Z56 > HARDINGS STENOGRAPHY 4, PRICJE.^^^J ,^*'t;>ririr^iViVM,-'i,iMJ^^a;i^ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES tX ^.4^^^ "^ c ice?v ^ Y^/r.^r/ ^^i/i"^/ //c CA^TZ/i^'^ Hfffarr/^' UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY; OR, AN EASY AND PRACTICAL SYSTEM OF SHORT-HAND, UPON THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LATE xMR. SAMUEL TAYLOR: To which are added. Numerous Improvements from the best Writers, WHEREBY A PERSON MAY READILY ACQUIRE THE METHOD OF CORRECTLY REPORTING PUBLIC DEBATES, LECTURES. AND SERMONS. For the Use of Schools, and Private Tuition, By WILLIAM HARDING, PROFESSOR OF STENOGRAPHY. Illustrated with Sid' Elegant Engravings. A NEW EDITION, CONSIDERABLY ENLARGED; With a new Philosophical Alphabet of Fifteen Letters, INVENTED BY THE LATE EMINENT W. BLAIR, M.A. LONDON : PUBLISHED BY W. SIMPKIN AND R. MARSHALL, STATIONERS' HALL COURT; AND SOLD BY H. BUTTERWORTH, FLEET STiiEET; OLIVER AND BOYO, EDI.NBDJGH; WiSTLEY AND CO. DUBLIN; H. MOZLEY, DEKBV ; AND ALL BOOKSELLEIJS AND STATIONERS. ENTERED AT STATIONERS HALL. J. Jofmton, Printtr, Apollo Prets, 10. Brook Street. Holi.sr EXTRACTS FRO.M THE REVIEWS, &c. "Tlie result has been the production of a more practical work than has hitherto appeared on the subject, though published at less than one-sixth of the original price of Taylor's work, and no more than half the price of that of Mavor. Mr. Harding's publication cannot be too highly recommended." Lit. Chron. March 15, 1823. "Thefirstpart of this Work is founded on the principles of the late Mr. Sam, Taylor, which, from their being so well known, require neither analysis nor elucidation. The remaining portion includes such improvements in the system as have been made since his Treatise first appeared. The simplicity of Mr. H's Plan gives it conciseness, which, by excluding extraneous matter, brings the whole within a narrow compass, and adds its diminutive price, which is 3s. to its other recommendations. "-—Imperial Mag. May, 18*23. "We have had recourse to this little publication for assistance in our pro- fessional avocations ; and have found it so excellent a help, that we would re- commend it in the strongest manner to all wlio are desirous of makiner them- selves masters of the Stenographic Art. ]\Ir. Harding's System is founded on that of the late Mr. Samuel Taylor, which was pronounced, by Dr. Beattie, to be incomparably the best he had ever seen; but it embraces many recent and valuable improvements. . . . "Itf<:rms altogether the most concise, luminous, and cheap manual of Stenography, which has yet made its appearance."-"STAB, Sept. 29, 1823. *'As the Art of Siiort-Hand Writing is at present much cultivated, every attempt to simplify or improve it ought to be received by tlie public with gratitude, provided that an author do not force upon their attention liis speculative notions, instead of practical results "Much lias been accomplished since the production of Mr. Taylor's pen first made its appearance: and it is right to mention that Mr. H. has intro- duced some of these improvements in the second part of his book. For in- telligibility when written, it far surpasses all other systems. For this end we can safely recommend the present little work, which is neatly printed, and reflects great credit on the Engraver for his execution of the plates." Methodist Mag. Dec. 1823. " We know^ no science to which the Press is so deeply indebted for a vast portion of its most interesting information, as Stenography, and it gives us pleasure to notice a recent publication, by which Students are enabled to attain a knowledge of it, not only with more accuracy, but at much less ex- pense than formerly.— It forms the most complete work of the kind that has yet been presented to the public." --Worcester Journal, Dec. 16, 1824. •'Indebted as we are, to the system of Short Hand, for enriching our pages with many valuable materials, we shall offer jno apology for introducing- a work of this description to the notice of our readers. "The late Mr. S. Taylor's manual of Short Hand has long been distin- guished, and well recommended as one of the best that was ever published. Mr. Harding's System (of wliich we are glad to see a second Edition) is esta- blished on the same principles with various improvements, which considerably enhance its value We know of no publication by which the Stenogiapliic Art may be so readily learned, or its characters when wiitten so easily decyphered. The Work is neatly executed, and the price extremely moderate." The Pulpit, No. 86. "One of the means which will enable Students to save time is to learn Short Hand, as with a knowledge of it, long extracts maybe expeditiously made from books. To learn it is less difficult than it seems to be. Perhaps the best system is Harding's Universal Stenography, which is an improve- ment of Taylor's."— -Arus's Pocket Mag. Vide article " Essay on Time," page 258, Nov. 1824. 44.84r""- :^J;5^ "Were utility as much regarded as it ought to be, in estimating the com- parative importance of different branches of knowledge, few would probably be ret^arded df greater imp'irtance than Stenography. "The lest immy of public approbation bestowed upon Mr. Harding's Sys- tem of Short Hand, in the rapid sale of four Editions, has nut been thrown away upon the Author. , . . •'In this Edition, many judicious alterations and improvements have been introduced, equally indicative of the theoretical ingenuity and practical skill o,f th-.- writer, whom we at o:ice perceive to he one equally calculated to explain and teach the useful Art of which he treats. On the whole, whether considered with reference to its clearness, simplicity, or accuracy, we have no hesitation in pronouncing the present, to be the completest treatise on the subject which has yet been offered to the public." Critical Gazette, April, 1825. "Of the value of Short Hand to Medical Pupils, they must be well aware, as it enables them topreserve in a legible form, discourses which must otherwise be speedily forgotten. . . . "We have great pleasure in stating that, in our opinion, Mr. Harding's Publication is preferable to most we have seen, and in many respects, he has certainly surpassed them." Thb Lancet, No. 3, Vol. 7. See also "Literary Mignet."— "Literary Chronicle." &c. &c. 1825. This work has also been favourably noticed in various other Reviews and Provincial Papers. Extract of a letter from the late Mr. Joseph Nightingale. South wark Square, May 1, 1823. "Having some pretensions to a knowledge of Stenography, being in fact the author of the Article, "Short Hand," in Rees's Encyclopedia, and also, previously, of that on the same subject in Nicholson's Encyclopedia, and some others, 1 may be allowed to make a remark or two, on your work on Short Hand. " As to your own publication, I have generally to remark, that with the ex- ception of Mr. Molineux's Introduction to Byrom,and that gentleman's Steno- graphical Copy-book,* I have never yet m"et with a more pleading or more useful little book on Short- Hand than yours; to this I will add, that yours is one of the cheapest, as well as the neatest h'loksof the kind extant. "Many years ago I learnt to write Taylor's Short- Hand, having previously- acquired a knowledge of Gurney's, and subsequently of Mavor's system. Yoa appear to me to have preserved the spirit and character of your original to perfection, and in those cases wherein you have departed from your author, vou have certainly greatly improved upon him. J. NIGHTINGALE. (To Mr. Harding.) * A Work which has deservedly been held in high estimation for a number of years.-— Price 13s. 64. PREFACE. On the first appearance of the late Mr. Samuel Taylor^s System of Short-Hand in 1786, it was almost Kniversallp adopted and recommended in this country, by the most eminent persons in the political and literary circles. The celebrity which this system obtained here, soon made it known abroad: in France it found an able translator in Bertin ; and it con- tinues to this time the favourite text book on Stenography in that country. The learned Dr. Beattie, speaking of this System of Short Hand observes, ''Ofall the Systems of Short Hand that I have seen, and I have looked into several, Mr. Taylor^ s appears to me to be incomparably the best. The Art seems to be hardly susceptible of further improvement.^^ In assigning to Mr. Taylor'' s Treatise on Stenography a superiority over any that preceded it, the celebrated individual just named teas undoubt- edly correct; but he appears to have carried his commendation to too great a length, in imagining that its appearance had superseded the possibility of any further prog7'ess being- made in that Art. It would indeed be difficult to say, of any thing relating to human knowledge, when it had attained its utmost limits of advancement. The author of the present little ivork, who has practised Mr. Taylor's System of Short Hand for many years, is most willing to bear testimony to its numerous merits. But the very experience to which he alludes, has obliged him to dis- cover in that system many deficiences and redundancies, which have induced him, from time to time, to introduce various ad- ditions and alterations, that appeared not only advantageous, hut sometimes absolutely necessary to diminish the labours and insure the complete instruction of the pupil. These at length Tl PREFACE. became so numerous that he thought it adi'isahle to collect them together, and to publish a new System of Stenography y in which he has retained Mr. Taylor^ s general principles^ introducing at the same time the several improvements suggested by careful observation, and a long course of practical teaching. As a proof that the author's remarhs upon Mr. Tayloi's Sys- tem have not been made invidiously, he begs leave to refer to a Report made not long since to the French Academy of Science, on the subject of Stenography. The ingenious gentlemen en- gaged in drawing it up, after speaking highly of the general merits of Mr. Taylor's work, observes, that it labours under one grand defect, in having no fixed method of pointing out the voivels ; the five vowels being each written with a point, so that there was a difficuUy in distinguishing them. Hence it was left to the connea^ion alone to decypher the vov;el intended to be employed ', a circumstance which might often interfere with the use of the proper word. Tliis error, as well as many others equally important, is avoided in the method adopted in the following pages. The principal additions consist in the introduction of several new and convenient prefixes, and terminations of very frequent occurrence, a few useful arbitraries and a more distinct method of expressing the vowels. Due attention has been paid to the various improvements of later writers upon this subject, both at home and abroad ; and all such as appeared calculated to sim- plify or illustrate the Art, have been carefully embodied in the present publication. In fact, no pains nor research have been spared to render this worh still more worthy of general circu- lation. The advantages resulting from the improvements in- troduced into it, have been proved by the ease and expedition with which many gentlemen (who have been taught by the Au- thor) have acquired the Art, and the number of Students at Harrow and other public Seminaries of learning, who are en- gaged in practising it upon his principles . Trifling as the size oj this little treatise may appear, the reader is assured that, besides the improvements already men- PREFACE. VH tioned, it contains all that is essential and practically useful in the pages of Mr. Taylor. That respectable gentleman'' s irork was encumbered icith a considerable mass of extraneous matter, more calculated to bewilder than to improve the student. By rejecting this, the Author has been enabled not only to render his system far more simple and concise, but to make it much easier to purchase. The price of Mr. Taylor's treatise was One Guinea, while the Author^s can be procured at just one seventh of that price; indeed, it has been his anxious wish to let his publication appear in a form which would place it within the reach of many young persons ; who, he is persuaded, have been deterred from turning their attention to the itudy of Steno- graphy, by the size and cost of the many expensive and bulky works that have appeared upon the subject. It is not the wish or design of the Author, to enter into an exposure of the faults to be found in the different Systems that have been laid before the Public during the last twenty or thirty years. Among the many that are continually making their appearance, some may undoubtedly possess considerable merit ; but, independently of their expense, the generality are rendered far too difficult to justify the Student in any rea- sonable expectation of attaining his object in the time which, in most instances, he could allot to the pursuit of it. Any person already acquainted with Mr. Taylor^ s system may, with a few hours study, make himself master of the im- provements contained in the following pages, which may like- wise furnish some useful rules and hints to those who have been in the habit of practising other methods. The alphabet invented by the kite ingenious Mr. Blair, which was first laid before the Public in the second Edition of thit work, may hereafter prove of great and essential service to somr inquiring and philosophical mind some years hence. Mr. Blair, whose alphabet is introduced at the end of this work, was the author of the elaborate article *' Cypher," in Dr. Bees' s Ency- clopedia, and had devoted the leisure of many years to the study of that difficult subject. By referring to this interesting viii PREFACE. article, it appears that it ii'as his intention to have written the article '' Stenograph u," for that grand national work. He says, ''upon these two departments of the art (Cryptography and Stenography J we feel a desire, if opportunity should per- mit, of laying before the Public some results of our own in- vestigation and practice'^ It is much to he regretted that the worthy gentleman never lived to carry this design into execu- tion. Mr. Blair employed the same character for b arid p, t and d, and k and ^. With this plan the author of the following pages cannot coincide, being sensible of its inevitable tendency to produce multiplied and dangerous inaccuracies. The fallacy of such a modahas been very clearly and ably pointed out by the celebrated Dr. Byrom^ in the Philosophieal Transactions. The present publication may be regarded as a new and im- proved edition of Mr. Taylor's original work, and it is strongly recommended to the heads of Seminaries, and to young persons in general. The Authors grateful acknowledgements are due to several professional gentlemen, for their kind suggestions on the sub- ject ; and he trusts the present Edition Tvill be found par- ticularly worthy of the approbation of a liberal Public, ivhich has been already amply testified by the sale of six large impres- sions of this little manual of Stenography. The Author will he glad to receive any further hints for the improvement of the work ; and should any purchaser feel de- sirous of additional examples or explanations on the subject, he mil be happy to afford his assistance, as far as his engagements will permit. Stationers' Hall Court, Jan^ 4tli, 1827. INTRODUCTION 6.Q- BAKER : • f-M 1 EXA Before entering- upon the study of Stenography, it may not beuniu- terestinor to the intelligent and inquiring- student, to take a general review of the origin and progress of writing: that wonderful in- vention, which may he almost said to " annihilate space and time." as far as they are naturally opposed to the communication of know- ledge, and the interchange of thought. Under this impression th« author has prefixed to his work, the following introductory re- marks, for a great part of which he is indebted to the labours of that eminent scholar and critic, the late Dr. Blair. Next to speech writing is beyond doubt the most useful Art which men possess. It is plainly an improvement upon speech, and there- fore must have been posterior to it in order of time- At first men thought of nothing more than communicating their thoughts to one another when present, by means of words or sounds which they ut- tered. Afterwards they devised this further method of mutual communication with one another when absent, by means of markf or characters presented to the eye, which we call writing. Written characters are of two sorts* they are either signs for things, or signs for words — of the former sort, signs for things are the pictures, hieroglyphics and symbols, employed by ancient nations J of the latter sort, signs for words arc the alphabetical characters now employed by all Europeans. The first step was the invention of an alphabet of syllables among some of the ancient nations, and which is said to be retained to this day in Ethiopia, and some countries of India. At last some happy genius arose ; and tracing the sounds made by the human voice to their most simple elements, reduced them to a very few vowels and consonants 5 and by affixing to each of these the signs which we now call letters, taught men how, by their combinations, to put in writing all the difierent words or combinations of sound, which they employed in speech. By being reduced to that simplicity, the art of writing was brought to its highest state of perfection, and in the state we now enjoy it, in all the countries of Europe. To whom we are indebted for this sublime and refined discovery does not appear. 10 INTRODUCTION. The universal tradition among the ancients is, that they were first imported into Greece by Cadmus, the Phoenician ; who, accordinff to the common system of Chronology, was contemporary with Joshua- according to Sir I. Newton's system, contemporary with King David. The most probable and natural account of the origin of alpha- betical Characters is, that they took rise in Egypt, the first civi- lized kingdom of which we have any authentic accounts, and thf great source of arts and polity among the ancients. Writing was long a kind of engraving. Rollers and tables of stone were first employed for this purpose, and afterwards plates of the softer metals, such as lead. In proportion as writing became more common, lighter and more portable substances were employed. The leaves and the bark of certain trees were used in some coun- tries J and in others tablets of wood, covered with a thin coat of soft wax, on which the hides of animals, properly prepared and po- lished into parchment, were the most conunon materials. Our present method of writing on paper is an invention of no greater antiquity than the fourteenth Century, From this slight sketch of the origin of writing in general, we proceed to exhibit a brief history of Stenography in particular. The authority of ancient writers, as well as the existence of Stenographic manuscripts of a very remote date, sufficiently prove that this art was in almost genei'al use both among the Greeks and Romans. Their abbreviations principally consisted in putting initial letters for words, omitting letters and syllables, and fre- quently adding a mark or point to distinguish the abbreviation with greater precision. But notwithstanding its great antiquity, Short- Haud Writing does not appear to have found its way into England at a very early period. Indeed it is by no means wonderful that it should have been neglected in an age when none but monastic learning existed, and the useful arts, were in an infant and unpa- tronized state. There is no evidence of any attempt being made to introduce the practise of Stenography into this country, previou* to the time of Elizabeth. As the origin and progress of almost every art is to be traced to a general conviction of its usefulness and necessity, it seems reasonable to suppose the many eminent men who flourished in the reign of that Princess — a period which has been styled the Augustian age of English literature — and who INTRODUCTION. 11 benefitted tlieir countrymen by their talents and wiiting-s j the first to perceive, and to enable others to appreciate the great advantageg and extensive utility of Stenographic writing-. A rude attempt at a treatise upon the art was made by Dr. Brig-ht iu 1588 ; and fourteen years afterwards, the first Eng-lish Short-Hand alphabet was invented by Mr. Willis : since that time, there has been no pau- city of works upon Stenography, as the following list will plainly ihew: — LIST OF ACTHORS ON STENOGRAPHY. John Willis Edtnond Willis, Willonghby, Witt Henr^Dix, Mawd WmFolkinsham, . . . . Bishop Wilkins Thomas Shelton, . . . . T. Metcalf Jeremiah Rich, John Farthing, Georee Partrarno, . . . . Job Fverhardt, Noah Bridges, William Facy, William Mason, E'isha Coles, William Hopkins Laurence Steel Charles Ramsay, . . . . Nathaniel Stringer, . . . Georee Riiipatb, . . . . John West AhrHham Nicholas, . . . William Addy, Samuel Botley, HenrvBarmby, Francis Tanner, Samuel Lane, New Method of Short Hand. James Weston, Philip Gibbs, AuIaySIacaulay Jeake W.Titfin, Annet Thomas Gurney, . . . . .Tohn Angell, Henrj- Taplin T. Siackhouse, . . . , . Swaine and Simms, . . . David Lyle Alphabet of Reason, . . . MA. Meilan, Anthony Clayton 1602 1C18 }f21 16?0 1633 1635 lf41 lfi4I 1M5 1654 1C54 1C.-8 ]6p8 16:9 1672 1672 im 1674 1678 1681 1687 1690 lf92 1695 1700 1712 1716 1717 1727 1736 1747 1748 17?0 1750 1753 1758 1760 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 EM are indebted to this noble art for the preservation of many valuable Lectures and Sermons, which would otherwise have been irreco- verably lost. Among the latter may be instanced those of Whitfield, whose astonishing powers could move even infidelity itself, and extort admiration from a Chesterfield and a Hume; but whose name alone would have floated down the stream of time, had not Short-Hand rescued a portion of his labours from oblivion. With so many vouchers for the truth of the remark, we can have n« hesitation in stating it as our opinion, that since the invention of of printing, no cause has contributed more to the diffusion of know- ledo-e and the progress of refinement, we might also add, to the triumphs of liberty and the interests of religion, than the revival and improvement of this l«ng-neglected and invaluable art." "Such are the blessings which Short-Hand, like a generous benefactor, bestows indiscriminately on the world at larg-e. But INTRODUCTION. 15 it has additional and peculiar favours in store, for tliose who are so far convinced of its utility as personally to engag-e in its pur- suit. The advantages resulting from the exercise of this Science, are not, as is the case with many others, confined to a particular class of society : for though it may seem more immediately calcu- lated for those whose husiness it is to record the eloquence of public men, and the proceedings of popular assemblies 5 yet it offers its assistance to persons of every rank and station in life to the man of business as well as to the man of science — for the purpose of private convenience as well as of general information." The motto of every young Stenographer sbould be, Persevere ! The theory of the art may be speedily attained j but to acquire a PRACTICAL PROFICIENCY in it, more unremitting diligence and vigorous assiduity are perhaps requisite, than in almost any other study whatever ; without these, genius will be of very little avail, for so ranch of the attainment is entirely mechanical, that practise, and nothing but practise, can impart and increase expedition. Neither this nor any other treatise, can make a man a good Steno- grapher, without exertion on his own part. Let then those wlio value the purchase be willing to pay the price. Nil sine magno VITA LABORE DEDiT MORTALiBLs, was the just maxim, of the an- cients ', and every young person should remember, that '' he who will have no knowledge, but that for which little exertion has been used, must one time or other, suffer the mortification of finding what he possesses to be of small intrinsic worth." Hie. .Uph: bet. Willi tlac Boiiiiblp CoMsoiHiaMs &•€. j y ■ Sincjlu Words rifposrtions Ti-i'mTuarioiis w {■/■/'/ ,// ) ^.>/ - ...^ -;;// ' / / /../^. ^. V- -/,.,. y / 1 r,.// /// // y^ •ff/n:^. -ffi'/ /' r ?:t /• / 1 1 ..-/. ■'■ - xa::;^' f.,C- ( .J r— , ../..// -;./..// .,//. ../..;/- .../,.,//,, r,.,/ ../, ..,/./. // / //or/y// //.//..^- // V/.y — ,:.,.,.,■„.. /.^ v/.> /* 1 ° / /J 1 ' 1 1 i & i 1 1 1 f ^v r ^ r ^ h V ^ V V > ^ \ A \K r'f r^ !r — / r < -^ c" r < 5 ^ / V X X p 1" "^vV y -w M V -1J (^ V V y w A^ \. ;u < k N ^ > ^y> N V -^ N V V > ^A> /No X A, \>X ? o) 3 _3 ? ^ ^ ? ? ^ } J p \3 ? x^ "^ % > ■^ ^ % ^, °^ > \ > ^^~ 1 \ A > J ] \ 4 5 1 \ \ J ; ^ X I s X ^ 1 s ^ X c 9 <^ S s ; < x> Jo 1 ^ !r -> r° V ~D c V ■^ r VwTD /-^ .V ^^ A ^ ^ ) ^ X \ > \ b- 6 > > \ 1 1 \ ol ^ J \ k -{, I ^ < S J J X JA' ^,T- o_ ^ — r ^ -- r ■h \ J o- /— ^ A- — 'X P!? .^ 1 ^ I X ? ? \ 3 s ; nC ^ J \ k -C I { k S J / V X p s i^ S. ^ \ ^ \ > \ S \ ^N. _o r 9 -o C P K r /^ v^ ^ ^.^x , i 1 1 ^ J 1 \ 4 I ^ \ ] ) N] > Ik f '■ ^ ^ P V c ^ \ T /-^ -^ A 1 AL-bin;iii»i> X'owfN l'l:if('s 1 Ex'aniples. 'l.yy^ -I.-/ .1^/ V./^ i/yy' Do as roT] wauldie dim<- In / - y ^ \ c \ IVar frfxi IFonmirThr Kino V ) ^^ -' '^ It IS a vor-r pliun vxi\<- /r .• /AA y/vr _ JJ1«-rserf nrf ihc)- ihiitiixraTri /«< = i/f/i/-t/<>>/'/i-^/^/ JT'Oyy OavV S-v/yVy'O/'/Z/fV^-^^ ^2 t ^/,,../ .^(lyff, ^r,j/ ^y„rr-'y/fi r^yyf// for tll«-v ^ba^ ].o retn>f-.rl.-.l y6 : /.// V 7 ^ \ V1/ Monf ris f <• m ^ / ^^ /-^ ' • ,'. : -p^ ^ _ f /• ^^ ^^ r <^ ^ ^ ^ ^^^ \ w-^ ^ 'L 1 '^ -v^~ /Vl^, lo^<^V:'-P ^ a-^ 4 { \\ -1 e- w L-^rx^ ^'v , c' ' /f?! V- ^ ^ ^ 0-- ^ / ch^-. f^ ^s^ ^--^s ' ^ ^>-^_^ I , /^_./j/x .-T^^x y j n>t LcrJs f^rcncr -&~ d — ''^ V— p-^^ 6- C-% '-^ I Y ]^ ^ .^ ^ = ./7 °, f. ,>- C 0/ ^ >^ -- 0- -cr- V , /_ • yj 5 ' • r. ^ ? <^ -- '^ -!_ - - D - L V\ rt \ ^ :> ^ - - \ . -^"-^ ■■/'■•'/• Y /• V ' V ; _ Y i/^ - n,r.. ,^^ .m^ D-.r/.^-?^ . y jj,,,,^,-,,,,, T-A^ f^ -?/'- Y-"-/ - S^^ crf^ 1 Vj_y /i-|-^ py .• >^ ^\,^ . u Hv^o- '" Joimng' tvro ~ Cj^>1^2X/^/^ ..o//Cn yf/^^/rr Joining three letters. II" JiiJyl]p]lM]b(et of 16 Letters I'omslriiietedoiipMilosc)- -pMcal fHmciples and^peeiiliai'lf ackfteAJfiDT swift ^Mtme in mw lamsTLa 2> . ^ ^^^<^.^-^,- " ITie .Alphabet ; .- o "^t/'"' Towels 1 c (/.J./y a^ cy V, -y? ^, / d^ ,/,. . , . . . - /''■ '/''/'/''■'" 1 ^'^' 1 Douhle Coiisouaiit s. 1 .. , , 1 ' /^f r.a/?iy iWf/y/y/^ 1 .>^y c / a//y,//yy.yY/^ ,, j • ./^y y/Ay»l/ 3 /// yy-^ty /a«^ r// // y//yy y ' / ^ l~\ // fri^ <5vz^ ny>^/ ^ //^ ' ^ /' -ry-'y^c^ fy^y fy/ciy ' yj y^J yy^j ^y.j ^jK.-.r,Uc^:ir„yJ/yy.„,, /cU.,.i ,,„/, , / /^ ^.?fc , a .S4 a^ e^ ^ ' yy. f>//y/ f>fy/e- --f/.y'ry y/yfy/yiy/My.,y'/,y/ 1 • f> ^ f.^^m ,\ AF EXAMPLE, ^ /^/y^ v^ r/f ''yi/^ //f^/ <>/ > //y,/,// a//^// rA'*:i Uf/ >r^yf./f» _^\^-/— . (^ _-.<^^ j UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. PART I. ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THE ART. OF THE CONSONANTS, &,C. We now live in an age of erudition and refinement; and Short- Hand writing, among other arts, is brough- to a high degree of perfection, yet there appears somet thing still wanting to bring it into general use; but the author has been long persuaded, that it is in vain to expect this from any system, unless composed on the principles and analogy of our language. A standard work of this kind, introduced (generally) into public Seminaries and considered as a necessary branch of education for every youth who ranks above the vulgar, would certainly be a most desirable acqui- sition, and the only way for this accomplished art soon to become universal, the advantages of which would be inestimable.^ A very recent instance of the immense importance of Stenography, has been witnessed by the electric effect produced on this and other countries by the eloquent * "During- the earlier course of College study, I should exhort all young men to learn that most useful Art^ Short-Hand Writing, an Art which, I helieve, will one day be studied as universally as Common Writing, and which will abridge the labour of Penman- ship, to a degree that will materially quicken the intercourse of human thought." [From an Article in the New Monthly Mag. " College in London,"' July, 1825. Written by T. Campbell, Esq. 18 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. Speech* delivered by Mr. Canning in the House of Commons, on the War with Spain. The object of Short-Hand being to render writing as expeditious as possible, it will be necessary: 1st. To leave out as many of the letters usually written, as can be done consistent with legibility. 2nd. In the selection of the consonants, by which it is intended to denote any word in Short-Hand, it is only necessary to write according to the sound. The general direction is, spell as y on pronounce ^ very little attention and practice will shew that the sound of a word may be conveyed, and its identity secured though the silent consonants and most of the vowels be left out ; and as scarcely a syllable can be written without the occurence of either the one or the other, their omission will greatly contribute towards expedition. f No consonants are to be doubled in Short-Hand, un- less a vowel comes between them; thus, fall, must be written fal, letter, Itr; but we must write, babbler, hhlr, candid cndd, &c. The custom of omitting vowels in the middle of words, and of exchanging one letter for another, may at first render it difficult for the student to read eve^ his own writing without hesitation. But this embar- rassment will vanish in proportion as the Short-Hand characters become familiar to his eye. It arises not so * Thus characterized by an eminent writer.— "A precise, suc- cinct, luminous, graceful, and (where it was fit) nmgnificent ex- posure of Mr. Canning." Vide Edin. Review, ^j^. 89. f The omission of vowels is a mode of writing not peculiar to Short-Hand, but is used in the Hebrew, Arabic, and other Eastern Languages. UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 19 much from the absence of the vowels, as from the un- usual ?ippearance of the consonants Avhich do not im- mediately suggest to him the sounds they represent, but take up the attention of his mind in recollecting them one by one* After he has become so far acquainted with them as to comprehend them at one view, he will be able to read his notes with ease and certainty. It is true, that by omitting the vowels as above directed, several words widely different in meaning, will be occasionally ex- pressed by the same consonants. Thus bst will repre- sent best and btcst; hrs, hoarse and horse, yet the connection will always prevent our mistaking one of these words for another. For instance, here is a noble bst of Pitt ; we cannot read the noble best of Pitt. A dot thus * being the most simple mark that can be made, is the representative of the vowels a, e, i, — ando, and u, by a mark thus ', turned to the right or the left. Tlie vowels are distinguished from each other by their position. See plate 3. The consonants which are necessary, are, b, d,f, g", h,ji k, /, m, w, p, q, r, s, t, v, v, x, y. C and z, are rejected in Short-Hand ; c having both ahard and a soft sound, similar to k and s, they will supply its place, according as it sounds ; and 2 being similar in sound to s, s is always substituted, / and v being, similar in sound, are both represented by one character; as also for the same reason g and J, k and q, so that the alphabet will stand thus, b, d, f or v, g or j, h, k or q, 1, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, x, y, together with a few double consonants to complete the sounds required, and to facilitate the writing; which are, ch, sh, th, and the termination -ious. 20 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. The most simple marks or characters are assigned to represent the most useful letters of our common alphabet, and the whole are so simple in themselves, that any person capable of writing, may make them without the least difficulty ; one running through another in the way of joining, forces expedition, as it were even upon an inactive writer, and are proportionally easy to be retained. It would be tedious to detail the reasons which in- fluenced us in the appropriation of each particular mark. For the alphabet the student is referred to plate 1 . in the first cohimn of Avhicli are seen the letters of the common alphabet, and opposite, in the second, the Short- Hand characters by which we propose to denote them. A Short-Hand mark when standing by itself, may be employed to denote a single word; and as many words begin with parts called prepositions or prefixes, and end with other parts called terminations, it will greatly pro- mote expedition to represent these parts of words by single characters, placing the prepositions at the be- ginning, and the terminations at the end of the words to which they belong, as their names imply. The student by referring to plate 2, will learn where to begin to write each letter, a point being attached thereto, and also how to join the various consonants.* * The words in this scheme of Short-Hand areregularly written by the proper letters of the alphabet, joined together as in common writing- 5 only they have this superiority over the letters of our common alphabet, that they are more simple, maay degrees shorter, and more regular and convenient for joining, having none of the superfluous strokes or joinings which our common letters require; the charactejs running into each other without such joining, or any stroke whatever, but what is actually necessary to form the letter itself; so that we are enabled to use the pea with more facility in this writing, than in the common way. UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 21 A few useful arbitraries will be found in plate 3, they may be used or not, at the option of the pupil. The alphabet must first be committed to memory, and also the various "single words," with the prepositions and terminations in plate 1. A close atteution to correctness at first, will ever afterwards repay the learner by the ease and facility with which he will be enabled to decypher, this being the most difficult part of the art. OF THE FORMATION OF THE ALPHABETICAL LETTERS. In forming the looped characters, 5, h, Z, m,p, begin with the loop or cipher part, and for the convenience of joining may occasionally be made on either side, but always on that end of it as they stand in the alphabet : d is always made downwards to the left ; for v, down- wards to the right, and the v may be distinguished from / by being made thicker ; when v immediately follows/, the character should be written more inclined : r, up- wards from the left to the right ; s from the left to the right, for z, it may be made a little thicker, in like manner the character for j may be written stronger than for the letter g; g ov J, is begun at the top and turned downwards ; k, or g and «, from the left toward the right ; and ch is begun at the top ; w is begim with the loop, and turned either way as in plate 1 ; sh, and th, begin with the crook, but -ions must always end with it. Wlienever either of the double consonants occur in any word, the characters for those double letters must be used. The character for th, in a few words not joining so easily, maybe denoted by an hori- zontal mark. See Plate 2. 22 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. INSTRUCTIONS FOR WRITING. G and h meeting together, are not written unless sounding like/, which letter is then put in their place. H is to be generally omitted, except when beginning a word, and then very often by expressing the following vowel. M is used to represent the termination -merit or merits; and though some words end with it, yet the sense will clearly distinguish when it is a termination. Ph when together, sound like f- — , f is always sub- stituted. To express r r, the pupil must begin with that character for r, which is used when joined with other consonants, and finish with that which stands for the alphabetical word, are. W may be frequently omitted in many words, and yet leave them perfectly legible. Y is written when a consonant at the beginning and middle of words, but at their terminations is expressed by a dot, the same as other vowels. When ch sounds like k it is written. Tlie -ions cha- racter is used for the terminations -ious, -eouSf -nous, and -ills. As the horizontal Short-Hand characters may be placed at the option of the writer, at the top, in the middle, or at the bottom of the line, the intermediate vowel may sometimes be indicated, without being ac- tually inserted by the position of those characters. As sm for same, should be struck at the top of the line : in the middle for sin: and for sun, at the bottom of the line, to indicate the different vowels a, i, ii. In the horizontal characters such as m or s, the vowels which precede the consonant are placed above UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 23 the character, reckoning the vowels from left to right, and those which follow the consonant, below. In the semicircular letters, k, &c. the different po- sitions of the several vowel points are not quite so easily- understood. The vowel a when it precedes this conso- nant is always placed above. — See plate 3. On the contrary, when the vowel follows this consonant it is of course always placed below the letter. It is proper to observe, that the vowel points are always reckoned from the beginning of each consonant mark; when therefore any Short-Hand letter is evi- dently written upwards, the vowel places are in that case reversed, the place of the vowel a being at the bottom of the line where the character is began. OF THE PREPOSITIONS, TERMINATIONS, &C. Tlie Short-Hand prepositions and terminations when used separately, are designed sometimes to shorten words, but very frequently they are used out of mere convenience, and for the purpose of avoiding an awkward combination of consonants. — This character written at the top of the line, stands for the very common ter- mination -ation, a little lower, etion, and nearer the bottom for -ition. The plural number of the termination is denoted by the same mark made a little longer. By this rule the prepositions par- pre- and pro- may easily be distinguished. The character ior p, may either be written upright or inclining a little to the left. There is no necessity for Avriting the preposition ex- separately in the word extract t Tlie termination -cA, is also most frequently joined to the preceding part of the word. The observation will apply also to a few other prepositions and terminations. 24 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. The termination -ly is denoted by a dot under the last consonant, and the participle -ing by a loop turned towards the left, except after d, when alone in that case it must be turned towards the right. To express the plural -ings, the loop must be made larger. Some compound words may be written singly, thus, with-drmv, 7iever-the-less, Sic. Proper names with which the learner is unacquainted, may at first be written in long-hand, and occasionally a few other words. A few words are here inserted to shew the manner of spelling in Short-Hand Writing, in which the vowels are occasionally inserted : Might is to be written mit, figlit,^^, machine, mashn^ enough, emi/i laugh, laf.^TOiphet,pr of et, foreign, foren, psalm, sam, island. Hand, knavery, navery, honour, onor, chaos, kaos, rocks, vox, acts, cuie, facts, faks, or fax, conquer, konkr, strength, strenth, length, tenth, connect, konkt. The sound of the word laugh, is as completely con- veyed to the ear by the letters laf, as by the letters laughi diversion, dlvrshn. impeach, mpch. instances, instns. argument. rgmnt. company, kmpny. beauty, buty. attacks, attks. pillow. pilo. wisdom, icsdom. attempt. atmt. excuse. xks. assigned. aslnd. politics, pita;. knowledge. noleg. excellent. xlnt. candle. kndl. friendship. frndship. master. mstr. despair. dspr. common. kmn. UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 25 OP THE VOWELS AND MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS. The five vowels being all expressed by two simple marks, a point and a comma, they are distinguished from each other by their position or relative situation to the consonant going before or after them ; for example, should the consonant be a perpendicular or oblique cha- racter, a is represented by a point placed at the top of it, e a point placed in the middle, and i a point placed at the bottom. For the personal pronoun, I, a mark may be used, thus, ' similar to the upper part of a note of admiration. Again, o is represented by a comma, or accent placed at the top, and u a comma placed in the middle. Tlie mark for o and u may be turned towards the right or left, at the option of the pupil. See plate 3. The vowels may occasionally be inserted in the middle of words. When there is occasion to express a vowel before or after any word, place the mark for such vowel close to the word to which it belongs, that it may not be taken for a single vowel. Where vowels have been generally omitted, either in the haste of transcribing, or for the sake of expedition in following a speaker, they ought to be supplied after- wards where necessary, while the subject and matter are fresh in the recollection of the writer. In all words which have neither incipient, termi- native, nor long vovrel, express no vowel at all, unless some peculiar circumstance may render it expedient or necessary to deviate from the general rule. A word of more than one syllable having a long vowel in it, must generally have that vowel expressed, because the long vowel being found in that syllable which is 26 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. most distinctly heard in pronunciation, affords the the greatest help for reading, nevertheless, when a word of more than one syllable, consisting of several conso- nants, even the long vowel may frequently be omitted. When the negative prepositions im- un- ir- are pre- fixed to words beginning with the same consonant with which those prepositions respectively end, the incipient vowel must be expressed. The article a or an, is to be written by a point, and and the by a comma, in each case the former is to be written above the line, and the latter below the line. The pupil is directed to write the words of the, thus, •• two points placed horizontally ; the words to the, may be joined together, thus, r^ To separate sentences, strike a fine stroke either up- wards or downwards, thus, / or leave a little space be- tween them. When words or sentences are repeated, draw a line under the respective words ; a caret maybe aflfixed where the words are to be repeated. When two consonants of the same kind come together with one or more vowels intervening, as in the word survive, &c. the last consonant must be made nearly double the usual si7e, or if it be a looped character, the loop is to be written larger. In some cases the prepositions and terminations may be joined to the other consonants. The character which represents the consonant b, when it is written singly, not being joined to, or connected with any other Short-Hand mark, stands for the very common word by. Tlie same character is also occa- sionally used at the beginning of words to denote the prefix abs- or obs-; and at the end of words, it denotes UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 27 the termination -ble or -ably : other prepositions and terminations are affixed to each letter. See plate 1 . Most of the other Short-Hand characters have, in like manner, the same three-fold power of denoting-, first, a common word; second, a preposition (which in Common Hand is prefixed to a word and becomes a constituent part of it,) and third, a termination being the ending or latter part of a word. Tlie same characters, however, when they are used in composition, that is, being joined to other consonants, or having vowel points annexed to them, represent neither more nor less than the par- ticular and individual consonant which it stands for. By writing the alphabetical words, prepositions, and teiminations, smaller than usual, much time is saved in their formation, and thus are more readily and eflFectually distinguished from the adjoining characters, than if written in the full size. It is not absolutely necessary to use all the alphabetical words, prefixes, and termi- nations, set down in the alphabet plate ; some of them may be rejected at the discretion of the pupil. Where vowels have been generally omitted, either in the hurry of writing, or for the sake of expedition in following a rapid speaker, all such as may occasion ob- scurity, or ambiguity by their omission, ought to be supplied while the subject and matter are fresh in the recollection of the writer. It will be seen by referring to the alphabet plate, that two characters are aflixed to the letter w; one of the characters being sometimes more convenient for joining, and sometimes the other : when written sepa- rately, the first may stand for ivho, and the other for tvith or which. The same plan may be observed with respect to the other alphabetical words. 28 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. The words, ^' with which we,' which frequently occur in discourse may be joined together, thus : ^jr^ When the alpliabet, the words the characters stand for, and the rules herein contained are perfectly under- stood and impressed on the memory, the learner may proceed to write from some spelling lessons of two or three syllables, fsee the folding' plate.) When that is accomplished, he may proceed to decypher the exam- ples in plate 3 : let liim then procure a person to read extracts on different subjects with great deliberation, while he writes them down ; the reader increasing in speed as he finds his ability to follow him increase. By this mode he will become familiarized with the manner of following a voice, will exercise the whole extent of his powers, and will overcome that confusion which frequently attends practitioners on their first attempting to write after a public speaker. The Short-Hand Alphabet must be learned so per- fectly, that each letter can be written separately and correctly four times in a minute. The learner may also exercise himself in joining together the various letters of the alphabet, backwards and forwards. Idlns is the parnt of a thsnd msfrtnSy which are nvr fit hy the ndstrious; it is apn andpmhment ofitslf and brings wnt and bgry in its tran. Idleness is the parent of a thousand misfortunes, which are never felt by the industrious ; it is a pain and punishment of itself, and brings want and beggary in its train. The words, what, tvho, whom, how, &c. have very often the termination -soeverndded to them. These may be represented by making the former part above the line, and the latter below the line. For the personal pronoun, himself, make the cha- UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 29 racter for m above the line, and the character for -self, under, thus : ^ When the learner first attempts to decipher what he has written in Short-Hand, the best way is to transcribe it in common hand, and for his assistance in so doing, he must proceed with telling the letters one by one, (giving each letter its full sound) in the words he does not know by sight ; and continue writing and decipher- ing, till in a short time, practice and perseverance will make it so easy, that he will be able to read without the trouble of transcribing. It is much easier for a person to decipher his own writing than that of others, as the learner cannot fail of having some idea of the subject he has written upon, so that by carrying the sense of what goes before in his mind, and paying a due regard to the connection, the reading part of this art will be sooner acquired than may at first be imagined. The consonants will sufficiently sound the words in our language, without the help of vowels; for, in naming the consonants, we generally sound a vowel, either before or after them. To arrive at perfection in this art, demands not only the exercise of much ingenuity, but also the most as- siduous and persevering practice. Few, even of our professional stenographers are able to take down every word from the mouth of a speaker. Indeed, were such exactness attainable, it is scarcely necessary; and would neither increase tlie gratification of the public, nor the reputation of those whose eloquence it records. OF TEACHING, &C. The assistance of a Teacher, when it can be obtained, is of great advantage in the study of this art. Men c 2 30 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. differ in their genius and preceptions, and every pupil has his own peculiar views and ideas. Difficulties pre- sent themselves to some minds which never occur to others, and which no writer on the subject can antici- pate. It is impossible, in a public treatise, to lay down rules and explanations adapted to the capacities, and satisfactory to the understanding of all who may endeavour to learn it. A master, however, has it in his power to give such minute and personal instructions as cannot fail to produce a beneficial result. He can at once explain to the student whatever seems obscure and ambiguous ; can solve his difficulties, correct his mistakes, assist his invention, encourage him in his progress, and lead him on to practical proficiency. Specimen of Contraction.* ROYAL PIETY EXEMPLIFIED ON THE FIELD OF LEIPSIC, IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE BATTLE. "N^Tien — Field Marshal, Prince Swartzenburg, observed — defeat French after — three days fighting — Leipsic, anxious — convey — tidings himself — his Sovereign, — together Emperor — Russia King — Prussia, — standing height two miles distant field — battle. The Marshal galloped up — full speed, — saluting — Emperor sword, said, — Majesty — battle end. The enemy — beaten points fly victory — ours. The Emperor eyes — heaven, and — tear was — answer; but — Majesty dismounted, — having deposited * This method is more or less practiced by all who attempt to follow a speaker ; and young persons may derive improvement by exercising their talent in this way. UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 31 hat — sword ground, fell — knees, — aloud thanks — God. This example — followed other two Monarchs, — having — kneeled, said. Brother, — Lord — with you. At — same instant Officers — attendants, — well guard, kneeled — and — several minutes — dead reigned. After — more — a thousand voices — out, — Lord — with us. The sight three heads, accompanied great distinguished warriors kneeling canopy — heaven, and — tears praising — God — Battles — most affectmg. THE SPECIMEN COMPLETE^ \Vhen the Field Marshal, Prince Swartzenburgh, observed the defeat of the French after the three days fighting at Leipsic, he was anxious to convey the tidings himself to his Sovereign, who, together with the Emperor of Russia, and the King of Prussia, was standing on a height about two miles distant/rom the field o/'battle. The Marshal galloped up at full speed, and saluting the Emperor with his sword, said, your Majesty, the battle is at an end. The enemy is beaten at all points — thep fly — the victory is ours. The Emperor raised his eyes to heaven, and a tear was hi^ answer; but his Majesty dismounted, «««? having deposited his hat and sword on the ground, fell on his knees, and aloud returned thanks to God. This example was followed l/y the other two Monarchs, who, having also kneeled, said. Brother, the Lord is with you. At the same instant all the other Officers and attendants, as well as the guard, kneeled down, and/or several minutes a dead silence reigned. After which more than a thousand voices cried out. The Lord is with us. The sight of the three crowned heads, accompanied ly a great wwm^^ro/ distinguished warriors, kneeling under the canopy o/heaven, and with tears praising the God as it is. Contrariety or opposite s may be expressed by a fine hair stroke close to the word, as =/ heaven and earth. See list of arhitraries in plate 3. The radical part of a word may often be sufficient to denote the whole word, as ^ eap. for expenceSi ^pos, for possible, / rep. reputation, &c. Words ending in any of the terminations may be de- noted by their first consonant and vowel, or two first consonants, together with the proper terminative mark. Examplcx Ar-ary, arbitrary ; op-ity, opportunity; ca-ity, capacity. When one consonant only is written, care must be taken that the vowel, whether it precedes or follows, is never omitted. These omissions may easily be supplied by the sagacity of the reader. A mode of contraction much used in common writing, is to express the first and last consonants of a word, leaving a dash in the middle to shew that it is deficient. This plan may be adopted in Short-Hand writing, or the common letters may occasionally be used. If the cha- racters cannot be distinguished by the plan first pointed out, the termination may be written under the first con- sonant. Monosyllables and other short words usually contain the greatest proportion of consonants, and UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 43i therefore present the most formidable obstacle to ex- peditious writing. If a part of a sentence is to be re- peated, draw a line under it, and place a caret where the repetition should be read again, as "Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, ^ honest, ^ just, ^ pure, lovely, ^ of good report, if there be any virtue, ^ praise, think on these things." All derivative adjectives may be represented by writing the radical word on which they are formed, and placing the accental mark a little to the left of the top of the last consonant. Derivative substantives may also be represented by placing a dot at the top of the last consonant. Deri- vative adverbs should have the point on the right of the last consonant. The following sentences may be thus contracted, " Life and im are brought to light by the g — ." — "The re of the dead, and a future state of r — and pu are plainly and positively taught in the gospel.'' In these instances the words immor- tality, gospel, resurrection, rewards, and punishments, are easily discovered. No limits can be set to this mode of abbreviation. The writer's judgment must inform him when such liberties can be taken without ambiguity. Such words may be joined together as are either re- presented by single letters, or such as by their fre- quent occurrence have become so familiar as to be readily known, tliough denoted by their first consonant only. Such words should, if possible, be shewn to be a contraction. The words thus contracted should be joined in an unusual manner, or such words may be 44 UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. written above or below the line. The words, it is, may be written thus, |- By the rules already given, nearly one-third of the words in every sentence may be expressed with the greatest speed and legibility. At the same time this mode of abbreviation is not liable to the objections which are frequently made against arbitrary characters. Adjectives and substantives mutually assist in disco- vering each other, where the one is written plainly, the other will generally be sufficiently denoted by its first consonant and vowel. Auxiliary verbs may be joined together, as, shall be, f^ would be, o\ 8cc. &c. The principal methods are shewn, and it is left to the pupil to make such further additions as his occasions may require, which he may carry further and further in proportion to his skill in the art, and his knowledge of the subject upon which he writes. MISCELLANEOUS DIRECTIONS. It will be advisable for the pupil to use faint lined paper — suitable oblong books for such purpose may be obtained at the Stationers. MoRDAN & Go's. Patent "ever pointed pencils" will be found very useful to the Short-Hand writer. Those Avho cannot aflFord to purchase this article, the author recommends Riddle's HH. — black lead pencils, two or three previously cut will be found convenient when writing in public. A common pen must be made with the nib much finer than for other writing, and something harder, with a small cleft. UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY. 45 DIRECTIONS FOR POINTING, &C. The comma must be inverted; the semicolon by its usual mark ; the colon by two inverted commas ; and the period by a fine hair stroke, or a mark thus, k in general a wider space will be sufficient. A note of in- terrogation or admiration, may be used as in common. Those who prefer Short-Hand marks for numbers, instead of figures, may adopt these characters : — — I / \/-> w C ) r a- 12345 67 8 9 10. The subjects chosen as examples for the young pupil, are moral or religious. It has been remarked by one who was no unskilful observer of men and manners, that a few good precepts when contracted into sen- tences, often strike the attention of young persons. BOOKS FOR SCHOOLS, PUBLISHED BY W. SIMPKIN AND R. MARSHALL, STATIONERS* HALL COURT, LUDGATE STREET, LATIN DELECTUS; or, First Lessons in Con- struing, adapted throughout to the Rules of Syntax of the Eton Latin Grammar, Rule by Rule, with a Directrix, a Clavis Verborum, and Clavis of Proper Names. 2nd Edit. By T. W. C. EDWARDS, M.A. 2*. Qd. Bound. This Work is confessedly the best elucidation of the Eton Rules of Syntax that has yet appeared, and lorms the most useful, because to Beginners the most in- tdligible, Introduction to Latin Construing. The Examples are always pointedly to the Rule, extremely appropriate, agreeably diversified, and without any ad- mixture of extraneous matter. The quantity of each syllable is marked, and also the accent of each word. The Directrix will be found serviceable in the highest deigree, and the Clavis at the end is a very convenient appendage. A KEY to EDWARDS'S LATIN DELECTUS, for the Use of Persons studying without a Master, may be had by private Application. 4*. Boards. SENTENTIiE SELECT.E ; or. Select Latin Sen- tences for Progressive Lessons in Latin Construing : being a Sequel to Edwards' Latin Delectus, and a con- venient Class-Book for the middle Forms of Schools. By T. VV. G. EDWARDS, M.A. 2s. 6d. Bound. ELEMENTS OF LATIN HEXAMETERS AND PENTAMETERS. By the late Rev. ROBERT BLAND. Sixth Edit. Ss. Bound. A KEY TO THE LATIN has been prepared at the pressing request of several Teachers and private Students, which may be had hy wi'iting privately to the Publishers. 5*. Boards. SYNTACTICAL EXAMINATION ; or Questions and Examples adapted to the Syntax of the Latin Grammar. 2nd Edit. 2^. Bound. The LATIN READER: from the 5th German Edition. By FREDERIC JACOBS, Professor of Ancient Literature, at Gohta ; Editor of the Greek Anthology, the Greek Reader, &c. &c. 3*. Bound. THE ETON LATIN GRAMMAR, with the addition of many useful Notes and Observations ; and also of the accents and quantity. By T. W. C. EDWARDS, xM.A. Second Edition. 2s. 6d. Bound. This Grammar is accented throuehout, and is certainly the best and most correct that can possibly be procured. The notes are entirely original, very copious, and most lucid : the construing is altogether new, and not only more literal, but cUarer and more intelligible than in any other edition of the Eton Grammar eyer yet published. Just Published, Nos. I and II, Price 6d. each. HARDING'S NEW COMMERCIAL COPIES, CONTAINING SEVERAL USEFUL FORMS OF Jnboices, IfCeceipts, IB ills of iSn^ange, Hettws, &c. Executed in a neat Runntng-Hand, suited to the Merchant's Counting-House. Nearly Ready, Price \s, STENOGRAPHICAL COPIES, CONTAINING A NEW SERIES OF ELEMENTARY LESSONS, AND ^ Uari^tp of Original ^r>ttimtxi^f ADAPTED TO THE LAST EDITION OF HAIIDINg'S UNIVERSAL STENOGRAPHY, Tbe above will be found very useful to those who have purchased the Author's System of Short-Hand Writing. Lately Published, in a neat Pocket Size, Price 2s. THE HISTORY OF MY UNCLE TIMOTHY, AN INTERESTING TALE FOR YOUNG PERSONS, By MRS. SHERWOOD, Author of Little Henry and his Bearer, Stories on the Church Catechism, Sfc. Sfc. Works Printed at the Apollo Press, Brook Street. SONGS, DIVINE AND MORAL. By ISAAC WATTS, D.D. with a Memoir of the Author. Embellished with upwards of Sixty Engravings on Wood. 4s. Half-bound. ANECDOTIANA ; being Select Gems of Anecdote and Wit. 2s. 6d. Boards. A METRICAL INDEX TO THE BIBLE. By JOSIAH CHORLEY. EmbeUished with Engravings. \s. 6c?. Boards. DIVINE BREATHINGS. 1*. 6d. THE SINFULNESS OF SIN AND THE FULNESS OF CHRIST. The last Two Sermons preached by the REV. WILLIAM BRIDGE, in 1667. Is. Gd. MINIATURE TABLES of Interest and Commission. Is. Miss MERRICK'S GRAMMAR, for Children. I5. TYPOGRAPHIA; or, The Printer's Instructor. By J. JOHNSON, Printer. Two Vols, Embellished \\ith numerous Engravings. 30s. Boards. A few Large Paper Copies are still on Sale. A Work of frreat curiosity and research, as connected with the Art of Printing, bas just issued from the Press. It is entitled Typographia ; or The Printer's hi- structor, and contains an Account of the Origin of Printing, Biographical Notices of the most Eminent Printers, and an elucidation of everv subject, in fact, that has reference to the Art. It embraces even" species of technical information required by the mechanical printer, as well as an inexhaustible fund of illu»- tratioa adapted to the general reader. [Times, Aug. 7, 1824. TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF CAXTON, and his Successors, a Typographic Specimen. 5*. Mr. Johnson, author of a most elaborate and curious work on Typography, has just published an extraordinary specimen of his professional skill, in the form of a pictorial monument to Caxton, De Worde, Pynson, and the other founders of the English Press. It has all the appearance of an engraving of the first class: the design is elegant, the drawing correct, the perspective scientific, and the whole effect in the highest degree striking and pleasing. Yet all this able imi- tation of another art is produced by means of types alone. Above 60,000 moveable pieces of metal are employed in this very surprising exhibition of mechanical talent. We sincerely hope that this enthusiastic and ingenious man will meet with the reward due "to his uncommon industry, zeal, and ability. [ Times, 1826. Speedily will be Published, in One Vol. Post Octavo, A luminous and interesting account of every par- ticular relative to m)t 33attU of agitttourt. By NICHOLAS HARRIS NICOLAS, Esq. F.S.A. To be had of all Booksellers in Town and Country. Im This book is DUE on the last date stamped below URL Jl JUN51 w . 9 1377 2m-9,'46(A394)470 Urriv : L