PRESENTED TO THE LIBRARY 
 OF THE CAMBRIDGE UNION SOCIETY, 
 
 r 
 
 Mr ^<L,U^-)-e-S> . 
 
 f*~ 
 
 Seeond-Class BooH. 
 
 THE FINE FOR DETAINING THIS VOLUME HEYoXD 
 
 f-* DAYS 
 
 /S THREEPENCE PER DAY. 
 
ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 IN PEACE AND WAR 
 
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
 C. F. CLAY, MANAGER 
 Hontron: FETTER LANE, E.G. 
 100 PRINCES STREET 
 
 lontton: H. K. LEWIS, 136 GOWER STREET, W.C. 
 
 efo Sorfe: G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 
 
 Botnbajj, Calcutta airti iWatoraa: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. 
 Toronto: J. M. DENT AND SONS, LTD. 
 THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIKI-KAISHA 
 
 All rights reserved 
 
ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 
 
 IN PEACE AND WAR 
 
 THE REDE LECTURE 
 1915 
 
 by 
 NORMAN MOORE, M.D. 
 
 Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians 
 Honorary Fellow of St Catharine's College ..' ,. 
 Consulting Physician to St Bartholomew's- ttcspitaiV." * 
 
 Cambridge : 
 
 at the University Press 
 1915 
 
, -. Cambridge: 
 
 .-- PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. 
 ~ THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 IN PEACE AND WAR 
 
 MORE than forty years ago, after kneeling 
 at the feet of a venerable man who occupied 
 the seat in which you, Mr Vice-Chancellor, are 
 now enthroned and receiving from him my first 
 degree, I left the precincts of the University 
 and at once began the study of medicine in 
 the hospital of St Bartholomew in London, 
 with which I have ever since been connected, 
 and for which as long as I live I shall retain a 
 veneration scarcely less than that which every 
 son of this University has for Alma Mater 
 Cantabrigia. 
 
 My work caused me to live for twenty-one 
 years in the hospital within the jurisdiction of 
 the Lord Mayor and Aldermen and to traverse 
 every part of the City of London. I became 
 
ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 familiar with the outline of St Paul's against 
 the sky illuminated by sunrise and often felt 
 the morning breeze which plays across its 
 west front as if in perpetual memory of Richard 
 of Beaumes 1 who made an open space before 
 the cathedral by purchasing and pulling down 
 the houses which in his time stood close to 
 it. I saw the streets crowded all day long 
 with moving men and vehicles, for the most 
 part ,started on their way by the commerce 
 of England, 
 
 By which remotest regions are allied : 
 
 Which makes one city of the universe, 
 
 Where some may gain and all may be supplied. 
 
 By day too many men are going to and fro 
 for any study except that of the actual 
 moment or for any meditation except perhaps 
 some passing thoughts on the Mare Liberum 
 of Grotius as the true explanation of the 
 
 1 William of Malmesbury. 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 3 
 
 scene ^or the Vision of Mirzah as the natural 
 moralization upon it. I came also to know 
 well the charm of the almost deserted streets 
 in moonlight. In that time of stillness their 
 vistas, their directions, their names and the 
 titles of their buildings seem to set forth 
 the history of past centuries. Now and then 
 great bursts of flame with the crackling of 
 combustion would alarm the night, and on 
 a sudden the sky was filled with floating frag- 
 ments of red-hot gold lace or a stream of 
 blazing oil flowed into the river. The violence 
 of the scene brought up at once the memory 
 of the time when the whole city was destroyed 
 by fire: 
 
 Now down the narrow streets it swiftly came, 
 And widely opening did on both sides prey: 
 This benefit we sadly owe the flame, 
 If only ruin must enlarge our way. 
 
 I had seen the bones of men who died of the 
 plague of 1348-1357, exposed to view in the 
 
 I 2 
 
4 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 pits where they had been buried in land 
 purchased from St Bartholomew's, and once 
 walking along the line of streets which 
 traverses the city from west to east, close to 
 the site of the house of Sir Richard Blackmore, 
 physician and epic writer, I heard from a 
 man who had just visited a case the news of 
 the appearance of plague after an interval of 
 more than two hundred years. 
 
 The city was a scene of the utmost activity 
 of peace. Martial display seemed no part of 
 what it had to show. At that time the 
 vessels of war which now sail round St Paul's 
 were unknown. The loud whirr of the aero- 
 plane was never heard. No foe had tried to 
 traverse the sky and to find out 
 
 His uncouth way, or spread his airy flight, 
 Upborne with indefatigable wings 
 Over the vast abrupt, ere he arrive 
 The happy isle. 
 
 When any regiment appeared, except one 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 5 
 
 raised in the city, it halted to unfix bayonets 
 at the boundary of the liberties, but this was 
 a rare occurrence, and the only soldiers often 
 seen were a detachment of foot guards who 
 marched every evening to the Bank of 
 England and quickly entering a narrow door 
 guarded many millions of treasure during 
 the night. Yet the city was once surrounded 
 by a wall which has been worn away by the 
 advance of commerce and not by the assaults 
 of war, and the course of which may still be 
 followed. One bastion and a few fragments 
 are still standing, and such names as London 
 Wall and Old Bailey guide the eye to its 
 alignment, while the names of its seven gates, 
 Newgate, Ludgate, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, 
 Moorgate, Aldgate, Bishopsgate, remain to 
 testify to the ancient completeness of the 
 enclosure. The ditch outside the wall is 
 filled up" and buried so deep that except in 
 
6 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 the name of one street it scarcely comes before 
 the population of to-day, but once when some 
 long-suppressed springs were allowed to burst 
 forth in the course of building operations I 
 saw the waters extended from the wall to 
 nearly the ancient breadth of the ditch near 
 Newgate. 
 
 The appearance of the greatest person of 
 the present in the city, the Lord Mayor, soon 
 became familiar to me. I saw him driving 
 about in his gilt coach with mace and sword 
 protruding from the windows, and on the day 
 of his installation proceeding round the ward 
 of which he was alderman or on some other 
 day waiting at the edge of the liberties of 
 the city where by Temple Bar he dismounted 
 and humbly surrendered to his sovereign the 
 sword of state, thus showing whence his 
 authority was derived. In time it became 
 my duty to call on this potentate and upon 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 7 
 
 each of the aldermen and certain of the 
 members of the council and thus I respectfully 
 viewed the corporation. Ancient as the office 
 of the Mayor was, it was yet by seventy years 
 of less antiquity than the hospital into which 
 I entered when I came from Cambridge by a 
 path which had certainly been trodden by 
 men who remembered St Anselm as Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury. 
 
 The citizen of the remote past held in 
 greatest honour within the city I learned to 
 be Thomas Beket, Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 since his figure was for more than four 
 centuries to be seen upon the common seal 
 appended to deeds. In the oldest impressions 
 he is represented in his pontifical vestments 
 seated upon a throne in the arch of heaven, 
 giving his benediction to the city beneath 
 while a group of laymen kneel on his left and 
 of clerks on his right. On the later seal he is 
 
8 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 seated beside St Paul each under an ornate 
 canopy. That London had given birth to 
 him was counted one of its greatest glories. 
 When he was slain in his cathedral the 
 hospital had been in existence for forty-six 
 years and the year of his canonization was 
 the fiftieth of its growth. A copy of a brief 
 in which he mentions St Bartholomew's 
 Hospital is preserved in its cartulary. He 
 confirms in their privileges "that place in 
 Smithfield in which the church of the 
 canons is built and the hospital house of 
 that church" exactly as they were granted by 
 King Henry I. King Henry in his charter, 
 of which more than one ancient copy exists, 
 granted, with certain reservations, complete 
 freedom to the Prior and canons of the church 
 and to the poor of the hospital of the church 
 and confirmed the grant in a further charter 
 in 1133. 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR g 
 
 The hospital occupies the whole of one 
 side of Smithfield, an open space mentioned 
 in the life of St Thomas of Canterbury and 
 in the book of William, son of Stephen his 
 secretary, and very often in English history 
 since. How the hospital came to be there is 
 related in the manuscript called " Liber fun- 
 dacionis," which belonged to the Priory of 
 St Bartholomew, and later stood in the ninth 
 place on the second shelf under the bust of 
 Vespasian in Sir Robert Cotton's library. It 
 is a copy made in the reign of Richard II of 
 a book composed in the time of Henry II. 
 The pilgrimage to Rome of Rahere, the 
 founder, his visit to St Paul's outside the 
 walls of Rome, his fever, his vision, his vow 
 to found a hospital outside the wall of London, 
 his further vow to found a priory of Augus- 
 tinian canons and his success in the fulfilment 
 of both vows with the aid of Henry I and of 
 
io ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 Richard of Beaumes, Bishop of London, are 
 well known from this book. 
 
 The pathway through the Smithfield gate 
 by which I entered the hospital for the first 
 time in 1869 was the entrance in the time of 
 Rahere, who died on September 20, 1145. 
 Within the gate on the site of the present 
 church of St Bartholomew the Less, stood 
 a chapel dedicated with the hospital to the 
 Exaltation of the Holy Cross. It is curious 
 how difficult is the imposition of a name. 
 The history of Rahere's vision and vow to 
 St Bartholomew was so well known that in 
 spite of formal dedication to the Exaltation 
 of the Holy Cross, the hospital was always 
 called St Bartholomew's during the Middle 
 Ages. 
 
 "Be it known to you all," says Andrew 
 Buckerell when starting on a pilgrimage in 
 the last quarter of the twelfth century, "that 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR n 
 
 for the love of God and for the welfare of 
 the souls of Stephen my father and Sabella 
 my mother, and of my own soul and that of 
 Ydonea my wife, and those of our children 
 and of all our friends, that I have granted 
 and given in the days of my prosperity and 
 before starting on my pilgrimage six shillings 
 of rent to the hospital of St Bartholomew 
 and to the brethren of the same." 
 
 A hundred years later, between 1281 and 
 1285, Geoffrey Gykel granted to the Master, 
 brethren and sisters of St Bartholomew of 
 Smethefend, a form which occasionally occurs 
 for Smithfield, "a croft in the parish of 
 Donton which stretches in length from the 
 land of the monks of Bee to the royal way 
 which goes from London towards Reile." 
 A bull of Pope Alexander III (1159-1181) 
 is addressed "dilectis filiis preceptori et fra- 
 tribus hospitalis domus sancti Bartholomei 
 
12 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 de Smedhefeld," and one of Pope Lucius III 
 in 1183 "dilectis filiis Alano presbytero procu- 
 ratori hospitalis domus de Smethfulde eius- 
 que fratribus tarn presentibus quam futuris 
 canonice instituendis in perpetuum." Pope 
 Clement V in February, 1306, directs the 
 abbot of Holy Cross at Waltham in the 
 diocese of London to investigate a question 
 about the property of the master and brethren 
 of the hospital of St Bartholomew. 
 
 On January 14, 1391, as is recorded in an 
 original indenture, John Harmesthorp, master 
 of the hospital of St Katharine by the Tower 
 of London and the brethren and sisters thereof, 
 received from William Wakeryng, master of 
 the hospital of St Bartholomew next Smith- 
 field of the same city, and its brethren and 
 sisters, twenty shillings sterling in acquittance 
 of all arrears of a quit rent of three shillings. 
 
 The list of Masters of the hospital written 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 13 
 
 in the reign of Henry VI is headed "Nomina 
 Magistrorum Hospitalis Sancti Bartholomei 
 nuncupati et in honore Exaltacionis Sancte 
 Crucis fundati." There is, however, no need 
 to quote other examples since its own seals 
 and all charters call the hospital St Bartholo- 
 mew's throughout the Middle Ages. 
 
 King Henry VIII at first proposed that it 
 should be called "The Hospital of St Bar- 
 tholomew in West Smithfeilde by the foun- 
 dation of our Lord King Henry the 8th In the 
 Honour of the holye and undivide Trinity," 
 but afterwards ordered that it should be 
 called "The house of the Poor in West Smith- 
 field in the Suburbs of the City of London of 
 King Henry VIII's foundation." This is the 
 form used in Acts of Parliament and in leases 
 sealed at the Guildhall, but in daily life the 
 hospital has been St Bartholomew's ever since 
 Henry VIII as it was before his alterations. 
 
14 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 The present stately quadrangle of the 
 hospital was built by James Gibbs, the 
 architect of the churches of St Martin's in 
 the Fields and St Mary le Strand in London, 
 of the Radcliffe library at Oxford and of 
 the fellows' buildings of King's College. One 
 of its staircases was decorated by Hogarth, in 
 memory of his birth in the neighbourhood, 
 with great canvases depicting the Pool of 
 Bethesda and the parable of the Good Sama- 
 ritan, while in the same pile of buildings 
 there hangs in an office a gilded oak chandelier 
 carved by John Freke, surgeon to the hospital, 
 one of the first English writers on electricity, 
 a friend of Fielding and twice mentioned in 
 Tom Jones. Thus the eighteenth century 
 in which the mediaeval hospital was replaced 
 by a modern building was every day plain to 
 be seen by a student working within it. 
 
 The frequent mention of Harvey by phy- 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 15 
 
 sicians and surgeons and lecturers of the staff, 
 the indication of the residence of Sir Thomas 
 Bodley within the hospital by his wife's tomb 
 in the church, a portrait of Sir Nicholas 
 Rainton, President of the Hospital, who was 
 sent to the Tower in May, 1640, for resisting 
 an unlawful attempt at taxation by refusing 
 to make lists of inhabitants of wards able to 
 contribute 50 or more to a loan for the 
 service of the Crown ; the portrait of Martin 
 Bond, a treasurer, whose building of Aldgate 
 was watched by Ben Jonson, and Bond's 
 inkstand every day upon the office table, all 
 these brought back the seventeenth century. 
 The charter under which the hospital is 
 governed and by which it is connected with 
 the City of London, the words of the charges 
 delivered to the several officers on their 
 appointment were perpetual reminders of the 
 sixteenth century, of King Henry VIII and 
 
16 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 King Edward VI, and of the many years 
 during which Dr Caius lived in St Bartholo- 
 mew's and had his treatise on the Sweating 
 Sickness printed in the neighbouring cloister 
 of the Franciscans by Richard Grafton, the 
 author of the chronicle, and acting treasurer 
 of St Bartholomew's, who narrowly escaped 
 an untimely fate since he printed the pro- 
 clamation of Queen Jane at the beginning of 
 her nine days' reign. 
 
 The fifteenth century and all the other 
 centuries up to the time of our founder 
 Rahere were brought to mind by the ancient 
 cartulary of the hospital written in the reign 
 of Henry VI and containing a copy of every 
 royal or private charter and of every papal bull 
 belonging at that time to St Bartholomew's. 
 
 Books of this kind received names from 
 the imagination they aroused, from their 
 contents or from their external features. 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 17 
 
 The terms Domesday, Redituarium, Boss 
 book, were equally applied to them in the 
 Middle Ages, and at the present day they are 
 most often called Cartularies. The first term 
 owed its origin, like the Conqueror's record of 
 England, to the great book of the Last 
 Judgment : ,'.;;... 
 
 Liber scriptus proferetur ,*.*' '.' 
 
 In quo totum continetur J : . .' . 
 
 Unde mundus judicetur. 
 
 The last term was derived from the metal ' : 
 bosses projecting from and fastening the 
 leather which covered its oak boards. All 
 three names are applied on different occasions 
 to the St Bartholomew's book. It was written 
 by John Cok, one of the eight brethren of the 
 hospital in the reign of King Henry VI, and 
 has remained there ever since. 
 
 The mediaeval writer when he was both 
 an author and a scribe generally left traces 
 of his individuality in his manuscripts: how 
 
 M. 
 
i8 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 each was begun, how ended, why undertaken, 
 when he was fatigued, when depressed, when 
 joyful. Cok followed this custom, and from 
 passages in the cartulary of St Bartholomew's 
 something may be learned of its writer. He 
 was born in 1392. A house in Wood street 
 
 yielded a quit rent to the hospital, and when 
 ..'_ 
 .'.".'Cok mentions this in the list of rents he says: 
 
 "and in which tenement and in which time 
 
 I John Cok who compiled this rental and 
 
 ' 
 
 wrote it out was then and there apprenticed 
 in the first year of King Henry V." On the 
 last leaf, in a summary of the reigns of the 
 kings of England, he records another event of 
 his youth : "In the year 1413 on the ninth day 
 of the month of April, which day was Passion 
 Sunday, and a very rainy day, the coronation 
 of Henry V took place at Westminster, which 
 coronation I brother John Cok beheld and have 
 recorded for the refreshing of memory." 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 19 
 
 Thus did Cok see under the vault of 
 Westminster Abbey 
 
 Harry the king, Bedford and Exeter, 
 Warwick and Talbot, Salisbury and Gloucester, 
 
 those great warriors of five hundred years 
 ago whose fellow-countrymen, and among 
 them so many members of this University, 
 are at this day engaging with equal courage, 
 and for a better reason, a fiercer and more 
 numerous foe on the same field of war, and will 
 at last attain a still greater victory. Talbot 
 was a tenant of St Bartholomew's and his 
 town house was in Smithfield. It was called 
 Tiptoft's hospice after the Speaker of the 
 House of Commons of 1406, who occupied it 
 before Talbot. 
 
 Cok learned artistic writing and drawing 
 during his apprenticeship. He seems to have 
 retained a pleasant memory of his goldsmith 
 days, for in an illuminated initial he is repre- 
 
 2 2 
 
20 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 sented in a goldsmith's habit, a red gown and 
 black cap. I wish that in the many ornate 
 initials which are clearly from his hand he had 
 left a sketch of Wood street as he knew it or 
 of some parts of its long narrow course. A few 
 features of his time are discoverable at this 
 day. Near Cheapside, on the west side of 
 Wood street, the unused cemetery of the 
 church of St Peter in Chepe is one such. 
 Further north, on the east side of the street, 
 the church of St Alban, built by Wren, is the 
 successor of one which was standing there in 
 the reign of Henry II and marked the con- 
 nection between Wood street and the great 
 abbey of St Alban's. Stow was wrong when 
 he attributed the name of the street to the 
 family of a sheriff of 1491, Thomas Wood. 
 An agreement between Symon, abbot of 
 St Alban's, and St Bartholomew's Hospital, of 
 which I have seen the original, was written 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 21 
 
 in the mastership of Adam le Mercer, which 
 ended in 1167, the year in which Symon was 
 chosen abbot on May 30, so that the document 
 belongs to one of the later months of that 
 year. Its subject is a tenement in this 
 Wood street. " This is an agreement between 
 abbot Symon and the church of St Albans 
 and the Hospital of St Bartholomew in 
 Smithfield of London. Namely that the 
 brethren of that hospital shall hold by per- 
 petual right of the church of St Alban the 
 whole tenement which Gervase the clerk 
 has held of the church of St Alban in Wode 
 street of London returning thence every year 
 by the hand of him who should be warden 
 and procurator of the hospital to the church 
 of St Alban four shillings at two terms. 
 Namely two at Easter and two at Michaelmas. 
 The brethren of the aforesaid hospital shall 
 besides hold the tenement which Henry le 
 
22 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 Estreis held in Wode street of the church of 
 St Alban: paying yearly thence to the said 
 church three shillings at the above mentioned 
 terms. Namely at each eight eenpence. These 
 being witnesses Adam le mercer : Martin : 
 Hugh of Clovilla: Terric better Michael of 
 Valenciennes: Martin the Lorrainer: Race 
 of Merideizre : William the esquire : Alan of 
 Chauz: William the chaplain: Alan the 
 clerk: Symon son of Gaufrid: Albert the 
 lorimer." The word chirographum at one 
 side is cut in two. The abbey of St Alban's 
 had one half, St Bartholomew's the other. 
 The seal "Sigillum Sancti Albani Anglorum 
 Protomartiris " is curiously attached at the 
 side. The first witness, Adam le mercer, was 
 master of the hospital. Michael of Valen- 
 ciennes was for several years alderman of the 
 ward of Aldersgate. 
 
 Cok copied this charter. So it is easy to 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 23 
 
 see that in 1413 he knew Wood street, Cheap- 
 side, as well as we do. A man of to-day who 
 walks down it, unconcerned with the rushing 
 crowd of commerce, perhaps thinks of Words- 
 worth, who had visited it twice, and who, 
 though he retained a confused recollection of 
 its geographical position, has touched the 
 street with the wand of poetry: 
 
 At the corner of Wood street when daylight appears 
 There's a thrush that sings loud it has sung for three years ; 
 Poor Susan has passed by the spot and has heard 
 In the silence of morning the song of the bird. 
 
 'Tis a note of enchantment: what ails her? she sees 
 A mountain ascending, a vision of trees, 
 Bright volumes of vapour through Lothbury glide, 
 And a river flows on through the vale of Cheapside. 
 
 A tree at the end of the street marks the site 
 of the church of St Peter in Chepe. 
 
 Cok, it is easy to imagine, repeated to 
 himself as he walked there the line of Colum- 
 banus : 
 
 Aurum flamma probat: homines tentatio justos 
 
24 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 or some verses reciting the skill and virtues 
 of St Duns tan, the patron of his craft. 
 
 When he became deep in the business 
 affairs of St Bartholomew's, Wood street had 
 another association for Cok. Out of it a 
 narrow lane, now called Fell street, leads into 
 Mugwell (now Monkswell) street, and the 
 south side of that lane, then part of Cripple- 
 gate street, of which only one side had been 
 built, had been the land of Thomas Fitz 
 Thomas, the mayor, and his adherents, Richard 
 Trissell and William Ardern, who had sided with 
 Simon de Montfort and lost all at Evesham. 
 The land was granted to John de Muscegros 
 in the forty-ninth year of Henry III under 
 his great seal. The witnesses, many of them, 
 were on the royal side at Lewes or at Evesham. 
 Hugh le bigot escaped capture at the end of 
 the defeat of Lewes and fought at Evesham. 
 Philip Basset, Roger of Clifford and Roger of 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 25 
 
 Leyburn fought at Lewes. Robert Walerand 
 fought at Evesham. John de Muscegros in 
 1274 made over the land to Sir Bartholomew 
 de Bryan, sometime constable of the Tower 
 of London. Bryan bequeathed it to William 
 of Gravele, who sold it in 1286 to William de 
 Marisco, who sold it in 1298 to Theobald of 
 Merk, who in 1315 sold it to his son William 
 of Herle, and he in 1322 to William of Perten- 
 hale, citizen and corn merchant. This citizen, 
 by a will proved February 21, 1348, be- 
 queathed the land to his wife and two children 
 and after them to St Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 His daughter Joan was the survivor, and she 
 was admitted a sister of St Bartholomew's. 
 She was still living in 1386, and at her death 
 the hospital became possessed of the estate, 
 which was regranted to it by King Henry VIII. 
 Till a few years ago an old warehouse with a 
 doorway made of the jaws of a Greenland 
 
26 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 whale gave it a picturesque aspect, though 
 there were no architectural features to carry 
 the mind back to the series of ancient owners, 
 or to the Barons' war, the battle of Evesham, 
 or the ruin of Thomas, son of Thomas, son 
 of Richard, Mayor of London. 
 
 To return to Cok's life as it may be 
 extracted from the cartulary. In 1418 he 
 came into the employment of Robert Newton, 
 who lived near the chapel of St Andrew 
 in the hospital and was a member of the 
 foundation and probably the redituarius or 
 rentar. Newton had been appointed Master 
 by Richard Clifford, Bishop of London, on 
 June 13, 1413, and resigned on May 31, 1415. 
 He was succeeded on July 3, 1415, by John 
 Bury, who died September 28, 1417. John 
 White, who had been rector of the church of 
 St Michael Paternoster for eleven years, was 
 then, after profession as a brother of the 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 27 
 
 hospital on December 23, 1417, appointed 
 Master in January, 1418, and held office till 
 February 13, 1423. It was in 1420, during 
 White's mastership, that Cok became a brother. 
 He took part in the next election of a master. 
 The chapter of the hospital met on March 2, 
 1423, and 'per viam Spiritus Sancti' acclaimed 
 as master, John Wakering alias Blackberd, 
 one of the brethren. Wakering held office 
 for forty years. How Cok admired him is 
 shown by a note written in the cartulary after 
 the account of the election: "and I brother 
 John Cok lived throughout his mastership, 
 who put down in writing all his famous 
 works. For the wondrous acuteness of his 
 extraordinary discretion ought to be re- 
 corded." 
 
 Cok succeeded to the office of rentar, 
 which Newton had held when Cok was first 
 employed by him. Cok's excellence in the 
 
28 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 art of writing, his accuracy and his love of 
 St Bartholomew's Hospital fitted him in 
 every way for this post. The writing of the 
 cartulary became the chief work of his life. 
 He calls the book a Rental: Redituarium. 
 It is made up of 636 leaves of vellum and 
 contains copies of 1433 charters, as well as 
 a record of all rents due to the hospital and 
 other information such as a list of masters 
 and a glossary of terms. Wakeryng vacated 
 the mastership on November 16, 1466, but 
 Cok worked on under the new master, John 
 Needham, who was elected on December 3, 
 1466. The last words written by John Cok 
 are at the end of a beautiful transcript of a 
 bull of Pope Nicholas V: 
 
 "Written by brother John Cok in the 
 evening of his life Anno Domini 1468 on whose 
 soul may God have mercy." 
 
 The end of his life thus coincided with the 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 29 
 
 beginning of that of Sir Robert Rede, chief 
 justice of the Common Pleas, the munificent 
 founder of the present lecture and of other 
 endowments in this University and in parti- 
 cular colleges here. 
 
 Cok's cartulary, with some aid from other 
 manuscripts, such as the cartulary of the 
 Benedictine nuns of Clerkenwell, the cartulary 
 of the lepers of St Giles, and the hairy book 
 of St Paul's, explains the parts of the city 
 lying near St Bartholomew's or connected 
 with it. 
 
 At the present day the side of Smithfield 
 opposite to the hospital is occupied by 
 modern warehouses and other places of busi- 
 ness, but the opening of Hosier lane was there 
 in the time of Cok as it is to-day and the 
 tower of St Sepulchre's Church was then, as 
 now, to be seen to the south-west of Smith- 
 field. To the north an Early English door 
 
30 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 is all that is left of the west front of the 
 church of St Bartholomew's priory as it was 
 known to Cok. St Sepulchre's is named in 
 the earliest existing original charter in which 
 the hospital is mentioned. In this document 
 Rahere grants to Hagno the clerk, an Augus- 
 tinian canon, the church of St Sepulchre. 
 Hagno is to pay fifty shillings every year for 
 the use of the canons and of the poor in the 
 hospital. The charter is dated in the year 
 1137, the second of the rule of King Stephen 
 in England, and is witnessed by Haco the 
 dean and sixteen other witnesses. 
 
 St Sepulchre's Church is at the top of a 
 slope which declines from Newgate to the 
 Fleet river, which at the present day flows 
 underground into the Thames at Blackfriars. 
 From the church looking east you can see the 
 straight line of fortification, the Old Bailey, 
 and over the ancient site of the New Gate 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 31 
 
 into the intramural part of the ward of 
 Faringdon and as far as the church of St Mary 
 le Bow, Sancta Maria de Arcubus, in the 
 ward of Chepe. Looking west, the Holborn 
 Viaduct now conceals the valley of the Fleet, 
 beyond which on the southern side of the way 
 stands the church of St Andrew. From this 
 church Holborn slopes uphill to the granite 
 pillars which mark the position of the Bars 
 which were the boundaries of the Liberties 
 of the City and which in the reign of John 
 showed the western limit of the great ward 
 of Joce son of Peter. In a charter witnessed 
 by Henry Fitz Eilwin, the first Mayor of 
 London, and ten other witnesses, Joce son of 
 Peter granted three shillings of quit rent from 
 some land in the parish of St Martin Ludgate 
 to St Bartholomew's Hospital, "and it is 
 to be known," he says in the charter, "that 
 the aforesaid brethren of the hospital of 
 
32 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 St Bartholomew have granted to me that 
 annually on the morrow of the feast of All 
 Saints, namely on the day of the commemora- 
 tion of all the faithful departed, they shall 
 spend and give away the aforesaid three 
 shillings in the sustenance of the poor." 
 
 Holborn is a very ancient name. A street 
 with a name which also goes back into the 
 beginnings of the history of the city leads 
 south from the church of St Andrew in 
 Holborn to the parish of St Bride where it 
 opens into Fleet street. This is Shoe lane, a 
 street so old that the origin of its name has 
 been entirely forgotten. It has nothing to do 
 with the material of the cordwainer or the 
 work of the tacunarius. The original form of 
 its name occurs in several ancient charters: 
 as in that of Walter the chaplain, procurator 
 of the sick of the hospital of St Giles to 
 Maurice the parmentar. It probably belongs 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 33 
 
 to the first years of the thirteenth century, 
 and begins: "Know all present and to come 
 that I Walter the chaplain, procurator of the 
 sick, of the hospital of St Giles outside London 
 and the brethren and sisters of the same place 
 by the advice and consent of Andrew Bukerel 
 and William Hardel then guardians of that 
 hospital," grant to Maurice the maker of fur 
 robes part of our land in the parish of 
 St Brigid the virgin "in vico que vocatur 
 Solande." The hospital was one of lepers, so 
 that it needed guardians to act for it in the 
 outer world. The seventh of eight witnesses 
 of another original charter of an early year 
 of King John gives the original name without 
 the addition of 'street.' The grantor is 
 Robert de Lalieflonde, warden of the gaol of 
 Flete : 
 
 "Know men present and to come that I 
 Robert de Lalieflonde, warden of the gaol of 
 
 M. 
 
34 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 Flete, for the welfare of my soul and that of 
 my wife and those of my children and of my 
 father and my mother and my ancestors have 
 given and granted and by this my charter 
 confirmed to God and to the brethren of the 
 Hospital of St Bartholomew's of London, the 
 passage over Fleet water for all ships which 
 carry the goods of the aforesaid Hospital, 
 both going in and coming out, without either 
 custom or exaction, in free, pure and perpetual 
 alms for ever. So that neither I Robert de 
 Lalieflonde, nor my heirs nor any through us 
 shall set up any claim on these aforesaid 
 ships. And because I wish that the gift and 
 concession and confirmation of the present 
 charter shall be settled and unbroken I 
 confirm it by the apposition of this my seal. 
 "These being witnesses: Robert of Win- 
 cestre: Henry of St Albans: Richard of 
 Wincestre: Reginald le Bucher: Simon of 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 35 
 
 the bridge of Fleet : Robert reidevele : Alex- 
 ander of Solanda: Warin the parchiminer : 
 and many others." 
 
 The same Robert in another original 
 charter granted to St Bartholomew's certain 
 land between the land of the abbot of Ciren- 
 cester and the Fleet river and on the other 
 part between the land of William of Tonbridge 
 and the lane leading from the Fleet river to 
 the street of Solanda at an annual rent of two 
 shillings sterling. 
 
 In 1283 land in the street is mentioned as 
 "in vico de Solande." Cok, in the reign of 
 Henry VI, writes the word " Sholane." The 
 word solanda does not occur in Du Cange, but 
 appears, according to the learned editor of 
 the Domesday of St Paul's, to mean a pre- 
 bendal farm. These charters show that Shoe 
 lane is merely a mistaken etymology of 
 
 solanda. The prebendal lands on this side of 
 
 32 
 
36 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 the cathedral began with Holborn and went 
 on to Portpoole and Kentish Town. It was 
 perhaps to the prebend of Holborn that this 
 particular solanda belonged. 
 
 The grant of Robert de Lalieflonde was a 
 valuable benefaction to the hospital, for by 
 the Fleet river the brethren could bring up 
 their rents paid in kind in Essex, by water to 
 the landing place of the knights hospitallers 
 somewhere near the present station of the 
 Metropolitan Railway in Faringdon street. 
 Lalieflonde's device was a boar's head with 
 large tusks, a not inappropriate representation 
 of the ferocity of prison life in his time. 
 The Fleet river became a mere sewer: 
 
 The king of dykes than whom no sluice of mud 
 With deeper sable blots the silver flood. 
 
 Since Pope's time it has been shut up in 
 a tubular dungeon which conducts it under 
 the pavement of Faringdon street and Bridge 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 37 
 
 street to its old opening into the Thames, as 
 if to remind it of all the unhappiness it had 
 passed by in the Gaol of Flete from the time 
 when Robert de. Lalieflonde watched the 
 ships passing up it with corn for St Bartholo- 
 mew's Hospital brought from Little Wakering 
 creek to the days when the oppressions 
 wrought upon those imprisoned for debt in 
 the prison excited the indignation of Charles 
 Dickens and stirred him to use his wonderful 
 pen for its destruction. 
 
 It is possible that some old man who 
 remembered the death of Harold and the 
 foundation of Battle Abbey on the field where 
 England was lost and won may have ended 
 his days in St Bartholomew's, but the first 
 recorded warriors known to the hospital were 
 the witnesses of King Henry I's charter, men 
 who soon after took part in the wars of 
 Stephen : Roger the burly bishop of Sarum, 
 
38 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 who stood siege in Devizes castle; Stephen, 
 himself at the time of the charter earl of 
 Mortaign ; Alberic de Vere, Milo of Gloucester, 
 Pagan Fitzjohn, Robert de Curci, who were 
 all present in 1133 when the king's seal was 
 affixed. The next soldiers who knew of the 
 hospital and its patients had taken part in a 
 more memorable contest: that which ended 
 in the grant of Magna Carta. 
 
 Lord Chatham was speaking as a student 
 of human nature, and not of the details of 
 thirteenth century history, when he compared 
 the iron barons of the Great Charter, as he 
 called them, to the silken barons of later 
 times. "Their virtues/' he said, "were rude 
 and uncultivated but they were great and 
 sincere. Their understandings were as little 
 polished as their manners, but they had hearts 
 to distinguish right from wrong, they had 
 heads to distinguish truth from falsehood, 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 39 
 
 they understood the rights of humanity and 
 they had the spirit to maintain them." 
 
 Such was the traditional basis of our 
 statute book, and among the great men whose 
 influence or whose swords led to its grant 
 several were acquainted with the hospital 
 of St Bartholomew. Among the venerable 
 fathers and noble men named in the preamble 
 of the charter as those by whose advice it 
 was granted, Joscelin Bishop of Bath and 
 Glastonbury, William Earl of Salisbury, and 
 Robert son of Walter were benefactors of 
 St Bartholomew's Hospital. Bishop Joscelin 
 granted to the Master and brethren on 
 August i, 1220, a tithe of the sheaves of the 
 church land of the parish of Hinton St George 
 and half of the tithes of all other sheaves 
 belonging to the church and the whole tithe 
 of hay from the domain of Robert of Barne- 
 ville and two acres of land in that vill. 
 
40 Sr BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, who 
 was present when the foundation stone of 
 Salisbury Cathedral was laid and who died on 
 March 7, 1226, gave to the hospital by his 
 will eight oxen; Robert son of Walter, son 
 of Robert, who led the barons into London 
 on May 17, 1215, gave to the brethren of the 
 hospital a way in and out of his marsh of 
 Burnham from their marsh called le Suthwale, 
 and gave them leave to ride or drive or lead 
 flocks by these ways. 
 
 Richard of Muntfichet, the last but one of 
 the twenty-five barons, was commanded by 
 Henry III in 1229 to deliver to the Master of 
 St Bartholomew's Hospital or to someone 
 nominated by him six leafless oaks for the 
 hospital fire. 
 
 Serlo the mercer, another of the barons, 
 was Mayor of London in 1214-1215. The 
 first mayor emerges from the obscurity of the 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 41 
 
 past .on a subscription list, that for collecting 
 King Richard Coeur de Lion's ransom in 
 April 1193, and Serlo, the third mayor, appears 
 as one of the maintainers of English liberty 
 in Magna Carta two functions happily main- 
 tained throughout English history by their 
 successors. Serlo had two periods of office 
 as mayor: 1214-1215 and 1217-1222. In 
 his time important charters in the City of 
 London which did not concern the church 
 were usually witnessed, in order, by the 
 mayor, the sheriffs, the alderman in whose 
 ward the land concerned lay, then by several 
 citizens of position more or less in the order 
 of their seniority in the city and often finally 
 by the scribe who wrote the charter and the 
 bedell of the ward. Serlo several times 
 appears as a first witness in documents 
 relating to St Bartholomew's, as in a charter 
 of John son of Galfrid Bocointe, who granted 
 
42 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 five shillings of quit rent, from his capital 
 messuage in the parish of St Andrew at 
 Holborn, towards the lamp of the hospital. 
 The Bocointes were a great family in London 
 during the latter half of the twelfth century 
 and the first two- thirds of the thirteenth. 
 Three of them in the reign of Henry II, 
 namely, John, William son of Sabelina, and 
 Hersent wife of Gaufrid of St Loy, granted to 
 Adam, the master, and the brethren of the 
 hospital certain land on the side of Smithfield 
 to right and left of the chapel of the hospital, 
 now the church of St Bartholomew the Less. 
 The brethren gave three talents of gold 
 these were the large gold coins of the Emperor 
 of the East in gersumam, that is, on con- 
 clusion of the bargain, one to each of the 
 three Bocointes. As Adam ceased to be 
 master in 1168, the grant is earlier than that 
 year. Henry FitzAilwin, afterwards mayor, 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 43 
 
 is one of the witnesses, and is followed by 
 Alulf, son of Fromund. This Alulf had three 
 descendants whose names are to be found 
 together in very many charters of the first 
 twenty-two years of the thirteenth century 
 in London : Constantine son of Alulf, Ernulf 
 Constantine's brother, and young Constantine. 
 The last was son of Alicia, daughter of Alulf 
 and wife of Richard of Heregird. These 
 three names always occur in the same order, 
 and after August, 1222, they never appear 
 again, for at that time the two Constantines 
 were, without trial, hanged. This grave in- 
 justice and inexcusable breach of Magna 
 Carta enables us to determine the approximate 
 date of the very many charters which the sons 
 of Alulf and their nephew witnessed. Their 
 ancestor was Fromund, an alderman of the 
 reign of Henry II, who had two sons, Alulf 
 and Pentecost. The latter lived in the parish 
 
44 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 of St Nicholas ad macellas, near St Bartholo- 
 mew's, where Pentecost lane long preserved 
 his name. Alulf, as a charter in the cartulary 
 of the nuns of Clerkenwell shows, had a stone 
 house and land in the parish of All Hallows, 
 Bread street. Four of his sons are mentioned 
 in this charter : Constantine, Fromund, Adam 
 and Arnulf, and one daughter, Alicia, married 
 to Richard Herierd, justiciar of the King. 
 Her son is always called young Constantine. 
 Constantine, son of Alulf, was at one time an 
 alderman, as is shown in another charter of 
 St Mary of Clerkenwell, and was sheriff in 
 1 1 97 . Louis of France , afterwards Louis VIII, 
 entered London on June 2, 1216, and was 
 received as a friend by many of the inhabi- 
 tants, ecclesiastics as well as laymen. He 
 afterwards took the Tower of London and 
 many other castles and stayed for more than 
 a year. When he left in the autumn of 1217 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 45 
 
 a party in his favour still remained in the city. 
 During his stay, Juliana, relict of Alan Balun, 
 granted four shillings of quit rent to St Bar- 
 tholomew's from a shop opposite the church of 
 St Michael, Queenhithe. She declares that 
 she has affixed her seal on the Nativity of 
 St John the Baptist next after the first 
 coming of Lord Louis, eldest son of the King 
 of France, into England. Her grant is wit- 
 nessed by three chaplains of the hospital, 
 Bartholomew, Thomas and William, then by 
 the family group, Constantine son of Alulf, 
 Ernald Rufus and young Constantine. Michael 
 of St Helena, John Herlicun, John Viel and 
 John of Valencins are the other witnesses. 
 John Herlicun, like the sons and grandson of 
 Alulf, certainly belonged to the French party. 
 An agreement between Hugh, master of 
 St Bartholomew's, and Reginald, the chap- 
 lain, son of Henry le Perer, about a house in 
 
46 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 the parish of St Martin, Ludgate, is dated at 
 the end of this period of French invasion. 
 The house was to be held for the eight years 
 after the feast of St Michael next following 
 the death of the Count de la Perche at Lincoln. 
 The count's death had recently occurred. 
 
 Nichola of Camville was holding the castle 
 of Lincoln for King Henry III, and William 
 le Marechal came to its relief. The army of 
 the king had broken down the gates and was 
 fighting in the streets of the city. "They 
 rushed in close ranks upon the Count of 
 Perche," says Matthew Paris, "surrounding 
 him on all sides and the weight of fighting 
 was turned against him." The narrative of 
 the count's death in L'Histoire de Guillaume 
 le Marechal which M. Paul Meyer discovered 
 and edited, is probably the account given by 
 the marshal himself to his household and 
 friends: the marshal seized the reins of the 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 47 
 
 count's horse; but at this time he had 
 already received his mortal wound by a sword 
 thrust through his vizor by Sire Reinal Croc, 
 yet had strength to raise his sword with both 
 hands and to strike three blows which dented 
 the marshal's helmet. The count fell off his 
 horse. His helmet was loosened and it was 
 seen that he was dead. Louis had gone in 
 the early autumn of 1217. It had been agreed 
 that those in the city who had supported him, 
 except some ecclesiastics, should be un- 
 molested. The final destruction of the French 
 party took place in 1222 and followed a 
 disturbance which seemed to arise out of 
 wrestling matches between the citizens of 
 London and some men of the Abbot of West- 
 minster. The first match was on the feast of 
 St James, the second on the day of St Peter 
 ad vincula. The sports ended in a riot and 
 strong men whom the steward of the Abbot 
 
48 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 of Westminster had collected drove the Lon- 
 doners into the city. The city bell was rung 
 and in the presence of the Mayor, Serlo the 
 mercer, a public meeting of the citizens was 
 held. Serlo advised that compensation should 
 be obtained from the abbot, but Constantine, 
 son of Alulf , urged the destruction of buildings 
 belonging to the abbot. These were probably 
 on the abbey property near Cheapside and 
 close to the place of meeting, so the exhor- 
 tation was soon obeyed. Constantine shouted 
 " Montjoie," the war-cry of the King of France. 
 King Henry's friends were enraged and re- 
 ported the affair to Hubert de Burgh, who 
 sent into the city and ordered its seniors to 
 appear before him. He asked them who dared 
 to break the King's peace. Constantine said 
 they had just cause. Hubert detained him 
 and his nephew and one other in the Tower. 
 A charter of Constantine, son of Alulf, in 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 49 
 
 the cartulary of St Bartholomew's grants to 
 the hospital twenty shillings of annual quit 
 rent to support a priest who should say mass 
 three times a week for the salvation of Con- 
 stantine's soul and that of his wife Katherine 
 and those of their children and for his an- 
 cestors and successors. The absence of the 
 usual witnesses of his time and with whom his 
 name so often appears suggests some unusual 
 circumstance in the time of granting this 
 charter. It is witnessed only by Gervase, a 
 priest, two citizens named Henry of St Helena 
 and Martin of Limoges, and its scribe, Richard 
 de Parmo. The charter ends with the words 
 "et aliis" instead of the usual "et multis aliis." 
 It may easily be imagined that it was written 
 on the anxious night in August which preceded 
 Constantine's execution. The morning after 
 the tumult, Hubert de Burgh, without any 
 trial, sent out the three prisoners with an 
 
 M. 4 
 
50 Sr BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 escort under Fulke de Breaute, who hanged 
 them. Such was the end of Constantine, son 
 of Alulf. 
 
 The brethren of St Bartholomew's in the 
 next century witnessed another popular tumult. 
 They saw Wat Tyler's mob in Smithfield, 
 while Wat himself was dragged through the 
 gate into the chamber of the master of 
 the hospital. Sir Robert Knowles, an old 
 combatant in the wars of Edward III and the 
 Black Prince, was a tenant of the hospital 
 in Smithfield, and rode out to protect King 
 Richard on that day. 
 
 The next disturbed times with which the 
 hospital had to do were those of the Great 
 Rebellion. 
 
 The aspect of the hospital was more 
 affected by war than it ever had been before. 
 Colonels and captains sat on many com- 
 mittees of the governors and there were many 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 51 
 
 wounded soldiers in the wards. Letters were 
 sometimes read at the Court of Governors from 
 the Lord Protector, while the States arms, as 
 they were called, were prominent in the 
 Great Hall. Two soldiers who were patients 
 in a ward complained of the sister that she 
 used opprobrious and reviling speeches against 
 Sir Thomas Fairfax, namely, wishing his head 
 on London Bridge. She was formally re- 
 proved. The numerous soldiers and sailors 
 in the wards drank and quarrelled a 
 good deal. The King's execution, the Pro- 
 tector's death and Richard Cromwell's acces- 
 sion receive no mention in the Journals. 
 At a meeting on May 7, 1660, the treasurer 
 and seven governors being present, "It is 
 thought fit and ordered that the shield of 
 the States arms being the Red Cross and 
 Harp be taken down in the Great Hall and 
 the King's arms put in the room thereof." 
 
52 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 On September 17 four names, one being that 
 of Alderman Ireton, are ordered to be left 
 out of the list of governors. Thus with as 
 little clash as possible was royalty restored in 
 St Bartholomew's. 
 
 A new steward was elected soon after 
 the Restoration, and it was one of the recom- 
 mendations of the successful candidate that 
 he had fought bravely in the defence of 
 Basing House. He proved a very excellent 
 steward, and held office for a great many years. 
 
 Beds were reserved for eighty wounded 
 seamen in the second Dutch war of Charles II. 
 At the present day 200 beds are kept for 
 wounded soldiers, while the staff also take 
 charge of a large base hospital and are so 
 closely employed that officers in uniform are 
 even more numerous on the hospital paths 
 than they were in the days of the Great 
 Rebellion. 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 53 
 
 Such have been the occasional relations of 
 St Bartholomew's to wars from the time of 
 Magna Carta to our own days, in which it is 
 giving shelter to many of our own wounded 
 and those of our Belgian allies. During 
 nearly eight hundred years it has continu- 
 ously admitted as far as its rooms and means 
 allowed all the sick and injured who have 
 come to its doors. 
 
 At the present day Lazarus has as good 
 food, nursing and treatment in the hospital 
 as Dives has in his own house. The first step 
 towards this essential condition of modern 
 medicine at St Bartholomew's was the gift 
 of William of Haverhill, sometimes called 
 William son of Brithmar, who was sometime 
 alderman of Cripplegate ward and was sheriff 
 of London hi 1189 and 1190. He gave during 
 his lifetime and secured after his death fifteen 
 shillings and two pence halfpenny to be spent 
 
54 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 each year in buying bread, so that every day 
 there should be bought one ha'porth of white 
 bread to be divided into eight parts to be 
 given to the eight poor in the hospital who 
 most needed it. The rest of the money was 
 to remain as a provision in the kitchen on 
 All Saints' Day for the use of the sick. The 
 charter of William of Haverhill, though full 
 of interest, is too long to read through to-day. 
 
 I fear I may have read too many charters 
 already, but the past becomes so real in reading 
 such documents that they have an extra- 
 ordinary charm. 
 
 Addison in his essay on the effects of 
 custom mentions how a great man known to 
 him, who was no doubt Lord Somers, came to 
 enjoy this study: "I have heard one of 
 the greatest geniuses this age has produced, 
 who had been trained up in all the polite 
 studies of antiquity, assure me, upon his being 
 
IN PEACE AND WAR 55 
 
 obliged to search into several rolls and 
 records, that notwithstanding such an employ- 
 ment was at first very dry and irksome to 
 him, he at last took an incredible pleasure in 
 it and preferred it even to the reading of 
 Virgil or Cicero." 
 
 When I began to write this lecture peace*, 
 reigned in Europe ; before it was finished t he 
 flames of war had begun to redden the sky. 
 At the time first appointed for its reading fhe 
 death in the field of my son Gillachrist, an 
 undergraduate of this University, prevented 
 it. Topics of war, and hardly any others, 
 interest us now, yet I have thought its subject 
 not unsuitable to the time, since the history 
 I have related tends to show how in a free 
 country such as ours, where everything is not 
 dominated by government, an ancient institu- 
 tion like St Bartholomew's Hospital, whether 
 in peace or war, lives with the nation and is 
 
56 ST BARTHOLOMEW'S HOSPITAL 
 
 in touch with the national life in every period. 
 The hospital is a field for the cultivation of 
 knowledge, and great are the harvests which 
 have been garnered thence since Harvey was 
 its physician. It has the even greater duty 
 of encouraging and maintaining the fraternal 
 bonds which should exist throughout the 
 Tia'tion between those who need help and those 
 whose skill enables them to give it. 
 
 'Its third function, which it shares with 
 this University and all our other seminaries 
 of sound learning, is the production of men, 
 great even in their youth, 
 
 Olbl VVV ftpOTOt, CUT* 
 
 as we may truly say, proudly reversing the 
 Homeric use of the phrase. St Bartholomew's 
 is not behind in this duty. It has sent more 
 than a thousand such men into the field. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE I PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 
 
000 552 428 5