PS 
 
 N88 
 
 UC-NRLF 
 
THE 
 
 MORNING OF MY LIFE 
 IN CHINA. 
 
 C'OMPRT OUTLtN] Ul THE 
 
 HISTOEY 
 
 / OF FOREIGN INTERCOURSE 
 FROM THE LAST YEAR OF THE REGIME OF 
 
 HONOR A -Li: EAST INDIA COMPANY, 
 
 1833: 
 
 To THE IMPRISONMENT OF THE 
 FOREIGN COMMUNITY 
 
 IN 
 
 1839. 
 
 GIDEON NYE, JB. 
 
 CoRRESPONDINCr MEMBER OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL SOCIETY : 
 
 AUTHOR OF RATIONALE OF THE CHINA QUESTION, 
 
 &c, <tc. 
 
 CANTON. 
 
 1873. 
 
 
THE MORNING OF MY LIFE 
 IN CHINA. 
 
 A LECTURE DELIVERED BEFORE THE CANTON 
 COMMUNITY ON THE EVENING OF JANUARY 81st, 
 1873. by MR. NYE : 
 
 COUNT DE CHAPPEDELAINE, 
 CONSUL OF FRANCE, IN THE CHAIR. 
 
 COUNT CHAPPEDELAINE : 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN : 
 
 I rise to address 
 
 you with a diffidence that it were vain to dis- 
 semble, and which I am sure you will feel is 
 becoming in me, after the learned and at- 
 tractive Orations and other classical enter- 
 tainments of this brilliant Season. 
 
 I have not the vigorous 
 grasp of a Sampson,* to " bring down the 
 house;" nor the agile precision of a stri] 
 David, to hit the mark with my pebble :- 
 
 * Allusion to a Gentleman who had lectured previously 
 with much applause. 
 
 546270 
 
How, then, can I find courage to raise my 
 eyes to those of the critical Scholar,* whose 
 opening historical discourse was embellished 
 with the flowers of Poetry ; or expect to 
 rival the interest of the other learned and 
 scientific Lectures, with my feeble periods ? 
 And how much less, can I hope to 
 awaken a responsive chord of sympathy in 
 the hearts of those whose ears were filled 
 with the strains of "God's Alphabet"- (of 
 Music) so capably rendered to us early in 
 the Season ? 
 
 It is, therefore, in im- 
 plicit reliance upon your indulgence, that in 
 this the fortieth year since I reached Can- 
 ton, I obey the command of the Gentleman 
 
 to whose initiative we are indebted for 
 these social Assemblages to contribute my 
 simple mite to the ample offerings of others. 
 
 He bade me open "the book and Volume of 
 my brain 'and. search the early records there- 
 in, that I may narrate to you, Reminis- 
 cences of the morning of my life in China. 
 
 Generously ignoring the proverbial 
 garrulity of age, and with a confidence 
 that I could not share, he assured me that 
 what I feared would appear to you like the 
 
 worthless Relics of a remote past, or as 
 "twice-told Tales", would meet acceptance 
 
 :: llevd. Mr. Chalmers. 
 
1833-1839. 3 
 
 at your fair and gracious hands : But I am 
 sure he did not perceive, at that time, the 
 delicacy of the position that I now feel 
 myself placed in, by his flattering confi- 
 dence : He did not see that he was thus 
 constituting me the Hero of my own story; 
 and adding so much to my embarrassment, 
 that I am fain to follow the example of the 
 learned Doctor,* --(whose brilliant experi- 
 ments enlightened us so much in the Mys- 
 teries of Chemistry), andbegyou to charge 
 your disappointments this evening, to my 
 worthy prompter.!- 
 
 Thus, my narrative will partake of the 
 character of an Auto-biography and the in- 
 itial of it will be "/ came'; again the first 
 personal pronoun will appear in "/ saiv"; 
 to be followed by "I met"; and if I do not 
 abuse the patience of your ears with "/ 
 am Sir Oracle'; your escape will, I suspect, 
 be only apparent as to the reality of my 
 egotism. 
 
 For example, as to why and how "I came" 
 as a brief statement how it happened that 
 I found myself here, at the antipodal point 
 from my home, at a somewhat tender and 
 confiding age ; I may say that the Lode- 
 Stone that attracted me hither, was, doubt- 
 less, composed of several elements. 
 
 * Dr. Kerr. t H. B. M. V. C. Mr. Gardner. 
 
1833-1839. 
 
 The very name of China 
 the distant Cathay, was, at that day, preg- 
 nant of the Romance of History ; and sug- 
 gested imaginative dreams of 
 "That vast shore 
 Washed by the farthest sea": 
 so attractively portrayed by Shakspeare, as 
 the goal of adventurous spirits. 
 
 Was there also here, in 
 this heathen, mysterious land, some occult 
 influence ; or, above this Mecca of the Mer- 
 chants of those days, a Star-of -Destiny, draw- 
 ing me to it ; and that with like power to 
 the Lode-Stones of another Mecca, holds me 
 still in mid-air ? 
 
 If we follow the customs of our Native 
 Friends, on this occasion, and consult the 
 Astrologers, we shall, doubtless, find there 
 was ! 
 
 For is it not written in the 
 
 Mythological Records, that the origin of the 
 
 native name of Canton, which is Yang-Ching 
 
 the u City of Rams,'' was derived from the 
 
 following occurrence ? 
 
 (And my Young Friends especially will kindly here mark 
 the similitude of names and titles.) 
 
 "Five Genii, clothed with garments of 
 five different colors," and riding on Rams of 
 five different colors, met at the Provincial 
 
1833-1839. 
 
 Capital ; each of the Earns bore in his mouth 
 a stalk of Grain having six ears; and presented 
 them to the "people of the District, to whom 
 the Genii thus spake :" 
 
 "May famine and dearth never visit your 
 markets /" 
 
 "Having uttered these words, 
 they immediately disappeared; and the Rams 
 were changed into Stone. From this same 
 occurrence, this city is also called the "City 
 of the Genii", and the "City of Grain"; 
 and one of the Temples is named the "Tem- 
 ple of the Five Genii"; whence also one of 
 the Gates of the City bears the same name, 
 and within it five Stone Earns are to be seen 
 to this day." 
 
 We needed the aid of the Astro- 
 logers to trace a fanciful analogy of name 
 and title ; but w r e now come to a more natural 
 element of the question, which, added to 
 the spice of romance in a youthful mind, 
 sufficiently accounts for my coming hither : 
 And I may now say that I should not have 
 introduced this fanciful hypothesis, were not 
 the fabulous origin of the name of Canton of 
 interest in itself; and had I not also to relate 
 hereafter, an incident of the first War with 
 China, connected with these five protecting 
 Genii. 
 
1833-1839: 
 
 The real incentive and desire 
 that most powerfully drew me here was der- 
 ived from the examples of my Cousins ; and 
 dates from my early youth. 
 
 So early as the year 1817. 
 my Kinsmen (my Father heing also part- 
 owner) sent a ship hither ; and in her came 
 my Cousin Ezra Hathaway as Supercargo: 
 But my immediate Exemplar was his young- 
 est Brother Mr. Francis S. Hathaway, who 
 came here first in 1827 ; and who, when 
 about to return here to reside, in 1833, in- 
 vited me to accompany him. 
 
 We reached Lintin, which in 
 those days was the only anchorage in the 
 estuary, except Macao Roads, on the 26th 
 of November ; having passed a large East 
 India Company's Ship near Lantao, with Mr. 
 Chichily Plowden, Chief Supercargo of the 
 Hon 13 . 1 ? Company, on board, bound to Lon- 
 don. 
 
 And. thus arrived in the 
 U 0uter Waters/' which had as yet never been 
 vexed by the incisive prow of a Steamer, we 
 may pause to mark the \\ile difference of the 
 aspect of the forbidden "Inner land" to the 
 apprehension of Foreigners, at that day, to 
 what it now presents : How different then 
 the dread of the Mandarin power, swaying, 
 
1833-1839. 
 
 as it did, the minds of ignorant millions, 
 whose veneration of the Emperor's Will was 
 absolute ! 
 
 This undefined dread of the power of 
 numbers was of the nature of that inspired 
 by the Ottoman power in the South of Eu- 
 rope, before the Battle of Lepanto ; w r hen 
 Solyman the Magnificent reigned at Con- 
 stantinople : Never had thephrase "ignotum 
 pro macjnifico" more fitting application than 
 to the Foreign Community of those days. 
 And the account I have now to give you of 
 the manner of my reaching Canton, in com- 
 pany with my Cousin, will afford an illustra- 
 tion of the disabilities of Foreigners; which, 
 with others that I shall presently notice, 
 should go far to reconcile my fair auditory 
 to a residence here now, however disappoint- 
 ing China may be to Gentlemen fortune- 
 seekers. 
 
 Of these disabilities, I may 
 instance the following. 
 
 ^ N o person other than a Su- 
 percargo or one of the Officers or Crew of 
 any Vessel was allowed to proceed to Canton ; 
 and Canton, you will please remember, was 
 then the only Port open to Foreigners : 
 Nor were Supercargoes or Officers allowed 
 to come to Canton except in their own vessels: 
 
8 1833-1889. 
 
 Each vessel must have a native Pilot from 
 Macao, who would anchor her below the 
 Forts at the Bogue and go on shore for the 
 Mandarin Pass permitting her entrance of 
 the river ; the^Pilot reporting truthfully, at 
 the peril of hisTife^s to the number of Su- 
 percargoes (if more than one or a Passenger 
 reported as such, ) Officers and Crew ; the 
 nature of the Cargo, and especially that no 
 Foreign Women or other Contraband were on 
 board : And when the vessel reached Wham- 
 poa, one of the Hong Merchants had also 
 to give a Bond to the same effect, as well as 
 for the payment of the enormous Measure- 
 ment Fees and the Duties on both the Im- 
 port and Export cargo, ^7 
 
 Herein the most affecting dis- 
 ability was the interdiction of the Ladies ; 
 but it was not so much, I submit, a rais- 
 ing of the question of "Women's Rights'', at 
 that early day, as of Men's Rights to have 
 their Wives and Families with them here : 
 And was it not right that we rebelled at that ? 
 Why ! there was a period when I saw 
 neither Woman or Child of Foreign birth 
 for three years and two Gentlemen at Can- 
 ton had not seen such for seven years ! 
 Right or wrong, the interdiction 
 
 was absolute, for Sir William Banhes had 
 
 J 
 
9 
 
 striven against this example of "Man's in- 
 humanity to Man" a few years before, and 
 failed ; but both the attempt and failure con- 
 spicuously marked the high estimation in 
 which the Fair- Sex were held by the Man- 
 darins and the Supercargoes, respectively ; 
 -for so important did the Mandarins con- 
 sider the interdiction that they stopped the 
 whole Foreign Trade ; and so concurrent 
 was the opinion of the Chief Supercargo (and 
 here is only a seeming paradox in the word 
 concurrent) that the Right Honorable Bar- 
 onet persisted in keeping Lady Baynes and 
 her companions (Mrs. and Miss Low, wife 
 and Niece of the then Chief of Messrs. 
 Russell & Co.) here for some six weeks. 
 
 Thus, the simple question, 
 of the residence of Foreign Ladies here, was 
 considered worth six weeks complete stop- 
 page of the whole Foreign Trade. 
 
 It is true that Sir William 
 Baynes, the Representative of monopoly 
 and conservatism on the part of England, 
 was so far quite illogical ; and that the 
 triumph of the Mandarins was in this, as in 
 all like controversies, quite logical ; so that 
 we might imagine the Vice Roy's launching 
 a stinging tu qiioque at Sir William, with 
 why open the door to this insidious change ? 
 
10 1833-1839. 
 
 You uphold monopoly and restriction ; and 
 here you sap the very foundations of the 
 imposing structure. Nor could these Ladies 
 or their fair successors, thereafter, ever ven- 
 ture here again, until the war of 1841-42 
 opened the way for them : And which, by 
 the bye, did not reconcile the Canton people 
 to the innovation. 
 
 After this "tempest in the tea 
 pot" as no Foreigner was then allowed to 
 use a Sedan Chair, Sir William Baynes re- 
 fused to allow the Hong Merchants to enter 
 the British Factory in Chairs ; and High 
 Commissioner Lin made that claim of equali- 
 ty one article of his indictment against For- 
 eigners in 1839. 
 
 But, to return to the mode 
 of my coming, with my Cousin, from our 
 Ship off Lintin to Canton. 
 
 As my Cousin wished to come 
 here before ordering the Ship into Port and 
 there was no other vessel about to start for 
 Wiiampoa, by which we might take passage, 
 he ventured to adopt the expedient of a 
 couragous Supercargo in like circumstan- 
 ces, by taking a small outside "Fastboat," 
 such as Pilots used for running the gauntlet 
 of the Bogae Forts. 
 
 Never shall I forget the 
 
1833-1839. 11 
 
 perils and discomforts of that first ushering 
 into the Inner Waters J 
 
 The simple truth was that 
 we were to be smuggled bodily into the coun- 
 try by night ; and that there ivere perils, was 
 shewn the next year or two by the cases of 
 an American Captain and a British Officer, 
 they being captured and held prisoners for 
 some time : Our hope of escape from Man- 
 darin vigilance was so to time our departure 
 from Liritin, with reference to the wind and 
 tides, as to pass the Forts at Chuen Pee, as 
 well as the inner ones of Aneung Hoy and 
 Tiger Island at the hour when the Sentinels 
 would be wrapped in their deepest slumber ; 
 and still leave time to reach the house of 
 "Boston Jack" (the old Comprador of Amer- 
 ican Ships), above the anchorage at Wham- 
 poa, before day light. 
 
 To determine this time of 
 departure required a consultation between 
 Captain Macondray of the Station- Ship 
 "Lintin ' and the most knowing of the out- 
 side Fast boat men ; and 4 o'clock p. M. was 
 the hour appointed : So, dining with the 
 hospitable Captain Macondray, who was 
 afterward the founder of the great house 
 of that name in California, we embarked 
 in the small boat, one of a class the most 
 
12 1833-1839. 
 
 unsteady that is used by the hardy native 
 Mariners of this Coast and were hidden away 
 under a low deck : A fresh Northerly breeze 
 and a head-tide compelled short tacks for 
 hours, that, in my half-asleep condition, were 
 tiresomely long ; every tack compelling us 
 to change our reclining posture, to keep our 
 heads up to the windward side, else as 
 sometimes happened we found ourselves 
 with our heads a foot or so lower than our 
 heels and striking against the side of the 
 boat. At length we got near the Mandarin 
 guard-boat lying under the Chuen Pee Fort 
 and had to submit to the closing of the little 
 hatchway, suggestive of suffocation though 
 it was, until the boat got past ; but the se- 
 verest ordeal was still to come at Aneung 
 Hoy Fort, which we had to pass directly 
 under the frowning mouths of the Guns, so 
 that the boat should be hidden by the pa- 
 rapet wall from the sentry house in the rear. 
 Here again we were almost stifled by being 
 covered up ; and cautioned not to speak to 
 each other : The boatmen as well as our- 
 selves, leaving the helmsman alone on deck 
 to steer, kept breathlessly still in this runn- 
 ing the gauntlet of the Bogue Forts. There 
 were remaining the fortifications on Tiger's 
 Island ; but we kept on the East Side of the 
 
1833-1839. 13 
 
 River, and thus after several hours more of 
 tedious tacking, reached the Second Bar, 
 near the high Pagoda that still forms so 
 pictuiesque a landmark in the lower part of 
 this fine River. 
 
 There we ran alongside a 
 large East India Company's Ship ; several 
 of which were anchored just below that Bar 
 completing their cargoes for London, as was 
 then the custom with those large deep Ships: 
 I carry in the retina of my eye to this day, 
 the bright, welcome light that shone upon 
 the gloom of that night of anxiety from 
 the open port of that Ship's Gun-deck ; - 
 assuring us that our greatest perils were over 
 and that we had but to resume our course 
 for a few hours longer to reach the neigh- 
 borhood of the Whampoa Shipping. 
 
 At length, when really asleep 
 from excessive fatigue, we were aroused by 
 the announcement that we were at ""Boston 
 Jack's" landing steps, but must still be 
 silent until within his premises : He was 
 awakened from his sleep and welcomed my 
 Cousin as an old acquaintance and as Mr. 
 "Halfway" (as though we had not gotten the 
 whole wciy)\ and told him we must sleep the 
 hour or two of the night still left, to await 
 the coming of some American Ship's boat 
 
14 1833-1839. 
 
 to his house for Stores, as he could not pru- 
 dently attempt to take us to any Ship in a 
 native boat ; so vigilant were the Man- 
 darins and their spies, his envious neigh- 
 bors. 
 
 Sleep in such a place as 
 he called a bed was impossible for me, placed 
 as it was over the reeking mud of the shore ; 
 and it seems to me that I can feel the chills 
 I then suffered to this day : But these 
 were soon to be removed by the warmth of 
 welcome to the boat and ship of Captain 
 Dumaresq the "Martha" of Boston; on 
 board of which, according to the courtesies 
 of those days bet ween Supercargoes and Cap- 
 tains, we were invited to take breakfast and 
 given a boat of the Ship to take us to Canton; 
 -another of the disabilities, at that time, 
 being that no Foreigner could use a native 
 boat : And still others were that we had 
 to stop at two Chophouses (Mandarin Stat- 
 ions) for our boat to be examined. 
 
 Perhaps I shall best con- 
 vey to you an idea of the degree of restriction 
 put up on us here, at that time, by the follow- 
 ing extract of an Edict of the Vice Roy 
 as to Servants in our houses, issued early in 
 1834.* 
 
 (* See Appendix) 
 
1833-1839. 15 
 
 The actual situation of 
 Foreigners at Canton was aptly likened to the 
 condition of the Animals in the Zoological 
 Gardens of London. A writer said "their 
 position and general state hitherto appears 
 to be illustrated by nothing else better than 
 by the site and keeping of your Zoological 
 Gardens : The inmates have been free to 
 play what pranks they pleased, so that they 
 made no uproar, nor escaped from confine- 
 ment : The keepers looked sharply after 
 them, and tried to keep them quiet, because 
 annoyed by the noise they made, and res- 
 ponsible for the mischief they might commit, 
 if they got at liberty. They might do what 
 was right in their own eyes with each other : 
 -The Authorities of China did not expect 
 from wild and restless Barbarians, the de- 
 corum and good conduct exemplified in their 
 own great family." 
 
 Thus arrived at Canton, we 
 have reached a point in the narrative where- 
 at the personal expands into the general and 
 our view becomes essentially comprehen- 
 sive : For, although the Canton of that 
 day presented to the Foreigner in general a 
 very circumscribed geographical idea ; and, 
 indeed, to the Statesman a circumscribed 
 political idea : It being still the period of 
 
16 1833-1839. 
 
 close monopoly, the Regime of the British 
 East India Company, on the one hand, and 
 of the Co-Hong, on the other ; yet to the 
 Merchant, it was already an expansive com- 
 mercial idea. It was the sole Mart of the 
 Foreign Trade of China, and known the 
 World over, zspar excellence, the Great Mart 
 of the East : And destined soon to be- 
 come the theatre of a course of memorable 
 events, which in their inception were to in- 
 flate, and in their close, to humble the Man- 
 darin pride in the dust. 
 
 The period was, indeed, of 
 the highest political and commercial inter- 
 est : For it was when the echoes of the 
 din of preparation for the impending final 
 struggle in the House of Commons, between 
 the upholders of Monopoly and the cham- 
 pions of Free Trade, reached us by every 
 vessel from the shores of England. 
 
 It was the very eve of 
 the expiration of the East-India Company's 
 Charter ; and the question of the renewal of 
 its exclusive trading privileges, associated 
 as it had been in the mind of the time with 
 the great contest for Reform in Parliament- 
 ary Representation, deeply moved the pass- 
 ions of the respective Champions and attract- 
 ed the attention of the World : And it 
 
1833-1839. 17 
 
 forms, to this day, the most memorable as- 
 sertion of the principles of Free Trade ever 
 witnessed, with the exception of the struggle 
 for the abolition of the Corn Laws in 1846; 
 when I saw the same elements again in 
 violent commotion, and with redoubled force 
 of passion and of eloquence, in the great 
 debate in the House of Lords: Where, after 
 sitting from half past four of the afternoon of 
 the 28th of May, until half past four of the 
 morning of the 29th, I was rewarded, indeed, 
 by the closing Speech of the Great Duke of 
 Wellington, who, with his pocket full of 
 proxies, carried the Bill by 47 Majority. 
 
 In the contest of 1834 in 
 the House of Commons, upon the question 
 of the renewal of the Company's Charter, 
 was involved the whole question of inter- 
 course with China : It was the momentous 
 question, whether the Representatives of 
 England should henceforward continue to 
 be Supercargoes, or whether they should be 
 Ambassadors. 
 
 You will perceive at a glance 
 that here was one of the greatest questions 
 of the age, a question involving the rela- 
 tions of the great Empires and peoples of 
 Britain and of China, not only ; but the rela- 
 tions of the World at large with China. 
 
18 1833-1839. 
 
 The issues were momentous, indeed, on 
 both sides of the World ; and as monopoly 
 had been co-working in the two Empires, 
 so were the impending changes in England 
 to react upon China, and eventuate in inter- 
 national relations marking a new Era and 
 opening up a vista of progress of most au- 
 spicious augury. 
 
 There was a splendid array 
 of talent and of eloquence on the two sides in 
 Parliament, for the Great Company was 
 therein a Power second only to King and 
 Parliament : It controlled directly many 
 Seats in Parliament; and, standing a stalwart 
 Warder at the portal of monopoly, it swayed 
 all the forces of conservatism to its support, 
 to stay the deluge of change beating against 
 it. 
 
 Such was the question and 
 such its elements of interest ; and consider- 
 ing the critical state of the then present 
 relations ^ith China, you will comprehend 
 the painful anxiety with which the handful 
 of Foreigners in Canton awaited its decis- 
 ion. 
 
 Thus, the year 1834 was 
 ushered kfunder the still existing licghne of 
 the Company ; but the dawn of the new Era 
 was near. 
 
1833-1839. 19 
 
 On the 2nd of May the 
 Vice-Roy Loo and most of the other high 
 Officials made a visit to the British Factory, 
 in the absence of the Supercargoes ; and whilst 
 seated on the terrace*, had some pleasantries 
 together over the repressive measures taken 
 by their predecessor Choo, in 1831; when 
 he paid a visit for the purpose of reducing the 
 size of the Company's Garden by as much 
 as it had been enlarged a year or two before, 
 by the Chief Supercargo. 
 
 This act, accomplished by 
 force and with a display of great haughtiness 
 in his demeanour, shews the temper of the 
 Authorities and the consequent critical na- 
 ture of our relations. 
 
 The period was, indeed, 
 big of portents ; and here at the treshold of 
 events, whilst the seething elements of vio- 
 lent change were held in check, we have time 
 to regard the aspect of the place and pass in 
 review the prominent actors in it. 
 
 Here is a Picture of the 
 Foreign Factories as they then existed. 
 
 Here was the Seat of the 
 great Trade of the Honorable East India 
 Company, whose Chiefs in India were the 
 modern "Kings of the East, "and whose local 
 Chiefs were men of note in England before 
 
20 1833-1839. 
 
 coining to China, usually attaining to the 
 rank of Baronet. There were three Super- 
 cargoes resident in China and a complete 
 service of Secretaries, Chaplains, Surgeons, 
 Tea-Inspectors, Writers &c., &c. 
 
 An Honorable Company's 
 Captain was, in those days, also a man of 
 mark : His Ship was a vessel of war as well 
 as of commerce^ the Gun-deck being always 
 kept clear for action ; with a full complement 
 of Officers and large Crews and a Band of 
 Music to play at time of meals. 
 
 Here in this the British 
 Factory, resided the Chief of the Company 
 and in the six or seven Factories in the rear 
 portion of the Hong, lived some of the other 
 Officers and the Captains on coming to Can- 
 ton : In the centre of the front, opening upon 
 the terrace that you see, was the great Hall 
 of the Company, a room so large that I saw 
 the whole Community in it at a time, leaving 
 space for twice their number: At one end of 
 it was a grand full length Portrait of H. M. 
 George the IV, by Sir Thomas Lawrence, 
 and at the other one of Lord Amherst. - In 
 the rear also was the Chapel, and the Bell 
 and Clock Tower ; the enormous Treasury 
 being in the basement. 
 
 In this the "old English' 7 
 
1833-1839. 21 
 
 or "Lung Shun" Hong lived the 2nd and 3rd 
 Supercargoes, the Secretary, the Chaplain, 
 Tea Inspectors and other Officers, filling the 
 six Factories in the Hong : It was in this 
 Hong that I always lived after 1834, until 
 driven away by Yeh in 1856, the first five 
 years in No. 4, which had been the house of 
 Eevd. Dr. Morrison and 17 years in the front 
 Factory, or No. 1. 
 
 The rule was for the Chief and other 
 Officers to come in October, ostensibly in 
 their ships from their own country, and 
 return in April, thus following the course of 
 the Monsoons ; and if they did not come and 
 go in their ships from Canton, chops or per- 
 mits were taken out for them by the Hong 
 Merchants to go to Macao by the inner pas- 
 sage in native boats, in order that reports, 
 according to the permitted routine, could be 
 made to Peking, that the Foreigners had 
 returned to their own countries. Thus about 
 Six months of each year was passed at Can- 
 ton and the remainder at Macao. 
 
 The allowance for the East 
 India Company's Factory expenses in China 
 was 100.000 Stg: per annum, of which the 
 salary of the Chief, with the emoluments of 
 his Office, amounted to about 25.000. 
 
 At Macao the Company's 
 
22 1833-1839. 
 
 Establishments were more extensive. The 
 two large blocks of palatial-like buildings on 
 the Praya Grande next south of the Palace 
 of the Governor, of four or more separate 
 houses each, were occupied by the Company. 
 The Chief and other two Supercargoes had, 
 beside, separate mansions ; several of them 
 at different periods occupying what is now 
 known as the Caza- Garden, wherein is the 
 Grotto of Camoens ; and where may still be 
 found the tomb stones of Mr. Eobartes and 
 Lady Metcalf ; as may also be found in the 
 adjoining Cemetery those of Sir Walter 
 Frazer, Kevd. Dr. Morrison and others of 
 the Company's Service : Beside 
 
 Mr. Eobartes and Sir Theophilus Metcalf, 
 among other recent Chiefs was Sir James 
 Bannerman and nearly a century ago Mr. 
 Pigou, Mr. Fitzhughand Mr. Lance had also 
 lived at the Gaza-Garden: a spot consecra- 
 ted to classic fame by the genius of Camoens; 
 and at a later period associated with the 
 mysterious fate of La Perouse, whose Ob- 
 servation tower and stone table, founded 
 upon volcanic scoria or lava, are still ex- 
 isting upon a terrace overlookingt he wes- 
 tern wall. 
 
 Mr. Plowden lived many 
 years in the mansion known as "Shap Lok 
 
1833-1839. 23 
 
 Clme"- - 16 pillar-house, of which I held 
 the lease for 17 years, until I transferred it 
 to one of our neighbors here. 
 
 We thus pass in review, 
 as the more recent holders of the Office of 
 Chief Supercargo, Sir James Urmston; Mr. 
 Drummond, who afterward established his 
 claim as Viscount Strathallan ; Sir George 
 Staunton ; Sir Theophilus Metcalf ; Sir 
 James Bannerman; Sir Walter Frazer; Mr. 
 Majoribanks; Sir William Baynes; and Mr. 
 Plowden. 
 
 It was, indeed, a great 
 Service ; and at an earlier period the Ho- 
 norable Company had its mission and ful- 
 filled it well. It had been one of the proper 
 glories of England and all Merchants were 
 rightly prouder of their calling for what it 
 had done. In this case had been conspi- 
 cuously verified the ascription by a profound 
 Historian, of a proper fame to Commerce as 
 the pioneer of Civilization : - That His- 
 torian says : "The first seats of Commerce 
 "became the first seats of Civilization. Ex- 
 change of Merchandize led to exchange of 
 "ideas; and by this mutual friction was first 
 "kindled the sacred flame of moral and in- 
 tellectual culture. "- 
 
 The Company's system gave confidence 
 
24 1833-1839. 
 
 to the Chinese Government and people ; and 
 on the other hand, also, it lent more or less 
 protection to all Foreign Trade, at a period 
 else of complete incertitude in the relations 
 with China. 
 
 We must not regard these 
 Merchants as only the pampered Lords of 
 Monopoly : Far from it: They had not 
 been simply the Pioneers of intercourse : 
 They had hecome great political Personages, 
 swaying the destinies of a hundred mil- 
 lions ; the veritable "Kings of the East": 
 And while in India they governed with wis- 
 dom ; in China, they furnished the element 
 of order and peace for a long period of time. 
 Their policy in China, as in 
 India, was tentative ; they could impose no 
 other at that time : - Their recognized 
 position was simply that of Merchants ; they 
 could not rightly aspire to be political or 
 moral Reformers. Their steps were mea- 
 sured by the necessities of the hour ; and, 
 surely, in the eyes of the Student of History, 
 if not in those of superficial observers, it 
 ceases to be a reproach that in India the 
 genius of a Clive grasped the else-precarious 
 sceptre of Empire and wrought order from 
 chaos : As at a later period, with a like 
 intrepidity and a kindred stroke of genius, 
 
1833-1839. 25 
 
 an Elliot sped to the rescue of the Foreign 
 community here ; and inextricably established 
 the responsibility of the Court of Peking ; 
 thus breaching the ponderous wall of exclu- 
 siveness, behind which China had hidden her 
 weakness for centuries. 
 
 But now the Company's mission 
 in China was fulfilled, for the spirit of the 
 age was bursting the fetters of monopoly and 
 prescription ; and England's power was too 
 well assured on the Ocean by her Navy, to 
 longer require an armed Merchant fleet capa- 
 ble of self-protection, as to a great extent 
 the Company's fleet had been. 
 
 Such was the Honorable East 
 India Company ; and so composed, of men of 
 distinction and character, was its Service in 
 China. 
 
 We may now turn to the 
 other prominent persons of a community sin- 
 gularly select and intelligent as Merchants ; 
 and from the conditions of life in such close 
 proximity, remarkably well- affected toward 
 each other, restrained by no Law but that of 
 honor. It is true there were two parties 
 among British residents, separating them in 
 social life, one portion being more especially 
 adherents of the Company's Officers, and gene- 
 rally more conservative of disposition ; and 
 
26 1833-1839. 
 
 the other portion the more outspoken cham- 
 pions of Free Trade, and, as such, allies of the 
 Manchester school of that day: But all, 
 on either side, were high-toned Gentlemen ; 
 and although party spirit ran so high that the 
 names of Montague and Capulet were applied 
 to the respective partisans, there was nothing 
 between them unbecoming to Gentlemen. 
 
 'There was, however, an utter dearth of the 
 graces and finer amenities of life, in the want 
 of Ladies' society ; and a mere glimpse of a 
 fair one then would have been like 
 "'dropping Manna in the way of starved people? 
 The most prominent individual 
 figure, after the Company's Chief, was Mr. 
 Jardine ; the first of the name in China and 
 head of the great House that still bears the 
 name. The whole Foreign Trade was then 
 centered here and he controlled a full third of 
 it during the next few years ; having one Sea- 
 son no less than 75 ships to his consignment : 
 In short, his transactions were collossal. He 
 was a very courteous man and very generally 
 popular : My Cousin used sometimes to take 
 me to call on him ; and I may mention one or 
 two of his remarks as illustrations of his ad- 
 mirable composure, in the midst of the panic 
 caused by the great financial crisis in Europe 
 and America of 1837. At that period he 
 
1833-1839. 27 
 
 held several hundred thousand Pounds Ster- 
 ling of American Bills upon the three Banking 
 Houses of Thomas Wilson & Co., Timothy 
 Wiggin & Co., and George Wildes & Co. of 
 London, who had all failed, the second of 
 them, Messrs. Wiggin, being, also, his own 
 Bankers ; and he had recently heard that the 
 Bills bearing his Firm's endorsement were 
 taken up '''for honor" by Messrs. Magniac 
 Smith & Co. It was at the darkest moment ; 
 and he asked my Cousin after saying, "Mr. 
 "Hathaway, you know that I hold a large 
 "amount of American Bills, the Protests of 
 "which are now coming out, do you think 
 "one half of them will be paid" ? My Cousin 
 replied that he thought a larger proportion of 
 them would be paid. The calmness of Mr. 
 Jardine in putting this question upon a point 
 involving several hundred thousand Dollars, 
 at least, struck me ; and it was a particularly 
 interesting question to my Cousin, whose Bills 
 to the extent of 54.000. were included, 
 although Mr. Jardine had politely refrained 
 from allusion to them. And it was a satisfac- 
 tion afterward to hear that, not only were my 
 Cousin's Bills provided for long before matur- 
 ity, although Messrs. Thomas Wilson & Co. 
 upon whom they were drawn, had failed ; but 
 that Messrs Jardine, eventually, lost very little 
 by the Bills of other parties. 
 
28 1833-1839. 
 
 Mr. Jardine had previously remar- 
 ked: "Well, Mr. Hathaway, Mr. Majoribanks 
 "made his money from the Company and now 
 "the Company has lost it for him"; alluding 
 to the failure of his Firm, Messrs Majoribanks 
 and Ferrers, who had entered very exten- 
 sively into the China Trade, enjoying facilities 
 from the Financial Agency of the Company, es- 
 tablished by the Parliamentary Act of Decem- 
 ber 1833 ; against which Mr. Jardine and his 
 friends had protested as a virtual continuance 
 of the Company's business in China. 
 
 Mr. Jardine had made Sir James 
 Matheson his Partner a year or two before. 
 Another of his Partners was Mr. Henry 
 Wright, who had not left their Hong for a pe- 
 riod of 7 years ; and who on looking around 
 found he had no hat. 
 
 The House of Messrs. Russell 
 & Co. was then the most prominent of the 
 American Firms ; and had at the time of my 
 arrival 26 ships here and in the neighborhood 
 to load with Teas. 
 
 Messrs. Thomas Dent & Co. then 
 ranked second only to Messrs. Jardine in the 
 amount of business in their control; and to this 
 Firm subsequently, were joined Mr. Robert 
 Inglis and Mr. Joseph R. Reeves of the Com- 
 pany's Service. 
 
1833-1839. 29 
 
 Mr. Lindsay, Secretary of the 
 Company, established a House of his own ; as 
 did also Mr. James Daniell of the Company's 
 service andMr. John C. "Whiteman, respectively. 
 
 Messrs Turner & Co. became 
 also large shippers of Tea on the opening of 
 the Free Trade. 
 
 There were several large Parsee 
 Firms conducting, in common with Messrs 
 Jardine, Messrs Dent and other minor British 
 firms, the great trade with India, which in 
 the article of Cotton was larger then than it 
 is now. 
 
 The Shipping interest next in 
 magnitude to that of the Company was that 
 of Bombay, which with the trade with other 
 Ports of India employed many large ships, 
 known in China and India as "Country Ships," 
 in contradistinction to "Company's ships." This 
 India Service was also a golden one for its 
 Commanders and Officers ; and thus acquired 
 capable and respectable men, many of whom 
 had been in the Company's service as juniors. 
 A similar position of respectabi- 
 lity was held also by the Captains and Officers 
 in the American Trade ; and as well in the 
 trade of the Danish, French, Swedish and other 
 European Nations. 
 
 There were few or no ships 
 
30 1833-1839, 
 
 seeking freight in the Market ; the most being 
 intended to load for their Owners' account, for 
 whom Supercargoes or the Captains came em- 
 powered to act. 
 
 It was thus that the whole 
 Foreign community, casual as well as per- 
 manent, was respectable and select ; and I 
 allude to this point again, as it accounts for the 
 general order and sobriety that characterized it 
 at that period: A condition of the first impor- 
 tance, considered in relation to the anomalous 
 position that the community held toward the 
 Chinese Government. 
 
 But I fear that I am mer- 
 chandising too much for the taste of my fair 
 Auditory and young friends ; and I must now 
 tell them that beside the Merchant Princes and 
 mere Merchants, Supercargoes and Comman- 
 ders of great ships, there were also professional 
 men of mark ; and scattered amongst the com- 
 munity generally, some real Geniuses in Wit, 
 Science and Art. I mention first the name 
 of the lamented Eeverend Dr. Morrison, whose 
 premature death ( at the age of only 53 ) on 
 the 1st of August 1834, cast a gloom over 
 the whole community. There was the gifted 
 and genial Artist, George Chinnery of Irish 
 birth, who in his youth had been compromised 
 in the rebellious movement of Lord Edward 
 
1833-1839. 31 
 
 Pitz Gerald, but was allowed to live in India 
 and China : His ample fund of anecdote will 
 soon be utterly forgotten ; but his Works of 
 Art being the emanations of a real Genius 
 will outlive us all, so true is it that "we 
 are the shadows and they are the realities," 
 as the Monk of the Escorial said to Sir David 
 Wilkie of the works of genius there. Chin- 
 nery had also some of the, so called, character- 
 istic weaknesses of genius, with his geniality 
 of disposition ; and such an exuberance of im- 
 agination and fancy that there was a gusto in 
 much that he did approaching the grotesque: 
 He wielded a vigorous and facile, though 
 somewhat wayward pencil, it was Nature's 
 self in conveying action; and nothing was more 
 admirable than his rendering of general natural 
 effects: But his gusto, or exaggerated ideal, in 
 color, sometimes overmastered his hand, which 
 in Art is scarcely a fault as an exuberance of 
 feeling, though it may pass the just measure of 
 truth ; and one would regret its absence if it 
 were replaced by a severe literalness. Among 
 other instances of his humorous fancy was a 
 
 g 
 
 caricature of himself, standing in the stern of 
 a boat just leaving the steps at Calcutta, that 
 "City of Palaces" in the background, and he 
 with his hat off waving an adieu to it, with 
 the motto at foot "Too liot" \ the meaning 
 
3-2 1833-1839. 
 
 understood by his friends being that he was 
 leaving debts and some other more exacting- 
 liabilities behind him. Another anecdote that 
 fitly follows this, was his suddenly packing up 
 his effects at Macao on one occasion, when he 
 heard that Mrs. Chinnery was coming on from 
 Calcutta to join him; Ladies being ,then, you 
 will kindly remember, interdicted from coming 
 to Canton. He was a welcome accession in 
 the private Theatricals of those days, and I 
 remember took the part of Madame Malaprop : 
 in the "Bivals." He died early in 1852 at Ma- 
 cao, and a Fund was raised for a Memorial 
 Tablet to his memory ; but it has not yet been 
 received from England. 
 
 There was the accomplished 
 Chief Surgeon of the Company, Dr. Thomas B. 
 Colledge, who succeeded Dr. Pearson, the in- 
 troducer of inoculation among the Chinese : 
 Dr. Colledge lived chiefly at Macao the latter 
 part of his residence in China ; and there mar- 
 ried an American Lady, Miss Shillaber : He 
 has been from the first and still is President 
 of our Medical Missionary Society. There was 
 also Dr. Anderson, his Assistant. 
 
 Mr. Joseph B. Beeves, P. B. 
 S. had the chief charge of the Tea-testing and 
 buying of the Company, in succession to his 
 Father ; a duty that in those days of stability 
 
1833-1839. 
 
 in the London Market, was less distracted by 
 anxieties than it is to us "Free Traders," though 
 then the stock of Tea in London was not al- 
 lowed (by the conditions of the Company's 
 Charter) to fall below a year's consumption : 
 -Thus Mr. Reeves had leisure for his scien- 
 tific pursuits and Musical Soirees ; the latter 
 held once a week. 
 
 Sir John Davis and others were 
 distinguished as literary men before they be- 
 came Supercargoes of the Company. 
 
 There was also here living the 
 hearty, rubicund Dr. Richard Henry Cox, one 
 of the Company's Surgeons, a Welshman with 
 a flock of goats filling this enclosure in front 
 of the Danish Hong, in which he lived: Who 
 used to "double usujf by the vigorous thrusts 
 of his fists of a morning, to see if our liver 
 was sound ; and finding us unflinching, would 
 often invite us to his bountiful Breakfasts, - 
 sure to be garnished with Goat's Milk and 
 Cheese. In front of his factory was a second 
 enclosure, within which the then Chief of 
 Messrs Russell & Co. (the late Mr. Augustine 
 Heard) used to take exercise by riding a Pony 
 up and down, the only one here; to the intense 
 amusement of Chinese spectators in a native 
 Restaurant overlooking it, where seats were 
 sold, so rare was it to see the antics of a 
 Barbarian's Pony. 
 
34 1833-1839. 
 
 At the foot of the same Hong lived 
 Mr. John C. Whiteman late of the Honorable 
 E. I. Company's Service, who was once visited 
 by an irate Scotch Gentleman, accompanied 
 by his Second, armed with a huge Malacca 
 Joint, while at dinner ; and told, as that, so 
 called, Penang Lawyer of that day was laid on 
 his shoulders, that he must consider himself 
 chastised, because Mrs. Whiteman had re- 
 fused to receive the call of the valiant wielder 
 of it when he was last at Macao. The com- 
 munity hardly knew whether to regard this 
 feigned castigation emphatic only in words 
 a stroke of broad humour by the Scot or 
 not ; but 'twas thought, if not said, that how- 
 ever right to scourge a negro, a Whiteman 
 should go Scot free ; and the absurdity of this 
 proceeding was heightened by the mature ages 
 of this Scotch Gentleman and his Second, 
 neither of them being much under 60 years of 
 age, it being conjectured indeed that the latter 
 went with him to humor him and prevent more 
 than a formality. It was the same eccentric 
 Scotchman who, with the resolute will of his 
 race and Country, when a Silversmith dis- 
 appeared owing him money, w r ent personally 
 to the City-gates with a Petition ; and redress 
 not being promptly accorded, went also to the 
 defaulter's shop and there remained, having 
 
1833-1839. 35 
 
 his meals sent to him, until the Hong Mer- 
 chants satisfied the debt. His mind eventually 
 became lamentably overwrought; and impelled 
 him, in retaliation for various real or im- 
 aginary grievances, on one occasion, it was 
 said, to take command of his own Opium 
 Schooner and in her run the gauntlet of the 
 Bogus Forts, forcing his way to Whampoa and 
 Canton. He subsequently died in Macao and 
 was buried there: I do not mention his name 
 because of these aberrations in a character else 
 of sterling qualities. 
 
 There was also here Mr. Henry 
 Matthew Clarke of the Company's Service who 
 w^as author of a clever Conundrum : Being 
 in the Company's house at Macao overlooking 
 the small boats on the Praya Grande, and poin- 
 ting to a ship lying at anchor in the Roads, 
 asked Why is the ship there like one of these 
 boats here ? Because she is at anchor a 
 "Tanca" 
 
 There was a Gentleman of my 
 acquaintance who had lived in India and who 
 related to me an instance of a ready rapartee, 
 that I think you will appreciate : A brilliant 
 assemblage of Ladies and Gentlemen dining at 
 the table of the Vice Roy at Calcutta, a Lady, 
 at dessert, asked a Gentleman to hand her a 
 Mangoe from across the table ; it happened 
 
36 1833-1839. 
 
 that a disli of a species of small Raisins from 
 the Persian Gulf called "Kis-Mis" was be- 
 tween them, into which the Mangoe, as it 
 seemed unfortunately, fell : She exclaimed 
 involuntarily "Ok!- kow awkward!" 
 "No", said he, "kow naturally the man-goes to 
 kiss-miss /" 
 
 Among Americans of note, 
 I mention first the Revd. Dr. Bridgman, the 
 early co-laborer with Dr. Morrison in the 
 Missionary field ; and to w r hom was joined, the 
 year of my arrival, the excellent Dr. Wells 
 Williams, who is still spared to us with all his 
 store of ancient lore and unselfish benevolence. 
 And the year after came Dr. Parker upon his 
 benevolent mission, to which after years of 
 devoted labor succeeded his political mission 
 as Charge and Minister. I mention next the 
 oldest resident at that time, Mr. James P. 
 Sturgis, who, after I came, resided chiefly at 
 Macao ; but kept this, the front Factory of the 
 Swedish Hong reserved for his own use, until 
 his old friend Mr. Snow came out as Ameri- 
 can Consul, when he gave him free use of it. 
 Mr. Sturgis was a Gentleman of -strong will 
 and cultivated mind, who lived a retired life ; 
 and to whom, perhaps consequently, some 
 eccentricities of character were attributed. 
 The nephew of Mr. Sturgis, Mr. Russell 
 
1833-1839. 
 
 Sfcurgis, who came here in 1834 and has long 
 been a partner of the great house of Baring- 
 Brothers, was a highly cultivated man and of 
 a rich humor and ready wit ; and of whom I 
 may relate a dramatic incident of rather more 
 recent occurrence: Being present at a fete that 
 I gave at Green Island, Macao, in honor 
 of H. E. Mr. Gushing, the negotiator of the 
 American Treaty of 1844, and joining in the 
 attempts of Mr. Fletcher Webster, the 1st 
 Secretary of Legation, and Mr. Pierce the 
 Consul, to amuse the Ladies, he observed their 
 rough play with each other just as Webster 
 who was a Son of the great Statesman had 
 thrown himself down a steep, bank and lying 
 at the foot was feigning death, whilst Pierce, 
 in an attitude of the mock heroic, with one 
 foot upon Webster's breast and his right arm 
 uplifted, was about to apostrophise the fallen 
 great, when on the instant Sturgis excited the 
 applause of every one with the exclamation 
 "See hear Pierce' s l-e~g on Webster /" 
 
 Mr. Charles W. King, of the 
 house of Olyphant & Co. (who died in my pre- 
 sence near Aden in 1845) was a prominent 
 actor and writer in those days ; and I well 
 remember his assisting Mr. Lindsay and others 
 to remove the Cross and expel the Mandarin 
 and executioner from the front of the factories 
 
38 1833-1839. 
 
 on the memorable 3rd. of December 1838, 
 although, he had opposed the Opium Trade ; 
 and was subsequently distinguished by High 
 Commissioner Lin, who caused an Edict com- 
 mendatory of Mr. King's abstention from that 
 Trade affixed to the door of his factory. 
 
 Others of my Countrymen who 
 were my early contemporaries here and who 
 have since been distinguished in public posi- 
 tions, are John C. Green, Esquire of New York, 
 a leading Member of the famous Committee 
 of 70 ; the Honorable John M. Eorbes late a 
 State Senator of Massachusetts, who married 
 my Cousin ; and Abiel Abbot Low, Esquire 
 ex-chairman of the New York Chamber of 
 Commerce. 
 
 Mr. "Win. C. Hunter, now of Paris, had 
 acquired a knowledge of the Chinese language 
 at the Anglo-Chinese College at Malacca ; 
 and used to act as Interpreter sometimes, in 
 communications with the Chinese Authorities 
 at the Consoo-House of the Co-Hong. 
 
 Perhaps you do not like my 
 light Wares ? I have no lac'o materials, 
 but a plain unvarnished Tale to tell : 
 
 A later importation of them 
 from India, I will venture to offer if I^am not 
 tiresome, though it has been published once, 
 I believe, after it was first communicated to 
 
1833-1839. 39 
 
 me by a letter of its Author : "Who being at 
 a reception of the Vice-Roy of India at the 
 period of the capture of Scindh by Sir Charles 
 Napier, - - that most loyal of the pupils of 
 Wellington, and whose fame for the laconic 
 form of his despatches and the light weight 
 of his inarching kit surpassed that of his Mas- 
 ter, conceived a Conundrum from Sir Charles' 
 message announcing his crowning victory : 
 "Why does Sir Charles claim a great merit and 
 "acknowledge a ^rm/#?^ in his message ?" 
 Because it reads simply "I have Scindh" 
 But it is time for me to resume 
 the more tangible thread of my Recollections. 
 The course of political events 
 then became very rapid : In May the news of 
 the opening of the Free Trade with England 
 reached Canton and in the same month the 
 first ship direct, the "Sarah," was des- 
 patched to London with a very valuable cargo, 
 chiefly of Raw Silk belonging to Mr. Jardine 
 and his friends. And thenceforward there 
 was a period of suspense in the public mind, 
 as well that of the Chinese as that of foreign 
 Residents, as to the attitude that the Au- 
 thorities of China would assume toward the 
 Representatives of His My William IY, whose 
 commission dated Brighton December 10th 
 1833 appointed Lord Napier, Mr. Plowden 
 and Mr. Davis Superintendents of Trade : 
 
40 1833-1839. 
 
 His Lordsliip with Lady Napier and family 
 reached Macao on the 15th of July and as Mr. 
 Plowden had already left China the previous 
 November, Sir George Robinson, Baronet, was 
 appointed third Supercargo. 
 
 It was the obvious and settled 
 policy of England to prevent a rupture ; and 
 well-infornted of the purpose of the Emperor 
 of China to maintain the restrictive system, the 
 Government of H. M. William IV. strove to 
 disguise the change of attitude consequent upon 
 the retirement of the Company from China : 
 Yet, as between the two Governments, so far 
 as that of China permitted explanation, there 
 was no attempted deception. Accordingly, 
 the new Representatives of England were styled 
 First, Second and Third "Superintendents of 
 'the Trade of British Subjects to and from the 
 Dominions of the Emperor of China"; osten- 
 sibly corresponding to First, Second and Third 
 Supercargoes of the Company ; and although 
 Lord Napier was made Chief- Superintendent, 
 the others were taken from the Company's 
 board of Supercargoes. 
 
 This attempt to conciliate the 
 Chinese Government was not successful, as 
 we shall see ; and then arose the question in 
 H. M.'s Councils whether to temporise or not. 
 Some have thought it had perhaps been 
 
1833-1839. 41 
 
 better to effect the radical change, from the 
 Regime of the Company to that of the Am- 
 bassadors, by one stride; but I consider, myself, 
 that the tentative course which was pursued 
 was the most judicious. Indeed, such was the 
 state of parties in England and so large the 
 pecuniary stake of her Government, in the Tea 
 Duties and other sources of Revenue, that it 
 was obvious, in the nature of things, that 
 no solution was probable save by the initiative 
 of the Chinese Government ; and by it only in 
 the spirit of the claim to Universal Dominion. 
 The report of Lord Napier's 
 arrival in Macao Roads soon reached the ears 
 of the Vice Roy and he issued an Edict on 
 the 21st July as noted below.* 
 
 *Loo, governor of Kwangtung,&c. &c. to the hong merchants: 
 The Hee (or naval officer,) of the Heangshan district, with 
 others, has reported "that an English war vessel having on 
 board a barbarian eye, had from the outer seas, sailed to 
 Cabreta point (off Macao), and there anchored. On inquiry it 
 was stated that he was to examine and have superintendence 
 of the said nation's merchant vessels coming to Canton to 
 trade, &c. As duty requires, a report is made." 
 
 According to this, I have examined and find, that hitherto, 
 outside barbarians trading to Canton have only had taepans, 
 (chief supercargoes,) buying and selling goods. They have 
 been permitted to request permits, and then come to Canton. 
 But ordinarily they have only had permission to reside at 
 Macao. The English have traded at Canton upwards of a 
 hundred years, and with regard to all the regulations, there 
 has long been mutual tranquillity. The said hong merchants 
 before reported, that this year the English company is dis- 
 solved. The barbarian eye who has now come is of course 
 
42 1833-1839. 
 
 for the superintendence and examination of this business. 
 And the barbarian eye is not on a par with the taepans. If 
 he wishes to come to Canton, it will be necessary to make 
 first a clear report, requesting the imperial will on the subject. 
 As to the commercial affairs, if there be circumstances abso- 
 lutely requiring the establishment of other regulations, a pe- 
 tition of requests, after inquiry and deliberation on the part 
 of the hong merchants, must also be sent by them, that a 
 memorial may be prepared, and obedience called for. 
 
 Uniting these circumstances, this order is issued. When 
 the order is received by the said merchants, let them im- 
 mediately go in person to Macao, and ascertain clearly from 
 the barbarian eye, for what he has come to Canton province. 
 Let them also inquire fully and minutely as to what other 
 regulations require to be now established, since this year the 
 said nations's company has been dissolved. Then let them 
 report in answer, to afford evidence on which to make a plain 
 and full memorial, for directions as to what conduct is to be 
 observed, and as to what obedience is to be required. And 
 let them authoritatively enjoin the established laws of the 
 Celestial Empire, that, with the exception of the taepans and 
 other barbarian merchants trading to Canton, none can be 
 permitted to come to Canton, without a report having been 
 made, and the mandate received. The said barbaiia eye, 
 having to examine concerning and superintend the affairs of 
 commerce, may reside at Macao. If he wishes to come to 
 Canton, he must inform the said merchants, that they may 
 previously petition me, the governor, and I will by post-con- 
 veyance send a memorial, and all must respectfully wait till 
 the mandate of the great Emperor has been received. Then 
 orders will be issued to require obedience. Oppose not ! A 
 special order. 
 
 Taoukwang, 14th year, 6th moon, 15th day. [July 21st, 
 1834.] 
 
 His Lordship had left Macao 
 in H. M. Sloop "Lame" before the Vice Boy's 
 injunction to remain there, pending reference 
 to the Emperor, had reached him ; and leaving 
 the "Larne" outside the Bogue he came to 
 
1833-1839. 43 
 
 TThampoa in one of the naval Cutters, where 
 he took passage in the boat of a Bombay ship 
 and came to Canton. Then arose that strife 
 of words and those vexatious restrictions, 
 affecting all Foreigners alike and including the 
 stoppage of the Trade, that were to end in 
 the early death of Lord Napier. 
 
 The following extracts of two 
 Edicts of the 27th and 31st of July exhibit 
 the unbending temper of the Vice Roy and a 
 subsequent one of the 18th of August of a 
 still more stringent tenor was accompanied by 
 the stoppage of the British Trade.* 
 
 *As to the object of the said barbarian eyes coming to Can- 
 ton, it is for commercial business. The Celestial Empire 
 appoints officers civil ones to rule the people military ones 
 to intimidate the wicked. The petty affairs of commerce are 
 to be directed by the merchants themselves. The officers 
 have nothing to hear on the subject. In the trade of the said 
 barbarians, if there are any changes to be made in regulations, 
 &c., in all cases, the said merchants are to consult together, 
 and make a joint statement to the superintendent of customs 
 and to my office. Whether (the proposals) shall he allowed 
 or disallowed must be learned by waiting for a reply publicly. 
 If any affair is to be newly commenced, it is requisite to wait 
 till a respectful memorial be made, clearly reporting to the 
 Great Emperor, and his mandate received. Then it may be 
 commenced, and orders may be issued requiring obedience. 
 
 The great ministers of the Celestial Empire, are not permit- 
 ted to have private intercourse by letters with outside bar- 
 barians. If the said barbarian eye throws in private letters, 
 I, the governor, will not at all receive or look at them. With 
 regard to the barbarian factory of the company, without the 
 walls of the city, it is a place of temporary residence for 
 
44 1833-1839. 
 
 barbarians coming to Canton to trade. They are permitted 
 only to eat, sleep, buy, and sell in the factories. They are 
 not permitted to go out to ramble about. All these are points 
 decided by fixed and certain laws aod statutes ; which will 
 not bear to be confusedly transgressed. 
 
 To sum up the whole matter : the nation has its laws ; it 
 is so everywhere. Even England has its laws. How much 
 more the Celestial Empire ! How flaming bright are its great 
 laws and ordinances. More terrible than the awful thunder- 
 bolt ! Under this whole bright heaven, none dares to disobey 
 them. Under its shelter are the four seas. Subject to its 
 soothing care are ten thousand kingdoms. The said barbarian 
 eye. having come over a sea of several myriads of miles in 
 extent to examine and have superintendence of affairs, must 
 be a man thoroughly acquainted with the principles of high 
 dignity. And in his person he sustains the duties of an 
 officer an eye. Then only can be control and restrain the 
 barbarian merchants 
 
 Let them instantly on the same day, report in answer. At 
 the same time, let them order and compel him immediately, 
 with speed, to return to Macao, and reside there, waiting till 
 I, the governor have made a prepared report to request the 
 imperial will to be made known, that it may be obeyed. Should 
 there be any opposition, the said merchants will be held solely 
 responsible. Tremble, intensely, intensely, tremble ! These 
 are the orders. 
 
 Whereupon Lord Napier issued the 
 under-noted circular. 
 
 Interesting to the Chinese merchants. Present state of re- 
 lations between China and Great Britain. A true and official 
 document. 
 
 On the 16th of January, 1831, the viceroy Le, in con- 
 sequence of advice from the hong merchants, issued an edict 
 requiring the chief of the factory to write home, stating that 
 in case of the dissolution of the East India company, it was 
 incumbent on the British government to appoint a chief to 
 come to Canton for the general management of commercial 
 dealings, and to prevent affairs from going to confusion ; 
 whereupon, at the dissolution of the company, the king of 
 
1833-1839. 45 
 
 Great Britain, in accordance with the wishes of the viceroy, 
 appointed Lord Napier, a member of his own household, an 
 hereditary nobleman, and captain in his royal navy, to come 
 to Canton for the above most laudable purpose, and report 
 himself by letter to the Viceroy accordingly. Lord Napier 
 arrived at Canton on the 25th of July, and next day forward- 
 ed his letter to the city gates, which was offered to the man- 
 darins for the purpose of being delivered, and refused by the 
 whole of them. It is false, to say that the British officer who 
 carried the letter desired to force his way with in theprecincts 
 of the palace. The hong merchants, it is true, desired to 
 take it, but it was quite derogatory to the dignity of the 
 representative of the King to communicate through the mer- 
 chants. The Viceroy now complains that he knows not for 
 what reason Lord Napier has come, at the same time forget- 
 ting the edict of his predecessor, which brought him here, as 
 well as his own obstinacy in refusing to receive the letter of 
 a man of equal rank with himself. His Excellency then pub- 
 lishes edicts requiring Lord Napier to retire to Macao, and on 
 the 18th of Aug. publishes another edict, in which he states 
 that the hong merchants have requested the trade to be stop- 
 ped, but in commiseration, says he, "I again give temporary 
 indulgence and delay," knowing at the same time that the 
 trade had been actually stopped by the hong merchants two 
 days before. The Viceroy then sends the Kwangchow foo, 
 the Kwangchow hee, and the Chaouchow foo, to require of 
 Lord Napier the object of his visit, the nature of his duties, 
 and the time of his return to Macao. Lord Napier replies to 
 the first, by a reference to the edict of January, 1831 ; to the 
 second by a reference to his letter to the Viceroy, which con- 
 tains all the intelligence, and which they refuse to open or 
 convey ; and to the third, that his return to Macao depends 
 entirely on his private convenience. The ignorance and 
 obstinacy of the Viceroy has thus allowed the hong merchants 
 to put a stop to the trade, when he himself only threatens to 
 do so. He sends his mandarins, and they return as they 
 came, when the official document was offered for their con- 
 veyance ; and the consequence is, that thousands of industrious 
 Chinese who live by the European trade, must suffer ruin and 
 discomfort through the perversity of their goverment. The 
 
46 1833-1839. 
 
 merchants of Great Britain wish to trade with all China on 
 principles of mutual benefit ; they will never relax in their 
 exertions till they gain a point of equal importance to both 
 countries, and the Viceroy will find it as easy to stop the 
 current of the Canton river, as to carry into effect the insane 
 determinations of the hong. [Signed] NAPIER, 
 
 Canton, August 25th, 1834. Chief Superintendent. 
 
 This Manifesto of Lord Napier was 
 followed on the 2nd of September by & very 
 lengthy and still more imperative Edict of the 
 Vice Boy, the following extracts of which will 
 suffice to shew the gravity of the situation. 
 
 Moreover, Lord Napier, without having made petition for 
 the purpose of asking that a clear memorial should be drawn 
 out to request information of the imperial will, did suddenly 
 rush up hither thrusting forth his own opinion. From time 
 to time orders were enjoined on him. Of myself, I, the Go- 
 vernor, may say, that I have lowered myself to regard the 
 barbarian disposition ; but the said barbarian eye has listened 
 to what has been told him as if he were entangled in a net. 
 He is indeed stupid, and ignorant. It is impossible to make 
 him comprehend reason. If such a misled, extravagant man 
 be at Canton in control of the trade, the mercantile people 
 also will hereafter be unable to enjoy mutual quiet. It is 
 evidently becoming that the ships' holds should, according to 
 law, be closed. 
 
 With the exception of all goods, the sale or purchase of 
 which was settled previously to the stoppage, and which in con- 
 sequence are still allowed to be transferred ; it is now jointly 
 decided by us, the Governor and lieutenant-Governor, that 
 from the 12th day of the present moon [August 16th], all 
 buying and selling on the part of the English nation be wholly 
 stopped. 
 
 Besides giving orders to all the hong merchants to pay 
 obedience hereto, and to withdraw from the barbarian factories 
 all compradors, linguists and hired servants ; besides also 
 sending an official communication to the hoppo, making in- 
 
1833-1839. 47 
 
 quiry for and seizure of Chinese traitors, to be tried and 
 punished, and making a proclamation in print drawn from 
 the several successive orders before issued, this proclamat- 
 ion and clear order is now also issued. For this purpose, 
 proclamation is hereby made to all you soldiers and people, 
 mercantile men and others, and to all the barbarian merchants 
 of every nation, requiring your full acquaintance herewith. 
 
 From the period of this proclamation, mercantile people of 
 this inner land are not permitted to buy of or sell to the 
 English nation any goods or thing whatever, large or small ; 
 and all manner of workmen, boatmen, &c. are also not allowed 
 to receive hire or employ of the said barbarians. Should there 
 be any clandestinely having dealings or receiving hire, let the 
 local officers immediately examine and seize them, to be 
 punished according to the law against holding clandestine in- 
 tercourse with foreign nations. In this the said barbarianeye, 
 Lord Napier, has cut himself off from the Celestial Empire. 
 It is not at all what we, the Governor and lieutenant- Governor 
 have liked to do. 
 
 The barbarian merchants of all other nations are still per- 
 mitted to trade as usual. They need have no suspicion or 
 anxiety. Let all with trembling awe obey. Oppose not. A 
 special proclamation. 
 
 Taoukwang, 14th year, 9th moon, 29th day. 
 [September 2d. 1834.] 
 
 "Upon the appearance of this decisive edict, says the Editor 
 of the Repository, there was much agitation manifest in Can- 
 ton. We purposely avoid for the present any expression of 
 opinion regarding these extraordinary procedures, and shall 
 barely present the leading facts. When the Chinese soldiers 
 appeared about the foreign factories, on the publication of 
 this order, and all the native servants and porters were with- 
 drawn from the British factory, Lord Napier requested a 
 guard of marines from the ships of war at the Bogue to come 
 up to the city. All natives were forbidden on pain of death 
 to sell any provisions to the British factory ; and all foreigners 
 to furnish supplies, on penalty of suffering the like restrictions 
 themselves. At the same time the passage of foreign boats 
 between Canton and Whampoa was forbidden ; allowing the 
 departure of foreigners but the return of no one whate- 
 
48 1833-1839. 
 
 ver. This has continued most strictly in force from the 
 6th instto the present time (September 22d). The two British 
 sloops of war were ordered within the Bogue, and on the llth, 
 they anchored at Whampoa. 
 
 The attitude of the Chinese 
 Authorities was hereat uncompromising ; and 
 it remained only to Lord Napier to retire to 
 Macao and await instructions. 
 
 His Lordship had, indeed, 
 fallen ill of the vexations of the previous two 
 months, aggravated by the excessive heat of the 
 summer and after giving orders for the with- 
 drawal of the two ships of war from the river, 
 be embarked for Macao in native^boats, by the 
 inner passage; the Chinese conducting him 
 as though he were a prisoner, with almost a 
 constant beating of gongs and tomtoms and 
 protracting the voyage for five days, to torment 
 him : Thus the Authorities made it appear 
 that they had expelled his Lordship and the 
 ships of War at once from the inner waters. 
 
 The consequence of these 
 harsh proceedings was his Lordships' death 
 on the llth of October. 
 
 Thus we see that the spirit of 
 the Imperial Will was embodied in the arrog- 
 ant words of the Vice Eoy Loo : 
 <"(jbey and remain disobey and depart ', there 
 " are no two ways ": And this curt text was 
 the key-note of his Successors A ere until 
 
1833-1839. 49 
 
 High Commissioner Lin's "vaulting ambition 
 o'erleaped itself "in 1839, in forcibly exacting 
 the obedience thus enjoined by Loo. No 
 communications with the Authorities were al- 
 lowed save through the Hong Merchants ; and 
 they, still holding the monopoly of the Foreign 
 Trade, were interested in the maintenance of 
 the restrictive system : So that they would 
 receive none for delivery to the Authorities 
 without prior perusal. 
 
 Thus we were held disdainfully at arms' 
 length ; our respective Government Officers 
 not being recognized as such by the Chinese 
 Authorities. 
 
 In the course of the next year 
 or two several incidents exhibited this temper 
 on the part of the Authorities. Thus, the 
 small Steamer "Jardine," in 1835, was fired 
 upon by the Bogue Torts and the approach of 
 all "Fire Ships"* was jealously interdicted by 
 special Edicts ; and soon after an order was 
 issued against the U. S. Vessel of War 
 "Vincennes," then lying at Lintin, to leave 
 China. At a later period a Passenger Schooner 
 from Macao was fired at by the Bogue Forts 
 on suspicion of her having on board Admiral 
 Maitland of the "Wellesley" or some of his 
 Officers ; and the Vice Boy ordered that only 
 small boats without decks should be used by 
 
 * as steamers were called. 
 
50 1833-1839. 
 
 Foreigners ; the larger ones being forever in- 
 terdicted. 
 
 Such relations were as in- 
 tolerable as they were insecure ; but England 
 was restrained by paramount reasons, already 
 alluded to, from the application of undue pres- 
 sure ; whilst much less could any other Nation 
 attempt it. 
 
 There was obvious a con- 
 scious misgiving at Peking as to the result of 
 the more stringent application of repressive 
 measures ; and it was said that the ViceRoy 
 Loo, who died in 1835, had spent half a mil- 
 lion of Taels to avert blame for the Canton 
 imbroglio. 
 
 There was in England, even 
 less confidence in the preservation of peaceful 
 relations ; but the previous policy of conciliat- 
 ion was continued, notwithstanding the painful 
 circumstances of Lord Napier's death : the 
 Government meantime sending a few vessels 
 of War to watch the developments of the policy 
 of the Court of Peking, and leaving accu- 
 mulating grievances subject to the course of 
 events. The precarious nature of our position 
 was heightened by various untoward events ; 
 and as "a life for a life" was an axiom of 
 Chinese Law, that in practice ignored the 
 question of guilt or innocence, and claimed a 
 
1833-1839. 51 
 
 victim right or wrong, there was always a sense 
 of danger weighing upon onr minds ; as a 
 writer then said : "Left unprotected by their 
 "own Governments, as Foreigners ever have 
 "been, they may yet find another Slack Hole 
 "in the narrow Factories they now inhabit." 
 The Chinese, on their part, 
 soon began to find a grievance in the Opium 
 Trade, to which no allusion had been made 
 either in connection with the Company's re- 
 tiring, or Lord Napier's coming to Canton ; 
 and it was not until 1836 or 1837, that much 
 stress was laid upon the subject. The impel- 
 ling motive then was the efflux of Treasure ; 
 and that was the basis of a remarkable Me- 
 morial of Heu Xaetse, President of the Sacrifi- 
 cial Court and late Salt Commissioner and 
 Judge in Canton, in favor of the legalisation 
 of the importation of the Drug; his proposit- 
 ion being to make it simply an article of barter 
 and to interdict the papnent of money for it : 
 He says "the object of repealing the in- 
 "terdict against Opium is to prevent the loss of 
 "Treasure occasioned by the sale of the Drug 
 "for Money." 
 
 The local Authorities and the 
 Hong Merchants also reported in favor of the 
 legalisation of its importation ; and so con- 
 fident were the Authorities and the Hong 
 
52 1833-1839. 
 
 Merchants that it would be admitted, that 
 some of them actually dealt largely in the Drug 
 on speculation : And among them the Vice- 
 Boy, Tang, became compromised directly, as 
 he had been before indirectly, by participation 
 in the exactions levied upon its illegal in- 
 troduction: A fact afterward recognized by the 
 Emperor, when Tang was sent away in Chains. 
 Subsequently, several other 
 high Officers sent in Memorials to the Em- 
 peror, counter to that of Heu Naetse, and citing 
 instances to shew that when the Provincial 
 Authorities faithfully applied the restrictions, 
 illegal Traffic could be suppressed. Thus, 
 "In 1831 the English Foreigners brought up 
 "guns, and introduced foreign females into 
 "Canton, having the presumption to retain 
 "them there, in the foreign factories. They 
 "clandestinely built a stone pier and quay. 
 "And, when going out and in, they had the 
 "extravagance to sit in large sedan chairs. 
 "The lieut-Governor, your Majesty's Minister, 
 "Choo Kweiching, went personally to examine 
 "into these matters ; he compelled the instant 
 "demolition of the quay, and drove the foreign 
 "females back to Macao. Again, in the year 
 "1834 vessels of war of the same Nation 
 "presumed to enter the inner waters. The 
 "Governor, Loo Kwan stopped up the channel 
 
1833-1839, 53 
 
 "of navigation, and displayed to view the milit- 
 "ary terrors ; and repentance and fear speedily 
 "overtook them. From these instances it may 
 "he seen that, when the Laws are kept in 
 "force, the Foreigners may always he awed 
 "into subje'ction."- 
 
 These counter memorials were also referred 
 to the Canton Authorities by the Emperor for 
 deliberate consideration, notwithstanding that 
 all here had previously reported in favor of 
 
 the legalisation. 
 
 In October 1837 the Pro- 
 vincial Officers memorialized the Throne to 
 limit the number of Hong Merchants to 13. 
 
 And the same month the 
 policy of the Emperor, in the interdiction of 
 Opium, was imperatively declared, by an Edict 
 which included in its denunciations the names 
 of several Foreigners. 
 
 In November other Edicts 
 appeared directed particularly against the 
 Foreign Vessels at Lintin and the Opium Ports 
 on the East Coast. Previously, in January 
 1837, Sir Charles Elliot had succeeded in 
 opening communications with the Vice Eoy 
 Tang, a Deputation from His Excellency, to 
 visit Sir Charles at Macao, having returned 
 and reported that he was a very quiet and 
 peacable man and had no ulterior object to 
 
54 1833-1839. 
 
 effect * the duties of his Office being to con- 
 trol the Merchants and seamen of his Country. 
 But in the succeeding Autumn Sir Charles 
 was compelled to break off communications 
 with the Authorities on the ground that they 
 exacted of him the use of the term Pin, or 
 Petition, in addressing them : So he again 
 hauled down the British Mag and retired to 
 Macao ; recommending his Countrymen to 
 &vail of the occasion to make applications to 
 the Provincial Authorities in relation to the 
 debts due them by the bankrupt "Hing Tae" 
 Hong. 
 
 During intervals of compar- 
 ative political repose, the leading members of 
 the community had found time to organize 
 in succession the three benevolent Societies of 
 the"Medical Missionary Society" under charge 
 of Dr. Parker ; the "Society for the diffusion 
 "of useful knowledge among the Chinese"; and 
 "the Morrison Education Society." 
 
 Mr. Jardine took a great in- 
 terst in the prosperity of the former ; and, 
 himself a Surgeon by original profession, at- 
 tended the surgical operations and assisted Dr. 
 Parker con amore. 
 
 I believe it was he who, in a 
 kindly benevolent spirit, paid the first patient 
 with a broken arm $ 50. for the privilege of 
 
1833-1839. 55 
 
 its amputation, which the poor sufferer de- 
 manded, imagining that the Foreigners saw 
 their own pecuniary gain in the painful opera- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Gernaert was the Consul 
 of Prance at Canton at that period; and in 1838 
 the Frigate "L'Artemise," Captain La Place, 
 came to Lintin and Macao, having on board 
 Mr. Ferdinand Barrot, brother of the celebrat- 
 ed Minister Odillon Barrot. He and Captain 
 La Place were guests of Mr. Lancelot Dent 
 here, who entertained, them with a perform- 
 ance of Chinese Jugglers, in the Company's 
 great hall, where I was invited, with my Cou- 
 sin, to meet them. 
 
 The year 1838 opened with 
 aggravations of the hostile tone of relations ; 
 and altho' there was no longer any doubt of 
 the serious wish of the Emperor to stop the 
 Opium Trade, the open connivance of the sub- 
 ordinate Authorities and the notorious par- 
 ticipation of the Vice Boy in the illegal fees 
 exacted of the smugglers, led some of the 
 foreign residents still to question the ultimate 
 course of policy. Thus, there was a struggle 
 between the native smugglers and their ad- 
 herents, on the one hand, and the few faithful 
 Officers, on the other, participated in by some 
 Foreigners commanding small craft, that at 
 
56 1833-1839. 
 
 times almost reached open hostilities ; on the 
 Eiver. 
 
 In October an Imperial Edict 
 appeared, replying to a Memorial suggesting 
 that Tea and Ilhubarb should be sold only at 
 fixed prices and for pure Silver alone.* 
 
 * IMPERIAL EDICT. A memorial has been presented, 
 pointing out, 'that the people of China do not all make use of 
 opium, while tea and rhubarb are necessaries of life to ever}' 
 foreigner, and soliciting that prices may be fixed on the tea 
 and rhubarb, and that the giving them in exchange for opium 
 or other foreign goods may be prevented, and the purchase 
 of them with pure silver alone allowed. 1 
 
 Since opium has spread its baneful poison through China, 
 the quantity of silver exported has been yearly on the in- 
 crease, -till its price has become enhanced, the copper coin 
 depreciated, and the land and capitation taxes, the transport 
 of grain, and the gabel, all alike hampered. If steps be not 
 speedily taken for our defense, and if we do not strenuously 
 seek to recover ourselves, the useful wealth of China will all 
 be poured into the fathomless abyss of transmarine regions. 
 The evil consequences to the national resources and to the 
 people's well-being will be great. 
 
 What is recommended would seem to be practicable. Let 
 Tang Tingching, Eleiing, and Yukwan, consider well the 
 demands of the occasion, and weigh all the circumstances ; 
 let them minutely discuss and carefully mature measures, 
 whereby the national wealth may be restored, and at the 
 same time 1 the means of striking terror into the barbarians 
 may not be lost sight of. Let them also with hearty earnest- 
 ness f and prudent discretion, deliberate and report as to the 
 rules proper to be adopted, in reference to the transport of 
 tea and rhubarb from the places of their growth in the several 
 provinces, the subjection of them to examination, the re- 
 quiring passes to be taken out, -the placing the care of obs- 
 ervation in the hands of the local officers along the coast, 
 and the adoption of a like policy in regard to the exportation 
 
1833-1839. 57 
 
 of raw silk. They niust not suffer their subordinates to 
 influence them, by any pretence of the evil being so firmly 
 established as to be past prevention, or to induce them to con- 
 tinue a system of connivance, perversion, and neglect. Let 
 a copy of the memorial be sent for perusal, at the same time 
 that these commands are brought to the knowledge of Tang 
 Tingching and Eleang, by whom they are to be communicated 
 to Yukwan. Respect this. 
 
 In November Mr. Jardine 
 took passage for London ; and before he left 
 a grand dinner was given in his honor by Mr. 
 now Sir James Matheson his partner, who 
 succeeded to the charge of the vast concerns 
 of the House. 
 
 There were about 100 present, 
 including the partners of every British Firm, 
 I believe, but one, and all the American Mer- 
 chants, myself being the youngest. Many 
 speeches were made by leading members of 
 the community ; and it was a very interesting 
 event in which all present exhibited much 
 cordiality. But it was eclipsed in magnitude 
 and general interest by another given by the 
 community as a whole to Mr. Jardine, with 
 the single exception of the members of one 
 Firm, Mr. Turner being the Chairman. This 
 was given in the East India Company's Grand 
 Hall and 166 persons participated in it. 
 
 Then was seen what had never been seen 
 at Canton before, Mr. Jardine himself and 
 Mr. AVetmore attempting a Waltz to a simple 
 
58 1833-1839. 
 
 Negro melody by two Messrs Tiers of Phil- 
 adelphia ; who were the first to bring to Can- 
 ton a few of the Negro Songs, then a novelty 
 even in America. 
 
 In his speech, returning thanks for our 
 drinking to his "health and a charming Wife" 
 Mr. Jardine said humorously that at his age 
 the best he could hope for was "Fat, fair, and 
 Forty* '; and he availed of the occasion to say 
 that his joy at the prospect of seeing his native 
 land, was mingled with regrets at leaving the 
 place where he had enjoyed a greater measure 
 of comfort and security than he could expect 
 elsewhere: That although a residence at Can- 
 ton had its disabilities and constraints, it had, 
 also, compensations. 
 
 Thus Mr. Jardine's departure 
 was happily well-timed to exempt him from 
 the serious complications that soon succeeded : 
 For in less than a month after, (in December 
 1838), the Vice Boy ordered an Opium Dealer 
 strangled in front of the Factories ; and when 
 the Officer was about to erect the cross uear 
 the American Flag Staff, several English and 
 American Gentlemen resisted the indignity 
 and the Officer took the offender to another 
 spot to execute the Governor's decree. 
 Subsequently the same day, a mob filled the 
 neighborhood and attacked the Foreign Fact- 
 
1833-1839. 59 
 
 ories, driving us all into those nearest where 
 we happened to be and destroying the glass 
 of the windows, before a repressive force ar- 
 rived. Then we learnt the way of commun- 
 ication over the roofs and Mr. Green of Russell 
 & Co. thus found his way to the street in the 
 rear and to Howqua's Hong to request him 
 to send for the Police. Up to that time the 
 populace of Canton was perfectly obedient ; 
 and I well remember how, like a flock of sheep, 
 the people ran through the gates Jielter skelter 
 upon the mere waving of the hand of the portly 
 Kwang Chau Poo. 
 
 In the succeeding month of 
 February the Authorities persisted in execut- 
 ing an Opium dealer in front of the Foreign 
 Factories, whereupon the Flags of all Nations 
 were struck : And on the 10th of March High 
 Commissioner Lin arrived, with such ample 
 power as had been given to but two delegates 
 before by the present dynasty. On the 18th 
 he issued his first Edicts, to both the For- 
 eigners of all Nations and the Hong Merchants 
 respectively ; and no one any longer doubted 
 the sincerity of the Emperor's interdiction of 
 the Drug : But the emphasis laid on the loss 
 of Silver, wherein Lin with gross exaggeration 
 of statement, said : "It is computed that the 
 "loss of the Silver of China, during several 
 
6.0 1833-1839. 
 
 past, by exportation beyond sea, lias not 
 "been less than some hundreds of Millions" 
 qualified the admiration that a purely moral 
 motive would have excited ; and, taken with 
 his admissions that he had come to promulgate 
 a new Law, that, to use his own words, 
 66 the prohibitions formerly enacted were com- 
 paratively lax" and that there had been a 
 general participation in the Opium trade by 
 the Chinese, it was considered that virtually, 
 by his own showing, Foreigners, (who, ac- 
 cording to the policy of the Imperial Govern- 
 ment, were debarred from all knowledge of 
 the wishes or purposes of the Emperor, except 
 through the Hong Merchants, no native be- 
 ing allowed to teach the language, even), 
 were exonerated from blame, or at least were 
 not amenable to the penalties of the new Law. 
 Nevertheless, he demanded the surrender of 
 all the Opium on board all the ships on the 
 Coast of China, far or near ; and execution of 
 a Bond by the Foreigners of each County, 
 severally, written in both English and Chinese, 
 engaging that thereafter no vessel should bring 
 Opium ; and if discovered, the parties should 
 suffer the extreme penalties of the Law : And 
 he allowed but three days for the delivery of 
 the Opium and the execution of the Bond, 
 declaring that one or two of the Hong Mer- 
 
1833-1839. 61 
 
 chants should suffer capital punishment if there 
 was delay. The next day another Edict was 
 issued making prisoners of all Foreigners in 
 Canton. The excitement among Chinese and 
 Foreigners was intense ; and as we were sur- 
 rounded by thousands, who were reading the 
 Edicts, wherein the "able-bodied" of the people 
 were appealed to in inflammatory language, 
 we felt that the danger from mob violence 
 was imminent. The Chamber of Commerce 
 requested time beyond the three days, on the 
 ground that the communications of the High 
 Commissioner of the Emperor's will were of 
 such vital importance and involved such com- 
 plicated interests that the greatest deliberation 
 was necessary; but affairs immediately assumed 
 a still more serious aspect and all intercourse 
 with the ships at "Whampoa was cut off, even 
 boats which had come to take Supercargoes to 
 their vessels ready to sail and with the Grand 
 Chop in their hands, being stopped at the 
 point of embarkation. 
 
 And the Commissioner threatened to come 
 in person to the Consoo House of the Co- 
 Hong the next day, ^wJieti' said he in a 
 great rage "you will see what I will doT- 
 
 The next day the Commissioner demanded 
 that Mr. Dent should go into the City as a 
 hostage. He offered to go ; but the other 
 
62 1833-1839. 
 
 Merchants would not permit him to go with- 
 out all going. 
 
 On the 23rd the Prefect of the City with a 
 Deputy of the Commissio'ner, and with How- 
 qua and Mow Qua in Chains and without But- 
 tons, came to the Consoo House ; and thence 
 went to Mr. Dent's house again, declaring 
 that if they did not succeed in taking Mr. 
 Dent into the City two of them would be put- 
 to death. Afterward two Officers came, stating 
 that their orders were to take Mr. Dent by force 
 before the Commissioner. Finally, it was 
 agread that four Gentlemen should go into 
 the City to report the reasons for the refusal of 
 Mr. Dent's friends to allow him to go there. 
 Mr. Inglis (his Partner), Mr. Slade, Mr. Thorn 
 and Mr. Fearon all of them speaking the 
 language, accordingly went to the City, when 
 one of the Officers declared that Mr. Dent 
 would be dragged out of his house by force, if 
 he did not come to the City voluntarily. 
 
 At midnight the Hong merchants returned 
 to Mr. Dent's ; but being told that the next 
 day was Sunday, they availed of that reason 
 to ask a respite. 
 
 Meantime, Sir Charles Elliot had heard, at 
 Macao, of the demands of the Commissioner 
 and issuing a Public notice there, started in 
 H. M. Sloop "Larne" for the Bogue, and 
 
1833-1839. 63 
 
 thence came in his cutter to a fort below the 
 city ; whence he took a boat, and sword in 
 hand passed through a cordon of Mandarin 
 boats just as it was closing in to cut off his 
 approach, and reached the British Factor}' : 
 Thence immediately going to Mr. Dent's and 
 escorting him to the Company's Hall, he there 
 addressed all the foreigners assembled in it 
 and read this Public notice : 
 
 Public Notice to British Subjects. 
 
 The considerations that have moved the undersigned to 
 give public notice to all her majesty's subjects that he is with- 
 out confidence in the justice and moderation of the provincial 
 government, are : The dangerous, unprecedented, and unex- 
 plained circumstance of a public execution before the factories 
 at Canton, to the imminent hazard of life and property, and 
 total disregard of the honor and dignity of his own and the 
 other western governments, whose flags were recently flying 
 in that square ; the unusual assemblage of troops, vessels of 
 war, fire ships, and other menacing preparations ; the com- 
 munication, by the command of the provincial government, 
 that in the present posture of affairs the foreigners were no 
 longer to seek for passports to leave Canton (according to 
 the genius of our own countries, and the principles of reason, 
 if not an act of declared war, at least its immediate and in- 
 evitable preliminary); and lastty, the threatening language of 
 the high commissioner and provincial authorities, of the most 
 general application, and dark and violent character. Holding 
 it, therefore, impossible to maintain continued peaceful in- 
 tercourse with safety, honor, or advantage, till definite and 
 satisfactory explanations have passed in all these particulars, 
 both as respects the past and the future, the undersigned has 
 now to give further notice that he shall forthwith demand 
 passports for all such of her majesty's subjects as may think 
 fit to proceed outside, within the space of ten days from the 
 
64 1833-1839. 
 
 date that his application reaches the govenment ; such date 
 hereafter to be made known. 
 
 And he has to counsel and enjoin all her majesty's subjects 
 in urgent terms to make immediate preparations for moving 
 their property on board the ships Reliance, Orwell, and George 
 the IV., or other British vessels at Whampoa, to be conveyed 
 to Macao ; forwarding him, without delay, a sealed declara- 
 tion and list of all actual claims against Chinese subjects, 
 together with an estimate of all loas or damage to be suffered 
 by reason of these proceedings of the Chinese government. 
 And he has further to give notice, that the Portuguese go- 
 vernment of this settlement has already pledged itself to 
 afford her majesty's subjects, resident here, every protection 
 in its power so long as they shall be pursuing no course of 
 traffic within the limits of the settlement at variance with the 
 laws of this empire. And he has most especially to warn 
 her majesty's subjects that such strong measures, as it may 
 be necessary to adopt on the part of her majesty's government 
 without further notice than the present, cannot be prejudiced 
 by their continued residence in Canton (beyond the period now 
 fixed), upon their own responsibility, or without further 
 guaranties from the undersigned. And he has further to give 
 notice, that if the passports shall be refused for more than 
 three days from the date that his application 'shall reach the 
 provincial government, he will b3 driven to the conclusion 
 that it is their purpose to detain all her majesty's subjects as 
 hostages ; and to endeavor to intimidate them into unsuitable 
 concessions and terms, by the restraint of their persons, or 
 by violence upon their lives or property, or by the death of 
 native merchants in immediate connexion with them, both by 
 ties of friendship and of interest ; or by the like treatment of 
 their native servants. 
 
 The undersigned, in conclusion, most respectfully submits 
 these observations to the attention of all the foreigners in 
 China : And the respective governments closely united by a 
 community of feeling and interests, not only in their own 
 quarters of the globe, but most especially in this peculiar 
 country, he feels that he is performing an act of duty in 
 offering them every humble assistance in his power on this 
 and all similar occasions, when they may be of opinion that 
 he can be useful to them. 
 
1833-1839. 65 
 
 Given under my hand and seal of office at Macao, this 
 twenty-third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and 
 thirty-nine. 
 
 (Signed) CHARLES ELLIOT, Chief Superintendent of the 
 trade of British subjects in China. 
 
 "No sooner had captain Elliot landed, than alarm spead 
 rapidly, and orders to close every pass around the factories re- 
 sounded from post to post among the police. In a few minutes, 
 the public square was cleared of all the natives ; the entrances 
 to it closed and guarded ; the doors of the hongs, which on 
 the -two preceding nights had been watched by a few coolies, 
 were now thronged with large companies of them, armed 
 with spears, and provided with lanterns ; a triple cordon of 
 boats was placed along the banks of the river before the whole 
 front of tl^. factories, filled with armed men ; soldiers were 
 stationed on the roofs of the adjoining houses ; and to close 
 the scene, orders from the commissioner were given for all 
 the compradors and servants to leave the hongs. By about 
 nine o'clock at night, not a native was remaining in the fac- 
 tories ; and the foreigners, between two and three hundred 
 in number, were their only inmates. Canton, or at least that 
 part of it adjacent to the factories, was now virtually under 
 martial law. Patrols, sentinels, and officers, hastening hither 
 and thither, with the blowing of trumpets and the beating of 
 gongs, added confusion to the darkness and gloom of the 
 night." 
 
 That the signal gallantly of 
 Sir Charles Elliot may not be disparaged at 
 this day, since the intrepidity and prowess of 
 Foreigners and their more dreaded " Fire 
 Ships" and other perfected scientific appliances 
 have completely transferred the prestige in the 
 native mind, whose conceit at that period lent 
 a strength that emboldened to violent aggres- 
 sion ; and that the dangers of the period may 
 be more fully comprehended, I may here add 
 
66 1833-1839. 
 
 from my memoranda one of the many in- 
 dications of them which, with his Notifications, 
 will serve to present the then relative posi- 
 tions of Foreigners and Chinese in these re- 
 spects, and shew at a glance the broad con- 
 trast which the relative attitudes of to-day 
 afford. 
 Notice of March 2thfor Night Signals. 
 
 "No. 1. Two lights horizontal 
 
 "Immediate danger apprehended : 
 "In this case all Foreigners are invited 
 "to repair to the British Hall. 
 
 "No. 2. A single light 
 
 "Safety : 
 
 "The signals will be exhibited from a 
 
 "bamboo." 
 
 Early on Wednesday, March 27th, a public notice, which 
 we subjoin, was published by the chief superintendent of 
 British trade in China. 
 
 Public Notice to British subjects. 
 
 I, Charles Elliot, chief superintendent of the trade of 
 British subjects in China, presently forcibly detained by the 
 provincial government, together with all the merchants of my 
 own and the other foreign nations settled here, without supplies 
 of food, deprived of our servants, and cut off from all inter- 
 course with our respective countries, (notwithstanding my 
 own official demand to be set at liberty so that I might act 
 without restraint,) have now received the commands of the 
 high commissioner, issued directly to me under the seals of 
 the honorable officers, to deliver into his hand all the opium 
 held by the people of my country. Now I. the said chief 
 superintendent, thus constrained by paramount motives affec- 
 ting the safety of the lives and liberty of all the foreigners 
 here present in Canton, and by other very weighty causes, 
 
1833-1839. 67 
 
 do hereby, in the name and on the behalf of her Britannic 
 majesty's government enjoin and require all her majesty's 
 subjects now present in Canton forthwith to make a surrender 
 to me for the service of her said majesty's government, to be 
 delivered over to the government of China, of all the opium 
 under their respective control : and to hold the British ships 
 and vessels engaged in the trade of opium subject to my im- 
 mediate direction : and to forward to me without delay a 
 sealed list of all the British owned opium in their respective 
 possession. And I, the said chief superintendent, do now, 
 in the most full and unreserved manner, hold myself responsi- 
 ble for, and on the behalf of her Britannic majesty's govern- 
 ment, to all and each of her majesty's subjects surrendering 
 the said British owned opium into my hands, to be delivered 
 over to the Chinese government. And I, the said chief su- 
 perintendent, do further specially caution all her majesty's 
 subjects here present in Canton, owners of or charged with 
 the management of opium, the property of British subjects, 
 that failing the surrender of the said opium into my hands at 
 or before six o'clock this day, I the said chief superintendent, 
 hereby declare her majesty's government wholly free of all 
 manner of responsibility in respect of the said British owned 
 opium. 
 
 And it is specially to be understood that proof of British 
 property and value of all British opium surrendered to me 
 agreeably to this notice shall be determined upon principles 
 and in a manner hereafter to be denned by her majesty's 
 government. 
 
 Given under my hand and seal of office at Canton in China, 
 this twenty-seventh day of March, one thousand eight hundred 
 and thirty-nine, at six of the clock in the morning. 
 
 [L. S.] (Signed) CHARLES ELLIOT, 
 
 Chief superintendent of the trade of British subjects in 
 China. 
 
 And I close the present Narrative with his 
 Public notice to British Subjects, of April 3rd 
 1839, announcing the result of his t negotia- 
 tions with Lin. 
 
08 1833-1839. 
 
 "The undersigned lias now to 
 announce that arrangements have been made 
 for the delivery of the Opium lately surrender- 
 ed to him for Her Majesty's service, by which 
 His Excellency the High Commissioner has 
 stipulated that the servants shall be restored 
 after one fourth of the whole be delivered ; 
 the passage boats be permitted to run after one 
 half be delivered ; the Trade opened after three 
 fourths be delivered; and every thing to proceed 
 as usual after the whole be delivered ; (the 
 signification of which last expression the un- 
 dersigned does not understand). Breach of 
 faith (and His Excellency not unnaturally, is 
 pleased to suppose that breach of faith may 
 be possible) is to be visited, after three days 
 of loose performance of engagements, with the 
 cutting off of supplies of fresh water ; after 
 three days, more with the stoppage of food ; 
 and after three days more, with the last degree 
 of severity on the undersigned himself. He 
 passes by these grave forms of speech without 
 comment. But with the papers actually be- 
 fore him, and all circumstances in hand, he is 
 satisfied that the effectual liberation of the 
 Queen's subjects, and all the other Foreigners 
 in Canton, depends upon the promptitude with 
 which this arrangement is completed. The 
 maintenance of the national character, and 
 
1833-1839. 69 
 
 the validity of the claim for indemnity depend 
 upon that scrupulousness of fidelity with which 
 he is well assured his countrymen will enable 
 him to fulfil his public obligations to this 
 Government. As soon as the whole of the 
 Opium surrendered to him be delivered over to 
 the Chinese Officers, it will be the duty of the 
 undersigned to communicate with his Country- 
 men again. But it is a present relief to him 
 to express to the whole Foreign Community 
 his admiration for the patience and kindly 
 feeling which has uniformly distinguished this 
 community throughout these trying circum- 
 stances. And he offers his own Countrymen 
 his grateful thanks for their confidence in his 
 sincerest efforts to lead them safely out of their 
 actual strait. The ultimate satisfactory solu- 
 tion of the remaining difficulties need give no 
 man an anxious thought. The permanent 
 stability of the British trade with this Empire, 
 with honor and advantage to all parties, rests 
 upon a firm foundation : Upon the wisdom, 
 justice and power of Her Majesty's Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 (signed) CHARLES ELLIOT 
 
 Chief Superintendent of the 
 Trade of British Subjects in 
 China." 
 
70 1833-1839. 
 
 I may here ask your kind 
 attention for a few moments longer ? while I 
 sketch the outlines of the change wrought in 
 the interval, since the point to which I have 
 now reached in my recital ; as although a 
 simple narrative of occurrences may entertain, 
 if it presents a faithful mirror of the time, I 
 am mindful that the utility of such a recital 
 consists in the contrasts it present^ of life and 
 manners, in the relation in which Foreigners 
 then stood toward the Chinese and the reality 
 of our life here to-day, in order that the 
 measure of progress in the amelioration of in- 
 tercourse may be comprehended. 
 
 You have seen that political 
 change then implied, in a much greater degree 
 than it does now, social change in our rela- 
 tions to the Chinese people. At that time, 
 whilst, on the one hand, Foreign Ladies were 
 jealously excluded from Canton ; so on the 
 other, no Chinese Lady could even be seen by a 
 Foreigner, except by a stolen glance acciden- 
 tally and very rarely on the occasion of dining 
 at some Hong Merchant's house, when the 
 natural curiosity of the younger Ladies in- 
 duced their peering from behind curtains : 
 Whereas, a few years ago, I had six Chinese 
 Ladies of the Houqua Family spending the 
 day and taking tiffin at my Hong, to meet an 
 English Lady who was then my guest. 
 
1833-1839. 71 
 
 But here, at Shameen, is 
 presented a contrast that illustrates the marked 
 change in the whole of our relations with the 
 Government and people of China : For where- 
 as, in the Regime of monopoly, when as I have 
 shewn you, the systems of the E. I. Company 
 and the Co-Hong were co-working restrictively 
 and no Foreign Women were admitted with- 
 in the Bogue, on the principle that if For- 
 eigners were allowed their families here, they 
 would sooner or later endanger the rights of 
 Sovereignty, now, this apprehension is al- 
 layed and here are many families living in the 
 security and happiness of a home. 
 
 Here on this very spot, and now, 
 is seen the type and measure of the change, 
 wrought since I was left a helpless prisoner 
 on yonder spot, with the whole Foreign 
 Community, awaiting the revelations of the 
 irresponsible will of High Commissioner Lin. 
 That such a Gem as this 
 Shameen, such a Pearl, should be fished-up 
 from what was little more than a pool of ed- 
 dying mud, is a reality beyond one's imagina- 
 tive dreams ; that now, as I see it before me, 
 its front of emerald sheen sparkling with the 
 light of Ladies' and Children's eyes and set 
 as a coronet of brilliants on the brow of the 
 Queen-City of the South, is a marvel of 
 change, indeed, in my eyes. 
 
72 1833-1839. 
 
 And let us hope that this 
 Great Mart of other days will never descend 
 to the social or commercial degradations of a 
 "LittlePedlwgton" but that, on the contra- 
 ry, the rights of its geographical position and 
 safe navigation may be restored, and its true 
 destiny, of more than pristine greatness, 
 may soon be found in the prosperity that the 
 Science of the age opens to it ; that the civ- 
 ilizing forces of steam and electricity may soon 
 be applied to the opening-up of the waste 
 places of the broad " inner land," and in the 
 quickening of that mutual interchange that 
 fructifies every interest of man, and surely 
 leads to a moral and material harvest. Let us 
 hope that our native friends will soon learn 
 to welcome the neighing of the Iron Horse as 
 he careers from town to town exultingly, 
 seeming to say, in the consciousness of his 
 strength, in words that my young friends will 
 remember : 
 
 "Harness me down with your iron bands, 
 Make sure of your Curb and Rein ; 
 
 For I scorn the power of your puny hands 
 As the Tempest scorns a chain t" 
 
73 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 " With regard to -hiring and employing natives in the 
 barbarian factories, there must be limits and rules clearly 
 settled. 
 
 On examination it appears, that it was formerly the re- 
 gulation, that the trading barbarians should not be permitted 
 to hire and employ any natives except linguists and compradors. 
 In the llth year of Taoukwang it was, on representation (to 
 the throne), permitted, that in the barbarian factories, for 
 gatekeepers, and for carriers of water and carriers of goods, 
 natives might be hired for (foreigners) by the compradors. 
 But the silly populace earnestly gallop after gain, and possess 
 but little shame. And adjoining the provincial city, are 
 many persons who understand the barbarian speech. If the ; 
 barbarians be allowed to hire them at their own pleasure, it 
 will be difficult to prevent unlawful combination and traito- 
 rious procedure. It is evidently befitting that a limit and 
 rule should be fixed, and that a special responsibility should 
 be created. 
 
 Hereafter, in each barbarian factory, whatever be the num- 
 ber of barbarians inhabiting it, whether few or many, it shall 
 be permitted only to employ two gate-keepers and four water- 
 carriers ; and each barbarian merchant may hire one man to 
 keep his goods. It shall not be permitted to employ any 
 more than this limited number. The comprador of the bar- 
 barian factory shall be held responsible for hiring these men ; 
 the linguists shall be held responsible for securing, and filling 
 up the places of the compradors ; and the hong merchants 
 shall be held responsible for securing, and filling up the places 
 of the linguists, (This will be) a shutting up rale, extending 
 through progressive grades. If there be any illicit combina- 
 tion or breach of law, only the one who hired and stood se- 
 curity shall be answerable. At the same time commands 
 shall be given to the superintending hong merchant, to make 
 out monthly a fair list of the names and birthplaces of the 
 compradors and coolies under each barbarian's name, and 
 hand it in to the district magistrate, to be kept in the ar- 
 chives, ready at any time to be examined. As to the car- 
 riers of goods, the linguists shall be commanded to hire them 
 miscellaneously, when the time comes (that they are re- 
 quired) ; and when the business is finished to send them 
 back. With regard to natives being hired to become the 
 menial attendants of barbarian merchants, under the name of 
 sliau-an [servants], it shall still be for ever prohibited. Should 
 merchants hire coolies beyond the limited number, or clan- 
 destinely hire shciican [servants] as menial attendants, the 
 linguists and hong merchants shall both receive punishment." 
 
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