as agreeable in winter as in summer, and always available. is which are being dried in the open air on tlie ground 442 CAl.II-ORXIA'S MAGAZINE Pressing the prmu's into the boxes January, or February. Thf spray outfit, often- times in some sections of the State is again called into use in the fighting of the thrips. It has been successfully proven that this in- sect can be kept under control by the use of any one of the two or three different well known spray solutions. HANDLING THE CROP The prune tree will l)lossom the latter i)art of March. Fruit sets immediately following the falling of the petals. A person can gen- erally gain a fair idea as to the kind of a crop he is going to have by the latter part of ,\pril. Fruit ripens during the latter part of .August and it is of a rich purple hue when ripe. Prunes should never be picked from the tree, 'i'hey should be allowed to thoroughly ripen and fall to the grt)und of their own ac- cord. An orchard should be covered by pick- ers picking the fruit from everv seven to ten days — every seven days preferably, so as to prevent sunburn. The usual form of contract with pickers call for four pickings, no shaking of the trees until the third picking, and then at growers' discretion. I lie green fruit is hauled to the dipper shed Ml picking boxes and there passed through a light solution of lye. A kettle or tank, holding two hundred gallons of water and containing :i basket tontainer is used for this purpose. In nuiiu instances the fruit is rinsed by passing froiu this dip into a vat of clear water and then dumped upon a combination pricking hoard and grader, which grades the fruit into three grades, so that the drying in the field can be uniform, the grader being operated by power. The fruit is then })laced on eight-foot trays and taken to the drying yard and dried in the sun. 'Hie purpose of passing the fruit through the Ive solution and over the pricking PRUNES 443 board is that the skin of the fruit may be slightly cut. thereby facilitating evaporation, preventing fermentation and producing a fruit with a clear, bright meat. Many of the small growers do not use the combination pricker and grader ; they dump the fruit directly from the dipper basket to the trays, allowing all sizes to be dried together. This is not as sat- isfactory to the grower as the first mentioned method. The most satisfactory and economi- cal method of handling from the dipper shed to the dry yard is to use a one-horse truck especially constructed for this purpose. The question of drying is again a matter of judgment. Fruit should l)e allowed to lie in the sun on the trays until about three-quar- ters dried and then the trays are stacked in piles one above the other, leaving air vents on either end. About twentv travs can be stacked in one pile and the finishing process takes place in the stack. Under normal weather conditions it takes from ten days to two weeks to cure prunes. It has been found most satisfactory while the fruit is on the trays in the dry yard, to give the fruit, at least one turning by hand, shaking the trays or with brooms, so that the fruit se- cures an equal drying on all sides. It also materially lessens the time of drying and makes a finer grade of fruit. Do not take your fruit from the trays until it is thoroughly cured. This word of caution means the salvation of vour business. PACKING PRUNES A packer can not turn out, to the trade, a first-class article unless that article is deliv- ered to him by the producer. During the past vears most of the complaint against the keep- Filling the boxes after lieing faced 444 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE ing (jualitics of the prune has been due to the desire on the part of the grower to retain too much of the original weight of the prune, with the result that he has delivered prunes to the packing houses which were not prop- erly cured. In many instances these prunes have not been detected at the packing house door and have found their way to the trade, with the result that fermentation has set in and the buyer of the California jirune loses confi- dence and refuses to handle a commodity against which he has incurred heavy losses. Good prunes, well cured, will build up and encourage an ever-increasing demand. Prunes poorly cured will tear down and discourage this demand, so that before taking your prunes from the travs be positive in your own mind that they are properly cured. After properly curing the fruit is taken from the dry yard to the dried fruit house of the orchard and there dumped into bins. From there it is sacked and delivered to the packing house. Every fruit producer should know by actual and careful testing what each load of fruit tests to the pound when he delivers to a pack- ing house, no matter to whom he is delivering. This is not only justice to himself, but it is justice to the man wuth whom he is dealing. If he knows positively what his fruit tests he will ordinarily have no complaint to make at the test he secures from his packer, but if he does not make such a test, he is apt to be dissatisfied. At the packing house the fruit is carefully graded into the diiTerent grades, varying from thirty to forty prunes to the pound up to prunes running smaller than 120 prunes to the pound. The grades as to weight and size are obtained by passing the fruit over a large grader which consists of a series of screens of different sizes, commencing with the smaller size and increasing to just a trifle larger size every three or four feet. There are from eight to nine different screens, the larger fruit pass- ing over the end of the grader. As the fruit comes from the grader it is carefully tested and taken to the proper bin. From there it is taken as required for packing ])urposes to the processor or cleanser. The fruit in the field has been subjected to considerable dust and dirt, as well as insect life. The processor or cleanser conveys the fruit through a long vat of boiling hot water, thoroughly washing and cleansing the fruit. From the processor the fruit is dumped on a long shaker which fur- ther assists in the cleansing process, so that by the time the fruit is put into the boxes, it is in a most sanitary condition. Prunes are packed in packages varying from one pound to fifty-five pounds. A large amount of help is given employment in the handling of the fruit. The packing allowance made by the trade for fruit packed in various sized boxes all goes back to the various industries of this State, such as the box factories, paper com- panies and to labor. Packing has been a source of a tremendous income to the State of Cali- fornia. A number of years ago a large portion of our dried prunes were shipped in bags to the larger wholesalers of the Eastern states. They did their own packing, under the most crude methods, with the result that many spoiled and unattractive prunes were put upon the market, as well as prunes from various districts being mixed with our Santa Clara prunes or packed and branded as Santa Clara Valley prunes. In California today every packer is equipped with the most modern ma- chinery and the investment in a packing house amounts to considerable. Men are in charge of the various departments of the packing houses who have had long experience in the handling of fruit, with the result that our fruit is being turned out to the trade well packed, in good keeping condition and in at- tractive packages. The improvement in the producing, curing, and packing of the California prune, as well as its original quality, has made it the most popular prune in the world today. Even though there are large prune-producing sec- tions in Europe, nevertheless our California prune has such a recognition throughout the European countries that today we are export- ing about 50 per cent of our entire output annuallv. and we are importing from Europe less each year. The prune industry in the State today rep- PRUNES 445 resents an annual average production of 175,- in the most sanitary and attractive manner 000,000 pounds of dried fruit, or an annual possible; third, on the part of our State Hor- income to the State of from seven and one- ticultural Commissioner's office, in seeing that half to ten million dollars. It deserves the the industry is given his most careful attention, most careful attention ; first, on the part of In conclusion, it may be said that prune the producer, in seeing that he is producing producing is one of the most profitable of fruit an article of high grade ; second, on the part productions when proper care has been given of the packer, in giving the closest attention to the selection of the soil, to the class of to the packing of the fruit delivered to him, trees planted, to the care of these trees and to that the fruit might be delivered to the trade the curing of the fruit. The Vitality of the West By Mary Austin /;/ ///(' "Century" for April. Jcpij T TNDOUBTEDLY, the development of the creative spirit in the ^ West is affected by the sense of sustained vitality in nature. A blossoming almond orchard is not only a beautiful thing; it is also an inescapable thing: it scents the air for almost as many miles as its delicate, roseate cloud takes the eye along the foothill slopes. Swarms of fallen petals drift in the roadways like snow. And the long rows of the low-trimmed muscats, reaching out from vine to vine with advancing summer as though to take hands against the weight of the harvest — how they assault us with the visible process of earth and sun and air made into wine and food for man ! At every turn the consciousness of something doing, something vitally connected with the large process of nature and our own means of sub- sistence, raises the plane of expectation. There is something doing every minute in a country of such varied topography, as the proces- sion of harvest follows the season. Orange picking begins in Decem- ber and overlaps the pruning of the deciduous orchards. The smoke of the last burning has scarcely passed from the shorn trees of the highest, most northerly valleys when the flowering of almonds and apricots opens the honey harvest. The berry pickers move in solid phalanxes from the cherry lands of Napa and Santa Clara to the river bottoms, and from that on to the August hop picking and the raisin drying all labor is in flux. It passes up and down the great Twin Valleys in "free companies," working, eating, and as often as not sleeping in the open. During the brief season of the rains it is housed in packing sheds and preserve factories, but for the greater part of the year the human labor is as much a part of the great out- door pageant as the woodpecker or the ant. .- ^ - '1^^^' .*"S">;*'' ^^^^'^tS^; •^-^rn:: J^;^-^-: '^-v*^^ Three-yc;ir-()l(l Washiiiglon Navel orange tree Citrus Fruit Industries of California By F. O. Wallschlaeger Secretary Citrus Protective League of California Editor's Note: The organization which J\Ir. Wallschlaeger repre- sents deals with all the varied interests of citrus fruit production in California and his treatise is such a comprehensive and related view of this, the greatest of all California's fruit groups, as is most needed for popular information. Mr. Wallschlaeger is well equipped for this writing by his official connection with the California Citrus Pro- tective League and the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, our great citrus fruit marketing organization of producers, concerning which a carefully analytical article by the general manager, Mr. G. Harold Powell, will be found elsewhere in this publication. THE citrus fruit industry in California now represents an investment of about two hundred million dollars. The total ship- ments of oranges during the season 1913-14 reached the enormous total of 45,306 cars. Prior to the cold weather in January, 1912, the shipments of lemons in the season 1910-11, reached a total of 6891 cars. The total value of the crop in one season has been estimated at thirty-three million dollars f. o. b. cars in California. The delivered value of the fruit in the eastern markets is about fifty million dollars. The price paid by the consumer will total from seventy-five to eighty million dol- lars. The fruit is produced by 12,000 growers and 150,000 people depend upon the industry for a livelihood. California is called the "Golden State," and the citrus trees have perpetuated that name through the golden color of their luscious fruit and through the stream of gold which has rewarded the efforts of the men who have devoted their l)est talents to supplying the people of this country with oranges, lemons and grape fruit. The citrus groves represent a veritable empire ; indeed, an empire re- claimed from the desert through painstaking effort. The men and women who have founded this industry and who are continuing this mar- velous example of the triumph of man over the desert have undertaken to overcome ob- stacles which have been the downfall of irri- gated agriculture in many of the old world covmtries. WHY DID THE C.'^LI FORXIA CITRUS IXDUSrRV ARISE? Let us first consider what has brought this industry from its modest beginning of a few seeds, brought up from Lower California by the early Mission fathers, to its present area of 200,000 acres with probably 15,000,000 trees. The foundation stone on which this tremen- dous industry rests is contained in the favor- able climatic conditions, which make it pos- sible to have these evergreen trees growing and 448 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE WluTc Oranges attain perfection — Riverside groves full of life the year around with but little dan- ger of being injured by cold. Sheltered by the mountain ranges which shut off the cold winds from the north and east the trees blossom and mature fruit during every month of the year. At the same time the mild California climate gives the fruit a delicious flavor and a high keeping quality. This keeping quality makes it a desirable commodity for the men interme- diate from the grower to the consumer to han- dle without excessive loss through its perishable nature. Next to, though hardly secondary to climatic conditions, are the soil suitable for the growth of the trees and a supply of good water to irrigate the trees through the dry months of the year. In the past there have been numerous times when it has seemed as though the industry were doomed to eventual destruction or at least to a limited production only on account of the competition with fruit produced in for- eign countries on low priced land and with cheap labor. The importance of this factor in the past has been reduced through the opera- tion of a tariff which encourages the produc- tion of the fruit and also through the organi- zation of the growers into co-operative asso- ciations for the better handling of the fruit from the tree to the market. Two years ago the tariff duties on lemons were reduced ap- proximately one cent per pound. Oranges, grapefruit, limes and other citrus fruit were reduced one-half cent per pound. The rates of duty on all citrus fruits are now on the basis of 35 cents per box of California ca- pacity, approximately one-half cent per pound. At the present time the lemon industry is con- fronted with increased importations of foreign lemons and low prices. The increase in the quantity imported is due to the reduction of the duty on lemons and also to the shutting off of some of the principal markets for Ital- ian lemons in Europe. Foreign orange grow- ers, who are now not marketing their fruit in this country to any extent, are also seeking to bring their fruit into this country. This de- CITRUS FRUITS 449 A tropical vista backed by snow-capped hills — Redlands Orange groves sire is due to the demoralization of their mar- kets through the war. There were many difficulties which con- fronted the growers when the methods of growing, harvesting and marketing were not as clearly outlined as at present. In the early history of the industry there were few prece- dents to follow from other lines of fruit han- dling which were applicable to the orange and lemon in California. The early efforts of the growers were often attended by mistakes. Ex- perience was a costly teacher in eliminating those practices which were detrimental to the fruit and trees. The groves sometimes had been planted on soils which were not adapted to citrus culture ; locations were chosen which were subject to frost, where the supply of water was inadec}uate. or where other unsuit- able conditions prevailed. The handling of the soil under irrigated conditions had to be stud- ied. The maintenance of its fertility througli the planting of cover crops and the adding of humus was not fully appreciated. Scientific pruning was not practiced. The benefits to be derived from the selection of buds from trees of desirable production were tlien not fully understood. These conditions, however, do not now prevail. The growers of c.itr"« fruits in California are men of the highest intelligence and are in close touch with the progress made in agricultural matters. The cultural methods in use are continually im- proved. The fruit is handled with more care and skill than is used with any other fruit crop. Improper handling is becoming a less and less important factor and the best trade in the retail markets has confidence in the better brands of fruit. The relative standing which the industry has attained in California in comparison with the industry in other parts of the world will be apparent from the following data : The total citrus fruit crop of the world equals from ninety to one hundred million boxes of Cali- fornia size. The five most important countries in the order of their production are: The United States, Spain, Italy, Japan, and Pales- tine. The United States and Spain each pro- 450 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE duce approximately 30 per cent, or 68,000 carloads, Italy 25 per cent, or 58,500 carloads, and Japan and Palestine each less than five per cent of the world's production. Of the total production of about 68,000 carloads in the United States during the season 1913-14, over 48,000 cars, or 70 per cent of the total, were produced in California. A normal crop in California from the present acreage of bearing age would yield from 55,000 to 60,000 carloads of fruit and the lemon acreage now set out will produce, when in full bearing, more lemons than are now consumed in this country. Citrus fruits are picked, packed and shipped from California during every month of the year. The different varieties of oranges have seasons which cover the entire year, and a lemon tree blossoms and bears fruit of all sizes continuously. During a normal year, the com- parative importance of the different varieties of oranges with their approximate shipping season is as follows: Washington Navels, 27.000 cars, shipped principally in December and January from Northern and Central Cali- fornia, and from December to June, inclusive, from Southern California; Valencias, 12,500 cars, shipped from June to November, inclu- sive, though this total is increasing on account of heavy plantings; Seedlings, 1000 cars, and Mediterranean Sweets, 2000 cars, shipped from March to July, inclusive. Other varieties, including St. Michaels, Thompson's Improved Navels, Ruby Blood, Malta Blood, Jaffa, Tan- gerines, and Navelencies, amount to about 1 500 cars. Lemons are shipped the year round, the heaviest shipments going forward in May and June. HOW THE IXDLSTRV HAS BEEN DEVELOPED To bring the industry to its present size has required men of ability and capital to develop the land and bring the groves into bearing. Those who have been largely responsible in bringing new capital into the industry have been in many cases retired business or profes- sional men, and some who have come to Cali- fornia to regain their health. These men have brought into the industry business habits and a wide experience which have been invaluable in building up the organizations which handle their products and which are second to none in the handling of a perishable agricultural crop. A charm is found in the culture of citrus fruits which can not be found with other outdoor pursuits. There have been at- tracted to the industry a class of people rep- resentative of progressive industry and occu- pations from all parts of the United States and from foreign countries. These men and women have been able to find the same oppor- tunities for profit in this industry as are found in comparable industries in any part of the United States. As a class, the citrus growers of California are the most intelligent and en- terprising agriculturists to be found in the world. It is undoubtedly true that California has attracted many to the business of growing oranges and lemons principally for the name of "owning a grove." There are many people who often say, 'T understand an orange grove does not pay." As in all lines of business, it is the individual himself who is the factor of greatest importance in determining the success of an enterprise. The personal factor deter- mines the difference between profit and loss. As in any other business, the successful man must bring to his work a thorough knowledge of each and every phase of the industry, com- bined with a settled puri)ose to succeed in spite of all difficulties. A love for his work will bring success through the observing of the small as well as the large factors. I'he second series of factors which have been instrumental in the building of this business are the organizations which have been formed in the industry. These have been formed pri- marily for the better handling of the fruit from the trees to the retailer in the consuming renters. In the earlv history of the business, as in other agricultural industry even at the jjresent time, the business was transacted through men who had no direct interest in the welfare of the growers. These men might be buvers who purchased the fruit from the grower on the tree as cheaply as possible. CITRUS FRUITS 451 They then picked, hauled, packed and shipped it on their own account. Their interest lay in paying the lowest price for the fruit and in obtaining the highest price in the market. The grower's interest concerned itself with securing the maximum amount for his fruit on the trees. He did not concern himself with the extension of markets and other factors which affected him only indirectly. Then there were men wdio handled the fruit on a commission basis, charg- ing a fixed price for handling it, selling it, and returning the net proceeds to the grower. Both of these classes of men in many cases advanced money to the grower on the security of his crop. In this w-ay they obtained control of the fruit and handled it as they desired. This method of doing business proved so unsatis- factory that the owners of orchards found it necessary, in order to safeguard their invest- ment, to band themselves together. They built their own packing house or leased a house. They handled their fruit co-operatively and endeavored to sell it to the best advantage for their own account. With the small volume of fruit ordinarily controlled by one grower it was practically impossible for him to market his own crop. But even in thus forming themselves into one organization the growers found that a small volume of fruit could not be sold to the same advantage that a large volume could be marketed. The packing associations in one district then federated into a local selling as- sociation. This association had control of the fruit in the car from the time it left the packing house until its final sale to the job- ber. The next step in organizing the business of marketing their crop was the formation of a central clearing house of market informa- tion. This central exchange covers the entire State, including packing houses and selling exchanges in the various districts. It maintains an office at some central city in the State, and maintains agencies in different parts of the countrv to look after the fruit when it arrives in a market. Practically all of the growers' organizations handle the fruit at cost, distribute no profits and accumulate no surplus. There are several state-wide organizations, having packing houses in various parts of the State and a central office through which the business transactions relating to the marketing of the fruit are handled. The methods under which they oper- ate dift'er widely. The largest organization is organized to handle the grower's fruit at cost and its contracts encourage the extension of the co-operative principle. Space will not per- mit a detailed description of the business meth- ods of the different types of organizations. In the case of the organization which handles over 60 per cent of the fruit shipped from California the costs are distributed equally among its members based upon the number of boxes of fruit each has handled. In the case of the other state-wide organizations some of the charges are made on a fixed price per box and other expenses are pro rated. In other cases the fruit of the growers is handled through the packing house of the corporation at a specified price per box to cover packing expenses plus a percentage on the gross amount realized, or at a specified price per box to cover packing and selling expenses. The quan- tity of fruit now purchased outright from the grower by a packer at a set price per hundred pounds for all fruit on the tree, or on some other cash basis, is but a small proportion of the total. The competition between the pack- ing houses operating in various ways in a district has tended to reduce the cost of opera- tion. They serve a useful purpose in their rivalry among themselves for the grower's fruit. The grower under these conditions has the opportunity of shipping his fruit in the manner which most appeals to his judgment and suits his particular conditions. WORK OF THE dlRUS PROTECTIVE LEAGUE In addition to the problem of marketing the fruit successfully there have arisen various other questions in which the industry and each grower has had a common interest. These questions included railroad rates, tariff duties, public policy questions, legislative enactments, and other general questions which affect the whole industrv. In order to handle these prob- 452 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Palm bordered canal for irrigating in Southern (California lems the individual grower shippers and pack- ing houses, as well as the selling organizations, formed the Citrus Protective League. This organization has been successful in protecting the interests of the industry in these various general questions. It has enabled the industry to present a united front against the encroach- ments of transportation companies and against foreign importers who endeavored to have tariff rates reduced. It has assisted in building up the College of Agriculture of the State University by securing appropriations from the Legislature to enable them to handle re- search and other questions which make for better cultural methods, disease control, or imjirovement of fruit. It has secured the co- operation of the Federal Covernment in solv- ing questions which have been a menace to the profitable operation of the orchards and has served as a medium through which it has been possible for the industrv to express itself on questions which affected it as a whole. During the time that the industry was being established on a firm l)asis the marketing question was the most serious with which the producer had to contend. In solving their handling, marketing and transportation ques- tions the growers were immeasurably bene- fited by the organizations which thev them- selves formed in order to get the benefit of co-operative effort. No amount of energy or money expended in perfecting organization, handling or transportation would have been of avail had it not been for the superior qualitv of the fruits which tlie growers pro- duced. This fruit had to be sold to the con- sumers in the eastern part of the United States in competition with fruit brought from I'.urope, the West Indies, and other parts of the United States. One of the prominent East- ern fruit trade ])ai>ers, published in a market which in importance overshadows all other markets of the United States, is quoted as follows : "There is no disputing the fact that when it comes to extracting top-notch prices out of the buvers' pockets, the California orange has the call, first, last and all the time. Florida mav talk of its dusky, celebrated India River fruit ; the ^^'est Indies may put forth claims CITRUS FRUITS 453 of her VL'llow-skinned globes of sweetness, but the Golden State, with an orange which com- bines beauty with savor, and appeals to the eye as powerfully as to the palate, unques- tionably wears the crown." — Fniifiiiaii's Guide, Xew York. These inherent qualities of the fruit are found to be associated with certain varieties such as the Washington Navel orange, the Valencia orange, and certain other varieties of the orange as well as in lemons. These qualities are not found to be associated to as great an extent with similar fruit produced in other localities. The Washington Navel with its high flavor, characteristic trade mark, ease of handling by the grower, packer, re- tailer and consumer has achieved a place in the consumer's menu which will be permanent as long as these qualities endure. This par- ticular variety, in common with the Valencia orange and other California oranges, can be used in numerous ways by the consumer in which it is not possible to use other oranges. They can be easily peeled, sliced for salads, or used as other sliced fruits are used. They have an attractive color and appearance and a higher proportion of those health giving quali- ties for which acid-bearing fruits are noted. THE grower's triumph IN MARKETING Regularity in supply and uniformity in price encourage the use of a produce. This has been found to be a fact in the experience of great concerns who have observed their product closely from the time it left their establishment until it reached the hands of the consumer. In the case of the California orange and lemon it has also been found that the associations in striving to supply all mar- kets equally at all times of the year have been rewarded by a steady demand for their prod- uct. The householder has come to feel that at all times there is available at a reasonable price a fruit which can be depended upon to give satisfaction. Regularity in the supply of these fruits has been the factor which has gradually and surely reduced the price to the consumer and at the same time has increased the amount received by the producer. In the words of Mr. Charles J. Brand, in charge of V Cement flume for conducting irrigating water through an orcliard 454 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE When the golden h;irvest is ready — Picking Oranges in California the Office of Markets of the United States Department of Agriculture : "They have given the country better fruit without increasing the cost to the consumer, and at the same time have increased their profits. They have also brought about greatly reduced freight rates on their products and more uniform prices have been maintained than would otherwise be possible." When California supplied but a small pro- portion of the total quantity of citrus fruits consumed in this country, the price of the fruit fluctuated greatly from month to month and even from week to week. As had been found in numerous other commodities, the re- tail price is very much slower in responding to lower price levels in the wholesale price than it is to increase when the cost to the retailer is increased. Consequently, on account of the relatively higher retail price, consump- tion is restricted and the producer does not re- ceive the full benefit of the reduction in the price to the jobber. Under the present method of supplying all parts of the country regu- larly with fruit, the retailer is enabled to handle it on a strictly merchandising, rather than on a speculative basis. GIVING AMERICANS A HOME-GROWN LEMON The lemon business of California has gone through a number of ups and downs. When the growers first commenced to ship lemons in commercial quantities they had to contend principally with the difficulty of handling the fruit in such a manner that it would arrive in sound condition in the market and not be sub- ject to serious decav while in the hands of the retailer and consumer. Investigations dis- closed the causes of these decays and the growers placed in the markets a high quality t)f fruit in sound condition. It then was neces- sary to establish in the minds of the purchasers the fact that California lemons could be de- livered to them in sound condition and thus overcome the prejudice in favor of imported lemons. In the course of time this was accom- plislied and now the California lemon out- CITRUS FRUITS 455 ranks the imported lemon and is taken in preference when other conditions are equaL The superior pack and keeping quality of the fruit when it arrives on the market in compe- tition with imported lemons has assured Cali- fornia a market for its produce in the United States. TRANSPORTATION PROBLEMS One of the greatest factors in increasing the number of people supj^lied with California oranges and lemons has been the transporta- tion companies. The industry long ago would have reached a point which it would have found impossible to pass without the co-opera- tion of the railroad companies in furnishing suitable equipment, in making improvements in their methods of transporting the fruit over the high altitude and warm, low valleys and protecting the fruit from the extremes of heat and cold in winter and summer in the northern and southern parts of the United States. Among some of the large linancial savings made to the growers by the railroads can be mentioned the reduction in the freight rate on oranges from $1.25 to $1.15 per hundred pounds. Other savings which were obtained through the efforts of the industry are the re- duction in the lemon rate from $1.15 to $1.00 per hundred pounds, the rate of $7.50 per car which permits the shipper to load and ship pre-cooled and pre-iced cars of oranges at a large saving over the heavy cost of standard refrigeration. In considering the future of these rates it is not too optimistic to assume that as the volume increases it should be pos- sible for the transportation companies to in- crease their efficiency in the handling of this great crop and possible for them to transport and care for the fruit in the car at a lower net cost per hundred weight. One of the fea- tures in the transportation of citrus fruits is the so-called blanket rate under which practi- cally all the territory east of the Rocky Moun- tains to the Atlantic seaboard is supplied at the same rate per hundred pounds for freight. This permits a very wide distribution of these fruits to all parts of the country. The Panama Canal has opened up to the industry another means of transporting the product, ^^'hat these methods of reaching the Fumigating a Lemon grove Interior of Packing House, Diiarte-Monrovia I'mit Exchange Orange Display, Auction Room, Erie Pier, N. Y. CITRUS FRUITS 457 Eastern seaboard markets under lower trans- portation rates -will accomplish for the benefit of the growers will be determined in the future after rates have been made and the practica- bility of using water transportation has been determined. It is expected that during the present season enough fruit will be forwarded in this manner to demonstrate the practica- bility of using the Panama Canal. RESULTS OF RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENT In solving the difficulties which have con- fronted the growers and packers the Federal and State agricultural departments have been of inestimable value to the industry. The Fed- eral Department of Agriculture, through one investigation alone, has been the means of saving the growers and also the railroads mil- lions of dollars which were formerly lost through the decay of oranges and lemons while in transit. The losses from decay which were being sustained by the industry had reached such an enormous total that the United vStates Department of Agriculture sent investigators to California to determine the causes of these losses and the methods of eliminating them. As a result of these investigations the method of handling the fruit in California has been revolutionized and it has been possible to re- duce the losses from decay to a very small proportion of those formerlv sustained. The work that is now being done by the College of Agriculture of the University of California and by the United States Department of Agri- culture in investigating the methods of im- proving types of trees, in studying methods of management, and the handling methods now in vogue will prove of great value in solving those problems which are impossible for the individual grower to study and solve alone. Many of these questions will take years of study by trained experts and only in the in- stitutions supported by the State or Federal governments can the men be retained who arc capable of handling such scientific studies. IMPORIAXT ECONOMIC QUESTION'S Up to the present time more attention has been given to organized and scientific market- ing of the crop than to its economical produc- How the oranges are conveyed to the packing house A Lemon packing li Uplaiul Lemon packing house that looks like a palatial resi- dence — Santa Barbara 458 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE ?*i The younger generation — Bal)y Citrus trees tion. The industry has grown at a tremendous pace and a great deal of attention has been given to the setting out of new orchards. A time has now come when the growers will devote an increasingly larger amount of atten- tion to the scientific production of high-grade fruit at the lowest cost per box and to the utilization of a part of the crop in other ways besides selling it as fresh fruit. The imports of orange and lemon by-products, principally lemon, have amounted from $1,500,000 to $1,750,000 annually in the last few^ years, exclusive of marmalades. These imports have come from countries in which hand labor is cheap and plentiful, consequently the business has grown up) along lines which it would be difficult, if not impossible, to follow in this country. With the development of methods and machinery to handle the various opera- tions successfully, there will come to this State a by-product business which will utilize a pro- portion of the crop, varying according to the market price of the fresh fruit. This will take out of the market a portion of the crop when there is an over-supply of fresh fruit and will act as a stabilizer for the price of fresh fruit. There is also an unexplored field in the put- ting up of special packages of fruit to suit particular trades. In the European citrus in- dustries there is a large and profitable holiday business in fruit packed in attractive wrappers and packages. The present size of the Cali- fornia package is too bulky for an ideal Christ- mas or holiday box, but with the development of a suitable package which can be shipped at a low cost in carloads in connection with other fruit and can be retailed at an attractive price in the market there should be an increasing demand for holiday packages. In this connec- tion there are now in use by some packing houses small boxes containing a dozen oranges which are sold in California at a relatively high price. The price includes individual de- CITRUS FRUITS 459 livery charges from California to all parts of the United States. From the production side of the industry a great deal of practical work is now being done to raise the standard of the trees in the orchard. This is being done by demonstrating the practicability of growing trees in the nursery, or rebudding them after they have been set out in orchard form and proven un- profitable, which will produce a high average yield per tree together with a high proportion of the better grades of fruit. Mr. A. D. Shamel of the United States Department of Agriculture, who is in charge of this work, has found that certain trees are habitual pro- ducers of a large amount of fruit coupled with a heavy proportion of the best grades. Through tests it has been found that these qualities are transmissible from the parent tree through the bud taken from it to the nursery tree or the rebudded tree. From a comparison of the best and poorest trees in one of the most pro- ductive groves of Washington Navel orange trees in California during four seasons from 1911 to 1914, it was found that the average of the best trees was over four packed boxes per tree, while the average of the poorest trees was less than one box per tree. The returns per acre showed a difference of $417.77 f. o. b. at the packing house, between the best and poorest trees. It has been found by Mr. Shamel that in many groves more than one-half of the trees are carried at an actual loss or are only paying their "board." The practical applica- tion of the improvement of orchard trees through bud selection is then made by top- working and rebudding these unprofitable trees in the orchard with buds taken from trees which are known to produce large crops of high-grade fruit. Trees which have been top-worked and rebudded in this manner, in over 90 per cent of the trees so handled, have come true to the type of the parent trees. In the case of lemons, they have produced as much fruit per tree in one picking as was formerlv obtained from the same tree in a A picturesque view — Orange groves from Point of Rocks, Riverside, Cal. 460 CALIFORNIA'S :\IAGAZINE year. As lemons arc picked from ten to twelve times in a year the total increase in the fruit secured shows a remarkable gain. SERVICE TO THE CONSUMER THE PRICE OF SUCCESS In the last analysis the future of this L;Teat industry will depend upon the place it achieves in the minds of the ultimate consumer. No business can sur\ive and flourish which does not furnish the consumer with a product which will give him satisfaction and keep alive the desire for the product. A great step forward in tlie direction of giving the consumer a jiroduct of the highest grade has been taken in the past year. At the beginning of the Navel orange shipping season from the northern and central parts of the State, the United States Department of Agriculture suggested a ratio of eight parts of soluble solids to each part of acid present in oranges as one which should govern the maturity of oranges. The growers in the earlier sections of the State immediately adopted this standard and formed an associa- tion to supervise the testiiig and shipping of fruit. The good ejfects of this suggested standard in the comjiarativelv short time that it has been effective has convinced the indus- try that it has lieen a decided benefit in making an imjjroved market for California oranges based on the merit of the arti(de it- self. From a financial standpoint it has been very satisfactory, showing a greater demand and consequent higher price for California oranges as compared wdth other fruit on wliich this standard was not applied. Like a verital)le Carclcn of .\.llah -Orange district, Rodlaiuis Ripe Olives The Olive: A Unique California Product By Mrs. Freda Ehmann President Ehmann Olive Company Editor's Note: Mrs. Ehmann, who long- ago led in pioneer olive planting- in her district and laid the foundation for one of Califor- nia's best known producing enterprises, which bears her name, gives conclusions drawn from long and large experience in the growth of the olive tree and the products upon which its present popularity rests. Interesting historical references carry the reader from the intro- duction of the trees by the padres to the industrial importance which thev have now attained. THE olive industry in California in its of horticulture. When we remember that the beginning and rapid development is one ripe olives of California and California oil of the most interesting chapters in the history are practically new products, and even up to 462 CALIFORXTA'S MAGAZINE this date alniosl uiikmnvn articles in a large portion of the Lhiited States, and when we consider the present large demand for the ripe olive, we niust acknowledge that few, if any, branches in husbandry have made such phe- nomenal growth within the same period of their existence. I'l.A.N I INC OK FIRST Ol.lVK IRKES From fairly authentic sources we learn that in the year of 1769 Don Joseph de (Jalvez, acting under royal Spanish orders, commanded an expedition to re-explore the Pacific Coast, landing in San Diego in the same year. Accompanying Don Joseph de (Jalvez on this important voyage we find Father Junipero Serra, a Franciscan monk, and afterwards founder of the California Missions. Don Joseph de Galvez brought cuttings and seeds of figs, pomegranates, oranges, citron, dates and olives. These were planted in the grounds surrounding the Mission buildings and under the favorable soil and climatic conditions of California these trees changed the heretofore wild grounds into a beautiful semi-tropical garden. However, of all the flowers and fruit which delighted the eye and palate of those missionaries there are no traces to be found. Only the olive trees and a few palms have weathered the storms of over a century. At the present day there are still eighty olive trees, survivors of that first planting by Father Serra, to be found in the old Mission grounds near San Diego. A careful examination of the data at hand does not mention the i)reparation of olives as an article of food at that time. However, the olive oil is frecjuently mentioned as being used in religious ceremonies and in the household of the Mission fathers. We are at a loss to explain why so many years should elapse ere we read of the spread- ing of the olive culture and why tlie produc- tion of so highlv esteemed an article as olive oil is in the Catholic Cluirch and Catholic cere- monies, should fall into decay. Not until the year of 1841 do we read of various small groves of olive trees being planted by Cali- fornia ranchers. In the year of 1872 the first attempt was made to put the olive industry on a commercial basis. A considerable acreage was planted in San Diego by Mr. FVank E. Kimball, at Santa Barbara by Mr. Elwood Cooper, and in San Jose by Mr. E. E. Good- rich. The olives raised by these pioneer grow- ers, however, were all converted into oil. The prevalent supposition that olives could not be raised successfully in the northern part of this State was soon dispelled by the planting of large tracts of land in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys as far north as Shasta County. The present conditions of the groves in the section here mentioned is the best testi- mony for the writer's assertion on this point. It is a matter of conjecture as to whom we are indebted for the preparation of the first ripe olives as a condiment. However, it is an indisputable fact that with the evolution of this wholesome food from the crude method of the home product to the scientifically finished commercial article, the olive industry of Cali- fornia owes its present flourishing condition, entirely and solely. FACTORIES ESTABLISHED After the first successful introduction large factories were established for the pickling of the ripe olive, and money and labor were freely employed to introduce this new article in California as well as in Eastern markets. This agitation could have but one result, and that was to create a phenomenal growing demand for more ripe fruit. The attention of investors was at once attracted to this new branch of horticulture. Whole sections of land were colonized, sold and planted for the cul- ti\ation of the olive. Capitalists from all over the United States are paying handsome prices for grcn'es already in bearing and at the pres- ent time the olive culture has undoubtedly jiassed the experimental period and is based on a solid foundation as one of the best and surest investments. Perhaps it is not out of l)lace here to state that the foregoing assertion depends on the following conditions : Crood gravelly soil. suflScient drainage, plenty of water for summer irrigation and fer- tilizer to stimulate the growth of trees and development of the fruit. Planters make a serious mistake not to heed this advice, as the OLIVES 463 writer's experience is ample proof for the above assertion. Olive trees should be planted about forty feet apart. This insures the bearing of larger and earlier matured fruit. Where trees are crowded, say sixty to sixty-five to the acre, the fruit will invariably mature late and remain undersized. Especial stress should be laid on this point, as experience has taught the writer much that she did not know when she most needed such knowledge. The so-called Mission variety of olives has proven the best for pickling and oil making. It is a good bearer and a much hardier variety than some which are larger. These olives con- tain a large percentage of oil and when prop- erly prepared have a delicious, nutty flavor which is entirely lacking in some other va- rieties, or in the Mission olive when poorly prepared. Much discussion has arisen of late by some olive growers who claim to have discovered a method of cultivation by which young olive trees will bear fruit the second and third year after planting. There may be a few such trees which were budded on three or four year old roots, but the writer's experience of twenty- three years is that it takes from five to six years before an olive tree bears fruit to any extent. It is not advisable to plant stock less than two years old. The growth on such stock is slow and the time to wait for fruiting is long, but to overcome this tedious waiting, planting of deciduous fruits, such as peaches, plums, pears, or berries may be made between the rows of olive trees. These deciduous fruits will, after the third year, not only bear the expense of caring for the olive groves, but will yield a net profit to the investor until the olive trees require the entire ground space. Olive trees increase in bearing very rapidly with age. A full bearing orchard under good conditions will average from two to three and even four tons per acre. Figuring the fruit at our present market prices of from $100 to $140 a ton, it is easy to see wdiy I consider olive culture by far one of the best industries in California for profitable, present and future investments. Preparing olives for the traile ^^'e must not lose sight of the most impor- tant feature of olive culture and that is the longevity of the trees. The writer was shown olive groves in Italy over 700 years old, ac- cording to authentic information. These groves were all on rocky hills where no irrigation or cultivation was possible and yet they yielded year after year fine crops of fruit. Therefore when an olive orchard is being planted it rep- resents a permanent income not only for the present owner, but for future generations. There is one more reason, not to be con- sidered too lightly, why I am making this claim for the olive culture, and that is the fact that only two states in North America, namely, California and a small portion of Arizona, are suitable for successful olive rais- ing, and while California deciduous fruits rank very high, there is a keen competition existing between Oregon, Washington and Idaho fruits, all also of excellent quality, whereas the olive has no competitor, and has the United States and the whole world for a market. We are I'ust beginning to convince the American housekeeper and dealer that Cali- fornia produces a far superior olive oil than the imported product. Those who are expe- rienced in the use of the California olive oil 464 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE prefer it greatly to the imported oils bceause of the rich fruit fla\-or which is altogether absent in the nondescript thin Italian and French oils. A growing consumption of Cali- fornia olive oil will naturally stimulate and encourage olive culture more than lecturing or writing on this subject can do. In summing uj* the prt)spcct of the riyjc oli\'c industrv of California it is within the writer's knowledge that there are few, if any. olive groves in favorable localities that are for sale, while on the other hand whole sections of foothill land are being bought up by indix'iduals and coriiorations and planted to olives. How much of beauty and sentiment could be introduced into our beautiful State of Cali- fornia if her highways and hill slopes were all planted with these beautiful trees. There is no more beautiful siglit than an olive grove with its soft-tinted, silvery leaves reminding us as no other tree does, of sacred history, and connecting California of todav with the lives of those noble missionaries who left us in the olive trees, a blessing and a heritage for the present generations. 44 The Fruit of Peace" By William Jennings Bryan S,-c-r,-farY of Stdtr. U. S. A. (Editor's Notr: March 31 of the present year was designated "Ripe Olive Day" at the Panama-Pacific exposition and nationally the occasion was observed to a con- siderable extent. While primarily the object might have been to promote the olive industry in California, there is a higher purpose, which is set forth in the following letter, written prior to the above date to Mr. George C. Masefield of the California Ripe Olive Day Association, by Secretary Bryan, who awarded the verdict to the olive in the mooted question as to whether the dove or olive branch should be the emblem of peace. ) THI£ olive is the hardy tree which survived the deluge, and when the dove carried his message to Noah it was a tribute to the tree as well as a message of peace. The olive branch from time immemorial has been associated with the dove as emblematic of peace; l)ut as the fruit is greater than the 1)ranch, the California ripe olive should have its fame linked not only with peace, but with prosperity and abundance. T am one of the few living outside of California who has had a long and intimate acquaintance with the California ripe olive, which I regard as a most delicious and wholesome food, and I shall be glad to join with you in the celebration of "California Ripe Olive Day" by partaking of the feast which the olive growers of California have made possible. Why California Will Lead in Fig Production By George C. Roeding President Fane her Creek Nursery Company, Fresno: Ex-President Pari fie Coast A' iirsery/zian's Assoeiation and California Assoeiation of Nurserymen, etc. Editor s Note: Mr. Roeding has occupied a leading position among California fruit growers for a double decade, not only for his produc- tions but for his zeal and energy in solving problems which were for years baffling in the introduction and establishment of the "fig of com- merce" in this State. He co-operated with the United States govern- ment in the successful installation of the fig insect which is essential to the production of the Smyrna fig, and personally took part in the exploration precedent to that result. He now leads in the production of that type of fig and its entry to the world's trade. His article pre- sents one of the most dramatic phases of the California fruit indus- tries. IN RECENT years no horticultural sub- ject has created more interest or has been the cause of more discussion and variance of opinion than the possibilities of fig culture in California and particularly in those sections where the summer temperature ranges from 90 to 110 degrees in the shade from July to October, with an entire absence of rain, and a comparatively dry atmosphere, which are the necessary requisites for making commercial fig culture a success. This does not necessarily mean that figs can not be grown elsewhere, but rather that where conditions such as these prevail every branch of the industry is open to exploitation, from the shipping of fresh figs to the canning and preserving and finally to the drying, which must be, after all, the only absolute and dependable method for the disposal of the crop when largely grown. Figs have been marketed in this manner for hun- dreds of years, and although we do not wish to minimize canning, preserving and crystal- lizing figs, these processes will only take care of a very small part of the crop, when it takes its place as one of the great fruit in- dustries of this and other states having the climate and soil conditions and the possibilities of irrigation similar to our own. The annual production of Smyrna figs in Asia Minor varies from twenty-five to thirty thousand tons, and at least one-half of this crop is sold in the United States. The output in the United States, all — or practically all of it — comes from California, and is from three to five thousand tons annually. WHY HAS THE FIG INDUSTRY DEVELOPED SLOWLY ? Figs have been grown in California for up- wards of one hundred and twenty-five years, and unquestionably the fig industry, in the natural course of events, considering the thriftiness of the trees and their remarkable productivity, should have led all other fruits in commercial importance. \\'hat, then, has been the reason for the exceedingly slow progress which has been 466 CALIi-ORXIA'S !^IAGAZINE made in the building up of this business? The answer is a simple one — not having the right variety. We do not detract from the value of other sorts which have been growing in California for a number of years, but the great world's supply of tigs is secured from none of these varieties. For years the White Adriatic, White Endich and a few other figs were manipulated by every process which human ingenuity could devise to make them compare favorably with the world-famed Smyrna figs of commerce, but all the efforts were in vain to secure the delicious, nutty sweetness which has placed this Oriental production in the lead of all other figs. Smyrna had managed to control the situation for so many hundreds of years that the growers there, and horticulturists in other parts of the w'orld, were convinced that a certain combination of soil and climatic con- ditions made the Valley of Maeander the only spot on earth where the fig could be grown to perfection. It remained for the progressive, enterprising and persevering horticulturists of California to demonstrate the fallacy of this preconceived idea. The first actual commer- cial demonstration of growing Smyrna figs was made on the Roeding place in Fresno County in 1901. California will take the same place in the fig industry that it has in other lines of fruit growing ; not only will the consumption of figs increase at an astounding rate in the United States, but we shall be shipping our tigs to Europe, Australia, China, Japan and inanv otlier countries of the world, so the out- let lor this product is practically unlimited. It is an actual fact that more than half our dried apricots and prunes are being exported to Europe, with an ever-increasing demand. Then why should not the same condition of affairs arise with the fig? As with other fruits, our improved methods of handling are already apparent in our dried tigs, for they are sweeter, have a much finer flavor, and the cleaner methods which we follow in the curing of our ])roduct will com- bine to place us in this, as well as in other branches of the fruit industry, in the temple of fame, as the leaders in all of our commer- cial fruit untlertakings. THE SMYRN.\ FIG \\'hat is, after all, the essential point of difference between the genuine Smyrna fig of ctommerce (termed by us the Calimyrna) and the other varieties of figs grown in Cali- fornia? It lies in the fact that the Calimyrna contains nothing but female flowers, and that unless they are pollinated either artificially or through the agency of the fig wasp, the fruit never reaches maturity, but shrivels and drops from the tree when one-third grown. The Adriatic tyjje, of which there are fuUv one hundred varieties growing in this State, con- tain mule flowers, some female flowers, but which nevertheless develop and mature edible fruits, although the seeds are sterile. The Calimyrna fig, on the other hand, is valueless unless the flowers have been caprified. CAPRIFICATION IS .SIMPLE AND EASY To all outward appearances the fig tree, unlike other trees and plants, develops without first producing flowers. But these appearances are misleading, for on cutting the fruit open, it will be found that it contains a large quan- tity of inconspicuous flowers closely grouped around the rind, which is really the receptacle for them. Furthermore there are four distinct kinds of flowers found in the fig, namely : Male, female, gall and mule flowers. Male, female and gall flowers are found in Capri or wild figs, the number varying in greater or less degree in the various crops. Male and female organs, as every one knows, are com- mon to all the more highly developed plants ; the gall flowers, however, are abortive pistil- late blossoms, which nature has provided as a home for the fig wasp. Bear in mind always that the Capri figs are a class in themselves and serve only one pur- ])ose, and that is to provide a home for the little wasp, Bhisfop/mi^^cj grossoriim. In the crop of Capri figs maturing in June, technically the Profichi cro]), and it is the same in the succeeding crops, the fall, or "Mammoni," and the over wintering crop, the "Mammc," the propagation of the fig wasp takes place in the following summer. FIG PRODUCTION 467 The Profichi crop is the only one about which the grower must give himself any concern. It contains an abundance of staminate or male blossoms which are mature, covered with pollen when the little wasp emerges into the world to diligently perform her functions and add one more link to that peace of mind which we, poor humans, are seeking for. Na- ture has provided each of these figs, which contains, according to its size, from five hun- dred to two thousand wasps, its quota of male and female insects. The wasp develops in the following manner : The male is wingless, while the female is winged. The male always emerges from the gall first, crawling around the Capri fig, pierces the gall containing the female with its powerful mandibles and im- pregnates her. She then enlarges the opening made by the male, and in passing out of the fig comes in contact with the male flowers surrounding the orifice, which are then ma- ture from June 10 to July 1, and gets her body and wings dusted with pollen. At this stage, which is readily determined by breaking open a fig, for the insects, both male and fe- male, will be found crawling inside, the figs are picked off and hung up in the Calimyrna trees. Within a very short time the workman knows by the outward appearance of the fig that it has reached the proper stage of ripeness. The complication which many people imagine in connection with the distribution of the Capri figs seems ridiculous when it is borne in mind that the ignorant peasants do the work in Smyrna without having the slightest conception of the matter, or knowing the male from the female insects. All they do know is, if they do not have this "bug" their crop is a failure. With all their igno- rance they harvest close to thirty thousand tons of figs annually and the failure of a crop is unknown there. Climatic conditions are not as favorable there as here, for it is often very much colder in winter. If the winds do not happen to come from the north in the summer it remains cool, and early rains cause the crop in some seasons to be seriously damaged. Caprification of the Calimyrna figs extends through the month of lune. At this time the figs are about the size of marbles, or slightly larger, and in breaking the figs open the flowers present a waxy white appearance. Fortunately all the Capri figs do not mature at the same time, nor are the Smyrna figs re- ceptive in a single day, otherwise in large holdings it would take a big force of men to carry on the work. In four or six year old trees, from six to fifteen Capri figs should be hung in each tree, but if there is a plentiful supply of infested Capri figs it will do no harm to suspend a larger number. Trees from ten to forty years old will require from twenty to one hundred figs to each tree. The cost of caprifying is a small item of expense ; trees from four to eight years old will grad- uate from 25 to 50 cents per acre, and in older orchards the expense has never exceeded $1 per acre. HOW CAPRI FIGS ARE DISTRIBUTED The Capri figs are gathered in buckets and then transferred to sacks. They are picked off where they can readily be reached from the ground or are knocked off from the tree with bamboo poles when beyond reach. This work should start at daylight when the figs are cool, for the flight of the insect commences just as soon as the individual fruits become slightly heated by the sun's rays and continues with interruptions for several hours, covering a period of ten days from a single fig, and occurs at about the same time each day, until all the wasps have made their escape. In former years the figs after gathering were strung on raflia fibre and distributed throughout various parts of the Calimyrna trees. This is a tedious and rather slow un- dertaking, and the work has been very much simplified by hanging a wire basket made of one-inch poultry netting, in the trees. These baskets are a permanent fixture, are three inches in diameter at the top. ten inches long, narrowing down toward the end. Many growers use strawberry baskets for the distribution of the figs. There is no ob- jection except that they must be renewed each year. One wire basket is suflicient for a tree, unless it happens to be a very old one. 468 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Irrigating a California I'ig Orihard Unlike many other fruits, the fig in order to produce a high-grade article must be al- lowed to remain on the tree until it loses its original form, shrivels up and drops off. Sometimes it is necessary to jar the trees slightly, if tlie shriveled figs do not drop, or knock them off with light bamboo poles. From the orchard they are hauled to the drving ground, which sliould either he a hard piece of ground or an alfalfa bed. The figs are dumiK'd on trays which are stacked at once, for, as a general rule, all figs — with the exception of the very large ones — are dried sufficiently so that when they come on the drying ground no further ex])osure to the sun is necessary. One of the universal complaints made about California figs has been their tough skin. This is not due to any unfavorable climatic or soil condition, but is the result of overdrying. The sorting of figs may be commenced two days after they have been placed on the trays. All the figs which have a slightly leathery feeling to the touch are thrown into a pile by themselves in the drying shed, and the bird picked and split figs into the cull pile. These are not lost by any means, but sell readily at 214 to 3 cents per pound. The soft figs are placed on trays as before, the trays are stacked, and the figs remain on them until reaching the proper de- gree of dryness, when they are thrown in with the others. It is advisable to leave the figs in the pile, which may be from three to six feet deep without the fruit being damaged in the least, for a period of two weeks, turning the figs over with a scoop shovel at least once during the period or oftener if time will permit. Just prior to delivering to the packing house the figs are given a thorough washing in a brine having not less than four ounces of salt dissolved in the gallon of water. A prune dipper is used to good advantage for this work. The figs should remain in the l)rine for a period of ten to fifteen minutes, depend- ing on their condition. They are once more FIG PRODUCTION 469 placed on trays, two or three inches deep, exposed to the sun for half a day to allow the water to drain off and the trays are again stacked. Within two days they can be dumped into sweat boxes, and are ready for delivery. This processing not only cleans the figs, but it softens the skins, causing them to feel like a kid glove when squeezed between the fingers, and in addition to this, the fig presents a bright and most inviting aspect. They are a delight to the eye and appeal to the palate as no other fruit does. DOES IT PAY? Let us explain the management of a fig orchard, briefly. As far as clean cultivation is concerned the fig is no different from other trees. The first vear trees should be irrigated at least three times during the summer months ; in subsequent years, and up to the time the trees are five years old two irriga- tions should be given and in later years one irrigation is sufficient, and this should be given, if possible, between April 1 5 and June 1. to promote a strong new growth and a heavv setting of figs. The figs that are dried all set on the new wood. In localities where the annual rainfall is from fifteen to twenty inches or on heavy soil, where the trees are making a strong growth, and give no indica- tion of being • dry during the summer, the trees after reaching the bearing age need no irrigation. The pruning of a ten- year-old orchard should not exceed three cents per tree. The very outside cost, and this estimate is unusuallv liberal, for the entire care of a fig orchard, is $15 per acre per annum. The harvesting of the cro]). including the delivery to the packing house, will not exceed $15 per ton. and where a farmer does all of his own work with the assistance of his family, even this figure would bo high. A five-year-old tree will produce enough fruit to more than pay for cultivation ; at six years 1000 pounds, and at eight years 2000 pounds, and from this time on, as the trees develoj). the crop will vary according to the attention and the consequent vigor of the trees, from 2000 to 6000 pounds per acre. Good Calimyrna figs sell at 5 cents per pound in the sweat box, and as the industry advances in importance the figs will be sold on a basis of size and quality, the larger and better figs will bring even a better price than this. The grower who cures his fruit prop- erly, grades out all small and inferior figs, will be entitled to a better price for such figs, and it will be paid him without any cjuestion. Comments are very often made on the com- parative bearing qualities of the White Adriatic and the Calimyrna, and the natural inclination of the average observer is to credit the former as being a heavier producer. Although to all outward appearances the White Adriatic may have more figs on the trees they will average far smaller in size, and in addition to this a sweat box which is eight inches deep by twenty-four inches wide and thirty-six inches long will weigh fully 15 per cent more when filled with Calimyrna than with the W'hite Adriatic. The difference in weight is directly attributable to the larger sugar content and the fertile seeds. Calimyrna figs have been shipped fresh by regular refrigerator service to New York, Chi- cago, and other Eastern points, and have netted growers 10 cents per pound. THE FIG CROP SURE A failure of a fig crop in California has never been known, and we will venture to say without fear of contradiction, it never will be. Fig buyers are so certain of their ground in respect to an annual fig crop, that it has been a customarv practice for a number of years in F"resno County to make from one to five-year contracts with growers for the crops on their avenue trees and for entire orchards, the purchaser paying in advance for the ex- pected crop. The price paid depends largely on the size of the trees, but the contracts range from $1 to $5 per tree and it is no unusual thing for these contracts to involve sums as high as $5000 per annum. The contractors bear all the expense of harvesting, and the grower merely prunes and cultivates his or- chard under this arrangement. The Date in California By Silas C. Mason Aboriculturist . lutiwiu of Plant Industry, United Stiitiw !),■ f^art inrnt of .1 ^^ri cult lire liditov's Xotc: J'rofcssor Mason has for years l)ecn the resident speciahst who, nnder the direction of Doctor W. T. Swingle, has been charged with the supervision of prolonged effort to establish the best dates from the South and East Mediterranean region upon the great stretches of Southeastern California which are wrongly caled "deserts." Professor Mason describes how these regions are rendered productive by date palms, with reference also to the growth of this historic and invaluable palm in other parts of the State. The article is technically correct and therefore of great value to those who wish authentic information as to this branch of agricultural activitv. THE production of dates in a commercial way should be carefully distinguished from the growth of date trees for shade or ornament. Also the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, must not be confused with other species of the genus, one of the most common of which is the Canary Island palm, Phoenix canariensis, splendid specimens of which help to beautify so many residence lots in the coastal regions of California. HISTORICAL SKETCH The introduction of the date palm into California was undoubtedly a part of the indefatigable labors of the early Mission fathers, seeds of the date being planted in their Mission gardens from San Diego north- ward. As these were all comparatively near the coast and in sections of too low summer temperature for the successful maturing of fruit, it is probable that these plantings were made chiefly to afford leaves for the church celebration of Palm Sunday. 'I'liere were a few seedling date trees grown on private estates in California; none, however, dating back to a very early period. A lot of seedling trees in the Montecito district, near Santa Barbara, are known to be over forty years old, and some in a private enclosure within the city limits are of nearly as great an age. The trees on the rancli of Mr. Hall Hanlon on the California side of the Colorado River below Yuma, and the trees on the ranch formerly owned by Colonel Sam Taylor at Winters, both mentioned by Mr. W. T. Swingle in the Yearbook, Depart- ment of Agriculture, 1900, are of nearly as early an origin. The Wolfskin variety at Winters (See Plate LXII, Yearbook, 1900), was a variety of good quality and of such remarkable earli- ness as to mature its fruit in this sheltered position at the latitude of 38 degrees, 32 minutes, the most northerly locality where the date matures in the United States. The first introductions of offshoots of named varieties of dates from the north of Africa were made under the direction of Professor H. E. Van Deman. then pomologist of the Department of Agriculture, who received in July. 1890, nine plants from the north of Algeria, fifty-nine plants from Cairo, Egypt, and, in 1891, six plants from Muscat, Arabia Of these seventy-four plants thirty-six ulti mately reached California and were distributed DATE CULTURE 471 Bringing the Orient to the Occident — A six-year-old Date Palm Tree in the Mecca Date Garden, United States Department of Agriculture to the State experiment stations at Tulare and Pomona, Mr. F. A. Kimball at National City and the Southern Paciiic Railroad Company, whose officers placed their share in the hands of Patrick Gale for planting on his ranch near Indio, Cal., the one locality of the four now known to be adapted to date culture. One large tree, supposed to be of this origi- nal importation, is still growing in a neglected condition on what was the Gale homestead entry near Indio. The survivals of the Tulare and Pomona plantings were moved to Mecca with the estab- lishing of the department garden there in 1904 and three of them survived the removal, one, an Egyptian varietv, toeing now the tallest tree in that garden. The greatest advance made in California date culture was the establishing in 1904 of the Mecca date garden on a tract of land 185 feet below sea level, lying well down in the bed of the ancient Salton Sea. The first off- shoots set were from an importation secured through Mr. Swingle, and later importations secured through Messrs. T. H. Kearney and D. G. Fairchild by the Bureau of Plant In- dustry of the Department of Agriculture. Algeria. Tunis, Egypt and the Persian Gulf region were drawn upon for their choicest varieties, until in 1914 more than one hundred imported varieties were growing in govern- mental stations on California soil. The year 1904 marked the establishing at Mecca of a five-acre planting as a private venture bv Mr. Bernard Johnson, and of a ten-acre planting by the California Date Com- pany, a joint stock concern at Heber, Cal. In 1907. in view of the impending sub- merging of the Mecca date garden by the filling of the ancient Salton Sea from the break in the Colorado River embankment, the Department of Agriculture established a new ten-acre date garden at Indio, at a point about twentv-five feet above sea level. The land 472 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE for this was deeded for the purpose by Mr. Fred N. Johnson, who had met with re- markable success in the culture of a small number of offshoots placed with him for trial by the department. The advance of the rising Salton Sea was finally checked when the water was within 200 yards of the Mecca garden, and the projKJsed removal of the young plantation to Indio became unnecessary. But the dif- ferences in soil and location were found sutli- ciently great to justify the i-ontinuaiu'e of both stations. The ]ilanting of date seed was encouraged from the start and in 1907 the Department of Agriculture made its first distribution of seedling date plants to settlers of the Coachella and Imperial valleys, and large quantities of seeds of choice varieties have since been given (Hit in small U)ts. the idea being that though the date does not "come true" from seed yet a considerable number of the seedling plants would produce fruit of value for home use and an occasional variety would appear of sufficient merit to warrant its propagation on an exten- sive scale. By about 1910 the fine quality of the fruit ])roduced in the Mecca, Heber, and Indio plantations l)egan to attract the attention of not only the settlers in those valleys but of the real estate men. and a "boom" in date culture began which still continues. Along with legiti- mate and wholesome enterprise, which has re- sulted in the importation of considerable quan- tities of date offshoots from the Old World regions, promoters of stock-selling schemes have rushed in. sending out mail sacks full of literature and making the most extravagant promises of j)rofits to the investors for their shares. Tlie real merits of a legitimate and prom- ising industry have, to some extent, been brought into disrepute by schemes often based only on o{)tions on a tract of desert land and a few hundred seedling date jdants of dubious A'alue. REQUIREMENTS OF THE DATE The requirements of the date may be best considered under the heads of climate, water and soil : Climatic rrtjm'rrj/ir/ifs — The distribution of the date tree is limited to regions where the absolute minimum temperature does not fall below al)out 6 or 7 degrees Fahrenheit. I'lven temperatures as low as \2 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit occurring yearly would be too severe a check to permit of successful culture. Temperatures of 20 to 25 degrees Fahrenheit are withstood with little injurv. The date tree may grow in such cool summer temperatures as those of San Jose and Los Angeles where the mean temperature for the eight growing months of March to October is from 62 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit, but no fruit will be perfected. Intense and prolonged heat and a very dry atmosphere are the summer conditions demanded for fruiting the date. The only regions in California affording optimum temperature conditions for the date are the Coachella and Imperial valleys of Riverside and Imperial counties, and, a little less favorable, the Colorado Valley from the Mexican line up to Needles. Here the mean temperature of the eight growing months is from 75 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit, and except for short periods the relative humidity is very low, comparing closely with the great date regions of the Sahara. A few especially warm localities in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys may be expected to ripen early varieties of dates of second t]uality, and possibly the warmer parts of the Death Valley. ]]'atcr rrijuirrmrnfs — Contrary to a com- mon impression, the date tree requires an abundance of water for its best development, though it is able to survive considerable pri- vation. The most reliable observations show that aliout 125 gallons to 150 gallons per tree dailv must be allowed for the warmer mouths; much of this is doubtless absorbed by the soil in conveying it to the trees. In the very sandy soil of the Mecca garden probably 150 gallons to 200 gallons per tree daily are consumed during the pericnl of greatest heat. Date trees are kuown near Indio which have survived several years without surface irriga- tion other than the slight rainfall, but the roots here penetrate a slightly moist stratum DATE CULTURE 473 Flower Cluster of Male Date Palm just emerged from sheath and letting pollen escape at about twelve or fifteen feet and so maintain a precarious existence. Irrigation waters containing alkali in solu- tion that would be fatal to ordinary field crops may be applied to date trees with little, if any, injury. Soil requirements — The date tree thrives in a great variety of soils, but in the great date regions of Egypt is usually found planted upon soils too sandy for the production of profitable grain crops, there yielding profitable returns while the richer soils adjacent are found more proiitable for the growing of de- ciduous fruit, grains, and sugar cane. For a sustained vield of dates from trees on sandy soils it is necessary to give them occasional applications of manure placed in trenches about the roots. The alkali resistance of the date was sliown by Mr. Swingle (Bulle- tin 53, Department of Agriculture), to be greater than that of any knowji farm crop, even barley. This fact renders available for date culture considerable areas of land in the regions mentioned that are slightly too strong in soluble salts for general culture. In order to fruit abundantly the date palm roots must have access to a stratum of soil containing 1 per cent or less of soluble salts. Much of the alkali land of the Southwest contains much more than this and is unsuited to date culture without drainage. There are, for example, large tracts of land northwest of the Salton Sea in the Coachella Valley carrying too much alkali to permit of date culture. The date palm can, however, support, when well established, considerable accumulat- ing of alkali at the surface of the soil, enough to kill almost all other crop plants. In general, the safest date lands for the purchaser not thoroughly familiar with such soils are those that have demonstrated their ability to produce alfalfa, barley, or cotton. Three female flower clusters 474 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Heavy clay or adobe have in many regions been utilized for date culture, a selection of varieties best adapted to them being necessarv. It should be kept in mind that soils witli muc:h heavier percentages of soluble salts can be used where the drainage is such that a flow of fresh water can occasionally be utilized to wash them out than where such drainage is impossible and the salts tend to accumulate rather than diminish. BOTANICAL CHARACTERS The date, with other palms, is endogenous, having neither true bark nor amuial rings of growth. The trnnk having no true branches, but only a terminal bud, the onlv means of propagation is by the removal of c)ffshoots or suckers produced sparingly from the axils of the leaves during the earlier years of the life of the tree. In flowering, the date is dioecious, the male and female flowers being produced on separate plants. The long flexible pinnate leaves reach in mature trees a length of twelve to sixteen feet, about fifteen or twenty new 4eaves being put out from the bud every year. In culture thirty or forty leaves usually form the picturesque crown, the older failing ones being cut away. The trunk may reach at forty or fiftv years old a height of sixty or seventy-five feet, with a diameter of not more than two feet. With these graceful, columnar trunks, topped by the feathery, leafy crowns, a grove of old date trees is a beautiful and imposing sight never to be forgotten. In years to come the date groves of the Coachella Valley along the line of the Southern Pacific Railroad will be a feature worth crossing the contment to see. PROPAGATION The date is propagated by seeds and by offshoots or suckers. When seeds are sown the plants do not come true to the variety and about half of them will be males, worthless except for a small number required for pollination. The sex of the plants can only be determined when they flower, sometimes at two years old, often not for four or five or even eight or nine years under unfavorable conditions. The female plants will vary greatly in the tiuality of the fruit produced, as a rule not more than one- fourth bearing fruit of a ijuality to warrant their bi-ing grown, but occasionally very line sorts a])pear. The list of choice date varieties of the ( )ld World is doubtless the accumulation of sut-h seedling selections for many genera- tions. In the regions of Egypt, w-here large mimbers of seedling date trees are grown, the industry is much less profitable than where a few choice varieties are propagated from off- shoots and the plantations extended as rapidly as these can be produced. Offshoots or suckers may be produced on seedling trees at two or three years old. In cultivated varieties the offshoots on remoxal may often have several smaller offshoots already started. They are borne in the axils of the leaves, most abundantly near the ground, but in moist situations trees may pro- duce them for several feet up on the trunk. Varieties differ greatly in offshoot production, but they usually cease bearing them at about ten or twelve years old, and the average progeny per tree is not more than six or eight. Three or four years must generally elapse after the pushing of an offshoot before it is large enough to remove for planting. From this it will be seen how greatly the date tree differs from deciduous fruit trees, with which, by the means of scions or cuttings, each bud of the thousands produced is a potential tree of the variety. With the date, however, multiplication is very slow. So far, the best efforts of American growers have failed to save more than half of the offshoots, either imported or home grown, so it will be seen why increasing the acreage of date plantations is slow and costly. Fortu- nately, recent methods instituted by the De- partment of Agriculture of forcing the rooting of offshoots by the application of artificial heat are promising a great saving, both in offshoots and in the time needed to establish them. With the best methods of culture indicating about forty-eight or fifty trees to the acre, the setting of an acre of choice date trees calls for a large initial outlay. One male tree must be allowed for every thirty to fifty bearing trees DATE CULTURE 475 ?.Iak' aiul 1 tnialc llowers of the Date Palm Magnified for pollination, selected with due regard to flowering periods simultaneous with those of the fruiting varieties. ( For details of removing oifshoots, planting and pollination, Bulletin 53, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States De- partment of Agriculture, should be consulted) . For assurance of success the water supply must be ample and unfailing, because the offshoots during their first season in the ground must be kept constantly wet. Irrigation daily or at the least every other day is demanded for the first few months till the root system is well established. Backward oft'shoots may need this constant attention through the heated months of the second season. From this it will be seen how futile it is to trust a date plantation in its early stages to a gravity canal system unless this can be supplemented by reservoir storage or pump irrigation during the intervals between "heads" in the canals. DATE GARDEN MANAGEMENT In introducing the date industry into Cali- fornia the high price of labor and the lack of men familiar with date culture are two serious handicaps. The date regions of the Old World have at command an abundance of low-priced labor, trained from childhood to the operations of the date grove. Not only is the cultural work of the date plantation done at a minimum cost, but what may be called the "by-products" of the date tree — trunks, leaves and fiber, can. by means of the same cheap labor, be employed in the building of houses and the construction of baskets, crates, rope, small cordage and numerous articles used in the native mode of life, thus affording a secondary return from the trees that goes far to meet the expense of culture. There is very little waste of the im- perfect and low grade fruit, the impoverished people or the camels consuming all not of an export quality. A\'ith the high-priced labor of the Western states and a market only for the first quality of fruit, a dift'erent system of management must be worked out. First of all, only varieties of such superior quality that will appeal to the 476 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE best trade should be planted; second, cultural methods using modern machinery must make a minimuna of hand labor go as far as jjossible to offset the low-priced labor abroad. The development of such practice and the training of men to a new industry recjuire time and i)atience. such as were needed in building up the citrus ami the deciduous fruit industries farther north. '!"he discomforts of the long seasons of extreme heat which adapt a region to date culture make it the more difficult to induce competent men to remain with the work at the time when the groves need the closest attention. The determining of the most profitable varieties has needed to be a work of great care and caution, and much still remains to be done. A mistake in selection of varieties is costlv with any class of fruit, but especially so with the date from its costly stock, slow propa- gation, and the impossibility of "working over" any trees found unsuitable. INSECTS AND DISEASES No fungous diseases of a serious nature have appeared on any date trees in America. Two scale insects, Farlatoria Blanchardi and Fhocnicococciis Marlatti, have been found on most imported offshoots, and rigorous quaran- tine and control measures have been enacted governing the introduction of offshoots into the United States and their transportation from one locality to another. The Parlatoria scale can be completely eradicated by fumiga- tion and burning if careful follow-up inspect- ing is done. Eradication and not simply control of this scale is necessary under American con- ditions if date culture is to be profitable. The Phoenicococcus scale yields to treatment and, while its entire eradication may require con- siderable time, its control within limits not a hazard to the industry is a matter of vigilance and persistence. HARVESriXC. AND MARKETING ( 'lathering and i)acking tlie date crop call for tlie greatest outlay of hand labor of any ojjeration of date ])roduction. The choice shouUl be made of varietie^s which ripen the indiyidual fruits rather evenly on the bunch, so that by cutting the stalk the whole bunch may be lowered from the tree while the fruit still adheres firndy and the ripening completed. Even w ith such \arieties the picking from the strands, grading and tiiial packing in cartons involves tedious work unknown to the Arabs, wlio finish the curing in drying yards under most unsanitary conditions, and tramp the dates in a sticky mass into date leaf baskets for camel transportation. I'he scientific and cleanly methods which have been developed by the Department of Agriculture date station at Indio have set a standard which will be followed by all date producers in California. The result with the leading variety, the Deglet Noor, is a product not excelled liv the choicest French pack from Algeria, selling at very encouraging prices, even leaving out of account the fictitious prices sought to be established by interested promoters. The dry so-called "bread dates" of the Orient, in immerous varieties and the staple food of thousands of people, are little known to the American public. Experiments with several of these sorts, particularly with the Thoory, show them to be well adapted to Southern California conditions, and tests made of the preferences of a good many people show that but little education is needed to establish a steady demand for these dry but appetizing and mitritious dates, far more easily cured and handled than the softer and more luscious sorts. SUMMARY While subject to serious handicaps and by no means a "get-rich-quick" proposition, the date industry of Southern California has come to stay. It offers a fair return for labor and invested capital to those who are ready to give close attention to mastering the details of a new industry; an attractive and healthful out-of-door occupation, in spite of the desert heat, and the satisfaction of offering to the ]iublic a toothsome and wholesome product pro- duced under clean surroundings in place of ilates i)ai-ked under the unsanitary conditions of a Ik-douin village. California Almond Growing and Marketing By George W. Pierce President of California Almond Growers' Exchange Editor s Xofc: Mr. Pierce, who has for years been a prominent almond grower in Yolo and taken an important part in growers' suc- cessful organization for sale of their product, gives a careful sketch of the almond industry, the conditions affecting it, the chief pro- ducing districts, the kind of almonds chiefly grown, and the relative amounts and selling prices of each kind. He also discusses the origin, methods, and achievements of the California Almond Growers' Ex- change, showing the advantages of it to the almond industry. INTRODUCED into California a half century ago the almond has worked itself into popular favor. Its early blooming period and its extreme susceptibility to destruction by late frosts unerringly limit the area of its suc- cessful production. The almond originated and has been grown for many centuries on the shores of the Medi- terranean Sea. It was most fitting that its introduction into America should have been in the great central valley of California. Here the conditions of soil and climate, of skies and of sunshine rival those of Spain, Italy and Palestine. Here, although handicapped by a high cost of production and a burdensome freight rate, the California almond grower has made himself felt in the markets of the world. The work has required skillful handling. I'he business may now be said to be on a fairly stable basis. The price of its existence, heals to the orchardist for several reasons. After the tree reaches maturity it requires com- paratively little pruning. It is as free from ])ests as any other orchard tree, and the pests that attack it can largely be disposed of, or have their injury minimized by a moderate outlav of time and monev. The almond is a 478 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE long-lived tree, and when its crop ripens it is not perishable. This latter statement is not to be construed to mean that the almond can, with impunity, be left on the tree indefinitely, but that it will not be a total loss if left a week or more after ripening before it is gath- ered. These characteristics of the almond ap- peal to the practical orchardist who has suffered from the ravages of insect pests and the shortage of competent help at harvest time. Almond growing is one of the great indus- tries of the world. Its American branch is located in Central California. As such, this section has no competitors. It is in a class by itself. Here in its home of adoption, the almond has made marvelous strides. Many imported crudities have fallen by the wayside. Improved types have supplanted imported and less worthy ones. Application of the intelli- gence of the California almond grower to the business has resulted in improved methods of handling the product. The type of machinery used is the best in existence. European and Asiatic almond growers have learned this and are gradually adopting both our methods and machinery. In round numbers the United States con- sumes about 8000 tons of almonds annually. Of these California produces about 2000 tons. Spain, France and Italy supply the rest. Until very recent years the output of California, as to varieties, was largely confined to the Languedoc and the Hatch varieties. Those known as the Hatch variety are the Nonpariel, the IXL, and the Ne Plus Ultra. More re- cently the Drake Seedling, Peerless and Texas Prolific have come into favor. These last named three produce a cheaper nut, but bear well. and in some localities, more regularly than do the Hatch varieties. A large quantity of soft- shelled seedlings carrying local names are marketed annually. The hard-shelled seedling finds a market at the nurseries and in a cheap trade in certain localities. Bitter almonds, pro- duced in small quantities, are eagerly sought after by nurserymen. In actual selling value the Noni)ariel, a choice table nut, leads in price. This is fol- lowed by the IXL and Ne Plus Ultra, at a price about one and two cents, respectively, below the Nonpariel. Following these in value are the Drake Seedling, Texas Prolific, Peerless, and others of that type at about five to seven cents per pound below the Nonpa- riel. A slight variation for or against one or more of these is sometimes realized. Hard shelled and bitter almonds sold in 1914 at from eight to ten cents per pound. From the dome of the State Capitol, at Sac- ramento, with a good field glass on a clear day, one can locate almond growing sections that produce 90 per cent of the tonnage of almonds now grown in California. Large acreages of almonds have been planted that are not yet in bearing. California is destined to soon furnish a much larger percentage of the almonds consumed in America than it now does. The successful establishing of a state- wide co-operative selling agency has greatly stimulated the industry. No place on earth can grow a better almond than can California. If the American people will discriminate to a slight degree, in favor of the home-grown product, almond growdng in California, which is now in its infancy, will attain great dimensions. The California Almond Growers' Exchange Previous to the year 1910 the growing and marketing of almonds in California was con- ducted on a basis usually characteristic of pioneer efforts, and growers had been chafing under the treatment received at the hands of the brokers in almonds. So great was the de- mand for relief that local selling organizations first sprang into existence. The first of these so far as we can learn was the Davis Almond Growers' Association, organized in 1899. Soon after similar associations were organized at Brentwood, in Contra Costa County, and at Yuba City. At this time no state organization existed. There was no co-operation between the growers of the several almond growing sec- tions. Each association was a competitor of ALMONDS 479 every other association. This made possible unjust discrimination on the part of the brokers. The result frequently was there were as many different prices for a given va- riety of almonds as there were sections pro- ducing that variety. In the disposition of the output of the asso- ciations sealed bids were asked for. The open- ing and consideration of these bids was a momentous occasion on the part of the associa- tions. They were acting in good faith, endeav- oring only to obtain a just and adequate re- turn for their labor and investment. In the light of later experience the semblance of com- petition that then existed between buyers was absurd. When we consider that bids were sub- mitted, often containing fractional parts of a cent, and these sometimes as small as six- teenths, we realize how great an effort was put forth by the dealers to mystify and impress the growers with the intricacies of almond selling. Disastrous competition among sections brought about a demand for a State organiza- tion. Some ineffectual attempts at state-wide organization had failed, when in 1910 Mr. J- P. Dargitz of Acampo undertook the work. His plan was to have local organizations in the several almond growing centers. Each associa- tion was to select a member to represent its interests in a State organization to be known as the California Almond Growers' Ex- change. These representatives chose from their number five directors, from widely separated sections, to conduct the affairs of the exchange. They in turn employed a manager and other officers. A non-profit, co-operative corporation was formed. Uniform by-laws for local asso- ciations were recommended, and almond grow- ing in California began to work out its own salvation. Beginning without capital, without credit, with no selling agents, with a following com- posed of farmers lacking in familiaritv with co-operative methods and impatient at delays, the task of finally cementing the growers into a businesslike organization strong enough to withstand the onslaught of the disconcerted commission dealers was a stupendous under- taking. Mr. Dargitz was chosen manager. He at once began to systematize the business. A representative was sent into the Eastern mar- kets. Selling agencies were established through- out the United States. New markets were exploited. Credit was established. The confi- dence of the growers was gradually won. The introduction of systematic methods lent sta- bility to the industry. The market was steadied. The grower was guaranteed pro- tection. Speculation in the almond was largely eliminated. The retail dealer was assured fair treatment and, still more important, the con- sumer was freed from the exactions of specu- lative prices. Development still continues. The growth of the exchange has been rapid. There are now sixteen local associations. These are dotted over the State from Tehama on the north to Riverside County on the south. In these are over seven hundred members. The output of these associations is about three-fourths of all the almonds grown in California. The exchange has developed the almond meat branch of the business to such an extent that, for its own protection, it became advis- able to establish a nut-shelling plant. The erection of a building for this purpose was begun in May, 1914. The exchange now has a complete shelling plant at Nineteenth and C streets, Sacramento. It is a fireproof build- ing and is located on the lines of the Northern Electric Railroad. This branch enables the exchange to meet an increasing demand for the shelled product. At times it also relieves con- gestion in the unshelled market. The offices of the exchange are in the Peo- ple's Savings Bank Building, in Sacramento. The exchange in making itself useful to its members has gone into many of the minute details of the business. It keeps the books of any association when so requested, attends to warehousing where no warehouse is owned by the local growers, purchases sacks for the out- put, furnishes almond poles, sheets, spraying machines, hullers, sulphur and other supplies. These it obtains at wholesale rates, making a substantial saving for its members. Through the medium of bulletins issued at intervals, it 480 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE keeps its members in touch with matters of interest pertaining to methods of growing and handling ahiionds. It advises as to the output here and abroad, and to the conditions affecting the marketing and sale of the product. It keeps in touch with the world's crop outlook and ad- vises annually as to scale of prices to be main- tained. It simplifies the obtaining of reliable nursery stock and advises as to methods of eradicating disease and destroying pests. It furnishes the services of a corps of trained salesmen. In this respect it places the grower on an equality with the broker. It is so potent a factor in the almond business that after fortifying itself with current crop statistics it has set the price of almonds in California for each of the last three years. It assists in the negotiation of loans for its members and procures advances on almonds. It absorbs all of the selling burden, adjusts business complications, plans for the future, and is establishing the almond business of California on a lasting basis. Its greatest hindrance and bar to higher achievements is the self -independent grower. This grower is at once the victim of the broker, the stumbling block of his calling, and the chief competitor of the exchange. He is the man who, without expert assistance, with only a superficial knowledge of business conditions, with no definite data as to the output in com- peting countries, thinks himself competent to fix prices for a world-wide industry. He is one who, while anxious to be benefited by the co-operative work of his fellow growers, is unwilling to bear his part of the burden of organization. He is a negative quantity, con- tinually attempting to nullify the constructive work of the exchange. He thinks his wisdom has a greater commercial value than the com- bined wisdom of all othefs in the business. He voluntarily and unnecessarily takes upon him- self a' distinct branch of the calling from which members of the exchange are free. It goes without saying that he does it indif- ferently, that his scattered efforts detract from his success as a producer. Personal loss re- sults, and the entire almond industry suffers. THERE are a thousand reasons why 3'ou should have "One Thou- sand Questions in Cahfornia Ag-ricuhure Answered," by Edward J. Wickson, A. M., of the University of Cahfornia. This consists of 1000 of the most important questions on every subject that have perplexed the farmer during the last few years, and which have been submitted to the editor of the "Pacific Rural Press." In this book, the prob- lem appears with its solution by Professor Wickson immediately following. Price, $1.50 postpaid. This book may be obtained from the Book Department of this publication and will be sent to any part of the w^orld on receipt of price. A One Thousand Dollar Load ol Walnuts going to the Packing House California Walnuts and Their Co-operative Marketing By Carlyle Thorpe Manager California Wa/niif Groivers' Association Editor's Note: Mr. Thorpe sketches the wahiut industry of Cah- fornia, which reached its first great producing importance in South- ern Cahfornia but is now encompassing the State, for the EngHsh walnut has been thrifty and productive on suitable soils all through California valleys and foothills. Mr. Thorpe also describes the aims, purposes, and methods of the Walnut Growers' Association and their protective league, which are doing so much for the prosperity of growers of this nut. THE TERM "English walnuts" is one of became generally used because of the fact that the most common misnomers. There the English people were among the first to are no table walnuts grown in England on appreciate the value of the table walnut, which a commercial scale and the term undoubtedly is now conceded to be king of all nuts. The 482 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZINE A typical Harvesting scinc in walnut was first grown commercially in Persia and is more correctly termed the Persian wal- nut. The ancient Greeks and Romans obtained the nut from Persia. Several hundred years ago wahiut planting gained a considerable foothold in certain sections of France and Ital}', but only within the last half century has planting in the United States gained any prominence. About forty years ago the walnut was first introduced commercially into California. Plantings became quite general around Santa Barbara and soon afterwards from that dis- trict as far south as San Diego County, until at the present time, California, with the ex- ception of France, is the largest producer of walnuts. ^Vhile California is second in the production of actual tonnage of this excellent nut. the value of the output of walnuts in California is greater than that of any other district or country in the world. In other words, the California walnut is considered the finest produced and therefore commands a higher price per pound in the open market than the product of anv other district, and this condition is due, principally, to three dis- tinct causes : a California Walnut Grove First, the California soil and climate con- ditions are ideal for the production and ma- turing of a perfect nut. Second, the farmers of California are an intelligent and progressive class of people. They are always on the lookout for an im- provement in varieties or in cultural methods, and a trip through the walnut districts of the State will demonstrate conclusively that the orchards are cared for like gardens. No pains or expense are spared to secure the maximum production and the maximum quality of the fruit. Third, the fact that the walnut growers of California have associated themselves together in co-o])erative marketing organizations with the result that they market their product at an absolutely miiu'mum cost and their organiza- tion has become strong enough to properly develop the markets of tlie country on a business basis and bv standardizing the quality of their product and then by assuring the dealer and consumer of the high quality of their nuts, have developed a demand for the product tliat is not eijualed by any competitive lines. In this wav producers insure satisfac- tory returns for their crop and, by constantly WALNUTS 483 increasing the demand and scope of distribu- tion, are eliminating the possibility of over- production. TEN ACRES MAY SUPPORT FAMILY The average California walnut orchard con- tains about ten acres and this area of walnuts, properly located and cared for, can be made to support a family. The work is pleasant and the crop perhaps the most satisfactory to handle of any of the commercial crops of California. A crop failure is practically un- known and as a rule the production will not vary greatlv from one year to another. In fact, the walnut is a steady producer and as near a sure thing as any agricultural under- taking. While the average orchard in Cali- fornia comprises but about ten acres, one man can easily take care of a forty or fifty acre place except during harvest time, and possibly for a few weeks during the year when irri- gating. Seventy-five to eighty per cent of the walnut growers in California are members of the walnut growers' associations. In each district where walnuts are grown to any considerable extent, the growers associate themselves to- gether and form a local walnut association. These growers, through light assessments, erect a grading and packing house at a centrally located point, usually on a railroad siding, and after their nuts are harvested in the fall of the year, they are hauled to the packing house of their association and there graded, accord- ing to the standards established by the asso- ciation, and packed and made ready for ship- ment. Most of these local walnut growers' associa- tions have in turn associated themselves with the California Walnut Growers' Association which, through its sales department, attends to the marketing of all of the walnuts pro- duced by the various local walnut associations. At the present time there are nineteen of these local walnut associations whose output is handled exclusively by the California Walnut Growers' Association. This organization, which we will call the central association, is also a co-operative, non-profit body and simply attends to the marketing of the output of its members' product at actual cost to each. The sales thus made through the central association average about two million dollars annually. Eight-yiar-old Walnut Grove in Caliroriiia which produces GOO pounds of walnuts to the acre, but which will not be in full bearing for five years 484 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Drying the walnuts after gathering Sales are all made at prices which the growers themselves establish for the product, and as a result of the large volume handled through the central association the total selling cost to the grower is reduced to between 2^ and 3 per cent of the selling price. While the walnut industry at the present time is confined largely to Southern California, owing to the recent development of more hardy varieties the plantings are spreading until they are now scattered from one end of the State to the other, and some of the walnuts grown in Central and Northern California are now bringing the highest market prices, ^^'hile the walnut industry has shown considerable ad- vancement in California within the past twenty years, it is still in its infancy. There are about 44,000 acres now planted to walnuts in the State. There is undoubtedly 100.000 acres of land now being devoted to grain or other seasonal crops which is well adapted to the culture of walnuts, and the beauty of the whole situation is, that when this hundred thousand acres is ultimately set out there will be a market and a satisfactory one for every pound of walnuts California can produce, be- cause production in other parts of the country is not likelv to reach large amount. A N A\^ERAGE family can be supported Ijy a ten-acre walnut "roxe in California. One man can take care of fifty acres except in irri- gating- or harvest time. Walnuts are sure sellers, profitable, and there is a co-operative oro-anization that cares for the marketing- of the product. These facts are worthy of consideration bv the man who con- templates eno-aging- in some branch of agricultural industry in this State. Detailed information concerning- suitable locations for walnut growing can be obtained by writing- our Service Department. How California Fruits Are Served Fresh Around the World By Charles H. Bentley Sales Manager of the California Fruit Caniiers' Association Editor's Note: The art of canning, quite modern in its wonder- fully capacious machinery and methods, has been successfully invoked to give consumers in all parts of the world, and at any day of the year, California fruits and vegetables, with the beauty, aroma, and flavor characteristic of the product as it comes from the tree, vine, or plant. Canning is the sheet anchor of security to California's unique horticultural industries. Mr. Bentley is a leader in the industry and writes authoritativelv. WITH its northern boundary corre- sponding in latitude with Cape Cod, Massachusetts, its southern boun- dary corresponding with Charleston, South Carolina, with the range of latitude like that from Rome to Tripoli — and with ele- \'ations rising from the sea level to peaks of perpetual snow, California offers a wide range of soil and climate producing the widest range of fruits and vegetables vised for canning. To secure the products fresh and in their natural flavor has been the prin- ciple of success in this industry and as a natural result, each important fruit and vegetable district has its canneries — lo- cated so as to get the varieties of that particular district under most favorable conditions. Many of these products are used throughout the year — whether fresh fruits or vegetables of the same varieties are in season or not. The housewife, the caterer and the steward of the highest class, realize that the canned foods repre- sent fresher, better flavored, more attrac- tive, more convenient and more eco- nomical products than the so-called fresh fruits and vegetables of the markets which are necessarily several days old and ex- posed to contamination before they reach the consumer. Many of the products are shipped to tropical countries where it is unsafe to eat the fresh fruits and vege- tables — many go to remote regions where the fresh articles cannot be had. The containers vary in size from the small half pint for individual service up to the large gallon can for hotel use. California's importance in canning California's output of canned fruits and vegetables now approximates annually 200,000,000 cans. It is one of the most important canning sections in all the wide world, distributing its products to all foreign countries of importance, save 492 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE State, but it keeps a great army of workers busy in various activities related to the oTowing. preservation and handling of fruits and vegetables and their finished products. Farmers, fruit growers, vine- yardists, boxmakers. label lithographers and printers, can makers, glass makers and many more who are engaged in sugar refining, all owe a share of their i)ros- perity to the canners. SKASON I.OXC. IX CAl.lKORXIA The season of o]ieration is much longer in Calif(^rnia than in other states where the production of varieties is more re- stricted in uum1)er and in length of sea- son. In the latter part of March the packing of asparagus begins, followed in almost unbroken succession with the packing of strawberries, peas, string beans, cherries, currants, blackberries, peaches, plums, pears, grapes, quinces, apples, with the closing of the season usually in late October on the tomatoes, which vegetable is packed in larger quantity than any other single variety, either of vegetable or fruit. It is an amazing fact that with all the billion and more packages of canned fruits and vegetables that have been con- sumed from the pack of California there has never been one single authenticated case of illness or distress following the consumption of these products. From the very nature of the case they are safer than so-called fresh fruits and vegetables which may be bought upon the market for in the hermetic sealing they are necessarily sterilized. They are used in Army and Xavy hospitals, as well as by the troojjs. The extraordinary health standards of the soldiers in the Philippine Islands as well as of the laborers on the Panama Canal have been due in no small measure to the wholesomeness and variety of the food products packed in tin. J'ortunately the ignorant prejudice which formerly existed in tlie minds of many housewives, who felt that tinned foods were not altogether safe, has passed away, for the packing of foods virtually under State and National supervision and the rigid enforcement of food laws has re- moved all cause for such prejudice in the minds of intelligent consumers. Many of them will express admiration for certain fruits and vegetables wdiich they secure in the highest class hotels, restaurants and clubs, and wonder why they cannot secure a similar product in the market at the time; never thinking that the much maligned tin can has made possible for them at any time and in any place a menu that would put to shame any feast of Lucullus, but all can be secured at a cost, which in these days of the high cost of living seems impossible and untrue. THE Standard authority on fruits in California is Edward J. Wick- son's great work: "California Fruits, and How to Grow^ Them" which may be obtained from our Book Dejiartment at the publisher's price: $3 per copy postpaid. Of this remarkable hook the press has spoken in highest terms: This is the standard work on California fruits, and in one or another of its editions is to be foimd in the homes of most progressive fruit growers in this State. — .S"(/// Francisco Chronicle. Methods and Achievements 6>/the Cahfornia Dried Fruit Industry By Henry P. Dimond Secretary of the Dried Fruit Association of California Editor's Note: Mr. Dimond is the executive officer of the associated dried fruit trade of Cahfornia. He presents a striking picture of the way in which fruit is grown and handled for a primary evaporated product — not a by-product — for our standard cured fruit is grown to be cured, as Mr. Dimond describes, and the consuming world will understand better how well it is served. The extent of the produc- tion and the breadth of its distribution is also discussed carefully and accurately and in a manner reflecting high credit upon Mr. Dimond as a writer. WHEN we read an extraordinary book the natural desire is to know something of the author; a starthng in- vention interests us in the inventor, and we are curious to know how he came to evolve it ; and so I assume when the reader of this article learns that the California dried fruit product has in a single season amounted to five hun- dred million pounds, and that more than two and one-half billion pounds of fresh fruits were grown, harvested and handled to produce this dried product, there will be some curiosity to know, in a brief way, as to how this vast and ever-increasing tonnage gets from the tree in California to the mouths of millions of consumers in every portion of the civilized world. PLANTING THE FRUIT TREES To begin at the literal "root" of the matter, I am going to take the reader into partnership, his only investment therein being the time required to finish this ar- ticle and all the imagination he possesses. I insist on the imagination, for he must see and feel as well as read. We are in one of the many fruit districts of Califor- nia, standing on and looking over say 80 acres of orchard land that we have bought and previously prepared for planting. The time is early January, which means the "rainy season" in California. Wliat va- riety or varieties shall we plant ; prunes, peaches, apricots, pears or apples? The answer to this all-important question does not depend on whim or fancy, but as the result of analyzing the soil, considering climatic conditions and by observation of neighboring orchards or those similarly situated. The trees are to be bought of a nurseryman, and here other most im- portant questions arise. Suppose the an- swer to our first question is peaches or apricots, what "root" do we want? For all 494 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Blossoming orchai-ds ^^llic•h tell that Spriiif^ is at hand trees are l)udded or grafted on Aarious roots, and the trees we l)uy will be one or two years old from the graft or bud. We may require a myrobalan plum, an al- mond or a wild cherry or a peach root, and our final decision in the selection of this root must l)e governed by the char- acter of the soil to a greater extent even than in our choice of the variety of fruit. Then we must fix ui)()n the \'ariety of peach or apricot, a Moorpark or Blenheim apricot; a Crawford, Lovell, ^Nluir or other variety of peach. Upon these and other (|uestions depend the number of trees to the acre, for we can plant cherry trees that are pruned upright at a consid- erably less distance a])art than peaches, apricots or prunes. January and Febru- ary are the best months to plant and in ])lanting it is imi)ortant that sufficiently large holes are ducr. Should there be found any layer of clay (called "hard ])an"") it must be broken through to gi\e the young roots a chance. After plant- ing, each tree is pruned l)ack to msure branching" that will enable it to carry its future burden of fruit; and also the trunk should be protected from the hot summer sun l:)y whitewashing or by one or two shakes driven in the ground on the south- erly side of the tree or by the use of man- ufactured tree-protectors. Now follows several years of care in culti\"ating the soil, annual pruning to insure synnnetrical growth, and proper irrigation, the latter depending on cli- matic conditions and locality, each year bringing more blossoms and more Iruit imtil we can say our orchard is in bear- ing; not full bearing, but sufficient to attract the attention of the buying repre- sentatives of the commercial packer. FRUIT PRESERX'ATION 495 whom for years we have seen rushing" by in motors or "dickering" with our neigh- bors each spring- and early summer. We find we ha\'e, say, 80 tons of fresh peaches and apricots, which, estimated, will make 15 to 20 tons of the dried product. Along in April or May we ha\'e sold out the en- tire orchard at, say, 7c for the peaches and 12c for the "cots" (this is per pound for the fruit when dried), to be delivered at the purchaser's packing house. THE DRYING PROCESSES As it is now June, we buy or make a sufficient number of wood "drying trays" about 3x8 feet, upon which to cure the fruit, and arrange for labor to pick, cut. cure and sack. This labor, up to the pres- ent time, has been almost wholly local : the wives and children of small farmers, school teachers (during \acation ) and other young w(jmen and men who work regularly in the fruit districts through the summer season, the returns therefor be- ing sufficient in some cases to provide for clothes and education during the balance of the year. The fresh fruit is gathered in "lug" boxes and hauled to the cutting" shed which we have erected to protect the workers from the sun. There the fruit is cut in halves, the pits (apricot pits now have a commercial value and are bought of the grower by the packer) and defecti\"e fruit discarded and the halves laid on the trays with the "cup" or cut side up. Each tray carries about 60 pounds of fresh fruit and as soon as a sufficient nim"iber of trays are covered they are piled one on top of the other on a truck or car and run into the "sul- ])hur house." where, in a small room, they I'ickiiijj; ;ii)ric(>ts in a ('.aliroriiia orchard 496 eAlJl"( )RXIA'S MAGAZINE Three varieties of fruit — flgs, raisins, and peaches — in the trays. Note the character of the home and shrubbery. There are many such places throughout California are subjected to the fumes of burning- sul- phur for from one to four hours, both to prevent oxidization of the raw surface, which would otherwise turn dark, and also because the sulphur fumes remain- ing for some time tend to keep away in- sects, which find an attractive depository for eggs in the raw surface before, in the drying process, it has had time to form a skin or "glaze" in the sun, for such eggs would develop worms in the dried product. After "sulphuring," the trays are spread out side by side in a sunny field which we have left for this purpose, and as there is no rain and usually few cloudy days at this season, all fruits are dried in the open air. In the case of our particular fruit we leave it from eight to fourteen days on the trays and when thoroughly cured it is sacked and delivered to the packer. Upon being "examined," passed and weighed in, we receive our money then and there, wending our way home happy or thoughtful, in accordance with the relation our selling price, of perhaps two months previous, bears to the present market quotations ; and we return to cul- tivate, prune, sell and harvest varying crops under varying conditions as the years go by. Wg will have normally an increasing crop for some years, but there will also be wet and dry years, short crops and full, pests to fight and varying prices for our fruit. All, however, in a climate that knows no winter snows nor summer cyclones or tornadoes. PACKING-HOUSE ACTIVITIES Now let us see what became of the fruit we left at the packing house, and to this end let us increase the scope of our part- nership and become packers as well as FRUIT PRESERVATION 497 growers. To do this we must have a city office as well as packing houses in the fruit districts, ^^'e must have a compe- tent executive force. We must have finan- cial arrangements with one or more banks, for as we were paid at the packing house door as growers, so must we now, as pack- ers, not only be prepared to pay our grow- ers, but in many cases we will have to make advances to them at the time we se- cure their crops. Our packing house sup- plies must be bought in advance. We must have reliable brokers and represen- tatives in all of the principal cities of the United States and, if we are exporters, abroad also, to say nothing of our direct customers. We must watch the produc- tion of the world, w'e must estimate visible supply and future needs based upon past demand, and keep in daily and at times hourly touch with crop and W'Cather con- ditions in every fruit producing country in the world. We must issue trade letters to our customers for mutual benefit. The problems or risks of the grower are kin- dergarten compared to those which we are called upon to meet. Buying and sell- ing of the future crop begins (unfortu- nately) before the fruit is hardly "set" on the trees, although the heavy deliv- eries are not made until September, Oc- tober and November. Having bought and sold a goodly por- tion of the product we are to handle, and having arranged our contracts and orders, filing the various specifications with our packing house superintendent, who from now on (next to the shipping head) is the Peaches: A home drying ficUi. The improvised wood track ami car for liaiuUing tlie trays are worthy of note 498 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Haiui picking from tlic trays; after drying, defective fruit and tlirown aside is removed Irom the trays busiest man in our organization, the pack- in such a way as to make the smaller sep- ing house opens up its season with the arate pieces fall through the openings first deliveries of apricots. Box "shook" while the balance of the fruit passes on has been and is being made up into moun- to the next screen, where the openings are tains of 50 and 25 pound boxes for do- slightly larger, and so on until the largest mestic trade and 12^/2 and 25 kilo boxes only is left. for export. The commercial grades are Standard, The label department has stacked, listed Choice, Extra Choice, Fancy and Extra and arranged for rapid use the various Fancy, and while size is an important trade and ornamental labels and cartons factor in grade it is not all ; proper color of our own brands, which have been and general character are also important bought by the millions ; also those of our factors, customers, for frequently the packer is On either side of the grader two or more compelled to carry and use large quanti- ties of "private" labels belonging to cus- tomers. ^Machinery has all been overhauled, bins girls move up, down and along a balcony and pick out defective pieces as they vi- brate on the screens. From the grader the fruit goes to the cleaned and fumigated. And now the line bins, from which the separate grades are of wagons appears at the doors and as taken for packing. Girls are employed fast as the fruit is passed and weighed to "hand pick" extra fancy grades, paste it is dumped into a bucket elevator, which labels on boxes and face fruit. The latter carries it to the grader. On the grader it operation consists in first placing the passes over a long series of "screens" per- waxed paper and ornamental top label in forated w'ith round holes, which operate the box, which is always "made up ' with with a shaking motion by means of ec- cover nailed on, and packed from the top Gentries, so that while the fruit moves down. If it is to be faced, individual forward it is also retarded and vibrated pieces are put in even rows one at a time FRUIT PRESER\'ATION 499 and pressed into place; the second row slightly overlaps the first and the joints are broken as in shingling. It is purely a trade demand for display purposes, as when the box is opened from the top it presents a most attractive and symmet- rical appearance. SHIPPING ARRANGEMENTS As soon as packed and loaded in the car, off it goes to destination, and we must put our documents through the bank. This is the bill of lading, weight certificate, invoice and draft. All save the former are prepared at our city office and await the bill of lading sent from our packing house. This is in the case of transcontinental shipments. If the sfoods are sfoin"' via the Panama Canal to Atlantic ports or abroad, they are shipped to the docks at San Francisco and we must file an inspection application with the Dried Fruit Association of Cali- fornia, as our draft will not be paid at "two days' sight" unless the "quality cer- tificate" accompanies our papers. The Association has official expert inspectors at the docks, who open and examine 3 per cent of all shipments in order to see that the goods conform with the grade and cjuality called for in the contracts of sale. This system has been in operation for some years and its success in the ele- vation of standards is evidenced by the ever-increasing tonnage examined under demand of buyers. In 1913 some 27,000 tons were inspected and over 3,100 certifi- "Girls" facing fruit in a packing house; sonic arc rather mature girls, but are ncvcrtlieless so called. Note the refined type of this class of labor, also the lighting arrangements as night shifts arc employed during the rusli s<'ason 500 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE cates issued. This year (1914), in spite of European conditions resulting in the loss of a great portion of our export busi- ness, the tonnage bids fair to exceed last year. If the inspector refuses to pass a shii)nient. the Association ar])itrates tlie matter, fully and fairly protecting the buyer's interests. Of course an immense number of shipments and the greater por- tion of the tonnage still goes by rail, the total return to California annually amounting to over $20,0a),000, Init as the packer's margins of profit are not great and he depends more on the immense ton- nage handled than large profits, you are indeed fortunate, my partner, if for sev- eral successive years we can clean up with our banks, pay our overhead and opera- tive expenses, maintain our plants and each year tind our balance on the right side of the ledger. l-Vom us tlie fruit goes to the thousands of jobbers and whole- salers, who, tlirough their great organiza- tions, distribute to the hundreds of thou- sands of retailers. Lastly these retailers sell and distribute by the pound, to the millions who consume on land and sea the world over, the peaches, ])runes, apricots, pears, apples and raisins that nestled among the leaves of tree and vine in California, the harvesting, curing, pack- ing and selling of which directly su|)- ports 250,000 people in that state to whom nature has been more than kind. CALIFORNIA DRIED FRUIT CROPS, 1909-1913 Year Tons Exported Year Tons Exported Year Tons Exported 1909.. . 77,500 41,568 1909.. . 70,000 4,183 1909. ..20,000 1,422 1910.. . 45,000 32,235 1910.. . 58,000 7,774 1910. . .25,000 2,473 1911.. .106,000 33,839 1911.. . 67,500 10,026 1911. ..13,000 3,203 1912.. .111,000 46,305 1912.. .110,000 13,556 1912. ..30,000 3,293 1913.. . 45,000 47,172 1913.. . 75,000 8,358 1913. ..22,000 2,576 1914*. . 51,000 1914.. . 90,000 1914. ..32,000 Apricots- Tons .\pples^, Tons M It'll P".."".- Year Exported Year Year Tons Year Tons 1909.. ..14,500 6,822 1909.. ..3,000 1909... .4,000 1909..., .22,500 1910.. ..16,000 9,183 1910.. ..3,800 1910... .3,775 1910..., ,16,500 1911.. ..11,000 6,097 1911.. ..4,000 1911... .5,500 1911..., ,11,425 1912.. . . 19,000 16,263 1912.. . . 3,500 1912... .5,000 1912.... , 4,000 1913.. . . . 9,000 10,685 1913.. . .1,800 1913... .4,000 1913..., ,14,000 1914., . . . 19,500 lated. 1914.. . .4,000 1914... . 6,200 1914..., *Estin The California Fruit Growers' Exchange By G. Harold Powell General Manager California Fruit Growers' Exchange Editor's Xotc: After demonstrating by several years' investiga- tion by his branch of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry exactly what policies and methods would produce best results in pick- ing, packing, and shipping citrus fruits, Mr. Powell was called to the general management of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, our greatest co-operative association of California producers. By this organization growers of citrus fruits to the number of about 12,000 participate in the handling of their own fruit from the tree, through the packing house, and transportation to sales by their own agents 2000 or 3000 miles from the orchards. Mr. Powell presents a most striking reference to this significant accomplishment. THE California orange and lemon crop equals 50,000 carloads, or about 20,- 000,000 boxes. There are between 10,000 and 12,000 growers engaged in the culture of the fruit. Four-fifths of the growers are organized into co-operative associa- tions, more than 60 per cent of which are federated into the California Fruit Grow- ers' Exchange. The California Fruit Growers' Ex- change is an organization which acts as a clearing house in providing the facilities through which 6,500 growers distribute and market their fruit. There are three foundation stones in the exchange systems — the local associa- tions of growers, the district exchanges, and the central exchange. The local associations, the district exchanges, and the central or California Fruit Growers' Exchange are organized and managed by the growers on a non-profit co-operative basis, each of them operating at cost, and each distributing the entire net proceeds to the growers after operating expenses are deducted. During the past ten years the growers have sold $140,000,000 worth of fruit through the exchange and have lost in lincollected bills and in other ways less than $7,000. THE LOCAL ASSOCL\TIONS The local association is formed gen- erally by from 40 to 200 growers organiz- ing, without capital stock, a non-profit corporation, which is handled by a manager, who is a salaried officer, through a board of directors, who serve gratis. If formed as a stock corporation, the associa- tion usually accumulates no surplus and pays no dividends except the usual rate of interest. Its function is to assemble the fruit of the meml)ers in the packing house and there grade, pack, pool and prepare it for market. i02 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE In some cases the g^rower picks his fruit, but in recent years most of the associations ha\e assumed control of the l^ickini:^, as well as the ^^rading- and pack- ing-, so as to standardize its physical handling- and in this way insure uni- formity, which is a big- asset in the sale of any product. A few years ago the annual decay of orange and lemons in transit often amounted to a million and a half dollars. The cause of the trouble was believed to be due to lack of icing, to sidetracking- cars in the desert, and other abuses in the transportation service, but the Depart- ment of Ag^riculture found it was due to improper physical handling- in preparing the fruit for shipment. As a result of the department's work and its recommenda- tions, which have been generally adopted, the fruit is now usually picked through the associations by trained gangs of labor under competent foremen, the pickers are paid by the day rather than by the box, and care in handling is made a motive in e\'ery operation. Formerly, wdien the buyer packed the fruit for the grower it cost him from 60 to 70 cents per box for oranges and $1 or more per box for lemons. Through the co-operative l)uying of paper, nails, box shook and other supplies the associations have cut the cost to an average of 33 cents per box for t>ranges and 60 cents per box for lemons, these figures including labor, packages and other materials, loading the fruit on cars and all expenses connected with the maintenance and support of the associations, exclusive of the ])icking. The fruit is ])acked under 1)ran(ls which are the ])roperty of the local association, thus preserving the individuality of the associa- tion and stimulating local pride, Init the name of the central exchange and its ad- vertised brands also appear on the ])ack- age and on the fruit wrapper. The fruit of similar grades from tlie dif- ferent members of the association is mingled and sold in connnon, the pool extending through a month, more or less. When a carload is ready for shipment it is marketed by the district exchange with the adxice of the association, through the agents and facilities provided by the Cali- fornia Fruit Growers' Exchange, and the ])roceeds of the sales are divided among the meml)ers of the association ])ro rata on the nmnber of ]iounds of each grade shipped in the pool. THK DISTRICT EXC IIAXGES Tlie district exchanges, of which there are se\enteen, are composed of the local associations, and, like the associations, are non-profit corporations, operating for them at actual cost, or are ])ectmiary stock corporations operating on co-op- erative principles. Each, exchange acts as a medium between the association and the California I'Tuit (irowers' Exchange. It orders cars for the associations and sees that they are placed for loading, keeps records of the cars shipped by its associa- tions, informs itself through the Califor- nia Fruit Growers' Exchange of every ])hase of the distributing and marketing business and places this information be- fore the associations. It also receives from the agents the ])roceeds from the fruit and turns them over to the associa- tions for pro rata payment to the growers, as above explained after deducting the actual cost of operation, which usuall\- amounts to less than 1 cent per box. THE CENTRAL EXCHANGE The California Fruit Growers' Ex- change is the central l)ody formed by the seventeen district exchanges, with a directorate consisting of one representa- tive from each of these exchanges, who serves without i)ay, and a general manager, who is a salaried officer. Like the associations and the district exchanges it also is a non-profit corporation, con- ducting its lousiness at the acttial cost of operation and declaring no dividends. It has no assets except a paid-in capital of CO-OPERATIVE ^lARKETIXG 503 $1,700. ofhce fixtures and supplies, al- though it handles from $16,000,000 to $20,000,000 worth of fruit annually, or about 62 per cent of the citrus-fruit crop of California, and is able to secure the necessary credit, the bankers of Califor- nia realizing- that the co-operative move- ment is the foundation stone on which the $200,000,000 invested in the citrus in- dustry rests. In other words, this is a rural credit system of the soundest type, the federated moral security of 7,000 growers and a history of careful manage- ment being its only collateral. The exchange has a legal department, which looks after any litigation that may arise ; a traffic department, which looks after the routing of the cars and handles all shipping claims ; an advertising depart- ment, through which an extensive adver- tising campaign is conducted to increase the demand for fruit ; a mutual insurance department, which handles the insurance for the dififerent packing houses ; and de- partments which carry out the will of the local associations and district exchanges regarding the distribution, diversion, des- tination and sale of each car. The exchange has also a supply com- pany, which is a stock corporation with a capital stock of $1,500,000, the stock- holders being the local associations rather than the individual growers. This com- pany was organized eight years ago be- cause of the fact that the price of box shook (box material ready for nailing together) was almost doubled in one year. After the company l^egan the manufac- ture of boxes the box-making interests quickly reduced their prices to former levels, rhe company operates a manufac- turing department and a material supply department. The former leases timber lands, operates mills and manufactures the box materials used in shipping the fruit, while the latter provides the sup- plies used in the packing houses and the orchards, these being furnished to the meml:>ers of the association at cost, in- cluding charge for depreciation and main- tenance, plus 6 per cent on the assets and capital devoted to or invested in the de- partment. The company has developed into a large institution, purchasing and manufacturing several million dollars" worth of supplies. The central exchange furnishes facili- ties for the distribution and marketing of the fruit l)v the district exchanges, and to do this it places bonded agents in the principal markets of the United States and Canada and one in Europe. These men are exclusive salaried agents, except in territories where only a small quantity of fruit is sold, in which places the services of brokers are sometimes used. These agents work constantly to increase the trade, and in the sale of a car act directly under the order of the shipper. AA'hen a buyer wants a carload of fruit he takes the matter up with the agent in his city or district ; the agent wires the details to the central exchange ; his ex- change takes it up with the district ex- change handling the brand of fruit de- sired ; the district exchange takes it up with the association nhich owns such brand, ascertains the price it is willing to accept, and communicates the reply to the central exchange ; and the latter wires it to the agent, who then negotiates with the buyer. Any further communication necessary until the sal.2 is effected or re- jected is carried on in the same way be- tween the agent and the shipper. AMien a sale is made the agent collects the money in the form of a check made payable to the California Fruit Growers' Exchange. This check is deposited in a national l)ank. and at the same time a check is made payable to the shipper of the fruit. co\ering the full amount. This. with a duplicate deposit slip, showing that the money was deposited, passes thrcnigh the office of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange to the shipper, and at 504 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE the end of each month the central ex- change levies an assessment against each district exchange for its approximate pro rata share of the cost, based on the num- ber of boxes shipped. The final adjust- ment is made with each district exchange at the end of each year. In 1913-14 the total cost of operation, including adxer- tising, represented approximately 2 ])er cent on the gross sales. It costs the American farmer not less than 7 to 20 per cent on gross sales to market the crop. Under this system the growers and shippers, through their associations and district exchanges, regulate and control their shipments ; that is, they determine the conditions under which their fruit shall be sold outside of the auction markets, shi]) when and in any amount they please, determine to what markets the fruit shall be consigned and where it shall be sold, and, outside of the auction markets, designate the price they are will- ing to accept. The central exchange be- lieves it an unwise policy to lodge in a central organization ^he power to fix prices on fruit owned by the different associations or to control its diversion or destination. Centralization of such power might result in its arbitrary use, and under present conditions it would be questionable whether a central organiza- tion exercising such power or which has the ricfht to exercise it is on a lecal basis. Througli the agents the (.entral ex- oliange gathers daily information regard- ing the conditions of the market, secures detailed rejiorts on the sale of every car of exchange fruit and on weather condi- tions, and sends this information in the form of daily bulletins to the district ex- changes. These bulletins also include a catalogue of the details of exchange cars leaving California ; all telegrams passing between the shipper and the agent regard- ing each car ; several special reports from auction or private-sale markets; and at the end of each week and month sum- maries of the different business operations of the system. With this information at hand each shipper can intelligently de- cide the various marketing problems for himself and thereby avoid chaotic distri- bution and demoralized sales. One of the most important functions of the exchange is to increase the consump- tion of oranges and lemons by advertis- ing. The highest grade of fruit of each association is sold under a copyrighted l)rand, which is the property of the central exchange, and the second grade also is packed under an advertised brand, which supplements the brands of the local asso- ciations. By controlling the use of the advertised brands the exchange is in a position to make rules and regulations governing the grading and packing of the fruit sold under them. T F ANY doubting Thomas still clings to the idea that the co-operative '*• marketing of produce is not an established success let him consider this: During the past ten years, California fruit growers have sold $140,000,000 worth of fruit through the Cahfornia Fruit Growers* Exchange and have lost in unpaid bills, etc., less than $7,000. Co-operative Marketing of California Deciduous Fruits By J. L. Nagle General Manaj^u-r of the California Fruit Exchange Editor's A^otc: This organization is one of our oldest organiza- tions for the purpose of co-operative marketing of fresh fruits not of the citrus family. Mr. Nagle outlines the way in which it originated and grew up; how it connects up with the growers, and what are its methods, purposes, and accomplishments. The article is attractive to the general reader by statement of unique facts and ideas to show what growers can readily do for themselves by organization. The importance of maintaining such co-operation is strongly presented by the writer. CALIFORNIA is to the United States what France is to Europe, a producer of luxuries. Calculated on the basis of the selling price, an annual revenue of nearly three hundred millions of dollars is derived directly and indirectly from the fruit industry of California. This enor- mous income, upon which this State, in a great measure, is dependent, is distrib- uted among the affiliated interests of the industry — the citrus industry, the decidu- ous, the canning and the drying, the prod- ucts of all emanating from the soil. It is a conceded and well established fact that the control of the marketing of the enormous citrus crop is in the hands of the producer and the marketing of the deciduous is fast assuming the same posi- tion. Prior to the organization of the California Fruit Exchange in 1901, the deciduous crop was marketed in a hap- hazard manner, competing firms operat- ing without knowledge of marketing con- ditions, with the final results disastrous to the grower. Rebates and illegal profits held full sway and had no limit, and from these only a few benefited. There was little in those days to encourage the in- crease in production of deciduous fruits, and, as a last stand, some of the most prominent fruit growers in the State met in Fresno at a State convention and or- ganized what now has grown to be the largest co-operative organization handling deciduous fruits in California. Enthus- iasm and a determination to improve con- ditions and save the industry marked this important meeting. The members of the organization then formed returned to their homes and organized local associa- tions of fruit growers, which associations formed the main exchange, which the first year of its history marketed 225 cars of fruit. Every conceivable instrument of 506 CALIl'ORXI.VS MAGAZINE competition, political, financial and other- wise, was turned against it by the specu- lative competing interests but to no avail, and from that day to the present date, California Fruit Exchange has grown to a membership of over 1,500 growers op- erating in every district of the State from the Imperial V'alley to Shasta County, marketing in excess of 2,500 cars annually, a representation of over three million dol- lars. PRO IKCn NO PRI NCI PI.KS The exchange, though purely co-op- erative, has a capital stock of $100,000. divided into 1,000 shares of $100 each. The by-laws provide that the stock can be sold to bona fide fruit growers only who affiliate with, and market their fruits through, the organization. No person, or persons, association or company, affiliated with the exchange can own more than ten shares, the idea being to obviate any possibility of control resting in the hands of a few. with a further view of protect- ing the principles and policy of the ex- change by distributing the stock through- out the State and among as many mem- bers as is possible. This stock pays an annual interest of 10 per cent; 15 per cent of the annual profits is placed in a reserve fund and the balance of the profits is pro-rated among the members, irrespec- tive of whether they are stockholders or not. on the l^asis of their gross sales. As the exchange is supported by the commissions it receives for the handling of the I'niit. wliicli is 7^/ on the gross sales of all its shipments, and, as it has never cost 7% to operate, the difiference between what it has cost and the 7% charge is refunded to the members at the end of the year. In this manner, the exchange is in a |)osition to o])erate for its members at cost and at the same time protects its future by the accumulation of its reserve. The exchange maintains a salaried sell- ing agency in all of the principal markets (if the Cnited States and Canada, whose duty it is to sell the exchange products at the highest possible price, to open up new markets and to furnish crop and market information to its California ship- pers from all other shipping points throughout the Cnited States. The exchange maintains a complete bureau of information, through which it im]:)arts to its members daily the most minute information in detail that is of l)enefit to the industry and that tends in any way. shape or form to educate the grower. The exchange also operates a traffic and claim department, whose manager has had years of experience in railroad service and wliose duty it is to keep a record of all shipments, the time and de- ])arture of all cars, a record of the icing of cars and damage due to rough han- dling, wreckage, delays in transit, or, in fact, any other cause that has a tendency to afi:'ect the carrying quality of the fruit and thereby reduce its value. Claims were filed last year by the exchange in the amount of $40,000 against the various railroads of the country and returned to the respective growers whose fruits were aft'ected. A most complete supply department is also operated by the exchange through which sup]:)lies of every nature can be furnished the members at wholesale rates, a small profit being retained over and above the ])urchase price for the support of the department. FOR BKTl'KR DIS IRI P,r I H »X The object of the exchange in general is to im])rove marketing conditions by ef- fecting better distribution through its selling agency, which is at all times under the control of the shipper ; to reduce the cost of marketing; to improve the grade and pack of fruits, and its one aim and purpose is to place the marketing of the deciduous fruit crop under the control of the "Tower. CO-OPERATIVE MARKETING 507 Tlie great packing corporations, which control the most supplies of the country; the United Fruit Company, which con- trols the banana industry, and other like organizations of large capital, work ex- clusively for the holders of their stocks, l)ut co-operative combinations of the pro- ducers themselves, organized with capital stock, operate wholly in the interests of the industry, with no profit to anyone except to the producers themselves through the economy of handling their own business in large volume. The co- operative system of handling and distrib- uting the California deciduous fruit crop is the foundation stone on which the staliilitv of the seventy-five million dol- lars estimated to be invested in the in- dustry is built. The exchange has been developed by the grower; it is managed by the grower in his own interests and the speculative dealer who operates to make money on the growers' product rather than in the interests of the grower, is being gradually eliminated from the California deciduous field, a condition toward which all other agricultural industries in America are striving to reach. The difference between the exchange system of marketing and the commercial buyer or shipper is that the exchange is composed of growers representing the producing interests, wdio are interested in the fruit from its production until the time it is sold, while the commercial buyer has no interest in the fruit except, after it is packed and then his interest is purely on a speculative basis and his existence in the business depends upon the profit that accrues from the actual handling of the fruit after it lea\es the producer's hands. CO-OPERATION DEFIES AROUMENT The policy and principles of the ex- change, if properly fostered, alone insure its success. There is no argument against co-operation in the handling of the fruit industry ; no argument has ever l^een ad- vanced why the control of the marketing of the deciduous industry should not be in the hands of the producer, who alone is interested and who alone should be benefited. An evident fact of the success of the exchange is demonstrated by its present position in the commercial field. Its business has increased annually and it is keeping pace with the increased pro- duction. The working together of various indi- \'iduals in the sale of their products, par- ticularly of those engaged in horticultural and agricultural pursuits, has been in practical operation in various forms for a great many years. The earliest success- ful co-operative efforts of this character are reported from Europe. Denmark, Sweden and Norway, France, Ireland and other European countries have taken the lead in these matters, particularly in the preparation and marketing of their butter, eggs, poultry and like products, in co-op- erative stores and in co-operative rural banking. These old-world co-operative selling and ])usiness organizations have long since passed the formative period and the difterent lines of co-operation have become firmly estal)lished, until there is now no further question of their value to the producers or of their continuing to be a strong factor in the business life of the countries in which they exist. In the L'nited States, combination and organization of cajMtal has, particularly during the last thirty }ears. become the order of the day. and. if the tillers of the soil are to hold their own against the other highly organized industries and business of all kinds, they must work to- gether. That the people themselves understand the necessity for such action on their part in the State of California alone is shown by the organization and success of the California Fruit Growers' Exchange, a co-operative organization of six thousand growers who control the 508 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE marketing' of the citrus crop of this State, and the organization of the California Fruit Exchange, which will unquestion- ably, within the next lew years, be the leading factor in the marketing" of the deciduous fruit crop. The California Fruit Exchange has ac- complished for its meml)ership that which could be secured through no other source - — a most efficient distribution of its prod- ucts at the minimum cost of operation. \'ast acreages are being planted to decidutnis fruits and vines in California, which indicates that within the next few years its present annual tonnage of fifteen thousand cars will be at least doubled. It has been demonstrated in other states that there is only one successful way in which to market a similar output and that is through co-operation. The life of trade is co-operation and the stability of busi- ness is co-operation. These facts are daily demonstrated in the commercial as well as the agricultural field. Our inter- ests must be protected and can be only by co-operation. The growers of this State are fortunate in having already formed and at their service such an efficient organization as at present exists already prepared to handle and market ten times its present ()Ut])ut. and. with increased business, as- sures its members of a still lower cost of marketing. The growers must be alive to their own interests at all times; they must absolutely control their own busi- ness and stand unitedly together in these great problems of distribution and market- ing that will become more difficult to solve w'ith the increased production. With a falling off of membership in the exchange, disaster to the industry would be invited, while, on the other hand, with a constantly increasing percentage of the crop to handle, it will be possible for the exchange to plan for successful future operation which will yield a maximum benefit to the industry and to the State. /^H, THE old farm days! How the fragrance of them still lingers ^-^ in mv heart ! The Spring with its sugar-making and the general awakening about the farm, the returning birds, and the full, lucid trout-streams; the Summer with its wild berries, its haying, its cool, fragrant w^oods ; the Fall with its nuts, its game, its apple-gathering, its holidays ; the Winter with its school, its sport on ice and snow, its apple-bins in the cellar, its long nights by the fireside, its voice of fox- hounds on the mountains, its sound of flails in the barn — how much I still dream aliout these things! — JoJui Burroughs. How the California Fruit Distributors Distribute By Charles E. Virden Gc'ncra] Manager of the California Fruit Distributors Editor's Note: In a tersely written article Mr. Virden explains the purposes and methods of the California Fruit Distributors, recount- ing its inception, growth, and present extent as a factor in the dis- tribution of the deciduous fruit crops of the State. Interesting facts and figures are embodied in the paper which is certain to prove valua- ble for reference to those who are interested in the marketing of Cali- fornia's extensive crops. THE California Fruit Distributors came into existence in the year 1902, being incorporated at that time under the laws of California. The object of the corporation being to provide a central, neutral marketing and selling agency for the distribution of California deciduous fruit in its fresh or green state. No stock dividends are paid or profits undertaken. The organization does not buy a pound of fruit nor, in any sense, speculate. Prior to the formation of this organiza- tion, with only a limited amount of fruit, the method of marketing was unsatisfac- tory alike to grower and shipper, so it was found necessary to form a central distrib- uting organization with no other object in view than proper distribution ; to serve and serve alike all of the members of the organization. At the time this organization entered the field there was less than 100 markets receiving California deciduous fruit in carload lots, and the greater part of this was being handled by the receivers on consigned basis, or, in other words, being sold for the account of the shipper, which means the grower and shipper were tak- ing all the chances. Today, with a ton- nage four times greater than twenty years ago, practically every pound of fruit sold by us is on a cash basis either at private sale or auction, and we are selling in more than 250 markets and are steadily engaged in creating and opening up additional markets. The organization maintains selling agents in all markets ; maintains general traveling salesmen, who are engaged in assisting dealers in establishing and cre- ating a demand. The organization through its traffic de- partment has obtained better, more reg- ular and dependable railroad service, more complete and efifective icing service and obtained the lowering and adjusting of rates on a reasonable basis. The benefits to the grower through the operation of this organization are direct and are invaluable, as the organization aims to perform the most efficient service possible in the handling of green fruit ; working for standardization ; improving the pack, quality, loading facilities ; ob- 510 CALIFORNIA'S AIAGAZINE taining" all other betterments at point of green fruit shipments for a series of vears. origin; obtaining fair rtnd just trans])or- Such comparisons likewise serve to indi- tation rates; obtaining the very widest cate the relative shipping importance of distribution on a safe and sane basis ; the dififerent fruits. The figures are in keeping every conceixable market fully carloads, each car containing 13 tons, as supplied; not o^■er-sul)plied. not under- follows: supplied. 1895 1913 1914 The organization is able to perform -^P'^'^^ots 162 158 382 , '^ , , , , . \. . , , Cherries 180 231 166 service tor the dealers that no mdividual Q^apes 1010 6363 8688 grower or shipper could possibly perform. Peaches 1289 2359 2144 We are in position at all times during the ^'""'' ,fj, \l^^ llf. ^ . *= Pears 1187 2496 2/3o season to ship promptly any number of cars of straight varieties, assorted or Totals 4.293 13,33:^ 16.011 otherwise. The dealers can obtain from Apples have largely a different shipping us continuous supplies, thus enabling season and are not included, them to keep California deciduous fruit In addition to the shipment of fresh de- constantly before the consumer from the ciduous fruit a very large quantity of the first to the last day of the season. same classes of fruits is produced in this The California deciduous fruit season State for the purpose of being dried, opens usually in the month of May with canned and made into wine ; hi all repre- the shipment of cherries and closes in the senting a gross commercial selling value early part of December with the shipment of approximately: of Emperor grapes. P^^^,^ $18,000,000.00 CALIFORNIA DECIDUOUS FRUIT SHIPMENTS— Cured or Dried 18,0(X>.000.00 EXCLUSIVE OF APPLES Canned 8.000.000.00 The growth of this branch of the fruit Wines 15.000.000.00 industry is best shown by comparing of Total .r$59.000.000.0G t^/^ALIFORNIA FRUITS" by Edward J. Wickson, A. M., is a ^-^ standard of authority for all those who wish practical instruc- tion as to how they may succeed in the industry of fruit producing in this State. This volume has received the highest commendation from press and public alike. Says the Auckland (N. Z.) IVcckly Nezi^s: "California Fruits" is already accepted as the standard horticultural work in New Zealand, and though its author may not be aware of it, his book, besides having many admirers here, has had a marked effect on tlie development of our orcliarding industry. "California Fruits" may be ordered direct from the Book Depart- ment of this pul:)lication. Price $3 per copy postage paid. It is a 1)ook of more than 500 pages, size 6x9, and finely illustrated. Co-operation in Selling California Cured Fruits By Henry M. Ellis General Manager of the California Cured Fruit Exchange Editor's Note: Mr. Ellis presents a pointed article describing the organization and operation of the California Cured Fruit Exchange. He tells how it came to be, what are its purposes and methods, and its achievements thus far and its possibilities. It connects the growers in a non-profit corporation for the transaction of their busi- ness, for improvement of product, etc., and has now twenty-six sub- sidiary associations of growers and a membership of over 1400 pro- ducers. THE California Cured Fruit Exchange was organized because California growers of cured fruit realized that they, as well as other growers of California products, needed to be better informed about the markets. Better information and closer touch with the markets gives the grower knowledge as to what net price he ought to receive. By co-opera- tion — working together — each learns something from the other, which means better care of their orchards, better meth- ods of drying, all making for higher qual- ity, and quality is what makes price. The California Cured Fruit Exchange is a purely co-operative body, organized in 1912, under the laws of the State of California, as a non-profit corporation, with six local associations. It is a purely democratic body, owned and operated by the members themselves. In 1914 it had grown to twenty-six associations, cover- ing the State of California from north to south, and having over fourteen hundred members, all growers and driers of fruit. It handled for its members in 1912 about four million pounds of dried fruit — in 1913 about twelve million, and in 1914 about twenty million pounds. Its main usefulness is to dispose of, at the low^est margin of cost, the crops of cured fruit belonging to its members, which it does, charging them only actual cost, and mak- ing no profit whatever. In other words, it is a clearing house for the members of the various associations. It is the central link, connecting the numerous associa- tions scattered over the State. Its by- laws are in harmony with those of its associations, and its members are elected from members of its associations. Any association which is not represented by a director in the Exchange is entitled to a 512 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE representative, who attends the mcetinc^s of the Board of Directors. The niemlicrs of the different associa- tions appoint their own officers and di- rectors, and these officers and directors appoint one of their raenibers to repre- sent them at the meetings of the Ex- change, and from these representatives, the directors of the CaHfornia Cured Fruit Exchange are elected, which l^rings the Exchange at all times under the direct management of the growers, who own, control and operate it. The Exchange endeavors to obtain for its members, supplies, etc., at the lowest possible prices, and its every effort is being used to unite more strongly cured fruit people, not only for better prices, but for the results that come from closer contact with their neighbors and a better understanding of business conditions. There is no state in the Union or coun- try in the world where so large a variety of fruit is grown as in California, and it is about the only country where fruits can 1)6 dried l)y the heat of the sun alone ; other countries have to depend on drying by artificial means, so it is natural, there- fore, that a country possessing this ad- vantage, over all others, should become the world's greatest producer, and its fruit find its way into every civilized country on the globe. The Mission Fathers brought with them the fig and the grape, then came the prune, peach and apricot, and later, the Bartlett pear, and, while these command a market as fresh fruits over the United States and have attained to some parts of Europe as well, it is only for a short portion of the year. To lengthen the time that the peo- ple might enjoy the fruit of this Golden State, the canner and drier came, and now the output of these preserved fruits runs into millions of dollars in money and thousands of carloads in weight. Cured fruit, being the easiest handled and the cheapest, is now becoming a necessity to the consumer, as it contains the same healthful (|ualities that are found in the fresh fruit, for it is not picked for curing until it is in a state of ripeness, and it is only a part of the moisture which is taken away when it is cured. With such favorable conditions exist- ing in this vState, it is only natural that many should try and get some of the benefits. This has led to hard competi- tion among those engaged in marketing fruit, and has resulted in cutting of prices, and consequent loss to the producer, which has proved to them the necessity of forming an organization to handle their own fruit. When the grower markets his fruit through the commercial packer, he has to pay the interest on the large amount of capital the packer is using in buying fruit, because the interest has to come out of the price at which it is sold. When the grower markets his own fruit, he requires only capital sufficient to cover the market- ing expenses, because he does not have to buy his own fruit — in other words, sell- ing his fruit at even no better prices than the packers pay, he obtains a better net, because his expenses are less. /^^ ALIFORXIA is particularly forltuiatc over many other states and ^~^ countries in that the heat of the sun alone is stifBcient to dry fruit which is intended for sale in cured condition. The sun-cured fruits of California are celebrated for their excellence the world over. What the Railroads Have Done for the Fruit and Vegetable Industries of California By J. S. Leeds Manai^cr Santa Fc Refrigerator Dispatch Companx Editors Note: Mr. Leeds presents a succinct sketch of the special arrangements, investments, and schedules which the overland rail- ways have undertaken and operated for the safe and Cjuick movement of fruits and vegetables from California to the most remote parts of the country. He sketches such striking things as special rolling stock, fast schedules, pre-cooling plants, facilities for distribution, etc., with attractive descriptive statements and striking statistics. /CALIFORNIA is a favored spot. In ^^-^ the matter of climate, regularity of season, quality of soil, and the elements favorable for the production of fruit and vegetables such as are produced therein, it has advantages far above the aver- age. On the other hand, it is the most remote of any portion of this country from the markets of consumption. Of the commodities grown in Califor- nia, a production and marketing of vast proportions has been developed. These commodities are moved over long dis- tances and cover a very wide distribution, reaching all of the markets of the United States, Canada and Mexico. The princi- pal feature to this end has been the devel- opment of successful transportation facil- ities almost wholly by railroad. Perhaps no more striking example of co-operation and team work between the carriers and producers is in existence than that which characterizes the transportation and mar- keting of these California products. This has been accomplished in the evolution of the handling of this business covering all of the years of considerable production since the advent of the railroads into the business. To successfully handle these products, they must be placed before the consumers in a sound and sanitary condition that renders them suitable in the highest de- gree for human food. To accomplish this the railroads have specialized by creating an organization making this branch of their service a feature separate and dis- tinct, or a trade within itself. This or- ganization is intended to and does look after the smallest detail which is neces- sary to render the service perfect and de- pendable. A very large equipment is pro- vided, specially planned and constructed for the transportation of California prod- ucts with special adaptation to the move- ment of the business over the long jour- neys which it must take to reach the con- sumer in the populous district of the country. Approximately 22.000 refrigerator cars 514 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZIXE are embraced within the ef|uipinent of the CaHfornia railroads for this purpose, in- volving- an expenditure of something' more than $30,000,000. Xo detail in the con- struction of this ecjuipment, for the ser- vice which it is tlesit^ncd to i)erform, has l)ccn o\erlooked or neglected. It is strongl\- and substantially built to with- stand the movement in hea\y trams for long journeys through mountainous coun- try ; it is kept clean and in proper physical condition so that no shipper is called upon to load an unsuitable car. The cars are constructed to carry fruits and vegetables safely, under ventilation in winter season to protect against frost, and are provided w^ith refrigeration devices for protection in the summer against heat and decay. The construction of each new series of cars has taken up and used the latest and most approved devices for the service, so that each lot of cars constructed is in- tended to be better than those previously built. The railroads serving California have performed their service so well and successfully that the business has grown to such magnitude that the requirements of the traffic become a predominating in- fluence in providing suitable cars and other equipment. This equipment is pro- vided in sufficient volume to meet all of the fluctuations which may occur by rea- son of volume of crop to move, market conditions, or otherwise to promptly sup- ]dy the demands of the business. To such an extent is this true that there has not been a shortage of cars extending over a jjeriod of even one day in connection with the handling of the crops of California fruits and vegetables for a period of more than seven years. For refrigeration purposes, large icing facilities are jjrovided, sufficient to meet the maximum demands during the Inisiest portion of the season in the handling of a large crop. Re-icing stations are pro- vided on the line of the roads, approxi- mately twenty to twenty-four hours apart. I'^or maintaining refrigeration on the journey to market, the cars are re-iced at all of these stations to the full capacity of the ice bunkers. In transit the ice in the bunkers of the cars seldom if ever sinks below tlie top of the load in the car, insuring a service as perfect as can l)e performed with jiresent up-to-date facilities. These icing and re-icing facili- ties are maintained with a view to at all times having an ample supply of ice for the protection of the business in transit. They involve an expenditure of a large sum of money and their maintenance and operation is looked after in a manner to insure the most perfect service. Pre-cooling plants have been con- structed in California for the purpose of more ])romptly bringing the commodities under refrigeration. Pre-cooling as per- formed by the carriers is entirely dif- ferent from ordinary cold storage and is adapted to quick transportation direct from the packing houses to market, and is growing in favor. The benefits accrue almost wdiolly, if not entirely, to the ship- pers. The plants were constructed as a result of conference with and at the re- quest of a majority of the shippers. Loss and damage claims on account of im- proper or insufficient refrigeration in cars pre-cooled by the railroads, are prac- tically wholly eliminated. These plants have been provided including the ice making attached thereto, at an expense of from half a million to eight hundred thousand dollars each. There are three of them within the State, two in southern California, and one in northern Califor- nia. This pre-cooling ;s performed as a l)art of the refrigeration service of the carrier and for which no additional charge over and above the standard refrigera- tion rate is made. Inspectors are maintained at every icing and re-icing station on the rails of the roads serving California, and each indi- \idual car of fruit or vegetables, whether FRUIT REFRIGERATION 515 moving under ventilation or refrigeration, is inspected as it passes those inspection and icing stations, and a record is kept of the condition and of the service per- formed at that point. These records are at all times available for the information of the shippers. It is almost an impossi- bilitv for a car in transit from California to the eastern market to pass over the rails of any one of the roads serving Cali- fornia business without receiving proper attention. The inspection records are kept in permanent form so as to be avail- able for reference at any future time. TRAIN SERVICE The trains moving these California l)roducts are organized under fixed fast schedules as to time. The operating de- partments of the various roads are under obligation to pay special attention to the business and to keep those trains moving, as nearly as is practicable, on schedule time. If necessary, in order to do so, tonnage is reduced even at a sacrifice of tonnage handled per train. Train sheets are kept covering the entire journey. Daily reports are made based on these sheets so that all who are charged with the supervision of this traffic are in con- stant touch with it and any lapses which may take place are promptly corrected. "Consists" of trains carrying fruits and vegetables are telegraphed from points of origin and promptly recorded at eastern termini. Passing reports are wired from \arious stations along the line. In this manner, a shipper may be advised within reasonable limit of the proximity of his car at any point along the journey and that without delay. The regularity in the movement of these trains is such that the California shipper or producer may know with reasonable certainty when a car leaves his station in California, when it will be at its destination as billed. The privilege of diverting from one des- tination to another is extended to ship- pers upon a very liberal scale, and such diversions are generally made without any additional expense over and above the rate which prevails from the point of origin to the final diverted destination, thus enabling the shippers of California to reach any market in the United States or Canada, which is large enough to con- sume a carload of California products. This is a protection to the shipper against the arrival of a car at the original billed destination covering a journey of several days, upon an overstocked or low market. It is equivalent to giving the shipper a choice of markets covering all of the time of the journey of his car in transit. The only expense to the shipper over and above the original rate for transportation and refrigeration is, in the case of re- frigerated stufif, the expense of refrigera- tion during the periods of detention at intermediate or billed destination points, for which he is responsible. In the accomplishment of all of this service, the telegraph service of the car- riers is made use of without restriction, and to an extent necessary to accomplish the prompt performance of everything undertaken to expedite the movement and make proper disposition of the com- modities without loss to the shipper. In the transportation of this large business, no detail is neglected which will contrib- ute to the successful performance of the service. There is no parallel in this country to the perfection of service given by the California railroads in the foster- ing and upbuilding of the fruit and vege- table industry. To such an extent is this true that anyone engaging in production can proceed with his enterprise with en- tire assurance that the transportation feature of this transaction need give him no concern. He knows that he may have the advantage of all of the markets this country afl^ords, as far as perfection of service can render them available. Protecting California Producers By Arthur Dunn Sc'crr/dry aiul .]/ivU7i;i'r Faniwrs' Protcctirc Lca\:,ui liditor's Note: Several initiative amendments affecting- the agri- cnltural interests of the State cropped out during 1^)14 and to meet them and, as the election proved, to defeat them a new farmers' organ- ization was undertaken and gained wide support and large memher- shi]i. This organization is to be maintained to advance legislation which is necessary for the support of the industry and to oppose that which is directed against it. Mr. Dunn, w^ho led the organized eff'ort of 1914, discusses the |)ast and future of the organization. THE Farmers' Protective League of Cali- fornia is the outgrowth of a campaign committee appointed by the State fruit grow- ers' convention of June, 1914, to oppose pro- posed legislation that was deemed inimical to the agricultural interests of California. lliere was such a widespread demand throughout the State for an organization that would voice the views of farmers generally that it was decided to organize on a perma- nent basis the Farmers' Protective League of California, each county being organized as a separate unit, having its own officers and directors and sending representatives to the parent organization, which maintains head- quarters at Sacramento, the State capital. The purposes of the Farmers' Protective League are strikingly patriotic and progress- ive : First, to improve in general the condi- tions under which agriculture is conducted. Second, to give expression to the spirit of progress which animates every farmer in this great State. Agriculturists long have felt the need of an organization that will deal frankly with ques- tions, which, essentially economic, have a po- litical aspect. The league is absolutely non- partisan. Its membership is concerned only in those problems which affect the material wel- fare of the whole people of California. The league membership is kept advised of what is being done by its own monthly publication. The officers and directors of the league serve without compensation. The membership is not required to pay fees or dues, but may contrib- ute any sum as each individual feels he or she can afford. This policy has made for a very large membership which ultimately will include virtually every farmer in California. Such a body must exercise an influence for good. Considering all phases of agricultural problems — state farm credits, state and local taxation, the consolidation of the many branches administering agricultural affairs in the state government, economy and efficiency in administration of public afTairs — the Farm- ers' Protective League has a permanent pro- gramme of progress prepared. The officers and directors, who sacrifice their time to accomplish the upbuilding of the league, are actuated by the highest motives in defining the policy of the organization, seeking no personal reward save that which comes to each who does well the service exacted of him. They have launched a policy which can only result in the success of the league and in the permanent advance of agriculture in California. Factors in California's Canning Industry By Dr. A. W. Bitting Food Technologist and Expert Chemist Editor s Note: Doctor A. W. Bitting is one of America's fore- most food technologists. Together with Mrs. Bitting, who is an expert microscopist, he is in charge of the National Canning's exhibit at the Panama-Pacific exposition. Doctor Bitting excels as a chem- ist and has applied his extensive learning to the preservation of fruit and vegetables and the resultant chemical changes that ensue. His article briefly but clearlv tells what California is doino- in cannino-. SUCCESSFUL canning of fruits or veg- etables depends in a large measure upon the raw material, in the capabil- ity which it possesses of retaining char- acter and flavor after sterilization. While this factor should appeal to packers as self-evident, it is frequently ignored, re- sulting in injury to the immediate prod- uct and suspicion cast upon production which may be good. It is easily pos- sible to have a fruit with good flavor and beautiful appearance when fresh, and this same fruit be a complete failure when canned, through loss of flavor, breaking down of structure, or both. Scientific food preservation seeks, first of all, to secure varieties of fruit and vegetables which have distinctively de- sirable characteristics and then to treat them in such a manner that these quali- ties will be preserved with the minimum of change, or if change should take place, that it be in the nature of an improve- ment. California ranks first as a canning state, not simply because fruits are grown in abundance, but rather because their char- acter is such that they lose little through preservation. \'olume of fruit alone can- not create a demand ; it can only satisfy the want after it has been stimulated by quality. The diverse climatic conditions make possible not only the growth of a greater variety of fruits than is found in any other state, but also provides some locality in which each variety attains a very high degree of perfection. The skilled horticulturist and pomologist have lent their aid by breeding and selecting types which are particularly suited to canning. The effort has been to produce fruits as well suited to canning as other sections have for consumption in the fresh state. In other words, some varieties of California fruits have been developed as a specialty for the canner and he is not made dependent upon the surplus of crops grown primarily for other purposes. Herein is the point of advantage which the local canner has over his competi- tors. WHiile vegetable canning is not of the 518 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE same importance as fruit canning", the noI- ume is rapidly increasing. Lalifornia is pre-eminently the home of asparagus. ]More than 90 per cent of the entire pack in the I'nited States is grown on the- delta lands of the Sacramento and San joacjuin rivers. The conditions of soil and climate are such that the stalks are in ])erfect condition for canning. The I Hue Lakes region has accjuired a reputa- tion for a superior cpiality of string Ijean and the indications are that the acreage will increase rapidly. Santa Ana, while Y\cll known as a nut producing center, is now the garden spot for the growing of chilis and pimientos for canning. A\'ith the exception of corn, every vegetable is grown and packed in the State. A second essential in successful canning is that the fruits and vegetables be gotten into the cans when at the right period of development and soon after being har- \ested. Vegetables like asparagus, beans and peas change with remarkable rapid- ity in the young and tender state. The vascular bundles thicken and toughen in asparagus and beans. A stalk of aspara- gus which is perfectly tender when first cut may have considerable fibre present in twenty-four hours; beans which might be called stringless when picked may have a considerable proportion of strings present after standing in boxes for a day. In peas there is a decrease in sugar, an increase in starch and a toughening of the coat. The change in flavor is even more marked than the structure. Aspara- gus becomes bitter, and beans and ])eas lose the distinctive flavor associated with the fresh garden product. The California canner has learned these fa(?ts from ])rac- tical experience. The very remarkable results achieved by Mr. Ilickmott wdth asparagus are due to taking the factory to the ranch instead of carrying the prod- uct for a long distance to the cannery. It may truthfully be said that the difference in time, three to four hours from the held to the can instead of a day or more, has made the canned article a matter of pref- erence with connoisseurs, even during the picking season. At the present time every packer of high-grade asparagus has moved the factory to the growing grounds, e\en at a sacrifice of equipment alread\' in place or of more advantageous labor con- ditions. Canners of peas and beans are now following the same practice which has proven so profitable with asparagus. The cpiality of fruit in a can bears a very close relation to the condition wdien picked. An apricot picked slightly green and permitted to stand in a box until soft and apparently ripe will retain some of the bitter and astringent (|uality. It does not develop that peculiar and delightful aroma and flavor that it does when ripened upon the tree. If canned wdien green there is a reten- tion of the green taste, regardless of the syrup used. If canned when fully ripe, there is a preservation of the luscious qualities. The same observation holds for other fruits. The actual period wdien fruit may be packed in perfect condition is therefore very short. The advantage which the California packer has is that the climatic conditions are such that the ripening period is prolonged and that va- rieties have been developed which follow each other in close succession. THE NATURAL FLAVOR The methods of canning generally fol- lowed are those which experience has demonstrated to be safe. Experiments conducted during the past twn:) years have shown that it is possible to preserve some fruits at a much lower temperature than has been used and that some change of a \-ery desirable character may go on within the can. It is not known to what action these changes are due, but it is seemingly enzymic, as the flavor has the FRUIT PRESER\^\TIOX 519 (luality as of the perfectly ripened fruit. The changes are comparable to the pro- duction of the bouquet in fine wines and liquors. It has long been assumed that canned fruit must deteriorate on stand- ing, and while this is undoubtedly true for some products it is the belief that the op- posite condition may be brought about by the proper treatment. California has added her quota to the new products offered in cans. Three re- cent additions being the ripe olive, the chili and tuna. All of these products have l)een received in a most favorable man- ner, the demand being in excess of the supply, for the first and last. Probably one of the most important things wdiich the consumer is learning about canning is that better material is used than is generally found in the fresh market. Instead of canning the left-over or surplus stock, it is the choice material that is demanded. The removal of "no admittance" signs from over the doors and the invitation to the public to see what goes on within the factory is doing much toward producing a proper conception of the character of canned foods. '* I "" HOSE who would make money from the soil and do it in a plea- ''- surable manner, should try ^^egetable growing- in California. Secure a copy of Professor E. J. Wickson's volume, "California Vegetables," and you will avoid many costly mistakes. It may be had from our Book Department at the price of $2 postpaid. Hear what the press says of it : Of great value to all who are interested in the cultivation of vegetables either for market or home use. — IVatsouvillc Paiaroiiiaii. It should be in the hands of every intelligent and progressive farmer who believes in mixed farming. — Riverside Press. A volume that will prove of much value, not only to new-comers Init to old settlers. — San Jose Herald. No one intending to make vegetable-growing in this State a liusiness should be without this valuable book. — J'isalia Times. What California i\ Is Doing for the World in Raisins By James Madison Vice President and Manager California Associated Raisin Company Headquarters of the California Associated Raisin Company, Fresno, Cal. Editor's Note: Mr. Madison gives an interesting- account of Cali- fornia raisin production. This g"reat industry, which has been the chief developing force in the heart of the San Joaquin Valley and which turned back the tide of European raisins from the United States, is discussed by the man who has done so much to bring the industry to its present phase of prosperity through effective organi- zations of the producers themselves. Important figures are given of the extent of raisin growing, the chief producing districts, and the opportunities which exist for the extension of California's interest in the world's raisin trade. CALIFORNIA is a state of superlatives. Whatever it earnestly attempts, it leads in. One of these superlatives is California raisins. The raisin is one of the best and oldest of all known fruits. It is mentioned in the Bible, first in the book of Numbers, and later in the book of Samuel, thirty-five hundred years before the birth of Christ, and one has only to read the references to it to learn that in these early days of human history it was regarded as wholesome, nourishing and strengthening. During all the intervening centuries it has retained its hold upon humanity as an article of diet. In the darkness of the Middle Ages from the fourteenth to the sixteenth centuries, it was regarded as an article of high com- mercial importance, and .ranked as one of the leading articles of business exchange. We have no positive knowledge of the date when the raisin first made its way into West- ern Europe, but we do know that thousands of years ago it was grown extensively in the countries of the Orient, and was carried by Oriental invaders into Western Europe, finally resting in Spain, which afterward became the greatest raisin producing country in the world. THE RAISIN GRAPE COMES TO CALIFORNIA From Europe the vine found its way to California, where it made its first appearance ;22 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE \\ In 1. tin \ iiics cover the land as far as the eye can reach in 1S51. having been introduced by Colonel yards in that excellent district were planted Agostin Haraszthy of San Diego, from some in 1884 to 1886. In 1875 McPherson Broth- muscatel vines and seeds of Malaga raisins, ers, at one time the largest growers and packers In March of the following year he imported in the State, planted raisin grapes in Orange the Muscat of Alexandria from Malaga, County. Spain. Ten years later during a visit to that Soon after San Bernardint) and Los Angeles country in September, 1861, he selected cut- counties went into the raisin vineyard business, tings of the Gordo Blanco, which afterwards but the ravages of the Anaheim disease during were grown in his vineyards in San Diego. the years 1884 to 1889 destroyed thousands Consequently he was the first man to introduce the raisin vine in California. Another im- portation of the Muscat of Alexandria was made and planted in 1855 near San Jose by Mr. A. Delmas. Mr. G. G. Briggs of Davis- ville also imported Muscatel grapes from Spain. The first public exhibition of raisins made of acres, and led almost to the extinction of the raisin vineyards in the district, which is now so famous for its citrus fruit. THE BEGINNING IN FRESNO In 1872 Mr. Eisen, while experimenting with vines, planted some raisin grapes in Fresno County, and in the third year he sold the raisins rcadilv to a number of San Fran- from Muscat of Alexandria grapes was by cisco people. Later a number of gentlemen Doctor J. Strenzel of Alhambra Valley, Contra Costa County, at the California State Fair of 1863. He also showed dried grapes of other varieties to demonstrate the character of a true raisin. in that city bought land and planted some raisins. So in 1880 the number of vineyards in Fresno County had reached quite respect- able proportions. A Fresno lady. Miss Hatch, has been cred- In 1873 Judge J. W. North, founder of ited with being the first individual who dried the Riverside colony, first planted Muscat of and packed raisins in the linited States. The Alexandria grape vines, but it was tliree years above records show that there is some doubt later before the grape growing in tliat district as to whether that really was the case, but became general. there is no question that she was the pioneer in In El Cajon Valley Mr. R. G. Clark planted that line in Fresno County, raisin vines in 1873, but the. most of the vine- In 1876 Mr. W. S. Chapman imported some RAISINS 523 of the best obtainable Muscat vines from Spain for the Central California colony in Fresno County, but they were not found to be any different from those already growing here. The name of the party who first in- troduced raisins in California has not, and probably never will be, satisfactorily proven, but what is of chief interest to us is the fact that California has taken rank as the greatest raisin producing country in the world. The first considerable raisin vineyards of the State were those of Mr. G. G. Briggs at Davisville, Yolo County, and Mr. R. B. Blow- ers of Woodland. Yolo County, the former having planted principally Muscats, and the latter Muscatel Gordo Blanco. After years of experimenting, several of the counties in the State ceased to produce raisins, while others are doing so on a limited scale. The crop of 1913 by counties is estimated as follows : PoiDtds Fresno County 94.(X)0,000 Tulare County 25.000,000 Kings County 20,000,000 Sutter County 4,000,000 San Bernardino County 3,600.000 San Diego County 3,200,000 Madera County 2,400,000 Yolo County 2,000,000 Kern County 1,100,000 It is not definitely known when raisins were first shipped in large commercial quantities, but in 1875 New York recorded that up to November 1, 6000 twenty-two-pound boxes of California raisins had been received. In 1888 Fresno County appears to have shipped its first considerable quantity. In 1887 market reports stated that "Fresno raisins of excel- lent ciuality are now on the market, especially from the Forsyth and Butler vineyards." That was in the days antecedent to the coming of the packers. The farmers at that time did their own packing. The varieties of raisin grapes are few in number. The A\'hite Muscat of Alexandria, and the Muscatel Gordo Blanco fill first places : Malagas and Faherzagos are used to a small extent. The seedless varieties are the Sultana, which is grown extensively in Smyrna, in Asia Minor, and which was first brought by Colonel Haraszthy to California in 1861, and the Thompson Seedless, so named by the Sutter County Horticultural Society after Mr. \\\ Thompson, who procured the cuttings from Elwanger & Barry of Rochester, N. Y. For years a halo of mystery as to its origin hung over this splendid vine, but the pomological experts in Washington claim it to be the Sultanina Blanco, originally a na- Irrigatiiig young grape vines at nurseries in Fresno County U4 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZIXE tive of China, and known to have flourished there 2000 years ago. Mr. Blowers of Yolo County also introduced a pink variety of the same grape on his ranch in Fresno County, which was also known as the Sultanina Rosea. In the earlier period of raisin history in California, San Bernardino, which then in- cluded what is now Riverside County, pro- duced the largest quantity of raisins. In the first si.x years the progress of raisin ])roduc- tion was slow, but later the growth of the industry was phenomenal. In 1879 the crop first exceeded 1,000,000 pounds. In 1885 it had grown to 9,000,000 pounds and in 1886 to 14,000,000 pounds, and it contiimed to in- crease yearly until it has now reached the enormous total of 180,000,000 pounds. FOREIGN TRADE IN RAISINS It is interesting to note how the importa- tions of raisins have decreased with the in- crease of our home crop. In 1873 we produced about 100,000.000 pounds, and imported over 35,000,000 pounds. In 1884 we imported nearly 54,000,000 pounds. Fifteen years later our importation had dropped down to a little over 6,000,000 i)ounds. Our export is corre- spondingly increased. In 1898 we exported 3,000,000 pounds, and in I'HO over 8,000,000 pounds. Canada is our best foreign customer for raisins; New Zealand comes next, followed by Mexico and Japan. Great Britain is tlie most extensive con- sumer of raisins in the world, but buys very few from us because of the close proximity of Spain, and the lower i>rices at which they can buv the Spanish product. growers' rffori's at marketing Many plans have from time to time been tried to market the raisin ])roduct at a living price to the producer. ( )ne reasonably suc- cessful plan was under the leadersliip of Mr. M. Theo. Kearney about 1895. Shortly after the falling to pieces of bis organization, raisins were known to be sold lor as low as 3/4 cent per i)ound, cheai)er than potatoes, and at that time a great many acres of vines were pulled uyi and the ground planted to other uses. Another attempt was made in 1905 to or- ganize the growers, but owing to a prejudice among them against co-operation, only 38,000 acres signed up, and therefore in May, 1906, it was again dissolved. In the spring of 1913 the California As- sociated Raisin Cominuiy was formed more on commercial lines. The raisin growers have paid into llie corporation $1,000,000 for the purpose of financing and handling tlieir crops, and the Associated Raisin Company has con- tracts with more than 6000 growers, more than 'M) per cent of the output from the State. .Absolute necessity compelled the growers for their own protection to form this association, as e\-erv raisin grower wln) had no otlier means would have gone bankrupt or gone out of the raisin business if something had not been done. A product that under the management of the Associated Raisin Company will bring to the State from $8,000,000 to $10,000,000 annually should be taken care of. whereas formerly it would only bring half of that sum. and all of this can be done without making raisins cost the consumer one penny more, and give the growers a price that will pay interest on a reasonable valuation of his vineyard and comj^ensate him for his risk and labor. production of seeded raisins A great change in the raisin industry took place in the late '90's. In 1896 the seeding of raisins was taken up in a commercial way. It has been known for twenty years prior to that time that the seed could be removed from the raisin by machinery, but it had never been ])ut into anv practical use. .\t that time Colonel Forsvth of Fresno began making com- mercial use of machinery to remove the seed from raisins, and some 600 or "00 tons were placed on the market. Tliat has gradually in- creased annually, until in the year 1912 over 40.000 tons were sold in that condition, and from the last season's crop it will ])ractically be about the same amount. riie raisin industry in California has im- mense possibilities, especially for the counties suitable for that business. Great Britain and modern Furope use about five pounds per capita. The United States, RAISINS 525 with perhaps 100,090,000 people, consumes less than one and a half pounds per capita. \Vith a consumption brought up in this country to equal Great Britain you can easily see the possibility for the California vineyardist and the acreage that could be planted to vines. FOOD VALUE OF THE RAISIN The value of the raisin as an article of diet can not be too strongly impressed upon the people. There is no other food which contains the same concentrated strength and nourishment. One high authority says, "The food value of the raisin is greater than that of any other fruit in popular consumption." Its superior nutritive quality is due to the large amount of sugar, gluten, mineral salts, and fruit acids, together with a lesser quantitv of water than usual in fruits. Grape sugar is the chief nutri- tive constituent. The particular advantage which grape sugar possesses over all other types of sugar is the ease of its assimilation. Probably one of the most important bulle- tins ever issued by the Department of Agri- culture, Bulletin 142, gives the comparative food value of raisins against other foods, as follows : One pounds of raisins represents a food value equal to each of the following : Six pounds of apples ; Five pounds of bananas ; Four and three-quarters pounds of potatoes ; One pound of bread; Four pounds of milk ; Four and three-quarters pounds of fish (edi- ble portion) ; Two pounds of eggs ; One and one-third pounds of beef. An important medicinal value of raisins is tlieir laxative eflfect. An eminent medical authority of the Royal College of Surgeons of London, Doctor Josiah Oldfield, states: "I put raisins as the first of all fruits that I know ; thev are far superior to grapes, because the sugar has thoroughly matured and ripened, and transformed ready for digestion." Another eminent English authoritv. Sir Wil- liam Gull, in giving his evidence before a royal commission of the House of Lords, stated: "After a hard day's work I get more strength from eating a few raisins than I would from drinking a glass of wine." Mr. Elbert Hubbard has written: "The ex- treme prices of meat and bread stuffs are giv- ing California raisins their innings. The raisin is the finest fruit that I know of. It can not be adulterated. Your children will find raisins a natural, heaven-prepared food." An eminent American physician, Doctor George Still, has this to say : "Raisins never caused appendicitis, but the lack of them may." RAISINS IN STATE DEVELOPMENT It is a pleasure to know the interest that the whole State — yes, the whole United States — took in Raisin Day. That is the beginning of an advertising campaign that the California Associated Raisin Company contemplates be- ginning for the purpose of increasing consump- tion of this, our beautiful product, so that we may find a more ready market for all we now produce. From $8,000,000 to $10,000,000 per annum is brought into the State of California, real new money — money brought out of the earth by the raisin grower. That is the class of money that increases wealth. Most of the busi- ness transactions are matters of exchange of one to the other and do not particularly in- crease the wealth of a community, but money like this raisin money is divided up and even- tually every person within the State gets an indirect benefit from it. In the packing season we employ over 4000 people and our pay roll is over $50,000 per week. The vineyards of California have been from an advertising standpoint, one of the strongest and most inducing and convincing evidences that have ever been sent out to the world of our beautiful climate and of the productiveness of the soil in the State of California, and that is an asset of incalculable value. The acreage planted in raisin grapes in California in 1914 is estimated at 120,000 acres. The annual crop ranges from 180,- 000,000 to 200,000,000 pounds. The Grape /;/ California By E. M. Sheehan Member and Secretarx California State Baard of ]'iticultiiral Coniniissiiniers Editor's Xotc: The im])ortance of the grape in Cahfornia is graphicaHy shown in Mr. Sheehan's article, which is largely statistical and, hy striking facts and figures, indicates the extent to which the industries dependent upon the fruit of the vine have been carried. As secretary of the State commission which must care for the problems of the grape men, Mr. Sheehan is in a position to speak authoritatively ui)on the subject. EXCELLING in cjuality as well as quan- tity of product, California is today sup- plying the United States with the bulk of raisins, wine, and table grapes consumed, as well as shipping great cjuantities of vineyard products to other parts of the world. It is therefore not surprising that it has gained the reputation of being the mart of the North American continent for this variety of output. It mav not be amiss to commence this pa})er with the somewhat startling state- ment that the viticultural industry in Cali- fornia represents an investment of $150,- 000,000. More than half the entire acreage of vine- yards in the State is planted to wine grapes. The best estimates place the total area at 170,000 acres. The total dry wine production in 1913 Avas 25,000,000 gallons. To produce this quantity about 180,000 tons of grapes were required, and the wineries paid to the growers for this tonnage prices ranging from $10 per ton, as a minimum in sweet wine sec- tions, to $27.50 per ton in dry wine districts in the coast counties. Sweet wine grape prices are mentioned in this connection because some of the districts produce also a large gallonage of dry wine. The production of sweet wine was 17,- 134,988 gallons, requiring the use of 212,937 tons of grapes. The price paid to the growers ranged from a minimum of $10 per ton, on contracts, to $16 per ton for choice varieties. The brandy produced and placed in bonded warehouses for the 1913 season was 1,544,245 gallons. To produce this amount 51,475 tons of grapes must necessarily be used, and these brandy grapes w^ere paid for at an average y)rice of $10 per ton. It is estimated, therefore, that there was paid to growers during 1913 for grapes de- livered to the wineries over $6,000,000. This raw material made into wine at the 700 wineries in the State, aged and marketed, rep- resents a commercial value at the present market selling prices of close to $15,000,000. There were 6363 carloads of table grapes shipped out of California during the fall of 1913, and 1000 carloads either consumed in the State or forwarded in less than carload lots by exjjress shipments to various sections. The average net weight of table grapes in a carload is 26,000 pounds. Therefore, there were 191,438,000 pounds of table grapes sold as such commodity by California vineyardists during the last vintage season. The fruit ship- ping companies of the State are authorities for the statement that the average gross price realized for the sale of a car of table grapes was $1250, making the gross sale of table grapes amount to $9,203,750. Deducting freight, refrigeration, and commission for sell- ing, it is estimated that the grower received for his ])acked grapes at the shipping point GRAPES AND WINES 527 in California $950 per car, or $6,994,850. The money value of the crop is represented by table grape, raisin grape, and wine prices during the season. Ninety per cent of the entire crop is sold outside of California, and the value all told of the above three commod- ities is close to $30,000,000. Of this amount, $27,000,000 of outside money came into Cali- fornia on account of its table, raisin, and wine grape crop of 1913. The estimated total pounds of fresh grapes produced in California in 1913 is 1,800,000,000, or 900,000 tons. In California there are 330,000 acres of land on which grape vines are growing; 170,000 of these acres are planted to wine grapes, 110,000 to raisin grapes, and 50,000 acres to table grapes. At $200 per acre, these vineyards represent a valuation of $66,000,000. Some of the vineyards might be bought for less than $200 per acre, but many of them could not be purchased for $500 per acre, so $200 is considered a conservative average valu- ation. Packing houses, equipment and some 700 wineries throughout California represent enough additional valuation to bring the total viticultural investment to $150,000,000 as stated in the beginning. The following are members of the State Board of Viticultural Commissioners : Mr. C. J. Wetmore, of San Francisco; Mr. H. F. Stoll, of San Francisco ; Mr. Paul Masson, of San Jose ; Mr. Sheridan Peterson, of Santa Rosa; Mr. Frank T. Swett, of Martinez; Mr. C. E. Bundschu, of San Francisco ; Mr. Secondo Guasti, of Los Angeles; Mr. J. E. Beach, of Fair Oaks, and Mr. W. M. Giflfen, of Fresno. The act of the legislature which created this board carried with it an appropriation of $7500 per year, but the sum has been found inadequate to do the work outlined by the board of commissioners. To as great an ex- tent as it might go with the funds at its com- mand, the commission endeavored to know each individual grower of grapes, his acreage in vines, his varieties and other details re- garding his vineyard holding. There are thousands of these vineyardists in the State, and it has been a never ceasing task on the part of the viticultural office to collect this important data. Returns are complete from some sections of California, but in other sec- tions the checking work is still going on, and in many parts a special representative was sent into the field to meet the growers and obtain data from first hands. The mails are used every day from the office of the com- mission in the State Capitol Building, Sac- ramento, in the endeavor to bring the desired information from the growers, and before very long there will be in the possession of the viticultural commission a very valuable roster from which the work of the commission may be directed with greatest accuracy. One of the most effective accomplishments of the commission has been the standardi- zation of table grapes. This was accomplished in a very successful manner during the past vintage with the assistance of the fruit pack- ing companies throughout California, and to verv great extent the growers of grapes. In addition to this, the Eastern marketers of our California table grapes were made aware of the efforts here, and the Western Fruit Jobbers' Association in convention in February, 1914, in Kansas City, applauded by resolution the efforts of the commission and advised that every handler of California table grapes should use his influence to bring about the desired result in the standardization of our Tokay, Malaga, and Muscat table grapes. The general source of trouble came from the shipping of the early varieties of table grapes. From almost every section, we found growers anxious to put their grapes into the Eastern market early, regardless of their sugar content. This practice demoralized the East- ern markets because of the bad impression created by early unripe grapes. Shippers who followed these early exports with better grapes and better sugar content found their product almost refused because of skepticism of the consumer brought about by the bitter expe- rience with the first shipments of unripe grapes. 528 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE An unsuccessful effort was made recently by the viticultural commission in behalf of the wine people of the State to get their prod- uct into Canada on a competitive basis as far as custom duties are concerned with the French wines. The subject was placed before the Department of State, at Washington, D. C, and no satisfaction was obtained be- cause of the fact that the French and Cana- dian governments have a reciprocity agree- ment which gives the better of trade to the French exportations of wine to Canada. Later on we may be able to remedy the ex- isting conditions. At the present time the commission is greatly concerned about the table grape situa- tion in California, and is endeavoring to re- lieve the volume of what appears to be an over production of table grapes in the State. It has been learned that Spain sends to the United States for winter marketing each year nearly 750,000 kegs, or drums, of Almeria table grapes packed in cork dust. These grapes from Spain have found a ready market all through the Eastern section of the country in the winter season, and have arrived here in a very good state of preservation. The prices realized have been entirely satisfactory, and we have thought if we could lay aside a certain proportion of our table grapes each vintage season for marketing in the East throughout the winter and spring months we would relieve the situation in this State. The experiment was tried last year in Cali- fornia to a very practical extent, and our best information is that there were packed here during the vintage season just passed between 150,000 and 200,000 kegs, or drums, of Em- peror grapes. There was some packing also of our Tokays. We do not have the cork dust to use as a preservative, but we substituted kiln-dried redwood sawdust and we packed our grapes into this material in spruce kegs and veneered drums. The actual weight in a keg, or drum, was about thirty pounds, and the cost of the drum, the sawdust, and the pack- ing was 85 cents. Reports from the firms in California that tried the experiment exten- sively indicate that these grapes brought $2.25 f. o. b. California. If the cost of packing were 85 cents per drum, the net figure to the grower for thirty pounds of grapes would be $1.40, which is a very satisfactory price. The 0{)inion of the members of the viti- cultural commission is that Tokay grapes may be taken care of in this way if they are picked and packed at the proper time. In an aver- age year, the Tokays should be gathered be- tween September 10 and 15, just before they reach the time of maturity. It is probable that the Panama Canal will be used in the forwarding of these packed grapes. Unfortunately, the past season a few Tokays shipped in that way did not arrive in New York in prime condition because of an unexpected delay caused by a slide in the canal at the very time the ship bearing these grapes was about to enter. Another year may bring about some radical changes in the method of drying and packing these table grapes before they are forwarded from this State. One authority indicates to us that much may be accomplished toward the preservation of the grapes for several months by the use of alcohol fumes ; the idea being to first place the grapes in a room, or a large air tight box, and then allow a certain quantity of alcohol to evaporate within the room, or box. Another concern much interested in this method of marketing is going to suggest a lighter package, or drum, so that some freight may be saved. It is claimed that if a paper drum were used and made air tight, but dur- able, less sawdust would have to be used, and we would be able to put six pounds more of grapes in the same size package. All of these things will be worked out another year, and the table grape growers should be optimistic about the ultimate results, for something surely will be accomplished in their behalf. The raisin branch of the industry was never in better condition than during the last three years. The Raisin Exchange, with headquar- ters at Fresno, has proven an active and successful marketing organization that has brought profit to those who entrusted their production to the exchange. The California Sugar Industry By Robert T. Oxnard Vice President American Beet Sugar Company of San Francisco Editor's Note: Mr. Robert Oxnard has for many years occupied a leading- place among- those who have brought capital and effort to the development of the sugar industry of California. One of the most wide-awake and thriving towns of Southern California bears his family name. It is a by-product of the sugar industry of A/^entura County, although it has many other resources, also. Mr. Oxnard discusses interestingly the discovery and development of the beet as a source of sugar. He discusses, also, the adaptability of California to the industry and shows that California could, by using only a fraction of her suitable land, produce all the sugar consumed in the United States. SUGAR in its different forms belongs to the carbohydrate group of food products, as does also starch, and together they form the most nutritive element in vegetable products. The word sugar however, is usually used to describe "sucrose" or "sacchar- ose'' which is derived principally from the sugar cane and the sugar beet, but is also found in a few products of secondary importance, such as the maple tree, sor- ghum, dates, corn stover and others. Scien- tificially however, the word also includes glucose, which is the sweetening element found in almost all fruits and vegetables. Honey also belongs to the glucose group. Lactose, as the name implies, is the sugar of milk. The different starches also can, by chemical treatment be transformed into glucose, and a large industry has been built up along this line, while sucrose is also transformed by acids into glucose. It is in the form of glucose that all sugars are assimilated by man and beast. It is therefore necessary that in the prelimin- ary processes of nutrition, both sucrose and starch shall be changed to glucose, before they can be assimilated by the body. Of all staple food products sugai passes into the circulation and is trans- formed into energy the most quickly. As an example of this, the so-called "raids"" or long distant races conducted for the cavalry by the different European armies, and which extend over distances of sev- eral hundred miles, have always been won by horses trained to drink sugar and water during the journey so that they could be supplied with immediately avail- able food and stimulant. SOURCES OF SUGAR The use of sugar from the sugar cane in Europe dates back to the middle ages 530 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE when it was intrculuced from Asia, but the discovery that the same element of sucrose was found in beets was only made in the eighteenth century by the German chemist MargrafT. I will note in passing that at that time the sugar beet only contained 5% of sucrose, while in 1913 the factory of the American Beet Sugar Company in Ven- tura County, California, manufactured 250.000 tons of beets that averaged 20% of sugar. This metamorphosis, for it can hardly be called anything else, of the sugar beet by selection, is one of the great triumphs of applied science in the industrial world. The same scientific effort has not been as yet applied to the sugar cane, which is today substantially what it always has been. RISE OF THE BEET SL'GAR INDUS IRV The discovery of beet sugar remained for some time hardly more than a curious scientific fact. Outside of a few experi- mental endeavors the sugar producing possibilities of this new plant were neglected until necessity forced Napoleon to utilize them. During his long wars with the rest of the European nations, and particularly with England, which controlled the sea, France was deprived of sugar through its inability to import it from the West Indies, then the principal source of supplies. It is a tribute to the value of sugar in the field of nutrition, that this was a great hardship to the French people. Napoleon by the offer of extraordinary inducements obtained a comparatively rapid development of sugar production in France froni the beet. With the fall of Napoleon, cane sugar again formed the ])rincipal source of sup- ply and beet sugar manufacture received a serious set back. Still the gradual improvement of the quality of the beet enabled it to struggle along in France, its original hone, from which it spread slowly to the other con- tinental countries. After the Franco-Prussian war, Ger- many progressed rapidly along the path opened by France, and soon took the lead in beet sugar production, which it holds to this day. AGRICL'I.rURAI. IMPORIANCE OF BEET c; ROW I NO If some Agricultural Edison had pro- claimed to the world at that time that he had made a discovery which would make two blades of grass grow where one grew before, no reward in honor and riches would have been considered too great for him. This however, is the discovery that was made, not at once, but gradually, by the scientific agriculturists of Europe. It was accomplished by that humble vegetable, the sugar beet. It was found that the introduction into the agricultural rotation of the continent of Europe of a hoed root crop about one year in four had unlocked the stores of fertility hitherto lying unavailable and dormant. The intensive and deep culti- vation required by beet culture, and the net work of fibrous rootlets left in the ground by 40,000 beets to an acre, sup- plied nourishment in available form to the following crop in the rotation, and also left the ground honeycombed with minute channels for the circulation of water and air in the soil. It is a fact that there is. strictly speak- ing, no such thing as a worn out soil. Soils that fail to give crops in paying quantities may still contain enough nitro- gen for fifty crops; enough phosphoric acid for one hundred and fifty crops ; and, in California, enough i)otash for five hun- dred crops. The dift'erence between the fertile and the unfertile soil is partly that in the latter the plant food is not in avail- able form. It is this function of making the plant food in the soil available for the next crop that is performed in an FOOD MANUFACTURING 531 eminent degree by a root crop in the agri- cultural rotation. In 1870, when Germany began to grow sugar beets actively, her yield of wheat was about seventeen bushels to the acre, the same as it produced by the so-called virgin lands of the United States. Today Germany has doubled her yield of cereals, while we have stood still, except where beet culture has been introduced. \Mien this agricultural phenomenon be- came evident to the scientific agronomists and political economists of the old world, they forced the production of beet sugar, for its collateral advantages, until the supply overrunning the demand brought on a crisis and prices of sugar fell to an unremunerative level. To prevent any backward step, the several governments I)egan to give bounties to their sugar pro- ducers, with the result that the production of beet sugar soon passed that of cane in the world, and cane producing countries were driven to the brink of ruin. WHY ENGLAND DID NOT TAKE TO THE SUGAR BEET The only highly civilized government of Europe that did not attempt to develop beet sugar production was that of Eng- land. This, partly owing to her devotion to free trade ; also because, climatically, it is very problematical if the industry can be successfully established there ; and again, because the turnip crop takes the place of the beet root in her agricultural rotation. England therefore became the dumping ground for the surplus production of other European countries. The benefit that she derived was, that her people had cheap sugar and that certain industries using sugar as a raw material, such as the mak- ing of jellies and jams, prospered. As against this, her sugar refining in- dustry was very seriously crippled, and her cane sugar producing colonies were brought to the verge of ruin. Their in- habitants applied to England the term of "the stepmother country." Largely as a result of this latter situa- tion, England decided to take steps to- ward the abolishment of bounties in Con- tiental Europe by threatening to refuse to import bounty-fed sugars. As by this time the farmers of Conti- nental Europe has thoroughly recognized the indirect advantages of beet culture, and sufficiently to prevent the decline of the industry ; and as on the other hand the Continental governments were glad to be relieved of the financial strain caused by the bounties, the so-called "Brussels Con- ference" established an agreement, in which England and all the principal sugar producing countries of the continent, ex- cept Russia, participated, this resulted in the abolition of the bounties, while leav- ing to the industry of each country a measure of protection by tariff duties against all others. THE BEET SUGAR INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES So much for the sugar industry of the old world. Coming now to the United States, and leaving aside its cane sugar industry, as not germane to this article, it is enough to say that a few attempts were made from time to time in the last century from Maine to California in the production of beet sugar. They were uni- formly unsuccessful, except in California at Alvarado, where the tenacity and ability of Mr. E. H. Dyer enabled him to eke out a precarious existence for his small sugar factory, until the tide turned. The industry that he had established at Alvarado finally prospered and grew until 1913 when it succumbed to the efifect of a reduction of the sugar tarifif, and the added demoralization produced by the im- pending shadow of free sugar in 1916. The turn of the tide in beet sugar pro- duction in the Ignited States, spoken of above, came in 1889, when owing to the gradual improvement of the quality of the sugar beet accomplished in Europe and already referred to ; and further, to the improvement made in the processes of ex- S2>2 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE traction and manufacture, American capital became interested and two new enterprises were started at Grand Island, Nebraska, and at W'atsonville, California. The result was sufficiently encouraging to induce at once further ventures at Nor- folk. Nebraska, and Chino, California. From these beginnings others took en- couragement and factories multiplied in rather irregular progression. EFFECTS OF TARIFF TROUBLES At times it would seem as if a settled policy of protection to the industry was reasonably assured, and the factories would spring up confidently. Then again, the sun of protection would seem to be obscured and progress would be halting for awhile and sometimes even nil. The necessity for protection to the home sugar industry can be explained in a few words. The production of beet sugar on its agricultural side requires a great deal of actual labor of the hands. The beet seed has to be drilled in the ground in continuous parallel lines and later thinned out to leave one strong, healthy plantlet every ten or twelve inches to the exclusion of 90 per cent of those originally planted. This can only be done by actual contact of the hand or the small hoe in the hand with ]\Iother Earth. Then again, after the crop is matured and plowed out, each individual beet, of which on an average there are two thousand to one ton, has to be taken up by hand and the leaves and crown cut ofif with a knife. For a factory using 3,000 tons of beets per day, this means 6,000,000 such opera- tions every day. All the ingenuity of luiropean and Atuerican inventors is being constantly exercised toward performing this work l)y machinery, but so far without success. So that in the beet sugar industry it is not the case of a laborer that guides a machine that performs the work of a thou- sand men, and where consequently the wages paid for that laborer are not ma- terial. Agricultural laborers in the beet fields of California during harvest earn at least $2.50 per day, and this work can be equally well performed by European peasants working for 40c or 50c per day, or in the case of women, for 30c a day. LABOR COST IS THE RULING FACTOR To go further, the cost of everything used and of every operation performed in beet sugar manufacture is principally labor from the "sowing" of the seed to the "sewing" of the sack of sugar, and if we are working with a standard of 20c or 25c per hour for labor we cannot hope to com- pete with the standard of 3c to 10c per hour in Europe; or, going still further, of Ic per hour in Java. The cost of factory labor for the actual manufacture of the sugar is comparatively a small item, and not a serious handicap. It is the labor cost as represented in the supplies purchased and in the production of the beets that is serious. CALIFORNIA'S BEET SUGAR PROBLEMS As was inevitable in a new field, many mistakes of location have been made. Pioneering in any line is usually expen- sive to the pioneers, and the rewards gen- erally go to those that come after. Thus far three states of the Union have taken the lead in volume of output, viz. : Michigan, Colorado and California. It would be interesting to analyze the rea- sons for this grouping, but it would un- duly lengthen this article. California agriculturally is superior to either of the others. The beets exceed in sugar content, and are of fair purity, but commercially California is badly situated. Her beet factories and her cane sugar refineries produce already far more than she consumes, and the bulk of the product must find an outlet even as far east as Chicago and beyond, at much greater cost in freight than her other two competitors. The beet sugar industry of the United States as a wdiole sufifers from two se- FOOD MANUFACTURING 533 rious disachantas^es in the marketing of its product. In the first place, the bulk of the 700.000 tons of beet sugar produced is raised in the sparsely settled country west of the 100th meridian, and must find a market to the eastward far from the place of production. In the second place, the bulk of the beet sugar is produced in the late fall and winter, at the time of the smallest consumption of sugar. It is a well-known fact that the consumption of sugar in June, July. August and Septem- ber is double that of December, January, February and March. Among the collateral adxantages of the beet sugar industry, not the least is the fact that it reverses the drift of agricul- tural population toward the great cities, which is so deplored by political econ- omists. The industry is essentially one of the agricultural regions, and yet it builds up around it small cities of two or three thousand inhabitants, to whom it gives all the advantages of social inter- course, education, recreation and the com- forts and utilities that accompany the grouping of men. Yet it must remain an agricultural community to some extent, or else it perishes. The value of the beet crop to the farmer ; the improvement in other crops that go hand in hand with it ; and the grouping of population aroiuid the factory all conspire to increase the \'alue of land, surely and rapidly. This has been the universal experience wherever the indus- try has been established. WHAT CALIFORNIA MIGHT DO WITH BEET SUGAR Considering now the sugar industr}- ex- clusively from the standpoint of Califor- nia, it is interesting to speculate what the possibilities of it might be to the State. California has an area of 155.652 square miles, or say 100.000.000 acres. It pro- duces a ton and a half of sugar to the acre. Consequently it could produce the 4,000.000 tons of sugar consumed in the United States on approximately two mil- lion and a half acres, or 2>< per cent of its area. This product at 5c a pound would have a value of $400,000,000. To produce this quantity of sugar would require the processing of 250,000 tons of beets per day, or say only two hundred and fifty factories, slicing 1,000 tons of beets per day. Certainly California could find suitable location for that number within her hospitable borders. Each one of these factories would give of itself through the activities that it fostered em- ployment to 1,000 men. representing a population of 1,000,000 inhabitants de- voted to the industry. These factories would produce as an- other by-product a million tons of mo- lasses that could be converted into 140,- 000,000 gallons of alcohol, or otherwise devoted to increasing the ration of the steers and dairy cows of the State. Inci- dentally, enough cyanide of potassium could be produced to supply all the gold mines of the country — not to speak of sup- plying California the cyanide which is used for fumigating fruit trees. In addition to this it would produce 25.000,000 tons of beet pulp and 8.000.000 tons of the beet tops and leaves left in the field after harvest, with which it could fatten 2.500,000 steers annually. The value of the fat steer above that of the feeder is approximately $25. which would bring an added profit of $62,500,000. \\'ithout indulging in such dreams and speculations it may be said with the greatest conservatism that if this indus- try were given proper encouragement in the United States, the share of it that California would most certainly get, ow- ing to the advantages which she enjoys, would make it the greatest and most profitable of the many industries and sources of wealth that she ofifers with lavish hands to all her children, native and adopted, present and to come. Growing Vegetables for Distant Shipment in Southern Cahfornia By H. S. Hazeltine Secretary California Vegetable Union Editors Note: Mr. Hazeltine has prepared an exceedingly inter- esting- review of the production of the chief kinds of shipping vege- tables in the eight counties of Southern California; the particular section in which each kind is chiefly grown and the varieties which are most satisfactory in the distant shipping trade. He also indi- cates the points to which each vegetable is chiefly sent for sale and pre])ares a table showing the production of each during the year ending September 1, 1914, aggregating more than 5300 car loads for this section of the State alone and for which there is a heavy and continual demand. SOMETHINCi over half a century ago gold seekers who came to California from the East and North discovered, after planting vegetable seed brought with them for garden use, that California soil yielded abundantly, and that the vegetables grown were not only large and of nice appearance, but of very fine eating quality. This, together wnth the fact that vegetables can be grown to splendid ad- vantage in Southern California in the winter season as well as in the summer, has been re- sponsible for the tremendous growth and de- velopment of the vegetable raising industry in the State. The growing of vegetables in Southern Cali- fornia offers an especially attractive field for industry and energy ; in the summer time be- cause of the tremendous local demand, and in the winter time because of both local demand and heavv Eastern demand. It is onlv within comparatively few years that the business of raising vegetables for winter shipment has become an important one in California, although the first winter vegetables were shipped out of the State as early as the late 70's. As California's cities developed, the de- mand increased, and acres which had lain idle were put under cultivation in order to supply the demand. Soon the necessity for supplying Eastern markets opened up great possibilities for the industry of vegetable growing, and in a comparatively short time Southern California was in the midst of preparing land and plant- ing, not for home consumption alone, but for the purpose of supplying a constantly growing Eastern demand. It was early in the 80's be- fore the business of growing vegetables for Eastern markets was put on anything like a working basis, and the development of the refrigerator car and other facilities made it VEGETABLES 535 possible to ship tender, green vegetables to far Eastern markets without endangering the product itself. First attempts at shipping vegetables East met with failure, as the method of handling, packing and loading was crude and inefficient. However, experience and subsequent efforts along different lines brought the cars not only to loading stations but at different points along the line of travel of the car as well. Con- tainers in the form of crates and boxes were manufactured ; men learned how to properly pack and crate the vegetables so that they ar- rived in Eastern markets in satisfactory con- dition, and with the further perfection of the refrigerator car, and improved methods of growing, came success to the shipping indus- try, and much additional land was brought into use for the purpose of raising vegetables exclusively for Eastern markets. Cabbage and potatoes were the first vegetables shipped out of the State, and on account of the fine quality of this California stock, sales were ready, and demand for further supplies followed. THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DISTRICT What is popularly known as "Southern Cali- fornia" consists of the eight counties at the lower end of the State. Beginning with the most northern, they run along the coast as follows : Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Ang- eles, Orange, and San Diego. These are flanked on the east by three large inland counties of San Bernardino, Riverside, and Imperial. It is Southern California with which this article has to deal ; not the entire State, although the same vegetables are grown in other parts of the State. Celery — The history of the celery growing industry in Southern California dates back to 1889, when Mr. D. E. Smeltzer of Kansas City, Mo., formerly a celery grower of Michi- gan, discovered wild celery growing rank in the peat lands of Orange County. Mr. Smeltzer at once set about preparing some land, and planted a small field of celery. The experiment was so satisfactory that others took up the in- dustry, and in a phenomenally short time thou- sands of acres of celery were planted each season. The quality of the celery grown in this peat land was very fine ; the stalks were long, crisp, and sweet, and the celery had a fine heart. Eastern jobbers ordered freely, and California celery met with a ready sale. Sev- eral varieties are grown in Southern California, the most popular being the "Golden Heart," which is grown from French seed. This variety is a splendid shipper, and of fine eating quali- ties. In recent years celery growing has been extended to other sections of California, and at this time considerable land is planted to celery each season near El Monte, Cal. , the peat lands of that section being well adapted for celery growing. The present season will see about 1500 acres of celery produced in the El Monte district alone, and the acreage is increasing each year. Much individual prosperity among Califor- nians is due to celery raising alone. Growers consider one thousand dozen bunches to the acre a good yield, and prices have ranged for the last three years from 15 to 30 cents per dozen bunches, according to the season and the various grades. The market for celery is vast, there being practically no market in the United States and Canada which does not call for California celery at some time in the season. California celery growers and shippers are fortunate in that they can grow and ship celery at a time when it matures and is ready for market when other celery is either gone into consumption or not yet ready for shipment. The California season is usually from November 1 until March 1, and usually by November 1 the celery crops of Colorado, Michigan, and New York state have been harvested and are out of the way. Florida celery does not make its appearance on the markets until around the first of February, and the larger portion of the California crop has been moved by tliat time. California's method of grading and packing celery has met with the greatest favor in Eastern markets. When the celery is cut from the field, the roots and outside stalks are neatly trimmed, and the celery is packed into crates from eighteen to twentv-four inches high, according to the length of the celery. The large and small sizes are kept separate in the crates, and number of 536 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Luxuriant (Irowtli ol' C-i'liTy, stit'tching away lor many acres in apparently converging rows i: actual work of harvesting bi dozens to the crate is marked on the crate in plain figures. The usual carload is 160 crates, and refrigerator cars are used exclusively, and kept iced to full capacity until they reach destination. Potato — Dating back to the earliest days of American settlement of California, the potato has been a popular and profitable crop, and the industry has thrived. In the district tribu- tary to Los Angeles about three thousand acres of potatoes are planted each year. About one- half of this acreage is in the San Gabriel Val- ley, the balance being south and east of Los Angeles, and in the San Fernando Valley. It is an interesting fact that the Los Angeles market alone takes about ten carloads of pota- toes daily during the season. The average yield is around one hundred sacks to the acre, and the average price f. o. b. loading station is around $1.00 per hundred-weight, the sacks containing about 115 pounds net. In Southern California the liest variety grown is the \\'hite Rose, and it has proven very popular and l)rofitable as well. New California potatoes are eagerly sought by the trade on account of their superior eating quality. The first crop matures in June, and the normal shipping sea- son is from June 15 to August 15 ; first ship- ments being packed in lug boxes, and later shipments moving in sacks. In the San Gabriel Valley there is a very strong organization known as the San Gabriel Valley Potato Grow- ers' Association, organized for the purpose of facilitating the handling of their potato crops. Practically every grower of potatoes in tlie San Gabriel Valley is a member of this asso- ciation, and by maintaining a high standard of ([uality and keeping their output rigidly in- spected by experienced inspectors, they have won high favor for their product among the buyers, and potatoes bearing their brand on the sacks bring a premium. The writer men- tions this one association to indicate what can l)e and has been done along this line in the vegetal)le growing industry. Southern Cali- fornia potatoes are marketed for the most part in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, North Pacific points, Utah, Colorado, and Nevada taking a small portion of the crop. Occasion- allv there is a demand from i)oints along the Missouri River, but this section is supplied usually from Eastern Kansas crops. W'ititcr Mrloiis — 'i'he peculiar adaptability of California soil and climate to almost any va- riety of vegetable or fruit that can be grown elsewhere is sliown in the recent development VEGETABLES 537 ifornia field. In this reniarkal)Ii' panoramic view is sliown not only the celery growing hut the :king for market as well of the casaba melun industry in the State. Originally a melon of the Mediterranean coun- tries, the casaba was first introduced into this State about twenty years ago, and while first attempts at growing it resulted in failure, sub- sequent efforts proved successful, and as early as seven years ago, first shipments of this melon were made to Eastern markets. It has been found that the San Fernando Valley is par- ticularly well adapted to the growing of casabas, and the present season there is no less than 2000 acres of these melons being grown in that district, where they are planted between the trees in young fruit orchards. The "Golden Beauty" and "Pineapple" are per- haps the two most ])()pular casabas of the winter variety. They are ready for market about the middle of September, and bring very good prices in large markets, such as Chicago. Boston. Philadelphia, and New York, all of which markets use straight car- loads daily. Onions — In the Coachella Valley onion growing has been profitable in recent years. The writer recalls one instance last season in which one onion grower near Thermal realized a net amount of about $10,000 from twenty acres of onions. Of course, last season was an exceptional one, owing to the failure of the Texas crop, and the fact that import receipts were light. However, these figures will go to show what can be done in Southern California by growing onions. About 300 acres of onions are grown in the Coachella Valley each year, producing around 150 to 175 carloads. These onions are grown from seed imported from the Canary Islands and Ber- muda, and the congenial climate and soil of the Coachella Valley are particularly well adapted to their development. The "Crystal Wax" and "Yellow Bermuda" are the two favorites produced in this section, both being large, shapely onions of splendid fiavor that has made them tremendously popular. South- western markets will take practically all of the onions that Southern California produces each season, although Missouri River markets and as far east as Chicago draw their supplies of onions from California at the time these are sliipped, April, May, and June. Other sec- tions of Southern California produce onions, but the best stock is raised in the Coachella Valley. Tonuitors — During the season from the first of (October until the first of January, and fre- quently later even than that time. California 538 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZINE supplies the markets of the East with tomatoes, and there is always a lively demand for Cali- fornia grown stock during November and De- cember, The foothill districts around Los Angeles provide tomatoes even after the low- land stock has been frost damaged, and in this way California is able to furnish the East- ern dinner table with its tomatoes until after the first of the year. The practically frostless foothill districts near San Fernando, Whittier, and Fullerton produce the finest tomatoes grown in the State. The "Stone" variety has built up the greatest popularity of any tomato known. It is a medium-sized, round, firm, and heavy tomato, of delicious flavor, and very popular in the markets of the United States. The Los Angeles market uses large quantities of tomatoes, and growers reap a nice profit from growing this fruit, especially those who have late fruit in a frostless spot. Practically every mixed car shipped out of the State con- tains tomatoes as a part of its load, while several hundred straight carloads leave the State each season. Caiilifloiver — In the district lying to the south of Los Angeles, between that city and the ocean, there is grown each year a tremen- dous quantity of cauliflower. The cool, foggy nights of November, December, and January produce wonderfully large and white cauli- flower, and there is a marked growth in this industry each year. The "Snowball" variety is most popular with the consumer in Eastern markets, and it is said by experts to be the finest cauliflower produced anywhere. The marketing season generally starts in October and continues until late March. Three crops are planted and arranged so that the early variety matures in October and November ; the middle variety in December and January, and the late, in February and March. This gives the grower the benefit of prices at all seasons, and the average crop of cauliflower produces very satisfactory returns. The market for Cali- fornia grown cauliflower extends practically all over the United States and Canada, and prices f. o. b. California loading stations range from 25 cents to 50 cents per dozen heads. Two packages are used in shipping ; the pony crate, which contains about one dozen heads, and the standard crate, which contains around two dozen heads. Cabbage — The Orange County district of Southern California has always been consid- ered the banner cabbage raising district of the State, and during the season, January to May, trainloads of California cabbage are distri- buted over the South, North, and East, as well as the Pacific states. Several varieties are pro- duced, but the "VVinnigstadt" variety is the best shipper, as well as the best eating cabbage grown here, and its popularity is great all over the United States and Western Canada. There is some "Cannon Ball," "Scotch Cross," and "Flat Dutch" cabbage shipped out of the State, but these varieties do not attain the perfection so distinctive of the "Winnigstadt." Various markets prefer different packages ; some taking the standard, or 150-pound crate, while others take the half-crate, containing about ninety pounds net. Good prices are ob- tained from the sale of early cabbage, and sometimes high prices prevail throughout the season. In addition to the cabbage raised in Orange County, there is a large acreage each season in Los Angeles County. Lettuce — Lettuce is grown in Southern Cali- fornia the year around, but for shipping pur- poses the winter variety far excels the summer variety, on account of its hardiness. Recent years have seen a tremendous increase in the acreage of lettuce grown for shipment out of the State, and the industry will continue to grow as the demand increases, which it has done and will do from year to year. The "Wonderful" variety of head lettuce grown in Southern California can not be excelled for quality, and it is a heavy favorite in Eastern markets. Practically every market in the United States takes California lettuce at some time during the season. Pacific Coast points use large quantities of this delicious vegetable during the winter months, while markets along the Atlantic seaboard order it in large quanti- ties as well. Los Angeles County produces the bulk of the shipping lettuce grown in Southern California ; the rich, loose, loamy soil of this section being well adapted to the industry. The VEGETABLES 539 average price paid the grower for lettuce is COMMERCIAL VEGETABLE about 15 cents per dozen heads, although prices p, u C^VVTIMC R "PP TOKm OF often go high above this mark. CALIFORNIA Other Vegetables — There is some asparagus raised in the Imperial Valley, but the industry Shipments of fresh vegetables from Cali- has never been fully developed as yet. Arti- ^^^"'a to Eastern markets are increasing in chokes, while grown to best advantage around volume yearly. The principal varieties shipped San Francisco, can be grown in Southern Cali- ^"d the sections in which they are raised are fornia, but there is no large industry here on ^^ follows, according to information furnished artichokes, as is the case in San Mateo County. ^Y the California Vegetable Union : Beets, carrots, turnips, cucumbers, egg plant. Artichokes — San Mateo County. peas, beans, bell and chili peppers, rhubarb. Asparagus — Delta region (Sacramento, San spinach, parsley, radishes, Hubbard squash, Joaquin, and Contra Costa counties), Impe- Brussels sprouts, sweet potatoes; practically rial Valley. every vegetable known can be grown to splen- ^^,^,„^ (^^^hg^. varieties than Lima)— San did advantage in this favored section of Cali- joaquin, San Luis Obispo, Sacramento, Sutter, fornia in some or other of its wonderful soils, Solano, Contra Costa, Yolo, and Monterey and there is a continual heavy demand for counties. vegetables of all varieties in mixed and ^ / #• • \ tt . c^ , ^ ^ ° Beans {Lima) — Ventura, Santa Barbara, straight carloads. It would be hard to imagine ^. t a i j o t^- ° ° Orange, Los Angeles, and San Diego, a straight carload of parsley, yet the writer , r ^i .- • w 1 J j: 1^ Cabbage — Orange, San Mateo, and Los knows of three straight carloads of parsley * ° ' ^1.1 u 1 • J <- r c ..1 r- ^■ Angeles counties, that have been shipped out of Southern Can- '^ fornia recently; one to Chicago, one to New Cantaloupes— Imperml Valley, San Joaquin, York, and one to Boston. ^"d Sacramento valleys. Every Southern California home has its Cauliflower — Los Angeles and San Mateo vegetable garden, and strawberries here for counties. breakfast on Christmas are as common as Celery — Orange, Los Angeles, Sacramento, snowstorms in January in the East. and San Joaquin counties. Figures of Shipments— To give some idea Lettuce— hos Angeles and San Mateo of the vast proportions to which the vegetable counties. industry has grown in Southern California the Onions Delta region waiter has prepared a table showing in ap- n aj. r\ c <. jc t^ t- & 1 Feppers — Orange, bacramento, and ban proximate figures the number of carloads of j • .- ^ ° Joaquin counties. each vegetable shipped out of this section dur- ' r, . , o t -r-./^.TM- ^ ^^ Potatoes — San Joaquin. Contra Costa, Mon- ing the season beginning September 1, 1913, ^ ,c^^^ \ o . n i /t \ ^ o o I terey (Saunas), Santa Barbara (Lompoc), and closing August 31, 1914: j t a i ® ^ and Los Angeles counties. A limber Carloads Rhubarb — Alameda, Los Angeles, Imperial Commodity Shipped Vallev. Assorted Vegetables 1000 r, , n ^ ^ at j jc4.-i Asparagus. 100 Sweet Potatoes — Merced and Stanislaus Cabbage 500 counties. Cauliflower 500 ^. t \ ^ r- ^ ht a Qgjg^y 1500 Tomatoes — Los Angeles County, Merced Lettuce 500 County, Delta region, Yuba and Alameda Onions 400 Potatoes 600 counties. Tomatoes 250 Watermelons — Stanislaus and Merced coun- Total 5350 ties, Imperial Valley. The Potato in California By Eugene H. Grubb and W. S. Guilford Authors of "The Potato.'' Fiihlishcd by Doiiblcday. Page &^ Co. Editor s Note: Messrs. Grubb and Guilford are well known potato experts. Their joint treatise, entitled "The Potato," is the standard authority on American potato growing-. Mr. Grubb is a practical ])otato o-rower and has served as expert on the tuber for the United States Department of Agriculture and as consulting expert for many enterprises, public and private. Mr. Guilford has been for some years director of agriculture for the Sacramento Valley Irrigation Companv, after performing similar service in Idaho. IN NO OTHER place on earth where po- tatoes are grown is there such a diversity of conditions and methods as in California. Potatoes can be planted and harvested every day in the year and in the Delta district in the San loa^uin and adjoining counties they are sometimes being planted and liarvested the same day in the same field. The "Irish" or white potato is a cool weather crop, that is. the tuber develops and matures to its greatest perfection in well- aired, porous, moist, well-ventilated and fairly cool soil, with warm growing days and com- paratively cool nights. Corn or melons, on the other hand, delight in hot days, hot nights and hot soil. The potato thrives in the Northern hemi- sjihcre in Northern latitudes at low altitudes; in Southern latitudes at high altitudes and in some Southern latitudes at low altitudes where fogs or other coast influences prevail, or where moisture conditions maintain a cool soil in spite of climatic conditions; also in low altitudes in Southern latitudes during the cool season of the year. In the high mountain valleys of the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range mountains ; in the hot interior valleys ; in the lower coast valleys, and in the great Delta of the San Joacjuin and Sacramento rivers — potatoes are profitably grown. WHERE POTATOES GROW WILD In the high valleys potatoes are planted after danger from frost has passed, and they grow and mature in 110 to 120 days — requir- ing practically all of the growing season under these conditions. A potato of fine quality is grown, which is admirably adapted for seed in lower altitudes, and if proper attention is paid to seed selection and cultural methods, maximum yields may be obtained. The potato grows wild in the Rocky Mountains in con- ditions similar to these — and there is room for greatly enlarging the industry in these favored sections of California. This is practically true of the seed potato business for supplying the lower districts. Two districts in the lower valleys on the Pacific Coast are noted in all of the Western states for the quality of the potatoes produced and for the high prices paid for them. These are Salinas and Lompoc. The areas are com- paratively small, but a combination of a fine, easily handled, rich soil, and a climate tem- pered l)y the ocean to just the right degree, make possible the production of a large ton- nage of clean-skinned, even potatoes that are in demand bv the high-class trade. VEGETABLES 541 On sandy loam, alluvial soil, or other mel- low rich soil that is easily worked, in the hot interior valleys of California, two very satis- factorv crops of potatoes per year may be grown if irrigation water is available, and if thev are planted very early and very late, so that the intense heat of the midsummer season is avoided and advantage is taken of the grow- ing weather during the spring and fall. The tirst crop is planted in February and har- vested in May, the second crop is planted late in August and dug in November. In the great Delta region, where peat and silt deposits of ages are reclaimed from over- flow bv levees and pumping ; where the soil is always moist and cool, potatoes are planted at any time and harvested when ripe, or later, if the market conditions are not favorable. This is the largest single district in acreage and tonnage produced in the State or in the West. Here the water table in the land is lowered by pumping, so that the potato plant may root and produce tubers, and when irri- gation is necessary the pumps are stopped and the water table rises, thereby supplying the necessary moisture. The land is held in large acreages by the men who have reclaimed it, and is rented to tenants for cash or share rent. The tenants are largely Japanese and Chinese. Growing potatoes in California is much the same proposition that it is everywhere. There must be a mellow, well-aired, porous soil — and in order that this soil may be kept in proper condition of health, the potato crop must be one in a rotation that includes one or two vears of grass. For instance, potatoes one year, possibly two ; grain or corn one or two years : alfalfa or other grass one or two vears ; then potatoes again. Soil fertility must be abundant and for maximum yields growers should not hesitate to use commercial fer- tilizers to supply phosphorus and potash where these elements are not readily avail- able. The best yields are produced when an ample supply of seed is used. The practice of the best growers everywhere in the world is to use whole seed : That is. to plant the whole potato without cutting. This requires a ton of seed or more per acre, while if the tubers for seed are cut in small pieces (to one or two eyes) only 500 to 600 pounds per acre is needed. The reason for increased yields from the use of larger seed is that the additional nutriment supplied in the larger seed piece makes a stronger, more vigorous and more capable plant. The distance of planting depends on the fertility of the soil somewhat. There should be plants thickly enough together in the row to fill the aerial and root area — leaving room for the formation and development of the tubers. Rows three feet apart and plants twelve inches apart in the row is a good plant- ing distance. It is important that there be a good stand ; lack of this is a great source of decreased yields. Cultivation must be suf- ficiently frequent to destroy weeds and to keep the soil mellow, open and well ventilated. Diseases common to the potato in all parts of the world, such as Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, wilt and scab, are combated here, as every- where, largely by the use of clean seed on clean land. It is good to disinfect seed by soaking it for two hours in a mixture of one pint of formaldehyde and thirty gallons of water. Tuber-moth and eel-worm are also present. l)ut can be controlled by using clean seed on unin- fected land and using care in the storage of seed. In California potatoes yield from 100 to 400 or more sacks, of about 120 pounds each, per acre; that is, 12,000 to 48,000 pounds, or 200 to 800 bushels, where properly grown. As is the case everywhere, some fields always fail from one sort of neglect or other. It costs from $35 to $60 per acre to grow a crop. Prices range from 50 cents to $2 and higher per hundred, depending on the world's crop and the local supply and demand. The potato is the greatest food crop grown in the world, and one that is of great im- portance in California and the Pacific Coast. By increasing the acreage in favorable terri- tory, not now growing the crop, and by better cultural methods in the districts now famous for the production of the crop, the yields and total tonnage produced can easily be doubled Truck Farming in California By E. J. Wickson (Editorial) ' I "^RUCK farming is an important industry -*- in all parts of California and has at- tained very unique and profitable development. A large export product is sent botli by rail and sea to distant markets — the total annual ex- ports of "green vegetables" aggregating nearly 1 5,000 carloads when growing and marketing conditions are favorable. Of this amount usually about one-tenth is in the form of "canned vegetables." the balance freshly gath- ered from the fields. It is a striking fact that storage of fresh vegetables is not necessary in California. The mild California winter does not freeze hardy vegetables, consecjuently they are allowed to grow until the shipping season arrives, as in the case of celery, cabbage, parsnips, salsify, etc., or are gathered, sacked, and placed under some cheap shelter from the rains, as in the case of potatoes, beets, carrots, etc. No storage pits nor cellars are thought of. In fact, the most direct and cheapest method of loading cars is employed in many instances, for rail- way spurs are carried right into the center of the celery, cauliflower and cabbage fields, the crates filled and the cars loaded from the ground on which the crops are grown. This not only reduces the cost of handling and eliminates the cost of storage ; it enables the grower to supply the winter and spring mar- kets on the Atlantic side, in the Middle West and the great interior plateau, as well as the North Pacific Coast territory of the United States and Canada, with vegetables fresh from the soil. No part of the United States except an ad- jacent district of Arizona and the south end of Florida, enjoys a winter temperature which makes such a traffic possible, and even those small outside areas which have similar tem- perature do not have other conditions of growth like those of California. It is evident that in the future development of the ^^'estern half of the continent of North America and in the unfolding of North Pacific countries generally, California is to be the source of fresh vegetables during the many months of winter which prevail in those Northern lati- tudes. For this traffic California enjoys not only suitable growing conditions, but has also the advantage of nearness and of transporta- tion by water. No matter how great, then, the Eastern movement of winter-grown vege- tables may become, the Northern and North- western movement of which California will have a monopoly, will induce additional pro- duction to an extent which can not now be foreseen, although the present traffic in those directions is considerable and profitable. California has in different parts of the State large areas of land excellently adapted to the various export vegetables which are proving profitable. The soils are various, and yet all in the truck-farming class, viz. : deep, sandy and medium loams of the plains, warm, easily worked and rich ; alluvial soils of both ancient and recent origin, holding moisture well and full of plant food; peat and sediment soils, reclaimed in vast areas by dykes, as in Hol- land, exceedingly productive and particularly adapted to the great crops of celery and as- paragus which are made on such lands. All TRUCK FARMING 543 such soils delight the truck farmer, each ac- cording to the demands of the plants which he chooses as his main lines, and they, in con- nection with the favoring climate, enable him to accomplish greater things than are usually possible elsewhere. There are fine opportuni- ties for investment and effort in these directions. But the growing of thousands of carloads of celery for the Atlantic cities, beans for Boston, cabbage for St. Louis, potatoes for Texas and all these and other things for dis- tribution from Denver and Chicago, does not constitute the only opportunity in vegetable growing in California. The output of canned asparagus, peas, beans and tomatoes is large and canners are always on the outlook to con- tract for their supplies. Beyond this, how- ever, there still remains market gardening to supply California cities and towns and the popular resorts of tourists. The work is often very satisfactory and profitable. The local supply of fresh vegetables is scant and many towns and villages are largely dependent upon rail shipments from distant cities. The result is that the consumption of vegetables is less than it should be and less than it would be if local growers would bring their superior products prominently to the attention of con- sumers. Formerly it was held that as Orientals and Mediterranean people were growing vegetables, settlers of other nationalities could not com- pete with them, but it has since been demon- strated that Americans and others of higher intelligence can successfully compete because they make better use of implements and of water, and also understand better the impor- tance of getting the best seed of the best varieties. By attention to these matters, better vegetables are produced and buyers soon learn to discriminate in their favor. Many fruit planters have supported themselves by growing vegetables and small fruits for sale while their fruit trees were growing and some have found that vegetables paid better than fruits, as in the case of one lemon grower, who secured more money from his cabbages than from his lemons. Of course, vegetable growing is not likely to be profitable unless one understands its rec|uirements and is willing to do the work which it calls for. But with good land, with irrigation water to be used when needed, and with enterprise in growing the best and in letting people know it, a good living can be made in many places which at present have no satisfactory supply of garden products. The principles underlying success in veg- etable growing are universal, but the methods in California are quite different from those applied elsewhere. Here the garden runs prac- tically all the year in the open air. All during the winter, except on the mountains, succes- sions of hardy vegetables are grown. Green peas, small onions, young beets, carrots, new potatoes, etc., can be ready at New Year's and continue for nine months, if desired. Aspara- gus begins in February and runs until May or June. Globe artichokes cover about the same season. Tender vegetables, sweet potatoes, to- matoes, beans, corn, cucumbers, squashes, melons, etc., are safe in the open air from April till October. Lettuce, radishes and other relishes can be had all the year, and the same is true of gar- nishing plants. No attempt is made to enumerate all the vegetables — just enough are named to give the reader in a wintry country a clue to groups which he can fill out for himself from what he knows of other plants similar in character. With prompt work, energy and a small irrigation supply, the grower can double his old gardening season in California. As a hardy, winter-growing crop is cleared from the ground, its place is taken by a summer-growing crop, and as that matures, the ground is cleared again to start, in the fall, the next winter-growing crop — and so the rotation is continually kept up until it is desirable to take a new piece of land for garden purposes. This practice can be pursued on small beds for the house garden or on larger areas in market gardening. If a man likes to have something always growing and if he wishes always to have something to keep him profitably busy in the open air, the California garden and truck field will please him to the utmost. The Lima Bean in California By Parry R. Cole Manager The Lima Bean Gro'n.'ers Association Editor's Note: The lima l^ean is California's greatest bean — not because one can have fresh fruit from this delicate plant for the holi- day menu, if it is grown in our thermal places, although that is a distinctive California blessing. Commercially the lima bean is great for its dry shipping product, because, though a climbing bean, it can be grown without supports, being allowed to run freely over the dry surface soil without danger of mildew, because our summer air is so dry. And yet the lima bean does not tolerate high heat in its dry air. Therefore its region is restricted to the Coast valleys. Mr. Cole not only describes the product and the conditions under which it is produced, but discusses the growers' achievements in its marketing. THE LIMA BEAN, as far as records show, seems to have its starting point in Peru. South America, and it is generally Un- derstood that the name "lima" is taken from the city of Lima, the capital of Peru. It seems that about the year 1870 a sailing vessel anchored off the coast of Santa Barbara County and some of the sailors who came ashore near Carpinteria, at that time a small village in Santa Barbara County, had some of the Peruvian dry lima beans in tlieir pockets which were shown a rancher who, being of an experimental mind, persuaded the sailors to let him have all the beans they had in their pockets, as he wished to plant them to see if they would grow in this climate and be of value as a crop. From the information I can gather, the first crop was "poled," that is, sticks were placed in the field so that the vines could climb and twine around them, but by continued cultivating and experimenting this same bean is grown without poles as supports ; owing to the absence of rain during the growing period the vines can trail along the ground without danger of damage from moisture. These beans are grown to some extent on the Island of Madagascar, off the Eastern coast of Africa, but there is no place in the world where the lima bean is so universally cultivated as in the United States, and the only state that grows them extensively as a field crop is California. Even this territory is limited to a very few counties, of which Ventura is the largest producer, supplying the markets of the country with the bulk of the th-y shelled lima beans. The other counties of California which grow them as a field crop are Orange, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and San Diego. Even this area is limited to a narrow strip of al)0ut twentv-five miles wide from the coast and LIMA BEANS 545 250 miles long, but the bulk of the beans is grown along the coast, extending not more than ten miles inland. A Froihut of Climate — Climate is the prin- cipal factor for the production of lima beans. All varieties of beans are susceptible to cold, but no variety is as easily hurt by the cold weather as the lima bean, therefore it is use- less to plant the seed until the ground becomes warm and "mellow," because the seed would be likely to rot and not germinate and even if it did not rot. the plant that did come up out of the ground would be stunted by cold and would not produce anything. Ventura County seems to be especially adapted to the growing of these beans, because in this county the crop averages from twenty to as high as forty 80-pound bags to the acre, while in other counties the average is from ten to twenty 80-pound bags to the acre. In the Eastern part of the United States the beans are grown extensively as a garden product, the gardeners disposing of them mostly as green shelled beans or as green limas. The production of lima beans is limited ; owing to climatic conditions, as already stated, the plant can not stand extremes either of heat or cold. It is necessary to have warm summer weather with fogs at night and early morning in order to produce a crop. This is why these are grown along the California coast, where the climate is of a moderate temperature with remarkably constant fogs in the night and morning throughout the growing period. It has been stated that limas will "make a crop out of fog." Soil of course has a great deal to do with the profitable production of a crop, but not nearly so much as climate. This variety of bean is grown on soil ranging all the w-ay from sandy to adobe. Preparation of the Land — The fields are plowed as early as possible after harvesting so that when the winter rains do come the land is in shape to absorb all the water, and the rains soften up the land so that it can be worked easily and made as mellow as silt. The growers have learned from experience that thorough preparation of the land pays. In fact, the land is cultivated as carefully as if it was a small garden tract, for the weeds must be kept out before the crop is planted as well as afterwards, and you might say the land is being prepared or cultivated contin- uously, except winter months, from one crop harvest until next crop harvest. Planting — Planting begins about the middle of April and continues throughout May and sometimes into June ; depending on weather conditions, as the land must become warm so as to get the plant up out of the ground quickly. Years ago about forty pounds of seed was planted to the acre, but this has been increased until now we find the growers planting eighty and a hundred pounds to the acre ; but the growers have learned from practice that it was to their advantage to increase the amount of seed per acre, for they got a better "stand" ; more plants come up, and this is very essential, as a good "stand" is a long way toward a crop. The seed is put into the ground by a bean planter in rows about thirty inches apart, three to four inches apart in the row, one or two beans being dropped in a place. There is some dift'erence of opinion as to the best distance between rows. Some growers have tried planting but twenty-four-inch rows with good success, but thirty-inch rows seem to be the popular planting by the average grower. The seed is put into the ground with a planter which makes a furrow or ditch, depositing the seed about two inches under the ground, down to the moist soil so the bean will absorb the moisture, germinate, and get up and out quickly. Cultivation — When the plants are up they are cultivated several times, keeping down the weeds and also loosening up the soil, keeping the moisture near the top of the ground. Of course, this cultivating ceases when the plants get too large, as the plants, not being provided with supports, or poles, cover the ground be- tween rows, thus using the land to climb on in place of poles. Should there be any weeds come up after cultivating ceases they are cut out with a hoe. 546 CALIFORNIA'S IMAGAZIXE As there is seldom any rain from planting to harvesting, the land becomes quite dry, therefore there is little danger from moisture discoloring the beans from the vines trailing along the ground. The past few years artesian wells have been put down and the growers have found it profitable to irrigate their beans during the growing period and in many fields cri)ps have been increased by one-fifth to one-half. One of the drawbacks to irrigation is making weeds grow, and unless the land is cultivated im- mediately afterwards the surface becomes baked very hard, allowing the moisture to dry out quickly. Harvesting — The beans in the earlier sec- tions ripen about August 15. The vines are cut with a sled cutter having two runners about fifteen inches high. On the inner side of each runner a knife is fastened diagonally, slanting backw-ards and toward the center of the sled. About six inches above the knives are two small rods of iron which push the vines into the center as cut, making one wind- row out of the two rows cut. The runners on the sled cutter are far enough apart to cut two rows of vines at one time. This sled is drawn by two horses and the knives cut the vines just below the surface of the ground. One cutter will cut ten acres per day. The vines after being left in windrows for a few days are piled by hand with pitchforks, usually three windrows into one row of piles to remain until very dry, which length of time varies with the weather and maturity of the beans, but usually two to three w-eeks, sometimes even four weeks. ( )ne man w'ill pile on an average of three acres per day. It takes at least three men to handle the cut vines from one sled cutter. After the vines become thoroughly dried the piles are gathered up by men with pitch- forks into a wagon with a bed similar to a hay rack, and taken to the threshing ma- chine. The straw, pods, etc., are separated from the dry beans which are sacked, hauled to the warehouse to be cleaned by the bean cleaner, which takes out the remaining sticks, pods, lumps of dirt, small and split beans, and from here put up in even weight bags with the net weight stenciled on each bag, loaded into cars or on steamers and shipj)ed to the markets of the world. Valuable Straw — The bean straw which is separated by the threshing machine is put into bales and used for feed for cattle and horses. Of course a great deal of the straw is scat- tered over the land and plowed under for fertilizer. Years ago the growers used to burn this straw, but they learned from experience that there was a great deal of nourishment in this for cattle and that they would get fat on it ; also today there are more growers scat- tering this straw on their land and plowing under than ever before because they have been taught from experience that it enriches the land. Striking Facts — Possibly to the majority of people, the growing of lima beans in California is rather small farming, because they have in mind the growing of lima beans in other sections, but all one has to do is to get on Coast Line train at Lompoc, Santa Barbara County, during May, June, July or August, and ride to San Diego, a distance of about 250 miles, and on all sides you will find lima beans growing. One will ride miles and miles and see field after field without a fence to divide ownership. These will appear in one continu- ous green stretch as if a lawn. South of Los Angeles is one ranch which in 1914 had in lima beans about 20,000 acres. The crop off this ranch was nearly 250,000 bags, basis eighty pounds each, or 20,000,000 pounds, selling for nearly $1,000,000. In Ventura County the returns from the lima bean crop grown by individual growers range from $2500 up as high as $125,000, therefore if any one thinks bean growing in California is on a small scale, let him change his mind right now. The most of the large ranch holdings are rented to growers in from 50 to 300 acre tracts on a crop rent basis ; that is, the renter delivers to the landowner a certain percentage of the crop raised, which varies according to quality of the land, as a yearly rental. Some landowners furnish the stock, farming tools. LIMA BEANS 547 etc., while others make the renter furnish everything. Marketing — Only about fifteen years ago lima beans were a drug on the market, with only an annual crop of about 600,000 80-pound bags. The growers could only get $1.15 to $1.50 per hundred pounds for their beans and then there was always a carry-over from one year's crop into the next year of from 50,000 to 100,000 bags, but in the year 1909 the largest growers in Ventura County got together and made up their minds that they were tired of having the market manipu- lated by a few dealers at the expense of the growers. They declared that co-operation among the growers was their only salvation if they expected to get a fair price for their crops. They called a mass meeting of the growers, incorporated under the name of Lima Bean Growers' Association, rented an office, em- ployed their help, including a manager, and appointed brokers in all cities in the United States and Canada and went after the business the same as the dealers were doing, but in- stead of working a few markets they went after all markets, opened up new ones by advertising, demonstration, and shouting to all the virtues of the California dry lima bean, and today I venture to say there is no jobber in the United States, large or small, who does not handle California dry lima beans. In visiting the cities of the United States you will hardly find a restaurant or hotel that does not have on its bill of fare lima beans as one of its vegetable dishes. The Groiifth of Production — Since the asso- ciation has been in business there has never been a year with a carry-over. Each year's crop was cleaned up by the time the new one was ready for market. In visiting the cities of the United States you will hardly find a restaurant or hotel that does not have on its bill of fare lima beans as one of its vegetable dishes. To show how fast the consumption and crop have increased, the following figures are given, basis eighty pounds per bag : Year Yield 1907 900,000 bags 1908 1,000,000 " 1909 1,050,000 " 1910 1,175,000 " 1911 1.300,000 " 1912 1,200,000 " 1913 1,050,000 " 1914 1,500,000 •• In the year 1911 the total acreage was about 95,000; in 1912, 103,000; 1913, 115,000; 1914, 116,000. Estimated yield by counties of 1914 crop, basis eighty pound bags : Ventura 1,000,000 Orange 260,000 Santa Barbara 100,000 Los Angeles 75,000 San Diego 65,000 1,500.000 The 1914 crop lima beans will bring to the farmers in California in the neighborhood of $6,000,000 to $6,250,000. therefore growing of lima beans is one of the principal industries in California. A. great deal of the acreage planted to beans in Ventura, Orange and Santa Barbara counties is in orchards where they either have young lemon or walnut trees. They utilize all the space in between the trees in growdng limas until the trees get so large they shade and draw the moisture from between the rows. When this time comes, of course, they must quit planting anything except cover crops there. If the consumer would only realize the food value of lima beans he would find them one of the most important products placed on the market today and which should be on every family table in some form or other. They can be served boiled, baked, in soup, and even as lima bean pie, which is one of the tastiest pies made if properly prepared. CALIFURXLV has gathered to itself the prcxiucts supposedly limited to many other climes and there is little of valtte grown in the tropics, the Orient or in European lands that will not thri\e in this State. Alfalfa in California By Gerald D. Kennedy Field Expert of the California Dcvclo pment Board Editor's N^ote: Mr. Kennedy discusses alfalfa, the greatest forage plant of California, from the point of view of a recent careful and extended survey of alfalfa growing in this State made by the experts of the State development board. His article is therefore the closest and most up-to-date review of the subject, and its details of methods, policies, and appliances will be found of the highest practical value to those contemplating investment of personal enterprise on an alfalfa basis. ' I "^ HE word alfalfa is derived from the -*- Arabic nieaning "good fodder," and in this State it has proven itself worthy of the name. It was first planted in the inland val- leys, but at the present time it is a staple crop from the Mexican border to the Oregon line. As a rule, situations open to direct coast in- fluences are not adapted to the growing of this crop. CLIMATE AND SOIL A long, warm growing season is desirable, the longer and warmer the summer the larger the crop, other conditions being equal. The only effect cold has on the established plant is to stop the growth, so it lies dormant during the winter months. Frost is apt, however, to kill the young plant as it sprouts through the ground ; it is not free from danger until the third leaf has appeared. The ideal soil is a well drained loam with a depth of ten or twelve feet. However, the crop thrives on a great variety of soils, from a light sandy loam to a heavy adobe. It is also grown successfully on soil only four feet in depth. Alfalfa should never be planted in soil where the water level is within four feet of the surface or where there is too much acidity in the soil which some times happens when wheat or corn has been grown for a number of years on land not naturally well drained. It does not follow that all worn-out grain land is acid, as many of our most successful plant- ings have been made on such land. A simple test for acidity is to make a cut in the soil and insert a piece of blue litmus paper. After re- maining in the ground for several hours the litmus paper should be examined ; if it is pink in color, it is proof of acidity. The remedy for acidity is the application of lime; 500 to 1000 pounds is usually sufficient for an acre. Our California soils usually contain enough plant food ; if they are lacking in anything it is apt to be humus, which may be replenished l)y plowing under some cover crop. For quick re- sults rye is very effective. Alfalfa gathers its nitrogen by means of bacteria, which are found in small nodules on the roots. These bacteria must be present if the alfalfa is to flourish ; if they are not found in the soil they must be furnished artificially. Either the seed or the soil may be inoculated. Preparations are sold for the treatment of the seed. Soaking the seed in solution made from the soil of a healthy and mature alfalfa field is an economical method of inoculation. Soil from an old stand of alfalfa is sometimes spread to the extent ALFALFA 549 of about 400 pounds to the acre before plant- ing, or manure from alfalfa fed animals may be used. All of these methods have given sat- isfactory results. Alfalfa will stand a little more alkali than the average plant ; this is especially true after the field has a start. WATER REQUIREMENTS Irrigation is necessary to obtain the maxi- mum yield in this State, though in many places it flourishes without the aid of it. Hence the first thing to develop on a prospective alfalfa field is the water. On unirrigated fields the gophers and squirrels are a menace and it is sometimes necessary to apply water for the sole purpose of drowning them out. The only time that it is unadvisable to use water is when the alfalfa is being grown for seed purposes, because a thin stand is desirable and the seed is hardier. Water for irrigation may be obtained in several ways, by acquiring a ditch right in some irrigation system, sinking a well and pumping, or using the water from some nearby stream. \\'ater from a ditch costs from $1 per acre per year up, depending on the location. Under ordinary conditions the cost of pumping water is about $4 per acre per year. If a pump- ing plant is the source of supply it is always best to use a reservoir, as it lessens the cost of handling the water. The cost of installing a pumping plant capable of irrigating twenty acres would be approximately as follows: SinkiriR 200 foot well $300.00 Installing pit 50.00 Motor and pump 300.00 Reservoir 50x50x4 55.50 Total $705.50 If a gasoline engine is to be used the cost would be about $100 additional. It is impossible to state the amount of water that is necessary, as it varies under different conditions. Light sandy soils require more water than heavier soils, as thev do not hold the moisture so well. In order to facilitate irrigation the land is usually checked, the details of which will be taken up later in this paper. It has been found by experience that frequent shallow irri- gations are more desirable than heavier ones at greater intervals. The most practical way of applying the water is after each cutting as at that time the water flows quickly over the ground. The water should never be allowed to stand on the field in warm weather for more than a day, as it is apt to kill the plant. Young alfalfa should never be watered until it shows signs of distress, the idea being to make the roots go down and seek moisture. Where only a small quantity of water is used, it is often applied by means of movable slip- joint pipe. PREPARATION OF THE LAND Land that is to be planted to alfalfa should be broken a year ahead of time if possible. Deep plowing is the first essential in prepara- tion. After the land has been worked up, it is ready to be checked and leveled. These prepa- rations are done at the same time, the checks are made by throwing up small levees, rarely more than twelve inches high as the mowers and rakes have to be driven over them in harvesting the crop. There are various methods of checking; in ground with an even slope, strip checks may be used, 25x300 feet is a satisfactory sized check. In fairly level land the square check is advisable; 80x80 feet or 100x100 feet are good sized checks. \Miere the ground is rough, contour checks are often used. The idea in checking is to get the land in such shape that water can be api)lied economically and quickly ; this fact should never be lost sight of. Ditches should always be put on the highest ground and if the fall is enough to cause washing, "drops" should be put in. Head gates to con- trol and facilitate the handling of the water may be made out of wood, concrete and gal- vanized iron. Tlie cost per acre for concrete gates is about $5 and for wooden gates $2. The leveling and checking is done with a four- horse scraper and the cost varies from $5 to $35 an acre, figuring the man and scraper at $6 per day. Light sandy soils are more apt to be unlevel than the heavier lands, there- fore there is more dirt to be moved. "Hog wallow" lands are very unlevel, but those 550 CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZINE where the mounds are close together are easier it is apt to be injured, as the animals will eat to level than are those where they are far too close to the crown. Disking the field m apart. Before seeding, water should he turned the winter is often of great benefit and it is into the checks to see that they tlood properly ; also advisable to apply all of the manure at a good stand of alfalfa can not be obtained hand. Superphosphates can be used to good unless this work is well done. advantage on light soils. The cost is about SEEDING '^~*' "^ ^*''^ "^^'^'^ ^^^''^ '^ sulVicient for six or seven Spring seeding is preferable in most parts -i^tcs. The friability of heavy soils may be of the State, as' there is less danger of frost improved by applying 3l)U to 400 pounds of at that time. Before planting the ground gypsum to the acre; the cost is about $10 a should be thoroughly worked and the under ton. The common practice in California is to surface packed, as alfalfa does best in a firm m'h lime instead of gypsum. seed bed. The seed may be either drilled or h-arvesping broadcasted. Drilling is preferable as the seed It is very important to cut alfalfa at the is scattered more evenly. Twelve to fifteen right time. It has been found that the most pounds is generally sufficient seed to sow to nutriment is in the hay when it first starts to the acre; the price varies from 15 cents to 20 blossom; at this time the young shoots are cents a pound. The cost of seeding would also leaving the crown. The haying season then be from $2 to $3.50 an acre. The actual starts in April and where conditions are favor- cost of sowing the seed is negligible. It is able a crop is cut every four weeks until the never advisable to sow a nurse crop, because frost comes. One man and a two-horse mower it uses moisture and food that is needed for can cut eight acres a day. the voun"- alfalfa plant. The hay is allowed to lie in the swath until varieties ^1^^ stems can be bent without exuding mois- The alfalfa that is ordinarily grown in this ture which usually takes a day, sometimes less State is the Chilean, and it is the variety that ^t^d sometimes more, depending on the weather, has proven most successful. Turkestan is a '^^^^ ^^^y is then thrown up into the windrows hardier variety and withstands the cold and •'>' ""'^'^^"^ "^ ^ two-horse rake. A rake can take drought better, but the quality of hay is not ^^^^^ of two mowers; from the windrow it is so good. Arabian is a short-lived variety that forked up into small shocks. One man can is used to advantage for rotation purposes ^l^«^-k about eight acres a day. The hay should where the stand has to be plowed out in a few ^^^ removed from the field as soon as possible, years. Peruvian alfalfa is still in the experi- '^'^^^ ^^oner it is hauled the less danger of mental stage in this State. The advantages lo^i"g the leaves, which contain most of the claimed for this variety are a longer growing nutriment and the sooner the water is applied season and therefore a greater tonnage. Before ^he better for the next crop. Cost of harvest- planting any seed it is advisable to send a ing a ton. figuring the crop on a two-ton basis : sample to the University of California to have Mowing (8 acres per day) $ .25 per Ton ^ -^ Raking (16 ) lz'4 it tested for weeds and germination. This does Shocking (8 " " " ) 12'/2 not cost anything and often may save a great Hauling and stacking ^-^Q ^ deal of trouble and expense. $1.50 CARE OF ..\LF.\LFA If the crop is lighter than two tons, the cost When the young alfalfa is up about six of handling would be about the same ; there- inches it should be clipi)ed to strengthen the fore it would increase the cost per ton. plant and to delay the weed growth. It should yield never be pastured the first year or when the The first year only two or three cuttings are ground is damp, as it is easily tramped out, obtained and after that the yield varies from especially by hogs. By pasturing too heavily four to ten tons per acre per year. The average ALFALFA 551 yield throughout the State is 3.5 tons, though in a great many sections the yield is greater, in fact some sections average ten tons. Under favorable conditions the grower can expect an average of six or seven tons to the acre. The first cutting is usually weedy and often used for silage on that account, as it would not command the same price for hay as the later cuttings. PRICE The price of unbaled hay varies from $3 to $10 a ton, depending on the season. In the stack 512 cubic feet is considered a ton. For shipping purposes the hay must be baled. Bal- ing costs from $1.75 to $2.00. The price of baled hay varies from $6 to $13 a ton. Small bales weighing from sixty to eighty pounds are preferred. A man can secure better prices for his hay by feeding it to dairy cows and hogs. The average dairyman estimates that his cows pay him $12 per ton for his hay only. This depends on the cow, though naturally alfalfa and dairying go hand in hand. PESTS AND DISEASES Dodder, a yellow clinging plant, is the worst pest of alfalfa in the State. With the proper care, there is no danger from it, for it usually comes from using foul seed and for this reason a careful test of the seed should be made before planting. Small patches of it in a field can be destroyed by heaping straw on the affected piece and burning it. Gophers and sc]uirrels are serious pests in unirrigated fields ; where water is obtainable they are easily kept in check. In some sections the stand is fouled with Johnson and Bermuda grass. Such fields should be carefully pastured or the hay cut early in order to keep them in check. To eradi- cate them entirely would necessitate the plow- ing up of the alfalfa. RENTING AND SELLING It is a common practice to rent alfalfa fields, particularly for dairy purposes. The rental depends on the stand of alfalfa. Some- times it is rented on shares, but usually for cash, to be paid in several installments through the year. The price is from $10 to $25 per acre a year, averaging about $15. Alfalfa land is sold at all prices up to $300 per acre. A great deal of it is held in the unimproved condition at $150 per acre, and unless the price is influenced by proximity to towns, this is all one should pay for such land. Land already planted to alfalfa can be bought for $150 to $400 an acre. ALFALFA SEED PRODUCTION This is carried on extensively in Modoc, Lassen and other mountain counties and in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Land for seed production should not be wet and yet it should be moist enough to mature the crop without irrigation. Sandy lands are not adapted to growing seed crops. The stand of alfalfa should be thin so that the sunshine and air can reach to the crown of the plant and the seed be produced the entire length of the stalk. In the mountains no hay is cut when seed is produced. In the big valleys the third crop is allowed to go to seed. When a crop of seed is produced one or more crops of hay are sacrificed. The straw has some feeding value and the stockmen will pay $4 a ton for it, when the hay is worth $8 per ton. The yield of seed averages 500 pounds per acre. Some seasons the seed does not seem to set well. So each year the grower watches his crop carefully and if the seed does not set it is cut for hay. The price received for the seed averages 13 cents per pound. In harvest- ing, the crop must be handled with care to prevent shaking the seed out. A mowing ma- chine that bunches is desirable ; or else men follow the mower and set the seed-loaded alfalfa to one side in small bunches, where it is carefullv loaded on wagons and hauled to the thresher. Seed production has proven to be very profitable in the sections adapted to it. LIFE OF ALFALFA The life of an alfalfa field varies greatly according to the care and soil conditions. It is safe to say that the life of an alfalfa field in this State would be from ten to fifteen years if it receives the proper care. Alfalfa, unlike other crops, enriches the soil instead of depleting it. It has the characteristic prop- 552 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE erty of legumes of being able to extract nitro- only a roughage and that to obtain the best gen from the atmosphere and put it intcj the results some concentrated carbonaceous feed, soil. Nitrogen is the most expensive of soil such as corn or barley, must be fed in con- fertilizers and the one usually most needed. junction. This property of alfalfa makes it of iutinite There is danger of bloating either cattle \alue as a soil fertilizer, hence its popularity or sheep, when pastured on alfalfa. They for rejuvenating the soil. Its deep rooting ca- should be carefully watched at first and only pacity permits it to reach to great depths for allowed to graze a short time until they get its jdant food. Its extensive root system ere- accustomed to it. They should never be turned ates and puts new life in the soil and when in to graze when the plant is damp, the alfalfa field is plowed up these roots decay Most of the alfalfa in this State is used for and the fertilizer is distributed through the dairy purposes. A good stand yielding about soil. Land that has been heavily cropped one seven tons will furnish enough feed for one year after another, when put into alfalfa takes cow. It is figured that a cow will eat half a on new life, ^^'hen grown for a few years ton a month. Hogs are usually run in con- among orchard trees and plowed under, it is a nection with a dairy ; the skim milk combined valuable fertilizer not only adding nitrogen to with some grain and alfalfa makes an ideal the soil but also improving the physical con- ration for hogs. dition. Doctor Hilgard claims that the crop It is too laxative to be fed in large quan- is worth $8 a ton as a fertilizer to plow under. titles to horses doing road work, but for work ALFA.LFA. A.S A FEED horses and brood mares it is of great value. It „. ^., , , . , ,. ■ 1 • inn is an excellent feed for anv kind of growing Digestible nutriments contained m 100 . fa o , ^ 1,-1,- stock because of its high protein content, which pounds of green alt alt a: " ^ ^„ ^ „ , forms the bone and muscle. Bees make ex- Dry matter 28.2 rounds Protein 3-6 " cellent honey from it and it is unsurpassed as Carbo-hydrates 12.1 '' ^ green feed for poultrv. Sometimes it is Fat 4 '^ ^ ' . ground into meal to make it more palatable Digestible nutriments contained in 100 for some kinds of stock, such as hogs. Alfalfa pounds of alfalfa hay : ^^^^^^^ combined with beet molas.ses makes a Dry matter 93.2 Pounds ^.^j.^. desirable concentrate. Some alfalfa is Protein 11-1 Carbo-hvdratcs 39.1 " used for silage purposes, but the most advan- F«it ^-^ tageous way is to feed alfalfa hay and supi)le- The above tables show the high nutritive ment it with corn silage, value of alfalfa, either as a green food or as At the present time there are about 600,000 a hay. All animals like it and without doubt acres planted to alfalfa in this State, yielding it is the best roughage we raise in this coun- close to 2.100,000 tons of hay, or an average trv. It must alwavs be remembered that it is of three and one-half tons to the acre. TAI orchards and plowed field.s. let us rest the eye a moment on the alfalfa lands which show their green miles in every corner of the State. After three or four crops are ctit in succession in a single season, the happy hogs are turned upon the land for a few months — turned into the paradise of the pigs. "Rut lest vou should think that alfalfa growing is all 'velvet,' please note the plaint of a certain grower. '[ was told by everybody.' says the discour- aged farmer, 'that after I had done the ])lanting and got the water going. I would have it easy. But this is not so: I have got it planted and I've got the water. Yet it keeps me jumping all the time to keep the alfalfa cut.' " — Edwin Markham, in "California the Wonderful." "The Farmer on the Job!" In a recent letter to the salesmen of his company, E. C. Simmons, president of the Simmons Hardware Company of Saint Louis, is reported to have written as follows : "Don't zi'orry. 11 'ar or no zi'ar, freight-rates or no freight- rates, tariff or no tariff, baseball or no baseball, grape juice or champagne,- — the farmer is still on the job." There is a world of significance in that statement, which the undiscerning- might regard as humorous. The farmer is on the job! Never forget that. He it is who must heal the scars of war, whose peaceful occupation means the saving of the nations. CALIFORNIA FARMING Differs from farming in most other localities. For instance, it is a lot easier, though no man may expect to sit down and wait for things to grow without applying the needed labor. As Dean Hunt, of the University of California, says in his article in this number of California's Magazine, "it takes more than a wish to become a successful farmer in California." But no man with red blood in his veins would be happy in a land where there was nothing to do but eat and sleep and grow plethoric and lazy. The point to consider about California farming is that it is carried on under excellent conditions, with a minimum of difficulties, under ordinary circum- stances and a maximum of production. And in California, the farmer is always on the job^ — in more ways than one. Not only is he a successful farmer, but he is also up to the minute in most other things. He reads and he believes in education. He rears his children to become successful men and women, and there is no youth of the present day who is not proud to say that his father is or was engaged in farming in California. FIGURES TELL IN this issue of California's JMagazine are figures showing just what this State is producing in many lines and furnished by the producers themselves. They tell the tale. And there are openings in plenty for all who come. This State can stand ten times its present population and still be a comfortable place to live in. The man who comes to California to engage in farming or, indeed, any useful occupation must come shod with confidence and with the germs of success in him ; he must be alive to opportunity's knock, awake to the possibili- ties all about him. To such men (and women) California's ^Magazine offers the aid of its Readers' Service to supply information or arrange for the realiza- tion of their ambitions which point U'estrcard. READERS' SERVICE, CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE New Call Building, San Francisco California's Leadership in Alfalfa By E. J. Wickson (Editorial) /CALIFORNIA has two main points of able acreage of young alfalfa and is re- ^-^ interest in the wonderful advance- duced thereby. A conservative estimate ment of alfalfa as a forage plant for North of the field value of the annual product America during the last half-century : of a good stand of mature alfalfa would First, the relation of alfalfa to the agri- be $40 per acre and the continued profit- cultural development of California. able life of the plant on deep, open land Second, the importance of California's well irrigated and cared for, may extend gift of alfalfa in the development of ani- to twenty years, though it is usually an mal industries throughout the North advantage to plow up at shorter intervals. American continent. either to get the advantage of rotation, WHAT ALFALFA HAS DONE FOR CALIFORNIA and the vastly greater product of other Of the debt which California owes to crops for which alfalfa prepares the land, alfalfa there is no exact measurement, be- or to replace the old plants with youno-er cause the recent progress of the plant in and more vigorous ones, our agriculture simply outruns the stat- In California the alfalfa plant is now isticians. The records of the U. S. Census largely the basis of the following products of 1910 show that in the preceding year, of the state, as reported by the U. S. De- alfalfa was grown on 19,904 farms and partment of Agriculture for 1912 and bv the acreage of it was 484,134 acres: the the California State Dairy Bureau: product as hay and forage 1,639.707 tons Dairy (product 1912) $32 160 078 valued at $13,088,530. Since that date we ^''■^, ^^''''Y (o" farms) .'S'Z'Z 123,'o24;653 , , , r r 11 ■ , Poultry (on farms) 3.844.526 have had four full grownig seasons— dur- Eggs (product 1909) 10.263,694 ing which settlement, irrigation extension Honey (product 1912) '739i793 and sub-division of farming lands have It may seem strange at first to credit proceeded more rapidly than during any eggs and honey to alfalfa, but things are preceding decade in our history. Esti- rapidly moving that way. The t^^ prod- mates of the advancement of alfalfa since net in the alfalfa growing districts is in- the census report of 1909 vary between creasing rapidly and even in the coast 50 to 100 per cent of increased area. It regions where alfalfa is little o-rown, is certainly safe to estimate the standing alfalfa hay and alfalfa meal enter lar^-ely of alfalfa as a California product in 1913 into poultry rations. As for honey, which to be an acreage of three-quarters of a was formerly made on wild bee-pastura"-e. million acres and an annual product value the chief products come now from the of $20,000,000 in the field where it grows alfalfa fields of the irrigated valleys, either for hay or pasturage. The market Without undertaking to elaborate the value would, obviously, be much greater, theme to weariness it may be brieflv and This field valuation includes a consider- confidentlv declared: 554 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE First : that no single plant whatever (either herb, vine or tree) is producing so g;reat \aluc in California as the alfalfa plant. Second : that no single plant comes so quickly to the home-maker's help on irri- gated land or on suitable land under rain- fall, than alfalfa and none assumes so many forms of value. Iliird : that no plant, save a vine or tree, endures so long in profitable service. Fourth: that no ])lant is so good to fit land for every other crop known to the State. WHAT CALIFORNIA HAS DONE FOR NORTH AMERICA IN ALFALFA Now that the interest in alfalfa covers the United States and the plant is either established or undergoing trial nearly everywhere from the Gulf of Alexico to the Canadas, it is pertinent to point out not only California's leadership in the utilization of the plant, but the efYect which California's demonstration has ex- erted everywhere. About sixty years ago gold seekers were coming to California by all available routes and food supplies were ordered from all the markets of the world. Either through the travel for gold or the trade for food, there came to California knowl- edge of a strong growing, perennial clover in Chile which was new to American eyes, and though California was not then generally recognized as wonderfully en- dowed for agriculture, there were a few pioneers who saw the truth and made haste to take advantage of it. What seemed to them little less than a calamity was that the rich fields, which grew grass so tall in the rainy season that riders on horseback and grizzly bears could not see each other until actually encountered, should be bare of verdure during the long summer and autumn heat which the grand valley oaks and sycamores showed to be so good for foliage. If there could be found anywhere a plant which would not bleach and die in the earlv summer, when l)lants should be doing their best grow- ing, surely the California plains could out-farm any country where grass start- ed in April and browned in September. Was this wonderful clover in Chile such a plant? Perhaps; we will try it. What was that patch of green in the Sacramento \^alley just below Marysville in 1853? Surely someone had been pour- ing water on it from a well or from the river. No? Well, it surely is a wonder; worth riding miles to see. And they rode miles to see a little green island in the midst of an ocean of midsummer yellows and browns : verdure without irrigation : a plant which could pump its own water from the permanent supply when it oc- curs twelve or fifteen feet below the sur- face of a soil freely open to root-penetra- tion. The plant for which the pioneers pined had been quickly found ! It is pos- sible to transform the sere summer as- pect of the plains into park-like expanses of verdure ! Though the plant on suit- able soils will do this by its own powers, its service could be multiplied by irriga- tion and extended also to soils on which it could not help itself to moisture. The crowning need of the whole arid region, west of the Rocky Mountains, had been supplied through the optimism and en- terprise of a few California pioneers ! The Mormons at Salt Lake were pio- neers in irrigation on the Pacific Slope, but they had no alfalfa until they saw the California demonstration and profited by it. Then alfalfa followed irrigation water in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyo- ming. Nevada, Arizona and New Mexico — not in the order named, perhaps, but all of them following California and Utah. Then came the movement eastward from the Rocky Mountains; Kansas and Ne- liraska first and then the whole sweep of the Mississippi Valley, then to the Atlan- tic Slope from New England to Georgia. Evervwhere the impulse to try alfalfa came from what people east of the Sierra ALFALFA 555 Nevada had actually seen, or heard about, as done in California. In many cases, no doubt, eastward-moving Californians per- sonally pioneered the alfalfa movement in distant states. I remember that the dem- onstrations in Nebraska and Virginia were first made by ex-Californians. A STRIKING EVENT It is apparently a striking event in plant movement this progress of alfalfa east- ward across the United States. The course of economic plants beginning in pre-historic times has been westward — not only from the traditional birthplace of the race in Asia Minor as commonly recorded, but from China westward into India and thence westward in the move- ment of the Aryan races. And yet, stem- ming this tide, alfalfa moved eastward from California. A few other things have done this in the past and many others will do in the future as there is realized in California the center of a new and unique American civilization, of which the po- tentiality is now discernible ; a Pacific- American type of thought and action, of which the foundations were laid when the whole world came to California seeking gold in 1849. And wdiile all this is true, it is of course a fact that the plant known in Europe as "lucerne" reached the Atlantic Coast many times, no doubt, prior to the in- troduction of Chile "alfalfa" at San Fran- cisco. The names apply to the same plant, but "lucerne" made no appreciable stand on the Atlantic Coast nor did it move westward therefrom. It rested un- der condemnation for inferiority to red, white and other clovers. In 1871 this writer was secretary of the Central New York Farmers" Club, of which Mr. Camp- bell, owner of the New York Mills herd of Shorthorns, was president, and at a meeting of the club someone asked Mr. Campbell what he thought of the plant "lucerne" which had recently been re- ceived from Europe. "I am going to plow it up," said ]Mr. Campbell ; "it is not as good as red clover." Mr. Campbell could grow a shorthorn cow which sold at auc- tion for $40,600, but he could not see value in alfalfa. This was evidently the conclusion of others, for the plant as in- troduced at Atlantic parts never estab- lished itself. It was not until the same plant proceeded eastward, clad in the panoply of its w^estern victories, that it could command intelligent trial and fair judgment. Now^ it is engrossing atten- tion everywhere, even in the states where the last generation condemned it as un- desirable. Alfalfa made its first enduring stand on American soil in California and the Cali- fornia demonstration of its value lies in the foundation of the present popularity of the plant because of its usefulness in stock growing and feeding enterprises in all parts of the LTnited States. In the middle of the last century California gave the world more gold than it previously possessed, but it made a greater contri- bution to American development in the gift of alfalfa, because alfalfa will grow each year in volume value and potenti- ality throughout the continent. But though California experience has thus aroused the present interest in alfalfa on this continent and though great value will be derived from the plant here and there, its public service will, in the nature of things, be greater in California than elsewhere. California cannot distribute her deep free soils nor her amplitude of heat nor her freedom from frost which insure eight months in the year of alfalfa growing and hay making. To reach the fullest benefits of the plant the California climate is indispensable. ■-s^m ^ a ==^'-^:^,::?^^::^-«>::^ The California Rice Industry By Theodore Goodman General Manai^er of California Rice Groupers' Association Editor s Note: ^Iv. Goodman's article on rice growing in Cali- fornia is an interesting sketch of California's latest agricultural specialty by a representative authority; it is historical of the way the enterprises now flourishing came about; descriptive of the land and water conditions required, and demonstrative of the fact that they exist in this State as shown by the wonderful increase in pro- duction, etc. Mr. Goodman discusses also the outlook for rice in State development. A N EXPERIMEN T yesterday, an actu- ■*• -^ ality today — this spells the history of the rice industry in California. It is true, however, that what is termed an experiment in this State would elsewhere probably be con- sidered anything but that, inasmuch as Cali- fornia's achievements are always characterized by their magnitude. However that may be, rice culture here has outgrown the experi- mental stage; no longer is it dependent upon the labors of experts, or even the co-operation of the United States government, which has so materially helped the work heretofore. Rice men have abandoned their swaddling clothes, so to speak, and have demonstrated that the culture in California of the greatest cereal is not only practical but destined to take a place in the foreground of the agricultural activities of the State. An idea of the rapidity of the growth of the industry is perhaps best gained through the following figures which may be termed fairly authentic. In 1908 the crop was neg- ligible as was the acreage. This season's rice crop in California amounts to 50,000,000 pounds, acreage, 1 5,000. Experts estimate that the next crop will produce double the amount and that a corresponding increase in acreage will be noted. The average price of rice is two cents per pound, thus tlie crop mav be said to have had a total value of $1,000,000. Which is not so bad for an industry that is to all intents and purposes but three seasons old. This does not mean, however, that no experimenting had been done in rice culture prior to that time ; indeed, experiments are noted as far back as 1860, when the total product was but a trifle more than 2000 pounds. Following that little was done with rice in California until, in 1894, efforts were made to test the availability of the peat lands on Union Island with Honduras rice. These experiments were provided for by congres- sional appropriation to the United States De- partment of Agriculture obtained by Honor- able A. Caminetti, then a member of Congress, and directed by Doctor H. W. Wiley in con- nection with sugar beet investigations. Pro- fessor E. J. Wickson being in charge as "spe- cial agent." The growth was rank, but failed to head. This was attributed to either lateness in planting, the character of the grain, or both causes, but the experiments were not then re- peated. Practically the first crop of impor- tance was produced about six years ago west of Biggs. Butte County, by William Grant. GREATEST CEREAL It may not be commonly known, but is no less a fact, that rice forms the most important cereal and is more widelv used than either 558 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE wheat or corn. No matter how great may become the yield of rice in this State it can not affect the price of the commodity, owing to the great and ever-increasing demand. If there is one thing more than another which concerns the success of the rice inchis- try it is water. Irrigation is essential, since rice recjuires to develop a successful crop a great deal of water; indeed, the i)lants must stand in water constantly for from ninety to 110 days. Thus far practically all the rice grown liere has been produced upon land not previ(Hisly irrigated. The continued develop- ment of the industry, then, depends largely upon the future extension of the facilities for bringing water to the land. That this enlarge- ment and extension will come to pass is un- doubted, since the industry has been proven profitable and has opened up for use lands that had either been unused or abandoned, owing to years of constant farming which had robbed the soil of so much of the available plant food. A striking fact in connection with the cul- ture of rice in California is that in quality the yield has been superior — almost if not quite, equal to the Japanese ni flavor and in cooking quality. The richness of the soil has been given credit for much of this. Rice was shipped from California to Boston and New York this season and brought good prices. The advent of rice in this State may be said to have marked the triumph of "adobe" — the soil identified with California in song and story, since it formed the principal ingredient in the materials used for construction of the early missions and other buildings which are famous as landmarks of the early days, the days of pioneers. Adobe, or 'dobe, as it is commonly abbreviated, has proved itself splen- didly adapted to the growth of rice and as there are several hundred thousand acres of it in the Sacramento Valley, this is in itself an important factor. The 'dobe soil is close, compact and when wet is tenacious and jmtty- like. It is underlain at a depth of approxi- mately three feet by a sub-soil that is practi- cally impervious to water and this is highly important, since it prevents the loss of water by percolation downward. It may be men- tioned, however, that rotation crops will have to be developed as the same land will not go on ])roclucing rice year after year. This prob- lem will not be difficult of solution, according to exjjerts. There have been difficulties in the way of rice culture here ; like every good thing, it has not been attained without eft'ort. I^elays in planting or in bringing the all-essential water, lack of machinery for rapid harvesting when the planting had been late, weed pests, etc., may be noted as the principal stumbling blocks. None of these, however, has proven insurmountable. This year's seeding was be- gun earlier and machinery is arriving by car- loads. The weed pest has not been a serious draw- back ; water grass (panicum cms galli), known commonly as "wild millet," has been the chief offender and must be pulled out of the rice fields by hand. The cost of keeping the fields free has been estimated not to exceed $2 per acre. Red rice, another dangerous pest, has not yet made its appearance here, and extra- ordinary care is taken not to introduce it through mixed seed. Though many varieties of rice exist, and numerous kinds have been experimented with here, the Wataribune, a Japanese variety, has proved most successful. Experiments are un- der way now with other varieties that mature more quickly, a desirable feature that will enhance the industry materially. SURPRISING YIELD The vield in California has been little short of surprising ; for example, the rice fields of Louisiana yield from 1200 to 2500 })Ounds per acre per year, the average being about 1 500 pounds. In the Sacramento Valley the lowest vield reported where there was any pretense to successful crops, was 2000 pounds per acre, while maximum yields are reported to have reached 8000 pounds per acre. But while, heretofore, the rice production has practically been confined to the Sacramento Valley, Butte and Colusa counties standing pre-eminently, it must not be imagined that the cultivation RICE IN CALIFORNIA 559 of the cereal is restricted to those districts. Indeed, it has been shown that other districts and other varieties of soil besides 'dobe are suitable for rice growing and the Southern counties have begun planting. Clayey soil, level stretches and water, water, water — the one great essential — will insure good rice crops ; other things, such as practical knowl- edge of the planting, or seeding, preparation of the land prior to seeding, leveling, checking, etc., being equal. Harvesting is a feature of the culture of rice that needs study. This is done with a self-binder ; the grain is shocked in the field and threshed with an ordinary grain-thresher after it has been well cured in the shock. April is generally considered the best month for planting and this process differs little from the planting of wheat or barley. After the land has been well prepared seeding is done with a grain drill or broadcasted at the rate of eighty to one hundred pounds of rice per acre. Rice when seeded in April and handled properly should mature during the first part of October. Good drainage of the land is im- portant : As soon as the rice is seeded germi- nation should begin. If the ground lacks the necessary moisture and there are no spring rains, it is necessary to flood. After flooding, the checks must be drained rapidly. After the plants have been well tillered, the land must be kept submerged continuously until the rice begins to ripen. The by-products of rice culture are consid- erable ; of these bran is ' perhaps the most important, besides which are : polish, broken or brewer's rice and hulls. There are six rice mills now in the State and more will spring up continually as the demand increases through the increased production, for mills are an essential, since rice must be polished before it has a marketable value, for table use. An estimate from the owner of one of the finest rice fields in Butte County district as to the actual costs incurred bv him, and which may be taken as fairly representative, shows the cost of preparing land and growing the crop to have been $21.55. The cost of harvest- ing, threshing and hauling, based on thirty-five sacks per acre (3500 pounds), $15.75. Total for growing, harvesting and marketing a crop of rice, $37.10. Product in good condition brings an average price of $2 per hundred pounds. Thus, figuring conservatively, a thirty-five-sack crop will yield the farmer a net profit of $32.90 per acre. The market for rice is assured at all times, owing to the importance of the cereal in the world markets, as already intimated. So vast is the world crop that any quantity produced in California can not affect the price. There is no likelihood of over-production. RICE HAS COME TO STAY Pages might be written of the possibilities of this industry in the future development of the State, but it is enough to say that rice has come to stay as one of the staple products of California. Much could be told of the influx of foreign buyers, investors and others ; of the demand for and consequent impetus in the manufacture of machinery for harvesting and milling rice ; of the increase in land values and the opportunities presented to those who contemplate making their livelihood from the soil. In this brief resume of the situation only a tithe has been told, where a book could be written, but enough has been said to prove be- yond the shadow of a doubt that, in the cul- ture of rice, California has again demonstrated that as a State she is equal to any emergency, that even the Orient can not boast of greater richness of soil or more benign climatic con- ditions, for has not California taken a promi- nent place in the production of a cereal long identified with Cathay and Nippon? To sum up, it may be said that California, as a rice producing center, has proved itself — the future of the industry depends upon the man — and not the State. The Milling Industry of California By Hon. Horace Davis Editor's Note: Mr. Davis is one of the best known citizens of California, having been a pioneer in the milhng- industry of the State and having added to commercial and manufacturing activity during his long career the duties of a member of Congress, the presi- dencies of the San Francisco Produce Exchange, the University of California, the board of trustees of Stanford University, etc. His career is a striking demonstration of the efficiency of the college man in industrial and commercial and in public affairs. He writes of the milling industry of the State as one only can write of a thing of which his life has been a part, and the sketch which we publish will be accepted by all future historians of the State as a basis for their studies. THE milling industry of California really begins about 1854. Under the Spanish regime, prior to the American occupation, some wheat was raised and some little flour was made in a crude, primitive way, but the amount was insig- nificant, and the business came to an end in 1848, when the "gold fever" drew to the mines the whole working population of the Coast. And for a few years we lived on imported breadstuffs. In the year from July, 1853, to June, 1854, we imported 450,000 barrels of flour, but that was practically the end of this wasteful process. The laborers returned to the farms ; little mills sprang up at the wheat centers and the next year, 1855-56, we were sending flour to every part of the Pacific Ocean ; in small quantities, to be sure, but the tide had turned, and Cali- fornia had become a producer of bread- stufifs. Six years from that time, in 1860- 61, we exported 1,500,000 centals of wheat and 200,000 barrels of flour. The production of wheat increased quite steadily for a period of thirty years, stimulated by good prices in Europe, ex- tension of railroads into the interior val- leys and a steady growth of population, till in 1880 we reached the maximum in a wheat crop of 32,537,360 centals. Meantime the flour mills had increased in number and capacity ; the foreign de- mand was large and the number of mouths to feed at home was increasing every year. The export of flour reached high water mark about the same time as the wheat crop, say 1883-85, after which it slowly fell oft'. The main causes of this decline were the gradual shrinkage of the ship- ments to England and the entrance of Oregon and Washington into the Asiatic trade. With the completion of transcon- tinental railways to the Pacific Northwest, 562 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE direct steamers were put on from Colum- bia River and the Sound to Hongkong", and Oregon flour being cheaper largely displaced ours in the Asiatic markets. But the foreign demand was not the only factor in this interesting problem. The population of the State was increas- ing every day and must be fed. Now the millers figure that it takes a barrel of flour a year to every inhabitant, man, woman and child; in addition to this we must allow for seed, feed, distilling and waste. But the export of the State, in flour, at its maximum in 1884-85, only reached 1,304,861 barrels, while the population in 1891-92, seven years later, was estimated at 1,319,338, making the home consump- tion greater than the export of 1884-85, and the population was steadily increas- ing. WHEAT GOES DOWN Meantime, in the latter eighties, the price of wheat, which had been pretty well sustained up to 1885, was steadily receding to a lower level. New supplies of wheat from India and Argentina were flooding the European market, knocking down the price to a constantly lower fig- ure, till by 1894 it had got down to 90 cents per cental in San Francisco, which was less than cost of production. The farmer bore it patiently for awhile, but ultimately he had to go out of wdieat- raising and take to vines and fruit. The miller was less afifected by this slump in the market, because the price of flour is regulated by the cost of wheat. But a new enemy came into the field whom he could not dislodge. The Oregon millers, not content with occupying the Asiatic market, began to pour their surplus in large quantities into California. We had been obliged to meet this competition be- fore, but the Palouse and Walla Walla districts brought vast areas of new land into cultivation and gave a fresh impulse to the import of Northern flour into Cali- ft)rnigyptian. The American export cotton trade amounts annually to between six and seven hundred million dollars. California's contribution of 1913-14 amounting to more than 20,000 bales, valued at $1,610,000. was scarcely an item in this vast export, but this beginning, coupled with the fact that in this State are hundreds of thousands of acres capable of producing a tT)tton whifh brings a premium, whether short staple, Durango or Egyptian, is all the more reason why the future of the cotton industry in California promises an achievement at which the world will marvel. It is the reason why these superit)r grades producing more to the acre in California than the short staple in the Old South, is of so much importance to the man or woman who contemplates reap- ing a fortune from the districts which have })roved adaptable to cotton growing. To the west of this cotton center is the Orient: China with its 404,000.000 inhabi- tants; Japan with 96.000.000 inhabitants; the Philippines. India and Australia. In these COTTON IN CALIFORNIA 573 countries California will come into competi- tion with the growers of the Nile, but will be competent to battle for trade supremacy with capital, quality, and eventually quantity of cotton. To the east, since the opening of the Panama Canal, is a vast field of com- merce in cotton. Though established but a few years, Cali- fornia growers have shown that to this State belongs the lead in producing early crops. The first bale of cotton ginned in the United States in the 1914-15 season was taken from the presses at Calexico on June 17, the earliest previous record being June 20, 1908, when a bale was ginned at Brownsville, Texas. Cotton brings from $60 to $75 a bale, or approximately 13 cents a pound. To this can be added about $3.65 premium for California short staple, about $10 premium for Durango, and from $15 to $20 a bale for Egyptian. The average cost per acre for cultivation of cotton is $30. Under proper conditions, such as scientific and intensive farming, two bales of short staple can be produced on an acre. This makes a gross return of about $150 per acre or perhaps $120 net. In California the premiums for the kind of cotton raised should be added to the net income. The cost of pro- ducing Durango or Egyptian fiber is slightly more on account of greater care required in picking and ginning, but, as stated, the net profits are correspondingly greater. Already, cotton growing in California has produced the following results: i\bout eight thousand men have found employment ; four- teen ginning plants of four stands each have been erected, the entire industry in the State representing a $10,000,000 investment; two cotton seed oil mills and one cotton mill are operating ; the best cotton in the world is pro- duced, and a greater yield per acre is the result. The report of the Department of Agricul- ture for the year ending June 1, 1914, showed the California cotton crop 100 per cent per- fect. This means that the cotton from this State is not tinged with rust and not affected by rains or cool nights. California is at the head of the list, while the general crop for the United States was 74.3 per cent of normal or seven per cent below the ten year average. In other states than California the cotton crop was the lowest of any time since 1871 with the exceptional years of 1903 and 1907. These facts would indicate that in California are ideal conditions for growing cotton. When Sir William Willcocks, designer of the great Assuan Dam in Egypt, visited Im- perial Valley he was struck by the similarity of the soil to that of the Delta of the Nile. He realized, as many others have, that another delta has appeared as a competitor in the market of high-priced cotton. The silt is about the same as in the Nile Delta. Sully, the cotton king, made a fortune on the cotton market by estimating the amount of fertilizer used in the Old South cotton belt. In California fertilizer is not used and will not be for many genera- tions, the silt being twelve feet deep and the water used in irrigation containing a large percentage of accumulating silt. The best time for planting cotton is from April 15 to May 15, but success has been achieved by planting before or after these dates. Some farmers have reported poor suc- cess in growing cotton, but in practically every case near- failure was due to inexperience, and lack of scientific methods. Government experts say that in California conditions are ideal for the growing of cotton. There is practically no rain to discolor the lint ; there is ample water for irrigation ; there are warm nights and sunlight and heat in day time for a maxi- mum yield. The country is free from pests. A blight has never occurred. In spite of this the government maintains a quarantine on all cotton seed, preventing importation, except for experimental purposes. A\'ho w'ill be the cotton grower of Califor- nia? He must be intelligent and must know that the best grades, whether Durango or short staple, are grown in California. He who real- izes this and the fact that the present valua- tion of land adaptable to cotton growth is between $100 and $200 is the man who will achieve this distinction and reap the profit. .?r LI i'^MI . 3« ,<'Jlli;»TI(R^--iW, » S^J^WFI-ff-i-* 4 a California Range Cattle By W. Mayo Newhall Vice Prcsiih'iit the Nciohall Land and Farming Companx Editor's Xotc: ]\Ir. Xewhall has conducted a large cattle range industry for many years and is thoroughly familiar with the scope and details of the business. He tells why California is unequaled for beef production ; how cattle growing began and has been continually improved both in quality of stock and policy of handling them, and he sketches the outlook as exceedingly favorable for this important branch of industry. Even the romantic phase is not overlooked by the author in his entertaining contribution. EVER since California's earliest days its remarkable suitability for cattle raising has been unqualifiedly recognized. The com- parative mildness of its winters and the nutri- tive qualities of its grasses have been the main factors of this suitability. The principal grasses, being annuals, are self seeding, and germinating during the winter rains, growing during the sunshine of spring, and maturing on the ground during the rainless summer give continuous feed after reaching a length of two inches, and until destroyed by the succeeding winter rains when the grasses are followed by another self-seeded crop. The general condi- tions for cattle raising have always been as nearly favorable as ever prevailed where un- aided nature was responsible. The cattle industry on the range has always been associated with a certain degree of ro- mance. The touch of nature, the life in the open, the necessary horsemanship, the occa- sional hardships and the not infrequent demands of courage have been elements ap- pealing to the manly romantic side of the human race. Nowhere, perhaps, was this life more at- tractive and romantic than during the early pastoral days of California. From the days of the Mission foundings to the early sixties cattle raising was practically the only industry of the people. These animals furnished food from their flesh and articles of certain utility from their hides. During the thirties a trade industry opened. Ships from the Eastern seaports found their way around the Horn to the shores of Cali- fornia and inaugurated a barter business. Clothes, certain foods, articles of utility and ornament were exchanged for hides and tal- low ; the exchange generally being on the basis of these articles at many times their cost for' hides and tallow at half their value. This was the commencement of a California cattle business. 576 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Prior to the acquisition of California by the United States large grants of land had been made by the Spanish crown to indi- viduals of the resident population for tlie spe- cial purpose of cattle raising. The tracts, as best adapted for that purpose, were usually the first ranches or grants selected, and were in area from about 8000 to 10,000 acres to the limit area of 50,000 acres. The number of cattle rapidly increased and in addition to those killed solely for their hides and tallow, quantities were frequently destroyed to prevent overcrowding. Cattle were everywhere. It is well within the per- sonal remembrance of the writer when such now highly cultivated counties as Napa, So- noma, Suisun, and Santa Clara were merely cattle pastures. From the earliest days until into the sixties the cattle were of inferior quality. They greatly resembled the Arizonas of former years and the Mexicans of today, length of horn and leg, speed, and absence of width being the chief characteristics. SPANISH AND AMERICAN CATTLE In the thirties or forties a trading ship would occasionally bring two or three head of some variety of breeding cattle from the New England states. Their advent was a sen- sation and their possession eagerly sought for. Their debut upon any particular ranch was celebrated by fiestas, barbecues, and occa- sionally by a mass at the nearest mission. The owner was an object of general congratulation and envy. These cattle were given a consid- eration to the fullest extent of the owner's resources, and their direct progeny and cross progeny were used for the intended betterment of the native herds. These imported cattle, of no matter w'hat breed, were universally given by the Spanish owners the compliment- ary title of "American Cattle." So accepted was this name that subsequently assessors so designated them on their descriptive list — and even to this day there will be found on the assessors' blanks of several counties the term "American Cattle." The betterment and improvement of the native cattle were slow and unsatisfactory. It was not until the early sixties that there was any general or noticeable improvement in the cattle of the State. During the sixties some of the American rancheros commenced to im- prove their herds by having bulls brought by ships around the Horn, or by purchases of American stock brought by emigrants across the plains. Naturally these animals were not of the best, nor was there available in America at that time any breeding cattle of particular quality. It was only some years after the opening of the transcontinental railroad that any proper importations were possible. As a mat- ter of fact it is only within the past ten years that there has been any systematic importation of breeding stock of proper quality of various breeds desired. In the improvement and development of the beef cattle from the native stock of this State the several beef breeds have been used, by the direct breeding of one strain or by cross breed- ing ; the result being that for commercial pur- poses the cattle raised in this State are today as good in quality and character as necessary — especially among the enterprising and con- versant cattle raisers. With more care and attention in the management and maturing of animals there is no excuse on the part of any one in not having beef cattle of a proper commercial standard. THE COMING OF THE BREEDS In the earlier seventies there was a some- what popular wave to cross the Devon breed upon the native stock. This, except for an improvement in the unimportant matter of color, was not a success. Then followed the general use of the Durham or Shorthorn breed. This developed at once a marked and notice- able imjirovement — as the use of that breed on inferior stock always does. In fact, it has been proved to be the one suitable breed for the first cross on inferior stock. From his expe- rience the writer has had occasion to untjuali- fiedly recommend to some Hawaiian cattlemen and to an agent of the Japanese government the use of the Durham or Shorthorn breed for the first two or three crosses on their native RANGE CATTLE 577 cattle as a proper method of creating from their native stock a suitable basic quality of cattle. Following the first improvement of the California cattle by the use of the Durham or Shorthorn breed other breeds were used on this imported stock. The Polled Angus cross on grade Durham cows produced most satis- factory animals, but for range uses the Angus was not entirely satisfactory. The calf crop was always short and, in the rougher coun- tries, there was a decided tendency for these hornless cattle to become unduly wild. Of recent years a cross of pure bred Herefords upon the grade Durham cows has met with the entire approval of many experienced cat- tle raisers. The cross of the Hereford has made a somewhat earlier and surer maturing animal and better rustler on the range. A pos- sible objection to the use of the Hereford may be found in that pure bred bulls only should be used, and which is somewhat expensive. High-grade bulls on good grade cows produce results which are wholly satisfactory. In fields with plenty of feed and convenient water the straight Durham can not be improved upon. On the range, however, where some rustling for food and water is generally necessary the cross of the Durham with the Hereford seems advisable. The ranches or ranges with open hills and with a certain amount of brush or timbered hills for winter shelter seem to have been the best adapted for the cattle industry in this State. Not infrequently the valleys and low- lands produce a growth of feed often too rank for best maturing and fattening results. And for the reasons of better quality of grasses and for winter protection of cattle many of the first acquired ranches were purposely selected for their open hills and timbered tracts in preference to lands now of the highest agri- cultural use. But this is of the past. This is a time when higher development did not exist and of a time when the meat supply was greater than the demand. THE CALIFORNIA OUTLOOK But what of the future? How is the meat supply to meet the growing demands? How- are the large areas of rougher country to be utilized? With the cutting up of the large tracts and the diversion of those parts of cattle ranges adapted for agricultural purposes the area for the breeding and fattening of cattle has been more and more restricted. The gravest problem confronting the in- dustry is the breeding and raising of sufficient cattle to the age of one year. With the fields of alfalfa and other foods under irrigation there is no diflficulty whatever in the feeding and maturing of cattle. The problem is to get the cattle. The breeding and raising of cattle on the range requires area. It is not improbable that the cattle industry in the future will be di- vided into tw^o departments. One devoted ex- clusively to the raising of cattle and the sale of them as weanlings or in their yearling form for feeders ; the other devoted to the maturing and fattening of these cattle w'ithout under- taking any breeding. Feed and climate condi- tions, adaptability of sections, qualifications of men would almost predict this method. Many men qualified to raise cattle are not fitted as feeders and vice versa. And many lands suitable for the mere raising of cattle are not adapted for their maturing and fattening. Some owners with several ranches have for years followed the plan of devoting certain ranches exclusively to the breeding of cattle and used other ranches, better adapted, ex- clusively for maturing and fattening. There is no doubt but that the area devoted exclusively to the cattle industry has dimin- ished, nor is there any doubt but that it will continue to diminish. How shall the situation be met? In a very great measure it may be met by the use of the rougher lands exclusively for the breeding of cattle and by selling the progeny as weanlings or as yearlings. There are thousands of acres in the State of private or government ownership suitable for the breeding of cattle but not adapted for matur- ing or fattening ; and this is also emphatically the case with many ranches, formerly recog- nized as good stock ranches, where consider- able parts have been put to agricultural uses 578 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Will the breeding of calves alone pay? On a reasonably good range with a carrying ca- pacity of 100 head as a unit there should be turned off yearly eighty weanling calves at, say eight months of age, for a total of $1600, or $1750. It is the opinion of the writer that a serious setback to the production of cattle in this State has arisen and exists today in the at- tem])t to mature and fatten on ranges suitable only for breeding, and that a much greater area in the State could be utilized if used for breeding purposes only. PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS To those who might engage in breeding only and selling calves as weanlings the sug- gestions would be — avoid dairy or milking strain cows — use only good bulls of pure bred or high-grade Durham or pure bred Hereford breeds — do not use them before two years of age nor after six years old. Allow one bull to every twenty or twenty-five cows, according to the roughness and size of the country. Do not breed heifers under two years of age nor cow^s after their eighth year. If practicable keep the two-year-old heifers separated from older cows during their first season of breed- ing ; put the two-year-old bulls with the two- year-old heifers the first season. Reserve twenty heifer calves for each 100 head of breeding cows. Sell for feeders each year all the dry and older cows in excess of the 100. Take out the bulls in the fall ; care for them during the winter, and turn them out with the cows in the spring so that calves will com- mence coming in January, February, or March, according to the average weather and grass conditions of the individual ranges. The earlier calves may safely come the better so that the cows may get the benefit of the spring grass while raising their calves. As a general rule it is safer not to have calves come before the first of February. The calves are at their best weanling and salable age at seven or eight months. If the range is not more than say ten miles from a loading point, the calves niay be shipped to purchaser without being weaned at home. If necessary to be weaned before ship- ping, the calves should be put and kept in a tight enclosure for two weeks and fed in racks and watered in troughs. A few gentle dry cows put with the calves for the first few days has a cjuieting effect. If alfalfa hay is fed to the calves straw should be available to prevent possible scouring. The calves should not be driven more than ten or twelve miles per day to the loading point, and food and water should be provided for at camping places. The demand for weanlings and yearlings is practically unlimited. Thousands of Arizona and Mexican cattle are brought into this State every year for maturing and fattening, and from Nevada and other states finished cattle for immediate slaughter. According to the best available information there was brought into this State for maturing, fattening, and slaughter during the twelve months prior to October 1, 1914, something more than 350,000 cattle. Every cattleman would greatly prefer na- tive stock if it were available. There is not a single cattleman having facilities for the ma- turing of cattle but would gladly go out of the department of breeding to the full extent to which his needs might be supplied by the opportunity to purchase weanlings of desir- able kind. The people of California are insatiable beef eaters. In the early days it was the custom. From a custom it has become a habit. The habit is a characteristic of the country. There is a popular cry for more cattle. There is a demand by large and small owners in the valleys of the State for feeders. It seems proper in concluding to emphasize that only by the utilization of much country suitable for breeding alone, and the making of breeding and maturing special and distinct de- partments can large areas of this State be bene- ficially used and an increased home beef supply be expected. A typical Sli'irlliDin The Shorthorn in Cahfornia By David J. Stollery Editor's Note: The late Mr. Ed- ward ^^^ Howard was requested to write the following article, but his untimely death in San Francisco on January 19, 1915, prevented. Mr. Howard was president of the Howard Cattle Company, ex-President of the California Live Stock Breeders' Association, for many years a member of the California State Board of Agriculture and, just '^ prior to his death, was elected a director of the American Short- horn Breeders' Association. By request the article was written by Mr. David J. Stollery, who as as- sistant to the president, has been connected with the Howard Cattle Company for nearly ten years. THE Shorthorn has more largely influ- enced cattle production on the Pacific Coast than any other type, and in this par- ticular has perpetuated the general traditions of the breed, as the Shorthorn is the most widely distributed and numerously represented of all British cattle. The original home of the Shorthorn is on comparatively level land, rich in feeds, both cultivated and natural, and the adaptability of the breed is readily appreciated when we take into consideration the different conditions under which it exists in our own State. In so far as beef production is concerned the name of the Shorthorn will go down in history. Evolution is slow, and while in Eng- land practically all cattle are pure bred, this is a result of very many years of close care and attention to breeding, and in a compara- tively small way. The application of intensive methods of breeding under our conditions is more difficult than in older countries. Here our cattle of necessity receive very little attention, because of the vastness of our agricultural enterprises. In the inception of California's history our cattle were of a low 580 CALIFDRXTA'S M.\(^,.\ZTXE straight Archer 21st. A fine type of Shorthorn Standard, and it was only with the introduc- tion of pure breds — particularly the Short- horn — that the quality of our range cattle began to improve. The remarkable faculties with which the Shorthorn is endowed in the transmitting of his own excellent qualities to his "get," and the handing on of his early maturing powers to his offspring, was one of the controlling factors in this improvement. When one considers the magnitude of the cattle industry in this State the importance of such improvement is readily appreciated. There are a number of corporations on the Pacific Slope which each own a half million or more of cattle. It is difficult to realize what a problem the grading up of such vast numbers presents, especiallv when one con- siders the proportionately small production of pure bred breeding cattle and the large num- bers necessary to be imported in order to bring about this indispensable grading up process. Fifteen years ago it was a difficult matter to sell a pure bred registered bull for range use, but the meritorious doctrine preached by our breeders of pure bred cattle has had a most beneficial effect on the welfare of this important branch of our agricultural industry. ( )ur State Fair has done much to extend the doctrine of pure bred merit. Since its in- ception the strongest representation in the beef classes has been made by the Shorthorn, which has outnumbered the other breeds, probably four to one. Not alone must the beef raiser figure on the quantity of feeder beef which he has in prospect, but he must also figure very care- fully on the quality of his breeding plant. The discriminating stockman, and there are many such in California, is at no loss to perceive the merit in the use of pure bred sires. For this reason the breeders of pure bred breeding stock are unable at this time to supply the large demand for good bulls. The general desirable physical characteris- tics of Shorthorns eminently fit them for the conditions which they encounter within our borders. It would be difficult to find a breed that will produce the same weight for age, as does the Shorthorn. The problem of meat production is to produce the greatest amount of merchantable beef in the shortest possible time, and tin's under reasonable conditions the THE SHORTHORX 581 Shorthorn will do. Furthermore, their ability to transmit their scale and substance to what- ever cattle they are bred to has made them of incalculable value in the grading up process, which is the greatest factor to be considered in states like this, where rapid achievement of good results is all important. Tremendous numbers of native Mexican cattle have been brought into this State within the past few years. These cattle, while well formed, are small and afford verv little scope to the breeder, because of their slowness in growth and their relatively light weight when at last ready for the block. Here the Short- horn has shown his marked abilitv in trans- mitting his substance by crossing with cattle of inferior quality, such as these. This is in- contestably shown by the results achieved. Because of the proportionatelv small num- ber of breeding plants within this State, it has been found necessary to make importations of large numbers of males to distribute through- out the ranges. For this purpose the Eastern and Middle West states have been habitually scoured with the end in view of obtaining high-class bulls, suited to the conditions under which we operate. Always, in our investiga- tions, we have naturally been intiuenced by the law of supply and demand, and it has be- come, each succeeding year, increasingly dif- ficult to obtain desirable Shorthorn bulls, not because of the fact that fewer have been raised, but by reason of the tremendously increased demand for bulls of Shorthorn breeding. LATIN-AMERICAN MARKET A number of the South American republics have been buying largely from the United States within the past decade, and the Pacific Coast states have been shipping quantities to the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands. INTENSIVE CULTURE IN THE LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY In nearly all branches of agriculture in- tensive principles have in this State been gen- erally applied. However, in the production of beef, owing to existing conditions, this is not generally the case. The reason for this is that there still exist comparatively large areas of land not useful for other purposes, which can be profitably used for maintaining herds of beef cattle under range conditions. The problem, therefore, has been to select iLl.l ^m^ Shorthorn calf herd 582 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE cattle which will i^rdduce the best results from the resources at hautl and this the Shorthorn has been enabled to do by reason of his vig- orous constitution, assimilative powers, and remarkable prepotency. There is now just beginning a tendency toward the application of more intensive methods to the cattle industry itself. Much has been and is being done toward applying principles of feeding and breeding w^hich will most rapidly bring about the best results, and our State Farm has co-operated w-ith many of the breeders toward this de- sirable end. The introduction of county farm advisers, of whom there are now several in this State, has placed the stock raiser in a po- sition where he can readily obtain a fund of practical information. CALIFORNIA SHORTHORN INDUSTRY The first importation into California of pure bred Shorthorns was in 1857, when the bull Orion and three cows were brought into the State by the late Mr. William D. M. Howard. With these as a nucleus, Mr. Howard established a pure bred herd, the descendants of which, augmented by many other importa- tions, are now owned by the How-ard Cattle Company, and at present constitutes one of the best herds in the State. Until 1887 the Howard herd was kept within twenty miles of San Francisco, on wdiat was known as the San Mateo rancho, where also Mr. Howard maintained a splendid herd of dairy Short- horns. PROMINENT BREEDER In the annals of California Shorthorn his- tory the name of the late Mr. Robert Ash- burner stands out prominently. His operations were confined to the dairy type of Shorthorn, and upon his death in 1907 the herd was dis- persed. Much credit, too, should be given to such breeders as the late Mr. J. H. Glide of Sacramento. Cal.. his wife and sons, the late Mr. i'homas (jibson, the Kern County Land Company, and to Mr. A. W. Foster, all of whom devoted themselves to the industry and went to great lengths to secure the best possible types with which to improve their herds. The Paicines rancho has been instrumental in bringing into this State a large number of the famous Elmendorf herd from Kentucky. California's most recent acquisition in the field of Shorthorn endeavor is the Whitehall Estates Company, which corporation recently secured a ranch near Tracy, Cal., where it is conducting operations on a large scale, hav- ing brought out a number of the cattle bred by the firm of \Vhite and Smith, of interna- tional fame. As typifying in some degree the ciuality of Shorthorns imported into California within the past few years, such bulls might be men- tioned as King Edward, imported Straight Archer, College Count by Lavender Viscount, Signet, Ring Leader, and Music Master, both by Ring Master, Fond Lavender, sons of Choice Goods, etc. The acquisition of bulls of such breeding and individuality as those above named, in conjunction with Shorthorn cows of like quality and breeding clearly indicate that ex- pense at least has not been considered in the endeavor to evolve and perpetuate the best possible types. The cattlemen of California are looking forward with much pleasurable anticipation to the prospective exhibits of Shorthorns, which, from far and near, will be shown at the Pan- ama-Pacific International Exposition. The cattle thus exhibited should display all that is best in the breed, alTording to the live stock ])roducers of this great State, the gratifying opportunity of observing the methods em- ployed and the results obtained by some of the greater minds engaged in the industry, and, by applying the knowledge thus gained, pave the way to our own greater achievement. The Hereford and the Range Interest By J. W. Goodwin President of the Oro Electric Corporation Editor's Note: Mr. Goodwin writes as an owner of range property which he has developed by the use of the Hereford breed. He pre- sents brief, striking statements about the range and beef stock inter- ests of Cahfornia and the important relation of the Hereford breed thereto. He describes the success this breed has scored in California and how it is used to best advantage in the range industry under our conditions. His statement will especially interest Hereford men wher- ever thev are in the world. GREAT BRITAIN is the great mother of breeds. To her we owe more on account of the origination of the present breeds of beef cattle than to all the rest of the world com- bined. So, from Herefordshire, sprang what we know as "Hereford," very generally known as the "white face breed." And well they were so named, as the characteristic seems to be very persistent even when the breed is crossed with other breeds. Mr. John Speed, in a book published in the year 1627, speaks well of the Herefordshire cattle, while Marshall, in 1788, describes the Hereford in a way that would very well an- swer as a description of these cattle for the present day. The Herefords descended from one or more of the original breeds of Great Britain and show a common ancestry with the Devon and Sussex breeds. Their color was originally red. but at an early period they were crossed with the white cattle of Wales which enlarged their frames and imparted a tendency to white mark- ings, and the white markings thus originating were further fixed and intensified by white- faced Flemish cattle imported into England from Flanders by Lord Scudamore, in the year 1671, and by the use of white-faced bulls, which were collected from various parts of England, probably with a view of producing the white face as well as a larger size. Their large size is also due to an abundance of food in Herefordshire, as well as crossing the origi- nal breed by animals of larger build. These cattle were noted for good grazing and beef making qualities in the eighteenth century and were much sought after for use as oxen at a time when oxen did much of the work that today is accomplished by the tractor and motor truck. EARLY BREEDERS Mr. Benjamin Tompkins, who lived from 1714 to 1789, and his son (1745 to 1815), were the principal early breeders and improvers of Hereford cattle and the best herds built up in England obtained their foundation from the herd belonging to the younger Tompkins, who built up and improved it through the most careful selection in mating and in breeding. At the dispersion sale of his stock in 1819 584 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE his breeding animals sold at an average of more than $700 each. During the lirst half of the eighteenth cen- tury Herefords won more prizes at the Smith- field London show than did the animals of any other breed. The first accredited importation of Hereford cattle into the United States was made by the statesman, Henry Clay, in 1817. Between 1839 and 1843 Mr. William H. Sotham, who probably did more than any one else to advance the Hereford interests in the United States, made three successive importations into the state of New York, and from these, and im- portations made by Mr. F. W. Stone of On- tario, Canada, many of the herds of the United States have been built up or enriched. The American Hereford Cattle Breeders' Association was organized in 1881 and the first volume of the "American Hereford Record" was published in 1880. CHARACTERS OF THE HEREFORDS Herefords readily adapt themselves to changed conditions of soil or climate and they are exceedingly docile, which is favorable to such adaptability. They are well suited to arable countries, either level or gently undu- lating in character, and respond well to rich production of pasturage. They have proved themselves eminently fitted for range condi- tions, such as prevail in the Western and Southwestern states. They are likewise hardy in northern latitudes ; they are better adapted relatively than the Shorthorns to warm tem- peratures. In average size and weight as a breed, they are almost equal to the Shorthorn. In early maturing qualities they are fully ecjual, and, like the latter, with good feeding they may be made quite ready for the block in two and a half years. Their grazing qualities are much superior and they take on flesh rapidly in good pasture. On the dry and sparsely grassed pas- tures of the open range in the Western United States and Mexico, they have largely displaced all other breeds. They make good use of the food given them and lay on flesh most heavily un tlie part of the frame from which the best meat is cut — the back and the loin. Under heavy forcing they are somewhat inclined to paicliiness. The quality of their meat is ex- cellent and finds great favor with butchers and consumers. It is juicy and tender and the fat and lean are nicely blended, the proportion of the lean to the fat being relatively large; they dress well, the dressed weight to the live weight being large. The milking (lualities of the Herefords were at one time quite good, but they have been bred more for meat producing purposes and the milking qualities are not equal to those of the Shorthorn. The quality of the milk is good, but it is frequently deficient in quantity. The Herefords cross well with the Shorthorn. In crossing with the latter breed, the best result has been obtained when the male was a Here- ford. Herefords answer well for crossing upon grades and common stock when meat produc- tion is the object sought. The breeding qualities of the Hereford are good and when subjected to high pressure feeding they still breed with regularity and frequently to an advanced age. They are less subject to abortion and milk fever than many other breeds. Compared with the Shorthorn, they are ahead in breeding and grazing quali- ties as well as in the quality of meat. In size, adaptability, maturing and feeding qualities and utilitv in crossing, they are about on a parity with the Shorthorn, but in milking qualities, as already stated, they are scarcely ecjual. The hide of the Hereford makes a very superior shoe leather and is much sought after for this purpose. In color, the face, throat, chest, legs, lower part of body, crest and tip of the tail are a beautiful white, all other parts being red. Sheep and '"^^J: Wool in California By F. A. EUenwood Secretary California Wool Groivcrs' Association A patriarch among sheep Editor s Note: Mr. EUenwood is clearly the Calif ornian who has given fullest and closest attention to the agriculture and economies of wool growing in this State. He has been for years a leader in the effort by which Californians have co-operated with the national association to secure protection and advancement for American wool growing. He is careful, calm, and rational, and his work is of a nat- ural character while at the same time full and dependable with refer- ence to the special California phases of sheep husbandry. THE sheep business in Califurnia is no doubt one of the very oldest industries in the State, if not the oldest, its only historical rival being, possibly, the cattle business. Sheep were first introduced into California in 1773, having been brought here by the Spaniards from Florida, seventy-five years before the discovery of gold. The number of sheep in- creased cjuite rapidly in early days as there was no demand for the meat until after the arrival of the miners in 1849; by this time California had about 1 7,000 sheep, all owned by the Spaniards and Mexicans. PRIMITIVE METHODS The methods of handling sheep were practi- cally the same as prevailed in the old country hundreds of years previous. No matter how large or small the flocks, they were camped or bedded in the same place together at night. If there were 3000 sheep in the flock with three shepherds to care for them, in the morn- ing one shepherd would start ahead with the sheep following him ; after about one-third of the flock had followed him. another shep- herd would stop them, then after waiting a few minutes would start in another direction witli about half of the remaining flock fol- lowing him ; likewise the last man went in still another direction with the remainder of the flock following him. After leading their respective flocks to the best feed and water in the dav time, they all came back and camped together again at night in one flock. I'^ir a long time slieep, like cattle, were raised i)rincipallv for their hides and tallow ; however, if they wanted to sliear them they never tliought of a shearing shed or even a ^mall corral, where thev might be more easily CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZIXE A baiui of Shropshires caui,^ht. Each sheep was caught with a rope by lassoing, the same as cattle were in brand- ing, and pulled up to the shade of a nearby tree and sheared, generally by the same man that roped it. If the sheep belonging to different owners became mixed they had to be separated by roping each individual sheep in a large corral and putting it on the outside until all the sheep of one mark and brand were on the out- side and those of another on the inside. These methods of handling sheep prevailed until about 1860, and even later, at which time there were in California over a million sheep. Al)Out this time the pioneer shepherds from the East began to engage in the industry here, some of them bringing their flocks across the plains from Missouri. Think what it meant to bring a flock of sheep across the plains in '57, swim- ming creeks and rivers and crossing tlie desert in addition to the other hardships and perils of that time! DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY The period, 1860 to 1880, marks the rapid increase in the number of sheep in California as well as the change in methods of breeding and handling. Until about 1860, nothing but the native Mexican sheep, shearing about two l)ounds of wool annually, could be seen. Our pioneer shepherds, from their experience in the East, knew that such a type of sheep was not a paying proposition, or at least there was room for improvement. They immediately be- gan to import heavy shearing Spanish- Merinos from Vermont, Cotswolds, and Lincolns from England, paying $500 and even more for in- dividual rams, and it is worthy of note that at this time great care and attention was given to the art of breeding, even more so than a few years later when quantity was uppermost in the minds of sheepmen, rather than cjuality ; thus the foundation was built for some of the best flocks in tlie \\'est today. After a few- years of careful breeding the average weight of each fleece was increased about 50 per cent. In this period more up to date methods of handling sheep were brought into use. Each man, now called a herder, was moved to a camp bv himself and his band kept separate both day and night ; other men called camp tenders would look after the herders, usually there being one camp tender tt) three herders. Rough shearing sheds were built where a few sheep could be penned for a shearer to catch bv hand without being roped; generally from six to ten shearers would work in the same large corral together. A framework would support some branches of a tree or old pieces of canvas for a roof and tlie ground would answer for a shearing floor. SEPARATING THE BANDS If two bands of different marks accidentally became mixed it was no longer necessary to separate them by roping or even legging them out bv hand. A corral with separation chute thrt)ugh which the sheep were forced to pass one at a time replaced all this. A chute is about twelve feet long, usually about two feet wide at one end, where the sheep enter, and perhaps fourteen inches wide at the other end, SHEEP AND WOOL 587 where the sejiaration is effected b_\- a dodge gate, a simple contrivance working from one side to the other of the chute. As the sheep pass througli the chute, one man, operating the dodge gate, c-atches all of one mark on one side and all of the other mark on the other side, so that when thev have all i)assed through each band is bv itself just as it was before getting mixed. This could all be accomplished now in less than an hour when it would have taken a day or more of hard work a few years previous. This period also designates the beginning of our present necessary (in some sections) but somewhat dangerous system of taking sheep to and from the mountains for summer graz- ing. Prior to 1870 sheep w-ere kept practically in the same localities, summer and wanter, but now they were increasing so rapidly some other plan had to be devised. In the month of May. which usually marks the beginning of the dry season, the feed on the winter ranges becomes perfectly drv and would burn easily, liut in the mountains, perhaps a hundred miles dis- tant, where the winter snow has just melted, the grass is green and water plentiful : but between the green feed in the mountains and the winter ranges in the valleys, there is most always a high summit to cross, with little or no vegetation thereon, and this causes the danger in driving to and from the mountains. When forced to leave the dry winter range in May. snow storms may occur while crossing the high summits. This has often happened and hundreds of sheep have perislied in a single storm. MORE ROOM SOUGHT From 1860 to 1870 the number of sheep had more than doubled so that some sheep men began to hunt for more room or new country. About 1872 bands were driven to Nevada to experiment in wintering in the sage brush country, but after trying it there for two win- ters with considerable loss these men returned to California with the remainder of their sheep saying that sheep could not be wintered in Nevada successfully. Think of this and com- pare it with the fact that about a million sheep are wintering in Nevada at present ! In the last ten years of this period, from 1870 to 1880, the number of sheep again more than doul)led, placing California in the lead over other states in the Union in the number of sheep, having a total of 5,727,000 sheep, pro- ducing annually about 1 7,000,000 pounds of wool. This placed California second in wool production, ( )hio being first in this respect, with over 25,000,000 pounds. This period also designates the high wool market of all times. From 1870 to 1880 wool was very high, due partly to the fact that the duty of 1 1 cents per pound on grease wool was now in effect, the law having been in operation only a few years. The duty on grease wool at this time enhanced the wool prices here verv materially as the manufac- Vermont Merinos 588 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE ffAi- o.sJiVits.-— TSi In i\ li ihitioii form turers and importers had not yet applied their effective system of beating the tariff by im- porting liglit, shrinking wools only, as they did a few years later. However, this is not the place to discuss the tariff, but I can not refrain from calling at- tention to the fact that high wool prices do not necessarily mean high prices of woolen goods; or. in other words, the cost of the raw material has but little to do with the retail price of the finished product. As an illustration, one of the pioneer sheep men, Mr. J. M. Howell of Red Bluff, to whom I am indebted for much valuable information on this subject, sold his wool in 1872 for 50 cents per grease pound, tags and all, just as it came from the sheep's back ; at that time the range of wool prices was from 48 to 52 cents per grease pound. This same year Mr. Howell bought a pair of all wool blankets, weighing twelve pounds, and paying for them $12, or just $1 per pound. I'hey were the very best, in fact it is almost impossible to secure such blankets at any price today. A few days ago I went into the same store where Mr. Howell bought his blankets forty-two years ago and secured a pair of the best blank- ets there, the cost of which was $12, the same as Mr. Howell jjaid, but how much did they weigh? — five and one-half pounds I Two dollars and eighteen cents per pound, more than twice as much per pound for blankets todav as in 1872. while wool at present is selling at from 16 to 20 cents per pound. Mr. Howell having sold his this year for 18 cents, just a trifie more than one-tlhrd of the price received by him in 1872. Today the raw material is costing just a tritie over one- third as much, but the finished product is selling at retail for more than double the jjrices obtained in 1872. CALIFORNIA BUILDS UP OTHER STATES The period, 1880 to 1890, is remarkable from the fact that California shows a marked falling off in the number of sheep, while Montana. I'tah, Wyoming, Idaho, and Ne- vada all increased in the number of sheep by leaps and bounds, Montana having eight times as many sheep in 1890 as it did in 1880. In this decade many big drives of sheep were made from here to inter-mountain states with several thousand in each drive, thus re- ducing the number of sheep in California and assisting materiallv in the rajjid increase in the inter-mountain states. Many, if not most of the great flocks in these states today trace their origin to California. In fact, many of the sheepmen in the inter-mountain states came from California or are the sons of men from California. In the last twenty-five years, 1890 to 1915, the number of sheep have been gradually de- creasing, in fact rai)idly in the last ten years, until now California ranks only about tenth in the number of sheep having only in round figures about one and one-third million sheep. SHEEP AND WOOL 589 There are many causes for this, chief among them being constant tariff agitation, increased cost of production and colonization. Constant tariff agitation has helped to re- duce wool prices from an average of about 30 cents per pound to an average of about 16 cents, and at the same time the cost of production has been rapidly increasing, thus forcing manv to abandon their ilocks ; labor costs more, while the efficiency is much less, provisions of all kinds are higher, feed is much more expensive, in fact every cost item has materially advanced. The principal reason, however, for the decline of the sheep industry in California, more than elsewhere, is the fact that many of our former sheep ranges have been put to other uses. Orange groves, olive orchards, hop yards, fruit trees, and alfalfa fields now occupy thousands of acres, where only sheep once grazed, until at present the sheep occupy only the poorer or rougher sec- tions of the State. In spite of this the importance of the sheep industry to the State should not be overlooked. The amount invested is small compared with some of the other industries, possibly, yet it is perhaps greater today than ever before, even with fewer sheep than formerly. The total investment today in sheep, equipment and sheep ranges is about $20,000,000. When Cali- fornia had over 5,000,000 sheep the total amount invested was but little, if any, more than it is today, as it was not necessary then to have much invested in real estate, and the value per head was much less than at present. Today real estate represents the largest part of the investment, thus giving more stability to the industry. Its importance to the State in another way can not be measured in dollars and cents. While the gold dredger tears up and destroys, the constant production of grain crops im- poverishes the soil, the sheep is always adding to its richness. Many of our orchards would not be so productive today were it not for the fact that sheep grazed there for years and assisted in making the land more fertile. Sheep ranges that have been in constant use for graz- ing for over forty years are producing more feed today than ever before. The government, once radical against the grazing of sheep in the national forests, now recognizes officially that the moderate grazing of sheep in these reser- vations increases the reproduction besides adding to the fertility of the soil. Travel through New England and the South, where land was farmed constantly for years without sheep being grazed thereon and we find '^?^2d^i^. I'lirc lircd Shropshircs >90 CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZINE abandoned farms today, yes, wIkiIl- plantati(in> if you please. Such a thing is nut known in California where sheeji ha\-e been gra/inij for over 1(10 years. l'"or the past year the business has been in (Urect competition with the ijreat wool and nuitton jiroducing countries of the world with no protective tariff on either wool or mutton. Efficienc)' and determination nuist now \)^i inscribed on the banner of cwerv successful sheepman. Old methods must give way to more progressive ideas; shearing sheds are now built with a good roof and with shed room for the storing of wool : each shearer has a neat, clean pen. with a board floor, bv him- self, where his work ma\' be inspected; shear- ing machines are in use in manv places; the wool must be kejjt clean and without tags ; it nuist be free from insoluble paint brands: must be tied with paper twine : black wool is sacked separately ; accounts must be kej^t, and every branch of the industrv must be looked after in a business-like manner. For a great many years prior to 1910 wool had been a fair price and feed quite reason- able so that wool was the principal source of income and mutton the by-product. The gross income from wool was about double that of mutton ; wethers were kept until two or three and even four years old for their wool alone, before being sold for mutton. Since that time wool has been very low in price with mutton advancing slowly so that conditions had been very unsettled and the sheepmen were at a loss to know what type of sheep was best to produce. Now the demand for mutton is so ureat that mutton is the chief source of in- tC. ^*ft**k. A imriuu come with wool as a by-i)roduct ; in fact, the int-ome now from nuUton is double that from wool, just the reverse to the conditions of a few years ago. This fact has brought about the change in the tyjje of sheep now grown from a wo(d to a mutton type. The mutton type is much more palatable than the wot)l type formerly used for mutton and most of our mutton is now shipped before it is a year old. As a result of individual experience and scientific investigation by various state insti- tutions, as well as our national government, it is found the mutton sheep of today is the most healthful meat consumed by the meat eating public. In support of the above I quote from the report of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry for 1911, showing the numl)er of carcasses and parts of carcasses condemned for disease : Xiiiiil>cr Carcasses Parts Aiiiinals fiisf^. Coiid. Cond. Cattle 10.000.938 27.390 49.393 Hogs 26,916.363 31,517 870,361 Sheep 13.005,502 These are facts which need no comment. /^NE of the most interesting^- facts l)roui;"ht out in the above article ^^ is in the statement that at last mutton displaces wool, the latter, owing- to the increasing' cost of meat, becoming the by-product. With the ever-decreasing- rang-e and the ever-increasing- population, the de- mand for good mutton increases. The time has arrived \\hen a few high-class mutton shee]) can be kei)t on the averag-e farm at a ])r()fit. The farmers of our foothills and interior valleys will in the future con- sider a small band of sheep an essential part of their stock, just as did their forefathers from the Eastern states and Western Europe, in the past. Two year old Berkshire sow and litter Swine Raising in California By A. M. Henry President CaHioniia Swi?ie Breeders' Association Editor s Note: Mr. Henry is president of an association whose motto is "More and Better Hogs" for California. He is therefore representative of all interests involved in the effort to replace the millions value of imported pork — to replace with a home product and manufacture. His article shows how inviting a field swine husbandry is, not only because of market conditions but because climate, soil, and situation give the swine grower such marked advantages for his effort and investment, and he gives many practical suggestions about mak- ing- a start in this business. O WINE raising has been profitable to some ^^ of the people in California since the "Days of Old, the Days of Gold, the Days of '49." Beginning in the places where feed neces- sary for the growth of the hog was found without much effort by those engaged in the industry, and then, as the value of pork pro- duction became evident, extending to the ])opu- lous places where the demand made the industry more profitable, hog raising in- creased in popularitv. until now it is one of the leading; industries of the State. ^^'hen the discovery of gold in California brought the people of every nation to this State what was more natural than that some who did not care to dig in the earth for their wealth should see the way to riches through the pro- duction of the food the miners needed and for which thev were verv willing to pay? Consequently the land of grasses, roots, and acorns in close proximity to the market led the hog raisers to begin their efforts close to the mines. The demand for meat was so great that the effort to produce the most valuable 592 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Champion I'olaiid (^hiiia 1 Hampshire boar grand champion at California State Fair Young Berksliires animals aloiii; hluod lines \vas entirely for- t^otten, the object to produce the most progeny heinii; the desire of most of the breeders. Con- se(|uently the animal produced was the natural result of th.is ])r()cess of creation. Imagine an animal with a snout capable of extractiuL,' an acorn from a small crevice, a frame of suflicient breadth to enable the owner to go through the thickest growth of brush, and legs sufliciently long to enable their owner to go long distances in search of food ; a pro- lificacy that enabled the females to produce from ten to fifteen pigs each litter, and you have the genuine mountaiit razorback hog, the animal on which our forefathers whetted their teeth and which perhaps had more to do with their scjuare jaws than the strong character to which their scjuare jaws are held to be due. As time went on and farmers began to pro- duce grain in the valleys it became customary for owners of large numbers of hogs to buy the stulible fields in the valleys and drive their herds there for the summer. The writer can remember some of these droves that came to his father's ranch in San Joaquin County. With frames capable of holding large quan- tities of grain, and an appetite that was ap- parently never satisfied, they nevertheless seemed utterly incapable of properly assimi- lating food. After spending the entire sum- mer eating grain they would go back to the mountains in the fall nearly as thin as when they came to the valley, but with greatly in- creased length of frame. It became so evident that this kind of hog was not just the thing that some of the more far-sighted began to infuse a little Berkshire blood into their herds by the use of a Berkshire male. My father was one of the first, if not the first, in our vicinity to make this effort, and well I remember tlie excitement in the community when the i)ig arrived. The neighbors came from far and near to see Henry's Berkshire pig. He caused more e.xcitement in our com- munity than the advent of a circus would have done. But the improvement thus begun in the various localities was so marked that it was SWINE RAISING 593 not long until the importance of blood lines was felt. Gradually the improvement in both quantity and quality of pork began to be noticeable because while the proliticacy that was so evident in the razorback gave way to the improved strains the numbers became less noticeable but the size of the offspring at certain ages was so much greater that it became evident that, even though numbers were less, more pounds of good pork was produced. Then the fairs began to call forth an effort by the swine raisers to see who had the best hogs. NEW TYPE AND NEW INDUSTRY And what was the best hog for the produc- tion of pork? As this question began to be felt various breeds began to be in evidence on account of the importation of choice indi- viduals by the breeders. The gradual increase in the varieties of fruits and grains and above all the knowledge that alfalfa can be profit- ably produced in nearly every part of Cali- fornia has forced the knowledge upon our people that we have one of the most favored places in the world for profitable swine raising. The production of alfalfa which is continu- ally advancing our dairy industry and the in- vention of the cream separator which enables the dairyman to separate his butterfat from the skim milk, has also brought forth an in- teresting question. Is he separating his butter- fat or is he separating his skim milk? With pork prices around eight and ten cents per pound as it has been during a good part of the past year it has been possible for a man of good judgment to so use his skim milk as to produce nearly or quite as great an income from this source as from his butterfat. The combination of skim milk and other kinds of feed makes each of such greater rela- tive value that the skim milk produces nearly as many pounds of pork as would be required, if it were converted into money at the market price of pork, to pay for the butter that could be made from the same milk. By combining skim milk, alfalfa, and any kind of grain that is the cheapest, the swine raiser can produce the ideal ration for the proper growth of his hogs. Coupled with this is the fact that his land will be constantly growing richer on ac- count of the return to the soil of most that is taken from it on account of the waste from the barns, the stock, and the power alfalfa possesses of extracting from the air and con- veying to the soil the elements that are needed for the growth of plant life. Then what is Berkshire up to his eyes in alfalfa, California's premier llesh-niaking forage, which applies to all kinds of live stock 594 CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZINE Rcacliiiit; tlic final stage of pork production more natural than that the swine industry should be one of the leading industries of the State. There is hardly a place in California where the swine industry is not profitable. Which is the most profitable breed to raise depends greatly upon the abilities of the person doing the raising. If a person likes Duroc Jerseys he will probably do better with them. If he likes Poland Chinas he will do better with them. And so on through the list. Any breed that will do well anywhere will do well in California as we have here every variety of soil, water, and climate. THK ECONOMICS OF HOG RAISING What number of hogs can a man hope to raise in California on each acre of land? That depends upon at least two things, the capa- bilities of the soil and the skill of the man who raises the hogs. Rich land that will yield large crops of alfalfa, grain or fruit will be sure to produce large numbers of hogs, if properly handled. On one and one-eighth acres of alfalfa the writer kept from fifty to seventy head of hogs of various ages continually pasturing for two months with no other feed. This was for the purpose of experiment to see just what could be done. The alfalfa was flooded lightlv and often, one-half at a time, while the hogs were on the other half. They were registered Po- land Chinas, and the fact that I sold breeders from the l)unch during the time explaitis why I said there were from fifty to se\"enty head. They kept in good condition all the time, and while I have never done this again, as I think they would do better on a balanced ration, it shows the possibilities of alfalfa. In other places where grain is the principal crop grown, a person would have to handle the hogs in such a way as to have them eat most of the waste grain and carry it to market. All over California are ranches where occa- sionally hogs are raised in conjunction with other products, sometimes on grain ranches, sometimes on fruit ranches, and sometimes on alfalfa ranches, but invariably in a way to help the owner reap a good income from his land. In other places large numbers of hogs are raised to supply the home market for pork, ham, and bacon. This is a market that is constantly growing as the population is rapidly increasing and what market is so good as a home market? Beside the demand for pork hogs, the market for the various breeds of pure-bred hogs for stock raising is constantly growing. Though almost in its infancy, the demand for better hogs greatly exceeds the sui)ply and on this account the different breeders of pure bred stock are doing all thev can to keej) up with the times in the imi)rovement of their herds. And so great has been the improvement that where only a few years ago the razorback was in evidence, now only good specimens of the various breeds are seen and a constant efTort SWINE RAISING 595 is made to maintain the standard of the herds. This is very noticeable at the state and county fairs where the judges are often from the corn belt or the states that have long been in the lead in the swine industrv and thev have often been heard to say that in our fairs the tjuality of the exhibits is fully up to that of the East- ern fairs. ( )ur numbers are rapidly increasing and at the same rate of advancement it will not be many years until California will come into her own as one of the greatest hog states of the Union. In the meantime, those who are in the l)usiness of swine raising and those who will be in it have nothing to look forward to that is discouraging, but instead a profitable busi- ness in a delightful land. VX/HILE the swine industry of California has materially increased ' ^ durino- the past decade, it is doubtful whether it has in any sense kept pace with other and similar industries. The traditions have all been ao-ainst the hoo-. The tendency to develop cholera at critical times, the lack of uniformity in the C|uantity of ])roduction and the o-enerally accepted assertion that the California-fed i)ork was an unknown quan- tity so far as c|uality was concerned, that it mio-ht be hioh-class or it mio-ht be acorn-fattened with an offensive oily flavor; or it mii^ht l)e tule-raised and taste like fish — all these have combined to discourage the systematic and intellio-ent l)reeding of swine. In recent years a great chang-e has taken place and we now have intelligent organization and concerted effort in the swine industry, as well as in dairying, the raising of beef cattle and other kindred industries. In Illinois there are sixty hogs to the square mile; California has eight, and we import into this State fifty carloads of pork products, chiefly hams, bacon, and lard, besides about twenty-five carloads of live hogs — not annually, but weekly. This is probably more than half the local consumption. At the rate at which dairying, particularly butter and cheese making, is increasing, more hogs will be needed to consume the by-products. Corn is not a successful crop in California, generally speaking, in compari- son with the corn-belt of the Middle West. It grows well in only a few localities of California. And corn is an ideal food for finishing. Kafffr corn is a good substitute and Kaffir corn grows successfully and lux- uriantly in our interior valleys. In a government test a bushel of corn produced 11.9 i)ounds of pork, while a bushel of Kaffir corn produced 10.6 ])ounds of ])()rk. The l^est results were obtained with Kaffir corn and skim milk — an ideal combination food for finishing. With our ex- tensive and ever-increasing dairying industry, with alfalfa and with Kaffir corn, California should be second to no state in the Cnion in the production of the liacon hog. Work of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry in California By Dr. H. H. Hicks Inspector in CIiarf:;c' of U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry at San Francisco Editor s Xotc: The bureau of animal industry of the United States Department of A^'ricuhure has ahvays co-operated with those work- ing to Imild up the stock interests of Cahfornia and through years of active ]^articipation in the work Doctor H. H. Hicks is admirably qualified to write understandingly upon the subject. Doctor Hicks has been in the government service many years in California and other states and he is now inspector in charge of meat inspection for the bureau at San Francisco. He is a ])rominent member of the American Veterinarv Medical Association. AS MKiHT be supi)osed. the activities of the bureau of animal industry of the United States Department of Agriculture are somewhat less in evidence in the Pacific Coast region than in the Middle ^\'est. where the majority of the great slaughtering and packing plants are situated, and where the large farm- ing operations in the i)roducti()n of food animals and dairy products are centered. Nevertheless much work of interest and im- portance to the farming and dairving commu- nities, as well as to the general public, who consume the meat and dairy products, is being done under the ausi)ices of the bureau in the far West. The more imjxirtant of these lines are the federal meat inspection ; the insj)ection, regu- lation, and cjuarantine of live stock for the prevention of disease ; the eradication of ani- mal diseases ; and work in the interest of dairy farming and dairv products. A brief outline showing the salient features of the bureau's oj^erations in t'.ie State of Cali- fornia follows : This service supervises all the processes con- nected with the slaughtering and packing of meat and all other food products derived from the animals slaughtered. While this inspection is primarily concerned only with products that are subject to interstate trade, it is nowhere in force unless the entire operations and prod- uct of the establishment are sui)ervised ; and since all the important slaughtering and pack- ing establishments are under government in- spection it usually follows that the greater jiart of the meat and products consumed within a State are federally inspected. As a matter t)f fact ajjproximately 6(1 per cent of all animals slaughtered for food in the United States, including the farm kill, come under the government ins])ection. KFI'K IK N r I()R;;K. In California during the past fiscal year ins[)ection was conducted at twenty establisli- ir.ents, located at San Francisco, San Diego, l.os Angeles. Areata, and Pomona. There were engaged in this work nineteen veterinary in- spectors, and twenty-seven t)ther inspectors and DR. H. H. HICKS 597 Inspecting Sheep at tl it of the Sierra Nevada Mountains employees, besides the necessary office forces. There is also a meat-inspection laboratory at San Francisco, with the proper force and equipment to carry on the analytical and bac- teriological work. The number of animals slaughtered and the quantity of the various products prepared un- der inspection in California during the fiscal year 1914 were as follows: INSPECTION OF ANIMALS AT SLAUGHTER IN CALIFORNIA Passed for Food Cattle 137.923 Calves 17.117 Sheep 561,283 Goats 367 Swine 190.080 Con- demned Total 587 138,510 36 17.153 467 561.750 1 368 1,216 191,296 Total 906,770 2,307 909,077 MEAT FOOD PRODUCTS PREPARED OR PROCESSED IN CALIF0RNL\ Products Pounds Beef, cured 1,284.155 Beef, canned 295,297 Pork, cured 9.677.053 Pork, canned 53,350 Sausage, chopped 4,609,876 Lard 7,204,761 Lard oil 6.420 Lard stearin 6.707 Lard compound 161 .382 Compound — lard substitute 17.906 786 Oleo stock and edible tallow 4.835.966 Oleo oil 729.727 Oleo stearin 602 079 Miscellaneous products 39,570,802 Total 86,943,361 Of the foregoing there were condemned 205,521 pounds. IXSPECTIOX OF IMPORrED MEAT The trade in meat from foreign countries with the port of San Francisco bids fair, when the conditions are again normal, to become more and more important. At the present time it is greatly restricted owing to the war. All of this meat is rigidly inspected. The greater portion of the consignments consist of beef from Australia, a considerable part of which is canned beef. Canada supplies cured hog products, bacon, etc., in increasing quantities. This foreign meat trade is of importance not only to California but to other parts of the country as well. The quantity of meat imported and in- spected at San Francisco from the beginning of 1914 is as follows : IMPORTS OF MEAT AT SAN FRANCISCO Total Con- Imported, demned, 1914 Pounds Pounds Januarv 2.720.276 4,574 February 242.638 9 March 1,613,074 40,790 April 1,710,730 31,708 Mav 473,469 7,086 Jime 563.710 147 Julv 1,137,189 3,612 August 1,690,479 868 September 543,369 592 October 884,698 50 November 283,826 Total (eleven months) ... 11.863,458 89,436 IXSPECTIOX AXD QUARANTINE OF LIVE STOCK This branch of the bureau work consists of the inspection of all animals imported into 598 CALTFORXIA'S ^TAGAZINE or exported from the United States, and in- cludes the inspection of vessels carrying export stock. It also includes the inspection and dis- infection of imported hay. hides, wool, and other substances throu^di which it is possible that contagious animal diseases may enter the countrv. In California this work is centered in San Francisco and San Diego. A veterinary in- spector is in charge of the operations along tlie Mexican border from San Diego eastward to \'uma. Ariz. There is also the tuberculin test- ing of cattle and the mallein testing of horses (for the detection of tuberculosis and gland- ers, respectively), for shipment to Hawaii and foreign countries, including Canada. eOMBAIIXG STOCK DISEASES An imi)ortant means of conserving the live stock of the country and encouraging the rais- ing of meat animals is to eradicate diseases of a communicable nature. As a part of its coun- trv-wide work of this character the bureau of animal industry is operating in California against cattle ticks, sheep scab, and hog cholera. The ticks not only spread the disease known as Texas fever of cattle, somewhat similar to malaria in people, but do damage as blood- sucking parasites and stand in the way of the l>roduction of good cattle. Systematic work for exterminating these ticks, which infested most of the southern part of the United States from California to Virginia, was undertaken in 1906 by co-o]>eratii)n between the federal government and the atfected states. At that time the ticks were found in about half of California (the southern portion). vSo well has the work progressed that only one county ( San Diego), now remains in quarantine. The work is being continued there by a force of four federal inspectors. Sheep scab at one time was so general throughout the West that nearly all the coun- try west of the Mississippi River, including Dressing Beef under government inspection DR. H. H. HICKS 599 An involuntary Bath — Dipping cattle California, was placed under federal quaran- tine. Most of this territory has now been re- leased. About half of California is still under quarantine and the federal work in that State is being carried on by a force of six inspectors with headquarters at Sacramento. Following the discovery by the bureau's scientists of a method of preventing hog cholera by the use of a protective serum, expe- riments have been undertaken in selected localities in various parts of the country with a view to applying this treatment in a prac- tical wav toward the prevention and the eventual eradication of that disease. The work in California is carried on in co-operation with the State agricultural experiment station at Berkelev. This work is both demonstrational and educational, the object being to show farmers how they may, by their own efforts, reduce the losses from hog cholera. The treat- ment with the serum is demonstrated at suit- able places, and demonstrations are given on farms of methods used in ridding infected premises of the infection of hog cholera through cjuarantine and sanitation. SCIEXTIFIC IXVESTIGATIOX OF POULTRY DISEASES The bureau of animal industry and the experiment station are jointly maintaining at Berkeley a research worker who is concen- trating his attention upon the poultry diseases known as roup, diphtheria, and chicken pox. This group of diseases constitutes one of the most important sources of loss in poultry. The large industry which exists in California is therefore vitally concerned as well as the country generally. DAIRY DEVELOPMENT ^^'ork for the development of dairy farming and the study of market milk problems in the far West is being carried on by a force with headquarters at Salt Lake City. Inspt'cting Muxiciui Tiaui^u cattlf 'Hp'HE DANGER of purchasing impure ^ or diseased meats is entirely removed by the United States Government, which inspects all meats sold for food and stamps in purple the accompanying mark on every piece. It is the government guar- antee insuring the .people against unscru- pulous or careless individuals. In Califor- nia this work is carried on with the utmost attention to detail and regard for the rights of every one concerned. The importance of careful supervision of an industry as widespread as that of live stock in this State can not be overestimated. 600 CALIFORNIA'S IMAGAZIXE Shire stallion, "Ncwaii Hillside," imported by Henry Whealley Shire mare, "Lady Redlvmli, .,l Salvador Stock Tarms. (.Iiaiupiun (.;ilil(irnia State I'air 1913-14 (Juiirtct ol Sliiru Marcs at work on llic larm The Horses Which Move CaHfornia Industries By Henry Wheatley President California Horse Breeders' Assoeiation Editor s Note: Air. Wheatley, who is well known as an importer and breeder of the style of horses which move things, sketches strik- ingly the relation of the draft horse to better farming and the oppor- tunity which invites the larger production of such horses, both in the land and in the trade. There is no reason why Pacific countries should depend upon Europe for such breeding stock. Proper pro- duction would secure for California leadership in this great industry. Mr. Wheatley gives advice and suggestions to those who can put time, land, and money into this line of production. THE future development of California cultivation. But a very small part of it is is dependent. princi])ally upon more producing;" all it is capable of. In order thorough farming. Practically a very to get the most out of the land it is neces- large part of the suitable land is under sary to work it deeply and thoroughly. 602 CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZINE This cannot be done satisfactorily or eco- nomically without a good supply of heavy horses. Therefore, I feel justified in say- ing that the development of California is largely dependent on the draft horse. In luirope. the home of the draft horse, he is invariably to be found at his best in the most i)roductive part of the different countries; for instance the shire horse will be found at his best on the rich ])astures of the Midland countries and in the reclaimed land of the Fen District. The Belgian is also largely bred in the moist i^astures behind the levees and the Percheron comes from the best grass land of France. WHY CALIFORNIA SHOULD H.WE BETTER DR.\FT HORSES In all of these countries it is considered profitable to devote a considerable part of their best land to the raising of draft horses. In California we have immense tracts of land as good as their best and a climate which is ideal for the purpose, for while we do not have the summer rains which keep the pastures of Europe green the year round we usually have an irri- gation ditch or a pumj) at our service which enables us to apply water when- ever it is required. To sum up the situation, there is no reason wdiy we, in California, cannot raise draft horses of as good a quality as in any other part of the world and at a cost which will enable us to compete with other countries. There probably never was a time wdien Lhe prospects for the draft horse breeder were more promising than they are at present, both for pure breds and grades. In fact, it is imperative that more atten- tion be given to the horse business of the State. The great increase of poi)ula- tion which is sure to come in the near future, now that the Panama Canal is open, and which will be largely agricul- tural, and the higher edtication of the ])co- ple along agricultural lines will without Salvador Forest King, champion shirp stallion, Cali- fornia State Fair, 1914 doubt tend toward smaller farms and more thorough cultivation. This will create a largely increased demand for horses, mostly of the draft type. The war now being carried on in Europe will have a very marked eft'ect on the horse business all over the world. It will affect us in two ways. In the first place it will cut off the supply of breed- ing stock, upon which we have relied for many years ; secondly, it will make a de- mand for horses, both for the war itself and to replace the waste when the war is over, which will absorb our surplus. Another condition which will have its eft'ect on the supply of the future, is the shortage and consequent high price of meat. The natural result is that ranges Gaer Conqueror, champion London Shire Horse Show, 1910-11 THE DRAFT HORSE 603 are. to a great extent, being used for rais- ing cattle and sheep and a very much smaller iiumber of horses are being raised on the ranges. These conditions point to a largely increased demand during the next ten years with no corre- sponding increase in the supply and as a result, high prices. There is one branch of horse breeding which has been very much neglected in this State, namely, the raising of pure bred stock for breeding purposes. Up to the present time we have de- pended almost entirely upon Eu- rope for our breeding stock. Now the producing of this class of stock is one of the most profit- able as well as the most interesting branch of the industry and they can be raised in California just as well as in Europe if sufficiently high class foun- dation stock is secured, but if this in- dustry is to be established on a perma- nent basis it is absolutely necessary that we produce horses as good as the best that we can import. In order to do this it is essential that both mares and stal- lions of a very high standard be secured. Only a very small proportion of the pure bred mares of this State are good enough to be stallion producers. It is far better Three imported shire mares at worli to commence with one or two first class mares than with a dozen inferior ones. A few good, pure-bred mares will un- doubtedly be a good investment to the farmer who is suitably located and under- stands the business, but to make a suc- cess of this branch of farming consider- able capital and some enterprise are re- quired, for the necessary breeding stock are not easy to find and when found not always easy to buy. However, the man who undertakes and makes a success of it will not only realize a nice profit but Shire mares at Salvador stocli farm, Napa, California r.04 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE w ill ha\c the satisfaction of knowing that he has done some real good for the >tate. There is no {|uestion th;it the draft stal- lions rec|uired by California, if raised at home, conld he sold at less than one-hall of the present cost to the farmer and at the same time leave a handsome profit for the l)reeder. The hiL'ii ])rices at which the imported horses are sold is due in ])art to the cost of buying in Europe. trans])ortation. etc.. hut also in great measure to the unbusinesslike manner in w hich the farmer buys from the im])orter. Stallions are ])eddled round the country and s(tld on long term notes which must be heavily discounted. All this increases the cost of stallions and is an unnecessary tax on the business which would soon be eliminated if the bulk of stallions were raised at home. The other branch of the heavy horse business, the production of mares and geldings to do our farm work and the hea\y hauling in our cities, is one which. U) be made profitable on the high priced lands of California, should be done in con- junction with general farming, so that the mares will be able to pay for their feed by their work and the young stock, after three years old will also be self sup- porting till they are old enough to be sold. In this way a few brood mares will materially help to make the farm profit- able. It will sur])rise many to learn that tor many years California has not pro- duced enough heavy draft horses for its own use and buyers have l)een compelled to go back to the Aliddle West for horses to work on our streets and they have paid prices for them which would have been very profitable to California farmers. There is probably no branch of farming more profitable than the breeding and raising of high class draft horses and cer- tainly none from which more pleasure can l)e derived. T?()R MANY years California has not succeeded in ])roducino- enotigh -*- lieavy draft horses for use in the State; and yet, such horses may I)e l)red and raised here with the greatest success. Moreover it is a profitable and interesting industry. Here is a "word to the w^se" : Our .Service Department will tell you where good locations for stock farms may be obtained. nP^^T^J^'^^ ^ *^^* Claude, Dainty, Stroller, Royal Rogue, KeniUvorth, Bombardier, Military Man The California Trotting Horse By Will M. Neal Editor '"The Breeder and Sportsman' Editor's Note: Mr. Neal's striking article is warmly commended by Mr. W. F. Kelly, secretary Pacific Coast Trotting Horse Breeders' Association, and it deserves it. It is a masterly sketch of the origin and development of the fast horses which have given California lead- ership in the United States — second only to Kentucky. Mr. Xeal also cites the achievements upon w^hich this position rests, so that one gets the whole great subject at one glance of the eye. The article is a model of condensed construction and closes with a ring- ing paragraph of what California has done for the world. FROM the earliest history of the horse Spaniards, in their occupation of the great in California, one salient feature has ranges so naturally adapted to stock rais- stood ever to the fore, that only the best ing, brought with them the best of the were good enough for Californians. The contemporary equine families of old Spain, 606 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE recruited from the desert countries l)or- derinff upon the Mediterranean and the Gulf of Arabia and transported over seas to carrv Spanish ca\aHers in the con(|uest of their vast domain in the new world. Crowding" hard upon them, generations later, came the adventurous hordes of Anglo - Saxon pioneers — fighters, gold seekers, cowmen, home luniters — a class of men in whose veins ran instinctively the appreciation of good horseflesh for what it was truly worth in frontier service and the innate love of a good horse for the horse's ow'u sake. The horse of the early Californian must needs be one of speed, stamina, and in- telligence, so it is but natural that the initial importations should have been from the pick of what the East and Central West had to offer. Shortly came the knowledge that on California grass and grains and in her invigorating atmosphere horses developed in a gratifying manner unknown in older sections, and horse breeding, at a very early date in our his- tory, received an impetus that carried it and has maintained it among the most im])ortant of the widely varied industries of the State. The light harness horse, the thoroughbred, the gaited saddler and the drafter, all were soon represented in the Golden State by the best obtainable indi- \idnals of their families, and wdiile all thrived in surpassing measure it remained for the trotter to achieve the greatest and most lasting fame. CALIFORNIA AND THE TROTTING HORSE The development of the trotter into a distinct type from an amalgamation of the best of several breeds and families, and the progress of California from a chaotic state of semi-civilization to her ]:)resent proud position in the honor roll of states were contempo- rary achievements, and so clearly are they linked that the history of one is as the history of the other. The "days of gold" were the days of popularity of the Black Hawks, with Rysdyk's Ilamble- tonian a yet unheard of suckling in the Sugar Loaf hills in faraway New York ; the trotter, as we of today know him, was merely a "horse in the making." and the story t)f the part ])layed by California in the ui)building of this newest and greatest of equine houses is one of the wonder tales of her history. The men who estab- lished the trotter on the Golden Slope were the men who were ever foremost in building up the State as well, and the ob- stacles surmounted by St. Clair, Bucca- neer, General Taylor. Rifleman, Comet, John Nelson, George M. Patchen, Jr., Williamson's Belmont and many others ran in lines parallel in nature to those adversities faced and conquered by their masters in their irresistible onward march. From the fusion of the blood of the pioneer stock many fast and useful horses manifested themselves at an early date, but it remained until the fall of 73 for a "strictly home product" to achieve championship honors, when the brown gelding, Occident, a grandson of St. Clair (one of the original forty-niners) pulled George Tennant the full mile over the Sacramento track in 2:16^, equaling the world's record of Goldsmith ]\Iaid. estab- lished the previous year. From that date the California trotter has remained ever in the limelight. GREAT BRERDIXO FARMS ESTABLISHED The years immediately following the performance of Occident witnessed the es- tablishing of the first of the great breed- ing farms that were to draw the eyes of the world u])on C\Tlifornia — Palo Alto. For some time Governor Stanford had been breeding horses in a minor way on the Sacramento with the stallions. Monroe Chief, 2:18i4. and General Benton, but in '76 he selected Palo Alio as a more fitting location for his ojierations and in the suc- ceeding year established at the head of his stud the then nine-year-old Electioneer. The time required for the son of Ham- THE TROTTING HORSE 607 l)letonian 10 and Green [Mountain Maid to demonstrate the soundness of Mr. Stan- ford's judgment in his selection of a sire was short, for in 1880 the two-year-old Fred Crocker — forerunner of the long line of Electioneers that were to achieve at some time in their careers every trotting record of their day — burst into fame with a mile in 2:25^4' reducing the world's re- ord of 2 :26j/2 made only sixty days pre- viously by the other great California two- year-old. Sweetheart, by Sultan 2 :24, bred and owned by L. J. Rose of Los Angeles. From that date the future of Palo Alto was assured, the farm's glory reaching its height in 1891 when Charley Marvin re- turned from his season's campaign with every trotting record in the possession of the Stanford stable. At this time the number of horses owned by Governor Stanford ran well over the one thousand mark. But Palo Alto w'as not alone in Califor- nia in the production of champions of the harness horse world. L. J. Rose of Los Angeles with Sultan, 2 ;24 ; A^ illiam Cor- bitt of San Mateo with Guy Wilkes, 2:15j^; ]\Ionroe Salisbury with Director, 2:17. and Count Valensin with Sidney, 2:19;)4' a'l were producing performers whose names figure variously in the tables of fastest records, and any number of breeders who were operating on a less pretentious scale were developing horses that, while not achieving actual champion- ship honors, were only seconds or frac- tions thereof removed from the circle of celebrities and were, in many instances, proving greater campaigners and actual money winners in competitive races than the headliners themselves. California horses went to Eastern sale rings in solid trains, and everything carrying California blood lines was eagerly sought for. Then it was that the breeding of the trotter gained its coveted position among the three leading industries of the common- wealth. Nor is it to be forgotten that while the get of these pioneer horses were at the height of their glory another family was being established on the Golden Slope, quietly but steadily ; a family that was destined to exert an equally wide influ- ence in the world of the trotter — that of Mc Kinney, the bay son of Alcyone and Rosa Sprague, brought to California as a two-year-old in 1889 by Charles A. Durfee. The story of his house, one of the most potent and prolific of the pres- ent day. occupies one of the principal chapters in trotting-horse annals. At this time McKinney ranks as the world's greatest progenitor of 2:10 speed, almost every one of the sons and daughters ap- pearing in the "charmed circle," having been bred on California soil, an 1 his blood is more widely disseminated on the Coast and plays a more potent part in Califor- nia's breeding industry of today than does that of any other one horse. THE DAINTY LOU DILLON Many times had the get of our home stallions and matrons drawn by the ex- cellence of their performance the atten- tion of sportsmen wherever the trotter was known, but it fell to the lot of the Golden State to achieve her most start- ling success in the eyes of the whole world in the way of speed production when, on August 24, 1903, at Readville, Mass., the dainty Lou Dillon (herself, her sire and her dam California-bred) settled once and for ever the long-mooted question of wdiether the "two-minute trotter" should be classed as a reality or merely as the product of enthusiastic and optimistic conjecture. Piloted by Millard Sanders (a long-time resident of the AA^estern Coast, and who. a round dozen years be- fore, had driven Frou Frou, another and earlier member of the great family of Sidney, to the then world's yearling rec- ord of 2:25l^), she swept to the quarter post in :30t4. to the half in 1 -.03^4, to the three-quarters in 1 :31. and came to 608 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Electioni'iT, famous head of the Stud of Stanforil ranch in the early years of trotting horse Ijreeding in California the wire in an even 2:00, later in the same year reducing- that mark to 1 :58^. There it still stands as a record for trotting mares, and there it stood as a record for all trotters until 1912, when Uhlan, trac- ing in direct line to Electioneer, clipped the half second and established the pres- ent figures 1 :58. Though Californians luue ever been partial to the pure-gaited trotter and have spent the best of their efforts to produce horses with the "one, two, three, four" way of g-oing, the C"alif(jrnia-l)red ])acer has kept abreast of those from sister states most worthil}-. Colt records, sea- son ( hampionships, heat records and manv other laurels have fallen to them, and in a majority of the hardest fought and fastest contests which men remember longest they have borne the 1)runt of the battle and emerged with honors, while from a California-bred sire has the won- derful Directum I received the speed in- heritance that has made him the king of racing pacers. WHAT CALIFORNIA HORSES HAVE DONE Reluctantly disregarding the lunidreds of horses bred on California soil, both trotters and pacers, that are spoken of daily wherever great racing deeds are reviewed, the following synopsis is pre- sented showing those actually achieving recognition as "champion trotters" at va- rious ages, regardless of sex classifica- tion : Yearlings : — Pride 2 AA-yz by Buc- THE TROTTING HORSE 609 L 7.- Sidiioy Dillon, noted sire caneer, 1881 ; Hinda Rose 2:36^ by Elec- tioneer, 1881 ; Freedom 2 :29M by Sable Wilkes 2:18, 1890; Bell Bird 2::6'4 by Electioneer, 1891; Frou Frou 2:2554 by Sidney 2:19^, 1891; Adbell 2:23 by Ad- vertiser 2:15>4, 1894; Wilbur Lou 2:19V^ by Kinney Lou 2:0734, 1910. Two-year-olds: — Sweetheart 2 :26j^ by Sultan 2:24, 1880; Fred Crocker 2:25i4 by Electioneer, 1880; Wildflower 2:21 by Electioneer, 1881 ; Sunol 2 :18 by Election- eer, 1888; Arion 2:10^ by Electioneer. 1891. Three-year-olds: — Hinda Rose 2:19^2, 1883: Sable Wilkes 2:18 by Guy Wilkes 2:LSi4, 1887; Sunol 2:101/, 1889: \rion 2:1014, 1892. of the first 2:00 Trotter Four-year-olds: — Bonita 2:18->4 by Electioneer, 1883; Sally Benton 2:17^ by General Benton, 1884; I'vlanzanita 2:16 by Electioneer, 1886; Sunol 2 :10i/l., 1890; Di- rectum 2:05H by Director 2:17, 1893. Aged :— Occident 2:1634 by Doc, 1873; Sunol 2:084, 1891 ; Lou Dillon 1 :58>4 by Sidney Dillon, 1903. Stailion :— Palo Alto 2:08^ by Elec- tioneer, 1891; Directum 2:05 4, 1893. In addition to these horses. California trotters figure prominently from year to year in the "season championships" for all ages and sexes, over all kinds of tracks, in all localities where racing is conducted. Year after year the great families founded on the Golden Slope furnish from their 610 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE diverse ramitications the leading" contest- ants for the premier honors of "fastest performers," or for the spoils of battle to be wrung" from the winning of rich stakes. Of all the horse-producing states, only Kentucky ranks California in prestige in the realm of the trotter. To a thousand farms across the mountains and deserts to the East, to the countries of the old world where harness racing- flourishes, to the breeding- centers of Australia and to the islands of the Pacific where the Ansflo- Sa.xon has carried with him his favorite sports. California has given of her bounty in speed-producing blood until today, when cham])ion upon champion appears, born without her confines, perhaps, but owning l)lood allegiance to the great houses of Electioneer, Guy Wilkes, Sid- ney, Director, Stein way, Mc Kinney, Dex- ter Prince and others of an equally last- ing- though slightly lesser luster, the debt of the world to California and her horses and horsemen is incalculable. T N JUDGING horses so much stress is usually placed upon the im- ^ portance of good legs and feet and general conformation that the head, which is just as much an index to character in horses as is the face in humankind, is often overlooked. We are likely to inspect a horse from the ground upward, and though we admire a good head W'C regard it in the light of an additional rather than a necessary virtue. From the tips of a horse's ears to the end of his nose, every line has some meaning well worthy of consideration. The ears are important. From the manner in which they are carried we learn not only much of the animal's character — whether he is intelligent or stupid, timid or fearless, lazy or ambitious — but also what he is going to do under various circumstances. The eye of the careful driver is never off his horse's ears for anv length of time. — Country Gentleman. The American or Five-Gaited Saddle Horse By Hon. E. A. Bridgford For Six Years President of Pacific Coast Gaitcd Saddle Horse Association Editor s Note: Judge E. A. Bridgford has been for a generation a strong force in the building of the hve stock interests of CaHfornia. During the last six years of his presidency of the association named above his interest has dwelt largely with the saddle horse. Whence came the grand creature known as the gaited horse ; what are his characteristic traits and c|ualities among other equine classes ; W'hat he means to the heart of a man and particularly to a Californian, where conditions favor the closest association, and why such a horse can never be displaced but w^ill grow^ in favor — such are a few of the considerations which Judge Bridgford urges forcibly and eloquently. THE saddle horse has been the com- panion of man throughout the his- torical age of the workl, and there may 1)6 seen evidences of the same conditions in pre-historic times. Xo history of wars, ancient or modern, may be found except there is depicted therein the accompani- ment of the horse in the great achieve- ment of man. He has been man's greatest friend in times of war and in times of peace ; in civiHzed and cultured communi- ties, and on the frontier and the field of the savage. You may see the illustrious of all ages pictured as mounted upon a beautiful and fearless charger. But we are to treat more particularly of the special breed, "the American saddle horse." He is peculiarly an American product. He has reached his greatest per- fection in the Middle West, notably in the states of Kentucky and ^lissouri ; he is not, however, by any means confined to these states. The states of Tennessee, Illinois. Iowa, Indiana, Ohio and Texas are quite extensively interested in their breeding. California is also making rapid progress in this line. HOW THE BREED ORIGINATED The gaits of the American, or five-gait- ed, saddle horse consist of the (1) flat- footed walk. (2) trot, (3) canter, (4) rack. (5) fox-trot, running walk or stepping space, any one of the last-mentioned three being permissible as constitutmg one of the five. The number mentioned comprise seven gaits, but only five are required to bring an animal within the class. The American saddle horse is no acci- dent. He grew out of the pride and neces- sities of man. In the early settlement of the Middle West practically all of the means of transportation were necessarily on horseback ; there were no railroads, very little staging, few buggies or light wagons — this was necessarily so. There were heavy rains at short periods through- out the year ; the soil of the country was such that the highways were almost im- 612 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE l\v\ McDonald, Chanipiou livc-gaitcd Saddli- Stalliuii of the world. — From copi/righted photo by George Ford Morris in the "Saddle Horse of America and the Morgan IIor.se" possible of passage, and only in a prac- tical way by means of horseback. This condition of the roads remained in many places until very recent years, and in many localities even to this day, so the necessity compelled people to take the back of the horse as the most convenient, safe and comfortable way of travel. The result was that all classes, particu- larly the rural classes, made use of the saddle horse; women and children were no exception. Whether they went to neighboring" village, to the schoolhouse entertainment, to the church — practically all went on horseback. If the family could not afford a horse for each member, then two, sometimes three, would ride one horse. If your best girl did not have a horse, she was requested to, and not in- frequently did, ride behind you on your horse. In that case she was the one to do the arm-encircling act instead of the young gentleman. Those who were in more fortunate circumstances each had tlicir own horse. Naturally, there grew u]) a rivalry among the young people for the possession of the best animal. 1 have known families of three to one-half dozen boys each with his own saddle horse. If they were not able to buy one, then the next best thing was to raise one — and, of course, the effort was to produce the best the circumstances and judgment would admit. I have attended country churches many times when two-thirds of the people in at- tendance would come on horseback. This same custom of attending church was also true of all picnics and schoolhouse enter- tainments. ( )f the older classes of people, physi- cians took more pride in their saddle horses. Of course, physicians have al- ways desired to appear distinguished, and the better and more stylish his mount, the more attention he attracted, and the more he was talked of, the better advertised. In this way there sprung up among the physicians a rivalry for the ownership of the best and most beautiful saddle horse. They paid the best prices for suitable mounts, thus creating a market for supe- rior animals. It was not only desirable for them to have a handsome animal, but one that would carry his rider with ease, comfort and rapidity. The horse seem- ingly best suited to these requirements was one with a rapid walk, growing into a stepping pace or running walk ; these gaits were cultivated more and more as they became known to the people. The physicians doing more constant riding than the people generally, and feeling the necessity for such gaits, bought and paid THE SADDLE HORSE 613 good prices for horses with these charac- teristics. The physicians also being the most prominent men of the community by rea- son of their supposed learning and skill, created a desire among other classes, and particularly the young men, to emulate them in the possession of the handsomest and best-gaited saddle horse. As time went on the rivalry waxed warm — many warm discussions being had as to which had the best animal. It was necessary that there be some method de- vised for determining this important and mooted cjuestion. The country fair seemed to be the time and place to settle it. So $5.00 premiums or other small amounts were offered for the best saddle horse. Many were the early mornings and late evenings occupied by the young man in the caretaking of his horse in preparation for this most important event. THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE THOROUGHBRED At that time the now characteristic gait, to wit, "The Rack," of the gaited horse was not known ; but instead he went the "'side pace." By and by some one developed a horse that went what we now call "the rack," wdiich is the most graceful of all the gaits, and particularly of the rapid gaits. Indeed, this is the dis- tinguishing gait of the American saddle horse. In the early days of the settlement of the ^Middle West there had already de- veloped in the South Atlantic States the love for and interest in the running of thoroughbred horses, which were used for racing purposes. These thoroughbreds, as a rule, were originally imported from England, and later extensively bred in America. The other source of importa- tion of horses was from Canada. The Canadian horse was usually the more compact and serviceable animal. ]Many of them had an easy pace or amble that made them sought after as saddle horses. The source of the saddle horse may be generallv traced to these Canadian mares mated to thoroughbred stallions, or thor- oughbred mares mated to Canadian stal- lions. Alost generally, however, the sire was a thoroughbred. There was also fre- quentlv a cross of the Morgan horse, which was a trotter. The American Saddle Horse Associa- tion adopted in 1902 as its revised founda- tion stock for its register ten stallions. Six of these ten animals trace to Sir Archy, or imported Diomede, the sire of Sir Archy, while two of the remaining four trace to thoroughbreds which, if further traced, may be found also to go to the same source. While these horses traced largely to thoroughbreds, they have come to be known as a familv bv the name of Den- C a r o 1 i ii a, live-gaited Mare — General Castleinou, founder the American Saddle Horse Register, in tlie saddle. — From copyrighted photo by George Ford Morris in "The Saddle Horse of America and the Morgan Horse" 614 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE marks. The predominating blood of the saddle horse, as well as the standard-bred trotter, will be found to be thorough-bred. The high standard of beauty and action reached by the saddle horse has been se- cured by selection. The best and most' noted of the saddle breed and the stand- ard breed trace to the same source, but have been developed along different lines. As an illustration of the great interest manifested in the American saddle horse in the Middle West, your attention is di- rected to the fact that at least ten county fairs in the State of Missouri in the year 1914, in addition to giving many smaller saddle-horse premiums, gave a single prize of $1,000. Two county fairs each gave a prize of $1,500, besides a $500 purse and many lesser ones. The state fair of Missouri gave a single purse of $2,500, while the state fair of Kentucky gave a purse of $3,000. A WIDE-SPREAD INTEREST As an indication of the interest in and value of these horses, attention may be called to some sales that have been re- cently made. In 1913 the stallion "My Major Dare" sold for $10,000, and his pur- chaser since that time refused an offer of $15,000 for him; "Kentucky's Best" sold in 1913 for $7,500; the mare Hazel Dawn California's Best at three months of age — Sired by Don Castano, champion saddle stallion of Califor- nia, owned by Judge Bridgford Le (Irande McDonald at four months of age — Sired by Grand McDonald, champion of three States, and who was sired by Rex McDonald, owned by Judge Bridgford — From copyrighted photo by George Ford Morris in "The Saddle Horse of America and the Morgan Horse" sold in 1913 for $4,000; the gelding Jack Barrymore sold in 1914 for $5,000. Many others might be named for which long prices were paid, but those noted are suf- ficient to show that the interest exists at this writing. It is apparent that the automobile has not, and in my opinion never will, depose the high-class saddle horse. The automo- bile is an inanimate thing, possesses no intelligence and can engender no feeling of affection or companionship such as ex- ists between the owner and user of a fine saddle horse and his mount. There is nothing more healthful than horseback exercise ; every muscle of the body is brought into action without effort on the part of the rider. There is a dis- tinction in the possession or use of a fine saddle horse that does not and cannot exist in the use of a mere machine which any one with the necessary means can duplicate. It is human nature to desire something distinct. We no longer envy or ask who it is in the passing automobile ; Intt not so with the equestrian mounted on a beautiful horse. THE SADDLE HORSE 615 There are more people to be seen on horseback in the parks today than at any time in the past. This is particnkirly no- ticeal)le in Golden Gate Park. There are to be seen, among- others, a large number of girls daily riding- in this park. This not only imparts health and vigor, conse- quently that feminine charm, beauty, but self-confidence, grace and the recognized accomplishment of good horsemanship. The busy American must have some diversion, some relief from the great nerv- ous strain that is put upon him by the pressure of business. The youth of the land are encouraged now as never before in the n-iatter of out-of-door life, entertain- ment and exercise. The public is going wild after baseball, and is largely inter- ested in football, golf, polo, tennis and other outdoor sports, llie interest in the saddle horse possesses a large hold upon the public, which will increase as the years go by. IMPORTANCE TO CALIFORNIA As an evidence of the increasing inter- est on the Pacific Coast attention is di- rected to the fact that the State fair of California and other more local tairs are annually increasing their premium lists for this class of horses, and the exhil)itions thereat are becoming more and more pop- ular. There were some seventy head of saddle horses exhibited at the California State Fair in the year 1914, and many of the classes would have done credit in any company. The Pacific Coast Gaited Saddle Horse Association, organized some six or seven years ago, has done much and is doing niuch to enhance the interest on this coast. This association is a regularly in- corporated company and has established a register for the registration of properly qualified animals, and are thus encourag- ing the breeding of these animals. There are a number of established breeding farms in California which possess some as fine animals as may be found in any portion of the United States. The breed- ing of these animals, w^atching their de- velopment, and cultivation of their in- spiring action tends to make country life more pleasing, and hence tends to encour- age the movement "back to the land." A MOXG the numerous attractions of California to the visitor or ^ resident, that of horseback riding is prominent. It is true that the automobile has captured many who were thorough devotees of the horse, but there are many who still retain their love of that form of exercise and recreation and the parks, the winding foothill roads, the valleys and the broad boulevards are sought by men, women and children with their steeds for a gallop during the hours of playtime. California has always been a horse-land. In early days the Indian, the vaquero, and the grandee w^re the horsemen ; today the 'puncher in the cattle districts still rides like a centaur. But the love of good horseflesh is a heritage from the romantic times of California and will never utterly die no matter how persistent the inroads of the motor driven vehicle. 616 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZINE Fine dairy cow at Davis University Farm — Merinaiilen's Fern, year's record: 1)770.5 pounds of milk; 528.2 pounds of butterfat *i 8L^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Ih • ^1^ " ^^■■■mP^^HIi^^^^BI - ■ ^m ■ 1 ! ^^ Brown Hessie Gaylarlv record: r)12 pounds l)utterl'at in eleven montlis. At University Farm CALIFORNIA COW HOLDS WORLD^S RECORD TILLY ALCARTRA, who became the world's champion milk producer over all breeds November 13, 1914. A year's semi-official test was completed with a production of 30,452.6 pounds of milk. Tilly Alcartra is the property of A. W. Morris & Sons of California. It is an interesting fact that not so many years ago the cow which could produce 20,000 pounds of milk in a year was regarde:l as a marvel. Today the 30,000-pound cow is realized in this Holstein-Friesian. whose annual pro- duction of milk exceeds that amount and contains butter fat equal to more than half a ton of butter. Tilly Alcartra thrives on the food and sunshine of the Sacramento Valley, and her record was not the result of pampering or forced feeding. NOTE. — Dairying being one of the most important and rapidly growing industries in California, dairy experts are employed in our Scrx-ice Department to supply any information required by readers of this publication. Opportunities in California Dairy Farming By Wm. H. Savior Fonncrlx Secretary Calif ornia State Dairy Bureau: Publisher and Editor "Pacific Dairy Revieia" Editor's Xofc: Air. Savior officially served the dairy industry of California for a score of years. For many years he has published the leading dairy specialty journal of the State and has recently been an owner and operator of dairy property. He is therefore broadly qual- ified to write a review of this important industry, setting- forth its pe- culiar local phases, its problems, its wonderful advancement, and its outlook. He is well known not only for his intimate knowledge of his subject, but for his ability to present important and interesting considerations in a tellino- manner. I'i' IS generally accepted that in establishing one's self in some line of business, capital is an essential. Failure in farming has par- ticularly been credited to the fact that it is too often undertaken with a lack of sufficient capital. I want to point out that there is at least one line of industry and one part of the country where success may come, and has come in abundance where the only capital consists of strong arms, intelligence and determination and California furnishes the theater where it can be done. In substantiation of this claim, I want to point to at least five thousand exam- ples of its proof among the present dairymen in the State, all of whom it may be said en- gaged in the business at some stage with the "capital stock" above enumerated. Let us take a typical case — it will probably Well bred dairy heifers earn money while growing; a choice lot of two-year olds 618 CALIFORNIA'S AIAGAZINE ■ceding allalta and otlicr crops liy tlic soiluiK system means larger yickls ol milk and more Iced to the acre. These California cows produce Ijetter than 400 pounds of butterfat per year be some young man just past his majority, who arrived from Portugal, from Switzerland, or possibly Denmark or Germany. This young fellow loses no time on his arrival in a new country, everything in which is strange to him except work ; that he has a thorough acquain- tance with and he finds it in abundance in the demand for workers on the dairy farms of California; in fact, he was sure of a job before he left the old country, and at any rate he is here but a few days when he is out in the open country — in California's sunshine — extracting the liquid sunshine from the Cali- fornia COW'S. At the end of his first month he is handed his pay — forty dollars, and perhaps forty-five. His eyes are opened by the shining "twenties." The energy of his arms and the enthusiasm of his willing mind are being converted into cash capital. A year rolls by and he has five hun- dred dollars; he has it in some bank domi- nated by the people of his nationality where it is drawing interest with the exception of a small proportion that goes for the purchase of clothes and the few pleasures he craves aside from the satisfaction that he finds in the fact of making financial progress. He puts in a second year and possibly a third in the same way, and likely on the same dairy farm. Then he takes stock and finds himself possessed of a fortune amounting to a thousand or fifteen lumdred dollars. We will put it at three years and credit him with the latter sum. During his employment as a milker on a dairy farm he has taken one of his brother milkers into his confidence and plans for his future. His friend, too, is likely possessed of a similar "pile" in the bank. The result of this mutual planning is a partnership backed by sufficient capital, especially by ex- ercising their borrowing capacity — and this class of industrious young men generally have credit to buy cows and equipment to conduct a leased dairy farm on a fifty, seventy-five or hundred cow basis. Perhaps they rent from their former employer, who, seeking retire- ment, is pleased to turn the place over to them, for he knows them and the "stuff" they are made of. Maybe it is some disgruntled Ameri- can farmer or dairyman who wants to get away from the "drudgery and bother" of run- ning a dairy ; in which case, as likely as not, the new partnership picks up a "snap." Meanwhile the probabilities are that ro- DAIRYING 619 mance has been at work and our erstwhile young foreigner, combining good business with romance, has sent word to his old sweetheart at home to come to California and join for- tunes with him, and in short she is installed as the life partner of one of the members of the firm and chief of the household depart- ment of the dairy establishment. The fat bimonthly checks come from the creamery or city milk dealer. The "veal wagon" makes its regular visits, leaving liberal checks, while the boys go on accumulating pork ; at the same time, something else is going on ; the heifer calves are being raised and in a few years the original herd has outgrown the farm. Something must be done ; the part- ners again confer and finally decide to break the enterprise into two units ; one acquires a lease on another piece of property, the checks continue to come in, the bank accounts accmii- ulate, as does also each herd. The next step has arrived and all of a sudden the local com- munity is surprised that the Portuguese, Swiss, Scandinavian immigrant, or whatever the na- tionality may be, of only a few years ago, has purchased a farm and completed the transition from a poor and modest but willing wage earner, to an employer of labor and a person of business standing in the community. I take this course of presenting dairy op- portunities in California, not out of mere fancy, but because it corresponds with facts. Go into any Bairy community in the State and you find it exemplified — in fact, the dairy industry of California rests on just this line of experience. It rankles an American some- what to admit the success of this thrifty for- eign-born element. But it is true. The American youth comes to California looking for the easy, cuff-and-collar job ; in too many instances he fails to land it, and while he drifts to lower strata of labor, he does it with disgust in his heart, ambition dies out, while the young foreigner finds in the humble work on a dairy farm his opportunity. FUNDAMENTAL FACTORS OF SUCCESS And how do we account for this success and wherein is the opportunity? I have only space in which to present a few pertinent facts. I shall leave out of discussion that portion of California known as the native pasture dairy sections, as they have already reached a fair degree of development, and confine myself to the irrigated dairy sections of the State in r^'fc^SR*' Holstein cows yield from ten thousand to thii-ty thousand pounds of milk per year and are preferred for city milk production 620 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE The iinsiinitary dairy barn is giving way to modern methods in which light, cleanliness and convenience are the first considerations which alfalfa grows to perfection. Land by underflow through the soil yields from five under either surface irrigation or moistened to eight tons of hay to the acre, while ten tons Hi Restrained but as comfortable as though feeding in a meadow DAIRYIX'G 621 one cow to the acre of a fair alfalfa yield is a liberal one. There are dairymen who keep two to the acre ; there are others who use two acres or more to one cow and fail at that. Good management and a thorough understand- ing of soils and cropping account for the difference. And what can the California cow do with this alfalfa? A few figures will show it. In Tulare County they have a body of dairymen who have banded themselves together to sys- tematically "test" their cows through the medium of an official tester in order that each cow in the herds may be made to stand on A thousand dollar California heilir Large herds on specialized dairy farms mean efTieiency and big "cream checks" is not an exceptional yield under ideal con- ditions. The scientists will tell us that a ton of alfalfa hay contains 210 pounds of digestible carbohydrates, what might be termed the re- fined products out of which milk and meat are made in the animal body. At five tons to the acre it means approximately 1000 pounds of digestible protein and 4000 pounds digestible carbohydrates to the acre. These same scien- tists tell us that a fairly good dairy cow can do good work with three pounds of the pro- tein and fifteen pounds of the carbohydrates a day, and hence the accepted standard of The Guernsey cow is popular in California 622 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE \ A co-operative creamery in California her individual shovvinjf for butterfat produc- tion. Thirteen herds have completed a year's work with an average production of 272.5 pounds, fed exclusively on alfalfa. The stat- istician of Stanislaus County found that it produced 7,541,900 pounds of butter in 1913 from 30,228 cows in the county, making an average yield of 248 pounds per cow besides supplying local needs in the way of milk and cream. Up in the Eel River Valley, Humboldt County, where clovers take the place of al- falfa, eight herds entered in the Ferndale Cow Testing Association, representing 609 cows, averaged 291 pounds of butterfat in a year. Taking yields of individual cows, we have some striking records to show what a good cow can do on an exclusive alfalfa ration. The best producing cow in the Tulare Testing As- sociation referred to, a Jersey, made 437 pounds of butterfat in a year. In the Fern- dale Association, one herd developed cows with yearly yields of butterfat amounting to 544, 464, 456, and 458 pounds. A cow in the writer's herd made 444 pounds of fat in a year. In fact, reports of cows yielding over 400 pounds of butterfat in a year on exclusive alfalfa feeding are numerous, and nothing can better proclaim California's claim as the ideal home of the dairy cow and the way in which she compensates for them in profits. GROWTH OF THE CALIFORNIA DAIRY INDUSIRY The result is shown in the rapidity with which the State has forged ahead in the dairy ..;.'::^<.U^M*iU^ Iluiiliiig the shade after a lull meal DAIRYING 623 1 Dairy Shorthorn business, a business that represents $40,000,000 annual gross income to the industry. From a butter production of 28,783,859 pounds for the year 1900, it has grown to 59,286,460 pounds for the year ending October 1, 1914; butter, by the way, being the principal avenue through which the product of the cows of California is disposed of. The gain during the years shown above represents in the main the development of the dairy industry in the irrigated portions of the State. Coincidentally with the increase in impor- tance and extent of the dairy industry in Cali- fornia has been the progress in better methods, in a better and more profitable class of dairy cows and in sanitary and well-equipped dairy plants. She has models of the last mentioned and some of her breeding herds are world famous. How much our climatic and feed conditions contribute to the evolution of a better race of dairy cattle Californians are too modest to make claims. The fact remains, however, that the breeding of registered ani- mals of the purely dairy breeds of cattle is one of the profitable and attractive features of the business. The local demand for breed- ing stock has been strong, while an export de- mand is ready to take our breeding stock as soon as we get in a position to supply it. With the splendid success that dairymen have made in the past in California and the rapid development that the industry has undergone, tlie question naturally presents itself as to the permanency of this prosperous condition and the prospects for continued profitable returns from the dairy herds of the State. The alarm about overproduction is always present with the pessimist. I heard it twenty years ago Avhen California produced less than one-third of the butter she produces at the present time. It prevailed at a time when the dairy industry was confined to less than a dozen counties along the immediate coast, whose produce did not only supply the urban population of the State, but much of which was shipped into some of the interior counties, some of which are now producing as much butter as any two counties in the older dairy territory referred to. California is not developing along single industrial lines. At one time it appeared as 624 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE though this might be the case, and that she would become one vast combination orchard and vineyard, and decreased returns in these lines of agricultural activity have often been pointed to as examples of what may happen to the dairy business as a result of its rapid expansion. Each decade we have seen the dairy output of the State double, but each one has also seen the consuming industries other than those strictly agricultural, incident to our apparentlv inexhaustible supply of min- eral oil. the utilization of our vast stt)res of still undeveloped electric power, the expansion of our domestic and overseas commerce, devel- oping a non-agricultural population in Califor- nia that has forced the prices of staple farm products upward instead of downward. \\"hen we have supplied the demand in Cali- fornia for butter we can turn to cheese pro- duction. The State still imports two pounds of cheese to every one that we produce, and fiftv cans of condensed milk for every one of local production. When we have fully supplied these channels an Eastern demand eagerly awaits our supplies of dairy products. Vacant areas of land throughout the country are being occupied. The beef industry, which is so closely correlated to that of dairying, is no longer a matter of free ranges. The smaller farms nuist supply the meat for the people, and the attractive prices for beef are holding development of the dairy industry in check in the big states of the Middle East, and in con- seiiucnce of whicli the price of dairy products is approaching prohibitive figures in the great consuming centers of the East. These offer great opportunities for California dairy products. And fortunately she is able to take care of this demand at its best, which is during the midwiiUer of the East, where severe weather makes dairying a matter of small profits in winter, while the California cow, living in the open winter and perpetual sun- shine, gives as good an account of herself during the winter months as at any other. In- deed, California can have somewhat of a monopoly on fresh-made winter butter of high quality if her people see fit to develop it. It pays to raise oranges and other fruit to ship to the Eastern markets. A carload is w-orth from $200 to $800, and sometimes there is nothing left after paying handling and trans- portation charges. A carload of butter is valued at from $5000 to $7500, and the sale of it at a distant point is bound to leave some part of it for the producer. There are in Cali- Waiting to enter the barn to deliver the goods DAIRYING 625 fornia millions of acres of rich valley lands still waiting to be irrigated on one hand and to be drained of excessive water on the other. Barring occasional areas of land of indif- ferent and even inferior quality which are too often unloaded on unsuspecting settlers, these areas are ideal for dairy farming. They yield alfalfa, the incomparable dairy forage, to perfection ; in like manner corn for ensi- lage, root crops and other forage. Her in- dustries offer the by-products of sugar fac- tories, flouring mills, oil mills and breweries. For external comfort and internal nutrition the California cow is blessed above all dumb ani- mals, and when the cow is right she responds generously to her owner. Y^/ E LIV^E in revolutionary times, peaceful here in California, but none the less revolutionary. In no line of industry has that fact been more marked than in the dairying industry. Immigration made possible alfalfa and the kindred dairy herd foods, with the result that there are probably more farmers using the sanitary separator today than used the old-fashioned dasher churn a generation back. The farmer's butter of the past has disappeared and it is well it is so, for today with the high-class products of the modern creamery, the butter of the past would find no market. The quantity has increased while the quality has risen so that today, while the consumption per capita has materially increased, the supply at last serves the local demand. With a soil and climate that produce six crops of feed per annum the price of the high-class finished product has tended downward ; with a prac- tically inexhaustible water supply, with wide areas of still virgin soil ; with Alaska, the Islands of the Pacific, the Philippines, and the main- land of the Orient, for a market; with a transportation rate East via the Panama Canal, that makes it possible to send the products of early spring to the Atlantic seaboard while yet the winter snow is on the ground, the dairying industry of California has a future as boundless as the sea. Dairy Products from the Cow fo the Consumer By Ed H. Webster General Siil^eriiiicndcnt California Central Creameries Editors Note: Few men on the Pacific Coast are as well informed in the dairying business as Mr. Webster, who has studied the indus- try from almost every possible angle. For four years he held the important post of chief of the dairy division of the United States De- partment of Agriculture; a similar length of time was spent by Mr. Webster as director of the Kansas experiment station, and for two years he acted as associate editor of Hoarst's Dairyman, an official paper of the industry. For five years he has been engaged in the practical business department of dairying. His paper which follows is thoroughly dependable, though written in terms that any one may coniDrehend. IN OUR grandmothers' day, yes in our mothers' day, butter and cheese were home- made products, and these same mothers were the dairy maids. The old dash churn and the simple cheese hoop and improvised press pur- chased for the price of a few pounds of butter or cheese, constituted the factory equipment. Even in our day (and we do not have to go back so very far), ranch butter and cheese made up the bulk of trade in these products. Many men still in the wholesale dairy produce business began as handlers of ranch products. Not long ago the dairyman delivered his milk direct to the consumer. A milk pail, a can and a tin dipper made up his equipment. Because the milk soured quickly he made two deliveries a day. In those days the cream separator and the Babcock tester were unknown. Milk would sour then as now but a passing thunder shower and hot weather were supposed to be the con- tributing causes. No one knew anything about bacteria or microbes. The evolution in the dairy business has been marked by an almost complete abandonment of the old methods and ideas and the substi- tution of the factory for the manufacture and distribution of all dairy products. The farmer no longer sells butter and cheese, but takes his cream to the creamery and his milk to the cheese factory. The milkman who now leaves the bottle of Pasteurized or certified milk at the consumer's door is not the farmer, but the agent of a great milk plant, which gets its supplies from the farmer at wholesale. Because of these changes we have today, butter and cheese of uniform quality and milk that is rendered pathologically safe by Pas- teurization and produced under modern ideals of sanitation. The modern creamery or butter factory buvs the raw material from the farmer in the form of cream. This cream must be clean and in good condition or it can not be made into fine butter. The amount of butterfat in the cream is determined bv the Babcock test and DAIRYING 627 the scales, and the farmer is paid a price pro- portional to the price of butter in the whole- sale markets of San Francisco and Los Ang- eles. The price for a pound of butterfat varies from 2 to 5 cents above the wholesale price of a pound of butter. The cream, in the best factories, is Pas- teurized, that is, heated to a temperature which will destroy most of the bacteria which it contains, and cooled to the churning tem- perature. The modern machinery and appliances for this work are the marvel of the novice and the despair of the old time butter maker. But the processes used insure a healthful and fine butter of uniform quality. The butter maker in such a factory must know how to make fat, salt, moisture, and acidity determinations, all of which are the application of chemistry to his work. He must be a good judge of the quality of cream and butter and know enough plain arithmetic to calculate his results and bring his computed work to a uniform stand- ard of quantity and quality. California has some of the most complete and down to date butter plants and some of the most expert and skillful butter makers to be found in the country. Sixty-seven million pounds of butter were made in the State in 1914, but not all of it was of the high quality above mentioned. There are too many old-fashioned butter makers and too many poorly ec^uipped cream- eries. No state in the Union can produce butter more cheaply nor is any other great butter state better situated for reaching the great markets on the Atlantic seaboard than California. By way of the canal we can put butter in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington at less cost than any of the great Central butter states. Our opportunity lies in producing the fine quality demanded by these great markets. California is destined to become the greatest butter pro- ducing center in the whole world. The cheese industry of the State is still in the stage of evolution between the ranch and the factory. Some of the finest cheese is made in California. We have great opportunities along that line but the crude methods must give way to the more modern cheese factory and the skill that can be there applied in the manufacture of a uniform high quality. Not many Calif ornians are aware of the fact that we have in this State the largest dry milk factory in the United States. Dry skim milk is rapidly becoming a standard article in the home, the bakery, and in many food manufacturing concerns. The California product is sold throughout the East and South in direct competition with Eastern manufac- turers. The output of this product in the State now amounts to 2,000,000 pounds per year, with possibilities of great development. The product is from pure skim milk and is so per- fectly made that the addition of water to the dry powder brings it again to the form of skim milk. (July an expert could tell it from the original article from which it was made. No branch of the dairy business has gone through so great an evolution and has so changed for the better as the distribution of market milk. The days of the dipper and can have forever passed in California. City and State inspection compels clean, sanitary barns and handling on the ranch. Nearly all of the large milk plants now have complete Pas- teurizing apparatus which enables them to put out a milk which may be guaranteed to be free from disease germs. Large centrifugal machines are used to clarify the milk. These machines remove any sediment or solid particles that may be in the milk and which in fact are normal to all milk but not necessary for its purity as food value. The milk is then heated to 140 degrees Fahren- heit for twenty-five minutes and then cooled to less than fifty degrees Fahrenheit. This heating and cooling, called Pasteurization, de- stroys all possible disease germs which in spite of the most careful watchfulness may enter the milk from the clothing or hands of the milk- ers or from the udder of the cow, and de- stroys also most of the other bacteria which are present in all milk a few hours old. The rapid and complete cooling keeps any organisms not destroyed from developing. Such milk is absolutely safe for drinking by 628 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE babies or older children. The present day method of distributing milk is in sterilized bottles. Milk i)roi)erly Pasteurized and placed in such bottles and tightly capjied will, if kept cold, remain a perfect food for many hours. It can be safely asserted that the milk supply so handled is a much safer food for children than that obtained in the smaller towns where the expense of modern milk plants is not a commercial possibility. J'hus has the dairy business of California developed from a farm to a factory propo- sition and in such development the producer and the consumer are better served. It has re- moved much hard work and drudgery from the shoulders of the farm women and at the same time furnished the women of the State purer, more dependable, and better dairy products. By this means alone has it been possible to build up a great dairy industry in Cali- fornia. As great as the industry is at the present time it is still in its infancy so far as the possibilities of development are concerned. In the rapid growth of our population and the varied industries of our State, dairying did not keep pace with other developments until within recent years. The result was a shortage of supplies for home consumption and because of our distance from other dairy centers, high prices for all dairy products were the rule. They were much higher tlian in l<>astern markets. With the wonderful development of the past six or eight years, however, we have reached a point where we have a small surplus of butter, and as a result lower prices rule than formerly. We are just at the transition stage in this respect. There is as yet too little sur- plus of butter to establish permanent and regu- lar trade with the great Eastern markets. As a consequence our prices rule lower in propor- tion to Eastern markets during the summer, the period of our greatest production. With enough surplus product to establish such trade channels, however, California stands on better ground than any of the butter states of the Middle West. The temper of the California people to do things in a big way will be exemplified in dairying as it has been in fruit growing and general ranching. The future looks good for the dairyman and the establishment of a greater dairv industrv is well under way. Holstein Friesian Cow Dairy school class, 1914 Dairy Instruction at the University Farm By Prof. H. E. Van Norman Vice Director and Dean of University Farm School at Davis, Cal., and President National Dairy Slioiv Editor's Xotc: His position as vice director and dean of the Uni- versity of California farm school fits Professor A^an Norman most excellently to write upon the subject of dairy instruction. The im- portance of the industry to this State renders particularly interesting any information upon what is being- done to educate the people in the most modern and successful methods of dairy farming. Pro- fessor Van Norman shows why the development of the industry is a necessity. '' I ""HE rapidly increasing amount of land -*- being brought under irrigation and the cultivation of alfalfa, make the development of the dairy industry of the State of California an economic necessity, to say nothing of the increasing market for dairy products, espe- cially ice cream and market milk, as the popu- lation of the State gro\vs. The competition of products from outside the State, notably butter, from across the Pacific, makes it imperative that the quality of California's products shall be of the best. Wlien the product is scarce the buyer is not critical, at least not as critical as when the market is generously supplied and he may choose the best. The instruction facilities provided by the State at the university farm at Davis are planned to assist the practical dairyman in more successfully overcoming the difficulties to be met with in ordinary practice, and to attain that excellence of product which commands 630 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE Butter making at Univeisity Farm the highest price in the face of competition. It should be borne in mind that only the best product can be shipped across the continent, or across the Pacific. Therefore, the nearby creamery or dairy, face to face with foreign competition, finds only the best quality to com- pete with. To make the highest quality re- quires an understanding of principles, and a control of conditions. It is to supply this knowledge, together with sufficient practice to make it clear, that the instructional work and equipment at the university farm are planned. Separating milk and washing utensils at University Farm DAIRYING 631 Making ice cream at University Farm This plant comprises a ranch of nearly 800 acres, part of which is devoted to investiga- tional and educational work, with fruits and crops, while the remainder is producing feed for the herds and flocks. The dairy herd includes excellent groups of the leading breeds, notably Holsteins, Jerseys, Guernseys, and a few Ayreshires ; also some grades in feeding experiments. Excellent in- dividuals are to be found: Pietertje Bloom, 66816, has a record of 23,591.2 pounds of milk, and 783.35 pounds of butter fat; Colantha Fourth's Lad Mercedes, a four-year- old heifer, has a record of 17,126 pounds of milk, and 611 pounds of butter fat. These are all Holsteins, while the young Jersey cow, Mermaiden's Fern, has produced 9,770.5 pounds of milk, and 528.2 pounds of butter fat; and Brown Bessie Gaylark has produced 500 pounds of butter fat, and has several weeks to go before completing the year. A creamery building, equipped with the latest apparatus for the churning of butter, making ice cream and cheese, together with the testing of all kinds of butter products, is available for instruction and investigation. The cream or milk from some eighty ranches is regularly brought to this creamery, so that every day there is available material for stu- dent practice. When the students are not there the regular employees and instructors perform the work, thus the students receive instruction from men who are in daily practice in the actual handling of dairy products. During the present fiscal year something over $60,000 worth of butter, ice cream, cheese, milk, etc., has been sold. DIVISIONS IN INSTRUCTION The instructional work may be divided into three classes — that for the university farm school students, young men who are eighteen years of age or older, and who may not have completed a high school course, or otherwise not fulfilled the requirements for admission to a college course in agriculture, yet are too old to go to high school for further preparation. To these men is offered three years of train- ing in agriculture, with an opportunity to de- 632 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE vote their attention chieBy, either to liorlicul- ture or live stock, or to dairy work. In the second group are the students who, having completed two and one-half years in the regular courses of the college of the Uni- versity of California, come up to the university farm for that training in agricultural suhjects which requires for its most ctficient practice tlie use of the creamery equipment, the herds and flocks, the pouhry. the swine herds, the or- chards, and tlie fields. The third group are the short course stu- dents who come for six weeks in the fall. These are divided into two groups — those who are preparing themselves to go into commer- cial creameries as helpers or foremen, and those who are going out on the ranches to handle the herds, produce milk for a creamery, cheese factory or the city milk plant, grow grain, stock or fruit. The relatively large proportion of students of the farm school who have devoted much attention to the dairy subjects in the few years of the scliool's existence is evidence of the widespread interest in this line of farm busi- ness and educational wt)rk. Correspondence courses dealing witli dairy productions are also offered, and are being taken by a large number. At stated periods the butter makers of the State are invited to send in samples of tlieir product for exanniiation l)y commercial judges with criticisms and suggestions for improve- ment by members of the staff of the dairy division. Some forty-odd butter makers took part in these scoring contests during the past year. Those who completed the year participating in every contest, received a certificate of merit for proficient work. Nearly half of those partici- pating this year took part in one t)r more pre- ceding years' contests. The greatest need of the dairy industry in California is pure bred sires at the head of the herds, together with the use of the scales and the lead pencil, to the end that we may have more and better cows, and that more atten- tion be paid to tlie handling of the product. Dairy Mamiracturcrs 1911 — California Dairy School SUPPLY AND DEMAND RE you aware that California, despite its large output of poultry and eggs — amounting in money to $18,000,000 a year, approximately — has never produced sufficient quantities of either to supply the demand? THAT IS WHY EXPERTS DECLARE THAT "CALIFORNIA OFFERS A WIDER AND MORE INVITING FIELD FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THIS BRANCH OF AGRICUL- TURE THAN ANY OTHER STATE OF THE UNION !'^ npHERE is not a section of the State where healthy and thrifty poultry cannot be produced. This includes the sea-coast, the so-called desert sections, and the moun- tainous districts. We Need More Eggs and Therefore More Chickens nr^O meet the growing demand, there must be an ade- quate supply. California should not be compelled to draw upon other sections of the country for that supply. And it can be truthfully said that for anyone who wishes to make a pleasant and comfortable living, with possibili- ties for development, there are few businesses superior to poultry culture — in California. Our Readers' Service has a staff of expert poultrymen who are ready to answer any of your questions concerning the poultry industry of this State. You are invited to make use of this service, whether you are already a resident of California or whether you are living elsewhere; whether you are al- ready in the poultry lousiness or merely contemplating going into it. Address : READERS' SERVICE CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE NEW CALL BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO r The Poultry Industry in California By George H. Croley President Federated Poiiltr\ Assoeiation of California Editor s Note: Few men are so well and w^idely known in connection with the beg-innino-s and wonderful development of the poultry in- terests of California as is Mr. Georg-e H. Croley. He has been in close touch with both production and trade for more than forty years. He knows the fanciers, the large scale specialty producers of fowls and eggs, and those who are growing poultry products on mixed farms. Beyond this he knows California conditions under which all have done their parts in building of the great production which is now realized. His article is a clear picture of the industry in its present phases and the opportunities it offers. IN COMPILING the following informa- by any interested reader will result in his tion we have made an earnest effort to finding nothing overrated ; in case of error it place before those who may be considering the will be found on the side of conservatism and raising of poultry in California, as a business not in the column of exaggeration, or as a side issue, an honest and simple state- magnitude and economic value ment of conditions as we find them at the The various reports that we have been able present time, and if given careful investigation to obtain indicate that the commercial value 634 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE of poultry and c-gi^'s produced in California is about $US.tH )().()( 10 pt'r year, based on the price paid to the producers, but we believe that if exact fitiures could be obtained it would be found tn be in excess of this amount. in some districts of this State nearly all the poultry product is marketed locally, etich section having some peculiar method of distri- bution which renders it difficult to obtain sta- tistical returns, and no doubt for this reason they are scarcely considered in the reports w-e use in making our estimate, notwithstanding they are ra])idly becoming important poultry centers. For the entire Cnited States the estimates of the anK)unts ])aid to the producers of poul- try and eggs reach the vast sum of $1,040,- 000.000 annually. It is claimed that this return is greater than the initial revenue from any other one in- dustry or single agricultural product of this country except Indian corn. Notwithstanding this great direct return to our poultry raisers we should, in computing the importance of this branch of agriculture, take into account certain economic benefit ren- dered to the commonwealth and which gain can not satisfactorily be expressed in figures. To illustrate : We have no means of esti- mating how many men and women in the United States make the production of poultry an exclusive business, but there must be many thousands of them, while the industry affords partial employment to over 5.000,000 people. And because of peculiar conditions surround- ing many of these persons they find in this [)articular outdoor industry the only avenue of employment open to them. A very large part of this sum furnishes the sole income of a very large number of these jteople and renders them contented and jjartially or wholly self sup- porting. It enables them to maintain their ambition and self respect because of this op- portunity to remain welcome and useful mem- bers of the community and who would, if deprived of this means of earning their share of this money, become dependents, a burden instead of a benefit to the State.* It is ^particularly essential that we consider these factors as of genuine importance for the reason that it is now deemed the duty of the jteople as a whole — the State — to save waste and use preventive measures to avert poverty and delincjuency as well as to correct and punish; therefore, this industry should be of sufficient ultimate value to the jjeople of every commonwealth to warrant the constant and systematic attention of all state governments. It is the duty of the community to more or less su])ervise the conduct of this scattered but peculiarly beneficial branch of agriculture; to gather and disseminate reliable, concrete information and advice; to encourage these small producers and endeavor in every proper way to assist them to help themselves, thus preventing failure on their part. In defense of our contention we particu- larly refer to a foregoing statement regarding the importance of poultry raising to a very large number of individuals to be found in many towns, but more particularly in ever\- rural district who find in poultry raising theii only available source of employment. Furthermore the i)0ultry industry is largely maintained with what would otherwise be more or less waste. Much unsalable product of the farm is valuable for feed. But it is not only a source of direct wealth and economy ; it is also the medium of salvage and redemption in more ways than one. At times it supplies the means to forestall the foreclosure of a mortgage, saves the farm or homestead and thus prevents ensuing poverty. The orchard- ist many times tides over the barren period between tree planting and paying crops with poultry, and frequently continues to jointly conduct both busines.ses permanently. By keep- ing even a small flock the housewife and chil- dren on the new farm, that is as yet only sufficiently developed or equipped to yield a bare living, are ahle to secure many little necessities and comforts or educational advan- tages that otherwise they could not enjoy, and the helji thus afforded these individuals in *Wc' include in tliis statement those who are engaged in breeding rabbits, bee-keeping, etc., as well as fowls and pigeons. POUT.TRY 635 some remote way benefits every member of the community. Many other similar examples could be cited to emphasize the importance of this branch of agriculture to the people of the State at large, whether viewed from the standpoint of socio- logical benefits or direct commercial gain. As a further direct benefit to society we might state that many boys find in the poultry business on a small scale the opportunity to begin a useful business career. Hundreds of our self-made and prosperous men in Califor- nia owe their success and important positions to the experience and primary commercial schooling secured by them, as boys, in the breeding of fowls, to say nothing of the mis- chief they may have escaped because of their application to an interesting and profitable little business — all their own. Owing to this peculiar distribution of bene- ficial infiuences among a class so urgently re- cjuiring them we believe that, fundamentally at least, poultry raising is the most important industrv in America todav and that California offers a wider and more inviting field for fu- ture development in this branch of agriculture than any other state of the Union. THE BEST LOCATION Poultry raising has now been sufficiently tested in every section of California to dem- onstrate that it is possible to produce healthy and thrifty fowls in any part of the State. In this statement we include the extreme sea coast along its entire length of nearly one thousand miles of actual shore line; the so-called desert sections, as well as the Sierra Nevadas, up to 5000 feet, which is about the limit for agri- cultural efforts. It is therefore only necessary for the pros- pective poultry raiser to investigate the possi- bilities of economically marketing his product and obtaining equipment and provisions for the fowls at reasonable cost in order to de- termine his selection of a location. It is the existence of these favorable conditions that has caused the growth of the industry in the districts which supply the poultry products of tlie State at the present time. Three tliousaiul baby cliicks one ami ouc-hall ila\ .s oUl iiail.\ loi .shipimiit 636 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE POULTRY DISTRICTS OF CALIFORNIA IN THE ORDER OF THEIR IMPORTANCE THE following classiflcalioii and briol" description ol" the present poultry districts, in the approximate order of their importance and value of product, should enable the reader to form a fair idea of the distribution of the industry at this time and the o])portunities for future development. 1. Petaluma District, including Santa Rosa and Sebastopol. 2. California south of Tehachapi — Eight counties. 3. Hayward-Livermore, including the suburbs of the city of Oakland. 4. Santa Cruz-Watsonville-Salinas. 5. San .lose-Ciilroy-Hollister (Santa Clara Valley). 6. Sacramento-Stockton. 7. San Joaquin Valley, excepting that portion included in district No. 6. 8. Sacramento Valley, excepting that portion included in district No. 6. 9. Sonoma-El Verano-Napa. 10. Santa Maria-Arroyo Grande. 11. Martinez-Concord-Walnut Creek (San Ramon Valley). 12. Northwestern Coast District. 13. Northeastern Mountain District. 14. Eastern Mountain District. PEIALUMA UISIRICT PETALUMA claims to be the greatest poultry center in the world and this is no doubt true when measured l)y the number of fowls for each square mile of the district, Avhich occupies a small area in comparison with most of the other sections mentioned above. This tendency to concentrate is due to the de- sire to get as closely els possible to Petaluma, which is at the head of navigation on the Peta- luma River only thirty-seven miles north of San Francisco. It is also on the main line of the North- western Paciiic Railway and the terminus of the Petaluma and Santa Rosa Electric Railway system. These railways with their branches afford rapid and modern passenger and freight .service, while the water transportation supplies cheap freight service to and from a very large portion of the central part of the State. This is a very important consideration as the great bulk of the poultry food is shipped to this district from San Francisco or from those portions of the State that are reached by boats or barges. Two steamers which make daily trips between San Francisco and Petaluma carry passengers and freight and seldom sail without full cargoes. A number of smaller power craft, sailing vessels, and flats, are also permanently employed between these two ports. This cheap and frequent water service also makes the cost of marketing the eggs and poul- try nominal. A single case of eggs can be shipped to San Francisco and the empty case returned for a charge of only 15 cents, and in large lots as low as 4^4 cents per case, while a crate of fowls costs but 30 cents, in- cluding the return of the empty crate. Petaluma has every benefit of climate, soil and water for poultry production and several other stimulating factors influenced the growth of the industry, but even with all these en- couraging features it would never have become the great poultry center without the advan- tages offered by cheap transportation and easy and (juick communication with the great markets. We might use the entire space allotted to the POULTRY 637 poultry division of this publication with matter pertaining to Petaluma and not include half that could be said regarding the "Egg City," but so much information has been so widely published regarding this section we will let these few statements serve to illustrate the im- portance of this district. SOUTHERX CALIFORNIA POULTRY DISTRICT TN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA the pouL -*- try industry has not as yet assumed the degree of concentration that exists in certain districts in the northern part of the State, nevertheless the tendency to cluster is very marked and becoming more so, influenced by advantages of markets, favorable climatic con- ditions, and the further benefits beginners se- cure by their proximity to established poultry ranches. Throughout the eight counties com- prising this district the various centers of population now have their established poultry sections which supply the home demand for eggs and poultry as far as possible and during the season when there may be an over-produc- tion, ship their excess to the city of Los Angeles which is ahvays ready to take any of the surplus products. There has been much dissatisfaction, how- ever, with the manner of establishing market quotations, at least during a part of the vear, for the reason that during the winter months the local supply of ranch eggs in all these sections is so inadequate to the demand that none of this grade reaches the Los Angeles exchange, and the traffic is confined entirely to storage and imported eggs, while the pub- lished quotations indicate that local fresh ranch eggs have been included in the trading. These ambiguous reports and artificially cre- ated prices are misleading because the highest quoted price is accepted by the public as the proper and official value of the choicest fresh ranch eggs and tends to unjustlv influence the price of this grade in the outside markets which absorb all of the product during the winter period and this misunderstanding often results in the poultry raiser receiving much less for his eggs than thev are worth. In order to distiniruish the fresh frcjm the storage and imported eggs ; to secure an estab- lished correct quotation daily, thus securing full protection for the winter home product, the leading poultry raisers have taken steps to form an association which will furnish the exchange with the product from about 200,000 hens daily. Each member of the organization will pledge a certain percentage of his output to go toward the required amount. This sup- ply will create a new grade of eggs for quo- tation by the exchange and will materially assist in protecting both consumer and pro- ducer. It will also be the object of the new association to secure such legislation as may be necessary to protect the industry and also to make prosecutions for violations. The above facts should be proof to any one contemplating establishing in this field, that this industry is far from being overdone in the South and that with this improved method of rendering quotations, the opportunity for profit is enticing. The poultrymen of the southern district deserve great credit for the practical manner in which they keep in touch with one another and benefit by educational co-operation. They fully realize the necessity for protective or- ganization and their efforts in this direction place them ahead of any other large section of the State. It is claimed there are seventy-six standard breeds raised in Southern California. Many large varieties possessing fine table qualities are in favor, Avhile in most all other parts of the State a larger proportion of smaller fowds are kept — chiefly for eggs. The industry is making a steady and healthy growth and shipments of Eastern poultry products are as steadily decreasing. A very large percentage of those who take up this branch of agriculture with little or no previous experience are successful, due no doubt to the spirit of unity and helpfulness that is universally prevalent in that district. San Diego, at the extreme southwestern, and Imperial \'alley, at the extreme southeastern portions of this section, are to a certain extent separate and distinct from the remainder, but the same .iieneral conditions exist. In fact, 638 CALTFORXIA'S ^lAGAZIXE local opportunities or b'jiieficial inliucuces of one sort or another make almost any settled part of Southern California a good location for poultry raising on a small or moderate scale if not as a regular or exclusive business. Coiiiiiirnts by an H-xprrt — iho above descrip- tion of Soutliern California conditions was sul)- niittcd to Mr. A. R. Jack.son of Long Beach, the well-known engineer and expert on feed valnes, and who is also an experienced and suc- cessful poultryman. His rejjort and answers to several general questions follow : Description of territory adapted to the industry is correct as given except that attention should be called to the fact that even in the same dis- trict some locations are preferable, depending upon sunny exposures, shelter from wind, drain- age due to soil and topography. While it is perfectly possible to successfully raise poultry on a heavy soil, it is easier to keep a looser soil sweet and pure and with less attention and expense. Sandy soil is not advisable owing to the possibility of the presence of fleas, which are very detrimental, especially to the young stock.* Has Califoniia Poullry Industry Great Oppor- tuiiitics.' — At the present time the poultry industry offers to any individual who thoroughly under- stands the business or to any one adapted to the industry who is determined to succeed, the highest possible returns on the capital invested. There is a large importation of poultry and eggs annuallj' which in itself is sufficient argument against a possible immediate overproduction. Furthernxore it is one of the few industries that will pay interest on land worth a thousand dollars per acre, and in certain sections, in order to secure all the advantages offered by pro.ximity to market and cheap transportation of feed and products, are located poultry farms on land of even greater value. Like any other industry, it must be properly financed before undertaken, as a large percentage of the failures are due to the failure to recognize this fact. What Advantages Has California in Climate.'— There are decidedly no disadvantages and every- thing is exceptionally favorable in the matter of climate for poultry raising, as an equable tem- perature mu-st be maintained whether natural or artificial for the best results in the industry, and this temperature can be maintained at a less cost for heat under the equable climatic conditions existing in this State. What Advantages Has California in Produc- tion of Poultry Feed? — Experimentally it has been determined that a constant supply of natural green feed has given a substantial percentage in added egg production above parallel tests wdierein no green feed was employed. With little effort it is possible to secure an all- year supply of succulent green feed. The most valuable poultry grain products pro- duced in California are barlev and the various *These poultry Heas can be quickly destroyed l)y .spraying the premises a few times with a solution of one gallon of common salt in four gallons of water. — Susan Szcaysgood in "California Poultry Practice." members of the broom corn family, of which Egyptian, Kaffir and Milo Maize are some. All these grains have a very uniform analytical value in protein and carbo-hydrates. Tests demonstrate that, on an average, slightly better than 8 per cent of the total weight of these grains is di- gestible protein and about 65 per cent digestible carbodiydrates, thus putting these grains in the class with high fuel value or the nearest substi- tutes for Indian corn, than which, when used in proper proportion, no more valuable grain exists. The Indian corn raised in California on the average is not of as high a quality as that imported from the corn states of the East, and as the price of Indian corn has been very high for the past two years the State is fortunate in having a local supply of grains that are almost perfect substi- tutes for corn and may be obtained on the average at a much less price. Oats, another of the grain products of Cali- fornia, finds its greatest use to the industry of poultry raising in its value as a feed for growing stock. Oats have a high digestible protein con- tent, averaging above 9 per cent, and a carbo- hydrate value of only 45 per cent, thus making them an ideal tissue builder and non-fat producer, which is just the combination ideally suited to growing stock. Their fuel value is too low to use in large quantities for laying stock, especially in winter. Better wheat is shipped to us from other jKirts of the Pacific Coast than is raised here. H.WW.^RD-LIVERMORE DISlRK'l THE complete history of the rapid and surprising growth of the Hay ward- 1. iv- ermore poultry section w'ould read like a romance. Lack of space forbids little more than brief mention of this fact. The writer well remembers his first visit to Hayward thirty years ago. The little city had reached the "parting of the ways." Until shortly l)efore it had been the clearing house for the grain and hay crops of that section, but constant cropping had reduced the yield and new methods of transportation had di- verted the limited production to other centers or markets. Ex-en the brick grain warehouse had to))pIe(l over from evident lack of sup- port. Ikisiness was certainly dull. So far as commercial acti\itv is concerned it resembled a Scotcdi \-illage on a Sabbath morning. We \-isitcd the section in the capacity of what might be termed a "jjoultry missionary." and like all advocates of something strange but better, received little encouragement. \\'e particularK- remember pointing out the evident possibilities of the Castro \"alley as a fa\-oral)le ])oultr\- section, but the natives were POULTRY 639 equally positive it would "never do for chick- ens." Thev said. "Why. even the soil is natural poison to hens." At present, however, the entire valley is mostly chickens and the land has increased in value from ten to fifty-fold according to location. It was a warm day in July and after an inspection of the "valley," being tired and hungry, we were attracted by a sign. "Meals at All Hours," attached to a small cottage lo- cated under an immense shade tree in a large yard at a point that is now the center of the business section of the city. Not wishing a heavy meal we called for two poached eggs and a cup of tea. The old lady who enjoyed the combined title of proprietress, cashier, head waiter, and chef, appeared rather stunned but managed to say, "I have only one egg and that's all there is in this town, but you can have it if you will take it scrambled." We did. It was a number of years before the poultry industry became much of a real business in that district, but when once started the growth was rapid and permanent. At present the Poultry Producers' Associa- tion maintains in Hayward a central poultry food warehouse and egg receiving station equipped with all conveniences, including a railway spur track. It supplies feed to mem- bers to the extent of about $150,000 per year. In addition several merchants make the sale of poultry feed and the handling of eggs their chief business. As a further means of illustrating the pres- ent magnitude of the business in this section we might state that a large motor truck labeled "Three tons of eggs from Hayward for (name of consignee), Oakland," may be seen daily traveling along the main avenue between Oak- land and Hayward. And this is onlv one of a number of means used to transport the eggs to the various markets. This district is on the main line of the Western Pacific railway and is also served by several branch lines of the Southern Pacific company. Boat landings on San Francisco Bay afford water transportation. Hayward is also the terminus of the main interurban elec- tric line of the Oakland Traction Company, while the Hayward branch of the Southern Pacific interurban electric system is now com- pleted nearly to San Leandro. which is in- cluded in the Hayward district. What we have stated regarding Hayward applies practically to Livermore and the terri- tory between. As one of the oldest inhabitants puts it — "it's chickens all the way from Hay- ward to Livermore, but they are mostly at both ends." The climate of this district can not be sur- passed for poultry raising and comfort. Be- ginning at the bay shore of Richmond, West Berkeley, Oakland, and Alameda, which have seaside summer resort conditions, the tempera- ture gradually rises until at Livermore, only forty-five miles distant, it is almost semi- tropical. SANTA CRUZ-WATSONVILLE-SALINAS DISTRICT THE Santa Cruz-Watsonville-Salinas dis- trict is one of the very latest sections to quickly grow from a moderate to a large pro- ducer of eggs. It is only during the past two or three years that it has progressed from eighth to fourth rank as a poultry center, and if it can keep up its present stride will out- rank Hayward by the end of another two or three years, unless the Alameda County people increase their speed. This is one of the sections that owes its present growth to cheap water transportation and nearness to markets. Santa Cruz is a seaport served by coasting steamers, while Watsonville and Salinas are not directly on the coast, but receive water freight by steam- ers to Moss Landing and a short rail haul. The Santa Cruz end of this district is grow- ing more rapidly than the southern portion, owing to the advantage of cheaper freight on feed from San Francisco. This part of California is also served by the Pajaro Valley railway and the Southern Pa- cific company — that part of the system known as the "Road of a Thousand Wonders." The distance by the shortest route between San Francisco and Santa Cruz is eighty miles. It also has the advantage of interurban elec- 640 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE trie railway service fur a short tlistaiuc down the coast. Santa Cruz, Seahright, Capituhi, Del Monte. Monterey, and Pacific Grove, all located on Monterey Bay, are famous summer rest)rts, and to a certain extent winter resorts, and natur- ally great quantities of eggs and fowls are consumed by visitors. The bathing season, which draws a greater number of people than the winter attractions, ct)ntinucs here for a much longer time than in the Eastern states. Owing to the tempering sea breezes and occa- sional fogs it has a spring-like climate during almost the entire year. These are also the factors that permit of the production of berries of various kinds during the greater part of the entire twelve months of the year. SAN JOSE-GILROY-HOLLISTKR DISTRICT THE Santa Clara Valley was one of the first sections in California to undertake poultry raising as a real business. Originally most of the poultry farms were located near San Jose, but during the past ten years the business has spread over the entire valley until the industry reaches up the peninsula to San Francisco and south well into San Benito County. And it is steadily growing in volume. The climate, soil, and favorable location for markets encourage the farmers to produce a very great variety of crops, and many of them find most of their time and efforts absorbed with orchards producing assorted kinds of fruits. For these reasons the attention of county folks is in many instances drawn away from the poultry business, otherwise this dis- trict Avould hold a still more important position. This section is particularly noted for the great variety of standard bred fowls that are reared in large flocks. E.xcepting Southern California, in the other parts of the State, poultrymen of each section more or less con- centrate on one or two breeds. In the Santa Clara \'alley one may see. in nearly every neighborhood, from half a dozen to forty pure bred varieties, each in a separate flock, and usually only one variety on each place. I his district is served l)y the main coast lines of the Southern Pacific company and a number of branches beside a very complete interurban electric railway service. In many respects the conditions surround- ing the poultrymen of this section more re- semble Southern California than any other part of the State. Fowls may be successfully and profitably raised anywhere in the valley, and much of the product is marketed locally at top prices. SACR.'VMENTO-STOCKTON DISTRICT IN THE Sacramento-Stockton district we include most of that part of the State east of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and thirty miles north of Sacramento city and fifty miles southeast of Stockton. This may seem a more or less arbitrary separation from the other interior districts, but from a com- mercial point of view it is correct for the reason that most of the poultry products of this section are handled by the large towns and cities in that interior region of the State while the trade of the divisions we term Sac- ramento Valley and San Joaquin Valley dis- tricts are handled locally or through the large coast cities. Conditions under which poultry raising is conducted in this district are very diversified. This applies to varieties of climates, ample or sparse transportation facilities, in the va- rious parts as well as to other local factors, particularly in the foothill portions. In some parts very few fowls are kept, while in others there are quite important poultry centers. The average cost of feed in this section is verv reasonable because much of it is produced in that section. One locality south of Stockton produces nearly all of the sunflower seed used as poultry feed on the Pacific Coast, hundreds of acres being devoted to this crop. Taken as a whole this district oft'ers many opportunities. In the way of climates, ex- cepting that of a seaside summer resort, one may find somewhere in this section, a mate for that of almost any part of the world. A very large portion also enjoys remarkable transportation facilities embracing the most POULTRY 641 modern interurban electric and steam railway lines, among them three transcontinental sys- tems. Western Pacific. Southern Pacific, and Santa Fe, as well as many wonderful water routes. Most of these water ways are effected and kept permanently available to steamers by the tides of San Francisco Bay, but some routes depend on the rainfall in the rainy season and melting snow on the mountain tops in the dry period or summer season. It might be interest- ing to state one item taken from the United States ^^'eather Bureau report to illustrate the enormous water storage capacity of the Sierras that supply the summer flow of the streams, as follows: "Snowfall of 1911 at 8000-foot altitude, near Tamarack, in Alpine County, sixty-five feet, six inches." SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY DISTRICT THE San Joaquin Valley district is bounded on three sides by high moun- tains ; on the west by the Coast Range; on the east by the Sierra Nevadas, including Mt. Whitney, the highest in the United States, and on the south by the Tehachapi Moun- tains. On the north it extends along the west and south banks of the San Joaquin River to tidewater on Suisun Bay. This gives it a length of over 250 miles and a varying width averaging probably thirty-five or forty miles of level and rolling lands. It has an almost constant gradual fall from 400 feet altitude at the foot of the Tehachapis to the Suisun Bay level at the north, which makes it appear in most places as level as a floor. The great mountain range on the east is the big reservoir that supplies water for irrigating these plains. These towering heights are cov- ered with perpetual snow and ice which, dur- ing the rainless period in the valley, partially melt and supply the water just when it is most needed. Not many years ago this region was famous for its great grain ranches and numerous herds of cattle and flocks of sheep. At present it is world renowned for its vineyards and or- chards, but it also yields many other farm products in large quantities, including various live stock, butter, poultry, and eggs. Soil, cli- mate, and water for irrigation make it possible to raise almost anything that can be produced on a farm anywhere. In early days the poultry industry expe- rienced more "ups and downs" in this section than in any other part of the State. In many spots the conditions for raising fowls was so inviting that most beginners first raised the fowls and then looked about for a market for their poultry and eggs. Until recently conditions for profitably marketing the product and economically ob- taining a proper variety of feed were very unfavorable, particularly in the lower half of the district, but matters have now greatly changed for the better and are improving steadily. This is due to several causes ; the local demand is rapidly increasing; trans- portation facilities have vastly increased, and rates are more reasonable, beside the poultry producers have fairly well organized. We might add that the Santa Fe Railway system also helps ; it has men in the section whose sole business is to assist and advise agricul- turists who locate in the territory served by its roads. Both the Southern Pacific and Santa Fe system main lines traverse the center of this district and each has numerous branches and loops serving all the settled portions. The southern two-thirds of this section has no water routes, but a good share of the northern third enjoys excellent water service. At times during high water the San Joaquin River is navigable as far as Hill's Ferry, 195 miles from its mouth, but regular steamer traflic is maintained for only a comparatively short distance. The following extract from the report of the California State Board of Agriculture in- dicates that this may soon be greatly improved. "The navigation of the upper part of the San Joaquin River is now engaging serious atten- tion bv those interested in the development of this great valley, and a determined effort is being made to accomplish this great work, by taking actual steps to prove its feasibility, and to induce the federal government to assist in promoting the undertaking by making the river 642 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE navigable as tar as HltiuIdii, if necessary 1)_\' canal fur a portion of the distance." When this is accomplislied the writer would like to own a well equipped railway along its banks. As a carrier of high-class freight and passen- gers, such a road should be a steady dividend winner. However, the rail rates on poultry food are not excessive. From San Francisco to Fresno in the center of the vallev the rate is $2.75 per ton and to Hakersfield at the upper end, $3.35 per ton. From Los Angeles to Hakers- field. $3.20 per ton. These are the rates in car- loads of fifteen tons- or more. SACR.A.IVIKN TO \A1.1.EV DISIRRT P(_)l'I/rRV raising in the Sacramento Val- ley has passed the trial or experimental stage and with all former objection or excuses answered or disposed of by successful poultry- men it is now acknowledged one of the most attractive and safe fields for i)oultry culture. For forty or fifty years this section has fur- nished the major portion of all the turkeys consumed in California and we never remem- ber hearing any statements as to the climatic conditions adversely affecting the successful conduct of this branch of the business in any part of the valley, but with chickens it has been different. Up to about ten years ago comparatively few people in this district raised chickens, pigeons, or rabbits. "The climate is too hot," the doubters would say, or, to be more exact, they meant to refer to the great length of the warm period and natural lack of protection from the sunshine. By way of explanation to those who are not acquainted with the peculi- arities of California climatic conditions w-e might explain that the whole Sacramento Val- ley is, strictly considered from an Eastern poultryman's point of view, a winterless dis- trict, even well up into the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Coast Range. Other conditions and not latitude gov- ern the temperature, growing and ripening periods. For instance : It has been correctly stated that the varieties of vegetables for mar- ket that may be safely planted in the open in the northern part of the valley near Red Hlutf include for November planting eight sorts, for December five, January ten, and for February eleven varieties. As another illus- tration: ( )n the line of the Central Pacific railway near Summit, in Placer County, at an elevation of 7017 feet, where nearly all the natural ice is produced that is consumed in California, the annual snowfall amounts to from twenty to fifty feet, while at Rocklin in the same county, on the same railway, and only twenty-nine and one-half miles west of Summit the lowest temperature record we can find is twenty- four degrees above zero. At the same time that one lot of men are cutting ice — real ice — near Summit, those of another neighborhood around Rocklin are busy gath- ering the orange crops for market. This is wandering somewhat from i)oultry matters, but the conditions are so peculiar it seems necessary because it is this long con- tinued period of warmth, extremely short pe- riod of near winter conditions, and the knowl- edge that our domesticated fowls are jungle or forest creatures and not natives of the plains like prairie chickens, that created the doubt as to the successful conduct of poultry raising in this valley. It is true that fowls must in the interior valleys be furnished with abundant shade, fresh water, and every means to keep com- fortable or they will not be thrifty and profit- able. This is very simple and inexpensive so far as building construction is concerned and for that matter constantly growing green shade can readily, with little eflFort, be maintained the year around. In all sections of the valley electric power is abundant and wonderfully cheap, therefore water for irrigation can be obtained and eco- nomically pumped owing to this low cost of energy and because it is near the surface. In some parts it is just under the top soil or will rise to that level from a depth of thirty or forty feet following the sinking of a well. In many places water can be had from mountain streams and also drawn or pumped from rivers. There is no lack of water in this valley and some seasons it has too much of this good thing. In so far as a constant growing and POULTRY 643 varied supply of green feed stuff is concerned the Sacramento \'alley is simply a paradise for chickens, but it is up to tlie poultrymen to use sufficient forethought in planning to supply the proper rotations of green feed crops and water to irrigate during the rainless period. It has been demonstrated that with unlimited and varied green feed fowls pro- duce maximum results with only two-thirds of the grain, meat, and mill feed stuff they would otherwise require, and furthermore they are healthier and the flesh and eggs are of superior quality. In many respects the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys are similar. They are shaped and bounded very much alike and their crops and climatic conditions resemble each other to a considerable degree. In transportation, how- ever, the Sacramento Valley enjoys a much greater extent of water routes. This compari- son applies particularly to tlie portions of the two valleys farthest removed from tidewater. "The water of the Sacramento River is sup- plied in the winter season l)y rainfall and in the summer season b\' melting snows in the surrounding mountain heights which renders it navigable for steamers to Chico Landing, 273 miles north of San Francisco, during the entire year, and one coastwise shipping firm runs one of its ocean steamers from coast ports to Sacramento city. The Sacramento River, when compared with all navigable streams in the United States, ranks fourth in tonnage. This is the last grand division of California to cut its great land holdings and invite set- tlers to undertake intensive cultivation of spe- cial crops on smaller farms. Professor Elwood Mead states as his opinion that when the complete utilization of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, for both traffic and irrigation, is accomplished, California will possess the largest rural popu- lation of any state in the Union. Rail service in the Sacramento Valley is also abundant. The Southern Pacific system has through main lines and numerous branches on each side of the river, and tlie \\'estern Pacific main transcontinental line traverses the eastern portion. In this section also is to be ft)und some of the most modernly efficient and extensive electric railways. To describe them as interurban lines would scarcely convey the proper idea. They are real railway systems operated by electric power generated by the melting snow in the high mountains bounding the valley on the east. ^^'e have mentioned that this is the State's greatest source of supply for turkeys. The Sacramento-Stockton district and San Joaquin Valley also supply large numbers and in quality and size of individual flocks they com- pare with those of Sacramento Valley. In all these sections many flocks may be seen that contain hundreds of birds in each band and some breeders own flocks of nearly 2000 tur- keys. The poults are given most careful at- tention while small in quarters usually near by the owner's residence, but as soon as w'ell weaned they are herded like sheep over the plains and lowlands in search of insects, wild seeds, grasses, and waste grain lost in the process of harvesting the cereal crops on the large ranches. For size and beauty the ordinary California turkey is some bird and exceptional specimens are wonders. The writer once owned a Mam- moth bronze tom that weighed forty-two pounds ^vhen only in ordinary condition ; has seen one that scaled fifty-six pounds, and has read of one in the San Joaquin Valley that weighs sixty pounds. Several localities in the Sacramento Valley district have already developed into important and profitable poultry centers and find an ex- cellent local demand for the product in the valley as well as in San Francisco, but the development has only begun. The rail rates on feed to the extreme north- ern end of the valley beyond the water routes are parallel with those of the San Joaquin Valley. SOXOMA-EL VERAXO-XAPA DISTRICT THE Sonoma-El Verano-Napa district is near by and similar to the Petaluma section. A good share of this section also en- joys the same benefits of steamer service and excellent steam and electric railways. Poultry raising and diversified farming are 644 CALI F( )RXI A'S MAGAZINE rapidly taking the place of the former large ranches. Good transportation facilities and nearness to markets insure a steady and per- manent growth of the industry in this district. SAMA MARlA-ARR(JVO C.RANUE DIsrRIcr THE Santa Maria-Arroyo Grande district is a more or less isolated section. I'"reight rates on feed from San Francisco are higher than to the extreme ends of the great interior valleys, but notwithstanding the disach-antages of remoteness and high rates of transportation these poultrymen are prosperous because they are better organized than any other district and exercise genuine economy both in buying supplies and in selling the i)roduct. MARTINEZ-CONCORD-WALNUr CREEK DISl'RICT THE Martinez-Concord-AValnut Creek district (San Ramon Valley), is lo- cated near the large cities on San Francisco Bay, but is separated from them by the Oak- land Mountains. Until recently it required a considerable roundabout journey over a branch railway to get to these markets from the greater portion of this section, but now these mountains have been tunneled both for vehicle traffic as well as for the Oakland, Antioch and Eastern Electric Railway, which extends from Oakland to Sacramento and which with its branches serves practically all of the San Ramon Valley and reduces the time by rail from hours to minutes. Naturally this section is enjoying a great boom and along with the general improvements the poultry industry is making a very rapid growth. In regard to transportation, we should state that a branch line of the Southern Pacific railway extends the full length of the valley and the Santa Fe system's main overland line passes over the northern portion. Water trans- portation is also available at Martinez and Antioch. NORTHWESTERN COAST DISIRK 1 THE Northwestern Coast district is di- vided into several small sections, each of which is served by small steamers, all of which are operated by lumbering companies excepting several lines running to Eureka. Most of this coast district is heavily tim- bered and lumbering is the great industry. Some poultry produce is sent to San Francisco but a \ery large portion is consumed at or near the localities where it is produced. The oidy exception to this general statement is in regard to Eureka and vicinity on Humboldt Bay. This thriving section is served by several regular coasting steamship lines, and in ad- dition the recently completed extension of the Northwestern Pacific railway established through rail passenger and freight service from San Francisco to Eureka on December 1, 1914. Additional smaller local railroads connect Eureka and Areata with the agricultural and luml)ering districts to the north and east. This is a rich and prosperous section and ships cjuantities of j)roduce to the large city markets, including butter, eggs, and poultry. At Crescent City to the north the poultry business is growing, also at Fort Bragg to the south. This last named point is now served by a railwav recently completed from Willits, a point on the Northwestern Pacific railway to the port of Fort Bragg. NORTHEASTERN MOUNTAIN DISTRICT THE Northeastern Mountain District, al- though settled before the discovery of gold in California, has until recently been almost completely isolated, but is now rapidly developing along agricultural lines owing to the markets afforded by the railroads which have recently been extended into that part of the State. Many years ago we were told by miners and cattle ranchers that fowls thrive wonderfully in this section. An acquaintance, who oper- ated a mine in Lassen County, once stated that in those parts it was a common saying that no one ever heard of a hen dying a natural death in that neighborhood. A peculiar local custom of that period was also out of the or- dinary. The price of eggs was universally 50 cents per dozen at any and all times of the year and chickens changed hands at 25 cents each regardless of the season or size, weight, age or condition of the fowl. At some future time this section will doubt- less be a great poultry district. POULTRY 645 KASiERX MOUNTAIN DISTRICT THE Eastern Mountain District is spotted here and there with isolated poultry farms and also boasts of a few poultry centers varying greatly in size, two or three of which are rapidly becoming commercially important. The product of these poultry raisers finds a market almost entirely in neighboring mining camps and usually they realize prices greatly in excess of those prevailing in the valleys and cities. Some of these isolated poultrymen are the most independent and contented individuals imaginable, Avho would not exchange their little poultry outfits and the enjoyments and healthful vigor that are inseparable from this mountain life, for a kingdom. It is in this region that Bret Harte, Mark Twain and other noted writers absorbed their initial inspiration, and it is possible that there are still to be found in this section old people, now engaged in poultry keeping, who knew these famous men as neighbors when they were residents of these same mountains in their early years. 'ilMOll ci^-s jncparcd lor sliipiiirnt Possibilities of Poultry Industry THE following questions, which we have endeavored, with the assistance of others, to answer briefly and to the point, are frequently asked by intending settlers from points outside of the State, and we trust they may interest readers of this work. HAS THE CALIFORNIA POULTRY INDUSTRY GREAT OPPORTUNITIES? As Stated on another page, "we believe that California oifers a wider and more inviting field for future development in this branch of agriculture than any other State of the Union." This State has never produced sufficient poultry and eggs to supply the demand, and still resorts to shipments from other sections of the country to make up the deficiency. The tendency of our agriculturists to spe- cialize on one crop assists the poultry producer everywhere in the State to find an excellent market for a good share of his choicest fowls and eggs in his own neighborhood, and the large growing cities will always take this grade produce at top prices, and any seconds or left over stock at a somewhat less but still profitable figure. ARE CALIFORNIA POULTRYMEN ENTERPRISING? Yes. The building up of the great Peta- luma poultry district in a few years is one example. In California many more incubators and brooders are used in ])roportion to the number of fowls produced than in any other part of the country and more commercial hatcheries are in operation here. At present there is comparatively more co- operative effort made in this State than else- where. 646 CALIFORNIA'S AIAGAZIXE l'oulll\ jAluwiii;^ undrr ideal ii nul 1 1 i«iii In regard to poultry shows : Usually the attractions at poultry exhibitions are limited to the display of beautiful fowls and fancy feathers, which is highly comiaiendable and instructive as far as it goes, but a great number of visitors to these shows are disappointed owing to the lack of instruction along the lines of utility. California poultry breeders have also demonstrated they are enterprising in the way of shows. A practical effort to assist our poultry raisers to creater a better and more profitable market for their produce was made at the last annual exhibit of the San Francisco Poultry. Pigeon and Pet-Stock Association. This was the first real effort, on the part of an American fanciers' club, to include a properly arranged and extensive department devoted to utility fowls of pure bred strains. These fowls were displayed in large yards with the floors covered with a deep litter of bright, sweet straw in which the fowls were kept busy scratching for seeds. Numerous feeble attempts have been made in this direction, but never before in such a thorough and extensive way. These fowls were also ofiicially judged, to determine their capability for laying and pre- potency, under the Hogan system by the origi- nator, Walter Hogan of Petaluma. The utility score card of each bird was displayed on the yards and published in the show cata- logue stating each fowl's capacity to produce certain numbers of eggs and to endow its progenv with its t)wn valuable physical (]uali- fications. This feature of the show was not only very attractive and interesting but will result in permanent practical benefit to the i)oultry in- dustry of the State. But this was not the only novel and prac- tical addition to poultry show attractions inaugurated 1)\- Mr. Talbot, the secretary of the association. The egg-testing demonstra- tion bv a ])rofessional expert egg tester created profound astonishment among the exhibitors and visitors and attracted the attention of rep- resentatives of the federal government. By means of a dark room equipped with a long l)attery of electrically lighted testers, Mr. Lindley displayed sixty eggs all of different grades and value. He explained the reasons for lack of quality in some fresh eggs and advised how to prevent deterioration. It was a complete surprise to nearly every one to POULTRY 647 learn that absolutely fresh eggs of the same size, color and weight often vary greatly in quality and value. With other classes of eggs he illustrated the results of correct and in- correct feeding : the effects of pure and foul or alkali water and good and bad condition of storage eggs due to proper and improper methods of handling in cold storage, etc. It was generallv conceded that this was the most successful attempt ever made by a poultry association to afford visitors practical educa- tional instruction and advice regarding the production and marketing of eggs. The exhibitors were also treated to a demon- stration of enterprise for their particular bene- fit. An expert and thoroughly competent breeder was employed by the association to promote sale for both visiting and absentee exhibitors for which no fee was exacted from either buyer or seller. It was estimated that the sales made here were more than double those made at all the fall shows, held on prior dates, combined, wdiich indicates that it w^as a successful as well as appreciated innovation. WHAT ADVANTAGES HAS CALIFORNIA IN PRO- DUCTION OF POULTRY FEED? In addition to the advantages we have in the constant production of green feed, our various soils and climates enable us to econom- ically raise practically every kind of grain and seeds that make suitable feed for poultry, and this affords an opportunity to supply them with a wide assortment which in itself is an important benefit for the reason that fowls crave great variety and do not produce maxi- mum results when fed only one or two sorts of grains, no matter how wholesome or nour- ishing they may be. We can also cheaply produce pumpkins, squashes, beets, carrots, turnips, etc., all of which are excellent feeds much relished by the fowls. These in a measure are in the nature of green feeds, but it is better to consider them as belonging in the list of staples and make provision to also supply the fowls with real green feed such as grass, kale, lettuce, rape, etc., which can be with a little ordinary care and forethought, produced every month in the year in nearly every part of the State. ^yHA^ advantages has California in CLIMATE? Taken as a whole our climate is — or to be more exact — our many climates are unusually favorable for the economical housing and feeding of fowls. In nearly all sections it is mild and equable and this enables us to provide growing green feed during the entire year. We can also produce almost anything that is good for fowls that can be raised any- where else in the world. In housing we naturally can also make a saving because of the mildness of climate, but 33,000 eggs ready for incubation 648 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZINE it is proper to state here that if the buildings are i)roperly and substantially constructed our saving in this respect is not as great as many beginners are led to believe. WHAT DISADVANTAGES IN CLIMATE? There is only one feature that might be classed as a disadvantage. The long-continued period of warmth and lack of cold weather in all but the high mountain section of the State is favorable for the production of lice and mites. These, however, may very readily and at a trifling cost be prevented or destroyed by our modern methods of spraying. The spraying materials are manufactured chiefly from crude petroleum which we produce here in abundance. Even this possible disadvantage is a bless- ing to the careful and energetic poultrymen for the reason that it tends to drive the lazy and shiftless out of the business and leaves a wider field for the thrifty producer to supply. IS THERE ANYTHING PARTICULARLY UNIQUE OR INTERESTING IN REGARD TO MARKETING POULTRY PRODUCTS IN CALIFORNIA? There is probably no state other than Cali- fornia that produces a very large part of the eggs it consumes and at the same time depends to such an extent on shipments from other parts of the country for its tabic poultry. What is the cause? Up to very recently the chief aim of nearly every California poultry raiser has been the l)iti hand ol pullets production of eggs. It is universally con- sidered far easier for the beginner to learn how to succeed with an egg farm than with a broiler plant or poultry farm intended to produce chiefly fowls for table purposes, and it requires a longer period to learn how to properly and economically produce and finish choice table fowls, and what is more impor- tant, it takes a little time and some salesman- ship to establish a reputation and find just the right market. These factors of course greatly influenced our poultrymen in a choice of the egg branch of the industry, but a more potent one swayed them in making their decision. It is this : We all know that large shipments of live and frozen poultry are constantly ar- riving in San Francisco. Oakland and Los Angeles from the Middle Western states, and our poultrymen imagine this supply entirely regulates the price of California raised fowls. It does greatly influence the price of poor and fair to middling stock, but has little effect on that of choice table fowls. It has been demonstrated that the produc- tion of poultry for table purposes can be suc- cessfully and profitably carried on in prac- tically every section of California and it is a fact — every buyer of table poultry will indorse this statement — that it is always difficult and sometimes impossible to obtain really choice table poultry in the open market in any part of the State. It is therefore safe to state that as soon as POULTRY 649 a poultry raiser makes it known that he can and does produce extra choice fowls and can also put them in proper condition, his output will be engaged by some buyer for special customers. His returns will also be much greater than newspaper quotations. Such fowls as these seldom pass through the ordinary market channels. In view of these conditions we may assume that these extensive shipments of Eastern fowls to California wall continue only as long as the demand is not supplied with California raised fowls of equal or better quality. WHAT ADVANTAGES HAS CALIFORNIA IN TRADE AND DISTRIBUTION OF POULTRY PRODUCE? The rapid subdivision in all parts of the State of the former great ranches into small farms and the substantial development of electric and steam railroads in addition to our wonderful network of waterways all assist to promote economical and extensive distribu- tion of our poultry produce. As to Local pportunitics — As stated else- where the tendency of our farmers to specialize on one product and the rapid growth of cities in all sections create local opportunities every- where. The great increase in shipping brought about by the opening of the Panama Canal creates a demand for many more ship supplies, and the poultry produce required by a pas- senger steamer particularly is an important, item in the steward's requisition of ship's stores. As to Interstate and Foreign Opportunities — Until we can produce sufficient poultry and eggs to supply our own w'ants there will be little or no incentive to seek trade beyond our State boundaries. At times shipments of eggs and frozen guineas and squabs have been made from California to New York and other Eastern cities at prices satisfactory to the ship- pers, which indicates that we can reach these markets w^hen we produce more than is sufficient for home use. Flock of laying hens at Petaluma What California Is Doing to Improve the Quality of Poultry Products By Edwin T. Lindley J itdge and flhial Egg Tester for Sail Francisco Poultry. Pigeon, and Pet Stock Association FOR some time after improved methods of grading and labeling poultry and eggs of guaranteed quality had been fairly well adopted by poultrymcn of the Eastern states, California still continued to market these products by more or less primitive methods which usually resulted in each container or lot losing its identity immediately it reached the general market or under most favorable conditions did not retain its individuality be- yond the retailer's counter ; the consumer seldom knew where or by whom his purchase was produced and consequently was unable to reward a careful, conscientious poultry raiser with a repeat order for his brand which had proved satisfactory because of its supe- riority, but had to be content with what was represented to be just as good. This system naturally tended to discourage the thorough producer and in a measure place a premium on shiftlessness. However, Avhen C'alifornians awake and strive for improvement they usually make a sudden and vigorous effort to surpass all others and there is no exception to the rule in this matter of improved marketing methods of poultry produce. In most parts of the State we now see eggs in sealed containers of suitable size for retail distribution, and a few poultrymen are branding their choice table fowls with metal leg bands which serve the purpose of labels. As yet the movement to establish these im- proved methods has affected only a compara- tively small part of the State's output, but a widespread and more strenuous but practical effort is now being put into the reformation in California than elsewhere. In Southern California the associations are industriously striving to discover the most feasible and economical method to accomplish the desired result under the conditions peculiar to that district ; for the past year the Poultry Producers' Federation at Petaluma has placed its best eggs in sealed cartons and its brand "Everbest" is now regularly quoted in the large markets : numerous individuals have also established their brands and are reaping a deserved reward in better net profits ; in many of the towns and smaller cities butchers and other dealers or individuals are milk feeding or crate fattening fowls for local trade, while all large cities now have quite extensive plants devoted to this branch of the business. In fact there is a statewide desire to do something to place California in the front rank as a producer of poultry products that can not be surpassed anywhere in the world, but there has been, until the present, lack of concerted action to attain this end. It is therefore my opinion that the rectifying revolution in the marketing and identification of superior poul- try products is just now to be accomplished through the activities of the Federated Poultry Association of California as indicated by its secretary in a chapter elsewhere in this pub- POULTRY 651 lication. This society, which has recently become the most potent and important factor in the State's poultry matters, has worked per- sistently for over two years investigating and discussing the proper policy to adopt and doing preparatory work generally ; during this time, through being called into consultation by the investigating committee a number of times, I came to fully understand its aims and possibilities and can realize what results are soon to come from such practical co-operation by all classes of people who are interested in poultry production in every part of the State of California. Turkeys in California CALIFORNIA stands near the top of the list of states as a producer of turkeys when considered from the standpoint of num- bers, and when it comes to size and quality this State also heads the list. It is customary to state that more than 500.000 turkeys are raised in this State an- nually. It is, however, impossible to deter- mine exactly how many are produced because a large quantity, how many there is no means of telling, are consumed at or near the point of production, and many other shipments to the large cities are sent direct from the pro- ducer to the consumer, thus rendering the market report of arrivals verv incomplete. It is safe to say. however, that the number pro- duced is nearer 750,000 per year. This estimate is based to a certain extent on the report of market receipts of the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays, but more particularly on the neighborhood reports — usuallv the esti- mate of one breeder in a turkev raising localitv — that it has been possible to obtain. These reports indicate that probably twenty of the turkey raisers having the largest tiocks in the State hatch each spring an average of 2500 poults; forty-five or fifty hatch from 1000 to 1500; eight hundred or a thousand who con- sider themselves in the work of turkey raising as a business, produce lesser quantities ; while many thousands who as a side line or for home use raise from a very few to flocks of fifty or one hundred birds. The turkey is a native of America and was a domesticated fowl in Mexico from earliest history. There is no reliable evidence' extant as to w^hen turkevs were first raised in Cali- fornia in captivity, but in all probability they were brought here at the time of the estab- lishment of the first missions, being imported from Mexico. From records obtainable it is ascertained that turkeys were first raised in very large flocks in the Sacramento Valley, which section still supplies a larger number of birds than any other portion of the State. However, the San Joaquin and Imperial valleys, as well as practically every section of the State, also supply large quantities of turkeys in every way equal to those produced in the northern valley. The Sacramento Valley also seems to mature the birds, on an average, a little earlier than the other sections, and usually markets its crop just before Thanksgiving. Except during an occasional backward season when many breeders hold the birds a little longer and send them to market about Christmas time, a special turkey train starts at Tehama four days before Thanksgiving and runs on the west side of the valley to San Francisco, picking up the shipments from the various stations. The bronze variety of turkey is most popular because it has proved to be the best ranger, and nearly all California turkevs are grown on large ranges. The baby turkeys are usually hatched and brooded h\ hen turkeys, but some brooders use chickens and others resort to incubators and brooders. It has been demonstrated that the birds hatched and moth- ered by the turkey hens are better rangers and hunters, and as nearly all flocks are sent out on range after they are about two months old. this method is considered best. The hens 652 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE are set and the youngsters fed and cared for in more or less restricted (luarters. but wlien once turned out to liunt their own li\inu they are herded in large bands, sometimes several thousand in one lot and often the property of several neighbors, each breeder's birds being marked to distinguish ownershij). Hugs, worms, grasshoppers and other insects form a large part of the food consumed until after harvest, wlien the birds are herded over the grain fields to jtick up the kernels tliat are lost in gathering the crop. I'suallv there is a second crop of 'hoppers about tliis time wliicli su[)plies the necessary variation in food. In the west side of the San Joacjuin Valley, the grasshoppers are often trapped and dried for use at times when 'hoppers are naturally scarce. In 1912 an improved 'hopper trap was intro- duced in that district. This trap is driven over the immature grain or alfalfa field in tlie same maimer as a mowing machine ; the 'hoppers jump into it and are immediately crushed b\- hirge steel rollers. From lime lo time, as the great \-alleys of California have become more closely settled, manv breeders have jiredicti'd that the production of turkeys in large flocks would \-erv soon be discon- tiiuied. ()n the contrary, however, the num- ber of large bands is growing instead of (h'minisliing, and it is a reasonable predic- tion that they will contiiuie to increase, for the reason that manv portions of the foothills of the mountain ranges tliat are not adapted to general agriculture j)rt)ve ideal as turkey ranges, better in some respects than the valleys. The only disadvantage is that a few days of extra grain feeding are necessary to finish the birds for market. Even this need not l)e an extra expense to a careful and practical feeder, because the turkeys properly fed with a selected variety of grain are superior in table qualities to those which pick up on the range only one sort of grain that has been lost in harvesting. Guinea Fowls By Wm. A. French Director San Joaqidn County Poultry Association GUINEA fowds have been quite exten- The eggs require four weeks to incubate, sively raised in California for many A chicken hen is a good mother for them, but years, but almost always in small or moderate she should have two or three of her own sized flocks. I have bred them here for thirty years and have found them one of the most profitable of domestic birds. In this State we have two varieties — the white African and the Pearl, or polka dot. Guinea fowls are excellent for food because they are small of bone and have a full round breast like a quail, while the flesh has a gamey flavor. As wild game is becoming more scarce each year guineas are daily becoming chickens with the brood to help the baby guineas to understand her call and to teach them to eat. The young guineas are quite easy to raise if kept from getting chilled while young. They should be kept out of the wet grass while the dew is on. They like to ramble like young turkeys for bugs and seeds. Feed them small grain and mixed seeds with lean meat while very young, and as soon as thev get to rambling they will take care of themselves. When they begin to feather they more popular for table purposes, consequently ^^.ju j.,,,^^^ naturally. They never forget their a number of sheep and cattle raisers are tak- motlier, whether it be a guinea or a hen, ing up the raising of these birds in large sometimes following a chicken hen wdien full flocks. On the ranges and in the wild coun- grown. Of tlie two varieties of the guinea try the guineas thrive and do not fall a prey fowl the white African is much more docile, to the covotes as do other domestic fowls. but in other respects their habits are similar. POULTRY 653 Rhode Island Reds By William J. Fox Member Sail Mateo PoiiUr\ Association THE poultry in- dustry has grown in importance and the demand for standard bred stock has, within the past few years, in- creased very rapidly in California, due in a great extent to the fact that large tracts of lands are being divided into small farms and consequent influx of settlers from the East- ern states who are more or less all interested in poultry. Among the various breeds that are raised with profit, the Rhode Island Reds, owing to the many excellent qualities they possess, have 4Decome great favorites with the large breeders as well as the back-yard fancier who desires a fowl to fill all requirements. As winter layers at a time when eggs com- mand a high price they are unexcelled, are extremely vigorous and easilv raised in all Rhode Islands Reds climates and at an early age are suitable to market as broilers, their clean yellow legs and flesh making them much sought after for table use. They are good foragers when alloAved to roam, and at the same time thrive in con- finement. For the fancier or sportsman who delights in testing his ability in producing specimens able to win in keen competition at the nu- "Just Hatched" 654 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE merous exhibitions, he will find in the Reds Owing to these qualifications we think Rhode a bird whose beautiful, brilliant jilumage and Island Reds will soon be one of the most attractive type will be worthy of liis eft'orts ])oi)ular and extensively l)red varieties in Cali- and a iiroduct of wliicli lie niav well be jifdud. fdrnia. Single Comb White Leghorns By Harry Mortensen Sluthiit J)irisio/i. Ai^^rictill tiral luiucatioii . i'lUTi-rsitx of Calif oniia WllK'll is tlie most extensi\elv bred \ariety of fowls in ("alifornia and wliat are the reasons for this ^reat popularity? It is the single comb White Leghorn, the "commercial egg nuicliine." The writer has bred these fowls for ten years here in California and continues to do so because they ])ossess the following (juali- fications : They lay a white egg. which is in greatest demand in the Pacific Coast ; they are the smallest eaters of any variety that produces white eggs ; in this modern age we are not content to wait until biddy wants to sit, but we use an incubator and set it \vhcn- ever wg please : the Leghorns are entirely in accord with the times by being practically non-setters, and should Hiddy White Leghorn show an\- inclination to incubate she can be locked up for only a short time to get over it, and wants to lay again. The several varieties of Leghorns are similar when it comes to habits and laying capacity, but as the whites are more extensively raised, tliey are easier to obtain. All hatcheries sell ^\'hite Leghorn chicks cheaper than any other variety. In short. I believe the White Leghorn fowl is the most profitable breed for this State because it produces large white eggs at a minimum cost and put the balance on the right side of the book with the least labor and trouble to the poultry breeder. Houdans By Fred L. Hall Mriiihi'r .llaiiu'ila Coiiiitx Foiiltrx Associaticii TllLRl'^ is only one good reason why the are wishing for. Notwithstanding these more famous French fowl — the Houdan — has ox less groundless objections, Houdans have not been more extensively reared in California. been raised in all parts of California for many It is that the j)ul)lic has been led to believe years and are growing more and more in pop- that the crest is objectionable. It is claimed that on the coast it has the tendency to gather fog; in the interior counties that it offers a favorable location for vermin, and in the hill and mountain sections that it makes them liable to be taken by hawks and other enemies. If some capable breeder would breed off the crest and create what might be called a ularity owing to their unsurpassed table qualities. All \vell conditioned specimens of this breed meet with immediate sale at the very highest market price the moment they are exposed for sale by market men. As liberal layers of large and most attractive wdiite eggs they can not be excelled by any "Calhoudan," such a variety would meet with other breed that produces a good proportion instant and tremendous demand. It is just of eggs in winter. Whon properly bred, they such a fowl the ])oultry ranchers of this State are absolutely non-setters. POULTRY 655 Orpingtons By E. J. Talbott Secretary Fidcratcd Poultry Association of California. Mc/n/>cr of Executive Com- mittee, San Mateo Poultry Association ; Secretary San Francisco Poultry, Pigeon, and Pet Stock Association THE Orpington was originated by cross- ing several different varieties of fowls, and like all crosses, possesses exceptional vigor. They come in the following colors : Black, buff, white, blue, red, jubilee, partridge, barred and cuckoo. This is one of the most popular breeds in all English-speaking coun- tries on account of the undisputed merit and unusual attraction in the show room of the varieties it includes. No variety surpasses and few equal the Orpingtons in beauty and symmetry, and no other fowl possesses the distinctiveness of type. Since they possess such beauty and come in such a wide variety of colors — more than any other breed — every possible taste of the fancier or breeder may be satisfied by them. In disposition they are verv quiet and do- cile ; in size as large as any fowl ; in growth as rapid and as hardy as any, and in the pro- duction of eggs they equal anv large breed and are as profitable as the Mediterranean breeds, for they will lay nearly as many eggs and can be made to lay a very large portion of them in winter when eggs are most needed. The flesh of the Orpington, for fineness of grain, tenderness and sweetness of flavor, is unexcelled ; the cost of rearing this large fowl is no greater than the cost of raising Mediter- ranean, because the smaller breeds exercise more and consume more energy. Extra good specimens of Orpingtons sell for as much as a horse or cow. For persons having small lots, where the range is limited, I believe the Orpington is the best breed to keep, and where the pro- duction of table fowl is required, the Orping- ton can not be excelled, while for all purposes it has no superiors and few equals. These excellent qualifications are responsible for the present great and increasing popularity of the Orpington in California. Black Leghorns By Samuel Adams Wells Ex-President California Leghorn Club T HAVE been asked to state one variety of -■- fowls I consider superior to the White Leghorns now so popular and universally bred in California, and to give mv reasons for same. In my opinion the Black Leghorn will soon be extensively bred in this State and on the Pacific Coast generally. They lay beautiful, smooth, white eggs, fully as attractive as a Minorca egg, and in size they will average larger than those produced by White Leghorns. They are hardier, go through the molt with less serious effects, because they are not so much inclined to "go back on their feed" or get "stalled" during this process of feather building, and for this reason will lay more eggs in the fall when eggs are at the highest price. There is no reason why the blacks should lay less eggs during the year than the white variety, but with the power to produce more eggs during the fall, they might be even more profitable than an equal number of White Leghorns, which produced more eggs, most of which were obtained at the period of low prices. 656 CALIFORNIA'S IMAGAZINE Campines By A. E. Sinclair Mi'iiihcr A iiicrican Cainf^iiw Cliih I II. WE been asked for nu' oiiinion of Cam- pines and their ijualities as compared to the present poultry autocrats of California — the Leghorns. The Campine is of Belgian origin, coming from the Belgian Braekel. and were first found on the plains of La Campine. For some time the\' have been extensively bred in England, where they are highly prized. When allowed to roam. Campines are great foragers, which makes it unnecessary to pro- vide much other feed, and where confined they eat about two-thirds as much as Leghorns. They lay early in life and produce nice, large, white eggs. They are hardy and the eggs hatch well, though I belie\-e in a small number of females to each male to insure vigor and stamina. I have found them steady layers that distribute their egg production practically throughout the entire year, and are rarelv broody. They are very beautiful, make great pets, soon become acquainted with their keeper, and will gather around him whenever he goes among them. To sum up their valuable cjualifications : They are heavy layers, economical, beautiful, have small bones and lots of meat, more breast meat than most any other breed. They are a good bird for the beginner. Plymouth Rocks By Ed Ellis Member Sail Francisco Poultry, Pigeon, and Pet Stock Association T AM confident that hundreds of successful -•- poultry dealers in California will support me in the assertion that the Plymouth Rock is unsurpassed as a satisfactory general pur- pose fowl for this State. I have been en- gaged in popularizing the breed in California for more than a quarter century with perhaps a trifle of sentimental pride in the work, inas- much as I was raised near the original Ply- mouth Rock. The Plymouth Rock fowls are noted for their ability to quickly and cheaply take on flesh and fat on feed and under conditions that w^ould not similarly affect many other breeds, and for this reason they produce meat at a minimum cost. However, this tendency to flesh up necessitates some judgment in feeding when the object is to obtain good quantities of eggs. If reasonable care is used in selecting egg-forming food, if the birds are given green stuff, and are made to exercise in litter, scratching for their grain, they will hold their own with any breed, particularly for winter laying. Plymouth Rocks are gentle, make good mothers, and can be confined by a low fence. They are bred in several colors, but the white and barred varieties are most extensively raised in California. For eating purposes they are without a superior. POULTRY 657 Sicilian Buttercups By W. S. Woodhams Member Executive Committee, San Mateo Poultry Association BUTTERCUPS lay many large white eggs, are prime table fowls of moderate size and beautiful to look at. are rapidly winning their way in the favor of our poultry raisers. This variety of fowl originated in the island of Sicily, therefore belonging to the Medi- terranean class, were first imported to the United States some fifty years ago ; they were much prized by those then handling them, but not getting into the hands of fanciers until recently were not pushed to the front as they deserved. Now the American Buttercup Club has a membership of about six hundred active lovers of this lovable breed. In size they appear to be the same as the White Leghorn, but on account of having a full and rounded breast and a general plump- ness they weigh at maturity at least a pound more, and having some of the game flavor make a much appreciated table fowl. On the block they appear well and find a ready sale. Li egg production the writer finds by com- parison in his own yard that they are the equal of, if not better than, the justly famed White Leghorns, and with proper care and attention are practically all the year round layers, producing a very satisfactory number of eggs when the prices are at the highest point. Buttercups are also winning favor with the fanciers as they are very gentle and easy to handle, and with their distinctive cup shaped combs and feather color and markings make a striking and beautiful appearance in the show room. Buttercups make one of the most profitable fowls for the farm, as they lay well, weigh well, and while gentle and tame, when allowed free range are great foragers, and will make a good living and pay well for themselves where the large and heavy breeds Avould fail to pay at all. The color scheme of these birds is not alone interesting but beautiful ; to describe it would make this article too long, but as they are now shown at nearly all the poultry shows any interested person can see them there. Langshans By George Lohr Sales Mauasrer San Francisco Poultry S/wu' I AM glad to have an opportunity to say a good word for the sturdy and profitable Langshan fowl. This vigorous and docile breed has been neglected of late years, but is rapidly coming back into favor among those people who require an all-round general pur- pose fowl that supplies a large, well-formed roasting bird and a good percentage of large, rich eggs in winter. If inquiry is made among breeders, who formerly raised Langshans, they will be found full of praise for their old favorites, and almost every one will give the same reason for giving them up. In former years there was great prejudice among consumers against fowls that did not have a yellow skin. Now white meated fowls like Langshans are demanded by particular buyers. Formerly birds with feathers on the shanks were hard to sell, while todav it is the fowl ready for the oven that is criticised. Ten years ago brown eggs were almost universally despised, while today the poultrvmen who supply family trade direct or through dealers who take pains to seek cus- tomers who appreciate real quality, can sell his Langshan eggs at a handsome premium. Federated Poultry Association of California By E. J. Talbott Sfcrctarx of Association THE great poultry industry of the State of California is represented by the Fed- erated Poultry Association of California. This is a welfare co-operative association composed of most of the individual producers and local associations throughout the State, and the offices of the association are located perma- nently in San Francisco. Now that the poultry interests of the State are firmly consolidated and solidified, the great work of this organiza- tion has only just begun. In 1912 a number of representative poultry breeders of the State, in keeping with the spirit and progress of the times, got together and decided that some system of co-operation among the poultry people should be estab- lished. They appointed committees to investi- gate conditions, gather statistics and interview the producers. The committees after much labor brought many of the prominent poultry producers of the State together and after care- ful investigation and consideration the Fed- erated Poultry Association of California was organized. In a short time it has become the central organization of the poultry interests of the State and is supported by nearly every breeder, producer and local association of Cali- fornia. The chief object and purpose of this asso- ciation is, first, to aid in every possible way the producer of poultry, and, second, to aid the consumer. This can be accomplished in num- berless ways. The first great evil to remedy in this industry is waste. The poultry products in California amount to more than $18,000,000 a year and. but for the waste which amounts to more than $7,000,000 annually, would reach the sum of $25,000,000 or more. The association, by procuring co-operation among the producers, eliminating duplicate shipments, obtaining a more equitable distribution, better shipping facilities and rates, proper supervision of cold storage, will save immense sums of money that are now being lost. By working for the production of better poultry and eggs, the producer and consumer will each be benefited. The association has already inaugurated a plan to educate the producers in feeding and breeding, so that they will produce a better and more desirable quality of poultry and eggs, under more sanitary conditions. \\'liile this is not a political organization, the association aims at all times to secure all needful legislation in aid of the poultry in- dustry and just at the present time is actively engaged in procuring the passage of an im- portant bill, providing for a State commis- sioner of poultry, and another for the regu- lation of imports. EDUCATING THE PUBLIC Every means possible is now being taken by the association to educate the public to demand and require a better (juality of eggs and poultry and the producer how to improve his output. The production and sale of well- bred stock is receiving careful attention, and for that purpose the local associations and shows are given every assistance and encour- agement. A bureau of information and investigation is maintained which is at the service alike of members, consumers and the public. By bring- ing them all into closer contact, a better under- standing and greater sympathy will be estab- roL'LTRV 659 lishotl. Hy furnishing advice and information, beginners and inexperienced persons, especially those of small means, are being given the right start in the poultry business and assisted in making a success instead of a failure, as has happened to so many in the past. The field in California is so large, the State is so extensive, the localities adapted to poultry raising are so numerous and the number of producers is increasing so rapidly, that this association has in a very short time grown into a most important and powerful aid to the poultry industrv. The president of the association is Mr. George H. Croley, one of the pioneer poultry men of California. Mr. Croley is also presi- dent of the largest poultry supply and feed company in the State. No man has a deeper insight into the poultry business than has he, and no one has done more for the industry in California. His whole life has been devoted to improving and bettering the conditions of the producer of poultry and in any movement for public benefit his time and energy have been freely devoted without remuneration of any sort. Mr. Croley located in San Francisco in 1884 and at once started a poultry journal and opened a bureau of information for poul- try raisers in connection with a store for the sale of poultry supplies. Others, in various parts of the country, had for years sold sup- plies as a side line to other businesses, but his was the first exclusive poultrv supplv estab- lishment in America. Few persons now living know that all the important modern improvements in connection with poultry culture originated with men in California and Mr. Croley either directly or indirectly assisted in bringing them to a suc- cessful finish. Mr. Stevens of San Francisco invented the egg case and filler that simplified the economical handling, distribution and stor- age of eggs. Mr. Byce of Petaluma originally perfected the warm air system of incubation. Mr. Bessey of Sunnyvale first made practical the use of hot water for operating incubators. Mr. Fisher of Chico was first successful in hatching eggs by electrically applied lieat. and also first employed the system of dift"used venti- lation, which does away with the necessity of supplying moisture directly to the eggs during incubation. Mr. Walter Hogan of Petaluma completed after coming to California his system of select- ing breeding fowls, which is revolutionizing the methods of poultry breeding. Nearly all these things were accomplished many years ago and all were helped and en- couraged by Mr. Croley through the educa- tional and welfare bureau which for more than thirty years he has conducted in connection with his business. Probably the most far-reaching aid given the poultry industry by Mr. Croley was his system of feeding incubator chicks. More than twenty-five years ago incubators were considered to have been practically perfected, but through lack of proper knowledge of feeding the baby chicks and consequent inability to raise them, the practice of artificial incubation was about to be abandoned. Mr. Croley then devoted three years to research and experiment which resulted in his invention of the dry grain and seed method of feeding infant chicks now in universal use — the article now generally known as commercial chick feed, and which invention he gave to the world. Few now engaged in poultrv culture realize to what extent this revolutionized poul- try raising in foreign countries as well as in America, or how manv of these foreign coun- tries demonstrated their appreciation of Mr. Croley's work. Diplomas and many letters of commendation were received by him from foreign agricul- tural societies and similar organizations, as well as parliamentary resolutions of thanks. His achievements, together with his high sense of honor and integrity, have been long appre- ciated in California, and when the association was organized he was unanimously called upon to take charge of it. He responded promptly, threw himself into the work with his accus- tomed energv and enthusiasm, with the result that the poultry business of this State is now to be placed upon a basis superior to that of anv other State in the Union. The Hogan System of Selection of Fowls By Walter Hogan I HAVE been asked to give a brief history of the discoveries that have resulted in my system of scientific selection and breeding of poidtry to obtain maximum egg production and which now has reduced the breeding of poultry for profit to a business of reasonable certainty instead of one in which the element of chance was invariably to be reckoned with. The writer's introduction to poultry keep- ing was in Massachusetts in 185 7. About the year 1873 I made known my first impor- tant discovery — the peh'ic bone method of selection — to Mr. Albert Brown, a banker of Amesbury, Mass., and Mr. O. H. Farrar, overseer of Hamilton Mills. My friends early prophesied that my pen- chant for invention would land me in the poor house in my old age, owing, they said, to my inventions and discoveries being a hun- dred years ahead of the times. So, by some occult inspiration, I was induced to abstain from publishing any part of mv discoveries in regard to poultry until 1904, when old age was creeping on me and the poultry outlook was more auspicious. Then, bv advice of ex-United States Congressman Haldor E. Boen, I decided to publish only my first dis- covery, after it had been tested bv Professor Haverstadt, superintendent of the Minnesota State Experimental Station. The first publication was in 1904 and was written by Mr. M. F. Greeley, editor of the Dakota Farmer, from notes I gave him. He included my second discovery regarding the depth and condition of the abdomen, but re- fused to make mention of the skull tlieory. which has since proven in California to be the most important discovery of all. He stated that any reference to it would make me the laughing stock of the world. However, my years of costly research in the Eastern states brought me no financial reward and little appreciation, and in the spring of 1906 I came to California, still hopeful, but a physical and financial wreck. After regaining my health in this new Land of Promise, I began to build up a flock of layers averaging more than 200 eggs per year, like those I had previously owned in the Eastern states, with the idea of proving the value of the skull theory and its relation to prepotency. That my system was finally and genuinely appreciated by the public is due to a large extent to Professor M. E. Jaffa of the University of California, who was the first man in public life in this State to test and verify the value of my system of selection. At the request of the Petaluma Poultry Asso- ciation he had the system tested at the Cali- fornia Poultry Experimental Station for four years, thus demonstrating its value when ap- plied to hens during the entire period, four years, that is considered the ordinary life of the laying hen. After many years of disappointment I now feel that I have, assisted by the beneficial climate of California and the encouragement of its people, finally been rewarded; further, that I will yet have the pleasure of witnessing a widespread appreciation of the system as developed in California and enjoy the satis- faction to be obtained from watching the l)eneficial results it will afford the poultry breeders both here and elsewhere. Bee Keeping in California By A. B. Schaffner Manager Consolidated Honey Producers of California Editor s Xofc: California bees have been wealth winners since the first colonies of improved strains were first brought to this State in the '50s. At first their work in the mountains with the wonderful wild nectar-producing plants soon made California famous in bee keeping for its extent and unique methods and in the honey trade for the unequaled excellence of its product. In later years the bees in wild places have been rivaled by the bees on the plains. Mr. Schaff- ner writes from close knowledge of all these matters. PERHAPS the most essential factor in the further development of the honey pro- ducing industry in California, with its re- sultant extensive by-production of beeswax, etc., is not a greater demand, but a greater supply; or, in other words, more and better bees, more and better bee keepers and more complete organization, along co-operative lines, for the marketing of the products. For the lack of sufficient bees to gather the nectar from California's myriad blossoms, it is safe to say that each year a hundred times the amount is lost that is secured. Needless to state, therefore, the industry is not as yet overcrowded, and is one presenting many op- portunities for pleasurable, lucrative and in- teresting work, for which there is a wide field, extending over a thousand miles of territory from Siskiyou County in the north to Imperial in the south and embracing every variety of climate known to the State. According to a well-known authority on the subject. Mr. John H. Martin, whose writings over the nom de plume of "Rambler" have become quite famous among bee men. Mr. John S. Harbison was the first to successfully introduce bees into California, though a few hives were sent here several years prior to Harbison's shipment. Twelve colonies (or hives) were first shipped, but only one survived the long sea voyage, and this, taken to San Jose, threw off three swarms the first year. The death of the owner resulted in the sale of the colonies, which brought about $100 each. The next lot of seventy-eight colonies was imported by Mr. William Buck. Of these twenty-five col- onies survived. During these years it was believed that bees could not live in the Sacramento Valley, but Harbison finally decided to experiment there with a single colony, the result being that the bees not only lived but produced a large quan- tity of honey. Harbison then went East and prepared a shipment of sixty-seven colonies of bees for California, which he shipped by way of the Isthmus to San Francisco and thence up the Sacramento River to their des- tination. Only five colonies were lost on this trip. This was in 1857. More shipm.ents were made the following year and from these colonies has developed the present extensive industry, accounted one of the most profitable in the State. The modern beehive might aptly be de- scribed as a "box for bees," but it is well for the neophyte not to take this too literally, since much of his success will depend upon the 662 CAL11'( )RX1A-S -AIAe;AZIXK Apiary in Covina character and handling of this "box." Time was when the hollow log, or "bee gum," was considered ample equipment for the honey in- dustry, but the modern a])iarist. who hopes to compete successfully in the business, must be provided with modern appliances and must also study liis subject witli some degree of care. There are numerous makes of hives.* but the one most favored by California bee men is that known as the "Standard Langstroth," which is made to hold ten or more frames, each nys inches long by 9j/ inches in depth. These frames each hold one comb, which is suspended on the top bars of the frame so that it can be removed from the hive for examination or to extract the honey. Comb honey is i)roduced in this sort of hive with another and sliallower box placed upon it. The lid of the lower box is placed on the shallow receptacle, which is filled with small frames that are empty save for a thin layer of wax. called, in the vernacular of tlie busi- *Therc is a large factory, the Madary Company, near Fresno, which manufactures hives and bee keepers' supplies. ness, "foundation." ( )n this tlie l)ees erect their combs. 71ie production of extracted honey is a somewhat different process. Beside the hive first described another is provided that is with- out top or bottom. At the proper time of the year, when the bees are busy with their honey- making, the apiarist removes the cover fron) the hive and places the hollow box, now filled with frames, upon the top of the original hive. The cover is then placed on the upper box, which is called a super. The bees then proceed to till the frames witli honey. The frames contain thin sheets of wax with cell-indenta- tions to avoid drone-comb and keep the combs straight. When these are tilled with honey they are taken out, the bees brushed off the combs and the wax capping shaved off, when tile combs are ready for the extractor. This is a galvanized tank containing wire baskets which revolve about a center shaft and in which the unsealed combs are placed. The baskets are then revolved rapidly and the resultant centrifugal force throws the honey against the sides of the tank, whence it runs to the bottom. It is drawn oft", strained and BEE-KEEPING 663 bottled for table use. Tlie empty combs go buck in the hives. Each hive contains three varieties of bees — workers, drones and the queen. The latter lays all the eggs, a matter of 3,000 per day in the height of the honey season, and is mother of all the bees. She sometimes lives six or seven years, but it is best to limit her activities to two or three years. The workers are undeveloped females, and form the largest part of the bee colony. They are veritable living chemical laboratories, pro- viding wax, making the comb material there- from ; gathering nectar and making honey ; manufacturing royal jelly for the cjueen and larvae ; gathering bee-glue, etc. The drones have one business in life, which is to hunt for a queen. The drone who is suc- cessful in his quest dies as soon as he mates with her ; failing in this, and returning to the hive, he is slain by his sister-workers as soon as the honey supply falls short. The apiarist naturally does not want too many drones, and one way of avoiding an oversupply is by using the wax foundations. California produces a large amount of honey of many kinds, colors and flavors. "^ No other State offers a more varied or more pro- ductive honey-yielding flora. It may interest the aspiring apiarist to know something of the locations of the apiaries of California and of the methods of the bee men. The Sacramento Valley is the home of many profitable apiaries, particularly along the over- flow lands of the Sacramento River, which are under water in the winter months. When the water subsides there is invariably a fine growth of carpet grass which yields splendid crops of white honey. The hives here are kept upon platforms, elevated twelve feet or more, so that the backwater will not wash them away. Mr. Alwin Heim of Fairoaks is secretary of the Bee Keepers' Club of the Sac- *For a treatise on California honey producing plants, Mr. M. C. Richter's work, published as Bulletin No. 217, June, 1911, by the University of California, is the best of its kind. The gov- ernment also publishes bulletins on bee culture, while among private works "A B C in Bee Culture" is one of the best for beginners. ramento Valley district. In the northern section of the State, Siskiyou County may be mentioned as possessing many independent apiaries. Lassen County has a club of bee men. the secretary being Mr. O. C. Miller of Edgemont. In the San Joaquin Valley the alfalfa af- fords the bee keepers many good crops of honey. This lacks the whiteness of color that characterizes certain other varieties, but its fine flavor assures it a ready market. Stanis- laus County is prominent in this district as a honey producing center. Mr. J. G. Gilstrap of Ceres is an authority on the industry there. \Vith less overflow country and more sage in the mountains, San Joaquin Valley is highly satisfactory for bee culture. The northern limit of the honey-bearing sages is Monterey County. While there are good locations for the industry along the Coast Range, the val- leys are more sought after by apiarists. Still further south, the great wild buck- wheat section, bordering the desert, is the source of much honey. Many persons make good livings on these bee ranges, frequently moving their colonies over near the coast to the lima bean fields, to obtain the fine white honey these crops afford when in blossom. The sage ranges of the Southern California mountain districts supply the whitest honey obtainable, while in the citrus sections the bees gather the aromatic orange-blossom honey. Down the coast to San Diego County, sage again develops a field for the bee men, and across the Sierras in the alfalfa stretches of the Imperial Valley are located many suc- cessful apiaries. In all, the State possesses 6000 bee keepers and some 600,000 colonies of bees. The annual product in extracted honey in California amounts to 10,500,000 pounds, while 1.500,000 pounds of comb honey are produced. In addition there is an annual pro- duction of 250,000 pounds of beeswax. The total value of products from the bee industry exceeds a million and a quarter of dollars. The Imperial Valley alone today produces 664 CALIFORNIA'S ^lAGAZIXE more tlian 100 carloads annually of the finest honey in tlie world. A colony of good bees will produce about seventy pounds more honey than is required by the insects themselves in almost any fair locality in the State. One colony sometimes produces 400 pounds of honey. This, at the low price of five cents a pound, would amount to $20, or four times the value of the bees, not including the wax. Bees may be handled at coniiiaratively small cost, but as there is much detail in the culture, close attention is required if more than mediocrity in production is aimed at. One of the important features of the work is that of moving the colonies from one place to another in order to take advantage of the crops of nectar-producing flowers, which bloom in different seasons and localities. In the earlv spring, the willow blossoms are a big aid in getting the colonies built up for the later honey flow. In the fall, in most parts of the State, there is material for winter sup- plies. The moving of the hives is accom- plished iiowadays by means of motor trucks, in most instances ; the old method of horse- drawn vehicles having been unsatisfactory, necessitating that much of the work be done at night owing to the practical impossibility of preventing the bees from escaping and stinging the horses, thereby causing disaster. There were other drawbacks, heat being one of the most serious. The motor driven truck has eliminated them all. The moving of bees from one locality to another results in more healthful colonies. Disease has caused some An Alfalfa Apiary loss among the bee colonies in the State re- cently and a bill is before the present session of legislature to secure uniform State control of all counties. If passed this bill will create a school for inspectors and bee keepers at large, thereby adding to their efficiency. The State Bee Keepers' Association (offi- cially known as the "Consolidated Honey Producers of California"), covers the entire State and has affiliated clubs in all the larger lioney-producing counties. Through this or- ganization much legislation and legal regula- tion of a beneficial nature has been accom- plislied; a standard of grades and prices has \)vvn established and various movements for the development and advancement of the in- dustry made. This organization has aided the industry materially through systematic marketing and by controlling the price of honey. It has made an average increase in established prices of two cents per pound over what was paid six years ago. Plans are on foot to secure the co-operation of the State University in pro- viding gratuitous instruction and education for California apiarists. There is, however, room for improvement in the honey business in this State ; for ad- vancement and better organization, along the lines of other industries. Many of the i)ro- ducers of honey are now members of local or county associations formed to market their product and purchase supplies on the co-opera- tive plan, w'hich method is being rapidly adopted by many producers in other lines. There are many large honey buyers who buy in carload lots and ship to the East or to Europe. Numerous bee men are now organiz- ing in co-operative clubs and are learning to pack their own honey for retail trade. In conclusion, it may be truthfully stated that the honev industrv is still in its infancy in this State, despite that it has been in exis- tence here for half a century. There is room in California for manv more ambitious apiarists who, providing they study the con- ditions carefully and give time and attention to the business, can not fail to achieve success. PrP.LISHERS" ANNOUNCEMENT 665 Every Reader of this Number of California's Magazine should become A Subscriber The subscription price is $2.00 per year and if so desired subscriptions may begin with and inchide this great Cornerstone Number. This offer, however, is limited. Why You Should Subscribe tSeCCLUSe — it is a duty you owe yourself. It is an investment. It gives you the free use of the Readers" Service. It enables you to keep informed of what is doing in California along constructive lines. Fill out this blank and mail today California 's Magazine New Call Building San Francisco, Cal. Date 1915- Enclosed 1ind Ti^'o Dollars for i^'iiich send C.vlifornia's Magazine for one year, beginning icith number, to: Xaine ' Address (Specify the month you desire to have your subscription begin with. California's Magazine is issued on the first of July. October. January and April. If you zi'ish to begin with this Cornerstone Number, zirite "July. 1915-") 666 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE An Opportunity! California's Magazine wants representatives every- where to obtain subscriptions. The work is pleasant and lucrative. Everyone wants to know about Cali- fornia these days. Just mention the name and you secure the interest of the person to whom you are talking. Circulation Department California's Magazine Write for ., /-> ir r> -i »• Our Attractive ^^"^ ^«^^ Building Proposition -^on Ftancisco Today Special Club Offer Send us a money order for $io and we will mail CALI- FORNIA'S Magazine for one year, beginning with and including this Cornerstone Number, to SIX different addresses — or, if desired, we will send the six copies to one address for a year. This offer is limited. Circulation Department California's Magazine New Call Building San Francisco PUBLISHERS' ANNOUNCEMEXT 667 The Autumn Number SHORTLY before October i, 1915, will be issued the Autumn Quarterly Number of CaliforxlVs Magazine. It will be a particularly fine number and will include many exceptional articles by prom- inent Californians upon subjects of interest and im- portance. A few of these articles are announced in the department of Publishers' Notes in the front part of this number. THE illustrations for the Autumn Number will be notable for their beauty and rarity, and a number of four-color plates from natural autochrome negatives will be included. BUT the most interesting fact in connection with , this number is that every article will depict some phase of California life and work, practical or pic- turesque. In other words, it will be a distinctly representative California magazine — just as this num- ber is representative of this great State. Our staff writers are on the alert constantly for striking features and valuable data on California industries and re- sources, while the contributing staff, which includes many of the foremost men and women of the State, is preparing special papers upon important topics. No one who is interested in California can afford to over- look any number of CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE. Re- member, that by subscribing now for one year at $2.00 you will receive this Cornerstone Number, which sells singly for $1.50, and three more quarterlv numbers, each of which will be a veritable library of informa- tion concerning California. California's Magazine New Call Building San Francisco, Gal. MM m ii w^ s ii S ii ^^ ^^ ^^ si ^^S ii s ^^^ i| ^^^^ ^^ ^^ ii ^^ ^^s ^^^ ^M 6r,R CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZIXK An Appeal to Readers of California's Magazine N OW that you have gone over this number of CALIFOR- NIA'S Magazine, what do you think of it? We want your opinion; it is valuable to us. Furthermore, we want vour interest, your support. And just here, we will try to tell you why you should be willing, even anxious, to lend us your support: California is a great State. If you are a Californian — that is, living and working in it — it is YOUR State, and its interests are your interests. If you are not a Californian, you should be interested in knowing more about a State that has done so much for its citizens — for you never can tell but that you may soon become one of them yourself. WE ARE TAKING CALIFORNIA TO THE WORLD in this magazine. We have let the really big men and women of the State tell the world what California has done, is doing, and means to do for the world. Ours is a constructive work in a day and age when construction is necessary to offset the destruction in certain parts of the civi- lized world. You are a builder and therefore a peacemaker if you are laboring honestly and happily and making a home for yourself and family. Therefore your interests are our interests and vice versa. If you lend us your support, the things you do will not "return unto vou void." Send us your subscription now and induce your friends to do the same. Also do not fail to register with us and take advantage of our Readers' Service. California's Magazine New Call Building San Francisco READERS' SERX'ICE 669 The Readers' Service of California's Magazine FREQUENTLY, throughout this number of California's :\Iagazine, we have called attention to the Readers' Service and urged our readers to avail them- selves of it to any extent desired. We have endeavored to show just how this Service might be employed by the incHvidual in attaining the realization of his ideals and in the bettering of his condition generally. The contents of the magazine have, we feel certain, been the means of interesting the public to even a greater extent than heretofore, in the quality of California's appeal to the people of the world, of its marvelous productiveness and its innumerable attractions for those who appreciate living under right conditions and amid superior surroundings. In considering the employment of our Readers' Service for your individual needs, first of all rest assured that it commits you to nothing. You are under no obligations whatever if you confide your desires to us. and our only aim will be to serve you and the State by telling you all you wish to know about California and transacting for you any business that will result to your advantage. While this is termed "Readers' Service" and is, unmistakably, for the use of readers, it is also a service to the State because the State needs you as much as you need it. In other words, California needs citizens, more men and women of the right sort, and this means, of the best class. Not necessarily persons of wealth, but those who are industrious, high-minded and who want to live right in right surroundings. A PERTINENT STATEMENT DR. BENJ. IDE WHEELER, President of the University of California, speaking, in his article in this issue, on the size and population of California, says : "California is really still an undiscovered land for most of the world, as it certainly is an unoccupied land. Otherwise the fairest land provided for the residence of men would have more than fifteen residents to the square mile, and farms of ten thousand acres, any ten of which would support a thrifty family, would not he so common as they are." What does this signify? Simply that California must have more citizens, and so it will be apparent that our Service to readers is also a service to the State. But — and here is the point to consider — we do not seek to bring people to California bv means of florid or flamboyant methods. ( )n the contrary, we have secured from the biggest men and zconien in the State, whose word is their bond, and who are in a position to speak zcith authority, articles descriptive of many phases of California life and work. By thus presenting to our readers the true greatness of California and calling attention to the splendid opportunities it aft'ords for men and women of the right sort, we leave no room for a doubt to arise in 670 CALIFORNIA'S MAGAZINE their minds as to the authentic character of the information, and they can be confident that if they are guided to CaHfornia by what they read in this magazine they will at least be certain of not having been misinformed. Furthermore, our interest in clients, those who come to us for information and who act upon it, does not cease when their questions have been answered. On the contrary, we are continuously behind them, ready to sug-gest, advise or otherwise aid them in attaining success. EXPERT ADVICE T T OW can we be so certain of being able to do this? Because we have sur- A J. rounded ourselves with experts ; with specialists who are positively the acknowledged authorities in their individual lines. These are the men who will give you the information you require, no matter to what branch of endeavor in California it pertains. These men constitute our Readers' Service. They realize with us that the service is a service to California as well as the clients, and thev are thus justified in their own minds and in the eyes of the world for their interest and co-operation. We have thus far spoken as though the only readers of California's Maga- zine were persons outside the State, and that there is, therefore, no means whereby the residents of California may avail themselves of the Readers' Service. This is not the purpose of our plan, however, which aims to serve everyone every- where, nor of the magazine wdiich aims to represent California and Californians pre-eminently. The resident of California is deeply interested in his own State and its progress, for that means his own progress. There are problems confront- ing him daily to which he will welcome solutions. It is true that problems here are easier of solution and less plentiful than in most parts of the country, but to deny that they do exist would be absurd. The advice of our Service experts is for all our readers, whether close at hand or in the Antipodes. WHERE OUR INTEREST LIES FIRST, last and always, let it be clearly understood that we have nothing to sell, except this magazine. Our interest is with the buyer. If we can, by means of our knowledge and our close touch with people and affairs in California, transact for our readers business in the State, we are glad of the opportunity and will exercise the greatest care in safeguarding their interests. Naturally, in order that we may keep in touch with the world's people, we want as many subscribers as possible to California's Magazine. It is our desire that this publication shall circulate to the ends of the earth, reaching into every home, commanding the interest of every man and woman of intelligence to whom it comes. Only in this way can we achieve our purpose which is, as we have already indicated, to serve California and the people by bringing them together. If by means of our earnest efforts to portray California in its real character we can add largely to its citizenry, develop some of the land which is undeveloped, better the conditions of families and start many persons on the road to greater happiness and prosperity than has been their portion hitherto, we will have READERS' SERVICE 671 accomplished a truly humanitarian service and have been sutSciently rewarded for our labors. CONCLUSIVE WORDS DR. DAVID STARR JORDAN, Chancellor of Stanford University and a man whose broadness and humanity have made him a world-power in the past and will constitute him an even greater force henceforth, whose voice is ever uplifted in the cause of Peace — has written in this number of our magazine: "UNDER THE FLAG WHERE HATRED DIES AWAY THIS SINGLE STATE OFFERS ALL THE VARIETY SEEN IN EUROPE. IT IS THE OVERFLOW MEETING OF ALL THE NATIONS, AND TO THIS MEETING ALL COME IN PEACE AND IN MUTUAL TOLERANCE AND RESPECT. T CANNOT,' SAID CHARLES LAMB, 'HATE ANYBODY I KNOW,' AND HERE IN CALIFORNIA WE ALL KNOW EACH OTHER. AND WE LOVE CALIFORNIA BECAUSE SHE FIRST LOVED US." Such words, uttered by a man of the calibre of Dr. Jordan are conclusive. They prove that California is a place where the spirit of brotherhood is exempli- fied to a greater extent perhaps than in any other part of the world ; a place where the golden rule works all the week-^yes, all the year around. In such a place is found true happiness and the conditions of mind that make for success and pros- perity. We do not contend that such thing as failure is unknown in California, but we do assert that, where in most other places the preponderance of blame for a failure is frequently with the conditions, here it generally rests with the man if he does not succeed. A man of intelligence and industry has everything in his favor here, but he must have a basic knowledge of California conditions ; must not, in other words, work in the dark. That is where our Readers" Service fills a need. We can aid the stranger within the gates, or the man who is already here but lacks essential knowledge of the place, to avoid errors of judgment and mis- takes in method. HOW TO AVAIL YOURSELF OF THIS SERVICE T70LL0VVING is a "Registration Blank" which readers are urged to fill out -*- and mail to us nozc. It is not exhaustive, and may not meet the individual requirements in some cases, but at least it is a starting point. It gets us acquainted, so to speak. W^ith your name and address on our books, and a general idea of your position and desires, we are enabled to advise you of especially interesting developments along the lines in which you have signified an interest and to send you bulletins and other data of value to you. If, as will frequently be the case, you desire detailed information on a special subject, write a letter setting forth clearly what you want to know and we will take up your problem at once. On the following page is the blank ; fill it out and mail to us today : 672 CALIFORXIA'S MAGAZINE REGISTRATION BLANK California's Magazine New Call Building, San Francisco Rooms 708, 710, 712 I Dl^SlRE lo receive from you data of interest regarding California and also to be placed on your mailing list for everything issued that is likely to prove of value to me. It is understood that this senice is to be absolutely free of cost to me, I being entitled to same as a reader of California's AIagazine. ^/\' age is / am married. I have children. Their ages Their schooling to date / am novj engaged in ,. / (7/// interested in California and would like to make my home there, pro- :iding J could engage in / have $ which I could use to develop land if the land were provided so that I zcould not have to make any immediate cash outlay to secure it; or upon a liberal basis whereby production could be made to pay for tlie land. I would like to make use of your Readers' Seriice to learn all possible about Name .. Address If this blank does not give you sufficient space, write us a letter in detail setting forth your Icsires fullv. "WHY CALIFORNIA?" The Climates of California range according to elevation, from moderated wmter to unbroken summer. They will give you a sharp nip of frost or furnish you with calla lilies all the year— just as you choose location; but all the year will be growing season and they invite you to an open-air working season all the year except during a short time when rains are actually falling. The Rivers of California constitute facilities for inland water transportation, the development of which is just beginning. They carry from mountain snows the irrigation water which makes fruitful valleys far wider than the Nile and far greater in range of productions. Thus the rivers invite you to produce and offer to move your products to market. The Soils of California invite you to plunge implements into them to the limit of your motive power. They are prevalently deep loams and free from stones— though one can find soil troubles if he does not watch to avoid them. But as a rule California soils invite plants to deeper rooting than the soils of wintry regions and reward the grower accordingly. The Forests of California contain the largest trees in the world— higher and older than many of the pyramids of Egypt and they are tokens of the blessings of God rather than the servitude exacted by despots. The California forests welcome you to activity in forest industries which, under conservatien now provided, will enrich and make glad all coming generations. The Mountains of California call you to uplifting contemplation of their grandeur. They will shelter you from arctic blasts and blizzards. They hold in trust for you great mineral treasures. Their thousands of valleys offer pasturage for flocks and herds; their lakes and streams abound in fish. The Plants of California present a most attractive invitation to live among them. The native plants are unique, beautiful and characteristic of the State. The introduced plants include all worth growing for use or beauty from all tem- perate and semi-tropical countries. The plants alone demonstrate to an ob- serving visitor that he has come to rare richness of soil and salubrity of climate. California Farming Industries are largely advancing by co-operation of producers. New comers are urged to take a share in this co-operation for the greater joy of living amid neighborhood improvements. Californians treat a man as they hope to be treated by him. "Well come and well stay" is their greeting to strangers. The People of California are generous, hospitable, broad-minded and outspoken. They cordially welcome to friendship all those of similar quality. The world has freely given of its best people to California and therefore Cahfornians are always on good terms with the world. They want more neighbors of their own kind. that is **Why California >f FO UR GREAT SEAL^ OF R^osperity %^ ^^ ^\^5UNIVERy/A. o o %a3AIN(l-3Wv K^^mmor.^ \^myi^^ ^■'VOJIWD-JO'^ ^VEUNIVtRy//, ^r^lJDNVSOl^'' A>-10SA o s ^ ,^WEU^JIVER% o CI S rjiJONvso^^"^ '^/Ia3AlNa•]V^■ ^OFCAIIFO/?^ o ^/?Aavaani^ ^OfCAIIFOfi'^ .\WEUfJIVER% ce ^lOSA ft: o ^UIBRARYQ^ ^HIBRARYO, ME UNIVERS/^ *C Uj ^' ^OFCAllFOff^ ^ .A,OFCAtlF0% £? -S^ '^'^omm'^ ^'"^omm^^ ,\^EUNIVERS/A o ^VWSANCElfj-^ "^/^ajAiNnjvW ^.OFCALIFOM)^ <4cOFCA '^(^Aavaaii-^^ ^^&A5)VJia!14\"^ " ^,OFCAIIFO% .^^' o "^ ^ ^ ,.OFCAllF0/?4^ _ ^ o gi^OfCAIIfO/?^ <^^\^EllfJIVER% o .iOSANCElfj> "^/saaAiNn-jwv ^^.OFCAIIFOI?^ ^* '^(!/OJIlVJjO^ .\WEt)NIVERS'/A "^J'JlJaNYSOV'^ § E :? \WE UNIVERS//, I .>;lOSAfJCflfj> AlNQ-iWV ^.OFfAllFO% ,^,OFCAllF0/?/fc, 5n . ^ ^ommm"^ '^ommn"^ o M-IIBRARYQ^^ ^ILIBRARYQc VMwk ^ ^\^t UNlVtKVA .^lUyANLtlfX> o I