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 Early Princeton Printing 
 
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 BY 
 
 VARNUM LANSING COLLINS 
 
 PR [NCE I <iN l'M\ ERSI1 V PRESS 
 PRINCETON, NEW fERSl ■> 
 
 19)1
 
 
 EARLY PRINCETON PRINTING 
 
 The installation of the Princeton Uni- 
 versity Press in a building of its own, 
 with an equipment worthy of its affiliations 
 and adequate to its ambitions, marks the 
 ^-beginning of a new epoch in the history 
 t>{" printing in the town of Princeton. And 
 it is to commemorate the event that this 
 slender appreciation of early Princeton 
 printing is put forth. 
 
 The history runs back exactly one hun- 
 dred and twenty-five years to the days 
 when the town was still a colonial village 
 with the scars of the Revolutionary War 
 fresh upon it. when on one side of the 
 highroad the College of New Jersey was 
 still undergoing repairs, and on the other 
 lay a scattered handful of dwelling houses 
 and little shops clustering about the one 
 or two comfortable taverns whose stage- 
 coach business was fast mending now that 
 the war was over. Under President With- 
 
 1510156
 
 erspoon's untiring efforts the College, 
 which for thirty years had shared with the 
 taverns the honor of being the community's 
 chief asset, was beginning slowly to gather 
 itself together again, and the village was 
 facing; the future bravely, confident in its 
 belief that prosperity for the institution 
 set in its midst meant also its own growth 
 and progress. 
 
 It was at this time that Doctor Wither- 
 spoon lent his support to the establishment 
 of a printing press in the village. How- 
 ever easily he may have turned American 
 on his arrival from Scotland in 1768, he 
 had never forgotten his mother-country 
 nor waived aside a chance to help a fellow- 
 countryman. Any worthy Scotsman land- 
 ing at an American port, could he but 
 make his way to Princeton, would be sure 
 to find welcome and to receive advice and 
 assistance at the hands of the President 
 of the College of New Jersey. And so 
 it came about that early in 1786 — unless 
 all indications are at fault — there reached 
 Princeton a young Scotsman named James 
 Tod, a man of more than average educa- 
 tion and a printer by trade, seeking work.
 
 Half a dozen other towns in New Jersej' 
 at this time could boast printing presses, 
 but none had ever been set up at Prince- 
 ton. The proximity of Trenton, where 
 Isaac Collins had won a reputation, and 
 the wider possibilities of New York and 
 Philadelphia had hitherto easily controlled 
 all the work for compositors' hands to do 
 that eighteenths century Princeton could 
 offer. While, unfortunately, there is no 
 *.j|efinite authority for the belief one would 
 - like to entertain that Doctor Witherspoon 
 had some dim vision of a future university 
 press devoted to the promotion of educa- 
 tion and scholarship — a vision that has 
 needed the varied fortunes of a dozen dec- 
 ades to transform it into reality — yet it 
 is reasonably certain that, if not at the 
 President's suggestion at least with his 
 hearty good will and support. Mr. Tod re- 
 solved to see what opportunity lav for him 
 and his little press under the shadow of 
 Nassau Hall ; and opposite the College 
 therefore lie opened his shop. Meanwhile 
 he had to live; and to help him eke out an 
 existence until his press should win a 
 clientele and be able to support him, he
 
 was permitted to give French lessons in 
 the College. 
 
 His best advertisement would obviously 
 be a newspaper; so, backed undoubtedly 
 by the interest of his patron, and viewing 
 undismayed the ill-luck of Isaac Collins' 
 "New Jersey Gazette," of whose ap- 
 proaching discontinuance he may have had 
 an inkling, he issued in May or June 1786, 
 the first number of the "Princeton Packet 
 and General Advertiser," Princeton's first 
 newspaper. That summer or autumn he 
 published for the College a catalogue of 
 its graduates and officers, the first to be 
 issued in octavo form; late in 1787 he 
 printed President Witherspoon's famous 
 baccalaureate sermon of 1775 on "Christian 
 Magnanimity," with the "Address to the 
 Senior Class" which the Doctor had re- 
 peated each commencement since he first 
 delivered it ; and later still in the same 
 year, 1787, he issued a volume of sermons 
 by the President's friend, the Reverend 
 John Muir of Bermuda. And here our 
 actual knowledge of Mr. Tod's work ends. 
 His outjiut must have been larger, but 
 these are the only monuments at present
 
 \,/t^&&»' 
 
 Princeton j ZS F' acket ' 
 
 IN?. i9. 
 
 
 I- C K N 1. » A I- — 
 
 - 
 
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 A. ' - ; 
 
 IHHi i d v r r T I s F. it. 
 
 c< 
 
 THE "PRINCETON PACKET" FOR OCTOBER 5, 1786 
 PRINTED BY JAMES TOD
 
 known of Ins eighteen months' stay at 
 Princeton. Dr. Witherspoon's baccalau- 
 reate is a fairly common Revolutionary 
 War item at book auctions; the Catalogue 
 and even Mr. Muir's "Sermons" appear 
 once in a long while; but copies of the 
 "Packet" never turn up, and a file of the 
 newspaper remains to be discovered. It 
 was a little foitr-page weekly about eight- 
 een inches long and ten wide, with three 
 '.^columns to the page. In the title-line a 
 , -^oodeut of Nassau Hall separates the 
 w r ords "Princeton" and "Packet" — the 
 woodcut which was used again on the title- 
 page of the Catalogue. In the colophon 
 at the bottom of the fourth page the 
 reader is informed that the annual sub- 
 scription is ten shillings ; that advertise- 
 ments "of a moderate length" will be in- 
 serted at three and ninepence each, the 
 first week, and one and threepence "for 
 every continuance," and "long ones in pro- 
 jjortion;" that "essays and articles of in- 
 telliffence" will be thankfully received by 
 the printer; and that at his office "print- 
 ing work will be performed with fidelity 
 and expedition." 
 
 9
 
 Onl}' five numbers have been located, 
 although the paper ran for more than a 
 year. It is the rarest of Princeton im- 
 prints. 
 
 Gallant though Mr. Tod's experiment 
 was, and charming typographically as 
 were his productions — the "Packet'' and 
 Witherspoon's sermon being especially at- 
 tractive pieces of printing — it became evi- 
 dent very soon that Princeton could not 
 support a press; and late in 1787 Tod ac- 
 cepted a position as classical master of 
 Erasmus Hall, a school newly incorpor- 
 ated at Flatbush, Long Island. Here he 
 remained five years, moving then to a pri- 
 vate academy at New Utrecht, where in 
 1802, at the age of 50, he died, leaving a 
 widow and seven children. 
 
 When one fingers the yellowing pages 
 of Tod's "Packet" and his little booklets 
 with their rag paper, their clear type and 
 even press-work, one suspects that here 
 was a man who loved his art and would 
 have continued to practise it "with fidel- 
 ity," had not the relentless exigencies of 
 life forced him from his calling into more 
 lucrative employment. Local lovers of 
 
 10
 
 good printing must ever regret the condi- 
 tions, unavoidable but not surprising, that 
 drove James Tod away from Princeton. 
 
 His four imprints are characteristic of 
 the local field — a newspaper, a college offi- 
 cial publication, a discourse, a volume of 
 collected sermons. Under these headings, 
 with the additional one of town ephemera, 
 may be classified pretty completely, and 
 under the circumstances rather obviously. 
 . - the output of the local presses until verv 
 recent vears. Examination of the list of 
 Princeton imprints during the last century 
 and a quarter would show that the College 
 and Seminary have ordinarily supplied 
 regular annual jobs, that the predominant 
 presence of clerical and academic resi- 
 dents in Princeton has produced a stream 
 of sermons and occasional addresses, that 
 a goodly array of pietistic works has been 
 issued, that local religious and philan- 
 thropic organizations have supplied their 
 quota of reports and occasional publica- 
 tions, that textbooks, scientific works and 
 books for the general reader have been 
 given but rarely to a local firm, their 
 chance of success being greater if handled 
 
 1 I
 
 elsewhere, and that, finally, almost every 
 Princeton printer since Tod's day has 
 tried his hand at a newspaper, and has 
 never been flattered by material success. 
 
 The lesson of Tod's failure was well 
 learned. For thirty-five years after his 
 departure printing was a lost art in 
 Princeton. But early in 1824 David A. 
 Borrenstein opened an office, and with him 
 printing returned to stay. The location of 
 the Theological Seminary at Princeton, the 
 interest of the times in religion, and the 
 feverish activity of town and gown in dis- 
 seminating religious reading matter had 
 brightened immeasurably the business out- 
 look for any prospective local press. And 
 it will be observed that during his four 
 busy years at Princeton, Mr. Borrenstein 
 printed scarcely anything outside of the 
 religious field. At a period when America 
 was being accused of abject intellectual 
 subserviency to Great Britain, one looks 
 in vain for a Princeton reprint of any of 
 the masterpieces of English prose or 
 poetry that were being read in America. 
 Contemporary Princeton booksellers' ad- 
 vertisements of new books are invariably 
 
 12
 
 . 
 
 CATALOGUS 
 
 c '■'■"' ••- 
 
 COLLEGII 
 
 N^O-CiESARIENSIS. 
 
 ii.<- 
 
 - 
 
 -' .3 -' i 
 
 - '"\ ~- 
 
 
 
 \ [{':'■ 
 
 ±Mm***- 
 
 ' ^^@^^S^@^S<&l^@^@.Hfe^^ 
 
 P R 1 N C ENJtp 2V; 
 E Typis J A C O B lj( T O D. 
 
 • M.DCC.LXXXVll 
 
 CATALOGUE OF GRADUATES AND OFFICERS 
 PRINTED BY JAMES TOD, 1786
 
 limited to theological and controversial 
 works, or to pietistic and devotional books, 
 and the conclusion can hardly be evaded 
 that if secular literature had any place in 
 the community's reading it was scarcely 
 through local dealers, and certainly not 
 through local editions. On the other hand, 
 it was the age of religious magazines and 
 religious weeklies, and in this character- 
 istic the age was amply reflected at Prince- 
 ton. From the viewpoint of literature, 
 life here must have been a grave matter in 
 those days. 
 
 Exactly when or how Mr. Borrenstein 
 came to settle in Princeton has been im- 
 possible to discover; but in May 1824 Dr. 
 James W. Alexander could still speak of 
 his press as a novelty to Princeton chil- 
 dren, "great and small." That the new- 
 comer received definite assurances of sup- 
 port is clear not only from his own words; 
 but from the character of the enterprises 
 on which he immediately embarked. In 
 July 182i he issued this notice: 
 
 The subscriber having established a 
 Printing Office in this place, under the 
 immediate patronage of the Literary 
 
 13
 
 Gentlemen who reside here, takes this 
 opportunity of respectfully soliciting the 
 favours of his friends and the public gen- 
 erally. He has furnished his Office with 
 new and handsome Types, &c ; and ven- 
 tures to assure those who may confide to 
 liim the printing of works of any descrip- 
 tion, that every effort and assiduity will 
 be used by him to execute the typographi- 
 cal part with neatness and accuracy. 
 
 Princeton. X. J. D. A. Borrenstein. 
 
 July 1824. 
 
 Already in May he had sent out pro- 
 posals for publishing a weekly paper to 
 be called the "Princeton Religious and 
 Literary Gazette." No copy of this paper 
 ran be found, and it probably did not 
 long survive its birth, for in April 1825 
 its printer began another weekly, the 
 "American Journal of Letters. Christian- 
 ity and Civil Affairs," edited by the Rev- 
 trend Robert Gibson, and published by T. 
 Callaghan Gibson. Well printed though 
 its four quarto pages were, its sixteen col- 
 umns of heavy reading matter devoted to 
 the promotion of education, religion, and 
 public affairs, proved too solid an in- 
 tellectual diet to win popularity or even 
 
 I 1
 
 support, and some months later — in Janu- 
 ary 1 826 — appeared its successor, the 
 "American Magazine of Letters and 
 Christianity,'' a monthly octavo of sixty- 
 eight pages, excellently printed, as usual, 
 but containing more varied and general 
 reading than its predecessor. Only four 
 issues of this attractive looking periodical 
 seem to have bt*en saved; and, indeed, it is 
 doubtful whether any more were published. 
 '♦^Discouraging though these failures must 
 ' "Have been to their promoters, nevertheless 
 they were steadily clearing the way for 
 the "Biblical Repertory, " which was to 
 live and become famous under its more 
 popular name the "Princeton Review." 
 
 The newspaper ambition was however 
 still alive in Borrenstein's mind, and in the 
 summer of 1826, for a group of unnamed 
 proprietors, he began the "New Jersey 
 Patriot," a genuine political weekly news- 
 paper at last, of four folio pages of five 
 columns, and boasting the patronage of 
 "a great number of the literary men of 
 the state." For some reason Borrenstein 
 dropped out in the following April, and 
 with difficulty another printer, A. E. Wer- 
 
 15
 
 den, was obtained; but, three months later, 
 he resumed his connection, and a new — and 
 fatal — editorial policy was announced. 
 The "Patriot" was to be less political and 
 more literary, "religion, morality, letters 
 and political science being entitled to the 
 first consideration for the true patriot," 
 as the announcement phrased it. But this 
 admirable assertion did not elicit the en- 
 thusiastic approval of subscribing pat- 
 riots, true or otherwise; the semi-literary 
 magazine quality, religious or secular, was 
 evidently just what they did not want; 
 and the "New Jersey Patriot" speedily 
 joined the "Packet," the "Gazette," and 
 the "Journal" in the haven of lost argo- 
 sies. 
 
 Meanwhile his newspaper and magazine 
 projects had by no means monopolized the 
 activities of Borrenstein's press. In Sep- 
 tember 1821, he commenced the issue of 
 "A Series of Tracts on Practical Religion, 
 consisting of Selections from the Works 
 of various Authors." These little pamph- 
 lets were issued monthly, forming for the 
 year 1821-25 a first volume of two hun- 
 dred and ninety-six pages, and for 1825- 
 
 16
 
 H6 a second volume of two hundred and 
 ninety-five pages. The advertisement tells 
 us that these tracts would be "to the pious 
 both entertaining and useful." and that it 
 was the purpose of the printer to furnish "a 
 neat volume" each year; but, in spite of the 
 spirit of the times, the tracts did not meet 
 sufficient encouragement, and the series 
 ended with the second volume. In no wise 
 daunted, Borrenstein was ready with an- 
 other project for giving the public edify- 
 ing literature. In 1 826 he issued two or 
 three booklets illustrating his intention, 
 ■should it meet with favor, "to print in 
 regular succession all such small works on 
 Practical Christianity as may be either 
 nearly out of print, or which may be worth 
 republishing from English editions." Ex- 
 amples of these were Baxter's "Call to 
 the Unconverted" (1826) and his "Saints' 
 Rest" (1827), Alleine's "Solemn Warn- 
 ings of the Dead" (1826), which gloomy 
 work went into a second edition in 1828, 
 Hannah More's "Sacred Dramas" (1826). 
 and Grace Kennedy's "The Decision, or, 
 Religion must be all. or is nothing" 
 (1827). A distinctly more pretentious 
 
 17
 
 work was a translation of Saurin's "Ser- 
 mons" in two volumes (1827), with a 
 beautifully engraved portrait of the author 
 by Durand. Another feature of this book 
 was the rather clumsy printer's device on 
 the titlepage — the initials 1) and B of en- 
 twined grapevine tendrils, and surrounded 
 by a wreath of nondescript foliage. At 
 the same time, the Princeton Press, as 
 Mr. Borrenstein called his office, was is- 
 suing a constantly growing stream of ad- 
 dresses and sermons, annual reports for 
 local societies, College catalogues and pro- 
 grammes, the catalogue of the Princeton 
 library Company (1825), venerable an- 
 cestor of the twentieth century Public Li- 
 brary, and special reprints, or new edi- 
 tions, of standard works like Alexander's 
 "Outlines of the Evidences of Christi- 
 anity" and Paley's "Natural Theology;" 
 and when Mr. S. J. Bayard of Princeton 
 brought to the office the manuscript of his 
 narrative poem "Mengwe" (1825), he gave 
 Mr. Borrenstein the chance to put forth 
 his prettiest piece of printing. But prob- 
 ably the most interesting product of the 
 Princeton Press, and decidedly the most 
 
 18
 
 significant from an academic point of view r 
 was Borrenstein's edition of the "Seven 
 Against Thebes" by Aeschylus, the first 
 classical text to bear a Princeton imprint, 
 and one of the earliest American editions 
 of the play. It was published "under the 
 care and direction of the Senior Class of 
 Nassau Hall," so the title-page tells us,, 
 and is worth noticing not only as a speci- 
 . men of early Princeton typography, but 
 also because it is the fruitage of the first 
 advanced classical work done by Prince- 
 ton undergraduates. It was prepared un- 
 der the supervision of Professor Robert 
 Bridges Patton who had been elected in 
 April 1825 to the chair of Languages at 
 Princeton. A graduate of Yale in the 
 class of 1817, he was one of that pioneer 
 group of American students in Germany 
 to which Everett and Bancroft belonged, 
 and, taking the degree of Doctor of Phil- 
 osophy at Gottingen in 1821, he was the 
 first member of the Princeton faculty to 
 hold a German degree. He at once in- 
 troduced his graduate students and his 
 advanced seniors to the methods of Ger- 
 man scholarship, organizing along the 
 
 19
 
 lines of a German seminar the "Philo- 
 logical Society of Nassau Hall," and plac- 
 ing at their disposal, in one of the rooms 
 in Nassau Hall, his private library of 1 500 
 volumes. In this room regular meetings 
 were held until his resignation in 1829. 
 His brief career — he died in 1839 — was 
 one of enviable reputation and brightest 
 promise. 
 
 In December 1825, a month after his 
 arrival in Princeton, he had delivered in 
 the college chapel, before the Literary and 
 Philosophical Society of New Jersey, a 
 lecture on "Classical and National Educa- 
 tion." which may be considered as his in- 
 augural, and which was printed by Bor- 
 renstein for the Society in 1826. In this 
 lecture the reader, not too scornful to be 
 curious of the beginnings of classical 
 scholarship in Princeton, may find ideas 
 stirring that seem to harbinger modern 
 times, ideas even more plainly discernible 
 in the Philological Society's list of its 
 aims, printed in 1828 in the catalogue of 
 its library. 
 
 In 1827 Borrenstein added a new peri- 
 odical to his record — the "New Jersey 
 
 20
 
 SEVEN BEFORE THEBES; 
 3 rrasrUe of fXiftcbgitfe, 
 
 H Mil It.VI 'n M ULI/., I'M,, , |HL l '. 
 IM' !>M;u-llrjs OE 
 
 THE SENIOR CLASS Or NASSAU HAIJ, 
 
 Drfnrrum Srrffl : 
 BV ;j. '. BOBAKNST£l^ 
 
 >», 
 
 AESCHYLUS SEVEN AGAINST THEBES' 
 PRINTED BY D A. BORRENSTEIN. 1828
 
 Sabbath School Journal," which ran into 
 at least a third year, as the "New Jersey 
 Sunday School Journal." 
 
 Whatever one may think of the content 
 of Borrenstein's publications, at least it 
 must be acknowledged that in form his 
 work is usually pleasing; but his judg- 
 ment failed him in the German New Tes- 
 tament he printed in 1828. It is the 
 most unattractive — as it is also one of the 
 >_ rarest — of his imprints. The copy in the 
 Library of Princeton University is a duo- 
 decimo on bluish grey paper with mottled 
 edges, producing an effect that is the op- 
 posite of artistic. The plates were stereo- 
 typed in Philadelphia. 
 
 For Messrs. G. and C. Carvill of New 
 York he had printed in 1 827 a New Testa- 
 ment in English, arranged by a student in 
 the Seminary on what was then a novel 
 plan, i.e., in paragraphs instead of verses 
 and chapters. The notes and critical ap- 
 paratus made this the most intricate piece 
 of composition that the Princeton Press 
 had yet been called upon to do. 
 
 But there remains to be noticed the 
 periodical with whose mechanical begin- 
 
 21
 
 nings Borrenstein's name must always be 
 associated. In J 825 Dr. Charles Hodge 
 of Princeton Seminary formed the plan 
 of issuing quarterly, under the name "The 
 Biblical Repertory," a series of treatises 
 or "dissertations principally in Biblical 
 Literature." The field was unoccupied in 
 America; and Dr. Hodge felt that the 
 Presbyterian Church was falling behind 
 the age in this kind of literature. "The 
 difficulty of procuring books, or the disin- 
 clination to read anything not written in 
 our own language, has led to a lamenta- 
 ble neglect of one interesting department 
 of Theological Learning." The object of 
 the proposed series was to give American 
 students of divinity the benefits of modern 
 English and German theological thought. 
 The first three volumes of the "Repertory" 
 wirt' printed by Borrenstein. But four 
 years' experiment led Dr. Hodge to con- 
 elude that the time had not arrived when 
 such a periodical could be adequately sup- 
 ported in America ; and, beginning with the 
 fifth volume (1829), a new series was 
 started, with a change in the character of 
 the magazine, whereby its scope was. 
 
 22
 
 broadened and it became more of a re- 
 view of general religious thought, life, and 
 literature. This is not the place to follow 
 the history of the "Repertory" through 
 the long cycle of changes in name and 
 place and printer by which it at last came 
 back to almost the identical spot where its 
 first number was set up ; that task has 
 been done by "many a librarian, and the 
 desiccated record thereof may be found in 
 *.«*the catalogue of any library lucky enough 
 ' Vsr ^possess the complete set. But it is 
 pleasant, at least, to remember that it be- 
 gan its life of almost four score years 
 and ten in the humble printing-shop of 
 David Borrenstein. 
 
 Mr. Borrenstein drops out of the history 
 of Princeton printing as suddenly and 
 silently as he had entered it. His name 
 appears in connection with the Princeton 
 Press until the middle of 1828, and then 
 without warning its place is taken by Wil- 
 liam D'Hart, publisher, and Bernard Con- 
 nolly and Hugh Madden, printers, names 
 so bookishly promising that one cannot 
 help regretting the absolute silence of lo- 
 cal history as to the personalities of their 
 
 23
 
 •owners. Connolly seems to have left the 
 firm in 1829, taking the Princeton Press 
 imprint with him. Hugh Madden con- 
 tinued to use the Borrenstein types, his 
 most important issue being the first vol- 
 ume in the new series of the "Repertory." 
 He also covered most of the work for the 
 College and Seminary during the next 
 year or two, but after 1830 his name no 
 longer appears. 
 
 William D'Hart, who kept a stationery 
 and hook store where one could purchase 
 almost anything from hair oil to "Chinese 
 cement." had been publishing in a small 
 way since 1827. for a brief time he 
 seems to have been sole owner of a press, 
 but in 1831 he joined forces with Connolly 
 in taking up a new venture in local jour- 
 nalism, the "Princeton Courier and Liter- 
 arv Register." a weekly which lived about 
 four years under various editors, but with 
 Connolly as printer. When the latter 
 moved to Freehold in the late thirties the 
 "Courier" went out of existence. 
 
 In 1831, while he was still his own 
 printer. D'Hart produced for New York 
 and Boston publishers Dr. Samuel Mil- 
 
 24
 
 ler's well known essay on the "Office of 
 the Ruling Elder;" and in connection with 
 that enterprise a letter has been preserved 
 which contains some indication of the 
 financial returns a contemporary author 
 of Dr. Miller's standing might expect. 
 
 Rev'd Sir 
 
 I send you*^T5 dollars which is the 
 
 amount we were to jDay for the privilege 
 
 , oi publishing your work on the Eldership. 
 
 '"I"* hope you will excuse me for not at- 
 
 ' tending to it sooner. An nother edition of 
 
 the work is called for. We would be glad 
 
 to have the liberty of publishing on your 
 
 own terms. 
 
 Very Respectfully Yours, 
 
 Wm. D'Hart. 
 Feb. 20th, 1832. 
 
 P. S. I send you 3 Copies "Secreta Mon- 
 ita" which you will please accept from 
 Your humble servant 
 
 W. D. 
 
 The second edition duly appeared in 
 1832 and was identical with the first, but 
 was printed by the new firm, D'Hart and 
 Connolly. The Essay was frequently re- 
 published elsewhere though never after 
 1832 at Princeton. It mav be stated in 
 
 25
 
 passing that the "Secreta Monita," refer- 
 red to in the letter, was an edition of 
 the "Secret Instructions of the Jesuits" 
 printed by D'Hart in 1831 in two edi- 
 tions, one with the Latin text, and the 
 other without, "in order to reduce the 
 price," as the printer's notice puts it. 
 
 About this time, Moore Baker, another 
 bookseller, entered the battle of the types. 
 His most notable offering was the first 
 American edition of Mrs. Mary Martha 
 Sherwood's innocent novel, "The Nun." 
 It appeared in 1834, and is apparently the 
 only work of prose fiction bearing a 
 Princeton publisher's name that has come 
 to light. In the spring of 1835 Mr. Baker 
 announced the formation of a circulating 
 library in connection with his bookshop. 
 It was to contain select works, and new 
 books would be added as they came out. 
 This library may have been the successor 
 of the Princeton Library Company of the 
 previous decade. Mr. Baker further 
 showed his progressiveness by publish- 
 ing in 1835 for Dr. E. C. Wines, principal 
 of Edgehill School in Princeton, the 
 "Monthly Journal of Education," one of 
 
 26
 
 the two American periodicals of the time, 
 so its editor claims, devoted solely to edu- 
 cation. It was printed by a young man 
 named Robert E. Hornor, then just be- 
 ginning his career. A perusal of the few 
 numbers preserved in the University Li- 
 brary leads to the suspicion that the 
 "Journal" was in reality a skillfully veiled 
 advertisement -6^ the institution that Dr. 
 Wines so ably directed. The history and 
 '•eiethods of Edgehill School are writ large 
 ' upon its images. Admirably produced 
 though it was. it nevertheless soon in- 
 creased by one the dismal ranks of Prince- 
 ton magazine failures. 
 
 It was during these early years that Mr. 
 Hornor printed for its pseudonymous au- 
 thor a remarkable volume Avhich enjoyed 
 unprecedented popularity and is believed 
 to have been Princeton's first illustrated 
 book, viz., Captain Onesimus' "Christ Re- 
 jected: or, the Trial of the Eleven Dis- 
 ciples of Christ, in a Court of Law and 
 Equity, as charged with stealing the Cruci- 
 fied Body of Christ, out of the Sepulchre." 
 The third edition was issued in 1835 with 
 a copyright dated 18.32. The first and 
 
 27
 
 Second editions have not been seen. A 
 detailed description of this book would 
 be out of place here; but, taking into con- 
 sideration its contents, its style, its in- 
 numerable woodcuts and its delicious an- 
 achronisms, one may safely assert that it 
 is the most curious volume ever printed 
 in Princeton. 
 
 From 1833 to 1811 the records show 
 another new name, that of John D. Bogart, 
 a son of Mr. Peter Bogart, the Steward of 
 the Seminary. Learning the trade in 
 Princeton, he had printed several of the 
 Seminary's annual catalogues when his 
 career was cut short by his death in 1 842, 
 at the age of 31. 
 
 And here the second period of the his- 
 tory of printing in Princeton may be said 
 to end ; and with the arrival of the name 
 of R. E. Hornor, the modern period be- 
 gins. 
 
 Robert Emley Hornor was a lineal de- 
 scendant of John Hornor, the early set- 
 tler whose public spirit assisted in locat- 
 ing the College of New Jersey at Prince- 
 ton. Controlling a tannery and a pottery 
 manufactory at Queenston, on the out- 
 
 28
 
 H 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 v 
 
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 o 
 m 
 
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 o 
 
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 skirts of Princeton, he seems to have been 
 possessed of some little means. In Sep- 
 tember 1832 he had established in oppo- 
 sition to Connolly's Democratic "Courier," 
 which supported Jackson and Van Buren, 
 a paper called the "American System and 
 Farmers' and Mechanics' Advocate," sup- 
 porting the protection of American indus- 
 tries and the election of the National Re- 
 publican, or Whig, candidates, Clay and 
 '"-Sergeant. After the campaign he assumed 
 the editorship himself and a new firm, that 
 of John T. Robinson, took charge of the 
 mechanical end. The name of the paper 
 was changed to the "Princeton Whig" and 
 from this period dates the present weekly 
 newspaper, the "Princeton Press" edited 
 by Mr. Edwin M. Xorris. Mr. Hornor's 
 Quaker affiliation is shown in the imprint 
 of his paper — "published every sixth- 
 day." 
 
 A new spirit enters Princeton journal- 
 ism with Mr. Hornor's assumption of edi- 
 torial duties. Never did a paper deserve 
 its name more thoroughly than the "Whig" 
 during Mr. Hornor's regime. He was an 
 eager partisan and one of the most active 
 
 29
 
 and widely known politicians in the state. 
 He seems to have thoroughly enjoyed him- 
 self as an editor. Not content with the 
 influence exerted by his weekly, when 
 election times came around he was wont 
 to do extra work for his party by issuing 
 special campaign papers, such as the 
 "Thorn" in the autumn of 1831 — an aptly 
 named little two leaf sheet, which was 
 sold for a cent and was issued at least 
 once a week until the campaign was over. 
 That its contents came practically from 
 his own pen is naively revealed by a note 
 in the only surviving number (September 
 27, 1831) to the effect that the "severe 
 indisposition of the Editor must be an 
 apology for the want of interest or variety 
 in the columns of this week's paper." But 
 the "Thorn" so successfully justified its 
 name and met with such approval from 
 friends of the Whig cause, that two years 
 later Mr. Hornor renewed it to counter- 
 act what he was pleased to call the "ser- 
 vile collar press of the Van Buren dyn- 
 asty." To those who remembered the 
 "Thorn" of 1831 he would merely an- 
 nounce that the new "Thorn" was grown 
 
 30
 
 on the same stalk — "only a trifle sharper 
 and stronger." Its object would be to 
 "place information in every man's hand 
 at so cheap a rate that all may read and 
 know the extravagant expenditure and 
 abuses of Van Buren and his satellites." 
 And with cheerful confidence in his ability 
 to secure subscribers, he asks that all who 
 are opposed to Van Buren will send him 
 their names at once so that he may know 
 •"how many thousand copies ol the paper 
 rre^may start with. 
 
 The "Thorn" had not been without ef- 
 fect on the college campus. All things are 
 possible in politics, and the marvel in this 
 case was that the "Thorn" apparently be- 
 gat the "Thistle." a manuscript news- 
 paper made up of political satire, and 
 circulated, says one of its undergraduate 
 editors in his reminiscences, "by the aid of 
 the long entries of Nassau Hall and the 
 small hours of the night." The success 
 of the "Thistle" led to a more ambitious 
 effort, and in the winter of 1831-35 four 
 or five numbers of a small eight page 
 quarto called the "Chameleon," edited by 
 members of the class of 1835, were is- 
 
 31
 
 sued from the local press. The only re- 
 mains of the "Chameleon" seem to be a 
 fragrant memory and an "Extra," pub- 
 lished in August, 1835, consisting of a long 
 poem on a galley-slip, announcing its 
 demise. With the passing of this effort, 
 undergraduate literary activity, so far as 
 publication is concerned, ceased until, in 
 IS 10. John Bogart's press issued the "Gem 
 from Nassau's Casket," a daintily printed 
 little octavo magazine of four double col- 
 umn pages, purely literary and serious in 
 character. The "Gem" gleamed more or 
 less serenely for a very brief day, and then 
 joined the defunct "Chameleon." 
 
 On Mr. Bogart's death Mr. Hornor en- 
 joyed a practical monopoly; but, while his 
 imprint occurs on many a pamphlet of the 
 early forties, most of his attention was 
 given to politics and the "Princeton Whig." 
 
 One product of his press, however, the 
 "Nassau Monthly," whose first number 
 came out in February 1842, the unmistak- 
 able and robuster offspring of the "Gem," 
 cannot be ignored, even in this scant sur- 
 vey. By no means so engaging in appear- 
 ance as its parent, it nevertheless had the 
 
 32
 
 elusive quality of permanence that the ear- 
 lier periodical lacked. The "Nassau Mon- 
 thly," re-baptised as the "Nassau Liter- 
 ary Magazine/' has never been conspicu- 
 ous for beauty on the formal side, and is 
 not comparable with the "Gem" in looks. 
 But it has lived seventy years and, with 
 the exception .pf the "Yale Literary Maga- 
 zine," is the oldest undergraduate publi- 
 cation of its kind in the country. 
 
 The campaign of 1811 gave Mr. Hornor 
 another rare opportunity, of which he 
 made the utmost by issuing a lively four- 
 page quarto of three columns to the page, 
 called the "Jersey Blue," a name the edi- 
 tor may or may not have known as the 
 title of a rollicking eighteenth century 
 Princeton song. It was, as might be ex- 
 pected, devoted to the Whig cause and was 
 intended to bear especially on the state 
 elections of that autumn, and when they 
 were over to aid the election of Clay and 
 Frelinghuysen. The opening number 
 made this announcement of policy : 
 
 "It will be fearless in advocating that 
 which is considered right. While it will 
 concede to all men and all monopolies their 
 
 33
 
 rights and privileges, it will by no means 
 allow itself to swerve from an independ- 
 ent and dignified bearing. It will deal 
 with the rich as with the poor. The sov- 
 ereignty of the people will be defended 
 rather than the sovereignty of particular 
 individuals or families. All party excess 
 will be discouraged, while true patriotic 
 zeal will be incited. Who will help us?" 
 
 Supporting Charles C. Stratton for Gov- 
 ernor, the "Jersey Blue" attacked with all 
 its might — and Mr. Hornor had not mis- 
 laid the "Thorn's" pointed pen — the can- 
 didacy of John R. Thomson of Princeton, 
 turning to good political account his con- 
 nection with the Delaware and Raritan 
 Canal Company, and at the same time it 
 fired broadsides at Captain — later Commo- 
 dore — R. F. Stockton, the leader of the 
 Loco Foco party in the State, finding in 
 his naval and political record and in his 
 connection with the ill-fated gunboat 
 "Princeton" plenty of campaign ammuni- 
 tion. 
 
 Meanwhile, side by side with Mr. Hor- 
 nor was working the man whose family 
 name was to be connected with Prince- 
 ton printing for over half a century — Mr. 
 
 34
 
 John T. Robinson. A Princeton boy, he 
 had learned his trade of Hornor and was 
 a self-made man who came to be one of 
 the foremost of Princeton's citizens. Be- 
 sides various township positions, he oc- 
 cupied the offices of Judge of Mercer 
 County Court of Common Pleas, Mayor 
 of Princeton, and Postmaster. Of a me- 
 chanical turn" of mind, he invented a press 
 which he named the Princeton Press, 
 ^-erecting his own machine-shop and foun- 
 ■*<Jry for its manufacture. He used one of 
 his presses for the production of the local 
 paper, and sold several through the coun- 
 try. Just as he was about to reap the 
 reward of his labor, a fire (June 1855) 
 destroyed his whole plant, foundry, ma- 
 chine-shop, office, books, papers, and eight 
 presses being a total loss. In his own 
 words, there was "not a vestige of a 
 printing office left." The day after the 
 fire, the "Mercer County Mirror," a rival 
 office, issued for Mr. Robinson on a gal- 
 ley-slip a pathetic "Princeton Press Ex- 
 tra," announcing the disaster and apolo- 
 gizing for the non-ajopearence of the paper 
 that week. Mr. Robinson bravely rebuilt 
 
 35
 
 the plant and continued his work, but un- 
 der great financial difficulty. 
 
 He had bought the "Princeton Whig," 
 office and paper, from Mr. Hornor in ISiS, 
 the latter retaining for his own use an in- 
 side column of the paper, and in 1851, 
 three years after Hornor's death, he had 
 changed the name to the "Princeton 
 Press." In 1861 the "Press" and a 
 younger paper known as the "Princeton 
 Standard" were consolidated, Mr. Robin- 
 son selling out his share in the older 
 paper, but continuing as printer for the 
 new "Standard." When he died in 1862, 
 his son, John A. Robinson, succeeded to 
 the office and, on his premature death in 
 1866, the firm was carried on as C. S. 
 Robinson & Company by Charles S. and 
 Harvey L., two younger brothers, whose 
 civic spirit, not only in conducting a week- 
 ly newspaper for many years at per- 
 sonal sacrifice, but also in filling various 
 public offices, is too well known to need 
 more than mention here. Under the new 
 management the old name of the office 
 was restored. 
 
 The volume of printing for the College 
 
 36
 
 had increased rapidly since the thirties. 
 The method of holding written examina- 
 tions from printed papers was instituted 
 in 1839, and some of the contemporary 
 question-papers, with their borders heavily 
 decorated in well-meant attempt to sugar 
 the pill and give some touch of charm to 
 documents otherwise unpopular, would 
 provoke the abounded derision of the 
 modern undergraduate. Commencement 
 '.^programmes became more elaborate, and 
 * --i?r»ught with them the programmes of 
 Sophomore and Freshman Commence- 
 ments, issued usually without imprints 
 but unmistakably of local workmanship. 
 Of these, each year showed its regular 
 sheaf. Publications more academic in 
 character became fairly frequent, such as 
 the "Glossary of Geological Terms" pre- 
 pared in 1811, a forerunner of the modern 
 syllabus, or the 1811 collection of five 
 years' "Examination Papers in the Mathe- 
 matical course of the College of New Jer- 
 sey," or Professor Stephen Alexander's 
 syllabus on Astronomy (1845), which 
 went into a second edition. 
 
 Historical work is represented by W. 
 
 37
 
 A. Dod's "History of the College of New- 
 Jersey" (1811), and by Archibald Alex- 
 ander's "Biographical sketches of the 
 founder and principal alumni of the Log 
 College" (1815). A particularly inter- 
 esting relic of a lost department in the 
 University is the circular, dated August 
 181(5, announcing the organization of the 
 short-lived Law School. The sempiternal 
 oratorical exercises of the College take on 
 dignity, and the printed programmes for 
 each division of the classes create a con- 
 tinuous succession of leafllets of varying 
 size; while the gentle stream of annual 
 and triennial catalogues of College and 
 Seminary Hows on unceasingly. Reading 
 more entertaining in content, and some of 
 it not far from the kingdom of literature, 
 is found in the annual addresses delivered 
 before the Alumni Association at Com- 
 mencement, or in the addresses before the 
 Halls, a few of which, running into two 
 and three editions, offer points of particu- 
 lar interest to collectors and the biblio- 
 graphically inclined. A fitful gleam of 
 humor is flashed into the dull sky of col- 
 lege life of those davs by the "College 
 
 38
 
 Tatler," a quarto sheet of four pages, 
 whose first issue appeared in May 1845, 
 and whose anonymous editors inform the 
 public that their "object is the promotion 
 of harmless and inoffensive mirth, to en- 
 liven us during the long and dull winter 
 terms, and to afford some theme for con- 
 versation whop all others have run com- 
 pletely out." The contents are satires on 
 
 » • campus and town. 
 
 „ - r v jAn odd absence is that of almanacs. 
 Only one has been found — that of 1841, 
 bearing the title "Uncle Ben's New Jer- 
 sey Almanac," and published by Hornor. 
 a sixty-four page affair closely resembling- 
 other almanacs of the period. It is al- 
 most needless to add that Mr. Hornor 
 did not let pass so excellent a chance for 
 political propagandism without getting in- 
 some heavy body-blows at the opposite 
 party. 
 
 But perhaps the rarest bit of printing- 
 done by the press of the "Princeton Whiff" 
 is the official invitation to the centennial 
 celebration of the College in June. 1817. 
 
 NASSAU HALL 
 The graduates of the College of N'ew 
 
 39 
 
 .*
 
 Jersey are respectfully invited to attend 
 the Centennial Anniversary of their Alma 
 Mater on the 29th and 30th instants. 
 James Carnahan, President. 
 
 At l2 l / 2 o'clock P. M. on Tuesday 
 an address will be delivered by Hon. 
 Cheif Justice Green, of New Jersey. At 
 four o'clock the Centenary discourse will 
 be delivered by Rev. Dr. Janus W. Alex- 
 ander of New York. At 8 o'clock. P. M. 
 several orations will be pronounced by 
 members of the Junior Class ; and the 
 usual exercises of Commencement will be- 
 gin at 9 o'clock, Wednesday morning. 
 
 The advance in standards of taste and 
 diiynitv that fiftv vears have wrought is 
 strikingly shown by the contrast between 
 the little slip of paper of 181-7 with its 
 typographical error, and the engraved in- 
 vitation to the Sesquicentennial in 1896, 
 or by a comparison of the modest thirty- 
 six page pamphlet, giving an account of 
 "The First Centennial Anniversary of the 
 College of New Jersey,'' with the sump- 
 tuous Sesquicentennial Book commemor- 
 ating the celebration of 189G. Despite the 
 possible touch of lurking pride in the 
 phrase "first centennial," nothing could 
 
 10
 
 more clearly illustrate the difference be- 
 tween the old Princeton and the new, the 
 Princeton of frame houses and ill-paved 
 streets, of unkempt campus and narrow, 
 lifeless, collegiate monotony, and the 
 prouder twentieth-century Princeton to 
 which the Sesquicentennial opened the por- 
 tals. - * 
 
 At the end of the forties there came 
 ^„ into prominence a new bookseller and 
 "i -publisher, George Thompson, whose series 
 of translations from the classics must have 
 made him popular in his day. but who is 
 probably best known to the modern gen- 
 eration as the publisher of a highly col- 
 ored and much prized lithograph of Nas- 
 sau Hall. In 1847 he issued what he 
 claimed to be the first American transla- 
 tion of the Iliad, in 1849 a translation of 
 the "Germania" of Tacitus, in 1 8 ."> a 
 Juvenal and a Persius. and in 18.51 Dem- 
 osthenes "On the Crown." 
 
 From this time on. the Robinson firm 
 has done most of the printing business of 
 Princeton, with here and there a tempor- 
 ary competitor such as the ".Mercer 
 County Mirror" office, established bv Mr. 
 
 11
 
 Howard V. Hulfish in the middle fifties 
 and continued after his death as the office 
 of the "Princeton Standard", whose event- 
 ual consolidation with the "Princeton 
 Press" has already been mentioned. 
 
 Mr. Hulfish had learned his trade from 
 Mr. John T. Robinson, and in the office of 
 C. S. Robinson & Co.. the founder of 
 the Zapf Press similarly gained his early 
 experience. Adding- to that training a 
 year with DeVinne of New York, Mr. W. 
 C. C. Zapf opened his office in 1890 with- 
 in a door or two of the place where Tod 
 had set up the "Packet," and for the next 
 sixteen years he made a specialty of un- 
 dergraduate work. The "Alumni Prince- 
 tonian." begun in 189 A as a weeklv com- 
 panion to the "Daily Princetonian," and 
 in 1900 reorganized as the "Princeton 
 Alumni Weekly" by the Princeton Pub- 
 lishing Company, a corporation formed 
 for that purpose, was printed at the Zapf 
 Press until 1906. The "Nassau Literary 
 Magazine" and the "Tiger," the Triangle 
 Club. Glee Club, and Athletic Association 
 work were handled by the Zapf Press for 
 several vcars, as also were some of the 
 
 42
 
 publications of Lawrenceville School. An 
 interesting fact is that in the early days, 
 when he was still in the Princeton Press 
 office. Mr. Zapf did the first music printing- 
 done in Princeton. 
 
 The Princeton Press was run by C. 
 S. Robinson <$: Company until 1906. when 
 the opportunity for a university press, 
 forcing itself home on a group of alumni 
 ••"-* who had long cherished the idea, resulted 
 "in the organization of a stock company, 
 the Princeton University Press, to test the 
 feasibility of maintaining a press which 
 should not only serve the University but 
 also be self-supporting. The Zapf Press 
 and the plant of C. S. Robinson & Com- 
 pany were acquired, and to this equipment 
 additions were made as business demanded. 
 After four years' trial, which carried the 
 project well beyond the experimental 
 stage, the Princeton University Press 
 found itself firmly established and of 
 proved usefulness, mid needing only a 
 larger and more modern equipment, and 
 a building architecturally adequate. Both 
 necessities have now been provided through 
 the generosity of one who has largely 
 
 vs
 
 guided the experiment from the beginning. 
 In planning the building, the architect, 
 Mr. Ernest Flagg of New York, has com- 
 bined aesthetic and utilitarian principles 
 in a structure which should not only 
 help to maintain the modern style of 
 Princeton academic architecture, but at the 
 same time give a maximum of light and 
 air and the most convenient arrangement 
 for the working departments and offices 
 of a large printing and publishing estab- 
 lishment. The building is of local stone, 
 such as has been used so successfully in 
 recent buildings on the campus. It is one 
 hundred and sixty-seven feet long; and a 
 hundred and thirty-five feet wide, and is 
 planned in the form of the letter H, with 
 a large court, about seventy-three feet 
 square and separated from the street by 
 a battlemented wall. To this court ac- 
 cess is gained through a Tudor gateway 
 bearing the seal of the Press. On the 
 sides of the court are the main offices, 
 with other large office rooms. Here too 
 are the separate editorial rooms of the 
 "Princeton Alumni Weekly." Opposite 
 the entrance, and in the cross section of 
 
 H
 
 the H, is a large hall, one hundred and 
 
 twenty-eight feet by forty-two. with open 
 timber trussed roof, forty feet to the 
 ridge. This hall contains the presses, 
 linotypes and other machinery of a com- 
 plete modern press and composing room. 
 The bindery, mailing department, stock 
 rooms, etc*, are located in the adjacent 
 wings. 
 
 A word or two may be said about the 
 "-""various lines of work in which the Prince- 
 ton University Press is engaged. Among 
 the regular issues of this office at one time 
 or another have been most of the under- 
 graduate publications, chief of which still 
 is the "Daily Princetonian." begun in 1876 
 as the bi-weekly "Princetonian." becoming 
 a weekly in 1883, a bi-daily in 1885, and 
 a daily in 1892. Since 190(3 the Uni- 
 versity Press has also printed the "Prince- 
 ton Alumni Weekly," the successor of the 
 "Alumni Princetonian." The fifteen vol- 
 umes of the discontinued Faculty journal, 
 the "Princeton University Bulletin." came 
 trom its composing room; it has issued 
 numerous club books for organizations here 
 and elsewhere, and it makes a specialty of 
 
 I.!
 
 the publication of class records. The "Of- 
 ficial Register of Princeton University" is 
 printed by the Press, and in addition, it 
 handles sixteen weekly, monthly or quar- 
 terly publications. Among these may be 
 mentioned tbe "Bulletin of the American 
 Economic Association/' tbe "Classical 
 Weekly.'" the "Psychological Monographs," 
 and the "Princeton Theological Review." 
 In addition to work of this cbaracter, the 
 Press has turned out many individual vol- 
 umes, privately printed for their authors, 
 or issued by private publishing organiza- 
 tions such as tbe Princeton Historical As- 
 sociation, etc. 
 
 Although tlie official printing of tbe 
 University will continue to be its first 
 care, that work alone will not be able to 
 keep tbe new plant in exclusive operation; 
 and. witb its enlarged facilities and the 
 installation of tbe most modern equipment, 
 tbe Press is prepared to do a volume of 
 outside printing that shall be larger than 
 ever. Reincorporated in October 1910 un- 
 der tbe act providing for "associations not 
 for pecuniary profit/' tbe new Princeton 
 Uriiversitv Press is brought into very close 
 
 16
 
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 relation with the body whose name it 
 bears. In the words of its charter its pur- 
 pose is two-fold: "in the interests of 
 Princeton University to maintain and oper- 
 ate a printing and publishing plant for the 
 promotion of education and scholarship, 
 and to serve the University by manufac- 
 turing ami. distributing its publications." 
 With this high purpose before it. the 
 Press enters its new career. 
 
 The members of the Council are Messrs. 
 Charles Scribner, president. M. Taylor 
 Pyne. vice president, C. Whitney Darrow. 
 secretary, Clarence B. Mitchell, treasurer. 
 Robert Bridges, George W. Burleigh, 
 Parker D. Handy, John G. Hibben. 
 Charles W. McAlpin. Archibald D. Rus- 
 sell. Arthur H. Scribner, Augustus Trow- 
 bridge, and Andrew F. West. The Man- 
 ager is Mr. C. Whitney Darrow. 
 
 17 
 
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