QC 9 HO NHLF C 3 in 112 .*>^- THE CLIMATE -4^ OF JAPAN. f] •»■■ Cv i i \' OF iff ^» CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY OF J.A.F-A.3Sr, TOKIO. 1893. ■■^■^♦. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/climateofjapanOOtokyrich THE CLIMATE OF JAPAN oV. .r CENTRAL METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATORY TOKIO. 1893. Dv - \ Ih GV P^ PREFACE. The origin of meteorological observations in tliis country is not very remote, but it is at the beginning of Areijl, i„ e. about twenty years ago. Though, before that time, some foreigners had taken meteorological observations at Nagasaki, Hakodate, Yokohama, and some other parts, yet the methods of observations and also their instruments were very imperfect. Almost all of their records ai'c scattei-ed away and at ])resent we have iio means of collecting them, even their fragments. Tlie first establishment of meteorological stations by our Government is in 1872, at Ifakodate in Hokkaido. After the lapse of three years, in June, 1875, another station was opened in Tokio, whicli is the Central Meteorological Observatory of tlie present day. AVith this establishment, tlie foundation of tJie meteorological observations in this country was first laid down, and since that time there was a continual developement from yeai" to year. In I880, we had twenty stations, and at present, the number is increased to fourtyseven. Besides tliese, temperatui'e stations, and raingauge stations arose successively in several places, and now we liave oO() temperature stations, and 272 raingauge stations distributed over the Empire. All stations are provided witli mercurial 1)arometer, wet and dry bulb thermometers, maxinnim therm(jmeter, mininuim thermometer, windvane, Robinson's anemometer, raingauge, juid atmometer (eva})oration gauge) ; and in some stations, solar radiation vacuum thermometei-, terrestrial radiation thermometer, ozonometer, sunshine recordei-, etc. are added to the above mentioned. All the instruments used in our stations, and temperature and raingauge stations, wei-e once tested at well known foreign observatories, and they were again compared to the standard instruments in our Central Observatory, and after minute examinations, the instrumental errors were found for every one of them. The observations, too, are taken following strictly to the Kegulations ordered l)y the Central Observatory, and moreover observers are generally those who were trained in the Central Observatory. Thus there is no doul)t that the results of observations in all stations may be equally trusted. Before 1886, the nund^er of times of observations taken in a day was not luimerous, it was generally three times, and at most did not exceed eight times. But from 188(), liourly ol)servations were taken in Tokio; and six ol)sei'vations, — i.e. 2, (>, 10 o'clock a.m. and 2, G, 10 o'clock p.m. — in otlier stations. From 1888, in the nine stations Hakodate, Sa])])oi'o, Nenuiro, Nagano, Osaka, AVakavama, Hiroshima, IMatsuyama and Iviuiiamoto, tlic hourly (>l)sei'vatioiis ^\vvv taken. Adding llio newly c^jtabllslicd stations, Nagoya aiid Tadotsn, to the above mentioned nine sttitions, we have now eleven stations where hourly ol)servations are taken. Though the ol)sei'vations do not extend for a long time, yet in about one half of our nearly fifty stations, they have been eontinned for about ten ycai's. Now I have eidrusted the task of colleeting the resnlt< hitherto obtained, and publishing the Climatology of Japan, to J\lr. K. Xakanun-a, Chief of the Serviee of Statisties of the Observatory. I sineerely hope, that by this compilation, the general character of onr climate may be made known to the ])nblic. For miiuite details of obsei-- vations in every year, see our monthly and annual re])orts issued, froiu time to time, from the 01)servatory and other stations. Tokio, Jannary, 189)5. K. Ko]',AYASIII 1 )lr('r!or <>l llic ( 'ciiii-dl j\fcf('oro/(r/ic. .\iuuial variation .............. 12 ('. I)istril)uti()ii of tcinpcratnr;' t>yrv Japan .......... Ki D. Tcniperatiu'v' anomaly ............. 17 E. ]\[axi)nnin and mininnnn tcinpcratui'cs and tlu'ir I'anp" ....... 11) F. Variability of tcnijH'ratnro ............ 24 O. ]M .<('ollaneoiis on tho tomiieratnrc ........... 27 ('HAPTKK II. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. A. Diurnal variation ............. 40 B. Annual variation .............. 4(! V. Ahsoluto ma.xiinuni and iuinininni ........... 47 I). I)i>ti'il)Ution of atniosphci'ic ])r('>.' N (Hajokan Tshind, Ijiukiu) to the 50'^ o()' N (Ahiid Island in Shinislui^riri, Chishima) and from the loiifr. 122° lo' K (Yonaknni rshiiid, Liukiu) to the lol^ 'il-2' K (Shimshu Iskmd in Shimshumna^ Cliishiinti). It <• )n,-ist- of a chain of islands stretchino- in tiie noi'theasterlv directioii from tiie neii^hbour- liood of Formo,-:i to Kanitchatka. The ditference of latitude- of the southern and the northern extremities is ah mt 27 and that of longitudes of the eastern and the we.-tern extremities is about 'M\ The area of the whole Em])ire is about .')82,400 s(|uare kilometre-. ( )f the nuiuerous islands which f)rm this Km[)ii-e, theie are f>ur })rincii)al islands, Kiusliu, Shikoku, Honshu, and IIokkaid(». Of these f )ur, tlie lariicst and the most important is the island of Honshu. It has an area of about oS.T ])er cent, of that of the whole Kmpin'. The island of Kiushu has an area of 10. o per cent, of the whole, Shikoku 4.7 per cent., Hokkaido 20.4 per cent., Chishima Islands 4.2 ])er cent, and I.iukiu Islands Of) per cent. The area of the other minor islands, sunuued up, is onlv 0.9 per cent. Onr countrv is verv mountainous. IIia,h mountains generally extend their feet out to the very sea coast, and hence there are only small tracts of level lands. Indeed we have scarcelv a place ])ro])erlv to be calle(l a ])lain, t'xcept the plain of Kwanto. There are two main mountain svstems traversinu' through this country: the Chinese system and the Saghalieu system. The former runs t'rom west toward east, the latter from northeast to southwe.-t, and they meet together at the central Nij)pon. Thev form, so to s[)eak, the back bone of the Island, and are the boimdaries of the two slopes, one toward the Sea of Japan, and the other towai'd the Pacific. These two systems are not generallv vei'v high ; in the western [)art, the height .-cai'cely exceeds 1,000 metres and in the northeastern part it is about 1,500 metres. ]Uit in the central Nippon, where these two systems meet, we have manv high peaks and jagged precipices of considerable heights, and most of them are 2,000-3,000 metres high. Ijcsides the above mentioned two main systems, there are several other mountain range-. In the northern part of Nip])on, there is the Kitakami range which runs along the coast of the Pacific in southerly direction parallel to the main system. In the central Nij)[)on, there are two luoimtain ranges branched out from the main systems, and l)i)th of them run across the island ; the lirst starts from the eastern part of tlu; [iroviuce of Shinano, and running southwards reaches to the southern exti'emity of the peninsula of Izu, while the second starts from the western part of Shinano, and riuming south- westerly, meets with another range, which comes along the southern coast of the ]>rovint'e of Kii in the direction of from east to west. In short, the province of Shinano, the centre of Ni2)pon, is a plateau surrounded completely by high moimtains on all sides. The mountain ranges in Shikoku rim generally from east to west, so that the island is divided into the two slopes, one toward Scfoiichi or the Inland Sea, and the other toward the Pacific. In Kiushu, the main luountain range runs from south to north dividing the island into two parts, the eastern and the western. In Hokkaido, there are three main mountain systems,— (I) that extend- ing southwards along the coast of the Sea of .Ia])an, (2) tiiat traversing through the central part in almost south-and-north direction, and (.'^) and lastly that starting from the northeastern extremity of the island, and running eastwards meet with the (2) at the central part. '•2 . Of the ('urrent.s flowing througli the seas around us, tlie foremost is Karof^Jiio. It first appears at tlie eastern side of Luzon and Formosa, then flows in the northern direction, and divides itself into two currents at the soutli of the I^iukiu Islands. The main current turns toward uortheast, and passes by the soutlu'rn coasts of Kiushu, Sfiikoku and Honshu, and then bends slightly toward east at about .'58° N. Since this current comes from the tropical region, it is a warm current, 4° or 5° C warmer than the adjacent waters. 'Die branch current keeps its former direction, i. e. flows northward, and touclies the westei'u coast of Kiushu, and then passing through the Strait of Corea, it enters into the Sea of Japan. Here it is called the Tsu.-^hima Current. It runs in the northeastern direction along the northwestern coast of Ni])pon, and then passes through the Soya Strait (or La Perouse Strait as it is sometimes called) at the extreme north end of Hokkaido. Thus entering into the Sea of Okhotsk, it seems to reach the eastern coast of tlie Saglialien Island. There are two cold currents near us. They are Ijiman current and Oi/ashio. The former first appears in the Sea of Okliotsk, passes down toward south through the Gulf of Tartary between the Saglialien Island and Siberia. Then flowing along the northern shores of the Sea of Japan, it passes through the Strait of Corea, and enters into the Yellow Sea in China. The latter current, i. e. Oyanhio comes from Kamtchatka, runs in the southwestern direction along Chishima, and then touches the eastern and the southern coast of Hokkaido and ultimately reaches to the eastern coast of Nippon. Thus our Empire extends over 27° of latitude, and is everywhere very mountainous, plains being almost absent. Owing to these iiregularities of the configuration, it is manifest that our climate also can, by no ni'3in<, b:; uniform, it ou^ht to 1)3 very differoot in ditfereit pirti of the Empire. CHAPTER L AIR TEMPERATURE. The tliernioniotei's, Used in all the meteorological .stations in Ja})an, are tested at tlie Central Meteoroloo-icul Observatory, and the observations arc taken when they are suspended within Stevenson's double louvre-boarded box. The observations of temperature at different stations, therefore, may be considered to have the same weiglit. Should there be any difference of weight to be attached to the result^ given in the present pa])er, it is due wholly to the difference of periods, over which observations extend. A. IHIKNAL VARIATION OF AIR TEMPKRATURE. Tlie meteorolouical stations, where hourlv observations are taken thronoh dav and nitrht, are eleven in number. They are Tokio, Kuniamoto, Matsuyama, Hiroshima, Ozaka, AVakayamti, Nagano, Nagoya, Hakodate, Sapporo, and Nennu'o. The mean hourly tem])erature for each month and year are y-iven in the following: tables.* KUMAMOTO. 1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am o am (( am 7 am 8 am ^; Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aujr. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. •i- 1 ear Wint. S,r. Sum. Aut. 1 am 0.34 4.50 0.95 12,04 14.80 18.71 23.09 23.50 22.08 14.21 8.00 5.55 12.92 3.40 11.48 21.97 14.70 2 am 0.08 4.24 (■).00 12.20 14.38 18.28 23.33 23.17 21.09 13.84 7.58 5.29 12.57 3.20 11.10 21.59 14.37 3 am ■ 0.02 3.95 0.34 11.89 13.85 18.01 23.15 22.89 21.40 13.57 7.30 5.01 1 2.29 2.99 10.09 21.35 14.13 4 am 0.00 3.02 0.17 11.01 13.52 17.74 22.94 22.04 21.15 13.33 7.05 4.85 12.05 2.82 10.43 21.11 13.84 5 am 99.97 3.34 5.97 11.40 13.21 17.52 22.78 22.39 20.93 13.04 0.78 4.00 11.83 2.04 10.19 20.90 13.58 6 am 99.93 3.10 5.81 11.20 13.41 18.04 22.88 22.35 20.80 12.80 .-,.51 4.40 11.78 2.52 10.10 21.09 13.37 7 am 0.01 3.00 0.08 12.31 15.41 20.04 24.38 24.10 21.99 13.30 0.50 4.40 12.03 2.49 n.27 22.84 13.93 H am 0.45 4.21 7.91 14.50 17.78 22.03 25.85 20.10 24.52 10.08 8.44 4.92 14.40 3.19 1 3.42 24.00 10.35 9 am : 2.22 0.48 10.10 10.52 19.99 23.41 27.31 27.92 20.45 18.93 11.87 7.10 10.53 5.29 15.54 20.21 19.08 10 am 4.43 8.05 11.75 17.87 21.42 24.58 28.10 29.11 27.82 21.14 14.80 9.03 18.28 7.57 17.01 27.20 21.27 n am 5.91 10.01 12.94 18.70 22.30 25.50 28.81 29.87 28.00 22.30 10.74 11.77 19.47 9.23 18.02 28.00 22.59 Noon •'..97 10.95 13.91 19.44 22.99 20.00 29.48 30.34 29.11 23.11 17.74 12.80 20.24 10.24 18.78 28.03 23.32 1 pm 7.40 11.39 14.3r, 19.73 23.47 20..54 29.85 30.83 29. S5 23.58 18.31 13.29 20.08 10.71 19.19 29.07 23.75 2 pm 7.04 11.58 14.45 20.04 23.83 20.72 30.18 31.33 29.52 23.83 18.00 13.70 20.90 10.97 19.44 29.41 24.00 3 ].m 7.40 11.08 14.58 20.17 23.99 20.72 :!0.30 31.20 29.45 23.04 18.43 13.05 20.')4' 10.93 19.58 29.41 23.84 4 ])m 7.11 11.40 14.45 19.70 23.01 20.42 30.05 30.87 28.75 23.00 17.71 12.94 20.50 ' 10.48 19.25 29.11 23.15 f) ]im 0.05 10.70 13.08 19.00 2;!.00 25.04 '29.43 29.89 27.49 21.50 15.82 11.39 19.47 9.40 18.50 28.32 21.00 (■> p;ii 4.43 9.22 12.28 17.70 21 .05 24.07 28.40 28.0,8 20.02 19.31 13.00 9.82 17.99 7.82 17.21 27.27 19.04 7 pm 3.30 7.95 10.77 10.35 19.81 23.37 27.07 27.00 24.82 17.79 12.14 8.78 Iti.OO 0.08 15.04 25.83 18.25 8 pm 2.0G 7.09 9.81 15.34 18.39 22.05 25.93 20.00 24,04 10.85 11.12 7.93 15.(Hr 5.89 14.51 24.00 17.34 9 pm 2.05 0..54 9.20 14.58 17.01 21.33 25.41 25.33 23.50 10.13 10.24 7.21 14.93 5.27 13.80 24.02 10.02 10 pm [ 1.40 5.84 8.35 13.92 10.75 20.48 24.88 24.71 23.00 15.47 9.30 0.5i» 14.23 4.01 13.01 23.30 15.90 11 jiin 0.97 5.39 7.81 13.49 10.09 19.90 24.35 24.24 22.72 14.89 8.08 0.08 13.72 4.15 1 2.40 22.83 15.43 M.N. 0.44 4.90 7.30 13.05 15.57 19.31 24.02 23.81 22.30 14.42 8.18 5.74 13.20 3.71 11.99 22.38 14.97 Mean 2.97 7.08 9.90 15.50 18.02 22.21 20.30 20.C0 24.90 17.75 11.74 8.23 15.99 0.09 14.09 25.00 18.13 MATSUYAMA. 2.25 4.44 5.95 10.78 13.49 17.92 22.81 22.98 21.20 13.90 8.80 0.32 12.58 4.34 1(».07 21.24 1.99 4.23 5.09 10.40 13.18 17.57 22.03 22.79 21.07 13.80 8.57 0.21 12.30 4.14 9.78 21.00 2.03 4.12 5.57 10.32 12.70 17.35 22.45 22.0] 20.90 13.51 8.38 0.33 12.20 4.10 9.55 20.80 2.04 3.88 5.44 10.13 12.35 17.10 22.22 22.39 20.80 13.28 8.41 0.40 12.04 4.11 9.31 20.59 j 1.93 3.73 5.33 9.94 12.30 17.09 22.17 22.21 20.05 13.03 8.26 0.23 11.90^ 3.90 9.19 20.49 2.04 3.47 5.33 9.83 12.73 18.01 22.49 22.24 20.01 12.84 8.21 0.23 12.00 3.91 9.30 20.91 1.97 3.30 5.9;'. 11.27 15.54 20.1 24.05 24.30 21.73 13.87 8.32 0.12 13.05 3.82 10.91 22.84 : 2.77 4.81 7.80 13.40 17.88 21.70 25.33 20.22 23.54 10.80 11.07 0.85 14.85' 4.81 13.03 24.42 14.07 14.48 14.21 ; 14.10 13.98 13.89 14.C,4 17.14 ■*■ To tivoid tlio iinnns si.L'ii, tlie dpjrrees bolow tlio freczin.a pdint aic slinwii b.v aildiiifr lf>fl; tliiis !l!l<: for — r; V'P for — ,jo etc MATSUYAMA. ^°?t Jan. Feb. Mar. Ajir. May June July Auf,^ Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Y.^ar Wi.,t. Spr. Sum. Aut. 9 am 4.4C. r,.(;9 9.4-2 14.70 19.23 22.50 25.97 27.23 24.94 19.01 13.9C, 8.97 1(5.43 i 0.71 14.47 25.23 19.30 10 am (;.04 8.00 10.05 15.54 20.10 23.40 20.01 27.77 25.71 20.31 15.08 10.81 17.50 8.28 15.45 25.93 20.57 11 am (1.94 8.85 11.30 10.30 20.00 23.88 27.22 28.20 20.29 20.92 ir,.20 11.74 18.22 9.18 10.13 20.43 21.13 Noon 7.39 9.37 11.58 10.95 21.23 24.37 27.53 28.71 2G.05 21.28 1G.G3 12.00 18.04 9.01 10.59 20.87 21.52 1 pm 7.59 9.04 11.81 17.24 21.30 24.95 28.00 29.09 27.03 21.59 10.97 12.51 18.98 9.91 10.80 27.35 21.8r, 2 pm 7.49 9.G1 12.00 17.35 21.50 25.14 28.11 29.15 27.00 21.58 17.24 12.50 19.07 9.89 10.97 27.47 21.94 8 pm 7.49 9.74 12.10 17.34 21.44 25.12 28.23 29.20 20.83 21.44 17.07 12.33 19.01 9.85 10.98 27.53 21.78 4 ]m\ 7.01 9.54 11.91 17.11 21.02 24.G2 28.11 29.07 20.30 20.84 10.32 11.80 18.04 9.47 10.08 27.27 21.15 f> pm 0.15 8.75 11.39 10.22 20.02 24.14 27.50 28.37 25.57 19.32 14.22 10..50 17.73 8.47 10.08 20.07 19.70 G pm 4.77 7.53 10.22 15.28 19.43 23.23 20.58 27.10 24.23 10.84 12.27 8.85 1G.3<; 7.05 1-1.98 25.00 17.78 7 pm 4.08 G.44 8.7G 13.74 17.4G 22.14 25.09 20.01 23.09 15.89 ll.<;3 8.13 15.25 0.22 13.32 24.01 10.87 8 pm 3.53 G.05 8.09 12.79 Ki.ll 20.79 24.55 25.07 22.48 15.28 10.94 7.74 14.45 5.77 12.33 23.40 10.23 9 pm 3.08 5.49 7.50 12.32 15.40 20.03 24.10 24.01 22.15 14.95 10.40 7.27 13.95 5.28 11.70 22.91 15.85 10 pm 2.74 5.11 7.02 11. G9 14.70 19.49 23.02 24.04 21.70 14.44 9.90 0.97 13.45 4.94 11.14 22.38 15.37 11 pm 2.48 4.87 o.m 11.29 14.42 18.92 23.32 23.71 21.44 14.02 9.41 0.71 13.10 4.G9 10.77 21.98 14.90 M. N. 2.21 4.57 G.25 11.09 13.90 18.55 23.07 23.37 21.21 13.74 8.97 0.45 12.79 4.41 10.43 21.00 14.04 Mean 4.19 G.34 8.50 13.47 17.04 21.18 25.10 25.09 23.47 10.77 11.99 8.59 15.19 0.87 13.00 23.99 17.41 HIROSHIMA. 1 am 1.01 3.49 0.00 10.92 14.29 19.20 23.11 24.57 21.31 14,33, 8.44 5.00 12.70 3.37 10.42 22.31 14.09 2 am 1.44 3.23 5.74 10.57 13.81 18.90 22,85 24.22 21.03 13,97 8,1(5 4.78 12.39 3.15 10.04 21.99 14.39 3 am 1.28 2.99 5.40 10,27 13,39 18.59 22.05 23.91 20,78 13,(^,2 7,90 4.03 12,12 2.97 9,71 21.72 14.10 4 am 1.12 2.81 5.23 10.00 13,04 18.34 22,45 23,00 20.50 13.34 7.03 4.52 11.89; 2.82 9.42 21.48 13.84 5 am 1.04 2.G7 5.03 9.70 12,72 18,12 22.25 23.45 20,40 13.05 7,43 4.42 11.09' 2.71 9,17 21.27 18.03 G am 0.99 2.54 4.80 9.09 12.70 18,20 22,20 23.30 20,27 12,87 7.25 4.32 ll.Gl 2.02 9.08 21.27 13.4(5 7 am 0.88 2.47 4.99 10.18 13,04 18.97 22,80 23,97 20,59 12,90 7,18 4.21 11.90 2.52 9.00 21.91 13.58 Sam 1.12 3.04 0.21 11. G9 15.52 20.37 23.82 25.42 21.71 14,30 8,19 4.58 13.00 2.91 11.14 23.20 14.75 9 am 2.39 4.43 7.82 13.30 17.01 21.98 24,99 27,11 23.05 10,03 10.08 0).02 14.57 4.28 12.93 24.09 1(5.39 10 am 3.93 0,12 9.54 14.80 19.12 22.90 25,98 28,39 24.47 18,14 12.22 7.59 1(5.11 5.88 14.49 25.78 18.28 11 am 5.21 7.57 10.84 15.82 20.13 23,80 20,05 29.28 25.09 20.02 14.07 8.95 17.34! 7.24 15.00 20.00 19.93 Noon 0.19 8.47 11.72 10.50 20.83 24,51 27.14 30.02 20,52 21.17 15.51 10.3(5 18.24 8.34 10.35 27.22 21.07 1 pm G.GO 8.93 12.37 10.89 21,30 24,91 27.02 30.54 20.97 21.78 10.29 11.13 18.78 8.89 10.85 27.09 21.(JS 2 pm G.98 9.21 12.08 10.97 21.47 25,11 27.78 30.73 27,08 21.89 1(5.59 11.4(5 18.991 9.22 17.04 27.87 21.85 3 pm 0.89 9.20 12.70 10.90 21 .04 25.10 27.78 30,57 27,08 21.09 10.42 11.3(5 18.94 9.15 17.08 27.82 21.73 4 pm 0.41 8.79 12.34 10.45 21.43 24,07 27.50 30,29 20,50 21.12 15.58 10.(53 18.50 8.(51 1(5.74 27.51 21.07 5 pm 5.53 7.95 11.03 10.00 20.84 24.1(5 27,11 29,48 25.85 19.88 14.10 9.49 17.(57 7,00 1(5.18 20.92 19,94 6 pm 4.58 0.99 10.50 15.13 19.99 23,41 2(),43 28.58 24.81 18.44 12.03 8.35 10.0(5 0.(54 15.23 20.14 18.03 7 \t. Oct. Xov. Dec. Year Wint. Spr. Slim. Aiit. 11 nin !)').40 t;.92 13.21 it;.88 22.04 24. 9t; 27.45 23.15 15.12 9.0t) 4.91 13.83 2.20 12.34 25.02 15.70 Noon 0.14 ;!.15 7.73 14.20 i7.7(; 23.48 25.71 28.29 23.93 lt;.17 9.80 5.89 14.(;9 3.0t; 13.23 25.83 lt;.t;3 1 jun 0.82 ny,4 8.30 14.7t; 18.40 24.08 2G.2t; 28.70 24.32 10,70 10.52 0.57 15.20 3.08 13.82 2(;.35 17.2ti 2 [in 1.04 r..87 8.44 15.05 i8.t;3 24.00 20.47 28.58 24.40 10.81 10.09 t;.8o 15.41 3.90 14.04 20.37 17.3t) t? jini 0.85 3.75 8.11 14.(;2 18.32 23.35 2t;.12 28.09 23.73 lt;.34 10.35 0.71 15.03 3.77 I8.f;8 25.85 lt;.81 4 pm 0.1 C 3.03 7.47 13.91 17.39 22.73 25.31 27.ot; 22.75 15.18 9.:',4 5.87 14.18 3.02 12.92 25.03 I5.7t; 5 ]iin 99.lt; 1.89 t;.43 12.87 1G.4(; 21.84 24.52 20.07 21.32 13.72 8.10 4.7(; 13.09 1.94 11.92 24.14 14.38 t) Jim 98.74 i.k; 5.19 ll.t;4 15.44 20.83 23.7t; 25.10 20.29 12.03 7.31 4.18 12.22 1.30 10.70 23.23 13.51 7 pin 98.38 O.Ol 4.31 io.t;4 14.31 19.81 22.78 24.25 19.04 12.24 ti.ot; 3.91 11.40 0.97 9.75 22.28 12.85 8 pm 98.10 0.29 3.85 10.15 13.38 18.85 22.10 23.02 19.20 ii.t;t; 0.33, 3.00 10.93 o.t;o 9.13 21.54 12.40 9 jiin 97.91 0.11 :!.49 9.71 12.79 18.24 21.t;5 23.29 18.85 11.25 5.97 3.39 10.50 0.47 8.W, 21.00 12.02 10 Jim 97.(10 99.74 3.0(; 9.13 12.20 17.78 21.29 22.84 18.55 10.88 5.59 3.10 10.15 0.17 8.13 20.i;4 ii.t;7 11 i.in 97.:55 99.44 2.73, 8.80 11.77 17.38 20.90 22.59 18.39 10.05 5.24 2.87 9.85 99.89 ; 7.79 20.29 11.43 M. N. 97.0() 99.it; 2.5t) 8.50 il.3t; 17.03 20.07 22.35 18.30 10.27 4.88 2.58 9.50 99.t;0 7.47 20.02 11.15 Mean 98.05 0.47 4.28 10.51 13.7(; 19.45 22.53 24.40 20.15 12.21 0.59 3.53 11.33 0.t;8 9.52 22.13 12.98 TOKIO. 1 am 0.85 1.55 5.23 10.08 14.09 18.1)0 22.33 23.74 20.80 14.12 8.55 3.14 11.97 1.85 10.00 21.. 50 14.49 2 am 0.54 1.25 4.88 io.3(; 13.7(; 18.35 22.13 23.44 20.58 13.81 8.29 2.81 ii.t;8 1.53 9.07 21.31 14.23 3 am 0.25 1.04 4.57 10.0:5 13.45 18.00 21.9t; 23.19 20.40 13.57 8.t)0 2.50 11.43 1.28 9.35 21.07 14.01 4 am 0.00 0.78 4.2t; 9.75 13.18 17.85 21.82 22.97 20.21 13.38 7.75 2.45 11.20 1.10 9.00 20.88 13.78 5 am 99.8t; 0.50 8.95 9.49 13.02 17.84 21.70 22.77 20.00 13.17 7.49 2.19 11.01 0.87 8.82 20.79 13.57 am 99.t;i 0.31 3.83 9.01 13.00 18.40 22.32 23.23 20.13 13.02 7.29 1.92 11.12 o.t;i 9.03 21.;34 13.48 7 am 99.4t; 0.40 4.49 10.50 14.08 19.42 23.20 24.27 20.91 13.t;5 7.57 1.80 11.71 0.55 9.91 22.32 14.04 8 am 0.58 1.74 5.95 11.78 15.95 20.48 24.34 25.58 22.03 14.93 9.04 ;5.2t; 12.97 1.80 11.23 23.47 15.33 9 am 2.4t; 3.31 7.41 13.01 17.12 21.48 25.29 20.72 23.12 It;.:; J 10.72 5.42 14.87 3.73 12.51 24..50 1(5.73 It) am 4.08 4.07 8.50 14.08 18.02 22.22 2t;.02 27.07 24.02 17.50 12.10 7.24 15.52 5.33 1 3.-55 25.30 17.89 11 am 5.37 5.79 9.01 14.85 18.04 22.80 20.48 28.27 24.02 18.49 13.23 8.02 10.40 0.59 14.:37 25.85 18.78 Noon 0.23 0.70 It 1.38 15.5t) 19.09 23.21 20.97 28.77 25.07 19.18 14.00 9.57 17.00 7.50 14.99 2(;.22 19.44 1 pm 0.91 ; 7.33 10.83 15.85 19.42 23.42 27.2(1 29.04 25.31 19.54 14.04 10.21 17.48 8.17 1.5.37 20.57 19.8;! 2 pm 7.20 7.03 11.05 10.01 19.50 23.41 27.31 29.10 25.:!8 19.04 14.85 10.44 17.03 8.44 15.-52 20.01 19.90 3 pm 7.12 7.01 11. oo 15.89 19.30 23.20 27.08 28.91 25.10 19.49 14.57 10.17 17.4t; 8.30 15.42 2(;.40 19.74 4 pm 0.31 7.18 10.53 15.35 19.02 22.81 2f;.7() 28.38 24.59 18.80 13.58 9.15 10.87: 7.50 14.97 23.90 18.99 5 pm 5.04 t;.25 9.72 14.70 18.38 22.22 20.10 27.04 23.83 17.(;9 12.17 7.58 15.94 0.29 14.27 25.32 17.90 G pm 4.01 5.14 8.80 13.78 17.49 21.40 25.28 2(;.oi 22.94 10.83 11.40 t;.02 15.03 5.20 13.30 24.45 17.00 7 pm 3.32 4.47 8.10 13.04 1(;.04 20.t;7 24.43 25.7:'. 22.40 10.20 10.78 5.88 14.31 4.50 12.59 23.t;i lti.48 8 pni 2.8t) 3.89 7.50 12.01 it;.08 20.20 23.89 25.20 22.08 15.73 10.18 5.20 13.79 3.98 12.00 23.12 10.00 9 pm 2.27 3.30 7.01 12.17 15.09 19.84 23.51 24.89 21.75 15.28 9.73 4.78 13.30 3.47 11.02 22.75 15..59 It) pm 1.79 2.80 t;.i;2 11.75 15.34 19.53 23.18 24.57 21.39 14.90 9.34 4.34 12.97 3.00 11.24 22.43 15.21 11 pm 1.43 2.39 t;.23 11.40 14.99 19.20 22.93 24.27 21.09 14.53 9.0t) 3.95 12.02 2.-59 10.87 22.15 14.87 M. N. 1.07 1.98 5.83 11.12 14.t;4 18.98 22.t;t; 23.98 20.83 14.21 8.59 3.49 12.28! 2.18 10.53 21.87 14.54 310.111 2.8tl 3.t;7 7.35 12.04 10.3t) 20.57 24.38 25.79 22.45 it;.oo 10.54 5.54 14.01 1 4.02 12.10 23.58 lt;.33 HAKODATE. 1 am 94.50 90.07 1.11 4.10 8.12 12.20 lt;.oi 18.78 15.82 7.80 3.94 0.50 0.71 97.24 4.-54 1-5.80 9.21 2 am 94.53 9t;.82 0.94 4.29 7.99 11.97 10.48 18.07 15.48 7.80 3.81 0.38 0.00 97.24 4.41 15.71 9.05 ;-; am 94.49 9(;.07 0.90 4.00 7.i;7 11.89 10.32 1 8.-57 15.:]9 7.t;4 3.00 0.35 0.47 97.17 4.21 15.59 8.90 4 am 94.37 9i;.47 0.01 3.80 7.25 11.80 10.25 18.39 15.20 7.48 3.35 0.32 t;.28 97.05 3.91 15.48 8.70 5 am 94.44 90.57 0.40 3.84 7.01 12.11 10.41 18.:33 15.18 7.;35 ;5.34 0.20 0.31 97.07 3.95 1.5.02 8.t;2 am 94.28 9(;.89 0.43 4.34 8.85 12.99 17.12 19.03 15.40 7.21 3.39 0.15 0.03 9t;.94 4.54 10.38 8.07 7 am 94.28 9(;.49 1.17 5.58 10.27 13.77 17.95 20.30 1(;.97 8.75 3.53 0.04 7.42 9(;.94 5.07 17.34 9.75 8 am 94.04 97.44 2.28 (;.89 11. (;8 14.49 18.57 21.28 18.41 11.18 4.88 0.35 8.51 97.48 t;.95 18.11 11.49 9 am 95.0H 98.00 3.25 7.84 12.51 15.15 19.19 22.18 19.45 12.84 5.80 1.29 9.49 98..54 7.88 18.84 12.72 10 am 9r,.47 99.t30 4.05 8.40 13.19 15.05 19.70 22.84 20.22 14.04 0.8^ 2.04 io.2t; 99.37 8.55 19.42 13.71 11 am 97.10 0.27 4.51 8.87 13.70 10.00 20.25 23.17 20.00 14..58 7.45 2.t;4 10.77 0.00 9.03 19.83 14.23 HAKODATE. ■% Jan. Fel). Mar. Apr. May June .I-.ly Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year ; Wint. Spr. Sum. Aiit. Noon 97.39 0.03 4.78 9.20 13.94 10.27 20.58 23.50 20.87 14.93 7.09 2.91 11.00 ; 0.31 9.31 20.14 14..50 1 pm 97.53 0.80 4.94 9.34 14.24 10.52 20.78 23.73 20.86 15.12 7.59 2.94 11.20 0.42 9.51 20.34 14..52 2 pm 97.45 0.59 4.93 9.37 14.24 10.05 20.90 23.73 20.75 14.92 7.45 2.78 11.14 0.27 9.51 20.43 14.37 3 J, 111 97.28 0.30 4.58 9.08 13.80 10.40 20.09 23.40 20.42 14.52 7.14 2.03 10.87 0.09 9.17 20.20 14.03 4 pill 90.73 99.84 4.14 8.03 13.38 10.08 20.21 23.00 20.08 13.79 0.3(t 2.21 10.37 99.59 8.72 19.70 13.42 5 ]iiu 90.20 99.20 3.43 7.99 12.71 15.54 19.00 22.38 19.35 12.01 5.0)5 1.71 9.70 99.0(5 8.04 19.17 12.54 0) pm 95.87 98.09 2.78 7.40 11.98 14.97 1!».07 21.81 18.49 11.42 5.0'.» 1.39 9.08 98.05 7.39 18.02 11.07 7 1)111 95.54 98.33 2.40 0.00 11.03 14.21 18.38 20.88 17.00 10.04 4.95 1.25 8.49 98.37 0.70 17.82 11.00 8 pm 95.19 97.84 2.12 0.05 10.43 13.07 17.84 20.22 17.2-1 9.89 4.or» 1.04 8.01 98.02 6.20 17.24 10.00 9 pm 94.88 97.29 1.80 5.70 9.91 13.24 17.50 19.89 10.84 9.01 4.31 0.94 7.62 97.70 5.85 10.88 10.05 10 pm 94.03 97.17 1.03 5.34 9.33 13.00 17.17 19.52 10.40 8.32 4.21 0.79 7.30 97.53 5.43 10.58 9.04 11 pm • 94.57 9(5.99 1.00 5.19 9.01 12.00 17.01 19.24 10.13 8.14 3.80 0.05 7.081 97,40 5.27 ir,.30 9.38 ^f. N. ! 94.57 97.11 1.38 4.90 8.55 12.39 10.83 19.00 15.89 7.92 O. 1 o 0.50 0.91 ' 97.41 4.90 10.07 9.18 Mean 95.53 98.20 2.51 0.55 10.90 14.10 18.39 20.92 17.88 10.75 5.12 1.25 8.51 1 98.33 0.05 17.82 11.25 SAPPORO. 1 am 91.09 93.37 98.(57 2.78 7.47 11.80 10.05 17.71 14.35 5.80 1.4() 97.00 4.8() 94.04 2.97 15.21 7.20 2 am 90.90 93.20 98.44 2.53 7.0(5 11.(52 15.82 17.53 14.01 5.38 1.20 97.02 4.61 93.91 2.(58 14.99, 6.8(5 3 am 90.89 93.13 98.09 2.53 (■).75 11.57 15.68 17.38 13.80 5.25 0.97 97.45 4.4C) 93.82 2.40 14.88; 6.(59 4 am 90.79 93.07 97.86 2.33 0.54 11.48 15.48 17.24 13.00 5.26 0.92 97.38 4.33 93.75 2.24 14.73 6.59 5 am 90.61 92.85 97.80 2.22 0.88 11.88 15.78 17.25 13.38 5.25 0.79 97.41 4.34 93.(53 2.30 14.97 6.47 am 90.30 92.92 97.70 3.05 8.47 13.20 1().99 18.31 13.92 5.35 0.74 97.38 4.87 93.55 3.07 1C).17 6.(57 7 am , 90.21 93.09 98.(50 4.52 10.39 14.08 18.52 20.10 15.00 6.84 1.07 97.51 5.93 93.60 4.50 17.77 7.8(5 8 am 1 91.12 94.12 O.K) 5.99 11.91 15.95 19.87 21.30 17.39 9.11 2.35 98.02 7.27 94.42 6.02 19.04 9.62 9 am 92.67 95.07 1.50 7.23 13.29 17.01 20.77 22.93 18.80 11.08 3.83 99.03 H.W '95.79 7.36 20.24 11.24 10 am 94.02 97.00 2.57 7.90 14.34 18.02 22.13 23.90 19.75 12.32 4.92 99.90 9.75 97.01 8.29 21.35 12.33 11 am 94.92 97.98 3.08 8.44 15.07 18.05 22.79 24.70 20.42 13.19 5.67 0.53 10.4() 97.81 8.80 22.07 13.09 Noon 95.41 98.40 3.40 8.70 15.37 19.08 23.08 25.22 20.74 13.41 5.97 0.93 10.81 98.25 9,16 22.40 13.37 1 1)111 95.51 98.57 3.41 8.07 15.42 19.04 23.19 25.38 20.59 13.39 5.92 1.00 10.84, 98.86 9,17 22.54 13,30 2 pm 95.50 98.55 3.33 8.70 15.14 18.80 23.00 24.99 20.33 13.20 5.59 0.85 10.07^ 98.82 9.00 22.28 13.04 3 pm 95.27 98.31 3.04 8.44 14.51 18.21 22.39 24.31) 19.80 12.58 4.98 0.40 10.20 97.99 8.66 21,05 12.47 4 pm 94.41 97.75 2.50 8.08 13.59 17.54 21.7() 23.(57 19.20 11.(56 3.9() 99.50 9.48 97.24 8.08 20.99 11.61 5 pm 93.50 90.95 1.83 7.34 r2.G() 10.81 20.90 22.96 18.38 10.0(5 3.04 98.86 8.(51 90.44 7.28 20.22 10,49 pm 92.84 90.23 0.87 0.33 11.01 16.02 19.94 21.75 17.0(5 8.79 2.45 98.52 7.70 95.80 ().27 19.24 9,43 7 Jim 92.35 95.01 0.32 5.39 10.32 14.82 18.74 20.53 10.30 8.07 2.02 98.25 0.89 95.40 5.34 18,03 8.80 8 pm 91.97 95.27 99.81 4.79 9.04 14.00 17.88 19.73 15.75 7.56 1.80 97.95 6.35 95.0(5 4.75 17.20 8.39 9 pm 91.81 95.02 99.55 4.42 9.19 13.38 17.3 4 19.22 15.35 7.27 1.74 97.93 ().02 94,92 4.39 10,05 8.12 10 pm 91.00 94..52 99.23 4.00 8.70 12.91 10.95 18.(57 15.11 6.79 1.42 97.69 5.65 94.02 4.02 10.17 7.77 11 pm 91.52 94.37 99.07 3.07 8.22 12.03 10.0(5 18.36 14.(59 (5.35 1.40 97.71 5.39 94.53 3.(55 15.88 7.48 M. N. 91.38 93.99 99.05 3.23 7.92 12.27 16.30 18.03 14.42 5.96 1.37 97.75 5.14 94.37 3.40 15.55 7.25 Mean 92.53 95.42 0.42 5.47 10.80 15.00 19.09 20.90 16.79 8.75 2.73 98.64 7.22 95.53 5.58 18.35 9.42 NBMURO. 1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am (5 am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 98.27 93.69 97.80 93.81 93.46 97.72 93.27 93.22 97.61 93,18 98.04 97,44 93,03 92.98 97.18 92.95 92.97 97,43 92.97 93,84 98,08 93.55 94,18 98,94 94.42 95,27 96.67 94,96 95,80 0.29 95,33 90.40 0.69 95.56 90.68 0.77 2.04 1.90 1 1.98 1 1.75 1 1.91 2,(52 ! 3,59 4.47 5.32 5.91 (5.17 i 6.35 ' 5,43 8.32 5.30 8.28 5.26 8.17 5.25 8.26 5.75 8.7(5 j (5.56 9.40 7.44 lO.Kii 8.20 10.87 j 8,93 11.41 9,54 11.88 9.68 12.2(;, 9.74 12.48 1 12.85 12.80 12.72 12.68 13.12 13.78 14.51 15.26 1().02 1().65 17.08 17.08 10.77 15.03 1(5.74 14.99 10.03 15.01 10.59 14.92 10.80 14.79 17.41 15.31 18.11 10.28 18.88 17.02 19.08 17.(59 20.29 18.24 20.50 18.()3 20.80 18.09 8.91 8.74 8.02 8.52 j 8.42 8.53; 9.54 \ 10.641 11.34 1 12.03 12.38 12.54 3.61 99.24 3.53 99.09 3.34 99.06 3.32 98,91 3.21 98.90 3,12 98.85 j 3.59 98.84 4.57 99.(51 5.31 0.46 O.lt) 1.11 6.16 1.53 0.39 1.83 4.74 4.(50 4.57: 4.48' 4.57 4.91;; 5.54 j 6.35 'I 7.12; 7.71 ! 8.07 8.24 95.40 i 1.76 95.29 1.66 95.18 1.02 95.03 1,48 94.97 1.61 94.92 2.20 95.05 3.04 95.78 3.87 96.72 4.64 97.31 5.25 97.75 5.51 98.02 5.62 12.(55 12.61 12.51 12.51 12.89 13.53 14.26 15.00 ] 5.70 1(5.27 1(5.(53 16.79 9.18 9.09 8.99 8.92 8.81 8.99 9.80 10.74 11.45 12.01 12.39 12.54 NEMURO. \ ^'/)< 111 ^^; '^ Jat). F«b. : Mar. i Apr. ! }^\ay 1 1111 ' •.I.-..71 im;.71 0.77 0.01 2 '.I.J.I'.-! ',((1.7 1 0.55 5.87 ;; '.•.").;;:} '.m;.4:> 0.35 5.44 4 '.I4.I17 '.••"). 07 '.('.). SS 4.70 ") '.i4.:ji^ ',ir).3!t W.'2-2 4.04 (') '.H:2-2 '.i:..Oii <.),s..s3 3.25 7 '.tJ.-JO '.i.j.Ol '.tS.C4 •J.S3 s '.t4.0-J '.M.'.t:. ',18. 51) 2.i'i'.t ;» '.t:5.S'.» ',)I.N.-, ',)S.45 I'.r,.-, 10 ',t:5.(;:. Ul.Sii '.IS.-J3 2.''>N u 'X].\r> '.'l.-^ii '.»s.o7 L'.-J'.i M N. '.13.40 '.i3.'.i',i '.iS.O;', 2:2\ 3I( >iiii '.M.O'.i '.I4.S(I '.tS.SS 3. (■,'.» '.t.Ol 11.70 '.•.14 8.3;t 7.5(1 j 0.74 I (;.2'.t 0.05 5.1 (8 ;' .03 .24 June July j Ai Sept. Oel. 1 8.1)0 1 12.57 18.3o! 12.40 0.01 '.t.04 12.41 17.05 20.00 12.28j 10.117 1 20.30 11.73 10.54; 10.91 ' 17.70; 11.80 11.10 1.5.00 1 111.35 i 17.08 10.00 10.30 15.22| 18.58| 10.22' 10.22 14.;!2| 17.00[ 15.58 1 O.Od 13.71 I 17.10j 1.5.28, '0.71 8,85 1 13. 10 1 17.00 1 15.10 j 0.-57 8.70: 13.3t;; 10.02 ] I5.O5I 0.40 8.50 1 13.20^ 10.881 14.80 1 0.30 8.44, 13.07; 1f,.85' 14.04 j 0.00 8..5O; 13.05' 10.81; 14.08; 8.08 0.00; 14.00: 18.231 10.27! 10.17 Nov. Dee. 0.31 1.85 5.02 1.00 5.28 1.00 4.02 0.32 4.25 0.(»8 3.0,S 0.07 :'..oo 00.05 3.70 00.80 3.72 00.75 3.50 00.00 3.51 00.53 3.40 00.44 4.34 0.03 I'ee. Year ,; Wiui. Spr. j Sum. ! Auf. ■ 8.22 08.00 5.51; 10.71 12.51 8.02 98.00 5.37 10..52 12.21 7.57 07.02 4.98 io.o<; 11.02 0.03 00.00 4.34 1.5.40 10.80 f..28 00.00 3.01 14.70 10.23 5.70 00.45 2.04 13.84 0.S2 5.18 00.40 2.50 1 3.31 o.c,.-, 5.33 00.28 2.43 l:!.08 0.52 5.22 00.10 2.35 12.00 0.30 5.04 0.5.07 2.11 12.80 0.25 4.03 05.77 2.00 1-2.70 0.18 4.K7 05.01 1.90 12.70 0.12 0.03 90.31 3.27 14.27 10.20 The iniiiil)('rs (;ivcii in the ahovc tables ai'c obtained by o])servatious exten(b'n<^ over throe to six years. The niiml) ■!• of years observed is not suffi<'iently ^reat, so that there may be great (h'partiires from trntli in the ali.-oliite values. Hut we are >\n'{' that the manner of diurnal variation is fairlv giv(>l by the above tables and that there will be no great ditferenee to the ic-ult wiiieh would be found bv ob.-ervations eontiinieil for many years. To show th(! legitimaev of this su|)])osition, we give the ditferenees of the hourly mean tenipei'atures in the following table, which is calculated from the observations continued tor six years in Tokio. l)iFFi:uKX('K OF 4'FMi'i;nA'rri;K fkom 1'KF( ki)IN<; hoiks YF.VIII.V MFAN .\ I' TOKIO. ;^ 1 aui 2 am 3 iiin -0.2s 4 am -0.2li 5 am 0) am / am 8 am am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 l.m 2 3 pm pm 4 l.m 5 pm pm 7 pm 8 pm pm 10 pm 11 pm M.X. 1880 -o.ili - O.X^ - 0.21 +0.17 + 0..5o'+1.21 + 1.50+1.21 +0.115 + 0.62 +0.51 + 0.13-0.11 -o.i;i -0.116 -0.1)3 -0.78 -O..55 -0.39 -0.36 • 0.31 -0..33 1887 -(Ui - 0.:{:i -0.2.'; -0.21 0.111 +0.12 +0.(10+1.26 +1.17 + l.i:i +0.01 +0.72 + 0.31 +0.08 -0.18 -0..57 -0.92 -O.'JO -0.70 -0.51 -0.11 -0.37 -0.36 - 0.36 1 888 -0.:).^ -0.2!l -0.30 -0.2/ ^ 0.20 +0.11 +0.(i:j + 1.211 + 1.15 + 1.21 +0.00 + 0.65 +0.11 +0.13-0.16 -0.58 -O.tll -0.111 -0.72 - 0.51 -0.15 -0.11 -0.:J5 -0.35 ] S80 -0.27 -0.25 -0.21 -0.21 -0.21 +0.0fi + 0..51 +1.18 H.:il + 1.11 +0.80 + 0.68 +0.38 +0.18 -0.23 -0..52 -0.87 -0.87 -0.69 -0.51 -0.11 -0.36 - 0.33 -0.37 ]80l) -0.2i -0.2i -0.21 -0.22 -0.1.5 +0.11 +0.55 M.IN +1.111 +1.0:i +0.80 +0.66 +0.37 +0.11 -0.11 -O..53 -0.85 -0.83 -0.61 -0.15 -0.12 -0.38 -0.35 -0.32 1891 -0.:]!i -O.:)o -0.2s -0.20 -0.2(1 +0.11 H).fiB + 1.10 +i.5;i +1.21 +0.S1) + 0.61 +0..56 + 0.25-0.18 0.70 -1.01 -1.01 -0.82 -0..58 -0.17 -0.12 -0.36 -0.33 1802 -0.:il - 0.2il -0.2ti -0.2:! -O.l'.l +0.11 +0..51I+1.26 +1.10 +1.1/ + 0.88 + 0.66 + 0.12 +0.15 -0.17-0.5'J -0.113 -0.111 -0.72 -0..52 -0.13 -0.31 - 0.35 -0.31 Mean -0.;]:' ~0.2'.l -0.2ti -O.2.! -0.1'J +0.11 +0.58 + 1.25 +1.12 +1.16 fO.88 + 0.66 +0.13 +0.15-0.1/ -0..51) -0.02 -0.91 -0.72 -0..52 -0.13 -o.3;j -0.35 -0.31 This table sjiows us that the ditrerencc of temperature at any time of ob.servation from that of the next succeeding is nearly constant in every ye:ir. Therefore Ave mav sav that the diurnal variations of temperature in Tokio throughout the whole year, have IiclMi ])retty well detennined. In order to find liow for the degix^e of accuracy is attained, let us form the deviations of the menu temperatures of each yeir from their means of the six years. They are: — ■ DkVIATJOXS from Till-: mean of seven YEAIiS OHSERVATIONS IN V,oo C"- 1 ' ') i <; ■ ,( I r, 1! Nuon 1 am 2 am 1880) -(; 1887 -4 188.S - 1880 -5 +4 1800 +8 +5 1801 - 7 -1 1802 M \ 0X5 ±1.0 ±1.5 3 : 4 I 5 : 7 ! 8 I 10 11 am am ; am am am am am am am 1 : 2 I 3 ; 4 I pm pm , pm pm , p -2 -3 ; -2 +0 -8 I -4 I +14: +5 +7 •II +2 +1 -2 +1 ' +5 I -3 +3 -4 -4-1 -5 +4 ! +3 !+8 +2 +5 +2 -2 -5 -7 -7 1 -8 j -2 -2 +2 +1 +4 -3-7 j -23' -13 -8 -2 +3 -1 +8 +15 +11 +5 ■ +1 ; +1 ' -2 ! +1 -4 +8 -2 j +3 -5 + -0 -7 ' -1 +2 -1 -2 -2 ! +1 +1 +2 -5 +3 '■ '-(> +7 -0 -4 j +3 +(; -2 +13 +10; -1 -11 -1 -4 +1 +5 +7 -0 ±1.1+-I.0±0.8il.2i2.y ±2.9±4.7±2.7-tl.8 i 1.2 ±3.(i i2.i;+=1.2 ±2.4;i2.0 pm -2 +1 +4 +8 -10 -1 ±2.1 7 18 10 pm I j.m pm -0 -3 +2 +1 ~2 +3 ; +1 +8 I +7 -10| -0 ; ±2.3|±1.0±1.0 +4 -1 ~'2 + 2 -M -4 10 pm +3 +2 —■5 +3 +1 -3 ±1.: 11 pm .M.N. -^1 -i-1 -1 - 2 -1 +2 -3 + 2 -1 + 1 « ±0.4 ± 0.7 Thus in the mean of the six years, we see that the mean diurnal variation of temperature of the \vliok> year in Tokio is found true to y^-g- C°. Even if we take the month of February, in whieh temperature difference from year to year is jnost great, we can say without any gross mistakes that the diurnal variation deduced from tlie mean of the six years' observations is true to jf o" ^^ ? ^''^' pi'*'bable error in February is in ^ J^g C°. IIoiu- 1 :illl 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 11 am am Noon 1 pm '2 pm 3 14 5 pm ' pm ' pm G Jim 7 pm 8 ])m 9 pm 10 pm l^jM.N. pm ±7 ±6 i3 ±3 ±3 io ^2 i5 --i^7 ±G ±5 J3 J-5 J 5 i-3 ±4 ±2 -t3 -1-3 H i4 i2 J. 3 ^-3 From tlie above stated, we see that the diurnal variation of temperature in Tokio is shown suflliciently accurate by the mean of the six years' observations, and tlun-e is no doubt that the liourly observations continued f )r only three or four years can show the diurnal variation with the accuracy of one tenth of a degree. The diurnal variation of temperatm-c presents one maximum and one minimum (See IMate I). The times of their occurrences are given in the following table. (The times giv(Mi in this table are local times, and not the standard times of oiu" Empire, which is generally the case in the rest of the present volume). Time of the occurrence of Minimum. M; aximum. Kumaiiioto Wint. h III (;.52 Spr. 1. m 5.25 Slim. AM h 111 5.19 Aut. ii ill 0.07 Year h III Matsuyaiiia t;.5i 5.3G 5.0t") O.U 5.30 Hirosliima 7.08 5.50 5.32 G.32 5.50 O/aka (•).42 5.22 5.17 0.08 5.47 Wal^ayama 7.00 5.42 5.15 0.18 5.50 Naj^aiio 0.58 5.39 5.21 0.17 .5.47 Tokio 0.59 5.34 5.19 0.07 5.50 Hakodate 0.53 4.43 4.2 5 5.53 5.08 Sajipoio G.55 4.50 4.40 5.45 5.10 " Noimiio (5.42 4.57 4.42 0.10 5.12 Willi. Il m 2.13 1.51 2.15 2.02 2.20 2.23 2.25 1.23 1.55 1.42 Spr. hill 2.43 2.41 2.32 1.52 2.30 2.13 2.24 1.53 0.55 0.42 Slim. PM It Ml 2.13 2.41 2.20 2.02 2.10 1.43 1.51 2.23 1. 10 0.52 A ut. Year h III 1.58 1.30 2.20 1.42 2.00 1.49 2.14 1.08 0.25 1.12 Il m 2.13 2.11 2.10 2.02 2.18 2.13 2.19 1.43 ].10 1.12 It is not easy to determine accurately the time when the temperature attains its maximum or minimum value. For, when it approaches the maximum or tlie minimum value, its variation is so slow that for some thirty or fourty minutes, it remains in nearly the same value, and there is no appreciable difference; to be seen. Hence if there be any small error incurred in the observation, and tlie form of the curve; be slightly modified, then the time of the maximum or tlie minimum temperature will deviate considerably from truth. The above table shows only the general feature, and can be said in no way to be very accurate. If, ho\vever, we group our stations into two parts, and take tlu^ mean of each of these parts separately, we shall be able to obtain more trustworthy values. Now the Observatory of Tokio, and the stations of Kumamoto, Matsuyama, Hiroshima, O/aka, Wakayama, Nagano and Nagoya lie on the southern part of Japan. Group them into one and call it the " southern part . The other three stations, Hakodate, Sapporo and Neniuro, lie on the northern extremity of our country. Let them be grouped into "the northern part". The times of the maximum and the minimum temperatures are : — Minimum. Wint. hill Soutlieni Pait 0.5G Northern I'art 0.50 Sj)!-. Sum. AM Aut. Year Il m ii 111 h III hiu 5.34 .5.18 0.15 5.4G 4.50 4.32 5.50 5.10 Wint. Spr. ii III 2.13 1.40 h 111 2.10 1.10 Maximum. Sum. PM h III 2.09 1.28 Aut. iiiii 1..57 0.55 Year Il III 2.12 1.22 10 Thus the time of the mlniniuni temperature dejieuds on the season, that is to say, on the length of tlie day. It is latest in Avinter and earliest in summer, and generally just preeeeds the sunrise. On the other hand, the time of the maxinnun temperature does not de])end at all on the length of the day. It is nearly constant throughout the year, that is, about two hours after the culmination of the sun. The times of both the maximum and the minimum temperatures of the northern part ])reeeeds those of the southern part liy about half an hour. Since there is one maximum of temperature in a day, theit; nni-t be two times when the tem])era- ture is e(jual to the mean value of that day. They are given in the following table. 1 ''orenoon Aft ernoon. Kuinanioto Wint. Ii in ;m):'. S|,r. li m S.l'J Sum. ii III 7.58 Auf. ii III 8.21 Year h 111 8.25 Wint. ii 111 7.25 Spr. ii 111 7.33 Sum. li 111 7.18 Aut. ii 111 0..50 ^'ear li m 7.19 Matsuyaina 8.:!'.t 7.49 7.31 7.58 8.0*) 0.39 7.09 7.21 0.11 6,53 HirosliiiiKi H.^0 S..55 8.47 9.12 9.05 7.45 8.20 8.08 7.35 7.56 OzaKii 0.17 8.39 8.12 8.35 8.38 7.47 7.44 7.22 7.10 7.32 Wukajaina '.•.20 8.:55 8.03 8.45 8.42 7.48 8.15 7.25 7.33 7.53 Nagano 9.;38 9.01 8.41 9.03 9.03 8.07 7.33 7.23 0.58 7.28 'J'okio !t.'20 9.01 8.25 9.01 9.04 8.19 8.19 7.19 7.37 7.55 Hakodate D.O'.t 8.08 7.5r. 8.13 8.2:! 7.38 7.59 7.23 7.01 7.20 Sapi ovo '.KV'> 8.10 7.50 8.18 8.25 7.10 7.07 7.10 0.30 7.01 Nemuro 9.12 8.02 7.48 8.10 8.18 8.42 0.12 6.12 8.00 6.10 Southern j)art 11.25 8.36 8.14 8.42 8.43 7.41 7.50 7.28 7.08 7.34 Northern part '.t.U 8.07 7.51 8.14 8.22 7.50 7.0(1 0.55 7.10 0..50 Thus in forenoon, the temperature at sotne instant lyiug between half past eight and half past nine is cipial to the mean value, while in afternoon this occurs at about half ])ast ^even. Here, as in the cases of the maximum and the minimum temperatures, the northern part proceeds the southern. We see that the period during which the temperature remains higher than the mean value is a little shorter than that of lower temperatiu'c. The amplitude of the diurnal variation depends on the locality and also on the season. The smallest amplitude is 2.°8 C while the greatest is 12.°3 C. With regard to diftcrent localities, we see that it get.- .^mailer as we go from the southwe.-tern part of this country to the northea.^tern. With regard to different months, we see that the maximum amplitude is in October and May, and the mini- mum in duly. However, Tokio is an exception to this rule. The maximum amplitude in Tokio is in December, as the weather is most clear there in this month. For the detail, see the riext table. Mean daily AMi'iaTiiDi-; of tempkiiature. Jjocaliiv. Jill). Fel). Mar. April May Juno July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Jvumanioto o 7.7 o 8.8 8.9 11.0 O 9.2 7.5 o 9.0 o 8.7 o 11.0 o 12.2 o 9.3 o 9.2 Matsuvama 5.7 6.4 • ■).8 7.5 9.2 8.0 0.1 7.0 6.4 8.7 9.0 6.4 7.2 Hiroshima t;.i 0.7 7.8 7.3 8.9 7.0 5.5 7.4 6.8 0.0 9.4 7.2 7.4 Ozaka 6.0 0.3 7.3 7.0 8.1 0.0 5.3 0.3 6.7 8.5 8.0 6.6 6.8 Wiiliavama 5.3 5.4 0.9 6.4 7.5 6.0 4.7 6.3 6.4 7.6 7.2 5.9 6.2 Naga!io 5.4 6.0 7.4 8.1 9.1 8.0 7.1 7.4 7.2 8.0 6.9 5.7 7.1 'I'okio 7.8 7.4 7.3 6.4 6.5 5.8 5.5 6.1 5.4 6.8 7.0 8.5 6.6 Hakodate 3.2 4.4 4.5 5.5 7.0 4.8 4.0 5.4 5.7 7.9 4.3 2.9 4.9 Sappoio 5.3 5.7 5.7 6.5 8.9 7.6 7.7 8.1 7.4 8.2 5.2 3.6 6.5 Nemuro 2.8 3.7 3.6 4.0 4.7 4.3 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.1 3.3 • 8.0 3.8 The close examination of this table shows us that the amplitude is small along the coast, but large in inland regions. 11 If we c'on.^ider amplitudes of different seasons, the o-reatest is in autumn and the smallest in winter. Tokio, however, is an exeeption to tliis for th(> same reason as mentioned before. Tliere the maximum is in winter, and the minimum in summer. Again if we consider amplitudes in different localities, ^ve see that in the southern part, the maximum is iu spring and autumn, and the minimum in winter and .'ummer; while in the northern part, maximum is in summer and the minimum iu winter. Winter. Spring. Summer. Autumn Kumamoto 8.5 9.4 8.5 10.6 Matsuvama C.l 7.8 7.0 8.0 Hiroshima G.7 8.0 G,6 8.4 Ozaka G.3 7.4 6.1 7.8 Wakavama 5.5 G.8 5.7 7.1 Nagano 5.7 8.1 7.7 7.4 Tokio 7.9 G.7 5.8 6.5 Hakodate .•5.5 5.G 4.9 5.9 Sapporo 4.8 6.9 7.8 G.9 Nemuro .'5.2 4.1 4.3 3.7 Southern part ().G 7.7 6.8 8.0 Northern part 3.8 5.5 5.7 5.5 Since, we have mentioned before, the })eriod during whi<'h the tem})erature remains higher than the mean value of the day is shorter than that of the lower temperature, it is clear that the excess of the higher temperature over the luean can not be equal to the defect of the lower temjx'raturc. The higher temperature must differ from the mean farther than the lower Tiiis fact is cle.irly shown in the following table. [Ma XI mum-M KAN I — [ M i:ax-M i n i mu m j. Winter. Spring. Summei'. Autumn. Year. Kumamoto 1.1>8 0.36 0.19 1.11 0.76 ^latsuvama 0.99 0.17 0.04 l.OI 0.59 Hiroshima I.IS O.IS 0.24 1.19 0.70 Ozaka 0.95 0.23 0.09 0.94 0.61 Wakavama 0.67 0.01 0.11 0.54 0.35 Nagano 0.7G 0.89 0.80 1.27 1.03 Tokio 0.93 0.13 0.23 0.79 0.63 Hakodate 0.70 0.12 0.27 0.G4 0.46 Saj)j)oro 0.85 0.25 0.57 1.00 0.73 Ncnuu'o 0.37 0.56 0.76 0.83 0.66 When ob. ervations are taken a few times a day, not hourly, some corrections mu n Then the riMjuiixd immber of ye.iis ,(,• is obtained bv Season. Winter. Spring. Summer. Autumn Number of Year.-. 80 62 43 4;-) 13 The actual observations liitherto made in our country fall quite short of the ab >ve mimbers. Even the longest is only sixteen or seventeen years, and the sliortest is not longer than a year, so that the result will be far from being true. But if corrections are a])plied to the observations of those stations, where the obs(n-vcd period is short, so as to give tlie mean of ten years, by comparing tliem with those of neighbouring stations, then we are sure that the monthly mean will be true to 0.°4 C and the annual mean to 0.°2 C. (In the tables given hereafter, the aforesaid corrGction>. for giving the mean of ten years are applied to short period observations.) The temperature varies by the height of the station. Now, in our country, the o])servations liitherto made, to which we can refer for the information about this change of temperature with the heio-ht, arc very small in number. If we enumerate temperature observations undertaken in high kx'alities, we have ( 1 ) meteorological observations on Mt. Gozaishodake in tlu) province of Ise, by Mr. H. Masato in 1888 (the 1st, Septcnd)er— the 3rd, October), (2) on Mt. Iloben in the province of Nagato by Mr. H. Tonno in 1889 (the 1st, August-the 31st, October), (3) on Mt, Fuji by Messrs. K. Nakamura, and H. Kondo, in the same year (the 30th, July— the 7th, Sept.), and lastly (4) on Mt. Oiitake in the province of Shinano by Messrs. H, Masato, and H. Kondo in 1891 (the 1st August^ — the 11th, September). These observations are made on heights varying from 800 metres to 3,700 metres above the sea level, but the observed periods are not quite long enough, and they are all in mid-.-ummer. For this reason, though the temperature gradient at July and August, due to diffei-ent lieights, is known, yet that in autumn, winter and spring remains (juite unknown. According to the above menti(med observations, the temperature gradient during July and August is about 0.°G per 100 metres. Now this nearly coincides with tiie result obtained by Wild by the observations in Kussia. We have therefore made direct use of his result given in " TanperaturnrhiiUimx dcs Ixuisisclun lidcJts von WikV by which we have reduced the mean of the observed values of all stations to the >ea-level. One thing must be noticed here. Almost all of our stations, Avitli tlie exceptions of Nagano, Yamagata, Kamikawa and few others lie on heights not exceeding sixty or seventy metres above the sea level. Hence the error, if any, arising from using Wild's numbers must be very small. The next table shows the monthly mean temperatures in our country. The numbers attached to the names of stations are the nund)ers of years over which observations extend. (For tliose stations, where the observed years are less than 10, the aforesaid corrections are a])plied, and for all stations, the corrections for reducing to the sea level are applied by Wild's numbers.) Mean air temperatuke. '\ Lociillty. Jail. 10.5 Fel). March April May 22.0 June July 27.7 20.2 Aug. Sept. Ocf. Nov. Doc. Year Niiha (2) 15.5 1G.5 20.0 24.4 22.4 27.0 20.0 25.5 24.3 21.1 19.8 10.4 8.8 21.4 Kagosliima '~'X9f --^G:8-' -- ^^, ^ 10.9 115.0 18.8 19.4 13.4 10.7 Miyazaki (9) G.7 7.1 10.7 10.0 19.0 22.4 25.9 20.5 23.8 18.7 13.0 8.0 10.5 Koclii (10) 5.3 r,.2 9.7 15.2 18.4 21.7 25.2 20.0 23.0 18.5 12.4 7.4 15.8 Wahayania (13) 4.3 4.7 7.0 13.0 17.5 21.0 25.9 20.9 23.5 17.4 11.0 7.1 15.2 Oita C'O 5.4 5.3 8.0 13.1 10.7 21.0 25.0 25.8 22.9 17.8 11.9 7.0 15.0 Yamaguclii (4) 2.7 3.0 0.7 12.2 10.0 20.(5 24.4 25.7 22.2 15.7 9.0 5.4 13.7 Hiroshima (115) 3.5 4.4 7.3 12.8 17.1 21.1 25.4 20.8 23.0 10.9 10.0 5.7 14.5 Matsuyaiiia (2) 4.0 4.4 7.3 12.9 10.4 21.1 25.4 25.9 22.3 10.8 11.2 0.8 14.5 Oluiytuna (;i) 3.0 3.5 7.0 12.0 10.8 20.9 25.7 20.7 23.1 IG.G 10.5 5.5 14.3 Ozaka (i»i, 3.5 3.7 7.3 13.0 17.1 21.5 25.8 20.9 23.3 17.2 11.0 0,.2 14.7 Kioto (!-') 2.5 3.1 0.4 12.r, 10.7 21.4 25.5 20.0 22.8 10.1 9.7 4.0 14.0 Kumaiiioto (2) :!.8 5.0 5.0 9.0 8.6 14.4 14.2 18.2 18.0 21.8 21.8 20,.l 25.4 20.7 20.4 23.(i 17.5 10.9 11.4 0.2 0.5 15.3 Saga (2) 4.2 23.2 \ 17.3 15.2 14 Mean aiii TEMrEUATUiiE Locality. Jan. Na;,fasaKi 04) r..8 FuIuioKa u') 4.7 Itsii^^aliara tC) 4.2 Akaina^as(?Ki (!!) r..2 Sakiii !.!») ^.5 'l\su (•11 3.7 Nagoya U') 2.G (Jifa (in 2.5 Hamamalsu ilO) 4.5 Nunia/.n Cic) 4.8 Tokio o:i 2.7 L'tsuiioiiiiya (i) 0.3 Cliosl.i (f.) 5.2 Kauazawa (1(11 2.2 l'')isliilii (7) l.G Nagano (,">) 99.5 Niigata (11) 1.4 Yainasata (:;> 98.4 Akita ill)) 98.1 Fukusliiiiia (H) 0.3 Ishinoinaki (11) 99.4 Miyako (ill 1 98.9 Aomori (HI) 9G.9 Ifakoda'c Oit) 97.2 Suttsu IS) 9G.1 Sajipoi'o (15) / 94. V Kainika«a (4) 90.2 Sova IV) 94.2 Aliasliii i (3» 93.0 Netiiuro (13)! 95.3 Kusliiro (3) : 90.G ]"]riiiu) (li) 97.7 Ogasawaiajima *~-^) j 18.0 Feb. G.G 4.7 4.8 5.1 3.5 3.7 3.1 3.4 5.0 5.1 3.G 1.7 5.7 2.1 1.7 0.8 1.5 98.1 98.4 0.0 0.1 99.5 97.4 97.9 97,4 95.3 92,1 94.8 93,0 95.0 92.G 97.7 1G.8 March 9.0 7.7 7.9 8.2 (;.9 G.9 G.8 0.9 8.3 8.5 7.1 5.7 8.8 5.4 5.5 5.1 4.7 2.9 2.3 4.4 3.7 2.7 0.8 1.4 1.1 99.1 90.9 98.G 97.7 98.3 97.7 99.8 18.8 April 14.9 13.0 12.8 13.0 11.8 12.G 12.G 12.8 13.7 13.5 12.3 10.8 13.1 11.1 10.5 11.7 10.2 9.5 8.1 10.4 8.8 7.9 0.7 G.O 5.9 4.9 3.5 3.8 4.0 3.0 3.3 3.4 21.2 May 18.5 10.3 1G.8 1G.8 15.8 10.8 10.8 17.0 17.2 10.9 lO.G 15.9 10.8 15.3 14.7 10.4 14.7 14.9 12.9 15.1 13.2 11.9 11.3 10.3 10.2 10.4 10.2 7.1 8.4 0.9 8.0 7.3 oo, 7 Juno 22.0 20.0 20.5 20.7 20.3 20.8 21.3 21.4 21.0 20.8 20.4 19.9 19.9 19.8 19.1 21.2 19.0 19,2 17,5 18,8 17.2 15.3 15,8 14,2 18,8 14.9 15.4 10.0 11.8 10.1 12.3 11.7 27.0 July 20.3 24.9 24.3 24.0 24.5 24.9 25.4 25.5 24.7 24.4 24.4 23.8 23.4 24.1 23.0 25.3 23,5 23.3 22.2 23.1 21.7 20.2 20.7 19.3 18.8 19.7 20.7 17.0 18.2 15.3 17.4 1G.2 28.1 Aujx. 20.1 25.9 20.3 20.1 20.2 2(5.4 2G.0 2(;.l 25.0 25.0 24.9 25.4 25.7 25.7 2G.5 20.0 24.5 23.7 24.3 23.7 22.3 22.7 21.2 21.2 21.2 20.9 19.7 20,4 18.5 19.8 18.7 27 2 Sept. 24.1 22.3 22.2 23.2 22.2 22.5 22.7 22.7 23.1 22.7 22.1 21.4 23,2 21.8 21.8 22.2 21.9 20.4 19.5 20.3 20.3 18.8 18.4 17.8 17.4 1G.3 15.3 10.4 10.2 15.9 15.8 17.4 27.0 18.8 10.3 17.2 18.0 10.5 16.0 10.3 10.5 17.0 17.2 15.8 14.7 18.1 15.G 15.8 14.4 15.4 13.0 12.5 13.1 13.9 12.5 11.9 11.3 11.4 9.3 7.4 9.8 9.4 10.5 8.1 12.3 20.0 Nc 12.5 11.1 11.2 12.4 11.0 10.9 10.1 10.3 11.9 11.8 10.0 7.9 12.7 9.8 10.3 7.2 9.5 0.4 6.7 7.4 7.7 7.2 5.5 5.1 4.0 2.5 0,1 2.2 2.0 4.4 1.2 5.8 23.2 Dec. Year t.i 0.7 t;.o 7.9 0.5 6.1 5.5 5.5 7.3 7.0 5.3 8.3 7.8 5.4 5.4 2.0 4.4 1.8 2.0 2.8 3.0 2.7 0.1 0.2 99.9 97.3 95.5 97.2 97.3 99.5 95.1 0.9 20.5 16.1 14.5 14.5 15.1 14.0 14.3 14.1 14.2 15.0 14.9 13.9 12.6 15.0 13.1 13.0 12.8 12.7 11.0 10.3 11.7 11.1 9.9 9.0 8.5 8.1 7.1 5.7 0.0 CO G.O 5.1 7.4 23.1 N. B, 'J'he temperature lielow llie freezing; point is represented by adding lOO to; tlius 95° for —5°, 90° for — 10° &e. The moan teiiiponiture is hlgliest, in Aiioust^ not in July, as may Iw suppo.sed. In the extreme south of our country July and August have nearly the same mean temperature, hut as we go to higher latitudes, the diflerenee of their mean tem])eratures gets greater, — that is, in the south of Kiushu Island the mean temperature of August is higher than that of July by only 0,°6 C, but in Hokkaido, this difference is more than 2.°5 C The differences of the mean temperatures of the two months for every one degi-ee of latitude, from 2G° N to 45° N are given in the next table. - - O O () o o O (> o o o o f) o o <) o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o ot o i.i'.tiiiia<'. 2l)-2/ 2I-2.S 2S-2!) 2^-30 :io-3i 3i-;i2 32-3:! 33-31 3i-35 35-31) 3(i-37 3I-3S 38-311 39-40 40-11 41-42 42-43 43-44 4J-45 Teiiipprature of Aug. is hfiifjher than thiit 5 0,7 1.0 1.2 13 15 U 1.6 1.8 2.0 2,2 2.4 2.3 2.4 of July by ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 Thus thronghout the country, the mean temjierature of August is higher than that of July, and their difference increases proportionally to the increase of latitude. This may be accidental, yet still a remarkable fact ! Generally sptnd'cing, the mean temperature is lowest in January, but in certain cases, it is lowest in February If we calculate the dilTerence of the mean temperatures of these two months, we find that, on the average, in January it is lower by 0.°47 C than in Fe])ruary. The difference being such a small 15 quantity quite comparable witli errors, from Aviiich tiie mean temperatures of winter niontlis can not be free, on aeeounts of tlie period of observations l)eing short, wo can not tell beforehand how it will become in future. Hence, it will be safer for us to say that the lowest mean temperature is in January and February. Let us now examine the manner of variation of the monthly mean temperature. Jt is juinimum, as we liav(^ just seen, in eTanuary and February. It theu increases with the rate of ai)out 4° C per month, and reaches its maximum vabie in An^'ust. The decrt-ase from August to September is not so verv (piick, being about 3.°5 C. I>ut the transitions from Sej)teinber to October, and from October to November are very quick, the rate of decrease per month being about ()° C In short, at the increas- ing stage, tlie rate is very slow^, (tiiough from March to April, the rate is somewhat great, being 5.°3 C) and a long pi'riod of seven montlis is required. J>ut at the decreasing stage, the change is very quick, and conso(|uently the period is short, r^'quiring only live month. If we calculate the mean tem{)erature at each season, we get : Mean aiu TEMi-EiiATniE von Eorii seasons. Locality. Winter Spring Suminei' Autumn Locjality. Winter Spring Summer Autumn Nalia 16.1 l'.t.7 2G.G 23.1 Numazu 5.8 13.0 23.G 17.2 Kiigosliima 7.5 15.2 25.1 19.0 Tuivio 3.9 12.0 23.5 lt'>.0 Miyazaki 7.5 15.2 2i.rt 1S.5 U tsuiioiniya 1.8 10.7 22.9 14.7 Koclii tl.3 14.2 24.1 18.0 Clioslii G.2 12.9 22.9 18.0 Wakayn 111:1, 5.5 13.0 21.H 17.5 Kan.'izawa 3.2 lO.G 23.2 15.7 Oila G.l 12.G 23.0 17.5 L'usliiki 2.9 10,2 22.8 IG.O Yaiiiaguclii 0.8 11.5 23.4 15.7 Nagano 0.9 11.1 24.3 14.6 Hirosliima 4.5 12.4 21.4 1G.8 Niigata 2.5 9.9 22.8 15.6 Matsuyaiiia 5.1 12.2 24.1 1G.8 Yamagata 99.4 9.1 22.3 13.3 Okiiyaiiia 4.0 12.1 24.4 1G.8 Akita 99.5 7.8 21.1 12.9 Ozaka 4.5 12.5 24.7 17.2 Fukusliiuia 1.0 10.0 22.1 13.6 Kioto .S.2 ll.(» 24.5 1G.2 Isliinoniaki 0.8 8.6 20.9 14.0 Kuinanioto 5.0 IV.} 2i.y 17.3 ]\Iiyak() 0.3 7.5 19.3 12.8 Saga 5.2 13.G 24.5 17.3 Auiiujri 98.1 G.3 19.7 11.9 Nagasaki 0.7 14.3 25.2 18.4 llaliiidato 98.4 5.9 18.2 11.4 P'ukuoka 5.4 12.3 23.9 IG.G Sutlsu 97.8 5.7 17.9 11.1 Jtsugahara 5.2 1 2.5 23.G 1G.9 Sapporo 95.G 4.8 18.:isliii i 94.4 3.4 1(5.8 9.4 Nagoya 3.7 12.1 24.4 1(5.4 Nemiiro 9(;.G 2.7 14.G 10.3 Gifu ' ?>.H 12.3 24.5 1(5.5 Ivusliiro 92.8 3.0 1().5 8.3 Hiimainaisii 5.G 13.1 23.9 17.5 Erinio 98.G 3.5 1.5.5 11.8 N. B. 'I'lic Icmperaturo below tin; iVee/ing point are roiircsenteiJ by aibliiig 100 to : thus 95° tor — 5°, 90° for —10° &c. Thus, autumn is far wanner than s])ring and througiiout the country, the diftercnce of tem[)ei'atures between spring and winter is nearly e()ual to that between summer and autumn. The range of mean temperatures between the warmest and the coolest months is given in the followintr table : — 16 Locality. Aniplitudo. Jjocality. Am})litu(le. Locality. Amplitude. Naha 12.2 Itsugahara 21.7 Akita 25.6 Kagoshima 10.8 Akamaga-(4\i 21.0 Fukushiiua 23.8 Miyazaki 11). 8 Sakai 22.(5 Isliinomaki 24.2 Kodii 20. G Tsu 22.4 Miyako 23.4 Wakayama 22. r, Nagoya 23.8 Aoniori 25.8 Oita 20.4 Gifu " 24.0 Hakodate 24.0 Yaina_2;u(']ii 22.8 Haniaiiiat>u 21.5 Suttsu 25.1 Hii'oshinia 23.3 Nuinazu 20.7 Sapporo 27.1 Matsuyama 21.8 Tokio 22.9 Kaniikawa 30.5 Okayaina 23.8 [Ttsuiioiuiya 24.3 Soya 25.5 Ozaka 23.4 Choshi 20.2 Abasiiiri 27.3 Kioto 24.0 Kanazawa 23.4 Nemuro 23.1 Kumaiiioto 22.9 Fusil iki 24.1 Kusliiro 29.1 Sao-a 22.2 Nagano 2G.0 Erimo 20.9 Nagasaki 21.2 Niigata 24.<) Ogasawarajima 11.3 Fiikuoka 21.4 Yaniagata 25.7 Fusan 22.5 Thus ill I'oniu Island and Okinawa, \vhich lie on the oce.in and their latitudes are low, tiie tempera- ture range is very small, i. e. 9° — 12° C; but it increases rapidly as we proceed toward north, that is to say, into inland. Indeed, the range reaches to about 20° even in the southern part of Kiusiiu Island, and in the central part of Hokkaido, it is moi-e than 30°. (See Plate XII). (;. IHSTIUIUTIOX OF TI:M1'EK.\TI KE OVEIl JAPAX. In order to make the temperature distribution over this country more intelb'gible to us, we have drawn isotherms showing the mean temperatures of the four seasons and the year. (See the Plate X). For the drawing of these lines, it is very necessary for us to know met(H)rological conditions on the opposite continent, i. e. of Corea, Siberia, and the eastern coast of China. For these informations, we made use of Wild's " Die TempcralnrverliiUinl^H dcs Jiiissi^cJicn Rcichs'^ Fritsche's '^ The clinuifc of cadcrn Aif winter, except that the space rate of the change of the temperature is slower than in winter. ((3) In the mean of the year, mc find nearly no difference Ix'tween land and sea in southern provinces, though inland regions are rather colder than the sea coast. J^)Ut in those; places lying north of 37° N, the difference is somewhat considerable, being most remarkable in Hokkaido, and also in Hokkaido, the western coast is very nuich warmer than the eastern. We see that the temperature range over our country, arising whether from the ditference of latitude or from the distribution of land and sea, is greatest in winter, least in summer, and spring and autunni lie intermediate between them. It reaches 23. °8 C in winter, while it is only 11°. 5 C in summer; in the yearly mean it is 1G.°4 C The next table shows the detail. Winter. Spring. Summer. Autumn. Year. Temp. Locality Temp. Lociilit}' Temp. Loculily Tern]). Locality Temp. Locality Maximum 16°. I Naha 19°.7 Naha 2G°.G Naha 23°. 1 Naha 21°.4 Naha Minimum — 7°.7 Kamikawa 2°.<) Nemuro 15°. 1 Erimo 7°. 2 Kamikawa 5^.0 Kushiro Difference 23°. 8 17°.l 1]°.5 15°.9 16°.4 1). rEMPERATUIlE ANOMALY. The question which naturally arises in the course of investigating the climate of our country is "Is the temperature of this country higher or lower than the normal temperature of the latitude?" Now this (piestion is very difficult to answer satisfactorily. As is Avell known, Dove constructed the isotherms over the surface of the globe, and ])y their means calculated the normal temperatures of every ten degrees of north latitude, viz. those on the equator, 10° N, 20° N and so on (See Handbuch dcr Mimafolocjk con J)r. Ilann ; Etude mr la distrihufion des tcmpevaiures a la .wrfacc du (jJohe par Mi-. TeixHcrcnc de Bort. ) After him, owing to the great advancement of meteorological investigations, the method of temperature observations has undergone great improvement, and the number of stations is also greatly increased. The isotherms over the globe have been drawn very accurately by the investiga- tions of Teissercnc de Bort, Hann, Wild, and others. But the calculations of the normal temperatures present many great difliculties, and indeed none has ever tried this after Dove. So we must be content with tlse numbers obtained by Dove, in order to know anything about temperature anomaly of this country. It must be remarked here that as Dove had obtained the normal temperatures by means of imperfect isotherms, there must be some incomplete points; it is allowable for us, however, to believe that the number found by a authority as Dove, is not very far from truth. We may use his results for finding the general feature of the temperature anomaly. We calculated temperature anomalies at all our stations by Dove's numbers. They arc given in the following table. TEM PER ATURE A N( )MALY Locality. Naha I.atitiule N. o 1 26 13 January. o — 1.1 July. -1- 0.9 Year. o — 1.6 Ogasawara Jiina 26 42 + 0.8 ] 1.3 + 0.3 Kagoshima 31 35 -- 6.7 1 0.7 — 3.2 Miyazaki 31 56 — 6.3 1 0.6 — 3.2 Naga.'iaki 32 44 — Vifi i- 1.2 — 3.0 Kiimamoto 32 48 — 8.5 + 1.0 — 3.7 Saga 33 12 -7.7 -f 0.5 - - 3.5 Oita 33 13 — 6.5 + 0.1 - 3.7 Kociii 33 33 — 6.3 } 0.4 — 2.7 Fukuoka 33 35 — 6.8 + 0.1 — 3.9 Matsuyaiiia 33 50 — 7.3 -1 0.6 — 3.8 Akamagaseki 33 58 — 5.9 — 0.1 - 3.0 Yamaguchi 34 11 — 7.8 + 0.1 — 4.1 Itsugaliara 34 12 — 6.7 — 0.3 — 3.5 Wakayama 34 14 -6.6 f 1.3 — 2.8 Hiroshima 34 23 — 7.2 + 0.8 — 3.3 Okayama 34 40 — 7.4 + 1.2 - 3.3 Ozaka 34 42 — 6.9 + 1.3 - 2.9 Tsu 34 43 — 6.7 + 0.4 - 3.3 Hanianiatsu 34 43 -5.9 + 0.2 — 2.6 Kioto 35 01 — 7.6 + 1.1 — 3.4 Numazu 35 06 -5.2 ±0.0 — 2.4 Nagoya 35 10 — 7.3 + 1.1 - 3.2 Gifn 35 27 — 7.1 -i 1.3 — 2.7 Sakai 35 33 — 6.0 + 0.3 — 3.0 Tokio 35 41 — Q.i} + 0.2 — 3.0 Choslii 35 44 — 4.1 — 0.8 — 1.9 Kanazawa 36 33 — 6.3 + 0.2 — 3.2 Utsiinomiya 36 34 -8.1 — 0.1 — .3.6 Nagano 36 40 -8.8 -1- 1.5 — 3.3 Fiishiki 36 47 — 6.6 — 0.2 — 3.1 Fukushima 37 45 — 7.0 -0.3 — 3.7 Niigata 37 55 — 5.7 + 0.3 — 2.6 Yamagata 38 14 — 8.4 + 0.2 — 4.0 Isliinomaki 38 26 -6.9 — 1.3 -3.8 Miyako 39 38 — 6.2 — 2.4 — 4.0 Akita 39 42 — 6.9 — 0.3 — 3.5 iVomori 40 51 — 6.7 — 1.3 — 4.0 Hakodate 41 46 -5.2 -2.3 — 3.8 Erimo 41 55 — 4.4 — 5.2 — 4.8 Suttsu 42 48 — 5.1 2.2 — 3.5 Sapporo 43 03 — 6.7 — 1.1 — 4.2 Nemuro 43 20 — 5.3 — 3.2 — 5.2 Kushiro 43 23 — 9,9 — 3.2 — 6.0 Kamikawa 43 45 - 9.9 -1- 0.2 — 5.1 Abashiri 44 02 -6.8 — 2.1 — 4.6 Soya 45 31 -3.9 -2.5 — 3.6 19 Localitv. Latitude N. January. July. Year. Fusan 35 06 — 5.2 + 0.1 — 1.8 Cliemulpo 37 29 - 9.4 + 1.3 — 3.1 SOul 37 35 -11.0 -u 2.9 — 2.8 Yuensan 31) 10 - 7.7 i 1.2 — 2.1 Wladiwostock 43 07 -14.9 — 0.8 — 6.7 Kor,<,>^ak()\vk'ii 46 39 — 8.9 — 4.4 — 5.8 St. Olga 43 46 — 13.1 -0.2 — 6.2 Kii:-;snai 48 00 — 6.7 — 2.5 — 4.7 We thus see that : — ( 1 ) In January^ the temperature is lower throughout the country than the normal temperatures. This is e.'-pecially the ease in islands. At those places projecting into the .sea, as Choshi, Erinio, Soya etc., it is lower than the normal temperature by about 4° C. In inland districts, such as Nagano, Utsunomiya, Yamagata etc., the anomaly is more than 8° C. In Central Hokkaido, as in Kamikawa, Shibecha, it is still greater, being about 10°C. (2) In July, our temperature is slightly higher than the normal temperature in the southern part about 0.°5 along tlie coast and more than 1°C in iidand. In tlie northern part, it is generally lower tiian the normal temperature. Along the eastern coast, the anomaly is rather great, at Miyako, Erimo, Nenuu-o etc., their temperatures are about 3° C lower than the normal. At the central part of Hokkaido, the temperature is almost equal to the normal temperature. (3) If we compare our yearly mean temperature with tlie normal temperature, it is about .'>° C lower in the average of the whole country, there being no considerable difference between land and sea. As wo go nortliward, however, the anomaly increases and at the central Hokkaido it reaches tlie value greater than 5° C. Thus our temperature is lower in winter and higher in summer than the normal. If we consider the whole year, the cold prevails over the warmth. (See Plate XIII.) E. MAXIMUM AM) MINIMUM TEMPERATURES AND THEIR RANGE. With regard to the maximum and the minimum values in the regular diurnal variation of our air temperature, we have already spoken of in the article A. We shall now give the monthly means of the maximum and the minimum temperatures and also their ranges shown by self recording instruments. Mean daily maximum of aiu temperature, i Locality. Jan. Feb. Mar. A,,r. May June July Aug. Si'i.t. Get. Nov. Dec. Year Wint. Sj,r. Sum. Aut. Naha ^ lO.G 19.8 20.2 23.5 2G.3 27.4 31.5 31.3 30.1 27.9 24.4 21.8 25.3 20.4 23.3 30.1 27.5 Kagosliinia 11.9 12.2 10.1 20.7 23.8 20.7 30.5 31.2 29.1 24.0 19.1 14.4 21.7 12.8 20.2 29.5 24.3 ^liyazald 12.7 12.7 10. 3 21.0 24.1 20.8 30.4 31.1 28.0 24.0 19.3 1-5.0 21.8 13.5 20.5 29.4 24.0 Kcchi ''. 10.4 10.8 14.4 19.2 22.3 25.0 28.2 29.7 27.4 23.0 17.7 12.9 20.1 11.4 18.0 27.0 22.7 Wakayama 8.4 8.7 12.7 18.4 22.4 25.0 29.7 31.4 27.8 22.0 10.2 11.0 19.6 9.0 17.8 28.9 22.0 Oita 9.7 9.9 13.3 17.7 21 2 24.9 28.5 30.0 20.0 21.8 17.8 13.5 19.6 11.0 17.4 27.8 22.1 Yamaguchi 7.9 9.2 13.7 18.1 22.9 25.9 28.7 30.9 27.5 22.2 17.0 12.2 19.7 9.8 18.2 28.5 22.2 Hiroshima 8.0 9.1 12.3 17.5 22.2 25.2 29.4 31.4 27.7 22.4 10.3 10.9 19.4 9.3 17.3 28.7 22.1 MatRuyama 8.4 10.8 13.3 18.0 22.7 20.3 29.4 30.2 28.1 22.5 18.0 13.0 20.2 10.9 18.2 28.0 22.9 Okayaina C.8 8.3 13.8 17.0 24.0 25.2 28.0 29.7 28.4 22.0 17.0 11.1 19.4 8.7 18.3 27.8 22.7 Ozaka 8.0 8.4 12.4 18.3 22.3 20.2 30.1 31.8 '/8.4 22.7 10.4 11.2 19.7 9.2 17.7 29.4 22.5 Kioto 7.4 7.9 11.9 18.1 22.3 20.0 30.0 31.0 27.8 22.0 15.9 10.4 19.3 8.6 17.4 29.2 21.9 Kuiiiamoto 8.0 12.8 15.8 21.2 19.4 24.9 24.4 27.7 27.2 31.3 28.8 32.1 30.5 30.7 29.0 24.7 23.4 19.5 18.2 14.8 13.0 22.0 20.0 12.1 10.4 20.0 19.5 30.4 28.8 25.0 Saga 7.8 9.9 14.7 23.7 20 Mean j)Aily .maximfm of aii; TE>fPEKATrnK Locality. Jan. 9.7 Feb. 10.7 Mar. Apr, May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 23 8 Nov, Deo. Year Wiiit. 10.8 Spr. Sum. Aut. Na;;a-;;iki ' 14.2 19,2 23,0 25.0 29.7 81.1 28.3 17,2 12.1 20.3 18.8 28.8 22.9 Fukuolca 9.8 11.5 13.8 18.8 ■22.7 20.5 29.4 30.0 28.9 22.3 17.8 18.7 20.5 11.7 18.4 28.8 23.0 Itsup;ah:ir!v 8.0 10.0 13.4 17.5 21,7 25.0 27.7 30.2 20.0 22.4 17.1 12.5 19.4 10.4 17.5 27.0 22.0 Al.aniasasc'ki 8.1 8.0 11.7 10.4 20.5 23.8 27.8 29.7 20.0 21.0 15.8 10.8 18.4 9.0 10.2 27.1 21.8 Sakai 0.5 G.5 10.9 10.1 20.7 24.4 28.4 30.3 20.0 20.7 15.0 10.1 18.0 7.7 1.5.9 27.7 20.0 Tsu 9.2 10.4 13.3 18.4 22.4 25.2 28.0 29.8 20.0 21.5 10.0 12.7 19.5 10.8 18.0 27.7 21.0 Nagoya 7.1 9.0 13.7 18.8 25.2 25.0 30.1 31.4 28.8 22.8 10.8 12.5 20.1 9.5 19.2 29.0 22.8 Gift. 7.2 S "^ 12,1 17.9 22,8 20.0 29.7 31.4 27,0 22.4 10.0 10.4 19.3 8.0 17.4 29.0 22.0 Ilaniuiiialsii 9.3 10.0 13.5 18.4 21,7 25.0 28.5 30.0 27.7 22.7 17.1 12.1 19.7 10.5 17.9 28.0 22.5 Niimazu 10.2 10.1 13,5 17.8 21.0 24.5 27.7 29.0 27.1 22.2 17.2 13.2 19.5 11.2 17.4 27.8 22.2 'J'oli io 8.2 7.1 8.0 7.9 12.2 13.0 17.0 10,2 21.1 21.0 24.3 23.7 28.4 27.9 29.7 29.0 20.1 27.8 20.5 15.0 11.8 12.2 18.0 9.4 10.8 17.7 20.9 20.7 Utsuiiomiya 20.5 15.8 18.7 9.1 21.2 Clioshi 9.5 10.0 13.0 17.0 20.3 23.0 27.0 29.3 20.5 21.3 17.1 18.5 19.1 11.0 17.0 20.0 21.0 Kana/.awa 0.5 5,7 10.1 10.2 20.4 24.0 28.0 30.4 2<"i,8 20.7 14.3 9.3 17.0 0.8 15.0 27.5 20.4 Fusl.iki 4.4 5.0 10.3 14.4 19.3 22.2 20.8 28.9 25.1 19.0 14.4 9.8 10.7 (•).0 14.7 20.0 19.7 Nagano 2.3 5.1 10.0 10.5 21.7 25.8 27.9 29.8 2(5.5 18.9 12.3 8.0 17.1 5.1 1G.3 27.7 19.2 Niigata 3.8 4.2 8.4 14.8 19.8 22.0 27.2 30.0 25.7 19.5 13.1 7.0 10.8 5.2 14.0 20.0 19.4 Yaniagata 1.1 3.2 9.0 15.0 21.9 23.8 20.7 28.4 25.4 17.9 11.2 0.8 15.9 3.7 15.5 20.3 18.2 Akita 1.2 2.1 0.4 12.8 17,7 21.9 20.3 28.5 24.5 18.1 11.1 5.4 14.7 2.9 12.3 25.0 17.9 Fukusliima 4.7 (5.4 11.3 17.2 22,2 24.7 27.2 29.1 25.9 19.2 13.2 9.0 17.5 0.7 10.9 27.0 19.4 Ishinoinaki 8.0 3.9 8.8 13.2 18.0 20.4 24.7 20.8 23.8 18.4 12.8 8.0 15.1 5.0 13.3 24.0 18.3 Miyalaj 4.5 5.1 8.0 14.0 17.7 19.9 24.7 27.4 23.7 18.8 1 3.0 8.5 15.5 0.0 13.4 24.0 18.7 Aoinori 0.1 1.3 5.0 11.9 10.5 20.0 24.5 27.1 23.1 17.8 9.0 3.0 18.8 1.7 11.1 28.9 10.7 Hakodate 0.2 1.4 4.9 10.5 14.8 18.0 22.9 25.5 22.4 10.4 8.9 3.5 12.4 1.7 10.1 22.1 15.0 Suttsu 98.5 0.3 4.0 9.5 14.1 17.8 22.8 24.5 20.5 14.7 7.0 2.4 11.8 0.4 9.2 21.4 14.3 Sapporo ^ 98.3 ■9?.2 97.0 3.4 3.4 10.0 8.9 10.2 20.0 21,9 20 8 21.0 15.0 0.9 1.4 12.0 1 99.8 9,9 10,0 23.9 • 24.5 14.5 Kainikawa 17.0 21.5 2C,n" "SO" 20:3 18.fi' 0.4 1.4 11.4 97.7 13.4 So3'a 94.5 90.0 0.9 0.2 9.5 12.0 18,9 21.7 18.5 12.8 5.0 99,7 7.9 90.7 5.5 17.5 11.9 Abnshiri 9^.2 97.3 4.1 9.9 15.3 15.8 20.9 24.4 20.4 18.7 7.0 2.8 10.5 98.8 9.8 20.4 13.7 Neinuro 9^.5 98.5 1.7 0.7 11.0 13.9 19.2 22.1 19.0 13.8 7.5 2.5 9.5 j 99.8 0.5 18.4 13.4 Kushiro 917 99.0 4,7 10.5 15.8 17.8 22.1 23.0 21.3 14.4 8.2 3.1 11.5 1 99.8 10.3 21.2 14.0 Eiiino . 98.7 — U— 99.4 2.1 5.7 9.5 12.8 17,4 20.5 18.7 U.l 8.7 4.2 9.8! 0.8 5.8 10.7 13.8 ' ( . ' . M EAX >AILY MINIMUM OF . Ull TEMPERATURE.* Nalia 12.2 14.0 14.8 10.8 19.9 21.9 24.8 21.9 24.0 20.9 17.0 15.0 18.8 13.7 17.0 23.9 20.0 Kagosliini:i 2.1 2.7 5.9 11.8 14.3 18.7 22.8 23.2 20.7 1 5.4 8.8 3.7 12.5 2.8 10.7 21.0 14.8 Miyazaki 1.4 2.0 5.5 11.4 14.2 18.7 22.4 22.9 20.1 14.1 7.4 2.8 11,9 2.1 10.4 21.3 13.9 Koehi 0.5 1.5 4.7 10.9 13.9 18.1 21.9 22.4 20.0 14.2 7.0 2.3 11.5 1.4 9.8 20.8 13.9 A\'alkI 2.2 2.3 5.0 9.5 13.8 17,5 21.9 28.4 20.2 14.8 9.5 5.0 12.0 ' 3.2 9.3, 20.9 14.8 Sakai 0.5 0.4 2.9 7.4 11.0 10.7 21.4 22.7 1H.7 12.2 7.1 3.0 10.3 1 1.8 7.1 20.3 12.7 'I'su 99.0 1.4 4.0 8.0 12.8 17.1 21.5 22.5 19.i; 12.0 0.0 :->.0 10.8 1.8 8.5 20.4 32.1 *To avoid tlie iniiuis sign, tlie degrees l)eli)W 0° are shown hy ad.') 11.4 i!;.4 18.8 14.0 7.3 2.0 97.8 5.3 95.3 2.8 15.4 8.0 Aomoii 93.2 93.0 96.0 2.1 6.8 12.5 17.6 19.2 14.4 7.3 1.7 96.6 5.1 94.3 1.8 10.4 7.8 Hakodate 92.9 93.5 97.4 1.4 0. 1 10.3 15.0 17.7 13.3 6.0 0.0 96.2 4.2 94.2 1.5 14.5 O.C) Suttsu 93.0 94.4 97.9 2.0 0.2 10.4 15.7 18.0 14.2 7.4 1.2 96.7 4.8 94.7 2.0 14.7 7.0 Sapporo (l¥ 89.5 94.1 99.7 5.1 10.0 15.2 Hi.O 11.5 4.1 98.3 92.6 2.1 90.2 99.6 l:!.9 4.0 K a mi k aw a 79.3 82.0 89.0 97.2 2.5 8.2 13.2 18.9 9.3 0.8 94.9 90.2 98.4 84.0 96.2 11.8 1.7 Soya 90.9 91.8 90.3 1.3 3.8 0.9 13.7 16.5 13.3 0.5 0.3 95.7 3.1 92.8 0.5 12.4 7.7 Abash ill 86.7 88.2 91.0 0.2 5.1 8.5 13.9 10.0 12.0 4.6 98.5 9J.1 1.9 89.7 0.0 12.8 5.2 Nemuro 91.2 90.5 93.8 98.5 2.2 5.7 11.0 14.0 12.1 <;.5 0.7 95.7 1.9 92.5 98.2 10.4 6.4 Kiishiro 81.0 85.3 93.4 98.3 3.2 8.3, 12..; 10.2 12.7 2.4 95.0 90.3 99.9 85.5 98.3 12.4 ;;.6 Erimo 9S.5 94.4 97.3 ; 0.7 4.0 7.7 j 12.0 15,7 14.5 9.2 3.3 1 98.3 4.3 95.4 0.7 12.0 9.0 - 1,) Nalia 1 7.4 5.8 Kagosliima 9.8 9.5 Mi3'azaki 11.3 10.7 Koclii 9.9 9.3 Wakayama 7.9 1 .( Oita 7.9 8.0 Yamagucbi 9.3 9.1 Hirosliima 8.4 8.6 Matsuyania 8.8 9.1 Okayama 8.4 7.9 Ozaka 8.7 8.9 Kioto 10.0 10.0 Kumamoto 11.0 11.0 Saga 8.0 7.4 Nagasaki 8.0 8.4 Fukuoka 9.9 9.3 Itsugaliara 8.8 9.4 Akamagaseki 5.9 5.7 Sakai 6.0 (;.i Tsu 9.0 9.0 Nagoya 9.3 10.0 Gifu 9.1 9.7 Hamamatsu 8.7 9.1 Numazu 10.7 10.0 Tokio 10.4 9.0 Utsunomiya 13.7 11.3 5.9 0.7 6.4 5.5 10.2 8.9 9.5 8.0 10.8 9.0 9.9 8.1 ; 9.7 8.3 8.4 6.9 9.5 9.5 9.8 7.8 9.3 8.0 9.0 7.8 11.0 10.0 12.2 9.6 9.7 9.5 9.9 7.8 9.8 10.7 11.0 10.1 > 10.0 10.9 12.9 9.0 ( 9.9 10.1 10.1 8.7 11.7 11.8 12.1 10.0 < 11.5 11.2 12.8 10.9 10.0 10.5 12.0 10.5 9.0 9.1 9.4 7.5 10.3 10.7 12.0 10.5 } 9.9 9.1 9.8 8.6 ( 0.7 6.9 7.2 6.3 8.0 8.7 9.7 7.7 9.3 9.8 9.0 8.1 ( 10.6 11.2 13.1 9.0 10.5 10.3 10.8 9.1 J 9.7 9.1 8.9 7.6 t 10.1 8.8 8.7 7.4 ( 10.5 9.7 9.4 7.7 11.7 11.6 13.8 8.2 6.7 6.4 6.1 7.0 7.4 0.8 7.7 8.0 8.4 9,2 10.8 10.7 8.0 8.2 8.5 9,9 11.9 12.2 0.3 7.8 7.4 8.8 10.1 10.0 7.2 8.4 8.3 9.0 8.9 8.8 0.7 7.4 7.4 8.5 10.0 9.5 7.4 9.0 9.0 11.9 12.9 10.5 7.4 8.5 8.7 9.9 10.2 9.4 8.1 8.6 8.0 11.1 11.8 10.4 0.0 7.3 7,2 11.3 11.0 10.0 7.9 8.9 9.2 10.3 10.2 O.H 9.3 10.0 10.0 11.0 11.8 11.3 9.3 10.4 10.9 13.3 14.7 12.7 0.8 7.9 9.0 10,5 10.7 9.2 0.9 7.8 8.3 9.1 9.1 8.5 8.4 8.9 9.7 11.8 11.8 10.1 0.5 8.0 8.4 10,5 10,8 10.1 5.9 6.3 0.4 0,8 0,3 5.8 7.0 7.6 7.3 8,5 7.9 7.1 0.5 7.3 7.0 9.5 10.0 9.7 7.9 8.6 8.0 10.9 11.3 9.9 8.0 8.9 9.0 10.9 10.7 9.4 6.9 8.2 8.1 9.1 9.4 8.9 (S.3 7.7 8.1 9.4 10.4 11.2 7.5 8.0 7.7 9.0 io.(; 11.2 1 .1 8.6 8.6 11.0 12.7 13.1 6.5 1 6.7 j 9.2 10.0 9.8 11.4 ! 8.0 10.0 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.4 10.2 9.7 1 9.0 8.8 1 9.9 9.4 9.4 8.9 9.3 9.1 10.8 10.5 11.0 11.0 9.4 8.2 8.4 8.3 10.3 9.8 9.2 9.5 0.4 5.8 1 . i 0.4 8.7 9.5 10.0 1 9.7 9.7 j 9.4 8.6 j 8.9 9.1 10.7 9.3 10.4 11.0 ' 12.7 0.3 9.5 10.1 8.8 9.0 9.0 11.2 9.7 10.7 11.3 10.1 11.8 11.8 11.0 9.4 11.0 9.0 0,.9 8.8 9.5 11.0 10.5 9.3 9.2 9.9 12.3 0.2 6.9 7.9 9.5 8.1 10.1 (■).8 8.8 7.8 8.7 7.3 8.7 8.7 11.2 7.9 9.6 8.9 10.5 7.6 9.9 8.5 9.9 9.8 11.1 10.2 13.0 8.4 10.0 7.4 8.8 9.2 11.1 7.7 9.9 6.2 6.5 7.4 9.9 7.3 8.8 8,5 10.1 SX, 10.2 7,5 8.9 7 2 9.3 7,8 9.1 8.2 10.8 22 Mean daif.y range of air temperature. Locality. Jan. : 8.4 Feb. 7.9 Mar. Apr. May June July Auj^. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Wint. Spr. Sum. Aut. Clioslii 1,1 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.4 5.9 0.3 7.5 9.2 7.2 8.5 7.1 0.3 0.5 Kana7.a\\a 0.5 0.9 8.9 10.0 10.1 8.2 7.0 8.9 8.5 9.3 8.5 7.5 8.4 0.9 9.7 8.3 8.7 Fusliiki 5.3 0.4 7.8 7.5 8.4 0.0 5.7 0.8 7.1 8.1 7.7 7.1 7.0 0.3 7.9 0.2 7.0 Nagano 8.5 9.5 11.1 12.2 13.7 11.1 9.0 10.1 10.1 12.1 10.7 9.0 10.7 9.2 12.4 10.1 10.9 Niigata 5.3 it.i 7.4 8.2 8.9 7.1 0.5 7.7 7.3 8.0 7.0 0.2 7.1 5.7 8.2 7.1 7.4 Yainai^ala 1 7.0 8.4 9.3 11.8 13.4 9.7 8.0 9.1 9.0 11.0 9.5 7.9 9.0 7.8 11.5 9.1 lO.l Akita 1 G.7 8.0 8.1 9.3 9.G 8.0 7.8 9.0 9.2 lO.G 8.5 0.8 8.0 7.2 9.0 8.5 9.4 Fiikusliimi ' 8,8 9.8 10.0 11.9 13.7 10.3 8.5 9.0 8.9 11.9 11.0 9.1 10.2 9.2 11.9 9.3 10.6 Ishinomaki 7.0 8.1 8.0 8.5 9.0 0.9 0.4 0.4 7.3 9.5 9.2 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.7 0.0 8.6 IMiyako 10.0 10.8 10.8 11.5 11.2 8.5 8.3 9.1 9.1 11.5 11.0 10.7 10.2 10.7 11.1 8.0 10.7 Aoinori 0.9 8.3 8.4 9.8 9.7 7.5 0.9 7.9 8.7 10.1 7.9 7.0 8.2 7.4 9.3 7.5 8.9 Hakodate 7.3 7.9 7.5 9.1 9.1 7.7 7.3 7.8 9.1 10.4 8.3 7.3 8.2 7.5 8.0 7.6 9.3 SlUtKll 5.0 5.9 0.1 7.5 7.9 0,.9 0.0 6.5 0.3 7.3 0.4 5.7 0.5 5.7 7.2 0.7 0.7 Snpporo 0.9 10.2 9.3 10.3 11.1 10.0 9.7 9.7 10.1 10.9 8.0 8.8 9.9 9.0 10.3 10.0 9.9 Kamikawa 14.9 15.0 14.4 11.7 15.1 13.3 12.8 12.0 11.0 12.8 11.5 11.2 13.0 18.7 13.8 12.7 11.7 Soya 3.0 4.2 4.0 4.9 5.7 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.8 1.0 4.0 4.0 3.9 5.0 5.1 4.2 Abasliiri 8.5 9.1 9.5 9.7 10.2 7.3 7.0 8.4 7.8 9.1 8.5 8.2 8.G 8.0 9.8 7.0 8.5 Neimiro 7.3 8.0 7.9 8.2 8.8 8.2 8.2 7.5 0.9 7.3 0.8 0.8 7.0 7.3 8.3 8.0 7.0 Kushir.) 15.7 14.3 11.3 12.2 12.0 9.5 9.5 7.4 8.0 12.0 12.0 12.8 11.6 14.8 12.0 8.8 11.0 Erimo 5.2 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.5 4.0 4.8 4.8 4.2 4.9 5.4 5.9 5.0 5.4 5.1 4.7 4.8 These tables .' Gifu 33.3 Hamamat>u 30.0 Numazu 30.1 Tokio 31.9 Utsunomiva 35.6 Choshi 28.2 Kanazawa 31.0 Fushiki 29.8 Nagano 36.0 Niigata 31.5 Yaraagata 34.3 TEMPERATURE. Locality. Range Akita 34.4 Fukushima 33.2 Ishinomaki 31.4 Miyako 33.5 Aomori 34.1 Hakodate 32.6 Suttsu 31.5 Sapporo 37.9 Kamikawa 46.7 Soya 30.8 Abasliiri 37.7 Nemuro 31.6 Kushiro 42.6 Erimo 27.0 23 The ranges given above, ought to be far greater tliau those given in the article B. Hence even in Naha, an island in the Southern Pai-ific, this annual range is 19. "^ 3. Jn Nippon it is about 30^ and in the central part of Hokkaido it is more than 45.° lnst(nid of taking the monthly mean, if Me take the actual maximum and the mininuim values ever attained since the first date of t)ur observations, we have the extreme maximum value of 37. "5 at Hiroshima and the extreme minimum of — 3G.°7 at Kamikawa. For details, see the following table. EXTKEMES OF Alli TEMPEKATl'llE.* Locality. Maximum Day Moiitli v,„.. Minimum 7.4 Day Mouth i i Year Kange Nalia : 34.4 3 VII 1 1890 21 I 1891 I 27.0 Kagoshinia 34.8 15 IX 1 1884 93.9 2 II ; 1880 40.9 Miyazaki ;!r,.3 13 MI 1880 93.9 11;22 II;XI1 1883;84 1 42.4 Kochi 34.8 3 VIII 1889 94.1 18 1 I 1891 40.7 Wakayama oGX, 25 VII 1883 94.0 9 1 II 1883 42.0 Oita '.'AX, 20 VIII i 1888 94.8 15 i I 1888 39.8 Yamaguclii 34.4 17 VIII 1888 92.3 3 i TI : 1888 42.1 Hiroshima 37.5 19 VIII 1880 91.0 31 i XII 1883 45.9 Matsuyaiiia 34.1 24 VI 1891 94.7 10 1 II 1891 : 39.4 Okayama i 33.3 1 IX 1891 94.9 10 ' I 1891 1 38.4 C)zaka 1 35.8 17 VII 1880 92.9 25 I 1891 i 42.9 Kioto 3G.2 25 VTI 1883 88.1 10 I 1891 48.1 Kiimaiuoto 35.G •> VIII 1891 93.1 25 I 1891 42.5 Saga 34.7 1;15 VIII 1891 95.7 20 I ; 1891 39.0 Nagasaki 1 „ - ►. jl oO.t 25 VII 1887 95.1 13 I 1880 ! 40.<; Fukuoka 3t;.4 13 VII 1890 95.4 29 I 1891 41.0 Itsugah;iia 34.0 5 VIII 1889 92.2 19 II 1891 1 41.8 Akamagaseki 35.8 12 VIII 1883 95.0 18 I 1883 I 40.2 Sakai i 37.2 3 VIII 1880 91.8 5 II 1880 45.4 Tsu 35.2 2 VIII 1889 94.3 14 I 1890 40.9 Nagoya 35.8 11;19 VIIjVIIl 1890 93.3 12 II 1891 42.5 Gifu ' 30.9 10 VII 1880 88.3 1 I 1884 48.0 Hamaiiuitsu 30.8 14 VII 1880 94.8 19 II 1885 42.0 Numa/.u 34.1 5 VIII 1880 91.3 19 11 1885 42.8 ■J'okio 30.0 14 VII 1880 ' 90.8 13 I 1870 45.8 Utsunoniiya 33.8 13 VII 1891 89.7 11 II 1891 44.1 Clioslii 33,0 24 VIII 1889 95.1 3 II 1888 88.5 JCanazawa 30.8 2 VIII 1880 I 92.0 14 I 1885 44.2 Fushiki 34.9 12;24 VII;VIII 1888;91 91,3 20 II 1891 43.0 Nagano 34.0 11 IX 1891 84.1 12 II 1891 50.5 Niigata 30.1 5 VIII 1888 90.0 29 I 1891 45.5 Yamagata 34.0 22 VI 1890 80.0 29 I 1891 54.0 Akita 35.0 VIII 1885 75.4 ^^ II 1888 59.0 Fukushiniii 35.0 22 VI 1890 : 81.5 4 1 II 1891 54.1 Ishiiioiiiaki 33.7 10 VIII 1888 8f).9 4 II 1891 40.8 Miyako 30.2 3; 10 VIII 1880 1 84.() 21 I 1885 51.0 Aomori Hakodate SiUtsu 34.0 33.0 32.0 1 29 20 VIII VII VII 1882 ■ 1870 1887 : 81.0 78.3 85.0 4i20 29 12 IljXIl I I bSS2;9l 1891 1880 53.0 55.3 40.4 Sapporo 34.1 15 VIII 1883 74.4 18 II 1885 59.7 Jvamikawii 34.9 29 VII 1888 03.3 29 I 1891 : 71.0 Soya 29.4 5 IX 1890 i 82.7 29 I 1889 \ 40.7 Abasliiri 33.0 23 VIII 1889 78.5 19 ' I 1890 54.5 NeiDuro 31.9 25 VII 1883 • 78.9 18 HI 1885 1 53.0 Kusliii-vj 30.0 18 VII 1891 72.0 12 I 1891 58.0 Ei-imo 29.0 4 IX 1890 ■, 85.7 28 1 I 1 1891 43.9 To avoid the minus sign, the degrees helow 0° are sho^vn l.y adding 100. Thus 99° for —1°, 95° t'oi 24 Thus tlic maxiiniini range of cxtrcnu's, — viz. the greatest ditUn'enee between the extremes of tlic )uaximuni and the mininmni teni])eratures, whieh we had since the l)eginning of our observations is generally 10^ in the coast land of the southern provinces, and 45° in inland. In the northern provin(;cs, we have still greater range of more than 50° even along the coast. In the central part of Hokkaido, it has the great value of 70° C. The,-e great ranges are due to the frecpicnt occurrences of very low tein])eratures. The range of the mean niaxinuini temperature and the mean minimum during the course of a day is 10° C on an average. If we take the actual maximum and the minimum ever attained, l)ut not their mean values, then we have sometimes a great range of temperature. The next table shows the maxinuim diurnal ranges of tem])erature ever observed at several stations since their establishment-, AlSSOHTIO MAXIMUM OF DAILV llA\(iE. fvocality. Range. Date. Locality. Range. Date. Naha 13.8 J 7th Jan. 1891 Tokio 22.1 17th March 1882 Kagoshima 18.4 9th Jan. 1888 Utsunomiya 21.4 21. St May 1891 jMiyazaki 20.7 22nd Jan. 1883 Choshi 17.1 2nd Jan. 1887 Kochi 17.2 6 th Nov. 1891 Kanazawa 23. G 13th April 1883 Wakayama I!).l 21st May 1891 Fushiki 20. G 30tli March 1891 Oita 18.9 15th Dec. 1891 Nagano 24.1 14th May 1891 Hiroshima 18.1 7th Sept. 1888 Niigata 18.2 26th April 1885 Matsuyama 19.3 15th Dec. 1891 Yamagata 23.2 15th March 1891 Okayama 19.4 13th May 1891 Akita 24,9 5th Feb. 1888 Ozaka 18.4 10th April 1889 Fukushima 25.4 15th .May 1891 Kioto 24.0 22nd ISIay 189 J Ishinomaki 17.G 8th Marcli i 1889 Kumamoto 21.2 15th Dc(". 1891 Miyako 23.5 27tli April 1888 Saga 19.G Mth Nov. 1891 Aomori 22.0 Gth Feb. 1890 Nagasaki 18.2 IGtli Jan. 1888 Hakodate; 22.0 8th Dec. 1S91 Fukuoka 22.1 30th March I 1891 Suttsu 18.7 11th May 1890 Itsugahara 19.5 12th May 1891 Sapporo 24.G 15th May 1887 Akamagaseki 14.7 8th Jan. 188G Kamikawa 30.2 6th March 1889 Sakai 23.1 15 th May 1887 Soya 19.1 29th Oct. 1889 ^Fsu 17.4 13th May 1891 Abash iii 22.G Gth Feb. 1890 Nagoya 18.9 21st May 1891 Nemuro 22. G 7th June 1885 Gifu ' 20.2 22nd March . 1888 Kushiro 26.9 31st Jan. 1890 Hamamatsu 18.0 21st May 1891 Erimo 15.3 13th Dec. 1889 Numazu 19.8 9 th Fel). 1890 Even in Naiia, a solitary island in the Southern Paciiic, the maximum range of temperature in a day is about 14.°C. On the main island Nipjion, it is about 20° C and in the central part of Hokkaido it exceeds 30° C. Tiu! maxinuun range of tem})eraturIFFI{ATl RF. l\y what we have said in the ju'eceding ai'ticles, the general variations of tem])erature in this Cdur.try will be cU^arly understood, but there remains one more important (piestion " What is the manner of variation? Is it (juick or slow'?" In order to answer this, we have calculated the varia- bility of temp(u-ature or the differences of mean temperatures of consecutive days, as first proposed by Hann, tlu; Director of the Austrian Meteorological Observatory, and also their means irrespective of their sigus are tabulated as follows : — 25 Mean variability of temperature. Locality. Nalia Kagoshima Miyazalvi Koclii Wakayania Oita Hirosliima Matsuyama Ok ay a ma Ozaka Kioto Kuinanio! o Saga Nagasaki Fukuoka Itsugahara Akamagaseki Sakai Tsii Nagoya (jifii Haniamalsii Niimazu J'okio Utsuiiomiya ChosLi Jvaiiazawa Fushiki Nagano Niigata Yamagata Akita Fiikusliima Tsliinomald Miyako Aomori Hakodate Suttsu Sapporo Kamikavva Soya Aljashiii Neinuio Kushiro Erimo Jan. 1.49 2.05 2.08 1.7G l.Gl 1.59 1.50 1.63 1.31 1.42 1.5G 1.77 1.57 2.03 1.G9 2.09 1.6G 1.47 1.G7 1.30 1.50 1.55 2.02 1.42 1.20 1.82 1.74 1.55 1.28 1.38 l.GG 1.90 l.GG 1.79 2.03 1.98 2.40 1.96 2.32 3.1G 1.54 2.23 1.95 8.22 1.77 Feb. Mar. Apr. 1.71 1.82 1.17 1.71 2.01 1.77 1.79 1.99 2.01 l.GO 1.74 1.65 1.G7 1.88 2.03 1.55 1.94 1.91 1.42 1.62 1.72 1.72 1.66 1.98 1.71 1.98 2.16 1.45 1.64 1.86 l.GO 1.85 2.04 1.94 1.88 1.83 1.77 1.66 1.41 1.G7 1.G6 1.86 1.71 1.59 2.07 1.69 1.91 1.79 1.3G 1.55 1.49 1.24 1.77 2.11 1.98 1.70 2.01 1.75 1.75 1.73 1.43 1.74 1.87 1.4G l.GG 1.67 1.79 1.94 2.00 1.G2 1.82 2.22 1.G8 2.09 1.93 1.G8 1.9G 1.85 1.48 1.96 2.37 1.57 1.83 2.09 2.03 2.37 2.91 1.30 1.62 2.11 2.10 1.69 2.52 1.83 1.62 2.09 2.21 1.91 2.47 1.61 1.77 1.91 1.63 1.95 2.70 1.83 1.65 1.71 2.00 1.85 1.54 1.70 1.65 1.64 2.26 1.96 1.72 3.76 2.66 2.05 1.69 2.20 1.63 2.76 2.14 2.39 2.11 1.83 1.57 2.80 2.00 1.87 1.26 1.13 1.09 May 1.66 1.30 1.35 1.25 1.45 1.38 1.87 1.88 1.52 1.39 1.53 1.51 1.34 1.29 1.41 1.89 1.12 1.45 1.48 1.38 1.52 1.87 1.42 1.72 1.71 1.34 1.85 1.61 1.98 1.95 2.06 2.04 1.90 1.64 2.39 1.64 1.46 1.72 1.81 1.92 1.97 2.81 1.84 2.27 1.13 June 0.79 1.10 1.29 0.99 1.22 1.40 1.17 1.03 1.25 1.15 1.30 0.98 0.98 1.09 1.28 l.U 1.13 1.31 1.14 1.31 1.30 1.18 1.07 1.32 1.18 0.97 1.49 1.24 1.55 1.42 1.37 1.53 1.50 1.80 1.88 1.40 1.33 1.39 1.56 1.48 1.74 2.19 1.67 1.72 0.98 July 0.61 0.78 0.90 0.74 0.88 1.10 0.80 1.02 1.08 0.86 0.96 0.87 1.00 0.84 1.16 0.98 0.81 0.99 0.96 1.00 0.99 0.85 0.85 1.09 1.21 0.81 1.12 1.14 1.29 LOG 1.35 1.06 1.37 1.24 1.60 1.18 1.17 1.18 1.25 1.36 1.62 2.05 1.78 1.G8 1.04 Aug. ' Sept. 0.64 0.75 0.78 0.66 0.75 0.74 0.83 0.04 0.74 0.78 0.81 0.76 0.81 0.78 0.(52 0.78 0.G5 0.88 0.81 0.84 0.80 0.82 0.80 0.90 0.82 0.67 1.02 0.91 1.16 1.07 0.98 1.22 1.04 1.08 1.43 1.13 1.26 1.01 1.22 1.36 1.15 1.43 1.45 0.98 0.92 0.68 0.96 1.01 0.97 1.23 1.19 1.19 1.10 1.29 1.17 1.32 1.21 1.24 1.06 1.31 1.02 0.91 1.14 0.96 0.96 1.14 1.06 1.09 1.38 1.15 0.97 1.31 l.U 1.49 1.35 1.45 1.48 1.82 1.42 1..59 1.81 1.50 1.10 1.53 1.45 1.31 1.51 1.44 1.46 1.12 Oct. 0.71 1.35 1.52 1.33 1.40 1.33 1.39 1.19 1.48 1.28 1.47 1.24 1.14 1.27 1.28 1.28 1.10 1.22 1.41 1.87 1.42 1.22 1.50 1.46 1.83 1.28 1.40 1.26 1.59 1.40 1.07 1.83 1.88 1.72 1.79 1.71 2.18 1.79 2.02 1.94 1.71 1.90 1.72 2.29 150 Nov. Dec. 1.11 1.75 1.65 1.55 1.54 1.46 1.42 1.54 1.35 1.44 1.69 1.67 1.25 1.52 1.43 1.66 1.29 1.49 1.66 l.GG 1.43 1.34 1.65 1.57 1.90 1.54 1.74 1.59 1.84 1.60 1.92 1.90 2.44 1.95 2.09 2.11 2.44 2.20 2.18 2.51 2.11 2.23 2.01 2.69 2.11 1.62 2.18 2.16 1.81 1.75 2.02 1.66 2.21 1.89 1.62 1.70 2.54 2.05 2.18 2.08 2.47 1.66 1.62 1.69 1.75 1.48 1.63 2.04 1.74 2.31 2.01 2.04 1.91 2.13 1.68 2.29 1.91 2.32 1.94 2.19 2.03 2.56 2.47 2.43 2.72 2.07 2.41 2.20 3.37 2.32 Year Wint. 1.17 1.48 1.54 1.34 1.45 1.47 1.35 1.42 1.47 1.38 1.49 1.52 1.35 1.44 1.47 1.51 1.23 1.89 1.46 1.40 1.38 1.32 1.51 1.52 1.58 1.40 1.63 1.48 1.80 1.49 1.75 1.70 1.88 1.61 1.93 1.64 1.81 1.66 1.85 2.20 1.73 2.18 1.80 2.20 1.36 1.61 1.98 2.01 1.72 1.68 1.72 1.53 1.85 1 .64 1.50 1.62 2.08 1.80 1.96 1.83 2.08 1.56 1.44 1.78 1.60 1.47 1.55 1.95 1.59 1.73 1.84 1.75 1.08 1.81 1.44 2.02 1.88 2.06 1.78 1.95 1.95 2.32 2.04 2.34 3.21 1.77 2.47 2.09 3.13 1.78 Spr. 1.55 1.69 1.78 1.55 1.79 1.74 1.57 1.66 1.87 1.63 1.81 1.74 1.47 1.60 1.69 1.70 1.89 1.78 1.78 1.62 1.71 1.57 1.79 1.92 1.91 1.72 2.0G 1.84 2.42 1.89 2.09 1.92 2.09 1.77 2.35 1.67 1.62 1.67 1.83 2.21 1.93 2.45 1.75 2.05 1.12 Sum. Aut. 0.68 0.88 0.99 0.80 0.95 1.08 0.95 0.90 1.02 0.91 1.04 0.87 0.93 0.90 1.02 0.94 0.86 1.06 0.97 1.05 1.03 0.95 0.91 1.10 1.07 0.82 1.21 1.10 1.33 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.30 1.21 1.62 1.24 1.25 1.19 1.34 1.40 1.50 1.89 1.63 1.46 0.98 0.83 1.35 1.39 1.28 1.89 1.88 1.38 1.28 1.86 1.30 1.49 1.37 1.21 1.28 1.34 1.32 1.10 1.28 1.34 1.33 1.33 1.21 1.41 1.47 1.63 1.25 1.48 1.32 1.64 1.45 1.68 1.72 2.05 1.70 1.82 1.71 2.04 1.72 1.91 1.97 1.71 1.91 1.72 2.15 1.58 Frequency of the variation. Locality. <'2° 2° 4° 4°— 6° 6°— 8° 8°— 10° 10°— 12° 12°— 14° 14° -16° 16°— 18° Nalia 81.2 15.8 2.9 0.1 0.1 Kagosliinia 72.7 21.8 4.2 1.0 0.3 Miyazaki 70.5 28.6 4.9 0-8 0.2 0.1 Koclii 76.2 19.8 3.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 Wakayama 73.4 21.7 4.1 0.8 0.1 Oifa 72.8 22.8 8.9 0.3 0.2 26 FKEQrENfV OF THE VARIATION. Loculity. <2° 2° 1° 4c_GO G"— 8° 8°— 10° 10°— 12° 12°— 14° 14°— 10° 10"— 1 Ilii-osliima 70.2 20.5 8.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 Miitsuj-ainii 71.2 21.0 3.(5 1.1 0.1 OkiiyuiiKi 72.7 22.5 4.4 0.4 ()z:ili;i 70.2 20.:! 3.2 0.3 0.1 Kioto 71.7 23.1 4.5 0-(J 0.1 0.0 Kiiniaiuol(.> O'.t.S 25.2 4.3 0.8 0.3 Sa^a 70.0 19.3 3.0 0.2 0.1 Nagasald 71.4 20.0 4.5 1.0 0.1 0.0 Fukuoka 71.5 23.0 4.3 0.4 0.3 • ■ Itsugaliara 70.'.i 22.8 5.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 Akaina.£;aselvi 7U.5 17.8 2.5 0.2 0.1 • ■ Salvai 75.3 19.9 4.0 0.8 0.1 Tsu 74.1 20.8 4.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 Na-oya 75.2 20.7 3.4 0.7 Gifti 74.5 21.9 3.1 0.:! 0.0 llaniamat.su 70.8 20.2 3.0 0.2 0.0 ' Numazii 72.3 21.5 5.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 Tokio 72.1 21.9 4.8 1.(1 0.2 0.1 0.0 Utsuiiomiya 70.3 23.0 5.0 O.t 0.1 Chos]il : 74.3 20.5 4.4 0.7 0.1 Knnazawa 08.0 24.1 5.7 1.1 0.4 0.1 Fiishiki 7:!.7 20.0 4.3 1.2 0.1 OM Nagano 04.3 20.2 0.3 2.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 Niigata 71.3 23.5 4.4 0.7 0.2 Yaniagata 00.9 23.5 7.8 1.0 O.C) 0.1 Akita 05.8 20.5 0.0 0.9 0.2 ■ * Fukusbinia 02.4 28.5 0.1 2.4 0.4 0.1 rsbinoniaki Gl».2 24.3 5.3 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.(» Miyako 00.7 27.9 8.7 2.1 0.4 0.0 Aomori 08.9 24.3 5.4 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 Hakodate 04.2 20.1 7.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 Siittsii oo.y 24.2 5.8 1.5 0.3 0.1 Sai)poro 03.1 20.7 7.8 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 Kanii!\a\\ii 55.9 29.3 8.8 3.8 1.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 Soya 05.0 27.0 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.1 O.l Al)abliiri 55.6 29.0 lO.G 3.8 0.0 0.3 0.1 Neniuro G3.5 27.5 7.2 l.G 0.3 0.0 Ivusliiio 55.3 80.4 9.3 3.1 1.0 0.1 0.3 Erinio 76.7 18.9 3.5 0.8 0.1 0.1 \Vc liavc the greatest rate of tlie variation of temperature in December over the whole country, — the (lifFerence of the temperatures in two consecutive days in al);_)ut '2'^ C on an average. The variability is in July, being O.'^O per day. As we have said just before, if we take the difference of the mean temperatures of two consecutive days, it is about 2° C even in the month wIumi the variability is greatest. But if, instead of the mean temperatures, we take tiie difference of the observtid temperatures, it has frequently great value. Even in the southern provinces, this often exceeds 10° C and in the central part of Hokkaido, it is no rare occurrences that this difference is 16° C — 18° C. However, it is usual to find this difference smaller than 2° C. 27 a. MISCELLANEOUS ON THE TEMPER VTLRE. In the article D, wc have shown that our temperature, especially in winter, is very much lower than the normal temperature; hence every wliere in our Empire, with only exceptions of those islands on the Pacific, as Okinawa and Bonin, the air temperature falls very frequently below the freezing point. So for example, in Hokkaido, almost every day during the three winter months, the minimum tempera- ture remains below the freezing point, and this happens for 150 days in a year. Even in the southern parts of Kiushu, lying on the lat. 32° N, the minimum temperature of more than 20 days in a year is below the freezing point. For details, see following table: — Mean number of days with minimum temperature <0°. Locality. j Jan. Nab a Kagoshima Miyazaki Koclii Wakayania Oita Yamaguclii Hiroshima Mat su yam a Okay am a Ozaka Kioto Kumamoto Saga Nagasaki Fukuoka Itsugaliara Akamagaselu Sakai 'J'su Nagoya Gifu Hamamatsu Nuniazu Tokio Utsuiiomiya Choslii Kanazawa Fushiki Nagano Niigata Yamagata Akita Fukushiiua Ishinomaki Miyako Aonioii Hakodate Suttsu Sapporo KamiKawa Soya Abashirl Nemiiro Kushiro Eli 1110 9.4 12.0 14.8 13.8 lO.fi 23.7 18.8 20.0 25.0 20.2 2G.0 2G.0 18,0 8.3 15.0 17.2 G.8 13.0 17.0 27.0 24.4 13.3 18.3 25.G 31.0 11.4 20.0 18.0 30.7 24.0 30.0 30.0 29.5 30.5 30.G 30.2 29.9 30.5 81.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 31.0 30.2 Feb. Mar. 7.2 1.2 10.0 3.0 10.8 3.0 11.5 4.4 9.2 4.0 17.2 10.2 13.8 6.8 11.0 5.0 14.0 4.0 17.G G.7 21.3 1G.7 12.5 8.0 10.0 4.0 7.7 1.8 9.5 5.5 14.2 5.4 4.0 0.2 13.0 5.0 10.0 4.0 18.0 5.0 20.3 11.8 11.8 2.4 14.5 4.9 19.2 9.5 22.0 10.0 8.2 l.C 20.0 10.0 13.0 2.0 25.7 19.3 21.9 11.3 2G.0 17.5 27.0 24.0 23.0 12.0 25.7 17.0 27.2 24.7 27.2 2G.2 25.5 23.4 27.2 21.5 27.8 27.8 28.0 30.0 28.2 2G.8 28.0 2G.0 28.2 29.2 28.0 27.0 28.0 27.7 May 0.2 0.4 1.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.0 5.3 0.6 4.5 3.0 1.5 2.0 7.4 7.0 8.4 3.8 13.7 23.0 8.4 16.0 15.0 21.5 10.2 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.2 2.7 8.0 1.4 1.0 2.0 6.5 June July Aug. i Sept. Oct. Nov. 0.1 0.5 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.2 1.7 0.5 5.0 14.0 0.8 4.0 0.3 10.5 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 3.0 0.8 1.0 3.0 0.3 3.G 2.0 1.0 1.6 0.0 0.5 2.3 0.9 1.4 9.5 10.7 0.6 10.3 7.0 7.7 6.2 10.8 9.2 13.4 9.5 18.5 25.0 12.0 20.0 10.7 25.5 6.5 Dec. Year 3.6 7.0 7.9 4.2 4.8 12.3 8.2 4.0 7.5 8.9 21.3 12.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 8.8 0.8 3.0 5.0 9.0 12.0 3.7 10.2 15.9 22.0 1.6 6.0 1.0 23.7 7.3 22.7 23.0 18.8 20.8 24.7 2G.0 25.8 25.5 28.5 29.0 27.0 27.7 26.8 27.0 22.0 21.5 83.0 36.8 34.2 29.2 07.6 48.6 41.0 53.5 54.0 91.4 60.5 34.0 20.8 35.0 47.2 11.8 38.0 36.0 59.5 71.5 31.2 49.1 72.3 96.0 22.8 57.0 34.0 116.0 63.7 111.3 114.0 92.7 102.2 126.5 126.4 129.0 118.7 154.5 189.0 135.6 153.7 143.2 177.0 124.6 iVint. Spr. Sum. 20.2 1.2 29.0 3.0 83.5 3.0 29.5 4.6 24.0 4.4 53.2 11.4 40.8 7.0 35.0 5.0 46.5 4.0 46.7 7.0 68.6 19.2 50.5 8.0 30.0 4.0 19.0 1.8 28.0 6.0 40.2 5.4 11.0 0.2 28.0 5.0 32.0 4.0 54.0 5.0 56.7 12.5 28.8 2.4 43.0 5.2 60.7 10.1 75.0 11.0 21.2 1.6 46.0 11.0 32.0 2.0 79.3 24.7 . . 53.2 11.9 78.7 22.0 80.0 27.0 70.8 13.5 77.0 19.0 82.5 32.4 83.4 33.6 81.2 32.7 88.2 25.5 87.3 43.7 88.0 61.0 86.2 86.6 86.7 43.0 86.0 46.2 8G.0 55.0 80.2 87.9 Aut. 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.1 (».2 3.0 0.8 1.0 ;!.o 0.3 3.6 2.0 1.0 1.6 0.0 0.5 0.9 1.5 10.0 12.0 0.6 10.6 7.0 8.4 6.2 11.6 9.4 15.1 10.0 23.5 40.0 12.8 24.0 11.0 36.0 6.5 28 Not only tlie niiniiniiin t('iii})er;itur(', but also the mean temperature falls tre(inently below the freezing point everywhere in oiir eountry. Thus in Hokkaido, the mean temperature is below 0° C almost every day durinji; the three winter months and also for 1 10 days in a year. Even in the extreme south of our Empire, about onee in three years, the mean tem])erature falls behiw the freezin<^ point, as shown in the followino; table in details:— Mean number of days with mean temperature <0'^ Lociililv, Nalia Kat^osliima Miyazaki Koclii Wakayania Oita Yainagnehi Hiroshima Matsuyama Okayaiiia Ozaka Kioto Kumamoto Saga Nagasaki Fukuoka Itsugaliara Akamagaseki Sakai Tsu Nagoya Gilu Ilaniamatsu Nuiiiazu Tokio Utsuiioiniya Choshi Kanazawa FushikI Nagano Niigata Yamagata Akita Fukiisliima Ishiiiomaki Miyako Aoinori Halvodate SiUtsu Sapporo Kamikawa Soya Abasliiri Nemiiro Kushiro Erimo Jan. Feb. Mar. April 0.2 0.1 i 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 3.7 0.7 2.2 1.1 1.0 G.O 2.0 l.G 1.0 4.5 4.8 0.1 5.0 2.0 0.5 0.3 1.0 2.4 0.4 1.0 0.3 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 4.2 2.G 0.1 O.G 0.4 •• 1 0.9 0.4 2.9 1.4 0.1 19.0 8.0 C.O (;.o 7.0 9.0 1.0 2r..o 15.7 3.0 8.9 8.8 0.1 2G.5 IG.O 2.5 21.0 20.0 7.0 1.0 15.5 8.5 20.0 14.5 2 ^ 20.7 17.2 5.8 0.4 2(;.0 22.8 12.9 O.G 24.2 21.1 8.4 0.3 28.2 23.5 8.8 30.3 2t;.5 17.8 1.3 81.0 28.0 22.0 3.0 30.8 27.0 18.8 3.G 31.0 27.5 18.5 2.5 30.3 27.3 20.5 3.8 31.0 20.5 1G.5 1.5 28.0 25.2 IG.O 1.0 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.1 2.9 2.8 4,2 7.2 1.5 8.0 11.5 3.0 9.0 1.5 Doc. Year 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.4 4.4 0.4 3.7 1.0 8.0 2.G 1.1 10.5 5.0 2.0 0.8 1.0 0.2 3.0 0.2 1.5 0.0 3.0 1.0 8.0 0.3 7.2 0.1 1.1 1.3 0.2 4.G 2.5 30.0 12.0 17.0 7.3 53.0 0.3 18.1 4.7 50.4 8.0 CO.O 2.0 2G.0 2.2 38.9 G.4 50.G 15.4 80.G 13.8 70.6 15.7 80.4 22.5 105.8 25.0 124.0 22.0 111.0 32.5 123.5 18.0 102.9 22.0 107.0 10.2 81.9 Wint.l Spr. 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.4 4.4 8.7 1.0 8.0 2.G 10.4 5.0 2.0 0.8 1.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 1.0 3.0 7.1 1.1 1.3 4.5 29.5 12.0 IG.O 49.0 18.0 47.2 52.0 2G,0 3G.7 44.3 C4.2 59.1 G7.4 79.3 84.0 80.4 91.0 75.G 79.5 G3.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 3.0 0.1 2.5 8.0 2.2 G.2 13.5 8.7 8.8 19.1 25.0 22.4 21.0 24.3 18.0 17.0 Sum. 29 It is very rare in the south of 37° N that tlic luaxinmni teinporature of a day falls helow the freezing point. Yet in inland provinces, this happens sometimes. Thus in Hokkaido, the month of January and also February has each more than twenty days witli the maximum temperature below the freezint>- point, and in the wiiole yeai-, tliis happens more tlian sixty days. In its central part, fin- over ninety days in a year, the maximum temperature falls below 0° C, as slunvn in the following table:— Mean number of days with maximum temperature <0°. Locality. Jan. Feb. Mar. A pri May June 1 July Aug. Sejit. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Wint Spr. Sum. Aut. Nalia 1 Kagoslnina Miyazalii .. Kodil .. i .. Tokiishima Wakayama Oita Yamaguchi 0.5 0.5 0.5 Hiroshima Matsuyama ■ • ■ ■ Okayama . . i Ozaka Kioto Kumamoto Saga Nagasaki •■ Fukuoka Itaugaliara 0.2 0.2 0.2 Akaniagaseki Sakai 0.0 lXO 0.0 0.0 Tsu Nagoya Gifu 0.1 0.1 0.1 •■ Haniamatsu Numazu ■ ■ Tolvio 0.1 0.1 0.1 Utsunomiya Clioshi Kanazawa 1.0 1.0 1.0 Fuslilki ro 1.0 2.0 2.0 Nagano 2.7 3.0 0.3 0.0 G.O Niigata l.:3 1.4 .. 2.7 2.7 . . Yamagata 10.5 4.0 0.3 14.8 14.8 Akita 11.0 CO 2.0 19.0 19.0 Fukushiina 0.5 1.0 1.5 1.5 Tsliinomaki 2.7 3.7 0.2 G.G G.G Miyako 1.0 0.7 2.G 2.G Aomori 15.4 9.7 1.7 0.1 5.7 32.G 30.8 1.7 0.1 Hakodate 14.2 8.4 1.3 0.1 0.4 5.8 30.2 28.4 1.4 0.4 Suttsu 20.7 12.0 2.7 1.3 C.8 43.5 39.5 2.7 1.3 Sapporo 28.7 13.7 3.3 1.5 9.2 51.4 4G.G 3.3 1.5 Kaniikawa 30.0 21.0 7.0 12.0 70.0 G3.0 7.0 Soya 29.2 25.(J 11.8 1.8 .. 5.8 IG.O 90.2 70.8 13.G ■5.H Aliasliiri 28.5 20.0 G.5 1.7 9.3 CG.O 57.8 G.5 1.7 Neiiiuro 2G.0 22.2 10.7 0.8 0.2 7.2 G7.1 55.4 11.5 0.2 Kusliiro 20.0 14.5 3.5 0.5 1 7.5 51.5 47.5 3.5 0.5 Eriiuo 21.0 18.7 5.7 •• 1 3.7 49.1 43.4 5.7 30 As is iiiontioiu'd above, in the northern part of our Empire, especially in Hokkaido, it is of coiunion occurrences that the mininiuni or the mean temperature of the day remains below the freezinj^ j)oint for several days successively. In the southern parts also, this sometimes happens for several days. The lono-est period, during which the minimum or the mean tem])eratur(! of the day remained below the freezing- point are given in the following table: — I.()N(ii;sT PKIUOI) DrrjNG WHICH MINIMUM TEMTEIIATUHE Oil MEAN TEMPERATUKE WAS CONSTANTLY HELOW O^C. Minimum Mean Minimum IVIean Ivocality. No. of days. No. of days. Locality. No. of days. No. of days. Naha Numazu 13 1 Kagoshima 7 3 Tokio 23 4 Miyazaki 8 UtMinomiya 37 8 Kochi 8 2 Ghosh i 8 AVakayania 8 Kanazawa 24 4 Oita 6 2 Fushiki 14 4 yamaguchi 27 5 Nagano 40 31 Hirosliima 15 4 Niigata 41 11 Matsuyama 5 Yamagata 64 27 Okayama 9 4 Akita 71 22 Ozaka 30 2 Fukushima 32 10 Kioto 25 5 Ishinomaki 88 20 Kumamoto 17 2 Miyako 8G 22 Saga 6 2 Aoniori 81 34 Nagasaki 7 2 Hakodate 88 41 Fukuoka 4 2 Sutt.Mi 87 43 Itsugahara 26 3 Sapporo 116 64 Akamaga^-eki 7 2 Kamikawa 148 91 Sakai 11 4 Soya 120 91 Tsu 12 3 Abashiri 105 64 Nagoya 17 3 Nemuro 126 69 Gifu 29 4 Kushiro 114 65 Hamamatsu 7 Erimo 112 56 Thus in Kagoshim:;, which lies on the southern extremity of Kiushu (lat. 32° N), the minimum tem])erature remained below the freezing j)oint dui'ing seven days, and even the daily mean for three days successively. In the inland districts of Hokkaido, for 148 days, the minimum temperature remained constantly below the freezing point, and the daily mean for 91 days. Owing to the above mentioned fact, there is no place in this country, where there is no snow-fall. Especially in the eastern provinces along the Sea of Japan, and also in Hokkaido, tlic precipitation in winter months is almost wholly in the form of snow, and the number of snowy days always exceeds sixty or seventy days. In Hokkaido, there are many ])rovinces, where snow falls for more than^ 100 days in a year. Even in the south of Kiushu, there are generally three or four snow-falls in a year. The numbers <>f snowv davs are <>-iven in the followino: table: — Mean numhkk of days with snow. 31 Locality-. Jan. Feb. Mar. April May June -Inly Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year ' Wint. Spr. Sum. Aut. Naha • • 1 ■• Kagoshiiiiii 2.2 1.4 0.3 .. 0.3 4.2 3.9 0.3 Miyazaki 0.2 0.4 ' . . i 0.1 0.7 0.7 Koclii 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.1 0.4 3.7 3.3 0.;') O.l Wakayumii G.7 6.6 1.5 0.1 2.5 17.4 15.8 1.5 _ 0.1 Oila 3.7 2.S 0.8 0.2 • 0.8 0.8 9.1 7.3 1.0 0.8 Yaiiuigiiclii 11.0 8.2 3.0 0.2 ].0 2.2 25.(; 21. 4 3.0 1.2 Hli'osliiina 8.'.5 6.4 2.7 0.2 0.3 4.3 22.2 19.0 2.9 0.3 Matsiiyana 3.5 2.0 .. 1 .. 1.0 0.5 7.0 6.0 1.0 Okayania 8.0 9.0 ■ • 1.0 2.0 20.0 19.0 1.0 Ozaka 5.7 7.1 2.0 1.6 16.4 14.4 2.0 Kioto 12.5 12.5 6.3 0.4 0.2 5.2 37.1 30.2 6.7 0.2 Kuiuamuto 8.0 1.5 1.0 .. 0.5 0,5 11.5 10.0 1.0 0.5 Sa-a 'J.O 2.0 2.0 . 1.0 3.0 17.0 14.0 2.0 1.0 Nagasaki 4.8 2.9 1.2 . . ' 0.2 3.0 12.1 10.7 1.2 0.2 Fukiioka 7.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 13.0 11.5 1.5 Itsugaliara 4.2 2.6 1.2 0.4 2.0 10.4 8.8 1.2 0.4 Akaniagaseki 8.0 7.9 2.0 0.3 0.4 3). 8 22.4 19.7 2.3 0.4 Sakai 16.7 15.3 6.0 0.7 • 1.0 8.8 48.5 40.8 (5.7 1.0 Tsii 8.5 7.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 17.5 16.7 0.5 0.3 Nagoya 7.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 14.0 13.0 1.0 Gifu 9.7 6.9 2.6 0.3 ■ 0.2 4.1 23.8 20.7 2.9 0.2 Haiiiaiiiat.su 2.3 2.4 0.2 0.1 0.9 5.9 5.6 (».2 0.1 Numa/.u 1.7 2.8 0.4 0.1 5.0 4.6 0.4 Toli (lat(\ Da; > 18 >> UtMinoiiiiya 3 T> 8 A})ril Koclii 8 )} 16 J) Ghosh i 25 Dec. 5 ]\Iarch Wakayama 17 >) 23 >} Kanazawa 10 >» 31 )) Oit:l () 7» 20 j> Fushiki 15 J) 20 M Yainaguclii 2:3 Nov. 4 A])ril Nagano 25 Oct. 16 April Hiroshima 2 Dec. 2G March Niigata 8 Dee. 27 March Matsnyaina 28 Nov. 21 )j Yamagata G Nov. 12 April Okayaiiia 14 Dec. 25 )) Akita 7 V 14 j> O/aka 5 )} 23 }j Fukushima 5 Dec. 6 )> Kioto 17 Nov. 11 April Ishiiiomaki 18 Nov. 10 ;) Kninanioto 7 J) 21 Marc^li Miyako 5 V 20 >j Saga 21 Dec. 25 >» Aomori [) )) 20 )> Nagasaki 21 J) 13 jj Hakodate 2G Oct. 3)0 )? Fukuoka 25 Nov. 4 April Suttsu 8 Nov. 19 t> Itsiigahani 2 Dec. 22 March Sap[)oro 18 Oct. 7 May Akamagaseki 2() V 14 Feb. Kamikawa 3 >) 19 j> Sakai 19 5) 2() March Soya 5 >J 24 April Tmi 10 )} 20 )) Abashiri 26 >' 7 May Nagoya 8 >? 25 ?? Nenmro 3 Nov. 13 April Gifu 27 Nov. 30 5' Kushiro 9 Oct. 19 )) Hainamatsu 16 Dec. 6 1) Erimo 18 N<^)v. 27 }> ThiLs the earliest of" the first mean date from which tlie minimum temperature begins to fall below 0°C is the -)rd of October at Kamikawa in the centre of Hokkaido, and tlie latest is the 25tli of December at Chosiii. Of the means of tlie last dates until which the minimum temperature in spring remained below the freezing point, the latest is the 19th of May at Kamikawa and the earliest is the 5th of Marcli at Choshi. The extremes of the first and the last dates for every station, which we have since their establish- ment, are as follows : — 33 EXTIIEME DATES <)E EJKST AIsD EAJ-T (K CUin!EN( E ()E MINIMUM TE>[PEKATrrvE liELOW 0°. Locality. Fir: st date. La i 8 yy Koclii 26 ;j 25 March Choshi 8 Dec. 30 March Wakayaina 30 i> 4 April Kaiiazawa 25 Nov. 17 April Oita 15 if 5 ') Fushiki 17 ; y 25 March Yamaouchi i:; •1 25 )) Nagano 21 Oct. 20 Aj>ril Hiroshima 13 ,, o )' Niigata 17 Nov. 1) j> MatMiyaiiia 27 J) 25 March Yaniagata ■•51 Oct. 21) .'J Okayama 20 5> 25 .,, Akita 2() 77 3)0 )» Ozaka 15 >) 10 April Fukiishiina 2() M 20 V Kioto 7 5? 25 v Jshinoiuaki •> ' ) Nov. 25 >' Kumamoto 25 5> 25 March Miyako 17 Oct. 5 INIay Sajra 10 Die. 25 ,, Aoinoi'i 2G ?J (1 )) Naii'asaki 2i) Nov. 28 )> Hako(lat(> 11 ,') 29 •> Fukuoka 20 , , 21 April Siittsu 20 ') 4 5' Itsiiti;aliara 12 >; 27 March Sa})poro 8 't 20 '> Akannio;asi'ki 5 Dec. 14 ») Kamikawa 11 Sept. 25 ) ) Sakai 2G Nov. 10 April Soya 21) Oct. 1) J) Tsu 27 V 25 March Abash iri 14 )) 15 M Nagoya 27 )) 25 J) Neniuro 5 '5 28 June Gifu 12 ? > 10 April Kushiro 8 V 25 INIay Haniamatsu 5 Dec. 19 March Eriiuo •_) Nov. 24 , J Thus the lltli of September at Kamikawa is the earliest date^ which we ever have iu this country^ and the 28th of June at Nemuro is the laiest. The last two tables .'^how us that the distribution of the period, during which the mininuun temperature is below the freezing point, is very eompHcated and apparently has no direct relation with latitude. It seems to depend mainly on the character of the locality. In shoit, even in the southern extremity of this country, from the end of Oetol)er toward the end of April, there is every probability of having the minimum temperature lower than the freezing point. Though our temperature during winter is far below the normal temperature, yet our mean temperature during summer is nearly e(pial to the normal, as we have said before. Thus the daily maximum temperature exceeds 30°0 for more than 80 days in a year in the neighbourhood of Okinawa Island; over 50 days in Kiushu and the .southern Nippon, and about 10 days even in Hokkaido. But we had no instances even in Okinawa that the daily maximum temperature remained constantly over 30°C during whole summer. The mean numbers of days with daily maximum temperature over 30°C are :— 34 Mean number of days with maximum temperature >30'^ Localitv. ! Jan. Nfilia Kagosbima Miyazaki Koclii AVakayaiiia Oita llirosliima ^^atsuyallla Okayaina Ozaka Kioto Kuniamoto Saga Nagasaki Fulvuoka Itsiigaliara Akamagaseki Saliai Tsu Nagoya Gifu Ilniiianiatsu Nuniazu Tokio Utsunomiya Clioshi Kanazawa Fushiki Nagano Niigata Yamagata Akila l''ukiisliima Isliiiioinaki Miyako Aomoii Ilakoflate Suttsu Sapporo Kamikawa Soya Abasliiri Neniuro Kusliiro Feb. Mi April ^lay June July Aug. 27.5 0.0 28.5 2.0 20.1 24.0 4.0 19.0 24.0 0.2 6.8 14.1 0.1 o.;» 15.6 25.2 1.0 11.6 17.2 0.4 15.2 24.7 3.0 15.0 21.0 1.0 8.0 15.0 0.1 2.0 17.8 26.6 0.1 3.0 17.3 24.5 7.0 23.5 26.5 1.0 5.0 12.0 19.5 1.3 18.0 25.0 2.5 17.0 16.5 0.8 10.6 19.6 0.2 8.5 14.5 0.0 2.0 14.0 20.0 3.0 7.0 15.0 1.0 2.0 IG.O 24.5 0.6 2.3 15.7 24.3 0.1 OX, 9.3 20.9 0.3 4.3 14.8 0.7 9.9 16.0 •2.0 6.0 9.0 0.2 5.2 13.4 1.0 12.0 19.0 7.0 11.0 1.7 3.0 10.7 18.0 0.9 8.4 16.3 1.0 2.5 5.3 10.7 2.0 5.0 11.0 1.8 3.3 8.0 14.0 2.0 3.2 0.1 0.4 5.3 9.4 0.2 2.6 5.7 0.8 1.9 0.7 1.5 0.2 3.2 5.7 6.0 6.0 1.0 4.0 I'.O Sept. Oct. 17.0 11.2 9.0 2.5 8.5 3.6 7.8 7.0 11.0 12.4 8.4 19.0 16.5 10.3 12.0 3.2 2.7 4.0 3.0 12.0 7.6 6.4 4.3 4.2 6.5 5.4 6.0 2.0 7.0 4.4 3.0 2.0 4.3 0.2 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.7 ' Nov. Dec Year 87.5 57.4 56.0 23.6 50.3 33.4 48.1 46.0 35.0 59.0 53.7 76.5 54.0 54.6 48.0 34.2 25.9 40.0 28.0 55.5 50.5 37.3 23.6 30.8 23.5 24.2 38.0 20.0 40.7 30.0 22.5 20.0 30.9 5.4 17.3 9.0 2.8 2.2 9.4 12.0 6.0 1.0 Wint. pr. Sum. 62.0 46.1 47.0 21.1 0.1 41.7 29.8 40.3 39.0 1.0 23.0 0.1 46.4 0.4 44.8 57.0 1.0 36.5 44.3 86.0 31.0 23.2 0.0 36.0 25.0 1.0 42.5 0.6 42.3 0.1 30.8 19.4 26.6 2.0 15.0 18.8 32.0 18.0 2.0 31.7 25.6 1.0 18.5 18.0 1.3 25.3 5.2 0.1 15.1 8.5 2.7 2.2 9.1 12.0 5.0 1.0 We have never met with instances in all stations, since their establishment, that the daily mean temperature reached 30°. It is also a rare phenomenon! that, in our country even in southern part, the minimum temperature reaches or exceeds 25°, as the next table shows: — 35 Mean number of days with mini^ium temperature >25^ Localit}'. Nal:a Kagosliiina Miyazaln Koihi Wakayania Oita Yumaguchi Hiroshima Matsiiyama Okayaina Ozaka Kioto Kunianioto Saga Nagasalu Fukuoka Itsugaliaia Akaniagasok Sakai 'J'su Nagoya Gifu Hamamatsu Nuniazu Tokio Utsunoniiya Choshi Kaiiazawa Fusliild Nagano Niigata Yamagata Akita Fiikusliiiiia Isliinomaki Miyako Aomori Hakodate Suttsu Sapporo Kainika\\a Soya Abasliiri Nemuro Kiialiiro Erimo Jan. Feb. Mar Apii May June 3.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 July 15.0 3.G 2.0 0.5 3.1 0.2 2.3 1.3 0.5 0.5 2.0 4.5 l.G 0.3 1.0 0.5 1.4 O.G 0.4 0.4 0.1 Aug. 15.5 3.8 1.0 0.4 2.8 0.4 0.3 2.3 2.8 O.G 1.0 3.5 0.8 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.!) 0.8 1.8 0.3 2.'.t Sept. 4.5 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 O.G 0.1 0.3 Oct. Nov. Dec. Year 38.5 8.0 3.0 1.2 G.2 0.8 0.3 4.G 2.0 4.2 1.2 0.5 3.0 8.7 2.4 2.5 3.0 2.5 3.7 1.7 2.2 0.5 O.G 3.4 0.3 0.1 Wint Spr Sur 2.4 2.3 3.0 2.0 3.3 1.4 2.2 0.3 3.3 0.1 Aut. !3.5 5.0 7.5 1.4 3.0 1.0 0.2 G.O 0.2 O.G 0.2 0.3 4.G 2.0 4.1 0.1 1.1 0.1 0.5 3.0 8.0 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 O.G 0.1 0.3 If we now take the niaxiiuuin temperature over 25° C, it happens very frequently in our eountrv. Tluis in tlie vieinity of Okinawa, it liappens in every month of the year without any exception. And lor all the nine months from April till October, it happens everywhere in our country, exceptino' Hokkaido. In August, the day does not pass, in which its maximum temperature is not over 25°C The numbers of days having their maximum temperatures over 25° C are oiven in the following table: — 36 Mean number of days with maximum tempeiiatuhe >25°. Locality. Naha Kaj^osliiina Miyazalii Koclil Wakayania Olta Yania.2;iiclii llirosliima Matsuyaiiia Okayania Ozaka Kioto Kumanioto Sa^a Na,t;apak i Fiilvuolia Itsuf^aliara Akaniagaseki Sakai Tsu Nagoya Gifu Haniainatsii Xiima/.u Tokio Utsiiiioniiya Choslii Kanazawa Fushiki Nagano Niigata Yaiiiagata Akita Fiikusliima Ishiiimnalii Miyako Aomori Hakodate Silt tsu Sap] loro Kamikawa Soya Abashiri Neiuuro Kusliiro Jan. 1.0 Feb. Mar. 1^.0 0.0 April '.t.O May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. 27.0 Nov. 1 :•,.() Dec. Year Wi it. Spr. Sum. 23.0 27.0 31.0 31.0 30.0 .5 202.5 9 5 34.0 89.0 1.4 10.7 21.1 10.0 0.7 17.4 10.0 0.2 84.4 12.4 38.4 4.0 12.0 23.0 SO.O 31.0 28.0 13.0 1.0 142.0 10.0 84.0 0.4 3.9 15.0 29.4 81.0 20.1 7.8 0.2 114.4 4.3 70.0 0.'.» 4.0 18.7 29.9 31.0 25.2 4.5 (».2 115.3 5.8 79.0 0.8 3.0 12.G 24.0 20.8 2(t.2 2.0 89.4 3.8 03.4 0.5 8.5 20.2 27.7 30.5 24.5 4.5 110.4 9.0 78.4 0.1 4.r. 17.7 28.0 30.7 24.0 7.0 113.3 4.7 77.0 11.0 21.0 2it.0 31.0 25.0 7.0 124.0 11.0 81.0 14.0 18.0 30.0 ;!0.0 25.0 7.0 124.0 14.0 78.0 0.4 0.0 21.0 29.4 30.9 25.8 0.8 120.3 0.4 81.3 0.7 0.5 19.0 28.7 30.7 24.4 4.5 1 14.5 7.2 78.4 4.5 17.5 2f..O 30.5 31.0 28.5 i(;.5 0.5 155.0 22.0 87.5 10.0 23.0 28.0 31.0 27.5 10.5 130.0 10.0 82.0 0.5 G.3 21.2 29.7 31.0 27.2 13.0 0.5 129.4 _ 0.8 81.9 2.0 7.0 21.5 29.5 30.5 2G.0 4.0 120.5 9.0 81.5 5.4 14.8 23.2 30.2 22.4 5.4 101.4 5.4 08.2 0.2 2.2 10.7 25.3 30.8 21.8 2.5 93.5 2.4 00.8 1.0 4.0 12.0 24.0 30.0 10.0 1.0 . 89.0 5.0 07. 1.0 5.0 15.0 27.0 30.0 22.0 4.0 104.0 0.0 72.0 17.0 19.0 29.0 30.0 27.0 8.5 1:50.5 17.0 78.0 0.8 0.2 20.1 27.9 30.0 23.0 7.4 0.1 110.1 7.0 78.0 {).?, 3.4 15.3 27.2 30.0 20.3 0.8 0.1 110.0 3.7 73.1 o.-r, 1.3 12.5 20.5 30.8 23.2 4.4 99.0 1.0 09.8 0..'! 3.1 13.1 2G.G 29.9 19.5 1.9 94.4 ;'..4 09.0 10.0 12.0 2G.0 23.5 25.0 2.5 99.0 10.0 (;i.5 0.4 9.4 23.4 29.0 19.0 3 2 85.0 0.4 02.4 1.0 4.0 12.0 24.0 30.0 18.0 3.0 92.0 5.0 00.0 4.0 0.0 21.0 28.0 14.0 1.0 74.0 4.0 55.0 1.;! 7.3 10.7 24.0 29.3 18.7 1.;'. 98.0 8.0 70.0 0.1 3.1 7.2 21.G 29.8 10.0 1.1 78.9 3.2 58.0 1.0 7.5 12.0 19.7 29.0 10.3 1.7 87.2 8.5 00.7 2.0 4.0 25.0 14.0 10.0 55.0 2.0 4 :'..() 2.0 8.7 15.0 1.7 21.3 14.0 28.3 10.0 18.0 lO.G 1.0 (».8 94.3 37.1 10.7 04.0 25.7 0.4 2.4 4.8 14.7 21.3 10.2 0.8 54.0 2.8 40.8 0.4 2.9 0.7 1.2 12.7 9.9 7.0 12.5 19.4 17.2 7.5 4.2 2.7 0.1 40.1 31.2 28.1 0.4 38.1 30.0 25.4 1.0 3.3 15.5 20.7 5.2 45.7 1.0 39.5 :',.o 7.0 0.2 17.0 O.G 1.5.0 5.2 2.0 0.0 44.0 o.<; 3.0 39.0 0.0 0.5 2.0 0.2 5.0 3.8 14.3 7.8 4.7 2.0 20.5 13.8 0.5 21.3 11.8 0.5 2.5 8.0 14.0 7.5 32.5 0.5 24.5 liCt US now considor ^vlH'Il the daily mean temperature remains over 25° C. Tlirougliout the Em])ire, exeeptint^ Hokkaido, we liave the daily uiean temj)erature over 25° C for the four months, from June till Se])teml)er. In Okinawa, this oeeurs from May till October, l)ut in Hokkaido, it is rare that the daily mean reaches or exceeds 25° C, and if any it ha]>pens only in July and Aiioust — indeed, in its eastern coast, we have such ])laces where the daily mean never reached 25° G. The details are triven in the followinir table: — 37 Mean numbeii of days with mean temperature >25^ Locality. Jan. Feb. Mar. A )ri M ay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year 112.0 Wint. Spr. Sum. Aut. Nail a 2.0 '.1.0 30.5 31.0 29.0 10.5 2.0 70.5 39.5 Kngoshima 4.2 24.7 28.2 14.3 ( ».l 71.5 ,; . . 57.1 14.4 Miyazakl 4.0 22.0 27.0 11.0 04.0 ' 53.0 11.0 Kochi . 1.0 18.0 20.7 9.3 . 55.G : . . 4G.3 9.;') Wakuyama 2.0 21.7 28.5 10.5 02.7 52.2 10.5 Oita l.t 18.0 2G.4 5.8 51.G 45.8 5.8 Yamaguelii 1.0 14.0 21.7 5.7 42.4 3G.7 5.7 Hirosbiina O.G 17.0 27.5 8.5 54.2 45.7 8.5 Malsuyania 2.0 17.0 24.0 7.0 50.0 43.0 7.0 Okayania 13.0 20.0 13.0 40.0 33.0 l:'..0 Ozaka 2.0 20.7 28.0 10.8 G1.5 : ., 50.7 10.8 Kioto 1.8 18.4 2G.4 8.5 ' 55.1 4G.G 8.5 ICiiinainoto . 3.5 24.5 28.0 14.5 70.5 5G.0 14.5 Saga ' 18.0 23.5 14.5 5G.0 41.5 14.5 Nagasaki 1.8 22.8 29.0 11.0 04.0 53.G 11.0 Fukuoka 2.0 17.5 23.5 9.5 52.5 ; . . 43.0 9.5 Itsugahaia 0.8 15.0 22.8 4.4 43.0 ji . . 38.0 4.4 Akamagaseki 0.5 15.5 25.0 (•).8 47.8 j . . 41.0 0.8 Sakai . ■ ' 2.0 15.0 24.0 7.0 • 48.0 'l . . 41.0 7.0 Tsii 3.0 12.0 25.0 5.0 45.0 40.0 5.0 Nagoya 1 10.5 25.0 13.5 58.0 :: . . 44.5 13.5 Olfu . 1.4 18.3 2G.0 8.3 • 54.0 ^! . . 45.7 8.3 iramainatsu 0.8 15.2 24.8 G.9 47.7 " . . 40.8 0.9 Nuniazu 1.1 15.1 22.0 (;.7 44.9 38.2 0.7 Tokio 1.1 14.7 22.0 5.5 43.3 ' . . 37.8 5.5 rtsuuoniiya 5.0 5.0 5.0 15.0 . 10.0 5.0 Choslii lO.G 17.2 8.G 3G.4 ^ . 27.8 8.0 Kanazawa • 1.0 14.0 21.0 G.O 41.0 . 35.0 0.0 Fushiki j 1.0 12.0 21.0 5.0 , 39.0 : . 34.0 5.0 Nagano 3.3 10.0 2.7 IG.O [ . . . 13.3 2.7 Niigala . ■ 0.0 11.2 19.4 G.l 37.G '! . . 31.5 0.1 Yaiiiagata 0.5 2.0 7.0 1.7 11.2 9.5 1.7 Akita 4.0 9.0 3.0 lt',.0 13.0 3.0 Fukusliinia . 1.7 t .1 10.4 8.0 • 22.8 . 19.8 3.0 Ishiiiomaki 0.5 3.0 10.7 1.7 • 15.9 14.2 1.7 Miyako • 2.0 G.7 1.0 ' 10.3 ^ 9.3 1.0 Aoinori ' 5.9 0.2 9.4 , . . ^ 9.2 0.2 Hakodate ■ 1.4 4.5 0.3 G.2 ■ 5.9 0.:; Suttsn 0.7 1.8 2.5 ; 2.5 Sajii-oro 1.2 2.7 0.2 ■ . 4.1 i .. . 8.9 0.2 Kaiiiikawa • 2.0 1.0 3.0 '. . . 3.0 Soya 0.2 0.2 0.4 j . . 0.4 Al'asliirl 1.3 1.3 .. ■ '■' Neimiro Kusliiro ... .. 38 The lono-ot })erio(ls during Avliieli the daily maximiini temperature remained eonstantly higlier than ;]0^ C are as foUows: — LoNfJKST I'ElilOl) DIinXG WIIIOII THE MAXIMUM TEM I'E1{ATUKE WAS CONSTANTLY OVEK 30°. Ijoealitv. No. ot'dav; Ijoeality. No. of day; Ijocality. No. of days. Nalui 27 Kaoo^hima 24 Miyazaki 21 Koehi 15 Wakavania 29 Oita 16 Yama Kamikawa 8 Soya Abashiri 3 Nemuro Kusliiro 1 Erinio Tlius tlie hing continuation of the hottest season is in no way dependent upon latitudes, but the eiuef eause is its locality, whether inland or along the coast. For this reason, the longest period during which the maximum temperature remained constantly above 30° C is generally within 30 days in those southeru districts as Naha and Kagoshima, while in Kioto this continued for more than 40 days. Tiie mean first and the mean last days whose maximum temperatures are aboye 30° C are giyen in the following table. Tiiis table tells us that in the southern Japan, this begins generally from the middle of June, and ends at the last decades of September, and that in the northern Japan it begins from the first decades of July and lasts till tlie end of Auirust. Mean dates of fiust and east occurrence of maximum temperature >30°. Ijocality. Naha Kagosiiima Miyazaki Kochi Wakayama Oita Yamaguchi Hiroshima Matsuyama Okayama Ozaka Kioto July June First date 27 June 28 „ 19 ,. 9 19 2i> „ ^> „ 2 July 13 June 22 May 13 June 11 „ Ivafct date. 20 Oct. 24 Sei)t. 20 „ 8 „ H „ <^ „ 13 „ 18 „ 14 „ 17 „ 12 „ Locality. Fir St date, Kumamoto 7 June Saga 21 May Nagasak i 24 June Fukuoka 12 ?> Itsugaliara 26 » Akamagaseki 12 July Sakai 14 June Tsu 23 }j Nagoya 12 ?7 Gifu' 11 J1 Hamamatsu 24 y> Numazu 7 July Ivast date, 30 Sept, 29 > 1 20 >' 29 5> 7 )i 6 J' 10 )> 4 >J 20 11 14 V 13 11 8 11 39 Locality. Fir; r^t dati\ Las t date. Locality. Fir st date. Las- t date. Tokio 26 June 11 Sept. Miyako 29 J une 4 Sept, Utsunomiya 21 May 20 )) Aomori 13 July 29 Aug. Choshi 17 July 6 M Hakodate 6 Aug. 13 >y Kanazawa 14 June 20 )> Suttsu 30 July 13 ji Fiishiki 27 ,'> 31 Aug. Sapporo 17 jj 12 }■> Nagano 9 M 15 Sept. Kamikawa 10 j> 19 }j Niigata 3 July 7 M Soya — Yamagata 16 June 6 7' Abash iri 27 July 20 Aug Akita 18 July 31 Aug. Nemuro — — Fukushima 1 June 13 Sept. Kushiro — — Ishinomaki 16 July 18 Aug. Erinio — — The extremes of these dates for every station^ are Extreme DATES i OF FIRST AND LAST OCCURRENCE OF MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE >30'^. Locality. Fir st date. Las t date. Locality. First date. Las t date, Naha 24 June 26 Oct. Numazu 25 June 16 Sept. Kagoshima 7 >) 2 11 Tokio 18 11 24 11 Miyazaki 29 ?> 11 11 Utsunomiya 21 May 22 11 Kochi 25 ij 20 Sept. Choshi 25 June 25 11 Wakayania 21 May 28 11 Kanazawa 23 May 23 Oct. Oita 19 June 17 11 P\ishiki 30 11 15 Sept, Yamaguchi 30 May 18 11 Nagano 25 June 28 11 Hiroshima 8 June 22 11 Niigata 12 11 23 11 Matsuyama 13 1} 20 11 Yamagata 15 May 15 11 Okayama 22 May 14 11 Akita 22 June 24 11 Ozaka 10 jt 1 Oct. Fukushima 10 May 16 11 Kioto 14 i) 1 11 Isliinomaki 10 July 5 11 Kumamoto 3 June 2 11 Miyako 16 May 18 11 Saga 21 May 30 Sept. Aomori 21 June 15 11 Nagasaki 7 June 30 11 Hakodate 2 Aug. 16 Aug. Fukuoka 11 J) 30 11 Suttsu 23 July 15 ') Itsugahara () )> 19 11 Sapporo 17 11 6 Sept. Akamagaseki 23 11 18 11 Kamikawa 10 11 2 11 Sakai 14 May 28 11 Soya — — Tsu 21 11 9 11 Abashiri 17 July 23 Aug. Nagoya 21 11 22 11 Nemuro — Gifu 14 }i 23 11 Kushiro 18 July 18 July Plamamatsu 21 71 23 11 Erimo . . The earliest date is the 29th of April, 1890 at Miyazaki and the latest is the 23rd of October, 1887 at Kanazawa. 40 CHAPTER II. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. At all our nioU'orolooical --tations, tlie atino.-plieric prc-i-iiro is moa-ured by mercurial barometers. The observations made bv these instruments have al)solutely the same weight, for all these barometers were tested at Kew-observatory, and again compared with the standard barometer at our Central Meteorological 01»servatory, and thereby the corrections for each of them are calculated. The barometric readings in the art. A, following, are tlie readings, to which temperature corrections were applied. For those in tlie art. B, et se(j. the corrections for (1) the temj)erature, (2) the height above the sea level, and (.'>) the gravity were apjdied. In other words, the readings given in the art. A are the readings icduced to 0^ C*, while the rest are reduced readings to the sea level at kit. 45° and also to 0°C. A. JUL JLNAL VAIUATION OF AOIOSPHEHIC rRKSSUKE. The mean atmo>j)heric ])ressnres observed at our tirst class stations, where hourly observations are taken through (lav and night, are given in tlie following tables in millimetres, omitting the hundreds: KUMAMOTO. ''i>^ Jan. G7.47 Fl-I). M;iy. Apr. May June 58.15 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Wint. Spr. Sum. Ant. 1 ill 11 (;(;.26 65.08 62.93 59.(51 58.11 57.41 58.00 62.69 (57.15 (57.08 62.49 (5(5.94 62.54 57.89 (52.61 2 uin 67.50 66.25 64.03 62.73 59.46 58.02 57.08 57.35 57.85 62.65 (57.10 67.08 62.41 66.94 (52.37 57.78 62.58 3 am 07..'!4 66.17 64.74 62.()3 59.39 57.88 57.02 57.25 57.78 62.54 67.03 (57.06 62.31 6(5.8(5 62.25 57.(58 (52.45 4 am 67.24 66.05 64. ()4 62.57 59.43 57.90 57.87 57.22 57.73 62.50 (56.99 6(5.98 62.26 66.76 (52.21 57.66 62.41 5 am 67.00 66.11 64.69 62.69 59.54 57.9(5 57.0(5 57.27 57.80 62.62 67.03 66.90 (52.30 66.70 (52.31 57.73 62.48 li am 67.'21 66.21 64.83 62.88 59.71 58.08 58.05 57.46 57.88 62.72 67.18 (57.01 62.48 (5(5.81 62.47 57.8(i (52.59 7 am 67..".1 66.53 65.06 63.16 59.92 58.20 58.20 57.61 58.10 62.96 67.45 (57.29 62.65 67.04 62.71 58.00 62.84 8 am 67.61 66.80 65.37 63.23 59.95 58.34 58.28 57.66 58.2(5 63.16 67.66 67.55 62.82 67.32 62.85 58.09 (53,03 '.) iim 67.97 66.93 65.50 63.29 59.02 58.30 58.28 57.(51 58.40 63.22 67.81 67.75 (52.91 67.52 62.00 58.06 63.14 10 am 68.17 66.82 65.46 63.34 59.79 58.23 58.26 57.5(5 58.47 63.09 67.80 67.90 (52.01 67.(53 62.86 58.02 63.12 11 am 67.!)5 66.64 65.24 63.16 59.60 58.05 58.11 57.41 58.2(5 62.83 67.47 67,(50 62.60 67.40 62.67 57.8(5 (52.85 Noon 67.33 66.16 64.86 62.85 59.20 57.82 57.88 57.14 58.02 62.43 66.00 (56.98 (52.30 66.82 62.33 57.61 62.45 1 ]im 6().7.'! 65.59 64.37 62.51 58.94 57.47 57.59 56.85 57.72 61.87 66.36 66.38 61.86 66.23 61,04 57.30 01.98 '2 \)m 66.40 65.11 (54.00 62.20 58.63 57.27 57.33 5(5.07 57.42 (51 .50 (56.01 65.98 61.53 65.83 (51.61 57.06 61.(54 3 \>m 66.30 64.85 63.71 61.72 58.27 57.07 57.12 50.32 57.33 61.47 05.01 65.93 (51.34 65.72 61.23 5(5.84 61.57 4 ]im 66.51 64.80 63.68 61.57 58.12 56.96 57.01 56.22 57.35 61.57 6(3.04 66.05 61.32 65.79 61.12 56.73 61.65 5 pm 66.75 65.07 63.79 61.70 58.09 56.04 5(5.95 56.26 57.53 61.77 66.23 66.25 61.44 66.02 61,19 56.72 61,84 G jmi 67.01 65.42 64.10 61.91 58.21 57.04 57.03 5(5.39 57.(5(5 62.04 6(5.52 66.55 61.66 66,83 61,41 56.82 62,07 7 pm (57.29 65.84 64.45 02.23 58.54 57.34 57.20 5(5.66 57.86 62.42 6(5.89 66-85 61.97 66.66 61,74 57.10 62,89 8 pm 67.55 46.14 64.73 (■)2.67 58.90 57.68 57.60 57.06 58.23 62.65 67.10 67.12 62.29 66.94 62.10 57.45 02.66 '.> pm 67.57 66.30 65.01 63..01 59.25 57.02 57,80 57.38 58.42 62.88 (57.28 67.26 62.51 67.04 62.42 57.73 62.86 10 iim 67.57 66.39 65.14 (53.18 59.56 58.23 58.18 57.54 58.3(5 63.02 (57.45 67.32 (52.(j6 67.09 62.63 57.98 62.94 11 i-m 67.50 66.36 65.15 63.18 59.58 58.28 58.25 57.58 58.30 63.01 67.44 67.28 62.66 67.05 62.(54 58.04 62.92 M. N. 67.41 66.17 65.05 63.20 59.55 58.10 58.16 57.56 58.19 62.92 67.41 67.17 62.58 66.92 62.60 57.97 62.84 M('iiii 67.20 66.05 64.74 62.00 59.21 57.80 57.81 57.14 57.05 62.52 67.01 66.97 62.26 66.77 62.21 57.58 62.49 MATSUYAMA. 1 am 62,99 62.69 61.70 50.78 5(5.15 54.98 55.19 54.31 55.85 59.62 68.40 (53.16 59.15 62.95 59.21 54.88 59.62 2 am 63.10 62.70 (51.55 59.57 56.02 54.83 55.09 54.21 55.73 59.55 03.31 63.14 50.07 62.98 59.05 54.71 59.52 3 am (53.00 (52.59 (51.32 59.48 56.05 54.77 55.04 54.17 55.60 59.42 (53.29 63.14 58.99 62.91 58.95 54.66 59.44 4 am 62,77 (52.4(5 61.24 59.39 56.05 54.85 55.02 54.17 55.53 59.39 63.24 62.99 58.92 62,74 58.89 54.68 59.39 5 am 62.74 (52.60 61.31 59.56 56,23 55.05 55.11 54.25 55.58 59.55 63.30 62.97 59.02 62,77 59.03 54.80 69.48 6 am 62.81 62.63 61.47 59.85 66.47 55.18 55.32 54,50 55.76 59.69 63.44 68.18 50.18 62.86 59.26 54.98 59.68 7 am 63.09 62.90 61.73 60.15 56.65 55.32 55.48 54.62 55.99 59.89 (53.79 63.45 59.42 63.15 59.51 55.14 59.89 41 MATSUYAMA. ":> Jan. ¥vh. Mar. A,r. May .hiiie July All-. Sci.t. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Wint. Spr. Sum. Aut. 8 am 03.29 03.18 (;i.99 00.27 50.77 55.39 55.59 54.09 50.12 00.19 04.00 03.72 59.00 03.40 59.(58 55.22 00.12 9 am (i3.53 03.29 02.09 00.35 50.75 55.37 55.57 54.(VJ 50.23 00.20 04.19 (54.01 59.09 (33.01 59.73 55.21 (;o.2:! 10 am 03.(19 03.28 02.00 00.10 50.08 55.27 55.57 54.00 50.17 00.08 04.12 04.09 59.07 03.09 5!>.7l 55.17 (50.12 11 am 63.35 03.07 01.89 00.21 50.53 55.25 55.45 54.47 55.91 59.82 03.78 0:',.74 5I».45 0:3.39 59.54 55.01; 59.8:; Noon (■)2.T0 02.07 01.02 59.80 50.29 54.98 55.28 54.14 55.05 59.29 0:!.17 03.01 59.05 02.80 59.20 54.80 5!).37 1 Jim 02.18 02.08 01.10 59.55 55.92 54.73 54.94 53.91 55.28 58.79 02.72 02.54 58.05 02.27 58.88 54.53 58.!):', 2 pm 02.03 (;i.83 00.78 59.24 55.00 54.50 54.74 53.(;5 55.15 58.t;i 02.49 02.24 58.42 02.0:; 58.50 54.30 58.75 '■') pm 02.10 (;i.77 00.01 58.95 55.37 54.24 54.54 5;!.38 55.05 58.57 02.40 02.25 58.27 02.04 58.31 54.05 58.(5!) 4 imi 02.28 oi.<;8 00.0! 58.70 55.29 54.10 54.41 53.31 55.07 58.72 02.01 02.38 58.27 (52.11 58.23 53.9(; 58.80 5 ]nn 02.-1 !i 01.S7 00.7:. 58'.S0 55.18 54.09 54.:!8 53.3,1 55.:".3 58.87 02.8:', 02.5S 5«.:i7 02.31 58.24 53.9:5 59.01 pm 02.7t; 02.17 oi.o:. 59.00 55.22 54.23 54.42 53.39 55.50 59.18 03.09 02.88 5S.57 (;2.()0 58.42 .')4.01 59.2*; 7 pm 0:!.0:) 02.:; » 01.27 59.27 55.47 54.50 54.04 5:!.(;8 55.74 59.45 03.37 0:;.O7 58.82 02.S2 58.07 54.27 5!t..52 S pill 03.21 02. -is 01.02 59.0S 55.7(J 54.09 54.85 54.01 50.08 59.08 03.54 o:'..28 59.07 02.99 59.02 54.52 59.77 '.• pm 0-!.o3 02.f;-i 01.79 00.10 50.0!) 54.97 55.13 54.30 50.25 59.! 10 03.70 0:;.41 5!i.;w 0:;.i:! 59.3:; 54.82 59.95 10 pm o;'..:;.") 02.71 01. si; 00.15 50.33 55.18 55.35 54.41 50.24 5! ».!)•; o:;.78 0:'-.4(; 59.:!9 03.17 59.45 54.!i8 5;).9!l 11 pm 03.27 02.0S Ol.S] 00.1 5 50.:!0 55.20 55.40 54.43 50.19 59.88 03.75 03.41 5!i.:i7 o:;.12 59.42 55.01 59.94 JI.N. 0:!.08 02.0S 01.72 00.00 5ti.l4 55.02 55.29 54.40 50.02 5! 1.7 7 03.07 o;',.24 51».20 1 o:;.oo 59.:;i 54.!Xt 59.82 Menu 02.92 (;2.r.l r.l.-io 59.09 5ti.o(; 54.80 55.08 54.13 55.75 59.51 0:!.;58 .5:!.] 4 59.04 02.88 59.07 54.09 59.55 HIROSHIMA. 0(;.75 05.75 05.2:; 02.87 59.75 57.52 (5(5.84 05.(59 (55.08 (;2.(;!) 59.00 57.30 (50.72 05.54 04.S7 02.57 5!).55 57.2(5 Oi;.50 05.48 04. S2 02.57 5!).5!) 57.34 00.51 05.54 04.!) I 02.(;7 5!».7(; 57.51 Oi5.(;5 05.(58 (55.14 02.! )2 (50.02 57.04 00.90 05.98 05.:i!) (;3.23 00.23 57.S2 07.11 00.25 (;5.(;o 0:5.:5(; 00.35 57.!)2 07.39 (5(;.4i 05.73 03.38 (;0.27 57.84 (57.49 00.31 05.00 03.33 (50.11 57.74 07.13 (;o.i5 );5.:'>7 03.07 59.88 57.(50 (;(;.45 05.04 04.98 02.(;5 5!).54 57.30 (;.5,90 (55.04 04.42 (;2.20 59.17 50.99 (55.08 (54.00 03.97 01.93 58.89 50.74 (55.(59 (54.54 (;3.72 01.01 58.52 50.54 05.88 04.59 03.74 01.45 58.38 5(1.42 (;(;.15 04.79 (53.90 (51. 50 58.30 50.37 0(;.33 (;5.0!» (54.17 01.80 58.54 50.55 (5(5.74 (55.41 04.48 02.11 58.87 50.85 (;(j.!)l 05.(J2 04.85 02.4!) 59.2(5 57.11 07.03 05.77 05.11 02.8(5 5!).58 57.37 07,05 05.!»5 05.22 03.00 59.90 57.69 00.98 05.81 05.19 03.00 59.91 57.71 00.85 05.77 );5.17 (53.01 59.81 57.58 (50.05 05.50 04.8(; 02.(50 59.49 57.29 57.28 57.15 57.02 57.17 57.25 57.40 57.01 57.71 57.71 57.05 57.52 57.30 57.01 5(5.79 50.(51 50.50 50.44 50.54 50.78 57.07 57.24 57.09 57.53 57.47 57.18 57.00 50.89 5(5.8(; 50.88 57.01 57.22 57.40 57.47 57.3!) 57.31 57.10 50.77 50.47 50.20 55.88 55.80 55.81 55.90 50.25 50.01 50.90 57.07 57.11 57.00 5(;.70 59.02 58.!)2 58.S:; 58.80 58.80 5!>.04 59.23 59.35 59.43 59.39 59.08 58,70 58.30 58.05 57.94 57.!)(; 58.13 58.37 58.09 59.14 59.31 59.37 59.37 59.25 58.85 02.97 02.!)2 02.80 02.77 02.94 0:;.O9 o3.:;(; 03.04 03,71 03,40 03,13 02.5.S 02.01 01.08 01.(59 01.80 (;i.95 02.33 02.(;7 02.!)8 03.11 03.41 03.15 03.08 02.80 0(;.7;! 00.71 00.05 (;o.(5i 00.70 00.87 07.10 07.13 07.55 07.40 07.08 (50.:;5 (;5.7!) 05.50 05.4(5 05.04 05.84 0(;.l!) 0(i..52 00.73 0(5.84 (5(5.98 00.!)5 00.91 00.01 00.58 00.05 00.03 (50.52 (iO.57 0(;.73 07.01 07.28 (57.51 07.51 (;7.io 00.35 05.79 05.49 05.54 05.70 05.9(; );o.2i 00.52 00.72 00.70 00.84 00.81 00.08 00.55 02.28 (;2.2i (52,12 62.09 02.19 02.37 (;2.01 02.78 02.80 02.78 (52.51 02.05 01.59 01.30 01.14 01.15 01.27 01.51 01.82 02.12 02.32 02.48 02.1(5 02.38 02.10 oo.:;o 00.39 00.30 0(5.19 (5(5.21 0(5.35 0(5.(53 (50.88 07.10 07.10 00.79 0(;.i5 05.58 05.2S (;5.2(; 05.3!) (;5.03 05.88 60.20 (5(5.42 00.52 00.(51 (5(5.53 0(;.43 00.25 (;2.oi 02.4( 02.33 (;2.33 02.4(; 02.(;9 (;2.95 03.10 03.13 03.0:5 02.77 (;2.3!) (51.95 (;i.(;o 01.28 01.19 01.27 01 .50 01.82 02.20 (52.52 02.73 02.72 02.00 02.32 57 .27 57 .05 57 .13 57 .2(; 57 .42 57 .01 57 .70 57 .(;5 57 .57 57 41 57 12 50 82 50 58 50 :54 50 24 5(; 21 50 33 50 03 50 93 57 17 57 48 57 45 57. 37 ■.08 02.! )1 02.85 02.70 02.7;! 02.8:5 03.00 03,25 03,47 03.5(; 03.42 (;3.10 (;2.5 1 (;2.0:! 01.74 01.70 (;i.8o 01.!»7 02.:50 02.0:! 02.95 03.09 0:3.25 (;:;.io 03.08 02.75 OZAKA. 1 am 1 65.64 65.08 04.80 02.52 59.01 57.14 57.07 57.50 59.00 03.19 05.83 05.91 02.05 05.54 02.31 57.40 02.87 2 am 1 65.74 05.01 04.82 02.3(5 59.51 50.99 57.5:', 57.53 59.4(; 03.05 (55.70 05.90 (51.!J8 05.57 (52.23 57.35 02.70 3 am 05.07 64.83 );4.48 02.29 59.43 50.95 57.4!) 57.55 59.43 02.9(5 05.71 05.91 01.89 05.47 02.07 57.33 02.70 4 am 05.51 64.77 04.50 (52.28 59.40 57.05 57.52 57.57 59.42 02.90 (55.08 05.82 01.88 05.37 02.08 57.38 02.(5!) 5 am 05.45 04.82 04.(;4 (;2.39 59.57 57.18 57.04 57.71 59.59 03.08 (55.72 (55.83 01.97 05.:;7 02.20 57.51 02,80 am 05.58 04.94 64.87 02.05 59.78 57.35 57.77 57.!)1 59.0!) 0:5.24 O5.!)0 0(;.05 02.14 05.52 (52.43 57.08 (;2,94 7 am 65.78 05.18 05.09 (;2.9i 59.92 57.53 5 7.!) 5 58.07 59.83 (53.4!) 0(5.13 0(;.3i 02.:55' (55.70 02.(54 57.85 (;:;.i5 8 am (55.99 05.44 05.29 03.01 00.01 57.57 58.07 58.14 59.80 (5:5.77 0)5,40 (;0.57 02.50 0(5.00 02.77 57.93 (;3.:32 42 OZAKA. ^^' Jan. (Ul.lC) ]-\.l). 05.57 Mar. 65.85 Ap,r. 68.22 Mav ;_ 60.0:! .1 1111(3 57.57 .luly 58.04 All,-/. 58.15 Sept. 59.99 Oct. 68.80 Nov. Dec. Yfar Wint. Spr. Slim. Aiit. '.• am 66.48 66.85 62.60 66.19 62.87 57.92 63.4 1 10 am ()(;.2o 65.50 65.26 (i:i.(i1 59.97 57.48 58.00 58.11 59.98 63.62 66.31 66.83 62.52 66.18 62.75 57.85 68.30 11 am 65.82 (■)5.2'..l 65.04 62.75 59.77 57.82 57.92 57.91 59.78 68.85 6.5.92 66.89 62.27 65.88 62.52 57.73 6;'..oo Noon 65.18 64,78 64.5'.) 62.88 59.48 57.06 57.66 57.68 59.48 62.81 65.29 65.74 61.81 65.22 62,15 57.45 62.54 1 pm r.l.5s 64.28 64.07 62.o:l 59.12 56.77 57.89 57.:14 59.00 62.25 61.80 65.24 61.40 64.68 61.74 57.17 62.02 2 Jim 64.86 63.94 68.70 (11.67 58.84 56.54 57.12 57.07 58.68 62.08 64.58 65.02 61.13 64.44 61.40 56.91 61.76 ;> pm 6)4.46 6:1.88 68.51 61.87 5S.84 56.:i5 56.90 56.88 58.51 61 .99 (34.58 65.08 61.02 64.47 61.24 56.69 61,69 4 ]iiii 64.(15 68.'.)'J 11:1.79 (ll.:l(l 58.47 56.20 56.79 56.77 58.54 62.07 61.71 65.21 61.04 64.62 61.19 56.-59 61.77 5 ])m 64.".! 1 64.22 (1:1.55 61.88 58.48 56.15 56.83 56.77 58.69 62.2:'. 64.95 65.85 61.18 6)4.83 61.14 56.58 61.96 •) pm 65.26 61.51 6:1.85 61.(12 58.60 5(1.29 .56.97 5(1.S8 58.8:! 62.56 65.28 65.67 61.86 65.16 6l.:56 56.70 62.22 7 pm 65.4'J 64.87 64.19 61.96 58.88 56.5:1 57.17 57.10 59.14 62.94 65.5'.t 65.90 61.65 65. 12 61.68 56.93 62.56 8 pm 65.66. 65.02 6 1.56 62.4:i 59.2:'. 56.78 57.4) 57.49 .59.59 63.18 65.7 7 66.06 61.93 65.58 62.07 .57.23 62.85 !• Jim 65.78 65.16 6J.7S (12.76 59.55 57.08 57.69 57.72 59.78 68.36 65.96 66.12 62.14 65.69 62.36 57.50 63.03 10 pm 65.78 65.21 64.90 62.86 59.70 57.29 57. S2 57.81 59.87 63.42 66.00 66.16 62.23 65.72 62.49 57.64 63.10 11 j.m 65.72 65.18 61.91 62.81 59.69 57.:lO 57.85 57.81 59.84 68.85 65.94 66.18 62.21 65.66 62.47 57.65 63.04 M. N. 65.64 65.0; • 64.S2 62.75 59.61 57.21 57.77 57.69 59.65 63.32 65.90 66.01 62.12 65.58 62.:i9 57.56 62.96 Monii 65.45 61.85 61.56 62.86 59.:i9 56.99 57.54 57.55 59.42 63.00 65.64 (;5.92 61.89 (;5.4i 62.09 57.36 62.69 WAKAYAMA. 1 am 64.83 64.-52 63.84 61.60 58.65 56.17 56.75 56.77 58.53 62.24 04.90 05.35 61.18 64.90 61.36 56.56 01.89 2 am 64.85 64.40 68.74 61.:18 58.47 56.06 56.6,4 5(3.67 58.45 62.13 04.85 05.27 61.07 64.84 61.20 56.45 61.81 8 am 64.78 64.27 6:3.57 6I.:32 58.39 55.98 56.-59 5(3.05 58.:!9 62.02 04.78 0-5.20 (30.99 01.75 61.09 56.41 61,73 4 am 64.67 64.23 68.58 61,:'.0 58.42 56.06 56.60 56.67 58.89 62.02 64.71 05,14 60.98 04.08 61.10 56.44 61.71 5 am 64.66 64.27 68.70 61.40 58.55 56.21 56.62 56.78 58.48 62.15 64.79 65.10 61.06 64.70 01.22 56.54 61.81 6 am 64.78 64.40 6:3.89 61.61 58.76 56.41 56.8:i 56.96 58.6:'. 62.27 61.93 65,:55 61.23 64.84 01.42 56.73 61.94 7 am 65.02 64.64 64.16 61.91 58.91 56.57 57.04 57.16 58.80 62.48 65.1 5 65.60 61.45 65.09 01.66 56.92 62.14 8 am 65,19 64.90 64.:',6 62.01 59.02 56.68 57.12 57.22 58.91 62.74 65.39 65.82 61.61 65.:50 61.81 57.01 62.35 9 am 65.41 65.06 64.40 62.07 59.02 56.59 57.11 57.22 59.03 62.81 65.48 (36.08 61.69 65.-52 61.83 56.97 62.44 10 am 65.48 64.94 64.31 61.99 58.97 56.-50 57.09 57.19 59.08 62.70 65.40 6)6.12 61.65 65.51 61.77 5(3.93 62.38 11 ain 65.10 64.78 (34.09 61.80 58.85 56.40 56.99 57.02 58.76 62.42 65.09 65.70 61.42 65.19 01.-58 56.80 62.09 Noon 64.38 64.35 63.69 61.45 58.54 -56.18 -56.76 56.71 58.41 61.98 64.49 6-5.10 61.00 64.61 01.23 .5G..53 61.63 1 Jim 63.86 63.80 63.18 61.12 58.21 55.94 56.48 56.45 58.07 61.50 64.03 04.59 60.60 64,08 60.85 66.29 61.20 2 pm 6:^.67 63.46 62.77 60.80 57.98 55.55 56.24 56,21 57.71 61.20 63.77 04.36 60.31 03.83 60.52 56.00 60.89 8 imi 63.77 63.40 02.53 60.48 57.69 55.54 50.01 55,95 57.-54 61.12 63.76 64.40 (30.18 63.80 60.23 5.5.84 60.81 4 pm 63.93 63.47 62.44 60.39 57.58 55.37 55.90 55.88 57.54 61.16 63.88 64.-52 60.18 63.97 60.14 55.74 60.86 5 pm 61,17 63.67 62.5:'. 60.47 57.56 55.31 55.96 55.87 57.07 61.:50 64.08 61.65 60.27 64.16 60.19 55.71 61.00 6) pm 64.48 63.96 62.79 60.66 57.69 55.47 56.11 55.92 57.84 61.-58 64.35 64,95 60.48 64.46 60.38 55.83 61.26 7 pm 64.74 64.29 68.10 60.98 58.00 55.69 56.3:1 .50.21 58.17 61.95 64.63 65.19 60.77 G4.74 60.69 56.08 61..58 8 1 111 .82 01.00 00.04 57.83 55.31 50.00 50.90 58.49 01.48 02.44 01.03 59.40 00.88 59.04 50.29 (50.80 9 pm 00.87 01.01 01.28 00.25 58.20 55.02 50.89 57.17 58.58 01.05 62.55 G1.08 59.00 00.99 59.91 50.50 00.93 10 pm 00.90 01.04 01.35 00.27 58.25 55.08 50.90 57.17 .58.51 01.01 02.53 01.08 5i).01 01.01 59.90 5(5.00 00.88 11 \m\ 00.82 C0.99 01.28 00.23 58.20 55.00 5(5.88 57.14 58.42 01.51 02.44 01.03 59.54 00.95 59.90 5(5.54 (50.79 M. N. GO.GO 00.92 01.19 00.18 58.00 5.5.51 50.75 57.04 58.29 01.43 02.34 00.83 59.43 00.80 59.81 50.43 (50.(59 Mean 00.52 00.04 00.88 59.90 57.83 55.34 50.51 50.70 58.13 01.20 02.27 00.78 59.23 00.05 59.54 50.20 (50.53 HAKODATE. 1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am G0.44 01.54 02.2(5 00.08 57.97 57.27 50.88 57.58 59.54 (51.10 03.19 01.04 (50.01 (51.21 (50.-30 -57.24 00.58 01.52 02.11 00.(50 57.84 57.20 56.78 57.49 59.4 G 00.98 03.2(5 (51.7(5 59.9(5 (51.29 (50.18 57.10 G0.45 G1.38 G1.9G 00.54 57.77 57.11 50.71 57.44 59.30 00.91 03.18 01.01 59.80 01.15 (50.09 57.09 00.33 61.80 02.00 00.50 57.74 57.22 50.78 57.52 59.31 (50.97 03.13 01.54 59.80 (51.00 00.08 57.17 00.32 61.29 02.08 00.03 57.88 57.39 50.92 57.(59 59.41 01.08 03.18 01.50 59.95 01.04 (50.20 57. •")3, 00.44 61.30 02.17 00.75 57.93 57.4(5 50.99 57.84 59.-55 (51.17 (53.24 01 .09 (50.01 (51.14 G0.28 -57.43 (50.57 01.37 02.22 00.87 57.97 57.57 57.00 57.89 59.5(5 (51.30 (53.-53 01.8(5 00.15 (51.27 (50.35 57.51 00.73 01.51 (52.29 (50.81 57.94 57.(53 57.09 57.88 59.58 01.43 03.(5(5 02.07 (50.22 (51.44 00.35 57.53 00.87 01.39 (52.34 00.83 57.80 57.59 57.04 57.8(5 59.08 01.39 (53.03 02.25 00.22 01. .50 00.32 57.-50 G0.87 (51 .32 02.25 C0.79 57.(58 57.53 5(5.99 57.80 59.-57 01.20 (53.48 02.21 (50.14 01.47 (50.24 -57.44 28 .42 44 HAKODATE. ^ 00."i-J I'd). 01. 11 .Mar. 02.()S A,r. 00.57 57.-50 .lune 57.49 J Illy 50.90 An jr. 57.01 S.pt. 59.31 Oct. 00. 9! t Nov. 0:!.13 Dec. 01.77 Vcai- .59.92 Wint. Spr. Sum. Ant. 11 !un 0.1.14 00.05 57.33 01.15 Noon t'id.Ol (;o.(;(; Ol.Sl) oo.:;o 57.24 57.29 50.72 57.4:", 59.10 00.51 02.(;2 01 .27 59.59 oo.(;5 59.81 57.15 00.70 1 ]ini 50.72 (■(0.'_'8 01.5,S 00.14 57.02 57.18 50.54 57.23 59.00 00.22 02.42 00.97 59.30 00.:!2 5'.). 58 50.08 0,0.55 2 ptii f)'.i.7f, (•>().•_' 1 01.45 5!t.'.i2 50.8(» .57.09 50.:18 57.05 58.90 00.10, 02.:!5 00.95 59.25 00.30 59.39 50.84 00.47 :' |iin ! 51i.9'.t oo.;i5 01.51 5'.».S0 50.72 50..99 50.32 50.94 .5S.94 00.:17 02.01 01.21 5'.).:!1 00.52 59.;!4 50). 75 (;o.(;4 4 jiin (•)().-J2 (;o.5o 01 .02 5'.i.s8 50.SL 50.90 5C,.::!0 50.90 .59.00 00.. 50 02.74 01.35 59.41 00.09 59.44 50.74 00.77 •5 |iin r.(».53 no.8-j 01.84 00.00 50.87 50.9;i .50.2'. t 57.01 59.2:; 00.71 02.92 01.50 59.51". 00.05 59.59 50.74 00.95 l'> inn IH).75 01.17 02.14 00.25 57.0'. I 57.08 50.40 57.10 59.:!0 0,0.97 03.00 01. .59 5'.>.70 01.17 50.83 50.90 01.13 7 pin tU).S7 01.;',:; 02.12 00.00 57.40 57.29 50.0'.t 57.43 59.70 01.15 0:',.19 01.71 59.98 O1.:l0 00.14 57.14 01.35 8 i>iu Wt.Hl) 01.41 02.00 OO.'.i:', 57.74 5 7. -50 50.94 57.77 5',t.90 0,1.29 0:i.2:; 01.75 00.10 0I.:15 00.42 57.40 01.47 !i pin < 1(1.87 01.4'.i 02.0U 0,1.00 57.'.il •57.08 57.08 57.82 59.82 (;i.:i2 0,:1.23 01 .7S 00.22 oi.;S8 00.53 57.5:') 01.40 10 pin (i(>.8-J 01.50 02.8:1 00.', t2 57.'. i7 57.0.3 57.0N 57.S4 59.75 01 .:!2 03.21 01.79 00.22 r.1.:;7 00.57 57.52 01.44 11 pni GO.O:! 01.45 02.07 00.87 57.98 57.00 57.08 57.S2 .5'. 1.7 2 01.27 (;:',.23 01 .73 00.17 01.27 • •.0.51 57.50 01.41 M. N. GO. 15 01.38 02.57 0.0.8.3 57. oo 57.51 .50.97 57.77 59.0.S 01.20 0:!.25 01 ..54 00.08 01.12 00.43 57.42 01.38 Moan (•.0.48 01.15 02.1:! 00.54 57.50 57.34 50,.79 57.5:'. 59.44 00.99 G:i.li 01.03 59.89 01.08 00.08 57.22 01.18 SAPPORO. 1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am 0. am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Noon 1 ]im 2 pm :; pm 4 pm 5 pm pm 7 pm 8 pm 9 pm 10 pm 11 pm M. N. Mean 58.47 59.77 58.53 59.77 58.44 59.05 58.33 5;).04 58.33 59.07 58.45 59.73 58.05 59.9:; 58.83 00.0;; 58.03 00.00 58.92 59.88 58..5G 59.04 58.1(; 59.10 57.03 58.80 57.08 58.71 58.17 58.8 1 58.34 59.03 58.52 59.22' 58.70 59.50 .58.81 50.59 58.87 59.08 58.87 50.73 58.81 50.71 ! 58.0,0 .50.0'.t 58.47 50.00 58.50 50.54 00.<',3 00.48 00.35 00.35 00.42 (;o.43 00.52 00.50 00.51 00.37 00.10 59.89 59.04 59.03 59.78 1 00.01 00.27 I 00.5:? 00.79 00.0 J 0)1.02 0,1.01 (;o.03 (;o.30 58.55 .58.47 58. k; 58.43 58..50 58.08 58.71 58.70 58.08 58.01 58.45 58.20. 58.14 57.07 57.00 57.07 .58.10 58.20, 58.51 58.80 58.84 .58.78 58.72 5S.08 58.40, 55.88 55.81 55.77 55.70 55.00 55.04 5.5.02 55.82 1 .55.01 j 55.48 , 55.27 I 55.05 54.82 .54.70 .54.t;2 54.77 54.80, 55.00 55.:;0 55.05 55.80 55.84 55.S7 55.80 55.48 55.02 55.52 .55.51 5.5.58 55.00 55.73 55.78 55.75 55.04 55.55 5.5.41 55.20 55.05 54.99 54.98 5.5.01 55.10 55.34 55.55 55.80 5.5.97 55.92 55.88 .55.81 55.51 55.08 55.03 '' 55.00 55.09 55.22; 55.251 55.27! 55.20 1 55.10; 54.07 51.80 54. .50 .54.41 54.29 54.25 54.25 54.30! 54..5O .54.70 j 55.01 1 55.28 5.5.18 .55.15 55.09 j 54.88 1 55.99 55.04 55.04 5().01 50.20 50.33 50.39 50,.31 50.28 50.17 55.90 .5.5.00 55.5:; 55.37 55.33 .55.42 55.47 55.00 55.04 .50.24 50,.28 50.30 50..20 50.17 5.5.97 58.1 ;» 58.10 58.02 58.03 58.11 58.19 58.23 58.2:; 58.27 58.12 57.87 57.05 57.43 57.34 57.40 57.54 ' 57.71 57.88 ; 58.20 58.40 58.40 ; 58.41 ' 58.31 58.20 58.01 .59.31 ! 59.22! 50.18' 50.23 50.31 1 59.:;9; 50.51; .59.00 59.49: .59.31 1 59.00 •58.7 1 ' 58..50 58.49 58.1 ;o, 58.77 58.9:; 59.20 ■50.42 .50.50 50.5r, .50.51 50.42 50.35 50.20 01.14 01.21 (51.13 01.14 01.10 01.23- 01.48' 01.5(i 01. .52 01.47 01.05 00.03 (;a4o 00.40 (;o..5o 00.70 00.00 01.07 (;i.io (;li8 01.25 01.20 (;i.2o (;i.io (;i.08 59.(53 ,59.78 59.05 59.55 59.50 50.09 59.84 (;0.02 00.08 00.09 50.07 50.2:; 58.08 58.00 50.18 50.32 50.48 5'J.(;:; 5'.). 72 .50.74 50.77 .50.75 5'.t.07 59.49 59.01 58.19 58.15 58.09 58.10 58.17 58.25 .58.35 58.38 58.84 58.21 57.99 57.(50 57.47 57.40 57.40 57.58 57.72 57.03 58.12 58.:;0 58.30 58.37 58.:;2 .58.23 58.05 50.20 58.35 55.5(5 50.30 58.25 55..50 50.25 58.19 55.48 59.17 .58.19 55.50 59.19 58.27 55.70 59.20 58.:',5 55.77 50.47 58.:!8 5.5.81 59.03 58.3(5 55.75 59.(57 58.27 5-5.(57 59.03 58.15 55.5(5 5'.>.29 57.90 .55.37 58.85 57.73, 5.5.10 58.57 57.53 55.00 58.5(5 .57.40 .54.8,S 58.73 57.:;8 54.S.-, 58.90 57.51 54.89 59.07 57.0(5 54.9(5 59.28 .57.87 55.17 59.37 .58.13 55.40 50.43 .58.41 55.(58 59.4(5 58.5:; 55.84 59.42 58.-55 55.H) 59.34 58.5:; 55.77 59.19 58.45 55.09 59.22 58.10 55.45 59.55 59.51 59.4 1 59.47 50..53 .59.00 50.74 .5!l.80 50.7(5 50.(53 50.3:; -59.01 .58.78 .58.74 58..S7 59.02 59.18 59.40 59.57 50.(59 59.74 59.7 1 59.(54 50.59 59.43 NEMURO. 1 am .5(5.19 57.(53 .50.25 57.74 55.29 55.02 55.09 5(5.08 58.04 ,57.81 50.02 57.0,(5 ,57.14 57.1(5 57.43 5,5.70 58.29 2 am 50.17 57.55 5'.l.(l8 57.(58 55.23 55.8:; 54.97 55.98 57.94 57.74 50.01 57.80 57.08 57.17 57.33 55.50 58.23 :; am 5(5.09 57.52 50.05 57.(50 .55.19 55.7(5 54.94 5.5.98 57.90 57.7(5 .5,s.O:; 57.(52 57.03 57.08 57.28 55.-5(5 58.20 4 am 55.90 57.55 59.11 57.(57 55.2(5 .55.00 55.08 50.07 57.93 57.00 S'.t.oo 57.(52 57.00 57.05 57.35 5-5.(58 58.28 5 am 5(5.04 57.59 .V.).21 57.82 .55.40 55.9(5 55.20 5(5.27 58.02 57.0(5 .50.14 57.(5',i 57.10 57.11 57.48 5-5.81 58.37 am .5(5.1(5 57.(5',» 59.35 57.94 55.51 5(5.0:; 55.35 .50.35 58.13 58.12 50.27 57.83 57.31 57.23 57.00 .55.01 ,58.51 7 am 5(5.30 .57.94 59.45 57.93 55.(52 -50.11 55.41 50.41 58.0(5 .58.32 50.55 .58.08 57.43 57.44 57.0,7 55.08 58.04 8 am 5(5.45 58.02 .59.47 57.91 5,5..5S 50.08 55.37 5(5.42 58.07 58.41 50.(55 .58.28 57.48 67.58 57.05 55.0(5 58.71 9 am 5(5..50 57.90 59..5(5 57.98 5.5.53, 50.01 55.44 5(5.51 58.07 .58.:;4 50.(52 58.40 57.50 57.03 57.09 55.99 58.08 10 am .5(5.43 57.; 11 5; 1.43 57.79 5.5.44 55.99 55.3(5 .50.44 57.00 .58.1(5 50.47 58.13 57.37 57.10 57.55 55.9:; 58.51 11 am 55.02 57.(52 59.24 57.53 55.25 55.90 55.25 50.27 57. (5« 57.87 50.03 ,57.(55 57.10 57.0(5 57.34 55.81 58.20 45 NEMURO. % Jan. 55.47 Feb. !\rar. Apr. May .June 55.74 •fuly All--. 50.12 Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 57.22 Year 3(5.81 Wint. s,„.. Sum. Ant. Noon 57.21 58.90 57.29 55.07 55.13 57.50 57.52 58.00 50.03 57.09 55.00 57.87 1 pm 55.34 50.82 58.57 57.12 54.87 55.00 54.97 55.97 57.31 57.23 58.39 57.04 50.01 50.40 5(5.85 55.-53 57.04 2 pm 55.48 50.77 58.48 50.97 54.70 55.59 54.83 55.82 57.24 57.19 58.40 57.19 50.50' 50.48 5(5.72 55.41 57.01 3 pin 55.74 50.90 58.53 5(5.94 54.08 55.59 54.75 55.81 57.32 57.32 58.37 57.39 50.03 50.08 50.72 55.38 57.74 4 ]ini 55.94 57.04 58.(50 57.02 54.77 55.02 54.71 55.87 57.43 57.42 58.(59 57.54 50.72 50.K4 50.80 55.40 57.85 5 }ini 5r..lG 57.25 58.82 57.10 54.83 55.74 54.77 55.92 57.01 57.00 58.91 57.03 50.87 37.01 50.94 55.48 58.04 (J jiin 5(5.31 57.42 59.11 57.41 55.00 55.90 54.93 50.09 57.83 57.88 59.0(5 57.79 57.00 57.17 57.19 55.04 58.20 7 ]>ni 50.35 57.44 59.32 57.78 55.28 50.04 55.04 50.35 58.14 58.02 59.09 57.82 57.22 57.20 57.40 55.81 58.42 8 pni 50.40 57.57 59.51 58.04 55.54 50.30 55.32 50.59 58.24 58.11 59.13 57.83 57.3S 57.27 57.70 50.09 58.49 9 pm 50.30 57.01 59.02 58.03 55.02 50.13 55.37 50.57 58.24 58.15 59.17 57.82 57.12! 57.20 57.70 50.12 58.51 10 pm 50.3] 57.53 59.09 58.04 55.55 50.37 55.31 ' .30.50 58.21 58.14 59.15 57.77 37.38 57.20 57.70 50.OS 58.30 11 ]nu 50.21 57.45 59.00 58.02 55.47 5(5.25 55.20 50.52 58.13 58.00 59.00 37.50 57.30 57.07 57.72 .55.99 58.42 M. N. .50.13 57.30 59.05 57.90 55.32 50.11 55.0(; 50.33 58.02 58.03 58.98 57.40 57.19 1 50.90 57.02 55.84 58.34 Mean 50.11 57.47 59.20 57.04 55.25 55.95 55.12 .30.22 57.88 57.88 59.04 57.70 57.12: 57.09 57.30 55.7(5 58.27 Tims tliere are g-enorally t\\'o maxima aiul minima of tlie atm(),-j)lu'rl(' prtVMire in a dav (.-('0 the Plate II). Of tliese, the ehief maximum ap])ears at abmit 9 o'clock am and the chief minimum at about 3 o'clock ])m. In winter, however, we have another pair of maxinuim and miniimim ])]'e.-sure.s after midnight, beside.-; those just mentioned. Now if the stations in Hokkaido be ii;rouped into one and called "the northern" while (he rest be called "the southern," the mean tlme< (local time) (»f the maxlimim and the mlnlimnn ])i-c->nrc- are as follows (The underlined in the table are the chief maximum and the chief minimum.) : — AVinter Spring Sunnuei- Autumn Year TiMF. OF OCCriiHKNt !■; OI' MAXnir.M AND MI.XI.Mr.M oi' AIK I'UKssrin: (liOCAL TIMi;). j Northern part ( Sonthern part \ Northern pai't ( Southern part j Northern part ' SoutluMMi part Northern ])art Southern ])art Northern part Southern ])art l^t IMIn. h o,r,;, O.oa X X 1st Max. 2nd MIn. 2iid Max. 2,:]a X X X X X l,()a d,2a P,Xni 3,Ga ;],r>a 3,2a 3,Sa 8,()a 3,8a 3,7a ;),(ia H.!)a sj7 i 8.1a !),()a J»,()a 9^a 3rd Min. 1%. 2^p 3,(Jp 4Jp •4,()p Mp 2^> 2^p 2^) 3,2p M: ax. !),3p l(»,()p I0,r,p 10,5p *),8|) i(),(:p 10,()|) J),Op l»,9p 10,11) It .-eems that there is no a]>pre(a"able dilfcrence l)etweeu the noi'thern and (he KUithern stations in then- daily variations of the atmospheric pressure. With regard to diiferent .^ca-ons, we observe that the chief maximum comes somewhat later in avitumn and winter than in si)rir;g :iud .-ummer, while on the contrary, the cliief mininmm comes far earlier. In the mean of the veai', the chief maxinuim occurs at 9 o'clock am and the chief minimiun at 3 o'clock jun and the ^ceoudarv maxinuim at 10 o'clock ])m and the secoudarv minimum at 1 o'clock am. 46 If. ANNUAL VAKIATION OV ATMOSPHERIC rRESSlHE. The montlily mean j)i('SMir('s, reduced to sea level and to standard gravity, are given in the following table in niiliinietics, omitting the hundreds: — Mean ath pkessuke. Ijocallt.y. Nalia Kagoslunia l\oclii AValca}','!!!!:! Oita ^'aiiiaguclii Ilirosliima Malsuyama Okayaina Ozaka Kioto Kiinianioto Saga Nagasaki Fiikuoka Itsiif^abara Alvaniaunpcki Sal;ai Nat^oya Gifn IlauKiiiialsu Numiizii Tokio U tsimoinix a Clioslii Kanazawa Fusliiki Nagano Niigata Yamagal a Akita Fukusliiina Ni.biru Miyako Aoniorl Hakodate Siittsii Sa]i]ioio Ivamil.awa Soya Aljasliiri Nomuro Eli mo Jan. 04.3 Mar. 02.7 Apr. (;o.7 Mny .lime .l.iiy A n." 05.9 04.0 01. G 58.8 5<;.3 50.4 5C>.3 58.(; 02.7 05.5 GG.O 01.5 0(5.1 01.5 5(5.3 00.4 00.3 04.3 01.9 59.0 50.5 50.7 5G.7 59.4 (;3..3 05.(5 0(5.0 01.9 0(5.4 01.7 50.0 m.i GG.O 04.0 01.8 59.3 5G.7 57.1 57.0 59.0 (;3.o 05.0 05.9 (51.8 00.0 01.7 50.9 05.1 G5.4 G3.G 01. 7 59.0 50.5 57.0 57.0 59.2 0,3.0 04.9 04.0 01.4 05.0 Gl.4 50.8 G4.3 04. 3 C3.2 G2.0 59.4 57.2 57.8 57.7 59.0 02.4 04.3 04.3 01.3 01.3 01. 5 57.0 03.7 03.9 02.8 01.7 59.0 57.0 57.4 57.4 59.3 02.3 04.0 03.9 (51.0 03.8 01.2 57.3 G4.1 G4.1 03.1 G2.0 59.4 57.2 57.9 58.0 59.7 02.7 04.4 (54.2 01.4 (54.1 G1.5 57.7 ' G'2.7 G2.0 01.9 01.3 59.0 57.1 .57.9 57.9 59.4 01.9 03.3 (53.1 00.7 02.8 00.7 57.0 ■ G1.5 tU.7 01.2 01.0 58.8 57.0 57.7 .57.9 59.3 01.9 C2.7 01.7 00.2 Gl.G G0.3 .57.5 \ G'2.8 02.7 01.7 01.7 59.0 57.1 57.8 58.1 59.7 02.5 02.8 01.9 (50.G 02.3 00.8 57.7 G2.() 02.0 02.0 01.5 58.9 57.4 57.0 .57.9 00.0 02.5 02.8 01.9 GO.O 02.2 (50.8 57.0 (;2.i C2.7 Gl.G 01. 8 .59.1 57.3 58.0 58.2 59.8 02.1 02.4 G1.7 G0.(5 02.2 70.8 57.8 04.9 05.2 03.5 01.9 59.2 57.2 57.0 57.7 59.0) 03.0 04.7 03.9 Gl.G 04.7 01.5 57.5 (54.0 05.1 03.G G2.0 59.1 50.8 57.3 5 1 .'•> .511.4 02.8 04.2 G3.8 01.3 04.5 01.(5 57.1 G4.2 04.2 G2.0 01.7 58.7 5r,.4 57.1 57.4 59.4 03.7 04.9 03.4 01.1 03.9 01.0 57.0 g:!.1 G3.7 02.8 01.8 59.0 50.8 57.4 57.0 59.G 02.9 03.7 (52.9 00.9 03.2 G1.2 57.3 i 02.3 08.2 02.5 01.5 58.8 50.8 57.4 57.9 59.9 G2.9 03.7 02.1 G0.7 02.5 G0.9 57.4 02.5 03.2 02.5 02.2 59.5 57. G 58.1 58.2 59.9 03.3 03.9 01.9 Gl.l G2.5 01.4 58.0 i 01.7 02.7 02.2 01.3 58.7 50.9 57.7 58.0 GO.O 02.7 03.5 G1.9 GO.G 02.1 00.7 57.5 1 01.5 02.2 Gl.G 01.4 58.8 57.0 57.7 58.1 59.8 02.(i 03.2 01.5 00.4 01.7 (50.0 57.0 00.it 01.0 01.3 01.3 59.1 .57.7 58.1 58.4 00.1 02.8 02.9 (50.5 G0.3 G0.8 GO.G 58.1 01.4 02.2 01.3 00.9 58.2 57.0 57.5 58.0 59.7 02.7 03.1 00.7 00.2 G1.4 00.1 57.5 00.8 01.7 00.8 G0.7 58.G 57.5 57.3 57.8 59.7 02.1 01.8 G0.5 59.9 Gl.O GO.O 57.5 00.1 01.2 00.2 G0.2 57.9 57.0 50.9 57.4 59.5 01.8 01.0 58.8 59.4 00.0 59.4 57.1 I 59.7 01.1 59.8 00.1 57.7 50.8 50.0 57.2 59.3 01.5 01.4 59.0 59.2 59.9 59.2 5(5.9 , 59.8 01. 5 00.:; 00.3 58.0 57.4 57.3 58.0 00.0 02.0 01.8 50.0 59.0 GO. I 59.5 57.G 5'.».3 03.0 59.3 59.0 57.4 57.4 50.5 57.3 59.2 00.7 G0.2 57.4 58.9 59.9 .58.0 57.1 58.0 00.0 00.7 59.3. 57.4 57.4 50.7 57.5 59.7 01.1 00.3 57.0 58.9 58.9 59.1 57.2 ] 57.7 59.8 59.5 59.9 58.4 58.0 57.7 58.3 GO.O 01.5 (;o.G 57.(5 59.1 58.4 59.3 58.0 58.0 G0.2 59.9 00.1 58.4 57.5 57.8 58.4 59.9 01.7 01.0 57.G 59.2 58.8 59.5 57.9 A glance at tliis table clearly shows the manner of the annual variation. Thus the pressure is higher in winter and lower in Minnner throughout the whole country. Oi* ])reci.'-ely speaking, the atmospheric pressure is generally lower than the mean value of the year during the five months from May to Sejitemher, and higher during the remaining seven months from October to April. The 47 lii<;hest pre-.'^ure is generally in January or Februarv, while the lo\ve,-;t is in -Fune. The amplitiuie, or the difference between the niaxinuim and the mininiuni, gets less and less as we proceed from the we-tern part of this country toward the eastern. Thus at Okinawa and the western part of Kiushu, the ajuplitude is oenerally about 10 mm. It diminishes to about 5 mm at the eastern coast of Nippon, and to only 4 mm or even less, at the eastern extremity of Hokkaido. Again the last table shows us that in order to study the annual variation of atmospheric pressure, it is necessary to divide the whole country into the following three territrial divisions: (1) I'he west of Kioto (2) llie east of Kioto (o) Hokkaido. The mean monthly pressures for each of these divisions are as follows : — Jan. 7G5.0 Fel^ Mureli April 7(il.5 May 758.9 • luiio .liily Aumist Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. West of Iviolo 7G5.H 70:'..<; 75(1.5 757.0 75(1.8 758.5 702.4 70-1.9 705.1 Ivisl of Kiot(^ 7(12.8 700.:! 7C.2.4 7t of Kioto, the chief maximum pressure 7()3.7 mm is in November. The pressure decreases continually and has a minimum in Dccend)er, or Jtuiuary and a maximum in February. Then it decreases veiy (piickly till it reaches the chief minimum 757.1 mm in June. After that, it increases slowly until September when it begins to increase suddenly and ultimately reaches to the maximum of November. Tlu; annual varitition in this division has thus two maxima and minima, and the greatest amplitude is (J.G mm. Lastly in Hokkaido, the vai'iation is similar to the last division f )r having two maxima and minima. The chief maximum is in October and the chief mininmm in July, the amplitude being 4.6 mm. The secondary maximum is in February and the secondary minimum in flaniiary. Both of these secondary maximum and minimum arc very much conspicuous when compared with those of the last division. Thus we summarize that : — In ^vinter, the atmospheric pressure renviins high in the first division lying west of Kioto, but there is a minimum in Hokkaido. In summer, we have a secondary nuixinuim in the first division (in July) but is absent in Hokkaido. The variation in the second division lying east of Kioto is intermediate between them. (For the detail, sec the Plate III.) C. AlJSOLlTii: MAXmUM AM) MIMMUH OF THE ATMOSPHKRIO rRESSURK. Tiic extreme of the highest atmospheric ])ressnre ever observed in this country is 779.8 mm at Nemuro on the 4th of February, 1882; and the extreme of the lowest pressure is 713.1 mm at Nagasaki on the 14th of September, 1891. The difference between these two extremes is 66.7 mm. Though this last is the difference between the extremes on the whole (country, yet sometimes such great (liHerence occurs at some of stations. Thus tlie difl'erence of the extremes observed at Nemuro was GO mm. The extreme values of the highest and the lowest pressures are : — 48 EXTJIEAIES OF AIU I'liESSUilE. Jjociility. Max. Day Month Yi'ai- Mill. Day Mt)iilli '^'ea r Kaiijje Nali;i T7"j.<; •),; XII 18111 7:5(1.2 1 VIII 1891 3(1.4 Knj^osliiir.ii 77i).l 1^1 XII 18S:', 721.4 25 VIII 1884 54.7 Miya/.alvi TTo.'.t •2'2-:2S Xi;XII 188:5;1)1 725.8 10 IX 188(1 50.1 Jvoclii 77r..-j '2'2:2S .XI;XII 188;!;ltl 7.mi 1(1 \III 1891 4.5.1 Wa!\ayaina 77(;.7 'J'.l I 1 882 717.0 ;5o \III 1888 59.7 Uita 77ti.() •JH XI 18111 7;ii.(i 14 IX 1891 44.4 Yanuif^iielii 77(;.s •2H XI is; 11 7:52.(1 14 IX 1891 44.2 Ilii-u.shinia 77i;.7 ■2X XI is:»i 727.4 25 \III 1884 49.3 IMatstiyania 77(1. •_' 2H XI ISlll 7:!7,1 14 IX 1891 :5!t.l Ul^ayania 77C..1 7 XII 181tl 7:57.0 1(1 \I1I 1891 ;39.1 U/.aKa 77f..O i:', II iss:! 725.8 31 \ III 1888 50.2 ]vioio 77(1.11 2'.t I 1SS2 72;i.(l 1 \\\ 1885 47.0 K lima iiKito 77(1.(1 ■'7 XI _18'.tl 72:1.7 14 IX 1891 52.9 Sa-a, 77.'i.7 '2X XI is; II 720.4 14 JX 1891 55.3 Nat^asaKi 77(1.7 •21 XII 1SS:i 71:^.1 It IX 1891 G3.tj ]''lllui(]l;il 77(1.1 -!8 XI 18:»1 725.8 14 IX 1891 50.3 Jtsui^alia'. M 77(1. ;i 21 Xi is;)i 7:1:5.8 14 JX 1891 42.5 i\Iiaina,':;asel.0 4 II 1882 7:3;5.:5 21 X 1889 45.7 Siiltsu 77(1.1 ;) XI 1890 729.;3 21 X 1889 4(1.8 8aii)>oro 7711.1 1^4 I 187t) 727.3 22 X 1889 51.8 Kaii.ikawa 777.8 '2',) 1 1891 728.5 22 X 1889 49.3 Soya 777.') '.) XI 1S9() 1 7:3:5.4 21 X 1889 43.9 Al»a.s1iiii 77(1.8 21 III 1890 729.3 22 X 1889 47.5 Nt'imiio 77',».8 4 11 1 882 1 719.4 3 IX 1879 G().4 Eli 1110 1 "^--^ 21 III 1890 1 731.(1 22 X 1889 43.G Thus it Avill he clear that the absolute niaxiniuni liajipens always in winter, and the absolute niininiuin generally in early autumn. Again it will be easily noticed that tliough the mean pressure is higher in the southwestern part of this country as mentioned above, yet the absolute maxinnim is apt to occur fre(|Uently in the northeastern part. 49 V. Tin: lUSTlillJlTION of AT3I0S1'HK1U( riiESSLKE. Tlic (li>triluitiun vi' the atiiiosplieric j)ics.-ur(' in tlii.- coiuiti'v is shown in the Plate' XIV. Tlic c'.-scntial points to Ijl- remirkod are as i'oUows : — (1) On the mean of tlie year, the pressure is hij^h on Corea, and low on tlie Sea of Okhotsk. The isol)ars run nearly alonix the meridians and thev are concave toward west. (2) In winter, the ])ressure is hi^t^h on Corea and Siberia, and low on the Pacific near the eastern Hokkaido. Though the isobars run nearly alony; the meridians, yet tiiey bend toward we.-t in the soutiuu'n rej^ions, and toward east in tiic; northern. The distribution peculiar to winter, and very nnich dillerent to any other sea -ons, is that the isobars are vei'v closelv ])acke(l toti-ethel'. In this reason, for every one degree oi" longitude ea-tward, tlie atmo— ])heric pressure decreases about 1 mm. or more. {'•')) In spring, the high ])ressure is on C(ir<'a and the we.-tern pai-t of the Sea of Japan, and the low ])ie,-sure on the Sea of Okhotsk and that part of the I\icilic lying ea-t of Jajtan. All the isobars are so vei'y much concave towaixl west, that they are elliptical in their ibinis and enclose the Sea of Ja])an. (4) In summer, the distribution is just op])(>site to the two laiis in wind at our iiu'trDrolo^ical station-, its direction is distinguislunl into tlic sixteen ])oints, viz., \, iWE, NE, K\E, E, ESE, SE, SSE, 8, SSW, SW, WSW, W, AVNW, N\V, and NNW ; and its velocitv is niea-ured l»y Koblnson's anenionieier. At those stations, wlierc^ hourly (»l)sei-\ations are taken, the mean vehicity ol" wind (hnani;- one liour ])revious to tlie time of obervation is taken as the velocitv at that time; and at those wher(i six oj.sei-vations are taken in a day, the mean velocitv durino- each ten minutes l):)th preceedinii' and succeedinti; to the time (»i" oI)servation is taken as the velocity at the observed time. A. IMIKN VL VARIATION OF TIIK VKLOC ITV OF WIM). The nu'an velocitv oi" wind liourly observed at our first cla-s stations are j^iven in metres per KUMAMOTO. 4 jiin 5 pill <> |)iii 7 pin 8 pm !> pill 10 pill 11 pill iM. N. \ •K % 1 iiin • ) am ;; am 1 am 5 am G am ( uin 8 am • 1 am 10 am 11 am N uou 1 pm •} lim ■'> inn [ Jan. 0.(V.» 0.8." o.Tt; 0.81 0.9C. l.ot 1 .05 1.1'J 1.10 1.50 1.70 1.94 L'.75 :'..Oli ::.!)."• :-'. v. •2 AH 1.88 i.n* 1.07 0.7t) O.O'J U.5'..» i.i; Fo).. 1.01 Mar. 1.:M A pr. 1.2'.i I\rav 1.01 J tine 0.78 July Au-. S..pt. 1 .:;2 Oct. Nov. Doc. 1.09 Yoai- Willi. 0.93 Spr. 1.21 Sum. 0.79 0.95 0.04 1.12 1.09 1.0:5 1 .05 1.;;:'. l.:39 1 .02 0.80 0.98 0.71 1 .2S 1.00 1.09 1.21 1.07 l.OJ 1 .25 0.85 l.(»l l.:58 1.42 1.01 0.87 0.!t2 0.01 l.:30 1.15 1.07 1.10 1.05 O.90 1.27 0.80 1.] 1 1.2'.i 1.55 1.1:5 0.95 0.80 0.02 1 .27 1 .28 1.1:5 0.99 1.09 0.99 l.:!2 0.81 ].U2 1,20 1.00 1 .08 1.0:5 0.95 0.58 1.2:1 1 .:i:5 1.1:1 1.10 1.11 1.03 l.:i:l 0.85 1.08 1.21 1.51 i.2<; 1.00 1 .0 I 0.73 1 .:50 l.;32 1.1:5 1.08 1.15 1.07 l.:!l 0.94 1.02 1.11 1 .45 1 .2S l.l:i 1.11 0.79 i.;i7 1.4:5 1.00 1.09 1.18 1.05 1 .:59 1.01 1.1:5 1.5:1 1.08 1.22 1.21 1 .2S o.9(; 1.57 1.40 1.0:3 1.08 1.27 l.ll 1.48 1.10 l.OS 1.75 1.80 1.29 1.4 1 1 .08 1 .;5.i 1.89 1.5:5 LIS 1.19 1.45 1.14 1.03 1.48 1.52 2.01 2.10 1.07 1.79 2.12 1 .58 2.18 1.78 1.20 l.:57 1.73 1.10 1.9:1 1 .83 1.82 2.tl 2.-55 1.92 2.09 2.29 1.81» 2.02 2.01 1.51 1.55 2.0:5 1.09 2.29 2.09 1.95 2.02 2.89 2.10 2.1:'. 2.7:! 2.:37 2.84 2.27 2.01 1.80 2.33 1.90 2.50 2.51 2M 2.90 a.:i5 2.07 2.91 :;.os 2.85 2.95 2.0:5 2.:51 2.;52 2.70 2.47 2.99 2.95 •2A'.) ;j.i 9 :'>.:',:; 2.s:5 2.9'.t :;.I9 ;3.i2 ;!.09 2.84 2.<;;3 2.-58 2.94 2.70 ;5.12 :1.10 2.78 ;!.:i2 :').']!) 2.99 :5.07 :5.09 :3.17 ;5.02 2.97 2.08 2.53 3.00 2.79 3.2:1 :i.ll 2.71 :'..30 :^!.;i4 ;3.09 ;5.oo :5.12 2.98 2.94 2.85 2.5 1 2.58 2.91 2.57 :l.24 :l.03 2.59 :5.o;3 :i.29 2.89 2.99 2.84 2.77 2.07 2.49 2.12 1.9:1 2.07 2.33 :i.(»7 2.87 2.09 2.t'i8 2.90 2.54 2.71 2.49 2.54 2.4:3 1.70 1 .::58 1.:i5 2.2:5 1.77 2.73 2.58 1 .GO 2.07 2.:]8 2.01 2.:5 1 2.28 1.90 2.02 1.54 1.17 1.25 1.82 1 .38 2.15 2.17 l.'!7 1.57 1.85 1.54 1.91 1.07 1.49 1.81 1.51 i..5;5 1.01 1.-54 1.20 1.05 1.09 1.10 l.M 1.09 1.2:'. \.'P,:i 1.21 1.09 1.59 1 .:5(i 1.01 0.91 1.20 1.05 1.45 1 .22 1.12 1.48 1.57 1.19 1.1:5 1.11 0.91 1 .5(5 l.:57 1.07 1.14 1.20 1.01 1.41 1.05 1.09 1.:;:! 1.47 0.91 1 .01) 1.05 0.70 1.47 1.22 0.97 1.01 1.08 0.9 1 1.24 0.92 l.i:i 1.4:; l.:!l 0.94 0.9:3 1.00 0.02 1.27 1.12 1.02 1.15 1.01 O.90 1 .23 0.85 1.50 1 .98 2.14 1.70 1.75 1.79 1 .54 !.!»(; 1.7:3 1.44 1.41 1.71 1.48 1.94 1.09 Aiil. 1.18 1.14 1.19 1.23 1.23 ] .25 1 .29 1.:15 1.53 1.72 2.00 2.37 2.01 2.S5 2.89 2.78 2.43 1.80 1.58 1 .0.2 1.32 1.33 1.22 1.14 1.71 MATSUYAMA. 1 am 1.80 1.74 1.40 1.14 0.9:1 1.02 0.89 0.80 0.72 0.94 1.01 1.79 1.20 1.80 1.17 0.92 0.89 •> .,,11 1.89 1.80 1 .21 0.90 0.9:1 0.90 0.9 J 0.79 0.91 1 .05 0.95 1.9:5 1.19 1.87 1.03 0.88 0.98 3 am 2.11 1.51 l.:3() 1.04 1.02 0.92 U.92 0.70 0.82 1.10 1.00 1.91 1.20 1.81 1.14 0.85 0.99 4 am 2.07 1.72 1 .31 1.03 0.80 0.87 1.00 o.<;7 0.99 l.M 1.10 2.17 1.25 1.99 1 .09 0.85 1.08 5 am 2.00 1 .-50 1.57 1.09 0.98 0.72 0.87 0.09 0.92 1.18 1.11 1.90 1.22 1.84 1.21 0.701 1.07 am 2.12 1 .38 1 .55 1.21 0.88 0.87 0.80 0.78 0.92 0.91 1.13 2.02 1.21 1.84 1.21 0.82 0.99 7 'llH 2.23 1.41 1 .-59 1.85 1.01 1.00 0.97 0.79 0.94 1.23 1.17 2.2:5 1.38 1.90 1.82 0.94 1.13 8 am 2.21 1 .57 1 .07 1.28 1.27 1.41 1.12 1.08 0.00 1.25 1.25 2.03 1.42 1.94 1.41 1.20 1.15 9 am 2.59 1 .84 2.10 2.14 1.09 2.33 1.80 1.57 1.83 1 .52 1.48 2.37 1.90 2.27 2.00 1.90 1.44 10 am :i.(r2 2.33 3.01 2.90 2.81 ;i.3i 2.71 2.39 1.98 2.02 2.00 2.74 2.00 2.70 2.93 2.80 2.00 51 matsuyama. ■\ fr„ \'' .Inn. 11 !im Noiiii 1 ]iin 'J I'lii .'5 I '111 4 I m •'. l.iii (i I 'HI V 1,111 H )ini !• ]>iii 10 pill 11 pin M. X. Mean 3.(iL> 4.45 4.s(; 4.'.i7 4.'.i;3 4.(1(» :;.(;i ?,.oc, 2.49 2.1:] 2.(1.3 2.01 ].71 1.84 2.8r) Frl). Mar. 3.01 3.74 3.89 4.58 4.40 .').05 4.40 4..")C, 4.:38 4.07 3.81 :!.94 ".'■> { 3 (U) 2.39 •1 73, 2.00 i.(;5 1.88 1.38 1.7!^ 1.20 2.1(1 1 .28 1.74 1.23 1.04 1.20 2.41 2.41 Air. Mn 3.04 3.80 4.14 4.10 4.04 3.81 3.10 2.7') l.Kl 1.45 1.3,0 1.30 1.20 1.28 2.18 • I 3,. SO 3.7o! 3).-) ( 3.30 3.41 2.S7 2 3>7 1 .54 1.19 1.07 1.12 0.9',l 0.90 1.91 4.07 4.30 4.20 4.21 4.10 4.02 3.:;4 2.88 2.( 17 l.i: 1 .24 1.25 1 1.27 i l.Olj 2.20 ! July kwg. 3.23, 3.18 1 3i..)7 3.1 17 1 : 3.97 3.85 3,. 75 3.59 3,.49 3.72 3.01 3 35 2.91 3..01 1.71 1.53; 1.33 1.10! 1.15 1.13! 1.08 1.11 0.99 1.11 0.90 0.8( ) I...I, 1.84 Dec. ' Y.ar Wii.t. Sjn-. Su 3.29 3,.,S9 4.05 4.22 1.10 3.1)3 3.30 3..) 2.07 1.43 1.41 1.79 1 .28 l.,s:5 1 ■)•) 2.(;i 2. 1 1 2.00 2.30 2.13 2.02 2.08 1.75 2.02 1.07 1.34 1 .21 1 .25 1.14 1.15 2.17 3.31 3.031 4.0s 4.101 4.41 4.30 j 4.53 4.10 j 4.50) 4.00 1 l.ol 3.72 3.31 3.29 i 3.49 3.85 4.01 3.85 3.771 M,:| 3.09 2.00 j 1.78: 1.31 ! 1.17 1.15 1.12 0.91 1.87 Aut. 2.70 3.29 3.05 3.70 3.45 3,.()i-, 2.21 1.0:; l.:!0 1 .3S 1.3,:; 1.30 1.10 1.03 1.79 HIROSHIMA. 1 \\\\\ 2.11 1.77 2.0)1 2.44 2.28 1.00 1.44 2.13 2.20 2.94 3.15 2.17 2.24 2.02 2.44 1.72 2.70 2 am 2.10 1.90 2.70 2.37 2.10 1.59 1.55 2.2i t 2.2s 2.94 3.12 2.15 2.27 2.05 2.49 1 .7s 2.75 3) am 2.11 1.97 2..S7 2.35 2.0s 1.00 1.71 2.29 2.2(5 2.94 3.2 s 2.38 2.:;s 2.15 2.03, 1.S9 •_'.s:; 4 ;im 2.15 2.00 2.70 2.52 2.S3, 1.88 1.77 2.3, ( 2.45 2.99 3 ■'■' 2..50 2.45 2.24 2.70 2.01 'J. Sit 5 ain •) •>- 1.90 2.79 2.57 2.87 1.9S 1.09 2.10, 2.44 3,. 29 3.28 2.50 2.5 1 2.20 2.74 2.( 14 :;.(Hi () am 2.1s 1.7 s 2.S1 2.74 2.S8 1.99 1.77 2.20 2.1s 3,.31 3.25 2.49 2.50 2.15 2.SI 2.( •2 3,.0L 7 ;im 2.::o 1 .83 2.S5 2.S0 2.99 ■' ■':', 1.77 2.3,5 2.05 3.. 5:; 3,.3! 2.59 2.0(1 2.2 1 2.00 2. 1 2 3,. 10 8 am 2.30 l.()9 2.81 2.70 2.47 1.90 1.50, 2.30 2.49 3.50 :;.17 2.15 2.15 2.15 2.00 1.92 3.05 9 am 2.27 1.71 2.3,1 2.3 1 1.70, 1.00 1.23 l.ss 3,.31 3.19 2. IS •) ■)•> 2.10 2.14 1.57 3,.0L 10 am 2.20 1.78 2.00 2.10 l.st 1.01 1 .20 1.H7 2.1 1 2.!»2 2.77 2.55 2.09 2. -JO 2.00 1.5S 2.0)0 11 am •) •]•) 1 .92 2.10 ') ;-,.", 2.10 1.74 1.09 2.42 2.04 2.: '.8 2.3,1 2. "'2 2.10 2.15 ■) •)'" 1.95 2.24 Noon 2.47 2.17 2.08 2. NO 2.0)0 2.0s •) •)•) 2.90 1.98 2.17 2.08 1.87 2.3,4 2.17 2.71 2.40 2.0S 1 pill 2.N2 ■' 3>3 2.01 2.9(» 2.75 2.29 2.31 3.. 17 2.1 S 2.29 2.15 2.11 2.50 2.42 2.75 2.59 2.21 2 |.m 2.85 2.50 2.81 3,.(l(; 2.SS 2.41 2.-j7 3 3'' 2.43 2 52 2.3)2 2.20 2.07 2.54 2.92 2.79 2.42 3 pm 3.OI1 2.00. 2.9.S 3.IS 2.95 2.4s 2.71 3, 7'' 2.79 2.0)5 2.00 2.55 2.S9 2.77 3,.14 2.97 2.70 4 pill 2.70 2.0)5 3."_!5 3.00 2.Si 2.17 2.51 3,.40 2.3,9 2.4S 2.;'.i ■' 3..5 2.71 2.59 3.05 2.81 2.39 5 pill 2.51 2.58 3,.0() 2.50 2.51 ■' :'.:', 2.39 :;.15 2.15 2.1 1 1.S7 2.05 2.44 2.:'.8 2.70 2.02 2.04 pm 1.84 l.O'.i 2.31 2.27 2. ! 5 2.17 2.21 ■ ) Y"* 1.r,s 1.00 1.41 i.o;; 2.00 1.82 2.24 ■' 3," 1.5s 7 pin 1.51 1.4S 1.77 1.71 l.ss 1.70. 1.70 1.37 1.0)9 1.38 1.4'1 1.07 1 1.48 1.79 1 .92 1.1s 8 i.m 1.07 o.s.s 1.4,s 1.51 1 .55 1.11 l.5(t 2.25 1.41 2.03 1.70, 1.47 1.58 l.:'.l 1 .52 1.73 1.7:; 9 pm 1.50 1.21 1.00 l.C)S 1.50 1.17 1.14 1 .7(; 1.59 2.3,1 ■' ''7 1.0,(1 1 .02 1.44 1.01 1.3,0 2.01 ■) 10 pm 1.73 1.3„S 1.99 1.74 1.72 1 .24 1.19 1.74 1.8(, 2.70 2.59 1.70 1.81 1.0)2 1 .s-J 1. :'.'.! 2.10 11 pm 1 .90 1.49 2.21 1.91 i.'.IO 1.25 1.42 1.91 1 .98 2.79 2.81 1.94 1.90) 1.78 2.02 1 .53, • ) .-;[ M. N. 1.92 1.52 2.3.7 2.2 1 2.3:; l.:'.s 1.47 1.91 1.95 2.90 2.94 2.01 2.0s 1.82 2.31 1.59 2.00 Mean 2.20 1.88 2.49 2.40) 2.37 1.S4 l.so 2.44 2.15 2.0s 2.01 2.1 5 ■' "'5 2.( »S 2.44 2.03 2.48 OZAKA. 1 am 2.88 2. SO .3.0s 3,. OS 2.2s 2.3,S 2.43, 3.-J1 2.(13 2 am 2.82 2.88 .. .,., 2.0(1 2.:!0 2.13 2.3,(1 2.70 2.54 3 am 2. 1 i 2.91 3..)"J ;; ■)- 2.4 1 2.57 2.07 2.39 2.01 ■) 4 uiu 2.05 2.94 3.17 3). 10 2.34 2.0)1 2.03, 2.71 .) .1 ) 5 am 2.59 2.81 3.45 3,. Id 2.;'.0) 2.45 2.( 15 2.71 2.:'.1 0) am 2,30 2.78 :',.3,0 2.S7 ■' 3.5 2.5.5 1.90) 2.0,(1 2.4 4 7 am 2 5"' 2.S0 3 "'3 3.19 :;.05 2.SI 2.00 2.0 4 2.0,11 S am 2.70 2.73 3.0,1 3..49 :;.(((» :'..2.5 2.3,0 3.:',5 3.05 9 ;,m 2.0,4 :'>.27 4.01^ ,">.09 3.-_M :'..20 2.70 3. so :l.3,5 10 am 2.95 3,.S2 4.2s 4.10 3). 70 :'..74 :i.;".t'i 4.12 ,3.59 11 am 3.90 4.44 4.77 1.35 4.18 A:i~ 3.74 4.. 54 3.08 2.05 2.43, 2.79 2.07 2.SI 2.81 2.07 2.3,7 2.:!1 2.3,1 2.57 2.0,] •_'.70 2.S1 2.48 2.3,',i 2.:',0 2.20 i.'.71 2.0,0 •!,>■•.', 3.07 2.34 2.12 2.4s •_:.3S '_'.74 2.05 L'.7S •J.'.I7 2.45 •J.:'>0 2.;'>7 2.3,9 2.0:1 2.0(1 -j.cs •_'.07 2.10 2.:lil 2.54 2.:lO 2.5S 2.55 2.55 2.S4 2.37 2.1:1 2.5 1 2.:;o 2.70 2.71 2.07 :1.10 2.01 2.50 2.0,1 2.44 2.9! 2.90 2.7s :;.:ls :l.0o 2.70 2.79 2.07 :l.Il :l.21 :l.oi :l.04 :l.20 2.9 ( :i.1o 2.00 :1.2s :l.59 :;.35 4.0:1 :i.74 :l.23 3.10 :l.39 :1.05 4.0I 4.02 4.4:1 4.1s 3.41 52 02AKA. Noon I 1 [1111 ;i 4 5 (■) 1 8 9 10 11 M. X. Moan Jan. 4.18 4.98 h.m 5.88 5.08 4.42 4.o;! ;3.C)() 3.C.9 ;!.r,i ;?.53 0.38 3.2C. 3.-57 Ffl). 5.48 4.93 5.17 5.30 5.13 4.83 4.(»0 3.00 3.34 3.09 3,0 1 3.15 3>.12 3.r,8 Mar. 1.85 4.82 5.27 5.(;7 5.40 5.00 4.38 ::.72 3.59 ;'..oi 3.10 3.01 2.88 3.95 Apr. 4.74 5.01 5.1(» 5.12 5 ■■'5 5.04 4.18 3..78 ;',.28 3.10 3>.38 2.98 3.17 ;;.8i Mny 4.54 5.04 s.oo 5.97 5.02 5.15 4.58 3.49 3.19 2.98 2.08 2.49 2.22 3.53 uno July 4.50 4.29 4.84 4.83 5.13 5.1 1; 5.3,0 5.48 5.48 5.41 5.35 4.84 4.93 4.2(1 4.13 3,.G3 3,. (10 3.15 3.0S 2.71 2.91 2.79 2.89 2.58 2.93 2.57 3.G5 ;!.28 All- Se,,t. .(»3, Oct. 3,.51 4.14 4.08 3.58 3..21 2.70 2.(12 2.44 2.2(1 2.28 2.19 2.87 N ov. 3.80 4.09 4.24 4.41 4.18 3.82 3.3 ( 3.22 2.98 2.M 2.85 2.08 2.08 3,. 05 Dc c. 4.24 4.35 4.49 4.52 4.08 3,.43 3.22 3.05 2.84 3,.10 3.13 3,.08 2.72 3.25 Ye.ar Wiiit. 4.40 4. 5.09 5.07 4.70 4.23 3.75 3,.44 3.29 3.2;! 3,.43, 3.20 3.03, 3..50 Spr. Sum. 4.71 4.55 4.9(1 4.93 5.3,4 5.21 5.-59 5.51 5.44 5.53 5.08 .5.15 4.38 4.01 3.0(1 3.80 3,.35 3.40 3.0(1 3.07 3.05 3.03 2.8.3 2.H2 2.7(1 2.7!) 3,.7(l 3.58 WAKAYAMA. 1 ain 2.71 ! 2.3,0 2.19 2.07 1.83 1.(14 l.GG 1.87 1.87 2.55 2.77 2.99! 2.21 2.09 2.03 1.72 2.40 2 am 2.80 2.50 2.18 2.:i2 1 .80 1.01 1.70 2.01 1.9(1 2.47 2.88 3.00 2.28 2.81 2.12 1.77 2.44 3 am 2.74 2.-54 2.20 2.22 2.00 1.80 1.80 2.00 2.22 2.70 2.98 3.08 2.37 2.79 2.14 1.91 2.05 4 am 2.74 2.-50 2.3,0 2.21 2.10 l.'.IO 1.91 2.02 2.24 2.75 3.03 2.92! 2.39 2.72 2.22 1.94 2.07 5 am 2.02 2.58 2.29 2.24 2.1(1 1.70 1.90 2.12 2.37 : 2.81 2.87 3.0(1 2.40 2.75 2.23 1 .93 2.08 am 2.3} 2 3,2 2.28 1.97 2.0;! 1.89 1.84 2.05 2.33 2.G5 2.77 2.89 2.28 2.52 2.09 1.93 2.-58 7 am 2.59 2.57 2.58 .) or- 2.29 2.18 1.98 2.41 2.08 2.93 3.07 3.27 2.58 2.81 2.41 2.19 2.89 8 am 2.49 2.51 2.04 2.48 2.13 2.23 2.10 2.30 2.70 2.98 3.11 3.04 2.5(1 2.08 2.42 2.21 2.95 9 am 2.71 2.9(1 2.73 2.08 2.04 2.11 2.U1 2.:lO 2.57 2.84 2.98 3.11 2.00 2.93 2.18 2.19 2.80 10 am 3.04 3.09 2.82 2.84 2.43 2.48 2.40 2.71 2.-58 2.72 2.97 3.27 2.78 3.13 2.70 2.-55 2.70 11 am 3.30 3.13 2.88 3.02 2.87 2.83 2.85 ;!.25 2.9Gi 2.72 2.83 3.12 2.98 3.18 2.92 2.98 2.84 Noon 3.00 3.34 3,.10 3.39 2.99 3.20 3.2(1 3.03 3.:34l 2.95 3.04 3.35' 3.28 ;!.45 ;!.io 3.38 3.11 1 i.m 8.90 3.-58 3,.3,S 3,.44 3.10 3.3^ 3.48 4.09 3.G9 3.17 .3.41 3.50 3.51 3.08 3.31 3.05 3.42 2 pm 3.91 3.-5(1 3.25 3.04 3.13 3.42 ;!.54 3.98 3.51 3.03 3.30 3.02 3.50 ;!.70 :l.34 ;!.05 3.:iO 3. pm 4.12 3,. 7 7 3.52 3,.G3 3.38 3.G8 3.70 4.23 3.-58 3.:'5 3..52 3.70 :109 3.80 3.51 :!.80 3.48 4 pm !>. ( ( 3.43 3,. 29 3.G0 3,.0G 3..54 3.48 •1.07 3.47 2.8!) 3.07 3.28 3.41 3.49 3.32 :",.70 3.14 5 Jim 3.42 3>.0'.i 2.'.IJ 3.15 2.00 3.2(1 :'>.19 3.-59 3.04 2.31 2.-50 2.07 2.98 3.0(1 2.92 ;!.35 2.02 pm 2.97 2.03 2.59 2.70 2 33 2.8:! 2.87 3.:35 2.47 1.74 2.10 2.:lG 2.58 2.05 2.5(1 3.02 2.10 7 pm 2.79 2.29 2.10 2.3, 1 2.00 2.39 2.47 2.75 2.07 1.00 2.O0 2.42 2.28 2.-50 2.17 2.51 l.')3 8 pm 2.05 2.15 1.91 2.19 1.52 2.07 1.90 2.45 1.99 2.01 2.31 2.77 2.17 2.52 1.87 2.10 2.1 1 pim 2.0)2 2.01 1.85 2.28 1.45 1.09 1.00 2.01 1.G9 2.12 2.43 2.92 2.0(1 2.52 1.80 1.79 2.08 10 pm 2.70 2.19 2.11 2.48 1.55 1.02 1.74 1.99 1.79 2.58 2.95 3.22 2.25 2.72 2.04 1.78 2.44 11 ].m 2.00 2.1 2 2.07 2 32 1.-55 1.-59 1.-58 1.92 1.70 2.52 2.85 3.14 2.10 2.02 1.98 1.70 2.30 Vl. X. 2.G1 2.11 2.03 2.17 1.08 1 .52 1.48 1.87 1.71 1 2.49 2.90 3.12 2.14 2.01 1.9(1 1 .02 2.37 Mortii 3.00 2.72 2.50 2.00 2.2(1 2.3G 2.37 2.71 2.-52 2.G2 2.87 3.08 2.04 2.93 2.49 2.18 2.07 NAGANO. 1 am 2 am 3 am 4 am 5 am G am 7 am 8 am 9 am 10 am 11 am Xooii 1.71 1.08 1.191 1.48: 1.00 0.75 0.80 0.0 4 0.9.S 1.07 2.2( ) 2.70 2.42 2.22 4.25 3.3(1 1.07 2.21 3.28 3.84 2.05 2.11 2.40 2.02 2.18 :!.28 2.39 2.43 2.:!4 4.4 J :!.(i;! 1.01 2.00 2.9(1 :!.71 2.08 1.90 2.5(1 2.57 2.02 3.47 2.20 2.32 2.41 4.22 :!.2o 1.02 1.83 2.9;! 3.71 1.70 1.88 2.07 2.43 1.80 3.28 2.13 2.04 2.40 3.47 2.92 1.40 1.74 2.7(1 3.08 1.74 1.80 1.87 2.23 1.80 2.95 1.99 2.17 2.80 :1.14 2.05 1.44 1.G3 2.8(1 2.89 1.82 2.12 1.84 2.20 1.09 2.8(1 1.981 2.0.S 2.43 2.83 2.54 1.42 1.80 2.72 :!.05 1.(19 1.98 1.80 2.09 1.54 2.00 1.98' 2.14 2.70 :!.4:i 2.02 1.85 1.9(1 2.50 2.95 1.71 1.88 1.-57 2.18 1.50 2.92 2.12 2.03 2.07 :!.-52 3.21 2.00 2.20 3.08 3.50 1.87 2.00 1.55 2.37 1.41 3.13 2.43 1 2.39 3.:!3 4.25 :!.07 2.53 2.54 ;!.94 :3.71 2.21 2.23 1.90 2.81 1.78 ,3.75 :!.oo 2.97 4.03 4.48 :!.92 2.70 2.81 AM 4.05 :!.00 2.79 2.43 3.20 2.30 4.14 3.28 :',.41 4.57 4.04 :!.9] 2.98 3.03 4.2:1 4.20 3.32 3.23 2.09 :!.53 2.77 4.37 3.41, 3.S7 4.7G 4.89 4.38 :n57 2.80 4.17 4.52 3.55 3.73 2.91 ;!.82 3.10 4.08 3.51 53 NAGANO. ^ Jan. Fel). Afar. 4.93 Ap:-. 5.01; .May .lane .'illy All-. Sept. 4.34 Oct. Nov. Dec. 3.18 Year 3.90 ' Wii.t. -;!.24 Spr. 4.87 Sum. A lit. 1 \m\ 2.7t; ;5.79 3.08 2.95 4.11 3.02 3.72 3.58 3.89 2 1 1)1 ;^.().3 4.00 5.32 5.1 3 4.91 4.45 2.9(1 4.47 4.71 4.10 4.19 3.49 4.23 3.51 5.12 3.90 4.33, ;! ].iii ;'>.25 3.82 5.94 c.uo 5.09 5.58 3.91 5.22 5.53 4.09 4.3,(1 3,. 77 4.77 3.01 5.70 4.90 4. SO 4 1^11 2.7(1 3.88 0.83 (;.oi 5.70 (1.31 4.09 5.88 0.03 5.K1 4.:!7 3.31 4.99 3,. 3(1 5.85 5.03, 5.19 ■') ]ini 2.5C, 3.28 5.47 (•,.49 (1.33, 5.(18 5.39 (1.11 5.00 5.( 13, 4.30 2.79 4.92 2.SN 0.10 5 73, 5.0( 1 .'J7 4.f,l 4.02 2.95 2.75 3.80 3.95 2.84 2.80 '* 5 ^ 3.21! 2.35 4.10 3.19 ;] •J2 TOKIO. 1 am 2.99 3.30 3.20 3.3,9 2.(J2 2.03 2.03 2.01 2.87 2.72 3.08 2.80 2.92 3.07 3.09 2.02 2.89 2 am 2.83 3.38 3.24 3.30 2.55 2.40 2.40 2.42 2.89 2.80 3.05 2.82 2.84 3.01 3.03 2.43 2.91 3 am 2.70 3.53 3.22 3.17 2.00 2.3,2 2.20 2.20 2.85 2.84 2.99 2.80 2.80 3.03, 3.00 2.28 2.89 4 am 2.09 3.47 3.20 3.09 2.57 2.28 2.15 2.29 2.85 2.85 2.88 2.87 077 3.01 2.95 2.24 2.S1I 5 am 2.08 3,.24 3.10 3.01 2.51 2.25 2.1:1 2 2"' 2.78 2.90 2.85 2.79 2.71 2.9(» 2.8,S 2.20 2.84 G am 2.01 3.1 1 3,.03 2.93, 2.58 2.24 2.07 2.2N 2.07 2.81 2.70 2.08 2.05 2.81 2.85 2.20 2.75 7 am 2.50 2.99 3,.02 3.00 2 73 2.31 2.37 ■' 3,7 2.71 2.85 2.71 2.58 2.08 2.71 2.92 2 35 2.70 8 am 2.57 3.11 • >.3 1 3.:;7 2 87 2.55 2.0(1 .) -.) 3.01 2.; 14 2.80 2.55 2.87 2.71 3.20 2.02 2.92 9 am 2.85 3,.70 3.80 3.09 3.07 2.95 3.09 2.99 3.38 3.20 3.11 2.08 . 3.21 3.10 :',.52 3.01 3,. 23, 10 am 3.28 4.13 4.22 3,.92 3,. 51 3.30 3.. 50 ;; 27 3.00 3, '■]'' 3,.2N 3,.0(1 3.54 3.19 3.S8 3 •"'(S 3,.40 11 am 3.04 4.09 4.20 4.14 3,.'J9 3,.70 3.93 3. 7S 3.IJ7 3,.2() 3.07 3.2s 3.73 3.(J7 4.13 3.80 3.31 Nuoii 3.80 4.08 4.48 4.70 4.07 4.:iS 4.00 4.52 4.17 3.3.1 ., .)., 3,.14 4.11 3.77 4.02 4.50 3,. 57 1 pm 3.95 4.25 4.79 5.13 5.19 4.'.t5 5.10 5.19 4.50 3.47 3.3,1 3.. 5 5 1.45 3.92 5.04 5.08 3,. 70 2 ]nn 3.89 4.51 5.03 5.4(1 5.47 5.32 5.48 5.50 4.71 3,. 57 3.3,9 3.51 4.00 3,.', 18 5.32 5.43 3,. 89 8 pm 3.80 4.. 57 5.08 5.01 5.5(1 5.51 5.00 5.58 4.82 3). 5-) 3,. 3 3 3.48 4.71 3.97 5.43 5.50 3.90 4 pm 3.77 4.50 5.25 5.71 5.02 5.5s 5.04 5.77 4.83 3.47 3,.l 1 3 ''3, 4.71 3.85 5.53 5.00 3,.80 5 pm 3.37 4.13 5.14 5.29 5.28 5.32 5.35 5.47 4.51 2.99 2.05 2.05 4.3,5 3,. 38 5.24 5.38 3.38 Jim 2.9(1 3.53 4.02 4.98 1.91 5.10 4.95 4.80 4.07 2.58 2.02 2.10 :').9(1 2.90 4.84 4.97 3,.09 7 pm 2.91 3.39 4.08 1.3,;» 4.32 4.52 4.3 1 4.15 3.00 2 3,5 2.70 2.50 3.. Ill 2.'.*:! 4.28 4.34 2.90 8 )")iii 2.88 3.38 4.03 3.93 3,.09 3,. 90 3.80 3.72 3.3, 1 2.31 2.71 2.50 3,.:',i 1 2.94 3,. 88 3,.83 2.7!) 9 ]Mn 2.70 3.23 3.74 3.83 3,.3,1 3.03 3.59 3.49 3.15 2.27 2.09 2.0(1 3>.2ii 2.8S 3.03 3.^)7 2.70 10 pm 2.80 3.19 3.50 3..53 3,.0O 3.12 3.32 3,.19 2.91 2.33. 2.7'. I 2.71 3.0:1 2.'.il 3,.3 1 3.31 2.09 11 pm 2.90 3.23 3.47 3.51 2 79 3.3,5 3,.08 2.90 2.88 2.50 2.'. 13 2.S',i :',.(I4 3.01 3.20 3.13 2.77 M. N. 2.91 3.3,4 3.32 3.42 2.09 2.!)8 2.N5 2.70 2.80 2.01 3.02 2.91 2.97 3,.< 15 3,. 14 2.S(1 2.82 M Oil 11 3,.09 3,.05 3.93 4.02 3.07 j 3,. 03 3.02 3.00 8.49 2.91 2.'. Ml 2.911 3.15 3,.21 3.87 3,.01 3,. 12 HAKODATE. 1 am 4.97 3.89 4.33 3,.44 2.80 2.37 2.11 2.77 3,09 2.57 4.4(1 4.01 3.40 4.49 3.54 2 am 4.95 3.93 4.10 3.14 2.88 2.14 1.97 2.74 2.98 2.49 4.49 4.41 3,.35 4.43 3.37 3 am 5.38 3.78 3.90 3.3,5 2.84 2.20 2.17 2.77 2.93 2.47 4.11 4.52 3.3 1 4.50 3.38 4 am 5.01 3.94 3.87 3.1 5 2.95 2.22 2.10 2.55 2.95 2.39 3.94 4.00 3.:!0 4.52 3.32 5 am 5.24 8.75 3.85 3.1 5 8.03 2.14 2.00 2.50 2.84 2.-55 3.01 4.70 3.29 4.5(1 3.31 am 5.13 3.58 3.80 3.12 2.93, 2.45 2.17 2.30 2.90 2.53 8.09 4.45 8.27 4.3,<,j 3.30 ! 7 am 5.30 3.70 3.87 3.10 3.01 2.n 2.04 2.05 3.22 2.04 3).73, 4.41 3.43 4.47 3.35 j 8 am 5.10 3.09 3.S8 3.00 3.2s 3.13 2.82 2.98 3.40 2.72 3..-)4 1.50 3.50 4.45 3,.5!» 9 am 5.00 3.85 4.04 4.21 4.13 3.38 3.14 3>.35 3.82 3.10 3,. 95 4.03, 8.8! » 4.4 !i 4.13 10 am 5.13 4.03 4.08 4.94 4.8(1 3.80 3.95 4.20 4.23 3.91 4.50 5.00 4.44 4.72 4.S3. ! 11 am 5.03 4.40 5.09 5.55 5.57 4.22 4.45 4.83 4.02 4.02 5.1 3, 5.43, 4.!i(l, 5.15 5.40' Noon 0.08 5.12 5.70 0.10 0.07 4.79 4.85 5.52 5.15 5.40 5.52 5.1)1 5.54 5.70 0.00 1 pm 0.20 5.38 0.23, 0.52 0.55 4.90 5.08 5.50 5.22 5.00 5..S'.i (1.04 5.77 5.S9 0.43J 2.42 2.28 2.3,8 2 2! I 9 ')-, 2.! (8 3.2! I 4.00 4.50 5.05 5.18 3.17 3.09 3.01 3.0(1 3.3,0 3.22 3..01 4.22 4.70 5.3S 5.59 54 HAKODATE. ^/r >. o inn 4 \\\\\ 5 pill •'» piu 7 pin 8 pni pin 10 inn 11 iiiii ^[. K. Mean .Jill). (■|.71 t').('.7 G.)S;5 C.O'i o.f.t; 5.49 G.OC. 5.1. s 4.81 > 4.'. (7 Fel.. Mar. 1 r).:;t; o.:i2 5.511 (■..40 5.('i2 0.45 5.5tJ r,.i(; 5.24 <_>. 1 1 4.7t'. 5.:'.0 4.7-2 4.75 4.:;i; 4.74 1.27 4.115 4.15 4.4:'. 1.05 4.24 4.44 4.88 .Iuik; 5.07 July Auo, Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. 0.25 Year Wint. Spr. Sum. 5.2:; 5.0:; 5.58 5.:',:'. 5.58 5.8:'. 5.88 0.12 (;.58 5.0:; 4.81 5. 50 5.21 1 5.'.»2 0.15 0.25 5.02 (i.lG o.(;o 5.14 4.02 4.8(1 5.12 5.15 5.55 5.07 5.02 5.78 (;.12 0.01 4.05 4.7:'. 4.10 4.'.):; 4.08 4.00 5.20 5.71 5.:17 5.70 0.04 4.00 4.10 4.H 4.15 4.0'. 1 4.34 4.80 5.0:; 4.00 5.51 5.50 4.32 ;i.s5 :'..74 :'..('.0 :'..01 4.85 5.(»5 4.47 5.14 4.00 :5.70 :;.is :I15 :1.25 :'..:'.() :!.2'.i 4.03 5.00 4.12 5.10 4.41 :;.io 2.S7 2.74 2.84 :',.:]! 2.07 4.42 4.03 3.80 1.08 4.15 2.82 2.80 2 :'.7 :'..() I 2.01 4.18 1.84 3.81 4.70 4.22 2.75 2.C.0 2.10 2.07 :'..21 2.(;2 4.17 4.01 3.50 4.05 3.88 2.51 2.50 2.2:! 2.07 :' '':') 2.C)8 4.10 4.04 3.. 50 4.05 :;.5:; 2.47 :'..45 ?,:m) JS.O'.t 3.84 3.05 4.01 5.10 4.28 5.02 4. CO 3.48 Aut. SAPPORO. 1 ain 2.94 2.05 3.77 :;.:;o 3.00 2.08 2.52 2.:'.8 2.05 2.08 3.30 3.74 2.08 3.11 8..58 2.53 2.70 2 am 3.00 2.09 3.44 ;;.47 3.7:; 2.95 2.55 2.10 2.05 2.00 3.40 3.02 2.98 3.13 8.55 2.55 2.(58 3 am 2.88 2.(;o 3.0:; 3.52 :;.93 2.09 ■' :;;; 2.3G 2.75 1.87 3.;'.o 3.G0 2.95 8.03 3.G9 2.40 2.04 4 am ;102 2.5c. :;.54 3.50 :;.05 2.75 2.44 2.35 2.05 2.17 ;;.59 3.54 2.98 8.04 3.58 2.51 2.80 5 am 2.08 2.72 3.50 3.58 3.01 2.00 2.40 2.25 2.58 2.00 3.40 3.4(5 2.91 2.95 3.-58 2.40 2.(;o am ;;.05 2.01 3.52 :;.5(> 3.88 2.89 2.59 2.20 2.57 2.17 3.:;o ;;.47 2.98 3.04 3.05 2.50 2.08 7 am 2.(15 2.04 3.85 4.29 4.77 :>..35 2.9:; 2.70 2.89 2.:;o :;.38 ;;.oo ;;.29 2.90 4.30 .3.01 2.88 8 am 2.04 2.57 ;;.02 4.70 5.38 3.79 3.07 ;!.34 8.30 2.03 ;;.38 3.04 3.55 2.95 4.57 3.G0 3.10 am 3.07 2.9(; 4.08 5.48 0.24 4.45 4.:;o 4.02 :;.(;9 3.20 3.88 :;.58 4.13 3.20 5.47 4.20 8.-59 10 am :;.20 :;.o:; 5.30 5.81 0.05 4.77 4.72 4.17 4.39 4.20 4.11 4.20 4.00 3.08 5.92 4.55 4.25 11 am :;.50 :;.07 5.:;3 0.:;2 0.91 5.15 5.05 4.48 4.03 4.84 4.90 4.00 4.90 ;;.95 0.19 4.89 4.79 Noon ;!.08 4.14 5.95 7.25 7.12 5.54 5.:;3 4.95 5.08 5.43 5.42 4.8:; 5.39 4.22 G.77 5.27 .5.31 I pm 4.20 i.:;i 5.9(; 7.1:; 7.42 5.59 5.48 4.94 5.23 5.40 5.(;i 4.70 5.50 4.42 0.84 5.34 5.42 2 pm 4.:!5 4.07 5.77 0.85 7.00 7.00 5.77 5.28 5.20 5.15 5.00 4.74 5.07 4.-59 0.74 0.02 5.34 3 pm 4.2:; 5.02 0.07 7.08 7.88 0.20 5.01 5.80 5.12 4.99 5.17 4.1:; 5.04 4.-50 7.01 5.90 5.09 4 pill 3.51 4.09 5.:;9 0.74 7.22 5.93 5.23 5.12 4.73 :;.94 4.:;8 4.01 5.07 4.07 0.45 5.43 4.35 5 pm 2.98 4.29 5.17 0.34 0.50 5.02 4.07 4.08 3.71 3.15 3.87 ;^..9i 4.-58 :.. ( :; 0.02 4.99 8.58 (') jiin 2.75 3.04 4..52 .5.31 5.02 4.80 4.21 :;.88 2.94 2.49 3.49 ;;.75 3.95 3.38 5.15 4.::o 2.07 7 pm 2.8:; 3.31 4.10 4.50 4.17 :;.80 :;.;'.o ;;.o2 2.74 2.35 :;.5-. 3.00 3.44' 3.25 4.20 :'..;;9 2.88 8 pm 2.84 3.12 :;.92 4.10 3.9:; :;.!() 2.91 2.59 2.70 2.38 ;;.43 3.51 3.22 3.10 4.00 2.87 2.84 1) pin 2.90 :;.ii :;.8;; 4.20 3.70 2.93 2.79 2.44 2.01 2.:;8 ?>.?,{) 3.24 :;.14 3.11 :;.95 2 72 2.70 10 pin 2.80 2.89 :!.85 4.03 :;.98 2.95 2.78 2.47 2.8:; 2.47 :; ''7 3.00 3.10 3.12 3.95 2.73 2.8(1 11 pin 2.92 2.89 :;.75 3.87 :;.77 2.97 2.79 ■' :;:; 2.08 2.24 3.41 3.82 3.12 3.21 3.80 2.70 2.78 RI. N. :;.02 2.85 :;.81 3.48 :;.04 2.8.3 2.89 ■' ?,'' 2.91 2.33 3.44 3.88 3.12 8.25 8.04 2.09 2.89 Mean 3.17 :;.:'.4 4.4:; 4.95 5.21 4.03 :'..72 3.4:; 3.47 :;.09 3.92 :;.88 3.89 1 3.4(; 4.80 ;;.49 NEMURO. 1 am 0.12 5.05 5.51 5.48 4.85 3 32 8.20 8.48 4.00 5.05 5.74 0.10 4.83 5.70 5.28 3.:;3 4.95 2 am 0.12 4.00 5.::o 5.42 4.87 3.15 8.13 3.50 4.11 5.07 5.70 5.89 4.75 5.54 5.22 3.20 4.98 8 am 0.27 4.7(1 5.24 5.20 4.87 8.30 3.19 3.47 3.8;; 4.90 5.00 .5.92 4.71 5.05 5.1(» 8.32 4.80 4 am 0.29 5.04 5.28 5.:;3 4.81 8.47 :'..12 3 :>:; 4.02 4.84 5.98 0.17 4.81 5.88 .5.14 .3.31 4.95 5 am 0.44 5.01 -5.13 -5.2:1 5.08 :;.(13 3.21 :;.4 1 8.90 5.00 .5.92 (1.24 4.80 5.90 .5.15 3.43 4.90 am 0.09 4.91 5.00 5.27 5.;;s 3.88 3.40 :;.48 3.91 4.51 5.85 0.1 1 4.82 .5.70 .5.22 3.59 4.70 7 am 0.19 5.1:; 5.00 .5.07 5.01 4.00 :;.7;; .3.79 4.11 4.57 5.94 0.02 4.99 .5.78 .5.44 8.8(1 4.87 8 am 0.17 ■5.17 5.12 .5.99 5.71 4.55 3.87 4.12 4.40 5.02 0.02 G.OO 5.20 5.78 5.01 4.18 5.17 9 ;tni 0.28 5.23 5.80 0.22 (1.14 4.72 8.9(1 4.51 4.73 5.01 (j.lO 0.17 5.45 5.89 0.05 4.40 5.48 10 am (1.4(1 5.55 (1.17 0.07 0.41 5.03 4.18 4.70 5.15 5.82 0.02 0.71 .5.79 0.24 0.12 4.04 5.80 11 am 0.51 5.98 0.17 7.29 0.02 .5.25 4.32 4.88 5.34 0.17 0.05 0.91 0.01 0.47 0.09 4.82 0.05 N(.ioii 0.05 0.15 0.41 7.. 50 0.98 5.45 4.0:; 5.19 5.44 0.87 0.07 0.85 0.18 0.55 0.90 5.09 0.13 1 pm 0.50 0.27 0.01 7.00 7.10 5.70 4.59 .5.;39 5.00 0.31 0.81 0.81 0.29 0.55 7.10 5.25 0.24 2 pm 0.59 (1.08 7.25 7.75 7.11 .5.44 4.77 5.32 5.07 0.17 0.91 0.57 0.30 G.41 7.37 5.18 0.25 55 NEMURO. Jan. c-.n Feb. Mar. Apr. 7.44 Miiy .1 une July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. I„.c, 1 Year i Wiiit. Sj.i-. Sum. Aut. ■■'> pin G.05 G.7i', 0.80 5.21 4. SO, 5.31 5.04 5.07 0.50 0.30 0.11 0.25 7.00 5.13 0.07 J pin t'l.u:) 5.9'J 0.58 0.81 0.58 5.28 J. 01 5.07 5.43 5.38 0.27 0.18 5.88 0.07 0.00 5.09 5.1 ;9 :> I'll! 5.<;3 5.8(1 5.' 11 0.47 0.15 4.84 4.07 1.71 4.81 5.20 0.18 0.27 5.51 ; 5,92 0.18 4.74 5.12 C. 1 111 r)..jH 5.70 5.50 0.13 5.50 4.H 4.22 4,25 4.27 4.00 (5.25 0.42 5.27 5.N8 5.74 4.32 5.11; 7 I'll! :,.s4 5.5-J 5.43 0.07 5.22 4.05 l.l:: :'>.70 4.10 4.1 ;i r,.34 0.27 5.11 5.s,s 5.57 :>.98 5.02 s ,„„ 5.87 5.57 5.G2 5.72 4.90 3.87 3.84 3.75 4.14 4.07 0.17 0.33 5.0i 5.92 5.11 3.82 4.99 'J pn, 5.78 5.:50 5.00 5.74 4.'.)4 3.70 3.S1 3.05 4.13 4.54 o.is O.Ki 4.99 5.75 5.4:; 3.8l' 4.95 10 pn, 5.'.i4 5.27 5.44 0.02 4.04 3.55 3.00 3.0'J 4.12 4.75 0.08 5.90, 4.90 5.72 5.47 3.01 4.98 11 pni ('..IC. 5.12 5.10 5.41 5.02 :'..30 3.58 3.50 4.22 4.71 fi.OO 5.98 4.85 5.75 5.20 3.49 4.9S M. X. 0.1 ] 5.17 5.21 5.40 5.02 3.10 :'..3'.i 3.54 4.07 4.00 5.04 0.14 4.S3 5..'^1 5.21 3.31 4.97 Me;ni <;.l(j 5.44 5.72 (i.lO 5.71 4.27 3 o;] ■ 4.17 4.50 5.21 o.r.) 0.27 5.31, 5.9.; 5.80 4.12 Tlic above table sliows u-; that the \ai'iati(»n ol' the veloeity Is iitdepeiKlent of the locality, whether .f the I'late J\). M. ANM VI, VAltmiON OF THE V1:L(K 11 V OF \VIM>. Tn our country, the velocity (rf wind is evei'\\vhere i;reat in winter and spriuu', and .-mall in summer and autumn; and we ha\'e the ^tron<^est wind i;enerally in December oi' January and the weake.-t ucnerally from Auiiust till ()(4ol)(0-. Notw ithstandinii' the fre(|ueiit attacks of violent t;ales in late summer and early autumn, wc hce that at the.M' ^ca.-ons, the mean \-eloeity of ^\ind is the minimiun of the year. From this fact, it will be exident that at the-e seasons winds are not verv strouii: hows cle.irly enough the fact that wind is stron^ci' in the coast than in the inland disti'icts. I'ut even amono- maritime stations them.-eK'es, there are i;reat dilference.s, the veloeitie- in tho.se places, projectino' for into the ocean, like Choslii, Juamo, Soya, etc., are very nuich (greater than in other places. Tiius : - Winter. Sprinii'. Summer. ^Vutumn. Yeai'. Tokio :].{) ;].(; ;'>.;] 2.i> ;}.2 Cho.^hi 5.0 5.4 bl 5.1 5.0 Hakodate 5.:; 1.5 ."5.2 b2 4.:; Erimo 12.i) 10.2 7.0 12.11 10.7 Soya 7.1 7.4 (J. 5 S.Q 7.2 li ditferent localities are com])arcd w"e see that wind blows .-omewhat stroniicr on the ba<'k Nip[»on than on the front Nipjion. The place where the strongest wind mo.-t [)revaiis in this countrv is Hokkaido, as is shown in the next table. 56 Winter. Front Nippon 2.7 Jiack Nip])on -).4 Hokkaido o. 1 Sprinii;. Summer. Autumn. Yoai 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.5 2.7 3.0 0.4 4.3 5.1 5.0 Such are (he <;'('neral outlines eoneernini;' the Nchx'ity and its \ariation of wind in tlii> coiuitrv If minute (h'tuils are re(|uired, .m'c the foUowin^ tahh'. Mk.VN WIM) VEI.(H riY M.l'.H. Loculit y. Nalia Kiij^osliiuiii ,Miyi\/,aki Ivuelii Wakiiyaina Oita Yainai;uclii llirosliiina Matsuyaiiia Okayaina U/.aka Kiuto J'^uiiianiot!) Sa;j a Na.L^asal^i l'"ul\!i (J it'll llaniauuilsu Nuinazu 'J'oliio IJtsuiiomiya (^hoslii Kaiiazawa l'"usliiki Naf^aiio Nii<;ata Yaiiiagaia Akila Fiikusliima Isliiiioniaki Miyako Aoinori Hakodate Sutl.su Sap])Oi() Ivaiiiil^awa So\ a Alja.sliiri Neiiiuro ]vu.sliiro iMinio Jan. 5.7 L'.f, •'0 J.l 1.7 l.I ■2A 1.5 '\:2 3.5 3.0 l'.f, I.e. 3.5 3.1') •J.'J 1.7 5.1 2.8 3.2 i.r; ix> 5.1 3.3 5.5 2.4 1.7 5.2 10.1 2.8 0.1) 7.5 2.S 5.0 1.:'. 9.3 1 .Mar. Apr. 5.S I.r. 5.1 4.2 1.7 3.1 •> 1 3.0 ■> 1 2.9 2.9 J.. \ 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.3 2. -5 2.4 2.2 ■) ■> 2.7 ■' •', 1.1 1.2 4.1 1.8 2.1 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.0 2.1 •) •) 2.5 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 2.8 3.1 3.1 2.8 3.1 3.3 3.2 3.:', 2.9 2.0 2.1 2.0 3.1 ; 3.8 3.1 3.3 ;',.5 3,.0 3.3 3.0 3.8 2.0 2.0 2.2 5.(i 5.4 5.0 2.5 2.7 2.5 3.1 3.1 3.7 2.<; 3.0 4.4 ■1.0 3.8 3.4 1.7 2.5 2.7 •1.5 4.9 5.0 3.0 3.3 4.2 5.5 5.1 2.1 4.3 5.3 \A -.4 3.7 1.8 4.8 4.5 10.0 10.2 9.9 3.1 4.1 4.(i 1.2 1.8 2.1 0.5 7.1 7.8 2.2 ■ ',.() 2.0 1.1 4.1 ;>.7 1.5 2.0 2.0 12.1 10.0 -May 2.8 1.7 2.8 2.5 2.0 l.'.t 1.9 2.4 3.8 1.9 1.7 2.4 2.2 2.1 1.5 • > o 2.7 2.7 2.8 1.0 2.0 3.4 3.5 2.2 5.2 •' 3 3,4 3.8 2.9 4.4 3.0 4.5 2.0 3.t 4.1 9.9 5.0 2.2 7.1 3.7 3.9 3.2 9.8 Jui 2.2 1.9 l.'.t 2.3) 2.0 2.2 3.8 1.7 1.7 2.1 ■' •') 2.4 1 .5 3.4 2.5 3.1 2.8 1.1 2.5 3,.l 3).2 2.3 4.1 1.9 3.2 3.4 2.8 2.0 3.4 2.5 3.5 1.2 2.0 '' •') 9.9 3.9 1.4 •) 2.0 2.0 2.0 ■' 3 ■' 5 2.5 2.2 1.8 2.4 •2X> 2.8 2.0 1.8 1.0 1.7 2.0 1.9 2.5 1.9 •) •) 1.0 3.3 3.1 3,.4 1.8 1.5 l.:l 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.8 2.4 2.1 2.1 '* 3 2.1 2.0 1 .9 1.8 1.8 1.0 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.1 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.0 3.4 3.7 2.5 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.() 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.1 2.8 2.8 0.0 2.0 1.9 1.7 4.0 4.8 5.5 5.1 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.G 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.7 2.8 2.0 2.8 2.8 3,.0 3.8 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 ;> '2 3.1 3.2 3.9 2.1 2.2 2.1 3.0 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.0 1.2 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.1 3.8 3.9 4.9 9.3 8.8 7.7 9.1 3.4 3.1 3.0 3.2 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.5 0.1 7.5 8.3 8.2 2.2 2.3 2.8 3.2 2.9 3.5 4.1 5.0 1.7 1.7 1.0 2.1. 0.3 !».5 14.3 11.9 Dec. Y...| 5.2 4.5 1.0 1.8 2.9 2,8 2.0 2.7 2.7 •) •} ! 2.0 ■' 3, 2 3 ') 1'. 2.4 "> 1 2.1 J. I 2.3 3,.9 3.8 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.3 ■' L •> •) 3.5 1 2.4 1.5 1.4 4.7 3.4 1 2.8 2.7! 2.7 2.9 2.0 2.5 1.4 1.0 3.3 2.7 3.8 3.3 2.8 3.2 1.0 1.9 4.2 5.0 3.4 2.3 2.8 3.1 2.5 3.1 5.0 3.5 2.0 2.1 5.1 4.1 3.2 2.8 5.3 4.0 2.0 1.9 4.0 3.4 5.8 4.3 10.3 9.0 3.1 3.0 1.0 1.4 7.2 7.2 j 3.1 2.7 5.0 4.0 2.;! 2.0 17.3 \Vi 1.0 3,1 3.0 2.5 2.7 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.4 4.0 1.7 1.4 2.2 2.2 3.0 1.4 4.1 3.0 2.8 2.0 1.7 3.5 3.0 3.0 1.8 5.0 2.9 3.0 2.2 4.5 1.8 5.0 3.2 5.4 2.4 4.0 5.3 10.2 3.1 1.2 7.1 2.7 4.8 1.7 12.9 .Sp.-. Sum. 4.0 3.2 1.8 1.8 2.9 2.9 2.7 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 2.(j 2 •) 2.4 2 2 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.0 4,0 3). / 2.0 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.3 2.1 2.5 ■' 3 1.5 1.1 3.0 3.2 3.0 2.4 3.0 3,.0 3.0 2.4 1.9 1.4 3,2 2.2 3.5 3.2 3.0 3..3 2.3 1.5 5.4 4.4 2.5 1.8 3.4 2.9 3.9 3.2 3.5 2.7 2.7 2.1 4.8 3,.2 3.5 2.2 5.1 3). 5 2.3 1.1 3.8 2.3 4.5 3.2 10.0 9.7 4.(5 3.0 2.0 1.2 7.4 0.5 3.1 2.2 3.9 2.9 2.0 2.0 10.2 7.0 57 c. Tin: MAXiMi n vKi.odi v of >vi>j). In our coiinti'v, .-trcMi*::: <:;;il('s blow generally in late summer and early autumn. At tlioe times, it is no uneonmion oeeurn^nees that the velocity is more than oO meti'es per serond. The maximum velocities observed at several stations, sinc(! their establishments, are given in the next t;d>le. Absom'te .MAxi^[rM OF wrxi) VKLOcnV. Locality. ni.p.s. Dir. Day Mouth Year Locality. ni.p.s. Dir. Day .Mouth Year Nulla 31.2 N\V 21 IX 1890 Numu/.u 22.2 ssw 31) iX 1891 Jvagosliiiiia >29.0 S 23;14 IX 1891 Tokio 38.1 SSE 11 X 1877 Miya/iiki 35.1 8SI-: 14 IX 1891 Utsuiioiniya 23.1 s 30 IX 1891 Jvoclii 33.7 N 8 X 1887 Clioshi 80.2 N 3 W 1 1 1890 AV'akavama 32.0 wsw 1(3 ^■II^ 1891 Ivanu'/.awa 25.4 W 9 I 1S80 Oita 22.'.t Si'] 14 IX 1891 Fusliiki 28.0 NK 30 IX 1891 ^'amagiu.'lii 75.0 SK 14 IX 1891 Nagano 29.0 wsw 5 li 1891 Hirosliima 33.7 S 14 IX 1891 Niigata 3 7 . 5 SW 4 Xll 18'.tl Matsuvania 2G.8 s 14 IX 1891 Yaiiiagatii 21.4 SSW 13 III 1890 Okayama 20.0 sw 14 IX 1891 Akita ;!2.2 sw 15 IX 1891 Ozaka 33.3 w 1 VII 1885 Fulaisliiiiia 25.9 SSW 2t'i XI 1 889 Kioto 20.1 ]•: 23 VII 1888 Islniioinala 28.4 s 12 IX 1889 Kiuiuinioto 21.'.. s 14 IX 1891 Mivako 20.3 SSW 12 IX 1889 Saga 22.7 WNW 14 IX 1891 Aoiuori 29.1 N W 30 Xll 1883 Nagasaki >20.0 14 IX 1891 Hakodate 31 .2 9 X 1 883 Fukuol^a 25.3 W 14 IX 1891 Siittsu 43.2 SSE 10 X 1891 Ttsugabara 30.8 s 3 VI 11 1891 Saii[)Oi'o 2().8 SSE:SK 13:1 A: XI 1880:82 Akaiuagaseki 40.7 ]-: 14 IX 1891 Kaiin!\a\v;i Ifi.O W (J ^' 1891 Saliai 22.7 sw 14 IX 1891 Suva 41.2 W 25 xn 1889 Tsu 38.4 ESK 10 IX 1889 Abashiri 21.9 NE 12 IX 1889 Nagoya 17.1 SSE 10 ^■ilI 1891 Neimu'o 34.1 N 29 I 1890 CJifu 21.4 SSE 31 ^"lll 1888 Kusliiro 27.2 SSW 27 i\' 1890 llaniaiiiatsu 20.1 ]■: 11 IX 1889 Eriiiio 43.0 EN1-; 5 Xll 1890 The velocities given in the ;ibi)ve tt'.ble are generally the means of twenty mimites, exee])t the 75 metres observed :it Yamaguchi on the 14tli Septi'inber, ]Si)l, A\hich is the mean of oidy three minutes. If we rememl)er the fact that at Ytunagnehi the mean velocity of one lioiu' was only 19 metres per second at that day, we can easily see tlial in tliose cases when the hourlv mean velocity is thirty or fourty metres, the velocity at certain instant mu,-t litive reached, with great pro]);d^ility, some hundred metres ])er second. V. FKi:vim). There is clear distinction in the direction of winds between summer and winter; viz. during the three months, June, Jidy and August, the southerly wind ])redominates, and during the remaining nine months the northerly wind prevails. 'J'he transition.-, moreove;', both from south to north and from north to south are very sudden. Now, if we divide the whole country into two parts, one lying to east of Kioto, ;ind the other to its west, and calculate the mean directions of wind in etich month for them separately, we get MkAX DlPvECI'lON OI' ^\IXI). Jan. West of Kioto! N40^W I^astot Kioto I N.)7A\ Feb. N28''W N45W Marcli April Mny N2G=^V N40W N31=W N12^W N77W I N37W Jul S32=W S23AV Jul S28°i: S3AV August S10°W S311': Sept. NlO'i S22I-: Oct. N.-.-I-: N48W Nov, N2U=W N41W Dec. N49'-W N82A\' 58 Owiiio' to the jiiaimcr of disti-ihutioii of ;itniosj)lici'ic ]>i-('.s-ui\' (Src the Chapt. II), tlicre is some (liffcrcncc in the moan diiTctiou of wind hctwceii the two parts, yet the fact that there exists a clear distinction between summer and winter, is common to l)oth. Tlu)ii<;]i in the west of Kioto, the south v>ind continues to bh»w for the three months from June till Auiiust, yet in the east of Kioto, it continues for the four months from dime till Se]>tend)er. The observed number of winds in various directions and also the luean directions of winds are i^iven in the followinii' table in detail. Ki;e(jui-:\("v of wind. WINTER. Loralily. N '-'2 XNK NK F.xt: !•: I-SF 4 SI-: SSK S ssw SW wsw W WNW N W XNW Calm Xiiliii 10 10 'J (j ij 4 ■'J ','j 2 1 3 8 3 Kiigosliima I'O •> 7 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 8 33 Miyaziiki 1 5 1 3 1 5 1 1 1 15 13 32 {') 7 7 ]\oclu 10 1 1 1 5 3 1 3 17 2 18 8 20 2 7 ^\'al;avil^li^ 15 5 14 13 4 1 1 1 5 4 18 5 12 Oita, .") 4 8 1 •) 2 1 14 3 11 2 9 1 25 5 ( ^'iiiiia'^uclii •JO C> t 1 1 8 .y 7 2 •) 1 10 5 32 Jlirosliima tl 8 4 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 t 1 5 4 19 Matsuyaniu 7 1 5 2 5 3 9 5 Ci 2 4 4 8 7 15 5 9 Oliayama 8 3 15 2 2 1 3 2 10 11 17 i) 9 2 13 Ozaka 11 1 22 1 3 1 1 tj 1 21 1 14 1 12 l\io1(.) 11 2 5 1 2 :>> 'J 4 7 5 10 21 Jvumainoto 21 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 6 2 5 3 17 7 25 ^<^sa 7 3 (■> 1 1 1 1 2 7 7 9 5 50 Nat^asulii 29 ^ 1 3 1 3 1 3, 1 4 1 11 8 20 Fukuoka 8 1 2 1 4 2 17 3 1 3 2 15 2 14 2 23 Itsiipiliara 14 1 4 1 1 3 4 1 5 1 24 2 40 Akaiiia,t;aselvi 4 1 5 3 21 1 2 1 1 5 2 13 4 24 8 10 Sakai 8 4 (; 3 2 1 ') 8 15 10 5 (j 2 27 'J'su 10 2 1 2 8 1 1 1 1 3 4 21 9 25 7 8 Na^oyu 15 4 5 1 1 1 2 1 V, 5 87 11 11 (Jifii 14 3 1') 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 14 5 39 llaniainatsu 2 1 1) 2 •) 1 5 30 24 14 2 8 Xiima/.ii 2 2 20 20 [) 4 3 1 2 3 12 7 4 8 2 1 5 'J'okio 20 (; 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 17 25 •) f'tsuiioiniya 10 10 11 3 2 2 2 4 4 2 3 2 2 8 8 9 23 Clioslii 11 3 10 1 2 1 4 2 9 1 9 5 27 2 13 Jvauazawa 3 3 1 8 3 10 1 8 2 12 1 7 1 9 2 20 Fiishild 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 12 4 35 1 8 2 1 17 Xagaiiu 12 1 '.) 4 14 3 4 1 2 1 8 8 9 2 7 3 17 Niigala 7 1 2 2 1 15 1 8 4 8 2 2 1 2 5 9 11 4 2 3 2 5 31 Akila 7 2 1 13 4 5 1 1 1 22 5 22 2 15 FulcuKliiiiia *'i o 3 2 2 2 ( 2 2 11 9 19 2 2(j Isliiiioiiialci 23 2 1 1 1 •) 1 3 1 9 13 22 12 9 -Miyako 3 2 2 2 2 15 10 38 2 3 1 18 Aoiiiori 1 1 2 1 3 1 8 5 18 4 22 (■) IC) 1 8 Hakodate 14 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 5 15 10 14 11 8 Siittsu (') 2 1 5 14 4 8 2 14 14 21 i 4 Sap])oio 5 2 1 4 2 9 5 13 3 5 1 8 3 16 4 18 Kamikawa (J 1 1 1 3 2 7 1 5 1 13 1 5 2 51 Soya 11 5 2 8 3 5 1 4 2 3 19 5 11 () 7 Aljasliiri 2 1 / 1 12 1 17 2 15 9 26 Neinuro 5 i; :'> 2 2 :l 2 :', 3 7 '.1 10 10 13 t 12 Kusliiro 11 4 3 1 1 1 :', 2 4 1 ;! 1 5 8 52 Jorimo 1 1 16 5 t; 1 1 2 1 3() 13 11 1 5 SPRING. 59 Locality. N NNE NE ;fne !■] FSE SE ! SSE S SSW 1 S\V 1 [WSW A\' j\VN^\ NW NNW Naha i i 11 7 10 9 7 10 / 5 4 (■) 2 2 2 2 4 Kagosliima G 1 8 8 i 1 3 2 G 1 3 1 G 1 13 8 Miyazfiki 2 9 3 1 9 4 10 3 4 1 3 1 13 i 11 4 5 Koclii 8 1 1 •') 1 7 1 11 2 8 1 14 1 12 2 IG 1 Wakayama • 14 I'l 14 8 2 t 1 1 G 3 5 2 5 1 9 4 Oita () 4 18 2 2 1 ■i 2 15 2 r. 1 G 1 17 5 Yamaguclii 17 12 11 1 2 1 ■ > 3 4 -") 8 2 1 1 4 3 Ilirosliima 37 P, 3 i 1 2 : 1 1 10 4 8 2 4 1 2 3 Matsuyaina 4 3 ■) 2 3 2 ! ti 4 •) 2 G 7 G 4 17 Okayama C, t 2G 1 G :) 2 G 1 4 3 9 7 t'l 7 2 Ozaka 17 1 29 1 G 1 1 8 1 1-3 8 Kioto 11 3 8 2 1) 1 :5 2 G 4 5 2 3 8 12 9 Kvimamoto 18 4 4 1 2 1 3 5 20 G 4 3 8 7 Saga 10 3 7 1 1 1 1 5 3 G 3 G 3 4 4 Nagasaki 18 3 8 1 5 2 ') 1 4 2 IG 4 5 1 5 3 Fukuoka 13 2 3 1 4 2 12 3 2 2 1 7 2 12 ( Itsugahara 9 1 ( 3 3 1 8 7 1 G 1 14 2 Akamagaseki 4 1 •J 4 30 1 2 1 3 2 11 4 k; 2 Sakai 5 7 13 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 •") 7 ( 4 G) 4 Tsu 10 2 3 3 •J 3 1 3 3 2 o 12 (5 19 5 Nagoya 10 3 4 1 2 1 8 •p 9 2 4 1 4 () 28 10 Gifu 11 3 1 1 1 4 2 5 8 5 ;', G 2 18 4 Hamainatsu 2 2 10 7 9 ■J 4 1 4 2 G 7 IG 10 ( Numazu 1 2 13 1") 12 7 •J 1 2 3 13 8 G 4 2 Tokio 12 G G o 4 4 (] 9 10 1 2 1 2 2 8 14 Utsuiiomiya 9 8 G 3 g 4 4 11 10 5 4 2 2 i; 5 Cboski 14 G 17 2 G) 1 3 1 19 G G 2 1 G 1 Kanazawa 5 1 4 1 11 4 12 1 4 2 10 2 8 2 10 o F 11 fill i Id 9 4 13 2 3 1 1 8 3 19 1 1 2 G 1 Nagano 16 1 () 2 13 2 5 1 ;j 2 14 5 11 G 4 Nilgata 13 2 5 1 2 IG 1 5 v> 13 4 14 1 2 Yamagata 11 G 3 1 1 3 3 5 G 11 G 3 2 2 7 11 Akita 3 2 1 IG G 7 :\ 1 9 8 21 4 9 1 Fukiisliiina 8 5 11 1 2 1 3 2 11 3 4 1 5 5 14 2 Fshinoniaki 12 2 4 8 4 2 1 1 9 3 2 4 7 15 7 .MiyaI;o 5 2 8 2 G 1 1 / 2 12 10 2G. 1 2 1 Aomoi'i 8 4 4 1 5 1 4 1 ; 4 12 3 13 5 13 2 Hakodate 6 1 1 2 G G G) 4 3 4 8 7 11 9 1 7 Siittsu 7 2 1 1 2 13 24 4 o 3 10 7 1 8 Sapporo 7 1 2 1 3 o 14 10 12 2 3 1 8 3 IG 7 Kainikawa 8 1 1 1 3 1 9 1 i 2 17 2 8 1 Soya 4 2 4 2 12 4 e') 2 11 G 12 4 10 2 8 3 Ahasliiri 9 2 5 1 3 1 G 3 17 2 12 1 5 1 1,1 1 Neinuro •J 5 4 4 3 4 5 (i 9 12 9 (■) 4 3 5 5 Knsliiro 8 3 G 2 2 1 2 3 G 7 13 2 2 1 2 4 I'^rimo 1 1 13 4 10 1 2 1 1 1 5 4 45 4 2 Calm G 30 10 8 21 11 20 15 21 5 8 20 13 42 17 27 3G 14 25 8 3 81 10 21 20 11 19 14 24 12 14 18 12 8 12 39 9 22 n 3G SUMMER. Nalia 2 2 3 5 10 11 10 G 11 9 9 4 2 2 5 2 7 Kiigo.sliima 2 5 G 10 1 G 3 10 1 4 2 7 1 8 1 3;! Miyazaki 1 7 2 9 3 17 5 7 2 4 1 IG 4 5 2 3 11 Koelii 3 4 1 9 1 17 3 12 12 1 11 1 10 13 A\'akny;iiua 8 2 H) 1 8 1 1 12 7 11 3 5 1 4 9 O') Oita G 4 17 1 2 8 8 17 :>, 9 1 2 10 8 14 VaiiiagacliI 21 11 7 1 1 G 5 ( 5 10 1 1 1) 3 3 18 Hiroshima 25 4 3 1 1 2 18 7 10 •' 4 (» 1 2 19 GO SUMMER. Lociilify. N XNE N I-] |':ne ]■: ESK S]-] SSE S ssw sw WSW A\' WNW nw \XW Culm I\ratRuy;uiiii 2 1 2 2 :>, 4 ( 4 5 ;>. G 9 5 5 17 4 21 OkayaiiKi t) 2 20 5 10 o G 1 4 2 11 5 4 2 1 19 Ozaka 9 1 23 1 ('i 1 1 13 2 24 1 7 10 Kioto 9 2 8 2 8 •) 5 2 10 G 8 2 3 1 G 4 22 Jvuinanioto 8 1 •1 1 ;', 1 1 1 4 8 24 8 1 1 4 3 21 Saga t 1 5 1 1 1 1 12 7 7 2 3, 2 4 2 44 Nagasaki •> ■■. 1 5 8 1 2 7 5 27 (i 2 1 1 20 Fiikuoka 7 1 1 1 4 3 20 2 4 1 3 1 4 2 13 G 27 Ttsugahara C. 1 5 •', 1 4 2 15 3 7 1 4 1 4 2 41 Akaiiiagaseiii 2 1 4 5 35 4 3 1 1 4 1 1 3 14 2 13 Sakai 5 8 i;! 5 4 1 1 1 2 1 5 7 4 2 4 31 ^rsu T) 1 5 2 7 5 17 :', 5 1 3 3 11 3 13 5 9 Nagoya 9 2 4 1 ?, 2 12 5 14 3, G 1 4 4 11 5 14 Olfu 4 2 4 1 3 2 10 ?, 8 4 7 3, 1 2 4 1 30 Hamaiiiatsu 1 1 9 G 9 o 7 2 5 11 10 8 3 1 18 Nuniazii 1 1 12 11 8 5 3 1 2 3 17 11 10 5 2 8 Tokio 4 5 G G G G 14 18 14 4 1 1 1 2 4 3 Utsniiomiya 4 (') t 4 5 8 4 10 12 7 4 1 1 1 3, 2 21 Clioslii n .-) 13 2 5 4 1 23 12 10 2 1 11 Ivana/awa 4 1 8 1 9 4 12 1 9 1 9 3, 7 o 9 3 28 Fiisliiki 9 .-, 20 3 4 1 7 2 19 1 5 1 5 1 17 Nagano 12 1 4 2 9 3 5 1 o 2 14 G 11 2 G 4 15 Nilgata 17 2 ('> 1 2 2 18 \ 4 ;i 14 3 / 4 2 14 ^'ainagala 14 5 :'. 2 3 4 7 5 9 G 4 2 1 1 5 / 22 Akita ;', ') 1 20 G 8 1 2 1 11 3 14 2 7 1 18 Fiilviisliiina 7 8 15 1 2 4 2 13 2 5 1 3 1 4 1 31 Isbinoiunki 7 2 8 G G 4 9 9 14 4 2 1 2 G 3 17 M iyako 4 2 8 2 7 1 1 1 7 3 8 t 13 1 1 1 33 Aoinori 18 t 8 8 2 2 1 4 3 ( 1 G 3 8 3 18 Hakodate 3 1 1 2 10 13 10 8 G 4 7 4 • ) 4 4 3 17 Siittsu 7 2 2 1 2 22 29 2 1 2 5 2 5 G 12 Sai)poro G 1 2 1 4 2G 10 8 1 1 1 1 1 11 7 12 Jvaiiiikawa 8 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 18 2 7 2 48 Soya 2 2 ?, 2 19 7 10 1 < 9 12 4 G 2 2 2 10 Altasliiri 15 2 8 1 G 1 G 2 22 2 8 2 4 1 20 Neinuro 3 5 i; G 4 7 9 10 12 11 8 3 1 1 1 2 11 Kusliii-o 5 7 9 4 4 2 2 3 7 7 7 3 1 1 2 4 32 iM'inio 1 1 15 9 18 1 2 2 4 5 28 5 2 < AUTUMN. Nalia 12 11 17 12 12 7 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 i> 5 G Kagosliinia 9 2 12 10 12 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 10 5 29 Miya/.aki 2 15 10 2 9 3 3 1 2 1 9 G 12 4 9 9 Koclii 8 1 1 7 1 G 1 19 1 17 2 IG 1 11 AVakavaina 14 G 17 IG 12 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 1 G 8 13 Oita •J 3 14 1 1 5 1 20 4 10 1 3 1 IG 3 12 Yaniaguclii 24 11 8 9 1 1 4 2 4 3 7 1 1 1 4 4 22 Hirosliiina 48 9 (■) 1 1 1 5 2 4 1 3 1 3 3 12 Matsuyama 5 4 5 2 3 4 9 4 3 2 3 4 5 5 11 5 25 Ok ay a ma 14 5 30 3 8 1 4 2 ■] 1 4 4 1 5 2 7 Ozaka 18 2 35 1 7 2 1 4 1 10 1 7 11 Kioto IG 3 9 2 ■) 1 3 1 4 3. 5 1 4 2 11 7 23 Kumamoto 2G 5 7 1 9 1 1 1 2 ( 5 7 2 11 ■ 8 14 Saga 14 5 19 2 1 1 1 1 1 ;] 1 3 2 4 4 38 Nagasak i 20 5 IG 2 5 1 4 1 2 1 7 2 3 1 4 3 23 Fukiioka lit ') 5 1 8 2 13 2 1 1 1 5 1 10 '•! 35 61 AUTUMUN. Locality. N NXE XE EXE E ESIi SK SSE « ssw SAV AVSW \V wxw NW xxw Cal m Itsugaliara 17 1 8 1 2 2 1 3 1 ■5 4 1 12 ;5 39 Akainagaseki o 2 7 G 27 2 3 1 3 2 7 2 14 Q IG Sakai 4 8 12 5 8 1 1 1 2 1 4 3 G 2 o 3 37 Tsu 8 2 3 1 7 2 8 2 2 1 3 4 18 G 22 <; 3 Nagoya 18 3 4 2 1 3 2 3 2 4 1 3 3 23 8 18 Gifu 9 2 G 1 1 1 4 3 2 4 2 G 2 9 3 44 llaiiiaiiiiUsii O 4 15 ■'- 8 2 3 2 1 3 4 13 10 G 1 15 Xuiiiazii 2 2 18 21 12 7 t) 2 3 9 4 3 2 2 G 'I'ukio 18 8 •3 3 4 3 3 •3 4 2 1 1 2 9 20 2 Ut.siinoiui)'a 12 12 10 4 3 2 3 8 4 ;5 1 2 1 G 7 18 Clioslii 10 G 22 2 4 1 2 9 4 G 3 1 8 2 13 Kaiiazawa 4 1 4 2 12 G 21 4 2 7 1 4 1 G 2 2'! Fushiki 4 2 1-1 2 4 1 11 2 29 1 7 1 G 15 Nagano 18 1 7 3 10 3 G 4 2 13 3 10 2 8 4 8 Niigata 10 2 •3 1 3 3 22 3 9 3, 8 2 9 1 G 2 11 Yamagata 11 7 3 2 3 3 3 8 9 7 4 2 2 1 4 7 20 Akita i; 1 3 2 23 G 8 1 1 2 1 13 :', 12 2 IG Fukiisliima 4 G 3 1 4 2 10 2 G 2 9 3 11 1 30 Ishiiioiiiaki 20 3 •3 3 4 2 •; :5 8 3 2 1 3 G 14 11 7 Miyako ?, 2 3 1 () 1 1 3 2 11 14 27 2 2 1 19 Aomori 4 3 3 1 G 2 3 2 9 4 13 2 13 3 11 2 14 TIalvodate 10 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 10 10 10 9 12 Suttsu f) 1 1 2 14 2:{ 3 2 2 10 9 13 3 9 Sapporo 4 1 1 4 4 13 8 12 o 4 1 G 3, 13 4 15 Kaiuikaua 3 1 1 1 1 3 9 G 2 3 2 11 2 3 2 53 Soya G 2 4 2 8 2 8 2 G 4 10 4 18 G 9 ;] G Abasliiri 9 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 IG •J 13 2 9 1 10 2 18 Neiiiiu'o 4 4 3 4 4 •_) 5 (') 8 U 8 7 G) i; G 3 8 Kusliiro 8 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 3 4 4 2 2 I 1') 4G Eriino 1 1 11 G 13 1 *) 1 ■' 1 4 :> 3G ' '' •) YEAR. Xalia 12 7 10 8 9 8 7 4 (') 5 5 2 2 1 3 5 (i Kagosliima 9 1 8 - 9 1 3 2 5 1 2 1 4 1 11 4 31 >riya'/-aki 2 9 2 7 2 10 3 4 1 2 1 13 8 15 4 G 9 Kocbi 7 1 •) 1 i> 1 10 o 1 IG 1 15 1 15 1 U) Walvayaiua 13 5 13 11 5 1 I 5 3 5 2 4 2 9 3 17 Oita G 4 14 1 1 5 2 17 3 9 I 4 1 17 4 u Yamaguclii 21 10 8 1 1 1 4 3 5 4 8 1 1 1 5 4 22 Hiroshima 38 G 4 1 1 1 1 9 4 G 1 5 1 8 :] IG Matfiiiyaina 5 3 4 2 3 3 8 4 4 2 5 G G (') 15 5 19 Ok ay a ma 8 4 23 4 5 1 4 1 3 2 9 7 9 1 G 2 11 Ozaka 14 1 27 1 G 2 1 8 1 17 I 9 1 10 Kioto 12 3 8 2 •J 1 3 1 7 4 7 2 4 2 11 G 22 Kuiuamoto 18 3 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 14 5 G 3 10 " 18 Saga 9 3 9 1 1 1 1 1 5 o 4 2 4 4 5 4 43 Xagasald 18 4 10 1 4 2 5 1 3 2 13 3 4 1 5 4 20 Fukuoka 10 2 3 1 5 2 15 2 2 2 1 8 2 12 5 28 Itsugaliara 12 1 G 2 2 1 8 1 5 1 5 1 14 2 39 Akamagaseki 3 1 5 5 28 2 2 g 1 4 2 9 3 17 2 13 Sakai 4 G 11 5 g 1 1 1 2 1 G 9 8 3 G 3 30 'J'su 9 2 g 2 5 3 8 2 3 1 3 3 IG G 20 G 8 Xagoya 14 3 4 1 2 1 G 3 7 2 4 1 4 4 23 9 12 Gifu ' 10 3 5 1 1 1 5 2 4 2 5 3 G 2 10 ;] 38 Ilaniaiiiatsu 2 2 10 5 7 2 3 1 ;! 2 5 7 17 12 1 1 l:'. Nninazii 1 2 IG 17 10 G 4 1 ■) '^ 13 8 G 3 2 G 02 YEAR. Locality. Tokio Utsuiioniiya Clioshi Kanazawa Fushiki Nagano Nilgata Yatnagata Akita Fukushlnia Isliinomaki Miyako Aoinori Hakodato Suttsu Sappoio Kaniiliawa Soya Abasliiii NeiMuro Kushiro Eriino N XNK NE ENE 4 ESE SE SSE 14 4 4 ') 8 u !l ii 4 8 4 8 7 u :> IG 2 4 1 2 1 i 4 1 3 1 10 4 1.-) 1 1 ( 8 18 •) 8 1 1 i;! 1 7 8 11 3 ;") 1 12 2 4 1 2 •) 18 1 12 ■J n >) >) 3 4 G ") 2 1 18 ■") ( 1 4 ;» 1 2 8 2 1-J 2 5 8 4 2 •") ■ > 4 •) ."> 1 ") 1 1 8 8 5 ") 1 4 1 8 2 ■) 2 i) ') 4 7 2 1 •> 13 () 1 ■) 1 4 4 IG ;» (■) 1 1 1 ;! 1 () 2 4 2 12 4 7 •> 10 1 4 1 ;:5 1 4 2 4 •") 4 4 8 • ) .') (J 8 5 •") 2 ■ ) 1 1 2 1 1 14 (i 12 1 •) {) S SSWi s\v 18 4 10 G 4 11 8 ;( 4 2 1 G 10 8 ;") 8 8 2 ■ > •> 12 7 4 18 28 8 2 11 2 3 7 1 ■J 7 •'i 10 ! 1") 8 12 8 •1 8 ■") .-, 7 8. 1 3 wsw \y WNW 2 N\V XNW 1 2 '.1 IG 1 •> 2 G (■) '■'> ') 11 1 1 7 1 •") 1 ") 10 •> 7 4 8 14 1 I 2 2 2 •> •") 8 2 17 8 18 2 1 7 4 12 2 1 ;") ( 14 8 12 2G 1 ') 1 8 14 •") 12 2 ") 10 10 u 8 2 •) 8 12 7 1 4 2 14 G 2 l.'j 1 G 2 4 18 4 7 3 1 8 2 10 2 i'> o ") 7 ■") •) 2 1 4 G 8 37 7 4 Cain r.) 11 28 17 11 10 2:1 IG 28 11 20 18 12 ;» 14 48 8 21 11 42 jNIeAN DIIJECIIOX OF WIND. Locality. Jan. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. "i'car Kagosliiiua 1 N2°E X32°W N3G E N33 E X71 E SoG 1-: s.-i8'-]': S.30 ]•: NC7-4': N.3.3 j<: N34 E X15E N22' E Miyazakl X7&°\V X70^W N76AV N90 \y N73 ]<: S82 W S38-J': S13']-: N42"E N20]': X.34 W N78'AV NoFAV Kochi i XG-j AV^ N31°\V X44 W S78 W S30 \V SGAV Sl-VE S9 1-: S39^^\V NG9 W N74AV N80'W S80'W Wakayania ' X19°\V N3=W Nl E N19 W N3-W S48'\V S20 \V S23 W N74"J': N39'E N2.yE N12'W NIGE Oita X ■■)•-/ W N:-i2'^W X41 W XLJ W Nlo'E N7rw N70^E N.55'J<: NG2°E SG8 W N73 AV X71 W NG3nV llirosliiina X27 W NIG W X12 W N20 W N12'W S7FW S57-W N2G'AV N2-\V N2 AV N4 W NlG'AV N14AV Matsiiyaiua X63°\V N19'-E N45-\V N59 W S7-3 W S.5G W N75°\\' Nsr-Av NG2"W N3 \V N83 AV X73'\V N72'-AV Ozaka XG2°\V N52^W N8 W NG W N19 ]-: NGl'W NG8"AV N27"AV N33^E N2uE N2AV X.38'\V NG'AV Kioto N72°W N5.5°\V N34 W N9AV N.-,E S22 A\^ S30^'E SG8'E N34'J<: NIO AV N30-AV X7-3 AV X25 AV Kuiuauioto N33°W N20°W N43A\' N72°W S90"W SG7-\V S48 W SG5'\V N4^E N9'AV N32'AV X43 A\' N;34 AV Nagasaki X13 W N1°\V N14 W N74°W N47"AV S29 W S20AV S.3 E N9^J': X22 K N7 ]-: XIO AV Nil AV Fiikuoka NtJG°\V N14°\V N33 W N83 W N2AV S15°W Nl E N3 \V N7'AV N14E N83' W X83AV N8 \V Akamagascki X34=W N35^W N29'W N43 E NG4 E N7G ]-: N84"]-] N80 ]•: N27"E N45E N21 W X28 \V X28^AV Sakai XoG^W X28°W N22'\V N15'W N3 W N31 W NIFJO N1.3 E N3E N27 E N27 AV X8G W X29 AV Nagoya X42°\V 1 X35^W N4G W Nr,G'AV N88^W S25 W S27 W s.-, 1<] siB'i-: N37 AV N3.3 AV X43A\' X3G W Gifu X4G^W N39"W N43 W N.58AV N88W S69-A\' S3E S3 AV S89'AV N47'AV N39 W X3.VAV X48' AV iraiiiaiuatsu NG9 W NGG°\V N75'W N8l'"W S83'-W S64 W S8^ \V S44 E N8rE N2r\V N.3G W XG7 AV XG8' AV Nuinazu S20°E S31°E >S34"I<: S4W S48 E S39 W S42 \\ S.3 E s:)4 !-: N81 E N79E S35 AV N881"] Tokio N24°W N19 W NIG W S50'E S28]-: S31 E SG7 E S22 E SG4'J': N4 W N18'AV X29'AV NGE Cliosln X20"W No'W N24J<] N4G J<: N42E N88]-: S9'E S8rE N43E N14E N13E X33'A\' N3'\V Kanazawa SG(^.°W SG8^W S4.rW S4.yw S48 W SG3 AV S41 W Slo AV S47^E S48' i<: SI !-: S.34AV S27 E Fushiki X20°W S87-W N2G^J-: NGi-: Nil E N13 W N24'E N3.3'E N44E N3.3 E NG2 AV SGO' AV SG3' \y Nagano X28^J': N4FW N70'\V S81 W N88 W N58 W N88AV S75AV S7G AV N87 W X37 W S87W N89 AV Niigata X79=\V N8f',W SG8 W S48 AV S41 ^x S38 W 833' AV SIO^E S19 E S.39'AV S77 AV S79 AV 871' W Yaniagata X42°AV NoG^W N12E NG2'W SloE N73 W SGG'E S62 1*: S74E SIO AV N48nV S80 AV N.38' AV Akita X.31°\V N77^\V N89'J-: S6.yAV S24'E S32"E S27 AV S87 K S89M': N9'E N2 AV X8.3 W NSFAV Irtliinoinaki N44=\V N3r-w N19 W N7 W Nl-W N33 E N7.3 ]-: SGO !■] S40 1<] N11°AV N4rAV X3G'\V N2o'AV ^^'yako S81"\V SHOW S73'W S.-,8 W S5G W S.-,4 AV S32 W S31 \V s.-,o'\v S84^W S81-AV S77'AV S7G'AV Aomori X87^W S88'^AV N84AV N81'W N.39 W N21 W N3r) W X8 !■: NG.3 W S8G AV S90^AV XS9"AV X8G=AV Hakodate NGO'^W N(;3°VV X72^W SGG W SIOAV S33 1-; SI 2 !•: S89 !■: S41 ]•: N77 W NGG AV X72 AV NG:3' AV Suttsn N5G°W N.33-W N83 W S2.3 W s-y\v SG i: SI 8 ]■: S8E Sll w S42 AV N85'AV N70 AV SGG^W Sapjioro N77=W NGinv N70 W SGG W S38' E S28 J^: S4o J-: S3') !•: S24 J'] S24 AV S89'\V S74AV 810' 1-: ]\aniika\va >S77°\V XGG W .S8o \V S73'AV S88 \V S87^W N8rw X74 AV S87'AV S80'AV SG9'AV S.39'\V 887' W Boya X.39°W N5 W NG7 W S70 W S22 \\' S.-.l K S20 W SIO W SG9' \V S79 AV X80 W S82'AV 848 W Neniuro N43"W N32 W N79 \V S44 W SIG W s-vj ]•: SG I-: S18 !•: S82 J-: S77 W 1 X81 AV X79 W 887 W 63 CHAPTER IV. HUMIDITY. Tlif tension of a(|U('ous vapour uiven in this <'ha])tcr is calculated by the readinojs of the Avet and dry bull) thernioineters suspended in Stevenson's double louvre-boarded box, usino- Angot's table given in Annaf da Ihimiu central iiic'(hrohf/i'p«' de France in their reductions. Hence, though the calculated result will l)e correct for warnier seasons, yet for winter, especially in northern part of this countrv, it does not certainly represent true conditions of humidity. A. THE DIIKNAL VAIJIATIOXS OF THK TENSION OF AQl EOT S VAPOUR AM) RELATIVE HUMIDITY. The tension of aqueous vapour and also the relative humidity have one maximum and one minimum in a day througli the year everywhere in this country. The tension of a(|ueous vapour has its daily variation very much similar to that of the air tempe- rature. The time of its minimum value exactly coincides with the time of the minimum temperature, i. e. at about sunrise. The time of the maximum tension appears; a little after the time of the maximum temperature, i. e. at about two hours previous to the sunset. The diurnal variation of the relative humidity is just opposite to that of the air temperature. Its maximum occurs at al)out sunrise antl ex ictly coincides with the time of the minimum temperature, wliile its minimum is at 2 or o o'clock pm, and nearly coincides with the time of the )naximum temperature. For details see the following table and also the Plate V. Mean iiklative humidity. KUMAMOTO. J. 11. I'd,. Mar. Apr. May .liim; .1 uly Au-. Sept. Oct. Nov. Doc. Year Wiiit. Spr. Sum. Aut. 1 iun 110.00 8S.G0 84.04 86.10 90.01 'jO.85 91.00 1 93.71 90.08 91.01 92.46 89.85 89.82 89.32 86,74 91.85 91.38 2 am 90.97 88.08 83.85 87.S8 91.(t4 92.40 91.93 94.00 91.33 92.01 93.18 88.71 90.50 89.45 87.59 92.80 92.1(j 8 am 91.18 88.04 88.80 88.50 91.03 93.15 92.42 95.21 91.62 92.18 92.81 88.93 90.79 89.57 87.80 98.59 92.20 4 am 90.0:5 8'.t.8f, 86.32 89.06 91.21 98.05 92.08 95.63 92.85 91.90 93.37 88.84 91.15 89.41 88.86 93,79 92.54 •") am 90.10 90.28 86.27 89.05 91.70 93.43 92,07 95.51 92.67 92.48 98.48 88.93 91.43 89.75 89.23 93,87 92.88 (1 am 88.94 90.90 87.30 90.86 90..58 91.82 92.40 95.22 92.70 92.79 93.75 88.90 91.32 89.62 89.41 93.17 98.08 7 am 87.97 91.66 86.71 86.30 82.95 84.06 85.45 88.27 87.90 90.59 93.23 88.85 87.83 89.49 85.32 85.93 90.57 8 am 85.08 84.93 77.24 77.73 73.85 76.01 79.69 78.72 77.80 80.52 86.65 87.56 80.59 86.06 76.27 78.34 81.68 ;• am 76.29, 70.53 (39.48 70.55 65.94 71.31 78.37 71.37 70.70 70.72 75.05 77.74 72.42 76.85 (;8.66 72.02 72.16 10 am 04.23 60.68 64.72 05.88 60.02 67.08 70.11 00.11 64.42 62.92 04.77 70.70 65.64 07.22 03.54 07,77 64.04 n. am 02.94 63.71 59.01 63.71 57.25 03.96 67.42 63.51 61.83 57.84 57.52 03.60 61.91 63.42 60.19 64,96 59.0" •) Noon 59.(58 (;0.28 50.43 61.08 55.74 01.96 04.32 02.06 60.23 55.40 54.80 59.87 59.33 59.94 57.95 62,78 56.64 1 pm 54.05 58.84 55.51 60.8() 55.14 59.38 63.54 59.95 59.22 53.95 52.74 58.68 57.70 57.89 57.17 00.96 55.30 - pii^ 52.97 58.78 56.00 59.70 53.92 58.85 01.87 57.50 59.45 52.79 52.00 57.04 56.74 56.20 56.54 59.41 54.75 3 pm 55.10 58.69 55.08 58.9() 54.26 58.55 01.18 58.59 59.15 53.53 52.58 57.43 56.97 57.09 56.28 59,42 55.09 4 pm 58.39 60.00 56.48 00.87 55.18 59.53 02.10 60.55 62.08 56.87 55.22 00.13 58.95 59.51 57.49 60,75 58.06 •") pm 02.94 62.57 58.50 62.82 50.84 62.06 64.11 05.48 60.88 68.81 64.45 08.19 63.18 04,57 59.41 63.88 64.88 i> ]im 71.32 70.25 03.68 68.12 61.01 65.78 68.87 71.14 73.11 73.50 74.52 75.16 69.70 72.24 64.27 68.60 78.71 7 pm 74.97 76.78 71.97 74.13 70.50 71.74 75.10 78.93 77.90 80.29 80.91 79.32 70.05 77,02 72.20 75.28 79.70 8 pm 78.26 79.. 50 75.61 78.78 77.83 78.42 81.19 84.60 81.00 82.53 85.20 82.14 80.43 79,97 77,41 81.42 82.93 '.i pm 80.87 80.89 77.76 82.80 81.01 81.35 83.40 87.93 88.33 85.05 87.28 84.64 83.08 i 82,13 80.72 84.23 85.22 ](l pm 84.03 83.02 81.39 84.30 85.79 85.05 85.93 90.22 84.95 87.50 89.40 86.95 85.77 84.87 83.83 87.07 87.30 1! Jim 86.03' 85,59 82.58 85.03 87.85 87.02 88.04 91.85 8C>.58 89.68 90.78 88.50 87.56 86.71 85.35 89.20 89.00 -M.N. 89.0)5 86.73 83.58 86.83 88.39 96.45 90.17 92.95 88.01 90.47 91.90 88.55 89.02 88.31 86.27 91.19 90.33 Mean 76.12 70.70 72.68 75.88 73.73 76.(Xt 78.32! 79.10 77.33 76.68 77.80 77.87 76.57 j 76.92 74.10 78.01 77,27 64 MATSUYAMA. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Wint. Spr. Sum. Aut. 1 am 77.8 81.3 84.1 87.6 88.4 88.6 91.1 91.9 93.0 89.3 86.4 82.7 86.8 80.6 86.7 90.5 89.6 2 am 77.1 81.0 85.4 88.4 88.5 89.7 91.7 92.1 93.5 90.0 87.4 82.4 87.2 80.2 87.4 91.2 90.3 o am 78.0 81.1 84.8 88.6 89.6 t»0.0 92.2 92.8 94.0 90.7 87.8 81.6 87.6 80.2 87.7 91.7 90.8 4 am 77.-J 82.5 84.8 88.8 90.5 90.7 92.1 93.3 94.2 90.9 87.7 81.1 87.8 80.4 88.0 92.0 90.9 h am 78.1 81.9 85.1 89.4 89.6 90.6) 93.1 94.2 94.7 91.1 88.2 82.8 88.3 80.9 88.0 92.6 91.3 <> am 78.0 83.7 85.3 89.3 89.9 88.3 92.3 94.1 94.4 91.5 88.6 81.0 88.0 80.9 88.2 91.6 91.5 7 am 77.6 83.4 84.3 86.1 82.0 79.6 85.6 8f,.0 91.9 90.4 88.8 81.3 84.8 80.8 84.1 83.7 90.4 8 am 74.5 79.1 77.6 77.2 72.2 74.8 80.7 78.0 84.3 79.8 81.3 80.8 78.4 78.1 1 •-). / 77.8 81.8 '.t am G9.7 72.2 71.0 71.2 67.1 71.8 77.6 74.3 77.7 70.9 69.8 72.8 72.1 71.6 69.8 74.6 72.8 10 am G4.0 6G.8 6().0 68.3 63.8 70.1 75.9 72.0 74.0 64.8 62.2 66.6 67.8 65.8 66.0 72.7 67.0 11 am 59.4 G3.1 63.7 66.4 62.4 69.3 73.3 70.6 72.3 61.7 , 57.8 01.7 65.2 61.4 64.2 71.1 63.9 Noon 57.9 G0.7 63.5 65.9 62.0 67.7 72.8 68.6) 71.6 61.2 56.9 60.4 64.1 59.7 63.8 69.7 63.2 1 )im 5(3.8 G1.4 62.3 64,C) 60.6 65.7 71.0 6(').6 70.2 60.2 56.4 60.5 63.0 59.6 62.5 67.8 62.3 '2 pm 59.1 60.4 62.4 65.0 60.3 65.6 71.4 ' 66.0 70.2 60.3 55.6 00.4 63.0 60.0 62.6 67.7 62.0 ;! ])m 5f..4 59.7 62.2 64.1 60.1 66.4 70.8 66.0 70.9 60.4 56.6 61.2 62.9 59.1 62.1 67.7 62.6 1 iim 58.5 60.2 (;3.0 65.7 62.6 67.1 71.8 1 66.7 72.4 62.4 60.1 62.6 64.4 60.4 63.8 68.5 65.0 •") ]im G2.3 63.7 64.3 67.4 63.5 68.9 72.9 ! 69.9 77.3 72.0 70.4 68.4 68.4 64.8 65.1 70.6) 73.2 f) pm C9.3 71.0 70.4 72.2 68.9 70.7 76.4 75.9 84.3 83.9 ! 77.6 74.9 74.7 71.7 70.5 74.3 81.9 7 pm 7-2.1 75.3 78.8 80.2 77.7 74.9 80.2 83.4 89.4 86.4 : 78.7 77.0 79.5 74.8 78.9 79.5 84.8 8 pm 73.3 75.3 80.3 83.3 82.6 79.8 86.1 87.3 90.7 87.1 80.7 77.0 81.9 75.2 82.1 84.4 86.2 !l inn 75.0 78.3 81.8 84.0 83.3 82.4 87.4 ' 89.2 91.5 87.4 81.7 78.9 83.4 77.4 83.0 86.3 86.9 10 pm 7G.5 79.1 82.4 86.3 85.0 83.7 88.2 89.0 91.4 88.1 83.2 80.4 84.4 78.7 84.6 87.0 87.6 11 pm 77.1 79.9 83.1 87.3 86.1 85.9 89.7 90.4 93.1 89.6 84.8 81.6 85.7 79.5 85.5 88.7 89.2 M.N. 78.0 80.7 84.4 87.1 87.6 87.3 90.6 90.8 93.2 90.2 86.1 82.1 86.6 80.3 86.4 89.6 89.8 Mean 70.2 73.4 75.5 78.1 76.0 77.9 82.3 81.2 ! 84.6 79.2 75.6 74.2 77.3 72.6 76.5 80.5 79.8 HIROSHIMA. 1 am 84.70 83.03 85.50 87.97 84.60 90.83 92.20 86.27 89.37 86.60 89.00 88.13 87,35 85.29 86.02 89.77 88.32 2 am 85.30 83.23 86.60 88.63 85.77 91.43 92.63 87.27 90.23 87.77 89.50 88.90 88.11 85.81 87.00 90.44 89.17 3 am 86.13 83.80 87.00 89.73 86.37 91.93 93.27 87.90 90.60 88.80 90.33 88.70 88.71 86.21 87.70 91.03 89.91 4 am 8().67 84.23 87.67 89.87 86.90 92.33 93.60 88.27 90.90 88.83 90.73 89.03 89.09 86.64 88.15 91.40 90,15 5 am 86.77 84.40 87.73 90.10 87.60 92.87 94.10 88.73 90.80 89.70 90.90 89.17 89.41 86.78 88.48 91.90 90,47 6 am 86.67 85.20 88.07 89,10 88.00 92.33 94.23 89.17 91.00 89.70 91.13 89.03 89.47 86.97 88.39 91.91 90,61 7 am 87.00 85.57 87.40 87.67 85.20 89.87 92.33 87.13 90.10 89.10 91.47 89.57 88.54 87.38 86.76 89.78 90,22 8 am 85.27 83.17 82.40 81.90 78.20 84.83 88.43 81,77 85.73 84.07 87.23 87.43 84.20 85.29 80.83 85.01 85.68 9 am 78.40 77.23 76.73 76.73 70.83 78.27 83.77 74.60 81.13 78.00 80.27 82.03 78.16 79.22 74.76 78.88 79,80 10 am 71.90 69.27 71.30 72.93 65.37 75.33 80.13 69.70 70.00 71.10 73.00 75.93 72.67 72.37 69.87 75.05 73.37 11 am 66.03 63.77 67.77 69.77 62.40 72.70 77.43 66.50 72.10 64.97 67.23 72.23 68.59 67.38 66.65 72.21 68,10 Noon 62.97 60.77 64.63 69.10 61.13 70.73 75.77 64.23 69.20 61.10 62.40 08.40 65.87 64.05 64.95 70.24 64.23 1 pm 61.50 58.50 62.53 68.63 60.70 69.50 72.27 62.70 67.67 59.87 60.37 65.10 64.28 61.70 63.95 68.82 62.64 2 pm 59.43 57.53 62.30 68.53 59.80 69.03 74.07 62.63 67.60 59.50 59.40 64.17 63.67 60.38 63.54 68.58 62.17 3 pm 59.66 58.33 62.63 69.77 59.33 68,83 74.20 62.87 68.23 60.07 61.03 64.20 64.10 60.73 63.91 68.63 63.11 4 pm 61.30 59.93 63.93 70.37 60.30 70.40 74.50 63.67 70.00 62.47 65.00 66.67 65.70 62.63 64.87 69.52 65.82 5 pm 6(;.70 63.00 66.53 72.97 62.10 72.27 76.33 67.50 72.97 68.50 71.90 72.80 69,46 67.50 67.20 72.03 71.12 <■) pm 72.13 69.20 71.57 76.47 66.13 74.97 79.03 71.10 78.33 75.23 77.23 77.97 74,11 73.10 71.39 75.03 76.93 7 pm 76.23 73.77 76.40 81.03 71.80 79.13 83.20 75.60 82.47 77.70 80.30 80.93 78.22 76.98 76.41 79.31 80.16 8 pm 78.47 77.00 79.23 83.07 75.23 83.13 86.10 78.70 84.43 80.03 81.87 83.53 80.90 79.67 79.18 82.64 82.11 9 pm 79.80 78.63 80.73 84.27 77.47 84.57 87.53 80.33 85.40 81.67 88.43 84.47 82.36 80.97 80.82 84,14 83.50 10 pm 81.50 79.77 88.40 85.93 80.00 86.43 88.93 82.47 86.57 83.67 85,53 86.70 84.25 82.66 83.11 85,94 85.26 11 pra 82.87 81.13 84.37 87.37 81.43 88.30 90.17 84.00 87.87 84.97 87.17 87.47 85.59 83.82 84.39 87.49 86,67 M.N. 84.30 82.50 84.90 87.63 83.07 89.47 91.13 85.33 88.60 85.57 87,77 87.47 86.49 84.76 85.20 88.64 87,33 Menu 76.32 74.29 77.14 80.40 74.16 81.65 84.89 77.02 81.53 77.46 79.34 80.42 78.73 77.01 77,23 81.19 79,44 OZAKA. (35 Jan. Fel.. Mar. Apr. May .lur.e .luly All-. Sept. Od. Nov. Dec. Year Wint. 82.0 Sj.r. Sinn. Aut. ! am 7!t.l 82.") 83.7 83.9 84.1 8'').S 87.9 8G.0 87.4 80.3 85.3 83.7 84.5 83.9 ' 80. G 8G.3 - am 80.H 83.4 83. »; .^•'..1 8 --.2 h;.4 88.0 87.1 >8.3 87. n 80,.4 84,5 85.2 82.9 84.0 87.4 87.2 :'i an; 81.3 84.0 8:^!. 2 84.9 8G.0 87.0 89.."! 88.0 89.2 87.9 87.1 84.3 85.7 83.2 84.7 88.1 88.1 •1 a'li 81.'.t S4..". .^4.0 8'..7 87.1 87.7 89.0 88.^'i 89.7 88.4 87.4 84.0 80,.3 83.7 S5.0 88.7 88.5 '> am 83.0 8-1.2 84.2 80.1 87..-. 87.7 90.7 89.0 90.0 88.7 87.8 84.9 8o,.8 84.4 8-5.9 89.1 88.8 •■' am 83.9 82.7 84.7 8 -1.9 8--). 2 8'i.9 89.3 88.3 90.0 89.4 f8.2 84.5 8G.5 83.7 8-5.3 87.8 89.2 7 am 82.8 8.-I.8 S2.8 81.4 78.8 79.8 85.3 82.9 8(;.t; 87.0, 87.5 85.1 83.5 84.0 81.0 82.7 87.2 s am 79.3 79. (i 70. c, 74.9 71.S 74.1 ^0.7 70.8 78.5 80,4 83.1 81.5 1 { . 1 80.1 74.4 77.2 80.7 ^t am 71.7 7"' 3 08.4 08.9 G0.4 09.7 7i'i.(') 71.7 71.4 71.0 74.8 75.0 71.1 73.0 07.9 72.7 72.G 10 am 62.8 I'j'i.ii o:'.7 01.0 02.1 Oti.O 73.7 t;8.3 07.1 04,1 00.7 08.3 05.5 0,5.0 G3,.5 09.3 OG.O 11 am ."I'.t.O 02.4 01..-. 02.0 •'9.4 04.r, 71.^" l;.-|.--| 0,4.0 0,0,1 01.5 04.3 02.5 01.9 01.2 07.2 0,2.1 .\u:m •■)(;.G 00.4 •V.i..-) 01.4 .'i8.o 02.9 70.1 o.r, • 12.4 57.4 58.5 0,0.5 G0.4 59.0 (;5.5 -59.4 1 i.m r).-).8 •V.1.8 .'8' ',', 0O.8 •'i7.o 02.4 08.8 02.2 OiL'.O 5(;.0 57.'' o.o.O 59.5 58.5 58.7 04.5 58.4 ■2 pm r,.1.3 •'9.8 .-,7..-, 00.7 r.o.l 02.0 09.1 (i2.3 02.0 55.9 57.1 59.1 59.1 58.1 58.1 04.5 58.3 ■'• ]"' .").'.. 8 .')9.t') ■^.1 tu.l ■".7.4 t;].8 09.--> 02.-'> 03.-' 57.2 58.5 00.8 0,0.0 58.7 58.9 0,4.0 59.7 4 pill ■"■>7.ii Ol.f, •VJ.O (;2.4 •"9.2 04.1 70.8 G3.9 00.3 59.9 02.0 • ■,4.1 02.3 01. 2 G0.4 GG.3 0,2.7 •". pm 02..". 00.3 G3.3 ii"i.2 •"■' •") 00.9 73.0 07.9 70.0 Oi'i.3 09.3 70.0 0,0.0 0G.4 G3.7 09.3 08.7 -i pm GG.tl 70.8 G9.0 09.8 •'O.^'i G9.0 70.2 72.3 7 •-..4 73.3 73 3 73.9 70.9 70.3 08.4 72.7 74.0 7 pm *)9.7 73.G 74.1 1 3. i •"2,2 74.S 80.4 77.3 78.7 77.1 7G.4 70,.G 75.0 73.8 73.3 i 1 .-, 77.4 .■^ pm 70.7 7. ',.2 7G.') 77.1 •-•'.0 78.2 82..-, 79.7 81.3 79.0 78.3 78.9 77.5 74.9 7G.2 80.1 79.5 '■• I'lii 72..-, 77.8 79.2 78.1 ')G.7 80.3 83.9 81.4 82.2 80.9 80.0 79.0 79.1 70.4 78.0 81.9 81.0 10 i.m 74.9 79.0 80.1 79.S .J9.1 82.-- 8. -,.4 83.0 83.8 82.8 81.8 79.9 80.7 77.9 79.7 83.G 82.8 n pm 7G.9 81.0 81.4 81.9 •')1.2 83.9 8G.-'i 84.0 8^-).l 84.1 84.0 81.2 82.4 79.7 81.5 85.0 84.4 -M. X. 77.9 82.0 82.8 82.8 •>3.1 84.9 87.1 8^'.0 8G.4 S5.0 84.1 82.8 83.5 80.9 82.9 85.7 85.4 Moan 70.8 74.0 73.1 74.1 b-2.r> 8-'..4 80.3 7ii.0i 77.0 ( -1.3 75.7 75.3 74.7 73.4 73.2 77.4 7G.2 "WAKAYAMA. 1 am 71.50 73.04 70.54 80.45 82.73 84.18 87.07 87.71 87.:'.7 84.13 80.(13 1 1 . 1 ', 81.09 74.31 1 79.91 80.32 ' 88.84 2 am 71.12 73.70 77.05 81.23 83.49 8--. 51 87.i'>5 88.51 88.02 8L", 81.13 78.02 81 .07 ^ 74.80 ^ 80.-59 87.22 ' 84.57 • ! am 71.88 74.01 78.35 81.97 84.40 8>-r.51 88.30 88.54 88.21 84.0,2 81.05 78.31 82.28 . 74.93 81.-57 87.78 84.08 4 am 71.80 75.54 79.10 82.50 85.05 8tj.C<', >'"8.70, 88.88 88.57 85.43 81.99 78.02 82.71 75.14 82.26 j 88.10 85.38 5 am 72.12 75.95 79.80 82.15 84.48 80.05 89.30 89.04 88.48 85.02 82.51 78.22 82.91 7-5.48 82.14 88.55 85.-52 am 78.45 70.49 79.88 82.21 82.St', 84.07 87.50 88.10 88.50 80.27 82.07 78.:)2 82.52 i 70.09 81.48: 8(U0 85.88 7 am 73.89 70.42 70.85 78,20 70,. 72 78.33 83,55 82.44 81.79 83.79 82.84 78.01 79.02 70.11 77.28 81.44 88.64 8 am 71.84 72.92 71.21 73.92 70.05 72.1 2 79,21 70,30 78,07 77.94 1 1 .-, I 75.31 74.75 ; 73.30 71.73 7-5.88 78.06 9 am CG.88 00.52 05.31 08.07 05.21 "'8.89 70.42 71,09 72,07 71.03 70.58 70.70 G9..50 68.08 GG.40 72.18 71.48 10 am 00.39 G1.50 G1.19 04.81 02.04 t;7.08 74,14 (;8,9i; G8.54 04.38 03.(15 0.5.87 05.26! 62.59 G2.88 70.00 6-5.51 11 am 5G.14 50.04 59.12 G1.98 00.14 04.04 72.80 GO,. 90, 05.33 00.13 59.15 01.28 01.98'! 58.02 60.41 67.95 61.54 Xuon 52.89 54.0,9 5G.18 00.78 58.49 02.84 70.80 G5.(12 03.24 58.20 50.03 58.G2 59.87 : 55.40 58.48 60.22 59.88 1 pm 51.42 54.22 54.98 59.07 58.18 02.94 09.98 G4.G0 i:8,08 50.80 55.42 57.75 59.04 ! -54.40 57.41 65.84 58.44 2 pm 51., 50 53.0,8 54.35 58.72 57.43 02.88 09.99 G4.27 0,2.38 55.93 54.91 57.28 58.60 :i 54.15 56.83 6-5.70 57.72 3 p.m 51.95 58,59 -.o >-•> 58.79 57.40 G3.87 09.40 05.82 03.08 50.89 5-5.78 58.40 58.93 54.65 50.64 GG.08 58.42 4 1 111 53.37 54.89 55.51 59.83 59.51 ' I--.23 70.89 00.97 0,4. 80 58.89 58.55 00.48 60.70 56.28 •58.28 67.70 60.60 5 pin 50.29 57.80 58.08 02.22 02.27 07.17 73.24 70.28 08.54 08.20 G4.86 G4.64 64.02!: 59.60 60.86 70.23 65.39 0, ] 111 59.0,2 02,31 03.00 G0.4C Co,.-iO, 09.84 7-5.72 7 3,. 5(1 78.59 70.07 08.00 08.75 68.15' 68.56 65.24 73.02 70.77 7 ] m 02.11 05.22 G7.89 70.32 71.70 74.-51 79.02 77.78 78.18 7:!.98 72.18 71.92 72.12 j! G6.42 69.97 77.30 74.78 8 ] m G4.10 07.97 70.34 72.02 74.00 77.81 82.02 80.14 80.54 70.57 78.92 72.74 74.45 68.27 72.52 79.99 77.01 9 ]'\\] G5.54 G9.f0 71.82 74.48 7G.08 79.89 82.87 81.47 82.00 78.10 75.30 78.G4 75.87': 69.66 74.18 81.24 78.47 10 1 m 06.88 70.80 72.84 70,. 47 78.40 81 .43 84.22 83.30 83.34 80.00 70.87 75.20 77.48 70.93 7-5.901 82.98 80.09 11 pm G8.78 72.41 74.04 77.59 80,05 82.77 85.75 85.38 84.7G 82.15 78.74 70.80 79.06 72.50 77.21 84.62 81.88 M.N. 70.00 78.77 75.74 78.97 80.89 83.38 8G.53 8G.5G 80.27 82.89 79.03 70.40 80.03 : 73.39 78.58 85.47 82.78 Moan 03.98 GG.47 08.04 71.44 71.G1 74.90 79.83 77.58 77.20 73.80 71. -38 70.49 72.19 ' 66.98' 70.86 77.44 78.98 6(; NAGANO. % .Ian. 88.4 l"eb. Mar. 84.2 81.:! May 78.2 .lime 8"..:! .fuly 8."..3 Aug. 84.2 Sept. 81..-, Oct. 8-->.0 Nov. 84.1 Dec. 84.2 Year 83.8 Wint. S,,r. 81 .2 Sum. 84.9 Au(. 1 am 8.-).4 83..-, ■J am 8; 1.2 84.7 S3.tl 78.S 70.4 8(1.(1 ,S8.4 8-,.d 87.1 89.4 81..", 83..", 84.0 8.-,.8 79.0 80.9 80.0 :'. am M9.2 84.7 8-"..l M.7 79.7 M7.") 88.2 8."..0 s:i.8 87.8 80.8 80.7 8.",..", 8G.9 82.2 80.9 8G.1 4 am 89.(1 8'i.:l 84.4 82.4 82.0 88.4 88.4 8',.:! Nd.O 89.:! 80.7 87.2 80.2 87.4 82.9 87.4 87.3 •"■> am 91. -J S4.8 ,S(1.(» 8:!. 7 8:5.:) M8,4 89.2 8(1.1 87.7 89.8 87..', 88.4 S7.2 88.1 84.-', 87.9 88.3 t) am 91 .7 8,s.] .s.'i.d 80. :l 79.1 84.9 8S.-J 87.2 80.3 91.2 89.] WU 8(1.7 89.G 81.7 86.8 88.9 7 am 91.2 87.0 82.7 79.7 78.-5 80.7 83.9 81..". 82..", 88.1 87.9 '.tO.2 84..-, 89..", 80.3 82.0 80.2 8 am 8,'>.2 81.7 78.9 7"). 9 7:'..:3 ( -I... 79.3 7 ',.8 77.3 84.0 84.4 88.0 80.2 80.0 70.O 70.9 81.9 '.' am 8'i.1 79.4 7. -,_•_> 71.4 07.1 (19.G 7">.G 71.7 73.0 79.4 84.9 7.",.8 83.1 71.2 72.3 70..', 10 am ^2.2 7 :!.'■• (17.2 (14.1 ■".'..y (12.(1 72.'.! 08.4 07.9 08.8 73.(1 82..S 70.0 79.0 02.4 08.O 70.1 11 ill.! 80.1 72.8 (14.^ (i:!.:? 'I't.X (10.:! d7.d (12. d v,d.l OG.l (18.1 70.1 00.7 70.:! 01.3 (i:i..:. o.j.s Xouii 77.0 71.7 (12.8 (10.4 •'.2.4 .",7.4 d",.7 .",9.0 .",9.9 C0.9 G.",.2 71.9 03.7 73..-, .-,8.--, 00.7 G2.0 1 ]")m 7:'..2 (I'.l.d (11.7 ".8.7 .-.1.1 .",4.9 (13.8 ■",9.1 .".8.3 ',8.0 G2.1 09.8 01. 7 08.3 .,7.2 .",9.3 -',9.7 ■_' pm 71.8 (1(1.2 -,- •. .".4.". 4."..3 .-,-,.4 (14.2 ■",9.4 •",S.4 .",.",.9 G3.1 dO.l .-,9.8 07.0 ■",2.:! ■",9.7 .-,9.1 :; ]im 72.4 (18.2 (10.4 ■".9.1 .-,;]_ 2 ■",9..". d-->.3 G1.8 00.9 G0.9 00.8 (18.8 G2.G GO..', .»7..", 02.2 00.9 4 p III 74.8 (19.7 (12.:'. (11.0 '.tl.2 Gl.d 08.(1 (l.",.d G.",.0 Gd.i G.',.G 72.7 (l--,.8 72.4 .")9.8 0.-,.3 0.').0 •'. l^m 77.") 7") "' (1 ■").■". 02.7 .".8.4 03.8 70.8 08.-", 71.0 72.1 G9.9 77.2 09.4 7G.0 02.2 07.7 71.2 (i pm (^2.2 ( -1.2 (17.:') (14.:^. ■".(1.8 (ld.4 74.8 72.7 74.7 7:1.1 74.9 77.1 71.G 78.2 02.8 71.3 74.2 7 pm 811.(1 78.0 78.4 7(1.(1 G"..:] 73.0 77.(1 7^">.2 78.1 77.9 7. '..4 77.9 7.-).3 78.S 09.8 7. -,.3 77..-) 8 pm SL'.4 79.:'. 7">.7 72.8 68.G 7G.4 79.2 78.] so.l 80.0 77.4 79.2 1 7..-) 80.3 71.0 77.9 79.4 9 pm So.d 82.(1 77.:'. 74.0 71.3 78.0 81.4 79.3 81.0 81.9 78.4 .^'0.0 79.0 81.9 74.2 79.0 80.4 10 pill S(1.9 8:'..7 1 7. 1 7"..l 70.9 80.:i 84.1 82.3 82.7 81.4 80.3 80.9 80..", 83.8 74.0 82.2 81..', 11 pill 8'i.7 No.d 81.1 77.7 7G.3 82.3 84..", 81. G 81.G 83.1 79.9 83.4 81.7 84.2 78.4 82.8 81..-) M.X. 87.1 84.". 8!.:. 7'*.:> 77.2 8;!. 3 8.').0 82..", 82.0 84..", 82.3 83.1 82.7 84.9 79.3 83.0 82.9 Moan ,s4.0 78.9 7:i(> G9.4 (14.1 72.9 78.8 7.-..8 7. ",.9 70.0 77.G 7 •",..", 7G.0 79.0 08.8 7 --,.8 TOKIO. 1 am 08.G' 09.0 j 7.").7 81.7 2 am O'.i.G 70.2 70.3 82.1 3 am 70.3 70.4 70.7 82.7 4 ain 7(>.'.i 71.0 77.0 83.4 .-) urn 71.", 71.0 i 1 .h 83./ am 72.0 71.0 77.0 8:! 3 7 am 73.1 70.-", 74.-5 79.1 8 am 07.7 OO..', 08.7 74.2 9 am 61.1 (11.3 03.4 09.8 10 am .",■',.0 .',0.0 .',9..', 06.8 11 am ■",1.3 .'.3.G .',7.2 65.3 Noon 4! 1.8 .".1 .1 •',0..5 63.6 1 pill 40.2 ■",0.2 -5-5.8 03.2 2 ]iin 48.8 ■".0.1 -5(1.0 63.1 :l pill 49.8, ■'.O.O 50.3 0:3.5 4 pm --,2.0 -',2.s 58.2 05.8 --) pi 11 •",8.0 .',7.0 01.3 08.9 G pm 02.7 02.7 0-5.8 72.2 7 pm 04.4 04.3 68.5 75.0 8 pill Od.O O-',.--, 70.7 , "'•<• 9 pm (17.0 GG.^', 72.0 1 78.2 10 pill 08.0 07.0 73.3 79.5 11 pni \ 08.2 07.8 74.0 80.8 i\r. X. 08.!^ 08.8 7-5.1 i 81.5 Mean 62.7 1 G2.8 67.8 ! 74.4 87.7 88.3 88.7 88.8 88.7 86.3 82.0 70.5 70.2 08.4 07.1 05.8 05.5 0-5.8 G7.4 70.8 74.2 78.4 .^1.0 82.7 83.8 85.3 86.5 78.0 90.5 91.3 92.3 92.9 92.8 90.:! 85.9 80.8 76.5 73.9 71.0 09.8 69.0 68.8 70.0 71.6 74.1 77.6 81.3 83.6 85.4 87.0 87.7 89.0 81.4 92.0 91.3 91.1 93.2 92.5 91.5 93.8 9:1.3 91.8 94.1 93.9 92.3 94.0 94.1 92.5 92.1 92.5 92.1 88,0 87.8 88.9 83.0 87.9 83.9 79.0 7G.7 78.9 76.4 72.8 74.8 74.5 70.8 72.1 72.6 68.8 70.6 71.4 67.8 09.8 71.1 67.3 09,9 72.0 67.8 70.8 73.3 70.0 73.3 70.0 72.0 76.6 79.1 77.5 81.2 83.2 82.0 83.8 85.6 84.4 8.3,8 87.G 86.3 87.4 89.1 87.9 88,5 90.4 89.1 89,4 91.6 90.3 90.1 83..5 81.6 82.8 87.0! 87.7 87.8 87.7, 88.2 i 88.2 j 80.(,t 80.5 , 74.7 70.7 07.4; 65.5 04.8 64.8 05.9 I 69.0 7.5.2 1 79.4 1 82.1 ! 84.2 i s.^\ 86.5' 80.7 87.0 79.3! 81.0 82.0 81.9 82.7 83.2 83.5 82.1 7.5.9 68.5 63.6 60.6 59.3 58.7 58.5 59.8 65.3 72.3 75..) 77.4 79.5 80.3 80.7 80.4 80,8 73,9 73,9 82.6 74.6 83.3 74.5 83.7 ' 74.7 84.1 7. 5.0 84.4 76.1 83.7 76.4 81.2 G9.5 7.5.8 j 01.3 70.3 1 ; 55.1 06.3 51.6 63.7 [ 49.2 62.0 ! 48.7 61.2 48.8 61.1 , 50.5 61.9 j 55.1 64.5 02.6 68,9 65.8 72.8} 68.5 75.8 71.0 77.9 71.0 79.1 1 71.5 80.3 i 1 72.0 81 .0' ! 72.7 81.9 65.4 74.5 70.7 71.4 71.7 72.2 72.7 ' 7:1.0 73.3 07.9 j GI.2I 55.8 52.2 50.0! 49.4' 49.2 50.3 53.5 59.6 ' 6:!,7 65.7 G7.5 68.2 69.1 69.3 70.1 63.7 81.7) 82.2] 82.7 S:!.l ! 8:!.2! H-'' •> 78.5: 7:!.l, 68.5: 6.)..) 63.G 02.4 61.6 61.5 ' 01. 9 63.8 07.0 j 70.7 1 74.2: 7G.2; 77.6 j 78.8 80.(» 81.1 7:!.4 91.4 92.4 93.1 93.6 93.6 91.7; 87.2' 8I.9! 77.4, 74.4 72.3! 70.4 09.4 (J9.1 69.9 71.7 74.2' 78.1 82.2 84.5' 8G.4 88.0 89.1 90.3! 82.2! 80.6 87.1 87.2 87.0 88.0 87.9 85.7 80.1 74.0 09.7 00.7 0-5.2 04.4 61.4 65.5 69.2 74.7 78.7 81.1 83.2 84.4 85.:! 85.5 86.0 78.7 (i7 SAPPORO. -.> Jan. .s4.i; Fel... r " " -Mar. A,,r. •Mny June S'.t.o July An,-. '.i:!.o Sept. Oct. Xuv. Dee. Year \Viut. S5.1 Spr. Sl.s Sum. 1(1.4 Aut. 1 am SN.l S4.4 M.7 7'.t.} '.(l.fl SS.ll S:l.l 82. s Si!..) S7.S L' am N'l.d 8N.:! S ■").:'. '^2.7 SI.:! 8'. 1.7 '.'2.M '•(2.7 112.0 811.2 S :!..") SL'.S S7.1 S."i 4 s:!.l Kl s ss.i! •'! am s.-i.s ss.i! sr,..", Nl.4 S2.(» S '.!.•_' '.'2.;t '.'2.7 1(2,2 SS.'.l S.'i.li si!. 7 S7.:! S5 I'l s:!.:! 1(1 l! ss.;) 4 am sr,.o NS.Ci N-'i.'] S2.0 82.U 8'J.'.t 'Jo/.] '.t:!.o 1(2."> SS_C, 84.7 82.7 S7.5 S5 s s:!.5 1(2 1 SS.I', •'i am Sl'p.d ,s7.7 ,S').( 1 N2.2 SL7 88.4 !i2.r, '.i:!..') icl.o Mt.O S4.S ■ s:!.7 S7.:! S5 s s:!.0 K] 5 SS.'.l *'< am S.'i.O ^7.2 S4.S 7'.t.(i 7C..1 S4..". S'.l.O fio.") m.'l SIM s."i.:l Sl.s S5.4 S4 7 SI 1.1! ss SS.7 7 am sr,.-2 s.-j.s Sl.N 7;;.s 70.1 711.4 s:l.'.i S"i.:! si;..") N."i.( 1 8:!.(1 si!..") Sl.'.i S4 .", 75.1! Sl! '.1 S5.( ) N am S-2.H S4.1 7"'.'i Cr.*.:') t!4.7 7", •) 7'.'.4 7',i_7 sl.s 7S.7 71'."> Sl.li 77.7 sl' 7 Ill 1.1 1 7s 1 S( I.I 1 '•• am NO..'! .^1.7 72.'.! ii"i.."j "I'J.Ci 70.'. 1 7").'-' 74.7 77.0 71.^ 74.:! 7S.2 7:!.(1 so (Itl.O 7:! 7 74.4 10 am 7'i.-) 77.(» (■>'.). 4 • p2.:! :,',.' ii7.1 71.4 71.'.> 72.1 • (17.7 70.2 7(1.0 Illl.S 7(1 5 (12.5 70 1 7( (.:! 11am 74.2 74.7 (I'.t.l i;l.(i ■":!.s i;4..-. 'i; '.7 (is.:! 70.0 (14.2 (17.7 74.0 117.1; 74 :; (11.:; (17 .-, (17. :1 Xooii 74.2 7i'i.t> 7(t.2 fii».:! ■"i:;.2 (i'!.7 <;'.t.2 i;7.4 (IS. 7 ii:!.s (17.0 7:! ■' (17. 2 74 5 (11.2 111! s 111!. 5 1 imi 74.r, 7').(; 71.2 Cd.N; ():!.8 (IS.C) 117.4 (111.(1 ii:!.4 (1(1.11 7. •>_.-, (17.4 74 1; (II.S iKl 1; mi.r, '2 ]im 74.(1 7 •').") 7(».l •'.I'.l •")4.4 (14.4 i;;i.4 (iS.'.l 71.1 (14.:! 1111.4 75.0 (IS.O 74 S (11.2 (17 c, (IS.i! :; pm 75.1 7 •'»..") 71.7 "iS.'.i •',i;.(i lira 71.4 7().s 72.7 (l^l.Ii -■> .-, 75.5 (111.4 75 4 (12.1 (IK 5 70.7 4 jiiii 7-"..4 71'.(» 72.',! 'I'J.X "iS.C, (js.i! 7;!.s 7;;.4 7').s 71.0 7 '1.7 7^.2 71.S 77 •") 11:1. S 71 s 74.2 ■") [im N(M s2.'i 7-"i.'. 1 i'>2.i'i c.l.s 70.") 7i;.:; 7-3.7 s;).i 7S.:5 7H.2 S( >.( > 75.:! so '.1 (1(1.2 74 •_) 711.2 <■> IMII (•^2.2 84.1 7S.r, i'i-j.7 i)ii.:! 71.2 so.l si. -J s •").•; s:3.4 SI ..", S2.0 7S.S Sl! s 70.2 7S 5 s:!.-5 7 1 m s;3.:; ^t'l.;! 7'.t.s 'i''.7 72.:; 7'-'.:! S4.S Si 1.2 S7.l( s"i.2 81.11 s:!.s SI. 7 SI 4 7:!. 11 S;! 5 S't.t 1 S Mil N2.S sr,.7 S2.] 72.:'. 74.7 s::.4 ss.o SIl.l Sli.") .s.-,.| s:!.l S5.S s:;.r, S5 1 71 1.4 SI', s sr,.o '•' ]M11 S'.',,.'< Nti.S Sl.:l 74.") ~r,,s S"i.:; s'-'.7 '.ti>.;! 110.1 ,sr, ') s:!.:! s."i.:! S1.4 S-") l! 77.2 ss 4 st'i.r, 1(1 pm s:5.:j 8S.il Si!.:! ''>.'■': 7').:; SC.i.l ■,.!».:, '.(1.(1 S'.l.l'i Si!. 7 S3. 7 S4.S S5.0 S."i 7 7S.0 s'. 1 7 St', 7 11 pm 82.:! 88.:; 8:1.:; 77.7 7N.4 S7.:; I' 1.2 '.(2.0 iiD.r, s 7 . ■") s:!.s s:!.] S •")..") S4 I'l SI 1.1 ) HO 1! S7.:! -M. N. .^^2.7 87.7 8:;.() S(i.4 7'.i.(i NS.:! •.'2.0 '••2.") lio.s SS.d s:!.l S2.7 S5.'.i S4 4 sl.o no ; 1 S 7 . : 1 Mean 81. (! 8:5.') 7S..') 7(i.s t;8.7 77.'.t N2.4 S2.(l S ;!.•") 71 (.'1 7s.l( 80.5 711.0 Sl 7 72.(1 S] SI 1.7 Hour \\ inter HAKODATE. Siii'ii NEMURO. 1 am 84.8 2 am 8.-..1 :! am 8-".4 4 am 85.0 5 am 85.4 (1 mil 85.8 7 am 85.:; 8 am 8:].li 11 am 80.:! ]0 am 78.:^. 11 am 7:J.8 No. ,11 72.4 1 ])m 7:!.l 2 pm 74.2 •' 1 11' 74.11 4 pm 77.5 5 i,m 78.11 11 '111 10 iUl 11 '1" M. N. Mi >ilU 80.4 82.:', 8;;.5 8:;. 8 84.0 85.0 84.11 81.2 82.2 82.1.1 8:!.4 84.2 84.5 82.7 78.S 7:!.4 70.:; 08.1 G7.0 (Id. 7 (J4.8 (14.(1 •55.7 ()t).(j (18.5 70.8 7:5.8 78.0 711.4 70.7 81.2 74.(1 Sum 111(31' Aiitumu Year A\'iuter Sjiiiii'^- 1(1.5 8:!. 7 85.7 78.7 80.2 (r) •) 84.5 8(5.2 77.11 8(1.:; HI. 11 85.1 1 80.4 77.1l 8(;.;; 1(2.2 85.4 8(5.7 77.1' 85.7 112.1 8-5.0 8(1.8 77.8 8(;.o 1 (1 1.8 85.1 80.2 78.4 84.2 87.4 8:!. 2 8:;.s 78.2 81.0 84. c. 711.:; 80.1 ^i! ■' 7S.2 Sl.ll 7;;.(j 70.(5 75.4 70.0 8( ».( 1 (111.5 74.0 74. s 74.2 78.4 (;7.o 71.0 7 : ! . ■_' 72.S 77.5 (;(j.2 70.4 7 '2.:! 7(;.5 (1(1.1 70.1 72.4 72.5 75.S 00.5 70.2 -■) ■; 72.1.1 7(1.4 (17.1 71.0 7:!.il 74.7 1 77.S (51 1.1 72.8 75.0 70.4 711.8 7:5.2 75.1 7.5.11 70.:! 82.2 7(5.1 77.4 7(1.:; 82.:! 85.2 78.7 80.0 75.11 8:!.l , 87.7 8( ).( 1 81.0 71 1.1 1 84.:; 811.1 81.7 8:5.2 7(1.4 84.:: l(t.i.:5 8:!.2 84:.i 77.7 85.5 1 10.11 8:!.2 84.8 78. '1 85.8 lU.d 8:5.5 85.4 77.1' S5.7 85.2 77.:! 711.0 7(1.1 80.7 umiiuu' Autumn Year 11 -5. -5 82.0 85.0 li.'i.i; 82.:! s. ',..-, '.15.1; 82.8 85.11 ii5.(; 82.0 85.4 115.:; 8:!.l 85.5 i<4.:; 82.5 84.0 1(1.7 80.2 Si!.'.i S8.S 7(1.:! 711.11 Si',.i! 72.11 77.ll 8:;.8 70.0 75.7 Sl.« 08.0 74.0 81.4 00.8 7:5 ■' 81.5 00.11 7:!.:! 81. .1 08.4 7:5. s 8;!.o 70.0 75.5 st.s 74.4 77.7 s7.ll 01.2 1I2.S li:!.li 114.2 1)5.1 115.2 115.4 1(0.1 7(1.11 78.11 711.8 8( '.( I SO.l 80.0 80.7 80.11 77.0 82.2 82.11 8:5. S 8:5.7 84.7 85.1 85.0 81.0 1{. .\>M AL VAHIATION OK THE TENSION OF A^^lEOl S VAl'Oril AM) THE liEEATIVE HrMlDETV. The aiimial variation i.i' the tcn>i('n dt" the a(|iiO()iis Napoiu', a> is shown in tlie foHowinu; tables, _U'oos. cvcnwht'i-f in this counti'v, hand in hand with tlic n.can t('nip;'iatur(' at that locality, — tliat is to sav, oreat in Minmicr and >niall in winter. The niaxiniuni is in Auunst and the mlniniuni in January. Tiie rann-e is al/out lo nun in tiie southern ])art>, and slowly ^ets smaller as we })rocced northward, and in Hokkaido it i> about 13 nini. Thus thouiih the vai'iations of tlie tension of a([ueous vaj)our and the air tenij)ei'ature aeeomjiany each other, yet their amplitudes do not. At the place whei-c the amplitude of tem])erature variation i,-> ^■veat, that ()f tension, on the eonti'ai'y, is small. M|:AX 'I'KN>I(iN OF VAl'orU IN MILLIMI'/rtlKS. Local iM Fl-I). I Mar. Air. Ma Nalia .s.'.i Ivagosliiiiia •i.'i Miya/aki •'..4 ]\oclii l.e, A\'akayaiiia 4.:; Oita ').0 Yaiiiaiuelii 4.:; Hirosliiina 4.') .Matsiiyaina 4..-. Okayaina 3.7 Ozaka 4.4 J\i()to 4.:; Kuinainoto 4.:; ♦Saga Nagasaki 4.4 I-ukuuka 4.1) Itsiigaliara 4.'.t Alauiiagaseki 4.7 Sakal 4.0 Tsu 4.1 Xagoya ■i.s G It'll 4.3 iraaianiat.su 4.1 Xuiiiazu 4.:; Tukio •^.7 Utsuiioiuiya ■_'.'• ' Choslii 4.C. Kana/.a\va 4.4 Fiisliiki 4.4 Nagano 3.3 Xiiga'a 4.1 Yaina-ata ••!.4 Akita 3.4 Fukii.sliiiiia 3.7 Isliiiiouialu 3.0 Miyako 3.0 Atjinoii ;',.0 Hak.*dat(j 3.1 SuUsu '!.>< Sai.]i: 4..") 4.3 •"..4 ").4 c.o ■'..1 4.S 4..". ■").l 4.3, 4.3 4.2 4..') 4.1 3.") •J.O 4.3 4.4 3.7 4.0 3>.r) 3.1 4.1 3.1 2.0 2.4 •> ']• 2.<; 2.4 2.fi 7.4 • 1.4 13.S 17.'.i in.s 12.f, 11.0 12.S lO.o 11.8 8.1-. 10.7 '.1.3 11.1 ,s.r, le.l 8.1 ; 11.0 '■K- lO.s 7.1 ;, ■) 8.0 lO.O '1.7 lO.-J 11.4 -">.'■' 8.1 10.4 A 8.4 10.7 ■").r, O.o 11.2 •').'■• 8.8 lo.s ■).o 8.3 11.0 ■").3 .2 r,.s .! luic July 10.-J -'J.,'-) 1 •;.-■. 20.1 10,. 8 ■_ii),'j ii;.o L'0,3 1-1. s r.'.i 1 ■-..(» I'.'.S 14.:; lo.o 1.').0 10.4 14.4 10.3 13.1 10.0 14.7 r.'.l H.2 18..-) 1").0 10..-) 13.8 20.0 ii;.2 1^0.3 ii."> 10.1 14.7 lo.s 1 4.S 10.- 13.0 18.3 14.4 10.7 13.3 10.(1 14.0 10.3 1").0 10..-, 1 1.'-. 18.7 14.7 18.0 13.1 18.2 14.0 18.0 13.7 18.1 14.0 10.;; 11.0 1").0 i:;.i 18.0 12.-_' 1'>.0 12.0 17.0 1 2.7 lo,.7 12.4 l'-,.0 11.0 l"..l 10.7 1.-..1 10.") 14.S 0.0 13.0 10.2 14.3 o.Oi 13.fl S.Li 13.0 0,2 12.0 •S.ll ll.s 0.1 12.3 O.o 12.f) Aug.iS(Mt. (.)ct. No\'. Dec. j 'li'ear \\'int.| Sj)!'. .Sum. Aut. 22.0 20.7 21.3 20..-) 10..-. ■-'0.7 18.0 10.7 ' 10..-. 10.0 ; 10.0 18.S lo.s j 20.2 [ L'0.3 20.2 [ 1^1.0 20.LM 10..; j 20.8 I lo.o; 20.1 20.1 10.4 10.7 18.-J 20.-. 18.8 20.0 It;.--. 18.8 17.2 18.--. 1S.2 1 s.s 17.0 10..7 10. t 1.-..N 1-..-3 14.1 14.0 1--..0 14.2 1.-..1 14.0 21.0 17.0 1S.4 17.<; v\:-'< 17.2 1. -...-> i<;.2 Is.O 18..-. i';.3 1.">.7 17. s 17.0 17.0 17.8 10.8 ii;.i; 1--..0 1 7.8 18.1 ii;.7 17.1 If..--, ii;..-, 17.1 I7.t; 1.-...-) 10.0 13.7 1--..2 14.--. 14.--) 1^.3 1--..1 13.S 12.0 1 3.0 12.3 11.7 lo.s 11.9 12.2 11.7 13.3 1 2.S If). 3 12.7 13.-_' 12.0 11.1 11.7 11.0 11.2 10.3 11.1 lo.f. u..-> 11.1 11.7 11.0 11.:; 11.4 10.7 11.1 li'.2 11.1 ll.f. 11.2 10.0 0.4 12.3 1n.4, 11.0 s.:; 0.1 s.o s.l ';.3 12,:; 8.0) S.s 7.8 S.l 7.4 8.0 8.0 S.l 8.1 S.O S.Ll 7.8 7.0 0,.:! 8.8 7.0 --..8 •;.i --..0 •-..4 ■-..4 4.(; 4.2 --).0 4.S 4.4 •->.o 11.1 ti.li 0..4 li.l -").8 --..4 t;.) 4.0 -..3 --..1 ';.--> O'.O 0.0 •i.--) e..4 .-).!; --..4 .-..8 --..0 -■..4 --..4 ■-..1 •;.4 i 4.e. -..0 4.0 4.4 4.0 4.N 4.0 3,.S :;.o 3.S 3.1 8.2 3.S 3.4 4.2 i.-..<; 12.1 12.:; 11.4 10.0 11.3 10.4 10.7 11.1 10.3 10.0 10.2 11.4 11.0 11.--. 11.2 11.2 10.0 10.3 11.0 10.4 10.0 10.0 1 o.<; 10.4 0.7 11.4 10.0 10.7 8.7 0.0 7.1 7.1 c, s 10.4 0.0 -"..0 4. '.I 4.7 ■ >A ] .-..0 4.0 --..I 4.) 4.7 4.*; ^.0 .-..0 4.S --).0 4.7 4.7 4..-. 4.7 4.2 :;.8 .-. 3 4.7 4.8 3.0 4.1 4.0 3.7 4.2 4.0 3.4 :;.4 3.3 2.0 2.8 _. I 3.4 14.3 10.2 10.4 0.4 S.3 0.0 s.-j 8.4 8.8 7.1 ' 8.3 0.4 j 8.1 I 0.1 8.0 8.7 8.4 7.8 8.--. 7.0 8.2 8.') 7.4 0.2 7.4 7..S (').3 7.0 0.3 0.4 Oi,7 •;.s -').S -).s •3.4 ■-..1 4.0 4.7 5.1 5.4 21.2 lo.-_' 10.7 is.o 17.S is..-. 17.4 is.o 17.7 17.3 17.8 17.2 18.1 18.0 18.0 17.0 18.--. 18.1 17.3 18.3 17.3 I 18.0 18.2 17.f. 17.8' n;.--> 18.1 it;.o _ 18.2 ' 14.8 ii;.o ' 1--..1 10.0 15.0 I lo.o 11.4 14.2 13.0 1 3.2 13.3 12.4 ! 1 2,0 12.4 11.4 I 12.2 j 12.2; 1 10.5 13.1 l:;.5 12.5 11.0. 12.3 10.0 ll.e. 12.4 12.0 11.7 11.--' 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.1 11.0 11.4 12.1 11.7 11.7 12.1 ll.s 11.5 lo.o 12.0 ll.o 11.8 0.2 10.7 0.5 0.0 10.0 10.4 0.5 8.S 8.0 8.5 7.!^ 7.1 S.'J 8.1 S.3 S.2 0.1 69 Since tlic rclativi' humidity dcpi'iuls on the amount of a(|Ueous vapoui' and also on tlic tcm])erature, tlie annual variation of the relati\-e humidity can not be e(jual cverywhei-e. There are, indeed, consl- (leral)le diiference.s between the front Xii)p()n and the back Xij)])i)n. The annual variation of the relative humidity on the l>ack Nippon has two maxima and minima, of which the absolute minimum durinu' the year occurs between April and INIay, and the absoUite maximum at July. The u'cneral feature of its variation is as follows. From November onward, the relatiNc humiditv increases uradually to January when it reaches a maximum. Then it de(a'eases suddenlv and at April or May it has the minimtim value of the year. A^ain it increases (piickly until Julv when it has the maximum value of the year. Then it decrea-e- slowly, and after passing- a minimum toward the end of autunm, it again inca'cases to the maxinuun at -January. On the front Nippon, we have a pair of the maximum and the minimum humidity in a year, of which the maximum is in July and the minimum in February. l>ut on closer examinations, it seems to have secondary minima both at ^[ay and August. Details are given in the next table and the Plate VI. IvF.r^ATlV]-: HUMIDITY. ! Jan. Fel'. .March April May .fuiie .luly August Sei-t. Oct. Nov. Dec. \'ear IJack sid 83 82 78 7t) 70 82 84 82 82 80 80 82 81 1 S'" coast I'.i fis 71 70 70 si 84 82 82 78 75 73 7') Fioiit sill e< E"'coasi 75 70 74 -•> 83 80 85 85 81 1 1 73 70 f !■: i S CO.', SI ^ ,.r llukkai'lo M 84 So 82 83 8r» 91 W 88 82 70 80 85 Since our countrv is C{)m])letely ,-nrrounded by seas, the relative humidity is very high every- where; and e-pecially it is highot in the southeastern ])art of Plokkaido. In this district, the mean of the vear is 85 and even in the most dry month it is not lower than ~U, and in July it reaches 91. This is probablv due to the fact that the <'old cairrent from Kamtchatka touches the coast of this island, and tlierebv cold an humidity in the mean of the yeai-. The details for the relative humiditv are <>iven in the f )llowing table : — 70 Mean iti;i,Arj\'E iir.MiJ)iTY Locality. Nalia IvanHjsliinia Mivazaki Kuclii W akayaiiui (liia '^'aiuai^iielii ] 1 ii'osliiiiia Mat suya Ilia (_)i\ayaina Ozaka Kioto J\iiinamoto Saira Xa.uasalu l''ukiiiii\a I tsa^allal■a Aliainauas(;lvi Sakai Tsu Xa<^oya ( ; i fu Ilaiiiaiuatsii Xiiina/.ii Tokio Ktsiiiiomiya ('i:o-]ii ivaiiazawa Fusil iki Xa;^^aiio X'ii;4'ata ^'aiiia:^ata Akita i uluisliiiiia l-]iiiioiua!;i Miyuko Aoiiiori Jlakodate Suttsu Sajiporo Kainil^awa Soya Aljasliiti X'eimii'o Ivusliiro ]-]riiiio • Ian. I'\>li. Mar. ■ A\ 7ii I ■) I •) 7. j 74 77 74 (■,4 ('lit (18 8:2 80 84 M 87 84 7'.t 8-2 71 81 8-J 82 77 !i4 8') 81t 8'J 80 (12 '>7 1)7 li)') 81 84 78 7'.' 8:') 82 71') 80 80 8:! 7'.» 87 8'.» W 74 '.•2 8.'> !l I N7 7"' 7'* 7s 7 s I'lS 74 ■'•' 74 80 80 7N 80 87 8<'. 80 82 Ci'.l 74 7,s 74 7ti 84 78 81 8:! Si 7.S ! M 7') : so (•)'.! i;s 81 7'i SI (-.4 I •) 74 70 S'.i 7'.i 8:5 7<) 8'. I 84 7S SI 84 82 81 8;i 81 So 81 88 / •) 81 7(; So 7!J 84 80 8!t 84 1(4 84 Si", 78 So So SI 82 81 7S 78 78 So S2 S2 87 8o 81 S7 7ii 80 Si'i s:') 84 81 ; ss 8"' 8'.t 7;t 82 81 8') 87 So ss 8-3 8:5 •Jl 8c. so S4 74 s:'> SO SI S-' 70 si s:; s.-, 84 I I 711 82 80 82 8:5 8.") 78 85 70 7<'. 81 8o 8:5 87 80 81 So 84 82 80 S8 80 811 811 ;t:5 81 70 S4 78 8o 81 70 78 8:> 84 8*1 81 81 82 80 8:! 8:5 82 81 8") 70 78 82 8o 84 So 81 S4 82 8:5 84 80 1.10 88 78 80 77 ' 70 80 ! 75 7") j 74 1 7 77 7l( 81 77 I 78 74 : 70 74 i 75 70 80 7'i 78 80 8:1 81 80 78 80 84 84 84 80 8:1 82 I I 711 i 71i 80 711 80 8:5 I I 78 82 Si 7'i 80 74 ) i 78 80 80 K) 78 81 70 70 1 i 71 80 ■ 8:5 74 70 1 t 74 7') 81 75 ' 70 74 78 84 81 71 7i'i OS 71 S4 77 70 7:5 O'.l 71 70 7o 70 71 77 8:5 78 1 1 77 7'i 82 78 7'i 7- 70 78 74 77 -., 80 80 73 1 '■> 71 07 70 ^' — / 1 74 75 74 74 1 1 77 70 77 78 7:1 7 / 70 78 7i; 7'i 74 78 7 ( 7 ".I 75 7'i 08 80 7'i 75 "' 75 7'1 81 7'i 70 711 1 1 i 1 81 80 70 7o 1 7 7'i 84 81 70 77 70 7'l 84 7o 74 1 1 75 75 80 77 1 :> 77 70 7:5 8:5 80 7'> 80 77 1 '»', f 74 70 75 80 08 75 05 74 8:1 1 i 01 1 75 '17 74 81 1 t • 10 7 7'i 75 80 00 7'1 70 80 78 SO 75 80 78 84 70 3:, (ill 70 81 82 82 8M 77 85 8:-5 '' 77 77 00 82 80 70 81 80 75 87 82 71 78 72 74 8'i 81 70 78 80 75 81 78 81 82 81 I'l 87 81 81 81 82 1 1 84 80 71. 70 78 75 82 81 80 82 IH) 75 78 84 85 87 8'i 87 00 85 87 85 80 81 8'i 85 75 82 74 81 00 81 80 85 80 70 80 85 70 87 i 81 88 04 8;^ We liavc incntioncd :il)Ove, that since our coiintrv is surrounded on all sides by seas, the atmosphere is ahvavs damp. But it is, l)v no means, rare that the atmosphere is very dry, and the relative hnmiditv decreases below oO. Let us now irive in the followino- table th(> mininuim values of the relative hnmiditv observed at several stations, since their e-^t:ibli:-hinents. ExiKKMKS OF i;i:i.ATIVK Hl'MIDriV. I.o.aiity. Miniiiuiin ] ta y .M,.nth X-.Xl Yrar 18'.»i Locality. Tdkii) .Miiiinuun 10 1) ly .Mouth \ oar Xalia 41 •3 1: 14.1^1 :, 1 IS.s'.l l\aiiii>liiina ]4 1". 11 ISS'.I I isiiiniiiii\ a •2[ IS 11 isoi Miyaxakl 14 !•'. 11 is V.I (•!i(.>l.i 11 I'i 11 1 SS7 l\iiclii 1'-. •'. 1 ISS'.I l\ai:a/.a\\'a 10 :;(! III IS'.ll \\'allnki •Jl ■J(l ^' is'.n Oi!a •)•) L'li 1 ls;il Xaiiaiio i:; ■_'•'. i\ isso Ilirvsliiaia M -!(> 111 isss Xiijiata 2\ .", \\ ISS'.l .Matsii}aiiia ■)■> 'J II isni ^ aii;a;-at;i r.i ;'.l III ISOl Okaya:i:ti '2'] i:; A' Is'.H Akita •)•) •>•) w Isol 0/aka '22 14 1 IS'.ll l-"uki;sliiiii:i 17 N :•_'(! \ IS'.ll Iviotu It) ■'■'! 111 isss Uliilioliial^i •j- 2X w 1 sss Iviiip.aiiioto :^--.:lo lll:\' is'.n -Miyako 14 2\ III ] sss Sa;ja , •*.", III IS'.ll Aciiinri IS I'.i i\- 1 SS7 Xagasaki •j( 1 ■'■) II 1 sss Hak((lato s I'.i I 1S7S Fiilaioka -7 •J 4 \ 1 s; K 1 Sutl.-u is ■_); i\ ISSS lt,si:,ualiani L'4 :'() ill ism Sapion. s 21 w isss Akaiiia^:ascld •>[] ].: I'.i.-ji \:W lSSS:'.il Kaiiiikawa • >•> S;17 \' isoi Sakai is ]:! \ isss Soya lo ■jj XII IS'.IO -\' 17 1 is;.] Aka^lnii 2n IS \- IS'.ll Xa,-f.ya -!4 ■ 'A' \ IS'.ll X'eimiru •_'o s:ir, \":XII is ss:'..l Gifii 1^4 - \ 1 ss.-, J\ti.~];ii-o is 1-J I Is'.il Ilainainatsu l.-. ',1 II is: in J'lriiiiM •JO ■J'.i 1 ISOI X'uina/.ii 18 4:1, -JO 1:111 1 Okayaina -!•'>. ( 2 IX ISOI l.o •-'4 O/ika ■J' 1.1 2 \lli ISS'.I l.:i iL.ii; Kiiito •Jl.'.i 2'.) \ II 1 sss l.r, \2 Kinnamoto ■)~ ■> 11 IX IS'.ll l.s 11 S;|rra •"'.O.:', :; IX 1 s; i( ) L4 10 Nagasaki JO.o 7 \ll isso :-'.•-! IS Fukuoka ■Jli.O 17 \ III isoi •_'.:; 17 Itsiiualiara ;5l.o \-\ \II isss 1.7 1(1 Akaniasaseki li'i.O ■".;r.i \ III;\ II 1SS4:S7 1.4 14 Sakai -Is. J 4 \III iss;; 1.'-. '.I; 1-J,.". Tsu ■Js.j ■_'•■'. \ III ISS'.I I.'. 14:17 X^airoya "J"). 8 1-J \III 1S9() 1.:! 10 (; it'll "_'|'."> "_' \ III Is.so 1.4 1:10 I Iaiii:onat>ii •J.')_S \III ISS'.I 1 ».o in Nviiiiazu 2\y, "J "J \ III isso 1.0 I'.i .M.mtli I XI Year ]S91 L'(».7 1SS9 :!o.:; isst) :',l.n 1 SS9 J").(i 1S91 -•"l.s ISOl ;;o.4 1 ssj -7.7 isrn l^s.l ISOl •)•) •) IS'.ll :^4.s ISSC, 2-\:-\ ls!)l ■J'..4 ISOl JS.'.l 1 ss.-, JO.S ISOl ■_':',. 7 isol J'l.'. 1 isol -!4.", lss4:,si; Jl ',.(■, IS'.lj ji'i_7 is ',1(1 ■J4..", lss4:0l •J"i. 1 ISOl J4.0 1 ss.-, J:',.o. EXTJII-LMKS OF TENSION OF YArori!. Locality. Maxiiiuun ..3. Month Year Aliiiimuni Day .Alonth Year Range Toldo 24 VII 1.S79 0.8 2.".,2C.:10 1 1881 ;84 28.1 rtsunoinivii -!:!.'.» •) AJII 1S91 1.0 ]0 II 1891 22.'..t Clioslii ;io.o i<; \\\ 1890 1.0 1-") II 1887 29.0 ICaiiiizawa :M.2 - \lll 1M8(; 1.9 12 n 1887 :;2.8 Fusliiki oO.-i 8 A'lll 1889 1.") 12 1 1880 28.7 Nagano i L'2.') '.( A III 1889 1.0 27 11 1891 20.8 Niignta ;]1.5 14 IX 1891 1.7 18 11 188") 29.8 Yaii!ai.:a'a ■2:\X> 21 AM II 18811 1.2 2'.i I 1891 22.4 Akita ■ V-'.'I i:; A'] II 1884 0.7 •Kll ii-.i 1888;89 22.r> I'ulnisliima 2s. s ir, Ail 1889 0.9 :! II 1891 27.9 Isliinoir.aki 2-"),N 19 All 1890 l.<> <;:io 11 1888;91 24.2 Miyako 2i\X, 14 A' 1888 1.1 19 1 1880 2").-) Aoiiiori ' 24.0 ."i AMII 1882 1.1 7; 18 ll;I 188:-3;84 22.9- Hakodate ■J:'>.M :',(i VII 188:5 0.") H;:2 XII 1884;8(') 2:5.:] Sultsu 2"i.(; ;!l AH 1889 0.7 ."■. II 188.) 24.9 Sapjoro 24.S 2(» All 188;] O.'j 17 I 1891 24.:] JCaiiiikawa 2S AMI 1888 0.1 24 II 1890 2r>.C> Soya 2'J.:! ') L\ 1890 0.8 1') 1 1890 28.5 A])askii-i 2'..!l :«» All I 1890 O.H l."),19:28,29 1 1890:91 25.1 Neimiro 2.\') ;!() All 1888 0.0 19::!0 1J;I 1888;89 24.9 Ivushiro 25.S ii IX 1890 0.2 i:',:12 1 1890;91 25.0 ICiiino 2-1.4 20 All I 1890 1 0.4 29 ] 1891 24.0 73 CHAPTER V. THE AMOUNT OF CLOUD. The amount ol'cloiitl i;iveH \\vvv is ex[)resse(l in a pi-(>j)orti(jnal nuinlxT from (J to ]0. When tlie whole >ivy is clear and no cloud is seen, it is taken as zero, and wiicn the whole ^ky is obscured bv cloud it is taken as 10. A. IHIKNAL VAIJIATION OF 1 HK AMOl.M OF ( LOFO. Thi'ougliout the cinuitr\-, the amount of cloud is always oreat in daytime, and small hv uio'ht w ithout any exceptions amoni;- ditVerent reasons. There is sudden increax" in its amount frt)m about two hours bi'fore the .Mini'ise, and it reaches its maximum value at tiie >uiH'i^e. 'I'iien after some increment and decrement, it has ao'ain another maximum just before the sunset ; and during' about three liours after .-unset, the rate of its decrease is \-er}- (juick. The diurnal variation of the amount of cloud lias uenerally two maxima and minima. The maxi- ma occur constantly for all se.isons at the sunri,-e and the sunset, but tlu^ time- of the minimum amounts vary greatly at dilferent reasons and at dilfeient places so that thev seem to have no tixed rule for their occurrences. For the details, see the following tables and the Plate VII. HoiRLV -MEANS OF CLOUD A>[Ol'NT. KUMAMOTO. ^'>'^ Fein .March April May June •Inly All J,' 11. si Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year 1 am 5.29 4.75 0.58 0.52 5.1'J O.ss 5.54 4.41 5.07 4.21 3.30 5.55 5.35 '2 am 5.37 4.05 r).03 0.34 5.83 7.20 5.77 4.70 5.09 4.79 :!.41 5.50 5.49 3 am 5.88 5.20 0.70 0.41 5.58 7.10 0.40 5.13 5.05 4.47 3.71 5.27 5.);:> 4 am n.oi; 5.38 0.72 r..05 5.U5 7.53 0.71 5.20 5.59 4.74 4.10 5.20 5.85 5 am 0.27 5.72 7.00 7.03 0.47 7.8); 7.27 5.84 5.98 4.13 4.27 4.97 0.07 f) am (■..(»2 5.57 7.54 7.35 7.03 7.51) 0.1))'. 5.95 7.00 4.41 4.07 5.29 0.21) 7 am t;.82 0.37 7.15 7.43 0.80 7.32 0.94 5.02 0.12 4.58 4.03 (;.oi 0.32 8 am r..7i (;.3'J 7.14 7.01 0.1J5 7.50 0.00 4.24 5.97 4.77 l.flO 0.19 0.17 'J am 7.01 0.70 7.33 0.82 0.43 7.70 0.50. 4.55 0.25 4.50 4.22 (;.3o 0.20 10 am 5.82 0.04 7.27 0.80 0.14 7.58 0.58 4.80 0.10 4.74 4.43 0.00 o.o.^> 11 am 5.82 (;.7i O.'.l'.t 0.70 i>.28 7.52 0..70. 5.15 0.30 5.17 4.23 5.38 ):.09 Xooii 6.40 7.01 O.'.tO 0.,S() 0.21) 7.87 0.40 4.71 0.82 5.18 4.30 5.93 0,23 1 i,m (j.'.lo 7.07 i;.8o 0.1)4 0.25 7.8'J 0.40. 5.))4 0.49 5.) 15 4.48 5.03 f..25 2 [>m 15.85 7.43 7.07 0.81 0.25 7.81 0.51 5.04 0.49 5.32 1.43 5.09 0.31 3 [im 0.74 7.17 7.34 0.70 0.42 7.0.4 0.81 5.45 • 0.04 5.11) 4.28 5.82 0.35 4 pm r..2l o.si; (;.'.>() 0.01 0.02 7.) 18 7.30 5.72 7.20 4.09 3.90 5.95 0.31 5 pm 5.7 !l 0. [im 5.80 0.!i2 7.25 O.'.tl G.78 7.01 7.91 5.98 7.50 5.29 4.40 5.54 0.50 7 jitii 5.03 5.71 O.'.tO 7.00 7.23 8.05 8.39 )'..57 7.71 4.77 3.53 5.19 0.35 8 pm 4.07 4.70 (;.oo o.:',5 0.52 7.84 8.08 5.55 0.:')5 3.59 3.42 5.42 5.71 11 ]im 4.83 5.10 O.OC) 0.35 5..50 O.OO 0.02 4.75 0.10 !.()( 3.15 5.70 5.30 10 pm 4.7'J 5.17 0.38 0.30 5.48 );.)'ii) 0.33 4.11) 0.49 1.29 3.10 5.82 o.M 11 pm 4.70 •J.8(; 0.00 0>.47 5.85 )>.38 5.89 3.99 );.3i 4.(;i 3.25 5.88 5.3)1 M.N. 4.84 4.',)7 f;.:',7 (5.02 5.5-") 0.40 5.80 4.23 5.91 1.37 ;!.40 5.75 5.3,0 Mean 5.80 5.! lit 0.85 0..70 0.25 7.40 .;.74 5.09 •5.42 4.00 4.00 5.09 5.98 74 HIROSHIMA. '^;>^". "'//X:^ ,laii. F.,1). March April May .luiif. July Au.i^iist S.M.t. Oct. Nov. Dec. Yeti r 1 am r).4o 5.1:5 5.1:5 .'..07 4.50 5.00 0.0:5 4.00 0.13 4.03 3.43 4.83 5.14 2 am .-,.;-);', 5.G7 .-..17 (1.07 4.00 5.0:5 0.0:5 3.83 5.07 4.83 :3.77 5.20 5.22 :5 am •').7>) 5..S0 5.20 0.07 4.0:5 .-..7:5 (1.7:5 4.20 5.87 5.07 3.70 5.00 5.39 4 am .').07 5.00 .-..10 (1.20 5.00 0.5:5 7.1:5 4.00 (1.43 4.80 3.80 5.70 .5.50 o am .-..117 5.17 .-..70 (1.70 5..-.0 (1.00 8.2:5 .3.47 0.S7 4.37 3.43 5.53 .-..70 am ").(■.:> 5.S7 ('..:!7 7.00 (l.:57 7.0:5 8.27 5.70 7.27 5.27 4.33 5.83 0.31 7 am Ci.S:! 7.10 (;.r,7 7.57 0.07 7.07 8.00 0.1:5 7.:)7 5.20 4.0:5 0.37 0.00 S am r..:i7 i;.oo O.Ci;! 0.07 0.2:5 7.0:5 7.77 5.00 7.10 5.00 4.07 0.47 0.47 '.t am 7.00 7.17 0.07 0.7:5 (1.1:5 7.07 7..-)0 (1.00 7.2:5 4.57 4.03 0.40 (1.47 10 am 7.40 7.1:'. 0.0:1 (1.7:! 5.; 10 7.4:! 7.:5:5 5.83 (1.00 4.37 4..10 (1.13 (1.38 11 am 7.8:! 7.-I:! 7.1:! 0.8:5 (I..-10 7.:5:5 7.5:5 5.07 0.01) 4.07 .-..03 (1.40 (1.05 Noon 8.27 ( . / :> 7.00 0.07 0.5:5 7.5:! 7.40 5.03 (i.sd 5.37 4.07 0.03 (1.77 1 pill 8.40 7. ( :> C.'.i:! 7 ■':! (1.70 7.:57 7.47 5.77 0.73 5.77 4.03 0.8:5 0.82 '1 pm 7.s:', 7.47 0.7:! 7.10 0.57 7.47 7..-.;5 .5.70 0.03 (1.13 .-..17 (I..57 0.74 •"' l"'i 7.07 7_;;;> f..40 7.10 0.70 7.27 7.07 .1.03 7.10 .5.70 5.10 (1.03 0.00 4 ]im 7.:>7 7.17 5.80 0.07 0.57 7.27 7.7:! 5.73 7.10 5.73 5.50 0.20 0.57 •') pm 7.00 7.2;! O.OO 0.70 0.40 7.:5:5 ( .7:5 (1.10 7.13 5.83 5.00 5.8:5 0.52 t> Jim 0.7."> 0.47 .-..70 (1.80 0.4:5 7.07 7.70 0.20 7.10 (1.07 4.03 5.03 0.33 7 ]im r,.o:; .-..4:1 5.:57 (1.07 0.5:5 7.70 7.00 0.27 7.00 5.20 ;5.33 4.37 5.00 S y.ni r^XA) 5.0;! 4.07 5.77 5.77 7.2:5 7.40 4.00 0.20 4.07 3.47 5.27 5.52 K ]im r.M 5.1;'- .-..1:5 5.47 .-..17 0.:!7 0.17 4.2:5 .5.03 5.17 3.27 4.07 5.14 10 pm ."..00 ."..1:! 5.:5:! 5.7:^, 5.00 0.10 (1.00 4.00 5.70 5.37 2.00 4.47 5.14 1 ' pm r>..-)() 5.:iO 5.17 5.0:5 4.8:5 5.70 0.07 4.00 5.70 4.', (3 :5.17 4.78 5.U M. N. 5.80 5.40 .-..10 (1.0:5 4.0:! 5.77 (l.:!7 4.00 0.13 4.00 3.57 5.40 5.28 Mean 0.48 (•..:U 5.04 0.57 5.s:5 0.05 7.20 .5.22 0.01 5.10 4.18 5.71 (1.02 MATSUYAMA. 1 am 4.00 5.70 •-..'55 5.55 .5.05 0.25 5.85 3.05 .5.70 4.70 2..50 5.55 5.00 2 am 4.35 5.50 5.70 (1.00 5.0.-) 5.40 0.05 4.05 5.75 4.75 :5.oo 5.75 .5.10 :5 am 4.05 .5.05 5.50 (1.00 4.00 5.00 (i.;5o 4.05 0.0:) 4.80 :5.40 (1.05 5.34 4 am 5.30 5.10 4.85 0.35 5.05 0.70 0.70 5.00 0.80 4.05 3.50 0.10 5.51 5 am 5.15 5.( l( ) 5.00 (1.40 .-..45 0.80 7.25 5.:55 7.25 3.05 3.. 50 5.00 5.(i:5 (1 am 5.20 5.00 0,35 (1.70 5.85 7.00 7.45 5.40 7.55 4.55 4.00 5.05 5.04 7 am (1.10 (1.05 0.25 7.15 5.05 7.25 7.10 5.: 1 5 7.:3() 5.05 4.35 (1.25 (l.l-S 8 am 0.20 5.85 (1.35 0.55 0.05 7.:5() 7.05 5.0;) 7.05 4.00 4.0J 0.20 0.00 am 0.:50 0.75 0.00 0.35 0.20 7.40 7.05 .5.10 7.00 5.00 4.75 0.30 (1.18 10 am (1.05 0.50 (1.20 (I..55 0.00 7.50 7.05 5.:50 (1.75 4.80 4.50 0.45 0.10 11 am 0.00 (1.05 (1.40 0.55 0.15 0.80 7.00 5.:50 0.05 4.85 4.30 (1.05 0.18 Noon 0.05 (1.70 0.85 0.05 0.01) 7.35 7.15 5.40 0.35 5.10 4.20 (1..-.0 (1.10 1 pm 7.05 (1.70 0.80 0.1(» (l.Ol) 7.40 (1.75 0.0.) 0.45 5.20 4.55 5.85 0.24 2 pm 7.15 (1.05 0.(15 (1.05 (1.20 7..-.0 (1.05 5.S.-, (1.8.-, 5.20 4.20 0.00 (1.32 :! i.m 7.15 0.15 (1.50 Tl.,S5 (1.55 7.25 O.HO 0.:!0 (1.25 5.50 4.00 0.15 0.:^.4 4 ])m (1.00 (1..-.0 0.20 (i.;55 (1.20 7.55 7.40 0.20 7.15 5.35 4.80 0.10 (l.:50 5 pi 11 0.15 0.50 0.15 (1..55 5.80 7.35 7.:)5 0.80 7.:50 5.50 4.70 5.55 0.31 pm (1.25 (l.:55 0.05 (1.70 5.80 7.:55 7.15 7.00 7.:50 5.15 4.15 4.80 0.18 7 \)\\\ .-..15 5.80 0.10 (i.;55 5.80 7.:!5 0.00 (1.45 0.05 4.25 4.15 4.:55 5.77 8 jmi 4.00 5.20 5.:i5 0.00 5.75 (1.05 (1..-.0 5.40 (1.00 4.20 ;5.50 4.85 5.33 pm 4.50 5.05 5.05 5.80 5.10 5.55 5.40 4.00 5.H0 4.30 3.00 4.75 4.08 10 1.111 4.45 .5.10 5.45 5.70 4.75 5.00 5.05 4.45 5.35 4.20 3.15 5.20 4.0:! n i.m 4.80 5.15 5.:30 5.85 5.40 5.05 5.00 4.35 5.50 4.20 3.05 5.15 5.02 M. N. 5.05 5.25 5.30 5.80 5.15 (1.15 0.15 4.15 5.00 4.50 2.85 5.35 5.13 Moan .5.70 5.87 5.03 0.20 5.00 0.70 0.70 5.:50 0.53 4.70 3.00 5.73 5.78 OZAKA, O) >>^^ .Jan. Feb. I^raich A pri 1 ^ray .In lie July August Sept. Oct, Nov. Dec. Year 1 am 4.50 r..27 5.; 17 0.17 5.22 0.15 0.:55 4.50 5.50 5.10 4.42 4.45 '>.m 2 am 4.48 ■>. 1 1 5.7:3 0.17 5.02 5.87 0.70 4.87 5.00 5.12 :5.02 4.57 5.;5l .") am 4.S0 n.40 5.50 0.42 4.'.t7 5.07 7.02 4.00 5.15 4.87 4.:50 4.05 5.:5:5 4 am 4.ry.] r).(;;5 5.07 0.:50 5.80 0.70 7.07 5.10 5.25 4.(57 4.47 4.47 5.50 5 am 4.47 5.(;:] 5.20 7.25 0.77 7.25 8.07 0.77 0.07 5.00 4.17 4.:55 5.97 • ) am 4.'.i:] i3.!t7 5.70 7.75 7.07 7.25 8.K5 7.10 0.02 5.85 4.05 5.00 0.42 7 am ('..?,7 tl.40 0.07 7.:lO 0.87 7.27 8.05 7.07 0.55 5.87 5.52 5.H7 0.05 8 am ().37 <1.40 0.00 7.00 0.42 7.00 8.45 0.S5 (;.i5 5.02 5.:57 5.82 0.55 !• am i\M> 0.57 0.<'>7 7.27 0.52 1 .1 t 8.22 0.02 r..45 5.40 5.;52 5.80 0.50 10 am rju O.iiO 0.70 7.22 r,.52 8.07 7.02 0.47 0.40 •">.7'> 5.02 5.02 0.00 11 am t;.<;7 7.80 7.0:5 7.02 0.82 7.05 7.87 0.22 0.00 5.85 5.40 0.05 0.85 Noon <;.ii7 7.07 7.27 7.72 7.25 8.07 7.55 5.05 0.05 0.27 5.75 0.17 0.0 i 1 ]>m 7.40 8.2:5 7.:10 7.05 7.27 8.02 7.:5 ( 0.12 0.57 0.15 5.52 0.12 o.o.s 2 pm 7.t'i;3 7.8:5 7.27 7.72 7.20 7.70 7.45 (5.17 0.75 0.00 0.20 0.:55 7.02 ;! i.m 7.:-.(» 8.17 7.07 7.i:o 7.15 7.00 7.i;o 0.20 0.85 5.87 5.05 0.15 7.0:5 4 ],m 7.47 7. '••7 7.:50 7.07 7.40 7.00 7.07 •5.45 7.02 5.c>7 5.05 5.05 7.0:! 5 pm (;.8:! 7.5:5 7.1:5 7.07 7.27 7.07 7.02 0.85 7.:57 5.50 5.05 5.o7 (J.OiJ '■' P"> •").o7 ('..'.to 0.50 7.50 7.02 1 . 1 1 7.82 0.00 7.17 5.47 4.17 4.17 0.41 7 pm 4.2:1 5.00 5.0:5 0.72 0.77 7.42 7.02 0.00 0.55 4.52 :5.72 :5.o5 5.7S 8 ],m 4.30 5.8:5 5.(17 0.02 5.05 7.55 7.40 4.77 • ).77 4.00 :5.7-> 4.17 5.4:! '.t pm 4.07 5.7:5 4.!i:5 0.00 5.47 0.50 0.07 4.02 5.:;2 5.27 :5.05 4.25 5.10 10 pm ;j.7;] 5.:50 5.20 0.00 5.10 0.00 ii.:'.7 4.72 5.02 5.05 :5.05 :!.00 5.( 15 11 pm n.uo 0.10 5.27 0.07 5.07 0.10 0.00 4.'.t5 ■>.■) i 5.07 4.10 4.17 5.25 M. N. 4.1:5 5.40 5.215 0.12 4.05 0.75 0.72 4.40 5.00 4.!)7 4.42 4.45 5.20 Moan r...-)8 0.51 0.12 0.'.t8 0.;!:5 7.22 7.55 5.s,s 0.2:5 5.40 4.8:5 5.00 0.14 AVAKAYAMA. 1 am 5.:;o 5.04 5.71 0.20 5.72 O.ISO 0.85 4.75 5.8:5 1 5.54 4.00 5.40 5.71 2 am 5.18 5.88 5.74 0.05 5.02 (5.1 5 0.72 5.1 8 5.74 5.54 4.(58 5.:50 5.7:5 :! am 5 :5'' 5.84 5,70 0.84 5.48 0.45 (•,.85 4.08 5.07 5.72 4.78 5.:57 5.70 4 am 5.81 5.00 5.07 7.21 0.20 7.48 7.04 5.00 5.0:5 5.01 5.00 5.11 0.1;! 5 am 5.50 o.;!o 5.82 7.58 7.:!:5 7.0O 8.42 0.70 0.87 5.02 5.12 5.1:5 (5.55 am 5.81 0.70 (;.2:5 8.:50 7.20 7.55 8.40 7.05 7.1:! 0.88 5.71 5.8:5 0.02 7 am 7.08 7.58 (•..84 8.00 7.02 7.40 8.20 0.0'. I 0.08 0.75 0.01 o.;-58 7.11 8 .am 7.17 7.:!5 0.57 7.88 7.00 7.82 8.:iO (■..(•.;! 0.02 o.:52 0.11 0.00 7.0:; am 7.40 7.52 0.70 7.72 0.80 8.10 8.27 0.01 0.51 0.45 0.14 0.50 7.10 10 am 7.24 7.52 (•..75 7.40 0.88 8.:!8 8.17 0.02 7.0:5 0.20 5.08 0.09 7.1:! 11 am 7.07 7.:!0 0.07 7.01 7.24 8.44 7.05 0.85 0.01 0.42 O.OC) 7.08 7.17 Nt)on 0.0:5 7.:!'.t 7.10 7.71 7.45 8.42 7.87 0.01 0.00 0.14 5.88 1 .'■> 1 7.15 1 j)m 7.:51 7.0:5 7. OS 7.88 7.50 8.:!7 /.•)■> 0.40 0.70 0.00 0.O4 7.12 7.15 2 pm 7.01 7.:!8 7.10 7.71 7.4:! 8.14 7.02 0.0 1 0.85 5.'.t4 5.0:! 7.08 7.07 :5 pm 0.04 7.02 0.78 7.15 7.;!:! 7.87 7.08 0.51 0.58 5.74 0.04 7.;!1 0.01 4 ])m 0.52 7.18 0.85 7.42 7.50 8.0:5 7.70 Ci.OO O.O'O 5.74 0.17 7.01 (;.9o 5 i-m 0.45 7.27 0.52 7.7(» 7.50 8.4:1 8.17 7.1:5 7.:58 5.08 0.50 0.00 7.17 pm 0.72 0.0:5 0.04 7.55 7.:50 8.47 8.14 7.22 7.8:5 5.', (5 0.17 5.58 7.05 7 j.m 5.5'. » 5.00 5.07 7.:52 7.20 8.1:5 8.2:! 7.1 '.» 7.08 5.40 5.17 5.18 0.51 8 pm 5.82 0.22 • ).5:"! 0,:52 0.:17 7.52 7. CO 5.80 0.07 5.47 4.05 5.00 0.04 pm 5.08 0.15 5.:!l 0.58 5.07 0.58 0.10 4.82 5.08 5.44 4.52 5.18 5.7(» 10 imi 5,00 0.12 5.10 r,M 5.c,0 (•..07 0.00 4.85 0.22 5.40 4.71 5.2:5 • ).7-) 11 pm 5.;37 5.8:5 5.57 0.:!5 5.01 0.40 0.41 5.08 0.04 5.54 4.84 5.22 5.00 M. N. 5.:35 5.57 5.52 0.20 5.81 0.51 (;.47 5.07 5.o;5 5.55 4.85 5.:52 5.00 Moan 0.29 (i.09 0.24 7.27 0.72 7.58 7.59 (5.20 0.57 5.02 5.49 0.00 0.55 7() NAGANO. ^^! Jan. C.K) F,-l.. ('..(;.5 Marcli April May June July .Vu'^nst S.pt. Ocf.. Nov. Dec. Year 1 nui 7.35 ('..CO c.oo 7.:15 7.15 C.IO 7.55 5.75 5.:!0 4.115 C.:',2 -1 am < ;.:>") 0.25 5.'. to c.do C.OO ('..'.10 7.:'.5 ('..25 7.15 .5.70 5.;iO 4.70 ('..2:', :■) uiii r,.8() C.JO 5.N5 C.45 (•..:',() 7.10 7.05 C.0.5 ('..70 5.85 5..50 4.70 C.ll) 4 am t;.io (•..25 ('..00 ('..('.5 (•..70 7.70 8.15 ('..80 C.I15 C.OO .5.55 5.70 ('..55 5 am 5.4-'. 5.75 (•..:! 5 c.oo 7.;!0 7.110 h:.]() 7.15 7.70 C.IO 5.1.0 5.-55 ('..70 t) am :..0() ("..(•.5 (i.(i5 7.05 c.oo 7.40 8.;!0 7.00 7.85 7.45 ('..55 C.50 7.02 7 am 7.00 7.05 ('..('.0 7.10 C.'.IO 7.45 8.25 7.10 7.50 7.25 ^..75 C.l)5 7.07 8 am 7.4.-) 7.10 0.S5 7. ''.5 7.:',0 7.25 8.15 7.45 7.05 7.:U) -..5.) 7.15 7.1c '.• am c.n.-) (•..'.15 7.00 7.50 7.20 7.40 7.70 5.1)0 7.10 C.85 5.45 C.I15 ('..111 H) am ('1.75 t;.s5 7.:U) 7.70 7.20 7.1H) 7.C0 5.70 C.55 C.80 C.05 c.co C.l)2 n am c,.:v, ('..'.15 7.00 7.40 7.25 7.80 7.25 .5.70 ('..45 ('..10 5.85 c.40 ('..71 Noon ('...S") 7.00 7.05 7.25 7.:-.0 7.110 7.80 C.IO ('..50 C.40 C.2!) ('..:'.5 C.81I 1 ]Mn 7.10 7.f.a 7.05 7.:U) 7.50 7.110 7.C5 C.05 ('..55 5.115 C.20 7.00 C.lll) l! pm 7.50 7.c.() ('..05 7.:'.0 7.'v) 7.110 7.75 ('..;!0 ('...50 C.55 .5.55 7.10 7.0:'- 3 i>m 7.<10 7. CO (■..SO 7.70 7.:^.0 8.00 7.80 C.C5 C.70 5.1J0 5.40 C.C5 7.01 4 11111 7.20 7.10 (•..55 7.70 7.80 7.1K) 8.:!0 c.85 C.85 ('..:!0 4.115 C.45 7.02 ") ]im 7.5-) 7.50 ('..CO 7.50 7.C() 7.115 8.40 7.70 7.:lo C.:!5 4.1.5 C.IO 7.1:1 (■> ]iin ('..50 7.:lO (•..05 8.15 8.00 7.110 8.1.0 8.15 8.15 (;.2o ;i.5o 5.;!0 7.00 7 pm (;.o.5 (1.10 5.50 7.55 7. CO 7.80 D.IO 7.1.5 C.!)5 5.20 2.115 .5.75 C.54 8 Jim .">.(•,() (•,.40 •5.('.5 C.'.iO C.55 S.OO 8.50 (',.50 ('..CO 5.(',0 4.20 5.80 ('..44 II ])m .5.80 (•..40 C.IO 7.00 (■,.:!() C.75 7.70 C.40 C.15 5.110 4.:',0 C.IO C.24 1(1 jim (;.05 (•..;iO .5.1)5 C.85 C.IO C.55 7.85 C.IO C.55 5.1)0 4.25 ('..:;o ('..25 11 pm (■>.(»5 ('..15 ('.. 15 C.'.i5 5.85 c.c.o 7.45 c.55 ('..115 .5.80 .5.15 .5.70 C.:iO M. N. (•..15 C.oO t).55 (•..85 5.'.l0 C.liO 7.25 C.25 7.15 5.50 5.1:!5 5.C0 C.:lO Moan (;.53 ('.77 ('..(5 7.10 0.97 7.51 7.00 c.('.;3 C.98 C.20 .5.2:! C.Ol. ('..70 TOKIO. 1 am 4.11) 4.71 r..c4 C.8:! ('..117 1 ..! 1 ('..54 5.11 C.5:l C.IC 4.8(1 ;! .14 5.(17 2 am :' lie 4.111 5.CI ('..811 ('..1.7 7.C4 ('..7:1 .5.-50 C.70 ('..:l:l 5.04 :l .07 5.78 :> am :!.81 4.81 5.51 7.01 ('..8:1 7.70 7.0:1 5.74 C.lCl C.:lO 5.1(1 :l .10 5.8:1 4 am 4.17 4.1.4 ^■.51 1 .'■>'■> 7.21) 8.01 7.1.7 C.IC C.8!'. ('..2C 5.11 :l .11 (1.011 5 am 4.11) 4.1.1 5.8;! 7.70 7..5C 8.:!:! 8.:!0 7.0:1 ( .•) ( ('..87 5.0;) ;l .11 (l.:;7 C am 4.40 5.:1C C.Ol 7.80 7.41. 8.11. 8.21 7.11 7.81. 7.11 5.C4 :> .411 C.5S 7 am 4.47 5.41. ('..14 7.70 7.24 8.:ll. 8.14 7.01. 7. ( :1 7.21 5.51) :l .(17 (1.5S 8 am 4.-5C 5.:!0 ('..111 1 .•>:. 7.07 8.1 ;i 8.17 7.2:1 8.1c C.81 5.5(1 j ."1 . ( .". (1.54 1. am 4.:;7 5.14 C.lll 7.:!4 7.1:1 8.00 8.0:1 7.27 7.1.7 C.74 5.2c :i .74 (1.4:1 10 am 4.411 5.07 ('..14 7.20 7.21 7.CC 7.81 7.01. 7.8C C.57 5.2:1 :l .(11 (1.:;:! 11 am 4.2c 4.11;] C.Ol. 7.2c 7.21. 7.5C 7.41 ('..70 7.80 C.Cl) 5.1(1 ;l .C:l (1.2:1 Noon 4.1:] 5.0:', C.IC 7.11. 7.;l:! 7.51 7.11 C.17 7..>:) C.8:l 4.1.1 ;l .4(1 C.ll 1 Jim 4.1c .5.11 ('..:!('. 7.11 7.2:1 7.5:1 7.21 5.1)4 7.:ii) C.l.C 4.81 :l .(11 (1.12 2 i.m 4.20 5.18 C..50 7.21 7.;!4 7.51 7.2c 5.71 ('..11:1 ('..8;) 4.71. .7:1 (1.10 3 pm 4.5:5 5.2:'. ('..4:5 7.:M 7.:!l 7.74 7.:il 5.71. C.ll 7 (1.70 .5.11 ! :i .(111 (1.18 4 pm 4.51) 5.47 C.5C 7.47 7.27 7.80 7.:lC 5.1.0 C.liC (1.7:1 5.2:1 ! :l C.2C pm 4.4 C 5.C1) ('..C7 7.4:1 7. .51. 8.04 7.51 5.1.1. C.l.:l C.Cl. .5.11 ; :i . I :) C.:15 C pm 4.:!1 ■5.54 C.:il. 7.41. 7.71. 8.21 7.7c ('..or, 7.17 (1.14 4.C1I 1 :l .111 (1.2:1 7 pm *' .5.2i'i 5.C7 7.01 7.51. 8.17 7.7C ('..1:1 (;.57 5.1)0 4.47 ' ;i .211 5.1.8 8 pm 4.14 4.111 •5.51 ('..74 C.7t 7.1. 1 c.ct 5.0c C.Cl 5.8C 4.47 1 :l ■*:1 5.C5 11 pm 4.:!0 4.54 5.:!C C.l.l ('..7(; 7.21 ('..21 5.07 C.C7 C.27 4.:li. 1 :l .2:1 5.58 10 pm 4.0:! 4.8C 5.C1 ('..71 C.74 7.11. C.;l:) .5.:U ('..57 C.I7 4.51 1 :l .41. 5.(i;l 11 pm 4.27 4.C7 5..50 ('..7:1 C.711 7.11) C.40 5.2:1 C.71. C.OC 4.51. ! :l 1 .:10 5.(1:1 M. N. 4.1c 4.711 5.51) ('..70 C.l.O 7.11 ('..27 5.40 C.Cl (l.:ll 4.57 t ;i .10 5.(15 Moan 4.25 5.08 5.1)7 7.20 7.18 7.78 7.:ll ('..08 J.l^^ (1.5:1 4.1'S i ;i .12 C.OS 77 HAKODATE. >>^" Jan. Fcl). March April .'..70 May •") ■':! .Inne 7.^^0 July Aii:;iist 0.:!0 Soiit. Ocl. Nov. I\>c. Year 1 am 7.00 7.03 O.O:! 7.^")7 •",.80 4.0.-. 0.0.") 7.07 (!.34 2 .am 7.20 o.!ia 0.:!:! 0.00 •"..00 7.43 7.70 0.42 :",.<)(» 4.77 ■"..0.". 0,.02 0,.3S •1 t\in 0.87 7.0:! i;.'):! ■").7:! •"..17 7.80 7.07 0.00 r,.02 i.r,:, 0.40 0..S2 0.4-". 4 am 7.0:] O.r.o •').'. 17 0.70 0.40 8.00 8.-J7 7. •")•") 0.37 4.40 0.0.) 7.(»0 0.72 •") am 0.47 7.07 0.7:! o.so 0.87 8.:!7 8.00 7.0,0 7.17 "..:!;. 0.22 7.02 7.02 *'> am 7.20 7.7:! 7.43 7.13 0.77 8.0,0 8.^J0 1 .1 1 7 :!'' •"..07 0.07 7.''^0 7.4:1 7 am 7.<17 7.70 7.:!0 0.S7 0.47 8..".7 8.42 7.87 r- .,.) "..02 Oi.i;.-, 7.N2 7.:'.0 M am 7.40 7.80 7.4:! <;.8:! 8.30 8.2^-. 7.7^") 7.2-'. ."..02 r,..-,2 8.12 7.:lo '.' am 7.30 7.43 7.2:! (;.S() 0.-"iO 8.23 8.27 7.20 7.0,2 ."..S7 7.02 S.IO 7.:lo 10 am 7.70 7..S:! 7.00 7.0:! 0.10 8.10 7.70 7.00 7.^")0 0.1.". 7.2". 7.07 11 am 7.-"j7 1 . 1 1 7.0:; 0.77 0.1:1 7.,S7 7.32 7.00 7.:!^-> 0.1.". 7.20 8.27 7.2-". Noon 7.0O 8.27 7.-):! 0.77 0.27 7.,s7 7,22 0.S7 7.^".o 0.22 7.27 8.:17 7.:!1 1 pm 7.70 7.'.i7 7.10 O.'i:! 0.01 » 7.7:1 7.22 0.70 7.47 O.4.". 7.:1.-) 8.^)0 7 '*:! 2 pin 1 .('■> 7.<):! 7.20 0.77 ■"..0:! 7.43 7.20 0.02 7.I.", 0.42 7.20 8.40 7.10 •'i Jim 7.(3 7.77 7.4:! 7.:!0 0.17 7.2i. 7.10 0.02 7.:;.-, 0.27 7.20 8.1.". 7.1'.i 4 pni 7.<;7 7.1:! 1 .:>:> 7.27 0.40 7.13 7.22 0.:!7 7.27 0.27 7.02 8.10 7.12 ■) pm 8.10 1 . ( :» 7.07 7.1:! 0..70 7.10 7.12 0.40 7.12 0.20 0.02 7.lt-J 7.1:1 <■) pm ii.73 O.'.IO 7.47 7.07 0.70 7.r,0 ' 7.40 0.02 7.22 ."..47 0.3^". 7.00 o.ss 7 Jim (;.-',:] 0.17 0.13 0.47 0.0:! 7.40 : 7.02 0.17 0.4.J 4.80 0,.72 0.1 1.-. 0..-.-, S ]im 0.2:! ■').:17 O.O:! ■">..".i) •"..•".:! 7.13 8.02 •"..7^") •"..82 4.87 0.47 7.1". 0.1 S '•' Jim i;.2:*> •j.")7 •").•'):! ').')'■) •"..07 7.0!) 7 ■".■' •"..02 .",.00 4. .".7 Op.O.-, 7.17 •").'. 10 10 jmi 0.:)7 ;').'.•:! fi.27 •"i.O:! •"..1:1 0.0:1 7.70 •'..tl7 •",.•",0 4.12 0.1.-, 7.:17 0.0', 1 11 pm 0.7:! • •..47 0.2:! .-..4:! •-..10 7.:!0 7.-".0 •"..02 •"..47 4..",0 O.:lo 7.1". 0.20 M. X. 0.77 o.Cid <;.47 ."...'.0 ■-..2(» -•]:] 1 7.^.-. r,.o.j .",.0-", 4.07 f ;.!•". 7.-")0 0.:ll Moan 7.1") 7.11 0.S4 0.47 ■").'. )',! 7.!'.8 1 7.7:1 0.70 0.71 ■").4 1 0.01 7.02 0.S4 SAPPORO. 1 am (!.10 7.81 7.00 0.07 .5.08 0.81 0,..57 5.:!9 0.21 5.:i7 0.:!:! 7.00 o,.4.; 2 am 0.22 7.05 0.82 r,.i4 5.00 7.08 0,.58 5.54 0.17 5.:!8 o,.40 7.55 0.40 :l am 0.3.-) 7.57 0.50 0.20 0.43 7.8:! 7.54 5.S2 0.10, 5.01 0.1 S 7.41 0,.04 4 am 0.20 7.03 ri.7'.t 0.0,4 0>.87 7.89 7.80, 0,.S7 0,.49 5.7 , 0,.31 7.^.:1 0,.90 i) am 0.O2 7.00 r,.'.io 0.02 7.22 8.18 7.85 0.91 0..74 0,.51 0..50 7.70 7.10 t; am 0.74 7.87 7.44 7.25 0,.07 8.21 7.08 7.01 0.95 0.91 8.05 8.28 7.50 7 am ! (!.27 7.80 7.0} 0.88 O.Sl 8.11 7.:!:! 0,.99 o.o,s 0,.70 0,.99 8.11 7. "'5 8 am 7.21 8.31 0.51 0.50 0.40 8.22 7.17 0.09 0.90 0,.25 7.10 8.27 7.14 am 7.38 8.2(t r,.87 0.08 r,.20 7.87 7 3'* 0.59 o,.ss 0,.40 7.07 8.27 7.18 10 am 7.22 8.15 0.0,2 7.27 0.49 7.82 7.08 0.27 7.10 o,.70, 7.5:1 8.47 7.21 11 am 7.42 8.18 7.02 7.U 0.0,7 1 . 1 1 7.05 5.70, 7.:!9 Oi.O,:! 7.27 8.4:1 - .).) Noon 7.38 8.18 7.02 r,.54 7.0,0 7.08 5.80 7.40 0,.70 7.02 8.47 7.21 1 pm 7.74 7.85 7.51 0,.0 1 0.50, 7.0,2 0,.85 5.8 1 7.S;! 0.7:1 7.58 8.5:1 7.:lo 2 pm 7,00 8.20 7.:"0 7.00 0,.:!5 7.71 0.78 5.05 7.70, 7.01 7.55 8..".5 7 3"' 3pn. 7.02 8.00 7.51 r,.oo 0.32 7.80 7.08 5.71 7.72 7.21 7.:!2 8.48 7 :1'' 4 pm 7.30 8.00 7.45 0.00 0.20, 7.09 0.94 5.82 7.S:! 0,.S2 7.10 8.41 7.2:1 5 pm 7.38 7.09 7.40 0.01 0.22 7.59 0,.8:! 5.00 7.71 0.45 0,.79 7.88 7.07 0, jim 5.01 7.:!0 7.41 7.05 0,.37 7.50 0,.88 5.94 7.71 5.97 0.01 7.00 • 1.77 7 j.m 5.82 7.18 0.01 0.81 0.39 7.75 7.21 0.13 0,.S7 5.27 0.20 7 2:1 0.0,:! S pm ry.Si 0.81 0.30 5.! 14 0,.19 7.04 0.80 •5.18 0.15 •5.40 0,.01 7.57 0.4:! '.» pm 0.14 7.17 0.55 5.;!S 5.58 0.92 0.47 4.85 0,.:15 5.00 0..27 7.84 o,.20. 10 pm 0.37 7.11 0.77 5.91 7.04 0,.29 4..".8 0.1:1 5.4 S 0.41 7.32 0,.25 11 Jim 0.34 7.35 0.80 5.20 O.Oil 7.09 0.03 ■1.0,4 0..22 5.58 0,.70 7.:10 0.:!:! M.N. 0.03 7.:^.0 7.1(t 5.82 0.00 0,.72 0..57 4.78 0.1 1 5.o:l 0.55 7.:17 0.29 Mean 0.74 7.73 G.08 0.50 0.30 7.0,2 7.02 5.87 0..92 0.15 0,.79 7.92 0.89 78 NEMURO. Jan. Feb. Maicl. April May June July August Sept. 1 am 4.G1 r..8l 5.47 r,.17 7.02 8.10 7.91 7.:!0 7.01 '2 am 4.r.l ■")..');> 5. V.) (1.01 (1.80 8.:i;] 8.0(1 7.:;4 7.17 ;> am 4.(14 .-..CO 5.(U 5.«il 7.27 8.52 8.(15 7.8(1 1 .'■> » 4 am 4.r,^ •").72 5. (',:', (I.4'.i 7.70 8.(17 8.74 8.57 7.5(1 am 4.(;() hfrl CM (1.7(1 7.4(1 8.(1(1 8.(19 8.(15 8.03 f) am [>j}i\ c,.r,{\ r,.(;2 (1.(1(1 7.50 8.:17 8.(1;; 8.49 8.01 7 am 5.7!) fi.r.o (■..70 (1.5!i 7.2:! 8.2;! 8.54 8.:!0 7.8(1 8 am '>X>S (;.2i (;.;u) (1.4(1 7.11 8.01 8.28 7.94 7.84 I' am 5.1 U) r,..v2 (;.2i (1.28 (1.88 7.90 7.80 7.(11 7.(19 10 am f).'!-) ('...■)(; (1.15 (1.72 (1.95 7.54 < .:> I 7.55 i .:! ( 11 am ;").7ti (;.(;8 (1.27 (1.(10 7.10 / .:»:> 7.28 7.2(1 7.2(1 Noon r).8-J (;.8i (l.(t7 (1.(10 (1.95 7.:!1 7.:!8 7.22 7.45 1 ]iin (;.()4 ( ;.(;"> (1.18 (1.55 (1.77 7.28 7.13 7.10 7.25 2 Jim c.-j;! (;.•".:; (1.1 ;! (1.(10 (i.dl 7.2:! 7.25 7.o:! 7.;!5 ;i [iin C..!--, (•..;!!) (1.2:5 (l.'.i4 7.01 7.50 7.55 7.;^5 7.41 4 1 m (;.'2() (I.e. (1.7(1 (l.itl 7.07 7.52 7.(17 7.;!o 7.52 ') ]nn ").i>'j (;.r.8 (1.S9 7.10 7.59 8.08 7.72 7.52 7.(19 Ti Jim r,.i.-, (;.o4 (1.88 7.51 7.59 8.22 8.20 7.89 7.00 7 [im 5.-24 .-..iti 5..S4 (1.74 7.40 8.01 8.29 7.74 (1.51 8 jiiii r..2l ;).',I8 5.78 (i.o:! (1.5:! 8.:12 8.19 7.29 (1.15 *J pm r).(»4 r..9o 5.77 (1.22 (1.4(1 7.N2 7.91 7.4(1 (1.17 10 Jim 4.9:-) <;.o4 5.(15 5.94 (1.(14 7.97 7.91 7.;!9 (1.19 1 1 Jim 5.21 i;.i4 5.5(1 (1.05 (1.72 8.24 7.75 7.(10 (1.99 M.N. 4.(;',t 5.84 5.85 5.9;! (1.(19 8.18 7.87 7.(12 7.05 Mean r>.;]5 O.l'.l (1.11 (1.49 7.04 7.98 7.95 7.(14 7.28 Oct. 4.91 Nov. Dec. Year 5.4(1 4.;!8 (1.17 4.78 5.(11 4.48 (1.18 4.78 5.41 4.:!;! (1.:!;! 5.;;o 5.25 4.5:! 0.-5(1 5.81 5.(W 4.(1:? (!.7 1 5.79 5.7(1 5.:!9 (1.94 (1.10 5.79 5.72 0.94 (1.19 5.74 5.:!2 0.70 (1.00 5.54 5.;!(.i 0.01 (1.02 5.57 5.28 0.54 5.85 5.80 5.4;! 0.55 5.98 • 1.75 5.55 0.57 5.9(1 5.9:! 5.78 0.55 5.88 (1.21 5.9(1 0.59 (1.07 (i.:i:! 5.82 0.7:? (1.21 (1.52 (1.01 0.84 (1.12 (1.09 5.55 0.91 5.(12 (1.15 5.08 O.s:! 5.11 5.(1(1 4.78 0.4(1 5.08 5.:!0 4.(12 0.21 4.9(1 5.40 4.59 0.14 5.28 4.8(1 4.9:! 0.17 4.94 5.15 4.91 0.27 4.87 5.;!0 4.(19 0.21 5.57 5.(15 5.1:3 0.5;: The above tables or the Plate VIT sliow us tliat the variations at Tokio aiul Nenuiro, are so regular tliat tlie times of the niaxiiniiiu and the niininuini amounts ean be deterniined very ])reeisely. Though tliis must ])artly de|)(Mid upon their eomjKU'atively long ]H'riods of ()l)servatiou.«, yet it must also due to their ])ositions beiuo- favorable for the determination of the amount of cloud. In momitainoiis reo'ion, as most ])art of our country is, it isditficult to look round at whole heavens in a single view, hence when a oreat mass of cumulus a])])ears on the sky, the Held of view is o-reatly obstructed and it seems to the observer as if tlie whole sky is covered completely by cloud. Conse<|uently the determination of the amount of cloud is not nnfreciueutly very inaccurate. Now Tokio and Nemuro have no hioh mountains for considerable distances around them, and the field of vision is very wide .so that they are most appro])riate j)laees for the observations on the amount of chuid. Hence we may ,.7 at April. In ]\Iay, we have slight decrease to 0.5. Then it suddeidy increases to 7.7 in June, and this is the maximum amount in the year. After that montli, it decrea.'-es gradually and in August it is G.5. There is again an increase to 7.0 in September. Then it keejis on decreasing and reaches to the mininuun at December. On the l)ack Nippon, the auKmnt is great in winter and small in summer. Thus from March to October, it is generally below the mean of the year, and from November to February it is far above 79 the mean. 'J'lie uciuTal (HitliiK's of the annual variation arc as follows. The Decemln'r, we have the niaxiniiun of the vear e(|ual to SJi. It decrease.- until May and then ))eo;ins to increase slightly in June, but in Au<;-ust it attains the value HA, whh'h is the niininiuni value in the year. There is sudden increase to (5.9 in Se])teml)er and ao-ain a .Midden decrea.-^e to G.i in October. After that month, it increases steadily and at la.-t it reaches to the maxinuim in January. Of the front side, the manners of variation at the western coa.-^t of Kiu.shu and Setouchi are slightly different from the variation elsewhere on that side. Here the mininuim of the year is in November in.-tead of in Deceml)er. The uoteworthv facts on the annual variation of the amount of cloud common to the wh(tle countrv are that : — i) The amount is comparatively ^mall in May and August, ii) The amount is comparatively i;reat in June and Sej)tember. With re.-})ect to the amounts during .several season.s, we notice tlu; followini;- facts: — 1.) On the back Ni])p!)n, the amount of cloud remains nearly con.^tant durina,' .-i)rin<;, summer, and autumn, and it is far smaller than the amount durino' winter. :!.) On the front Nippon from the .--outhern extremity of Kiu.shu, to the cistern extremity of Hokkaido, it is o-ivate.-t in sununer and least in winter. During- sprini;- and autumn, the amoimt arc nearlv e([ual and lie between those (bu'ino' summer and winter. 3.) In the western j)art of Kiu.shu, the amounts in winter, sprint-, and summer are nearly equal. Durini;' autumn, it has very small value. 4.) On Setouchi, it is oix-at in sprini;- and summei', and small in autumn and winter. The maximum is in summer and the minimum in autnnni. Thus the amount of cloud is always givat on the back Nip])i»n. There, the yearly mean is 7.2. On the front Nipi)on, it is only (J.J. Details arc oiven in the following; table and the IMate Vlll. Mean amoint of ( loud. Locality. .Ian. r..7 Fell. IMar. 8.S Apr. May .llMU' .I.ily Aug. Sept. Out. Nov. Dec. ^'ear Winl. Spr. 7.7 Sum. A lit. Nulla 7.'.» 8.5 8.S (l.'.l 5.7 7.0 5.1 (1.2 (1.11 7.2 (1.1 Kagosliima n.s (1.1 (1.^) 7.1 (1.(1 7.S (l.d 5.(1 (1.0 5.(1 4.S 5.0 (1.1 5.(1 (1.7 (1.7 5.5 iMiyazaki 4.1 •").! 5.() (1.(1 (l.t 7.5 11.1 5.7 (i.s (1.1 l.l 3.2 5.(1 4.1 (1.2 (1.1 5.8 Kodii 4.4 4.<) 5.;^) (1.(1 (1.2 7.(1 (1.7 5.'.l (1.(1 5..S 4.1 ;!.(i '). ( 4.:J (1.0 (1.7 5.7 Wiikayama (•).! I'l.i) o.'.i 7.(» (1.5 7.(1 (1.1 5.5 (1.5 (1.2 5.8 5.n (1.3) (1.2 (1.5 (1.5 (1.2 Oil a •").■") r..4 5.1 (1.1 5.7 (1.7 ().(> 4.11 (1.2 5.5 1.1 4.8 5.5 5 ■' 5.(1 (1.1 5.3) Yaniaguolii 'i.:> li.S 11.2 (1.7 (1.1 7.0 7.2 5.4 (1.3 4.'.l .5 ■' 5.8 (1.2 d.3 (1.3 (1.5 5. -5 Ilirosliima •').'.• (;.i 5.5 (l.'> 5.'.i 7.1 (1.2 5.2 (1.2 5.5 l.'.l 5.3 5.8 5.S 5.'.l (1.2 5.5 Matsuyama .").<■• o.S (1.1 (l.l 5.(1 (1.7 (1.7 5.5 (l.d 4.7 3.11 5.d 5.8 5.7 ( l.( ) (1.3 5.1 Ukayama 5.2 <;.■") (1.0 5.'l .4.(1 (1.(1 ,s.2 (1.0 7.2 1.4 4.0 4.(1 r^.H 5.4 5. -5 (l.'.l 5.2 Ozaka ").■") ('..2 (j.r (l.'.l (1.(1 7.-I (1.8 (1.0 (1.1 (1.2 5.:? 4.7 (1.2 5. .5 (1.5 (1.7 (1.0 Kioto t;.i 7.2 (1.5 7.0 (1.8 7..S 7.3 (1.4 d.'.l (!.."> 5.'.i 5.(1 (1.7 (1.1 d.S (1.4 Kuiiiaiiioto r).;t 1.2 ll.S 7.0 (1.3 (Lit (1.7 5.2 (1.4 4.8 4.1 5.(1 5.8 5 ■' (1.7 (1.3 5. 1 Saga O.T <■).:'. 5.2 5.7 4.'.» 5.') 7.4 5.2 5.'.l 4.4 1.0 5.7 5.5 (1.0 ■').'■'> d.o 4.8 Nagasaia •-i.:! (1.1 5.7 (1.5 (1.1 7.1 (1.5 5.2 5.7 5.'> ■ ).') 5.;) d.o (1.1 (1.1 d.4 5.4 Fwkuuka 1 .7 7f> 7.1. 7.1 (1.3 / .•) / .'■> (1.1 7.-> 5.(1 •). ( 7.1 d.S 7.5 (1.8 d.;t (1.2 Itsugahara r>A ").;{ 5.0 (1.0 5.5 (1.5 (l.Ii 5.2 (1.1 5.2 4.(1 4.8 5.5 5.2 5.5 (1.2 5.1 Akainagaseki 7:1 7.0 (1.1 (1.(1 (1.1 (l.'.l (1.4 5.5 (',/,] • ). t 5.(1 (1.7 (1.1 7.0 (1.:! d.3 (1.0 Sakai sx> S..") 7.2 (1.''^ (1.4 ( .•") .1.8 5.(1 7.0 d.8 7.4 8.0 7.2 8.4 (1.8 (1.(1 7.1 'J'su i.<) (1.0 5.8 (1.7 (1.2 7.1 7.5 (1.4 7.0 5.5 4.:', 4.7 (1.0 5.2 11.2 7.0 5.(1 Nagoya 4.<; 4.7 5.0 5.U 4.7 7.0 7.2 (1.0 (l.d 4.8 4.2 5.1 5.5 4.S 5.2 (1.7 5.2 Gifu s.-") 5.(1 5.7 (l.d (1.5 7.4 7.5 (1.3 (1.1) 5.7 5.0 5.2 (1.2 5.4 (1.3 7.1 5.'.t Ilaiuainatsu 4.0 4.(1 5.1. G.d (1.(1 7.5 7.2 5.!l d.7 (1.0 4.(1 3.(1 5.7 4.1 (1.1 d.'.l 5.8 Niunazu 4.<; 5.7 (1.3 7.7 7.5 8.;! 8.3 7.0 7.7 (1.8 5.2 3.8 (1.(1 4.7 7.2 7. 'J d.d 80 Mean amotnt of ci.orD. Lociilitv. 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( .7 40.2 84.!t 1.0 4.0 1 o.o 11.0 7.0 2( ».* • 17.0 il.(» 11.--) 7.0 .->..■> .->..-, 110..-, 10..-. 28.0 48.0 24.0 8..:', 14.4 1 8..-, 18.(; 11..-, i(;.7 14.;! r7.c. 12.4 211..-, r.7.2 47.1 48.fl 48.(1 i' 27.0 21.7 17.1 Itl.O l:!.!i 17.4 1!l.4 11.1) i<;.7 12. 12.8 1(1.8 2(M.i 18'.».2 (-.2..-, 4:!.'.i ;!'.».:! 4!5..-. 2( >.i 1 12.0 1 :',..-. 12.0 8.--, 1f,.0 17.:! 11.7 1 ;!.7 8.0 1 1 .:5 1 .-,.:'. 1. -,',(.;; 47.;! ;54.0 4.-..0 ;5?,.o 27.( 1 20.8 20.1 1 .->.2 14.:', 1 7.:! 18.4 12.7 14.7 12.4 17.C. 24.7 21. -,.2 4'. Ml 48.4 44.7 S.."i 8.') 12..-, 12.--, 12.;! 17.;: !'.».;! 1.-).0 l.-).7 7.0 7.'i 7.;! 14;!.(; 24.:! ;!7.:5 .-,1.(1 ;:50.4 4.0 tl.O '.1.0 l:!.2 i;i.2 17.0 18.0 14..-, 1.!.4 •t.4 8.0 ■-,.8 1:54..-, 15.8 ;!.-,.4 4it..-, ;5;5.8 ■\- ■").0 7.8 lo.'.i i2.i; ir,.4 l.->.7 12.;! 1.-,.1 8.4 7.0 4.:! 11',t.2 1:^.0 ;!l.;! 44.4 ;50..-. 20.4 1 r,.2 1.->.1 '•'.'•I 10.2 1 ;!.'.» l-).7 8.1 1 lo.i; '.».2 IC.C, 20.2 ICC.'.i .',(■,.8 :!.'..2 :!8..-, ;5(i.4 '' I4.t; 11.4 12.1 '.!.:> 11. '.t 1 --,.2 l.-..'.i 10.'. 1 11.1 12.4 14.8 147..'. 40.8 ;!:!.:; 42.0 ;5].4 27.'.t 21.1 18.1 '.1.8 l;!.4 IC.O 14.1 1:5.7 1 2.7 12.4 21..-, 2f..l 20C,.8 7.-..1 41. :5 4:5.8 4(1.(1 IM.l 12.1 l:i.o 10..^ 11.7 14.1 14..-, 11.0 10.7 '.1.4 12.'.t 1 :5..-, 14C,..-^ :58.7 ;!.'..2 ;!'.(. (1 ;5;!.o 17.:! 1 ■).(> 1C..0 14.7 12.7 18.0 ICO 14.0 1:5..-, 14.2 I'M) 2:5.. -, l't;5.'.» .-,.-,.8 4:5.4 48.0 4(1.7 ■':'>. 2 1.-..0 14.2 11.8 ir,.o 20.2 l.-,.4 12.4 '.».8 12.4 2(M) 24.8 11».-,.2 (■,3.0 42.0 48.0 42.2 Ifl.K 10..-. '.'.■■) '••.0 n.o 14..:, 14..-, 8.7 12.:! '.i.;5 8.0 12.7 l:5C,.0 :!;».2 2'.i.--. ;!7.7 2'.t.(l 7.7 • i.ti 8.t'i 10.7 12.;! i7.t; 1 (;..-, 12..-, 11.8 '...1 8.li (■>..-, 128.."i 20.8 :!1.(1 4(1.(1 2','..-. \ -^-^ 8..-. 11.0 12..-, 12..-i 21.0 18.0 24..-, 21..-) 8..-, C.O '.1..-, l.-i8.(» 22..-, :!(1.0 (i;i.-. ;?(i.o 8.4 r,.o ',t.2 •Mi J2..^, 21.0 2:5.2 14.0 18.5 8.2 ^.S n.o 14.-,.o 2.-).4 ;51.4 .-,8.2 m.') If the a^•(■l•a^■e minibcrs of tho.-^c days for the two .ack sidn Front side 0.1 ■-..4 0.6 ;>.(i 1.7 4.0 2.4 o.o 2.8 :!.!» 1.4 1.(1 2.2 2..-, 2.4 1..-. 2.8 2.8 ^ 4.7 1.2 (1.3 (Ml 7.'-| 21.1 47.(1 Numbe r of cloudy days Back' side Front side 2.-,.o (!.(• 2(Mi 7.'.' 17.0 10.0 1:5.8 12.(1 14.0 ll.'.t 17.8 1(1.4 1(1.8 1 1(1.2 11.4 10..-. 14.1 l;!.(i 12.!! 8.7 12.'.t 7.0 22.7 (1.(1 202.4 i2;i.8 If the ratios Avliich tho.-^e days bear to tlie number of days in each inontli be expressed in percen- tages^ then we have Clear daj s. .Ian. Fel.. -March April May .Inue .luly August Se|.t. Oct. Nov. Dec. ■^'ear F)ack side ' o 2 , (1 8 '.( I'ront sid.- , 18 18 i 15 10 18 o 5 7 J 12 1 5 , '.1 4^2 8 I 8 8 15 i 21 24 (1 i:: Back side I'ront sid(- 81 ]'.» 4(1 42 45 88 Cloudy days. 58 ■ 5(1 ;!4 42 28 48 21 83 Fir.ack Nij)})on, for the number of ch)Uack Nijjpon is 06 per cent of the number of days in a year, yet on the front Ni})])on it is oidy o two sides of Nip])on are as follows: — On the back Nij)pon, we have inany cloudy days in winter, e-^]>ecially in danuary when the' ])ercentau'e of those (lavs Is 80. The minimum i< in Auu'ust, when it is about 37. From the maximum in Januar\ , it decreases continuallv to May, and in June tliere is a sudden increase to ')S, and still increases till Julv. In Auoust, as Ju-t mentioned, it has the maximum value oi" the year. It is increasing- in Sej)tember and auain decreasiu<:' in October and November. lu December, it increases suddenly to 73. It is just o])])osite t(j the precedini>' case on the front Nij)j) )n. Here we have very few cloudy (lavs in winter, es])eciallv in January, when tiie percentage is only 20; and threat many cloudy days in June when the ratio is OG. The variation of the percentag-e ratio of the uumber of cloudy days is a- follows. Startiiiii' from the minlnmm, '20, in January, it reaches 42 in April through constantly increasing stages. In jSIav, it slightlv decreases, and then >uddeuly increase- U[) to the maximum of the year in June. In July, still it keei)s rather great value, but in August it is diminished to 34. After ])as>ing an increasing stage in Se])tend)er, it decreases from October onward, until it reaches the said minimum in January. It is a peculiar feature of this country common to l)oth sides, that June, July and September have eom])arativelv many cloudy days, whih; August has only a few. The variations of the nunJjer of the clear days are as follows: — On the back Nii)pon, we have very few clear days in winter, especially in Jannai-y when it is almost entirely absent. After January, the percentage ratio of those days increa>es to U in May. In June, there is a decrease to G, but after July it increases and reacluvs the maximum 12 of the year in August. There is a decrease in September and an increase in October. After Novembei-, it dinn'nishes continually t(j tin,' minimum in January. On the front Ni])pon, however, clear days are most numerous in winter. Jndeed tiie maximum ratio, 24 per cent, is in December, and the minimum, 5 per cent, in June. J he general feature of the variation of the percentage ratio is this. It decreases gradually from winter toward summer, (though February and April present some decrements compared to the preceding and the succeeding months), and reaches the minimum in June. From July to September it retains almost constant value of 8 per cent, but from Octcjber it begins to increase until at last it reaches to the maximum in December. 1). SINSHINF. It is manifest that the suusliine forms an important element in the study of climate. AVhat we have mentioned in the preceding articles, relate solely to the amounts of cloud and no references hud been made on the forms of clouds, so that nothing can be concluded from them about the duration of sunshine. Now of our stations, there are only a few number of stations provided with sunshine recorders. Moreover, the number of observed years is so small, that we have as yet no satisfactory results. But for the sake of future references, some remarks are added here. The recorders, now used in our stations are Jourdan's form, in whi(;h the sunlight, after passing through a narrow slit, is made to fall on a blue print sensitive paper, and the suusliine is thus recorded on it. The monthly duration of sunshine expressed in hours and the percentages of })nssible duration of sunshine at several stations are as follows: — 8-i Lcculitv Xr.MiiKii OF iioriis ^^"^>HI^'I•:. .fan. Fel). Mar. April Ma\- | .rmie ' .Fuly Au'.i.2 1 7S.s Is ).(» 1 :>,2.7 2U;s.<,j 117.7 11:'..:! 119.7 1-V2.'.i Iss.") li;:!.2^ li-.7."; 214.7| IDl.o 17i».n l."i2.'.i l:32.r, lss7.) \V\.\ lln.S ir,1.2 174.i; 2IN.7' I'.t:'..")' 17'.'.4 22:5.t; lf,.-).l ls:>,,t l.-,:;.s 1 :;i.(i2U7.1 11N.S loi.s 17:;.2 172.:', 2:!S.r,' l.-,7.:, li;i.4 217.7' I'l:;.*! 171.9 l')S.s' 1ln.2l9ls.,s 14"..l 12'.t.2 ]7<'.s 1")7.0 iss.:;' liiO.o^ i:>',).:i 1K:!.S; ]4';.f, ls;.7 174.f. 1 r.i.s'ls'.H.l 2it2.2 17')."') ]4'JX< l'>7.:'. 1S4.9 1")7.') 1')J.2 lSi;.7i 178.:; HW.'l 179.2 IDS.'.i 2 »-V,J.(i 4:;. 4 ~l.'> 1M>.7, 2ii7.1 :'.ii2.7^ IsD.O 101.7 21i;..s^ lUl.l 2t').s lo:).7 c, ;.:', lNSi;.9 ISL2 i;9l>.">' ool..", .-,l().(; s4.o S7.2 !:'.s.i; ]r,:;.() 22 ).s ] 1 ;.4 l')l.:! 1i;i.4 11:'.. is;!. It 12). s C ;.2 lf;t7.") 2:!s.o .'122.") 4il").2 421.7 3:!i».s ;iS4.1 ryVjj; 4114.:; !'.>4.1 5ir,.r 492.1 -'.o;.;) ".4';.7 491.S' 4'.iS.4 .V22.1 l*i:il( EN4'A(iES OF I'OS.SIF.I.K DFUATION". \\'akavania ;is 42 4t ;!'( 40 :!i( :!7 .")1 42 1:. ")0 :'.7 42 ■V.) 41 41 4t) Matsuyaiua :!7 41 .■)ii 40 .')1 40 I] .-.:! 4:! ■".l •">7 4:! 4'.> 40 49 4". ')0 O/.aka :!s :17 40 :;9 44 ;!X :)S .")2 41 111 4'.> 4:J 4:5 :>9 41 4:! 47 Kioto :;- :!•') 44 4.') ■')1 4--) 41 'iJ l", .">:! .')0 4:! i'\ :59 47 47 4'.> l\uinainoto :!7 4--i 44 •")') :lti :!s ■")2 44 49 ■')1 ;!•) 4:5 '■>') 4S 42 IS Gifu , 47 4:; 4". 40 48 ;!9 ;!1 41 40 ")t •"•7 40 1:5 4:5 4:! :]s r.t Tokio .;.-, ■'>7 40 40 42 :>'■( ;*.") 44 4s 47 ■"')"^ b<> 47 ")',» 41 '■>S ■>i ivanazawa 14 2") 4'.t .-.2 <;9 41 24 .")2 41 <)9 :!■') •)■) 4:5 20 oS :!9 .■)0 Hakodate 29 29 •^ 1 41 49 :!2 :]:] ; 8S ;lo r>i 42 21 :]r, ' -" 42 :!4 42 llius the anniKil mean of the duration of .-unshiiu' is almost everywhere constant in our countrv ; tlie sun shines for about -^i^,j*j of a day. The annual variations are remarkably dilferent on the two sides of Jaj)an. The most remai'kable fact is th;it the duration of the sunsliine in winter is verv much smaller in the back Nippon tluin in the front Xippon. That it is o-rcit in spring- and autumn, and small in winter and summer is a fact common to everywhere. The re.-ult of seven years' observations on sunshine at Tokio, where Compbell Stolk's form of the sunshine recorder is used, is as follows : — NlMlUOli OF HOIKS OF bL'N8HI.NE AT TOKIO. Month. ; i— J 5—8 6—7 7— S S— '1 ll. 17.1 D— 10 10—11 11— N X-1 1—2 2 .;> :J— I 1—5 5— ti 6—7 To h. 1(51.2 tal January h. h. h. 0.0 Ic. 0.8 ii. IS.O h. I'.t.o h. 20.5 21.8 ll. 20,:5 h. ls.7 h. 14.7 ll. h. 0.0 h. •■)2 Febriiarv (».:5 0.9 1").7 17.:5 17.7 17.8 18.2 17.:5 lo.s M.O s,:; 0.2 1-.4.4 •■')1 Marcli l.s 11.8 1-J.7 17.2 17.8 17.') 18.0 lo..-) 14.8 18.7 •'').2 0.7 150.7 41 April 1.1 8.8 8.8 10.7 11.7 12.2 18.1 12.0 12.2 10.0 7.") 2.8 1.1 0.0 107.C. 27 May 0.1 1.1 s.o 10.4 11.9 11.7 11.8 12.1 11.8 10.7 9.1; 8..-) 7.9 4.4 0.6 120.1 28 -lune 0.0 l.s (',.7 9.3 11.0 12.9 l:].-) 11.2 9.8 11.9 11.1 9.-") 8.0 ').9 ].(; 121.4 29 .lulv 0.0 1.1 7.-") 10..-, 12.4 14.7 l-").5; l.-,.u 14.0 l").l 14.8 12.2 10.4 7.0 1.0 l--i2.-) 8.-) Auf;ust 0.0 O.tl lo.o 18..S l").'.i 17.0 is.i; 20.1 21.0 20.S 19.8 18.0 ii;.o 11.") 1.8 20').8 4'.t September 0.0 ■'.2 8.1 10.8 11.7 11.0 12.(; 12.4 1:5.1 l:!.4 11.9 0.4 1.0 0.0 11 "..4 81 October 0.2 9.2 12..S 14.4 1').8 1").0 11.9 18.8 1:5.0 12.4 7.1 0.8 128.9 87 November 0.0 0.8 14.8 17.2 18.8 18.0 18.(; IS. 7 17.7 19.4 7.(> (».l 158.2 W December ( 1.(1 •;.4 19.2 21.1 22.2 22.(5 22.0 20.8 ls.2 1 1.0 1.7 0.0 lii9.0 .-)t) Year 0.1 •').7 40.4 110.9 lf„s.2 18-3.7 194.8 19(1.8 19-5.0 r.ii.i 177.8 l')4.0 8.-).l 32.7 5.2 1742.7 89 Thus in Tokio, the inaxiimun .-uushine lies sDinrNvhciv between 10 am and 1 pm. On the moan of the year it lies between 11 o'clock am and the noon. The (lavs without sunshine are : — Number of days with no ki'nsiiine at tokio. Xuml)er of days Jun. Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 4.2 4.0 7.1 1(1.0 S.O S.'.l 7 .3 :'..o l;5 17 23 :]:-; •)- 31) 23 8 20 20 18 10 Year 72.t; Thus the maximum number of days without sunshine is at April, when it is about ^ of the number of days in that month. June has next groat number of days without sunshine. The minimum number of days without siuishine is in August, when it is only i|),rof the uumber of days in that month. December is the next to August. On the arr.ual average, tl;e days willuiit .'■ur^hii.e iiie ;d c ut -j^„'\|- (f th.e days in a year. 86 CHAPTER YL PRECIPITATION. ]->v procipitation, we mean all the anidunt of" water fallen on earth from the U]>p;'r i-egion.-, wliether in the form of" rain, snow, urau])/! or hail. Its amount is ^nl))e(•t to great fluctuations, and hence it is verv (liificailt to determine its con.-tant for any di^tl•ict hy observations of .•~ome fifty or sixty years only. Thus, though the mean of the total pre('ij)itations in a year observed in Tokio during the sixteen years from 187() to 18!ll is l,4cS5 mm, yet in some years this amount reached to the great \a\ne of 1,958 mm, while in others only to 1,221 mm. Thus the ditforence between tlic two extremes is 737 mm, which is more than oO per cent of the total amount. If we take the monthly ])recipitations, the ditferenee between the two extremes is even greater than this; namely in September the mean precipi- tation is 208 mm, the greatest -461 nuu, and the least only 72 mm. Thus, tlie difference 349 mm is 1«)8 per cent of the nionthly mean. If we calculate, the deviations of precii)itation of each year from the mean of sixteen years at Tokio, we obtain the following. Jan. ' Fel). ; Mar. , April ' Mn Me:ui amount (lS7i')-18'.il) in mm. 54.-2 78..V 121.8| llf,.], 148.4 Mf.an deviation fr.,ni\'» nil"- ±■^^^■'±■>].2 ±-")8.0 ± :!:',.] ± ""■""''"'"^'•■'-'■™''M% of the means ±--|4 ±f,5 ±42 ±28 ±3'.( M.un errors of (in mm. ±8.2 ±1:!.2 ±1 8.1 ±8.r. ±14.;t the means l°^(iftlie means ' ±1')' ±17 ±11, ±7 ±10 June 177.0 .fuly 12o.r, Au.r. Sept. Oct. i Nov. Dec. 100.7 207.8 188.0 107.0 50.1 ±r.8.4 ±t'.;l8 ±ii(').8 ±100.0 ±81.8 ±02.0 ±87.5 ±8H ±■31 ±c.] ±48 ±4;i ±.-,8 ±75 ±17.(; ±it;.4 ±17.2 ±2-).8; ±21.1 ±1<'..2 ±0.7 ±10 ±i:; ±1. ±i-> ±11 ±1.-. ±10 Year 1485.0 ±204.9 ±14 ±52.9 ±4 This table shows that the deviations of the juouthly precipitation of each year from the monthly means deduced by the observations of sixteen years at Tokio, are, on the average 30 — 7o per cent of the mean valu(?s, and the deviations of the yearly mean is about 14 per cent. The mean monthly amounts of precipitation deduced from the sixteen years' t)bservations have, therefore, errors of 10 — 19 })er cent; and even in the yearly mean, there still exists the mean error of about 4 per cent. The number of years required for reducing tlie niean error of the mean value to within one per cent are })eetively, the ranu'c heing G'-] (hiy.-. In the month of Se[)teinher, tlie greate.-t niunher \va> 21 davs, and the least 8 d-dxr^, ranging lo (hiys. Since tlie mean deviation of the total nund)er of days with precipitation in eaeli year from the mean of the sixteen years, is about 14 days, the yearly mean number has the mean error of about o.o days. Hence, if we wish to ivduce this error within one day, observations of about 300 vears ai'e required. Thu- it is evident that tift\- or .-ixt:\' years ai'e not >uhicient to gi\H' tlu' amount of pi-ecij)itation and the iuind)i'r of davs witli precipitation so accurately as to fuiaiish us constants for a district. A. DIIRXAL VAiaATION OF I'lJEdl'll ATION. In almost all the meteorological observations in any countrv which we ha\'e heard of, the amount of precipitation is not observed se\eral times in a day but generalK' onl\- once. Oonsctjuently, on the diurnal variation of precij)itation, we have no discussions bv an\- great authorities. In oui" coiuitry, at })resent there are ten stations where hourly observations of pi'eei])itation are taken. AVe hope that these observations mav contribute some informations reg;u'ding its diurnal valuation, lint we ai'e sorry that the (»l)served nund»er of veai's are verv .-mall, e. g. only seven years in '^fokio and generally two or thi'ee vears in others, so that we can not sav that we have .-utficient data foi- the investigation at j)resent. The hourlv amounts of preci])itation at the stations of first order are given in the following tables ; — Amotn r OK i'JiE ~, 11.0 1.0 7.0 3.1 2.7 2.5 58.0 0.8 22.8 15.4 i;',.7 2—3 O.s r,.7 S.') ■'..". 11.4 7.4 10.2 i.i; 4.1 ; 5.7 2.:! 2.1 07.2 0.0 25.5 10.3 12.0 :^— 4 ]. 0.1 22.1 :;.5.1 s.s <;— 7 1.0 3 ■'' - ■> 7.3 10.2 ■'..1 4.4 17.7 4.1 2.4 I.e. 4.:; ('.S.7 ,s.5 24.7 27.2 S.2 T — 1^ 3.3 4.0 7.U 7.0 7.0 t;.i ••>.1 12.1 2..S 2.4 1.2 2.1 CI. 4 0.4 21.0 21.4 (■,.4 8— '.t 3.-) 2.S 11.0 21.1 ■ >. i 7.-> 11.4 4.1 5.:', 4.1 1.0 ;;.( ) 70.5 0.:! :;5.s 2;',.o 11.3 •)— 10 •> - -, •) 2.0 s.s .■>.s i'..2 2(1..". 3.5 4.7 5.4 0.5 <'i.2 72.4 13.0 1 7.5 :;o.:; lo.o 10—11 0.0 t'l.O •) - fl..') --..:'. "i.O IS.:; 1.0 4.1 4.r, 1.0 1.4 0.5.1 1 1.0 14.5 25.2 l(».7 11— x. r..4 N,2 1.0 4.0 7.''. 2.0 7.3 2.8 10.4 :!.(> 2.1 8.5 0:;.4 22.1 12.7 l:;.l 1 5.5 Noon — 1 3.0 S.l 1.'. 1 :i. 1 0.0 •> •> 0.4 2.'. 4.0 2.S 1.3 34.0 '.•2.0 4f,.U 2;!.o 14.1 S.S 1—2 2.4 7.1 2.') •; •) 7.S 4.2 <'..- 0.7 11.4 OO.O 20. 1:;.7 17.0 7.4 2—3 2.2 10.3 3 ~ •").2 l.-).3 20.3 14.0 5.3 20.7 2.7 1.1 7.:', 10S.4 lo.s 21.2 30.7 24.0 :5— 4 2.-'i 3.7 4.4 0.0 13.0 I'.K-I 1 "..2 .").(■, t;.i ;'..s 0.1 1S.7 101.5 24.0 20.4 40.1 10.1 4—') 1.0 •").] 4.4 2:').0 7.4 11.2 I'l.l 7.1 ; 8.8 i;.s 0.0 .! 22. 1 (■..2 |S.:1 l.\4 :',.4 ■' i\ '> -| 0.(1 2.0 sl.o 12.0 ;;4.:; :;o.i 4.0 G— 7 2.1') 4.7 ■'..0 11.0 4.0 7.0 1 3.S I.". 2.1 t'l.ii 0.(1 1.4 til. 4 8.7 20.'. t 23.( t s.s 7 — N 2.1 4.2 "i.l 1 2..', .3.1 .\4 17.". 1.2 2.0 •3..S 0.4 :l.l • ',:;. 0.7 20.S 27.1 • i.2 S— '.) 0.2 2.3 4..") 0.1 , 2.t; 3.0 0.1 0.0 2.1 2.S 2.0 4.4 40.S (i.O 10.2 '.1.7 7,1.1 0—10 0.2 4.4 S.3 1"..7 8.0 :').t; c.o 0.7 •'..5 ■'.■' 0.5 2.0 5'.!.:; / .•', :>2.t'. 1 1 .0 S.3 10—11 0.2 4.0 -s.l 10..-. lli.l 3.1 10.:", 0.'. ,- •> 1.5 0.4 0.3 f.7.4 5.4 3 l.s 10.0 7.2 11— M..\. 0.2 o.t; 7.r, ■>.l 7.S 2.8 lo..-. 4.4 7.<'. 2.0 1.7 0.4 5r,.7 7."' 20.2 1 7.S 11.4 Slim 48.0 12<;.(; 12.-).2 230.3 200.0 1:^3..:; 271.1 121.3 142.0 83.8 3,0.7 144.0 ie.70.4 310.5 5.50.4 .54.5.0 257.5 MATSUYAMA. ■% Jan. Fcl). Mav. Aiu-. ^Ffiy June July An-. Sei-t. Oct. Nov. Dec. "^'ear Wint. S,,r. Sum. Aut. 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M.N.— 1 .3.7 1.4 1.0 ^<.*'i 2.6 6.1 1.3 7.6 10.:'. 7.5 2.8 5.9 61.8 3.3 5.1 5.0 6.9 1—2 8.1 1.9 11.5 9.'.» 13.'.» 37.7 17.8 15.0 16.8 13.<; 12.1 23.S 182.4 11.1 11.8 23.5 14.2 2—3 V,.U 0.7 ;).9 14.1 1.1 6.2 1.0 5..S 1.6 7.0 1.2 2.9 55.4 2.5 7.2 5.5 2.3 3—4 1.7 0.8 2.8 18.1 1.6 7.1 10.6 4.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.7 59.3 1.7 7.6 7.5 2.9 4-5 1.") 1.5 1.9 19.7 ().(■> 8.4 11.0 .5.8 6.0 4.6 3.8 3.H 71.6 2.3 7.4 9.4 4.8 .')— (j 9.2 11.1 18.,S I .").3 4.2 26.0 3S.() 7.3 11.4 -5.3 10.1 17.7 1 74.4 12.7 12.8 23.8 8.9 11—7 3.:i 8.7 5.( 1 12.9 3.6 11.1 21.6 1.8 0.9 2.8 8.7 7.8 91.2 6.6 7.2 12.5 4.1 7—8 2.9 2.9 3.3 8.6 5.9 7.6 23.8 1.2 0.5 5.6 7..^ 8.4 78.5 4.7 5.9 10.9 4.6 8—9 •',.:>> 3.1 3.1; 7.4 5.7 5.9 11.4 2.5 1.7 2.5 8.1 8.8 fll.O .5.1 5.6 6.6 4.1 It- ]() 9..'] 11.1 1.5.<1 6.0 it;.;i 11.2 37.0 7.0 i<;.5 4.0 19.3 8.6 n;2.5 9.7 12.8 1K.4 13.3 10—11 1.3 1.3 2.4 7.1 17.6 1.3 4.5 0.0 0.7 6.0 1.7 '■'>Jj 50.7 2.0 9.1 2.9 2.8 11— N. 0.8 2.8 1.7 N.2 11.3 *'}.>< 6.9 0.4 3.9 5.7 4.7 1.4 57.6 2.7 7.1 4.7 4.8 Noon — 1 1.:; 3.4 5.ri lO.N 6.C) 3.9 6.7 1.0 11.8 4.3 6.7 1.9 64.0 2.2 7.7 3.9 7.C) 1—2 10.8 9.7 19.4 19.5 2.6 15.9 67.4 29.3 ll.l 9.0 20.4 2.2 247.3 7.6 1.3.8 37.5 23.5 2—3 ■J. 1 3.3 9.7 6.1 2.6 l.S 9.7 4.7 5.7 17.() S.3 1.7 77.9 2.9 6.1 6.4 10.5 3—4 2.6 4.7 6.1 10.8 :i.9 7.6 9.2 9.0 9.5 13.9 5.8 3.3 8t;.4 3). 5 6.9 8.6 9.7 4-5 4.0 2.4 .3.6 (>.H 3.7 4.7 31.9 12.5 11.6 15.4 3). 3 5.<) 108.5 4.0 4.7 17.4 10.1 5-6 !| 19.0 7.4 10.6 22.1 28.9 18.4 79.7 :'.7.9 is.s 15.5 13.1 11.9 283.9 10.6 20.5 45.3 15.8 6—7 ii 4.1 :i.4 3.2 10.1 2.5 17.6 15.0 31.0 7.6 10.4 1.9 5.7 112.8 4.4 .5.4 31.2 66.3 7—8 ,1 2.8 4.3 .5.2 8.7 8.4 12.4 16.1 27.1 3,. 8 8.2 5.0 4.1 io;;.4 3.8 7.4 18.5 5.7 8—9 1 2.7 5.0 4.2 0.5 2.0 13.8 29.5 9.3 1.9 11.6 3.9 .3.5 96.9 3.7 4.2 17.5 6.8 ;•- 10 26.5' 16.1 11.1 22.2 8.3 38.3 4f,.8 24.6, 13.9 5.7 11.5 22.2 250.5 21.6 1.5.0 36.(; 10.4 10—11 8.5 3.9 3.1 1 5.4 8.5 3.1 6.7 6.2 !M 6.0 2.9 3.4 71.8 3.<'. 9.0 5.3 6.0 11-.0. 4.1 3.3 6.0 20.5 7.5 3.6 4.0 10.7 5.5 9.4 3.0 4.9 82.5 4.1 11.3 6.1 6.0 Siiiii 1.35.0 114.2 164.7 296.3 173.8 282.5 520.2 262.5 212.5 199.5 168.1 169.0 2698.3 139.4 211.6 355.6 1 93.4 TOKIO. M.X.— 1 1.2 1.6 3.6 4.6 7.4 5.7 7.6' 3.2 10.2 7.9 5.4 2.5 .5.1 5.4 15.7 16.5 i 23.5 1-2 ij 1.3 1 3.5 j 5.7 5.5 9.3 4.6 6.5 .5.7 10.7 7.9 4.3 3,.8 5.7 HX> 20.4 16.8 22.9 2-3 1; 1.2; 2.1 5.1 5.6 8.3 i'l.H 6.6 (•).() 13.9 8.6 3.8 1.4 5.8 4.8 19.0 19.3 26.4 3—4 i 1.2 1.9 4.7: 5.7 8.5 6.2 5.7 4.3 17.9 8.1 3.9 0.9 .5.7 4.0 18.9 16.1 29.9 4—5 2.3' 1.6 6.7 1 <1.5 9.8 5.5 7.0 .5.0 11.1 6.1 4.1 2.2 5-. 7 6.1 23.0 17.5 21.6 5—6 2.4 2.4' 6.1 : 3.5 11.8 6.8 7.9 4.0 9.1 8.3 4.6 2.1 5.8 6.9 21.4 18.7 22.0 6-7 i.t; 2.1 5.4 1 2.9 ]0.5| (;.7 5.6 3.5 (;.8 6.1 4.3 0.5 4.7 4.2 18.8 15.8 17.3 7—8 1.6 1.7 6.4 ;',.6 9.6 9.7 ■1.' 4.8 7.0 6.0 3.2 0.8 4.9 4.1 19.6 19.2 1(i.2 8— ;i 2.0 1.8 9.9 1.1, 9.9 ().5 3.6 2.4 8.1 7.3 4.2 1.3 5.1 5.1 23.8 12.5 19.6 '.1-10 2.1 1.5 8.5 2.9 9.4 [ 4.6 4.0 2.3 8.1 8.2 2.6 0.9 4.6 4.5 20.8 11.0 18.9 10—11 1.7 2.1 5.9 1.4 7.0! 4.6 3.4 10.() .5.0 9.3 5.4 1.0 4.8 4.8 14.3 ! 18.7 19.7 1 1-N. 2.5 2.51 5.2 2.4 7.2 4.0: 1.7 .5.8 8.1 7.1 6.2 0.i\ 4.4 5.6) 14.8 11.4 21.1 Noon — 1 2.0 3.2 4.9 3.9 8.8 5.8 2.1 6.7 7.9 .5.3 8.3 0.4 4.9 5.6 17.6 14.6 21.5 1—2 1.8 3.4 4.9 3.8 7.<') 5.8 1.9 3.. 3 5.6 3.6 7.5 0.8 4.2 6.0 16.3 11.0 16.8 2—3 1.4 3.2 4.3 3.6 8.1; 10.4 3.3 1.5 6.1 7..> .5.8 1.2 4.9 .5.7 16.0 18.3 19.2 3—4 i 1.3 3.4 4.7 3.9 5.7 11.2 4.9 8.5 7.9 7.1 7.9 1.8 5.7 6.5 14.3 21.6 22.9 4—5 ; 2.1 2.2 5.0 5.() 7.0 1 8.5 4.6 3.0 6.3 (').0, 7.7 1.3 4.9 5.7 17.6 16.1 20.0 5—6 '.. IX> 2.1 4.6 7.0 6.7 9.9 5.5 3.4 6.2 7.4! (;.8 2.7 5.3 6.4; 18.3 18.8 20.4 6-7' ji 1.4 2.8, 4.7 7.1 8.3 8.3 1.8 3,.l 5.9 6.7 5.4 2.2 5.0 6.3' 20.0 16.2 : 18.1 7—8 ;' 1.8 3.1 i 4.5 (;.5 6.8 7.ti 3.3 6.1 7.3 5.3 4.2 2.5 4.9 7.4 17.7 17.0 16.7 8—9 1.4 1.5; 4.2 6.2 .5.6 6.0 3.9 2.2 7.0 .5.4 3.8 1.4 4.0 4.4 15.9; 12.0 16.3 9—10 1.7 1.7 3.9 <;.4 (;.8 6.9 7.0 4.7 6.2 7.5 (•).!» 2.1 5.1 5.5 17.1 18.5 20.6 10—11 j 1.4 1.6 3.0 5.6 i 5.7! 3.9 6.7 2.3 5.7 8.7 5.8 2.0 4.4 4.9 14.4 12.9 20.3 U-M.N'J 1.0 1.5 3.9 5.4' 5.5 6.0 6.4 3.0 7.1' 9.2 5.8 2.1 4.7 4.6, 14.7 15.4 22.1 Suiii 40.1 51.6 125.7 113.8 191.5 162.0 118.7^ 108.3 195.1 170.8, 128.1 38.5 120.6 133.2 430.6 389.0 494.0 HAKODATE. 91 ^ •Ian. Fel). M.-xr. A,:r. Mny June July Aug. Sept. Oct, Nov. Dec. Yt ar Wint. Spr, Sum, Aut. M.N.— 1 2.9 1.4 2.0 5.3 0.4 4.5 12.9 8.8 7.4 8.7 2.2 2.5 54.0 0.8 8.3 21.2 18.3 1-2 1.7 1.1 3,9 5.7 0.3 2.7 7.8 1.7 4.9 5.4 •,. / 3.8 42.7 0.0 9.9 12.2 14.0 2—:? I.e. 2,8 5.3 0.5 0,1 1.3 9.2 0.0 10.4 0..; 4.1 3.8 57,7 8.2 11.9 10.5 21.1 ;{— 4 1.3 2.2 1 . t 0.2 (».7 0.5 3.3, 4.8 9.8 2.7 5.9 3.7 48.8 7.2 14.(; 8.0 18.4 4—5 1.3 1.8 4.7 5.3 0.5 1.9 3.3 4,3 8.2 5.1 4.8 4.0 45.2 7.1 10.5 9.5 18.1 ')—(', 1.8 2.1 3. / 4.0 0.8 2.5 3,0 7.0 5.8 0.4 2.5 3.3 43.5 7.2 8.5 13.1 14.7 (i— 7 2.1 3.0 2.9 7.2 1.3 2.1 5.5 8.1 11.4 5.9 2 7 2.0 54.8 7. / 11.4 15.7 20.0 7—8 0.2 3.4 0.5 5.2 1.0 3.4 8.5 5.8 7.1 4.9 3.8 4.7 00.5 14.3 12.7 17.7 15.8 8—9 3.4 2.4 0.3 5.5 1.2 4.0 0.8 3.8 0.7 10.7 3.4 4.1 58.9 9.9 13.0 15.2 20.8 <)— 10 2.0 3.1 4.5 0.0 0.0 3.9 5.4 3.3 12.0 4.8 4.1 3.2 53.5 8.9 11.1 12.0 20.9 10—11 1.1 1.3 2.8 5.5 0.4 4.0 0.5 3.4 9.5 8.4 2.4 3.4 48.7 5.8 8.7 13.9 20.3 11— N. 0.9 1.2 3.0 5.7 2.1 3,(; 3,.4 4,3 5.3 7.2 3.1 3.8 44.2 5.9 11.4 11.3 15.0 Noon— 1 1.1 1.9 0.7 G.8 2.1 4.3 5,1 3,4 8.1 5.4 .1 - 5.8 47.7 8.3 9.0 12.8 17.0 1—2 1-8 1.8 0.8 7.0 3.7 2,0 1.2 3.7 8.7 3.1 5.7 4.2 43.7 7.8 11.5 0.9 17.5 2—3 1.8 2.1 1.5 8.0 (i.4 3.1 3,1 4.9 13.0 3.9 3.2 5.4 50.4 9.3 15.9 11.1 20.1 8—4 0.2 l.G 2.0 7.3 2.7 4,1 3.0 3.(i 7.1 G.2 5.8 3.0 47.8 .5.4 12.0 11.3 19,1 4—5 0.3 0.4 2.8 0.9 3.1 3.8 3.0 3.4 5.9 0.3 3.9 4.8 45.2 5.5 12.8 10.8 10.1 5— G 0.2 1.3 2.(; 5.C) 2.0 2.9 2.3) 2.5 7.2 0.4 5.7 0.4 45.1 7.9 10.2 i.7 19.3 — 7 1.0 0.0 2.9 4.1 1.2 4.7 7,7 2.5 9.0 (1.7 0.3 5.7 52.4 7.3 8.2 14.9 22.0 7—8 0.4 1.2 3.3 4.1 1.0 G.3 3.7 2.4 7.2 •».•) 5.9 4.0 45.0 0.2 8.4 12.4 18.r, 8—9 1 o.<'> 1.0 4.1 3.5 1.5 0,7 5.5 2.3 1 . 1 5.8 (;.5 3.7 48.9 5.3 9.1 14.5 2( >.( > 9—10 1.0 1.7 5.0 3,0 1.9 •5.8 10.5 0.9 13,.2 5.7 5.4 4.1 70.8 0.8 10.5 29.2 24.3 10—11 2.0 2.7 2.8 4.4 1.3 5. 1 15.1 2.1 0.5 3.4 2.5 3.2 51.7 7.9 8.5 22.9 12.4 11— M.IV. 0.0 2.5 3.7 5.8 1.2 7.2 9.5 1.3 9.0 5.1 1.5 3.3 50.1 11.8 10.7 18.0 15.0 Slim 43.3 44.f; 80.7 135.2 37.5 91.0 153.1 95.3 201.1 140,3 98.1', 97.2 1 224.5 185.1 259.4 3.40.0 440.0 SAPPORO. M.N.— 1 1.9 4.3 1.8 3.3 l.G 2.0 5.7 .5.7 11.4 1.7 3.G 3.7 40.7 9.9 0.7 18.4 10.7 1—2 1.4 4.5 2.8 3.9 1.2 2.1 4.7 3.7 i G.O •5.0 3.7 4.2 44.4 10.1 7.9 10.5 15.9 2—3 2.4 3.0 2.4 4.0 2.2 2.0 3.0 2.4 9.4 2.5 4.5 4.5 44.1 10.5 8.0 8.0 10.4 3—4 3.1 •5.2 2.8 3.8 1.9 2.0 4.3 2.2 7. ( 8.0 4.8 r .) 47.3 18.0 8.5 9.1 10.1 4—5 2.4 4.4 2.9 .3.0 1.9 2.5 .5.0 3.4 7.0 4.2 8.5 5.7 47.1 12.5 8.4 10.9 15.3 5-0 2.4 2.4 4.5 3.9 2.0 2.4 5.0 3.9 10.7 4.0 3.0 4.4 49.8 9.2 10.4 11.8 18.9 0—7 2.1 2.5 5.0 4.1 2.S 2.0 3. -J 10.8 10.8 4.1 '■* 7 0.(1 •50.4 lO.G 11.9 10.8 i7.t; 7-8 2.5 4.9 4.8 4.0 l.G 2.0. 8.4 5.9 8.3 2.8 1.2 2.8 45.4 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.3 8—9 4.5 3.1 4.0 4.3 0.8 2.8 .5.1 4.9 4.5' 0..5 2.1 3.8 40,.4 11.4 9.1 12.8 13.1 9—10 2.0 1.5 3.7 5.9 1.0 4.0, 4.3 7.0 3.3 5.1 3.0 3.:', 45.3 0.8 lO.G 10.5 11.4 10—11 5.2 2.2 0.7 4.7 o.s 4.0 0.1 2.3 8.4 4.8 1.0 .').8, 39.1 10.7 • ',.2 12.4 9.8 11— N. 5.9 1.3 1.2 4.0 1.9 4.0 8.4 3.0 0.8 r..7 2.4 49.5 10.5 7.7 15.4 ]r,M Noon— 1 2.2 1.0 2.2 3.2 2.5 2.7 8.7 8.4 13.8 3.4 2.2 5.2 51.1 9.0 7.9 14.8 19.4 1—2 1.0 2.2 1.1 4.0 0.4 3.2 7.3 0.2 11.2 0.9 7.0 •5.7 57.4 8.9 r,.i 10.7 25.7 2—3 1.1 8.0 1.4 4.4 0.9 2.3 8.3 4.2 9.0 7.1 0.4 r,.8 49.9 10.9 o,.7 9.8 22.5 3—4 1.0 3.5 1.5 4.0 1.3 3.0 2.8 0,.8 0.0 4.5 2.0 8.0 45.7 13.1 7.4 12.1 13.1 4-5 ! 2.4 4.0 1.7 4.2 1.3 4.0 3.0 3.0 8.3 2.3 r,.i 5.5 40.8 11.9 7.2 10.0 11.7 5-0 1.5 3.0 2.8 3.4 1.2 2.0 2.9 5.2 9.7 .5.9 5.8 4.1 48.1 8.0 7.4 10.7 21.4 0—7 l.G 4.0 1.5 3.2 O.G 2.9 G.l 3.5 9.5 0.7 2.9 8.8 40,.3 9.4 5.8 12.5 19.1 7—8 1.1 5.0 1.5 3.4 O.G ;',.8 5.t; 3.5 4.9 .5.3 3.8 2.0 41.1 8.7 .5.5 12.9 14.0 8—9 1.2 2.4 l.G 2.4 1.3 8.9 5.9 2.8 3.3 , 2.7 3.9 8.8 31.7 0.9 •).8 12.0 9.9 9—10 2.2 0.3 2.4 3.4 2.1 4.2 .5.8 0.5 4.5' 8.1 3.9 3,.(; 48.0 12.1 7.9 10.5 1 1.5 10—11 3.2 .5.8 2.9 2.0 2.(; 2.2 .5.1 5.8 0.0 2.7 3.0 4.1 to.c, 13.1 8.1 13.1 12.:; 11-lY 1.7 4.9 2.7 '> '- 2.8 2.3 5.2 r,.7 5.8 2.4 5.4 4.:; 40.9 10.9 8.2 14.2 13.0 Slim 50.G 85.G 5!t.9 92.8 37.3' 71.3 115.8 117.9 177.5; 105.2 90.9 107.8 1118.1 249.5 190.0 805.0 873.0 92 NBMURO. >K" ^^<>^ Jan. ' FcL. 1 ^rar. Apr. 1 May 1 " 1 .Tune .Tuly A,.<,^ Sept. Oct. ?,:2 Xov. Dec. Year AVint. Spr. ' Sum. Aut. .M.N.— 1 O.r, o.c, 0.7 (1.8 :!.7 :'..n li..') 12.1 l:!.0 12.8 o.o 00.4 0.7 11.2: lO..") 20.0 1—2 0.0 O.-") O.'.i 7.4 4.2 2.7 4.2 4.7 8.'.l :!.7 U.H O.O ■"■)7.0 0.4 12..-) 11.0 27.4 2—8 0.0 0.1 1 l.'> ■").'.» :!.0 :i.4 7.0 :>.•', 7.1 7.0 7.1 1 .'■> oO.l 8.2 11.3 14.8 21.8 8— i 0.0 0.4 1.1 4.7 0.0 4.7 X.O l.o 10.7 s.o ;> 0.1 oS.:', O.S 14.8 14.2 22. o 4— r, 0.1 0.-'( •) •) 4.;! 7.4 8.1 4.7 0.4 7.:; 4.'.i 2..") 0." 4S.7 <;.o 13.0 l:!.2 14.7 n— (i 0.4 0:2 1.7 ■"■).(; 4.8 h:.\ :].8 0.:'. 8.1 o.;> 1.0 7.;> 4S.4 7.0 12.1 12.4 10.0 (1—7 O.'J 0.:") 2.4 0.4 2.11 7.<". :5.4 ■ 0.4 8.7 4.8 0..") 2.4 40.2 3.1 11.7 11.4 14.0 7—8 0.7 0.8 1.0 r,.7 ;;_7 4.8 15.2 1 0.0 14.0 2.4 O.'.I 0_;> 40.4 3.8 11.3 8.0 17.3 S— 9 1.1 i.i; 1.1 4.7 • i. 1 '■]J> 2.2 0.2 18.1 l.'l o.s 2.0 41.0 0.3 O.o O.O 2( 1.8 !i— 10 '■'i.'I 0.8 O.'.I :!.(» ;!.'.! O.'.I 1.1 0.1 12.4 :;.! 1.4 0.2 30.:! 0.2 7.8 2.1 17.2 10— u 0.8 0.2 1.7 4.0 1 ::, o.i; 2.0 0.0 10.0 0.1 1.0 2.7 in.'.i 3). ( 7.0 2.0 18.0 11— X. ().(; 0.2 1.7 .) .) 0.7 1.8 2.:? 2.'.l ;!.2 0.2 2.0 3.0 20..1 4.3, 4.7 7.0 10.4 >-' 00)1 — 1 !••• o."> 2.(; 2.1 1.2 i.;i 2.:' ;!.4 2.0 7.1 1.0 1.8 28.1 4.2 0.9 7.0 11.0 1—-2 0.!t 0.(1 2. ") :5.7 o.r> 1.0 ;5.o 4.0 ;!.:! 0.2 2.8 4.4 3o.O O.O 0.7 10.1 12.:', 2—-i , L'.O 0.0 ;!.o •").•") 1.0 1.4 4.0 7.1 4.0 n.o 3.8 0.2 42.0 8.1 9.0 12..-. 12.8 3—4 l.:l 1.2 ;!.4 n.:; 1.2 2.0 4.2 2.0 2.4 4.:] 2.3 4.0 3 o.o 7.3 9.0 9.4 9.0 4—5 ' 1-1 •) •) 2.1 4.0 1.0 • ).0 o.s 2.4 4.8 .> .~i !•' 0.1 40.0 0.4 8.0 13.7 9.8 5-G ! 0.4 1.4 0..-) 2.7 ;'..:! 1.8 ;!.'.i 7.1 0.7 O.o 3.3 10.4 4S.0 12.2 0.0 12.8 10.0 C— 7 '1 0.;^ 1.1 1.;! 4.2 2.7 0.0 4.0 2.0 0.:> ;].o 4.0 7.3 30.1 8.7 8.2 7.8 14.4 7—8 '.[ 0.4 O.r, 1.0 ;!.('i 4.1 1.0 2.4 1.1 4.8 4.0 3.0 O.r) 3:'...") 7.0 8.7 4.0 12.8 8-0 ■ 0.:! 0.!) o.c ■").:'. ;',.;! 0.4 l.o 2.'.i 7.4 :!.2 3.8 .^.0 3.").2 0.8 0.2 4.8 14.4 '.1-10 1-V 1.:! 1.:") 1 7.0 0.1 ;',.'. 1 2..") .',.1 12.0 3.2 2.4 1 1.0 os.;5 14.0 14.0 11.0 1 8.2 10—11 0.;] 1.;! 1 1.2 0.0, r,:2 ').?> 1.0 7.."> 14.7 2.3 2.7 o.o 03.7 7.0 12.4 14.1 19.7 11— ll.I\. 0.7 o.s o.o 8.0 ;!.8 4.2 I).0 8.0 14.1 '). ( 10.0 7J> o.").:; 0.0 12.:! i<;.2 27.8 Slim 18.0 20.0 1 :',8.;5 118.2 8;3.2 80.2 ; 8o.8 81.1 20o.o 111.0 01.0 134.4 1008.1 172.0 2:!9.7 247.1 408.4 A>i is evident, llie ])lieiioinen;i of ])i'eeij)itation is very irreo-ular, sometioies we liave no precipitation at all for ten or more days, while there are abundant precipitation in a s])ace of a few hours. Hence even the annual amounts differ considerably from one another. It is beyond (juestion then that the hourly amount shall be subject to .still greater fluctuations. Hence we can not deduce the true feature of its diurnal variation from the observations continued for a few years only. '^Fhe o-reat di.^crepaucies in the above table are ])robably due to this irreijjularity. Notwithsfandinti,- this a])j)arent irregularity, however, we observe some gcnfn-al law in this variation. Thus aecoidino- to seven years' observations in Tokio, there are two maximum and minimum preei])itations in a day. The first maximum is at 2 or 4 o'clock am and the .second maxiuuim at 4 — G o'clock ])m. 'i'he first miuinuun occurs at 7 — 10 o'clock am and the second minimum at 8 — 11 o'clock pm The first maximum is oenerally i^reater than the .second throughout the year, excepting rummer when the maximum in the aftei'noon is far grcat(!r than that of the forenoon. In the two seasons of .summer and autumn, the chief minimum is in day, but in sj)ring it is at iiight. Both the maxima and the minima in winter are not .so marked as in other .'-ea.'-;ons. Since the ])recij)itation is subject to great disturbances quite accidental, the observed (jUantity at any time can not be taken directly as rej)re.senting the true amount of ])reci])itation at that moment. Hence in the followinir table, we have added tooether the observed (luantity at auv time with those of the ])receding and the succeeding hour.s, and its mean is taken as the actual ])reeij)itation at that instant. By this means, we believe, accidental disturbances are more or less eliminated, and the true manner of the diurnal variation luav be found. 93 Hour Winter Spiiuf? Summer Autumn Year Hour Winter Sprin;^ Summer Autu:iin Vear 1 am 0.2 IC.O k;.:; 22.0 02.2 1 ])m 5.8 1G.2 12.;! 4 0.0 54.2 •1 M\\ (;.:; 18.4 17.C. 2t.:! (jii.-") 2 pm 5.8 10.0, 1 4.0 10.1 50.2 o !vin ">.S r.i..') 17.4 20.0, 00. 1 :! pm 0.1 15.5 18.0 10.0 50.2 4 am ').() 20.:! 17.0 2").0 (;8.o 4 pm 0.0 10,.O 10.7 20.7 G2.:! r> am •"i.T 21.1 17.4 24. r, 0.S.7 5 Jim 0.2 10.7 10.0 21.1 o;!.s (') am ■-..H 21.1 17.:; 20.8 04.4 ])m 0.2 IS.G 17.0 10.5 01.:? 7 am ").l 20.0 17.0 18.5 01.4 7 pm 0).7 18.7 1".;! 18.4 01. 1 i^ am 1..') 20.7 ir,.s 17.7 •")S.7 8 ).m 0.1 17.0 15.1 17.0 50.O '.1 am 4.(1 21.4 14.2 18.2 .",s..", |im 5.S 10.0 15.0 17.8 50.;! 10 am 4.S 10.7 14.0 10.1 57.'. t 10 pm 5.0 I 5.8 14.5 lo.o 51.2 11 am 0.0 IG.G l;!.7 20.0 • )5.2 11 \)m 5.0 15.4 15.G 21.0 57.0 Noon ").;! 15.0 14.0 20.8 50.G M. N. 5.0 14.0 14.0 22.0 50.8 15. ANNIAI. VARIATrOX OF PRECIPITATION. Tlic anniKil variation oi" ])r('('i])itati()ii ditVcrs conHidcrahly on tlic two sides of the mountain ran<^e runnino- through alon^- Ni])])on. On tlic back Nippon, or that side of Nii)pon facing tlic Sea of Ja[)an, there is more prcci]>itation in antnmn and winter, and h'ss in sprino- and summer. The maxiniuin is in Deceml)er and th^' mininunii in May. But tlic ainjtlitudc is so small that there is no noticeable difterence between the maximum and the minimum '.allies. W'c may say, thcrcf a-c, that on this sidi' the ])rccipitation remains constant through the ycai'. Contrarv is the case in the front Nippon, lacing the broad I'acific. Here, we have plentiful ])recipitation in summer and autumn, and .M-anty in winter and sjM'inu'. The range is also considerable. We mav divide this side into the f )llowing live districts. (1) Northwestern ])art of Kiushu. — In this district, j)rccii)itation is least in the three winter months, and increases toward summer, reaching the maximum in June. The range is about 13 ])er cent of the total amount (»f the year. (2) A zoik; of land facing the south sea extending from the southeastern ])art of Kiushu to Choshi and Mito, thrcaigli Sctoiichi or Jnland sea. — In this zone, the j)reci])itation is least in December, January, and February, iiua'cases toward summer, and reaches to its maxinnim in dune, as in the last division. After that month, however, wc have sudden (hva'casc in Augu4, ;ind again great increase in St'ptcni})er. '^flic range is about 11 per cent of the yearly amount. (3) The eastern coast of Ni})pon. -The variation in this district is similar to that in the last division, but that the precipitation in Sejitembcr far exceeds that in June, and that the secondary minimum is in duly, instead of in August. (4) Central Nippon. — The variation is similar to the fir.^t division, cxccjit that the maximum is not in June but in eluly. (5) Hokkaido (exce])ting the coa>t of the Sea of dapan). — H(re the ininimum {)reci]»itation is in Februarv, and the maximum in September. Moreover, the precipitation in autumn is remarkably great when coni])ared with other seasons. What we have mentioned, are some of the g(Micral conclusions; for the detail see the following table and the Plate IX. 94 Annual vArviATiox of precipitation. TKIU'KNTACK OK YK.VULY AMOINT. J:ni. Biick sldo 10.;'. Front side in geiicr .1 1 3.7 W coast of Kiu-;liii 3.;» S coast ?>A E coast ! 4.0 Central j art ' 3.7 SE'^coastof Ili.kk lido 3.(1 I'el). March April May 7.0 C.l 0.',) 5.4 3.r. 0.2 h:I 0.1 ;').'.• :").!» 10.4 10.7 4:2 1 .'•> 10.0 10.3 4.7 0.7 0.0 0.7 3.7 0.0 ^.3 S.3 2.0 5.0 7.7 11.0 luiie 7.3 11.8 10.0 14.3 13.3 11.3 H.r> Annual vap.iation of precipitation at each station. I'KHCKNTAfiK OF YKAUT.Y AMOlX'i'. July A no-. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. HA 0.7 10.0 0.4 10.7 11.0 12.0 10.0 14.0 10.1 0.2 5.0 10.1 8.0 10.1 5.4 3.0 •1.3 11.0 7.1 12.0 10.4 5.5 3.4 0.0 11.0 18.0 10.7 5.7 4.3 18.3 11.0 11.0 8.7 5.3 4.3 0.5 11.0 15.0 10.5 8.5 8.0 Ijocality. •Ian. Fel). Mar. A pr. May Jnn(! •filly Ang Xaha 1 8 21 10 5 ".) 11 Kagosliiina i ^ 4 i; 12 12 18 11 10 Miva/.aki 3 10 11 10 8 8 Koclii :) 12 10 14 12 10 Wakayania 3 5 1 11 14 10 Oita 2 4 7 11 14 14 Yaniaguclii 4 5 8 12 10 15 15 8 Hiroshima 3 4 7 13 12 10 15 5 Matsuyania 4 5 11 13 13 11 Okavama 4 4 7 11 !» 10 Ozaka 3 4 8 13 10 ii; <.l 5 Kioto 4 4 8 12 <) 15 12 8 Kumanioto ;) 5 13 14 14 14 7 Saga 3 3 5 •I 10 22 10 !• Nagas.iki 4 4 10 11 18 13 11 Fnknoka 5 4 {', 1 8 14 25 I Ttsunjaliaia 4 3 11 10 15 i<; 8 Akaniaoaseki 4 4 11 10 15 17 8 Sakai 10 7 ( 8 it 11 5 Tsn 2 4 't <) 24 •1 5 Nagoya 3 4 ( 1(» n 12 13 8 Gifn 4 3 7 12 11 12 14 8 Haniamatsii <> 4 <) 13 11 13 10 Nnniazn 3 4 !» 11 10 13 11 8 Tokio 4 5 8 8 10 12 u * ITtsuiKimiya •J ?' 4 1 11 25 10 Clioslii 5 8 8 •.» u 8 7 5 Ivannzawa 11 / / 8 5 7 8 5 I'^isliilu 13 7 7 1 5 7 8 5 Nagano 5 i; / 11 10 Xiigata 11 '( 4 Yaniagata 4 1 4 Ci 10 !l 10 Akita 8 (', 8 7 8 ',) !t Fnk-iishiina 4 5 (■) ;! (i 10 <) 11 Isiiinoniaki 4 • > 7 8 8 12 8 12 Mivako 4 4 7 7 12 10 10 Aoniori 10 8 5 7 8 <) Hakodate ', •; P, '■> 7 7 1) 11 Sultsii 8 4 5 (1 8 Sapporo 1 ■) 5 5 7 11 Kainilvawa 8 3 4 5 11 8 Soya 4 ;^ 3 ;» 7 7 8 Abashiri 7 o 4 5 7 8 11 10 Xeinuro 2 1 5 8 11 <.l '.» Knsliiro 3 2 8 14 8 10 11 Erimo 2 2 5 10 12 !) 8 14 Sej.t. 10 17 14 13 13 8 11 14 8 11 11 8 10 15 10 11 13 11 11 12 11 14 14 13 7 8 8 10 15 10 22 17 15 12 17 14 17 14 10 17 17 14 12 Oct. 11 12 10 11 12 11 8 8 4 4 11 11 •» 10 13 7 10 8 7 10 7 10 10 12 15 11 12 19 13 11 8 10 3 8 12 11 8 12 10 4 5 8 10 10 10 10 .2 :58.C) 73.'.' 50.7 ('.5.8 54.2 40.0 82.3 2 'to. 3 2<;2.3 44.0 178.3 UiM 1 34.(1 50.1 41.7 47 118 CI. 2 107.' <;8.2 101.8 50.3 3;).5 Kt.C. 23.4 20.3 3i.8 Fel). lo'.t.a 8(;.2 85.2 85.0 (i8.'.» ()." ;ti 03.0 4c..'.i 37.) 52.' 54.8 87.-". 57.8 81.7 OC.l 77.0 (iCi.l 124.1 (;(;.3 02.4 07.0 oo.o 70.4 78.5 04.1 122.4 174. 130. 42.1 108.1 42.11 54.0 50.1 52.5 '.m;.5 3I.( 05.8 54.8 30.0 31.5 18.3 12.0 15.5 15.8 17.7 l'.i.-..( 131.5 148.8 177.3 02.4 100.4 15'.t.0 100.7 58.1 71.0 107.2 118.1 105.2 115.5 130.1 107.3 152.0 103.8 13 121.0 108.,S 13.5.1 101.0 1.53.0 121.8 100.0 12'.». 100.8 130.1 •5-").ii 101.7 73.1 100.8 71.1 70.1 OJ.O 08.(; 57.0 55.4 54.5 45.1 27.0 21.3 48.5 51.8 51.0 (58.8 April! May ,Im 510.1 243.0 205.8 310.1 114.0 148.4 2:10.0 107.2 138.0 111.3 105.8 178.7 211.0 202.1 21-3.3 137.4 2.50.5 170.0 150.0 151.8 145.8 231.1 232.8 202.8 110.1 02.5 135.3 103.0 144.4 82.1 124.3 40.(1 137.8 42.0 85.3 03.2 05.5 70.0 05.7 55.(1 50.3 27.3 31.2 74.0 0!1.0 00.2 103.1 451.8 242.4 204.8 283.3 123.5 181.0 105.(1, 182.3 1.58.(1 00.1 127.4 142.1 231.0 213.2 238.3 1.5.5.5 225.3 154.3 07.0 108.1 150.7J 201 117.2 182.1 148.4 148.5 110.2 131.4 100.5 01.8 72.5 08.2 113.7 (17.2 83.0 81.1 00.1 74.0 70.5 48.0 10; (.0 (10.5 42.4 00.7 118.0 107.0 105.0 113.7 308.0 41.5.7 3! 1:1.1 100.2 235..'' 2.S7.: 215.,^ 150.; 102.-. 200.'; 234.0 240.7 400.1 303. 255.0 342.7 200. :i 101 420.0 180.1 220.0 100.0 220.0 177.0 2:1 133.1 180.1 150.: 100.0 121.7 115.1 1.32.3 180.7 128.8 154.5 87.1 02.0 (10.8 50.4 140.3 (ll.O 50.0 83.0 72.4 80.4 184.0 .luly 227.7 214.7 225.(1 :530. 1 1:^0.4 243.4 280.0 217.8 1:!4.7 00. 121. IS:1.2 230.0 421 258.4 Kw.o 380.0 20s. 1 101.5 151.1 108.1 278.5 113.(1 201.(1 12.5. 520. II 1.1 10 101.3 141.0 1 10.1 00.(1 1 18.7 112.2 01.1 135.2 10:'..0 100.0 70.2 0' o:i.8 (ll.( 01.2 8:').:'. 87.3 70.3 100.8 Aug. I Se]i 203.1 207.! 223.0 278 81.3 111.1 14(1.2 83.0 08.7 01.S (18. J 121.0 100.1 loo."; 210.0 120.3 10.5.0 123.1 1()0.( 01. '.I 1 1.5.2 1.54.1 44.7 1-50.5 100.7 :;27.8 70.8 12:5.0 104.1 82.2 108.0 178.L' 102.8 i;!8.0 1-30.4 130.7 117.3 110. lOil.O 101.1 105.(1 00.0 57.2 80.4 00.2 127.3 108.7 220.2 208.1 4 10.1 402.2 177,(1 213.0 1-50.2 KlO.l 100.0 8:5.0 1:5 102.0 131. 104.( 210.0 108.1 300.1 104.3 205.0 220.7 10-5.4 223.8 211.0 2(»1.4 207.8 283.2 201.(1 170.4 1G8.3 00.1 107.1 550.:; 181.5 203.1 183.7 108.4 140.4 187.0 170.4 105.3 171.4 120.3 00.4 158.8 121.5 115.3 101.0 Oct. 51.1 111.8 2111.0 25:5.5 100.2 100.1 127.1 102.5 13-5.0 110.2 14 1.5 130.8 l:!0.7 01.1 108.(; 113.4 04.0 08.1 103.0 102.0 157.4 108.1 158.0 178.4 1 .SS.( I 132.2 210.1 200.5 128.4 8:5.1 1-50.4 81.5 15-5.8 110.5 100.2 153.8 111.7 100. 181.1) 112.2 ll(l.:5' 1-57.4 78.7 100.1 (15.3 05.0 48.0 Nov. Dec. 1:51.0: 82.0,2470.1 Year Wiiit. 83.1.' 100.1 131.5 87.8 05.0 01.8 (17.2 38.(1 0:5.2 80.7 85.4 50.8 70.1 80.3 0:5.7 05.2 70.8 100.5 11.5.1 01.7 00.4 100.2 10:5.2 107.0 (i:s.s 133.0 200.0 21:5.1 00.0 212.3 (12.1 180.(1 40.0' 51.8 100.0 128.()' 100.3' 79.52080.8 7 1., the yeurly amount exceecls 2,;100 mm. Among- the regions of the least ])reci|)itati()n, the central part of Nippon, that is, Shinano, eomes next to the northeastern ])art of Hokkaido, and then Setouehi or Inland sea follows 1) )th of them. In Shinano, the yearly amount is oidy DOO unu and in Setouehi only ],(KX) nun. We see that these ])la('es of the least ])reeijiitation are surrounded eom|)letelv 1)\' high mountains on all sides. 1'hese mountains interee])t the (hunj) wind coming from the I'acitic or the Sea of Ja])an, and consecjuentlv the enclosed regions ai'c I'Ce])! dry. In short, these districts aic, so to s])eak, th" deserts of our country. The amount of j)i-ecipitation de])ends very much on th(= configuration of the land, so that slight difl'erences in tiie contiguration cause enormous change in the amount of j)reci])itation. The form of the mountain lange have ])owerful influences on regulating the amount of preci])itation. Let us take an example. Kochi and Matsuyama in Shikoku are not verv far separated from each other, 'i'hey lie on the op])osite sides of the Shikoku mountain range, the former on the southern side facing the Pacific, while the latter on the northern side facing the Inland Sea. Owing to this ditfcrence in thiMr situations, there is a great dillerence of 1,000 nun in their ])recipitations. The distribution of preci- pitation being thus \cry irregular, genci'al conclusions can not be dra\vn. Hut we may say that in our country, the })recipitation decreases as we go from the -outhwesteru extremity of this country toward the northeastern, 'i'he details arc> given in the Plate XV, drawn by the observations taken at all f)ur meteorological stations and also i-efeiring to the reports i>sued from loO I'aingaugc stations distributed over the countr\-. 1). HK.VVV RAIN. Hie heaviest rain that we ever ob-erved in our counti'v is that fallen on 'l'anal)e in the })rovince of Kii on the 20th of August, ]SSO. The ])recipitation in that single day reached to the enormous amount of DOO mm. The .^('c)nd heavy rain is that fallen on Ynasa in the same ])rovince on the same day. Ther(> the precipitation was 520 mm. A rain of VJO nun at Miyazaki, on the 24th of Se])tember, 18(S(), that of 350 mm at Naha on the 11th of Ai)ril, 181)1 and that of 345 nun at Nagasaki on the 10th of April, 1882, are the; next heavy rains. The greatest (juantities of rain fallen during a day, observed at several stations, since their establishments, are given in the following table: — MaXIMIM rUECIPlTATION IN 24 ilOUliS. Lociility. ill 2i li. ;!r,i.8 Day Moiilh Year i ]8;»i Locality. Nniiia/.u ill 24 li. Day Month Year Nalui 11 l\' 11)8.3 29 VI 18,S5 J\aj;osliiiiiii 107.1 >) \IJ 18,S,S Tukio 1C.2.2 15 IX 1878 Miyaz;il:2 24 IX 188G Ulsuiioiiiiya 73.3 22 \III 1890 Koclii •2'r3.] ]l IX 181t() Ciinslii 14('..l) 5 X 1887 'I'okushima K\.'2 •) VIIJ 18;tl 1 Kaiiazawa 120.1) 5 X 1890 Waknyaiiia 18-I.'J •") X 18; 10 Fiisliiki lOD.l 24 \II 1889 Oita 181.8 11 IX 1888 X'a,i;an() (59.0 20 VII 1891 Yamaj;uelii 17;'..!l 21 VIII 18:»1 I Niij,rata 134.5 17 \III 1885 IIiios]iiiiia li'.l.S 23 VII 18S'.) I Yama<;ata 87.3 3,0 IX 1891 ^Falsiiyaiiia 8().C) (; X 18'.)() Akita 91.5 (J VII 1890 Okayaiiia 711.2 3 VI 18<)1 Fiiku.sliima 152.2 30 IX 1891 Uxaka l:5:i.o 7 X 1887 Lsliiiiomaki 151.5 7 X 1888 Kiuto 127.0 1!t ^•III 1881) Miyako 172.5 7 X 1888 Kiiinamoto l:',2.2 28 XII 181K) Aomoii 107.9 2 XI 188(j ■Saga 131.1 8 !X i8.8 24 ■ IX 188(j Abasliiii 48.2 12 IX 188!) •I'sii 171.2 30 IX 181)1 Ncinuio 93.7 19 IX 1885 Naf,'oya 142.!t ") VIII 1891 Kushiro 48.4 21 VII 1890 (iifu ir)().2 1 VII 1885 Eiiiiio 119.2 21 VJII 1889 Ilamainatsu 137.2 11 IX 188!) 97 The greatest (iiiantities fallen in tiie conrse of 4 hour- are 177 mm at Xaha on the 11th of April 1891, 165 mm at Koehi and 164 mm at Toku>hima. The maxinuim ])reeipitations, during four hours for every station, ai'e : — MaxIMI-M of niKCIPITATION IN 4 IIOUIJS. Locality. in I 1). Day Month Year Locality. in 4]i. Day Month Year Nulla ITD.'.i 11 iV 18'.tl Xunia/.u 1^0.4 27 \'lll 1880 Kai;usliiina OG.l 20 VH 188'.l Tokio 50.0 15 \' 1889 Miva;'aiii 155.(1 24 IX 188G L'tsTinoniiva 4:;.l 10 \\\ i8!n Kcclii IGy.fJ 11 JX 18'.i() Choslii 7!i.!» 2!) \'ll 1888 Tolnisliiiiui l.M.-J ■> AM II ]8'.)1 Ivanazawu 45.7 10 \ll 1888 Wakavaii'.a sux, ■■'A \;i 1 1 1 SS:,s I'usliiki 52.;] 18 IX 1891 Oita ,S].'.I :!0 \\\ 188S! X"ag;nio ;i5.o 30 IX 18!J1 Yama,i:r.cl!i i'Aj.o yo \'\ 18'.il Xiigata 54.11 13 \IJI 1891 Hirnshiiiia 1''.'' •j;> \II ]88'.i Yatnaj^ata 40.5 S AIM 1890 Matsiiyania :;7..s 28 XII 18! to Akita 40.:] 28 \'lll 1887 Okavaina :;].5 IC, \III 18! a Fulaisliima !t2.1 30 IX 1891 0;'aka ti:'.7 2G 1\' 188!t Ishinoniaki 58.4 ( X 1888 Ivioto 71.5 21 Mil ]8!il -Miyako SO.!l 11 IX 1889 Kuinamoto S:!.2 28 XII ]8!)0 Aoinovi 71.0 1 X 1890 Saj^a IKI.l ]4 JX 18!il Hakodate 50.!) 14 I 1891 Xaj^asald •jO.4 25 VI 1887 Suttsu (;2.2 28 \\ 1880 Fukiiolia 11 2.3 21 VI 1 ]8!ll Sapporo 4:3.7 27 \ III 1889 ItsiiL'^ahara 12:U 17 VII 188!) Kainikawa :5P,.3 25 W 1890 Akaiiiafrasek'i 80.:; P.O VI I8!il Soya 41.1 31 \'JI 1890 Sakai 78.4 24 JX 1880 Abashiri :>',.5 2!) III 1891 Tsu 100.1 :]o JX 18!il X'einuro 50.S 12 IX 1889 Na'^ova IV.) 5 VIII IS! 11 Knshiro ?A:2 •1 xir 1890 G it'll 110.2 2'.l VII 1888 I'-rinio 55.!) 27 VIII 1880 Hauiaiuatsu 7G.0 28 VJI 1880 Again if we take the amount fallen in one hour, the maximum is 54 mm at Kumamoto and next to it come 43 mm at Nagova and Hakodate, and next to them comes 40 mm at Wakayama. l^or the detail, >ee the following table: — Maximum ok I'ltKcii'iTATioN in 1 iioiu. Locality. in 1 h. Day. Month. Year. Kumamoto 54.0 28 XII 1890 Matsuvama 21.4 9 IX 1890 Hiroshima 33.6 1 IX 1888 Wakavama 40.1 30 VIII 1 888 Ozaka 28.1 24 VI 1891 Nagoya 43.0 5 VIII 1891 Nagano 29.4 24 VIII 1891 Tokio 36.1 27 VIII 1886 Hakodate 43.0 14 1 1891 Sapporo 22.1 29 . VIII 1891 Nemuro 21.7 11 IX 1889 We have said that the rainfall in Tanal)e was 900 mm in twenty four hours. This is e(iuivalent to the rain of 150 nun in four hours and 3>7 mm in one hour. Now according to the abo've table, such rain must be said to be very heavy. If we remember that generally the intensity of rain does not continue constant for a long time, it will be easily seen thtit this i-ain at Tanabo must have been very intense for some time. 98 It" we coiiiijarc the fVeijiioucy of tlic lu-avy rain, and the mean amount of" precipitation, we .-cc that tlio-c ])l;ic(',- liavinu,- ])i('nlil"ul precipitation gerici-ally can not be .siid to liave fre(juent lieavv rains. The number of (la\> in which we liad an amount of rain more than 100 mm ai-e as follows: — Nl'MliKll <»I' DAYS WrriF I'KIICIITIW'I'ION, IN WIIICI! TI I K AMOIN'I' WAS (JKKATKi; THAN 100 MM. Mean number j ,.^ ,,, ^ , Mean numbei- of day> in a year. 1.0 l.G 1.5 .'5.0 0.7 1.2 0.6 1.2 O.G 0.:5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.2 1.-". 0.8 O.G 'I'hi.-> table -hows that the i'reiiueney of rain and the amount of precipitation are iude})eudent of each other. Thus in ICanazawa, \vhere the mean precipitation for a year is 2,500 mm, we liad only two heavy rains duriuii; ten years, and moreover in both of them, the (juantity was only loO mm. And thev have fallen not in winter when the mean ])reci])itation is gi-eat, but in summer which has rather scanty precipitation. The pi'eeedini;' table shows us that the heavy rain is most f]-e(]uent in our southern coast facing the Pacific, es])ecially in Kiushu, Shikoku, and Kii. in these reg-lous, heavy rains exceedinii; KX) mm in a dav falls almost certainly two or three times in a year. On the contrary, the coast alon<;- the Hea of Ja])an, and tlie central Nippon iiave very few heavy rains. There we liave one or two I'ains over 100 jum only in eight or nine years, and mostly they are totally absent, in Hokkaido, tlicre are very scanty ])recipitations and al.-o very few heavy rains through the year. Tn order to examine, whetlier heavy rain falls more frequently in summer or in wintei", A\e give its uund)er for each month in the foUowiiio; table. Total number of heavv rains in the table is 108. Locality. lot Xaha •> Kagoshima 14 ]\Ii\a/.aki 13 Kochi 20 \\'al Gifn 7 Hamamat>u 5 J J'. K itll I \ . loiai. of days in a year. Numazu <) 1.0 Tokio 9 O.G Ghosh i :^ O.G Kanazawa 2 0.2 Fushiki 1 0.2 Nagano Niigata 1 0.1 Yamagata Akita Fukushima 3 1.5 Ishinomaki 2 0.5 Mivako 5 0.5 Aomoi'i 2 0.2 Hakodate 2 0.2 Suttsu Sa])])oro 1 0.1 Kanu'kawa Sova Nemuro Erimo 1 0.2 No. of i-iays with lieavy ruin % oftlie total ! .\i Feb. Marcli April May .lime .Inly Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. n •> V2 V2 :',() 4-". ■21 •]■") •2H 4 ;; ' I'l I'l 1.-. '2'2 U Ks '' v) 2 99 Thus the inaxliuum iVcijUciicy is in July, bciuo- 22 })i'r cent oi' the Avhnlc nunih;'i-, and th(> next froiiuency is in Septeinhei'. Our o-eneral conclusion is that the lu'avv rain is a ])hen;)m 'uon jx-culiar to the warmer season from A])ril to October. During the cohlei' season from November to March, it is almost entirely absent. E. ri{K(^ri \( V OF rKi:( iriTVTiON. We shall now ])ass (ui to the considerations of the fre;|Ucncy and ihe ])robability of j)recii)itation. The numbers of days with ])recij)itation, (that is, the day> whose amount- of j)reci})itation <'xce(.'(l 0.1 mm) f«»i" several stations are: — MeAX MMI'.Kit OF DAYS WIT1[ I'liKl II'I TATIOX. Locality. .lau. I Fell. , ^hir. ' A|ir. , ^tay -Ttine July i Aug. I Sept. i Oct. , Xov. Dec. Year Wint.l Spr. Sui N:i]i;i 1"..0 21.0 21.0 17.0 24.0 ir..() 15.5 15.0 22. ( » 10.5 14.5 15.5 207.0 51.5 Iviisosliiuia l:!.7 11.2 14.0 17.2 1.5.2 17.'.i 1-5.2 1 2.7 1 :'..() ] 1.:! 0.0 12.r, 1 (•,:;.•; 37.5, Miya/aki i 1:2 o.b; 12.4 l.-,.o 13.2 lO.S 14.3 14.0 10.1 12.4 7.'-i 0.1 145..; 22.0 Koclii i>.'2 7.0 11.8 14.5 14.1 15.7 15.,s 14.0 ]5.:', 10.5 8.8 ('(.'.' 142.5 21.0 WaKavfuiiii '•t.M 10.4 11.0 14.2 12.7 14.0 12.1 0.7 11.0 11.0 1O.0 11.1 142.1 :!1.;! ()lt;i s.o 0.4 ii.<; 15.2 12.2 ll.|-> l:!.4 11.2 1:!.(» '•'.2 7.2 0.2 1:!1.2 20. f. Yauia-iiclii < lti.:> 17.0 17.7 10.5 13..0 13.7 10.7 10.0 13.:; '••.7 12.:! 17.:! 17:!. 7 .50. S jriiMshima li.'.i 11.4 8.5 8.2 .S.l'i 12(!.'.i 27.4 M .Matsuyauia 10.0 12.5 14.0 15.0 12.0 lo.o 12.5 0.0 10.5 10.5 7.0 14.0 11:!.0 :!0.5 01) 13.2 12.0 13.0 14.0 13.,s 15.1 14.5 11.2 14.- lO.t! 11.2 11.7 l-",o.;! ::7.5 Kunianiuto IC.O 12.0 15.0 10.0 12.0 l;'>.o 15.5 11.0 lO.o I'l.O '.0 l:!.0 152.5 41.0 Saira 1-2.0 14.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 7.0 1-5.0 l(t.5 12.5 r,.(» 7.5 12.0 1 2::.5 ;!s.o Xa-asaki k;.--) 13.2 14.1 15.3 13.7 17.1 14.1 12.0 12.'.' KM 1 2.4 ir..s lr,s.s 4(;.5 Fukuoka 14.0 10.5 lf,.5 1 1.5 12.5 11.0 12.0 12.5 l:!.o S.-5 0.5 14.5 155.(1 45.0 -It.suj^aliara 11.0 10.2 ]0.S 13.N 10.0 11.4 1-5.8 10.2 n.r, 7.2 s.-j l:!.S l:!4.r, :!5.0 Akaniiigaseki i(;.2 14.0 14.2 14.7 12.1 14.0 10.4 0.8 12.0 10.2 12.4 1(!.1 1-5S.2 40.0 Sakai 25.4 21.8 10.0 1.-..1 l:!.2 l:!.0 l:!.l 0.0 15.3 1-5.0 20.7 24.2 207.2 71.4 'JVu 12..-, 13.5 13.0 14.5 12.0 13.5 10.7 12.7 18.0 10.3 0.3 10.7 1.-,0.7 :!(i.7 Nau'oya 0.0 10.0 10.0 0.(1 8.0 12.0 17.5 1-5.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 KM* 1:!4.5 2'. 1.0 Cifu 12.7 0.1 12.1 14.7 13.0 U.4 lO.S l:!.l 13.0 lo.o 10.0 12.2 151.1 ;!4.o Uainaaiatsu 7.2 7.8 ll.s 14.8 1.3.0 13.S 12.4 10.3 ]:{.:; 11.3 0.0 7.:! l:!2.(! 22.:! Numa/ii 7.0 0.4 13.4 1.5.4 13.1 13.7 15.0 11.1 14.7 11.7 0.4 7.N 141.7 24.2 Tokio 7.2 0.4 ll.fl 14.0 13.2 14.2 14.1 11.0 15.:! 12.5 S.8 0.1 i:;!i.2 22.7 L'tsuiKiiniya .->.o 0.0 14.0 11.0 0.(» 17.0 20.0 11.0 15.5 1 2.5 11.0 0.5 150.5 20.5 Cho.slii 8.8 10.0 14.4 14.2 12.8 12.4 12.0 0.0 ]3.(! 13.8 10.2 10.2 143.2 20.(! Kaua/awa 2(;.2 2"'."' lo.s 1.5.5 12.7 14.S 14.(t 10.4 10.4 1-5.7 10.0 2-5.7 213.:! 74.1 Fusliiki 2r,.8 21.7 10.0 10.0 12.0 14.C. 13.0 0.0 15.0 1-5.:', 10.0 2-5.1 210.4 7:'.0 X'a.uano 10.7 14.7 12.0 14.3 11.0 14.:! 17.0 12.3 11.3 7.0 0.3 14.7 157.C, 40.1 Nii,i,rata 2(;.(; 23.7 20.8 10.1 13.0 14.S 14.1 0.4 10.3 17.7 23.1 27.5 224.0 77.N Yaiiiasrata 23.0 18.5 10.0 13.0 0.0 12.5 17.0 13.3 1 :',.:! 15.0 l.-,.7 10.3 ]S5.(; (;o.8 Akita 27.3 22.7 20.<; 14.2 13.4 13.8 1.5.1 12.1 IS.O 17.0 10.8 2i'..8 221.4 70.8 Fukusliinia 11.-) 11.5 13.5 0.5 10.3 13.3 10.3 10.0 17.0 10.0 11.3 10.7 153.0 33.7 Ishinoaiaki 0.0 8.5 11.2 11.5 11.2 13.5 15.5 14.5 14.4 '. '.( ; io.(; 11.4 140.0 28.0 Miyako 8.0 7.5 11.0 11.0 12.2 14.1 14.2 13.4 1-5.7 12.7 11.0 10.(! 142.0 20.1 Aoiiiorl 27.7 21.0 10.8 13.0 11.2 11.0 14.0 10.3 10.8 1-5.0 21.0 2(;.o 211.0 70.2 Hakodate 17.2 14.3 14.2 11.1 11.2 13.2 11.7 11.0 17.0 13.7 10.5 10.3 171.0 50.8 Suttsu 2(5.7 21.7 lt;.2 10.2 12.2 13.2 11.7 11.5 17.8 10.2 21.8 25.:', 204.5 r-., r- Sapporo 17.0 10.2 10.0 10.7 12.3 11.7 11.0 11.0 10.7 17.1 10.0 20.0 181.4 55.0 Kaniikawa 20.7 17.0 15.0 15.3 11.7 12.0 1.5.0 11.2 10.7 21.2 10.5 24.5 100.8 02.2 Soya 18.5 12.5 10.7 7.8 11.0 10.5 0.7 8.3 14.7 15.5 17.7 10.5 153.4 47.5 Abasliiri 12.5 12.5 8.0 11.0 11.5 11.5 0.0 8.7 11.3 1(!.3 12.7 13.0 ViH.O 38.0 Neniuro 10.8 10.7 12.3 12.2 13.0 11.3 14.3 12.3 10.2 l:!.2 13.3 13.2 155.8, 34.7 Kushiro j 0.5 0.0 10.5 12.5 13.5 13.0 14.0 21.5 i(;.5 14.0 10.0 125 153.5 2«.0 Eriino j 10.8 7.8 0.0 0.4 11.8 13.0 12.0 10.8 13.0 13.4 14.2 10.0 143.0 :{5.2 02.O 40.4 41.5 40.4 :!S,5 30.0 47.2 37.0 41. oi 24.0 :!S.5' 42.0 4;!.o 27.0 4:!.l 4::.5 :'-5."' 41.0 47.3 30.5 27.0 30.S 3'.t.0 41 4i!.5 45.S 45.1 45.5 40.4 :i:!.s :!1.5 41.0 40.Si 4:!.s 37.4 :!4.S 45.!il 1 44.5, 44.:! :!0.7 40.2 34.0 57.0 41.4 ;!4.''i ■' 30.5 3(;.5 :1N.0 3r,.4 3'.>.0 34.(; 42.0 :38.2: 20.5 28. 5i :-!0.5 20.2^ :-i7.5 40.0| 30.5 48.5: 30.8 35.8' Aut. 47.0 :!(;.4 :!4.0 :!0.5 2'. 1.5 2,s.l :!4.0 2S.0 :!1.8 ;!<;.(j 20.0 20.0 35.4 :!l.o 27.0 :!.».^> 51.0 37.0 34.0 :!:!.(! 34.2 :!5.t when it is 1. In Sei)teml)cr, it suddenly increases, and again decreases in October. From November onward, it again increases greatly. The front Ni])pon may be divided into the following four districts. (1) The southern coast from the southeastern ])art of Kiushu to Choshi. — Heiv the mean probability of the year is -f\^^j. The minimum vedue is in Avinter, and is about \. It sud- denly inta-eases to j'^jy in April, and in June and July it reaches to its maximum, greater than i. Tlu're is sudden decrease to ■f\-^^j in August and again in September it in(a'eases up to ^. After that month, it decreases on till it reaehe-^ the mininuuu in winter. (2) Eastern coast of Nippon. — Here it resembles to tlie j^reeeding on the whole, l)ut that the probability in winter is rather greater. (3) Setouelii or Inland Sea. — Here the mean probability of the year is f\{\^, whieli is the least value in this country. There is no remarkable diiierenee between summer and winter. In April, June, and September, it is somewhat greater than it is in other months, being over ^^. (4) Hokkaido, (excej)ting tliose parts along the Sea of Ja])an). — In this division, the mean probability of the year is about |. Its general feature is very much similar to that of the back Nippon, though the annual mean })robability is far smaller than in tlie last division. The maximum value j\j is in winter. After April, it remains at about yo, but at August it increases (quickly to {jy^y, iin7 45 30 44 38 30 40 30 28 20 50 4S 52 42 40 43 38 45 30 34 47 41 43 47 43 40 51 30 45 32 35 40 Year 48 38 40 35 44 42 101 y. AI5S0M n: rROlJAlULlTY OF PRECIPITATIOX. ^^'llat we have said in the la-t aiticic relates ehietly to the probability of precipitation in 24 luairs. I>ut tills does not teach us coin])lctelv our climatological conditions. Hencc^ for the minuter infornra- tions, we nnr-t know the ah-olute probability of })recipitation, or the ])rol)ability for every hour of the dav. Xow, rio-orou-^lv s])eakin■> 23 :!1 is 12 14 7 14 17 Mi_va/;vl■> 10 ,s 1 11 Akamagaseki 11' 15 17 21) 20 is ii; 7 14 11 10 10 15 .Sakai 34 25 •<0 17 1 I 14 14 s 15 15 17 •>-, is G it'll 15 11 15 22 20 10 17 10 10 11 12 14 15 iranKiinatsu s ,s 14 1s is 15 18 '^ 14 14 II 8 12 Nuina/.u 11) 'J It; 20 IS 14 10 10 Hi 15 11 t 1:; Toluo 10 ',1 15 I'.i 20 15 17 ',1 10 is 10 r, 14 Choslii 15 13 IN is 21 15 n; '^ 15 21 12 u 15 Kanazawa •]" :',1 20 •J-> 17 17 13 <) 14 15 V.t 30 20 Fushiki 44 •"i5 20 21 15 ir, 14 7 14 15 10 3-_) 21 Xiigata 3e, 31 17 21) 14 10 11 (; 12 14 •>:', '>0 I'.t Akita ;]:-; 2'> 1'-, it; 14 18 13 s 12 12 15 31 IS Isliinoiiiaki 12 ',) ',) )■■] 13 10 11 10 10 11 10 10 12 Miyako 1-2 - 11 H 12 1'.' 12 13 ii; 11 12 8 12 Aoinori 5-) 41 2ii 15 12 15 12 11 15 15 20 43 24 Hakodate 3S 30 20 15 13 15 14 12 14 1^ 20 34 2') Suttsu 57 40 i 9 ; 13 n 10 10 11 17 15 30 4'.) 25 Sappoi-o '22 •)•* 20 15 13 15 ;t ',) 10 12 21 •27 17 Nemuro 17 15 10 15 15 18 17 12 18 13 13 14 15 Efimo 14 11 11 14 18 If, 1) >j 12 1- 14 ■)': 13 Soya 35 •>- 22 10 12 1' I 17 10 15 , 17 28 33 1 20 Thus there are marked difference of the absolute probabilities between the two sides of Nippon. On the back Nippon, it is rather great, the annual mean being ;-Jy, but on the front Nippon it is onlv Also, on the back NippDU it is greatest in winter, es])ecially in January when it is f\,2^ ; l)ut on J 102 the front Xi])p;)ii it is' small iii winter and i;'rcat in .-ununci'. It must hv remarked, however, tliat in summer the two >Ides ]ia\e nearly e(jual ))rol)al)ilitii's. It is a n(»teworthy fact connnon to l)!»th sides, that in Auo;ust, the absolute prohability is very small, l);'int;' al\va\'s le>s than j-,'y,,. The numher of hours with ])i'eeipitation for every month i< as follows: — XiMiiKi; OF iiorus ()!■' ri:i;iii']'iA'iM<)\. Locality. Jan. I- el). Kaj^t'Shiiiia 1 ii7.i; 111.2 Miv.i:aki r)i;.o r.7.2 K.-clii 1 53." ; 5'k'i Wal^avania 74.4 ti.").(; < »ita S2.,s (JS.S I lii'osliiiiia S. ').(■) (;4.8 O/.aka 51.2 53.0 Ki.ito t 84.8 ',(3.0 N'aj^a I 122.4 j t;8.8 ; 83.2 l!t0.4 147.2 T.15.2 147.2 110.8 82.8 If -,0.0 150.2 112.8 124.0 127.2 148.8 134.4 124.0 121 I.I ; 13:',.0 132.0 141.0 124.0 150.2 1 28.8 141.0 135.2 132.S 150.8 153.0 140.8 112.8 01.2 07.0 108.0 111.2 00.8 100.0 10i',.4 102.0 08.8 .Alay H;8.8 131.2 132.8 120.8 1 58.0 1 28.8 115.2 1 1 8.4 144.0 lOO.e 150.4 103.2 147.2 13r,.8 134.4 151.2 150.S 124.8 108.0 100.8 100.8 00,.(» 85.0 88.8 07.0 102.4 08.4 110.4 100.0 02.0 JniK! July Au;,r. S..pt. Geo Nov. 224.0 132.8 80.0 I(t1.4 1O5.0 53.0 140.0 81.0 52.0 101.0 02. N 3.0.0 111.2 1 18.4 53.0 104.8 82.4 52.S 121.0 04.4 52.8 07.0 100.8 78.4 140.8 140.8 70.0 110.0 114.8 08.8 124.8 113.0 47.2 03.0, 87.2 71.2 08.4 8i.<; 42.4 8( >.( » 85.0 75.2 108.0 101.0 47.2 80.0 82.4 87.2 i45.i; 100.8 54.4 00.0 70,.0 58.4 122.8 ii;2.8 40.8 72.0 57.2 53.2 128.8 1 20.8 53.0 08.4 82.4 75.2 101. i; 103.2 50.0 100.4 110.4 122.4 115.2 125.0 71.2 117.0 81.8 80.0 110.4 100.0 i;i.o 00.2 102.4 07.2 07. t; 121.0 7''.0( 114.4 110.4 78.4 110.4 124.0 04.0 1 1 2.8 131.2 72.0 1 lo.s 1 18.8 50.8 1 10.8 158.8 80.0 123.2 08.4 04.0 104.0 1 15,2 140.0 1 12.0 107.2 51.2 102.4 111.2 130.2 112.0 78.4 42.4 88.8 102.4 102.4 131.2 07.0 58.4 87.2 02.0 100.0 117.0, 82.4 73.0 110.0 80.8 74.4 130.2 87.2 00.0 112.8 83.2 88.0 100.4 00.4 70.2 110.4 100.0 187.2 108.8 103.2 02.0 07.0, 82.4 143.2 130.2 72.0 81.0 123.2 113.0 210.2 110.4 07.2 (■>8.8 110.0 00.4 154.4 128.8 125.0 01.2 120.4 04.4 02.0 112.0 00.8 r,8.o 88.8 02.0 08.0 122.0 120.0 70.8 110.8 128.8 204.0 Dec. Year. 102.4 1504.0 40.8 1 02( 1.8 53.0, 1050.8 78.4 ii2i.(; 00.0 1312.4 75.2 1135.2 57.0, 008.O 1114.4 loo.o 1175.2 52.0 1008.0 121.0 1840.0 188.0 1(;04.0 lor,.4 1312.0 50.0 1080.0 53.0 1177.(; 4i;.4 1180.4 o,:;.o 1327.2 220.4 1700.4 201.0, 1850.8 244.8 1081.0 228.8 1500.8 71.2 1020.0 .50.8 1004.8 310.2 2004.0 252.8 1724.0 .301.0 2108.4 200.O 1471.2 104.0 1320.8 154.8 1140.0 240,.0 1774.0 The numbers in the above table are obtained bv multiplying the number of observation, into the numbers given in the preceding table, of ab.-olute probability. If we ealeulate now the means for back .-ide and front side, we ol^tain the following table: — Jan. Feb. March April Mav .liiiie July All,-. ' Sept. Oct. Nov. LXc. Year ])acl< s^kle Front, si le 304 78 210, 0,4 150, 100, 118 128 102 117 130 110 07 107 0,0 ; 103 0,2 ' 104 107 100 158 73 250 00 1800 1135 Thus on the baek Ni])})on, there are precipitations for about 1,800 hours in a year, while on the front Ni])p(jn foi- about 1,100 hours. Thus the difference between them is about 700 liours. Dividing the above numbers by the respective number of days with precipitation we shall obtain the average numbers of hiou's with precipitation in a day m ith ])reeipitation. Tliey are: — 103 Mean diration of n;i:(iiMTATi()N in a dav with 1'1!E< iimtajion, in nouns. I>ocality. Jan. 7 FeL. U.'.t:! Mareli Aivll May June 1-2.7:'. July Auo-. Sept. : 7.4i; Oct. '.'.10 Nov. 1 5.',J0 Fee. Year l\;i;;().7-i 7.75 7.:')-2 '.'.:'i7 '.'.47 5.2:; k1'.' r..51 7.25 4.211 : 5.S:i o.'.n Koelii 7.r,i; ii.70 N.5:' 7.'i5 ^.'■•7 7.,s:', >.l! :;.'.'4 7.1s 7.'i:! t;.14 ' 0.0'. 1 7.:!o \\'akayaiiia 7.'.a i;.i'.i '.'.07 ,s.:;7 S, :'>'.' '.'.:".5 S.14 5.50 7. is S.54 S.17 0.70) 7.S.V Oita 10.10 S. 7.;'>'i '.'.22 •'.(*S '.!.'. Il '.'.r,i( 10.:^:; fi.:;s 7.''"0 '. I.-2S S.OM 7.07 S..s( 1 ( )zaka 7.11 <-..54 .s.:i2 XM S.:!5 7.S1 7.1 1; 4.-2 1 '■..45 '.'.n S.17 5.0.5 7.:]''^ Kioto ^.oo 7.4:', 7.2'.' s.ss S.OO 7.71 7.:;' j 4.2 1 5.2ii S.24 7.52 5.S7 7.15 Xa,i;as:iki Ci.ii^ (l.Sil 7.:!'i ■M5 lO.'.'l '.'.:!:! 7.:lO 5.1:; t;.44 0.55 5.41 5.8s 7.2'! Itsu;;aliara S.'.)7 r-.4s 7.N7 '.'.7 '.'.OC, '. '.( )S ll.oc. '.'.7'i io.t;o 5.70 7.57 S.5S 0.00 S.22 S.O:] Sakai U.S7 N.T.I M.'.'l S.27 7.S2 :m s.(;o 5.4'.' 7.T.' C.Sl 0.37 S.25 7. ',17 (;ifu s.:;(; 7.57 S.24 10.:',4 10.07 r,.si r,.;;4 7,:;s 7.7S S.'.iS S.O 5 Fi sliiki ^■2.■'>■.] 10.72 S.22 '.'.l>0 s.or, 7.S'.' S.ti5 5.45 r,.21 7 •;•) 7.10 10.:!S .S.'.Ml Niiuata 10.1-2 N.( v. 1 i;.r,l ,\1'.' 7.47 • ;.5:') 4.2 i 5. 1.s 5.'. '5 7.:!s '.'.00 7.i!l Ai.it a '.1.14 7.4:; (',.00 7.'. '4 S.l:l N.i'i;! 7.07 4.N7 4.7'.' 5.0S 5.77 s.so 7.17 rsliiiioiiiaki 7 -•_) 7.7'.' 7.02 , ,s.-2s .S.4.. i;.N7 r,.o;; .s.ih; 7.77 rp.7'i 5.74 7.:;i .Miyako '. ).:',() 7.75 7.51') .\71 r..5s '.'.5:'. 0.'.'2 i;.'."; 7.7:! (;.S2 7. SO 5.:^.o. 7.5 s Aoiiiovi 14.:-'.'.! 12.:J'.i 10.02 M.57 '.1.00 7.71 o.r,5 s.o,s i'p.o7 7.12 ','.09 n.S2 '.I..S4 Hakodate 14.'.i'.i 1-2.10 10. -22 '.'.'.':l S.S7 7.25 ','.21 7.42 5.01 5.57 7.02 1-2.27 ','.44 Sutts^U li;.-l.s 12.40 1 2.:;5 D.'.'S S.'.'S 10.71 0.7',' s.oo t'i.77 7.:!S '.'.'."! 14.12 11.01 Sa|i|>oro li.S.-) s.4(; 10.-22 10.15 S.'.'5 S.('j2 0.72 ri.f;2 0.^2 5.45 S.2 1 '.I..52 S.:]:! Neniufo lO.'V.) .■^.21 ; S.'.iS S.S7 N.<',2 S. ll.ic, '.t.71 '.1.00 10.52 S.70 S.02 ri.r,8 (;.4s O.'.t'.' 0.4s 0.5:] '.'.00 S.17 Soya in.s'.. 1:1.'. il 1:].ll '.l.K\ '.'.02 11.r,2 11.45 7.:lo 7.15 S.5',i 12.00 14.7:] 11.:]1 And the avcrnoi's on the two .-i; and the early sununer. The mean (piantity of ])recipitiition in a day with pi'ecipitation, and that in an hour with j)reeipitation, are tahulated in the following: — 104 MEA^ AMOUNT OF I'RECIl Marcli 'ITATIOX IN .A DAY ^ ^VITII 1 July iiEcir A tig. TATIOX, IN MILLIMETRES. Lociility, Jan. Feb. April May June Sep-. Ocr. 12.9 Nov. Dec. Year Kagosliimu 0.7 (•).5 10.1 14.5 14.5 22.4 18.3 15.1 14.7 9.2 0.8 13.2 .Miyazaki ]:!.(» 8.<; 12.8 17.2 22.9 28.4 18.5 18.3 31.0 24.0 15.4 13.5 19.8 Koclii ]].(» 10.7 14.9 22.8 20.3, 21.3 27.4 18.1-. 34.4 28.3 22.0 15.0 21.5 Wukayaina 4.7 5.5 8.8 11.8 10.4 11.1 13.4 It. 9 14.2 17.1 13.5 0.8 10.8 Oitu 0.1 7.0 9.3 11.3 13.9 18.0 20.1 '.'.8 10.7 19.5 13.9 10.0 14.0 Hiiosliima 4.7 5.0 9.1 14.7 13.7 10.2 24.2 10.0 10.8 15.4 12.8 0.7 13.0 Ozaka 0.(» 5.8 9.0 13.5 11.2 11.7 9.9 8.1", 11.3 17.4 10.8 0.4 10.5 ]\iot() 5.0 4.0 8.8 13.5 11.2 12.8 14.0 12.2 10.7 10.0 0.5 5.9 10.3 ^'a<:;as,ll^i 4.-5 5.5 9.0 14.<; 10.1 21.0 21.5 12.9 14.8 13.8 10.3 0.7 12.(> ltsiif;aliara s.'.t ;!.4 11.2 15.2 13.5 23.0 21.3 15.1 25.8 18.9 11.3 4.3 14.0 Akaiiiagaseki 4.4 8.8 7.4 11.1 13.0 10.4 30.0 8.1 12.0 12.2 7.2 5.8 10.7 Sakai 1 .•) 4.'.» <'i.7 10.1 7.0 11.3 14.9 '.•.5 14.'; 11.8 8.3 7.0 9.0 C. It'll o.-i 0.5 •.t.8 10.9 KU 15.0 It'i.O 11.0 io.;» 17.0 9.8 8.0 12.0 Haiiianiatsu 5.7 •J.O 13.7 1S.2 17.0 14.0 14.7 13.0 15.1 13.0 11.8 11.9 13.8 Xumazu '.1.1 5.!J 10.0 12.8 14.9 12.8 13.1 10.3 13.9 15.3 10.8 9.9 12.5 Tokid 0.5 5.2 it.O 0.9 12.0 9.0 8.3 11.0 10.0 15.3 15.4 5.2 9.9 Choslii S.O 0.1 8.0 '.t.O 13.2 10.2 10.4 10.7 12.3 10.4 14.3 5.9 10.0 Kanazawa !(».'.» 8.2 8.0 12.8 KU 12.7 11.5 12.8 11.0 11.0 14.1 15.0 11.0 Fusliiki '.1.1 0.5 0.7 10.1 7.9 10.2 10.0 10.9 1«".0 8.3 9.8 12.8 9.4 Xiigata 'i.'i 4.0 4.5 7.0 5.1 '.1.4 lo.o 9.0 8.0 '•'.7 H.S 9.0 7.0 Akita 4.7 4.5 5.3 9.8 8.5 n.o 10.1 13.4 !I.S 9.3 9.2 7.3 8.0 isliiiK)ina!.7 7.9 5.2 0.7 7.4 ;i.7 11.2 10.2 5.9 5.4 0.5 .■^apporo 4.4 ■'>.U 4.5 7.2 4.0 5.7 0.1 9.'.i 10.0 5.2 4.9 6.1 5.8 XenuH'O 2.1 1.3 3.5 7.1 8.1 0.9 5.0 7.0 10.5 7.1 7.0 0.4 6.1 lu-iino 2.4 2.8 4.7 13.5 7.3 8.0 7.0 11.3 10.1 7.9 0.1 5.3 7.3 Soya 2.',t 8.3 8.4 0.2 0.7 8.3 8.0 10.3 9.4 8.5 5.9 2.8 6.1 Mean AMOUNT OF PRECIPITATION IN A HOUR WITH FRECTPITATION, IN MILLIMETRES. ivagoshiiua 0.77 0.05 1.00 1.5(; 1.30 1.70 2.13 1.90 1.90 1.41 1.54 0.85 1.43 -Miyazaki 1.85 1.28 !.(;<; 2.35 2.44 3.00 3.54 4.36 4.91 3.31 3.00 2.31 2.87 Ivochi 1.43 1.01 1.75 2.98 2.27 2.72 3.38 4.73 4.80 3.72 3.58 2.40 2.95 \Vakavania 0.59 0.89 0.98 1.41 1.24 1.19 1.05 1.81 1.99 2.00 1.00 1.01 1.37 Oita ' 0.01 0.80 1.02 1.15 1.23 1.55 2.31 1.40 1.82 1.73 1.55 1.08 1.41 Ilirosliinia 0.53 0.70 O.'.i'.t 1.02 1.38 1.09 2.34 1.00. 2.10, i.(;o 1.48 0.87 1.47 Ozaka 0.85 0.89 1.16 1.57 1.34 1.50 1.38 2.03 1.75 1.91 1.32 1.18 1.42 Kioto o.<;2 0.54 1.21 1.53 1.39 1.07 1.90 2.91 2.03 1.95 1.20 1.01 1.45 Nagasaki 0.08 0.80 1.31 1.80 1.48 2.32 2.95 2.51 2.31 2.11 1.90 1.13 1.74 Itsugaliara 1.00 0.02 1.43 1.58 1.39 2.19 2.00 2.58 3.47 2.22 1.91 1.05 1.81 Akamagaseki 0.48 0.52 0.82 1.22 1.18 1.08 2.83 1.41 1.07 1.42 1.08 0.71 1.24 Sakai 0.74 0.(jO 0.70 1.22 0.97 1.42 1.73 1.73 2.03 1.74 1.30 0.85 1.13 Ciifu 0.02 0.87 1.19 1.04 1.54 1.09 1.90 2.11 2.01 2.13 1.23 1.03 1.51 Hamainatsu 0.7 liTcatc-t arc Ki>cln and Miyazaki. In tlicni, the mean anionni in a day is abont 20 mm and in an liour •") mm. Gcncrallv spcakinu', the mean amonnt in a dav or in an lionr with ])r('ci])ita( ion dcci'ca-cs a< 'wc n'o Irom tlu' southern part to the northern. If M'e consider dilVercnt seasons, the mean amount in a da\' with j)i'ecij)itat ion i-^ maximmn in Se[)tcml)ei', throughout the country. In this month, it is n'cnerallv l)'vond 10 mm e\-en in the noi'thern provinces, in the soutliern parts it f're(]Uently exceeds oO mm. In the southern coa-t, we Jiave ])lentiful ])reci])itation in June and July. It is generally 15 mm in a da\' and verv often exceeal)ility of precipitation. For this pur])ose, we have compared the al)-~olute prol)al)ilit\- ohtaiiu'd 1)\- the hourly olservations in Tokio with that deduced from six ol)ser\-atious in a day hv KTippcn's foianula. Absolute probability cf precipitation. Jan. Feb. .\rarcli Ajnil -May -lime .liily 17 17 Ai ',1 ,s It; 17 Oct. IS 17 Nov. Dec. Year .•\ccoi-(liiis to i; OIi.s. in ii day. Accordiiii,' to tlic hourly ol)servatioii. 10 10 '.1 15 15 I'.i -!0 •_'0 15 1C) 10 10 i'l I'l 11 Number of hours of precipitat ion. A(;< ordiiit; to (i Obs. in i\ divy. 73 5N 1 OS 1 :i5 151 11 U 1-21 i;i 113 ,:•,, 1 7-_. 4i; use. Ai-i( irdiim to tlic houiiy olia.Tvatioii. , 71 e.-J lO'.i 1 fJ 15:i ll:; 121 02 122 12S 75 II 1205 Idius there is no appreeiable diiference between tlie two, showing the legitinracy of IvT'ppen'.- formula. (i. M.wnu.u DiirviiONS oi win am) drv days. 'i'hough we have tVeipientlv ])recipitations lasting for great many days in the back Nippon, yet on our coimtiy as a whole, the ])eriod with jsi-ecipitation is always short(>r than that without it. The longest ])erio(l with ])recipitation ever ob-erved in this conntry is that at Akita which continued for 81 days from the 2nd of December 1(S8-'), to the 2i)th of February of the next year. The second long period of GI) davs ha))])ened at Xiigita, which bcgim from the 2<)th of January 188'>, to the 4th of April of the same year. The longest period without prccijiitation is 53 days fr.un the 2(3th of November 1880, to the 18th of January 1881. 'i'h;' se • >nfl long one is 47 days from th- 4th of July, 1883, to the 19th of August 1883. IJoth of tluw happ-neJ at Tokio. The longed p-riods for several stations are ffiven in the followinerature falls down below the freezing ])oint. For this reason, snow falls in almost all ])laces in this country, and even in the extremely southern part, snow sometimes accunudates on the ground. The fiilling of temperature behnv the freezing poin^ is not only tlu^ ca-e in midwinter, but there is no place Avhere wc liave no frost, from the middle decades of Novend)er till the last decades of March. In summer^ OAving to the great heating of the Continent, our temperature also rises com])aratively high, though not so markedly influenced as in winter. For the heating and the cooling of the Continent governs the direction of the })revailing Avind of this I'ountrv, i. e. the wind ])lows from the Continent in winter, and toward the Continent in summer. At the time of cooling of the Continent in autumn and winter, the atmos])here on the Continent becomes gradually denser and denser, and consequently its pressure is so increased that at last an area of high pressure is formed there. The pressure increases at great rate from the Pacific toward the Continent, and hence isobars run from SSW toward NNE bending toward the Continent, and moreover very closely ])acked together. J^ut a^ the heating of the Continent goes on in s{)ring and summer, the atmo.^phere there becomes rarer and rarer, and lighter and ligiiter, till at last an area of low [)ressure is formed. The pressure decreases gradually from the Pacific toward the Continent, and isobars run from SW toward NP], bending slightly toward cast. Hence we have WNW Avinds of strong forco> pr(>vailing in winter, but S or SE winds in summer, whose forces are not, however, so strong as in wint(>r. Thus Ave see that in our country there is a marked difference in the prevailing winds between summer and winter. The.-^e two winds re])lace eacli other, in spring at about April, and in autunui at abt)ut the end of Octolier. Since, as we have just mentioned, N W winds prevail in winter and SE winds in ^unmier, and moreover the main mountain systems, running from S^y to NE, divide the island into the two sides, front and back, the amounts of })recipitation in summer and winter differ very much on these two sides. In winter, the moisture on the Sea of Japan is carried landward by the pnn'ailing wind, and meeting with tlie main mountain ranges, it suddenly tends to ascend, and thereby it is cooled and condensed there. By this reason, the weather of the back Nippon in winter is always gloomy ; the whole sky being so darkened with den.se clouds as the sunlight can not find its way through them, and snow or grau])el falling constantly. Thus there is not a day without precipitation through the whole winter. Especially in Echizen, Kaga, Ecliiu and Echigo, whose southern sides are walled completely by a chain of high mountains, the precipitation is so remarkably great that even on the .sea coast, there are generally snowfalls one metre deep; and if we leave the coast, and get to mountain feet it happens very often that snow accumulates more than .') or 4 metres deej). Thus the moist atmosphere coming 108 iVom tlu' Sea of Japan lihrratcs its moisture alino-t wliolK' on the northern side oi' the main mmintain sNstem, and it i!;ets very dry wlien It crosses over tlie nionntains and eonies t) the southern side. Ilenee in the front Nip])on, just contrary to the l)ack Nij)p()n, clear ^\•eathers succeed day after dav in winter and it is the clearest season durino- the whole year. E>])ecially in INIusashi Plain (the widest ])lain in Japan, lvin<2; to the north of Tokio), since it has hinu/nei t$^7-^W PLATE E' if TllURmL VAH/AT/ON OF Am PRESSURE Summer ^ui:iA uni/v TZATE Sc D/Uff/VAL l/Af^ /AT/ON Of /f//? P/f£SSU/i£ '^^■^Trt^cil- /\H-^ AicL^uya>na. Z/irofAf. OfaJra. Ji^^y^ A^tifA /«A-ta //^4,^«7i Soj/^ierif Afijr7U)'e TIATE JH AJ^NUAL VA/^ I AT I on oFA/R PBESSU/^E AU. Z)ec, Tan. Tff Mar. ^^. May TU/te Ju/y ^uj- S(J>i Oct Jfo^_ Dfc Tan. /'^/ oj Kioii of ^telo kaiJo A'tf. Dec. Inn. Til Aidr. Aj^- M»^ Tunt TlUi^ Juj. SfM Otf /l^<>K D*c. 75^, 7;;^ PLATER^-— D/Uf^NAL i/ARlATION OFWIND VELOCITY Wt-nt-e r S^rin^ /S.umtinTot'o MatsuynmA Tokzo HAA-0(^At^ TIATE H^ -D/URNAL Vy^JT/ATJOA/ OF W/A/D y£LOC/TY OsaAa, ToAio ^fk/tiyAJntL. J-ui. umn. TLATE He — D/U/f/VAl V^/fMT/ON of h/JAfd y£ioc/TY /( ni'*imrT>«ib Jl^fstty^ffi* }-l I ter)t <■>*<*■ OstJui. >^>» ♦*«'»* ^T 7.J(U H*jtoAaft SaJ^7 Ae/, PLATE r^ — D/u/^A//iL yA/tMT/o/^ of /fBLAT/y£ //u^/o/rr Wtntt^r- Afoon. S^^ino FIATE W — D/uRmL variat/on of RELAWe ^^m/d/ty Sii/^imi ey X MA U>91H PLATE Tc — DIURNAL yA/f/^T/o/v of /^buj/v^ HUM/DJry A'lA^nta.fH.at'o yH a.:^S ULi A,?p^. aI /A ro sA z *>*A. Oj-a.^A' lA/ A kt-t/ A rn * /f/*- A' *^f^ T To/a J^AAoi^Ate Sa/>/ifi}^o /Ve ntvt.'To PLATE IL /ANNUAL \/AfiiAr/0/\/ OF /r£LAT/y£ HUM/DJTY ^or. Dec. T^n /i/ JOtrei J^i^C/ Jitty Jun^. Tic^^ Ju^a. S^/t Oct JVair D^C 7fi-^. f-e^. tjccck Sv^t^t Uou tk Coast Ei^st cof.si CotL.S't of Nov. J>^e. Tin. F^-^. M^rcA ^/ftn'/ J^a^ 7uh0 Tu/y Auj. S^/t Oct M> K I>€C, Jam. 7^1 PLATE YII,c — D/o/fNAL yj\f^iAr/OA/ of cloud /imount Win ie r ^ S^rinff PLATE M^ — • D/umAL vaf^iation of cloud amount >^ Autumrz PLATE Mc DIURNAL VA/f/ATWA/ OF CLOUD AMOUNT AnnuiZl /(^U >rt ^ »l aco .-¥6.tsulf^fK . Te^. 8acA Side r>M ^itie yVoK Dec. :72ut. 7i^_ ^^tr. May Ju„e Ji^lif ^y. S^t 0<^. y^o'^- Jkc. ^,i Tv-^ riATE EL— ANNUAL mfi/AT/OA/ or m£ AMOUNT OF F^£C/F/TAT/0// Ao^- Dec Jo^ Titr. ALr. Ajtr. Aivf. Tift JUl^ ^^. $4^. OU ^oy. 2>«c. Ja*i. Te^. ek si tit. usMh i<7» C0eift rrr CoasT T^J/'^yf- y^*>'. Dee. Jin ff^ '^'^ ^*^ -^Z ^■** ■^"4' -^y- *^^ ^o^ -^'^^ ^'^• 7a*,. Tii: PLATE Xc JsothfT/ns PLATE JLi Isotherms XO' PLATE Xc r 'S' J^ofher/HS Summer M- 3i'^ ,^, ijl TLATE Jid. ^JJiTEX. Isotherms PLATE XLa of '/^e Isor/?erM of O'C ''^Deetfnitr /^^ Deeemier 10*^ J)eetnjitr ^o' Ja>n4tKruto/o ^drtM-ry /^ \^^i4ari /O Ja»i4ar '^TtMariJ ^0 i7a>iuayyTp /o ^iytiar-y PLATE JL I of i/ie Isotherm of dt /O^c^arch \ /0*^mrua7y\ HO^i^areh \ /o^JfarcA /O^^lrmry / i PLATE W JInnual ^m/ylitude of Tem/oera'tun /S JO' /«' jF3uATE JUIa IsaTtowaiies Temjoerature. FLATE mh r -4" i^' J^JLATEXmc of 7em/fer6ituye, PLATE lIYcz Isobars cJfea?t Direct io?t cf Wind. jlo Pf i^Mter. O W / PLATE JUi Isobars and cJfta?^ Dtrect?o?iof Wwd i^ Isobars and cJfean Diyedwn of Wind Summer. TLATE m.^ Isobiirs and z^eaTi Direction of Mnd (y^utumn 7^0 /' PLATE XNe ^i^—i/'- Ilistnbiition of f^reci^itahony . Winter. ■■'\ - \ FLATE ^Za ^mr oyer ^oo /r>m ^'^^Hs? U" ' w 2ft! Mm. /ao mm Sopnon. yoo /rtm. Distribution f^eci/oiiatioH' FLATE T^6 S. '>/07ino " / / &M^ \ /^ % 6gl0lY /OS mm oner J'f'tm- at'er /oe mm U" I /Off /" Soer. Distribution Precipitation <^ummer. \ FLATE ZTc t)f # f leloy/ /CO mm. W^i •' '/" v«^'^3 fifar •fat'ftn- i00>rt»i Distribution Precipitation. c/^utu7nn. ELATE Tla cw.^ .00 ^„ WM^ ai'fr yoo T^ ^o'O frjff Distribution Preci^iiation l/ear PLATE l&e »« 6efa^/ 6ix> mf?i \lf{ ovtr ,'6)offim over 1^^ ^ /Soomnt ' ' Stio mm / iMm m ?& + + m fn ^ * m ^ ^ s 2 .^ ^ pg .r^ H ^4^. f[l ^ RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY University of California Richmond Field Station, BIdg. 400 1301 South 46th Street Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS To renew or recharge your library materials, you may contact NRLF 4 days prior to due date at (510) 642-6233 DUE AS STAMPED BELOW my 22 mi DD20 12M 7-06 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY C^ BERKELEY LIBRARIES CDbl37Sia5 ..«€'