ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 * 
 
 JAMES BRAKES 
 
 Chief Chemist Chateaugay Ore and Iron Company, 
 
 Member of the American Chemical Society, 
 
 the American Electrochemical Society, 
 
 the American Foundrymen's 
 
 Association. 
 
 FIRST EDITION 
 
 ALLEN BOOK AND PRINTING CO. 
 
 TROY, NEW YORK 
 1919 
 
IDe&icatefc 
 
 to 
 
 my friend 
 FRANK L. NASON 
 
 Geologist 
 
 and 
 Mining Engineer. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TT is the desire of the author, to place before the mining, 
 
 civil, electrical and mechanical engineer, and others, 
 
 who have taken chemical analytical training, a small 
 
 practical book on the analysis and manufacture of babbitt. 
 
 Many concerns would like to use, if possible, a babbitt 
 made from a certain formula that has been known to give 
 satisfaction in the past, and with care in weighing, selec- 
 tion of the furnace and observing certain precautions 
 in melting the various metals, excellent results can be 
 obtained with very little loss. 
 
 With the exception of the modification of the Alexan- 
 der method for lead, the methods may be old, but they 
 have been selected from the many methods in use for 
 their simplicity, neatness and accuracy of analysis of a 
 babbitt, of known composition. 
 
 At the same time reactions and data have been inserted, 
 which will be of interest to the student in analytical 
 chemistry. 
 
 There is included, the titles of many methods by 
 different chemists for the analysis of white metals and 
 
white metal alloys, and also an extensive bibliography 
 of books on metallurgical engineering. 
 
 To the young chemist, for whom this book has been 
 especially written, it is the earnest desire that it may be 
 of pleasure and profit. 
 
 I desire to publicly thank Dr. F. W. Schwartz for 
 reading the manuscript and Miss Helen T. Gibney for 
 
 reading the proofs. 
 
 JAMES BRAKES. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 ANTIMONY. 
 
 PAGES 
 
 Properties, etc Qualitative Quantitative- 
 Volumetric and Electrolytic Analysis Biblio- 
 graphy of Antimony Analysis 3-21 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 TIN. 
 
 Properties, etc Qualitative Quantitative 
 Volumetric and Electrolytic Analysis Biblio- 
 graphy of Tin Analysis 22-46 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 LEAD. 
 
 . Properties, etc Qualitative Quantitative 
 Volumetric, Gravimetric and Electrolytic 
 Analysis Bibliography of Lead Analysis 47-76 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 '"pO IZAAC BABBITT, to whom recognition is given 
 ** as one that made a special study of bearing metal and 
 was so successful in the art of making anti-friction 
 alloys, that his name has been used to indicate the 
 process as well as that of the alloy. 
 
 According to Buchanan, the original patent was issued 
 for a particular form of bearing and not for a special 
 anti-friction alloy. 
 
 The original was composed of 90 parts of tin and 10 
 parts of copper, later, it was said to be a mixture of tin, 
 antimony and copper. A "hardening" is first prepared 
 by melting 24 parts of tin, 8 parts of antimony and 4 
 parts copper. Each metal is melted separately, covered 
 with powdered charcoal to prevent oxidation. The 
 antimony is added to the tin after fusion and the copper 
 after the molten alloy is removed from the furnace. 
 This hardening, either in the form of ingots or direct 
 from the furnace, is added to twice its weight of melted 
 tin, the surface of which is covered with powdered coal 
 and the resulting alloy is termed the lining metal, with 
 a theoretical composition of tin 96 parts, antimony 8 
 parts and copper 4 parts, or tin 88.89%, antimony 7.41% 
 and copper 370%. 
 
F BABBITT 
 
 The process of making the anti-friction alloy is again 
 described as melting 4 parts of copper, add 8 parts of 
 antimony, allow to cool to dull red heat, then add 16 
 parts of tin. This alloy is also termed "hardening" 
 which is added to twice its weight of tin, the surface of 
 the molten metal being covered as before with powdered 
 coal. 
 
 Time has changed the formula and mode of manu- 
 facture of the above alloy, which at one time was 
 extensively used, but it has been replaced in many cases 
 by other alloys in which a portion of the tin has been 
 substituted by lead and zinc, hence in recent years there 
 are many anti-friction alloys on the market that are 
 called babbitt, and the change of formula has been 
 altered and influenced by the high price of tin and also 
 by the general satisfaction that other alloys have given. 
 
 Each year the babbitt industry is becoming greater, 
 and the alloys has been improved by the addition of a 
 small percentage of certain metals (for which patents 
 have been granted), which imparts a fine close and 
 compact body to the alloy, thereby increasing its wearing 
 and lasting qualities far greater than that of ordinary 
 babbitt. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 PAGES. 
 
 Properties, etc Qualitat ! ve Quantitative 
 Volumetric, Gravimetric and Electrolytic 
 Analysis Bibliography of Copper Analysis. . . . 77-117 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 
 
 Determination of Magnesium and Bismuth 
 in Babbitt Qualitative Analysis of Babbitt 
 Miscellaneous Bibliography of White Metal 
 Analysis 118-135 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 BABBITT METAL. 
 
 Notes on the Manufacture of Babbitt 
 Examples of Calculations Sampling of Babbitt 
 Bibliography of Metallurgy Key to Publish- 
 ers. . . 136-169 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 ANTIMONY. 
 
 (Stibium.) 
 
 Said to have been discovered by Basil Valentine, a 
 monk of Germany, in the fifteenth century. Schelenz 1 
 states that the name antimony comes from the Arabic. 
 Wang Chung, Yu 2 has treated the subject of antimony 
 in a thorough manner. 
 
 Properties, etc. Chemical symbol, Sb ; atomic weight, 
 120.2; trivalent usually; Sp. Gr. 6.713 3 ; molten, 
 6.55 (631C) 4 ; melting point, 632C. 5 ; volatilizes at 
 about 1500C. Specific heat at about melting point, 
 .054 6 ; latent heat of fusion, (calculated) 16.0 Cal. T ; 
 increase in volume on melting, 1.4% 8 ; electrical conduc- 
 tivity (Ag=lOQ) 4.6 9 ; casting temperature 710- 
 1050C 10 ; Foliated, crystalline scale like structure; sil- 
 ver white-color when pure, but the commercial has a 
 bluish-white tint; strong metallic lustre; very brittle and 
 easily reduced to powder; neither ductile or malleable; 
 not readily acted upon by the air; tarnishs slowly in 
 warm moist air; burns with a blueish white light when 
 heated to redness in the air ; alloys particularly with the 
 
 1 Antimony. Schelenz. Z. Angew. Chem., 26, 1311-2. 
 1 'Antimony. Wang Chung Yu. (f). 
 *Long. 'Richards. 
 
 'Pascal and Joumiaux. *Tocplar. 
 
 *Pouillet. 'Matthiessen. 
 
 Hofman. Wust. 
 
4 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 metals, Pb t Bi, Sn, Cu, Ni and Fe. Used technically in 
 the manufacture of alloys (Britannia metal, hard lead, 
 white metal, bearing metal); imparting hardness and 
 expansion to alloys when cooling from .the molten state; 
 manufacture of thermoelectric piles, blacking iron, coat- 
 ing metals, antimony black; is employed to impart a 
 metallic surface to plaster casts and to cast zinc orna- 
 ments ; alloy for printing type ; preparation of tartar 
 emetic and other pharmaceutical products; the metal is 
 at present rarely used medicinally, but at one time was 
 used for leprosy; the slow cooling of the commercial 
 metal produces a peculiar coarse laminated, crystalline, 
 rhombohedra structure required in commerce, which is 
 regarded as the best star-antimony, whereas, if cooled 
 quickly, the fracture is granular. Native antimony 
 usually contains Ag, Fe and As, with a specific gravity 
 of 6.5-7. In combination with other ores, but the chief 
 ore is stibnite, Sb 2 S B . A high fusion point is a sign of 
 its impurity; pure metal is usually prepared by the 
 Liebig process 1 ; important in the refining of argentiferous 
 lead; dissolves slowly in hot HCl; converted to the pen- 
 toxide by HNO B ; H 2 SO first oxidizes it and then con- 
 verts it to the sulphate; soluble in cold aqua regia, and 
 the solution contains SbCl 3 or SbCl 6 , depending upon the 
 concentration of the acid and the time of action ; anti- 
 mony pigments as a substitute for white lead and zinc 
 paint, being innocuous, permanent and sun proof; the 
 use of the sulphide in the rubber industry. Commercial 
 antimony (98.46% Sb.) Sp. Gr. 6.69. 1 cubic foot weighs 
 417.6 pounds. Immense quantities of Sb compounds are 
 used in wall paper, textile fabrics, paper dyeing and 
 printing. No clearly defined case of antimonial poison- 
 
 *Rosc. and Schorni. Vol. II, Pt. II, 304. 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 5 
 
 ing has been established, 1 but opinion differs as to the 
 poisonous action of Sb on workmen. A very small per- 
 centage of Sb in Cu lowers its conductivity. According 
 to Hiorns and Lamb, the effect of Sb on the conductivity 
 of Cu is indicated by the following figures .000% Sb, 
 100; .098%, 76; .203%, 70; .208%, 68.5; .392%, 58.4; 
 .461%, 48.9; .605%, 42.4; patents have been granted for 
 the manufacture of finely divided Sb by electrolysis, for 
 medicinal uses. Schrumpt and Zabel state that type- 
 setters suffer from a general debility and that the 
 complaint was traced to Sb poisoning. According to 
 Poppe and Polenski, Sb added to barley flour, used for 
 fattening geese, does not produce an abnormally fat liver 
 as generally believed. Flour containing no Sb seems to 
 produce the same results. Seltzer and carbonated waters 
 have an action upon the alloys of Sn, Sn-Pb or Sn-Sb, 
 used for stopping the siphons. The action is assisted 
 by electrolytic action ; antimony has been found in foods 
 that have been prepared in enameled cooking utensils. 
 Chinese "crude" Sb contains Sb 2 O 3 and metallic Sb. 
 (Schoeller). Kahlbaum's "technical" Sb contains as 
 impurities Cu, Pb, Fc, Ni, Co, Sn and As (impurity=: 
 1:10 2 ), and Kahlbaum's "pure" Sb is of higher purity, 
 but the ratio of the impurities to Sb has not been estab- 
 lished. (Mylius). According to Guettier the specific 
 gravity of Sb-Sn alloys is below that of the calculated 
 specific gravity of the mixture. The best alloys- of Sb 
 and Sn are made by having nearly the proportion of Sb 
 20 parts and Sn 80 parts, casting at a low temperature 
 and using cold molds to prevent segregation of Sb. 
 
 *Textil Faerb.-Ztg., 8, 39, also Loewenthal. Chem. Ztg., 33, 
 1325. 
 
6 , ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Hardness (talc=l), 3.3 1 ; coefficient of linear expansion 
 per degree C. (O-100) .0000168 2 ; normal to axis, 
 .0000089 2 ; tensile strength at ordinary temperature 
 (pounds per square inch) cast, 1,000; specific heat for 
 tC., Sm (o to .04864+ .0000084** ; specific heat at 
 about 15C, .048 2 ; at 1-20, .0503; at 632-830C., 
 .0603. Boiling point, visible ebullition, 1420C. 4 ; 
 Young's Modulus 5 ()=7.8x 10 11 ; modulus of rigidity 
 5 ({i)=2xl0 11 . 
 
 Metallurgical processes. (1) liquation process; (2) 
 Crucible process; (3) open-hearth process; (4) English 
 process; (5) volatilization process ; (6) French process; 
 (7) electrolysis; (8) elec. furnace process. 
 
 The process used, depends upon the locality, cost of 
 production, market price and demand for the metal. 
 Natural Sources: 
 
 Native Antimony, (Sb) rare; STIBNITE, (Sb 2 S 3 ) ; 
 valentinite, (Sb 2 O z ) ; senarmontite, (Sb 2 O 3 ) ; cervantite, 
 (Sb 2 OJ ; stiblithe, (S 2 4 +/f 2 O) ; kermesite, (2Sb 2 S 3 
 Sb 2 O 3 ) ; also waste product from smelting ores as 
 pyrargyrite, (Ag Q Sb 2 S Q ) ; berthierite, (FeSb 2 S 4 ) ; freiesle- 
 benite, (Ag^Sb^^ ; wolfsbergite, (Cu 2 Sb 2 S 4 ) ; bournan- 
 ite, ((Cu 2 Pb) 3 Sb 2 S Q )-, boulangerite, (PbSb 2 S 4 ) ; blein- 
 ierite, (Pb 2 Sb 2 S 5 ) ; dyscrasite, (Ag 2 Sb) ; ullmannite, 
 ((NiSSbAs) 2 ); breithauptite, (NiSb) ; allemontite, 
 
 Mining Localities: 
 
 Andieasberg in the Harz; Przibram in Bohemia; Sahl 
 in Sweden ; Sarawak in Borneo ; Constantine in Turkey ; 
 Tuscany in Italy; Algeria, Canada, Mexico, France, 
 United States, Chili, Japan, China, Nova Scotia and New 
 South Wales. 
 
 *Mohs. *Hofman. l Naccaria. 'Greenwood. *Bridgman. 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 7 
 
 References: 
 
 Antimony. Wang. (/). 
 
 The Antimony Industry. Howard, (g). 
 Production of Antimony in the United States. 1 
 
 The production of antimony ore in the United States 
 in 1916 amounted to about 4,470 short tons, carrying 
 about 1,770 short tons of antimony. Alaska produced 
 during the year of 1917, antimony valued at $40,000. 
 Production of Antimony in the United States. 2 
 
 Antimony in antimonial lead in 1914 was 3,535 tons. 
 Antimony from domestic ores in 1915 was about 2,100 
 tons. This does not include the production of antimony 
 in antimonial lead which was 3,288 tons. The produc- 
 tion of 1916 was much smaller owing to the rapid decline 
 of antimony prices. 
 Commercial Metals. 3 
 
 Analysis of some of the more important brands of 
 antimony : 
 
 Cookson's Sb (by difference), 99.874; Pb, .041; Sn, 
 .035; As, tr.-, CM/ .04; Fe, .010; Zn, tr. Cookson's 
 Sb (by difference, 99.608; Pb, .102; Sn, tr.-, As, .092; 
 Bi, none; Cu, .046; Cd, none; Fe t .004; Zn, .034; Ni and 
 Co, .028; S, .086. Hallett's Sb (by difference), 99.104; 
 Pb, .669; Sn, .175; As, tr.; Cu, .038; Fe, .014; Zn, tr. 
 Hallett's Sb (by difference), 99.045; Pb, .718; Sn, 
 .012; As, .021; Bi, none; Cu, .046; Cd, none; Fe, .007; 
 Zn, .023; Ni and Co, none; S, .128. Japanese Sb (by 
 difference), 99.325; Pb, .443; Sn, .175; As, .008; Cu, 
 .034; Fe, .015; Zn, tr. Japanese Sb, 99.195; Pb, .424; 
 Sn, .012 ; As, .095 ; Bi, none ; Cu, .043 ; Cd, none ; Fe, 
 
 *U. S. Geol. Survey (communication). 
 *Met. and Chem. Eng. (communication). 
 *Min. and Sci. Press, July 10, 1915. 
 
8 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 .007; Zn, .023; Ni and Co, none; S, .201. Chinese 5& 
 (by difference), 99.915; Pb, .018; Sn, .035; As, .017; 
 CM, .008; Fe, .007; Zn, *r. Chinese^, 99.760; Pb, 
 .029; 5"n, none; As, .090; Cd, none; F*, .004; Zn, .027; 
 JW and Co, tr. ; S, .078. 
 Qualitative Analysis. 
 
 Dissolve .2-.3 gram of the powdered metal in 2 or 3 
 c. c. of hot aqua regia, add 20 c. c. of water and about 
 1 gram of A/a 2 S0 3 +7 H 2 O. Heat nearly to boiling, and 
 when the odor of S0 2 is perceptible, pour the solution 
 into about 300 c. c. of cold water. If Sb is present, a 
 white bulky precipitate of ANTIMONIOUS OXYCHLORIDE 
 (powder of Algaroth), will be precipitated. 
 
 4S&C/3+5 H 2 O=2 (Sb O Cl) ^ 2 O 3 +10 HCl 
 
 Precipitate soluble in H 2 (C^H 4 6 ) and water, repre- 
 cipitated by H 2 S as Sb 2 S s , orange-red precipitate. 
 (Bi O Cl under similar conditions, will become black 
 Bif f ). 
 
 Dissolve .1-.2 gram of the powdered metal, in 1 or 2 
 c. c. of aqua regia, and evaporate to dryness Add 1-2 
 c. c. of HCl and about 10 c. c. of water and heat until 
 solution is clear. Place a piece of metallic Zn, supported 
 on platinum foil in the solution and allow to stand a 
 few minutes, remove the black stained foil, place in 
 small beaker and add 2 drops of HNO S , H 2 (CH 4 O e ) 
 and water, and heat to dissolve. Filter, if necessary, 
 and add H 2 S to the nitrate ; an orange-red precipitate of 
 . Sb 2 S 3 indicates Sb. 
 
 Heat with the blow-pipe on charcoal, a small fragment 
 of the metal and condense the copious white fumes on 
 cold procelain. Place 1 or 2 drops of (NH^) 2 S in con- 
 tact with the white sublimate ; an orange-red coloration 
 indicates Sb, due to the change of the volatile Sb 2 O z to 
 Sb 2 S 3 . 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 9 
 
 Dry on a filter, a portion of the white precipitate 
 obtained by the addition of water. Moisten wkh a few 
 drops of (NH 4 ) 2 S', an orange stain indicates Sb 2 S 9 m , a 
 black color denotes Bi 2 S s . 
 
 H 2 S precipitates all the Sb from moderately acid anti- 
 monious solutions as Sb 2 S s ; imperfectly from alkaline 
 and neutral solutions. 
 
 Sb 2 S 3 is insoluble in (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 and dilute acids; 
 soluble in concentrated HCl with evolution of H 2 S\ 
 soluble in KHO and alkaline sulphides containing an 
 excess of 5\ 
 
 H 2 S precipitates Sb 2 S 5 , mixed with Sb 2 S s and free S 
 from HCl solutions of antimonic acid. Soluble in boiling 
 HCl, hot NaHO and NH 4 HO ; soluble in (NHJ^S, from 
 which solution it is reprecipitated by HCl. 
 Quantitative Analysis. 
 K 2 Mn 2 O 8 Method. 
 
 Volumetric Method. Place .5 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in a dry 400 c. c. beaker. Add 10 c. c. of 
 strong H 2 SO 4 , cover and heat until the alloy is entirely 
 decomposed (about 10 or 15 minutes). Cool, add 150 
 c. c. of water, 15 c. c. of strong HCl and boil 5 minutes. 
 Cool and titrate rapidly with standard K 2 Mn 2 O 8 solution 
 to a rose color. Subtract blank and calculate Sb. 
 (titration must be rapid and the first coloration taken). 
 
 K 2 Mn 2 O 8 +5 SbCl z +\6 HCl= 
 
 5 SbCl 5 + 2 HCl+2 AfnC/,+8 H0 
 
 "l20.2 " 
 
 K 2 Mn 2 O 8 =W FeS Sb. Sb=2 Fe= = 
 
 111.68 
 
 1.0763, and therefore multiply the Fe factor by 1.0763 
 and the product will equal the Sb factor. 
 Standard K 2 Mn 2 O 8 Solution. 1 
 
 *This solution is also used for Fe, P, Mn, Ti and CaO. 
 
10 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Dissolve 3.70 grams of K 2 Mn 2 O B c. p., in 1000 c. c. of 
 water and standardize as follows : 
 
 Dissolve 1.4 grams of FeSO^NH^^SO^+6 H 2 
 (14.24% Fe. Merck, blue label), in a cold mixture of 
 150 c. c. of water+10 c. c. of H 2 SO^ titrate to a rose 
 color and subtract blank. 
 
 2 SOt + 6 H 2 X .1424 
 1 c. c.=- 
 
 31. c. c..l c. c. K 2 Mn 2 O s solution 
 
 .006451 gram of Fe, and .006451 X 1.0763= 
 .006943 gram of Sb. 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 .006943 X 12.8 c. c..l c. c. K 2 Mn 2 O solution 
 
 .5 gram of alloy 
 X100=:17.63% Sb. 
 
 Mixture calculation^ 18.00% Sb and, as the commer- 
 cial metal contained 98.46%, the actual content was 
 17.72% Sb. 
 Determination of Sb in Commercial Metal. 
 
 Weigh .5 gram and treat as usual, until the final solu- 
 tion obtained is ready for titration. Transfer solution to 
 a 250 c. c. marked flask, dilute to the mark and mix 
 thoroughly. (1 c. c. of solution contains .002 gram of 
 metal). Take 100 c. c. of the solution with pipette and 
 place in 400 c. c. beaker. Add 10 c. c. HCl and titrate 
 the cold solution with standard K 2 Mn 2 & . Subtract 
 blank and calculate Sb. Accuracy of method, 98.38%- 
 98.55% Sb. 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 11 
 
 The K 2 Mn 2 O 8 solution can be standardized with 
 KSbC 4 H 4 O 7 . y 2 H 2 O\ C. P. From the formula, it should 
 contain 36.16% Sb. The Sb must be determined in the 
 salt, before it can be used as a standardizing reagent and 
 this can be done very accurately by the following method. 
 
 Place .5 gram of the pure salt in 400 c. c. beaker and 
 dissolve in 10 c .c. of hot water. Add 15 c.c. of strong 
 HCl and 100 c. c. of water. Cool and titrate as usual, 
 with standard K 2 Mn 2 O 6 solution. Multiply the Fe factor 
 by 1.0763 and the product will equal the Sb factor. 
 .006764X277 c. c..l c. c. K 2 Mn 2 O B solution 
 
 A= 
 
 .5 gram 
 X 100=37.33% Sb. 
 
 .006764X27.7 c. c..l c.c. KMn 2 O 8 solution 
 
 B= 
 
 . 5 gram 
 X 100=37.33% Sb. 
 
 The salt is permanent, as the results from the above 
 sample gave ten years later, the following results. 
 .006904X27.1 c. c..l c. c. K 2 Mn 2 O 8 solution 
 
 C= 
 
 .5 gram 
 
 X 100=37.28% Sb. 
 N/IQ K 2 Mn 2 O 8 Solution. 
 
 Dissolve 3.16 grams of K 2 Mn 2 O 8 C.P. in 1 liter of 
 water. 1 c. c.=. 005584 gram of Fe (theoretical), and 
 K 2 Mn 2 O 8 =lO Fe, also Sb=2 Fe then 
 111.68: 120.2=.005584:X. X=.00601 gram of Sb. 
 (theoretical). 
 KBrO 3 Method. 
 
 V* is said that a small portion of the Sb in tartar emetic is 
 present as antimonic salt. (Coblentz and May. Merck's Report 
 18, 195.) 
 
12 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Volumetric Method. Place .5 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in a 400 c. c. beaker. Add 20 c. c. of HCl 
 and a few drops of bromine. Shake frequently and 
 warm gently until dissolved. Dilute to 75 c. c. with water 
 and boil until free from Br (about 8 minutes). Dilute 
 with water to 125 c. c. Add 1 gram of Na 2 SO 3 . 7H 2 O 
 and boil down to 75 c. c. Wash cover and sides of beaker 
 with water, add 10 c. c. HCl and heat to boiling. Add 
 3 drops of methyl orange solution (.05 gram of the salt 
 dissolved in 15 c, c. of water) and titrate with standard 
 KBr0 3 until the solution is colorless. 
 AT/10 KBrO 3 Solution. 
 
 Dissolve 2.7836 grams of pure KBr0 3 in 1000 c. c. of 
 water. 
 
 2 KBrOs+2 HCl+3 Sb0 8 = 
 
 2 KCl+2 HBr+3 Sb,O, 
 2 KBr0 3 =6 Sb 
 2 KrO 3 =167.02X2=334.04 
 6 Sb =120.2 X6=721.2 
 334.04 : 721.2=2.7836 : X X=6.01 
 
 1000 c. c. AT/10 KBrO 3 V. S. containing 2.7836 grams 
 
 KBrO 3 =6.Ql grams Sb. 
 
 1 c.c. AT/10 KBrO s V.S. containing .0027836 gram 
 ^rO 3 =.00601 gram Sb. (theoretical.) 
 
 Standardize the KBrO 3 solution as follows : Place .5 
 gram of KSbC^H 4 O 7 . */> H 2 0, C. P. in 400 c. c. beaker 
 and dissolve in 10 c. c. of hot water. Add 30 c. c. HCl, 
 dilute to 75 c. c. with water and heat to boiling. Add 3 
 drops of methyl orange solution and titrate with KBrO 3 
 solution. 
 
 ' .3733X.5 gramKSbCtH 4 O 7 . */ 2 H*O 
 
 1 c. c.= =.005992 gram Sb. 
 
 31.15 c. c. 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 13 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 .005992X14.9 c. c. KBrO 3 solution 
 
 X 100=17.85% Sb. 
 
 .5 gram of alloy 
 
 Electrolytic Method. Place .5-1 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in 150 c. c. beaker and warm gently with a 
 mixture of 4 grams of H 2 C^H 4 O 6 -\-4 c. c. of 
 HNOi(L42)+l5 c.c. of water, "heat and shake until 
 solution is complete. Add 4 c. c. of //..SO 4 ( 1.84), dilute 
 with 20 c. c. of cold water and transfer to a 250 c. c, 
 marked flask. Cool, dilute to the mark, mix and allow 
 to settle. Take 50 c. c. with pipette, place in 250 c. c. 
 beaker and neutralize with a concentrated solution of 
 NaHO. Add 2 grams in excess and heat gently to obtain 
 a clear solution. Add 50 c. c. of a saturated solution of 
 Na 2 S(1.20), heat to boiling and allow to settle. Filter 
 and wash with 30 c. c. Na 2 S solution (1.20) diluted with 
 water. The solution should now contain 80 c. c. of 
 saturated solution of Na 2 S and 2 grams of NaHO. 
 Evaporate or dilute to 125 c. c., add 25 c. c. of alkaline 
 solution of H 2 O 2 (3%) and heat the solution until it is 
 nearly colorless. Electrolyze with a current of ND 100 = 
 1.5-1.6 amperes and 2.1-1.45 volts. Time 2.5 to 6 hours. 
 When the Sb is all deposited, wash the cathode with 
 distilled water without interrupting the current, by lower- 
 ing the beaker and directing a fine spray of water over 
 the surface of the cathode, and then immerse in C 2 H 6 
 for a few seconds. Dry in air bath for 15 minutes at a 
 temperature of 80-90C. Cool and weigh. 
 
 Weight taken=.5 gram and solution diluted to 250 c. c. 
 
 .5 gram 
 then 50 c.c.=.l gram ( X50=.l). 
 
 250 c. c. 
 
14 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The area of the electrode cylinder of platinum gauze= 
 
 1.6 amperes 
 
 6.3 sq. in.=40.6 sq. cm. and =4 amperes. 
 
 .406 
 
 Used 4 amperes 3.1 volts, (four 32 c. p. carbon lamps 
 in parallel.) Time 2.5 hours. 
 
 (1) Cylinder-f deposit^ 10.0505 grams. 
 =10.0414 " 
 
 .0091 gram. 
 
 XI 00=9. 10% Sb. 
 .1 gram alloy. 
 
 (2) Cylinder-f deposit= 10.0504 grams. 
 = 10.0412 " 
 
 .0092 gram. 
 
 X 100=9.20^0 Sb. 
 .1 gram alloy. 
 
 (3) K 2 Mn 2 8 Method=9.13% Sb. 
 
 According to Classen, "the following equations prob- 
 ably represent the reactions which take place in the 
 electrolysis of the antimony sulpho-salt." 
 
 At the cathode: 
 
 Sb 2 S z +3 Na 2 S+6 H=2 Sb+6 NaHS. 
 
 At the anode: 
 
 6 NaHS+3 O=3 Na 2 S 2 +3 H 2 O. 
 
 After the cathode and the deposit of antimony has 
 been weighed, place it in a solution of dilute HNO z (l :1) 
 and allow to stand about 1 hour. Should the above 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 15 
 
 solution fail to remove the deposit, fill a 50 c. c. platinum 
 crucible with HKSO^ within l /4 inch of the top. Fuse, 
 place cathode in the melted salt and allow to remain 
 3 to 5 minutes. Remove, cool and place in warm water 
 containing HCl and, after the salt has dissolved, wash 
 thoroughly with water. Dry and the cathode is ready 
 for use. 
 
 To determine the end of the electrolytic reaction, place 
 a bright piece of platinum foil in contact with the 
 cathode. Should there be a deposit, redissolve it by 
 placing the foil in contact with the anode. 
 Sodium Sulphide Solution. 
 
 Dissolve 85 grams of NaHO in 200 c. c. of water 
 (Sp. Gr. of solution^ 1.3). Divide the solution into two 
 parts and pass H 2 S through one part, free from air, 
 until the odor of H 2 S in solution is decided. Filter, 
 add the remaining part and pass H 2 S until the solution 
 is saturated. Filter through cotton, cork tightly and 
 set aside in cool dark place. 1 
 
 In passing H 2 S through the colorless solution of 
 NaHO, the color becomes in succession, yellow, orange, 
 brown and finally, a straw color when the solution is 
 saturated with H 2 S. The volume increases from 200 
 c. c. to 290 c. c. Sp. Gr. 1.20. Time 12 to 15 hours for 
 the absorption of H 2 S. 
 
 2 NaHO+H 2 S=Na 2 S+2 H 2 O 
 80+34 =78 +36 
 
 80 : 78=85 : X X=82.8 grams 
 
 34:78=X:82.8 X=36.1 grams 
 
 *If the monosulphide is required, saturate one half of the 
 NaHO solution with H 2 S, add the other half and filter directly 
 into stoppered bottles. 
 
16 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 36.1 grams. 
 
 -=23.6 liters of H 2 S, 
 
 1.53 grams. 
 at OC. and 760 ni.m. of Hg. 
 
 Saturated solution of Na 2 S made from the salt. 
 
 At 10 C 1.15 Sp. Gr. 
 " 25 C 1.20 " " 
 " 32C 1.20 " " 
 " 38 C 1.225 " " 
 
 To prepare the Na 2 S solution for the separation of 
 Sn and Sb from the other metals, dissolve the colorless 
 c. p. salt in water as needed. Saturate with washed H 2 S, 
 allow to settle, filter, bottle, cork tightly and keep in 
 cool dark place. 
 
 The following methods for the determination of 
 antimony will be of interest to the analyst: 
 Determination of Antimony in Ores. Brown. Journ. 
 
 American Chem. Soc., Sept., 1899. 
 
 Volumetric Estimation of Antimony. Darroch. Chem- 
 ical Engineer, Aug., 1906. 
 Antimony in Babbitt and Type Metals. Yockey. Journ. 
 
 American Chem. Soc., Oct., 1906. 
 Technical Estimation of Antimony and Arsenic in Ores, 
 
 Etc. Low. Journ. American Chem. Soc., Dec., 1906. 
 Determination of Antimony and Tin in Babbitt, Type 
 
 Metal or Other Alloys. Low. Journ American 
 
 Chem. Soc., Jan., 1907. 
 
 Volumetric Estimation of Antimony. Duncan. Chem- 
 ical Engineer, March, 1907. 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 17 
 
 Determination of Antimony and Arsenic in Lead- 
 Antimony Alloys. Howard. Journ. American Chem. 
 
 Soc., March, 1908. 
 Purity and Volatility of Precipitated Antimony Sulphide. 
 
 Youtz. Journ. American Chem. Soc., June, 1908. 
 Separation of Tin and Antimony. McCay. Journ. 
 
 American Chem. Soc., March, 1909. 
 Rapid, Practical Method for the Determination of 
 
 Antimony and Tin in Alloys such as Babbitts and 
 
 Solders. Vietz. Chemical Engineer, Oct., 1910. 
 Analysis of Tin-Antimony Alloys. McCay. Journ. 
 
 American Chem. Soc., Oct., 1910. 
 Gravimetric Estimation of Antimony and Tin. Cohen 
 
 and Morgan. Analyst, 34, 3-9. 34, 3-10. 
 The Rapid Electroanalytical Deposition and Separation 
 
 of Antimony and Tin. Sand., J. Chem. Soc., 93-4, 
 
 1572-92 (Aug.). 
 The Separation of Antimony and Tin. Panajotow. 
 
 City Chem. Lab., Sophia. Ber., 42, 1296-9. 
 The Quantitative Determination of Antimony by the 
 
 Gutzeit Method. Sanger and Riegel. Chem. Lab., 
 
 Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 
 The Volumetric Determination of Antimony. Schmidt. 
 
 Chem.-Ztg., 34, 453-5. 
 Separation of Antimony and Tin by Distillation. Plato. 
 
 Z. anorg. Chem., 68, 26-47. 
 Determination of Tin and Antimony in Soft Solder. 
 
 Goodwin. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 34. 
 The Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Copper. 
 
 Heath. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 78-82. 
 Note on the Detection and Estimation of Small Quanti- 
 ties of Antimony. Schidrowitz and Goldsbrough 
 
 Analyst, 36, 101-3. 
 
18 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Volumetric Method for Antimony. Jamieson. J. Ind. 
 
 Eng. Chem., 3, 250-1. 
 Determination of Antimony in Red Rubber Goods. 
 
 Schmitz. Gummi Ztg., 25, 1928. 
 The Examination of Antimony and Tin in Metallic 
 
 Alloys. Belasio. Ann. lab. chim. centr. delle Gabell, 
 
 6; Giorn. farm, chim., 61, 499-500. 
 The Estimation of Arsenic and Antimony. Hooper. 
 
 Eng. Mining J., 94, 706-7. 
 Analysis of Antimony and Lead Compounds Containing 
 
 Oxygen. Jacobsohn. Chem. Ztg., 32, 984 (Oct., 7). 
 Analysis of Alloys of Antimony. Nicolardot and Krell. 
 
 Bui. soc. Chim., 5, 559-62. 
 Determination of Antimony in its Sulphide Preparations. 
 
 Howard and Harrison. Pharm. J., 83, 142. 
 Separation of Arsenic and by means of the Knorr Dis- 
 tillation Apparatus. Smith. Eng. Min. J., 88, 1062-3. 
 The Precipitation of Antimony from Solutions of 
 
 Sulphoantimonate. Schulte. Metallurgie, 6, 214-20; 
 
 Chem. Zentr., 1909, I, 1741. 
 Application of Potassium Ferricyanide in Alkaline 
 
 Solution to the Estimation of Arsenic, Antimony and 
 
 Tin. Palmer. Am. J. Sci., 29, 329-403; Z. anorg. 
 
 Chem., 67, 317. 
 The Determination of Antimony. Beckett. Chem. 
 
 News, 102, 101-4. 
 New Method for the Determination of Tin in the 
 
 Presence of Antimony. Sanchez. Bull. soc. chim., 7, 
 
 890-4. 
 Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Anode 
 
 Copper. Kern and Ching Yu Wen. Met Chem. Eng., 
 
 9, 365-7. 
 Determination of Antimony in Red Rubber Goods. 
 
 Frank. Gummi. Ztg., 25, 2002. 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 19 
 
 Detection of Arsenic, Phosphorus and Antimony in the 
 
 Medical Diagnosis of Poisoning from these Substances. 
 
 Pedrazzina. Boll. chim. farm., 50, 134; J. Chem. Soc., 
 
 100, II, 438. 
 New Method for the Detection of Traces of Arsenic 
 
 and Antimony. Staddon. Chem. News, 106, 199. 
 The Analysis of Antimony-Tin Alloys. Pontio. Ann. 
 
 chim. anal., 18, 47-8. 
 Rapid Methods for the Estimation of Antimony. Nis- 
 
 senson. Z. anorg. Chem., 81, 46-8. 
 The Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Con- 
 verter and Electrolytic Copper. Brownson. Bull. Am. 
 
 Inst. Mining Eng., No. 80, 1489-95. 
 Rapid Determination of Antimony and Arsenic in Anti- 
 
 monial Lead and Antifriction Alloys. Bertiaux. Ann. 
 
 chim. anal., 19, 49-51. 
 Use of Hydrofluoric acid in the Separation of Copper 
 
 and Lead from Tin and Antimony by means of the 
 
 Electric Current. McCay. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 36, 
 
 2375-81 (1914). 
 Analysis of Antimony. Cowan. Analysis of 4 ingots 
 
 of com. Sb are given. Chem. Trade J., 56, 6 (1915). 
 Rapid Analysis of Alloys for Tin, Antimony and Arsenic. 
 
 Stief. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 211-2 (1915). 
 Determination of Antimony. Layng. Mining Sci. Press, 
 
 113, 57-8 (1916). 
 Simple Method of Estimating Antimony in Stibnite. 
 
 Lehmann and Lokau. Arch. Pharm., 252, 408-12 
 
 (1914). 
 
 Method for Estimating Phosphorus, Arsenic and Anti- 
 mony in Commercial Copper. Grant. Chem., Analyst, 
 .17, 12-3 (1916). 
 
20 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The Determination of Antimony in the Products 
 
 Obtained by Roasting Stibnite. Hall and Blatchford. 
 
 Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., 1916, 99-101. 
 The Analysis of Antimonial Lead. McCabe. J. Ind. 
 
 Eng. Chem., 9, 42-4 (1917). 
 Antimonium crudum. McGeorge. *Hahnemanniam 
 
 Monthly, 52, 303-7 (1917). 
 Does the Feeding of Antimony Produce Fatty Liver in 
 
 Geese? Method for the Detection of Antimony and 
 
 Arsenic in Goose Livers. Poppe and Polenske. 
 
 Arb. Kais. Gesundh., 38, 155-61; Chem. Zentr., 1911, 
 
 II, 1158. 
 Methods of Detection, Separation and Determination of 
 
 Arsenic and Antimony. Bressanin. Ann. chim. anal., 
 
 17, 81-4. 
 
 Separation and Quantitative Determination of Antimony 
 
 in White Bearing Metals. Compagno. Atti. accad. 
 
 Lincei, 21, I, 473-8. 
 Detection, Separation and Determination of Arsenic and 
 
 Antimony. Bressanin. Gazz. chim. ital., 42, I, 494-9 ; 
 
 cf. C. A. 6, 1579. 
 Determination of Chromium in Bronze Containing Tin 
 
 and Antimony. Schilling. Chem. Ztg., 36, 697. 
 Lead, Tin and Antimony Alloys. Campbell. Metal- 
 ^ lurgie, 9, 422-5 ; cf . C. A., 5, 2063. 
 Separation of Arsenic from Antimony and other Metals 
 
 by means of Methyl Alcohol in a Stream of Air. 
 
 Moser and Perjatel. Monatsh., 33, 797-820. 
 The Separation of Arsenic from Antimony and other 
 
 Metals with some Applications to Toxicological Work. 
 
 Collins. Analyst, 37, 229-38. 
 Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Alloys and 
 
 of Arsenic in Copper. Bressanin. Ann. chim. anal., 
 
 18, 468-74; C. A., 7, 35; 6, 1579. 
 
ANTIMONY PROPERTIES 21 
 
 Determination of Antimony in its Minerals. Caffin. 
 
 Mon. Sci. (5) 4, 148-9. 
 Detection of Antimony in Qualitative Inorganic Analysis. 
 
 Peterson. Z. anorg. Chem., 88, 108. 
 Determination of Antimony by Oxidation of an Alkaline 
 
 Antimonite. Gastaldi and Pertusi. Rend. soc. chim. 
 
 ital., 4, 83 (1914); through Ann. chim. applicata, I, 
 
 567. 
 The Quantitative Determination of Antimony with 
 
 Especial Reference to Golden Sulfide of Antimony. 
 
 Gummi. Ztg., 29, 137-9 (1914). 
 Study on the Quantitative Analysis of Antimony Tri- 
 
 sulfide and its Ignition Products. Bacho. Monatsh., 
 
 37, 85-117 (1916). 
 Investigation of the Antimony Spot. Its Behavior 
 
 Towards Hypochlorite. Vauvel and Knocke. Chem. 
 
 Ztg., 40, 209-10. 
 Determination of the Antimony Content of Textile 
 
 Fibers. Von Fellenberg. Mitt. Lebensm. Hyg.. 7, 
 
 288-95. 
 The Practice of Antimony Smelting in China. Wang. 
 
 Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., 1918, 927-45. 
 Note on the Treatment of Antimony Minerals in 
 
 Sardinia. Rolfo. Ind. chim. min. met. 5, 98-101 
 ^ (1918). 
 Separation of Antimony and Tin in Hydrochloric Acid 
 
 Solution. Prim. Chem. Ztg., 41, 414-5. 
 Production of Electrolytic Antimony from Impure Ores. 
 
 Burr. Eng. Mining J., 104, 789-90 (1917); Chem. 
 
 Abs., 118 (1918). 
 
22 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 TIN. 
 ( Stannum. ) 
 
 The metal has been known from the most 'remote 
 antiquity. The county of Cornwall, has yielded tin for 
 at least 3,000 years and the mines of Cornwall, have 
 been worked for the oxide of tin since the time of the 
 Phoenicians and Greeks. 
 
 The alchemistic name for . this metal was Jove, and 
 was indicated by the sign of Jupiter. 
 Properties, Etc.: 
 
 Chemical symbol, Sn ; atomic weight, 118.7; quad- 
 rivalent; sp. gr., 7.28 (pure); hammered, 7.29; cast, 
 7.29; rolled, 7.30; electrolytic, 7.25; rhombic, 6.55; 
 molten, 6.98 (232C.) 1 ; melting point, 232.7C. 2 ; volati- 
 lizes preceptible at 1200C. Boiling point, 1550C. 5 
 (approximate). Specific heat at about melting point, 
 .059 4 ; latent heat of fusion, 13.7 Cal, 5 (calculated) ; heat 
 conductivity (^f<7=100) 14.5; increase in volume on 
 melting 2.8% 6 ; electrical conductivity (Ag=lQQ) 13.F; 
 casting temperature 500 C. 8 Crystalline structure; color, 
 silver-white with a slight bluish tinge; brilliant lustre, 
 not easily tarnished; soft, very malleable and laminable, 
 
 ^Pascal and Joumiaux. *Hofman. ''Matthiessen. 
 
 'Person. ^Richards. *Hofman. 
 
 3 Carnelly. 'Toeplar. 
 
TIN PROPERTIES 23 
 
 but not very ductile and with feeble tencity. Rolled to 
 sheets not over 1/5000 of an inch thick; most malleable 
 at 100 C; most brittle at 200 C; when rubbed gives a 
 peculiar odor similar to that of SnCl 2 solutions. The 
 temperature of the metal when cast, determines entirely 
 its lustre, and degree of cohesion when cold ; rarely used 
 in the pure state for casting as it does not fill the molds 
 entirely. If the metal is poured too hot (exhibiting 
 rainbow colors on the surface), the metal will be brittle, 
 if again heated to 100-140C. If the temperature is 
 too low when poured, the metal will be after cooling, 
 dull and brittle. To obtain the best results as to metallic 
 lustre and at the same time the greatest cohesive strength, 
 the metal must be cast when the surface of the molten 
 metal presents a high degree of lustre. Tin-ash is a 
 mixture of SnO and finely divided Sn, formed by allow- 
 ing the fused metal to stand in contact with air, and if 
 the heating is continued, the greyish coating is converted 
 to yellowish-white SnO 2 , known as putty powder ; resists 
 the action of organic acids to a remarkable degree ; next 
 to Pb, it is the softest metal; a bar of tin when bent 
 gives a peculiar creaking sound (cry of tin), caused by 
 the grinding action of the crystals over each other. 1 
 Alloys of Sn 90% and Pb 10% preserve the crackling 
 sound, but in a less degree to that of pure tin, and the 
 sound is destroyed by the addition of \% of Zn. Tin 
 pest, a breaking down of the structure of the metal, to 
 a grey friable powder by extreme cold. The action is 
 said to begin at 18 C., and is most rapid at 48 C. 
 Some writers state that the tin pest is a disease of tin, 
 as normal tin is affected when placed in contact with 
 the grey powder, (the author has exposed granulated 
 and bar tin at a temperature of 18 C., to 41 C, the 
 1 Or the breaking up of crystals along cleavage planes. 
 
24 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 entire winter, with no perceptible change in the structure. 
 No doubt, the structure of the metal becomes very brittle 
 by extreme cold (which acts upon the metal like extreme 
 heat), and when the pigs of tin are piled, the weight 
 of the pigs above, may crush the lower tier to irregular 
 fragments and also to a powder.). The affinity of the 
 oxides Sn and Pb for each other, is shown by heating 
 to a red heat, an alloy of 1 part of Sn-}-4 parts of Pb. 
 Combustion begins similar to that of burning peat or 
 charcoal, and is continued for some time after the heat 
 is removed by using a gentle blast. At ordinary tem- 
 perature, the polished surface of tin-plate is but little 
 affected by the air or moisture, but the bright surface 
 of commercial metal soon tarnishes under the same con- 
 ditions. Commercial metal often contains small portions 
 of Fe, Pb, Cu, Sb, As, Bi, IV, and in some cases, Mn 
 and Zn. The alloys of tin are very valuable. Britannia 
 metal, speculum-metal, gun-metal, bell-metal, pewter, 
 hard and soft solder, engineering alloys, composition and 
 anti-friction alloys, fusible alloys, bronze, phosphor- 
 bronze, and tin amalgam. Tin-plate is thin sheet iron 
 coated with tin. Tin-foil is made from the pure metal 
 or alloyed with Pb, and is extensively used as a covering 
 or packing for perishable and deliquescent material. The 
 crystalline appearance given to sheet tin (Moire Metal- 
 lique), is obtained by rinsing the clean tin plates in 
 dilute HNO 3 or HCI+HNO Z and then with water. The 
 plates are now dipped for a few moments in aqua regia, 
 diluted with 3 volumes of water and heated to about 
 180 F. The plates are now removed, washed thoroughly 
 with water, dried, and finally oiled or lacquered. The 
 pure metal is used largely for block tin worms for dis- 
 tilling apparatus, block tin pipes for gas and water, 
 working parts of certain dry and wet gas meters, tin 
 
TIX PROPERTIES 25 
 
 plated ware for household and pharmaceutical use and 
 the tinning of lead, copper and other metals. The metal 
 has the remarkable property of imparting hardness to 
 certain alloys, -which was known to the alchemists, who 
 applied the term of diaboliis metallorum to some of its 
 brittle alloys. Tin conbines with lead in all proportions 
 and strongest alloy of the two metals, is said to be 3 
 parts of Src-f-1 part of Pb. sp. gr. 8. Sn and Cu do 
 not unite readily with each other, and the resulting brittle 
 alloys, is less brittle and more malleable, if heated and 
 then plunged in cold water. Tin and zinc, when fused, 
 unite readily to form alloys. As the Z)\ predominates, 
 the metal must be cooled quickly, otherwise the metals 
 may separate at the bottom of the molds. The addition 
 of Pb to the above alloys, increases the body of the alloy. 
 Sn and Sb form white brittle alloys, the brittleness 
 increases as the percentage of Sb becomes greater and 
 the alloys must solidify quickly to prevent segregation. 
 According to Chaudet, 10 parts of Sn to 1 part of Sb, 
 form a perfectly ductile alloy. The elasticity, hardness 
 and toughness of ordinary bronze, is greatly increased 
 by the addition of .25 to 2.5% of P, the alloy is now 
 known as phosphor-bronze. SnCl 2 -\-2 H 2 O is a powerful 
 deoxidizing reagent, as it reduces the salts of Hg, Ag, 
 Pt, etc.. to the metallic state and the solutions of other 
 metals from the ic to the ons condition. Pure stannous 
 chloride (SnCl 2 -\-2 H 2 O), is used as a mordant by dyers 
 and calico printers, also for preparation of fuchsine. 
 Stannic chloride (SnCl 4 -\-5 H 2 0) and stannate of sodium 
 (Na s SnO 3 ), are valuable salts of the dyer. Phosphor-tin 
 is a valuable alloy. When the borings (5% P) are 
 treated with acid, there is an evolution of H Z P which 
 ignites in contact with the air. The protoxide (SnO) 
 acts as a base, and the peroxide (SnO 2 ) as a basic and 
 
26 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 an acid forming oxide. The prepared peroxide is used 
 for polishing glass and stone and is known as putty 
 powder. After ignition, pure Sn0 2 is an amorphous 
 white or straw colored powder. SnO is a grayish black 
 color usually, and when pure according to Roth, a red 
 color. The sesquioxide, Sn 2 O s is gray. SnO 2 forms 
 two hydrates, both acids: stannic acid, Sn0 2 , H 2 O, and 
 metastannic acid, Sn 5 O w , 5 H. 2 O. The commercial metal 
 consists of common, refined and grain. Refined tin is 
 made from the purest ores and grain tin from the best 
 pigs. Tin wire has but slight tenacity. Arsenic renders 
 the metal whiter, but harder and the presence of small 
 amounts of Pb, Cn and Fe causes it to become brittle. 
 When SnCl 4 is mixed with one-third of its weight of 
 water, it is termed butter of tin. Powder of tin was 
 used exclusively as an anthelmintic, and is now used as 
 a teniafuge. The medicinal preparations are still called 
 jovial preparations. The metal is soluble in HCl with 
 the evolution of H\ hot HNO 3 converts it to insoluble 
 metastannic acid ; soluble in hot H 2 SO and aqua regia. 
 Native tin has been found in small tablets in bismutite 
 from Mexico. Commercial tin (99.70% Sn) Sp. Gr. 
 7.33. 1 cubic foot weighs 457.57 pounds. Shrinkage of 
 castings per foot 1/12 or .0833 of an inch. Wire made 
 from iron, 7/100 of an inch in diameter, will sustain 
 444 pounds, and tin wire if the same size, 32 pounds. 
 "Strain disease," caused not only by a rise in temperature 
 but also by contact of one article with another already 
 affected. Affection taking place at a temperature as 
 high as 37 C. "Museum disease," coins, medals, organ 
 pipes and utensils made from tin, become covered with 
 wart-like spots of a grayish color, changing to a grayish 
 dust. Cavities are left, which become enlarged and 
 increase in size. Said to be a change from white to 
 
TIN PROPERTIES 27 
 
 gray tin. Tin that has been distilled in vacua, has a 
 brass-yellow color due to the presence of a little sulphur. 
 Portuguese counterfeit money contained as the principal 
 component 90.8-98.3% Sn in most of the coins. The 
 size of the crystal grains in bar tin, determine the 
 intensity of the "cry of tin." Alloys containing free Sn, 
 free Bi and free Sb, will also give the sound, only in a 
 lesser degree. Qual. analy. of tin ash show Sn, SnO 2 , 
 Sb trace, Cu, Fe, C and SiO 2 . The samples are not 
 homogeneous. As high at 50.6% Pb has been found in 
 tin coatings used for wrappings. Chocolates containing 
 acid substances that have been wrapped in zinc foil, that 
 has been used as a substitute for tin foil, varied in 
 content from 141 to 287 mg. of zinc oxide per kg. 
 Opinions differ as to the weight of tin dissolved by 
 decoctions of coffee. According to the Municipal Lab. 
 of Leipzig, two samples of filtered coffee yielded 7.8 
 and 8.8 mg. of tin resp. Strunk was unable to verify 
 these findings in any particular. The amount of tin 
 found in unvarnished cans of spinach, at least one year 
 old, was less than 126 mg. per kg. The tin content was 
 always lower in the varnished cans. Canned spinach 
 containing 18 mg. of tin originally, after remaining open 
 six days, 1038 mg. of tin were present. The amount of 
 tin in the liquor increases with the length of time in 
 storage. Samples of canned goods 5-8 years old con- 
 taminated with solder, amounts of tin has been found 
 from traces to 3000 mg. per kg. Preserved asparagus 
 which is said to have caused poisoning, contained .29 
 gram of tin per kg., bound in the vegetable. Staphy- 
 lococcus infections have been treated with a mixture of 
 Sn and SnO, and a 5 to 10 per 1000 solution of SnCl 2 
 in water or glycerol was used for dressing war wounds ; 
 it is said in some localities that tin-platers never have 
 
28 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 feruncles. Fusible tin boiler plugs are rendered dan- 
 gerous by the formation of Sn0 2 , either as a solid mass 
 at the fire end of the plug or throughout the tin filling. 
 The presence of .3% Zn and a small amount of Pb is 
 said to cause oxidation of the filling. The cooling curves 
 of the freezing point of Sn detects the presence of Pb 
 or Zn in the plugs as low as .1%. The addition of 
 Sn to Cu, lowers the ductility, electrical conductivity and 
 specific gravity, and increases the strength and hardness. 
 Specific heat at about 15C, .055 1 ; at 19-99C., .0552; 
 at 240C, .064. Boiling point, visible ebullition 2275C. 2 
 volatilization commences, 880 C. 3 Hardness (talc=l) 
 2.0-3.0 4 ; coefficient of linear expansion per degree C. 
 (OMOO), .0000227 1 ; tensile strength at ordinary tem- 
 perature (pounds per square inch) cast, 4,600; drawn. 
 5,800; coefficient of rigidity, 5 2.04X10 11 ; Bulk Modulus, 5 
 5.29X10 11 ; Young's Modulus, 5 5.43X10 11 ; specific heat 
 for fC, Sm (o to .0560+ .000044f. 6 
 
 Metallurgical Processes: 
 
 (1) Blast furnace process, which is the oldest known 
 method of smelting tin and is used for pure coarse lump 
 ore and poor slags ; (2) reverberatory furnace process, 
 for reducing fine and low grade ores and rich slags: 
 (3) electric furnace process is usually used for roasted 
 ores; (4) electrolytic solution and deposition, used for 
 the recovery of tin from tin plate waste and old scrap. 
 Natural Sources: 
 
 CASSTTERITE (SnO 2 }. Varieties, lode tin, tin stone, 
 wood tin, float tin and stream tin. It is the commercial 
 ore of tin; stannite ((CuSnFc)S or FeCitSnS 4 } or tin 
 
 ^H of man. 'Molis. 
 
 ^Greenwood. 5 Kaye and Laby. 
 
 *Tiede and Binnbrauer. 'Bcde and Regnault. 
 
77JV PROPERTIES . 29 
 
 pyrites, the composition of which is uncertain. 
 Other Sources: 
 
 Hard head dross,- waste products, such as tin ash, 
 white metal turnings, scrap slags and tin plate waste. 
 Mining Localities: 
 
 The world's supply comes chiefly from Australia, 
 East India Islands, Bolivia and Cornwall, England. 
 Very large deposits of tin ores are in the Island of Banca, 
 New South Wales, Queensland and Islands of Bilitong. 
 It has been worked in Bohemia, Saxony, Peru, Spain, 
 Germany, Hungary, Malacca in Asia, Chili and at 
 Durango in Mexico. Sparingly in the United States. 
 References: 
 
 Tin Deposits of the World. Fawns, (h). 
 
 Tin. Alining, Dressing and Smelting. Charleton. (e). 
 
 Tin. A History of the Trade in, Flower, (e). 
 
 The Production of Tin. Louis, (e). 
 
 Tin and Tin Plate. History, Production and Statistics. 
 Weeks, (e). 
 
 The Technic of Tin Working. German. Janecke. 
 
 Leipzig. 
 Production of Tin in the United States. 1 
 
 The tin from ores of domestic origin amounted to 
 140 tons in 1916, and to 150 tons in 1917. Alaska 
 produced during the year of 1917, tin valued at $160.000. 
 Commercial Metals. 2 
 
 The standard analysis of some of the more important 
 brands : 
 
 Billiton S, 99.96% ; Sb, .006% ; Cu, .023%. Banca 
 Sn, 99.95%; Sb, .007%; Pb, trace.; Cu, .018%; Fe, 
 .045%; S, trace. Penang Sn, 99.94%; Sb, trace.; As, 
 .013%; Pb f trace.; Cu, .016%; Fe, .028%; S, .04%. 
 
 1 C7. S. Geol. Survey (communication.) 
 'The Foundry, Jan.. 1909. 
 
30 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Singapore Sn, 99.87%; Sb, .008%; As, .045%; Pb, 
 .034%; Bi, .003%; CM, .052% ; .Fe, .003%; 5", .005%. 
 Mt. Bischoff Sn, 99.80% ; Sb, .015% ; ^j, .063% ; Pb, 
 .037%; JBt, .005%; Cu, .035%; Fe, .042%; S, .008%. 
 Chinese No. 1 Sn, 99.34%; S&, .031%; ^, .040%; 
 Pb, .434% ; 5t, .007% ; Cu, .052% ; Fe, .10% ; 5, .072%. 
 Chinese No. 2 SVt, 98.66%; Sb, .039%; ^j, .035%; 
 P&, 1.035%; Bi, .012% ; CM, .134%; F*, .014%; S, 
 .058%. Chinese No. 3 Sn, 95.28%; Sb, .381%; ^, 
 .050% ; Pb, 3.995% ; t, .020% ; CM, .106% ; Fe, .026% ; 
 5, .116%. 
 
 Qualitative Analysis. 
 Stannous Chloride (SnCl 2 ). 
 
 Place .5 1 gram of SnCl 2 in a small beaker and dis- 
 solve in a mixture of 10 c. c. of //C/+10 c. c. of water.. 
 Add granulated Zn, which will precipitate the Sn as a 
 spongy mass. Wash the residue with water and dissolve 
 in 20 c. c. of hot HCl. Divide the solution into 4 parts 
 and treat as follows : ( 1 ) Add saturated solution of 
 HgCl 2 in excess. A white precipitate of Hg 2 Cl s indicates 
 the presence of Sn. 
 
 SnCL+2 HgCl 2 =SnCl 4 +Hg 2 Cl 2 . 
 
 If SnCl 2 is in excess, the precipitate will be gray due to 
 the presence of metallic Hg. 
 
 2 SnCl. 2 +2 HgCl 2 =2 SnCl++2 Hg. 
 (2) Heat to boiling and add 2 or 3 c. c. of AuCl^ solu- 
 tion. A purple-red coloration or precipitate of PURPLE 
 OF CASSIUS is formed. 1 ("probably a mixture of the 
 oxides of tin and gold." Silliman.) ("its constitution is 
 not established." Fresenius.) 
 
 1 "Cassius purple evidently is due to Au formed by the reduction 
 of AuCk by Sn, resulting in the hydro gel of stannic acid colored 
 by colloidal Au." (Gruenewald.) 
 
TIN PROPERTIES 31 
 
 (3) Add 2 or 3 c. c. of PtCl 4 solution. A dark crimson 
 coloration indicates the presence of Sn. The depth of 
 color depending upon the amount of stannous salt 
 present. The coloration is caused by the reduction of 
 PtCl, to PtCl 2 . 
 
 (4) Add 1 or 2 c. c. of Fe 2 Cl Q solution and same amount 
 of K s Fe(CN) 6 solution. A dark blue solution of 
 F e sCyi2y similar to the color of Prussian blue, 
 Fe 7 (CN) l8 , denotes the presence of Sn (no other reduc- 
 ing reagent present). 
 
 H 2 S precipitates from neutral and acid solutions, a 
 dark brown precipitate of SnS] soluble' in KHO and 
 NaHO solutions, reprecipitated by acids unaltered ; sol- 
 uble in boiling HCl with evolution of H 2 S ; nearly insol- 
 uble in colorless (NH 4 ) 2 S, but soluble in the yellow 
 sulphide as (NH^S) 2 SnS. Reprecipitated by acids as 
 yellow SnS 2 , mixed with free S ; boiling HNO 3 converts 
 it to insoluble metastannic acid 1 (Sn 5 H 10 O 15 ?) . 2 
 
 KHO, NaHO, NH 4 HO and alkaline carbonates pre- 
 cipitate from stannous solutions, a white bulky precipi- 
 tate of SnH 2 O 2 , soluble in excess of KHO and NaHO. 
 
 Stannous salts, when exposed to the air, absorb 
 oxygen and are rapidly changed to stannic salts, forming 
 insoluble oxychlorides (soluble in water containing free 
 HCl) and SnCl 4 . 
 
 (NH) 2 S produces a precipitate of SnS in stannous 
 solutions. 3 
 Stannic Chloride. (SnCl 4 ). 
 
 f "The product of oxidation of Sn by HNO 3 is not insoluble in 
 acids" Dott. Pharm. J., 81, 486. 
 
 *Fresenius. 
 
 *Guzman, mentions a new reaction of the Stannous Ions.-\5 g. 
 NH 4 CNS are dissolved in 250 c. c. of water and 1 c. c. of 
 (NHJJfoO* soln. in cbnc. HCl (\ g. in 10 c. c.) added. Sn 
 salts give at once a carmine red. The reagent is more senstive 
 than HgCl^ .1 mg. of SnCl, in 1 c. c. being readily detected. 
 (Chem. Ztg., 35, 797.; 
 
32 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Place .5 1 gram of SnCl 2 in small beaker and dis- 
 solve in a mixture of 10 c. c. of water-)- 10 c. c. of 
 HCl+3 c. c. of HNO 3 , boil, and dilute with water. 
 Add excess of HCl and granulated Zw, which will pre- 
 cipitate the Sn, Remove the spongy mass, wash and 
 redissolve in hot HCl, dilute with water and treat as 
 described under stannous chloride 1-2-3-4. 
 
 H 2 S precipitates from hot acid or neutral solutions, 
 a white flocculent precipitate ("it has not, however, as 
 yet been analyzed." Fresensis.) if stannic solution is in 
 excess. If an excess of H 2 S is present, a yellow pre- 
 cipitate of SnS 2 is formed ; soluble in KHO, NaHO, 
 alkaline sulphides, boiling HCl and aqua regia; soluble 
 in (NH 4 ) 2 S and Na 2 S as ammonium and sodium sul- 
 phostannates, reprecipitated by acids as SnS 2 unaltered. 
 
 Heat on charcoal before the blowpipe in the reducing 
 flame, a small fragment of metallic tin and moisten the 
 white coating of SnO 2 (a slight yellow tinge when hot, 
 and white when cold) with a few drops of C0(JV0 3 ) 2 
 solution and again ignite, a bluish-green coloration indi- 
 cates Sn. 
 
 Place a small piece of cassiterite in a small beaker in 
 contact with metallic Zn, cover with HCl and allow to 
 stand a few minutes. A coating of metallic tin is 
 deposited on the surface of the mineral. 
 Quantitative Analysis. 
 Iodine Method. 
 
 Volumetric Method. P^ace .3-.S gram of the filings 
 in 500 c. c. flask, add 40 c. c. of HCl and heat gently 
 until the alloy is decomposed. Add now frequently, a 
 little KCIO 3 to dissolve the slight residue. Add 30 c. c. 
 of water and boil 3 minutes. Dilute with water to about 
 90-100 c.c. and add 10 or 12 two-inch iron horse shoe 
 
TLV PROPERTIES 33 
 
 nails 1 and cork flask with perforated rubber cork, holding 
 a glass tube with a minute outlet. Heat the solution until 
 brisk action begins and allow to simmer on hot sand bath 
 for 30 minutes. Filter luke-warm solution through 
 cotton into 500 c. c. flask containing CO 2 (place 2 grams 
 of HNaCO 3 2 in flask and acidulate with HCl) and wash 
 flask, filter and nails with oxygen free water (500 c. c. 
 water+5 grams HNaCO 3 +W c.c. of HCl). Add 5 
 c. c. of starch solution and titrate (below 40 C.) with 
 standard I solution to a blue color. Subtract blank and 
 calculate Sn. z 
 A r / 10 / Solution. 
 
 Place 12.7 grams of pure resubl. / and 20 grams of 
 KI free from iodate, in small beaker and add 20 c. c. of 
 water. Shake frequently until dissolved and dilute to 
 1000 c. c. with water. Mix thoroughly and allow to 
 stand over night before standardizing. Standardize 
 weekly. 
 
 SnCl+l 2 +2 HCl=SnCl 4 +2 HI. 
 2 I=Sn. 
 
 2 7=126.92X2=253.84. 
 Sn=llS.7 Xl=H8.7 
 1 18.7 : 253.84=X : 12.692. 
 
 1 c.c. 
 
 no./ : oo.o-t=^\. : i^.o^z. .v=o.yoo. 
 
 1000 c. c. A'/IO Iodine V. S. containing 12.692 grams 
 
 1=5.935 grams Sn. 
 oV/10 Iodine V. S. containing .012692 gram 
 
 /= .00593 gram Sn (theoretical). 
 Standardize the / solution by either of the two 
 following methods: 
 
 ^Hallett uses a Ni sheet 1.5 x 4 in. (Eng. Min. ]., 97, 1151-3J 
 
 2 0r marble cubes. 
 
 *To prevent the oxidation of the SnCl 2 solution, Smoot has 
 devised a small apparatus. (Eng. Mining J. 106, 25-6(1918) ; 
 Chem. Abst. Vol. 12 No. 17, pp. 1740.) 
 
34 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 (a) Place .2-.3 gram of pure Sn in 500 c. c. flask and 
 treat as described under the determination of tin. 
 
 .2065 gram Sn 
 
 I c. c. I solution 1 ^ =.005529 gram Sn. 
 
 37.45 .1 c. c. 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 .005529X6.55-. 1 c. c. 
 
 -X 100= 11. 88% Sn. 
 .3 gram 
 
 Mixture calculation^ 12.00% Sn and, as the commer- 
 cial metal contained 99.70%, the actual content was 
 11.96% Sn. 
 
 (b) Place .2 gram of pure As 2 3 in 250 r. c. beaker, 
 add 15 c. c. of a 10% solution of NaHO, and shake until 
 dissolved. Add 20 c. c, of water, a small piece of litmus 
 paper and render solution slightly acid with dilute HCl. 
 Cool, add 50 c. c. of a saturated filtered solution of 
 HNaCO 3 and 5 c. c. of starch solution. Titrate imme- 
 diately with standard / solution to a blue color. 
 
 As O 3 +4 7+4 PINaCO z 
 
 As 2 O 5 +4 NaI+4 CO 2 +2 H 2 0. 
 
 As 2 3 +2 77 2 0+4 I=As s O s +4 HI. 
 
 2 I=Sn. 
 
 2 Sn=As 2 O 3 =4 I. 
 2 Sn=llS.7 X2=237A. 
 As 2 O 3 =l97.92X 1 = 197.92. 
 
 197.92 : 237.4=.2 gram As 2 3 : X. X=.2399 gram Sn. 
 *Old solution. 
 
TIN PROPERTIES 35 
 
 .2399 gram Sn. 
 
 \ c.c.I solution 1 ^ =.005540 gram Sn. 
 
 43.4 .1 c.c. 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 .005540X6.55-. 1 c.c. 
 
 X 100= 11.91% Sn. 
 
 .3 gram. 
 
 Determination of Sn in Commercial Metal. 
 Iodine Method. 
 
 Volumetric Method. Place .2-.3 gram of the very 
 fine filings or borings in 500 c. c. flask, previously filled 
 with CO 2 . Add 40 c.c. of HCl and cork flask with 
 rubber stopper holding a Kroonig valve. Place on hot 
 plate and heat gently to about 80-90C. until the metal 
 is dissolved. Remove stopper, add 50 c. c. of water and 
 6 two-inch horse shoe nails that have been bent in the 
 form of loops and fastened to a piece of fine platinum 
 wire, the end of which projects outside of the flask. 
 Place the stopper in the flask and heat until brisk action 
 begins ; then allow to simmer on hot plate or sand bath 
 for 30 minutes. Cool the flask and contents quickly 
 with ice water, remove the nails and wash thoroughly 
 with oxygen free water. Add 5 c. c. of starch solution 
 and titrate to a blue color with standard / solution. 
 Subtract blank and calculate Sn. 
 
 (a) 99.73% Sn. (b) 99.68% Sn. 
 .2 gram .4,y 2 O 3 =r.2399 gram Sn. 
 
 .2399 gram Sn. 
 
 (1) 1 c.c. TV/10 / sol. 2 = =. 005967 grm. Sn. 
 
 40.30 .1 c.c. 
 
 *Old solution. 
 2 New Solution. 
 
36 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 .2399 gram Sn. 
 
 (2) 1 c.c. A'/10 / sol. 2 = =.005960 grm. Sn. 
 
 40.35 .1 c.c. 
 
 .005963 3 X33.95-.25 c. c. (blank) 
 
 (a) - -X 100=9973% Sn. 
 
 .2015 gram. 
 
 .005963 3 X 34.00-. 25 c. c. (blank) 
 
 (b) - X 100=99.68% Sn. . 
 
 .2019 gram. 
 
 Detection of HIO a in KI. 
 
 Dissolve 1 gram of KI in 20 c. c. of water, freshly 
 boiled and cooled. Add 5 c. c. cold starch solution and 
 3 drops of dilute H 2 SO 4 (1:3). No blue coloration in 
 1 minute indicates less than .0001% of / 2 O 5 . (Merck). 
 Starch Solution. 
 
 Mix .5 gram of corn starch with 250 c. c. of cold 
 water and heat to boiling. Cool, decant the clear solu- 
 tion and preserve for use. 
 
 (A) Electrolytic Method. Place .5-1 gram of the 
 finely divided alloy in 150 c. c. beaker, cover with 20 
 c. c. of water, add 2.5 grams of H 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 and heat to 
 dissolve. Add 10 c. c. of HWO 8 (1.42), and heat gently 
 until the alloy is decomposed. Dilute to 50 c. c. with 
 water, add a concentrated solution of NaHO until the 
 first precipitate redissolves and the solution is clear. 
 Add 20 c. c. of colorless saturated solution of Na 2 S 
 (1.20) and allow to stand on hot plate about thirty 
 minutes. Filter into 400 c. c. beaker and wash thor- 
 
 *New solution. 
 9 Aver age. 
 
77A T PROPERTIES 37 
 
 oughly with hot dilute Na 2 S solution (2%), keeping the 
 volume of the solution down as much as possible. Add 
 to nitrate, dilute H 2 SO 4 (l : 1) until the solution is slightly 
 acid, stir thoroughly, allow to settle if possible and decant 
 on 12^2 c. m. qualitative filter (use two separate filters 
 if necessary). Transfer precipitate to original beaker 
 with a fine jet of water, return funnel and filter to rack 
 and dissolve the remaining sulphide on filter with 25 c. c. 
 of (NHt) 2 S solution, diluted to 50 c. c. with hot water. 
 Wash the filter thoroughly with hot water and evaporate 
 solution to about 125 to 150 c. c. Dissolve the 
 residue in beaker with 15 to 20 c.c. of (NH 4 ) 2 S, heat 
 gently until the solution is clear, then add 5 grams of 
 KCN and heat on steam plate until the solution is nearly 
 colorless. Dilute to 175-200 c. c. with water and elec- 
 trolyze with JVZ> 100 =1.5-1^6 amperes 3.5-4 volts. Time 
 six hours. Remove cathode as described under the 
 determination of Sb, wash with water and then with 
 C 2 H Q O. Dry in air bath for thirty minutes at a tem- 
 perature of 80-90C. and weigh as Sn+Sb. Subtract 
 the weight or percentage of Sb and the difference equals 
 the weight or percentage of Sn. 
 Weight taken=.5 gram. 
 
 1.6 
 
 Used 4 amperes (=4) 7 volts, (four 32 and two 16 
 .40 
 
 c. p. carbon lamps in parallel). 
 
 (1) Cylinder-)- deposit 10.4466 grams. 
 = 10.0391 . " 
 
 .4075 gram. 
 
38 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 .4075 gram Sn+Sb. 
 
 -X 100=81.50%. 
 
 .5 gram alloy. 
 81.50% Sn+Sb 9.2Q% S6.=72.30% Sn. 
 
 (2) Cylinder-f deposit^ 10.4465 grams. 
 = 10.0391 " 
 
 .4074 gram. 
 .4074 gram Sn+Sb. 
 
 -X 100=81.48%. 
 .5 gram alloy. 
 
 81.48% Sn+Sb 9.10% ^.=72.38% Sn.. 
 or, 
 
 .4075 gram Sn+Sb .0460 gram Sb. 
 (1)- -X 100=72.30% Sn. 
 
 .5 gram alloy. 
 
 .4074 gram Sn+Sb .0455 gram Sb. 
 
 (2) -X 100=72.38% Sn. 
 
 .5 gram alloy. 
 
 Weight of cylinder before deposit= 10.0391 grams. 
 Weight of cylinder after cleaning= 10.0390 grams. 
 
 The presence of KCN will retain the S in solution and 
 .will keep it from separating out on the anode, in excess, 
 by forming KCNS with the polysulphides. (Classen). 
 KCN+S=KCNS. 
 
 At the end of the electrolysis, the solution is colorless 
 and acid, with some free 5. 
 Cleaning Cylinder. 1 
 
 *Nessler jars of 100 c. c. capacity, can be used to contain the 
 separate solutions of HCl, HNO 3 and C 2 H e O. 
 
TIN PROPERTIES 39 
 
 Place the cathode very slowly in hot concentrated 
 HNO S and allow it to remain about five minutes. 
 Remove, wash thoroughly with water and place for same 
 length of time in hot concentrated HCl. Wash with 
 water and repeat the acid treatment if necessary. 
 Finally, wash thoroughly with distilled water, ignite 
 gently, cool and weigh and compare weight with that 
 obtained before electrolysis. 
 
 (B) Electrolytic Method. Proceed exactly as de- 
 scribed in (A) Electrolytic Method, until the alloy is in 
 in solution. Render solution slightly alkaline with a 
 concentrated solution of NaHO, still retaining a clear 
 solution without a precipitate; then add 2 grams of 
 NaHO in excess. Add 15 c. c. of Na 2 S solution (1.15) 
 and treat exactly as in the preceding method until the 
 Na 2 S solution of Sn and Sb is obtained. Acidulate solu- 
 tion slightly with HCl and evaporate on hot plate to 
 about 60-75 c.c. Add ' 10 c.c. of HCl (1.20) and 2 
 grams of Na 2 O 2 in small portions, stirring meantime, 
 until the solution is clear with the exception of free 6\ 
 Boil three minutes, filter into 400 c. c. beaker and wash 
 filter contents thoroughly with hot water. Place a small 
 piece of litmus paper in solution and render slightly 
 alkaline with NH^HO. Add 7 grams of acid NH^HC 2 6, 
 .H 2 O for every .3 gram of Sn present, heat to dissolve 
 if necessary, and when the salt is in solution, add 9 
 grams of C 2 //,O 4 . Warm to 60-65C, and electrolyze 
 with a current of ATZ) 100 =1-1.5 ampere. Time 4-4^2 
 hours. Wash the cathode with water without interrupt- 
 ing the current and immerse in C // 6 O. Dry thirty 
 minutes at 80-90C. Cool and weigh. 
 
 \Veight taken=.5 gram. 
 
40 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 (3) CyHnder+deposit= 10.4028 grams. 
 = 10.0407 " 
 
 .3621 gram of Sn. 
 
 .3621 gram Sn. 
 
 (3)- -X100=72.427 C Sn. 
 
 .5 gram alloy. 
 
 Results from Xo. 1-2 and 3 are from the same sample 
 of alloy. 
 Cathode. 
 
 A cylinder of platinum wire gauze. 2 inches high and 
 1 inch in diameter. Diameter of wire .004 inch. 44 
 mesh. Area 6.3 inches. 
 Anode. 
 
 A platinum foil 1^4 inches X 1/4 inches, fastened to a 
 piece of thick platinum wire. 
 Caution. 
 
 When using 4-5 amperes of current, do not allow 
 the anode to come in contact with the platinum gauze 
 of the cylinder, otherwise the gauze will fuse at the 
 point of contact. 
 Acid A r // 4 //C 2 O 4 .// 2 O. (Ammonium Binoxalate). 
 
 Dissolve 124 grams of (NH 4 ) 2 C 2 O 4 .H O in hot water, 
 add 126 grams of // 2 C 2 O 4 .2/f 2 O,~stir thoroughly until 
 dissolved and evaporate to dryness. Place in bottle and 
 cork tightly. 
 
 The following articles will be of interest to the 
 chemist : 
 The Titration of Stannous Salts with Iodine.' Young. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Oct., 1897. 
 On the Estimation of Tin. Pattinson and Pattinson. 
 
 J. Soc. Chem. Indust, March, 1898. 
 
TIX PROPERTIES 41 
 
 Rapid Method for the Determination of Tin in Copper- 
 Tin Alloys. Levy. Chem. Eng., Jan., 1906. 
 
 A New Form of Tin Disease. Hasslinger. Monatsh, 
 29, 787-90. (Aug.). 
 
 The Determination of Tin in Tin Plate. Meyer. Z. 
 angew. Chem., 22, 68. 
 
 The Assay of Tin Ores. Gray. J. Chem. Met. S. 
 Africa, 10, 312-5. 402-3. 11, 10. 
 
 Separation of Antimony and Tin by Distillation. Plato. 
 Z. anorg. Chem., 68, 26-47. 
 
 New Method for the Determination of Tin in the 
 Presence of Antimony. Sanchez. Bull. soc. chim., 7, 
 890-4. 
 
 Method for the Determination of Tin in Canned Foods. 
 Schreiber and Taber. Bur. of Chem., Circ., 67. 
 
 Determination of Tin and Antimony in Soft Solder. 
 Goodwin. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 34. 
 
 Analysis of Tin Ores. Bayerlein-Essen. Z. angew. 
 Chem., 23, 969. 
 
 Occurrence and Estimation of Tin in Food Products. 
 Smith and Bartlett. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem., 
 Bull., 137, 157. 
 
 Examination of Tin in an Ore. Morgan. Chem. Eng., 
 14, 289-91. 
 
 Tin and Its Methods of Assay. Zarath. Mexico. Mem. 
 rev. soc. cien. "Antonio Alzate," 28, 193-7. 
 
 Assay of Tin. Lewis. London Min. J., 1911, 606. 
 J. Chem. Met. S. Africa, 12, 32-3. 
 
 Some Analysis of Different Grades of Commercial Pig 
 Tin. Anon. Brass World, 7, 396. 22 complete analy- 
 sis of com. pig tin shows Sn content of 95.28% 
 99.96%. 
 
42 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Proposed Method for the Estimation of Tin in Canned 
 
 Goods. Lowrie. Orig. Com. 8th Intern. Congr. Appl. 
 
 Chem., 18, 247. 
 Special Adaptation of Iodine Titration Method for the 
 
 Estimation of Tin. Especially in Connection with 
 
 Determination of "Salts of Tin" in Canned Foods. 
 
 Baker. Orig. Com. 8th Intern. Congr. Appl. Chem., 
 
 18, 35. 
 New Volumetric Method for Tin. Patrick and Wils- 
 
 nack. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 597-9. 
 The' Solution and Oxidation of Tin in Dilute Nitric 
 
 Acid. (A contribution to the analysis of commercial 
 
 tin.) Bunge. Pharm. Zentralhalle, 54, 845-6. 
 Volumetric Determination of Tin. Hallett. Eng. 
 
 Mining J., 97, 1151-3. 
 The Assay of Tin Ores. Hutchin. Inst. Min. Met., 
 
 Feb., 1914. 
 Notes on the Direct Volumetric Determination of Tin. 
 
 Rawlins. Chem. News, 107, 53-5. 
 The Determination of Tin in Bronzes. Ibbotson and 
 
 Aitchison. Chem. News, 107, 109-10. 
 The Volumetric Determination of Tin with Potassium 
 
 Bromate by the Method of H. Zschokke. Fichter 
 
 and Muller. Chem. Ztg., 37, 309. 
 Analysis of Tin and Tin-Lead Dross. Bertiaux. Ann. 
 
 chim. anal., 18, 217-9. 
 Some Physical Properties of Tin. Garland. Cairo Sci. 
 
 J., 8, 27-41. 
 Assay of Tin Ore. Caspell and Beringer. London 
 
 Mining J, 1913, 149. 
 Analysis of Copper-Tin Alloys. Gemmell. J. Soc. 
 
 Chem. Ind., 32, 581-4. 
 The Volumetric Determination of Tin by Potassium 
 
 lodate. Jamieson. J. Ind. Chem., 8, 500-2 (1916). 
 
77.V PROPERTIES 43 
 
 The Detinning and Analysis of Tin Plate. Heise and 
 
 Clemente. Philippine J. Sci., 11 A, 191-9 (1916). 
 Tin Ash. Kolthoff and van Lohuizen. Utrecht. Pharm. 
 
 Weekblad, 54, 718-20 (1917). 
 Phosphor-Tin and a Volumetric Method for its Analysis. 
 
 Lee-Fegely-Reichel. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 9, 663-8 
 
 (1917). 
 The Analysis of Tin Ores. Golick. Eng. Mining J., 
 
 102, 827 (1917). 
 A Handy Method for Assaying Tin Ores. Henderson. 
 
 Eng. Min. J., 103, 267 (1917). 
 Separation of Antimony and Tin in Hydrochloric Acid 
 
 Solution. Prim. Chem. Ztg., 41, 414-5 (1917). 
 The Wet Assay of Tin Concentrates. Hutchin. Insti- 
 tution Min. and Metal, Bull., No. 149, 1-27 (1917). 
 The Volumetric Determination of Tin. Hallet. J. Soc. 
 
 Chem. Ind., 35, 1087-9 (1916). 
 A New Infective "Disease" of Tin. "Strain Disease." 
 
 Cohen. Chem. Weekblad., 6, 625-40. 
 Physical Chemical Studies of Tin. Cohen. VII., Z. 
 
 physik. Chem., 63, 625-34 (Aug. 21), also Chem. Ztg., 
 
 32, 1041 (Oct. 24). 
 
 Notes on Tin. Dott. Pharm. J., 81, 486. 
 Tin and Tin Pest. Berger. Schweiz Wochschr., 48, 
 
 117-22. 
 The Electrolytic Determination of Tin in Alloys. 
 
 Schurmann and Arnold. Mitt. kgl. Materialpruf- 
 
 ungsamt, Gross Lichterfelde West, 27, 470-3. 
 The Separation of Platinum and Tin. Wohler and 
 
 Spengel. Z. anal. Chem., 50, 165-171. 
 A Modification of the "Gay-Lussac" Method for Silver 
 
 Bullion Containing Tin. Salas. Bull. Am. Inst. 
 
 Mining Eng., 63, 267-78. 
 
44 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Determination of Tin in Tinned Iron. Crispo. Bull. 
 
 etudiants inst. Meurice, I, 150-2; through Bull. soc. 
 
 chim. belg., 26, 466. 
 Determination of Tin (Report on Meat and Fish). 
 
 Hoagland. Proc. A. O. A. C, 1911 ; U. S. Dept. Agr., 
 
 Bur. Chem., Bull. 152, 213. 
 Note on Determination of Tin in Foods. Hansen and 
 
 Johnson. Proc. A. O. A. C, 1911: U. S. Dept. Agr., 
 
 Bur. Chem., Bull. 152, 117-8. 
 
 The Determination of Tin in Ores. Milou and Fouret. 
 
 Discussions 8th. Inter. Cong. Appl. Chem., 27, 23 ; 
 
 cf. C. A., 6, 3250. 
 Confirmatory Tests for Tin. Curtman and Mosher. 
 
 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 35, 357-65. 
 Separation of Antimony and Tin. Huybrechts. Bull. 
 
 soc. chim. belg., 27, 66. 
 Method of Estimating Tin in its Ores, Alloys and 
 
 Compounds. Banerjee and Banerjee. Proc. Chem. 
 
 Soc., 28, 102. 
 The Electrolytic Separation of Tin from Tungsten. 
 
 Threadwell. Z. Elecktrochem., 19, 381-4. 
 Electrolytic Estimation of the Tin in Metal Foil of 
 
 Lead, Tin and Antimony Externally Tinned. Belasio. 
 
 Ann. lab. Gabelle, 6, 231-7; J. Chem. Soc., 101, II, 
 
 1099; cf. C. A., 7, 745. 
 The Assay of Tin Ores and Concentrates. The Pearce- 
 
 Low Method. Wraight and Teed. Inst. Min. and 
 
 Met., Feb., 1914; through J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 33, 262. 
 Method of Sampling and Analysis of Tin, Terne and 
 
 Lead-Coated Sheets. Aupperle. Metal Ind., 12, 
 
 327-8. 
 Note on the Separation of Tin and Copper in Brass 
 
 Analysis. Liebschultz. Chem. Analyst., 9, 14. 
 
77 A' PROPERTIES 45 
 
 Quick Method to Precipitate Tin Electrolytically. Hum- 
 
 phreville. Eng. Mining J., 98, 964 (1914). 
 Electrolytic Separation of Palladium and Tin. Gutbier- 
 
 Fellner-Emslander. Z. anal. Chem. 54, 208-13 (1915). 
 The Separation of Palladium and Tin by Means of 
 
 Dimethylglyoxime. Gutbier-Fellner. Z. anal. Chem. 
 
 54, 205-8 (1915). 
 Notes on the Chemical Assay of Tin Ores. Matheson. 
 
 Proc. Australasian Inst. Mining Eng., 1916. Xo. 21, 
 
 Determination of Tin in Tin Ashes. Wehvart. Chem. 
 
 Ztg., 40, 458-9 (1916). 
 Tin Ash. Kolthoff and van Lohuizen. Pharm. Week- 
 
 blad, 54, 718-20 (1917). 
 Physical Chemical Studies of Tin. VIII. Cohen. Z. 
 
 physik Chem., 68, 214-31 ; C. A., 3, 2780. 
 The Determination of Tin in White Metal by Electroly- 
 sis. Schiirman. Chem. Ztg., 34, 1117-8. 
 Tin Mining near El Paso. Koch. Eng. Min. J., 91. 168. 
 The Origin, Manufacture and Beauty of Tin. Scott. 
 
 Metal Ind., 10, 7-8. 
 The Presence of Tin in Certain Canned Goods. 
 
 Buchanan-Schryver. British Food J., 11, 101. 
 Determination of Pin Holes in Tin Plate. Walker. 
 
 J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1, 295-7. 
 Electrolytic Determination of Tin on Tinned Copper 
 
 Wire. Grower. Proc. Am. soc. Testing Materials, 
 
 17, II, 129-55 (1917). 
 Estimation of Tin in Low Grade Stuff. Adair. S. 
 
 Afrian Mining J.; J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 9, 1143 (1917). 
 Electroanalysis of Tin Without Platinum Electrodes. 
 
 Batuecas. Madrid. Anales soc. espah. fis. quim. 14, 
 
 495-511 (1916). 
 
46 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The Sampling and Assay of Chinese Tin. Browne. 
 
 Chem. News, 117, 1-2 (1918). 
 Determination of Tin in Concentrates. Smoot. Eng. 
 
 Mining J., 106, 25-6 (1918); Chem. Abst, Vol. 12, 
 
 No. 17, pp. 1740. 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 47 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 LEAD. 
 ( Plumbum. ) 
 
 Mentioned in Ex. XV, 10. It was found in the 
 Sinaitic rocks before the time of Moses, and was known 
 to the Israelites and the Hebrews. It was anciently 
 used to purify silver. Observed by Homer. Pliny gave 
 the name of plumbum nigrum to lead and plumbum 
 canidum to that of tin. The alchemists in their writings, 
 designated the metal by the sign of Saturn. 
 
 Properties, etc. Chemical symbol, Pb; atomic weight 
 207.20; tetravalent; Sp. Gr. 11.37 1 ; molten 10.88 
 (327C.) 2 ; melting point 326.2C. 3 . Fuses at 325.C. 
 Volatilizes at a strong white heat, air excluded. Boils 
 at 1525C. ; specific heat at about melting point .034*; 
 latent heat of fusion 4.00 Cal. 5 ; heat conductivity 
 (Ag=lQQ) 8.5 6 ; increase in volume at about melting 
 point 3.7% 7 ; electrical conductivity (^#100) 8.3 1 ; 
 casting temperature 500 C. 4 ; color bluish-gray, generally 
 known as lead gray ; strong metallic lustre when freshly 
 cut, but when exposed to the air the surface is soon 
 
 l Matthiessen. 3 Richards. 
 
 ^Pascal and Joumiaux. *Scien. Amer. 
 
 ^Person. 'Toeplar. 
 'Hofman. 
 
48 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 oxidized to the oxide or carbonate, which protects it 
 from further corrosion. Structure granular, as shown 
 by certain etched surfaces, also crystals obtained of 
 regular octahedrons. Combinations of cubes and octa- 
 hedra crystals have been formed in the working of 
 certain metallurgical processes. Crystalline plates of Pb 
 are formed by the voltaic action of metallic Zn on Pb 
 solutions ; tough, ductile, very soft and malleable, but 
 tenacity the lowest of any common metal ; contracts on 
 solidifying, forming a convex surface ; the surface of 
 the molten metal absorbs oxygen rapidly from the air, 
 forming PbO or PbO 2 , according to the degree of heat 
 used. The action of distilled or rain water on lead is 
 similar to that of an acid. The 2 PbCO s +Pb(HO) 2 
 which is formed generally under these conditions, acts 
 as an energetic poison, readily seen in numerous cases 
 of drinking water or beer that has remained over night 
 in lead pipes. The presence of a small amount of 
 CaCO 3 or CaSO in the water, forms in time a deposit 
 which prevents further action. When water pipes of 
 Pb are used, the action of the particular water in ques- 
 tion upon the metal is always tested by experiment. 
 The metal becomes hard and brittle by repeated melting, 
 due to the absorption of the oxides; rolled to thin foil 
 but cannot be drawn to fine wire; hardness increased 
 by the presence of Ag, Bi, As, Zn and Sb. In the 
 analysis of Pb by electrolysis, a red deposit which 
 resembles Cu is formed on the anode, which gradually 
 disappears as the Pb is deposited on the cathode. White 
 lead (2 PbCO 9 +Pb(HO) 2 ) made from PbS0 4 or 
 PbCl. 2 or by the Dutch, Holland, German, English or 
 French methods, is largely used as a pigment, but is 
 generally mixed with BaSO^ CaSO^ BaCO^ chalk or 
 pipe-clay. Basic chloride of lead (PbCL+Pb(HO) 2 ) 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES . 49 
 
 has been used as a substitute for carbonate of lead. 
 Cassels and Turners yellow, chrome-yellow (PbCrO 4 ), 
 orange mineral (Pb 3 O), chrome-red (2 PbO.CrO 3 ), 
 Madder reds, vermillionettes and Brunswick greens are 
 all valuable pigments of Pb. Certain mixtures of heavy- 
 spar and white lead are known as Venetian white, 1 part 
 of barium sulphate to 1 part of lead carbonate. Dutch 
 white, 3 parts of sulphate to 1 part of carbonate. 
 Hamburgh white, 2 parts of sulphate to 1 part of 
 carbonate. Average samples of white lead loses 14% 
 of its weight on ignition. Painters colic, a chronic dis- 
 ease caused by the skin absorption of Pb compounds. 
 The symptoms of the disease generally show in the 
 following order: constipation, loss of appetite, weak- 
 ness, extreme thirst, stomach pains, lead palsy, epilepsy, ' 
 and finally total paralysis. Well defined cases of lead 
 poisoning, are shown by the appearance of a blue line 
 at the edge of the gums, showing a deposit of PbS. 
 In many cases, the disease can be avoided by cleanliness. 
 Plumbers, who constantly handle metallic lead seem to 
 be exempt from the disease. Lead forms a suboxide, 
 Pb 2 O (black), a monoxide, PbO (yellow), a sesquioxide, 
 Pb 2 O 3 or PbO+PbO 2 (reddish-yellow), a dioxide or 
 peroxide, PbO 2 (brown), and a compound of Pb 2 O 3 and 
 PbO 2 of varying composition, but is usually P& 3 O 4 (red). 
 According to Dulong, PbC 2 O 4 is decomposed at a heat 
 below 300C, (oxygen excluded) as follows: 
 
 2 PbC 2 Ot=Pb 2 0+CO+3 C0 2 . 
 
 The monoxide or protoxide, called in commerce 
 litharge, is the resulting oxide produced by heating Pb 
 to that degree that it burns with a white light. On a 
 large scale it is manufactured by heating metallic Pb 
 until it forms lead ash, a mixture of Pb and PbO. 
 Upon further heating, it is wholly converted to the 
 
50 . ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 yellow protoxide. It is largely used in the manufacture 
 of glass, fluxing and the glazing of earthenware, as it 
 dissolves SiO 2 with rapidity; the preparation of varnish, 
 boiled linseed and other drying oils ; preparing white 
 lead, red lead, miniums, putty, lead plasters, also for 
 the preparation of chlorides, nitrates, acetates and other 
 definite salts of lead. PbO is soluble in HC 2 H a O*, dilute 
 HCl and HNO 3 , soluble in KHO, NaHO and solutions 
 of sugar, almost insoluble in water ( 1 : 12,000) . Some 
 of the salts of Pb have a sweetish taste, noticed in the 
 acetate or sugar of lead. Certain hair dyes contain 
 acetate of lead and an excess of free sulphur. Litharge 
 is very much used in pharmacy and is never used 
 mternally. Mixed with olive oil it forms lead plasters, 
 used for abating inflammation, and for other purposes. 
 
 Lead Di-Per-Superoxide, or dark-brown PbO 2 is 
 formed when Pb z O is treated with cold dilute HNO 3 . 
 Pb 3 4 +4 HN0 3 =PbO 2 +2 Pb(NO 3 ) 2 +2 H 2 0. 
 
 This mixture of PbO 2 and Pb(NO s ) 2 , is termed red- 
 lead or oxidized minium by match manufacturers. Com- 
 bined with phosphorus it is largely used as a mixture 
 for lucifer matches. Miniums are intermediate oxides 
 of Pb of variable composition, according to the tempera- 
 ture and care in manufacture. Red lead or Pb 3 O 4 , is a 
 mixture of PbO and PbO 2 and is formed by roasting 
 PbO or PbCO 3 with frequent stirring, for a certain time 
 and at a constant temperature of about 700 F. 
 
 PbCO 3 =PbO+CO 2 . 
 3 
 
 It is the base of many red pigments and is used for 
 the manufacture of flint glass, cements and many other 
 purposes similar to that of PbO. Lead alloys readily 
 with Sb, Bi and Sn, but said to absorb not more than 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 51 
 
 1.5% Zn, .07% Fe and about the same amount of CM. 
 Used largely in the manufacture of the following valu- 
 able alloys: White metal, .0-81%; antifriction alloys, 
 .0-88% ; plumbers' and tinners' solder, 50% ; type-metal, 
 4 .-90% ; organ pipes, usually 96% ; Chinese tea-chest 
 lead, 87% ; ship's nails, 33% ; expanding alloy, 75% ; 
 soft solder for pillow blocks, 85% ; Hoyle's alloy, 42% : 
 Wood's metal, 25% ; Rose's alloy, 50% ; Onion's alloy, 
 30%; Newton's alloy, 31%; tinol (solder), 80%; 
 Magnolia metal, 80% ; Lipowitz's metal, 26% ; Ajax 
 plastic bronze, 30% ; shot metal, 97% ; Darcet's metal, 
 25%; Camelia metal, 15%; Chinese bronze, 15%; 
 Lichtenberg's metal, 30% ; Makenzie's alloy, 68% ; Phos- 
 phorus bronze, 10% ; Guthrie's metal, 19%. Lead pipes 
 that are placed in the earth should be coated with 
 asphaltum to prevent corrosion. In one case, lead pipe 
 that had been in the earth twenty-four years, partly 
 embedded in a cement foundation, showed the trans- 
 formed mass made of twenty-three concentric alternating 
 rings of yellow PbO and twenty-four of red Pb 3 O^ 
 The PbO being formed during the winter and Pb 3 O 4 
 during the summer. Lead covered cables on wooden 
 supports have been corroded due to the moisture on the 
 supports absorbing organic acids from the wood. The 
 acid produced by white ants has been known to destroy 
 the lead covering of cables. Robinson reports two cases 
 of lead poisoning, caused by using as a face powder a 
 cosmetic labeled flake white, a subcarbonate of lead. 
 Rubber cloth containing lead in the rubber compound, 
 has caused poisoning. The amounts found were .02% 
 and .12% PbO 2 . The gases from burning stearin 
 candles containing lead stearate has caused illness and 
 headaches. The dryness under which tea is packed in 
 lead foil prevents any danger of lead poisoning. It has 
 
52 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 been said that sick lead contains more or less chloride. 
 Lead-lined piping^ is used in the U. S. navy for all salt 
 water pressure piping over \ l / 2 in. to S l /2 in. in diameter, 
 and precautions are necessary to prevent lead poisoning. 
 The Pb dissolving capacity of water decreases gradually 
 as the inside of the water pipes become lined with a 
 mineral deposit, until practically the water is almost free 
 from Pb. Water from peat-covered moorlands will take 
 up 1 to 2.5 grains of Pb per gallon. The addition of 
 1.5 grains of CaCO 3 before filtration and 1.5 grains- of 
 CaO (clear solution of Ca(HO) 2 ), after filtration will 
 prevent the solution of lead. Alkaline as well as acid 
 solutions, sea-water, cement water and especially lime 
 water attack metallic Pb. A Berkefeld filter retains 
 practically all of the lead present in potable water, that 
 has been taken up from Pb pipes. Lead poisoning has 
 been caused by eating food prepared in ' much used 
 common pottery, due to fatty material penetrating the 
 glaze, and upon reheating, the fat containing Pb com- 
 pounds again returns to the surface. Many cases of 
 lead poisoning among lead-workers, are caused by par- 
 ticles of Pb taken in the food and drink, showing clean- 
 liness is essential. The discoloration of canned foods 
 in the majority of cases, is caused by the metallic sul- 
 phides that are formed by the action of H 2 S, which 
 either forms by the reaction of sulphides with vegetable 
 acids or bacterial action due to insufficient sterilization. 
 Lead caps used on food containers containing vinegar, is 
 considered dangerous, as mustard has been found badly 
 contaminated with Pb. Acute lead poisoning in man 
 from Pb content of earthenware glaze, requires a solu- 
 tion of not less than 20 grams of lead compounds per 
 liter, but repeated doses of a few nig. causes chronic 
 poisoning. Snuff wrapped in Pb foil containing 89% 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 53 
 
 Pb caused fatal lead poisoning. The snuff contained 
 1.75-1.90% Pb. Lead arsenate (Pb z (AsO^) 2 ) is used 
 extensively as a spray to control the ravages of many 
 leaf eating insects. Lead is largely used in building, 
 leaden chambers for the manufacture of H 2 SO 4 , tanks 
 and pans for chemical manufactories, water and gas 
 pipes, batteries, shot, rifle balls, alloys and for many 
 other purposes. Lead has the property of flowing in the 
 viscous state and of being welded by pressure in the 
 cold. Pb and Sn when melted together, unite in all 
 proportions. Pb alloys readily with As, but with Zn and 
 Fe only in limited amounts. Pb and Bi unite in various 
 proportions. Pb and Cu alloys form more readily when 
 Cu is in excess. Calvert and Johnson found expansion 
 in all Sb-Pb alloys. Pb and Hg form amalgams con- 
 taining a^ high as 33% Pb which remain in the liquid 
 state. Hardness of Pb (talc=l) 1.5 1 ; specific heat be- 
 tween O and 100C., .0314; at 15-100C., .0309; at 
 300C., .0338; molten, .0402; for fC, Sm (o to f). 
 .02925+.000019* 2 ; coefficient of linear expansion per 
 degree C. (O-100) .0000295 3 ; tensile strength at 
 ordinary temperature (pounds per square inch) cast, 
 2,050; coefficient of rigidity, 4 .562X10 11 ; Bulk Modulus, 4 
 5.00X10 11 ; Young's Modulus, 4 1 .62X10". Specific 
 gravity of commercial lead (98.30% Pb) 11.33. Weight 
 of 1 cubic foot, 707.27 pounds. Shrinkage of castings 
 .per foot, 5/16 or .3125 of an inch. HCl and H 2 SO 4 
 have but little action upon the metal, but is readily 
 soluble in hot dilute HNO 3 . 
 Metallurgical Processes: 
 
 The oldest type of furnace was used in England during 
 the Roman possession. They were termed boles by the 
 
 *Mohs. 3 Hofman. 
 
 *Bede and Regnault. *Kaye and Laby. 
 
54 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 leadworkers of that time and were of the most simple 
 ;construction. Charcoal was used as a fuel and the ore 
 melted with a natural blast. After the charge was 
 reduced the melted metal was tapped from the bottom 
 of the furnace. The next form of furnace was the ore 
 hearth, with bellows blast worked by water power. This 
 form of furnace is still in use in some localities. Later, 
 certain distinct processes were used, viz.: (a) air reduc- 
 tion process; (b) carbon reduction process; (c) precipi- 
 tation process. Thes-e methods of reduction or modifica- 
 tions of the same are now known as, (1) Carinthian 
 process; (2) Tarnowitz process; (3) English process; 
 (4) French or Brittany process; (5) Blast reduction 
 process; (6) Hearth process; (7) Precipitation process. 
 The type of furnaces used are: Reverberatory, shallow- 
 hearths, converters, low and high shaft blast furnaces. 
 
 Blast furnaces are now used in the United States, 
 Australia, Greece and Mexico. The capacity of some of 
 the furnaces are from 140 to 275 tons of lead per 24 
 hours. 
 Natural Sources: 
 
 Native lead (Pb), seldom found in the free state. 
 Sometimes alloyed with a little Ag or Sb. GALENITE, 
 (PbS) ; CERUSSITE, (PbCO 3 ) ; anglesite, (PbSO^} ; min- 
 ium (Pb 3 O 4 ) ; pyromorphite, (Pb 5 Cl(PO^) 3 or 3 Pb,P,O 8 
 vanadinite, (P& 5 C/(FO 4 ) 3 ) ; wulfenite, 
 -, bouronite, (PbCuSbS 3 ) ; clausthalite, 
 (PbSe) ; crocoite, (PbCrO 4 ) ; jamesonite, (Pb,Sb 2 S 5 ) ; 
 mimetite,(Pfr 5 a(^O 4 ) 3 ) ; descloizite, ( (PbZn) (PbOH) 
 FO 4 ); zinckenite, (PbSb 2 S 4 ) ; matlockite, (Pb 2 Cl,O) ; 
 mendipite, (Pb 3 Cl 2 O 2 ) ; lanarkite, (PbO+PbS0 4 ) ; "lead- 
 hillite, (PbSO 4 +3 PbC0 3 ) ; phosgenite, (PbCL+ 
 PbCO 3 ) ; stolzite, (PbWO^\ minetesite, (3 P^^ 2 8 + 
 PbC! 2 ); zorgite, ((PbCu)Se) \ lehrbachite, (PbHgSe) ; 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 55 
 
 castillite, (PbCuFeAgZnS) ; naumanite, (PbAgSe) ; 
 
 jordanite, (PbAsS) ; plagionite, (PbS Sb) ; brongniardite, 
 (2(PM$r)S'+.S i &SV) ; cosalite, (2J%SHKS ( ) ; dufrenoy- 
 site, (2 PW+^jS 1 ,) ; freieslebenite, (5 (PbAg)S+ 
 2SbS 3 ); boulangerite, (3 PbS-\-SbS 3 ) ; epiboulangerite, 
 (SPbSb) ; schirmerite, (PbAgBiS) ; kobellite, (3 PbS+ 
 (BiSb)S 3 ) ; aikinite, (3 (PbCu)S+BiS 3 ) ; polytelite, 
 (SPbSbAgFe); meneghinite, (4 PbS SbS 3 ) ; geocronite, 
 (5PbS+(SbAs)S s ) ; plattnerite, (P&O ) ; phoenicochro- 
 ite, (3 PbOCr*O a ) ; jossanite, (PbOZnOCrO 3 ) ; poly- 
 sphaerite, ((PbCa) 3 (POJ^(PbCa),PO 4 Cl); kampy- 
 lite, (P& 8 ((^P)0 4 ) 2 +P& 2 (^P)0 4 a). 
 Other Sources: 
 
 Dross, from lead refining; lead matte, from smelting 
 lead ores containing PbS with FeS and CuS as impuri- 
 ties ; lead slags, from smelting lead processes ; hearth and 
 furnace material, saturated with PbO. 
 Mining Localities : 
 
 United States, England, France, Sweden, Spain, Scot- 
 land, Germany, Greece, Belgium, Italy, Austria-Hungary, 
 Norway, Russia, Asiatic Turkey, Mexico, Canada, Japan, 
 China and Australia. 
 References: 
 
 Lead- Smelting. lies. (d). 
 
 Lead-Smelting and Refining. Ingalls. (e). 
 
 Lead Refining by Electrolysis. Betts. (d). 
 
 Metallurgy of Lead and the Desilverization of Base 
 Bullion. Hofman. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy of Lead and Silver. Part I., Lead. 
 Collins, (e) 
 
 Metallurgy of Argentiferous Lead. Eissler. (e). 
 
 Lead and Zinc in the United States. Ingalls. (e). 
 
 Lead and Its Compounds. Lambert, (e). 
 
56 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Lead and Zinc Pigments. Holley. (e). 
 
 Notes on Lead Ores. Fairie. (e). 
 
 Notes on Lead and Copper Smelting. Hixon. (&). 
 
 A Precis of Lead Smelting. Longridge. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy of Lead, including Desilverization and 
 
 Cupellation. Percy, (e). 
 
 Notes for a History of Lead. Pulsifer. (e). 
 Lead Smelting. Collis. (). 
 Lead Poisoning and Lead Absorption. Legge-Goadly. 
 
 (). 
 
 Primary Lead Smelted or Refined in the United States.* 
 Domestic Ores. 
 
 ^ During 1914, 534,482 tons; 1915, 555,055 tons; 1916, 
 571,134 tons. The lead content of ore mined in the 
 United States in 1917, was about 640,000 tons. 
 Commercial Metals. 
 
 The following analyses indicate the purity of the 
 metal : 
 
 Refined lead 2 Pb, 99.984% ; Sb, .0057% ; Cu, .0014% ; 
 Fe, .0023%; Zn, .0008%; Ni, .0007%; Bi, .0055%. 
 Refined lead 3 Pb, 99.28%; As, .16%; Sb, tr.; Fe, 
 .05%; Cu, .25%; Ag, .53%. Raw lead 3 Pb, 97.72%; 
 As, 1.36%; Sb, .72%; Fe, .07%; Cu, .25%; Ag, .49%. 
 Hard lead 3 Pb, 87.60%; As, 7.90%; Sb, 2.80%; F<?, 
 fr. ; Cu, .40%. PARKES' process lead (American) Bi, 
 .066% .110%; Sb, .0028% .0076% ; ^, .00025%- 
 .009%. Electrolytic lezdAg, 29 oz. per ton; Cu, 
 .0010%; S&, .0066%; B'i, .0024%; ^, fr. ; F<?, .0028%. 
 Qualitative Analysis: 
 
 Dissolve 1 gram of the metal in 20 c. c. of dilute 
 HNO 3 (l: 2) and dilute to 50 c. c. with water. Boil for 
 
 l Press Bulletin, Jan., 1918. U. S. Geol. Survey. (Siebenthal.) 
 
 'Hampe. 
 
 'Reich. 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 57 
 
 a few minutes and filter if necessary, on double filter. 
 Divide filtrate in 3 parts. 
 
 (1) Add a few drops of strong HCl: white precipi- 
 tate of PbCl 2 is formed, soluble in hot water; converted 
 by NH 4 HO to white lead oxychloride 1 (PbCl 2 . 3 PbO) 
 almost insoluble in water. 
 
 (2) Add dilute H 2 SO 4 (l : 1) : white precipitate of 
 PbS0 4 ] soluble in hot HCl, forming PbCl 2 ; slightly 
 soluble in hot concentrated HNO 3 ', soluble in boiling 
 concentrated H 2 SO, reprecipitated by the addition of 
 water; soluble in aqua regia, NaHO, KHO and hot 
 NH 4 HO solution; quite soluble in hot solutions of 
 NH 4 C 2 PI 3 O 2 and NaC 2 H 3 O 2 , reprecipitated by KCrO 4 
 as PbCrO 4 ; insoluble in HC<,H 3 O ; soluble in solutions 
 of NaHO, KHO and dilute "HCl" 
 
 (3) Add slowly a solution of KI : dark yellow pre- 
 cipitate PbI 2 ; soluble in excess of KI and dilute HCl 
 
 Heat a small fragment of Pb on charcoal with the 
 reducing flame : coating of brownish-red when hot, light 
 yellow when cold. 
 
 H 2 S and (7V7/ 4 ) 2 S precipitate from moderately acid 
 and neutral solutions of Pb, a black precipitate of PbS; 
 insoluble in (NH 4 ) 2 S; decomposed by hot dilute HNO Z 
 (1:3) and the solution contains all the Pb as Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . 
 Medium concentrated HNO 3 converts the sulphide to 
 the soluble nitrate and insoluble sulphate, with unoxi- 
 dized sulphur. Fuming HN0 3 converts PbS to insoluble 
 PbSO 4 an d also oxidizes the sulphur. If HCl is present 
 in excess, a red precipitate of lead chloro-sulphide 1 may 
 form, which is converted to PbS with excess of H 9 S. 
 
 Na 2 CO 3 : white precipitate of 2 PbCO 3 .Pb(HO) 2 l ; 
 slightly soluble in excess, especially if the solution is 
 heated. 
 
 *Fresenius. 
 
58 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 NaHO, KHO and NH^HO form white precipitates 
 of hydrates mixed with basic salts ; soluble in NaHO 
 and KHO solution, insoluble in NH^HO. 
 Quantitative Analysis. 
 Alexander's Method Modified. 
 
 Volumetric Method. Place 1 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in 250 c. c. beaker, add 20 c. c. of 
 HNO Z (IA2} and boil gently until the fumes have dis- 
 appeared. Evaporate to dryness. Cool, moisten with 
 5 c.c. of ffl\TO 8 (1.42), add 50 c. c. of water and boil 
 vigorously five minutes. Stir thoroughly, filter into 250 
 c. c. marked flask and wash beaker, filter and contents 
 thoroughly with hot water containing a few drops of 
 HNO 3 . Place filter containing the residue in original 
 beaker, add 50 c. c. of (NH 4 ) 2 S, heat nearly to boiling 
 and allow to stand on hot plate, below the boiling point 
 for fifteen minutes. Filter and wash with hot water 
 .containing 2% (NH^] 2 S. Place filter and contents in 
 .beaker, cover with 40 c.c. of dilute HNO s (l:3) and 
 boil gently until the black sulphides are dissolved. Filter, 
 wash with hot water and evaporate the filtrate and 
 washings if necessary, and add to solution in 250 c. c. 
 flask. Cool, dilute to the mark and mix thoroughly. 
 Take 50 c.c. oi solution with pipette (1-^-250X50= 
 .2 gram) and place in 250 c. c. beaker. Add 10 c. c. of 
 NH 4 HO(l : 1) and a small piece of litmus paper. Acid- 
 ulate solution with HC 2 H S O 2 (about 2 c. c. of 50% 
 solution) and dilute to 100 c. c. Heat to boiling and 
 titrate with standard (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 24 . 4 H 2 O solution, 
 using a dilute solution of tannic acid as an indicator. 
 (.1 gram of tannic acid dissolved in 20 c. c. of water). 
 Standard (NH 4 ) Q Mo 7 O 24 . 4 H 2 O Solution. 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 59 
 
 Dissolve 8.53 grams of the salt in water and dilute 
 to 1000 c. c. Standardize solution with a babbitt of 
 known Pb content, which has been precipitated as PbSO^ 
 and weighed in a Gooch crucible. 1 c. c. of solution= 
 .01 gram of Pb. (theoretical.) 
 
 (NH 4 ) 9 Mo 7 O 94 . 4 H.O+7 Pb(C,H 3 O,) 2 = 
 
 7 PbMoO 4 +6 NH 4 CM S 2 +S HC 2 H 3 O 2 
 7 Pb=(NH,) Q Mo 7 2 ,. 4 H 2 
 Pb=2072x7 =1450.4 
 
 (NH,) 6 Mo 7 O,,. 4 #.,0=1236.316X1 = 1236.316 
 1236.316 : 1450.4=8.53 : X X=10.00 grams Pb. 
 
 1000 c. c. of Ammonium Molybdate V. S. containing 
 8.53 grams of (A r // 4 ) 6 A/o 7 O 24 . 4// 2 O=10.00 grams Pb. 
 1 c. c. of Ammonium Molybdate V. S. containing 
 .00853 gram of (A r # 4 ) 6 M0 7 O 24f 4 // 2 O=.01 gram Pb. 
 (theoretical.) 
 Accuracy of Method. 
 
 No. 1=69.37% Pb. No. 4=69.37% Pb. 
 11 2=69.37" " " 5=69.37 " " 
 
 " 3=69.37" " " 6=69.37" " 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 .00991X14 c.c. 
 
 X 100=69.37% Pb. 
 
 .2 gram. 
 
 Mixture calculation=69.50% Pb. 
 
 It is much better to standardize the molybdate solu- 
 tion with an alloy of known Pb content than to use 
 metallic lead marked C. P. containing an uncertain per- 
 centage of Pb. The above also applies to PbSO^ as 
 means of standardization, as the PbSO may absorb 
 moisture and not be in the same condition as when 
 freshly ignited. 
 
60 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The modification of the Alexander method is as 
 follows: Avoiding the precipitation of Pb as PbSO 
 and the separation of traces of Pb from Sn, Sb and 
 As in HNO 3 residues. 
 
 It would be of interest for the student to make the 
 following experiment : 
 
 Place about .25. of a gram of moist PbSO 4 in 150 c. c. 
 beaker. Add 50 c. c. of (NH). 2 S, stir thoroughly, heat 
 nearly to boiling and allow to stand on hot plate below 
 the boiling point for fifteen minutes. Filter, wash with 
 dilute (NH) 2 S and transfer precipitate from the filter 
 to original beaker- with a little water. Add 40 c. c. of 
 dilute HN0 3 (1:3) and boil gently until the sulphide is 
 dissolved. Filter on small filter and wash with hot 
 water. Place filter in porcelain crucible, moisten with 
 HNO 5 , dry and ignite carefully. Cool the crucible, 
 moisten the ash with a few drops of HCl and 1 or 2 
 drops of HNO S and evaporate to dryness. Moisten the 
 slight residue with a few drops of HCl, add 2 or 3 c. c. 
 of water, heat to boiling and filter on a very small filter. 
 Wash filter with a little hot water, add 4 or 5 drops of 
 H 2 SO 4 to filtrate and evaporate to SO S fumes. Cool, 
 add 10 c. c. of water and allow to settle. 
 
 The absence of even traces of PbSO^ clearly indicates 
 that the PbSO 4 was converted entirely to PbS by the 
 action of 
 
 Gravimetric Method. Place .5 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in 400 c. c. beaker, add 2 grams of C 4 // 6 O 6 
 and 5 c. c. of HNO 3 (1.42). Heat gently until the alloy 
 is decomposed and add HCl, a few drops at a time until 
 the metal is dissolved. Add 35 c. c. of water to dissolve 
 the soluble salts, leaving a clear solution with no residue. 
 Place a small piece of red litmus paper in the solution 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 61 
 
 and add a strong solution of NaHO until the solution 
 is strongly alkaline (the precipitate first formed will 
 redissolve as the solution becomes more alkaline and 
 will have a blue color, if more than traces of Cu or Ni 
 are present). Dilute with water to 150 c. c. and add 
 15 c.c. of a colorless solution of Na 2 S (1.20), stir 
 thoroughly and allow to stand on plate about thirty 
 minutes. Filter and wash with a dilute solution of 
 Na 2 S (1 c. c. of Na 2 S solution diluted to 100 c. c. with 
 water) and the last time with hot water. Transfer the 
 precipitate from the filter to the original beaker with 
 a little water, add 15 c . c. of fuming HNO Z and boil 
 down as low as possible. Meantime, place the filter in 
 a small beaker, cover with 25 c. c. of hot dilute HNO 3 
 (1:3) and heat to dissolve the adhering sulphides. 
 Filter, wash with hot water and add filtrate to main 
 solution, to which add 5 c. c. of H 2 SO 4 (1.84) and evap- 
 orate to SO S fumes. Cool, add 75 c. c. of water, heat 
 to dissolve the soluble sulphates, allow to settle and 
 filter on a weighed porcelain Gooch crucible. Wash five 
 times with hot water containing \% H 2 SO and finally 
 with 40-50 c. c. of C 2 H 6 O and reserve filtrate and wash 
 water for the determination of Cu, Fe and Zn. Dry 
 crucible and contents on hot plate, place crucible on 
 platinum crucible cover and ignite for five minutes. 
 Cool and weigh as PbSO, which contains .6832 per cent 
 of Pb. 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 Weight of Gooch crucible+F&5O 4 =2 1.0002 grams. 
 
 =20.4925 
 
 .5077 gram. 
 .5077X.6832 
 X 100=69.37% Pb. 
 
 gram. 
 
62 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 If a Gooch crucible is not available, proceed exactly 
 as above until the precipitate of PbSO is ready to filter. 
 Filter on small ashless filter, wash four or five times 
 with hot water containing 1% H 2 SO 4 and finally with 
 40-50 c. c. of C 2 H Q O. Dry filter and contents, transfer 
 the precipitate as much as possible to a clean watch 
 glass and place the filter in weighed porcelain crucible 
 and moisten thoroughly with HNO S . Dry, ignite care- 
 fully at a low temperature, cool, add 2 c. c. of HNO 3 , 
 1 drop of HCl and 1 or 2 drops of H 2 SO 4 and evap- 
 orate to dryness. Repeat the addition of acids as above, 
 evaporate and ignite carefully. Cool, add the precipitate, 
 ignite, cool and weigh as PbSO. 
 
 The above precautions must be carefully observed in 
 igniting the filter and reconverting all Pb (reduced by 
 the carbon of the filter) to PbSO^, otherwise there will 
 be a loss due to oxidation and volatilization and by 
 weighing small particles of Pb as PbSO. 
 
 Excellent comparative results can be obtained by filter- 
 ing the PbSO 4 on a weighed filter (dried for one hour 
 in air bath at 100 C.) washing with hot water contain- 
 ing \% H 2 SOt and then thoroughly with 95% C 2 H 6 O, 
 drying the filter and contents in air bath for one hour 
 and weighing as PbSO 4 . 
 
 A sample of solder gave by this method, (a) 54.42% 
 Pb. (b) 54.42% Pb. 
 Determination of Pb in Commercial Metal. 
 
 Gravimetric Method. Place .5 gram of the finely 
 divided metal in 250 c. c. beaker and add 10 c. c. of 
 HNO 3 (1.42) +20 c. c. of water. Warm gently until the 
 metal is dissolved, add 3 c. c. of HCl and boil for a 
 few minutes. Cool, add 10 c. c. of H 2 SO 4 (1.84) and 
 evaporate to SO S fumes. Cool, add 50 c. c. of water, 
 heat to boiling and allow to settle. Filter on weighed 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 63 
 
 porcelain Gooch crucible, wash five times with hot water 
 containing \% H 2 SO and finally with 35-40 c. c. of 
 95% C 2 H 6 O and continue the determination as usual. 
 Accuracy of Method. 
 
 (a) 98.325% Pb. (b) 98.284% Pb. 
 
 According to the analytical experiments of Fresenius, 
 1 part of PbSO 4 is soluble in 22816 parts of pure water 
 and 1 part of this salt is soluble in 36504 parts of water 
 containing free H 2 SO 4 , also, that there is no decrease 
 in weight on the continued ignition of PbSO 4 . 
 
 A modified Gooch crucible holder is sold under the 
 name of "Esco" by Eberbach and Son, Ann Harbor, 
 Mich. This is really a good apparatus and excludes 
 entirely the use of rubber tubing. 
 
 The asbestos for the Gooch crucible should be treated 
 for a few hours in each of the following acids, HCl, 
 HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (1:5) and allowed to remain in the 
 latter solution until used. 
 
 Electrolytic Method. Proceed exactly as in the 
 gravimetric method until the black precipitate of PbS 
 and CuS is obtained. Wash thoroughly with dilute 
 (NH 4 ) 2 S and finally, once with hot water. Dissolve 
 the sulphides in a mixture of 15 c. c. of HNO z -\-25 c. c. 
 of water, filter and wash with hot water. Dilute filtrate 
 to 150 c. c. with water and electrolyze with a current 
 of A r Z7 100 =l to 1.5 ampere and 2.5 volts. Time, one to 
 two hours. Temperature 50 to 60C. When all the 
 metal is deposited, lower the beaker slowly (meantime 
 continue the current), wash the cathode (serving as 
 anode) and deposit with distilled water and immerse in 
 95% C 2 H 6 O for a few seconds. Dry in air bath at 
 160-19"0C., to constant weight. Multiply the weight 
 
64 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 of the deposit by a factor that has been found by direct 
 experiment. 1 
 
 Weight taken .5 gram. 
 
 1.5 
 
 Used 3.7 4 amperes ( =3.75) and 3.5 volts. 
 
 .40 
 
 (Three 32 and three 16 c. p. lamps in parallel). 
 Time one hour. 
 
 Cylinder-f-deposit= 10.2774 grams. 
 = 10.0400 " 
 
 .2374 gram. 
 
 .2374 gram of Pb0 after 30 minutes at 160C. 
 .2369 " " " " 60 " " " 
 .2365 " " " " 90 " " " 
 .2363 " " " " 120 " " " 
 .2360 " " " " 150 " " " 
 .2369X.8411 
 - X 100=39.85% Pb. 
 
 .5 gram. 
 
 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 Method. (Schwarz's method). =40.03% Pb. 
 Factor Calculation. 
 
 A sample of alloy containing 14.78% Pb was used as 
 a standard. The Pb was determined and weighed as 
 
 Weight taken=.5 gram. 
 Cylinder-}-deposit=10.1281 grams. 
 = 10.0402 " 
 
 .0879 gram. 
 
 *Sand found it was best to dip the PbO 2 into alcohol, then into 
 ether and then heat rapidly over a Buns en. The factor used for 
 the above was .863 to 865. (Sand. Chem. News 100, 269-70J 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 65 
 
 .0879X.8662 1 
 
 -X 100=15.22% Pb. 
 
 .3 gram. 
 1478: 15.22=X: .8662. X=. 841 l=f actor. 
 
 .0879 X. 8411 
 
 X 100= 14.78% Pb. 
 
 .5 gram. 
 
 Cylinder and deposit of PbO 2 dried in air bath for 
 one hour at 160 C. 
 
 The following articles will be of interest to analyst: 
 Volumetric Determination of Lead. Cushman-Campbell. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Nov., 1895. 
 Volumetric Estimation of Lead. Pope. J. Amer. Chem. 
 
 Soc., Aug., 1896. 
 Volumetric Determination of Lead. Wainwright. J. 
 
 Amer. Chem. Soc., May, 1897. 
 Determination of Lead in Alloys. Garriques. J. Amer. 
 
 Chem. Soc., July, 1898. 
 
 Determination of Lead in Ores. Meade. J. Amer. 
 Chem. Soc., May, 1897. 
 Determination of Lead in Ores. Low. J. Amer. Chem. 
 
 Soc., April, 1900. 
 Volumetric Determination of Lead. Ericson. J. Amer. 
 
 Chem. Soc., Sept., 1904. 
 Rapid Determination of Lead by Electrolysis. Smith. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Oct., 1905. 
 Complete Analysis of Lead Ores. Muller. Chem. Eng., 
 
 March, 1905. 
 Analysis of Commercial Lead and Tin Alloys. Hollard- 
 
 Bertiaux. Chem. Eng., March, 1905. 
 
 *Per cent, of Pb in PbO 
 
66 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Chromate Oxalate Method for Lead. Low. Chem. Eng., 
 
 Nov., 1908. 
 Determination of Copper, Arsenic and Antimony in Lead 
 
 Bullion. Parmelee. Chem. Eng., June, 1905. 
 Determination of Lead in Spelter and in Ores. Ericson. 
 
 Chem. Eng., Oct., 1908. 
 Technical Determination of Lead in Ores. Low. J. 
 
 Amer. Chem. Soc., April, 1908. 
 Volumetric Chromate Determination of Lead. Waddell. 
 
 J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 629-30. 
 Some New Features in the Electrolytic Determination 
 
 of Lead. Fairchild. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 902. 
 Electrolytic Determination of Lead in Large and Small 
 
 Amounts Using a Gauze Cylinder Anode. Woicie- 
 
 chqwski. Met. Chem. Eng., 10, 108. 
 Electrolytic Determination of Lead. List. Metal. 
 
 Chem. Eng., 10, 135. 
 Estimation of Lead, Nickel and Zinc by Precipitation 
 
 as Oxalates and Titration with Potassium Perman- 
 ganate. Ward. Am. J. Sci., 33, 334-8. 
 Estimation of Lead in Tinware as Lead Chloride. 
 
 Crato. Apoth. Ztg., 27, 192. 
 The Effect of Lime on the Ammonium Molybdate 
 
 Method of Lead Assay. Bannister-McNamara. 
 
 Analyst, 37, 242-7. 
 Note on the Determination of Lead in Chemicals. 
 
 Elsdon. Pharm. J., 89, 143-4, 176. 
 Determination of Lead in Lead Pigments. Utz. Farben- 
 
 Ztg., 18, 18-20. 
 Electrolytic Analysis with Platinum Electrodes of Light 
 
 Weight. Gooch-Burdick. Am. J. Sci., 34, 107-12. 
 Rapid Electroanalysis under Reduced Pressure. Fischer- 
 
 Stecher. Z. Elektrochem., 18, 809-16. (C. A., 6, 51. 
 
 C. A., 6, 192). 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 67 
 
 Determination of Lead in Alloys Containing Tin. Utz. 
 Arch. Chem. Mikros., 5, 309-20. 
 
 Determination of Lead in Lead Colors. Sacher. Farben. 
 Ztg., 18, 295-6. 
 
 Colorimetric Determination of Iron in Lead and in its 
 Oxides. Schaeffer. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 659-60. 
 
 Analysis of Leaded German Silver. Price. Chem. Eng., 
 9,4. 
 
 Rapid Determination of Iron and Lead in Spelter. 
 Price. Chem. Eng., 9, 4. 
 
 Colorimetric Determination of Lead in the Presence of 
 Iron. Wilkie. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 28, 636-8. 
 
 Determination of Lead in Solder and in the Tin Lining 
 of Cans Used for Keeping Foods. Crose. Ann. chim. 
 anal, appl., 14, 245-8. 
 
 Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Spelter. Eric- 
 son. Eng. Mm. J., 87, 1086. 
 
 Volumetric Estimation of Lead by Potassium Perman- 
 ganate. Bollenbach. Chem. Ztg., 33, 1142. 
 
 Determination of Lead in Tinned Iron. Spaeth. Pharm. 
 Zentr., 50, 865. 
 
 Volumetric Estimation of Lead with Potassium Perman- 
 ganate in Alkaline Solution. Sacher. Chem. Ztg., 
 33, 1321-22. 
 
 Electroanalytical Determination of Lead as Peroxide. 
 Sand. Chem. News, 100, 269-70. 
 
 Discussion on the Determination of Lead in the Presence 
 of Iron. Wilkie. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 29, 3-4. 
 
 New Volumetric Methods for the Estimation of Zinc 
 and Lead. Rupp. Chem. Ztg., 34, 121. 
 
 Rapid Determination of Lead in Chilled Blast-furnace 
 Slags. Schimerka. Eng. Min. J., 89, 467 / 
 
 Method for the Approximate Estimation of Small Quan- 
 tities of Lead. Harcourt J. Chem. Soc., 97, 841. 
 
68 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Assay of Lead in Tailings and Slags. Buskett. Eng. 
 
 Min. J., 90, 408. 
 Determination of Lead in Non-ferrous Alloys. Karr. 
 
 Metal Ind., 8, 346-8. 
 Litharge and Lead Oleate. Harrison. Pharm. J., 81, 
 
 349. 
 
 Determination of Antimony and Arsenic in Lead- 
 Antimony Alloys. Howard. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 30, 
 
 1789-90 (Nov.). 
 The Volumetric Determination of Lead in its Minerals. 
 
 Muller. Bull. soc. chim., 3-4, 1131. 
 The Electrolytic Estimation of Lead and of Manganese 
 
 by the Use of the Filtering Crucible. Gooch and 
 
 Beyer. Am. J. Sci., 27, 59-64. 
 Estimation of Lead in Lead-Tin Alloys. Holzmann. 
 
 Pharm. Centrk., 49, 417-22; through Chem. Zentr., 
 
 1908, II, 200. 
 Determination of Lead in Tin Plate. Knopfle. Z. Nahr.- 
 
 Genussm., 17, 670. 
 Analysis of Lead Arsenate for Water-soluble Impurities. 
 
 Griffin. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., I, 659-61. 
 The Most Rapid Determination of Lead by the Wet 
 
 Method. Sacher. Chem. Ztg., 33, 1257-8. 
 The Determination of Lead in Ores by the Aid of the 
 
 Centrifugal Machine. Castek. Oesterr. Z. Berg- 
 
 Huttenw., 57, 665-70, 684-5. 
 Volatilization of Lead and Silver in Cupellation. Liddell. 
 
 Eng. Min. J., 89, 1264. 
 The Separation of Bismuth from Lead and the Analysis 
 
 of Bismuth-Lead Alloys. Little and Cohen. Analyst, 
 
 35, 301-6. 
 The Valuation of the Higher Oxides of Lead. Chwala 
 
 and Colle. Z. anal. Chem., 50, 209-49. 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 69 
 
 The Dichromate-Iodide Method for Lead. Wilder. Eng. 
 
 Mining J., 92, 390. 
 
 Determination of Small Quantities of Lead in Antimony- 
 Copper Alloys (Babbitt Metal). Wolfgang. Mann. 
 
 Chem. Ztg., 34, 917. 
 Quantitative Separation of Lead and Bismuth. Galletly- 
 
 Henderson. Analyst, 34, 389-91. 
 Rapid Determination of Lead in Ores by Electrolysis 
 
 with Stationary Electrodes. Benner. J. Ind. Eng. 
 
 Chem., 2, 348-9. 
 Detection and Determination of Lead in the Dust and 
 
 Vapor of Work Shops in the Lead Industries. Heim- 
 
 Hebert. Bull. sci. pharmacolog., 16, 272-4. 
 Electrolytic Determination of Lead in Ores. Benner- 
 
 Ross. Mining Sci. Press, 101, 642-3. 
 Determination of Lead in Tin Alloys. Schacherl. Arch. 
 
 Chem. Mikros., 3, 45-8. 
 Estimation of Small Quantities of Lead in Beer. Knaff. 
 
 J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 30, 165n6. 
 Determination of Lead in Zinc Ores. Merrill. Eng. 
 
 Mining J., 91, 569. 
 Colorimetric Estimation of Lead in Drinking Water. 
 
 Scheringa. Pharm. Weekblad, 47, 1212-3. 
 Determination of Lead in Alloys Containing Antimony 
 
 and Tin. Blakeley-Chance. J. Soc. Chem., 30, 518-9. 
 New Form Gauze Electrodes for the Electrolytic Deter- 
 mination of Lead and Copper. Benner. Met. Chem. 
 
 Eng., 9, 141-5. 
 Determination of Lead in Lead Arsenate as Lead 
 
 Chromate. McDonnell-Roark. U. S. Dept. of Agr., 
 
 Bur. Chem. Bull, 137, 40-2. 
 Determination of Lead and Zinc in Rubber Goods. Kuhl. 
 
 Suddeut Apoth. Ztg., 51, 135-6. 
 
70 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The Origin and Peculiarities of Lead. Scott. Metal 
 
 Ind., 11, 34-5. 
 Detection and Colorimetric Estimation of Lead, Copper 
 
 and Zinc in Tap Water. Winkler. Budapest. Z. angew. 
 
 Chem., 26, 38-44. 
 Simple Rapid Determination of Lead in Tin. Vannier. 
 
 Anni. fals., 5, 477. 
 Rapid Detection of Lead in Paints. Spaeth. Phann. 
 
 Zentralhalle, 53, 703-4; Chem. Zentr., 1912, II, 550. 
 Analysis of Tin and Tin-Lead Dross. Determination of 
 
 Tin and Lead Electrolytically. Bertiaux. Ann. chim. 
 
 anal., 18, 217-9. 
 Simultaneous Determination of Copper and Lead, with 
 
 the Rotating Anode. White. Trans. Am. Electrochem. 
 
 Soc., 24. 
 Effect of Tungsten on Ammonium Molybdate Assay of 
 
 Lead. Lavers. Proc. Australian Inst. Min. Eng., 1913, 
 
 243-5. 
 Detection of Lead in Bismuth Subnitrate and Bismuth 
 
 Subcarbonate. Guerin. J. pharm. chim., 8, 422-4. 
 Determination of Lead in Unchilled Slags. Wilder. 
 
 Eng. Mining J., 96, 695. 
 Cathodic Determination of Lead and Analysis of Lead 
 
 Alloys. Gartenmeister. Chem. Ztg., 37, 1281-2. 
 Simple and Reliable Method of Quantitatively Deter- 
 mining Lead in Drinking Water. Reese-Drost. 
 
 Gesundh. Ing., 37, 129-33. 
 Estimation of Small Amounts of Lead. Siegfried-Pozzi. 
 
 Biochem. Z., 61, 149-56. 
 Quantitative Estimation of Small Quantities of Lead 
 
 Dissolved from Vessels Containing Lead Silicate. 
 
 Meerburg. Chem. Weekblad, 10, 753-8. 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 71 
 
 Two Accurate Methods for the Colorimetric Determina- 
 tion of Lead and Copper in Drinking Water. Reese- 
 Drost. Z. angew. Chem., 27, I, 307-12. 
 
 Lead Poisoning in the Smelting and Refining of Lead. 
 Hamilton. Bur. Labor Statistics, Whole No. 141, 97 
 pp. (Feb., 1914) ; cf. C. A. 5, 2437; 7, 653; 9, 1878. 
 
 Detection of Lead in Bismuth Subnitrate. Guerin. 
 J. pharm. chim., 10, 23. 
 
 Method of Sampling and Analysis of Tin, Terne and 
 Lead-Coated Sheets. Aupperle. Metal Ind. Eng. 
 Chem., 6, 658-9. 
 
 Lead Poisoning by the Waters of Limousin. Fauconnier. 
 Bull. soc. pharm., Borbeaux, 53, 530-7. Chem. Ab., 
 22, 3650, 1914. 
 
 Use of Hydrofluoric Acid in the Separation of Copper 
 and Lead from Tin and Antimony by the Means of 
 the Electric Current. McCay. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 
 36, 2375-81 (1914). 
 
 Estimation of Very Small Amounts of Lead in Tap 
 Water. Pick. Arb. kais. Gesundh, 48, 155-64 (1914). 
 
 Determination of Small Quantities of Lead in Tinning 
 Baths, Tinned Goods and Solders. Breteau-Fleury. 
 J. pharm. chim., 10, 265-73 (1914). 
 
 Difficulties in the Separation and Estimation of Small 
 Quantities of Lead in Solders, Tinned Goods, Etc. 
 Breteau-Fleury. J. pharm. chim., 10, 147-52 (1914). 
 
 Amount of Lead, Copper and Zinc in Artificial Mineral 
 Waters, and the Determination of these Metals. 
 Reese-Drost. Z. Xahr. Genussm., 28, 427-49 (1914). 
 
 Toxicological Estimation of Lead, Especially in the Urine 
 of individuals Suffering from Lead Poisoning. Meil- 
 lere. J. pharm. chim., 10, 225-31 (1915). 
 
72 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Determination of Arsenic in Slag Lead and Lead Shot 
 
 by Hypophosphorous Acid. Brandt. Z. orient. Chem., 
 
 31, 66-71 (1915). 
 Determination of Lead as Sulfite. Jamieson. Am. J. 
 
 Sci., 40, 157-60 (1915). 
 Method for the Volumetric Estimation of Lead. Miles. 
 
 J. Chem. Soc., 107, 988-1004 (1915). 
 The Influence of Colloids on the Electrolytic Separation 
 
 of Lead. Freundlich and Fischer. Z. Elektrochem., 
 
 18, 885-91. 
 Lead Determination in Oil Paints. Stoch. Farben. Ztg., 
 
 18, 242. 
 Upland Surface Water as a Carrier of Lead. English. 
 
 Dublin J. Med. Sci., Ser. 3, p. 192 ; Wasser u. Abwas- 
 
 ser, 6, 337. 
 Detection and Colorimetric Estimation of Lead, Copper 
 
 and Zinc in Tap Water. Winkler. Z. angew. Chem., 
 
 26, 38-44. 
 Toxological Detection and Determination of Lead in a 
 
 Fatal Case of Saturnine. Encephalopathy. Fancier. 
 
 Bull. sci. pharmacolog., 20, 261-3. 
 The Estimation of Small Quantities of Lead. Elsden 
 
 and Stansfield. Proc. Chem. Soc., 29, 173 ; J. Chem. 
 
 Soc., 103, 1039-42. 
 
 Oxidation of Gallic Acid and of Tannin by Air in 
 Presence of Alkalis. A Color Reaction of Lead. 
 Schevket. Biochem. Z., 54, 277-81. 
 
 Report of the Assay Subcommittee of the Australian 
 Institute of Mining Engineers (Broken Hill Mine 
 Branch). Henderson. Proc. Australian Inst. Mining 
 Eng., 1913, 195-241. 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 73 
 
 Detection and Determination of Lead in Organic 
 Material. With Some Remarks Concerning the Sep- 
 aration of Lead Sulphate and Calcium Sulphate by 
 Means of Ammonium Acetate. Erlenmeyer. Biochem. 
 Z., 56, 330-40. 
 
 Simple Reaction for Lead. Ivanov. Chem. Ztg., 38, 
 450. 
 
 Rapid Determination of Antimony and Arsenic in Anti- 
 monial Lead and Antifriction Alloys. Bertiaux. Ann. 
 chim. anal., 19, 49-51. 
 
 Determination of Lead in Defecation Liquids from 
 Molasses. Pellet. Ann. chim. anal., 18, 475-6. 
 
 Volumetric Method for the Determination of Lead. 
 
 Alder and Coolbaugh. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 398-400. 
 The Sensitiveness of Some Lead Reagents. Eegriwe. 
 
 Z. anal. Chem., 53, 420-6. 
 
 Destruction of Organic Material by the Fresenius-Babo 
 Method after a Preliminary Treatment with Antifor- 
 min and the Estimation of Traces of Lead in the 
 Tissues Treated by this Method. Friedmann. Z. phy- 
 siol. Chem., 92, 46-52. 
 
 Studies on the Chemical Analysis of the Higher Lead 
 
 Oxides. II. Commonly Used, Convenient Methods. 
 
 Milbauer and Pivnicka. Z. anal. Chem., 53, 569-81 
 
 (1914). 
 The Test for Arsenic and Lead in the Official Bismuth 
 
 Preparations with Particular Consideration of the 
 
 Subnitrate. Enz. Siidd. Apoth. Ztg., 54, 470-1 
 
 (1914). 
 The Standardization of a Method for the Detection of 
 
 Lead in Urine. Parkinson. Ohio Monthlv Bull., 4, 
 
 1400-7 (1914). 
 
74 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Electrolytic Analysis of Alloys Containing Large 
 Amounts of Lead, White Bearing Metal, Type Metal 
 and Brazing Solders. Compagno. Rome. Ann. chim. 
 applicata, 3, 164-8 (1915); cf. C. A., 8, 642; Chem. 
 Abst, Vol. 9, No. 12, p. 1589. 
 
 Determination of the Deposition of Lead and Arsenic 
 on the Soil in the Selby Smoke Zone (Solano County, 
 Cal.). Wells and Brandt. Bur. Mines, Bull. 98, 
 18H5 (1915). 
 
 Detection and Determination of Lead in the Organism. 
 Fauconnier. Bull. soc. pharm. Bordeaux, July, 1914; 
 Ann. chim. anal., 20, 126-7 (1915) ; T- Soc. Chem. Ind., 
 34, 1032 (1915). 
 
 Demonstration of Lead in Gun-shot Wounds. Demeter. 
 Vierteljahr. ger. Med., 50, 174-92 (1915); Chem. 
 Zentr., 1915, II, 1263. 
 
 Determination of Lead in Tubadium Bronze. Williams. 
 Chem. News, 112, 175-6 (1915). 
 
 Electrolytic Assay of Lead. Lewis. Metal Ind., 13, 
 463 (1915). 
 
 Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Copper 
 and Iron in Pig Lead, Lead Oxides, and Lead Car- 
 bonate. White. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 1035-6 (1915). 
 
 Determination of Arsenic and Lead in Soil. Shaw-Free. 
 
 _^ Bur. Mines, Bull, 98, 455-6 (1915). 
 
 Solubilities of the Sulphates of Barium, Strontium, Cal- 
 cium and Lead in Ammonium acetate solutions at 25 
 ; and a Criticism of the Present Method for the Separa- 
 tion of These Substances by Means of Ammonium 
 -Acetate Solution. Marden. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 38, 
 310-6 (1916). 
 
 Determination of Lead in Phosphate and Alum Baking 
 Powders. Seeker-Clayton. J. Assoc. Official Agr. 
 Chem., I, 264-6 (1915). 
 
LEAD PROPERTIES 75; 
 
 Simple and Rapid Assay of Lead. Torossian. J. Ind. 
 
 Eng. Chem., 8, 331 (1916). 
 Rapid Electrolytic Method for Total Lead and Zinc in 
 
 Rubber Compounds. Donaldson. Chem. Analyst., 
 
 1915, No. 15, 11-12.' 
 Rapid Method for the Analysis of Red Lead and Orange 
 
 Mineral. Schaeffer. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 8, 237-8 
 
 (1916). 
 Methods of Rapid Analysis for Lead Ores, Concentrates 
 
 and Mill Products. Pringle. Eng. Mining J., 101, 
 
 650 (1916). 
 Determination of Lead as Sulfite. Pellet. Ann. chim. 
 
 anal., 21, 114-6 (1916). 
 Determination of Lead in Tinned Sheet Metal. Svend- 
 
 sen. Tidskrift Kemi Farm. Terapi, 13, 62 (1916). 
 Rapid Analysis of White Bearing Metals for Copper 
 
 and Lead. Jackson. Met. Chem. Eng., 15, 166 (1916). 
 The Physical Character of Precipitated Lead Molybdate 
 
 and Its Importance in the Estimation of Molybdenum 
 
 and Lead. Weiser. J. Phys. Chem, 20, 640-62 (1916). 
 Volumetric Method for the Determination of Lead. 
 
 Andress. Chem. Analyst, 18, 15, 18 (1916). 
 Determining Weight of Deposit. Wilson. Metal Ind. 
 
 15, 117-8 (1917); C. A. 10, 435, 2675, 11, 320. 
 Lead in Medicinal Zinc Oxide. LaWall. Am. J. Pharm, 
 
 89, 353-5 (1917). 
 Method for the Separation of Lead and Iron. Sacher. 
 
 Chem. Ztg, 41, 245 (1917); J. Chem. Soc, 112, II, 
 
 272. 
 Rapid Analysis of Sublimed Lead. Heinz. Chem. 
 
 Analyst, 20, 24-5 (1917). 
 The Spectroscopic Determination of Small Amounts of 
 
 Lead in Copper. Hill and Luckey. Trans. Am. Eleo 
 
 tro-chem. Soc, 32, 191-6 (1917). 
 
76 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Estimation of Lead as Phosphate and Its Separation 
 From Antimony. Vortmann and Bader. Z. anal. 
 Chem., 56, 577-80; J. Chem. Soc., 114, II, 132-3. 
 
 Standard Method for Zinc-Lead Assay. Waring. Min- 
 ing Sci. Press, 117, 193-4 (1918). 
 
 A^olumetric Estimation of Lead by Means of Ammonium 
 Molybdate. Lindt. Z. anal. Chem., 57, 71-6 (1918) ; 
 J. Chem. Soc., 114, II, 242. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 77 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 COPPER. 
 (Cuprum.) 
 
 The first metal employed by man. Known for a long 
 time previous to the Exodus. The metal in the form 
 of bricks and rings was used as a medium of trade by 
 the Egyptians and Babylonians. Obtained by the Greeks 
 and Romans from the Island of Cyprus, whence its name. 
 For this reason the metal was considered especially 
 sacred to Venus and is designated in the writings of 
 the alchemists by the symbol of this goddess. Later it 
 was known as aes cyprium and finally by the name of 
 cuprum. Ireland used the metal for the means of barter 
 down to the 12th century and it is still in use in the 
 interior of Africa for the same purpose. 
 
 Properties, etc. Chemical symbol, Cit ; atomic weight, 
 63.57; bivalent; sp. gr., native, 8.94; cast, 8.92; rolled 
 or hammered, 8.95; pure electrolytic, 8.945 1 ; at 1083C, 
 8.40 2 ; melting point, 1083C. 2 ; volatilization commences, 
 960C. 3 ; visible ebullition, 2310C. 4 ; boiling point, 
 2100C. 5 ; specific heat at about 15C, .086 6 ; at 20- 
 
 *Hampe. 'Greenwood. 
 
 ^Pascal and Joumiaux. s Fery. 
 
 3 Tiede and Birnbrtiuer. 'Hofman. 
 
78 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 100C, .0936; at about melting point, .118 1 ; molten, 
 .1318; latent heat of fusion, 43.3 Cal. (observed 2 ) ; heat 
 conductivity (Ag=lQQ), 73.6 3 ; electrical conductivity, 
 99.9 4 ; casting temperature, 1250 C, 1 ; hardness (talc 1), 
 2.5-3.0 5 ; tensile strength at ordinary temperature (pounds 
 per square inch), cast, 24,000; sheet, 30,000; hard drawn, 
 60,000; soft drawn, 35,500; bolts, 34,000; coefficient of 
 linear expansion per degree C. (OMOO ), .0000179 1 ; co- 
 efficient of rigidity, 6 4.55 X10 11 . Bulk Modulus, 6 13.10X 
 10 11 . Young's Modulus, 6 12.3 XlO 11 ; for *C, Sm(O to t), 
 .0939+ .00001778* 7 ; shrinkage of castings per foot, T V or 
 .1875 of an inch. Structure: Crystals of octahedrons 
 have been found in native copper and in refinery 
 products; cast and electrolytic, granular; rolled and 
 hammered, fibrous. Color, a peculiar yellowish-red, 
 beautiful brilliant luster when polished ; has a slightly 
 loathsome taste, and has a disagreeable odor when 
 rubbed ; luster destroyed and the metal becomes tarnished 
 by exposure to the air; hard, tough, very malleable and 
 ductile, the latter is greater by increase of temperature ; 
 very thin copper leaf has a greenish-blue color due to 
 transmitted light ; can be rolled and hammered at a low 
 red heat; the surface of the molten metal exhibits a 
 fine sea green color, and flows readily when free from 
 the suboxide but the flow is sluggish if the oxide is 
 present; not suited for castings as it becomes honey- 
 combed and internally crystalline. This can be avoided 
 by melting the metal under a layer of charcoal, lowering 
 the temperature of the molten metal before casting and 
 using iron molds lined with bone ash. The addition of 
 
 *Hofman. *Mohs. 
 
 z Frazier and Richards. *Kaye and Laby-. 
 
 *Scien. Amer. ''Frasier and Richards. 
 
 *Matthiessen. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 79 
 
 .\% of Pb or Zn to the molten metal overcomes the 
 expansion and porous structure, but renders the metal 
 cold- and red-short. A small quantity of the suboxide 
 acts in the same manner; behaves like Ag on cooling, 
 by expelling previously absorbed gases; when highly 
 heated in contact with air the metal burns with a bril- 
 liant green flame and the filings are used in pyrotechny ; 
 moist air, H 2 S and other corroding gases cause the sur- 
 face to become covered with carbonate of hydrated 
 suboxide, known as verdigris, which adheres to the 
 metal with great tenacity and protects it from further 
 corrosion; rendered harder by rolling or hammering 
 and softened by heating and quenching in water; the 
 color 'of the surface of the metal depends upon the 
 temperature of the water in quenching. Cold water pro- 
 duces an orange-red, warm water a rose-red tint. Com- 
 mercial copper usually contains small quantities of As, 
 Sb, Sn, Pb, Zn, Fe and S. The action of certain metals 
 upon copper is said to be as follows: The presence of 
 .05% of C renders the metal red-short. (Karsten). 
 Aluminum prevents oxidation of the fluid metal. (Tis- 
 sier). Zinc, tin and sulphur renders copper red-short. 
 (Erdmann). Iron renders the metal hard and brittle, 
 but -the best copper may contain .1 to .15%. (Percy). 
 Antimony in as small amounts as .001% renders the 
 metal unfit for the production of brass plates and wire, 
 while As has a similar action. The presence of .001% 
 Bi injures the quality of the metal, chiefly by lowering 
 its ductility. (Levol). Copper containing .2 or .3% Ni 
 is less adapted for the manufacture of brass than for 
 German silver, and NiO renders the metal somewhat 
 brittle. (Genth). Copper containing as high as 1.82% 
 Si may be rolled and hammered when cold, but becomes 
 brittle when hot. (Percy). Phosphorus increases the 
 
80 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 fusibility and hardness of the metal. Copper containing 
 1.5% P may be rolled, and with a greater percentage, 
 the metal becomes brittle when cold. (Percy). Sodium 
 has a purifying action on copper. (Tissier). The pres- 
 ence of .1 to .3% Pb renders the metal no longer 'suit- 
 able for fine brass plates and wire, but it seems to in- 
 crease its rolling qualities. At a temperature just below 
 its melting point, the metal is very brittle and can be 
 easily broken in a mortar into small fragments ; expands 
 in passing from the liquid to the solid state. Brass has 
 been known from a very remote period, and is a very 
 important alloy of Cu and Zn. By the ancient or cala- 
 mine method, the alloy was produced by melting metallic 
 copper with zinc oxide and charcoal. It is said that it 
 is only within the last eighty or ninety years, that the 
 direct method has been used by which the alloy was 
 formed by the direct fusion of Cu and Zw. 1 No doubt 
 the practice began soon after Paracelsus pointed out 
 that zinc was a metal. The term brass has been applied 
 to all the alloys of Cu and Zn. It generally contains 
 on an average about 30-33% of Zn. The ductility and 
 malleability of the alloy increases with the per cent of 
 Cu ; not so readily oxidized as Cu as it is harder and 
 tougher, melts at a lower fusion point and more fluid 
 while molten. The structure is solid and by the addition 
 of from 1 to 2% Pb it can be worked on a lathe and 
 the castings finished by filing. The color of the alloy 
 is variable, depending upon the amount Cu present. By 
 adjusting the percentage of each metal, the color of the 
 resulting alloy range from red with a faint yellow tint, 
 reddish-yellow, yellowish-red, full yellow, golden-yellow 
 
 *The first brass by the direct fusion of Cu and Zn with or 
 without the addition of calamine, was patented and made irt 
 1781, by James Emerson of England. (Brannt.) 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 81 
 
 and finally to a whitish-yellow as the quantity of zinc is 
 increased. The copper content of Bavarian bronzes is 
 as follows : copper-red, 98.92% ; violet, 98.82% ; orange, 
 95.30%; deep-yellow, 81.55%; bright yellow, 82.34%. 
 Muntz's patent metal, an alloy of 60 parts of Cu and 
 40 of Zn, is forged into bolts and rolled into sheets 
 while red-hot. The alloy is said to vary from 50% Zn 
 and 63% of Cu, to 39% Zn and 50% Cu. Aich-metal, is 
 in reality malleable brass and consists of Cu 60%, Zn 
 38.2% and Fe 1.8%. If the molten brass is kept in 
 contact with the air for any length of time, the calcu- 
 lated composition is changed due to the combustion and 
 volatilization of the greater part of the Zn, which ex- 
 plains the variation in color and analysis from that which 
 the melter intended to obtain in the finished product. 
 Brass should contain only Cu and Zn, but the alloy 
 usually contains small quantities of Pb, As, Sn and Fe. 
 In many cases the presence of these metals are due 
 to the reduction of impure ores of Cu and Zn, while 
 in others the metals have been intentionally added to 
 change the color, structure, hardness and fusibility. 
 Brass containing about 28.5% Zn shows the greatest 
 absolute strength, but the mechanical treatment must 
 also be considered, as the more it is worked or manipu- 
 lated, the harder and more brittle the alloy becomes. 
 This is remedied by heating the alloy strongly and 
 quenching it quickly in water. The shrinkage of brass 
 castings varies from 5/32 to 3/16 of an inch, depending 
 upon the percentage of Cu and Zn present and the 
 fusion point is also variable due to the differenc in the 
 melting point of the two constituent metals. The fusing 
 point is rendered lower and the structure more dense, 
 by the slight addition of Sn. Copper and zinc when 
 melted together, unite in all proportions and usually 
 
82 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 combine with the evolution of heat. Copper alloys 
 readily with Au, Ag, Sn, Sb, Hg, Cd, Zn, Ni, Co, 
 Al, Mn, Mg and slightly with Mo, W, Cr, Fe, if the 
 metal is pure. The meta] readily absorbs and alloys 
 easily with Cu 2 O and Cu 2 S. Copper forms the base of 
 many of the following bronzes : ajax plastic, medal and 
 coin, gold, ship-sheathing, machine, trolley-wheel, specu- 
 lum, turbadium, U. S. Naval, Fontaine-moreau, hydrau- 
 lic, Morin's, Tobin, phosphor, phosphor-copper, phos- 
 phortin, phosphor-lead, phosphor-aluminium, aluminium, 
 silicon-manganese, cupro-manganese, copper-lead, copper- 
 iron, copper-steel (5 to 20% Cu), copper- tungsten, 
 ,copper-cobalt, copper-magnesium, Chinese, Japanese, 
 .Peruvian and Turkish. There are also many other alloys 
 X>f Cu, which are fully described in the many excellent 
 ,works which treat extensively on the subject of alloys. 1 
 .Commercial CuSO^.S H 2 O is generally used as a base 
 for copper pigments. The following represent some of 
 ;the most important colors. Brunswick-green, CuCO s -\- 
 Cu(HO) 2 . Schweinfurt's-green or emerald-green, also 
 known as Paris-green, is an aceto-arsenite of copper, 
 (CuOAs 2 O s ) s Cu(C 2 H 3 2 ) 2 . Scheele's-green or mineral- 
 green and blue, is a copper arsenite, CuHAsO z . Wall 
 .paper colored with the above arsenites is considered 
 .dangerous, due to arsenic poisoning. Such papers are 
 said to give off arsenical vapors or dust, which dis- 
 seminate through the air and is absorbed by the lungs 
 and skin. Both of these compounds are also used for 
 anti-insect powders. Mitis' -green is an arseniate of 
 copper. Casselman's-green, free from As, consists of 
 basic acetates of copper combined with more or less 
 water. This pigment is said to have also the formula 
 of C5"O 4 +3 Cu (HO) ,+4 H 2 O due to a different 
 1 Brannt, Hiorns, Buchanan, Sexton, Gulliver, Parry, Law. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 83 
 
 method in its manufacture. Lime-blue, a mixture of 
 lime with a weak solution of Cu(NO z ) 2 so that the lime 
 is saturated. Oil-blue is essentially CuS. Verdigris is 
 a basic hydrated copper acetate. The blue variety 
 has approximately the composition of (C 2 H z O 2 ) 2 Cu, 
 Cu(HO) 2 +5 H 2 O and the green variety 2 
 Cu(C 2 H z O 2 ) 2 +Cu(HO) 2 . The salt contains a variable 
 proportion of bibasic and tribasic copper acetates. 
 Verdigris forms the base of green-inks, green-oils, green 
 stains and glazes. The green rust of copper is CuC0 3 , 
 and should not be confounded with true verdigris. 
 Vienna-green, is a mixture of As 2 O z and verdigris. 
 Bremen-blue or Bremen-green is essentially hydrated 
 oxide of copper. Brighton-green, CuSO^-\-Pb(C 2 H z O 2 ) 2 
 -\-CaC O z , Blue-verditer is Cu(NO z ) 2 mixed with 
 CaCO z . Bice-blue, native CuCO s . Copper-blue, a mix- 
 ture of CuCO z and CaCO z . Egyptian-blue is formed 
 by heating SiO 2 , CaO, CuO and Na 2 0, at a temperature 
 not exceeding 800 F. The resulting product is then 
 ground. There are four oxides of copper, viz., copper 
 tetrantoxide, Cu 4 O, olive green powder which rapidly 
 absorbs oxygen when exposed to the air. Copper hemi- 
 oxide, cuprous oxide or suboxide, Cu 2 O, red. Formed 
 by heating metallic Cu and is found native in octahedral 
 crystals, occurs as cuprite or red copper ore. This oxide 
 is used to produce copper glass of a fine ruby color. 
 Cuprous hydroxide, Cti 9 O z (HO) 2 , bright yellow, absorbs 
 oxygen when exposed to the air and becomes blue. The 
 hydroxide is soluble in NH 4 HO forming a colorless 
 solution, which when exposed to the air becomes a dark 
 blue color. Cupric oxide, monoxide or protoxide, C:iO, 
 black. Occurs as melacnite or black oxide of copper. 
 Formed by the gentle ignition of hydroxide, carbonate 
 
84 . ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 or nitrate and is quite soluble in acids and is the base 
 of all green or blue salts of copper. Cuprous oxide 
 when ignited in contact with the air changes to CuO. 
 This oxide is used to color glass a fine green. Cupric 
 hydroxide, Cu(HO) 2 , light blue. Soluble in NH 4 HO 
 forming a blue solution. CuO and Cu(HO) 2 are both 
 soluble in HNO Z , HCl and H 2 SO. Copper dioxide, 
 CuO 2 .H 2 O, yellowish-brown powder which decomposes 
 readily into CuO and oxygen. Pure copper is extensively 
 used for submarine telegraphs as it is, with the exception 
 of Ag, the, best conductor of electricity. The commercial 
 metal is largely used for a great variety of purposes 
 .both technical and domestic. Especially valuable in the 
 manufacture of tubular boilers, vacuum pans for sugar 
 works, brewery, distillery and many kitchen utensils, 
 Ship-sheathing and electrical apparatus. The prehistoric 
 copper miners of Lake Superior used the metal exclu- 
 sively for hammers, chisels, arrow-points, spear heads, 
 knives, needles, axes and fish-hooks, long before methods 
 for the smelting and the extraction of iron were known. 
 Permanent magnets have been made from nearly pure 
 copper by first heating the metal to redness, plunging in 
 cold water and then magnetizing in a field of over 
 3000 c. g. s. units. The metal retains permanent mag- 
 netism amounting to .14 c.g.s. Magnetism not due to 
 .the presence of iron. Bosh-cooled copper pig is said 
 .to contain occluded moisture which is difficult, if not 
 impossible to drive off under about 240 F. A piece of 
 copper alloy taken from a ship's keel, contained orig- 
 inally, 45-55% Cu, 40-45% Zn and about 1% of each 
 of Pb, Mn and Fe. After being exposed to the action 
 ,of salt water was found to contain 52.7% Cu, 41.1% 
 Cu 2 0, 1.44% H 2 0, 2.75% Pb, Zn and Fe salts and 
 2.05% of insoluble material. The Zn had practically 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 85 
 
 disappeared. The corrosion of Cu by salt water, usually 
 produces a scale of Cu 2 O. Copper for casting should 
 contain about 99.9%, and the brand also known. The 
 greater the purity, the greater the electrical conductivity. 
 With .03-.80% As present, relative conductivity is 
 lowered from 100 to 40. The cold-drawing of copper 
 increases its tensile strength and reduces elongation. 
 A black coating on copper is obtained by moving the 
 objects about in a 5% bath of NaOH, to which 1% of 
 powdered K 2 (SO^) 2 has been added. Other metals are 
 first Cu plated before treatment. The time required for 
 pure Cu is about five minutes and for alloys about five 
 to ten minutes. According to Meunier, when electrolytic 
 copper is heated until it is glowing and then plunged 
 into the interior of the burner flame, the metal continues 
 to glow and at the same time colors the flame green, 
 showing that combustion is taking place without flame. 
 It is said that the color of the flame is due to the 
 volatilization of amorphous Cu which binds the crystals 
 of the metal together. Repeated melting of copper shows 
 after each melting, a distinctly inferior quality, which is 
 clearly shown by the testing machine. Oxidation and 
 absorption of S causes the inferiority. By the intro- 
 duction of small quantities of CuO to molten glasses 
 rich in alkali and either CaO or PbO, blue colors are 
 obtained. Weintraub has succeeded in casting very pure 
 Cu by adding B 6 O to the molten metal. Sound castings 
 of high conductivity are obtained from either sand or 
 iron molds. 1 Electrical conductivity as high as 97% has 
 been obtained. Archbutt states that copper fire-box 
 plates containing .66% As, .5% Sb, .05% Bi, .06% O 
 
 1 A small amount of Sr added to molten Cu, is said to produce 
 a harder than ordinary Cu casting free from blow holes. (Iron 
 Age, May 23, 1918J 
 
86 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 and .63% As, .03% Sb, .07% Bi, .09% O withstood hot 
 working and service. The idea then is that the supposi- 
 tion of .0001% Bi will change good copper into the worst 
 conceivable is an error. In general, the addition of 
 Mn, Sn or P to Cu increases the strength and hardness 
 and lowers the ductility, electrical conductivity and spe- 
 cific gravity. According to Bardwell, the following 
 which is based on the conductivity curves of copper, the 
 zone of cold rolling lies at 0-150 ; the zone of relaxa- 
 tion at 150-355 ; the zone of recuperation at 355- 
 425 ; the zone of complete annealing at 425-600, and 
 the bending zone at 600. Under the microscope, cold 
 rolled Cu show slip bands indicating a strained condition. 
 These bands disappear and very small crystals are 
 formed after the metal is annealed in the zone of relaxa- 
 tion. Large crystals are formed in the zone of recupera- 
 tion and the maximum of regular growth of crystals in 
 the annealing zone. Above this temperature the crystal 
 growth is rapid and with a decrease of ductility and con- 
 ductivity. Pionchon has shown that when two Cu plates 
 are placed in water and the circuit closed with a gal- 
 vanometer, a deflection is seen when one of the elec- 
 trodes is tapped. After repeating the test, the reaction 
 becomes less and less and finally ceases entirely. Traces 
 of Cu have been identified so minute that no chemical 
 reagent will detect it. To determine the areas of Cu 
 coatings of light and heavy deposits, Wilson recommends 
 covering the object entirely with beeswax, removing this 
 from flie area in question and the Cu determined in the 
 solution as usual. According to Caesar and Gerner, pure 
 Cu begins to soften at 200, most rapidly between 225 
 and 275, and is complete between 300 and 350. The 
 cold-worked condition persists up to 300 and the most 
 rapid softening near 350. For the dark-gray coloring 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 87 
 
 of Cu, Groschuff recommends dipping the Cu casting 
 for ten or fifteen minutes in a boiling solution of 100 
 c. c. of water, containing 12 grams of CuSO^.S H 2 O 
 and 1.5 grams of KMnO^. A brown color is produced 
 by dipping the objects in a boiling solution of 12 grams 
 of CuSO^.S H 2 O dissolved in 100 c.c. of water. Even 
 if scoured brass and glass beakers gave identical results 
 in the determination of extract of malt, tarnished brass 
 beakers influenced the results considerably. According 
 to Ling and McLaren, worts from such beakers con- 
 tained as high as .1 gram of Cu per gallon. Traces of 
 Cu have been found in filter paper, including analytical 
 grades. The skin absorption of Cu by brass workers 
 has been shown by the detection of the metal in the 
 urine and green sweat stains on the underclothing of 
 the workers. The action of the Cu salts, also exert a 
 prophylactic action with respect to caries and oral sepsis. 
 The use of bad gold alloy in the mouth has caused 
 chronic copper intoxication. Hansen states that the 
 fumes of Cu from the electric arc furnace are poisonous. 
 The symptoms were great inconvenience in breathing, 
 and twenty-four hours later, severe nausea and soreness 
 similar to that of acute grip. The conditions of ventila- 
 tion during the melting and pouring were the most 
 favorable, and should it had been otherwise the results 
 would have probably been very serious. According to 
 Graff, the books of a reputable German firm has shown 
 for the greening of preserved vegetables, the following 
 weights of CnSO.5H 2 O that has been used on an 
 average, per kilo of vegetables: 1903, .90 gram; 1904, 
 .71 gram; 1905, .96 gram. From a number of analysis 
 of the products, the CuSO 4 . S H 2 O in the drained vege- 
 tables, varies from 200 to 1377 m. g. per kilogram, also 
 amounts of copper sulphate smaller than 215 m. g. per 
 
88 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 kilo do not produce a satisfactory greening of the vege- 
 tables. The medicinal dose of sulphate of copper, as 
 a astringent or tonic, is .016 gram gradually increased; 
 as an emetic, .13-.33 gram. According to Liberi-Cus- 
 mano-Marsiglia-Zay, copper is constantly found in the 
 fruit of the tomato. The amount varies from .14 m. g. 
 to 2.10 m. g. per k. g. of juice and pulp and from 3.8 
 m. g. to 19.5 m. g. per k. g. of dry matter. The Cu 
 contents of the plants was not due to spraying with 
 Cu mixture. Hart states that pressed beef contained 
 small amounts of Cu due to the gelatin that was used 
 as a garnish. The Cu contents expressed in m. g. per 
 k. g. were: pressed beef, 0-34; gelatin A, 25; gelatin B, 
 104; jelly preparation, 60; and samples of gelatin for 
 family use contained 0-56.3 m. g. of Cu per k. g. 
 Samples of canned spinage has been found to contain 
 from 128 to 275 m. g. of Cu per k. g. The highest 
 permissible limit of Cu is placed at 55 m. g. per k. g. 
 Canned peas of French origin, from the various 
 provinces of Canada, contained in majority of cases an 
 excess of Cu exceeding Tunnicliffe's limit of l / 2 grain 
 per Ib. or 71 parts per million. Caraccas, Guayaquil 
 and Bahia cocoas, contain respectively, .020 g., .027 g., 
 .034 g. of Cu per k. g. in the shell-free seeds and .040 g., 
 .014 g., and .035 g. respectively in the shells. Sweetened 
 chocolates showed the Cu content to be a mean of .012 
 g. per k. g. Minute amounts of Cu has been found in 
 sample of caffeine. A sample of pomace brandy from 
 Maconnais, showed 15 m. g. of Cu per liter. The green 
 color of some oysters may not be due to Cu but to a 
 green pigment, but as high as 40 m. g. of Cu has been 
 found in the blue colored variety, while those that were 
 uncolored contained 9 m. g. It is said that a small 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 89 
 
 amount of Cn salts in milk has been found to be highly 
 efficient as a preservative. 
 Metallurgical Processes. 
 
 The methods that are used for the extraction of 
 copper from the various ores differ, and the treatment 
 must vary according to the nature of the ore. 
 
 (1) Ores containing Oxides. 
 
 (2) Pyritical ores. 
 
 (3) Low grade ores. 
 
 (4) Native copper. 
 
 Oxidized ores are usually smelted in shaft-furnaces 
 with coal or coke, and fluxed so as to produce a slag 
 which does not absorb copper. The cupola furnace 
 (German process) is prefered for very rich ores, as it 
 gives a quicker extraction. The resulting product of 
 black copper is then treated in the reverberatory furnace. 
 A special form of cupola furnace is employed for the 
 smelting of oxidized ores rich in iron. If fuel is cheap, 
 rich ores may be smelted in the reverberatory furnace 
 (English process). The ores are often first reduced to 
 black copper before treatment in the above furnace. 
 
 Pyritical ores are first roasted or calcined and then 
 treated in a crucible, pit, cupola, shaft, converter, rever- 
 beratory or a combined smelting in cupola and rever- 
 beratory furnaces with a final product of black copper, 
 which is then further refined to partially remove the 
 impurities. The remainder of the latter, is nearly all 
 removed with the suboxide of copper, by a rapid melting 
 of the metal under a layer of charcoal. 
 
 Low grade ores are generally treated by hydrometal- 
 lurgical methods. The wet copper extraction process is 
 applied to ores which are too poor to admit being 
 
90 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 smelted by the dry process. The ores are treated so 
 as to form copper salts which are soluble in water and 
 the copper is precipitated from the solution by metallic 
 iron. In some mines a solution of copper sulphate 
 occurs naturally. The wet methods are also applied to 
 roasted iron pyrites, a by-product of the sulphuric acid 
 works, which generally contains on an average about 
 3% Cu. At the present time the chloridizing and leach- 
 ing process is applied to low grade oxidized ores con- 
 taining An, and Ag. Gravity and flotation methods are 
 much practiced for the concentration of poor copper 
 ores* The following well known methods are used for 
 treating low-grade and complex ores. Sulphidizing and 
 flotation, Mosher-Ludlow process and the Slater process. 
 
 Native copper may contain Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb, Zn, 
 Fe, Ni, Co and when free from the precious metals, the 
 crude copper is treated in the reverberatory furnace with 
 oxidizing fusion and the product further refined by 
 reducing fusion. At the present time refined Cu is made 
 almost entirely from the crude metal. It is said that 
 the production of pure copper from the ores and matte 
 has thus far, proved a failure. Electrolytic refining 
 methods are generally used for crude copper containing 
 precious metals. The electric furnace can be used as 
 a substitute for the combustion furnace especially, where 
 the price of fuel is high. 
 Native Sources. 
 
 NATIVE COPPER, (Cu) often containing Au, Ag, some- 
 times Bi or Hg. Occurs in threads, wire and in small 
 grains to several tons in weight. In 1854, one mass of 
 native copper (69.28% Cu) weighing about 500 tons was 
 found in Minnesota, U. S. 1 In Chili, there is known a 
 copper sand or copper barilli containing 60 to 80% 
 
 *Crookes and Rohrig. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 91 
 
 of Cu and 20 to 40% of SiO 2 . CHALCOPYRITE, 
 (CuFeS 2 ) ; CHALCOCITE, (Cu 2 S) ; BORNITE, (Cu 5 FeS t ) ; 
 CUPRITE, (Cw 2 O) ; TETRAHEDRITE, (Cu 8 Sb 2 S r ) ; MALA- 
 CHITE, (Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO a ) ; CHRYSOCOLLA, (CuSiO 3 . 
 2H 2 O); AZURITE," (Cw 3 (OH) 2 (C0 3 ) 2 ) ; ENARGITE, 
 (Cu 3 AsS 4 )-, Dioptase, (H 2 CwSiO 4 ) ; Tenorite, (CuO) ; 
 Chalcanthite, (Cw5"O 4 .5 # 2 O) ; Atacamite, (Cu(OH)Cl. 
 Cu(OH) 2 ); Covellite, (CuS) ; Erubescite, (Cw.F*?,). 
 It would be well to mention other copper minerals. 
 Trichalcite, (Cu^OAsO^+5 H) ; Thrombolite, (CuO, H 9 
 PO 5 ) ; Libethenite, (Cu t OPO t +CuOH) ; Olivenite, 
 (Cu 3 (AsO 5 , PO 5 )+CuOH); Conichalcite, (CuOCaO 
 POiAsO s VO s H)-, Bayldonite, ( (PbO, CuO) 4 AsO*+ 
 
 2 H) ; Euchroite, (Cu z OAsO 5 +CuOH+6 H) ; Tagilite, 
 (CuJPOi+CuOH+2 H); Veszelyite, (4 CuOPO 5 + 
 5 H)\ Liroconite, (CuO, AIO S , AsO,, PO 5 H): Pseu- 
 domalachite, (C 8 OPO 5 +2 CuOH+H) ; Erinite, (Cu 3 
 OAsO,+2 CuOH) ; Cornwallite, (Cu,OAsO 5 +2 CuOH 
 +3 H); Tyrolite, (Cu B OAsO++2 CuOH+7 H} ; 
 Clinoclasite, (C 3 O^jO 5 +3 CuOH) ; Chalcophyllite, 
 (C3/4jO B +5 CO//+7 H); A. Zeunerite, (CuO, 2 
 7O 3 ^O 5 +8 //) ; Ammiolite, (HgCuFeSSbO 5 ) ; Lin- 
 dackerite, (2 Cu^AsO s +NiO 9 SO^+7 H) ; Cuproscheelite, 
 (CuOWOs+2 CaOWOz) ; A. Cuprotungstite, (CwO, 
 
 3 ^O 3 ) ; Volborthite, (CO, VO^H) ; A. Vanadate of 
 Lime and Copper, ((CuO, CaO) 4 VO 9 +aq) ; A. Hydro- 
 cyanite, (CuOSO 3 ) ; B. Dolerophanite, (Cu 2 AsO 3 ) ; 
 Domeykite, (Cu^As) ; Algodonite, (Ctt i:r ,4j) ; Whitneyite, 
 (Cu 18 As) ; Eucairite, ( (CuAg)Se) ; Crookesite, 
 ((CuTlAg)Se)-, Zorgite, ((P&Ci)5^); Berzelianite, 
 (C5^); Castillite, (CuPbFeAgZnS) ; Griinauite, 
 (OuBiNiFeS); Stromeyerite, ((CX^)5)j A. Chal- 
 copyrrhotite, (Cw 4 CM5 6 ) ; Cubanite, ( 
 
92 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 FeS 2 ) ; Barnhardtite, (2 CuS+FeS+FeS 2 ) ; Carrollite, 
 (2(CuCo)S+CoS 2 ) ; A. Spathiopyrite, (CuCoFeAsS) ; 
 Chalcostibite, (CuS+SbS 2 ) ; Emplectite, (CuS+BiS 9 ) ; 
 Chiviatite, (2(CP&)5'+3 BiS 3 ) ; Binnite, (3 CuS+ 
 Bouraonite, (3(CuPb}S+SbS a ) ; Stylotypite, 
 ; Wittichenite, (3 CuS+BiSJ ; 
 A. Klaprotholite, (3 CuS+Bi 2 S 6 ) ; Aikinite, (3(CuPb)S 
 +BiSz) ; Tennantite, (4(CwF^)S+^^ 3 ) ; A. Julianite, 
 (SAsCuSb); Polybasite, ( (9(AgCu)S+Sb)AsS 3 ) ; A. 
 Epigenite, (CuFeAsS) ; B. Famatinite, (4(3 Cu 2 SSSb 2 
 S 5 )+3 Cu,SAs,S 5 ) ; Clayite, (SAsSbPbCu) ; A. Nan- 
 tokite, (Cu 2 Cl) ; A. tallingite, (4 CuH+CuClH} ; Percy- 
 lite, (PbCuClOH) ; Crednerite, (Cu*OMn 2 O B ) ; E. Rab- 
 dionite, (Cu, Fe, Co, Mn, O) ; Connellite, (CuOSO^ 
 CuCl) ; Vauquelmite, (Ctt0 3 Cr 2 O 3 +P&0 3 Cr 2 O 8 ) ; Pisan- 
 ite, ((F0O, CwO)SO 3 +7//) ; Chalcanthite, (CwO k 9O a + 
 5 H)\ A. Cupromagnesite, ((CwOM^O)5'O 2 +7 //) ; 
 Cyanochroite, ((y 2 CuO+y 2 KO)SO a +3 H) ; Brochan- 
 tite, (CuOSO 9 +2y 2 CuHO} ; Langite, (CMO5*O 3 + 
 3 CuOH+H) ; Cyanotrichite, (5O 8 , AlOfuO, H) ; 
 Woodwardite, (CwO^O.,, COH, AIO 3 H S , 6 H) ; Auri- 
 chalcite, (CwO, ZwO, CO,, //) ; A. Mysorin, (CO,, CO 
 F^O 3 ) ; B. Lime Malachite, (CO 2 , CwO, SO 2 , CaOF<?0 3 ) ; 
 Chlorotile, (Cu s As 2 O s -\-6 aq} ; Cuprocalcite, ((Cw 2 6) 2 
 CO +2CaCO 3 +//oO) ; Chalcomenite, ( CuSeO.,+2 aq] ] 
 Gerhardtite, (4 CuO, Na 9 O 6 , 3 H 9 O) : Guejarite, 
 (CuS-{-2Sb 2 S z ) Horsfordite, (Cu^Sb 2 ) ; Hydrocuprite, 
 (CuOH 2 O)', Lautite, (Cw^^) ; Phillipite, (CO5 1 O S + 
 F^ vS' 8 O 1 o4- fl ^) ; Falkenhaynite, (Cu fi Sb^S c ] ; Umangite, 
 (C 3 5^ 2 ); Antlerite, (3 CuSO 4 , 7Cu(OH) z ). 
 Other Sources: 
 
 Copper matte, speiss, copper refinery slag, alloys from 
 the smelting of other metals, residues and scrap metal. 
 Mining Localities: 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 93 
 
 United States, England, Australia, France, Canada, 
 Chili, Peru, Portugal, Bolivia, Japan, Russia, Hungary, 
 Siberia, Norway, North Wales, Ireland, Africa, Cuba, 
 Fargo Islands, Spain, Germany, Islands of Timor and 
 Timor-Laout and the adjacent islands of Polynesia. 
 References: 
 
 Modern Electric Copper Refining. Ulke. (d). 
 
 Practice of Copper Smelting. Peters, (a). 
 
 Principles of Copper Smelting. Peters, (a). 
 
 Modern Copper Smelting. Peters, (a). 
 
 Chemistry and Metallurgy of Copper. Piggott. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy of Copper. Hofman. (b). 
 
 Modern Copper Smelting. Levey. (/). 
 
 Copper and Iron. Vol. II. Crookes-Rohrig. (&). 
 
 Analysis of Copper. Heath, (b). 
 
 Copper Handbook. Vol. XL Weed. (Houghton, 
 Mich.) 
 
 Kupfer. Borchers. (Halle: W. Knapp.) 
 
 Copper: From the Ore to the Metal. Pickard. (z;). 
 
 Zinc. Cadmium, Kupfer, Quechsilber. Bouchonnet. 
 
 (Paris.) 
 
 Production of Copper in the United States.* 
 (Smelter output, in pounds fine.) 
 
 In 1913. 1,224,484,098: 1914, 1,150,137,192: 1915, 
 1.388,009,527: 1916, 1,927,850,548; 1917, 1,890,000.000. 
 Commercial Metals: 
 
 Black Copper 2 Cn, 99.400: Ag, .100: S, .3140; Bi, 
 .1440 ; Ait t .0008. Black Copper 3 Cu, 99.170 ; Bi, .280 ; 
 Pb, .123; Sn, Sb, As, .002; S, .244. Refined Copper 4 
 
 ''Production of Copper in the United States in 1916. Butler. 
 U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 *Levol. 
 'Schwartz. 
 ^Mining School at Fahlum. 
 
94 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 CM, 99.460; Fe, .011; Co and Ni, .110; Sn and P&, 
 trace; Ag, .065; ^M, .0015; S, .017. Mansfeld 
 Refined 5 Cw (by difference), 98.37; Ag, .02; M, .36; 
 F>, .05; P&, .60; O, .58; 5", .02. Mansfield Refined 5 
 CM (by difference), 99.48; Ag, .02; Art, .32; Fe, .06; 
 Pb, .12. Refined Tough Copper 6 Cw, 99.94; FV, trace; 
 /40, .056. Rosette Copper 7 CM, 98.48 ; Pb, trace ; Fe, 
 .75; Ni, .26; Sfr, .60. Converter Anodes 8 Cw, 99.1300; 
 As, .1183; S&, .0534; Ni, .0420; Co, .0018; Bi, .0038; 
 Fe, .0110; ^40, .1371; Au, .0008; S>, .0090; Te, .0170; 
 P6, .0065 ; Zn, .0035 ; 5", .2610. Electrolytic Copper 
 CM, 99.89000; Sb, .00515; As, .00108; M, .01000; 
 Ag, .03360 ; i, none. 
 Qualitative Analysis: 
 Cupric Sulphate. (C5'O 4 +5 H 2 O). 
 
 NHHO greenish-blue precipitate. Soluble in excess 
 to a clear blue solution of (N 2 H 9 Cu)SO^. Color of 
 solution destroyed by KCN. 
 
 (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 reaction similar to NH^HO. 
 
 Na 2 CO z greenish-blue precipitate of CwCOg.Cw 
 (HO} 2 . Soluble in NH 4 PIO to a dark blue solution; 
 soluble in KCN forming a colorless solution. CuCO 8 . 
 Cu(HO) 2 changes on boiling to black CuO ; soluble in 
 NH 4 HO forming a blue solution. 
 
 KHO and NaHO light blue precipitate of Cu(HO) 2 ; 
 changes to CuO on boiling. 
 
 K 4 FeCy Q reddish-brown precipitate of Cu 2 F"eCy e ; in- 
 soluble in HC 2 H 3 2 ; decomposed by KHO forming a 
 blue solution. 
 
 *Dr. Steinbeck. 
 'Genth. 
 'Bodemann. 
 
 "Burns. "The Great Falls Electrolytic Refinery" Tran. A. I. 
 M. E., Aug., 1913. - 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 95 
 
 H 2 S black precipitate of CuS : soluble in HNO 3 and 
 KCN; practically insoluble in hot Na^S and K 2 S solu- 
 tions. 
 
 Yellow (NHi) 2 S produces in cold slightly acid or 
 neutral solutions, a deep orange precipitate of Cu 2 (NH 4 ) 2 
 S 7 ; completely soluble in excess, reprecipitated entirely 
 as CuS when the solution is boiled thoroughly. 
 
 Place a platinum crucible lid in small beaker containing 
 10 or 15 c. c. of the solution of CuSO 4 , place a little 
 granulated Zn in contact with the Pt, add a few drops 
 of HCl and metallic Cu will be deposited on the Pt. 
 
 Fe precipitates Cu, which is readily shown on a clean 
 knife blade when it is dipped into an acidulated solution 
 of Cu. 
 
 Dip a platinum wire in the solution of Cu and heat 
 in a non-luminous flame ; emerald-green tint, add a few 
 drops of HCl to the solution and again moisten the 
 wire with the solution and ignite, azure blue ending with 
 an emerald-green color. 
 
 Uhlenhuth 1 mentions a new reaction for Cu. The 
 reagent is prepared by dissolving .5 gram of 1, 2- 
 diaminoanthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid in 500 c. c. of 
 water and 40 c. c. NaOH solution (d. 1.38). An intense 
 blue is produced by the formation of a complex salt; 
 no other metal produces the same reaction. The color 
 is distinct to 1.9 in 1 million, extreme limit 1.9 in 10 
 million. 
 
 Quantitative Analysis: 
 KCN Method. (Ni and Zn absent.) 
 
 Volumetric Method. Place 1 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in 600 c. c. porcelain casserole. Add 10 
 c.c. of //A r O 3 (1.42), heat gently until the alloy is 
 
 ^Uhlenhuth. Chem.-Ztg., 34, 887. 
 
96 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 thoroughly decomposed and evaporate to 5 c. c. Add 
 5 c.c. of HCl (1.20), boil five minutes, add 25 c.c. of 
 water and 3 grams of C 4 // 6 and heat to dissolve. 
 Neutralize with NH 4 HO, add 10 c. c. in excess and 
 dilute to 75 c. c. with water. Cool and titrate with 
 standard KCN solution. 
 
 Before titrating, stand a second casserole containing 
 the same volume of water beside the one containing the 
 solution to be titrated. This will serve as a color com- 
 parison at the end point. 
 Standard KCN Solution. 
 
 Dissolve 35.8 grams KCN c. p. in 1 liter of water 
 and standardize as follows : Place the selected weight 
 of clean copper foil in 600 c. c. casserole and dissolve 
 in 5 c. c. of HNO^ Add 25 c. c. of water, neutralize 
 with NHHO, add 10 c. c. in excess and dilute to 75 
 c. c. with water. Cool and titrate. 
 
 K 3 NH 4 Cu 2 ( CN) 
 2 Cu=7 KCN 
 2 Cw=63.57X2=127.14 
 7 KCN=65.l 1X7=455.77 
 127.14 : 455.77=X : 35.86. X=10 grams. 
 1000 c. c. KCN V. S. containing 35.86 grams. KCN 
 
 1000 c. c. KCN V. S. containing '35.86 grams KCN 
 10 grams Cu.( theoretical). 
 
 1 c. c. KCN V. S. containing .03586 gram KCN 
 .01 gram Cu. 
 
 .0052 gram Cu. 
 1 c.c. KCN solution -- =.003059 gram. Cu. 
 
 1.70 c. c. KCN 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 97 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 .003059 1 Xl.55c.c.#CA/' 
 
 -X100=:.47% CM. 
 
 1 gram. 
 Mixture calculation =.50% Cu. 
 
 A standard solution of CuSO^S H 2 O can be used 
 for standardizing the KCN solution and the weight of 
 Cu taken for titration can be adjusted to correspond 
 nearly to that of the unknown. This avoids error caused 
 by titrating a small weight of Cu in the unknown and 
 using a factor obtained by standardizing with much 
 greater weight of Cu. 
 
 Dissolve 39.28 grams of CuSO^S H 2 O c. p. in 1000 
 c. c. of water and mix thoroughly. 
 
 1 c. c. = .01 gram Cu (theoretical) as 
 63.57 : 249.72=X : .03928. X=.01. 
 
 Take 25 c. c. of the solution with pipette, place in 
 250 c. c. beaker, add 2 c. c. of HSO 4 , 4 c. c. of strong 
 HNO Z and dilute with water to 150 c. c. Connect plat- 
 inum gauze cathode and electrolyze with a current 
 ND 100 =.5 ampere, 2.7 volts for fifteen hours. When 
 the Cu is all deposited, which can be readily seen by 
 testing 1 c. c. of the solution with H 2 S, lower the beaker 
 and at same time wash the cathode with distilled water 
 maintaining the current meantime. Immerse the cathode 
 in C 2 H Q O for a few seconds, dry and weigh. 
 
 .2479 gram Cu. 
 
 =.009916 gram Cu. 
 
 25 c. c. 
 
 1 c.c. standard CuSO 4 +5 H 2 O solution=. 0099 16 gram Cu. 
 *Old solution. 
 
98 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 After the cathode has been washed with C 2 H 6 O, do 
 not ignite and allow it to burn as it will cause a slight 
 oxidation of the Cu thereby increasing the weight. 
 
 The KCN method will give satisfactory results with 
 all weights of Cu, providing that all analysis is treated 
 exactly in the same manner and the standardization of 
 the KCN solution with about the same weight of Cu 
 that is present in the unknown. In the standardization 
 of a KCN solution, on the same day and in the 
 same hour, with the same volume of HNO 3 , NH 4 HO 
 and water, the Cu factors were: 
 
 .0052 gram Cu. 
 
 ( 1 ) 1 c. c. KCN sol.= =.003059 grm. Cu. 
 
 1.70 c.c. KCN sol 
 
 .009916 gram CM. 
 
 (2) 1 c.c. KCN sol= =.003251 grm. Cu. 
 
 3.05 c. c. KCN sol. 
 
 .09916 gram. Cu. 
 
 (3) 1 c.c. KCN sol.= =.003443 grm. Cu. 
 
 28.80 c. c. KCN sol. 
 
 The above results show that the factors are not 
 proportional to the weights of Cu. 
 
 Dickenson 1 has used a dilute solution of ammonical 
 copper nitrate as a second solution. Should the assay 
 be overrun, 5 c. c. of this solution is run in a flask, a 
 little NH 4 HO is added and the solution diluted with 
 water to the same volume as the assay and titrated 
 with the KCN solution. Should it take 4 c. c. of the 
 KCN solution, 5 c. c. of the Cw(A r O 3 ) 2 solution is added 
 to the original assay and 4 c. c. deducted from the 
 assay reading and the analysis finished as usual. 
 
 *Eng. and Min. Jour., April 25, 1914. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 99 
 
 The solid KCN soon deteriorates after the container 
 is once opened and the standard solution also becomes 
 gradually weaker on standing, hence the solution should 
 be standardized weekly with clean Cu foil c.p., with 
 standard CuSO 4 solution or with a babbitt of known 
 Cu content. 
 
 Gravimetric Method. Evaporate the nitrate from 
 the PbSOt precipitate to about 100 c. c. (if Zn is 
 present add 30% of its volume of HCl), heat to boiling 
 and pass a rapid current of washed H 2 S through the 
 solution for fifteen minutes. Filter, wash with H 2 S 
 water and reserve filtrate and washings for the deter- 
 mination of Fe and Zn. Place the wet filter in a 
 weighed platinum crucible and burn at a gentle heat in 
 open crucible, until the filter is charred and the 5 is 
 burned. Ignite strongly, cool and weigh as impure CuO. 
 Dissolve the residue in crucible with a little HCl. 
 transfer with a little water to a small beaker, filter and 
 wash with hot water. Ignite filter and contents, cool, 
 weigh, subtract weight from the total weight and mul- 
 tiply the difference by .7989 which will give the weight 
 of Cu. 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 Weight of crucible+CwO-h$'tO 2 =: 19.4961 grams. 
 
 = 19.4930 " 
 
 .0031 gram. 
 
 .0031 X. 7989 
 
 XKKbr.49% Cu. 
 
 .5 gram. 
 
100 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The above method will give good results with small 
 weights of CuO. 
 
 If the electric current is available, transfer the filtrate 
 from the PbSO to a 250 c. r. beaker and evaporate or 
 dilute to 150 c.c. Add 4 c. c. HNO S (1.42) and elec- 
 trolyze with a current of ND 100 =.S ampere. 2.7 volts 
 for fifteen hours. Treat as in the electrolysis of Cu in 
 standard CuSO 4 solution and reserve the solution from 
 the Cu for Fe and Zn determination. 
 
 Estimation of traces Fe and Zn. 
 
 Boil the reserved filtrate from the H 2 S precipitate 
 (CuS) until free from H 2 S, add 1 or 2 c. c. of HNO 3 
 and boil for a few minutes. Cool, render solution 
 strongly alkaline with NH 4 HO and allow to stand on 
 hot plate about one hour. Filter on small ashless filter 
 (reserve filtrate for Zn) and wash with hot water. 
 Ignite, cool and weigh as Fe 2 O 3 . Multiply this weight 
 by .7 which will give the weight of Fe. 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 Crucible+F 2 3 = 19.2450 grams. 
 = 19.2434 " 
 
 .0016 gram. 
 .0016X.7 
 
 X100=.22% Fe. 
 
 .5 gram. 
 
 Acidulate the filtrate from the Fe 2 (HO) Q precipitate 
 with HC 2 H S O 2 , heat to about 80 C. and saturate with 
 washed H 2 S. Allow to settle, filter and wash with hot 
 H 2 S water. Dry filter and contents, ignite carefully in 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 101 
 
 weighed porcelain crucible, cool and weigh as ZnO. 
 Multiply this weight by .80336 which will give the 
 weight of Zn. 
 
 Analysis of No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 Pb 69.37 
 
 Sb 17.85 
 
 Sn 11.91 
 
 Cu 49 
 
 Fe . , .22 
 
 99.84 
 Sp. Gr 9.6309 
 
 The following articles will be of interest to the analyst : 
 The Wet Assay of 'Copper. Dulin. J. Amer. Chem. 
 
 Soc., May, 1895. 
 The Estimation of Sulphur in Refined Copper. Heath. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Oct., 1895. 
 The Copper Assay by the Iodide Method. Low. J. 
 
 Amer. Chem. Soc., May, 1896. 
 Improvements in the Colorimetric Test for Copper. 
 
 Heath. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Jan., 1897. 
 Recalculation of Wein's Table of Starch Equivalent to 
 
 Copper Found. Based on the Factor 0.92. Krug. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., June, 1897. 
 Volumetric Method for the Determination of Copper. 
 
 Meade. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Aug., 1898. 
 The Precipitation of Copper by Zinc. Shengle-Smith. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Oct., 1899. 
 Volumetric Method for the Estimation of Copper. Parr. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Oct., 1900. 
 Determination of Copper by Aluminum Foil. Perkins. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., May, 1902. 
 
102 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Notes on the Estimation of Copper by Potassium Per- 
 manganate. Guess. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Aug., 1902. 
 Note on the Determination of Copper. Parr. J. Amer. 
 
 Chem. Soc., June, 1902. 
 The Copper Assay by the Iodide Method. Low. J. 
 
 Amer. Chem. Soc., Nov., 1902. 
 The Cyanide Assay for Copper. Miller. Trans. Am. 
 
 Inst. Min. Eng., 31, 653. 
 Rapid and Convenient Method for the Quantitative 
 
 Electrolytic Precipitation of Copper. Richards and 
 
 Bisbee. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., May, 1904. 
 The Lake Superior Fire Assay for Copper. Heath. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., August, 1902. 
 Improvements in the Cyanide Assay for Copper. Thorn 
 
 Smith. Eng. Min. J., 76, 581. 
 The Electrolytic Assay o'f Copper Containing Arsenic, 
 
 Antimony, Selenium and Tellurium. Heath. J. Amer. 
 
 Chem. Soc., Sept., 1904. 
 A New Method of Sampling Copper. Baggaley. Metal 
 
 Industry, Sept., 1904. 
 The lodometric Determination of Copper. Fairlie. Eng. 
 
 Min. J., 78, 787-788. 
 The Determination of Copper. Lloyd. Eng. Min. J., 
 
 59, 1053 (June 1, 1905, No. 22). 
 Volumetric Methods for Copper. Fernekes and Koch. 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1905. 
 The Determination of Small Quantities of Copper in 
 
 Water. Phelps. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., March, 1906. 
 Copper Salts in Irrigating Waters. Skinner. J. Amer. 
 
 Chem. Soc., March, 1906. 
 The Electrolytic Assay of Lead and Copper. Guess. 
 
 Eng. Min. J., 81, 328 (1906) ; also Trans. Am. Inst. 
 Min. Eng., Bi-monthly Bull., No. 61, 1905. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 103 
 
 Analysis of Alloys of Copper. Wilson. Chem. Eng., 
 
 July, 1905. 
 lodometric Determination of Copper. Brown. Chem. 
 
 Eng., Sept., 1905. 
 
 Estimation of Copper. Smith. Chem. Eng., Nov., 1905. 
 Determination of Copper, Arsenic and Antimony in 
 
 Lead Bullion. Parmelee. Chem. Eng., June, 1905. 
 The Electrolytic Precipitation of Copper from an 
 
 Alkaline Cynide Electrolyte. Flanigen. J. Amer. 
 
 Chem. Soc., April, 1907. 
 The Testing of Copper and its By-Products in American 
 
 Refineries. Heath. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., April, 1907. 
 The Influence of Temperature on the Electrolytic Pre- 
 cipitation of Copper. Withrow. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 
 
 March, 1908. 
 On a Volumetric Method for Copper. Jamieson-Levy- 
 
 Wells. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., May, 1908. 
 A Technical Method for the Complete Analysis of the 
 
 Electrolyte in Copper Refining. Kann. Chem. Eng., 
 
 Oct., 1908. 
 Volhard's Method for the Titration of Copper. Kuhn. 
 
 Chem. Ztg., 32, 1056-7. Same subject. Theodor. 
 
 C. A., 1908, 3211. 
 Rapid Determination of Copper and Acid in Electrolytic 
 
 Baths. Pannain. Rome. Ind. chim., 8, 336-7 (Nov. 
 
 10). 
 Some Observations on the Permanganate Method for 
 
 Copper. Herman. West. Chem. Met., 4, 217-20. 
 A Technical Method for the Complete Analysis of the 
 
 Electrolyte in Copper Refining. Kann. Chem. Eng., 
 
 8, 158-60 (Oct.). 
 The Permanganate Method for Determining Copper. 
 
 Hawley. Eng. Min. J., 86, 1155. 
 
104 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Influence of Copper on the Titration of Iron by the 
 
 Zimmermann-Reinhardt Method. Schroder. Z. of- 
 
 fentl. Chem., 14, 471-92. 
 The Volumetric Estimation of Copper and Chromium 
 
 and of Copper, Chromium and Iron in Admixture. 
 
 Hibbert. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 28, 190. 
 Volumetric Estimation of Copper with Potassium Iodide. 
 
 Litterscheid. Chem. Ztg., 33, 263-4. 
 The Precipitation of Copper Oxalate in Analysis. Gooch 
 
 and Ward. Am. J. Sci., 27, 448-58. 
 Gravimetric Estimation of Copper Sulphate. Dallimore. 
 
 Pharm. J., 83, 69. 
 Comments on Volhard's Volumetric Method for Copper. 
 
 Theodor. Chem. Eng., Aug., 1909. 
 Sampling and Assaying the Copper Ores of the Ely 
 
 District. Marsh. Jr. School Mines Quart, 30, 92-7. 
 Copper as a Reducing Agent for Ferric Salts Previous 
 
 to Their Estimation Volumetrically. Birch. Chem. 
 
 News, 99, 273-5. 
 A Simplified and Improved Method for Estimating 
 
 Copper lodometrically. Videgren. Z. anal. Chem., 48, 
 
 539-45. 
 Determination of Copper in Canned Vegetables. Bre- 
 
 beck. Z. Nahr. Genussm., 18, 416. 
 Laboratory Routine in Modern Copper Smelters. Waller. 
 
 Trans. Inst. Min. Metal., 18, 37-58. 
 The Detection of Copper in Drinking Water. Anon. 
 
 Pharm > Ztg., 54, 651. 
 Rapid Method for Determining Copper in Slags. Aller. 
 
 Eng. Min. J.; 88, 278. 
 New Volumetric Method for the Estimation of Copper. 
 
 Sanchez. Bull. soc. chim., 7, 9-17. 
 Determination of Small Quantities of Copper in Slag. 
 
 Heberlein. Eng. Min. J., 89, 306. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 105 
 
 The Detection of Cadmium in the Presence of Copper 
 
 by Hydrogen Sulphide. Wohler. Ber., 43, 1194: cf. 
 
 C. A., 4, 1585. 
 The Determination of Copper in Blister and Refining 
 
 Copper. Ferguson. Xichols Copper Co. J. Ind. Eng. 
 
 Chem., 2, 187. 
 
 The Electrolytic Determination of Copper at the Ten- 
 nessee Copper Co. Cavers and Chadwick. Eng. Min. 
 
 J., 89, 954-5. 
 A Rapid Method for the Electrolytic Determination of 
 
 Copper in Ores. Benner.' J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2, 
 
 195-6. 
 Rapid Method for the Determining Copper in Slags. 
 
 Aller. Eng. Min. J., 90, 3-4. A response to Diack 
 
 and Smith's criticism on the author's method (ci. C. A., 
 
 4, 737). 
 Rapid Method of Determining Copper in Mattes. Wink- 
 
 ler. Chem. Ztg., 34, 603. 
 Apparent Copper Reaction in the Burning of Fats. 
 
 Vaubel. Chem. Ztg., 34, 685. 
 Precipitation of Iron and Copper with Nitrosophenyl- 
 
 hydroxylamine in Quantitative Analysis. Biltz and 
 
 Hodtke. Z. anorg. Chem., 66, 426-30. 
 The Determination of Copper. Frary and Peterson. 
 
 Trans. Am. Electrochem. Soc., 17, 295-302. 
 Separation of Copper from Cadmium and Zinc by Means 
 
 of Cuproferron. Hanus and Soukup. Z. anorg. 
 
 Chem., 68, 55-6. 
 A New Method of Estimating Cuprous Oxide in Copper. 
 
 Coffetti. Gaz. chim. ital., 1909, 39, I, 137-43. 
 Determination of Copper as Anhydrous Copper Sulphate. 
 
 Recoura. Bull. soc. chim., 7, 832-4. 
 Magnetic Particles in Copper Bullion Sampling. Liddell. 
 
 Eng. Min. J., 90, 752-3. 
 
106 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Conditions Affecting the Electrolytic Determination of 
 
 Copper. Blasdale and Cruess. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 
 
 32, 1264-77. 
 Thiocyanate Determination of Copper. Tsukakoski. 
 
 Eng. Min. J., 90, 969. 
 Top and Bottom Drillings in Pig Copper. Liddell. 
 
 Eng. Min. J., 90, 897-8. 
 Influence of Number of Templet Holes in Sampling 
 
 Copper. Liddell. Eng. Min. J., 90, 953. 
 Indirect Estimation of Copper. Das. Proc. Chem. Soc., 
 
 26, 130. 
 The Determination of Copper in Copper-Bismuth Ores. 
 
 O'Loughlin. Mining Sci. Press, 101, 238. 
 Analytic Work at the Copper Queen Smelter. Anon. 
 
 Mining Sci. Press, 101, 147-8. 
 The Color and Cyanide Methods for Copper. Austin. 
 
 Mining World, 33, 753-6. 
 Determination of Arsenic in Copper. Azzarello. Gazz. 
 
 chim. ital., 39, II, 450-3. 
 Volumetric Determination of Copper. Holland. Mass. 
 
 Agr. Coll. Expt. Sta., 22d Ann. Rpt, Pt. I, 140-1. 
 Exact Electrolytic Assay of Refined Copper. Heath. 
 
 J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 74-8. 
 Notes on the Mat Assay. Wilmoth. J. Chem. Met. Soc. 
 
 S. Africa, II, 24CHL 
 Quantitative Determination of Copper by Hypophos- 
 
 phorous Acid. Hanus and Arn. Z. anorg. Chem., 70, 
 
 282-93. 
 A New Method for Determining Copper in Pyrites and 
 
 in its Slag. Ivanov. Chem. Ztg., 35, 531. 
 New Form Gauze Electrodes for the Rapid Electrolytic 
 
 Determination of Lead and Copper. Benner. Met. 
 
 Chem. Eng., 9, 141-5. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 107 
 
 Analysis of Aboriginal Copper Objects from Mexico and 
 
 Yucatan. Fiske. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 33, 1115-6. 
 Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Anode 
 
 Copper. Kern and Ching Yu Wen. Met. Chem. Eng., 
 
 9, 365-7. 
 The Determination of Gold and Silver in Black Copper. 
 
 Nissenson. Z. angew. Chem., 23, 968. 
 Electrolytic Determination of Copper. Traphagen. 
 
 Chem. News, 104, 69-70. 
 Examination of Material Containing Copper, Nickel and 
 
 Cobalt. Pedersen. Metallurgie, 8, 335. 
 Colorimetric Determination of Copper in Preserves. 
 
 Serger. Chem. Ztg., 35, 935. 
 Quantitative Determination of Copper in Commercial 
 
 Sulphates with Alkaline Hypophosphites. Cavazzi. 
 
 Gazz. chim. ital., 41, II, 374-8. 
 Determination of Copper a Modification of the Iodide 
 
 Method. Kendall. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 33, 1847-52. 
 Limits of Accuracy in Copper and Brass Analysis. 
 
 Lewis. J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 31, 96-7. 
 Sources of Error and the Electrolytic Standardization 
 
 of the Conditions of the Iodide Method of Copper 
 
 Analysis. Peters. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 34, 422-54. 
 The Mathematics of Copper Sampling. Keller. Eng. 
 
 Mining J., 93, 703-5. 
 A Simple Method for the Quantitative Determination 
 
 of Copper in Steel. Zinberg. Z. analy. Chem., 51, 
 
 19-20. 
 Copper Determination at Granby. Lathe. Eng. Mining 
 
 J., 93, 1071-3. 
 The Estimation of Oxygen and Occluded Gases in 
 
 Copper and a Correction to the Electrolytic Assay in 
 
 the Complete Analysis of Copper. Heath. J. Ind. 
 
 Eng. Chem., 4, 402-4. 
 
108 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Rapid Analysis of Copper. Knight. Chem. World, I, 
 65-6. 
 
 lodometric Copper Titrations. Sugiura and Kober. J. 
 Amer. Chem. Soc., 34, 818-22. 
 
 The Oxalate Permanganate Process for the Determina- 
 tion of Copper, Associated with Cadmium, Arsenic, 
 Iron, or Lead. Ward. Amer. J. Sci., 33, 423-32. 
 
 Electrolytic Determination of Copper in Ores, Contain- 
 ing Arsenic, Antimony or Bismuth. Demorest. J. . 
 Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 216. 
 
 Thicyanate-Permanganate Method for Copper in Ores. 
 Demorest. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 215-6. 
 
 Hydrogen Peroxide Method for the Determining Copper. 
 Wood. Chemist-Analyst, No. 5, 26. 
 
 Rapid Fluorine Iodine Copper Analysis. Mott. Chemist- 
 Analyst, No. 5, 8. 
 
 Estimation of Oxygen and Occluded Gases in Copper, 
 Etc. Heath. I. Ind. Eng. Chem., 4, 691. C. A, 6, 
 2378. 
 
 Sampling Anode Copper with Special Reference to 
 Silver Content. Keller. Trans. Am. Inst. Mining 
 Eng., 42, 905-8. 
 
 The Use of Tantalum Electrodes in the Electroanalytical 
 Determination of Copper and Zinc. Wegellin. Chem. 
 Ztg., 37, 989. 
 
 The Quantitative Determination of Copper by the Means 
 of Sodium Hypophosphite. Harms. Z. anal. Chem., 
 52, 616-8. 
 
 Quantitative Determination of Copper by the Means of 
 Sodium Hypophosphite. Windisch. Z. anal. Chem., 
 52, 619-28. A reply to the preceding. 
 
 Estimation of Oxygen in Commercial Copper. Grant. 
 Chemist-Analyst, 7, 19. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 109 
 
 Simultaneous Determination of Copper and Lead, with 
 
 the Rotating Anode. White. Trans. Am. Electrochem. 
 
 Soc., 24. 
 A Rapid Method for the Determination of Copper in 
 
 Pyrites Cinders. Koelsch. Oesterr. Z. Berg.-Hut- 
 
 tenw., 61, 457; Chem. Ztg., 37, 753. 
 The Determination of Arsenic and Antimony in Conver- 
 ter and Electrolytic Copper. Brownson. Bull. Am. 
 
 Inst. Mining Eng., No. 80, 1489-95. 
 Some Recent American Progress in the Assay of Copper 
 
 Bullion. Keller. Bull. Am. Inst. Mining Eng., No. 
 
 80, 2093-2115. 
 Determination of Copper by Formaldehyde- Sulfurous 
 
 Acid. Malvezin. Bull. soc. chim., 13, 721-3. 
 Determination of Copper in Copper Spraying Mixtures. 
 
 Malvezin. Ann. chim. anal., 18, 220. 
 Apparatus of Franz Fischer for the Rapid Electrolytic 
 
 Determination of Copper with a Gauze Electrode. 
 
 Platou. Chem. Ztg., 36, 649. 
 Determination of Copper by the Volumetric Iodide 
 
 Method. Pozzi-Escot. Ann. chim. anal., 18, 219. 
 Electroanalysis of the Copper Alloys. Fairchild. Met. 
 
 Chem. Eng., II, 380-2. 
 
 Electrolytic Determination of Copper in Solutions Con- 
 taining Nitric Acid. Gilchrist and Cumming. Chem. 
 
 News, 107, 217. 
 Electroanalytical Separation of Copper from Tungsten 
 
 and Molybdenum. Treadwell. Z. Elektrochem., 19, 
 
 219-21. 
 The Determination of Copper in Cast Iron and Steel. 
 
 Knoppik. Stahl u. Eisen, 32, 1703; through Chem. 
 
 Zenir., 1912, II, 1788. 
 
110 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Detection and Colorimetric Estimation of Lead, Copper 
 
 and Zinc in Tap Water. Winkler. Z. angew. Chem., 
 
 26, 38-44. 
 Some Delicate Copper Reactions. Detection of Copper 
 
 by the Means of Grape Sugar. Schenk. Apoth. Ztg., 
 
 28, 137. 
 Detection and Determination of Very Small Quantities 
 
 of Copper in Vegetables. Guerithault. Bull. sci. 
 
 pharmacolog., 18, 633-9. 
 Titration of Copper Salts with Titanium Trichloride. 
 
 Moser. Chem. Ztg., 36, 1126-7. 
 Electroanalytical Determination of Copper in Pyrites. 
 
 Treadwell. Chem. Ztg., 36, 961. 
 Rapid Electroanalytical Separation of Copper from 
 
 Nickel and Zinc. Kremann. Monatsh., 33, 1077-9. 
 The Quantitative Separation and Estimation of Copper 
 
 by Means of Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride. Bayer. 
 
 Z. anal. Chem., 51, 729-35. 
 Quantitative Determination of Copper in Commercial 
 
 Copper Salts by Means of Alkaline Hypophosphites. 
 
 Cavazzi. Bull. chim. farm., 51, 437-9 ; cf . C. A., 6, 330. 
 Air as a Stirring Agent in the Electrolytic Determina- 
 tion of Copper. Travillion. Chemist-Analyst, 6, 8-9. 
 The Quantitative Determination of Copper by Means of 
 
 Sodium Hypophosphite. Windisch. Z. anal. Chem., 
 
 52, 1-13. 
 The Iodide Method for the Determination of Copper. 
 
 Morgan. Chemist-Analyst, 6, 14-9. 
 The Determination of Copper in Blast Furnace Slags. 
 
 Morgan. Chemist-Analyst, 6, 19. 
 The Determination of Copper in Refined Copper. 
 
 Wilson. Chemist- Analyst, 20-1. 
 Copper Analysis. Polk. Chemist-Analyst, 6, 23. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 111 
 
 Copper in Lead Blast Furnace Mats and Sulphide Ores. 
 
 Edwards. Chemist-Analyst, 6, 24^5. 
 The Detection of Traces of Copper. Pritz-Guillaudeu- 
 
 Withrow. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 35, 168-73. 
 Determination of Copper in Preserves by the Means of 
 
 the Spectrophotometer. Tassilly. Bull. soc. chim., 13, 
 
 72-4. 
 The Determination of Oxygen in Copper and Brass. 
 
 West. Inst. of Metals, August, 1913; J. Soc. Chem. 
 
 Ind., 32, 913. 
 Analysis of Copper Sulfide Minerals, Pyrites, Copper 
 
 Mat, Etc. Bertiaux. Ann. chim. anal., 18, 468-74. 
 Rapid Determination of Copper in Steel, Cast Iron and 
 
 Alloy Steels. Price. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6, 170-1. 
 Losses in the Assay of Copper Residues. Lewis. Metal 
 
 Ind., 12, 74-5. 
 Electrolytic Determination of Copper. Cloukey. J. Ind. 
 
 Eng. Chem., 6, 265-6. 
 Qualitative Detection of Copper in Cane Cuttings in 
 
 Cases of Poisoning with Bordeaux Mixture. Kuhr. 
 
 Arch. Suikerrind., 21, 1649-52. 
 lodometry of Arsenic, Copper and Iron. Lander and 
 
 Geake. Analyst, 39, 116-21. 
 Note on the Separation of Tin and Copper in Brass 
 
 Analysis. Liebschultz. Chem. Analyst, 9, 14. 
 Colorimetric Determination of Cobalt, Nickel, Iron and 
 
 Copper. Hiittner. Z. anorg. Chem., 86, 341-57. 
 Rapid Electrolytic Separation of Copper from Arsenic. 
 
 Sieverts and Wippelmann. Z. anorg. Chem., 169-74. 
 Analysis of Copper Salts and Solutions. Field. Metal 
 
 Ind., 12, 155-6. 
 Two Accurate Methods for the Determination of Lead 
 
 and Copper in Drinking Water. Reese and Drost. Z. 
 
 angew. Chem., 27, I, 307-12. 
 
112 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The lodate Method for Copper. Brostrom. Eng. Min- 
 ing J., 98, 215-6. 
 Rapid Determination of Copper in Open Hearth and 
 
 Alloy Steel or in Cast Iron. Koepping. J. Ind. Eng. 
 
 Chem., 6, 696. 
 New Test for Copper on Woolen Cloth. Edge. J. Soc. 
 
 Dyers, Colorists, 30, 188-9. 
 
 Quantitative Determination of Copper as Copper Sul- 
 phate. Murmann. Oesterr. Chem. Ztg., 17, 96 ; 
 
 Chem. Zentr., 1914, I, 2016. 
 Electrolytic Separation of Zinc, Copper and Iron from 
 
 Arsenic. Balls and McDonnell. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 
 
 7, 26-9 (1915). 
 Use of Hydrofluoric Acid in the Separation of Copper 
 
 and Lead from Tin and Antimony by Means of the 
 
 Electric Current. McCay. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 36, 
 
 2375-81 (1914). 
 Electrolytic Analysis of Copper and Brass. Humphreys. 
 
 J. Inst. Metals, 12, 325-6 (1914). 
 Rapid Electrolytic Methods for the Determination of 
 
 Copper. Nakao. J. Pharm. Soc., Japan, 1915, No. 
 
 400, 666. 
 The Detection and Determination of Copper in Tap 
 
 Water. Winkler. Z. angew. Chem., 27, I, 544 (1914). 
 New Volumetric Determination of Copper in Its Salts 
 
 and Many of Its Alloys. Zuccari. Ann. chim. appli- 
 .cata, 2, 287-90 (1914). 
 Copper in Babbitt Metal. Hagmaier. Met. Chem. Eng., 
 
 12, 753 (1914). 
 Determination of Copper in Steel. Brown. J. Ind. Eng. 
 
 Chem, 7, 213 (1915). 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 113 
 
 The Amount of Lead, Copper and Zinc in Artificial 
 Mineral Waters, and the Determination of These 
 Metals. Reese and Drost. Z. Nahr.-Genussm., 28, 
 427-49 (1914). 
 
 Rapid Electrolytic Determination of Copper. Theel. 
 Chem. Ztg., 39, 179 (1915). 
 
 New Test for Copper. Lyle-Curtman-Marshall. J. Amer. 
 Soc., 37, 1471-81 (1915). 
 
 Solution Control in Ferric Chloride Leaching of Sulfide 
 Copper Ores. Flynn and Hatchett. Met. Chem. Eng., 
 13, 291 (1915). 
 
 A Method of Assaying Copper. Eraser. J. Soc. Chem. 
 Ind., 34, 462-4 (1915). 
 
 Determination of Gold in Blister Copper. King. Min. 
 ing Sci. Press., 110, 917 (1915). 
 
 Battery Assay of Copper. Price. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 
 7, 546-7 (1915). 
 
 Determination of Copper Sulfate in Commercial Copper 
 Vitriol. Incze. Z. anal. Chem., 54, 252-5 (1915). 
 
 Reduction of Copper Oxide in Alcohol Vapor in Reduc- 
 ing Sugar Determinations and Copper Analysis. Wed- 
 derburn. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 610-1 (1915). 
 
 The Colorimetric Determination of Copper. Deniges 
 and Simonot. Bull. Soc. Pharm., Bordeaux, Aug.- 
 Dec., 1915; Repert Pharm., 27, 172-3 (1915). 
 
 Standardization of Sodium Thiosulphate Solution for 
 Copper Determination. Grant. Chem. Analyst, 13, 21 
 (1915). 
 
 The Direct Determination of Copper in Numerous 
 Copper Ores Containing Other Metals by the Rapid 
 Electrolytic Method. Nakao. J. Pharm. Soc., Japan, 
 1915, No. 402, 919. 
 
 Formaldehyde Containing Copper. Hermann Kunz- 
 Krauss. Apoth. Ztg., 31, 66^7 (1916). 
 
114 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Rapid Analysis of White Bearing Metals for Copper 
 and Lead. Jackson. Met. Chem. Eng., 15, 166 (1916). 
 
 Determination of Copper in Low-Grade Ores and Slags. 
 Hawley. Eng. Mining J., 102, 307-8 (1916). 
 
 Electroanalytical Method for the Determination and 
 Separation of the Metals of the Copper-Tin Group. 
 Schoch and Brown. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 38, 1660-81 
 (1916). 
 
 A Bottle for the lodometric Titration of Copper. Neal. 
 J. Am. Chem. Soc., 38, 1308-9 (1916). 
 
 Method for Estimating Phosphorus, Arsenic and Anti- 
 mony in Commercial Copper. Grant. Chem. Analyst, 
 17, 12-3 (1916). 
 
 Color Standards and Colorimetric Assays. Arny and 
 Ring. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 8, 309-17 (1916). 
 
 Rapid Method for the Estimation of Copper and Iron. 
 Edgar. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 38, 884-7 (1916). 
 
 Electroanalysis of Copper Without Platinum Electrodes. 
 Carrancio and Ulzurrum. Anales soc. espan. fis. quim., 
 13, 289-93 (1915). 
 
 Drilling and Analysis of Copper Ores. Sale. Eng. 
 Mining J., 102, 87-90 (1916). 
 
 A Colorimetric Method for the Determination of Copper 
 and Iron in Pig Lead, Lead Oxides, and Lead Car- 
 bonate. White. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 7, 1035-6 (1915). 
 
 Comparison of Methods for the Estimation of Copper 
 in Commercial Copper Sulfate (containing iron). 
 Wissell and Kiispert. Landw. Vers.-Stat, 86, 277-86 
 (1915). 
 
 The Electrolytic Determination of Copper in Copper- 
 Manganese. Koepping. Met. Chem. Eng., 14, 441-2 
 (1916). 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 115 
 
 Some Sources of Error in the lodometric Determination 
 
 of Copper. Smith. Met. Chem. Eng., 14, 379-80 
 
 (1916). 
 Rapid Method of Separation of Copper from Other 
 
 Metals. Appelbaney. Chem. Analyst, 15, 18 (1915). 
 Electroanalysis of Copper Without Platinum Electrodes. 
 
 II, Carrancio and Batuecas. Anales soc. fis. quim., 
 
 14, 38-47 (1916). 
 Copper Cathode and Iron Anode in the Electroanalysis 
 
 of Brass. Carrancio and Ladreda. Anales soc. espan. 
 
 fis. quim., 13, 308-15 (1915). 
 Assaying Gold in Copper Mat. Chase, Jr. Eng. Mining 
 
 J., 102, 1130 (1916). 
 
 The Principles and Practice of Sampling Metallic Metal- 
 lurgical Materials (with special reference to the sam- 
 pling of copper bullion). Keller. Bur. Mines, Bull., 
 
 122, 105 pp. (1916). 
 Colorimetric Methods for Copper Present in Small 
 
 Quantities. Heath. Mining Sci. Press, 114, 624 (1917). 
 Determination of Arsenic in Copper. Perkins. Chem. 
 
 Analyst, 19, 8-9 (1916). 
 Electrolytic Analysis with Small Platinum Electrodes. 
 
 Gooch and Kobayashi. Am. J. Sci., 43, 391-6 (1917). 
 Electroanalysis Using Silvered Glass Basins in Place of 
 
 Platinum Cathodes. Gewecke. Chem. Ztg., 41, 297-8 
 
 (1917). 
 The Hydrogen Peroxide Reaction for Copper and the 
 
 Hydrolytic State of Dilute Copper Sulfate Solutions. 
 
 Mayer and Schramm. Z. analy. Chem., 56, 129-38 
 
 (1917). 
 Rapid Method for Copper in Ores. Nyman. Chem. 
 
 Analyst, 21, 8 (1917). 
 Progress of Work on Boronized Copper. Weintraub. 
 
 Brass World, 8, 355-6. 
 
116 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy of Copper in Japan. Kondo. Trans. Intern. 
 
 Eng. Congress, 1915. 
 Copper Smelting in Japan. Eissler. Trans. Am. Inst. 
 
 Mining Eng., 51, 700-42 (1915). 
 Manganese Bronze. An Historical Sketch. Jones. 
 
 Metal Ind., 10, 5-6. 
 Separation of Nickel and Copper by Means of Dimethyl- 
 
 glyoxime. Grossmann and Mannheim. Z. angew. 
 
 Chem., 30, I, 159-60 (1917); J. Chem. Soc., 112, II, 
 
 512. 
 
 Analysis of Copper. Woodcock. Analyst, 43, 88 (1918). 
 The Estimation of Copper as Sulphide and by Electroly- 
 sis. . Hahn. Z. anorg. allgem. Chem., 99, 201-48 
 ^ (1917). 
 Sulfur Dioxide Method for Determining Copper in 
 
 Partly Oxidized Ores. Barneveld and Leaver. Met. 
 
 Chem. Eng., 18, 203-6 (1918); Eng. Mining J., 105, 
 ^ 552-5 (1918). 
 Sulfur and Copper Oxide Determination. Maier. Eng. 
 
 Mining J., 105, 372-3 (1918). 
 Copper Dicyanodiamidine and Its Use in Analytical 
 
 Chemistry. Grossmann and Mannheim. Chem. Ztg., 
 
 42, 17-9 (1918). 
 The Determination of Copper in Insecticides. lamieson. 
 
 Chem. Met. Eng., 19, 185 (1918). 
 Copper; Anon. Bureau of Standards. Circular 73, 103 
 
 pp., 5 pi. 
 Estimation of Oxygen in Copper. Oberhoffer. Metal u. 
 
 Erz., 15, 33-5 (1918) ; J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 37, 376A. 
 A New Method of Determining Copper. Moir. J. Chem. 
 
 Met. Mining Soc., S. Africa, 18/270-1 (1918). 
 Estimation of Copper Oxide After Previous Precipita- 
 tion as Thicynate. Fenner and Forschmann. Chem. 
 
 Ztg., 42, 205-6 (1918); J. Chem. Soc., 114, II, 242. 
 
COPPER PROPERTIES 117 
 
 A New Method for the Separation of the Copper Group 
 
 From the Arsenic Group, with Especial Reference to 
 
 the Identification of Arsenic. Sneed. J. Am. Chem. 
 
 Soc., 40, 187-92 (1918). 
 Determining Copper Minerals in Ores. Van Arsdale. 
 
 Eng. Mining J., 105, 645-6 (1918). 
 Determination of Chlorine in Cement Copper. Binder. 
 
 Chem. Ztg., 42, 14 (1918). 
 lodometric Estimation of Copper and Iron. Ley. Chem. 
 
 Ztg., 41, 763 (1917); J. Chem. Soc., 114, II, 21. 
 Note on the Titration of Copper with Cyanide. Appel- 
 
 bey and Lane. Analyst, 43, 268 (1918). 
 Determining Copper Minerals in Partly Oxidized Ores. 
 
 Gremer. Met. Chem. Eng., 18, 644-6 (1918). 
 Iodide Copper Method with Sodium Fluoride. Reese. 
 
 Eng. Mining J., 105, 1170-1 (1918). 
 lodometric Determination of Copper and Iron. Anonsen. 
 
 Tidskrift Kern. Farm. Terapi., 14, 246-7 (1917). 
 Determination of Molybdenum in the Presence of Cop- 
 per. Hoepfner and Binder. Chem. Ztg., 42, 315 
 
 (1918) ; J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 37, 488A. 
 Determination of Copper by Potassium Thiocyanate. 
 
 Potassium Iodide, and Thiosulfate. Bruhns. Chem. 
 
 Ztg., 42, 301-2 (1918) ; J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 37, 445A. 
 The Analysis of Copper in the Presence of Organic 
 
 Material. Smith. Chem. Analyst, 25, 23-4 (1918). 
 
118 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS. 
 
 According to Buchanan 1 the addition of a small 
 amount of bismuth to babbitt, increases the anti-frictional 
 properties of the alloy. The author has added .10% 
 of bismuth to No. 1 Babbitt and the resulting alloy, has 
 always been of a fine, close, even grain with remarkable 
 wearing qualities. 
 
 Determination of Bismuth. 
 
 Gravimetric Method. Place 1 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in a 400 c .c. beaker, add 15 c. c. of HCl 
 and heat to dissolve. When action ceases, add a few 
 drops of HNO Z and boil gently until solution is com- 
 plete. Add 40 c. c. of water, 4 grams of C 4 H 6 O 6 and 
 heat to dissolve. Render solution strongly alkaline with 
 NaHO solution and heat nearly to boiling. Add 5 grams 
 of Na 2 S (dissolved in 50 c. c. of water), heat gently 
 until the precipitate has settled, filter and wash precipi- 
 tate thoroughly with \% Na 2 S solution. Wash the 
 precipitate from the filter into original beaker with a 
 little water, add HNO Z and place beaker on hot plate. 
 Place filter in small beaker, cover with 20% HNO S and 
 boil gently until the paper is free from the precipitate 
 and filter solution into main filtrate. Add sufficient 
 HNO 3 to dissolve the remaining precipitate and evap- 
 
 *Brassfounders' Alloys. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 119 
 
 orate the solution until yellow S appears, filter the solu- 
 tion into a 800 c. c. beaker and wash the filter with hot 
 .water. Dilute to 400 c. c. with water, place a small 
 piece of litmus paper in the beaker, add NHHO until 
 the acid is almost neutralized and finish with NH 4 HO 
 1 :3 until the solution is slightly cloudy and alkaline. 
 Add 1 c.c. of HCl (1:3), dilute solution to 700 c. c. 
 with water and allow to stand over night on warm plate. 
 Filter, wash twice with hot water, dissolve precipitate 
 on the filter with hot HNO 3 (1 :4), and wash filter with 
 hot water, allowing the solution and wash water to run 
 into a 400 c. c. beaker. Neutralize as before with 
 NH 4 HO, add 1 c.c. of HCl (1:3) and allow to stand 
 two hours at a gentle heat. Filter on weighed filter and 
 wash thoroughly with hot water. Dry filter and con- 
 tents in air bath at 100 C., for one hour and weigh as 
 BiOCl. This weight multiplied by .80166 will give the 
 weight of Bi. 
 
 No. 1 Babbitt. 
 
 Filter-f B*OC7=23.2000 ^rams. 
 =23.1987 " " 
 
 .0013 gram. 
 
 .0013 X. 80166 
 
 X100=.104% Bi. 
 
 1 gram. 
 
 Mixture calculation=.10% Bi. 
 
 Colorimetric Method. Place .5 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in 150 c. c. beaker, decompose with 10 c. c. 
 of HNO 3 (1.42). Add 30 c. c. of water, boil, filter and 
 wash with HNO 3 (1:3). Add NH.HO and (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 
 
120 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 to filtrate until solution is alkaline, stir thoroughly, filter 
 and wash with dilute NH 4 HO. Dissolve the precipitate 
 on the filter with hot HNO 3 (1:3) and wash the filter 
 with hot water. Add 10 c. c. of H 2 SO 4 (1.84) to the 
 solution and evaporate to SO S fumes. Cool, dilute with 
 50 c. c. of water and boil ten minutes (BiSO^ is soluble, 
 but not PbSO), filter into 500 c. c. marked flask, cool, 
 dilute to the mark and mix. Place 100 c. c. in 100 c. c. 
 Nessler jar, add 5 c. c. of 5% KI solution in water, mix 
 and titrate blank with standard solution of Bi until the 
 color matches that of the alloy. 
 Blank. 
 
 Place 100 c. c. of water in 100 c. c. jar, add 5 c. c. 
 of 5% KI solution and 10 drops of H 2 SO 4 (1.84). 
 Standard Bi Solution. 
 
 Dissolve .2 gram of pure Bi in dilute HNO S , cool, 
 add 10 c.c. of H 2 SO 4 (1.84), and evaporate to SO 3 
 fumes. Cool, dissolve in water and dilute to 1000 c. c. 
 1 c. c.=.0002 gram of Bi. 
 
 No. 1 Babbitt. 
 
 .0002X.5 c.c. 
 
 -X 100=. 100% Bi. 
 .1 gram. 
 
 The addition of .10% metallic magnesium to No. 1 
 Babbitt forms a beautiful even close grained compact 
 bearing metal. Its wearing qualities have been carefully 
 noted by the metal mixer, on fast running motor bear- 
 ings for over one year and it is said to give wearing 
 qualities far surpassing that of any other alloy that has 
 been used for the same purpose. As far as it is known, 
 the author has been the first to use metallic magnesium 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 121 
 
 in babbitt. The alloy has not been patented and all are 
 at liberty to use it. 1 
 
 Determination of Magnesium. 
 
 Gravimetric Method. Place 1 gram of the finely 
 divided alloy in 250 c. c. beaker, add 10 c. c. of HNO 3 
 (1.42), cover, and heat gently until the fumes have 
 disappeared. Add 10 c. c. of HCl ( 1.20), and heat gently 
 until solution is complete. Add 10 c. c. of HCl (1.20), 
 dilute with water to 100 c. c., add NHHO in excess 
 and 30 c. c. of strong Br water, heat to boiling, allow 
 to settle, filter into 800 c. c. beaker and wash precipitate 
 with hot water. Wash the precipitate from the filter 
 into the original beaker with a little water, add 10 c. c. 
 of HCl (1.20), heat to dissolve the precipitate, pour the 
 solution over the filter and wash the filter with hot water. 
 Add 30 c. c. of Br water to the solution, reprecipitate 
 with NH^HO, allow to settle, filter and wash with hot 
 water. Add filtrate and wash water to first filtrate and 
 for every 100 c. c. of solution, add 10 c. c. of HCl (1.20), 
 stir thoroughly and pass a current of washed H,S 
 through the solution until it is saturated. Filter, wash 
 precipitate with H 2 S water, place the filtrate and wash 
 water in porcelain casserole and evaporate to dryness. 
 Ignite to volatilize the ammonium salts and the greater 
 part of the ZnCL, if present. Cool, add 30 c. c. of 
 
 *The metallic megnesium that was used for the experimental 
 work was kindly donated by W. R. Seigle, Norton Laboratories, 
 New York, N.Y. 
 
 U. S. f Patent. 933, 139, Sept. 7, 1910. Enrique A. Touceda, 
 Albany, N. Y. Antifriction alloy. Mg 0.1-5%, Cd 10% and Pb 
 85-89.9%. 
 
 U. S., Patent. 934, 637, Sept. 21, 1910. Enrique A. Touceda. 
 Albany, N. Y. Antifriction alloy. Mg 0.5-5% and Cd 95-99.S 
 parts, with or without other metals. 
 
122 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 dilute HCl (1:10), heat to dissolve soluble salts, render 
 slightly alkaline with NH 4 HO, filter into 400 c. c. beaker 
 and wash with hot water. Cool, add slowly, drop by 
 drop, 10 to 15 c. c. of saturated filtered solution of 
 Na(NH 4 )HP0 4) stirring constantly, add one-third of 
 its volume of NH^HO (.90), and allow to stand in the 
 cold overnight. Filter on small ashless filter and wash 
 thoroughly with NH^HO (1:3) reserving filtrate and 
 wash water. Ignite precipitate, cool and weigh as 
 impure Mg 2 P 2 O 7 . 
 
 Crucible+impure Mg 2 P 2 7 = 19.2325 grams. 
 
 = 19.2280 " 
 
 .0045 gram. 
 
 Add 15 c. c. of water to the crucible and 10 to 20 
 drops of HCl, heat carefully to dissolve the soluble salt, 
 filter, and wash with hot water. Ignite, cool and weigh 
 as SiO 2 . Subtract this weight from the first weight and 
 reserve weight to combine with that recovered from the 
 filtrate and wash water. 
 
 Crucible+S*0 2 = 19.2290 grams. 
 = 19.2280 " 
 
 .0010 gram. Si0 2 . 
 
 .0045-.0010=.0035 gram Mg 2 P 2 O 7 . 
 Evaporate reserved filtrate and wash water to dryness 
 in platinum dish. Ignite carefully until the residue is 
 white, add 20 c. c. of water and 15 to 20 drops of HCl, 
 boil, filter into small beaker and wash with hot water. 
 Render solution alkaline with NHHO, add 5 c. c. of 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 123 
 
 saturated filtered solution of Na(NH^)HPO^ stirring 
 constantly, add one-third of its volume of NH^HO (.90), 
 stir thoroughly and allow to stand in the cold over night. 
 Filter, wash with dilute NH 4 HO (.96), ignite, cool and 
 weigh as Mg 2 P 2 O 7 . Combine this weight with the weight 
 previously found and calculate Mg. 
 
 No. 1 Babbitt. 
 
 Crucible+A/# P 2 O 7 = 19.2286 grams. 
 = 19.2279 " 
 
 .0007 gram. 
 
 .0035+ .0007=.0042 gram Mg,P 2 O 7 . 
 .0042V. 21847 
 
 X100=.0917% Mg. 
 
 1 gram. 
 
 Mixture calculation =. 10% Mg. 
 Qualitative Analysis of Babbitt. 
 Sn, Sb, Pb, Cu, Bi, Cd, Fe and Zn. 
 
 Place 2-5 grams of the finely divided alloy in 400 
 c. c. beaker, add cautiously 15 to 20 c. c. of HNO 3 
 (1.42) and heat gently until the alloy is decomposed. 
 Evaporate to dryness, cool, add 5 c, c. of HNO 3 and 
 50 c. c. of water, boil five minutes, filter on double filter 
 and wash once with hot water. The volume of the 
 filtrate and wash water should be about 75 c. c. 
 Precipitate. 
 
 Place a portion of the precipitate in small beaker, add 
 5 'c. c. of HCl and 10 c. c. of water, heat to boiling, add 
 a few drops of HNO 3 and boil five minutes. Add 10 
 
124 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 c. c. of water to the clear solution and several small 
 bright iron nails, boil five minutes, filter (reserve filter 
 and contents) and add HgCl 2 to filtrate; white precipi- 
 tate=Hg 2 Cl 2 =Sn. as 
 
 SnCl^+Fe=SnCl 2 +FeCl 2 and 
 2 
 
 Wash filter and contents thoroughly with hot water, 
 transfer the black precipitate from the filter to small 
 beaker with a little water, add 5-10 c. c. of HCl and a 
 few drops of HN0 3 , boil, dilute with water and saturate 
 solution with H S ; orange precipitate=S^.>S 3 . 
 Filtrate. 
 
 Saturate with H 2 S, filter, wash with hot water (reject 
 wash water, reserve precipitate A) and boil filtrate free 
 from H 2 S. Add a few drops of HNO 3 , boil, render 
 solution strongly alkaline with NH 4 HO ; red precipitate 
 =Fe 2 (HO). Filter, render filtrate acid with HC.,H a O s 
 and saturate solution with H 2 S; white precipitate=Zw5\ 
 
 Transfer reserved precipitate (A) to small beaker 
 with a little water, add 5 to 10 c. c. of HNO 3 (1.42) 
 and heat to dissolve the sulphides. Filter, add 5 c. c. 
 of dilute H 2 SO 4 (1:1) to the filtrate and allow to settle. 
 Filter (reserve filtrate A), wash the white precipitate 
 once with hot water, place filter and contents in original 
 beaker, cover with NH 4 HO (.90) and acidulate solution 
 with HC 2 H 3 O 2 . Heat to clear the solution and add 
 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 ; yellow precipitate=PfcCVO 4 . 
 
 Render reserved filtrate (A) strongly alkaline with 
 NHJIO ; blue solution^ C. Filter (precipitate B=B{ 
 and filtrate B=Cu and Cd), wash the precipitate free 
 from Cu and dissolve on the filter with a little hot 
 dilute HCl. Pour the solution into a large volume of 
 water; white predpitate=BC!O. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 125 
 
 Decolorize filtrate (B) with KCN and saturate solu- 
 tion with H 2 S; yellow precipitate =CdS. 
 
 Miscellaneous. 
 
 Do not use borings from babbitt for analysis. Filings 
 taken properly and mixed thoroughly, represent an 
 average sample from the sample bar. Many chemists 
 do not mention Fe that is found in babbitt in trifling 
 amounts and in many cases, Sn is reported by difference. 
 
 If SnO 2 and Sb 2 O in HNO 3 . solution is evaporated 
 to dryness, taken up with HNO S , diluted with water 
 and filtered, Sb will be found in the filtrate. Hence 
 the weighing of HNO 3 residues for the determination 
 of total Sn0 2 and Sb 2 O is mal-practice and the results 
 most decidedly worthless. 
 
 The method of separation of Sn and Sb from traces 
 of Cu, Pb, Fe, etc., by fusion with Na 2 CO s and S, and 
 the solution of the fusion in water, is valueless for 
 daily routine work. 
 
 Place no faith in any method that advises the separa- 
 tion of Pb from much Sn and Sb by HNO 3 solution, 
 as it is practically impossible to wash all the Pb(NO z } 2 
 from the insoluble residue, and in the determination of 
 Pb as PbSOt, the ignition of a paper filter with par- 
 ticles of PbSO 4 adhering to it, require the most skillful 
 treatment to avoid loss by oxidation and volatilization. 
 For this reason the Gooch crucible is recommended. 
 
 The asbestos for the Gooch crucible should be treated 
 for a few hours in each of the following acids : HCl, 
 HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (1:5), and allowed to remain in the 
 latter solution until used. After placing the asbestos in 
 the crucible, wash thoroughly with hot water, dry, ignite, 
 cool and weigh. The crucible is now ready for use. 
 
126 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 A modified Gooch crucible holder is sold under the name 
 of "Esco" 1 . This is really a good article and avoids 
 entirely the use of rubber tubing. 
 
 The / method for the determination of Cu will give 
 accurate results with reasonable weights of Cu, but not 
 always with small weights of the metal, unless the 
 method is modified. 
 
 To insure the absence of Zn in large precipitates of 
 CuS, 30% HCl by volume must be present. 
 
 Use the balance for the determination of specific 
 gravity of alloys. Special hydrometers for taking the 
 specific gravity of solids are not always trustworthy. 
 
 W 
 Sp. Gr.= 
 
 PF=weight of alloy in air. 
 IV 1 = weight of alloy in water. 
 
 Use weights from 40 to 50 grams of the alloy, dupli- 
 cates will then check to the 3d., decimal place. 
 
 C R F32 
 80 #=100 C=180 F and = =- 
 
 100 80 212-32 
 
 F 9/5 C+32=9/4 #+32 
 C S/4R =5/9 (F 32) 
 RA/SC =4/9 (F 32) 
 
 *For sale by Eberbach and Son, Ann Harbor, Mich. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 127 
 
 Dr. Ure 1 gives the correct rule for computing the 
 mean specific gravity of an alloy. 
 
 Pw+pW 
 
 Af mean specific gravity of the alloy. 
 W and zt'=greater and least weights. 
 P and />=greater and least specific gravities. 
 
 When the calculated specific gravity of an alloy is 
 less than the actual specific gravity, condensation has 
 taken place (increase of specific gravity). When the 
 specific gravity is lower than that calculated, expansion 
 has taken place (decrease in specific gravity). 
 Wt. per cent. 
 
 - = Volume. 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 At. Wt. 
 
 - = Atomic Volume. 
 Sp. Gr. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Molecular ratio or m olecular proportion 
 
 Molecular Weight. 
 
 HCl dissolves Sn, Fe, Al, Zn. 
 
 HNO 3 Pb, Bi, Cd, As, Cu, Fe, Zn. Oxidizes 
 
 Sn and Sb. 
 
 Pb precipitates Cu. 
 
 Mg " Fe, Zn, etc. 
 
 Cu " As, Sb, Hg, An, Ag. 
 
 Sn As, Sb r Hg, Au, Ag. 
 
 Fe " Cu, Sb, Bi, Au, Ag, Hg: 
 
 Zn Sn, Sb, As, Cu, Pb, Hg, Bi, Co, Ni, 
 
 Au, Ag. 
 
 Dictiqnary. Vol. I, p. 49. 
 
128 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Spec. Grav. Melting Point. Average "Weight. 
 
 (deg. C.) (Ib. percu. ft) 
 
 Pb. 11.37 (a) 326.2 (f) 710.6 
 
 CM. 8.89 (b) 1054. (g) 555.6 
 
 Sn. 7.294 (c) 232.7 (f) 455.8 
 
 Sb. 6.713 (c) 632. (h) 419.4 
 
 Fe. 7.8 (d) 1600.(wr*.)(i) 487.5' 
 
 Zn. 6.9-7 2 (e) 433. (f) 440.6 
 
 Many metallurgists calculate the mean melting point 
 of an alloy. This is considered unfair, 1 as many alloys 
 have two melting points, the liquidus and the solidus 
 points respectively. 
 
 The following articles may be of interest to the 
 chemist : 
 Analysis of Babbitt's Metal. Handy. Proc. Eng. Soc. 
 
 West Pa., p. 185, 1892. 
 Analysis of Alloys of Lead, Tin, Antimony and Arsenic. 
 
 Andrews. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Nov., 1895. 
 The History of Babbitt Metal. Metal Industry, Sept., 
 
 1903. 
 The Testing of Bearing Metals. Clamer. Iron Age, 
 
 July 9, 1903. 
 A Study of Alloys Suitable for Bearing Purposes. 
 
 Clamer. J. Franklin Inst, July, 1903. 
 Analysis of Alloys of Copper. Wilson. Chem. Eng., 
 
 July, 1905. 
 Rapid Method of Babbitt Metal Analysis. Yockey 
 
 J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Mav, 1906.. 
 The Valuation of Engineering Alloys. Meade. Chem. 
 
 Eng., June, August, Sept., 1908. 
 
 wMatthiessen. ^Borchers. 
 
 <VRiche. W Person. ^Pictet. 
 
 WLong. wyiolle. MBoylston. 
 
 W United States. * 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 129 
 
 The Complete Analysis of Brass. Hall. Electrochem. 
 
 Met. Ind., 6, 444-7 (Nov.). 
 Rapid Analysis of Babbitt. Walker and Whitman. J. 
 
 Ind. Eng. Chem., I, 519-22. 
 New Methods of Alloy Analysis. Price. Chem. Eng., 
 
 9, 4. 
 Method of Separating Tin, Arsenic and Antimony and 
 
 Its Application to the Analysis of Bronze. Dinam. 
 
 Mon. sci., 22, 600-2. 
 New Method for Examining Bronze, Brass and Similar 
 
 Alloys. Schurmann and Arnold. Chem. Ztg., 32, 886-7. 
 The Analysis of Babbitt Metals, Solders and Journal 
 
 Brasses. Demorest. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2, 80-3. 
 A Rapid, Practical Method for the Determination of 
 
 Copper, Antimony and Tin in Alloys, such as Babbitts 
 
 and Solders. Vietz. Metal Ind., 8, 301-2. 
 A New Process for the Examination of White Metals. 
 
 Schurmann. Mitt. kgl. Materialprufungsamt, 28, 349- 
 
 51. 
 The Analysis of Tin- Antimony Alloys. McCay. J. 
 
 Amer. Chem. Soc., 32, 1241-8. 
 Detection of Aluminum in Babbitt by the Appearance 
 
 on Melting. Vickers. The Foundry, 37, 169. 
 Shrinkage of Alloys During Solidification. Ewen and 
 
 Turner. Engineering, 90, 678-83. 
 The Analysis of Tin-Alloys. Kietreiber. Osterr. Chem. 
 
 Ztg., (2) 13, 146-7: through Chem. Zentr., 1910, II, 
 
 596. 
 Some Tests on White Anti-friction Bearing Metals. 
 
 Smith and Humphries. Engineering, 91, 171-2. 
 The Shrinkage of Metals and Alloys. Wiist. Metal- 
 
 lurgie, 6, 769. 
 
130 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Rapid Determination of Copper, Silver, Cadmium and 
 Bismuth by Means of the Mercury Cathode and 
 Stationary Anode. Benner. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 32, 
 1231-7. 
 
 Patent Controversy Over Bearing Metals. VIII. Gamer. 
 Metal Ind., 9, 114-8. 
 
 The Shrinkage of Metals and Alloys. Wiist. Iron Age, 
 
 85, 790-1. 
 
 Composition of Commercial Alloys. Kaiser. Metallur- 
 
 gie, 8, 257-67, 296-308. 
 Repairing Bearings by the Use of a New Anti-friction 
 
 Metal "Alga." Anon. Chimiste, 2, 215-6. 
 Tests of White Anti-friction Metals. Smith. Intern. 
 
 Z. Metallog., I, 180-2. 
 Analysis of Lead Bronzes and Brasses. Sestini. Ind. 
 
 chim., II, 229-31. 
 Bearing Metals. I. White Metal. Heyn and Bauer. 
 
 Mitt. kgl. Materialprufungsamt, 1911, 29, 29-49. 
 Bearing Metals. II. Red Metal. Heyn and Bauer. 
 
 Mitt. kgl. Materialprufungsamt., 29, 63-110. 
 A Rapid and Accurate Method for the Analysis of 
 
 White Metals. Beneker. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 3, 637-8. 
 Testing the Hardness of Metals. Shore. Iron Age, 
 
 86, 490-1. 
 
 The Electro-Analysis of Copper, Antimony, Bismuth 
 and Tin with Acidified Chloride Electrolytes. Schoch 
 and Brown. Orig. Com. 8th Intern. Congr. Appl. 
 Chem., 21, 81. 
 
 Babbitt Metal. Anon. Met. Ind., 10, 124. 
 
 Effect of Repeated Melting, Heating and Cooling on 
 Chemical Constitution and Mechanical Properties of 
 Bearing Metal Alloys. Goldberg. Giesserei Z., Jan., 
 1912; through J. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 34, 623. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 131 
 
 Tests of Babbitt Metal. Yanushevski. Com. Conference 
 
 of Rep. of Russian Railroads, Bull., Feb., 1912; 
 
 through J. Soc. Mech. Eng., 34, 972. 
 Alloys of Arsenic and Antimony. Parravano and de 
 
 Cesaris. Gazz. chim. ital., 42, I, 341-5. 
 Making Babbitt and Babbitted Bearings. Jones. Metal 
 
 Ind., 10, 195-9. 
 Analysis of Copper-Tin Alloys. Gemmell. J. Soc. Chem. 
 
 Ind., 32, 581-4. 
 Analysis of White Metals. Noel. Bull, assoc. inst. 
 
 Meurice, I, 267 ; through Bull. soc. chim. belg., 27, 99. 
 Analysis of White Metals. Norlin. Bihang. till. Jern- 
 
 kontorets Ann., 12, 91 (1912); through Chem. Ztg. 
 
 Rep., 36, 409. 
 The Analysis of Antimony-Tin Alloys. Pontio. Ann. 
 
 chin, anal., 18, 47-8. 
 Systematic Procedure for the Analysis of White Metal 
 
 Containing Copper, Antimony, Tin, Lead, Iron and 
 
 Zinc. Kopenhaque. Ann. chim. anal., 17, 241-3. 
 Analysis of the Metals and of the Commonest Metallic 
 
 Alloys by Electrolytic Methods. Belasio. Ann. lab. 
 
 Gabelle, 6, 245-303; J. Chem. Soc., 101, II, 1096. 
 Analysis of W r hite Metals for Bearings, Ornaments, and 
 
 Type. Belasio. Ann. lab. Gabelle, 6, 217-29; J. Chem. 
 
 Soc., 101, II, 1098. 
 Bearing Metals. Anon. The Foundry-insert Sheet, Feb., 
 
 1913, Vol. 41, 100. 
 Researches on White Metals. Pecoraro. Proc. Int. 
 
 Assoc. Testing Materials, 2, (13) II 16 . 
 Analysis of Alloys of Lead, Tin, Antimony and Copper. 
 
 Demorest. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 5, 842-3. 
 
132 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 A New Method for the Electrolysis of White Bearing 
 Metal. Compagno. Atti. accad. Lincei, 22, II, 221-6; 
 cf. C. A., 6, 1724. 
 
 Bearing Metal Manufacturing and Use. Allen. Power, 
 39, 303-5. 
 
 Methods of Determining Hardness. Kelly. Iron Trade 
 Rev., 54, 117-8. 
 
 Standard Specifications for Bearings in Railway Wagons. 
 Iron Coal Trades Rev., 138, 904 (1914). 
 
 Method of Making Phosphor Tin. Vickers. Mech. 
 World, 56, 141 (1914). 
 
 Separation of White Metal and Gunmetal Borings. Wal- 
 ton and Bailey. Met. Chem, Eng., 13, 204 (1915). 
 
 Electrolytic Analysis of Alloys Containing Large 
 Amounts of Lead, White Bearings Metal, Type Metal 
 and Brazing Solders. Compagno. Ann. chim. appli- 
 cata, 3, 164-8 (1914). 
 
 Brass Analysis. Koch. Chem. Ztg., 39, 215 (1915). 
 
 Use of Hydrofluoric Acid in the Separation of Some 
 Heavy Metals from Tin, Antimony, Tungsten and 
 Molbdenum, by Means of the Electric Current. Mc- 
 Kay and Furman. J. Amer. Soc., 38, 640-52 (1916) ; 
 cf. C. A., 9, 277. 
 
 Rapid Analysis of Bearing Metals and High Copper 
 Content Alloys. Lutts. Met. Chem. Eng., 13, 346-7 
 (1915). 
 
 A Bearing Metal of High Elastic Limit. Anon. Iron 
 Age, 95, 1016 (1915). 
 
 Investigation of Bearing Metals: Lead-Antimony-Tin 
 Alloys. Bauer. Stahl. u. Eisen, 35, 445-50 (1915). 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 133 
 
 Effect of Changes in the Composition of Alloys Used 
 
 By the American Railways for Car Journal Bearings. 
 
 Garner. Trans. Am. Inst. Metals (advance copy) 8, 
 
 24pp. (1915). 
 The Chemist and the Brass-Founder. I. Rolfe. Metal 
 
 Ind., 14, 373-4 (1916) ; II, 14, 468-9 (1916) ; III, 15, 
 
 24-6 (1917). 
 Contribution to the Analysis of Copper, Aluminum and 
 
 Zinc Alloys. Graefe. Chem. Ztg., 40, 102 (1916). 
 Recovery of White Metal From Drosses. Bregman. 
 
 Metal Ind., 14, 103-6 (1916). 
 Comments on the Analysis of Babbitt Metal. Witt. 
 
 Philippine J. Sci., 11 A, 169-73 (1916). 
 Analysis of Babbitt Metal, Alloys of Tin, Antimony, 
 
 Lead, and Copper. Hagmaier. Met. Chem. Eng., 16, 
 
 84-5 (1917). 
 Advances in the Field of Metal Analysis in 1915. 
 
 Doring. Chem. Ztg., 40, 817-8, 855-8 (1916). 
 Bearing Alloys. Forg. Intern. J. Metallography, 8, 68 
 
 (1916). J. Inst. Metals, 17, 329-30. 
 Alloys of Non-Ferrous Metals. Corse and Comstock. 
 
 Iron Age, 99, 842-3 (1917). 
 Metallic Alloys with Particular Reference to Brass and 
 
 Bronze. Corse. J. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 39, 305-10 
 
 (1917). 
 
 Castings Bearings. Clarke. Iron Age, 100, 932 (1917). 
 A New Anti-friction Alloy. Yates. Sibley J. Eng., 32, 
 
 6 (1917). 
 Alloys of Copper and Phosphorus. Scott. Metal Ind., 
 
 15, 386-7 (1917). 
 Precision in Chemical Weighing. Rae and Reilly. Chem. 
 
 News, 114, 187-9, 200-3 (1916). 
 Analysis of Bolster Metal Alloys. Whittier. Chem. 
 
 Analyst, 21, 18-20 (1917). 
 
134 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 The Analysis of Zinc Alloys. Mossbacher. Z. offentl. 
 
 Chem., 23, 113-5 (1917) ; J. Chem. Soc., 112, II, 389. 
 Tentative Methods for Analysis of Alloys of Lead, Tin, 
 
 Antimony and Copper. B 18-17 T. Anon. Proc. Soc. 
 
 Am. Testing Materials, 17, I, 622-9 (1917). 
 Analysis of White Metal-Alloys ; Determination of Lead, 
 
 Copper, and Antimony. Howden. Chem. News, 116, 
 
 235 (1917). 
 The Analysis of Brass or Bronze and Babbitt. Hag- 
 
 maier. Metal Ind., 15, 52O2 (1917). 
 Detection of Small Quantities of Heavy Metals in 
 
 Water. Polinski. Chem. Analyst, 22, 24 (1917). 
 The Indentification and Estimation of Zinc in Water. 
 
 Meldrum. Chem. News, 116, 271-2 (1917). 
 Colorimetric Determination of Bismuth. Motherwell. 
 
 Eng. Mining J., 104, 1091-2 (1917). 
 Quantitative Analysis of Bismuth in Lead Bullion. Jes- 
 
 sup. Eng. Mining J., 105, 603-4 (1918). 
 New Laboratory for Brass. Anon. Iron Age, 101, 858- 
 
 9 (1918). 
 The Analysis of Aluminium Alloys. Collitt and Regan. 
 
 J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 37, 91-5T (1918). 
 Separation of Cobalt from Nickel. Carnot. Bull. soc. 
 
 chim., 21, 211-7 (1917). 
 A New Process for Determining Mercury By Means of 
 
 Zinc Filings. Francois. Compt. rend., 166, 950-2 
 ^ (1918). 
 Scheme for the Rapid Estimation of Cadmium in Zinc 
 
 Spelter. Isaacs. Chem. Analyst, 24, 18-20 (1918). 
 Analysis of White Metals. Drawe. Z. angew. Chem., 
 
 31, I, 88 (1918) ; J. Soc. Chem. Ind., 37, 377A. 
 Analysis of White Metal. Kurek and Flath. Chem. Ztg., 
 
 42, 133-4 (1918); J. Chem. Soc., 114, II, 242. 
 
MISCELLANEOUS ANALYSIS 135 
 
 Detection of Nickel and Cobalt. Matsui. J. Tokyo 
 
 Chem. Soc., 39, 459-64 (1918). 
 The Chemical Analysis of Anti-friction Alloys of Tin, 
 
 Copper and Antimony, and Consideration of Their 
 
 Structure. Namias. Ind. chim. min. met., 5, 89-90 
 
 (1918). 
 
 The Analysis of Bearing Metals Composed of Tin, Anti- 
 mony, and Copper. Ferreri and Cavalli. Ind. chim. 
 
 min. met, 5, 113-4 (1918). 
 The Rapid Solution of Alloys Containing Tin, Antimony 
 
 and Lead. Eckelmann. Chem. Analyst, 25, 22 (1918). 
 Estimation of Zinc by Schaffner's Method. Fenner and 
 
 Rothschild. Z. anal. Chem., 56, 384-90 (1917); J. 
 
 Chem. Soc., 112, II, 580; cf. C. A., 11, 765. 
 Estimation of Zinc in Aluminum Alloys. Willis. Chem. 
 
 Trade J., 62, 336 (1918). 
 Platinum Analysis. Quennessen. Ind. chim. rev. prod. 
 
 chim., 5, 6-7 (1918). 
 New Method of Determining Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, 
 
 Nickel and Cobalt. Carnot. Compt. rend., 166, 245- 
 
 51 (1918). 
 The Determination of Cobalt and Nickel in Cobalt Steel. 
 
 Schoeller and Powell. Iron and Steel Inst., May, 2-3, 
 
 1918. 
 Estimation of Nickel with a-Benzildioxime. Strebinger. 
 
 Chem. Ztg., 42, 242-3 (1918). 
 
136 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 BABBITT METAL. 
 
 Notes on the Manufacture of Babbitt. 
 
 The following babbitts are usually all that is necessary 
 for ordinary work. Each has given entire satisfaction 
 when used for the purpose designated. 
 
 No. 1 Babbitt. 
 
 For motors and fast running machinery. 
 
 Sn 72.00 
 
 Pb 15.00 
 
 Sb 9.00 
 
 Cu.. 4.00 
 
 100.00 
 
 Sp.Gr 7.8 
 
 No. 2 Babbitt. 
 
 For slow running machinery. 
 
 Pb..\ 69.50 
 
 Sb 18.00 
 
 Sn 12.00 
 
 Cu.. .50 
 
 100.00 
 9.6 
 
BABBITT METAL 137 
 
 In preparing the babbitt, the following method was 
 found to give the best results. Place the Sn and Cu-Sn 
 alloy in hot pot and cover with fine coal dust. When 
 the Cu-Sn alloy has melted, add the Sb slowly increasing 
 the heat gradually until the Sb is entirely melted. Add 
 the Pb in the same manner, which when melted will 
 cool the alloy to about the pouring temperature, which 
 should be as low as possible yet, fluid enough to mix 
 thoroughly with iron paddle. The stirring must be con- 
 tinued during the entire pouring. By observing the 
 specific gravity of the different metals that enter the 
 alloy, it can be readily seen that the molten metal must 
 be well mixed, otherwise there will be a segregation of 
 the different metals. Many melters determine the pour- 
 ing temperature by the ignition of a pine splinter when 
 placed in contact with molten alloy. 
 
 The Cu-Sn alloy is made by melting together equal 
 parts of Cu and Sn. This alloy is always kept in stock. 
 By stirring the melted alloy thoroughly during the melt- 
 ing and pouring, and allowing the molten alloy to run 
 into cold iron molds at as low a temperature as possible, 
 segregation is entirely overcome. By covering the sur- 
 face of the molten metal with about two inches of fine 
 coal dust, the loss of metal by oxidation is almost trifling 
 for the group of metals that form the mixture of the 
 above babbitts. If there is a loss of over 1 per cent in 
 the finished product, it can be traced invariably to waste, 
 careless weighing or poor melting. 
 
 In one lot of 200 pounds of babbitt and using the 
 Hauck Portable Kerosene Melting Furnace, No. 122, pot 
 capacity 450 pounds, the finished babbitt was ready to 
 pour in fifty minutes ; burning three gallons of kerosene 
 and with a loss of .63 per cent metal. This excellent 
 work was due to the melter (J. Jette). 
 
138 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Fine coal dust for covering the molten metal is usually 
 found on the tops of rafters in the blacksmith shop and 
 the labor of grinding and sifting a hard x>r soft coal is 
 avoided. 
 
 At one time not having molds, a length of railroad 
 iron was used. This was turned on its side and the 
 ends blocked with fire clay. When the clay was dry, it 
 made an excellent mold. 
 
 One very important item is, not to assume that the 
 crude commercial metals used in the manufacture of 
 the alloy are chemically pure. The chemists report on 
 an alloy will show at times, a gain or a deficit of certain 
 metals. As a rule the crude metals can be relied upon 
 to give results that are satisfactory. 
 
 Commercial Metals: 
 
 Cu 98.50% 99.90% (a) 
 
 Sn 93.50 " 99.96 " (b) 
 
 Sb 98.85 " 99.85 " (c) 
 
 Pb 99.87 " 99.89 " (c) 
 
 Examples of Calculations: 
 
 (1) The following metals are melted together: Pb, 50 
 Ibs. ; Sn, 25 Ibs., and Sb, 15 Ibs. The resulting ingot 
 weighed 88.5 Ibs. What is the percentage of metal lost? 
 
 50+25+15=90.0 Ibs. 
 
 Ingot =88.5 " 
 
 Loss= 1.5 
 1.5X100 
 
 =1.66%. 
 
 90 
 
 Sexton. 
 
 < b > Bruno Kerl. 
 
 <>Aftn. and Sci. Press, July 10, 1915. 
 
BABBITT METAL 139 
 
 (2) What is the percentage composition of -the above 
 mixture ? 
 
 50X100 
 
 Pb = 55.55%. 
 
 90 
 
 25X100 
 
 Sn = 27.78" 
 
 90 
 
 15X100 
 
 Sb = 16.67" 
 
 90 
 
 100.00 " 
 
 (3) Desire a bearing or casting of 150 Ibs., of the above 
 composition. What is the required weight of each metal ? 
 
 55.55X150 
 
 Pb = 83.32 Ibs. 
 
 100 
 
 27.78X150 
 
 Sn = 41.68 " 
 
 100 
 
 16.67X150 ,:* 
 
 Sb = 25.00 " 
 
 100 
 
 150.00 " 
 
 (4) What is the formula of the following alloy: Cu, 
 98.1%, and Sn, 1.90%? 
 
 98.1% Cu 
 
 -=1.5432 
 
 63.57 
 
140 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 1.9% Sn 
 
 -= .0160 
 
 118.7 
 .016: 1.5432=1 :X X=96 ' SnCu 96 
 
 (5) What is the percentage of each metal in the follow- 
 ing alloy: Sn 25 Cu 5 Sb 2 ? 
 
 Sn 118.70X25=2967.50 
 
 Cu 63.57X 5= 317.85 
 
 Sb.... t . 120.20X 2= 240.40 
 
 3525.75 
 
 2967.50X100 
 =84.166% Sn. 
 
 3525.75 
 
 317.85X100 
 
 = 9.015% Cu. 
 
 3525.75 
 240.40X100 
 
 3525.75 
 
 -= 6.819% Sb. 
 
 100.000%. 
 
BABBITT METAL 141 
 
 SAMPLING. 
 
 The following method for the sampling of babbitt, has 
 given the best results and also entire satisfaction for a 
 number of years: 
 
 Take the sample for analysis from the thoroughly 
 mixed molten metal, just before the general pouring and 
 cast in a cold iron mould of about the following dimen- 
 sions, 4"X WXl". When the ingot is cold, the outside 
 skin is removed with a file, thrown aside and filings are 
 now taken by filing gently across the surface of the end 
 of the ingot with a new clean file and, as for the con- 
 tamination of the sample with particles of the file, it may 
 be ignored safely in practice. 
 
 Do not take a sample from the ear or lug of a bar 
 or casting as there may be, and is in many cases, a 
 segregation of metal. 
 
 The analysis of No. 2 Babbitt represents a sample 
 taken across the entire end of the sample bar. 
 
 The sample should be taken either by the chemist or 
 by one who thoroughly understands the importance of 
 the work, and the taking of samples by irresponsible 
 boys, cheap labor and non-technical officials is certainly 
 a stupid ridiculous practice, and if this mode of sampling 
 is followed, the chemist will in many cases get the 
 criticism. 
 
142 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 WORKS OF REFERENCE. 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. 
 
 Antimony. Wang. (a). 
 
 Lead and Zinc in the United States. Ingalls. (e). 
 
 Principles of Metallurgy. Fulton, (b). 
 
 Metallurgical Laboratory Notes. Howe. (b). 
 
 Metallurgy. Wysor. (c). 
 
 Metallurgy. Borchers. (d). 
 
 General Metallurgy. Hofman. (b). 
 
 Practical Treatise on Metallurgy. Kerl. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy. Silver and Gold. Percy, (e}. 
 
 Metallurgy. Lang. (b). 
 
 Hand-book of Metallurgy. Vol. I, Vol. II. Schnabel. 
 
 (e). 
 
 Manual of Metallurgy. Greenwood, (e). 
 Electro-Metallurgy. McMillan. (/). 
 Elements of Metallurgy. Phillips. (/). 
 Metallurgy of Iron. Bauerman. (e). 
 Elements of Metallurgy. Sexton. (/). 
 Metallurgy. Roberts- Austin. (/). 
 Antimony Industry. Howard, (gr). 
 Metallurgy of the Common Metals. Austin, (m). 
 Principles of Metallurgy. Hiorns. (i). 
 Electric Smelting and Refining. Borchers. (/). 
 Electro-Metallurgy. Watt. (e). 
 Electrolytic Separation of Metals. Gore. (e). 
 
BABBITT METAL 143 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Electric Furnaces. Moissan. (e}. 
 
 Electric Furnaces. Wright, (e). 
 
 Electro-Metallurgy. Smee. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy of Zinc and Cadmium. Ingalls. (a). 
 
 Industrial Furnaces. Damour. (b) . 
 
 Physical Metallurgy. Rosenhain. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy. Overman, (e). 
 
 Metallurgy. Rhead. (&). 
 
 Metallurgy. Makins. (e). 
 
 Metallurgical Machinery. Jenkins, (e). 
 
 Matte Smelting. Lang. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy. Harrison, (e). 
 
 Practical Metallurgy. Hiorns. (i). 
 
 Metallurgical Hand-book. Creamer and Bicknell. (e). 
 
 Electrolytic Separation of Metals. Gore. (e). 
 
 Electro- Deposition of Metals. Langbein. (e). 
 
 High Temperature Measurements. Le Chatelier and 
 
 Boudouard. (d). 
 Engineering and Metallurgical Books, (titles.) 1907- 
 
 1911. Peddie. (e). 
 
 Refractories and Furnaces. Havard. (b). 
 The Electric Furnace. Stansfield. (b). 
 Electric Furnaces. Rodenhauser-Schoenawa-Vom 
 
 Baur. (d). 
 
 Practical Pyrometry. Ferry, (d). 
 Metallurgial and Chemical Engineering, (m). 
 Refractory Materials. Hancox. (e). 
 Metallurgists and Chemists Handbook. Liddell. (b). 
 Cast Iron. Keep. (a). 
 Lead-Smelting. lies. (d). 
 Lead Refining by Electrolysis. Betts. (d). 
 Lead Smelting and Refining. Ingalls. (e). 
 
144 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Metallurgy of Lead and the Desilverization of Base 
 
 Bullion. Hofman. (e). 
 Metallurgy of Lead and Silver. Part I, Lead ; Part II, 
 
 Silver. Collins, (e). 
 Metallurgy of Silver, Gold and Mercury in the United 
 
 States. Vol. I, Silver; Vol. II, Gold and Mercury. 
 
 Egleston. (e). 
 Coal. Somermeier. (&). 
 Coal and Coke. Wagner, (b). 
 Heat Energy and Fuels. Juptner. (fc). 
 Smelter Construction Costs. Jones. (&).. 
 Notes on Metallurgical Mill Construction. Ingalls. 
 
 (*). 
 
 Cyanide Process for the Extraction of Gold. Eissler. 
 
 () 
 
 Metallurgy of Argentiferous Lead. Eissler. (e). 
 
 Metallurgy of Gold. Eissler. (e) . 
 
 Metallurgy of Silver. Eissler. (e). 
 
 Hydrometallurgy of Silver. Hofman. (e}. 
 
 Practical Notes on the Cyanide Process. Bosqui. (e). 
 
 Chemistry of Cyanide Solutions. Clennell. (e). 
 
 Cyaniding Gold and Silver Ores. Julian-Smart. (/). 
 
 Cyanide Process of Gold Extraction. Park. (/). 
 
 The Cyanide Process. Miller, (a). 
 
 Cyanide Processes. Wilson, (a). 
 
 The Chlorination Process. Wilson, (a). 
 
 The Cyanide Industry Theoretically and Practically 
 
 Considered. Robine-Lenglen-Le Clerc. (a). 
 Gold and Silver. Crane, (a). 
 The Materials of Engineering. Thurston. (d). 
 
 Part I. Non-Metallic Materials of Engineering. 
 
 Part II. Iron and Steel. 
 
BABBITT METAL 145 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued)- 
 
 Part III. Treatise on Brasses, Bronzes and Other 
 
 Alloys. 
 
 Modern Electrolytic Copper Refining. Ulke. (d). 
 Foundry Practice. Tate-Stone. (d). 
 American Foundry Practice. West. (d). 
 Moulders' Textbook. West. (d). 
 General Foundry Practice. Roxburgh, (e). 
 Iron Founders' Manual. Payne, (e). 
 Modern Iron Foundry Practice. Bale. (e). 
 
 Part I. Foundry Equipment, Materials Used and 
 Processes Followed. 
 
 Part II. Machine Moulding and Moulding Ma- 
 chines, Physical Tests of Cast Iron, 
 Methods of Cleaning Castings, Foundry 
 Accounting, etc. 
 
 Practical Iron Foundry. Horner. (e). 
 Foundry Machinery. Treiber. (e). 
 Modern Moulding and Patternmaking. Mullin. (e). 
 Pattern Makers Assistant. Rose. (e). 
 Malleable Cast Iron. Parsons, (e). 
 The Production of Malleable Castings. Moldenke. (/>). 
 Foundry Practice. Palmer, (d). 
 Encyclopedia of Founding and Dictionary of Foundry 
 
 Terms. Bolland. (rf). 
 The Iron Founder. Bolland. (d). 
 "The Iron Founder" Supplement. Bolland. (n). 
 Iron and Steel. Hudson, (e). 
 Iron and Steel. Stansbie. (e). 
 Siderology: The Science of Iron. Juptner. (e). 
 The Basic Open-Hearth Steel Process. Dichmann. 
 
 (*). 
 Electric Furnace and Iron and Steel Production. 
 
 Kershaw. (e). 
 
146 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Electro-Thermal Methods of Iron and Steel Produc- 
 tion. Kershaw. (e). 
 
 Outline of the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. Sexton- 
 Primrose, (e). 
 
 Forging of Iron and Steel. Richards, (e). 
 
 Hardening and Tempering of Steel, in Theory and 
 Practice. Reiser, (e). 
 
 The Production of Aluminum and Its Industrial Use. 
 Minet- Waldo, (d). 
 
 Elements of Metallography. Ruer-Mathewson. (d). 
 
 Hardening, Tempering, Annealing and Forging of 
 Steel. Woodworth. (0). 
 
 Tool Making. Markham. (/>). 
 
 The Silversmith's Handbook. Gee. (/). 
 
 Notes on Alloys. Parry, (e). 
 
 Systematic Treatment of Metalliferous Waste. Parry. 
 
 (). 
 
 Zinc. Primrose, (e). 
 
 Aluminum. Seligman. (e). 
 
 Brass. Bengough. (e). 
 
 Alloys (Non-Ferrous). Sexton, (e). 
 
 The Metallurgy of Nickel. Johnson, (e). 
 
 Lead and Its Compounds. Lambert. (*). 
 
 Metallography of Strains. Humphrey, (e). 
 
 The Metallurgy of Steel. Harbord. (a). 
 
 Metallic Alloys. Gulliver, (a). 
 
 Principles of Iron Founding. Moldenke. (&). 
 
 Steel Rails, Their History, Properties, Strength and 
 
 Manufacture. Sellew. (e). 
 Blast Furnace Calculations. Stevenson, (e). 
 Treatise on Roll Turning for the Manufacture of Iron. 
 
 Tunner. (e). 
 
BABBITT METAL 147 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). , 
 
 Welding and Cutting Metals By the Aid of Gasses or 
 
 Electricity. Groth. (e). 
 Lead and Zinc Pigments. Holley. (e). 
 The Metallurgy of Iron. Turner, (a). 
 Lectures on Iron- Founding. Turner, (a). 
 Practical Metallurgy. Turner, (a). 
 The Foundry. (/). 
 
 Microscopic Analysis of Metals. Osmond. (/). 
 Welding. Hart. (c). 
 The Production of Chromium and Its Compounds By 
 
 the Aid of the Electric Current. Le Blanc, (c). 
 Production of Metallic Objects Electrolytically. Pfan- 
 
 hauser. (c). 
 Iron Corrosion, Anti-fouling and Anti-corrosive Paints. 
 
 Andes, (e). 
 Manufacture of Mineral and Lake Pigments. Bersch. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Report Upon the Precious Metals. Blake, (e). 
 On the Construction of Iron Roofs. Campin. (e). 
 Radium and Other Radio-active Substances ; Polonium, 
 
 Actinium and Thorium. Hammer, (e). 
 The Metals Used in Construction. Joynson. (e). 
 Chemistry of Pigments. Parry-Coste. (e). 
 Manufacture of Paint. Smith, (e). 
 Steel. Metcalf. (d). 
 Electro-plating and Electro-refining of Metals. Watt. 
 
 (e). 
 
 Calculation of Furnace Charges. Chauvenet. (a). 
 General Foundry Practice. McWilliam-Longmuir. (a). 
 Elementary Treatise on Hoisting Machinery. Horner. 
 
 (). 
 
 Hydraulic Power and Hydraulic Machinery. Robin- 
 son, (a). 
 
148 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Art of Pattern Making. Chase, (a). 
 
 Rustless Coatings ; Corrosion and Electrolysis of Iron 
 
 and Steel. x Wood. (a). 
 
 The Calorific Power of Fuels. Poole. (a). 
 First Lessons in Metal- Working. Compton. (a). 
 Machinery Pattern Making. Dingey, (a). 
 Metals and Minerals. Goesel. (a). 
 The Calorific Power of Gas. Coste. (a).' 
 Theory and Practice of Enamelling on Iron and Steel. 
 
 Griinwald. (a). 
 Commercial Peat. Gissing. (a). 
 
 Peat: Its Use and Manufacture. Bjorling-Gissing. (a). 
 Arsenic. Wanklyn. (a). 
 Blast Furnace Practice. Morgan, (a). 
 Getting Gold. Johnson, (a). 
 
 Alloys and Their Industrial Application. Law. (a). 
 Hydro-Electric Practice. Von Schon. (a). 
 Constructional Steelwork. Farnsworth. (a). 
 Mixed Metals or Metallic Alloys. Hiorns. (i). 
 Metal Coloring and Bronzing. Hiorns. (i). 
 Metallography. Hiorns. (i). 
 Introduction to Metallography. Goerens. (k). 
 Metallography of Iron and Steel. Sauveur. (a). 
 A Practical Treatise on Metallurgy. Crookes-Rohrig. 
 
 Vol. I, Vol. II, Vol. III. (k). 
 Tin Deposits of the World. Fawns, (h). 
 Metallic Alloys. Brannt. (/). 
 Outline of the Manufacture of Iron and Steel. Hof- 
 
 man. (e). 
 
 Iron and Steel Manufacture. Hiorns. (e): 
 Steel and Iron for Advanced Students. Hiorns. (e). 
 Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena. Gruner. (e). 
 Open Hearth Steel Castings. Carr. (e). 
 
BABBITT METAL 149 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Manufacture and Properties of Iron and Steel. Camp- 
 bell, (e). 
 
 Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting. Bell. (e). 
 Bessemer Steel, Ores and Methods. Fitch, (e). 
 Galvanized Iron. Its Manufacture and Uses. Davies. 
 
 () 
 
 Steel and Iron. Greenwood, (e). 
 
 Metals and Their Chief Industrial Applications. 
 Wright, (e). 
 
 The Metallographist. Sauveur. (r). Vol. I, Vol. II, 
 Vol. Ill, Vol. IV, Vol. V, Vol. VI. 
 
 Iron and Steel Magazine. Sauveur. (r). Vol. VII, 
 
 Vol. VIII, Vol. IX, Vol. X, Vol. XL 
 
 The Cupola Furnace. Kirk. (/). 
 
 Iron: Its History, Properties and Processes of Manu- 
 facture. Fairbairn. (e). 
 
 Galvanizing and Tinning. Flanders, (e). 
 
 Pyrite Smelting. Reprinted from the Engineering and 
 Mining Journal. Rickard. (e). 
 
 A Pocket Book for Miners and Metallurgists. Power. 
 
 () 
 
 The A. B. C. of Iron. Sisson. (e). 
 
 L' Aluminum: ses Properties; ses Applications. Mois- 
 
 sonnier. (e). 
 Etude Industrielle 'des Alliages Metalliques. Guillet. 
 
 (*)- 
 
 Useful Metals and Their Alloys. Scoffern and Others. 
 
 (*) 
 
 Metals: Their Properties and Treatment Hunting- 
 ton-McMillan, (e). 
 
 Electro-Plater's Hand Book. Bonney. (e). 
 The Practical Electroplater. Brunor. (e). 
 Electrolysis. Fontaine, (e). 
 
ISO ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 Electro-Chemistry. Gore. (e). 
 The Art of Electrolytic Separation of Metals. Gore. 
 
 (*>. 
 
 Galvonoplastic Manipulations. Roseleur. (e). 
 Traite Theorique et Pratique d'Electrochemie. Tom- 
 
 massi. (e). 
 
 The Polishing and Plating of Metals. Hawkins, (e). 
 Electro-Plating. Urquhart. (e). 
 Modern Electro-Plating. Von Home. (e). 
 Galvonoplastic Manipulations. Wahl. (e). 
 Stereotyping and Electrotyping. Wilson, (e). 
 Radium and Radio- Active Substances. Baskerville. 
 
 (> 
 
 Radioactive Substances. Curie, (e). 
 Radium and All About It. Bottone. (e). 
 Story of American Coals. Nicholls. (e). 
 Radium and Other Radio-Active Elements. Levey- 
 Willis, (e). 
 
 Chemistry of Coke. Anderson, (e). 
 A Practical Treatise on the Combustion of Coal. Barr. 
 
 (0; 
 
 Practice of Copper Smelting. Peters, (a). 
 
 Principles of Copper Smelting. Peters, (a). 
 Modern Copper Smelting. Peters, (a). 
 Metallurgical Calculations. Richards, (a). 
 
 Part I. Chemical and Thermal Principles. 
 
 Part II. Iron and Steel. 
 
 Part III. The Metals Other Than Iron (Non-fer- 
 rous Metals.) 
 
 Cementation of Iron and Steel. Giolith. (&).. 
 Cleaning of Blast Furnace Gases. Wagner, (b). 
 The Steel Foundry. Hall. (b). 
 Brass Founders' Alloys. Buchanan, (s). 
 
BABBITT METAL 151 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Autogenous Welding and Cutting. Kautny. (b). 
 Fuel and Its Applications. Ronalds-Richardson, (e). 
 
 Part I, Part II. 
 
 Coal: Its History and Uses. Thrope. (e). 
 The Combustion of Coal and the Prevention of Smoke 
 
 Chemically and Practically Considered. Williams. 
 
 () 
 
 Gas and Coal Dust Firing. Putsch, (e). 
 
 Combustion of Fuel. Pullen. (e). 
 
 Smoke Abatement. Nicholson, (e). 
 
 Fuel and Its Applications. Mills-Rowan, (e). 
 
 Liquid Fuel and Its Combustion. Booth, (e). 
 
 Briquettes and Patent Fuel. Bjorling. (e). 
 
 Facts About Peat. Peat Fuel and Peat Coke. Lea- 
 
 vitt. (e). 
 
 Peat and Its Products. Kerr. (*). 
 Liquid Fuel for Mechanical and Industrial Purposes. 
 
 Hodgetts. (e). 
 
 A Treatise on Fuel. Scientific and Practical. Gallo- 
 way, (e). 
 
 The Metallurgy of Steel. Howe. (e). 
 Iron, Steel and Other Alloys. Howe. (e). 
 Steel : Its History, Manufacture, Properties and Uses. 
 
 Jeans, (e). 
 
 Iron and Steel Manufacture. Kohn. (e). 
 Papers on Iron and Steel, Practical and Experimental. 
 
 Mushet. (e). 
 
 The Iron and Steelmaker. Joynson. (e). 
 A Treatise on Steel. Landrin. (e). 
 The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel, Theoretical and 
 
 Practical. Osborn. (e). 
 The Manufacture of Iron In All Its Various Branchs. 
 
 Overman, (e). 
 
152 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 The American Steel Worker. Markham. (e). 
 Crystallization of Iron and Steel. Mellor. (e). 
 Metallurgy of Cast Iron. West. (e). 
 A Practical Guide for Puddling Iron and Steel. Urbin. 
 
 () 
 
 Steel: Its Selection, Annealing, Hardening and Tem- 
 pering. Markham. (o). 
 The Manufacture of Steel. Overman, (e). 
 An Elementary Treatise on Iron Metallurgy. Rogers. 
 
 () 
 
 The Chemistry of Iron and Steel Making, and of Their 
 
 Practical Uses. Williams, (e). 
 The Iron Manufacture of Great Britain, Theoretically 
 
 and Practically Considered. Truran. (e). 
 Researches On the Action of the Blast Furnace. 
 
 Schinz. (e). 
 Outline of the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. Sexton. 
 
 (); 
 
 Chemical Combinations Among Metals. Guia's. (q). 
 
 Economics of Iron and Steel. Skelton. (e). 
 
 Notes On the Use of Anthracite in the Manufacture 
 
 of Iron. Johnson, (e). 
 Elementary Practical Metallurgy, Iron and Steel. 
 
 Longmuir. (e). 
 Principles and Practice of Iron and Steel Manufacture. 
 
 MacFarlane. (e). 
 History of the Manufacture of Iron In All Ages. 
 
 Swank, (e). 
 
 Tool Steel. Thallner. (e). 
 Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. Turner, (e). 
 The Manufacture of Russian Sheet Iron. Percy, (e). 
 Notes On Lead Ores. Fairie. (e). 
 
BABBITT METAL 153 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 A Handbook of Practical Cyanide Operations. Gaze. 
 
 (*). 
 
 Cyanide Practice. James, (e). 
 
 Prevention of Smoke. Polppewell. (e). 
 
 Smoke Prevention and Fuel Economy. Booth-Ker- 
 
 shaw. (e). 
 Fuel: Its Combustion and Economy. Clark- Williams. 
 
 (*) 
 
 The Commercial Uses of Coal Gas. Fletcher, (e). 
 
 Combustibles Industriels. Colomer-Lordier. (e). 
 
 A Treatise On the Manufacture of Coke and Other 
 
 Prepared Fuels and the Saving of By-Products. 
 
 Fulton, (e). 
 
 Essai Combustible. Sidersky. (e). 
 Gaseous Fuel, Including Water Gas: Its Production 
 
 and Application. Thwaite. (e). 
 Air As Fuel. Ross. (e). 
 
 Stamp Milling and Cyaniding. Thomson, (b). 
 Stamp Milling. Del Mar. (&). 
 Stamp Milling of Gold Ores. Rickard. (b). 
 De Re Metallica. Agricola. tr. Hoover-Hoover, (t). 
 Details of Cyanide Practice. Megraw. (b). 
 Practical Data for the Cyanide Plant. Mcgraw. (b). 
 Cyanide Practice. MacFarren. (b). 
 The Hydrometallurgy of Copper. Greenawalt. (&). 
 Production and Properties of Zinc. (1902). Ingalls. 
 
 (6). 
 Corrosion and Preservation of Iron and Steel. Cush- 
 
 man-Gardner. (b). 
 
 Notes on Lead and Copper Smelting. Hixon. (&). 
 Iron and Steel. Tiemann. (&). 
 
 Composition and Heat Treatment of Steel. Lake. (b). 
 High Speed Steel. Becker, (b). 
 
154 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Metallurgy of Iron Dictionary. Vol. XI: in each of 
 
 the six languages, (b). 
 Corrosion of Iron and Steel. Sang. (b). 
 Processes of Silver and Gold Extraction. Kustel. (e). 
 Gold: Its Occurrence and Extraction. Lock. (e). 
 Roasting of Gold and Silver Ores, and the Extraction 
 
 of Their Respective Metals Without Quicksilver. 
 
 Kustel. (e). 
 
 Gold Milling. Lock. (e). 
 A Precis of Lead Smelting. Longridge. (e). 
 Hand Book of Gold Milling. Louis, (e). 
 Losses in Gold Amalgamation. McDermot-Duffield. 
 
 (). 
 
 Notes On the Treatment of Gold Ores. O'Driscoll. 
 
 () 
 
 The Metallurgy of Lead, Including Desilverization 
 
 and Cupellation. Percy, (e). 
 
 The Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and Silver. 
 Phillips. (*). 
 
 The A. B.C. of Iron and Steel. Backert. (/>). 
 
 The Blast Furnace and the Manufacture of Pig Iron. 
 Forsythe. (/>). 
 
 Blast Furnace Construction in America. Johnson. (/>). 
 
 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys. Pittsburgh Reduc- 
 tion Company, Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Present-Day Metallurgical Engineering On the Rand. 
 Yates. (e). 
 
 The Practical Metal Workers Assistant. Byrne, (e). 
 
 Tin : Describing the Chief Methods of Mining, Dress- 
 ing and Smelting. Charleton. (e). 
 
 A History of the Trade in Tin. Flower, (e). 
 
 The Production of Tin. Louis, (e). 
 
 Chemistry and Metallurgy of Copper. Piggott. (e). 
 
BABBITT METAL 155 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Aluminum: Its History, Occurrence, Properties. 
 
 Metallurgy and Applications. Richards, (e). 
 Tin and Tin Plate. Their History, Production and 
 
 Statistics. Weeks, (e). 
 
 Notes for a History of Lead. Pulsifer. (e). 
 The Metallurgy of Gold. Rose. (e). 
 The Quartz Operator's Hand Book. Randall, (e). 
 The Lixiviation of Silver Ores with Hyposulphite 
 
 Solutions. Stetefeldt. (e). 
 Compendium of Gold Metallurgy (Ores) and Digest 
 
 of United States and California Mining Laws. 
 
 Wade. (e). 
 
 The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel. Stoughton. (/>). 
 Metallurgy of Copper. Hofman. (b). 
 Practical Alloying. Buchanan. (/>). 
 Foundryman's Primer. Wangelin. (/>). 
 Penton's Foundry List. (/>) 
 
 Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron. Howe. (/>). 
 Foundry Irons. Kirk. (/>). 
 Metallurgy of Steel. Harbord-Hall. (/>). 
 Elliott's Weights of Steel. Elliott. (p). 
 Safety In the Foundry. Alexander. (/>). 
 Dies. Woodworth. (p). 
 Press-Working of Metals. Smith, (n). 
 Art of Pattern Making. Chase, (n). 
 Paints for Steel Structures. Lowe. (). 
 Drop Forging, Die Sinking and Machine Forming of 
 
 Steel. Woodworth. (/>). 
 How to Make Converter Steel Castings. Simonson. 
 
 (/>). 
 
 Coal Gas Residuals. Wagner, (b). 
 
 Accurate Tool Work. Goodrich-Stanley. (b). 
 
 Millwrighting. Hobart. (b). 
 
156 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Foundry Nomenclature. Buchanan. (b). 
 
 Foundry Work. Stimpson. (/>). 
 
 Pattern Making. Turner-Town. (p). 
 
 Steel and Its Heat Treatment. Bullens. (p). 
 
 Rolling Mill Industry. Kindl. (p). 
 
 Foundry Data Sheets. (/>). 
 
 Pattern Making. Ritchey. (/>). 
 
 Pattern Making. Moore, (p). 
 
 Purchasing. Rindfoos. (p). 
 
 Forging. Bacon, (p). 
 
 Plain and Ornamental Forging. Schwartzkopf. (p). 
 
 The Sheet-Metal Worker's Instructor. Warn. (;'). 
 
 Strength and Other Properties of Metals. By Officers 
 
 of the Ordnance Department, U. S. Army. (/). 
 The Goldsmith's Handbook. Gee. (/). 
 Cast Iron in the Light of Recent Research. Hatfield. 
 
 (/). 
 
 Physico-Chemical Properties of Steel. Edwards. (/). 
 Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals. Gowland. (/). 
 A Treatise on Electro-Metallurgy. McMillan-Cooper. 
 
 Modern Copper Smelting. Levey. (/). 
 
 Study of Electrothermal and Electrolytic Industries. 
 Ashcroft. (a). 
 
 Examination and Thermal Value of Fuel: Gaseous, 
 Liquid and Solid. Coste- Andrews. (/). 
 
 Elements of Industrial Management. Smith. (/). 
 
 Art Metal Work. Payne, (u). 
 
 Hydn>Electric Power. Lyndon, (u). 
 
 How to Build up Furnace Efficiency. Hays. (u). 
 
 Raw Materials of Enamelling. Grunwald. (/). 
 
 Applied Methods of Scientific Management. Park- 
 hurst, (rf). 
 
BABBITT METAL 157 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Investigating An Industry. Kent. (d). 
 The Practical Tool-Maker and Designer. Wilson. (/). 
 The Moulders' and Founders' Pocket Guide. Over- 
 man. (/). 
 The Practical Brass and Iron Founders' Guide. Lar- 
 
 kin. (/). 
 Practical Workshop Companion for Tin, Sheet Iron 
 
 and Copperplate Workers. Blinn. (/). 
 Punches, Dies and Tools for Manufacturing in 
 
 Presses. Woodworth. (o). 
 Brazing and Soldering. Hobart. (o). 
 Coke Modern Coking Practice, Including Analysis of 
 
 Materials and Products. Christopher-Byrom. (o). 
 Coal Gas as a Fuel. Fletcher, (e). 
 Proceedings of Chemical and Metallurgical Society of 
 
 South Africa, P. O. Box 2596, Johannesburg!!, 
 
 S. A. R. Vols. I, II, III, IV. 
 American Hydroelectric Practice. Taylor-Braymer. 
 
 , (b). 
 
 Spontaneous Combustion and Explosion in Coal Car- 
 goes; Their Treatment and Prevention. Rowan. 
 
 () 
 
 Fuels: Solid, Liquid and Gaseous. Phillips, (e). 
 Industrial Furnaces and Methods of Control. Damour. 
 
 <> 
 
 Coal Analysis. A Treatise on the Comparative Com- 
 mercial Values of Gas Coals and Cannels. Graham. 
 
 (>. 
 
 Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute. 
 
 Journal of the Institute of Metals. 
 
 American Iron and Steel Institute. Directory of the 
 
 Iron and Steel Works of the United States and 
 
 Canada. 
 
158 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 National Iron and Steel, Coal and Coke Blue Book. 
 
 R. K. Polk & Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 Iron and Steel (a pocket encyclopedia) Including 
 
 Allied Industries and Sciences. Tiemann. (b). 
 Steel : Its Metallurgy and Mechanical Treatment. 
 
 Roberts- Austin. (<?). 
 The Cerium Metals and Their Pyrophoric Alloys. 
 
 (German) Kellerman. 
 Metallurgical Practice. Vol. I. Various Authors. 
 
 Rand's, (y). 
 
 The Coloring of Metals. Stahl. 
 La Neo-metallurgie, ses Moyens et ses Methods. 
 
 Benolt. 
 
 Etude sur la Corrosion des Metaux. Buzenac. 
 Essais des fer et des Aciers par Corrosion. Fremont. 
 Precis de Metallurgie. Pecheux. 
 Die Metallfarbung. Buchner. 
 Lead Smelting. Collis. (u). 
 Modern Foundry Practice. Sharp, (s). 
 Metallography. Desch. (k). 
 
 Metallography Applied to Siderurgie Products. Savoia. 
 Text-Book of Ore Dressing. Richards, (b). 
 Elementary Photo-micrography. Bagshaw. 
 Metallographie. Guertler. 
 Zink, Zinn und Blei. Richter. 
 Ore Deposits of South Africa. Johnson, (o). 
 Dictionary of Portuguese Mining Terms with French, 
 
 English and German Equivalents. Ackermann. (A). 
 Crystallography. Wadsworth. (2). 
 Hints on Amalgamation and the General Care of Gold 
 
 Mills. Adams, (m). 
 
 Industries du Plomb et du Mercure. Bouchonnet. 
 Die Metallhuttenchemie. Orthey. 
 
BABBITT METAL ..; 159 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Industrie du Chrome du Manganese, du Nickel et du 
 
 Book of Precious Stones. Wodiska. 
 
 Analyse Therminique et Metallographie Microscopique. 
 Rengade. 
 
 Gold Refining. Clark. (Pitman.) 
 
 Summary of Alloys. The Employment of Physical 
 Chemistry in Metallography. Janecke. 
 
 Elements of Metallography. Ruer. (d}. 
 
 Les Matieres Abrasives Industrielles. Escard. 
 
 Les Metaux Speciaux Manganese, Chrome, Silicum, 
 Tungstene, Molybdene, Vanadium, et Leurs Com- 
 posie Metallurgiques Industriels. Escard. 
 Cobalt. Ouvrade. 
 
 The Corrosion of Iron and Steel. Friend. (&). 
 
 Handbuch der Mineralchemie. Doelter. 
 
 Zink, Cadmium, Kuper, Quecksilber. Bouchonnet.' 
 
 Metallkunde. Fenchel. 
 
 Iron and Steel, Their Production and Manufacture. 
 Hood. 
 
 Hardening and Tempering Steel. Jones. 
 
 Revue de Metallurgie. Le Chatelier. 
 
 Testing for Metallurgical Processes. Barr. (m). 
 
 Electro-plating and Electro-refining of Metals. Lock- 
 wood. ~ 
 
 Gold from Quartz. Elliot. 
 
 Mineralogie de la France et de ses Colones. 4 Vols. 
 Lacroix. 
 
 Hauts Fourneaux et Appareils a Air Chaud. Pavloff. 
 
 Un Grand Inventeur, Sir Henry Bessemer. Chatelier. 
 
 Nagel's Gold Book. Gold from Sea Water. Nagel. 
 
 (*). 
 
 Die Metallurgie des Wolframs. Mennicke. 
 Practical Sheet and Metal Plate Work. Atkin. () 
 
160 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Textbook of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy. 
 Neuman. ( German. ) 
 
 Cours de Metallurgie. Des Metaux Autres que le fer. 
 Prost. 
 
 The Principles of Iron Founding and Foundry Metal- 
 lography. Sexton and Primrose, Jr. (e). 
 
 Farben der Metalla. Harbmann. 
 
 1' Argent et les Metaux de la Mine de Platine. Molinie 
 and Dietz. 
 
 Recherche Pratique et Exploitation des Mines d'or. 
 Proust. 
 
 Metallurgical Manual of Iron and Steel, Their Struc- 
 ture, Constitution and Production. Allen, (w). 
 
 Principles and Practice of Burnishing, Lacquering and 
 Bronzing Brassware. Brown. (#). 
 
 La Soudure Autogene des Metaux. Ragno. 
 
 Minerali. I. Artini. 
 
 Nigerian Tin Fields. Calvert. (Wilson.) 
 
 Le Minerai. de Manganese. Fach. 
 
 Minerals and the Microscope. Smith. (Marby.) 
 
 Manual Practique de Fonderie, Cuivre, Bronze, Al- 
 luminium, Alliages Divers. Duponchelle. 
 
 Chemical Technology of Vanadium. (German.) Fes- 
 ter. 
 
 Traite Theoretique de Cementation, Trempe, Recuit et 
 Revenue. Groos and Varinois. 
 
 Text Book of Metallographie. (German.) Tamman. 
 
 Le Haut Fourneau Electrique. Nicon. 
 
 The Useful Minerals, with the Exception of Ores, 
 Potash Salts, Coal and Petroleum. (German.) Dam- 
 mer and Tietz. 
 
 Lehrbuch der Meteorologie. Hann. 
 
 Mineral Deposits. Lindgren. (&). 
 
BABBITT METAL 161. 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Manuel de Mineralogie Pratique. Malaise. 
 
 Progress in Leaching Precious Metals During the Last 
 Decade. (German.) Borchers. 
 
 Alloys and Their Industrial Application. Law. (y). 
 
 The Dressing of Minerals. Louis. (Arnold.) 
 
 Copper Handbook. Vol. I to XL Weed. 
 
 Annun Ario Delia Industria Mineraria, Metallurgica e 
 Meccanica in Italia. Grioni. 
 
 Le Leghe Metalliche ed i Principi Scientifici Delia 
 Metallografia Moderna. Mazzoto. 
 
 LTndustrie Aurifere au Transvaal, son Passe, son 
 Avenir. Michaut. 
 
 Electro-Thermal Methods of Iron and Steel Produc- 
 tion. Kershaw. (Constable.) 
 
 Laboratoires Siderugiques. Ledebur. 
 
 Travial des Metaux. Michel. 
 
 Notes on Foundry Practice. Morgan, (y). 
 
 The Manufacture of Iron and Steel. Hearson. (s). 
 
 Traite de Metallogenie. Launay. 
 
 Cyanide Practice in Mexico. McCann. (m). 
 
 Die Metallgiesserei. Schott. 
 
 Popular Guide to Minerals. Gratacap. 
 
 Liquid Steel: Its Manufacture and Cost. Carnegie 
 and Gladwyn. 
 
 Index of Mining Engineering Literature. Crane. 
 
 Les Aciers au Nickel et Leurs Application a L'Horo- 
 logerie. Guillaume. 
 
 Mineralography of the Rarer Metals. Cahen and 
 Wooton. (/). 
 
 Influence of Silicon on the Characteristics of Cast 
 Iron. (German.) Paghanti. 
 
 Soft Soldering ; Hard Soldering and Brazing. A Prac- 
 tical Treatise on Tools, Materials and Operations. 
 Hobart. (e). 
 
. 162 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 The Metallurgy of Iron. (French.) Domer. 
 
 The Technic of Tin Working. (German.) Georgi and 
 
 Schubert. 
 
 Metallographie. Band I, Die Konstitution. Guertler. 
 Introduction to the Study of Metallurgy. I. (French.) 
 
 Le Chatelier. 
 Alloys and Their Technical Utilization. (German.) 
 
 Ledebur. 
 Zinc and Cadmium and Their Production from Ores 
 
 and By-Products. Liebig. 
 Steel, Standard Specifications for, Amer. Soc. for 
 
 Testing Materials. 
 Prospecting for Minerals. Cox. 
 Fabrication Synthetique du Dirnant. Boismenu. 
 Text Book on Experimental Metallurgy and Assaying. 
 
 Gower. 
 
 Metallurgie. Levat. 
 Les Resources Minerales Ales de la Tunisie. Rueter 
 
 de Villeroy. 
 A Practical Manual of Autogenous Welding. Gran j on 
 
 and Rosenberg, (y). 
 
 Principles and Processes of Metal Plate Work. Bar- 
 rett. (Crosby Lockwood & Co.) 
 Metallography. Part II. (German.) Guertler. 
 Metallurgie du Plomb et de L' Argent. Libert et 
 
 Firkert. 
 
 The Practical Metallography of Iron and Steel. Prim- 
 rose. (Scien. Pub. Co.) 
 La Chaufferie Moderne. Turin. 
 A Pocket Book for Miners and Metallurgists. Power. 
 
 (Lockwood & Sons.) 
 The Petrology of the Igneous Rocks. Hatch. (Allen 
 
 & Co.) 
 
BABBITT METAL 163 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Manual of Petrographic Methods. Johannsen. (b). 
 
 Manual of Petrology. Mennell. (Chapman & Hall.) 
 
 Les Pierres Precieuses. Escard. 
 
 Handbook of Milling Details. McGraw. 
 
 Some Considerations Regarding Cast Iron and Steel 
 Pipes. Sharp. (). 
 
 Le Soudure Electrothermique. Escard. 
 
 L'Industrie Minerale de la Tunisie, et son Role Dan 
 L'Evolution Economique de la Regence. Keppen. 
 
 La Taille ficonomique des Metaux par les Aciers a 
 Coupe Rapide, D'Apres les Experiences de F. W. 
 Taylor. Massot. 
 
 British Standard Specifications for Copper Alloy 
 Three Piece Unions. Lockwood. 
 
 Heat-Treatment of Steel; A Comprehensive Treatise 
 on Hardening, Tempering and Annealing. Indus- 
 trial Press. 
 
 The Case Hardening of Steel. Brearley. 
 
 The Elements of Electro-Plating. Sprague. (s). 
 
 The Tin Plate Industry. Jones. (King.) 
 
 The Deposits of the Useful Minerals and Rocks; 
 Their Origin, Form and Content. Beyschlag-Vogt- 
 Krusch. (i). 
 
 Iron Ores: Their Occurrence, Valuation and Control. 
 Eckel, (b). 
 
 Practical Instruction in the Search for and the Deter- 
 mination of the Useful Minerals Including the Rare 
 Ores. McLeod. 
 
 Steel Working and Tool Dressing. Casterlin (Rich- 
 ardson Co.) 
 
 Magnetic and Other Properties of Electrolytic Iron 
 Melted in Vacuo. Yensen. (Chapman and Hall.) 
 
 Steel and Its Treatment. Houghton. (Houghton.) 
 
164 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Oxy-Acetylene Welding and Cutting. Swingle. 
 (Drake.) 
 
 The Iron Ores of Lake Superior. Crowell and Mur- 
 ray, (p), 
 
 British and German Steel Metallurgy. Arnold. 
 
 Text Book on Welding and Cutting Metals by the 
 Oxy-Acetylene Process. Vulcan Process Co. 
 
 The Numerical Data of Crystallography and Miner- 
 alogy. Spencer. (Univ. Chicago Press.) 
 
 The Numerical Data of Electricity, Magnetism and 
 Electrochemistry. Dutoit-Lewis-Mahlke. (Univ. 
 Chicago Press.) 
 
 The Numerical Data of Engineering and Metallurgy. 
 Archbutt. (Univ. Chicago Press.) 
 
 Practical Stamp-Milling and Amalgamation. McFar- 
 ran. (m). 
 
 Metallography and Heat Treatment of Iron and Steel. 
 Sauveur and Boylston. (Correspondence Course.) 
 
 The Canadian Iron and Steel Industry. Donald. 
 (HoughtonMifflin Co.) 
 
 The Metallurgy of Gold. Rose. (3;). 
 
 Analyst and Client. Ridsdale. 
 
 Royal Ontario Nickel Commission. Wilgress. 
 
 Frye's Tables for Ascertaining the Value of Gold- 
 Quartz Specimens. Frye. 
 
 Meteorites : Their Structure, Composition and Terres- 
 trial Relations. Farrington. 
 
 The Geology and Mineral Resources of the Zilquarn 
 Goldfielt. Blatchford. (Simpson.) 
 
 The Theory and Practice of Ore Dressing. Wiard. 
 
 (*) 
 
 A Practical Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry 
 of Mining and Mine Ventilation. Walsh, (e). 
 
BABBITT METAL 165 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Microscopical Determination of the Opaque Minerals. 
 Murdock. (d). 
 
 List of References on Concentrating Ores by Flota- 
 tion. Cunningham. (Univ. of Missouri.) 
 
 The Metallography of Steel and Cast Iron. Howe. 
 
 (ft). 
 
 The Flotation Process. McGraw. (b). 
 
 Copper from the Ore to the Metal. Pickard. (v). 
 
 Foundryman's Reference Book. Bowe. (Eagle Print- 
 ing Co.) 
 
 The Corrosion of Iron. Wilson. (Eng. Mag.) 
 
 Oxy- Acetylene Welding and Cutting. Manly. (Drake 
 & Co.) 
 
 Oxy-Acetylene Welding. Miller. (Indust. Press.) 
 
 Brass Moulder. Purves. 
 
 The Flotation Process. Rickard. (nt). 
 
 Coal Miners' Pocketbook. (&). 
 
 Concentrating Ores by Flotation. Hoover, (f). 
 
 The World's Minerals. Spencer. (Stokes Co.) 
 
 Microscopic Examination of Steel. Fay. (d). 
 
 Mining World Index of Current Literature. Sisley. 
 (Chicago Mining World Co.) 
 
 LTndustrie de L'Acier en France. Tribot-Laspiere. 
 
 Oxy-Acetylene Practice. Kehl. (Am. Tech. Soc.) 
 
 Automobile Welding with Oxy-Acetylene Flame. Dun- 
 ham. (0). 
 
 The Story of Bethlehem Steel. Cotter. (Moody Mag. 
 Book Co.) 
 
 American Hydroelectric Practice. Taylor, (b). 
 
 Electro-platers Handbook. Weston. (Drake & Co.) 
 
 Testing for the Flotation Process. Fahrenwald. (c). 
 
 The Cementation of Iron and Steel. Giolitte. (Iron 
 Age Book Dept.) 
 
166 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Traite General du Commerce des Minerals et Metaux. 
 
 Pitaval and Ganet. 
 
 Flotation. Rickard and Ralston, (w). 
 Non-technical Charts on Iron and Steel and Their 
 
 Application to Modern Industry. Spring. (Stokes.) 
 La Metallurgie Francaise. Cavalier. 
 Lead and Zinc in the United States. Ingalls. (b). 
 The Principles, Operations and Products of the Blast 
 
 Furnace. Johnson, (b). 
 Matte Melting. Lang. (b). 
 Metallurgy of Tin. Louis, (b). 
 La Situation de Notre Metallurgie. Manduit. 
 Nature of Ore Deposits. Beck. (b). 
 Gold Deposits in the Rand. Horwood. (y). 
 The Heat Treatment of Steel. Brearly. (k). 
 Shop and Foundry Management. Dean. (Iron Age 
 
 Book Dept.) 
 
 High Speed Steel. Becker, (b). 
 A Practice Book in Elementary Metallurgy. Thum. 
 
 id). 
 
 Popular Oil Geology. Ziegler. (Merrifield.) 
 Getting Gold. Johnson. (Thacher & Co.) 
 Sheet Metal Work. Neubecker. (Amer. Tech. Soc.) 
 A Manual of Geometrical Crystallography. Butler. 
 
 (<o. 
 
 The Cyanide Process : Its Control and Operation. 
 
 Fahrenwald. (d). 
 Metallurgical Study of the Steel Base as Related to 
 
 Galvanizing. White. (Matthews Northrup Works.) 
 A Handbook of Briqueting. Vol. II. Briqueting of 
 
 Ores, Metallurgical Products, Metal Swarf and 
 
 Similar Material Including Agglomeration. Franke. 
 
 (y)- 
 
BABBITT METAL 167 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Carbon and Alloy Tool Steels. Ludlum Steel Co. 
 Les Metaux et Leur Conditions D'Emploi dan LTn- 
 
 dustorie Moderne. Obertle. 
 
 Metallhuttenbetriebe. 2d Vol. Nickel. Borchers. 
 Mineral Enterprise in China. Collins. (Heinemann.) 
 A Pocket Handbook of Minerals. Butler, (d). 
 Le Guide du Soudeur et les Applications de L'Oxygene. 
 
 (L'Oxyhydrique Francaise.) 
 Les Gites de fer de Manganese des Environs de Gra- 
 
 chaux. Fournier. 
 
 Petroleum and Terrestrial Emanations. Guareschi. 
 Materials for the Study of Mineral Products of Rus- 
 sia. 6 Vol. (Imperial Academy of Sciences.) 
 Les Roches et Leur filements Mineralogiques. Jan- 
 
 nettaz. (Herman & Sons.) 
 
 Principles of Stratigraphy. Grabau. (Seiler & Co.) 
 The A. B. C. of Iron and Steel with a Directory of 
 
 Iron and Steel Works and Their Products of the 
 
 U.S. and Canada. Brachert. (/>). 
 The Metallography and Heat-Treatment of Iron and 
 
 Steel. Sauveur. (b). 
 British Standard Specifications for Cast Iron Pipes 
 
 and Special Castings for Water, Gas and Sewage. 
 
 (Crosby Lockwood & Son.) 
 The Mining Library, (b). 
 
 Vol. 1 Examination of Prospects. Gunther. 
 
 Vol. 2 Principles of Mining. Hoover. 
 
 Vol. 3 Timbering and Mining. Storms. 
 
 Vol. A Handbook of Mining Details. 
 
 Vol. 5 Details of Practical Mining. 
 
 Vol. 6 The Theory and Practice of Ore Dressing. 
 Wiard. 
 
168 ANALYSIS OF BABBITT 
 
 Metallurgy, etc. (continued). 
 
 Vol. 7 Manual of Underground Surveying. T rum- 
 bull. 
 
 Vol. 8 American Mine Accounting. Charlton. 
 Vol. 9 The Cost of Mining. Finlay. 
 
 Mining Manual and Mining Year Book. 1917. Skin- 
 ner. 
 
 The Ore Deposits of the United States and Canada. 
 Kemp. (b). 
 
 Mining Laws of the British Empire. Alford. (/). 
 
 Ore and Stone Mining. Foster. (/). 
 
 A Dictionary of Spanish and Spanish-American Min- 
 ing. Raise. (/). 
 
 Mineral Wealth of China. Wang. (/).. 
 
 The Mineral Kingdom. Braum and Spencer. (/). 
 
 Mineralogy of Arizona. Guild, (c). 
 
 Copper Mines of the World. Weed. (b). 
 
 Mining Methods in Europe. Mayer, (b). 
 
 International Mining Manual. Western Mining Direc- 
 tory Co. Denver, Col. 
 
 Mineral Resources of the United States. Geological 
 Survey. Annual. Vol. I. Metals, Vol. II. Non- 
 Metals. 
 
 Mines Handbook. A Manual of the Mining Industry 
 of North America. Annual. Stevens Copper Hand- 
 book Co. 
 
 Metallurgy of Iron. Vol. XL Technical Dictionary. 
 (About 5100 words in each of the six languages.) 
 Schlomann. (b). 
 
 Engineering Analysis of a Mining Share. Pickering. 
 
 (). 
 
 The Relative Corrosion of Alloys. Fehr. Amer. Soc. 
 Mech. Eng, Dec. 3-6, 1918. 
 
BABBITT METAL 169 
 
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 g Engineering and Mining Journal (Dec. 1, 1906), 
 
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 h The Mining Journal, London, England. 
 
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 k Longmans, Green & Co., London and New York. 
 
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 o N. W. Henley Publishing Co., New York City. 
 
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 q P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
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 s E. & F. N. Spon, London, England. 
 
 t The Mining Magazine, London, England. 
 
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 v Pitman & Sons, New York City. 
 
 w Technical Publishing Co. 
 
 x Scott, Greenwood & Co. 
 
 y Griffins Publishing Co. 
 
 2 McVey Publishing Co. 
 
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