The Superior Library "In Camp on White Bear Island" Conflict with Indians Singular Adventures of the Captains Lewis and Clarke and Command of the U. S. Soldiers in the vast unexplored West By PAUL ALLEN THE SUPERIOR PRINTING COMPANY AKRON, OHIO COPYRIGHT 1910 BY THE WERNER COMPANY COPYRIGHT 1915 BY THE SUPERIOR PRINTING COMPANY AKRON, OHIO / ^t "~ CAMPION ACCESS^* XKCflOFT UBRAHY PREFACE THE History of the Expedition of Captains Lewis and Clarke, during the years 1804, 1805, and 1806, by order of the Government of the United States, is the first narrative which diffused widely at that time a knowledge of the so-called Oregon Territory, and the intermediate country from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains. It presents a description of a new and magnificent region, unvisited before by white men, with its barbarous tribes, their character and habits, and abounding in herds of buffalo, deer, and ante- lope, outnumbering the human tenants of the land. The Exposition held at Portland, Oregon, during the year of 1905, in commemoration of the great achieve- ments attained by the Lewis and Clarke Expedition did surely lend a renewed interest to their Journal. The work being now nearly out of print, it seemed to the publishers a suitable time to put forth a new edition of the Journal of Lewis and Clarke, pruned of unimpor tant details, with a sketch of the progress of maritime discovery en the Pacific coast, and a summary account of earlier attempts to penetrate this vast western wilderness. This Journal must ever retain a high degree of interest, as the account of the first voyage made by Indian or white man, in boats or canoes, stemming the current and rapids of the Missouri by the aid of sails, oars, pole and towline, from the point where its A PREFACE waters discharge themselves into the Mississippi t the charge of Twisted Hair, and been in this neighbour- hood for several weeks, was caught and restored to us. " After dinner we proceeded to the entrance of Colter's Creek, at the distance of" four miles, and, having made twenty and a half miles, encamped on the lower side of it. This creek rises not far from the Rocky Mountains, and, passing in the greater part of its course through a country well supplied with pine, discharges a large body of water. It is about twenty-five yards wide, with a pebbled bed and low banks. At a little distance from us were two Chopunnish houses, one of which contained eight families, and the other, much the largest we had yet seen, was inhabited by at least thirty. It was rather a kind of shed, built, like all the other houses, of straw and mats, with a roof one hundred and fifty-six feet long, and about fifteen wide, closed at the ends, and having a number of doors on each side. The vast interior was without partitions, but the fires of the different families were kindled in a row through the middle of the building, and about ten feet apart. This village was the residence of one of the prin- cipal chiefs of the nation, who was called Neeshne- pahkeeook, or Cut Nose, from the circumstance of his nose having been cut by the stroke of a lance in battle with the Snake Indians. We gave him a small medal ; but, though he was a great chief, his influence among his own people did not seem to be considerable, and his countenance possessed very little intelligence. We arrived very hungry and weary, but could not pur- chase any provisions except a small quantity of the roots of the cow-weed, and some bread made from 46 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION them. They had, however, heard of our medical skill, and made many applications for assistance ; but we refused to do anything for them, unless they gave us either some dog or horse flesh to eat. We had soon nearly fifty patients. A chief brought his wife \vith an abscess in her back, and promised to furnish us with a horse the next day if we would relieve her. Captain Clarke therefore opened the abscess, intro- duced a tent, and dressed it with basilicon. We also prepared and distributed some doses of the flour of sulphur and cream of tartar, with directions for their use. For these we obtained several dogs, but they were too poor to be eaten, and we therefore postponed our medical operations till the morning. In the mean time a number of Indians, besides the residents of the village gathered about us, or encamped in the woody bottom of the creek. " In the evening we learned from a Snake Indian, who happened to be at the place, that one of the old men had been endeavouring to excite prejudices against us by observing that he thought we were bad men, and came there, most probably, for the pur- pose of killing them. In order to remove such sus- picions, we made a speech, in which, by means of the same Indian, we informed them of our country, and of the purpose of our visit. While we were thus en- gaged, we were joined by Weahkoonut, who assisted us in effacing all unfavourable impressions from the minds of the Indians. The following morning, " May 6, our practice became more lucrative. The woman declared that she had slept better than she had before since her illness. She was therefore dressed a second time, and her husband, according GI GIVING MEDICAL AID TO THE INDIANS 47 to promise, brought us a horse, which we immedi- ately killed. Besides this woman, we had crowds of applicants, chiefly afflicted with sore eyes ; and, after administering to them for several hours, found ourselves once more in possession of a plentiful meal ; for the inhabitants became more and more friendly, and one of them even gave us a horse for our pre- scriptions for his daughter, a little girl who was af- flicted with the rheumatism. We moreover exchanged one of our horses with Weahkoonut by adding a small flag, obtaining an excellent sorrel horse. " We found here three men of a nation called Skeet- somish, who reside at the falls of a large river empty- ing itself into the north side of the Columbia, and which takes its rise from a spacious lake in the moun- tains, at no great distance from these falls. W r e now designated this river by the name of Clarke's River, as we did not know its Indian name, and we were the first whites who had ever visited its principal branches ; for the Great Lake River, mentioned by Mr. Fidler, if at all connected with Clarke's River, must be a very inconsiderable branch. To the river, moreover, which we had before called Clarke's River, rising in the southwest mountains, we restored the name of Towahnahiooks, the appellation by which it is known to the Eneeshurs. In dress and appearance these Skeetsomish were not to be distinguished from the Chopunnish ; but their language was entirely different, a circumstance which we did not learn till their de- parture, when it was too late to obtain from them a vocabulary of it." * * They set out about two o'clock, accompanied by Weahkoonut, with ten or twelve men. and an Indian 48 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION who called himself the brother of Twisted Hair; and after proceeding nine miles they halted, having lost the horse they had intended to kill, and, consequently, being obliged to lie down supperless for the night. They started the next morning with the brother of Twisted Hair for their guide; and after proceed- ing four miles, to a house containing six families, by his advice they crossed to the other side of the river, expecting to find game more plentiful near the mouth of the Chopunnish. " An Indian/' says the narrative, " now brought two canisters of powder, which his dog," he stated, " had discovered under ground, in a bottom some miles above. We immediately knew them to be the same we had buried last autumn, and as he had kept them safely, and was honest enough to return them, we rewarded him inadequately, to be sure, but as well as we could with a steel for strik- ing fire. We set out at three o'clock, and pursued a difficult and stony road for two miles, when we left the river, and ascended the hills on the right, which began to resemble mountains. But when we reached the heights we saw before us a beautiful level country partially covered with the long-leafed pine, and sup- plied with an excellent herbage, the abundant produc- tions of a dark, rich soil. In many parts of the plain the earth was thrown up into little mounds by some animal whose habits most resemble those of the sala- mander; but, although these mounds were scattered all over the plains from the Mississippi to the Pacific, we had never been able to obtain a sight of the ani- mal to which they owe their origin." Coming to a deserted Indian settlement, on a small creek emptying into the Kooskooskee, they WANT OF FOOD AMONG THE NATIVES 49 encamped there for the night. The spurs of the Rocky Mountains were covered with snow, which the Indians said was still deep, and that they would not be able to cross them before the 1st of June. They had seen some deer in the course of the day, and the tracks of many others. " May 8. Most of the hunters set out at daylight. By eleven o'clock they all returned, with four deer, and a duck of an uncommon kind, which, with the remains of our horse, formed a stock of provisions such as we had not lately possessed. Not having our facilities of procuring subsistence with guns, the natives of this country must often suffer very severely. During the last winter they had been so much dis- tressed for food, that- they were obliged to boil and eat the moss growing on the pine-trees. At the same time they cut down nearly all the long-leafed pines (which we observed lying 1 on the ground), for the purpose of collecting its seed, which resembles in size and shape that of the large sunflower, and, when roasted or boiled, is nutritious, and not disagreeable to the taste. In the spring they peel this pine, and eat the inner bark ; and in the creek near us they take some trout by means of a falling trap, similar to those common in the United States. We gave Neeshnepah- keeook and his people some of our game and horse- flesh, besides the entrails of the deer. They did not eat any of it perfectly raw, but the entrails had very little cooking. The Shoshonee was offended at not receiving as much venison as he wished, and refused to interpret; but, as we took no notice of him, he be- came very officious in the course of a few hours, and made many advances to reinstate himself in our so LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION favour. The mother of Twisted Hair and Neeshne- pahkeeook now drew a sketch, which we preserved, of all the waters west of the Rocky Mountains. They made the main southern branch of Lewis's River much more extensive than the other, and placed a great number of Shoshonee villages on its western side. " Between three and four o'clock in the afternoon we set out, in company with Neeshnepankeeook and other Indians, the brother of Twisted Hair having left us. Our route was up a high steep hill to a level plain, with little wood, over which we passed in a direction parallel to the river for four miles, when we met Twisted Hair and six of his people. To this chief we had confided our horses and part of our saddles the preceding autumn, and we therefore formed very unfavourable surmises on finding that he received us with much coldness. He soon began to speak to Neeshnepahkeeook in a very loud, angry tone, and was answered by him. We now discovered that there was a violent quarrel between these chiefs, on the subject, as we afterward understood, of our horses. But, as we could not learn the cause, and were desirous of terminating the dispute, we inter- posed, and told them that we should go on to the first, water and halt. We therefore set out, followed by all the Indians, and, having reached, at two miles' distance, a small stream running to the right, we en- camped, the two chiefs and their little bands forming separate camps at a distance from each other. They all appeared to be in very ill humour ; and as we had already heard a report that the Indians had discovered and carried off our saddles, and that the horses were much scattered, we began to be uneasy lest there QUARREL BETWEEN TWO CHIEFS 51 should be too much foundation for the rumour. We were therefore anxious to reconcile the two chiefs as soon as possible, and desired the Shoshonee to in- terpret for us while we attempted to mediate between them : but he peremptorily refused to speak a word. He observed that it was a quarrel between the two chiefs, and he had therefore i?c *-ight to interfere ; nor could all our representations, that, in merely repeat- ing what we said, he could not possibly be considered as meddling between them, induce him to take any part in it. " Soon afterward Drewyer returned from hunting, and was sent to invite Twisted Hair to smoke with us. He accepted the invitation, and, as we were smoking over our fire, he informed us that, accord- ing to his promise on leaving us at the Falls of the Columbia, he collected our horses and took charge of them as soon as he reached home. But about this time Neeshnepahkeeook and Tunnachemootoolt, or Broken Arm, who, as we passed, had been on a war party against the Shoshonees on the south branch of Lewis's River, returned, and becoming jealous of him because the horses had been confided to his care, constantly sought to quarrel with him. At length, being an old man, and unwilling to live in a perpetual broil with these chiefs, he gave up the care of the horses to them, in consequence of which the animals had become very much scattered. The greater part of them were, how- ever, still in the neighbourhood ; some in the forks between the Chopunnish and Kooskooskee, and three or four at the village of Broken Arm, about half a day's march higher up the river. He added that on the rise of the river in the spring, the earth had fallen 52 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION from the door of the cache, and exposed the saddles, some of which had probably been lost; but that, as soon as he was acquainted with the situation of them, he had them buried in another deposit, where they now were. He promised that, if we would stay the next day at his house, a few miles distant, he would collect such of the horses as were in the neighbour- hood, and send his young men for those in the forks, over the Kooskooskee. He moreover advised us to visit Broken Arm, who was a chief of great eminence, and he would himself guide us to his dwelling. " We told him that we would follow his advice in every respect : that we had confided our horses to his care, and expected he would deliver them to us, on which we should cheerfully give him the two guns and the ammunition we had promised him. With this he seemed very much pleased, and declared he would use every exertion to restore the horses. We now sent for Neeshnepahkeeook, or Cut Nose, and, after smoking for some time, began by expressing to the two chiefs our regret at .seeing a misunder- standing between them. Neeshnepahkeeook replied that Twisted Hair was a bad old man, and wore two faces; for, instead of taking care of our horses, he had suffered his young men to hunt with them, so that they had been very much injured, and it was for this reason that Broken Arm and himself had forbid- den him to use them. Twisted Hair made no reply to this speech, and we then told Neeshnepahkeeook of our arrangements for the next day. He appeared to be very well satisfied, and said he would himself go with us to Broken Arm, who expected to see us, and had two bad horses for us\ by which expression it REGAINING THEIR HORSES 53 was meant that he intended making us a present of two valuable horses. That chief, he also informed us, had been apprized of our want of provisions, and had sent four young men with a supply for us; but that, having taken a different road, they had missed us. After this interview we retired to rest at a late hour, and in the morning, " May 9, after sending out several hunters, we pro- ceeded through a rich, level country, similar to that of the previous day, for six miles, when we reached the house of Twisted Hair, situated near some larch-trees and a few bushes of the balsam-fir." * * * " Late in the afternoon Twisted Hair returned with about half Ihe saddles we had left in the autumn, and some pow- der and lead that had been buried at the same place. Soon after the Indians brought us twenty-one of our horses, the greater part of which were in excellent order, though some of them had not yet recovered from hard usage, and three had sore backs. We were, however, very glad to recover them in any condition. Several Indians came down from the village of Tun- nachemootpolt, and passed the night with us. Cut Nose and Twisted Hair seemed now to be perfectly reconciled, for they both slept, in the house of the lat- ter. The man who had imposed himself upon us as a brother of Twisted Hair also came and renewed his advances : but we found that he was an impertinent, proud fellow, of no respectability in the nation, and we therefore felt no inclination to cultivate any intimacy with him. Our camp was in an open plain, and soon became very uncomfortable ; for the wind was high and cold, and the rain and hail, which began about seven o'clock, changed in about two hours to a heavy fall of 54 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION snow, which continued till after six o'clock the next morning, " May 10, when it ceased, after covering the ground eight inches deep, and leaving the air keen and frosty. We soon collected our horses, and, after a scanty breakfast of /roots, set out on a course south 35 east, The road was very slippery, and the snow stuck to the horses' feet, and made them stumble very frequently. After going about sixteen miles we came to the hills on Commearp Creek, which were sjx hundred feet high, and their tops covered with snow, though in the lower parts, as well as along the bottom of the creek, there had been only rain, while it was snowing on the ele- vated plains. Descending these hills to the creek, at about four o'clock we reached the house of Tunnache- mootoolt, where the flag which we had given him was displayed on a staff, and beneath which we were re- ceived in due form, and then conducted a short dis- tance to a good spot for an encampment, on Commearp Creek. We next collected the men of consideration in the tribe, and, after smoking with them, explained how destitute we were of provisions. The chief then spoke to the people, and they immediately brought about two bushels of dried quamash roots, some cakes of the roots of cow-weed, and a dried salmon-trout. We thanked them for this supply, but observed at the same time that, not being accustomed to live on roots only, we feared that such diet might make our men sick, and proposed to exchange one of our good horses which was rather poor, for one that was fatter that we might kilL The hospitable feelings of the chief were shocked at the idea of an exchange ; and he at once replied that his people had an abundance of young horses and that, VISIT FROM HOHASTILLPILP 54 if we were disposed to eat such food, we migh 4 itve as many as we wanted. Accordingly, they soov brought us two fat young horses, asking for nothing very numerous, particularly in the Rocky Mountains and on the waters of the Columbia: the body and abdomen are yellow, with transverse circles of black, the head black, and the wings, which are four in num- ber, are of a dark brown colour; their nests are built in the ground, and resemble that of the hornet, with an outer covering to the comb. These insects are very fierce, and sting severely, so that we found them ex- ceedingly troublesome in frightening our horses as we passed the mountains. The silkworm is also found here, as well as the bumble-bee, though the honey-bee is not." From the 18th to the 23d nothing of special inter- est occurred. For several days they had almost con- stant rains, and the hunters had very little success in killing game, so that they were very scantily supplied with food. The salmon, however, were soon expected, as they had received accounts of their having made their appearance in Lewis's River. " May 24. This proved the warmest day," says the Journal, " since our arrival. Besides administering medical relief to the Indians, we were now obliged to devote much of our time to the care of our own in- TREATMENT BY SWEATING BATH 71 valids. The child of Sacajawea was very unwell ; and with one of the men we had ventured an experiment of a very bold character. He had been for some time sick, but had now recovered his flesh, ate heartily, and digested well, but had so great a weakness in the loins that he could not walk, nor even sit upright without extreme pain. After we had in vain exhausted the resources of our art, one of the hunters mentioned that he had known persons in a similar situation re- stored by violent sweats, and at the request of the patient we permitted the remedy to be applied. For this purpose, a hole about four feet deep and three in diameter was dug in the earth, and heated well by a large fire in the bottom of it. The fire was then taken out, and an arch formed over the hole by means of willow poles, and covered with several blankets, so as to form a perfect awning. The patient, being stripped naked, was seated under this on a bench, with a piece of board for his feet, while with a jug of water he sprinkled the bottom and sides of the hole, so as to keep up as hot a steam as he could bear. After re- maining twenty minutes in this situation he was taken out, immediately plunged twice into cold water, and then brought back to the hole, where he was again subjected to the vapour bath. During all this time he drank copiously a strong infusion' of horsemint, which was used as a substitute for the seneca root, which our informant said he had seen employed on these occasions, but of which there was none in this country. At the end of three quarters of an hour he was again withdrawn from the hole, carefully wrap- ped up, and suffered to cool gradually. The morning M. of H. XVIX 17 72 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION after this operation was performed he walked abo&t, and was nearly free from pain. " About eleven o'clock a canoe arrived with three Indians, one of whom was the poor creature who had lost the use of his limbs, and for whose recovery the natives seemed very anxious, as he was a chief of con- siderable rank among them. His situation, however, was beyond the reach of our skill. He complained of no pain in any particular limb, and we therefore thought his disorder could not be rheumatic; and his limbs would have been more attenuated if his disease had been a paralytic affection." The two following days the hunters failed alto- gether in obtaining game, but purchased a few roots, which they brought in. The Indians still remained at the encampment with their sick chief, discovering the most affectionate anxiety for his cure, and continually soliciting that something farther might be done for him. The snows on the mountains were evidently dis- appea.ring, and on the 26th they were gladdened by the sight of a salmon in the river. " May 27. The horse the Indians had given us some time ago had gone astray, but in our present dearth of provisions we searched for him and killed him. Observing that we were in want of food, Ho- hastillpilp told us that most of the horses which we saw running at large belonged to him or his people, and that, whenever we wished for meat, we might take one without any restraint. We had, indeed, more than once, occasion to admire the generosity of this Indian, whose conduct presented a model of what is due to strangers in distress. A party was sent to a .village that had been discovered the day before, and HOSPITALITY OF HOHASTILLPILP 73 returned with a large supply of bread and roots. Ser- geant Ordway and two men were also despatched to Lewis's River, about half a day's ride to the south, where we expected to obtain salmon, which were said to be very abundant at that place. Three of our hunt- ers returned with five deer." * * * " The Indians who attended the sick chief were so anxious to have the operation of sweating performed on him under our inspection, that we determined ,to gratify them by making the attempt. The hole w r as therefore en- larged, and the father of the chief, a very good-looking old man, went in w r ith him, and held him in a proper position. This strong evidence of affection is directly opposite to the received opinion of the insensibility of savages; nor were we less struck with the kindness and attentions shown to the sick man by those who were wholly unrelated to him, and which was the more remarkable, as his long illness of three years might be supposed to have exhausted their sympathy. We could not produce as complete a perspiration as we desired, and after he was taken out he complained of suffering considerable pain, which we relieved with a few drops of laudanum, and he then rested well. The next morning, " May 28, he was able to use his arms, felt better than he had done for months, and sat up during the greater part of the day." * * * " May 29. The Indian chief was still rapidly recov- ering, and for the first time during the last twelve months had strength enough to wash his face. We had intended to repeat the sweating to-day, but, as the weather was cloudy, with occasional raining, we deferred it. This operation, though violent, appears 74 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION highly efficacious ; for our own man, on whom the ex- periment was first made, is recovering his strength very fast, and the restoration of the chief is wonder- ful. He continued to improve, and on the following day, " May 30, after a very violent sweating, was able to move one of his legs and some of his toes, the fin* gers and arms being almost entirely restored to their former strength." * * * " May 31. Two men visited the Indian village, where they purchased a dressed bearskin of a uniform pale reddish brown colour, which the Indians called yackah, in contradistinction to hohhost, or the white bear. This induced us to inquire more particularly into their opinions as to the several species of bears; and we produced all the skins of that animal which we had purchased. The natives immediately classed the white, the deep and the pale grizzly red, the griz- zly dark brown, in short, all those with the extremities of the hair of a white or frosty colour, without regard to the colour of the ground of the fur, under the name of hohhost. They assured us that they were all of the same species with the white bear; that they associated together, had longer nails than the others, and never climbed trees. On the other hand, the animals with black skins, those which were black with a number of entire white hairs intermixed, or with a white breast, the uniform bay, and the brown and light reddish brown, they range under the class yackah, and said they resembled each other in being smaller, in having" shorter nails than the white bear, in climbing trees, and being so little vicious that they could be pursued DIFFERENT SPECIES OF BEAR 75 with safety. This distinction of the Indians seemed to be well founded, and we were inclined to believe, " First, that the white or grizzly bear of this neigh- bourhood form a distinct species, which, moreover, are the same with those of the same colour on the upper part of the Missouri, where the other species is not found. " Second, that the black and reddish brown, &c., are a second species, equally distinct from the white bear of this country, and from the black bear on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, which last two seem to form only one species. The common black bear is indeed unknown in this country ; for the bear of which we are speaking, though in most respects similar, dif- fers from it in having much finer, thicker, and longer hair, with a greater proportion of fur mixed with it, and also in having a variety of colo trs, while the com- mon black bear has no intermixture or change of col- our, but is of a uniform black. * * * " In the course of the day the natives brought us another of our original stock of horses, of which we had now recovered all except two ; and those, we were informed, were taken back by our Shoshonee guide when he returned home. They amounted to sixty-five, most of them fine, strong, active animals, and in excel- lent order." The next day, in crossing the river, they had the misfortune to lose all their remaining stock of mer- chandise. " We therefore," says the Journal, " cre- ated a new fund, by cutting off the buttons from our clothes, and preparing some eye-water and basilicon, to which were added a few vials and small tin boxes, 76 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION in which we had once kept phosphorus. With these articles two men set out in the morning, " June 2, to trade, and brought home three bushels of roots and some bread. In the mean time several hunters were sent out. The Indians informed us that there were great numbers of moose to the southeast of the east branch of Lewis's River, which they called the Tommanamah. We had lately heard, also, that some Indians, residing at a considerable distance, on the sbuth side of the Kooskooskee, were in posses- sion of two tomahawks, one of which had been left at our camp on Moscheto Creek, and the other had been stolen while we were with the Chopunnish in the autumn. This last we were anxious to obtain, in order to give it to the relations of our unfortunate com- panion, Sergeant Floyd, to whom it once belonged. We therefore sent Drewyer, with the two chiefs Nee- shnepahkeeook and Hohastillpilp, to demand it. On their arrival, they found that the present possessor of it, who had purchased it of the thief, was at the point of death ; and his relations were unwilling to give it up, as they wished to bury it in the grave with the deceased. The influence of Neeshnepahkeeook, how- ever, at length prevailed ; and they consented to surren- der the tomahawk on receiving two strands of beads and a handkerchief from Drewyer, and from each of the chiefs a horse, to be killed at the funeral of their kinsman, according to the custom of the country. " Soon after their return, Sergeant Ordway and his party, who had been sent to procure fish, and for whose safety we had become extremely anxious, came back from Lewis's River with some roots and seventeen salmon. The distance, however, from which they had IMPATIENCE OF PARTY TO LEAVE 77 been brought was so great, that most of them were nearly spoiled ; but such as were still sound were very delicious, the flesh being of a fine rose colour, with a small mixture of yellow, and so fat that they cooked perfectly well without the addition of any oil or grease." * * * " June 3. Finding that the salmon did not yet ap- pear along the shore, as the Indians had assured us they would, and that all the salmon which they them- selves used were obtained from Lewis's River, we began to lose our hopes of subsisting on them. We were too poor, and at too great a distance from Lewis's River to obtain fish from thence; and it was not probable that the river would fall sufficiently for the salmon to reach where we were before it would be necessary for us to leave. Our Indian friends were about sending an express over the mountains to Trav- eller's Rest, in order to procure intelligence from the Ootlashoots, a band of Flatheads who have wintered on the east side of the mountains; and, as the route was deemed practicable for this express, we also pro- posed setting out. The Indians, however, dissuaded us from it, as many of the creeks, they said, were still too deep to be forded, the roads very heavy and slip- pery, and there was no grass yet for our horses; but that in twelve or fourteen days we should not have these obstacles to encounter." * * * " During the two following days we continued hunting in our own neighbourhood, .and by means of these efforts, and trading with the Indians for trifling articles, we succeeeded in procuring as much bread and roots, besides other food, as would enable us to subsist while crossing the mountains. The old chief 78 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION in the mean time gradually recovered the use of his limbs, and our own man was nearly restored to his former kealth." * * * The next day they were informed by Neeshne- pahkeeook that his people would not accompany them to the Missouri, but that some of their young men, as they had before promised, should go with them. CHAPTER V. They join in the Diversions of the Willetpos Indians, a Tribe hitherto unnoticed. Joy of the Party at the prospect of Returning. Vegeta- tion of the Rocky Mountains. Preparations to resume their Journey. They set out, and arrive at Hungry Creek. Difficulties that ob- structed their Progress. Compelled to return and wait for a Guide across the Mountains. Their Distress for want of Provisions. They resolve to return to the Quamash Flats. Are at last so fortunate as to procure Indian Guides, with whom they resume their Journey. Dangers of the Route. Scarcity of Provisions, and the Perils to which they were exposed, their Course lying along the Ridge of the Moun- tains. Description of the warm Springs, where the Party encamp. Fondness of the Indians for bathing in them. ON the 7th they were engaged in preparing packs and saddles for their journey, having now re- solved to start as soon as circumstances would in any way permit. " June 8. Cut Nose visited us this morning with ten or twelve warriors, among whom were two be- longing to a band of Chopunnish which we had not before seen, who called themselves Willetpos, and resided on the south side of Lewis's River. One of them gave a good horse which he rode in exchange for one of ours, which was in no condition to cross the mountains, on receiving a tomahawk in addition. 79 so LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION We were also so fortunate as to exchange two other horses for two that were much better, without giving anything else. After these important transactions, several foot-races were run between our men and the Indians : the latter, who are very active, and fond of these races, proved themselves very expert, and one of them was as fleet as our swiftest runners. After the races were over, the men divided themselves in- to two parties, and played at prison bars; an exercise which we were desirous of encouraging, as several of the party were becoming lazy from inaction. At night these games were concluded by a dance. One of the Indians told us that we could not pass the moun- tains before the next full moon, or about the first of July; and that, if we attempted it before that time, the horses would be three days without food on the top of the mountains. This intelligence was by no means agreeable, as it excited doubts as to the most proper time for starting ; but, having become very im- patient, we were determined to run all hazards, and leave as soon as the Indians generally considered the route practicable, which was about the middle of the present month. * * * " June 9. Hohastillpilp, who had visited us the day before, now left us, with other Indians, for the plains near Lewis's River, where the whole nation were about to assemble. Broken Arm, too, with all his people, stopped on their way to the general ren- dezvous at the same place. Cut Nose, or Neeshne- pahkeeook, borrowed a horse, and rode down a few miles after some young eagles. He soon returned with two of the gray kind, nearly grown, which he intended to raise for the sake of the feathers. The CAMPING AT QUAMASH FLATS 81 young chief who had some time before made us a present of two horses, came with a party of his people and passed the night with us." * * * The river had now fallen about six feet, which might be regarded as a sure indication that most of the snow had melted on the mountains. They con- cluded, however, that it would be most prudent still to wait a day or two longer before they finally set out on their journey. " June 10. After collecting our horses," proceeds the Journal, " which took much time, we set out at eleven o'clock for the Quamash Flats. Our stock was now very abundant, each man being well mounted, with a small load on a second horse, besides several supernumerary ones, in case of accident or want of food. We ascended the river hills, which are very high, and three miles in extent ; our course being north 22 east, and then north 15 west for two miles, till we reached Collin's Creek. It was deep and difficult to cross, but we passed without any injury except wetting some of our provisions, and then proceeded due north for five miles to the eastern edge of the Quamash Flats, near where we had first met the Cho- punnish im the autumn. We encamped on the bank of a small stream, in a point of woods bordering an extensive level and beautiful prairie, which was in- tersected by several rivulets, and, as the quamash was now in blossom, presented a perfect resemblance to a lake of clear water. " A party of Chopunnish, who had overtaken us a few miles above, halted for the night with us, and mentioned that they too had come down to hunt in 82 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION the flats, though we had fears that they expected us to provide them during their stay. " The country through which we passed was gen- erally free from stone, extremely fertile, and well supplied with timber, consisting of several species of fir, long-leafed pine, and larch. The undergrowth was chokecherry near the water-courses, and scat- tered through the country were black alder, a large species of the reed-root now in bloom, a plant re- sembling the pawpaw in its leaf, and bearing a berry with five valves of a deep purple colour. There were also two species of sumach, the purple haw, sevenbark, service-berry, gooseberry, the honeysuckle bearing a whke berry, and a species of dwarf pine ten or twelve feet high, which might be confounded with the young pine of the long-leafed species, except that the former bears a cone of a globular form, with small scales, and that its leaves are in fascicles of two resembling in length and appearance the common pitch pine. We also observed two species of wild rose, both quin- quepetalous, both of a damask red colour, and simi- lar in the stem ; but one of them was as large as the common red rose of our gardens ; its leaf, too, is some- what larger than that of the other species of wild rose, and the apex, as we saw them last year, was more than three times the size of the common wild rose. " We saw many sandhill cranes, and some ducks in the marshes near our camp ; likewise a great number of burrowing squirrels, some of which we killed, and found them as tender and well-flavoured as our gray squirrels." The hunters were sent out in different directions the next day, but with very indifferent success. Be- FERENT SPECIES OF PLANTS 83 ing determined to start in earnest in the morning, they cut up and dried what meat they had, packed their baggage, and hoppled their horses, to be in readi- ness at an early hour. " June 15. The horses," proceeds the Journal, " had strayed to such a distance that we could not collect them without great difficulty ; and, as it rained very hard, we waited for it to abate. It soon, how- ever, showed every appearance of a settled rain, and we therefore set out at ten o'clock. We crossed the prairie at the distance of eight miles, where we had sent our hunters, and found two deer which they had hung up for us. Two and a half miles farther we overtook them at Collin's Creek ; they had killed a third deer. After dining, we proceeded up the creek about half a mile ; then, crossing through a high, broken country for about ten miles, reached an eastern branch of the same creek, near which we encamped in the bottom, after a ride of twenty-two miles. The rains had made the road very slippery, and this, joined to the quantity of fallen timber, rendered our progress slow and laborious. The country through which we passed had a thick growth of long-leafed pine, with some pitch pine, larch, white pine, white cedar, or arbor vita of large size, and a variety of firs. The under- growth consisted chiefly of reed-root, from six to ten feet in height, with the other species already enumer- ated. The soil was in general good, and had some- what of a red cast, like that near the Southwest Moun- tain in Virginia. We saw in the course of our ride the speckled woodpecker and the bee-martin, and found the nest of a humming-bird which had just be- gun to lay its eggs. 84 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION " June 16. We readily collected our horses, and, having taken breakfast, proceeded at six o'clock up the creek, over handsome meadows of fine grass, and a great abundance of quamash. At the distance of two miles we crossed the creek, and ascended a ridge in a direction towards the northeast. Fallen timber still obstructed our way so much, that it was eleven o'clock before we had made seven miles to a small branch of Hungry Creek. In the hollows and on the north side of the hills large quantities of snow still remained, in some places to the depth of two or three feet. Vegetation, too, was proportionably re- tarded, the dog-tooth violet being just in bloom,, and the honeysuckle, whortleberry, and a small species of white maple were but beginning to put forth their leaves. These appearances, in a part of the country comparatively low, were ill omens of the practicabili- ty of crossing the mountains. But, being determined to proceed, we halted merely to take a hasty meal while the horses were grazing, and then resumed our march. The route was through thick woods, and over high hills intersected by deep ravines and obstructed by fallen timber. We found much difficulty, also, in fol- lowing the road, the greater part of it being now cov- ered with snow, which lay in large masses eight or ten feet deep, and would have been wholly impassable had it not been sufficiently firm to bear our horses. Early in the evening we reached Hungry Creek, at the place where Captain Clarke had left a horse for us as we passed in September ; and, finding a small glade with some grass, though not enough for our horses, we thought it better to halt for the night, lest by going farther we should find nothing for them to SNOW STILL COVERS COUNTRY 85 eat. Hungry Creek was small at this place, but deep, and discharged a torrent of water perfectly transpar- ent, and cold as ice. During the fifteen miles of our -route this day the principal timber was the pitch pine, the white pine, larch, and fir. The long-leafed pine extends but a small distance on this side of Collin's Creek, and the white cedar does not reach beyond the branch of Hungry Creek on which we dined. In the early part of the day we saw the columbine, the blue bell, and the yellow flowering pea in bloom. There was also on these mountains a great quantity of angelica, stronger to the taste, and more highly scented, than that common in the United States. The smell is very pleasant, and the natives, after drying and cutting it into small pieces, wear it in strings around their necks. "June 17. The air we found pleasant during the day, but, notwithstanding the shortness of the nights, it became very cold before morning. At an early hour we collected our horses and proceeded down the creek, which we crossed twice with much diffi- culty and danger, on account of its depth and rapidi- ty. We avoided two other crossings of the same kind by passing over a steep and rocky hill. At the distance of seven miles, the road began to ascend the main ridges which divide the waters of the Cho- punnish and Kooskooskee Rivers. We followed it up a mountain for about three miles, when we found our- selves enveloped in snow, from twelve to fifteen feet in depth, even on the south side, with the fullest ex- posure to the sun. Winter now presented itself to us in all its rigours : the air was keen and frosty, no vestige of vegetation was to be seen, and our hands 86 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION and feet were benumbed with cold. We halted at the sight of this new difficulty. " To wait till the snows on the mountains had dis- solved so as to enable us to distinguish the road, would we knew, defeat our design of returning to the United States this season. We found, also, that as the snow bore our horses very well, travelling was infinitely easier than it had been last fall, when the rocks and fallen timber so much obstructed our march. But it would require five days to reach the fish-wears at the mouth of Colter's Creek, even if we should succeed in following the proper ridges of the mountains : and the danger of missing our way was exceedingly great, as every track was covered with snow. During these five days, too, we should have no chance of finding either grass or underwood for our horses. To proceed, therefore, under such cir- cumstances, would be to hazard our being bewildered ir* the mountains, to ensure the loss of our horses, and, should we even be so fortunate as to escape with our lives, we might be obliged to abandon all our papers and collections. It was accordingly de- cided not to venture any farther; to deposit here all the baggage and provisions for which we had no im- mediate use, and, reserving only subsistence for a few days, return, while our horses were yet strong, to some spot where we might live by hunting till a guide could be procured to conduct us across the mountains. Our baggage was placed on scaffolds and carefully covered, as were also the instruments and papers, which we thought it safer to leave than to risk them over the roads and creeks by which we had come. Having completed this operation, we set EFFORTS TO BECOME A GUIDE 87 out at one o'clock, and, retracing our steps, reached Hungry Creek, which we ascended for two miles, and, finding some scanty grass, encamped for the night, fhe rain fell during the greater part of the evening and, as this was the first time that we had ever been compelled to make a retrograde movement, we feared that it might depress the spirits of the men ; but, though somewhat dejected at the circumstance, the obvious necessity precluding all repining. During the night our horses strayed in search of food to a consider- able distance among the thick timber on the hill sides, nor could we collect them till nine o'clock the next morning, " June 18. Two of them were, however, still miss- ing, and we directed two of the party to remain and look for them. At the same time we despatched Drewyer and Shannon to the Chopunnish, in the plains beyond the Kooskooskee, in order to hasten the ar- rival of the Indians who it had been promised should accompany us, or, at any rate, to procure a guide to conduct us to Traveller's Rest. For this purpose they took a rifle, as a reward to any one who would engage to go with us, with directions to increase the reward, if necessary, by an offer of two other guns to be given immediately, and ten horses at the Falls of the Missouri : we then resumed our route." * * * They proceeded on to Collin's Creek, where they halted for the night. Although numerous tracks of deer were seen, the hunters did not succeed in killing any. They remained at their encampment on Collin's Creek the two following days, but, as they had but little success in procuring game, they resolved to return to Quamash Flats. On the 19th, the two men M. ot H. XXIX 18 88 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION who had been left behind returned, without having been able to find the missing horses. " June 21. The mortification of being obliged to retrace our steps," continues the Journal, " rendered still more tedious a route everywhere so obstructed by brush and fallen timber that it could not be passed without difficulty, and even danger to our horses. One of these poor creatures wounded himself so badly in jumping over some fallen logs, that he was ren- dered unfit for use, and sickness had deprived us of the service of another. At the pass of Collin's Creek we met two Indians, who returned with us about half a mile to a spot where we had slept in September, and where we now halted to dine and let our horses graze. These Indians had four supernumerary horses, and were on their way to cross the mountains. They had not seen Drewyer and Shannon, who, they said, would not return for two days. We pressed them to remain with us till that time, in order to conduct us over the mountains ; to which they consented, and de- posited their stores of roots and bread in the bushes at a little distance. After dinner we left three men to hunt till our return, and then proceeded ; but we had not gone more than two miles, when the Indians halted in a small prairie, where they promised to remain at least two nights, if we did not come back sooner. We left them, and at about seven in the evening found our- selves at our old encampment on the Flats, and were glad to find that four of the hunters whom we had sent ahead had killed a deer for supper. " June 22. At daylight all the hunters set out, and, traversing the whole country, were much more suc- cessful than we had even hoped, for they brought in THEY OBTAIN TWO INDIAN GUIDES 99 eight deer and three bear. Hearing, too, that salmon were now abundant in the Kooskooskee, we despatched a man to our former station above Collin's Creek, for the purpose of purchasing some with a few beads which had been found accidentally in one of our waistcoat pockets. He did not return in the evening, nor had we heard from Drewyer and Shannon, who we began to fear had found much difficulty in engaging a guide ; and we were also apprehensive that the two Indians might set out the next day for the mountains. Early in the morning, therefore, " June 23, we despatched two hunters to prevail on them, if possible, to remain a day or two longer ; and if they persisted in going on, they were to ac- company them, with the three men at Collin's Creek, and mark the route as far as Traveller's Rest, where they were to remain till we joined them by following the same road. " Our fears for the safety of Drewyer, Shannon, and Whitehouse were fortunately relieved by their return in the afternoon. The former brought three Indians, who promised to go with us to the Falls of the Missouri for the compensation of two guns. One of them was the brother of Cut Nose, and the other two had each given us a horse at the house of Broken Arm ; and as they were men of good character, and respect- able in the nation, we had the fairest prospect of being well served. We therefore secured our horses near the camp, and at an early hour the next morning, " June 24, set out on our second attempt to cross the mountains. On reaching Collin's Creek we found only one of our men, who informed us that, a short time before he arrived, the two Indians, tired of wait- 90 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION ing, had set out, and the other four men had accompa- nied them, as they were directed. After halting, we went on to Fish Creek, the branch of Hungry Creek where we had slept on the 19th instant. Here we overtook two of the party who had gone on with the Indians, and who had been fortunate enough to per- suade them to wait for us. During their stay at Collin's Creek they had killed only a single deer, and of this they had been very liberal to the Indians, in order to induce them to remain, so that they were without provisions; and two of them had set out for another branch of Hungry Creek, where we should meet them the next day. " In the evening, the Indians, to bring fair weather, as they said for our journey, set fire to the woods. As these consisted chiefly of tall fir-trees, with very numerous dried branches, the blaze was almost in- stantaneous, and as the flames mounted to the tops of the highest trees, it resembled a splendid display of fireworks. In the morning, " June 25, one of our guides complained of being sick : a symptom by no means pleasant, as sickness with an Indian is generally the pretext for abandon- ing an enterprise which he dislikes. He promised, however, to overtake us, and we therefore left him with his two companions, and set out at an early hour. At eleven o'clock we halted for dinner at the branch of Hungry Creek, and here we found our two men, who had killed nothing. Here, too, we were joined, rather unexpectedly, by our guides, who now appeared disposed to be faithful to their engagements. The Indian, indeed, was really sick ; and having no covering except a pair of moccasins and an elkskin CROSSING MOUNTAINS DIFFICULT 91 dressed without the hair, we supplied him with a buf- falo robe. " In the evening we arrived at Hungry Creek, and halted for the night about a mile and a half below our encampment on the 16th. " Tune 26. Having collected our horses and taken breakfast, we set out at six o'clock, pursuing our former route, and at length began to ascend for the second time the ridge of mountains. Near the snowy region we killed two small black pheasants and one of the speckled kind. These birds generally frequent the higher parts of the mountains, where they feed on the leaves of the pine and fir ; but both kinds appear to be solitary and silent, as we never heard either of them make any noise; and the Indians told us that they did not drum in flying, nor make a whirring sound with their wings. On reaching the top of the moun- tain we found our deposit perfectly safe. The snow r in the neighbourhood had melted nearly four feet since the 17th. By measuring it accurately, and com- paring it with the mark which we had then made, we found the general depth to have been ten feet ten in- ches, though in some places still greater; but at this time it was about seven feet. It required two hours to arrange our baggage and prepare a hasty meal, after which the guides urged us to set off, as we had a long ride to make before we should reach a spot where there was grass for our horses. We accordingly mounted, and, following,' their steps, sometimes crossed abruptly steep hills, and then wound along their sides, near tremendous precipices, where, had our horses ! slipped, we should have beer: irrecoverably lost. Our route lay along the ridgy mountains which separate 92 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION the waters of the Kooskooskee and Chopunnish, and above the heads of all the streams, so that we met] no running water. The whole country was completely! covered with snow, except occasionally a few square feet of earth at the roots of some trees, round which it had dissolved. We passed our camp of the 18th of I September, and late in the evening reached a spot! where we encamped, near a good spring of water. It I was on the steep side of a mountain, with no wood,! and a fair southern aspect, from which the snow seemed to have disappeared for about ten days, and an abundant growth of young grass, like greensward, had sprung up. There was also a species of grass not unlike flag, with a broad succulent leaf, and which is confined to the upper parts of the highest mountains. It is a favourite food with horses, but it was then either covered with snow, or just making its appearance. There is a third plant peculiar to the same regions, a species of whortleberry; and there are also large quantities of a species of bear-grass, which, though it grows luxuriantly over all these mountains, and preserves its verdure during the whole winter, is never eaten by horses. " In the night there came to our camp a Chopun- nish, who had followed us with the view of accom- panying us to the Falls of the Missouri. We now learned that the two young Indians whom we had met on the 21st, and detained several days, were merely going on a party of pleasure to the Ootlashoots, or, as they call them, Shallees, a band of Tushepahs who live on Clarke's River, near Traveller's Rest. Early the next morning, " June 27, we resumed our journey over the heights HARDNESS OF THE SNOW 93 and steep hills of the same great ridge. At eight miles' distance we reached an eminence where the Indians had raised a conical mound of stone, six or eight feet high, on which was fixed a pine pole about fifteen feet high. Here we halted and smoked for some time at the request of the Indians, who told us that, in passing the mountains with their families, some men are usually sent on foot from this place to fish at the entrance of Colt Creek, rejoining the main party at the Ruamash Glade at the head of the Koos- kooskee. From the elevated point where we now were, we had a commanding view of the surrounding mountains, which so completely enclosed us, that, al- though we had once passed them, we might have al- most despaired of ever escaping from them but for the assistance of the Indians. The marks on the trees, which had been our chief dependence, were much fewer and more difficult to be distinguished than we had expected ; but our guides traversed this trackless region with a kind of instinctive sagacity : they never hesi- tated, nor were they ever embarrassed ; and so unerring was their course, that wherever the snow had disap- peared for even a hundred paces, they found at once the summer road. With their aid the snow was scarce- ly a disadvantage; for, although we were often obliged to slide down, the fallen timber and the rocks, which were now covered, had been much more troublesome when we passed in the autumn. The travelling was, indeed, comparatively pleasant, as well as more rapid, the snow being granular and without crust, and suffi- ciently hard to prevent the horses from sinking more than two or three inches. After the sun had been on it for some hours it became softer than early in the 94 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION morning, but the horses were almost always able to get a sure foothold. " After some time we resumed our route, and at the distance of three miles descended a steep moun- tain, when, crossing two branches of the Chopunnish River just above their forks, we began to mount a second ridge. Along this we proceeded for some time, and at the distance of seven miles reached our camp of the 16th of September. Near this place we crossed three small branches of the Chopunnish, and then ascended a second dividing ridge, along which we continued for nine miles, when it became somewhat lower, and we halted for the night in a position similar to that where we had encamped the preceding even- ing. " We had now travelled twenty-eight miles with- out taking the loads from our horses or giving them anything to eat; and as the snow where we halted had not entirely melted, there was but little grass. Among other plants we observed great quantities of the white lily, with reflected petals, which were now in bloom, and in the same forwardness as in the plains on the 10th of May. As for ourselves, our stock of meat being en- tirely gone, we distributed to each mess a pint of bear's oil, which, with some boiled roots, made an agreeable repast. We saw several black-tailed or mule-deer, but could not get a shot at them, and were informed that there were great numbers of elk in the valley, near the fishery on the Kooskooskee. The Indians also asserted that on the mountains to our right there were large numbers of what they call white buffalo, or mountain sheep. Our horses had strayed some distance in quest of food, and in the morning, SCARCITY OF FOOD FOR HORSES 95 " June 28, when they were brought in, exhibited rather a gaunt appearance. The Indians promised, however, that we should reach some good grass by noon, and we set out after an early breakfast. Our route lay along the dividing ridge and across a very deep hollow, till at the distance of six miles we reached our camp of the 15th of September. A mile and a half farther we passed a road from the right, immediately on the dividing ridge, leading to the fishery. We went on, as we had done during the former part of the route, over deep snows, when, having made thirteen miles, we came to the side of a mountain just above the fishery, which, having no timber and a southern ex- posure, the snow had disappeared from it, and there was an abundance of fine grass. Our horses were very hungry as well as greatly fatigued, and as there was no other spot within our reach this evening where we could find food for them, we determined to encamp, though it was not yet midday. As there was no water in the neighbourhood, we melted snow for cooking, and early in the morning, " June 29, continued along the ridge we had been following for several days, till at the end of five miles it terminated ; and now, bidding adieu to the snows which we had been traversing, we descended to the main branch of the Kooskooskee. On reaching the water side we found a deer which had been left for us by two of our hunters, who had been dispatched at an early hour to the warm springs, and which proved a very seasonable addition to our food; for, having neither meat nor oil, we were reduced to a diet of roots, without salt or any other addition. At this place (about a mile and a half from the point where 96 LEWIS AND CLARKE'S EXPEDITION Quamash Creek falls in from the northeast) the Koos- kooskee is about thirty yards wide, and runs with great velocity over a bed, like those of all the moun- tain streams, composed of pebbles. We forded the river, and ascended for two miles the steep acclivities of a mountain, and at its summit found, coming in from the right, the old road which we had passed on our route in the autumn. It was now much plainer and more beaten, which the Indians told us was owing to the frequent visits of the Ootlashoots from the val- ley of Clarke's River to the fishery, though there was no appearance of their having been here this spring. Twelve miles from our camp we halted to graze our horses on the flats of the Quamash Creek. These form a handsome plain of fifty acres in extent, cov- ered with an abundance of quamash, and seem to be one of the principal stopping places of the Indians in crossing the mountains. We saw here several young pheasants, and killed one of the small black kind, which was the first we had observed below the region of snow. In the neighbourhood were also seen the tracks of two barefoot Indians, which our companions supposed to be Ootlashoots who had fled in distress from the Pahkees. Here, too, we discovered that two of our horses were missing. We sent two men in quest of them, and then went on seven miles farther to the warm springs, where we arrived early in the afternoon. The two hunters who had been sent for- ward in the morning had collected no game, nor were several others who went out after our arrival more successful. We therefore had a prospect of continu- ing our usual diet of roots, when late in the afternoon WARM SPRINGS 97 the men returned with the stray horses and a deer for supper. " These warm springs are situated at the foot of a hill on the north side of Traveller's Rest Creek, which is ten yars wide at this place. They issue from the bottoms and through the interstices of a gray freestone rock, which rises in irregular masses round their lower side. The principal spring, which the In- dians have formed into a bath by stopping the run with stones and pebbles, is of about the same temper- ature as the warmest bath used at the Hot Springs in Virginia. Captain Lewis could with difficulty remain in it nineteen minutes, and was then affected with