i'!i"iiii ; i' iiiiiiii; ■,i;i:i.ln;i:i lijiiiiiiiiiiiilipiiliiiiil' I mm 'MM" 4 IMi!!^ fiiiiiijliiillljiilliiiiiliiiiiiiii. !li iiliiii THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES O F H A^ W S T E D, In the County of S U F F O L K. By the Rev. Sir J O H N C U L L U M, Bart, F. R. and A. SS, LONDON, PRINTED BY AND FOR J. NICHOLS, PRINTER TO THE SOCIETY OF ANTiaUARIESj AND SOLD BY ALL THE BOOKSELLERS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELANJJi MDCCLXXXIV. C V ] C^'C^Q ADVERTISEMENT., THE Gompiler of the following pages cannot lay them before- the Public, without expreffing a wifli, that he could have rendered them lefs imworthy of its notice. His materials, as thofe of an individual muft be, were, though not fcanty, yet defective in many particulars, and at various periods ; nor dares he be confident, that of thofe which he poffeffed the beft ufe has been always made. Several little circumftances and hints may have efcaped his attention, which others perhaps would have feized, and happily applied ; and fome of his conclufions may be poffibly thought lefs accurately deduced. He is certain, however, of his defign, which is that of contributing his pittance towards the innocent amufement, and happinefs, of fome of his fellow- creatures. To this purpofe, he has not contented himfelf with tracing the revolutions of property, with drawing out gene- alogies, and giving a lift of the redors of the church ; but has interfperfed, v/herever he was able, Iketches of ancient life and manners ; happy, if in his rambles and refearches as a Topo- graphical Hiftorian, he can allure into his company the Moral I'hilofopher, and make him the afibciate of his journey. He hopes, he has not been entirely difappointed in his views ; and that the Reader of the following compilation will be induced by it to fet a proper value upon his being born in the eighteenth. century, diRinguifhed above all that preceded it 1)y equal and well. A 3 executed G297'7G vi ADVERTISEMENT. executed laws, by civil and religious liberty, and a general civi- lization and philanthropy. It is not indeed prefumed, that the following ilffhy can be fufScient to fet this truth in its full light ; all to which it can pretend is, to fcatter a few rays upon it ; but a County Hiftory, conduded on the fame plan, woidd difplay it in all its fplendor. It may not [)erhaps be improper to add a few words concern- ing the order and dilbibution of this work. The firil: place was thought due to Natural Hiftory, on account of the divine origin of the objefls which it embraces. The fecond was afligned to the Church, as involving many particulars of a facred and re- ligious nature. The proprietors of land, and its cultivation, fell of courfe into the third and fourth. Had the Compiler obferved, that his precurfors in this walk had been unanimous in the ar- rangement of their materials, he would not have ventured to deviate from that plan ; but, as that did not appear to be the cafe, he thought himfelf at liberty to adopt fuch a method as feemed to him moft proper. On the oppofite page are corre6led fome typographical errors, which flrould not have appeared, if a nearer relidence to the prefs had given an opportunity of a repeated corre6tion of the proof- flieets. There remain unnoticed fome few feeming inconfiftencies in orthography, which arofe from the Compiler's adopting that of the Books or MSS. which happened to lie before him at the time of tranfcribing. Harclwick-Houfe, T f^ a6 Jul), 17.4. J« ^» £ vii 3 CORRECTIONS. P. 3.1. 2. before /5«/i infert, the. P. 4. I. 21. rc&A,f erf oliata, P. 9. 1. 19. after I'lij d. infert, »>. P. 27. 1. II. after 5mA infert, 2. 1. 16. expunge, 2. P. 77. 1. 7. read, 1647. P- 87. 1. 12. expunge, et i a lojci, in note 4. read, fumma. P. 95. 1. 20. for tvju read, eleven. P. lOi. 1. 8. read, hife-eftate. P. 116. note i. read, 17. Note 3. 1. I. for or read, /<;?•. P. iig. at the end of note I, read, 324. P. 134, 1. 20. read, Panels. P. 136. note 2. read, achievement. P. 139. 1. 24. after Staff or d'mitxi, and. P. 164. 1.6. after as infert, of. P. 174. 1. 10. read achievements. P. 182. 11. 11, 14. read, ^iligo. V. 184. 1. 4. rezd, £nj7jels. Note 2, 1. 1. read, nnmlers, P. J07. 1. 7. read, average. Directions to the Binder., Plate I. The Church to face page 41. Plate II. Portrait of Mifs Drury, to tace page 146, >J Plate III. Seals, to face page 156. Plate IV. The Portable Altar, to face page 142. The Pedigrees of the Cloptons, the Drury s (which confifts of four parts), and the Cullums, are all properly paged. [ t ] H A W S T E D. CHAP. 1. NATURAL HISTORY. HAWS TED, in Domefday book Haldfted ', is diftant from Bury St. Edmund's, in the county of Suffolk, between 3 and 4 miles to S.W; and from London about 70 to N.E. It is lituated in the Hundred of Thingo, in the archdeaconry of Sudbury, and diocefe of Norwich ; and furrounded by the vil- lages of Nowton, Great Welnetham, Lawlliall, Whepfted and Horningflieath. The bounds pafs through the north and fouth doors of Nowton church. It frequently happens in crowded towns, and fometimes even in the country, that private houfes are fo fituated as to have fome part at leaft of the perambulat- ing cavalcade, pafs through them : but for a facred building in ' In Haldfteda . xxviii . libi homines de . iiii . c tra . 7 Odo tenSc . i . car 7 duo clerici . Alboldus & petrus . 11 .c . 7 Agenetus .xx.ac sep 11 1 . uiii. & XXI .bor . Sep . xiii .c .&. 11 .feru . 7 .xvi .ac pti. Silua de . iii .pore. Hi pot dar & uend tr.fSc sac 7 foe 7 com reman Sco.Sep uat nil. lib .Ecta dc xxx ac libe tra;. fit in long.viii .qr . 7 . vi . in lat .& inget xiii . d. 7 oboL Domefday Book, Fol. 358. a. B the a HISTORY AND ANTI QJU I T I E S [Chap. I. the country to be tluis circumflanced, is, I believe, very unufual "■, Upon the bounds to S. W.grew Ibme years ago a majeftic tree, called the Go/pel Oak : it ftood on an eminence, and commanded an extenfive profpeift. Under the lliade of this the clergyman and his parifliioners ufetl to flop in their annual perambulations, and, lurveying a contiderable extent of a fruitful and well-cul- tivated country, repeat fome prayers proper for the occalion. Domefday book fays this parifh contains 13 carucates, or about I 300 acres ; and is 8 furlongs long and 6 broad. In both thefe particulars it is much beneath the truth: it contains about 2000 acres ; and if we double the length and breadth, we fliall a])proach nearer its real dimenfions. The furface of the ground is diverfified with thofe gentle in- equalities fo pleafing to the eye, and in this country io favour- able to agriculture. The foil is a light-coloured ilrong loam, by Nature fertile in paftures and timber; and by cultivation, pro- ducing plentifully every vegetable for the ufe and pleafure of man which the climate will permit. The oak, afli, and maple, are the predominant timber-trees ; and thefe are probably the only original natives. The lime, fycomore, poplar, broad and narrow-leaved elm, beach, walnut-tree, Scotch and fpruce fir, oriental and occidental plane-trees (of which only the poplar, beach, Scotch fir and elms ' are indigenous of Great Britain), thrive as well as if they were the natural produce of the place. The [)lane-trees deferve fome notice, efpecially the firft fort, which is a native of the Levant, was cultivated near ancient Rome with an excefs of fondnefs, and introduced info England ' There was a chapel en a bridge in Droltwich, Worccfterlhire, through which the high turnpilce-road pafied, till wiihin a very few years ; and the congregation fitting on one fide of the king's v^ay, heard the preacher from his pulpit on the other. The congregation obtained leave to take the chapel down about 1763, on condition of building another in a better fituation; but thi5, like other public works, was fo badly executed pf biick, that it is almoft ufclefs already. Nafh's W'orC. 1. 329. ' It has been doubted whether the narrow-leaved elm be a native of England. Sec Mr. Barrington in Phil. Tranf. i7('9j vol. LIX. art. 5. .3 ^y Chap. I.] OFHAWSTED. 3 by lord Bacon, who died in 1627, There are three of them en rather a dry fpot a little to fouth of the Place : the largeit is 9 feet 10 inches in circumference at 3 feet above the ground ; the others are not much fmaller : all of them at the height of about 8 feet divide into branches, which fpread every way near 20 feet from the trunk. The original ones at Gorhambury are now no more: thefe are probably not much their juniors, nor ex- ceeded by many in England. One of the latter fort, not far from the others, and alfo on an elevated fpot, has fliot up to the height of about 60 feet, with a ilrait round Item that meafures 6| feet in circumference at 3 feet above the ground. It is a brit- tle tree, its branches being frequently Ihattered by the wind. This, fays Mr. Evelyn, who calls it the Well-Indian plane, and who wrote his difcourfe of foreft-trees in 1662, is not altoge- ther fo rare as the other : yet Johnfon, who republiflied Ge- rarde's Herbal in 1636, mentions only the firft fort; of which one or two young ones were then growing with Mr. Tradefcant. Some wild cherry-trees (Prunus Avium) have alfo thriven in a hedge-row near the Place to a confiderable fize : one about 40 feet high meafures 5 feet in circumference at 3 feet above the ground. Some apple orchards thrive well; and cyder is fome- times made, but not excellent. But even the bell: liquor of that kind would be very ill reliflied by the common people in this barley-bearing county. To thefe more majeftic productions of vegetation is fubjoined a lift of thole of more humble growth. Some of them are me- dicinal; fome rare; and few of them perhaps fo com.mon as to be found in all parts of the kingdom. Whatever they be, they form part of that gay robe with which the earth is inverted : and though we may not be able to difcover all their ufes, at leaft; they are too beautiful and various to be trampled on unheeded. Great^ wild Valerian {Valeriana off".) m moift fliady places. Wild Teafel {Dipfacus Fullonum fyh.) "1 • , , Small wild Teafel {Dipfacus pilojui) J "' ^^^^g^s. "i 2 Little HISTORY AND AN T I Q^U I TIES [Chap;i; Little Field Madder {Sherardia arv.) in corn. Woodroof {Afperula odor tit a) in Ihady places. Gromwell {Lithofpermum off.) by the road-fides. Moneywort {Lyfimachia nutmnidarid) in molft places. Sage-leaved black Mullen {l^erbafcum nigruni) by the road-fides> The greater Periwincle (Vinca major') in hedges. Deadly Nightfhade {Jiropa Belladonna) in hedges. Great Throatwort {Campanula Tracheliiwi) in hedges. Autumnal Gentian {Gcnliana Amarella) In paftures. Sanicle {San'tcida Kiiropaa) in woods. Thorough- wax {Biipleurum roUindi folium) in corn. Wild Angelica (^Angelica fylvejlris) in woods. Baftard Stone-Parfley {S'ijon Amoinuni) in Iiedges. Earth Nut {Bunium Bulbocajlanum) in paflures. Water Hemlock (^Phellandrium aquaticum). Great Burnet Saxifrage {Pimpinella major) in woods. Purging Flax {Lhmm Caiharticmn) in pallures. Mouletail (^Myo funis minimus) in paftures. Chequered Daffodil, or Fritillary (Fritillaria Aleleagris) in meadov/s.. ' Meadow Saffron (ColchJciim aiitumnale) in meadows. Yellow Centaury (C/S/or^/)/^//^/^) in paftures. White Sengreen (Saxifraga granulata) in paftures. Night-flowering Catch-fly {Sdene no5tijlora) in corn. Orpine, or Live-long {Sediim Telephium) in paftures. Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetofella). Agrimony {Agrimonia E'lpatorium) in hedges. Wild l^arklpur {jDAphinium Confol'.dd) in corn. Common Columbines {^Ajuilegia vtdg.) in hedges. Great Baftard" Hellebore (H ikborus fcetidus) in woods. Crefted Cow-wheat (^Mclampyriim crijlatiim) in woods and paftures.- Wild Succory (Cichorium Intybus) by the road-fides. Dwarf Carline Thiftle (Cardiius acaulos) m paftures. Ploughman's Spikenard (Coniza fquarroja) in hedges. Panfies, or Heart's-enle (J^iola Tricolor) in corn. Green Man-orchis (Opbrys Anthropophora) on dry grafiy banks. Bee OrzKis {Ophrys apij'era) in paftures.' i;. - Burnet {Foterium Janguiforbd) in paftures. Crolwort, or Mugweed {Vahintia criiciatd) in hedges. Rough Horfe-tall, or Shave- grafs {Eqiiifetiim byeviale) In woods. Adder's Tongue [pphioglojjum vulgatmn) in paftures. Hart's I'ongue {^Alpkniiim Scolopcndiwri) in fiiadv hedges. White Chap. I.} a 't}' '^ X \V '%'' T^-^ ^ ' 5 White Maiden-hair (^Afplenhwi Ruta muraria) on the church, and old walls about the Place. Male and female Polypody {Poly podium Mas et Fern.') in (hady hedges. Morel (^Phallus ejculcntus') in Ihad^ places. Crimfon Cup Peziza (^Pezizr^ cocdnea) on half-rotten flicks in fhady hedges. " BerieatTi the upper coat of black vegetable mould, produced by cultivation, and the flicceffive decay of vegetables, appears the natural foil, a light-coloured loam, which the natives call a clay '. Of this are made threfliing-floots, now not much ufed for wheat; as alfo a- goOd'mortar, or'danbirlg, for the walls of houfes ; fo that if bricks were made here, as they ufed to be'j there would be few fpots that produce -more hiaterais towards building a comfortable cottage for a poor m^n. At about id feet deep the loam becomes'^of a very deep blue dolour, arid fO continiies for about 30 feet, ' beyond which I believe the j^ick-ak has 'not reached; for there are no wells in the higher fpOts of the village. In both thefe llrata are found fmall fnake-ftones ( Helmintholithus Ammonites) , crow-ftones (H,ehninthoUthus Gryphi- UsJ, and imall irregular fragments of chalk almoll as hard as lime-done. Of g^:;av,el,) there is but li;ttie;. and that fine, and greafy, ^ood neither for the road?, nor gardeUiWalks. ~: Some pretty rivulets wind through the meadows ; and fprings rjfe (indifcrimiuatety in.the.highell: and . lowefl grounds, l^he Plac€f that Hands high,,, is fupplied by a fpring that rifes flill higher at.fome diflanc'C: from it : and in a low part of the lane that leaxils from 'the. Green towa/rds Whepiled, is another that rifes to. a; level with the(-ro which Chap. I.] OF H A W S T E D. 7 which produced 22 children; not one of which died under two years of age. In great cities, I beheve about one third that are born are fwept away under that age. The moft fatal period here feems the firft year. CHAP. IL THE CHURCH, AND RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS AND CEREMONIES. THE church is a redlory endowed with the great and fmall tithes, fubje6l only to one modus, which will be men- tioned hereafter. Its annual outgoings are ; /. s. d. Tenths (with acquittance 6fi^.) - - 142^ Procurations due to the archdeacon of Sudbury at"! „ Eafter, - - . ' /o 8 7. One fy nodal due to the bifliop of Norwich at the") r • / • , • JN ^014 lame time (with acquittance 4<2.) - \ I 14 2 Procurations due to the bifliop on his vifitation (with"i , acquittance /^d.') - - j 5 6^ It S^ H I S T O R Y ANB ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. II. , J[|:-\YQulfltbc;T,mg9lJ^|)l?,, gR^ pqrhaps.tecli(|n,is, to give a minute, and .jcputji^^j^ ecdeftafl:ical,,^^fLory.pf; ^. private church. All that is here ^tt^-iiopted, is,- to arrangein chronological order fuch notices en the fubjedt as the author has been able to colledt. We learn from Domefday Book (which was compiled betw^een the years 1081 and 1086) that here was a church at that time : a benefit which, from the filence of that record in this particu- lar, it is probable feveral villages did not then enjoy. And that this village enjoyed it, might perhaps be ov^'ing to the neigh- bouring monaftery of St. Edmnnd, which was now grow'n to great power and wealth ; for all thefe religious foundations dif- fufed, as far as their influence reached, every kind of civiliza- tion. Its polieliion in land was then 30 acres, to which, it is remarkable, fcarcely any addition has lince been made. It has been uninterruptedly appendant to the principal manor from the earlieft times of which we have any record to the prefent : for in 1272 the abbot of Bury St. Edmund's, in right of his ward- Ihip of Euftace Fitz-Thomas, the principal lord of the village, let the manor, and advowfon, to William de Clifford, the king's efcheator, during the minority, in which time the church hap- pened to become vacant, and Clifford prefented to it. The church, as to its prefent flru6ture, is of no antiquity ; nor are there any documents of its ancient ftate ; the defcription of it therefore fliall be pofbponed to the end of this divifion of the work. In 1255, when Walter bifliop of Norwich drew up, by com- mand of the pope, the firll account of the value of all the church preferments in England (called from him the Norwich taxation) Hawfted was thus rated. Snaylwell ' xxij mrc. Hauftede — xx mrc '. " What Snaylwell means is uncertain ; it occurs regularly dirough the archdea- conries of Sudbury and Suffolk, and fcems to imply a different taxation : it was fol- lowed twice afterwards. Ilarl. MSS. In Chap- II.l O F II AW S T E D. 9 In 1281 Cecilia, the widow of Willkiin Talmache, who h?.d been of confequence enough to give name to a manor here, died, and left her fi)n WiUiam, and Gilbert de Melton, chaplain', hei* executors ; the latter with a legacy of LiiJ j". iiij d. In thefe early times, and indeed much later, ecclefiaftics had great power over mankind : for, exclufive of that fuperiority, which the lettered will always have over the unlettered, their religious character, as well as the laws in their favour, gave them an opportunity of ac- quiring a ftrong influence over the human mind. They could not, however, be executors of teftaments without the licence of the ordinary; fo that in the prefent ini^ance a permiffion of that fort muft have been procured. The will itfelf of Cecilia is not extant : but Ibme particulars of it, as well as fome religious cuf- toms of the time, may be colledfed from the chaplain's account, who appears to . have been the acting executor, and the tlate of whofe receipts and expences, moft fairly written, is in my pof- feffion. The following items are taken in the order they occur. The offerings and dinner of a carter, and two days, on Ealler- day, iiij 6?. that is, an 0^. each for their offerings, and }«'. each for their repaft. The offerings made by matters for their fer- vants frequently occur ; lb that it (liould feem to have been a cuf- torn. Of the daye, who was an inferior fervant, fomething will be faid hereafter. The allowance for a repaft was probalily be- caufe they were not domeftics, and fo did not partake of the fef- tivity of the fealbn at the houfe. Wax, that is, wax-candles, bought for the executors and their fervants againft the feaft of the purification of the Lady Mary, \i]d. This feftival was on the 2d of February, and celebrated with abundance of candles, both in churches and procefiions, in memory, as is fuppofed, of our Saviour's being on that day de- clared, by old Simeon, to be " a Light to lighten the Gentiles." On ' A chaplain {capcUaniis) was the afliftant, or curate, to the redlor. C this lo HISTORY AND ANTI Q_U I T I E S [Chap. IL this day were confecrated all the tapers and candles which were to be ufed in the church during the year. Hence it was alfo called Candle-mas-day ; a name itill familiar to us. To the facrift of St. Mary's church at Bury, to pray for the lady's foul, ijd. One mafs celebrated for the foul of the lady, and a ringing for her foul at Hawfted, ujd. The fame at Bury, mjd. The ringing of bells was no inconfiderable part of the ceremony at ancient funerals, and is ftill continued among us. The defign of it was, that the living might be put in mind to pray for the foul of the departed. Old wills abound with lega- cies for thefe ringings. A pair of flioes to a prieft for affifting Gilbert the chaplain in celebrating mafs for the lady's foul, ijd. A pair of flioes, as well as of gloves, feems to have been a common prefent of old. In one of archbifliop Mepham's conftitutions in 1328, where mention is made of thofe who obftru61:ed the payment of tithes, it is faid, *' others confume and carry away, or caufe damage ta be done to fuch tithes, unlefs gloves or flioes be firft given or promifed them '." Our anceftors, when they ordered religious fervices to be per- formed for their fouls, not only left money, but frequently alfo vidiuals and drink, to the performers. In a will dated 1506 is this : *' Item, I will myn executors, as fone as it may come to ther knowledg that I am dede, that they make a drynkyng for my foule to the value of \]s. viij^/. in the church of Sporle *." In 15 26, vj". were left for bread and bale \.q be fpent in the porch (that is, chapel) of St. John, after the Dirige ^ And in 1531, land was tied by will for brewing 6 bufliels of malt^ baking 3 bulliels of wbeaty and buying ij s. worth of cheefe, annually on the Monday in Eafter week, for the relief and comfort of the * Jolinfon's Eccl. Laws, 1328, 7. ^ Hift. Norf. vol.111, p. 443. ^ Hift. Weftm. and Cumb. vol. I. p. 613., pa-» Ch.^p. 11.] OF H A W S T E D. 1 1 l)ariflnoners of Gaiblciliani, " tlicre being a dirige," fays the tcf- tator, *' on the Hud Monday, to pray for my foulc '." Thcfc re- pass at funerals, and at other memorials for the dead, were cha- ritably defigned, as is exprelied in the laft extratTt, for the relief and comfort of the poor, who were doubtlefs expected to affiit with their prayers : it is probable, however, that they often ended, as many feftivities do, in a manner very little akin to the piety with which they began. The cuftom, however, will explain the reafon of the various articles of food that occur among the following items, ranged under the title of, '^ Monies paid to divers perfons for divers things bought for the funeral of the lady Cecilia." To Henry Belcher, of Bury St. Edmund's, for fifli and herrings, ix/. To Allan Fouks for pikes ' and eels fpih et anguillis) xxvj j-. For cups and diflies, &;c. xiv s. vij d. ob. To Thomas Fitz-Tho- mas, of Heyham, for rabbits, xijj". To Ralph le Smeremonger for meat (came) xxj". To Adam le Seper Cook for poultry (vo- latilibus) iijj. in part. To bailiff Alexander de Walfliam for xvj geefe, iiijj". viij^. To John Stowe for wine, xxxiijj, \]d. To a baker of Bury St. Edmund's for waftle bread to make mor- terels ' (pro gajlellis emptis die fepulturc domine pro morter el/is inde faciendis) iijV. The bakers at Bury had 2 quarters and 2 bufliels of wheat de- livered them to make bread for the poor there. ' Hid. Norf. vol. 1. p. lS^ ' This is an inftance of this fi(h being in England long before the reign of Henry VIII. when it is faid to have been firfl: introduced. The author alfo of Fleta, who wrote in this reign, mentions it ; and bccaufe the pailage is curious, 1 will tran- fcribe it : " Pifcarias fuas quifque difcretus Brefmiis et Perchiis faciet inftaurari ; fed non de lupls aqiiaticis, Tenchiis vel Anguillis, qui effufionem Pifcium nituntur devorare." L. ii. c. 73. ^ A niorterel was made of waftel bread (which was one of the better forts) and milk. It was one of the melTes for the poor people of St. Crofs's Hofpital near Wincheftcr. Lowth's Life of Wykeham, p. 68. C a To 12 HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U I T I E S [Chap. II. To Thomas Battesford for cloth for black coats, xxxj". in part. To Thomas Fuller for white cloth for the poor, xvj-. in part. To John Camp, of Bury St, Edmund's, furrier, for furs for the black coats, viijj. xji^. To John de Northfolck for mending the cloaths of the poor people, iiij s. To Margery Ely for beer ' for the burial, xixi. xjc/. The cloathing of the poor was a judicious a£l of charity, as it could not well be abufed. We fliould now, indeed, think that a black coat bellowed on a poor perfon wanted not the addition of fur : fuch however was the fafliion of the time ; and a fump- tuary law of 37 Edw. III. allows handicraft and yeomen to wear no manner of furre nor of bugg, but onely lambe, coney, catte, and foxe. If this comfortable provifion was made for the bodies of the l^oor, the following charges fliew that no fmall coft was beftowed on the lady's own perfon. To the chandler (candelario) of Bury St. Edmund's in part, ixj". \]d. To John Sencle of the fame, for wax and divers fpices, iiij/. iiijj-. \]d. To Alexander Wcftlee of the fame, for fine linen and filk, and other neceffaries for attir- ing the lady's body (profmdone etferico et aliis neceJJ arils pro cor- pore domine attiliando') xxxijj. The chandler was the perfon who made and applied the cere- cloth. Elizabeth Tudor, fecond dauG;hter of Henrv VII. was cered by the wax- chandler "•. And in a MS. ceremonial of the funeral of queen Mary, daughter of Hen. Vlll. in the College of Arms, we are told that the officers of the chaundry, and the clerks of the fpicery, came and cered the queen with linen cloth, It is well known that the art of brewing was formerly exercifcd by women ; as it is to this day in Wales. See Mr. Barrington on the more ancient Statutes, p. 54. Du Cange has atti/;'um and attili^mentum for the attelage, equipage, or har- nois of horfes, and other hearts of draught, and of fliips. The verb does not occur. I know not how to tranflate it better. ' Dart's Weftm. Abb. vol. II. p. 2?. 3 wax, Chap. II.] OF H A W S T E D. 13 wax, and v/ith a number of fpices very coftly '. Thefe quota- tions fufiiciently illuftrate the meaning and delign of the hiil: three articles. The iilk was probably defigned as an envelope for the corpfe after it was embalmed. This embalming, when confidered as performed for a private perfon, is a ftriking inrtance of the colli y extravagance of fu- nerals at this time. The bills relative to it (and one of them not fully paid) am.ount to vj/. vj-. i'ujd. Nov/ this year, which was not a cheap one, tlie higheft price of wheat was iiijj. \n}d. a quarter. Rating it therefore at the average price of iiijj". \}d. this embalming coft as much money as would purchafe about xxviij quarters of wheat, which at this time are worth about Ix/. The ftipend to Sir ^ Gilbert de Melton, chaplain, for celebrat- ing maffes for the lady's foul, from Ealler to Michaelmas, xxxiijj". iiijfl'. This Vvould purchafe juft 200 maifes, at ijV. each. A mafs and a ringing was iij. HISTORY AlwD A N T I QJJ I T I E S [Chap. II. *' Town, ill the county of Cornwall, begun the ad day of May *' 1778." From a copy of thefe, with which the landlord him- felf prefented me in 1779, I fliail fele6t a few particulars, which have fuch an air of ancient piety and rude limplicity, that they might well pais for the ordinances of a guild 3 or 4 centu- ries ago. The grand objec5l of the fociety is by a monthly contribution of I J-, by every member, to provide for fuch of the body as fhall be fick or infirm. *' If any member fhall be affli6ted with the venereal difeafe or " itch, or fliall receive any hurt by attending /muggier s^ officers^ " bailiff's J or through drunkennefSy quarrelling^ or any other thing *' of his own feeking, he fliall receive no benefit for fuch mis- " fortune from the club. " Every member is to attend \.\iQ funeral (the expence of which " is not to exceed 3 pounds) of a deceafed member; and is to " meet an hour before the time appointed for the funeral, to at- *' tend the corpfe to church and interment^ then return to the club- ** room^ andfpend two-pence each member, then depart the room *' on forfeiture of three-pence. " No bailiff, bailiff's follower, foldier, major's ferjeant, or ap- *' paritor of the fpiritual court, fliall be admitted a member. " If any member appear in the club-room difguijed in liquor ** he fliall forfeit fix-pence. ** If on any extraordinary occafion the flewards fliall fummon " all the fociety together, each member fliiall then, and at all *' other times, expend for his club two-pence. "If SLTij Ui&xnhf^Y JJjall profanely curfe or /wear ^ he fliall for- " feit fix-pence for each offence therein. If any member fliall " brazvl,, fing fongs, or refufe to keep filence at the fteward's " command, he fliall forfeit four- pence. If any member fliall ^^ give fcurrilous and abujive language to any other member, he " fliall Chap. II.] OF H A W S T E D. 2.3 *' ihall forfeit fix-pence. If any member fhall Jlrike another " member in the club-room in club hours, he Hiall forfeit five *' fhillings, or be excluded. If any member fliall be giiitiy of " theft, he Iliall be immediately excluded : or if any member '' fliall live a fcandalom and bafe manner of life, he ihall be ** excluded. " The fociety fliall have an annual feaft on 25 Jvme (except " it happens on a Sunday, and then on the day following) at the " houfe of the faid John Treeve, where every member fliall *' meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon, and then proceed in an or- " derly manner to the parijh church of Sennen to hear a fermon, *' preached by the minifter, who fliall be allowed half a guinea *' for the fame ; then return in the fame manner to the club- ** houfe, where a dinner is to be provided at one fliilling a head : " the expence of the whole day, including dinner, is not to ex- " ceed one fliilling and fix-pence. " No woman to be admitted a member of the fociety, nor fJoall " come into the room in club-hours, the miftrefs or the maid of " the houfe excepted, or to pay for an abfent member, and to ** depart in a quarter of an hour : and // they abufe any member, " the perfon who was the caufe of their coming fliall forfeit *' three-penoi." It would be curious ta contraft with the above fome extrads from the code of laws, by which fome of the clubs in the neigh- bourhood of St. James's are regulated. In 1536, Henry VIII. caufed a valuation of all ecclefiaf"ical preferments in England to be made. This re£lory was then rated at xj/. xvjj. x^. ob. its prefent valuation in the king's books. About the fame time a compofition probably took place between the patron and the reiStor for the tithes of the park, which was enclofed in this reign. In the reign of Elizabeth, the payment was a buck and doe, in lieu of tithes for the dcmefne lands. Af- 4 terwards 24 HISTORY AND A N T I Q_U I T I E S [Chap. II. terwards vij/. a year, under the name of a modus. Since the park has been converted into a farm, fo much of it has been broken up, that vij/. a year becomes nearly an adequate compo- fition for the tithes of the remaining paftures, for which only, and not for the demefne lands in general, the modus has, for this lait century, been underltood to be paid. To anfwer a pri- vate purpofe, the mention of this modus was omitted in the ter- rier made about 60 years ago, and preferved in the church cheft. It was however acknowledged by my predecelTor ; and will, I trull, be never thought an object worth difputing. Alice Seniar, widow, of the town of Hawfted, in 1552? be- queathed to her fifter Anas, x\s. of lawful money of England, and her beft gown and beft kirtle '. To Cecily, the faid lifter's daughter, a red petticoat. To Hawfted church, to the building of the roof, xs. To eleven poor houfeholders in Hawfted, which fhe named to the re6tor thereof, xis. To John Baker's daugh- ter, god-child to her hufband, xij d. Alfo to Sir WilUam Sebot-. foriy parfon of Hawfted, her curat, -yi^d. WitnelTes, William Se- botibn, and John Macrow, of Hawfted. Proved in the church of Fornham St. Martin before Thomas Symonds, clerk, commiflary and official within the archdeaconry of Sudbury, 17 06t. 1552. Rofe Sparke, of the townlhip of Haulfted, widow, in 1553 dire6ted her executors to beifow at her xxx"" day ^ xxj-. with mafs and dirige : and that poor people lliould have other xxj. among them fliortly after her xxx'" day. She bequeathed to Rofe Sparke, her fon Rauf's daughter, a bullock, a brafs pot, and ' The kirtle was the garment under the mantle. The latter was a loofe cloak faflcned at the neck or breart. Even our betl lexicographer has called them both upper garments. The difference is well afcertained by Sandford, in his Geneal. Hiit. p. 322. ' Called, month's day, in the will of Margaret ccuntefs of Richmond. Elfe- where, month's mind. her Chap. II.] O K H A VV S T E D. «5 her fecond gown. To Roger Cowper, her godfon, ijj\ To Ro- bert Sparke, her fon, her beft feather-bed, with all thereto be- longing. To young John Sparke, her grandfon, her fecond belt feather-bed, with all thereto belonging. To Audrey, Agnes, and Robert Sparke, her grand-children, a cow amongft them. To her fon John her buffed floor. To Rauf her fon's wife, her beft kirtle. To her lifter Anne, her round gown. To John Sparke's wife, her beft hook % To a grand-daughter, her fecond hook. She made her fon Robert executor, and Thomas Cowper to be to hym a guide and a helper, and to fee her will fulfilled. Witnefs, William Sebotfon, her curate, Rauf Sparke, Edmund Randall. Gyles WyfRn of Hawfted, hufbandman, being of whole mynde and perfect remembrance, for which he thanked Almigh- ty God, made his laft will in 1554, and directed the charges of his funeral to be done honeftly by thediredtion of his executors. He bequeathed to the high altar, for his tithes forgotten and neg- ligently paid, iijj. iiij^y. After leaving his principal property to his wife and children, he adds : Item, I give to Alice Stuarde, my god-daughter, to the preferment of her marriage, \]s. v\\}d. And to Elen Stuarde, her fifter, a yearling calfe for a remem- brance. The refidue of my goods, cattels, with all my ftuff of houfeholde and utenfells, I give wholly to Elyn my wife, to bring me honeftly to the yerthe, and paying my deils. And I will alfo, and charge my faid wife, that fl^e kepe, or caufe to be kept, a yearly obyt for my fowle, by the fpace of three years next after my deceafe, expending yearly for the fame vj. And ' A buffed flool is an oval wooden ftool without a back. A hole is generally cut in the feat for the convenience of taking it up. Common in country- houfes. Ufed alfo to fet a child's coffin upon in church, ^ The hook, worn at the bottom of the ftays, is dill in ufe, to regulate the fit- ting of the apron. E I make 26 HISTORY AND ANTiaUITIES [Chap. ir» I make and ordayne executors the fame Elyn my wife, and Mar- ten Gyllye; and Edmund my foa to be fupravifor ; and I give to every of them for their labour and paynes iijj. iiij^. Thefe be- ing wytnefs, Sir William Eglyn, clerke, William Adams, Henry Wyxe, Thomas Rutlecke, and Edmund Matyward, with other^ And in further wytnefs hereunto I have put my feale. Thomas Green of Hawfted, hufbandman, in April 1555, be- queathed his foul to Almighty God, and all the company in hea- ven, without one religious legacy. John Macrow, of the townlhip of Hawfted, hufbandman, in Auguft 1557, bequeathed his foul to Ahnighty God, and to his bleffed Mother, our Lady Saint Mary, and to all the company in heaven. He gave to the high altar, for his tithes and oblations forgotten, x'ljd. He had property at Hawfted, Great Welnetham and Bury ; at which latter he gave his houfe and yard to Robert his fon. His wife's name was Alice, to whom, among other things, he gave one of his beft pots, the bed he lay on at that linie, and a chyft with all that was in it, except a payre of beades that was his firft wife's, and which he gave to Anne, his daugh- ter. He has no particular religious bequeft, faying only at laft, " the rcfidew of my goods not gyven or bequethed, I put them " to the difpolicion of mine executors." William Sebotfon, par- fon of Hawfted, was one of the witneiTes. A pair of beads mentioned above was a fet of ftrung beads^ which our anceftors ufed as a mechanical help to afcertain the number of their prayers. They had their name from a Saxoa word, which fignifies to pray. Sometimes they were called a pair of Pater-nofters. A pair, or fet, confifted of various num- bers of pieces from 30 to 70, and perhaps more; befides that, every tenth was fucceeded by one larger and more embelliQied than the reft ; thefe larger ones were called gaudes. So Eleanor, duchefs Chap. IL] OFHAWSTED. t^ duchefs of Gloncefler, who died in 1399, bequeathed a pair of Pater-nofters of 50 pieces of coral, with 5 gaudes of gold ' ; an- other pair of 30 pieces, with 4- gaudes of jet; a gaude begin- ning and finifhing the fet. So Chaucer, Of fmall coral about her arm fhe bare A pair of bedis, gaudld all with green. They were alfo frequently worn dependant from the girdle, as may be feen in fome old portraits, and in monumental fculptures; of the latter I have fac-limiles, which dillindlly fhew the gaudes. Even the girdle itfelf, when ftudded, feems anciently to have ferved for a pair of beads ; as 1 have been informed fome fin- ger-rings have done when fet round with ftones. The gaudes were for Pater-nofters, the common beads for Ave Maries. Thefe devotional trinkets were often bleffed by the pope, and as fuch were forbidden to be brought into the realm, 1 3 Eliza- beth \ Some of them are ftill preferved in the cabinets of the curious : they are of various materials and workmanfliip ; fome are extremely valuable ; particularly a fet belonging to the duchefs dowager of Portland, who poffeffes an immenfe collection of curiofities both natural and artificial, with an intelligence ex- celled by none. It conlifts of 3 2 pieces, which are plum-ftones about half an inch long, on which are exquilitely carved the heads of Roman emperors, heathen deities, &c. from antiques. The loweft reprefents the buft of a pope, on whofe cope are the figures of St. Peter and St. Paul, executed with fuch minutenefs and delicacy as to require and well bear a glafs. This pope is fuppofed to be Clement VII. to whom thefe beads are faid to have belonged, and which are judged to have been the work of Benvenuto Cellini. ' Royal Wills, p. 180, 182. * John fon's Ecclel". Laws, 816, 10. E a Sir 28 HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U I T I E S [Chap. II. Sir William Drury, in Dec. 1557, bequeathed his foul to Al- mighty God, our Lady Saint Mary, and to all the holy compa- ny of heaven ; and his body to be buried in the church of Hawfted, after and according to his degree, by the diredlion of his executors. It is needlefs to give any more extracfts from wills, as thofe- already adduced fufficiently delineate the manners of the times, as far as they can be collecSled from thefe documents : and as the reformation of religion, which was foon to be confirmed, oblitcr rated their leading chara6ler, and threw them much into that call in which they at prefent appear. In perufing the above wills, the circumftance that muft firfl: ftrike, is the abundant piety that pervades almoft every one of them. They generally begin with a legacy to the high altar, and conclude with leaving the refidue to be difpofed of in works of chanty, according to the difcretion of the executors. With regard to the kind offices that were to be performed for the fouls of the deceafed, the teftators feem to have fliewn as great a var- riety of fancy, as they could have done in their drefs, or the fur- niture of their houfcs ; fcarcely any two agreeing in the fame mode of thefe religious fervices. That they flioukl be extreme- ly felicitous about, their performance cannot be. wondered at, when we confider of how great value they were taught to believe them. The falvation of the foul was thought to depend upon them. And even if fome of better uuderftanding had harboured feme doubts about their efficacy ; ftill the expedation of being barely remembered after death, is fo loothing and flattering to the hur man mind, that we cannot be furprized at the care and expence bellowed upon thefe pofthumous attentions. We lliould there- fore be referved in our cenfures on this cultom of our ancellors : if we cannot but pity their too eafy faith in believing that the prayers of the living could benefit the fouls of the dead, ftill however Chap. II.] OFHAWSTED. 49 however we muft allow that they gratified one of the fondeft Miihes of the heart of man, that of furviving, as long as we can, in the memory of others. With this view, we flill eredi taour departed friends the monument in the church, or the ftill more perifhable memorial in the church-yard, in hopes that our furvivors will beftow the fame upon us : and the ancient month's mind, wdien divefted of all fuperftition, and the modern mourn- ing-ring, both fpeakthe fame language. Befides, though prayers for the dead could do them no fervice, they might ilill be ufeful to the living. For the perfon who prays with earneflnefs and devotion for another, muft neceffarily reduce his mind to fuch a ferious and collected ftate, as muft be very favourable to his own fpiritual welfare ; fo much truth is there in the old rhyming diftich 'y Qui pro alio orat> Pro fe laborat. It is far from my intention to become the apologift for prayers for the deceafed : I would only fet them in their proper light. The unprejudiced part of mankind have no doubts of their in- efficacy to the purpofe dcfigned. They were often performed (if we may judge from what may now be obferved in Catholic countries) in a manner very far from devout ; and money was frequently left for them, which ought to have defcended to iie- celiitous relations. The thanking the Almighty for the bleffing of a found un- derlfanding, when a man was about to perform one of the moft ferious ads of his life, was furely not an ill-timed gratitude. Not lefs proper feems to have been the commendation of the foul to thofe powers, who vvere fuppofed to be the guardians and patrons, of human happinefs, when a deed was to be executed, which was to take effet^ immediately upon the reparation of that fouL fronii •o II IS TORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. 11, tVom the body : an event of the utmofl importance to man, and which generally was likely foon to take place. It feems, as if we now thought, that thefe were the efFulions of an exceflive devotion. Even a bilhop can now make his will without men- tioning the name of God in it : while, by a ftrange perverfenefs, a treaty of peace between two belligerent powers, which, they and all the world know, is nothing but a rope of fand, begins, ^' hi the name of the holy and undivided Trinity." The relationfliip between fponfors and their god-children, who were called fpiritual Jons and daughters^ was formerly efteemed much more facred than at prefent '. The prefents at chriften- ings were fometimes very confiderable : the connedlion lafted through life, and w^as clofed by a legacy. This lad mark of at- tention (even ftill not quite difufed by fome old-fafliioned people) feems to have been thought almoft indifpenlible. For, befides the inftances above-cited, in a will from which no extracts have been given, tlipe teftator left every one of his god-children a bu- fhel of barley. This was in 1469, when the legacy was not worth above iij^. or iiij^. The wifli of our forefathers to be brought honeftly to the earth, and to be buried according to their degree, is now much fallen into difufe. The funeral expences of former times are now diverted into other, perhaps not better, channels. Nothing is now more common than to read of the private interments of perfons of the firft diftindlion. The lifelefs carcafe, it is fiiid, is of no value, and therefore cannot be committed to the ground with too little expence. But furely it was lately the refidence of a noble inhabitant : and we view, and treat with reverence, even the tattered garment of an illuftrious perfon, long fince departed. Befides, though the corpfe itfelf be infenfible of the honours ' There were even fome ecclefiaflical laws that forbad the marriage of fpiritual relations. Johnfon, 740, 129 — 1009. 8 — 1017. 7. 3 beftowed Chap, II.] O F H A W S T E D. 31 beftowed upon it ; flill, however, thofc honours exprefs the grief and refped; of the furviving relations, and may make proper and lading impreffions upon the attendants. A funeral, with all its " pride, pomp, and circumftance," is one of the moft eloquent leflbns of morality. From the very fmall importance of fome of thefe wills, it fliould fcem, that to make a will was the fafliion of the times, and a ceremony thought proper for the laft fcene of life. Other- wife one would have thought, that a dying perfon's requeft to fome of his neareft relations and friends might have fecured the expenditure of a few fliillings for the welfare of his foul. Thus Elizabeth, the widow of Edward IV. feems to have judged this formality necelfary. She exprefsly declares, that flie had been plundered of all her polTeffions by her fon-in-law, Henry VII. and that flie had no worldly goods to do the queen's grace, her deareil: daughter, a plealiire with, nor to reward any of her children : yet fhe makes her teftament with all due folemnity ; appoints three executors, and requefts her daughter the queen, and her fon, the marquis of Dorfet, to put their good-wills and help to its performance '. About the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth, there was a Guftom (not yet quite abolilhed) of recording the funerals of per- fonsof diftinilion in the Herald's College *. Among the entries of this fort is the foUowincr : O Mem. That the right worfliipful Sir Robert Drury, of Haw- fted, in the county of Suffolk, knight, married Anne, daughter of the worfliipful Sir Nic. Bacon, of Redgrave, in the county of ' Royal Wills, p. 350. * The lall but one of thefe entries is for the late duke of Kingfton, in v/hich it is certified, that his obfcquies were performed with all due Ibleirinity, " except the ♦' attendance of the officers of the College of Arms to marfhal the funeral, which, *' on account of his grace's dcceafc at Bach, and the great afilidlion of Ins moll; no- *' ble duchefs, was not recollcd;ed by her grace till too late to prepare the ceremo- " nial. E. Kingston." Suffolk,, ;> z HISTORY AND A N T I QJJ I T I E S [Chap. IL Suffolk, knight and baronet; and had ilTue two daughters, Do- rothie and Elizabeth, both which died young lans iffue. The laid Sir Robert departed this prelent life the fecond day of April, anno Domini 1615, and was interred in the chancel of the parilli church of Hawlted aforefaid. His funeral was wor- fhipfully folemnized by his aforefaid right worfliipful ladie dame Anne Drury, Sir Henry Drury of Hewgeley, in com. Bucking- ham, knight, being chiefe mourner, being allifted by the right worfhipful Sir William VVray of Glentw^orth, in com. Lincoln, knight barronet, Sir Robert Drury of Rougham, in com. Suff. knight, Mr. Drwe Drury, Ar. and Mr. Robert Drury, Ar. the faid funeral being ordered by Richmond Herald, deputy to Mr. Clarencieux, king of arms, and Chetter Herald, the firft of Ju- ly ' in the yeare abovefaid. Dru. Drury. A. Drury. Ed. Bacon. Ro. Bacon. Butts Bacon, Bacquevil Bacon. Thomas Drury. Henry Felton. Phill. Colby, MS. in Heralds Coll. I. 16. fol. 369. From the above memorandum it appears, that though the Re- formation had made funerals lefs chargeable in fome refpedls than they had been before ; ftill however they were attended with very confiderable expences. In the reign of Elizabeth had been alfo introduced, and was flill continued, a coftly ftyle in monu- mental architedure ; the altar-tomb, with its cumbent figures, having now raifed over them elaborate canopies, fupported with Grecian pillars. Thefe monuments were, I believe, more ex- penfive than thofe which had in general been erected for fome lime before the Reformation. The parilh regifler fays, i June. The . Chap. II.] OF H A W S T E D. 5j The following is " a note of all the church goodcs of the pa- " rifli church of Hawfted, made this 15th of April, 1637," from a decaying piece of paper in the church chcft. Imprimis, the communion table with 2 carpets; onp of them of fattine, and the other of fuftine. Item, one table cloth of dyoper, and 2 napkins of dyoper. Item, one communion cup of filver, with the plate to lay bread on, of filver alfo ; and one flaggon of fine pewter. Item, one furples and the houde. Item, one church bible ' of the largeft voUum. Item, one boucke of common prayer. Item, two bouckes of homiles. Item, the boucke of canons. Item, two other bouckes, one of Juel's works, and the other of Eraflnius upon the evangeles % with a defk belonging to them, ftanding in the middle fpace. Item, tAvo regifter bouckes. Item, one flatute boucke ' made the 3d of king James. Item, one boucke for the right of kinges. Item, one paper boucke * to fet in the names of flrange preacheares. Item, ' A bible of the larger volume was enjoined by Henry VIII. Edward VI. and the 80th canon. The prefentonewas probably king James's bible, printed in fob 161 1. * Edward VI. in the firit year of his reign, enjoined, that within 12 months Erafmus his paraphrafe on the gofpel be provided, and conveniently placed in the church for people to read in. Bifliop Juel's defence of his own apology, was in fuch efteem (fays Granger) that it was commanded by Elizabeth, James I. and Charles I. and four archbifhops, to be chained in all parifh churches for public ufe. He was one of thegreatefl: champions of the reformed religiiin. ' I fuppofe a book that contained the adV for the annual obfervance of Novemb. 5, and thofe palled at the fame time againll thofe concerned in that plot, and I'opifh rccufants. ■• This book is now loft, but I have feen part of one belonging to a neighbour- F iug '^^ histohy and antiojiities [chap. n. Item, ten other fmall prayer bouckes which were injoined to have. Item, two payer of orgaynes ' ilanding iti the chanfell. Item, one cuiliing belonging to the pulpet, one cuiten of bu . . . . Item, one oure glafe ', with an iron frame to it. Item, one great cheafte = with 3 locks and 3 keis, and one little bockes within it, which hath the town evidences, and two braifes for the B . . . . and one large peefe of iron. ing parifli Cdntinued down as low as 1 706. And fo great was the number of names, that it feems to have been the fafhion of the time to entertain the audience with a variety of preachers. This book was enjoined by the canons of 1571 and 1603 ; and continued to be an article of epifcopal enquiry in this diocefe till at leafl as late as 1686. " Have you a book of paper, wherein are duly recorded the names and " licences of all fuch Grangers as are admitted at any time to preach in your church *' or chapel ?" The introduftion of new doftrines both civil and religious, about •which people thought fo diiferently, made it neceffary for government, for a long lime after the Reformation, to lay frequent reflraints upon preachers. Thefe books are now become ufelefs, and biQiops ceafe to enquire after them. ' Thtfe muft have been of fmall dimenfioiis to have been placed conveniently in a room only 33 | by 18 feet. ^ In the account of the church- wardens of St. Helen's, in Abington, Berks, ivd. was paid for an hour glafs for the pulpit, in 159 1. Archffiolog. V. I. p. 22. There is fcarccly perhaps an earlier mention of this implement. It was ufcd at Paul's Crois ii 1 616 ; for in a painting of that and the church, of that date, now in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries of London, I obferved an hour-glafs near the preacher; and thecuftom continued till ?f;er the refloration; for a very fine one, which cofb xvii) J. was brought from Holland to Lynn, in Norfolk. Blomcfield's Hid. V. IV. p. 131. The iron frames in which they flood are fometimes ftill feen near pulpits. ' The large chell with 3 keys ftill contains the evidences belonging to the parilh ; and was probably in being before the Canons of 1603 enjoined every parifii to pro- vide a lure coffer, with 3 locks aud keys, in which the parifli regifter was to be kept. It has a narrow hole on the top exaftly over the little box lodged within, through which the money of the charitable was to be dropped. A box of this fort, called the poor mens box, was enjoined by Edw. VL; the alms fo coUcftcd were to be diftributed among the poor at convenient times, in the prcfence of the parith. The canons of 1603 ordered it to have 3 keys; and the placing it within the large one that had that number, appears a frugal compliance with the law. The brafles aad the long piece of iron, whatever were their ulcs, have efcaped the three locks and keys. Item, Chap. 11.] O F H A W S T E D. 35 Item, the cover of the funte of M'inefcot. Item, ten forms great and fmall. Item, in the fteeple three great bells, with all things belonging to them. Item, one little bell ', hanging between the church and chanfell. Item, one beere and three ladders ftanding iu the fteeple. Item, two great ches ^ ftanding in the neather foller ^ of the fteeple. Having thus put together whatever this place could fupplv towards illuftrating fome of the religious cuftoms and modes of thinking of our anceftors, I fliall now proceed to the de- fcription of The CHURCH; But I muft firft hope to be indulged in a fliort paufe in the church-yard, which I can never enter without a variety of re- flexions rufliing in upon my mind : for, exclufive of thofe ferious thoughts, wdth which thefe fcenes of mortality, wherever theV occur, muft neceflarily infpire a contemplative mind, I confidcr this and other rural repolitories of the dead, as the laft refting- places of fome of the moft valuable members of fociety ; of thofe ' It ftill hangs there on the roodjofr, and is about 6 inches diameter. It was rung probably at fome particular parts ot divine fervicc (as at the coiifecration or elevation of the Hoft, whence it is Ibmetimes called the furing, q. d. conle-' crating b::ll), to roufe the attention of the audience, fome of whom who fat ac the S. E. and N. E. corners of the church could not well fee what was tranf- afting at the high altar. I recolleft not to have cllewhere feen one of thefe bells ; and wonder that this has efcaped all the reformations that this church has fuffered. The faint's bell was hung on the outfide, and gave notice to thofe abroad when the more folemn afts of religion were performing. * Thefe were probably the old ones ufed before the Reformation, when the various vtflments belonging to the church required much more rooiw than they do at prefent ; they are now gone. ' i. e. the lower ftory. F 2 who ^6. HISTORY AND ANTI Q^U f T I E S [Chap. II. who have fpent their days in inceflant labour and poverty, cul- tivating the lands of others, and reaping harvells, which fill the kingdom with plenty, and of which they themfelves can I)urchare but a fcanty pittance. It is from thefe " rude fore- *' f^ithers of the hamlet" that our fleets and armies are fupplied with an intrepid race of warriors ; from thefe, that our manu- facturing towns are furnilhed with ufeful mechanics, and imperial London itfelf prevented from becoming a defert. What unformed Hampdens, Miltons, and Cromwells, may here repofe, I indulge not my fancy in conjedluring, while I am certain that under thefe neglecfted hillocks lie thofe who,, with perfevering patience, performed the tafk allotted them by heaven ; and, at the clofe of- it, laid down their lives with a reilgnation, which 1 can witnefs would have done credit to philofophers. In this church-yard the allies of two paftors are mingled with thofe of their flock. On an altar monument clofe to the chancel door is this infcription : Reader, If virtue and goodnefs could have faved from death. Thou hadil: not here been ftopt. Underneath is interred the body of the Rev. Anthony Pitches, Late redor of this parifli -, Whofe moderty and fincere love of truth was fuch, That to flatter his menriory would be to infult His afhes. A man of great humanity, equal probity, and Undiflembled piety. In preaching the word of God, he was Diligent and fuccefsful; In doing it, moft exaft and exemplary. The firmnefs of his virtue carried him with credit Through all the difficulties of his time. His notions of God were, like that great Being, Juft and venerable : Of Religion, like the dodrine he taught. Pure and fcriptural : Of Chap. II.} O F H A W S T E D. 37- Of Government, like the laws of his country,, Free and manly. In a woid^ , He really was, whac he would others to be, A true Englilhman, and a true Protellant, A Loyalift, and a Churchman. He died Augull 15, 1720, aged 63. Under the eaft window of the chancel a mural tablet of flonCj^ fronting four coffin-iliaped monuments, in thus infcribed : H. M. S. To the memory of the Rev; Mr. Rich. Pitches, A. M. redor of this parifh, and Ion to the late Rev. Mr. Anth. Pitches, reftor of this parifli alio ; who, to the great grief and iofs of all that knew him, after a long and tedious illnefs, rcfigned his fonl to God who gave it him, in hopes of a blefied refurredion to life eternal, on the 6th day of Oft. Annofff^^:40, I^Salutis 1727. To the memory of Mrs. Henrietta Maria Pitches, wife to the Rev. Mr. Rich. Pitches, and daughter of William Capcll, Efq; of Stow Hall, iiv Suffolke. She left behind her one fon and two daughters, and refigned- her foul to God who gave her it, on the 5th day of Nov. . fiEtat. 4'3, Anno i o , '^■i* (_Saluc. 1726^ To the memory of Sarah Tyrrell, widow, filler to the late Rev. Mr^ Anthony Pitches, redtor of this parifh, and wife to Mr. Henry Tyrrel}^ Attorney at law, in London. She departed this life in a good old age on the 5th day of February. . fiEtat. 86, Anno < r. , ' (_5alut. 1724-5. To the memory of Mrs. Mary Capell, daughter of the above-men- tioned William Capell, Efq; She departed this life on the twentieth day of Jan. Anno Salur. 1724-5, Arms. A lion rampant crowned, empaling a lion rampant between three crofs crpfllets fitche. Creft, a lion's head erafed crowned. The ^8 HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U I T I E S [Chap. II. The huinhle efforts of the ruftic Mufe flioiild not be defpifed. They have often a very affedling fimplicity, and tell the moral tale full as well as more laboured compoutions. The following are feleded from fome others of an equally fober and rational ( aft. Here lieth the body of Jofeph Pavis, Here lyeth the body of Edward Paffey, who dyed May the 6th, 1701. who dyed the loth of May, 1701. Think ott of death Few were his years on earth And fcare to fin j But yet in living well. When this life ends, He is more fafe Eternity begin ■. Than they that fourfcore tell. T\Ir. Thomfon Wycks dyed March Here lyeth the body of Mercy ' the 9th, I 7 14, aged 24 years. fon of Robert Hayward, who dep. Behold I'm dead, yet fhulll live. '^fj'^^ J"^^ 4, i'''94. ^gcd 40 Take heed all ye that me furvive. j • There is a great partiality to burying on the fouth and eall fides of the church-yard. About 20 years ago, when I firft became re6tor, and obferved how thofe fides (particularly the Ibuth) were crowded with graves, I prevailed upon a few perfons to bury their friends on the north, which was entirely vacant; but the example was not followed as I hoped it would: and they continue to bury on the fouth, where a corpfe is rarely interred without difturbing the bones of its anceftors. This partiality may perhaps at firft have partly arifen from the antient cullom of praying for the dead ; for as the ufual approach to tliis and moil country churches is by the fouth, it was natural for burials to be on that fide, that thofe who were going to divine fervice might, in their way, by the fight of the graves of their friends, be put in mind to offer up a prayer for the ' A fingular fubftantive and a plural verb do not fhock a Suffolcian — fuch a barbariim is one of the leading features of his language. ' It was a puritanical falhion to chriften by fuch names. welfare Chap. II.] OF H A W S T E D: 39 welfare of their fouls ; and ev'n now, fince the cuftom of praying for the dead is al)olilhed, the fame obvious fituarioa of graves may excite fome tender recollecSlion in thofe who view them, and fdently implore " the paffing tribute of a ligh." That this motive has its influence, may be concluded from the graves that appear on the north fide of the church-yard, when- the approach to the church happens to be that way ; of this there are fome few inltances in this neighbourhood. Still, how- ever, even in this cafe, the fouth fide is well tenanted ; there muft therefore have been fome other caufe of this preference.. The fuppofed findliiy of the eaft is well known, and is derived from our Saviour's, that Sun of Righteoufnefs, appearing in that _ quarter with refpeft to us ; from the tradition of his afcending- to heaven eaftward from mount Olivet ;~ and from an opinion that He will appear in that quarter at the laft day. Hence the cuftom of building churches with one end pointing towards the eaft; of our turning ourfelves in fome parts of oar prayers towards that point ; and being buried with our faces diredfed that way. Has then the idea been extended, and any analogy conceived to be between the Sun of Righteoufnefs and the material fun; fo that thofe who are buried within the rays of the latter may have a better claim to the protection of the former ? However this may be, and whatever origin this preference of the fouth and eaft to the north may have had, "the" fadl itfelf is certain. Morefin, as quoted and tranflated by Brand, in his " Popular *' Antiquities," p. 53. fays, in Popifli burying-grounds, taofe who were reputed good Chriftiaub lay towards the fouth and eaft; others, who had fufiered capital punifliment, laid violent hands on themfelves, cr the like, were buried towards the north : a cuftom that had formerly been of frequent ufe in Scotland. In this church-yard ftood formerly a -Crofs, two fragments of which lie clofe to the fence on the fouth fide ; and its hand- forae ..4t> HISTORY AND ANT I QJJ I T I E S [Chap. IT. forne pedellal, charged with tht; Drury arms, is cut in two, and ■ferves as fteps to the north door of the church. Another flood where the diredtion-poft now (lands, clofe to the church -yard, and gave the name of Cocks-crouch ' Lane (as appears by old deeds) to the lane at the eafl end of the Church Houfe. Crojfes were very early ere^fled in church-yards, to put paf- fengers in mind to pray for the fauls of thofe whofe bodies lay there interred; in 150 1, a crofs was alfo ordered by will to be eredled in Hardley church-yard, Norf. *' pro Palmis in die Ramis Palmarum ofFerendis \" Though few perhaps would wifli to fee thefe ceremonies re- vived, yet may it be doubted, whether, if thefe crofles were now ftanding, the morals of the parifhioners would be injured by them. The peafant palling by them, in the morning, to his daily labour, might, by calling his eyes upon fuch objeds, receive an imprelTion, that would have a happy influence on his <:ondu£l the reft of the day. No cattle but flieep are fufFered to feed in this enclofure, fo that the precaution mentioned in the following lines is never neceffary here ; With wicker rods we fenc'd her tomb around. To ward from man and beaft the hallow'd ground : Left her new grave the parfon's cattle rafe, For both his horfe and cow the church-yard graze. Gay. '' Cock's Crouch is, God's Crofs. The firft word is corrupted in that manner ij«ore than once in Chaucer. ^ Blomefield's Hift. Vol. V. p. ii;^Z' Let s s^ ■^ ^ ^^ N Chap. II.] OF PI A W S T E D. . 4J Let us now confida- the Church itfcif. It is dedicated to All Saints, and fituated near the centre of the village. It is built of freeftone, and flints broken inta fmooth faces ; materials moft durable, and by the contraft of their colours producing a very good efle6f. Of this kind of work more is to be met with in this diocefe than in almoft the whole kingdom befides. The porches, buttrelfes, and embattled pa- rapets, are, in general, the moil: laboured parts ; the flints not being only mixed with the free-ftone, but beautifully inlaid in a variety of patterns. Of this inlaying, the lower part of this fteeple exhibits no inelegant fpecimens, in mullets, quatre-foils, interlaced triangles, 8cc. Of the exadl age of the prefent building I have no records : but it fpeaks fulBciently plainly for itfelf. The very obtufely pointed arches of the windows (hew it at firft fight to be of no confiderable antiquity ; for the very Iharply-pointed arch, which fucceeded the circular one about the year 1200, expanded itfelf by degrees, and grew more and more obtufe, till towards the reign of Henry VII. it approached the fegment of a large circle. The munnions alfo of the windows carried ftrait from the bottom to the top befpeak a modern date ; for before the reign of Henry VI. thefe munnions diverged towards the top, and formed a variety of beautiful tracery in the upper part of the window. Thefe particulars are fufhcient to prove the building to have no pretenfions to antiquity. The arms of the Druries, in ftone, in the Ifeeple, will go very nearly to afcertain its precife date. That family did not purchafe the manor and advowfon till 20 Hen VII. and the arms of the purchafer, Sir Robert Drury, empaling thofe of Galthorpe his wife ; as alfo thofe of his fon Sir William empaling thofe of his firft wife, Jane St. Maur, are over the w eft G door 42 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. IL door of the fteeple, and were doubtlefs wrought intoit at the time of its conll:rudion. Sir Robert died in 1520, and his daughter-in-law Jane in 1517; the age therefore of the prefent building may be fixed at the beginning of the i6th century ', and the excellence of its workmanfliip w^ould not difgrace any period. Its walls for about two feet above ground are of free- ftone, and pr();eart of the building ; nor is this an uncommon circumflance ; for which I have elfewhere % and I think fatisfacStorily, accounted, by fuppofing that thefe an- cient door- cales, in comparatively modern buildings, belonged to former churches : and when thefe went to decay, and were to be rebuilt, the arched door-cafes, both from their materials and con- Itrutf^ion continuing found and entire, were w rought up in the new work, and now exhibit a great diverfity of Ifyle. The Church confifts of a body or nave only, and is within the walls 58 l^et long, 29 ^^th wide, and about 36 to the highell point of the roof. There are fome pews for the principal inha- bitants towards the Eait end, in the neighbourhood of the pulpit. The reft of the feats are probably coeval with the churchy being regular benches, all alike, with a low back-board to each. Pews, that fo much deform our Proteftant churches, were not common till the beginning of the lad century ; but, however uniform and undiitinguiOied the ancient feats were, and however peculiarly improper fubjecSls to excite any of the ungentle pafTions, they were very early the caufes of contentions, which the fynod of Exeter endeavoured to obviate in 1287, by de- claring, that all perfons, except noblemen and patrons, when they came to church to fay their prayers, might do it in what place they pleafed % Early in the lall century, there feem to have been * Antiquarian Repertory, vol. II. p. 23S. * See Staveley's Hiftory of Churches, p. 277, laft edition. The editors of the His- tory of Weftmorland and Cumberland inform us, that in feveral churclies in thofe parts the feats are to this day unappropriated. The contrary practice, add they, is e.>£- tremcly Chap. II.] O F H A W S T E ID. 4'5 been fome difputes about the feats in this church ; for from » decaying paper, fomc years ago in the church cheli, it appeared,,, that Richard Pead, Reg'rar'us, direiled an inllrumentto the church- ^vardens, charging and commanding them to place the inha- bitants in fuch feats in the church as they fliould tliink proper, according to their eiiates, degrees, and callings ; but their power was not to extend to feats belonging to houfes of note and worlliip. Returns were to be made of thofe that were refradlory ; dated i Dec. 1623. " Is there any ftrife or contention about feats in the church?" is ftill an article of epifcopal enquiry. The roof is formed of the rafters on which the tiles are laid^ the intervals being filled with oaken planks. The braces and principals are carved ; of the latter every other one is fupported by an angel. Thefe angels, when well executed, I have always reckoned among the moft agreeable ornaments of our ancient churches. Their drapery and different attributes admitted much variety and elegance of fculpture ; and their being reprefented as hovering over the congregation, and aflilfing their devotions, muft have conveyed the moft pleafing and animating ideas to our anceftors. There is no doubt (fays an old Gapitulum) but the prefence of God's angels is in churches '. And in the Com- munion Service fet forth by Edward VI. the Almighty is befeeched " to accept this our bounden duty and fervice, *•* and to command thefe our prayers and fupplications by " the miniftry of thy holy angels to be brought up into thy " holy tabernacle, before the fight of thy Divine Majefty,'* The angels in this church have had their heads and wings taken away, probably by Mr. Wm. Dowfmg, of Stratford, m this county, who made his reforming circuit in the years 1643 tremely inconvenient in many places, paFticularly in the metropolis, where one may frequently fee moft of the congregation {landing in the alleys, whilft the pews aie locked uj), the owners thereof being in the countryj or perhaps in bed. Vol. 1. P.4B5. » Johnlon's Ecclef. Laws, 9^4. 10. and' 46 HISTORY AND A N Tl QJU I T I E S [Chap. II. and 1644, to deftroy the fnperftitions images and infcriptions in churches ; and did increc ib'e mifchief. I have part of the journal of his tranfadions ; the angels and cherubims in the roof are conftantly ordered to be taken down : to have taken .them down would often have endangered the roof; fo defacing -was thought fufficient. The font, elevated on two fleps, ftands at the Weft end, in the centre ; placed there, I apprehend, fmce the Reformation ; for, in its prefent fituation, it would have obftruded the ancient jiroceffions, which entered the weft door of the fteeple, and advanced to the high altar. It is of plain ftone, fquare without, and circular within, i |- feet in diameter, 1 1 inches deep, lined with lead, and having a hole at the bottom. Through this hole the confecrated water ', when it was to be renewed, was let off, and defcended into a cavity below, where it was abforbed by the earth, that it might not be irreverently thrown away, or applied to any profane ufe. At the upper edge of it are the remains of the iron faftenings, by which the cover was for- merly locked down, for fear of Sorcery ^ How long this cuftom continued I cannot fay ; but a lock was bought for the font in Brockdilli church, Norfolk, as late as 1553 K A cover is all the canons now require. The Ten Commandments are painted on the eaft walls of the church, and near them the Lord's Prayer and the Behef. The former only are required by the 8 2d canon, which directs them to be fet at the eaft end of every church and chapel, where the The confecrated baptifmal water ufcd to be kept in the font. In 1236 it was not to rcm.un more than feven days, after the baptifm of an infant. 2 iidvv. VI. it was to be clianged every month once at leaft. " Fences baptifmales fub fera claufi teneantur, propter fortilegia." Conftitution of Edmund in 1236. The forcery here guarded again II was lome vulgar fuperftition, fays Lindwood, better concealed, than explained. ' Blomefield, Vol. III. p. 228. people tlnp. II.] OF HAWS T ED. ^7 people may beft fee und read them. Queen Elizabeth ordered tiiem to be placed at the eaft end of the chancel. This might be convenient formerly, when prayer-books were not fb common as at prefent ; but now they fcarcely anfwer any other purpofe, than to disfigure the walls, by being generally ill executed, and becoming obfcure. The Chancel is 33 ^ by 18 feet, and about 24 high. The ceiling is coved and plaftered, and divided into compartments by mouldings of wood, the interfedlions of which are adorned with antique heads, and foliage, preferved from the old one. All its windows have been handfomely painted. Several coats of arms of the Drurys and dloptons ftili remain, as alfo fome headlefs figures of faints and angels. The dertroying the faces of *' Superl^itious hnages" was a facrifice that often fatisfied Oliver's ecclefiaiiical vifitors. The communion table is railed two fteps, which (as well as the area within the rails) are of black and white marble, and mufi: have been made fince the Refto- ration ; for the levelling the fteps in chancels was a great objedt with the Fanatics, and one of Dowfing's conftant directions. It was defigned to diminifli the dignity of the communion table, which was fometimes placed in the middle of the chancel. Without the faith of hiliory, pofterity would hardly credit the difputes of their forefathers about the name and fituation of this piece of church furniture. That in queliion is furniflied with a green cloth fringed, a linen cloth and two napkins, two cups and two patins of filver, and a pewter flaggon. At one corner Itands a wooden leftorne, on which lie Erafmus's Paraphrafe, Biihop Juel's Works, and the Book of Homilies ; the lafb very lately ordered by the vifitors to be procured, in compliance, I fuppole, with the 80th canon, though it was not an article of enquiry in the primary vifitaticn of the late bifhop. It 4^ n 1 S T O R Y AND A N T I C^U I T I E S [Chap. 11. jt will take probabl}- a long uivJitUirbed ilumber with its com- panions. The weft end, and part of the north and fouth fides are fur- nhhed with Iculptured benches and defks. All re aged 80, being then alfo archdeacon of LandafT, canoa of Windior, and vicar of Ifleworth. * The attradtions of a lady, twelve years older than her huftand, may be eafjy guefled at. ■ Cupid took his ftand. Upon a widow's jointure-land. On 6z HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U 1 T I E S [Chap. 11. On a flat Itone- near the chancel door is, To the refpefted Memory of the R.ev. Mr. John Smith, A. M. Rtftor of this parifh Twenty-three years. And of Elizabeth his beloved nnother. She departed this life 3d Oft. 1740. He 2d Jan. 1762. aged 54. In the middle of the church, oppolite the reading-defk, a flat flab of black, marble, bears this infcription : In a vault beneath this ftone are depofited the Remains of Sir John Cullum, Baronet, the only iffue of Sir Jafper Cullum, Baronet. His firft wife was Jane daughter and heir of Thomas Deane of Freefolk, in Hampfliire, Efq; by whom he had oue daughter who died an infant; his fecond (whom he left an inconfolable. widow, and who dedicates to his memory this (light teftimonyof her afFedlion) was Sufannah, fecond daughter and coheir of Sir Thomas Gery, of Great Ealing, in Middlefex, knight, by whom he had twelve children, feven only of whom, John, Thomas-Gery, James, Sufanna, Ifabella, Jane, Mary, telt the afllidlion of furviving his death, which was on the i6th of January, 1774, in his 75th year. Stop, Reader, nor with heedlefs fleps pafs by, Where all the amiable virtues lie. Open and candid through life's ev'ry part, Whate'er he fpoke flowed genuine from the heart. Himfelf thus guilelefs, he fufpefled none. And fufFer'd many wrongs, but ne'er did one. Though clouds o'ereaft this good man's middle day. Bright he beheld his fun's declining ray. At lad, all peace and harmony within. His body free from pairt, his foul from fin. He pafs'd to heav'n without one groan or figh — ■ God grant me thus to live, and thus to die. Moft honour'd, beft of fathers, thus a fon With painful piety infcribcs this ftone. T. R. S. I. C. B. A flat Chap 11.] OFHAWSTED. 6j A flat black marble near the font, has this : Beneath this ftone lie the remains of Ellen the wife of Chriftopher Metcalfe, of this parifh, efq; who, at the age of 41 years, was torn from her afHifl-ed family and friends, on the 6th of March, 1775. RECTORS. The following lift is taken partly from bifliop Tanner's index ' to the inftitution books, preferved with them in the bilhop's office at Norwich, partly from the books themfelves, and partly from the parifh regifter. The two firft articles are the bidiop's own notes. Regiftrum nigrum S«Edm. fol. 171. Abbas etconventus quiet, clam, et remifit Thome Noel et hered. advoc. eccl'ie de Halftead, I Henrv II. Regiftrum Alb. S. Edm. fol. 278. i4EdwaixlI. Thomas fil. Euftachii (capitalis d'n's ville) tenet advoc. ecc. 2 kal. Apr. 1 308, Rogerus fil. Euftachii de Halfteade, ad pref. d'ni Thome fil. Euftachii mil. et d'ne Joanne la Colevyle de Hal- ftede matris fue, patronorum ejufdem. 4 kal. Jul. 1330, Jo'ES fil. Will'i de Bradfield deRadfwell, ad pref. d'ne Alicie de Grey hac vice vere patrone ejufdem. 10 Nov. 1 361, Jo'ES DE Bedford, ad pref. Will'i Clopton, mil. 8 Mar. 1404. Clemens Cooke prefb. ad pref. Will'i Coggefliall de Clare. 19 Maii, 1422, Rob. Ive, per lib. refig. Clem. Cooke, ad pref. Roberti Clerk, reaoris de Waldingfield, Will'i Clopton, arm. Roberti Cooke de Lavenham, verorum ipfius ecc. patronorum. 26 Junii, 1422, GiLBERTUS Mylde, deStradefliill, prefiayter, ad pref. Rob. Cooke, per lib. refig. Roberti Ive. This was a family * This index is a work of great labour, and extremely ufeful to thofe who want to procure the regular fucceflion of the incumbents of any particular pariui •, it was made in the beginning of this century, Vvhen the compiler was chancellor of Norwich. 7 of 64 HISTORY AND ANTIQ;UITIES [Chap. I!. of note in thefe parts. The feat of the Cloptons at Kentwell, in Melford, was acquired by marriage with an heirefs of this name. 36 Mar. 1453, Will. Colman, ad pref. Jo'is Clopton, arm. 21 Dec, 1456, magifter Thomas Coote, in deer. Baccalau- reus, ad pref. ejufdem, per lib. refig. Will, Colman. 18 Jun. 1 505, Thomas Thorney, per lib. refig. Tho. Coote, ad pref. Robert! Drury, mil. 1 T Jul. 1526, d'n's Will. Eglyn, prefbyter, ad pref. Rob, Drury, mil. He refigned, I fuppofe, fome years before his death; for he was witnefs to a will in 1554, under tiie title of Sir William Eglyn, clerke. 2.2. Jul. 1547} Will. Sibotson, capellanuSy ad pref. Will. Drury, mil. He was witnefs to the wills of two of his female pa- rifliioners, in which he was called their curate ; and in one of them, dated 1552, parfon of Hawfled. He was buried 19 April 1565. He had alfo the contiguous rexSlory of Nowton. 22 Maii, 1565, Ric. Adams, ad pref. Eliz. Drury, vid. et relift. Will. Drury, mil. He was chaplain to the earl of Bath, and buried here 28 July, 1601. ' 2 Dec. 1601, Jos. Hall, A. M. ad pref. Rob. Drury, mil. He was afterwards bilhop of Exeter and Norwich, well known for his learned and pious writings, as well as for his fufferings. This living was his firft ecclefiaftical preferment, to which he was invited by a letter from lady Drury, which was delivered him in the ftreet as he was going to receive from judge Popham the appointment to the mafterfliip of Tiverton fchool in Devon fhire. He accepted moft thankfully the lady's offer, faying he was going to the weft, but God had pulled him back, and he muft turn eaftward. Being thus fettled in the fweet and civil country of Suffolk, as he expreffes it, his firft work was to rebuild his ruinous parfonage-houfe ; which, if we may judge from its prefent ap- pearance, he did in a very humble ftyle of architedture. About two Ghap. II.] O F H A VV S T E D. 65 two years after, he married a daughter of Mr. George Wenyevc, of Brettcnham, in this county ; and his eldelt Ton IU)bcrt was chriftened here, 26 Dec. 1605. That year he attended Sir Edmund Bacon to the Spa ; and in that journey had an oppor tunity to inform himfelf, with his own eyes, of the Hate and practices of the Romifli church. Upon his return, he found not that fatisfadtion which he expe6led in this phice ; his patron Sir Robert Drury rcfuiing to rellore to the rcftory about ten- pounds a year, and infifting, as tradition reports, upon his ac- ceptance of a modus for the herbage of the park. By this un- jutl detention, as he called it, the living was not a competent maintenance, and he was forced to write books in order to buy fome; , He refolved therefore to embrace the firit opportunity of quitting this place, which he did in 1608, when lord Denny gave him the donative of Waltham Holy Crofs in Effex. I con- jeiflure he did not much refide here : for during his time there are. not above two years in the regifter of the fame hand. While he did refide, he preached three times a week. Till within a few years, there was (as I am informed by a gentleman v. ho has Teen it) in the parfonago-houfe, a plate of lead, with his motto, hnuni nolo.- Summiim nequeo, ^^iefco: adopted,- I fuppofe, when he firft fettled here, and expreflive of a mind, not totally un- ambitious, yet content: and it is probable, if his fituation here had been comfortable, he would have lived and died in the fame obfcurity with his predecelTors and fucceflbrs in this re^ftory. He died under fequeftration and in poverty, 8 Sept. 1656, in his 8 2d year, and was buried at Heigham, near Norwich. 4 Jul. i6o8, EzEKiEL Edgar, clericvis, in Art. Mag. fuper praef. Roberti Drury, mil. vacan. per refignationem ult. incumb. He was deprived of this re(5lory in 1643, by the fame fatal ordinance . that ejedled his predeceffor from his bilhoprick : but refided here till his death, which was in 1648; and he is entered, in the K rcgifter a H I S T 0_R Y AND A N T I Q^U I T I E S. [€hap. IF. regiiler, parfon of Halfted. He had a fon of both his names, born in 1620 ; and, in a feoffment of 1647, ftyled Ezekiel Edgar the younger, clerk. He was admitted to the redtory of Great Stanmore, in Middlefex, in 1662, and died the next year. ] 643, Theophilus Luddington became retlor upon Edgar's deprivation. It is needlefs to fay, his name occurs not in the Iriftitution Book. He had the good fortune to retain his pre- ferment after the Reftoration, when many, who had been put into the hvings of deprived miniilers, were in their turn difpof- feffed. He was buried here 24 June, 1670. Upon his death, the inhabitants prelented a petition to the patron, recommending a fucceffbr in the redlory. This petition, as it is not very long, and for its decency and good fenfe might ferve as a model for limilar addreiles, is inferted here at length. To the right worfliipful Sir Thomas Cullum, knight and bart. The humble petition of the inhabitants of the town of Halfted Sheweth, That whereas it hath pleafed God to take from us, by death, our late incumbent Mr. Luddington, ^vho, by reafon of his long and languilhing licknefs, was not able by himfelf to officiate or fupply his cure for feveral years before his death ; but did, with your worihip's confent, and our very good likeing, procvu'e the lame to be fupplied by Mr. John Smith, who hath officiated and fupplied the cure for thefe three years laft paft and upwards, with extraordinary care and pains ; whofe knowledge, integrity, and quiet and peaceable living and converfation, hath fufficiently ^appeared and been fliewn to v.s, during the laid time. Wherefore we whofe names are fubfcribed, out of the tender care both for ourfelves Chap. II.] O F H A W S T E D. 67 ourfelvcs and the reft of the parifli, do freely, voluntarily, and of our own accord (in this matter, wherein not only our bodies and eltates, but our fouls alfo arc highly concerned) moll humbly rer]uell and befeech your worQiip, that the faid Mr. John Smith (of wiiofe abilities and good life and converfation we have had fufficient knowledge and affurance) may be ibll continued amongit us, and fettled as oar minifter, and have the benefice conferred upon him ; or that y-our worfliip will pleafe to refpite the fettling of any man in that place, until your return into the country : and that we may not have a ftranger impofed upon us, whofe learning, life and manners, we fiiall be altogether ignorant of. And your petitioners, as in duty bound, &c. Thomas Gilly,, Edward Sparke, Sufan Hammond, Sufan Edgar, John MofTe, Thomas Page, John Sparke. Church-wardens, Charles Sparrow, Ambrofc Death. This modeft and fenfible application, for fome reafon or other, proved inefFeclual, for 1670, George Pitches was prefented, Sir Thomas Cullumy hart, patron; he enjoyed his preferment but a fhort time, being- buried here 17 March, 1672. 1672, John Harris. The fame patron. He was buried here 4 Feb. 1689. 1689, Anthony Pitches. Sir Dudley Cullum, bart, patron. From feveral letters I have from him to his friend and patron Sir Dudley, he appears to have been a man of good underftanding, and morals. He was buried here 17 Aug. 1720. 1720, Richard Pitches, fucceeded his father. The fame patron. He was buried here 12 06t. 1727. 1727, Richard Williams. Sir Jafper Cullum, hart, patron. He gave a bond of refignation ; but would not quit, till com- pelled by a law-fuit. K 2 1737, 68 ills TORY AND A N T I Q.U I T 1 E S [Chap. IL i737?.ToH^' Smith. The fame patron. He was Ton of Mr. William Smith of Southampton and Elizabeth his wife; and grandfon of captain John Smith, of Leckford-abbefs, in Hants. His mother was buried here in 1740, when he inferted the above note of his family in the regifter. He was buried here 8 Jan. 1762. 20 April, 1763, John' Cullum, M. A. fellow of Catharine Hall, Cambridge : his father pati on. He was born 2 1 June, 1733; and educated at Bury School ; whence he went to Catharine-Hall, Cambridge, of which, after having taken the degrees of batchelor and mailer of arts, he was eleiSted fellow, 7 Dec. 1759. In March, I 774, he became a member of the Society of Antiquaries; in De- cember that year, was inifituted to the living of Great Thurlow, in this county; in March 1775, was eleded a Fellow of the Royal Society; and in this year 1784, is innocently at leaft amufmg himfelf in compiling- the hiftory, fuch as it is, of his native place. Some'Extrads from the Church Regifters '; the firft of which begins in 1538. The buri.ill of Joane Grene, wedow, and filler to William Sebotfon, parfon of Hawfted and Newcon, i Feb. 1560. The biiriall of Mrs. Anne Wenteworth, wedow, 26 Nov. 1561. 1 he chrilleninge of Mrs. Elizabeth Hookwood, daughter of Mr. Robert Rook- wood the younger, 26 Jan. i,s6-^. — She was buried 29th. The chrirtening of Henry jjrury, the Ion of Mr. Henry Drury, 28 June, 1564. He was buried the fame day. The chriftening of Elizabeth Drury, daughter of Mr. Robert. Draary, of Hougbam, 14 Ju'y. 1564- • ' Church Regifters were firft enjoined to be kept,, by Cromwell fhc king's vicegerent in fpiritiial aftiiirs, in 1538, juft upon the difl'oiution oireligious houfes. In 1547, lidwaid VI. enjoined the fame ; as did Elizabeth in 1559; irom which laft period, thefc p:irochial records were in general kept with tolerable regularity ; and fince the abolition of Inqiiifitiones poll moiteni by CJiailes 11. are the bell evidences of family delcents. The 'Chap. II.] OF H A W S t -E D. 69 The chriflening of Henry Rookwood, fon unto Mr. Robert Rookwood, 25 ■Feb. 1564. William Sebotfon, parfon of Hawfted, was buried 19 April, 1565. The mariage of Mr. John Tirrii, of Gipping, and Dame Mary Corbett, '2-^ June, 1565. The nth day of November, 1565, et Re. Elizabeth, 7th, was baptized Mr. Henry Drury, the fon of Henry Drury Efquire, and born the Tuelday night befon?, the 7th Nov. Md. That Margaret! Sparke gave to the repaying of thc-church njs. iiijd. paid by William her fonne. Anno Domini 1575. MS'. That Mr. Robert Drury, the firil: fonne ot Mr. William Drury efquire, was born 30 Jan. betwixt 4 and 5 of the clock in the morning ', the Sunne in Libra, anno 1574, at Durham Houfe, within the Precinft of Wellminller. Dame Liizabeth Drury, wedow, late wife of the right worlhipfiill Sir VVm. Drury, knight, was buried 20 Maye. Eadem Elizabetha animam in manus Sni com men- davit, 19° bora media int. 5 et 6 mane. 1576. Mrs. Frauncis Drury, daughter of Mr. William Orury, efquire, was born S.June, betv/een twelve and one of the ckick after ivoone, and was baptized the 13th, being Wednefdaie in Whitfon Week. 1577. Mr. Edward Barnes and Mrs. Dorothe Drury were married 26 Augurt. 15 7 li. Mrs. Elizabeth Drury, the lecond daughter of Sir William Drury, knigiif, was born 4 Jan. in EiTex, at my Lord Kiche his place, ut die'. From I j8 1 to 1587, the rcgifter is defeftive. Mr. George Parker, and Mrs. Auderie Drury, were married 28 Dec. The funeral! of the right woflliipfull Sir William Drury, knight, was ID March. Mr. Richard AddaRis, parfon of Hawfted, was buried 28 July. John Crofts, the fonne of William Crotts, Gentleman, was baptized 1587. ■1389. 1604. 21 Odtol 1605. 1606. 1610. 1611. 1613. Robert-Halle, the fonne of Jofeph Halle, was baptifcd 26 Dec. Barbary Powell, the daughter of Mr. Crofts, was buried 14 April. Mrs. Elizabeth 'Drury, daughter to Sir Robert Drury, was buried 17 Dec. Ezekiel Edgar and Sufan Ward were married 16 Odtober. The regifter is fjgned for the firrt time by Ezekiel Edgar, reftor ecctte. and Gilbert Spalding and'Robert Nunn, Church-wardens. 1615. The funcrails of the right worfhipfull Pir Robert Drury, of Hawftead, knight, were celebrated, and his corpfe buried in Hawfted church chancell, 1 June. 1621. Thefe are to tcftify and acknowledge, that Sul'an Lillye, the wife of Thomas, dwelling and dying in the Dayric-houfe of Hawftead Houfe, was, with the confcnt and leave of Mr. Thomas Rewfe, on my lady W^aye's behalf, and Ezekiel Edgar, parfon of Hawftead then being, on the Churche's behalf, upoti fpccial del) re, carryed to Whepftead church to be buried there, 28 Nov. * The reafon of this miniitenefs probably was, that, when his fortune was to be hereafter told, the Aftiologer would want to be informed of the precife time of his birth. ■' 'In 1626 there is another entry of the like cautious and jealous import. r6z4. 70 HISTORY AND A N T I QJJ I T I E S [Chap. IL \6zi. The biiryall of the right wor(h!pfiill lady the lady Anne Drury, widow, ence the wife of the right worfl-iipfull Sir Robert Drury lord of Hawflead. Shee dyed in Ilardwiek Houfe, 5 June, about ten o'clock in the night, and was buryed in Hawftead church chancel, 6 June, about eleven o'clock in the night. 1627. Mrs. Elizabeth Ayfcoghe, the daughter of Sir Edward Aylcoghe, and the lady Frances his wife, was baptized 15 Nov, 1634. Anne Wingfield, the daughter of Mr. Anthony Wingfielu, Captayne^. and Anne his wife, was baptized 26 Feb. buried 17 Sep. 1638. 1636. Mr. Thomas Cjventrye was buried ii\ Aug. 1631H. Anthonie WingiieUi, the foune of Anthonie Wingficld, Captayn, and Anne his wife, was baptized 23 May. 164C. Mr. Ezckiel Edgar, parfon of Halflead, was buried j ^ Feb. From 1653, to the Refloration, marriages were performed by the civil officers at Biuy ; and feme of this parifii were fo married there, as 1 have ken in the regiftet of that town. 1653. 17 July. Colledled towards the Relief of Marlborough, in theparilh of HaulUead, the fum of il. lis. 6d. 24. July. Colleded in this parilh, for the Propagation of the Gofpel in New England, the fum of 2I. 5s. ^d f . 1655.. 20 June. Colledted towards the relief of the Proteftants in Savoy, thei ium of 2I. 9s. id. 1 658. Mary the daughter of Sir Thomas Cullum, Bart, and Dudly his lady, was baptized 6 Feb. This entry and the two next muft have been made fomc years after the events. 1660. EHzabeth the daughter of Sir Thomas Cullum, Bart, and Dudly his lady, was baptized 30 March. 1662. Tho. the fon of Sir Thomas Cullum, Bart, and Dudly, his lady was baptized 20 April. 1664. Sir Thomas Cullum, Baronet, was buried 9 April. 1670. Mr. Theophilus Luddington, redor of Hailed, was buried 24 June. 1672. Mr. George Pitches, reftor, was buried 17 March. 1675. Mr. William Hanmer and Mrs. Peregrine North ' were married 2 0£i. 1678. Mrs. Edgar, widow, was buried 2.8 May. An account of fuch as have been buried in or at the parifh church of Hawrted, fincethe ift of Auguft 1678, when the ad for burying in woollen took place \ 1680. The lady Dudly Cullum, wife to Sir Thomas Cullum, Bart, buried 10 September. ' The father and mother of Sir Thomas Hanmer, fpeaker of the Hoiife of Commons. ^ The day when the affidavit was brought was (according to the direftion of the aft} regiftered' tilj 1724 ; but this is generally now negleded as ufelefs. Perhaps no aft of Parliament is better -obl'erved than that for bur)'ing in woollen. The common fliroud is fo cheap and decent a diefs,. that there is no temptation to ufe any other. And in this parifli at leaft, the perfons of chief Bote adopted it as foon as the aft pafl'ed ; for there is but one inftance (and that in the cafe of an inferior perfon) of the forfeiture for burVing. in. linen. Sir Chap. II.] O F H A W S T E D. r Sir Thomas CuUum, Bart, bnried i 6 O6lober. 1685. Mr. Jo. Burton, B. D. and Fellow of St. John's Coll. Cam'\ buried 10 June. 1689. Mr. John Harris, rcftor of this parifh, buried 4 Feb. 1692. Mr. Henry North, of Woodbridge, and Mrs. Mary Cullum of this parifh, were married 21 Jan. 1698. Memorand. That the 3d of May there fell a deep fnow, and it froze hard the night following. William Cawftone and Mary Baldwin, of this parifli, were married 8 Sept. The faid William is a Hufbandman, and liable to pay 2s. 6d. as the King's Duty. 1700. Mr. Thomas Cullum buried 27 Dec. As the faid Mr. Cullum was a Gentleman, there is 24s. to be paid for his buriall. 1 701. 18 Jan. There was a fort of a Hurricane that did great damage both by fea and land. 5 Feb. There was thunder and lightning, and hail, in a terrifying manner; and on the 7th, there was hail and thunder, and wind almoft as great as the former ; on the 1 6th there was another dreadful ftorm of thunder and lightning. 1703. Nov. 25 and 26. in the evening of both thofe days there were very con- fiderable rempeds of thunder and lightning ; and 27th in the morning, there was a moft terrifying hurricane, intermixt with thunder, that threw down chimnies, barns, trees, and houfes, in feveral places, and deltroyed many perfons by land : and at fea there were 14 men of war loll, among which was a rear admiral, befides abundance of merchant (hips to an extraordinary value. 1706, The number of men and women above 16 years of age in this parifh, as given in to my lord Bilhop of Norwich at his vifitation, 29 April, Men 8x ; Wouien 93. Mrs. Sarah Pitches, relid of. Mr. George Pitches, fometlme redor of this paridi, buried 28 Nov. 1 70S. I\Ir. Robert Bugg, of Bardwell in Suff. and Mrs. Eattina Capell, of Stanton, were married 28 Sept. I 709. The hon. Anne Daughter of the right hon. John Lord Berkley, Baroa of Stratton, and wife to Sir Dudley Cullum, Bart, was buried 2 June. About 7 fcore and 10 communicants in this parilh, 19 July. Mr. Robert Eyton, reftor of Eyton in Shropibire, and Mrs. Elizabeth Butts ', <3;)Ughter of Mr. William Butts, late redor of Harteft, deceafed, were married 140a-. 1710. Sir Dudley Cullum, Bart, widower, and Mrs. Anne Wicks, fmglewoman, both of this parJGi, were married 12 June. 1712. Antony fon of the rev. Mr. Robert Butts, cl. and Elizabeth * his wife, buried 1 1 May. ^ She wBs fifter of Robert Butts, afterivaids bifliap of Ely. * She was daughter of Mr. Pitches, rei his own free will to the faid inhabiti.nts for the purpofes above-mentioned. This Chap. II.] O F H A W S T E D. 75 This feoffement was renewed in 1592, and 1635-, after which it was negleacd till 1719, when it was renewed by William Leppingwell and Robert Career, ions and heirs of the two daughters and coheirelTes of George Nunn, dcceafed, who was the cldeft brother and heir at law to Robert Nunn, deceaied, the laft furviving feoffee. The laft renewal was in 1769. 11. Sir Robert Drury, of Hawfled, in the county of SiifFolk, Knight, *< being " by the Grace of Almighty God, minded to build an ahnjhoufe for the perpetual " habitation and dwelling of fix poor women mmanied; and to allow every one of them five pounds a year of current Englifli money, to be paid quarterly by the lord of the manor of Hawfted Hall cum Buckenham's ; the faid fix women to be at the nomination of the faid Sir Robert, during his life; and after his death, at tlic nomination of the feoffees for the time being, for ever, out of the poor inhabitants of the following towns ; out of the town of Hawfted, one poor woman tor the firft place that fliall be void ; one out of the town of Whepfted for the fecond place-, one out of the town of Brockley for the third; one out of the towns of Chedburgh and Reed by turn in courfe, for the fourth ; and two out of the burrough of Bury St. Edmund's for the fifth and fixth ; fo as the overfeers of the parifli in the fiid burrough, out of which any poor woman dial! be placed in the faid ahnflioufe, do provide relief and maintenance of all things neceffary unto (uch poor woman, as for whom, by her becoming impotent and weak, the faid allowance of five pounds a year ifiall not be fufficient : in default of which provifion, the feolfees for the time being, flTidl fupply the hid fifth and fixth places for ever, with fuch poor out of any of the towns within five miles of the faid alinlhoufe, as to them fhall feeni meet ; fuch towns putting in fufFJcient fecurity for relieving the poor woman with all things neceflliry, in cale fhe fiiould grow impotent and weak, fo that her fi.ve pounds a year allowance ftiall not be fufficient. The fame Sir Robert,^ out of his charitable difpofi'ion to the poor, being alfo minded to allow yearly for ever for the better relief and niaintenAnce of the poor of the following towns, twenty and two pounds of current Englifli money, that is to fay, to the poor of the town ot Hawfted 6 pounds; of Whepfted 5 pounds; of Brockley 4 pounds; of Chedburgh 4 pounds; and of Reed ^ pounds ; to be paid quarterly by the loid cf the manor of Hawfted Hall cum Buckenham's, to the overfeers of the poor of the faid pariflies, with this intent and purpofe, that if any poor woman placed in the faid almfhoulc iliall grow poor and impotent, fo that fhe ftiall want relief, the overfeers of the parifh out of which ftie was cholen, fhall relieve and maintain her with all things ■necelTiry; in defa-ult of which relief, the lord of the faid manor fhall relieve her, and detain fo much of the fumms payable to fu( h overfeers as will Jatisfy himfclf. ' — To carry the above dc-figns into execution, the faid Sir Robert did, on 18 March, 1610, give, grant, enfeoff, and confirm t-o Sir Nicholas Bacon, of Redgrave, in -the faid Couiuv, Knight, .Sir Edmund Paeon his fon and heir. Sir. John Hcigham «f Barrow, Sir Robert Jermyn of Riifhbrook, Sir Robert Drury of llougham, I'homas Drury of the Inner Temple, Efq; Richard Brabon, clerk, parion of Whepfted, John Hdy, clerk, Fzekiel Edgar, clerk, parfon of Hawfted, Gilbert Spalding of Hawfted, yeoman; all tl.ofe lands and tenements, he. then or larely L Z called 7.. de pred. Thoma. 'Thomas k Bari tenet I meflT. de eodem Tlioma, et i a. terre pro vd. per ann. Robettiu Bernard tenet de eodem Thoma i mtff. et ix a. terre, 1 a. prati pro /xd. per ann. Galfiidus de Areford ten-2i 1 mcfT. et 1 a. icrie de eodem Thoma pro vj d. ptr ann. Rcidtdphe^s Upholder tenet i meiL de eodem pro iiijd. per ann. Eiitelyn tenet i melL vij a rcrrc et j rodam terre, viz. vij a. terre de eodem Thoma, pro iuj s. per ann. ct i mclf. et I rodam terre de Riberto de Beylhcjn pro iij d. et ille de predido Thoma. Johannes de Genen tenet v. a. cie VVillicbno Idcmache pro i libra cimini % et ille de pred. abbate. IVillielmus ' At Gnatfliale, '.vhere he h.nd property, lie wns called Ji.uf:ace de Haujldle. * A rorn-miU was a common appendage of a manor. Soinetiraes the tenants were obliged to grind at that and no other. See Uugdale's U ar^v. p. 668. So the o!d anchor ot jur-i.t;.t»'^f, gentrally printed with Fitzhcrbert's huihanJry, fa)"s, it is to the moll part ciifiom of the tenants to grind thiir C(/rn at the lord's miWi, and that as me fecmeth, ail inch corn as groweth upon the lord's ground, that they I'pend in iheir hcuies. — And if they gr nd not their corn at the lords niiln, the lord may ' amerce them in his court ; or e fe he niav iue them at the corninon law, de IciSa molendini tacienda. Chap. IX. 1 am informed, it is llill fo at Manchefter. ■* When lords of manors granted parcels of lands to their dependants, they oftf n referved fo them- felves the exclufive pii\ilege of having a flieepfold ; fo that the little tenants could not fold their own (lieep on their own land, but were obliged to let them be folded with thole of the lord, or pay a line. This was enriching the lord's domains ; but a moft cruel t mpoveriflm.ent of the lands of his villans. ■* How the Aper and Veires efltntially differed, I cannot fay ; but it may be worth remrrking, that in all the villages in ihis iurvey, where the lord had the libertv of f; Id, he is laid to ha\e that alio /*pri et X'erris : whereas, v.hen the liberty of fold did not belong to him (as it frequently- did not) then he had, Libeitatem Tauri et Apri, or liberum 1 aurum et Apruni. The nature of this pri- v.kge, .ind its vexatioiiinels to the village in general, appears from the following verdlrt preieived by 'Ihoroton, in his Hift. of Nott. p. 42 — 13 Ldw. I. the jury found that J B. quondam hufband of i\jaud, had his Bull a>iit Bic at Keiuorih, free to go and eal m tht cnr>i^ mtui'nivi, or ahy other pia<:e in tht laid ti"wn, where he wo'jld. And that it was, as the laid Maud alledj^ed, in her anfwer, by reafon of th; tei enicnts ai^d ad^owfon of the church in the faid tow n. in which flie was at that tin e enc'owed. Therefore Tho. de Pv. who had taken and empoui.dcd her bull, becaule he eat cf his - corn, ua< ■n 'iftiic, rdia, at her mercy. * I'ht d in J fuit at the hundred court every three weeks was a verv troublefome feivice : many vho he_d of the abbot did it only twice a year, at Michaelmas and Chrillmas. ' Cummin is a warm aionatic feed, ufed by ot:r ancedors fryar''s luood to this da_v. * Shepherd. Hence Barker ; a name fiill extant here. ^ This is one of the few Saxon names that occur in this lift, EldreJ, its corruption, ftill remains in the neighbourhood. '• Siimma is 8 !)uil;6ls, or a cjnarter, » In this county. This hoipital, upon the DilTblution, was granted to the Grefliani family : and the timber-work of the original Royal Exchange is laid to have been lawn out, and trained in this panlh. et 83 f I J S T O R Y AND ANTIQUITIES [Chap. HI. et V 3. et 3\ tfrie. viz. mcfT. et Ij a. et cfi terre de Willielmo dc Cramavill pro ij d. per arm. ct ille -de abbate ■, et i) a. tcrre de Roberto de Ros pro v d. per ami. et ille tie abbate ; et i a. de Calfrido Freeman pro i d. per ann. et idem G. de Tkoma Fil. Eiiflar. et ille de abbate, et idem abbas totum hoc de 3no rese. Bernardus tenet 1 mefl. et lij a. rerre, viz. mcff. et^i a. de Edmundo de Welfxtham pro ijd per ann. et ij a. tcrre de Willielmo 1'alemache pro vjljd. per ann. et il!i de abbate uc luper. (jalfiidm Filius Ojljerti lenex. i meff. et xlj a. terre, viz. mefT. et viij. a. pro ijd. q. per ann. de abbuce, et ij a. de Semano de llaujlcde pro iiijd. per ann. et i a. de 'Johanne liolax j)ro ob. per ann. puloufnefs, which was not national. It prevailed alfo, I obferve, among the neighbouring villages. Perhaps the abbatial government might be favourable to it. The eccleliaftics were mild and indulgent landlords : their courts, where their tenants were tried, were probably lefs arbitrary, than thofe of the great manerial lords; and their dependants lefs likely to be torn from their homes and families, than thofe of the warlike barons. For thefe caufes, it is likely, the villages under the jurifdidion and protection of the neighbouring abbey might invite fettlers from other parts, and enjoy a population in general unknown. So I am informed, that in thofe parts of Italy, from which the Jefuits have been expelled, the lands that belonged to that fociety have become worfe tenanted and worfe cultivated than they were before the fuppreflion of thofe Religious. Of the above 57 perfons, 43 were occupiers of land, which is nearly double the number of thofe at prefent. This great diffufion of land may at firft fight be thought to have contri- buted to the comfort and plenteous living of the inhabitants ; yet perhaps it did not in faiSt. Seven of the occupiers held two- thirds of the whole ; fo that there were barely 400 acres to be divided among 36 perfons, which is, upon an average, about II acres a man ; but the parcels were very unequally divided. Now a fmall parcel of land, it is well known, is always cultivated at Chap III.] O F H A W S T E D. 91 at a proportionably much "greater expence than a large one, and , generally in an inferior manner ; fo that no one lives more poorly, or fares more hardly, than a little farmer; while the public is alfo a lofer by his fcanty crops. Befides, moft of the little occupiers ©f old were obliged to do many lervices for their lords, which took up much of their time, and prevented their making the moft of their own fpots. It is probable, therefore, that the occupiers of thefe little patches of land did not live in greater plenty than if they had been day-labourers ; and it is certain, that the village, thus frittered to pieces, produced on the whole lefs corn than if it had been equally divided into 15 or 20 farms. By the above furvey, it alfo appears, that there were now two manors in the village. That belonging to Fitz Eviftace was the capital one, and emphatically called the Manor of Hawfted. The Ute of the houfe was probably an irregular fpot, near the prefent LodgBy furrounded with a deep moat, and containing about 2000 fquare yards. It is called by fome old people, I know not why, Jews l^ard. The other w^as called afterwards I'almacbe'Sy alias Bokenham's ; and the prefent ftyle of the manor is, the Manor of Hawjied Hall, with Bokenham's. The houfe was afterwards the refidence of the Drurys, and Q'2L\\t(\HazvJled Houfe zndHczvped Place, part of which is ftill ftanding. FITZ EUSTACE. The father of Thomas, mentioned in the above furvey, died, as we have feen, the laft of Henry III. and was called Eullace Fitz Thomas. He married Johanna la Colvyle, who, under the title of Johanna la Colvyle (for vvidows, efpecially heirefles, often re- fumed their maiden names) with Thomas her fon, prefented Roger Fitz Euftace, probably another of "her fons, to the reftory of Hawfted, 2. Edw. II. The manor did not continue in this family more than two generations after this. For, by the exemplification of a fine, it appears that, 10 Edw. II. Thomas Fitz Euftace and N 2 Amicia 92 HISTORY AND ANTICLUITIES [Chap. III. Amicia his wife, fettled, after their deceafe, the manors of Hau- ftedcj and Codenham near Boxford, with their appurtenances, upon Robert the fon of the faid Thomas : that Robert died feifed of the manor of Hauftede ; and that Sir John Fitz Euftace, his fon and heir, and Ehzabeth his wife, fold it to William de Mid»- di^ton, and Ifabella his wife, 27 Edw. III. The above Thomas and Robert his fon, in the reigns of Edward I. and 111. obtained grants of free warren in the manor of Hauftede. Wc complain, and with reafon, of the feverity of the prefent game laws ; but what fliall we fay of thofe times, when lords were forced to fue to the crown for liberty to kill game on their own manors ? MIDDILTON. This family was very anciently fituated at Mendham in this county. Sir WilUam, who purchafed this manor, was flierifF of Norfolk, 20 and 25 Edward III. During the lliort time he was lord, namely, 32 Edward III. an extent, or furvey, and valuation of the manor was taken, which contains fome particulars that are worthy of notice. It begins with, " Eft ibidem mejfuagimn edificatuntt " cum tribiis gardinis^ et duobus curtilagiis ad eundem inclufum. " Columbarium. Molendinum quod valet per ann. xls'-" Though this fliort defcription of the manlion itfelf conveys no fpecific idea, yet it implies fome excellence of conftrudlion, that had not perhaps been long introduced. It had probably been newly ere6led by Sir William himfelf. Of the elaborate archi- tedture of this reign, even in civil buildings, feveral curious par- ticulars may be colleded from Chaucer's works. The houfe was f-urniflied with a pigeon-houfe, three gardens, and two court yards. The luxury of three gardens, at this early ' The original, and a copy of it, of a not much later date, are both in my pof- feflion : the latter is of elegant penmanlhip, fome of it written with red ink, that (till retains the utmoll beauty and freflinefs. 4 period, Chap 111.] OF H A W S T E D. 93 period, miift at firft appear very remarkable, when it is known at how low an ebb horticulture was at the beginning of even the 1 6tli century. In 151 2, the opulent earl of Northumberland, whofe houfehold confilted of 160 perfons, had, I think, but one gar- dener, who attended " hourely in the garden for fetting of erbis, *' and clipping of knottis, and fweping the faid garden clene." Nay, it fhould feem as if fometimes there was not even one ; for among other workmen of the houfehold, as a painter, a joiner^ and a milnar, is mentioned *' the gardener of the place where *' my lord lyeth, // there be oone '." And in 1539, and later, according to Evelyn, cabbages were imported from the Netherlands. The truth is, in the reigns of the firft Edwards, the cultivation of the garden was extended even to the more curious and delicate produ6lions ; but negleded afterwards during the contentions of the houfes of York and Lancailer, when horticulture, as well as the other arts of peace and poUflied life, gave way to the havock and devaluation of civil war; nor did it re- cover to any confiderable degree till the time of Elizabeth. This we learn from the defcription of England prefixed to Holinfiied's Chronicle, publiflied about the middle of the reign of that prin- cefs. The paflTage is fo curious that I cannot forbear tranfcribing it. " Such herbes, fruites, and roots alfo, as grow yeerelie out of " the ground, of feed, have been verie plentifull in this land, in *' the time of the firft Edward ', and after his dales ; but in pro- " ceflTe of time they grew alfo to be neglected ; fo that from Henry " IV. till the latter end of Henry VII. and beginning of Henry VIII. " there was little or no ufe of them in England, but they rcmayned " either unknown, or fuppofed as food more meete for hogs, or " favage beafts, to feed upon, than mankind. Whereas in my " time their ufe is not only refumed among the commons, I mean " of melons, pompions, gourds, cucumbers, radifhes, fkirrcts, parf- ' Northumberland Houfehold Book, p. 42. * In 1294, great repairs were done to the kitchen garden, and other garden walls belonging to the priory at Dundaple. Annals of Dunftaple. " nepa. 94 II I S T O R Y A N D A N T I Q^U I T I E S [Chap. ill. *• neps, carrots, cabbages, navewes, turneps, and all kinds of fallad " herbes ; but alio fed upon as daintie diflies at the tables of de- " licate merchants, gentlemen, and nobilitie, who make their pro-' " vifion yeerlie for new feeds out of ftrange countries, from *' whence they have them abundantlie '." It appears alfo from the following items, that tiles were ufed, or made here, at this time ; a refinement not known, even in fome towns, till many years afterwards. The hiftorian of Nottingham informs us, that the firft tiled houfe there was in i 503. " i acr. *' I rode terre cum una dome tegulator. Free. Acr. xii<^." Whether we are to underftand by the barbarous and mutilated yvoYf Ktnuvdli he fold Hawficd to Sir Rtjbcrt Druiy, ao Hen. VII. heir to Edm. Knivct, of lay, Kllcx. 1 Sir Enm. Clopton,- he is called in [heRookwood Pedi- gree, Rudiorum Ei^ucs Percc- lebris. John CLopTON.==AIicia £heiifl~ of Suffolk, Date. 30 Hen. VI. died old ij Hen. VII. | , / Alicia =John. fnn of Eu/.. =Rnb. Cavcn. Cloptok. Rob. Daicy, Clofton. d,n..f.ri«„ Elqi at law. Anne =:Thomas Rnokwood, of Stanlncfield j from this CLOPTO^■. match the prcfcnt Sir Thomas RookwoodGaPc of Coldham-Haii m Sianingfield, bait, is de- fc ended. Edu'aud Cloptok, 3d fon. a DaughJr.= Curfor John Clopton,— Elii. folc d.iu. and heir of Kent^vell, in J of Thomas Rovd.m JWelfoid. \ and Marg. his wife. .Il filter and heir of Edm. Knevet, of Stanway, ElTcx. -■^^ ift DaiJghtgr.=Jeff"ery Gates. • d DdiJgUtcr.= . Joilin. Anne r^Rich. Polev, Clopton. of Boxtedl Rob. Clopton, a pricft. Will. Clopton,= 2d foQ. John CLoproN,=r dau. of of Monk's Ely, Rob. Rvdcll, I Suffolk. rehaofHub- bard. £liz. CLorTON.= Coleman. GrISEL CLOPTOh.= ,. . . Weft. DoaOTHY Cloi T0.N.=^.... Whitc.= Ant. CUiPJU ■ vifc; Elizabeth, dau. of Sir Tho. Bcrnaidifton, of Ketton, knt. u^dow of Brookfby, of Suff. 4th wife. ^ Will. Clohton, fon 2ud heir. — J'lhu Smith, J. of Hundun, buff. r Will. =Anne, FrancisC: Clopton. dau. of d. s. I. Gtorgc George. Elmcs. John, died S. I. ^Bridget, dau. of Robert Crane. Tho. =Dorotliy, Clopton. dau. of^ eldeft fon, . . . Bar- d. S. I. lev, of Eifex. Thomas CLop-=pMary, dan. of TO>j,ofKcnt\vc died i5<)7, born Mtlford. SirWil.Wal. dtgravc, of Sni.Tlbridge, Suff. d. IJ99. Bril Tiijizabeth, dau. of .... Eve. rjrd, of Deiillon, SuDoIk. MAr,v =SirVVill. Clopton. Cordall, of Mel- ford Hall, mailer of the Rolls. Will.* =Mary, cld- Clopton. ell dau. of Kdvvard Waldgiavc. of L.i\vford, Eire.x, Efqi FRANCES=....BoweSi Hit, Cloplon. Doflor.ofYMk. TiioMA- = Aldhami ili sinrC KieMe.. ' Eliz. C. =Nie. Hohtdi. Em M A C. = . . . Smuhjof Citna MAKY C. = King, citiliiii Will. CorJ.II. Gillian C.= ....Thiotkiii(ini« » He wa! the Brit that bnilt >rj lived >t Caniejn'i, i« Gr.ron, S.!i ard fpeni hii painmnny. He w.i one of the iuBiees f„, ik, H..(Bi. Jfabtrgh 1614. His uiiele Francii gi»c him all hii laodi lud iniwiuK luGET Cldptj.n = Siaf. 'ILL Clopton -]— Anne d.iu. fon and htir. : of Sir l1io. 1 Bcrnatdil- 1 too. John Clopton,= of Lincolnfliire, Thomas Cloptok. RoGiiii Clopton. «nnc, oau. 01 sii^6ir Will. Cl Thomas Bemai- I knighted at Nc diftoQ,tf Clare, Feb. 20, 1611 Suffolk.' I ' ^ =Sir Will. Cloptok.^. . . . dau. of Newmarket Sir Giles Allington. Walter Clopton, Eliz. Clopton, r Will. rpAnne.dau. and heir Clopton. of John Wiftmai, i of Stifted, Ellcx. Francis = dau. and Clopto.n. heir of Siioric, SuK Anne - C1.0PTON. =Gcorge Partis, o, Pullingham, Cainbndgcjhirc. ^--^te-n-- -t£-«,--=E.lt. aau.^ce^ PTOX.-T-Elizabtih Sparrow, of FinchlngfielJ. SimiiaD'liwe s.diej itOi, buried at McIford.==Su: Tliomas Darcy, ban. William CLopioN.=pElia. d,™. of Sir Will. Polev, of Boxted, Suffolk Mary =\i'i]l. Soft Clopton. of Thon- dot). Suii* ,il licl'.'W. Gccfft Suffolk, li W1LLIA.M Clopton.: Foley Clopton, M. D. died a bachelor, 1 730. # Eliz. Ct0PT0».=Ee». Gilbert AScck, ofDdlliam, SuflVlk. F.LIJ. =Ediv. Crifpe, EfqiofBurt tLOPTON. St. Edmondi, died S. 1. •~ N Hakkah Cl.OPIOM.=Marlin Folks, Efq; of Chcveie;', Ca^n&ridgelhirc. • Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. lOf eftate upon his ifTue ; of Vv'hich, I fuppofe, deipairiiig, 26 Henry VI. he fold " al!c hefe londes and tenements, wodc?, " medes, and paftures, rents and fervices, whiche were late to ** on John Bokenham, brother oh to the feid John Bokenham, <* as they lye within the townys and feldes of Hawfted, Horn- " ingllierthe, Nowton, and Whepfted, in the fliire of Suff, for " the fome of a cxl. of good and lawful! money," to John Marfliall, Efquyer, referving to himfelf and his wife a life-flate therein; and fubjeding himfelf to this ftrange condition; " alio *' the feid John Bokenham fchall fynde fufficeaunte furete in ," fil. to the feid John Marfliall, if fo be that the weifF of the *' faid John Bokenham deye, that he fchall wedd noo woman ** by whom he may have any ifTue." This caution proved un- neceffary. He probably did not live long after this ; nor did his wife long furvive him, dying his widow in 1452, as appears by her will, already recited, p. 16. So that Marlhall miift have been fortunate in his purchafe. Thus ended, in this place, the intereft of the Talmaches, and the Bokenhams their defcendants, who had continued here for at leaft 166 years, — a longer eftablilliment tlian any fucceeding lords maintained. C LOFTON. By a fine ', levied 33 Edward III. it appears, that Sir \Vm. de Clopton and Mary his wife, bought the manor with the aji- purtenances of Sir Wm. de Middilton and Ifabella his wife; the latter referving to themfelves an annual rent of xxs. out of the manor. The purchafe is thus defcribed ; the manor of Haunede The deed is indented at top, and on the fide where the lines end ; the edges marked with fome dimidiated capital letters, grown very faint and obfcure. 2 with ro2 HISTORY A N D A N T I Q^U I T I E S [Chap. Ilf. Avith its appurtenances, the advowfon of the church, one toft, 200 acres of arable land, 8 of meadow, 12 of wood, fix fliillings and eight pence rent, and ^ pound of pepper, with the homages and all the fervices of Wm. de Fembregge, and 14 others. The purchafe-money was 600 1. as appears by the following receipt in full. Noverint univerfi, quod ego Willielmus de Middilton recepi de dno Wilto de Clopton milite centum libras in auro ec argento, in perfolutionem (ex centum iibrarum, in quibus michi tenebatur pro vendicione manerii de Haufted fibi fafta ; dc quibus lex centum libris fateor me bene ec fidelirer fore pacatum ; et predidum dam VVillielmum heredcs et executores fuos inde fore quietos in perpetuum per prelentes. In cujus rei teflimoniiim huic prefenti fcripto figillum meum appofui. Datum apud Clopton die Martis proxime poli: feftum Sandii Gregorii Pape, anno regni regis Edvvardi tercii poft conqueftum tricefimo quarto. The feal is ftill entire, except part of the circumfcription, and may be fecn in the plate, N° 5. At the fame time, Sir Wm. de Clopton fettled his purchafe, after the death of himfelf and his wife, upon Thomas their fon, and his heirs male. Sir.Wm. died before his wife ; for flie was lady of the manor JO — 13 Ric. II. as appears by the accounts of John Clerk, who calls himfelf Ballivus ' Domine Clopton de manerio fuo de Hau- ftede : from them 1 fliall fele«ft a few particulars. la 1386, among the Redditus ajjift^ fet or ftanding rents, is xviijd. rent, called Clothing Silver, paid at Chriftmas. Firma terre et pqflure ; a garden called Nowell, let for x s. a year. Exitus maneriii ilTues or profits of the manor; Lxijs. viijd. ' The Bailiff was next in dignity to the Steward. He was to rife early, and 00 round the whole farm, to fee if every thing was as it Ihould be. It was his duty to take care that all the labourers in hufbandry performed their tafks properly; and in fliort to attend to every thing that concerned the cultivation and good management of the demefiie. He was not to board in the houfe, but be allowed wages to find his own vittuals. Fleta, Lib. II. Cap. 73, where the duties of his office are fet down in detail. Many curious particulars in ancient economics may be found in that author. for CLap. III.] O F H A W S T E D. loj for Yi luL faggots; fruit of the gardea ; xvj s. for keeping fiicep ; for letting out the lady's carts xiijs. ; for letting out her ploughs, iiij s. ij d. Among the Redditus reJolutU or outgoings ; paid annually to the Sacriit of St. Edmund's Bury, xls. ; to the bailiff of the hundred, vs. iiijd.; to Nowton Hall, ixd. ; to the hundred far fuit, xvjd. Among the Cujius fTiinuti\ flioeing the Reward's ' {SeneJcbalH) horfe, vjd. Re\Tards to the fervants of the manor vjd. ; for the tax of our lord the king, for half a quindene {pro di qiii'den.) vs. — Stipendia famulorum\ wages of the bailiff xiijs. iiijd. a year; of the carter, vjs. viijd. ; of the deye, vs.; i qr. iij b. of oatmeal for potage for the fervants. In 1389, among the expenfa forinfeca^ or extraordinarics ; expences for the lady Erpingham, with her fervants and horfes, vij s. viij d. -. A horfe bought for the re(5for5 and prefented to him. by ' The Jieward was the head fervant belonging to a great perfon. He was to hold courts; and attend to, and prcferve, all the manerial rights/ -He was 10 take carCr that all the offices belonging to the manfion hoiife were well locked. He was to have an inventory of all the ftock on the manor-, to fee that the ferjeant, bailiff, and other fervants, behaved themfelves properly, and did not wafle their time at DilTci/ins, frays, wreftling-matches, ale-houfes, ^x\d Vigils; that all of them, upon their entering on their fervice, produced proper fecurity for their good behaviour, Ke was every night to receive an account, from the different departments, of all tl.c confumption in the family. In fhorr, all the domeftics were to be anfwerable to him -, but he could difmifs none. That power was referved to the lord. Fleta, lib. II. cap. 72. * How money came to be paid, I know not : afterwards are mentioned i quarter and I bufhel of oats for the lady Erpingham's horfes. Thefe allowances were formerly delivered with fo much accuracy, that the extraordinary expences occafioned by vifitors were always let down ; the names, arrival, and flay of fuch vifitors being fpecified ih the groom's roll, which was examined every night by the Reward. Fleta, lib. II. cap. 74. This lady Erpingham was daughter of the lady Clopton. For Sir Thomas Erpingham of Norfolk married Joan the daughter of Sir Wm. Clopton. Of this beautiful and virtuous lady and her hufband, Blon-iefield in his Hilt, of Norfolk, Vol. III. p. 647, has tranfcribed a remarkable ftory, half ferious and half comic, from Heywood's FTNAIKEION. That he was miftaken in calling this lady his fecond wife, and faying (V. II. p. 51-^.) that his firft died in 1404; lee wha: he fava I04 HISTORY AND A N T I QJJ I T I E S [Chap. III. by the lady's order, xxvjs. ixd. Paid Stephen the bellman for a new bell, by the lady's order, xxvj s. viij d. I'he expences of a man and a carter to Sudbury [17 or 18 miles] to fetch tyles for the friers at Babwell, xviijd. The expences of a carter to Mil- denhall [12 miles] to fetch ruflies ' for the lady, vjd. How long this lady lived, I know not ; nor whether I'hofnas Clopton^ her fon, upon whom, as we have feen before, the manor was fettled, after the death of his father and mother, ever lived to poffefs it ; if he did, it was not long ; for before the end of Ric. II. it was veiled in his elder brother. Sir Wm. Clopton^ who fufFered fome enormous outrages from Philip Fitz Eujlace and others, as may be gathered from a roll in my poflellion 6 feet long, containing pleadings in the court of King's Bench, Weft- minfter, in the reigns of Ric. II. and Henry IV. By thefe it appears, that Sir Wm. Clopton brought his a6lion againft Philip Fitz Euflace, John Heyden, John Clerk, chaplain, Hugh de Baldwyne, Roger Gebon, Thomas his brother, John Laufele, John Smyth of Afliton, and John Waryn, for having, on the Sunday before Michaelmas, 21 Ric. II. with force and arms, that is, with fwords, bows and arrows, broken into a clofe in Hauftede, belonging to the faid Sir Wm. and cut down there xx oaks, c allies, and xl poplars, and carried them off, together with other goods and chatels, namely, linen and woollen cloths, vefTels fays himfclf, V. I. p, 53. The arms of this match, Erpingham (V, an inefciitchcon in an Orle of Martlets A.) empaling Clopton, I faw a few years ago in a window at Kcntwell Hall, in Melford, the feat of the Cloptons. ' With thefe her apartments were to be llrown. Buliein, in his " Bulwarke of " Defence," printed 1562, fays, " Ruflies tliat grow upon dry ground be good " to drew in hails, chambers and galleries, to walk upon, defending apparell, as *' trains of gowns and kertles, from the duft." p. 21. Thomas of Becket was thought finic.il and extravagant for having freih rufhes, every day, " for fpoiling " of tiie deaths. " Siiakfpeare frequently alludes to this cultom ; which in 1771, 1 obferveJ was kept up in the council chamber at Hull, and in the room oppofite 'to it ; and which I recoiled not elfewhere, except in fome unpaved churches. of Chap. III.] O F H A W S T E D. lo J of filver, brafs, and copper, and other utcnfils belonging to his houfe, befides barley, beans, peafe, and oats, to the value of xlI. Fitz-Euftace, who was the principal, after various delays put in his anfwer, and alledged, that the clofe into which he had broken, and the trees whicli he had cut down, and carried away, belonged to him, and not to Clopton. To the reft of the charge he made no reply. He was found gnilty of the whole, and adjudged to pay xxiijl. damages. To avoid payment, he availed himfelf of all the procraftinations and evafions which the law has always allowed ; and it does not appear that the bufinefs was concluded, 9 Henry IV. Yet during this litigation, namely, on the Thurfday after the feaft of St. Bartholomew, 8 Henry IV. Robert Fitz-Eicjlace, probably a brother of Philip, had given up to Sir William all claim to the manor of Hawited, both for himfelf and his heirs. What a pidture of the violent mode in which our anceftors fufFered their animofities againft one another to burft forth ! The cutting down trees might perhaps tend to the afcertaining of right ; but the carrying off corn and houlliold furniture could proceed from nothing but the luwlefs and ferocious m.anners of the age : and what aggravated the enormity was, that the parties were nearly related ; for it appears by the pedigree, that Edmund Clopton, Sir William's brotiier, had married a Fitz Euftace. I willi that thefe diforders had l^een confined to the laitv : but one of the above-named rioters was in orders ; and I doubt the exceffes committed by ecclefiallics form part of the charadler of early times. 1 Edw. ill. 'no lefs than 32 clerici, among feveral townimen of Bury, v/cre con- victed of a moft daring affault upon the abbey '. The mutual hatred of the feculars and regulars was exceliive. ' Regiflnim Vcfliarli ; among the colle<£lanea of the bte Sir Jr.mes Eurrouph, mafter of Uaius College, Can\bridge, who in 1764, bcqueaihed to the library of Sr. I* |amcs>. io6 HISTORY AND A N T I Q, U I T I E S [Chap. UI. Let us now for a moment turn our thoughts to a more pleafing iubjed^. During this vexatious diiiurbance, Sir Wm. Clopton granted to Thomas Smyth a piece of ground called Dokmedw, in liauftede, for the annual payment of a rofe, at the nativity of St. John the Baptift, to Sir William and his heirs, in lieu of all fervices. Dated at Hauftede, on Sunday next before the feafl of All Saints, 3 Henry IV. Ancient deeds are often dated on a Sunday, being executed in churches or church-yards, for the greater notoriety. But 1 Ihould not have noticed this inftrument, if it had not been for its giving me an opportunity of illuilrating ancient manners. The rofe was formerly a greater obje6t of luxury than it is at prefent. The water diitilled from it gave a flavour to a variety of difhes ; and ferved to wafli the hands at meals ; a cuftom Itill preferved in fome of our colleges \ At marriages and other feflivities, the guefts wore chaplets of rofes. The author of the romance of Perce-Foreft, defcribing an entertainment, fays, every perfon wore a chaplet of rofes on their head. The conftable of France (and jirobably other great officers, at other courts) when he waited on the king at dinner, had one of thefe crowns. Women, when they took the veil, and when they married, were thus adorned. Warriors wore their helmets encircled with thefe flowers, as appears from their monumental figures. This fondnefs of our anceftors for this fragrant and elegant flower, and the various ufes to which they applied it, explains a particular that at firft fight feems fomewhat whimfical, which is, the buJJoels of ro/es^ fometimes paid by vaffals to their lords. For part of the above I am indebted to the agreeable author of " Hiftoire de la vie privee des Francois," Vol. If. p. 221. James's church, in Bury, a MS. folio and quarto, which would be of confiderable ufe to an hillorian of the abbey and town. ' And aUb in many of the public halls of the liverymen of London. J.N. The Chap III.] O F II A W S T E D. 107 Tlie fingle rofc paid as an acknowledgement, v/as the diminutive reprefentative of a biilhel; as a lingle pepper-corn, which is ftiil a referved rent, is of the pound ; a payment, originally of fome worth, dwindling by degrees to a meer formaUty. Tired out, I fuppofe, with the vexations attending his pro- perty in this place. Sir William by a deed in French, dated at Melford, 2 Henry V. conveyed the manor with its appurtenances, which had been his father's, to IVilliamClopton, fon of Sir Thomas, and who was his firft coufin. But he could not enfure him the quiet poffeffion of his pur- chafe ; for the family of Fitz Eufl:ace, and their connections, appear to have quitted their property here with great reluCtance, and given their fuccelTors every polhble moleftation. For not many years after the outrageous attack before mentioned fuc- ceeded another much more difingenuous and formidable. The firft notice that occurs of it is from the following writ out of the court of chivalry, preferved in Harl. MSS. N° 1178. 36. and thus entitled in the catalogue ; " A writ in French of John ' duke of Bedford, Conftable of England, requiring John duke ' of Norfolk, and Marfliall of England, to bring William Clop- « ton, of Suffolk, efq. to anfwer in the court of chivalrie to ' Robert Eland of the county of Lincoln, efq. who charged '■ the faid Wiliam Clopton with putting his feal of arms to a ' falfe and forged deed." Johan Filz, frere et uncle au roys, due de Bedford ecd'Anjoy, conte de Rich- mond et de Kendal, et conneflable d' Angleterre, a notre trcfcher coufin Johan due de Norfolk, marichal d' Angleterre, faluz. Nous vous mandons et chargeons, que vous fates arrcfter et venir devant nous, ou notre lieutenant, a WcRminUer, i le quinfime du Saint Hillar prochain venant, "William Clopton de conte de Suff. efquire, pour adonques refpondre devant nous, ou notre lieutenant, en la cour de chivalerie, a Robeit Eland efquire de conte de Nicholl ', de ce que le dit Robert adunques kiy furmettra par voie d'armes, touchant ce qu'il fauyment et encontre honcfte et gentilefie d' armes, a mis et appofe le feal de fcs armes a un faux et forge fait, aux dommages du dit Robert de ^ et plus, a ce qu'ii dit. Remand ants -' Lincoln. P 2 par ,oS ?I I S T O R Y AND A N T I QJJ I T I E S [Chap. III. par devant nous au dit jour, ou iceft notre mandement, tout ce que vous en avez taitz. Donne foubs le feal de notre office le 23 jour de Novembre I'an du rcj^ne dii notre fenior le roy Henry fifimc puis le conquell d'Angleterrc feptielme. This curious record fliews with what formality affairs of honour were formerly adjurted. We now proceed in a much more fummary manner. The charge was of a very ferious nature : whether the court came to any decifion about it, or wiiether any combat enfued, does not appear : but probably neither ; for v.e loon after find the parties engaging in another court, and with arms very different froni thofe of chivalry. For in Eafter term, 8 Henry VI. William Clopton and William Gal yon efquires, brought an adlion in the court of King's Bench, againft Roger Bcrnerdeflon, of Kedyngton, in the county of Suffolk, gentilman, and Robert Eland of Ratheby, in the county of Lincoln, gentilman, and Elizabeth his wife, for having caufed, on Sunday next before the exaltation of the holy crofs [14 Sept.] 8 Henry VL to be publiflied and read at Kedyngton and Melford, in the county of Suffolk, two deeds, by virtue of which the faid Robert and Elizabetli claimed the manor and advowfon of Hauflede, to the diflurbing of the faid William and William in the poflefhon of the fame, to their damage of Ml. Eland pretended that the faid manor and advowfon were granted and confirmed 17 Edward III. by Sir Robert Bretonn, knight, William deRokelond, and Robert de Hildercle, to Sir John Fitz Euftace and Elizabeth his wife, and their heirs, in default of which to the heirs and afiigns of the faid John for ever. And that by virtue of a letter of attorney from the faid Sir Robert, Wil- liam, and Robert, dire6led to Sir John de Welnetham, knight, Ri- chard Frefiell, and Sir John de Bradefeld, redor of the church of Haufted, the faid John and Elizabeth were put in full pofTeflion of the faid manor and advowfon. That from the faid John and Elizabeth the faid manor and advowfon defcended to their fon John, Chap III.] OF H A W S T E D. 109 John, whofe daughter EUzabeth was then the wife of him the faid Robert Eland, who claimed the fame in her right. The deeds upon which he founded his claim were produced and read in court. There is one circumftance in the pleadings that may be worth remarking, which is, that in an age when they were ib carelefs in orthography, that if the name of a perfon, or place, was re- cited twice in the fame deed, it was generally fpelled two dif- ferent ways ', Eland flioukl quibble about a letter, alledging, that he lived :it Ray(i?eSyj and not -dXRatheby^ as fet forth in his ad- verfary's bill. But even in this court this affair was not determined, but re-- ferred to arbitrators, whofe award, though rather long, is too' curious not to be tranfcribed. To all trewe criften men to whom this prefent writyng cometh to, we Clement Dcnfton, clerk, Richard Aired and Robert Peyton, we Tendyn zou gretyng in God everlafting. Know ze that whereas we the ieyd Clement, R.ichard and i^.obert, . arbitrators chofen betwene William Clopton and William Gallon on the oon panic, Robert Eland and Elizabeth his wyf, and Roger Bernefton on the other partie, be bothe parties aflent chofen, upon the right, title, and pofTcdlon of the maner of Hauftede, in the (bir of Stiff, with the apportcnances, and the avoyfon ot the chirch of the fame towne, avvardedyn be our dedcs endented tripartite, which beren ' the date in the feft of Seynt Symond and Jude, the zer of the regne of kyng Harri the fixte after the conquclt the xijthe. Ther as the feid llobt. Eland fhewith a dede endented and feyth, that the feid maner of Haufted fiuild be tallied to his wyfe ; and William Clopton and William Galyon feyn, that it is a fals dede and a forged ; and thcruppon they token axcion of forgyng of that dede in the Kynges Bench ageyn the faid Rob. Eland, Elizabeth his wyf and Roger Berncllon : and the feid Wm. Clopton and his counceill han fhewed and declaryd to us the feyd arbitrators, that the maner of PJawfted with the appertenances was zone to Sir John Fitz Euftace and to Elizabeth his wyf, and to the heires of Sir John. And the letter of attorne was accordyng to that dede ; and as Wm. Clopton feyth, that Eland or on for hym hath rafcd that dede, and newe wrctyn it ayen, and made therof a dede in the taille. And Wm. Clopton and his counceyl declared, that the dede that is untrewe is not of the hand in wryting, ne of ynke of the letter of attoriie, which letter is trewe in wryting. And ther as the dede and letter of aitorne I Of this the award that immediately follows may ferve as an example ; where tlie ■ orthography is continually varied. were I ;o H I S T O R Y A N D A N T I QJJ ITI E S [Chap. III. '.vrre put in dayiiig divers tymes er than we tiie feid arbitraitors medlyd therwith; tl;at is to fey, whan John Symond, recorder of London, and John Doreward fqiiyer ot' Efiex, Robert Caundifh, Thoaias Fulthorpe, and Wm. Goodred, fergeaunts of the lawe and other rccordedyn, that it is the (anie dede that they fye ; and Robert Caiindyfli feyth, h.e myj^ht not have the dtde of Eland to fen it out in the light ayenll: the fonne, atte leyfer. And now we thre arbitrators han the dede, and mowe fen it agcyn the fonne at ovir leyfer, we feyn how it was lyke to have be wrete beforn, and was rafed of that letter, and fith wreten ther on azen with a dede and a feble ynke to feme old, andthe ynke untrewly gommyd, that with efy handi-Iyng the ynke vvuli faden, and weryn away : ther as the letter of attorne is wretyn with a trewe ynke, and for any handelyng wull la(l as a trew dede afketh. Alio we the feid arbitrators han full knowlich of all the olde men aboute Haufted, and of a worlhipfull perfon that dwelled with Sir Wm. Clopton knyght, whan he bought Haufted, that highte Sir Piobert Clerk, feyde uppon his deth bedde, that ther was never non fuche tayle as the feid Robert Eland fpeketh of, ne non feifyn delyvercd be none fuche dede, ne never was taille of the maner of Haufted herd of, to any of the Fitz Euftach, but a taille to the heir malis, the which was made be fyn to Fitz Euftach, and that was determyned as he feith. And now we han the dede that the faid Robert Eland fliewed, and atte our leyfer mowe fen it in the fonne, we have fully perceyved that it was lyke to have be wrete beforne tyme, and is now rafed, and newc vvrctyn ageyn. So that we the faid arbitrators fully we knowe that it is an untrewe dede and forged. Wherfor we the feid arbitrators awardyn that the feid William Clopton han that untrewe dede to cancelie it, and to don therewith as him lyft. In witteneiTe that this was our entent, and the caufe of our award and accorde as for that article of the untrue dede, we the feyd Clement, Richard and Robert, arbitrators in the articles above reherced, han fette to our feeles. Wretyn in the Fell of Seynt Symon and Jude, the zer of the regne of kyng Harry the Sixte after the Conqueft the xijthe. All their three feals are entire. That of Denfton, who was archdeacon of Sudbury, is engraven ; fee the plate, N° 3 : the wolf and St. Edmund's head appear towards the bottom. Alred^'s, a noble one, almoft i ~ inch in diameter, bears a chevron en- grailed between three grifEns heads erafed : Peyton's, a crofs engrailed, in the dexter quarter a mullet. Thus was this tedious bufinefs finally arranged ; and the charge of forgery retorted and proved upon Eland. During the time of this difpute, there feems to have been a manumiffion of the Nativi ; for in a rental of 7 Henry V. is this ; " Jam fequitur de terris et tenementis modo demiffis ad 2 ~ " firmam, Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. ni *' firmam, que quidem tenementa nativi tenentes ab antique *< tenuerunt." The manor this year was faid to be of the clear yearly value of XLijl. xvs, ixd. and half a pound of pepper. This laft was paid for a piece of land called eleven acres, near Gag's Green, which lies at the northern extremity of the village. Nowell's Garden was let for xs. a year. William Glopton died in 1446, and was buried in Melford Church in this county, where his figure in armour lies on an altar monument within an arch, at the upper end of the North aile. Within the arch are painted thefe efcutcheons : 1. S abend A. ' between 2 cotifes dancette O. Clopton. 2. A lion rampant S fefs compon. O and B. Mylde. 3. Clopton empaling A, in a chief V 2 mullets pierced O. Drury. 4. Clopton empaling G, a faltire between 4 croffes patte O. Franceys. On the front of the monument is a brafs plate with this epitaph, which fhews, that however the virtues of the fubjedt might entitle him to the love of mankind, when alive, the Mufes did not much befriend him after his death ; SDapKlis tt larijus, pruticns, tt in omnibus ^rgiis ;9rtitius tt gnarus, gcncrofo fanguine dartis, Coittttur Ijoc 2Dunmlo Clopton CTillus m arto, ^cD niniis eiciguc, tanto tjirtutis amico. ^ic Dtjm tifecbaf p;5UDcntis nomcn ^abebaf 3luffe ; nam tm\tt\s Dare fucbif fenfa falutis -, ConCIiumqtic petcns fit lecioj inoc rcccDcns ^uam tenicns : ncmpe Difcojccs patis amo:e JI2cctccc gauDcbaf, Dapc quos pjop^ia rcfoticbat. ' Sometimes the bend was Ermine, as in HavvRed chancel window. Sometimes it had only one fpot, as on the tomb of a Rookwood in Stanninglield church ; fometirres the fpot, and 2 annulets interlaced, as in Glemsford church : fomctimes only one annulet, as it was borne by Sir Walter Clopton, who was prefent with Henry V. at the fiege of Rohan. Harl. MSS. 1386. p. B4. IpauperiLuft: 112 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES [Chap. III. patipcrtbus pcituit fua fanua fcmpcr, &bibit 5I3ti!lus ab l)iK tartms moigcna feu peregrin''. £Iiuio nto;o? i Ijcu fcra mo^0 ut rata Ijulf ro;55 sp. C quater, fcrto CfiriUt qiiater % Omiil anno ^uic muiiDo raputt qtia ¥pc. Uire quisUt, 2uguftt nie3irc, poll fcffunt tjirgtnis alme, fliuarta ncmpc Die, llBernarDi tjtgiltaq; ^mc tt)o,n fccia fucrat ^argert'a btna ; prima tail nata SDarcp S if raunccprqj fcffmoa, JFimuB utrique faium fuUt fjcu male, p^fimc 315ts Dccima [ure ft nonas tt'ps'is inoe, anno millcno o'ut c quaferq; tjtgcno. STluarto pott anno ruit altera Die DuoDeno, He was fucceeded by his fon jfobn Clop f on y of whom, as con- neded with this village, nothing occurs. He was flierifF of the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk 30 Henry VI. married Alice Darcy of Maldon, in Effex, and died advanced in years 13 Henry VII. He and his wife are buried under an altar monument of grey marble, within an arch, on the N. fide of the communion table at Melford : and at their heads are rtill remaining their portraits kneeling, painted fmall in frefco, with the arms of Clopton and Darcy (A 3 cinquef(xils G) on their drefs. It fhould not be omitted, that not long before his death he was inftru- mental in at Icaft repairing, perhaps re-building, that moft beautiful chapel, now ufed for a fchool, at the E. end of Melford chancel, as appears by the following infcription on the battlements: ^x&v fo; t!)e fotcic of %^\\n l^pll, snii foi (Ijc foule of 3!ol)!i Clopton, cBfqiusre, anD prai'foj tf)e foulcof Itv'cljarolLotJcDar, Botcler U)itb 3oljn Clopton, off tuljcs goDiff tijis cljr.ppel rs tmba^ttjIlD, Ip 5)t3 eyccutojs. pray foj t\)t folDlts cf OTilltam Clopfoii ©rqtoyeie, Q^aigcry, ana {pargcrp fjis tuifis, mtt) fo? all tijer parentis anD cljilDrcn. anD foj tijc fctulc of aiif c Clopton, anD foj Soljn Clopton, ano foj all [jis cIiplDrcn, anD fo? all tfjc foulis tljat t\)t faiD jQ\n is bounoe to p;as fo^, tufjirl) dccd tljijE! cljappel ncVorcparc, A° Di m^cccc^lxxxxvi. ' This is a miftake of the engraver's for Diury, as appears by the pedigrees of both the famihes, as well as from the arms on this monument. Chap. HI.] OF H A W S T E D. 113 In a deed in his time, mention is made of the camping * pightel^ which joined to the eart-fide of the church-yard : this, with the cburcb-houfe, was let, in the next reign, for xiij s. iiij d. a year. The field has entirely loft its name, which is the more re- markable, as in fome parts this a6live game of our anceftors is ftill much in fafliion. There is alio a large ploughed field, in which a ftrip of glebe land lies, belonging to Filet's farm, called Jidian''s, The labyrinths, and mazes made of earth-works, the fcenes of ruftic diverfions of old, were in fome parts called JuUarCs Bozvers. If any fuch exifted here, as from the name tlrere probably did, the plough has levelled them, as in other places, and the very tradition of the fport is forgotten \ After his death. Sir IFm. Clopton his fon became poflcired of this manor; and 19 Henry VII. by the name of Sir Wm. Clopton of Melford, in the county of Suffolk, knight, fon and heir of John Clopton, efquire, enfeoffed Sir VVra. Waldegrave, knight, Sir Robert Peyton, knight, and feveral others, in it, to the ufe of his will. To this deed he affixed the leal of Franceys, his grandmother being an heirefs of that name : it is of red wax, near an inch in diameter ; the fliield is reprefented as hanging on a tree, which diverges at top into two round heads. The next year he fold the manor and advowfon, with their appurtenances, to Sir Robert Drury^ knight, in exchange for the manors of Henfted and Blomftons, in this county, and m marcs, cc of which were paid in hand ; and the refl were to be paid by inftallments, between the hours of nine and ten in the forenoon, ' Camping wns not only good exercife for the performers themfelves, but fup- pofed alfo to be luch for tlic field on which they engaged, according to TulTer; In meadow or p;irture (to grow the more fine) I, et campers be camping in any of thine; ^ Which if ye do fufter, when low is the fpring, You guin to yourfelf a commodious thing. " See riutchins's Hiftory of Dorfetlhire V. I. p. loo.- 114 H I S T,0 R Y AN D AN T I Q^U IT I E S [Chap. III. at the rode altar in the church of the monaftery at St. Edmund's Bury. The deed is dated i6 Nov. 20 Henry VII. and figned within the fold of the parchment, William Clopton, though it is only faid that the parties have interchangeably fet their leals. The feal is broken off. Several receipts on paper for the pur- chafe- money are flill extant, and figned, " By 77ie Wyllyam Clopton, knight^'' His feal, a ton, out of which iffues fome plant, per- haps a caltrop, which might be contraded to the firft fyllable of his name. Sir William, 1 2 Feb. following, fuffered a recovery of the manor, &c. to the ufe of Sir Robert Drury. To this is appen^ dant a feal of green wax, reprefented in the plate N° I. and two days afterwards, John, Robert and William, fons of Sir William, releafed their title in the faid manor, &c. to Sir Robert. Thusceafed this family's intereft here, after a continuance of better than 140 years; and the; Drurys now engroffed almofl the whole village. The Cloptons took their name from a village in this county-: from which they were probably detached very early, as there is- no record that mentions their having any poflellions there.. William de Clopton had property at Wickhambrook, 43 Henry 111. and his grandfon Sir Thomas acquired the manor of Kent- well, in Mel ford, by marrying Catharine the daughter ami heirefs of Wm. Mylde or Meld, who died 48 Henry III. It was his brother Sir William who purchafed this manor, and probably refided here: but his- fon felling it to William fon of Sir Thomasy the family quitted this place, refiding at their noble feat called Kentwell-Hall, in Melford, where they continued till Sir ;r////^/;z Clopton left an only daughter and heir married to Sir Simonds D'Ewes. Their only daughter Siffilia, who died in i66t, was the wife of Sir Thomas Darcy, bait. Soon after the Revolution, that eftate v\as in Sir Thomas Kobinfon, bart. whofe grandfon Sir IV. DrURY of ECERLY, Bl'CKS. Sir Robert DRVRY,=pElizabLth, fole of Egcrlv, Bucks, md I dauj^. and Iicir fon of Sir Robert I ofE'lmuiid DrUBY, of Hawfttd; | Brudtncll, 1 DRURYof BeSTHORPE; William Drury, of=f=Margarct, ciaugntcr ana ion Bcfthorpe, Efq; fecond j of William Bridges, of Qui< fon of Roger DrURYj Norfolk, JiTing, as well a of Hawfted, Efq; I hufband, 1591- NoHFOtK. ■Margaret, daughter and fote Iicir ~ ■ ' " ~ idnam, as her To face p. 1 1 5, died about 1575. Rob. Drury,: uf Bcflhorpc, ETq; fon and heir. ^Elizabeth Chfloid. Sir Thomas Drury, a pricA. JoANE Drury, a nun at Biu* lyard, Suffolk. t Efq; William Drury, of Bef-: ihorpe, md fon, firft married Mary, daug. of ... . Blcvcr- halTet, wid, of Hen. Warren. :Dorothy, dau. of Will. Brampton, of Litton, rcmar.to Will. Cocket, of Ampton, Suffolk. Cath.^ Ston- Anne=.... Bladwell, Drury, ner,ofWal- Drury. of G. Thur- thamForeft, low, Suffolk. Effcx, "1 John =pAnne, daug. of Robert Bramptoni Drury. of Attleburgh, Norfolk. V Drury of Rolsby, Norfolk. Fob. DRURY,=pAnne of Egerly, Efqj ~ ion and heir; his next brother Roger died S. I. Sir WiLI.iAM=f=Margaret.dau. Drury, third fnn.dicd Lord Juflicc Gover- nor of Ireland, 1^79, and was buried at Dub- lin. of Tho. Lord \\'cnt\v'ij;c Eaton, wlio woith in Suffolk, had diveri cliil.lr.^n, of cUIeft Ion, I whom only Jane rtmaincd. -^ / Avys.... — RoGP.R Drtjuv, nf=pFclicc, daughter of ^P Anne, cUu^litcr and cf)hc!r HawftLd, Eiq; fucoiid William Dcnlon of of Williani HanningCleld. ^ENRY DRURY, only fon, died be- fore tiicfaiht:! S. I. T'Ho. Harvy, of = Jake Drury. only dau. = Sir William Carew, knt. Jckuofth, Efqi bra- and heir, brought the ma- fourth fon of Sir Nicholas, ther and heir of Sir nor of Irkworfh to the baron of Hidion, ftcimd Giorgc, from whom Harvv?, bur. with her id hulband, d. ij^^i* tlie Harvys of Ick- wQith. and heir, brought the ma- nor of Irkworfh to the Harvv?, bur. with her id )iufband in Sr. Mary's church, Bury ; v here, by the by, Ihe is called M-irgaret fon and heir after his biothLT, oIj. I ^oo, bur. at Hawftcd. Sec \i. 50. Belthorp, Norfolk, fccond wife. Sir Robert Drury,] of Hawflcd, knt. hn and heir, a privy cojn- fclIortoHcn.VlI.hir. in St. Mdiv s in Bury, with the T'. —Anne, eldeft:= Anne Lady I daughter of Grey, fccond Sir William wife. Calthorpc, batt. "T John Drury, cldell fon, died a youih. of Hanninjificld, in La' Sutfok, third wifir, aftLi John Baynard's death. tJESTiianr. Cath. Drury. =Sii Henry Strange, Margaret, dau.ssWiLLiA:^ Drury, of Hunflan, Norf. and folc heir of of Befthorp, Efq; fecond from whom tlie Will. Bridges, fon, lived 1491. Stranges of Hun- of Quidnam, fton. Norf. Dr.LRY of Egerley. lane, dau. and— Sir WlLLlAM DrurV,: iicirofSirW. of Hanftcd.km. fon and 1)1. Maurc, heir, privy counftrllor to kni.d.in child Queen Mary, died 1557; bed, 1517- b. at Hawfted. Seep. 51. lEliiabeth, dau. and cohfir of Henry So the!!, Efq; attornev- general to Hen. VH. fecond wife. George Walgiavi.,= Anne Drl ry,= of Suffolk, Eftji from Sir William Walgravc, of Smalbridgc. =Sir Thomas Jcrmyt, of Ruflibiook, from whom Jermyn o( Dcj^dcn, Suffolk. Eliz. DrurY.- =Sir Philip Bottilcr, knt. from whom Sir Philip, of Woodhail, Herts. Eridclt Drury. = :Sir John Jcr- nini^ham, of Coffev, Norf. Ursula DBURY,=Sir Giles Sir Re buried at Hawfted. Aliington. ofEdg See p. 51. B, Dkury,= :rly, Bucks. =Elizabcth,fole dau. and heir of Edward Biudenell, Ef'li Robert DRURY,==Audtey, dau. of Richard Efq,cldc-ft fon.dic" before his father. icd Lord Rich, Lord Cham- Dru I beiiain of England, temp. I Hen, VIIl. and fiftcr of \;e =;Sir C. Hcydon, RY. of Baeonfthoi-p, Norfolk. Henhv Dfury, twyne with Sir W. Ilcond fon, and R0Bi-.RT.4th fin iheii levetal armeJ. He and his w^fc wcie buned in Thurfton church, in a chaptl ojj.&fue to bis father, with the T iu his armes in lundrv pUees of ihe th»pel lOd mcr.t'ornd »bovf, 586; h.- moli tberefoT.- ha ilicil Vfry young ; and li Vihy ihc (dvemurcti io thit eijcdit.on n^i bp ibiii er^j/li, I eaiioot f.iy ; it du:s nut ■pi>eat to have had any tchgous nutivc, being undeitakcQ bj the duke to make good his tiaiin lo the croA'n of Cj(iilc. II. Drurt of RoirCHAK' (B.) Sir Roger Drury, knr. cldcfl fon.^zJfargery, daughter atitl fole htitcU o: removed from Thurfton to Rougham, a conliguous vilbgc, and palTcd his laftwiM S Hen. V, Sir Thomas Naunton of Cliavcnt in Rougham, married about lo Ric. TI. and died in 1405. Drury of Wetherdei*- JoHN Drurv of Wetherdeti, third fon, on whom his father entailed his lands 7 R'c. XI. had a fon,. ROCEP, to whom Sir Roger devifcd lands in Tof- lock S Hen. V. r' Several Sons and Daughters, who died S. I. Sir William DrVRY.— Catharine, dau. of Sir Ottcs Swynford, by of Rougham, knt. Ion 1 Catharine Roet, lifter of, Chaucer's wife, and heir, died about 18 I and afterwards the third wife of jolin of Hen. VI. Gaunt duke of Lancaftci. Margert DRURY.atSir William CIopton» judge, from whom the Cloptons of Kentwell. Mary Drl'ry,= Edward Grimflone, Efq; Thomas Drury,: mar. 38 Hen. VI. from whom the Grim- of Rougham, Efq; ftones of Rifliangles in fon and heir was Suffolk. living 38 Hen. VI. rCaiharine, daughter and coheir of John Witwcll. Roger. Dri^ry, Sir George Drury, Catharine and fecond fon, died a prieft, parlbn of St. ANNE died nuns. S. I. Mary's in Wolpit, liv- ed 17, 2oEdw. IV. Eliz. DRVRY.=Thomas Traas, gent, from Cath. Drury,= Rookwood, whom Tiaas of Molton in both buried at Thetford ; from them SulTolk. the Rookwoods of Eufton, John DRURY,-T-Margar£t, (C.) dau. of Sir Wm. Felton, if Rougham, Efq; fon and heir, died 149S. ilias Chapman, to whom Chapman gave his lands, on condition to take the name and arras, 18 Edw. IV. Clement Drurt,= fecond fon, a feoffee in fundry deeds, temp. Edw. IV. He went into Shropfiiire. ^ufan, dau. of Peter Rowton, of Suffolk, Ef^- John Drury, Erquirc,-r-Amable ibnne and htirc of Hen- lived 19, JO, J 3 Edw. I. daug. of Thomas Newton. Nigel Drury, fecond lonne, was (hcriffof London I Edward L I 1. SirRooER Drury, a pricft, third fonne, parfon of Bradlield, Suftolk, had the ma- nor thereof, which continued with Drury till i6oi. MAun Drury, eldeft daugliler, died unmarried. Alicb D I'RY, maiiied to Willi- am Svvccet- ing or Suf- folk, V.Uii (A.) Nicholas Drury,: of Thurlf on, Efiiuire, lived 13 Edw. III. palfcd his will 7 Ric. IL and was buried at Thurfton, without the Tau. ;Joan, daughter and heire of Sir Simon Saxham of Thurllon. Sir Roger Drury, fecond fonne, a prieO, parfon of l}i.cketon, temp, Edw. ill. -A.. Drury of R0UGH.\M. DSURY of Wetherden. Drury of Haws TED. (.\.) This Nicholas, hy his wil', dated at Rougham, 7 Ric. II. entailed his lands to Sir R prof,l, amons m.. , otht-rs, how much more fatal to cccicfiaftical antionitiei the reformers of tbe -^ »otury were thao chofe of (be ((uU. Chap. III.] OF n A W S T E D. i'5 Sir Thomas, early in this century, fold it to John More, abas Mould, efquire, whole defcendants lliil poircfs it. A younger branch of the Gloptons had for fome time been featedat Lyfton, in Eflcx, about two miles off, where they con- tinued till Poky Clopto::, M. D. a batchelor, left that eftate to hi^ only filler, married to Edward Crifpe, of Bury, efq. Tbey fold it to Wm. Campbell, efq; who now refides there. The name, I believe, became extinft by the death of Dr. Poky Clopton, in 1730, who left the chief part of his eftate for the founding an holpital at Bury, for lix old men and fix old women. His fifter died without iffue : her niece Elizabeth Clopton was married, in 1746, to the Rev. Mr. Gilbert Affleck, of Dalham, in this county, who died in 1763 ; Hannah, another, was married to Martin Folkes, efq; of Chevely in Cambridgefliire; and the iffue of thofe two matches are the reprefentatives of this ancient, and refpeilable, family. D RURY. Having thus traced the lords of the two manors to the ex- tinaion of their property in this village, I ill all now give fome account of the Drurys, in whom both of them were firft united. This family came into England at the conqueft ; immediately after which, they were feated at Thurfton, in this neighbour- hood, where they continued till Sir Roger Drury (who died in 141 8) removed to Rougham ; and Roger Drury (who died in 1500) became feated here. Their pedigree is here given from the beautiful original in the poffeffion of Sir William Wake, hart, •one of the reprefentatives of this family, and whofe kindnefs in the loan of it, I feize with pleafure this occafion of acknow- ledging. Mr. Blomefield mentions it ; but fays, he had no op- portunity of making extracfts from it '. ' liift. Norfolk, V.I. p. 185. Q a This 1 16 III S T O R Y A K D A N T I QJJ I T ! E S [Chap. III. This Roger, by the name (if Roger Driiry, ofMawfted, efq; became pofleircd of the manor of Bokenham's, 3 Edw. IV. it l>eing then aiiigned him by William Colman, to whom it had been releafed by John Alarih all, who, as we have feen before, had been eftated therein by John Bokenham, and Alice his wife. He died probably not long before his will was proved, which WTt? on 22 March, 1500, in the chapel of St. Leonard, near Norwich, lie murt have reached a great age, as his father is faid to have, attended John of Gaunt in his expedition into Spain, in 1386. The will itfelf is dated 20 Jan. 1493; and at that time he feemed doubtful of the place of his fepulture, which, was after- wards certainly in this church ; to which he was yet very penu- rious, bequeathing it only the contingency of a fermon once a year for ten years: perhaps he w-as the lefs liberal, as the advow- fon was not yet in his family. The will is extant in the rcgiftry of the bilhop of Norwich, and contains fo many remarkable particulars as to be w^orth preferving. In Del nomine, Amen. I Roger Drury, of Hawlfted, in the com. of Suffolk, cfqiier, beynge in hole mendc, and bcleyvins; as God and the church vvuld I fliuld ', the XX dav of January, in the year of our Lord God mcccc and Lxxxxiij» make my teftament in this wyfe. p'yrlt I bequeth my fou!e to Ahnyghty God, and to our Lady Seint Mary, and to all the Company of Hevyn ; my body to be buryed in fuche place wher I truft in God to afllgne at the t)'me of my dethe. Alfo I will that mvn executors rcceyve ray detts, and pay my detts : and if any wronge have I do ', as God defend, to any pertbn or perlons, duly provid and examyned be my faid executors, I will they be rtftored. Alfo 1 wilL that if it pleale the abbot of Bury, and his convent, to kepe a deryge for me in the qucre, and mafle of requiem on the next day at the hey aultar, becaufe it pleafcd them to make me a brother ' of their chapter, I will that the faid abbot have xxs. the prior vjs. viijd. the ' Notice hns been before taken of this profeffion of his orthodoxy. Seep. 6ji. * This provilion is not iinfreqiient in old wills, and marks an .ige when the great were both willing to opprels their inferiors, and able to do it with impunity. When death approached, they lelt reinorie of conftience, and enjoined their executors to iedrefs injuries, of which none could be iueli competent judges as thofc that had committed them. The prefent teftator, by the exprel5ion " as God defend" (th:it is, forbid), implies his hope that he had not committed any: but how can a man wrong another without knowing it, or without the other's complaining to him if he dares ? 3 Perlijns of the firft rank were delirous of becoming brethren of religious Ibcieties ; for they were to paiticipate in the merits, of their prayers and other worthy adions, while living; end to be prayed Chap. TII.l OF II A W S' T E D. li; the fexten, iijs. iiijd. the felerer, iij s. iiijd. the chantor, iijs. iiijth and every other iiionke prefte, xxd. and they that be no preftes, xijd.apcce. •, and this I will imme- diately be doon after my deceaffe, as fone as it may. Alfo I bequeth to Anne Baflet, the doughter of John Baflet and Elizabeth his wife, xls. to her maryage. Alfo I bequeth to Mr. Thomas Coote, parfon of Hawfted,_for my tythes not full content in tymes part, xx s. Alfo I bequeth to the hey auter of the church; s of Harteft, Somerton, and Whcpfted, to iche of them, vjs. viijd. Alfo I bequeth to the rcparacion of the church of Onhows, wher I am patron, xls. Alfo to the ij houies of Frerers of Thetford, to iche of them for a derygc, and a mafTe, xiijs. iiijd. To the nunnes of the fame towne, xxs. in 1\ ke wyfe to the Freres of Sud- bury, xiijs. iiijd. in lyke wyfe to the Freres of Clare, xiiis. iiijd. lyke wife to the white Freres of Cawmbrcge, iijs. iiijd. Alfo I bequeth to Ric. Jervcys, xiijs. iiijd. to Agnes his wyfc, iijs. iiijd. to Willm. Hyndey, vjs. viijd. to Henry Fynche, iij«. iiijd. to Bclamy, iiis. iiijd. to Nunne, xxd. to Roger Aired, iijs. iiijd. to Elizabeth Drury, my fervant and kynefwoman ', x marks, whech Roberd .my fonne hath in his kepyng. Alfo I will, and fpecyally defyer, my faid executors, and John Bafle, to take heed to the yerly payment of Ixs. by yer of annuitye, which George Nunne payth, and muft pay, during the terme of xxxvij jcrs, from Mychclmas laft palle, which was the ix yer of kyng Henry the vij, as by the dedys of the faid annuitye more playnlye apperyth : the which xs. I will be fpent in red herynge, yerly, in Lenton, amonge the inhabi- tants of Whepfled, fume more, and fume lefTe, as povertie requireth: and to be bought and delyvered by the hands of the faid John Bafie, during his life, and after his decefle, by the hands of luche on as lliall be named by myn executors. Alfo I will, that Anne my wyfe have all fuch ftulTof houlfiolJ, utenfiles, plate, and jewels, with the bocks [books] that wer her or [before] I maryed, withought any in- terrupcon, or trobill. And 1 will that (he have of my plate, a gilt pece .... with a bale foote, which weyeth xxiij unc. A (tandyng pece white and gilt, the which weyeth xxvij unc. myn old filver bafon with the Drury's amies departed -, which weyeth xxxvij unc. alfo my gilt ewer ^, the which weyeth xviij unc. Alfo I will that fhe have my chafed pece with myn armys in the boiom, the which weyeth xij line, becaufe flie hath ij peces of the fame fute. Alfo I wilt that fhe have my playne flat pece, with a gilt knoppe, which weyeth xvj unc. Alfo I will that flie prayed for by them when dead. When this Roger was admitted into the fraternity he mentions, I know not; but in 1440, his elder brother Heniy, and Elizabeth his wife, with Humphrey earl of Bueks, his countefs, and two Ions, Henry de ijcurcher eari of Ewe, and his fon, Anne ile \'cre, a daughter of the earl of Oxford, and fcveral others, received this favour; when they gave tlie nionaftery a grand entertainment, belides t'.vo rich copes with all that belonged to them. Regillrum Ciu'teys. MSS. K. ' The relations of perfons of rank and fortune fometimes waited upon them in the capacity of fervants. The earl of Northumberland, about this period, was ferved by his lecond Ion, as carver, by his third, as fewar. Houfchold Book. See alfo the Dilfertatiuu prefixed to the 3d volume of Air. Warton's Hift. of Englifli Poetry, p. - 1;. * Quartered. He bequeaths another bafon with his whole arms. ^ \> hen Gremio was boafting of the finery he could bcftuvv upon his wife, he fays ; -^^— — — ^ my houle Is richly turniflied vvith plate and gold, BaJ'oni and c'vueri, to lave her ilainty hands. Taming of a Shi ew. A. II, have MS HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. Ilf,. have my powder-box ', which vveyeth vij unc. Alfo I will that Ihe have my piimcr ' clothed with purpiil damafl( the mcif'/e It are. Rlinfliew fays, they v/ere n.ade of the roots of that tree, which are remarkable for their beantifu} veios. Perhaps they'were made of any wood, which, when turned and polilhed, (hewed an elegant and variegated furface. Langham, in his Garden of Health, printed in i^uy, mentions the medictnal virtue of the gumm of the mazer or ivtU iherry-lret. p. 1 36, They were fet or mounted with lilver, as we often lee cocoa nuc-fliells at prefent. Among Cardinal ^A oliey's plate was a great malar, and four fmall niMars, and a cover of wood. Gutche's Coll. Cur. II. p. 338. A citrious maier is en- graven, and defcribed, in Gent. Maj.. 1784. p. 257. 349. ^ Go d brocade, 'ihe riihert cloth. 3 About the nar 1360, Eoccacio wrote a Latin hidory, in ten books, c^led, de Cafibus Virorum et Feminarum ilhnhium. It was foon afterwards tranflated ii\to French, by one Laurence, a French cccleilallic. 1 his tranllation was the original of Lydgate's Potm, which conl'ilb of 9 books; and in the earlieft edition, printed at London, without date, in the reign of Henry Vlll. is thns entitled, " The Tragedies gatheied by jhon Bochas, of fuch princes as fell from theyr ellates, through the " mutabilitie of fortune; liuce the creation of Adam until h_\s time, &C. nantlattd into Englifli " by John L-, dgate> nioiike of IJujy-" Warton's Hill. Knglifti Poetry II. p 61, 2. 'I his was the book bequeathed; and being yet in MS. was certainly a valuable legncyi There were probably feveral copies of this work in this neighbourhood. * This word occurs in the Royal W iUs, p 7 ,. and nieans a Erlfier, which lies aaof^. . 5 Thefe are now called, yoift Cattle ; und are the cattle of other peopie taken to paftnre at fo much a week or month. Thele in quefticn could not be fuch; they were perhajjs nicli-i^S were tat, and fit for (laughter. Or did he happen to have any of his own at Giyji, at this ti.i-':-? * How much our ancellors attended to this objeit, the numberlefs exhibitions, ibU e.\iiiing in our univerlities, are a proof. See alfo Kennett's I'arcch- Antiq. p. 214, 15. ' Divided. So in the old fervice of matrimony, " liU Death us Ifa-i." . 6 ^ woman 120 HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U I T I E S [Chap. TIL woman of religion ', than I will that fhe have x marke, the day of her profeflion, the refidue to be departed betwyn the tother ij fufiers; and if ij of them dye or they be maryed, than I will that fhe that furvyveth, hath c marke ^ of the faid cl. and the l marke refidue I will be difpofed by the difcrecon of my faid fone William, my fone Iloberd, and Katrine my doughter, to the profyte of his other children. And if all the iij fuflersdyen, then I will the faid cl. be difpofed of the difcrecon of my faid fone William, Roberd, and the faid Katrine, among his other children, as the cafe lliall require. The which cl. I will my fone William have in kepyng tyll the faid doughters be maryed. And if the faid William dye, or they be inaryed, than I will my fone Iloberd have the cl. in kepyng tyll the faid doughters be maryed. And for the performance of this my tellament and lad will of my meveable goods % I make myn executors the faid Roberd my fone, and William my fone. He was fucceeded by his elded fon Robert, {o often mentioned in his will; who in a mortgage "* made to him of a melTuage and two crofts, in Pynford Street, in this village, i Henry VII. was called Robert Drury, of Hawfted, Efq. One of his firft ads after his coming to his inheritance, feems to have been the procuring from the pope a licence for the chapel in his houfe ; which yet wiis certainly in ufe before, as his father left it fo handfomely furniflied, at his death. This licence bears date the 7th of the calends of July, i o pope Alexander VI. which is 25 June, 1501, and is as follows : Julianiis miferatione divina epifcopus Oftienfis, diledto in Chrifto Roberto Drury nobili Norwicenfis diocefeos, falutem in Domino. Ex parte tua fuit propofuum coram nobis, quod, cum quedam capella in manerio tuo de Halftede difte diocefeos quafi per unum miliare vel circa a parochiali ecclefia de Halllede diftec, adeo quod propter hujufinodi diftantiam, hiemali et aliis temporibus anni, propter nives, glacies, imbres et inundationes aquarum, et viarum difcrimina quibus illa.regio ' If one became a nun, flie was to have x rnarlce (or vjl. xiijs. iiijd.) the day flie took the . Veil. This, 1 i'lippofe, was the ufual fum which religious locietits at that time received, for the maintenance of a young woman daring her life. One of them was a nun at Brufyard in this conn--. ^ So at all events, no one was to have more than c maike (or lxvj 1. xiijs. iiijd.) which was doiibtlefs thought an ample fortune for a gentleman's daughter. 3 He fays meveable (inoveable) goods; for a man could nut difpofe of his lands till 32 Henry VIII, which is the reafon that we find the teftators before that time, lo budly employed in difpofing of their ptrfonal efte^s, and totally (ilent about entailing or felling their manors, SiC. ♦ The deed is indented at top, and on the left fide ; the indentures being marked with large i^ditpidiated capital letters ; a cuftom frequent in thi?, aad the reign oi Edward lY. habundat •, Chap III.] O F H A W S T E D. izi habundat ; pro miflis et aliis divinis officiis audiendis, tu ct uxor tui, acheredcs ct iucceflbres, et iamiliares tui, ac alii pro tempore cicclinantcs, prel'ei tiin domiiiicis ec aliis feftivis dicbus, prout teneniini, didani parochialem ccckfiair) coiDmode, prom tu et uxor tua, ac heredes ec luccenbres, ac familiares piedidi velletis, accedere non poteftis, defideratis in didta capell.) in manerio predit^to, que nonduni coniecrata exiftit, per prefbyterum ydoneum fecuhirem vel regularcm, pro tempore deputandum, miffas et alia divina officla celebrari fticere,- et ea audice, ac Eucha- riftiam et queciinque alia facramenta ec facraruentalia ecclefiaftica, quoiiens tuerit opporcunum, ab eodcm prelbycero recipere, quod vobis minime permittitur abfcjue iedis apoflolice difpenfatione et licentia fpeciali ; quare fupplicari fecilli humiliter tibi et uxori ac heredibus ct fucceflbribus et familiaribus tuis predidis in perpetuuni fuper hiis per iedis predifte clementiam provideri. Nos igitur attendentesj quod in hiis que ad divinum cultum pertinent favorabiles efles debemus et benigni, tuifque in hac parte fupplicationibus inclinati; auftoritate domini pape, cujus peni- teiiciarie curam gerimus, et de ejus fpeciali mandato luper hoc -vive vocis oraculo nobis fadlo, ut per quemcumque prefbyterum ydoneum fecularem vel regularem, per to ec heredes tuos ac iucceflbres prediftos deputandum, cum altari portabili, ec aliis rebus ad hoc neceffariis et opporcunis adhibitis, veftri ordinarii ec loci predid:i retloris aut prefbyteri parochiani licentia minime requifua, miffiis et alia divina ofRcia, dominicis et aliis fcftivis ac profeftis diebus prouc videbitur, celebrari facere et ea audire, ac euchariftiam et quecumque alia facramenta ct facramentalia ecclefiaftica ab eodem (felto pafchali duncaxac excepto) libere et licice recipere poUicis et valeacis ; jure tamen parochialis ecclefie in omnibus femper falvo, et fine alicujus juris prejudicio, tibi ac heredibus et fucceflbribus utriufque fexus ac pref- -bytero predidlo (veris exiftentibus fupradictis), tenore prcfentium liberam conce- dimus facultatem ; ac tecum et heredibus ec fucceflbribus ac prefbytero prefatis fuper hiis difpenfamus in pcrpetuum, conftitutionibus apoftolicis ac provincialibus, et lynodalibus conciliis editis generalibus vel fpecialibus, nee non Otconis et Oftoboni ©lim in regno Anglie apoflolice fcdis legatorum, ceterifque contrariis non obflancibus quibufcumque. Dacum Rome apud fandtum Petrum fub figillo ofiicii pcnitenciaric vij kal. Julii, pontifieatus domini Alexandri pape vj anno decimo. Appendant to the above, by a ftrong woven cord, is a thin feal, reprefenting I believe (for the imprefTion is rather obfcure) a perfon feated under a Gothic canopy, and holding a child ; beneath is an efcutcheon with two keys in faltire, furmoiinted by a triple crown, circumfcribed, sigillum oficii sacre pe- iviiTENciARiE ap'lice. It is of white wax, incrufted on the fide of the impreffion with a thin coat of red. A fharp oval, 3 4 ^y I I inches, fecured in a tin cafe by the cord before-men- R tioned 122 HISTORY AND ANTICLUITTES [Chap. HL. tioned palling through its back and the cafe, and tied to the deed. The above is tranfcriSed, as not being in the common form; for thefe licences were not generally granted by the pope, but by the bifliop of the diocefe, who did not prefume to grant thefe domeltic chapels fuch privileges, and make them fo nearly independent of the parifli church, as his holinefs did. The general requifites for granting thefe licences were, that the perfon fhould be a man of rank and confequence (nobilis), an invalid, or living at a diftance from the church : the laft of which circumftances is, in the prefent inftance, aggravated by the badnefs of the roads, which is defcribed with all the wordy parade of a modern conveyancer. The portable or moveable altar granted in the above licence was fo called to diftinguifh it from the larger and more folid one of mafonry : and at this perhaps malfes might be celebrated in. any apartment in the houfe. Thus Sir John Bardolf and his wife had a licence from the pope, in 1353, to have a portable altar, upon which a proper prieft might, in a fuitable place,, in their prefence, celebrate mafles, and other divine offices '. They had fometimes very difliinguifhed privileges annexed to them. Thus Baldwin, abbot of Bury, in the time of the Conqueror, brought one of them of porphyry from Rome, well, furniflied with reliques, and at which, as long as the convent preferved it entire, malfes might be celebrated, though the whole kingdom lay under an interdi6f, unlefs the pope inter- dicted that by name \ My friend Mr. Feun, of Dereham, has in liis polTellion one of thefe implements. It belonged formerly to Mr. Thomas Martin, who efteemed it a finguiar curiolity. It is made of. " Hid. Norf. Vol. IV. p. 210; ? Battely's Antiq, Bur. p. 48. woodj. Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. 123 M'ood, in the fliape of a reading deflv ; 16 '- inclics high, t8 wide, and 1 1 deep. The front part is of box, carved in high rehef with the traiHng branches of the vine. The fides are ot oak, on the upper parts of which are fculptured the branches of the fig tree ; and lower down, the emblems of the Evangeliils, two on each fide. The whole is coloured and gilt upon a white incruftation. The inclining part at top opens ; and the front occafionally falls down : upon this latter, I fuppofe, were placed the confecrated elements, while the book refted on the upper part. Within are drawers, and niches, for the hoft, reliques, &c. See an engraving of this flirine in plate IV. A few years after his father's death, namely, 20 Henry VII. Sir Robert made, as we have feen, the defirable purchafe of the principal manor ; and by afterwards induftrioufly buying every little parcel of land that could be procured, became the pro- prietor of almoil the whole village. And as a fpccimen of the concife manner in which conveyances were then fometimes made, the following is fubjoined : This bill witneneth, That 1 Robert Gippes, of Cowllnge, in the county of Suffolk, Hiifbondman, knowlege me by thele prefents to have foide unto Sir Robert Drury, knight, half of a meffbage, and of five acres of land and oon half, and a rode of medow and pafture lyeing and fituate in Hawftede, to hym and to his hsires for ever, for five pounds of lawful! money, the whiche five pounds I knowleg? me to have receyved ; and the feid Sir Robert, his executors and alTignes thereof, and of every parcel of the fame, I acquit and difcharge for ever. In witnefTe whereof to this bill 1 have fet my feale, the vj day of January, the vij yer of king Henry the Vlllth. Sir Robert was privy counfellor to Henry VII. and i Henry VIII. procured licence to impark 2000 acres of land, and 500 of wood, in Hawfted, Whepfted, and Horningfheath. He died, 1 fuppofe, foon after 24 Henry VIII. for that year, he and Thomas Bacon, gentleman, and Roger Sturgeon, enfeoffed Sir Robert Norwich, chief juilice of the King's Bench, and feveral R 2 others, 124 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. IIL others, in his manor, &:c. of Hawfted, for the purpofe of ful- filling and executing his lall will. From his fliaking hand, he was then probably old. His feal of red wax is a fmall antique. The deed is indented, without letters at the edge. He was buried in St. Mary's church at Bury, under a large altar monu- ment of ftone, which is beneath the laft arch of the chancel towards the eaft, on the fouth fide. Weever attributes this to a Roger Drury, who died in 1472, and Agnes his wife, who died in 1445 ; of both of whom the pedigree is filent. But the woman's head-drefs is of a later period ; and the whole is- evidently of the fame date as that oppofite to it, for Sir William Carew, who died in 1501, and whofe wife in 1525; flie was firlt coufin to Sir Robert : All that remains of any infcription on Sir Robert's monument, is this diiliich, on the wooden, palifades ; Suche as ye be fome tyme ware wee, Suche as wee are, fuche fchall ye be. Sir William Drury, his fon, fufFered a recovery of the manors- of Hawfted and Onehoufe, 27 Henry VIII. Four years after- wards he procured a grant of the contiguous manor of Whep- fted, with the advowfon, that had lately belonged to the mo- naftery of St, Edmund. This muft have been a capital addition to his poffeffions. The pedigree makes him marry a daughter of Henry Sothell, attorney general to Henry VII. But no fuch perfon appears in Sir William Dugdale's feries. Robert South- well iniles was made Mafter of the Rolls, 33 Henry VIIJ. and his fucceflbr appointed 4 Edward VI. By the grants which he obtained from queen Mary he ap- pears to have been a favourite of that princefs : his teftamentary difpofition of one of them is worth noticing. He had pur- ehafed the wardlhip and marriage of the heir of the Drurys of Rougham^ Chap. III.], OF H A W S T E D. 125 Rougham, who, he intended, fliould marry his daughter Eli- zabeth: but if any difagreement on cither fide fliould happen, he does not infill that the marriage fliould take place; but dire(5ls, that his faid daughter fliould, in that cafe, have the whole advantage that might arife from the wardfliip and mar- riage. A Angular legacy to the young lady, whom he had deilined for his ward's wife. The match of courfe took place, when the minor was thus thrown into his miftrelTes power. He was one of the knights of the fliire from 7 Edward VI. ta the time of his death, which happened, as we have already feen by his epitaph, 11 Jan. 1557. His will is extant in the regiflry of the prerogative court of Canterbury ' ^ and needs no apology for its infertion. It is often from thefe records alone that we can become acquainted with the property, relations, modes of thinking, and feveral other particulars, of our anceftors.. In the name of God. Amen. I Sir William Drurye, knight, the xxvjth dav ©f December, in the yere of our Lord God a thoufande five hundred fittie and feaven, make and ordeyn this my prelent tertament and laft will, m manner and fourme following ; that is to faye, Firde, 1 geve and bequeath my foule to Almightie God, our Ladye Sainre Marye, and 10 all tholly companye of Heaven; and my bcdie to be buried within the churthe of Hawfted by my firft wif, after and ac- cordinge to, my degree, by the difcretion of myn executors. And by this my prefent teftament, and lafte will, 1 revoke, and adnuUe, all other wiiies and tcfla- mentis by me before this tyme made : and 1 will that no perfonne nor perfonnes fhall take any advantage, profit, or commoditic, by reafon of any fuche telUm.ent, or will, by me at any tyme before this tyme made. And to fulfill this my prefent teftament, and laft will, and every thinge that is, or (hall be, therin conteyned ; I make and ordeyne myn executor, Elizabeth my wif; and I ordeyn, and fpeciailye defire. Sir Richard Kiche knight Lcrde Kiche, to be a fupervifcr, to call upon myn executor for the true perfourmance, and execution, of this my prefent tcfla- menf, and laft will •, 10 aide and helpe her in fuch things, as flial be requifne and neccfiarie for the fame : and I geve unio him. for his paynes and trienddi'.p therein, a gilte cuppe with a blue flower in the topp. And I will, that my faid wif and all my children, and Bredget Jervis, have every of them a blacke govvne; and every ' The gratification of curiofuy is frequently not a little experfive. In the prefent inftance, the previous liberty of cxarr iniiig, the fees ot office, and a gratuity to the trariferiber, coft one guioei ; bciides thirteen fix penny Itanips upon the thiee flicets. of paper. of 126 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. III. of my houfholde fervaunts, blacke coates. And I will and require, my faide executors to pay my dettis, as fone as they convenientlie may. Item, I gcve and bequeth to Elizabeth my wif fortie pounds worth of my plate, after the rate ot vjs. the ounce and all crilt, and vs. filver and parcel ' gilt, if it can be convenientlie born, and my dettis being dlfcharged and trulie paid. And I geve and bequeth alfo to my faide wif;, all the refidew of my plate, to be difpofed to my children, and my fonne Roberte's children ; fo that my dettis may be well and trulie paide of the refidew of my goods and cattales, and this my prefent teltament, and laft will, alfo performed with the fame refidew of my goods, and with the yfTues and profittes, rentes and fervices, of fuch mannors, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, as here- after be willed, devifed, and alTigned, to my faid executor, for the terme of certayne veers: and fuch parte of the fame plate as William Drury, my fonne Roberte's eldeO; fonne, fhall have to be delivered him at his tull age. Alio I geve to my faid wif, thirtie payer of good fheets, fixe fetherbcdds, and vj mattrafl'es, with boUlers for them i of whiche fetherbedds, two of them be in myn owne chamber-, and I geve unto the fame Elizabeth my wif, the fparvers ^ and hangings of the fame two beddes, ufually occupied and hanging over and aboute the fame two beddes : and alfo the hann-inCTS ' aboute myn owne chamber, and the hangings in the mayden's chamber, where Elizabeth Holt did lye. Alfo I geve unto my faid wyf fix pillowes of downe, one truffing cofer *, and the cofer of walnott tree, and one great fliipp cofer 5 ; and fix carpet cufshinnes % the bed (he will chule; and one cuishinn of lilke wrought with the nedill ; three cufshinnes of fattin paned; one carpiit for a cupbord •of thofe whiche were of her owne making. And alfo I will that fhe lliall have all her chaines and jewelJes, with all her appareill belonging unto her. " Partly gilt. So ShaVfpeare has, " a parcel-gilt goblet ;" and, ■" a tapfter, parcel-bawd." This partly-gilt plate is called in Sir Roger Dniry's will, before recited, " gilt and white." ^ Ajhariter fecms to have been that frame, with its \alances, at the top of the bed, to which the curtain rods were fallencd ; including perhaps foinetimes the teftor, or head-piece. A /parvcr pur le corps „ . . _ . .... .over the iepulchre of oiu- Lord, on Good Friday, when the Fix, containing the confecrated Hell, or body of our Lord, was placed on it. See Hift. Norf. V. I. p. 517, 18. 3 The old hangings were generally of arras or tapeftry, fulpended from the cornice by tenter- hooks, and eahly removed. ♦ A cheft in which cloaths, bed furniture, &c. were packed up. A trufflng-hed was fuch as could be ealily packed up, and removed. A cloth iek horle that caryeth my lord's trujjlnge bed, and all things belongynge yt, when he rydes. See the Houfehoid Book, p. 3^9. 5 A large ftrong cheft, like thofe ufed by failors on fliipboard. Cofers, or chefts, were not triflino- legacies, being often curioufly wrought, and of coftly woods, as cyprefs, &c. ' Cufliions covered with carpet lluft"; or do they mean fuch as were fometimes laid upon carpets, on the tloor ? for though fuch carpets were not commonly ufed, j-et perhaps they might be iome- «ime!. The earl of Monmouth tells us, in his Meinoirs, that upon his arrival at court, he found oiieen Elizabeth ///"/.g loi\) upon her cvJIjIoiis, p. 136. She had culliions laid for her in the privy .chamber, and there flie heard fervice. From that day flie grew worfe and worfe : file remained upon her cvjloioiis four days and tiighii at the leaft : all about her could not perfuade her to go to bed. p. i ^Z. On her great feal, her feet reft on a cuiliion. in Hoida Angel Cy nnan, III, pi. 15. a carpet is fpread on the floor before her. And Chap III.] OF H A W S T E D. 12' And alfo I will that my faide wif have the fecond veniment ' with the albe % and all that belongcth to it, for a prceft to finge in. And I will that my laide wif (hall have the realbnnable wearing and occupying of all other my beddes, fparveis, hanginge for beddes, curtaines, plate, cofers, chcllcs, ilieetcs, table cloothes, and naprye, and hangings for chambers, and all other hangings whatfoever they be, or fhnll happen to be, at the tyme of my deceafe, until luch tyme as my heire fhall accomplilh his full age of xxj years ; and then to be left for the furniture ot my houfe at Hawlled, except fuch as fliall heraftcr in this my prcfent teftament be Gtherwife devifed -, lb as my dettis be paid and dilcharged, and other legacies in this my prefent tefiament fulfilled. Alio twill that the laid heire at his full age have my beft veRiment, with the albe, and all that belongeth to it, and the belt auker clothe, and all the refidew of the veftimentis and aultcr clothes, with the ftulF in the chapell, except fuch as I have before bequethed to my faid wif. And alio I geve unto my faid heire, at his full age, all the evidences 3 of myn inheritance, which fhall remayne, defcend, and coiv.e to him, with the boxes wherin the fan)e evidences, or any parcel of them, be. And I geve and bequeth to my faid wif two brafs potts, two fpits, a kettill, and two pofnets * : and I bequeth to my faid heire, at his full age, all the refidew of my brafs pottSj with the refidew of my fpitts, with racks of yron to tourne fpitts in ; two kettills, and a panne, with a garniflie of my beft veffill ^ And I will that my faid wif fliall have one other garnifhe of my belt vefiill next that ; provided always, and I will, that all fuche ftuffe of houdiolde, plate, goods, and chattales, as I have afore geven to my faide heire, to be delivered to him at his faid full age. And I will, geve, bequeth, and affigne unto my faid wif, the manners of Hawfted Hall and Talm.age, otherwife called Buckenham's,. with their appurtenances, and all other my landcs, tenements, and hereditaments, in Hawlled, Newton, and Sidolfmere, which late were my father's Sir Robert Drurye, knight, or any oi-her to his ufe ; to have aod to hold the faid mannors, landes, tenements, and hereditaments, to my faid wif and her afllgnes, for terme of tenne yeers next, and ymmediatelie following after my deceafe, to- ', The piincipal veftment ; which was a cope iiiade clofe on both fides, and open only at the top and bottom ; fo that, when the prieft had occafion to ufe his hands, he took up the garment befgre.- It was often of very rich fluff. ^ The albe was not very unlike the furplice; only the (leeves were clofe at the wiifts. It had on it alfo fonie pieces of linen, emblematical of the four nails driven into Chiift's hands and feet. » To judge from thole that have come into my hands, few families have been more careful than this of the prefervation of the evidences of their eftates. * Little bafons or porringers. Chaffing difhes, fofnets, and fuch other filver veffcls. Lord Bacon. Thefe in queftion were doubtlefs of baler metal. 5 Garnifh of veffell, was a fervice of pewter, or fome other metal, probably gilt, or v.afhed over; for vi'hich reafon, in the Northumberland Houflrold Book, it is called, ?l garnjh of counterfeit I'tJftlL- A garnifli of it coft xxxvs. ; and two of them ferved a year. In another place, it is called, toiigO feivter viffel; and, what is ftrange in the family of fo opulent a nobleman, an hundred dozen of it were hired by the year, at iiijd. a dozen. When Warham was enthroned archbiQiop of Cantcr-- bury, in 1504, one of the expences of the dinner was, de conduftione t^oo garmjh. vaj. ekB. (pewter) tapient. pro le garnifli, xd. Lei. Coll. VI. p. 31 — 3. Counterfeit bafons and e-v.'(rs are an ong the articles forbidden to be imported, 4 Edward IV. When old Gremio defigned to difplay the lichnefs and value of hi* houfliold furniture, he did not difdaia mentioning his frivter and brafs. ^Taming of a Shrew, Aft I!i wards i2« HISTORY AND ANTI QJJ I T I E S [Chap. III. wards the pavment of m)- cletti";, and fulfilling this my prefent teflament and laft will. And for more kiretie chat my faid dettis and legacies fhulde he well and trulye paide and fulfilled, with the yfliies, rentes, fervices, and profitts, coming of the faid mannors, lands, tenements, and hereditaments, by the fpace of tenne yeers, I caufed, long bcf )re this tyme, aftates to be executed of all luche the faide mannors, landcs, and tenedients, as wer of my late father Sir Robert Drurye, knight, to thufe of me for fcrme of my life, and lenne years next afcer my deceale, without cmpechemf nt of waft, as by certain deedes indented, fealed, and figned by me more plainlie it appearcth. I will neverthelefs that my daughter, dame Marye Corbctt, fliall have in ferme the fcite of the mannor of Hawfted Hall, with all fuch pafture grounde, and medowe grounde, as Roger Hawfted latelie had and occupied with the fame, paying yeerlie to my faide wif, during the faid tenne yeers, iiijl. And I will and geve to Dorothee Drurye mv daughter, for thadvauncement of her marriage, two hundred pounds ', to be paid at her age of xx" yeers. And wheare by my dede, fealed with my feale of armes, and figned with my hande, I have geven and granted to my fonne Henry Drurye, and to his heires, one annuitie or yeerlie rente of xx^' marks yeerlie, going out of my manor of VVhepftede, men- tioned in the lame graunte, 1 will that the fame be trulie paide, according to my iaide graunte. And alfo I geve to my faide wif all my other goods and cattallcs, whatloever they be, not in this prefent teftament and laft will orherwife geven, be- quethed, or alligned, to ihintent to perfourme the fame, and towards the payment of my faid dettis. And I geve unto Bredget Jervis, my faide wif's gentilwoman, vjl. xiijs. iiijd. fterling, toward thadvauncement of her marriage. And I geve unto my fonne Henry Drurye, one good fetherbeld, a bolder, a pillowe of downe, a coverlctt, a payr of blanketts, and a payr of flieetes. Alfo I geve, bequeth, and afilgne unto the faide Henry Drurye my fonne, and to theires males of his bodie Uvvfullie begotten, the reverfion, after the deceafe of Elizabeth my wif, of the mannor of Bradfeelde, with the appurtenances, and of other landes, tenementis, and hereditamentis, which I latelie purchafed of lord Willoughby of Perham. And I will alfo, that my faide fonne Henrye (hall have yeerlie, during the lif ot my faide wif, toward his exhibition * and living, tenne marks, parcel of the yeerlie rente of nyneteen pounds and odd mony, going out of the mannor of Lawlhull, whiche rente the queenes majcUie did by her letters patentes, amonge other things, geve to me and my heires. Item, 1 geve, bequethe, and alllgne, to my (aide wif, to the perfourmance of this my prefent teftament and laft will, the relidewe of the yeerlie rente of xixl. and certayne oddc money, going out of the mannor of Lawfhull, whiche our foveraine ladie queen Marye lately gave unto me and myne heires, cmongefl: other things, to have and to hold the faide retkiewe to my iaide wif, for terme of xiij yeers next after my deceafe ; the remayndre thcrof, after the fame xiij yeers, to the faide Elizabeth my wife, for terme of he lif; and after her deceale, and the fame xiij yeers ended, to remayne to theires males of my bodie lawfulhe " About 60 years before, this teftator's grandfather thought a hnndi tcl marcs were a firfficient fortune fir a gentlewoman. And in this will, this lady's lifter has two hundred marcs affigned her for her fortune. * Maiutenance. A word ftill familiar in the univerfuies, 3 begotten i Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. li? begotten ; and for default of fiich yITuc, the remayndre thereof to my right hcires for ever. Alfo I geve to my faide wif all my lands, rentes, and reverfions, called Ingeham's, with the Grange called Hencote, and the landes and tenements there- unto belonging, for the tcrme of xiij yeCrs next after my deccafe, toward the payement of my dettis, and the fulhlling of this my tcftamcnt and laft will. And I geve and bequeth unto every of my h'oulholde fervants tenne fliillings. And I will that every of my faide fervants (hall be well and trulie paide and fatisfied of and for all fuche fomes of money as been due unto them for their wages, as alfo for their liveraies ' within one monneth next after my deceafe ; and I will alio, that my houfe be kept at my coftes and charge by the fpace of one monneth after my deceafe -, and that my faide fervants, and other of my houlholde, fliall, at their free will and pleafure, have and take their meate, drincke, and lodgeing, during that monneth. And wheare I have obtayned and bought of the l-cing and queene's majefties, the wardefliip and marriage of Robert Drurye, coufyn and heu-e of John Drurye, late of Rougham in the countie of Suffolk, efquire, deceafed, to thintent ■ that marriage fhulde be had betwixt hym and Elizabeth my daughter, my mynde, will, purpole and intent is, that the fame marriage fhulde take efFefle : never- thelefs, if any difagreament fhall happen to be, erher of the partie of the faide Robert Drurye, or on the partie of the faide Elizabeth ; I will then that the faid Elizabeth, my daughter, Ihall have the hole profite and commoditie, that fhall or may arife, and growe, by realbn of the wardethip, and marriage of tlie fame Robert, or of any other his heire, whiche I ought to have by my faid bargayne, with the king and queene's majefties, the fame Robert deceafing within age, and unmarried to my faide daughter. And if it happen the faid ilobert Drurye and his brother to deceafe before marriage, or difagreament, fo as Ibe be not advaunced by this gifte; thenne I will that my faid daughter Elizabeth fliail have two hundred marks for thadvauncement of her marriage. And I pray, will, and defire my faide wif, according to fuch motion as I have made unto her, to affure unto Henry Drurye, Thomas Drurye, and Robert Drurye, fonnes of my faide fonne Robert Drurye deceafed, the manor of Hawcombye, with thapjuirtenances, in the countie of Lincoln, to have and to holde to them in reverfion, after her deceafe, and to theires males feverallie of their bodies lawfullie begotten, toward thadvauncemcit and preferment of their livinge. And alfo her to fee to the bringing up of my faide ibnne Robert's children, as my fpeciail and onlye rrull; is in her, to. whome I have committed all theis things before iemcmbred, for thofe confideratlons, and orhef before fpecified. Item, I geve unto maifter Payne vj 1. xiijs. iiijd. to Mr. Butler iiijl. to William Wrenne, XL s. to Anne Goldingham iiij 1. to Alexander Marioc XLS. and to Water Lorde other xls. In witnefTe of all theis premifles, theis perforfes undernamed have {ct to their hands ; and the faid Sir William hath fet to his feale of armes % the day and ycre firit above written. William Drury, Henry Yelverton, Henry Payn, William Wrenne, Alexander Marriott. * Lfiri-a/ione!, ot Uheratwx, allowances of coin, &.C. to fer\ants, Miveftd at, certain times, and in certain quantities. Thev are often mentioned in old accounts. As chthts uefc ainong the aliow- aiices from, religious houfes to their depend,?nts (4ce the corrodies granted by Cfoyland Abbey, Hilt, of Croyjand, Appendix, X'^ XXXIV.) it is not improbable that the word cann.e in after-ages tg Ije cotjfliied to the uniiorm of the retainers, or iervants of tjie great, who were hence called llijtry-fcr-vants. ^•='- See -the plate, N° g. S Probata m 130 HISTORY AND ANTIQJJI TIES [Chap. IIT. Probatum fuit foprafcriptum teftamentum, coram cfno apud London, 29 die menfis Aprilis. 1558, Juramento Edmundi Brudentrll, fratris ct procuratoris dne Elizabeth, relidte didli defundli, ct executricis, &c. It appears by the above will that Sir William's eldeft fon Robert was dead, and that his fucceffbr was a minor. This gentleman, whofe name was William, had the honour of en- tertaining queen Elizabeth, at his houfe here, in her progrefs in 1578. She rode in the morning from Sir William Cordell's at Melford ; and dined with one of the Drurys at Lawfliall Hall, about 5 miles diftant from Hawfted. This vifit is thus recorded in the regifter of that parilli, under the year 1578 ; Ir is to be remembred, that the queen's highnefle, in her progrefle, riding from Melford to Bury, 5° Aug. R.egineqLie 20, annoque cfni prediflo, dined at LavvHiall Hall, to the great rejoicing of the faid parilh, and the country thereabouts. In the evening flie came to Hawfted ; her apartment there, ever afterwards, as ufual, retaining her name. Tradition re- ports that file dropped a filver-handled fan into the moat. It was at this time, perhaps, that the royal guefl beflowed the honour of knighthood upon the mafter of the manfion. It was this Sir WiUiam Drury, I apprehend, who rebuilt, or greatly repaired, Hawfled Houfe, afterwards called Hawfted Place ', or 'The Place. My reafons for thinking fo will appear from fome circumftances in the defcription which I am going to give of it; and in which I fliall be the more particular, as it will afford me an opportunity of illuftrating in fome meafure the tafte and mode of living at that period. Its fituation, as of many old feats in this neighbourhood, is on an eminence % gently floping towards the fouth. The whole formed ' Place means a feat, a manfion, a refidence. See Mr. Steevens's note on •« As you like it," A. 11. S. 3. ^ The proper fituation of houfes began to be attended to in this reign. Lord Bacon, who publifhcd his Eflays before the end of it^ fays, in his 45th, " he that " builds Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. 131 formed a quadrangle, 202 by 211 feet within ; an area for- merly called the Bafe Courts afterwards the Court Yard. Threa of the fides con filled of barns, llables, a mill-houfe, llaughrer- houfe, bIackrmith''s-lliop, and various other offices, which Har- riibn, in his Defcription of Britain, tells us, began in this reigii to be thrown to a greater diftance from the principal houfe than they were in the time of Henry VlII. The entrance M'as by a gate-boufe in the centre of the fouth-fide, over which were chambers for carters, &c. This was afterwards laid open, and fenced with iron palifades. The manfion-houje^ wdiich was alfo a quadrangle, formed the fourth fide, fi:anding higher than the other buildings, and detached from them by a wide moat^ faced on all its banks w'ith bricks, and furrounded by a handfome terrace, a confiderable part of which commanded a fine view of the furrounding country, and befpoke a tafte fuperior to the artificial mount, which in many old gardens was to be clambered up for the fake of profpeiff. The approach to the houfe was by a flight of Iteps, and a ftrong brick bridge of three arches, through a fmall jealous wicket, formed in the great well-timbered gate, that rarely grated on its hinges. Immediately upon your peeping through the w^icket, the firft object that unavoidably ilruck you, was a ^ow^fgiire of Hercules % " builds a fair houfe upon an ill feat, committeth himfeif to prifon. Neither do " I reckon it an ill feat only where the air is unvvholerome, but likevvife where *' the air is unequal ; as you (liall fee many fine feats let upon a knap of gn und " environed with higher hills round about it, whereby the heat of the fun is pent *' in, and the wind gathereth as in troughs." &c. ' Perhaps he might be defigned to reprefent a wild man, or favage, having no attribute of Hercules but his club, and all his limbs being covereu w..!i thick hair. He refembles much the lupportcrs of the arms of the late lord Bcikley of Stratton, and of the prcl'ent Sir John Wodehoule. Homhre Salvagio,']\i\.' cun.e out of the woods, with an oaken plant in his hand, and forgrown wit'- inols and i>^, was one of the perfonages that addreiled queen Elizabeth at her famous entertainment at Kenelworth CalUe, S 2 as 132 HISTORY AND A N T I Q,U I T I E S [Chap. III. as it was called, holding in one hand a dub acrofs his llioulders, the otlier refting on one hip, difcharging a perennial llream of water, by the urinary paflage, into a carved ftone bafon. Oa the pedeftal of the ftatue is preferved the date, 157S, which was the year the queen graced this houfe with her prelence ; fo that doubtlefs this was one of the embellifliments beil;ovved upon the place againll: the royal vilit. Modern times would fcarcely devile fuch a piece of fculpture as an amufing fpe^tacie for a virgin princefs. A fountain was generally (yet furely inju* dicioully in this climate) efteemed a proper ornament for the inner court of a great houfe '. This, which ftill continues to flow, was fupplied with water by leaden pipes, at no fmall ex- pence, from a pond near half a mile off. This inner courts as it was called, in which this flatue ftood, and about which the houfe was built, was an" area of 58 feet fquare. The walls of the houfe within it were covered with the pyracaatha (Mefpilus Pyracantha) of venerable growth, which, with its evergreen leaves, enlivened with clufters of fcarlet berries, produced in winter a very agreeable effe<5t '. Having crept through the wicket before mentioned, a door in the gateway on the right condu(5led you into a fmall apart- ment, called, the Jmoaking room ; a name it acquired probably foon after it was built ; and which it retained, with good reafon, as long as it flood. There is fcarcely any old houfe without a room of this denomination ^ In thefe, our anceftors, from about the middle of the reign of Elizabeth, till within almoft every one's memory, fpent no inconliderable part of their vacant ' In the inward court, fays lord Bacon, in his model of a palace, let there be a fountain, or fonie fair worl< of ftatues, in the midd. In the court at Redgrave Hall, in this county, ufed to be a huge figure of Cerberus. * This plant Teems again coming into tafhion for covering the walls of houfes, particularly in the neighbourhood of London. ^ If modern houfes have not a room of this fort, they have one (perhaps feveral) unknown to the ancient ones, which is, z-powdering room for the hair. hours, Chap, in.] OF H A W S T E D. 133 hours, rellding more at home than we do, and having fewer relbiirces of elegant amulemeiit. At one period at leafT, this room \vas thought to be the fcene of wit; for in 1688, \h\ Hervey, afterwards earl of Brillol, in a letter to Mr. Thomas Cullum, defires " to be remembered by the witty fmoakers at Ilauiled." Adjoining to this was a large wood clofet^ and a pafiage that led to the cUnuiii room^ of moderate diraenfions, with a large buffet. Thefe occupied half the fouth front. At the end of the dining- room was. originally a c/ov/^cr, or arcade, about 45 feet long, fronting the eaif, and looking into a flower garden within the walls of the moat. The arches were afterwards clofed up and glazed ; and a parlour made at one end. There are few old manfions without one or more of thefe flieltered walking-places ; and they certainly had their ufe : but this age of liil, fand- bags, and carpets, that dreads every breath of air, as if it were a peifilence, fliudders at the idea of fuch a body of the element being admitted into any part of a dwelling. This cloyfter was terminated by the fpacicus and lofty kitchen., ftill {landing, and well fupplied with long oaken tables. On the left hand of the entrance, and oppofite the fmoaking room, was the chapel., a room of ftate, much afFe6led by the old munerial lords, who feem to have difdained attending the pa- rochial church. The papal licence for it has been already given. The laft facred office performed in it was the chritlening of the author of this compilation. Through this was a door into the drazving-room, or largeft parlour, which with the chapel occu- pied theotherhalf of the fouth front. Adjoining to the parlour was a large gloomy hall, at one end of which was a fcreen of brown wainfcot, in which was a door that led to the buttery, &c. Thefe formed the weft fide of the fquare. Beneath thefe apartments, and thofe on the fouth fide, were the cellars, well vaulted with brick. The north fide was occupied by the kitchen, and various offices : J34 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. IIL oSices ; and at the back of it was a dra^xbridge. Thefe were the apartments on the ground-floor, which was raifed i 2 feet above the furface of the moat. Over the gateway, chapel, and ]:i;geil parlour, were the royal apartments, which were ap- proached by a ftair-cafe out of the hall. On this ftair-cafe, again ft the wall, flood fome painted boards, reprefenting various domeftic fervants : I have one of them, a very pretty well- painted female, faid to be for a houfe-keeper. I know not whether this fancy be as old as the houfe ; the portrait I have, is certainly, from the drefs, not more than a century old. Several bed chambers of common proportions occupied the chief part of the reft of the firft ftory. Among the rooms on that floor, was one called \.h.Q Jlill-room \ an apartment where the ladies of old much amufed themfelves in diftilling waters and cordials, as well for the ufe of themfelves and of their poor neighbours, as for feveral purpofes of cookery '. In this room flood a death's- head ; no improper emblem of the effeds of the operations car- ried on within it. Contiguous to one of the bedchambers was a wainfcoted clofet, about 7 feetfquare; the pannels painted with various fentences, emblems, and mottos. It was called the painted clofet ; at firft probably defigned for an oratory, and, from one of the fen- tences, for the ufe of a lady. The drefles of the figures are of the age of James I. This clofet was therefore iitted up for the laft lady Drury, and perhaps under her diredion. The paintings are well executed ; and now put up in a fmall apart- ment at Hardwick Houfe. ' It may not be unentertaining to fee a lifl: of fome of ihe plants which were formeiiy dillilled, taken from the Northumberland Houfchold Boole. Pvofes, buradge, femingtory (ftiniitory), brakes, columbyns, okyn Icefe, hart's tongue, draggons, parcelly, balrne, walnot-kefes, longdobeef (langue du bceuf, ox-tongue), prynierofes, faige, forrel, red mynr, betany, cowflops, dandelyon, fenneJ, fcabias, elder-flours, marygolds, wilde tanfey, wormewoodc, woodbind, endyfF, hawffe. c As Chap. III.] O F H A W S T E D. 155 As fome of thefe emblems are perhnps new, and mark the tafte of an age that deUghted in quaint wit, and hiboured conceits of a thoufand kinds; I fliall ftt them down, confelTing myfclf unable to unravel fome of them. The following lentences, which are intelligible enough, are in cartouche fcroUs, in narrow panels, at top ;' S^uodfis effe veils, nihilque ma/is. Simmam nee metuas diem, nee optes. ^ua cupio, baud capio. Parva,fed apt a mihi : nee tamen hie requies, Nunquam minus Jola, quatn cum fola. Amplior in calo domus eft. Frujlra nijt Dominus. Emblems with mottos. 1. A monkey fitting in a hoiife window, and fcattering money into the flreet ', Ut parta labuntur. 2. A camel trampling in dirty water ^. Pura juvent alios. 3. A fire on the banks of a river. Dum fervi necefjaria '. 4. A painter, having begun to Iketch our a female portrait. Die mihi, qualis eris ■* ? 5. A human tongue, with bats wings, and a fcaly contorted tail, mounting into the air \ ^0 tendis? ' This is among the emblems of Gahriel Simeon, a Florentine, (pubiiflied in Englidi, together with the " H'.r'^ical Dei:/ei" of Claudius Paradin, in i59i),and defigned to make us " laugh at thofe " vifurers, and the like, who heap up great funis of money, and leave it either to their brother or " nephew, or elfe to dicers, whoreiuafters, gluttons, and the like, fcaiceiy ever remembering this " excellent and golden lenience, nia'c farta male dilabunlur." * The camel is reported to love dirty water, and, it is faid, will not drink at a river, till he has troubled it with his feet. This is among the lymbols and emblems publifhed by Camerarius in 1590, with this ditfich; Turbat aquam fitiens cum vult haiirirei camelus ; Sic pacem, ex bellis qui lucra fada fitit. 3 Alluding to the old adage, Fire and water are good fervants, hut lad niaftert * A hint to female vanity. s This is among the Hereiftfl Div'fa of Paradin j and means to flicw the fo;il extravagances of this unruly member, 6. A 136 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. III. 6. A tree wiih fickly leaves, and a honey-comb at its roots. Near it another, quite leaflefs. Nocet empta dolore voluptas. 7. An eagle in the air, with an elephant in its talons. ■ Non vac at exiguis. 8. Some trees leaflefs, and torn up by the roots } with a confufed landfcape. Above, the fun and a rainbow '. Jam fatis. 9. An old man afleep, with afles ears, and ants that feem carrying fomething into his mouth. Edam afino dormknt'i. 10. One man ftanding on the uppermoft point of the earth; and another anti- podal to him. Et hie vivitur *. 1 1. A man endeavouring to light a candle at a glow-worm. Ml tamen impertit. 12. A globe refting on a crab. Sic orhis iter. 13. A greyhound difengaged from his collar, and licking his mailer's hand. Non fugitiva fides, 14. The fun quite black, and golden ftars. J-^ec euro videri. 15. A blackamore fmoaking a pipe ^ Intiis idem, .■ . „ ; 16. A bird of prey, in the air, devouring a fmall bird 1 ^ Friwr nee quiefco. . ^ 17. A man rowing in a boat, with a town clofe in fight. Et tamen averfor. ^ 18. A beehive, with bees about it. Cum melle aculeus, 19. A fire burfting from the top of a chimney. Alte, fed extra locum. ' The inoft feire and bountiful queen of France, Katherine, ufed the fign of the rainbow for her amies, which is an infallible fign of peaceable calmenes, and tranquillitie. Paradin. * This, 1 liippole, alludes to Sir Francis Drake's Vojage round the World in 1580; an atchieve- ment, which niufl; for many years have continued the lubjeft of dilcourle and ;idmiration. lii modern times, fuch an expedition is looked upon as fcarcely more than a common navigation. 3 The blackamore and the pipe were, in the reign of James, thought iuitable companions for one another. The king's diflike of tobacco is well known. * The meaning of this emblem is perhaps the fame with one in Cameran\is, which reprefents a . bird of prey in the air, with a fmall bud in his talons, and in purfuit ot I'ome others, with this iiiotto and dillich : Parta tcnens, non parta fequar. Multa licet fido fapicns in peftore condat, 1 Plura avido tameu uicj^ue appetit ingcnio. 20. A Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. 137 2c. A pilgrim traverfing the earth -, with a ftafF, and a light-coloured hat, with a cocklefliell on it '. Dum tranfis, time. 21. A man's hand holding fomething like a rope lighted, and from which fmoke and fire ifflie. Jr/il, crepuit, evanuit. 1%. An afs {landing on his hind legs, his head appearing through the upper part of a white area. Beneath his head a horfe is feeding. Near thcni is a woodcock, with one foot on a lanthorn. Et occiilte, et aperte. 23. A bear in his den. Obfciire, fecure. 2.]. A man taking the dimenfions of his own forehead with a pair of compafles *. Fronii nulla fides. 25. A man in a fool's drefs, blowing with a pair of bellows a pot fufpended in th« air, with fome fire in it \, Sat injujfa calet. 2(5. A death's head, with fome plant of a dark hue ifliiing from one eye, and lying on the ground; while a fimilar plant, of a verdant colour, fprings eretl from the other. Ut nicreris vives. 27. A bat flying after a large black infecft. Trahit fua quemque. 28. A rofe and a poppy. puzzi, ponga. 2.9. A mermaid, holding a muTor in one hand, and combing her hair with the other. Spemf route. 30. A bucket defcending into a well. Defcendendo adimpleor. I With his cockle hat 2ir\AJiaff. Shakfpeare. Or, as he is defcribed in Green's Never too late, 1616. With Hat e/"7?ra^u, like to a fvvain, Sheher for the fun and rain. With fcal/op-Jhe/l hdore. The cockle-fli^U hat was one of the eflential badges of the pilgrims vocation : for the chief places of devotion being beyond fea, or on the coafts, they were accullomed.to put cockle-fliclls upon their hats, to denote the intention or performance of their devotion. Warburton. See Hamlet, A. IV^ S. JV. ^ This, I fuppofe, is dedgned as a contradi^'^ion to a fancy of Ariftotle's, that the (hape, and feveral other circimiftances, relative to a man's forehead, are expreflive of his temper and inclination. Upon this fuppoGtion, tiimeon, before-mentioned, has invented an emblem, rcprefenting a human head, and a hand iffuing out of a cloud, and pointing to it, with this motto, F^ans hominem prafeii. 3 This may perhaps exprefs the folly of thofe who are fond of fomenting difputes and animolities: iis that more elegant one of Simeon's, which reprefents a warrior flirring a tire with his fr.oitl, and lofing one of his eyes by a fpark that flics out ot it, w ith this motto, Ignii glad'w non fidicnclus. T 31. An 138 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. III. 3 1. An eagle, going to take fomething from a fire.' Her neft of young ones near. Pie fed tcmere. 32. A naked blackamore pointing to a fwan with one hand, and to his own teeth. with the other. Jam fumus ergo pares. 33. A bird ' thrufting its head into an oyfter, partly open. Speravi ei peril. 34. A bird - feeding in a crocodile's mouth. Pa/cor, at baud tuto. ^z^. A boar trampling on rofes ^ Odi profanum vulgus. 36. A fliip that has anchored on a whale *, which is in motion. Tije crew alarmed- 'Ntifqtiam tuta fides. 37. Two rams fighting, detached from the flock. Nee habet viSioria laiidem. 38. A hedge-hog rolled up, with apples on his prickles '. Mihi plaudo ipfe dom'i. 39. A philofopher looking at a ftar with a quadrant. Deftpui fapiendo. ■ It is called the Oyfln-calcber {Homatopus ojltalegns Lin.) and is laid to do its bufinefs \try dextroully. The motto i'eenis to luppol'e otheiu-ife. ^ Trct'hilui, a kind of wren ; which is reported to live on the fragments of meat which it picks out of the crocodile's month ; an operation witli which the latter is fo delighted, that he entertains the greateil aft'cttion for this bird, and takes the utmoif care not to hurt it. Camerarius, before-men- tioned, repfeients the crocodile as an emblem of gratitude, on this account, with this motto, Gratis fefuire jucundum. How the prefent motto is applicable to the fubjeft, I cannot fay. ■3 That is, an impure and voluptuous pcrfon trampling upon, and dclpifing elegant and virtuous pleafures, Camerarius has this, with the following dillich ; Quid fubus atque rofis ? nunquam mens ebria luxu Virtutis fludiis elle dicata poteil. * Sliltcn has prefented us with this image ; ■ that fea bealf, Levi.uhan, which God of all his works Created hugeft that fuim the ocean llream : Him, haply flumb'ring on the Norway foam. The pilot of ibme imall night-foiaulcr'd Ikift", Deeming fome iiland, oft, as feameu tell, With fixed anchor in his fcaly rind, Moors by his fide, i:nder the lee. Par. Loft, B. \\. 200. The above palTagejiMr. W'arton thmks, the poet drew from one in his favourite Arinilo, where Adoipho, Dudon, and Renaldo, are faid to have feen fo large a whale, that they took it for;ui ifland. Notes on Spen;er, vol. II. p. 261. 5 The emblem of a frugal careful perfon. Pliny tells us, Prseparare Hieme erinaceos iibi Cibos ; et vohitatos iupra jacentia poma, atlixa ipinis, unum non amplius tenentes ore, portare ea in cavas ^ilbores. Flutarch fays, that the hedgehog, in autumn, rolls id'elt among the grapes, which it has tr.ntri%ed-to pull from the vines, and which it conveys, upon its fpines, to its young ones. To this latter account Camerarius alludes in this dillich ; Ericir.m hie q\ii eeu grndientem confpicis uvam Frugi f s, ct opes tu (psoque linquc tuif. 40. A Chap. III.] O F II A W S T E D. 139 40. A garland of leaves lying on the ground, and in flames. ^lid ergo fefellH ? 41. A full bucket drawn up to the top of a well. Hand facile emergit. The bottoQi panels are adorned with flowers, in a good taftc. T'be windows, in general, were fpacious ', but high above the floors. In flill earlier times, they were very narrow, as well as high, that they might be more difficult marks for the arrows of an enemy ; and that, if the arrows did enter, they might pais over the heads of thofe that were fitting. After this precaution was needlefs, the windows, though enlarged, continued to be made high, even till modern days. The beauty of landfcapc, fo much ftudied now, was then but little or not at all regarded ; and high windows, when opened, ventilated the apartments better than low ones % and when fhut, the air they admitted was lefs felt. On two porches, between which Hands the figure of Hercules, are ftill extant in ftone the arms of Drury, confifting of 16 quarterings, and thofe of Stafford of Grafton, O. chev. G. with a canton Ermine, and 5 other quarterings. This circumftance, corroborated with the general fl:yle of the building, and the date on the pedeital of the itatue, induced me to believe, that this houfe was rebuilt, or thoroughly repaired, by that Sir William Drury, who married a lady of the name of Stafford, who fuc- ceeded to the eltate ujoon the death of his grandfather in 1557. Windows, large even to exccfs, were become fo fafhionable in this reign, that lord Bacon, in his 45th EfTay, complains, " you fliall have fometimes fair houfes fo " full of glals, that one cannot tell where to become, to be out of the fun, or " cold." "^ This, I am aware, is a dodrine that has of late been combated by fome French philofophers, who inform us, that, from experiments made in hofpitals, they find that the unwholefome vapours, iffuing from the invalids, do not mount 10 the top of the apartments, but are fulpcnded, not much above the evaporating bodies. T 2 The i4o HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITTES [Chap. HI. The walls of the houfe were chiefly built of timber and plafter. T'be plajler in the front was thickly ftiick with fragments of glafs, which made a brilliant appearance when the fun ilione,. and even by moon-light. Much of it ftill remains, and appears to be but little injured by two centuries ; perhaps, will furvive the boafted ftucco of modern artilts. I wifli I could give the receipt for this excellent compofition : I can only fay, it contains plenty of hair, and was made of coarfe fand, abounding with rtones almoil as big as horfe-beans. And in fome of the old walls round the houfe, where the bricks have crvimbled away,, the layers of mortar continue found, and fupport themfelves by their own compadlnefs. The art was not loft even in the lall •century ; for fome plafter on an outhoufe, which bears the date yf 1 66 1, ftill remains perfedlly firm. This houfe was no bad fpecimen of the fl^ill of former artifts, in ere61;ing what ftiould laft. Part has been taken down^, not from decay, but becaufe it was become ufelefs. What is left promifes to ftand many years. The mode of its conftnu^ion con- tributed to its durability ; for the tiles proje(5led confiderably over the firft ftory, and that over the ground floor: fo that the walls and fills were fcarcely ever wetted. In the year 1685, this houfe paid taxes for 34 fire-hearths. The banks of the moat were planted with yews and variegated hollies ; and, at a little diftance, furrounded by a rerr.ice that commanded a fine woodland profpe6l. Here were orchards and gardens in abundance ; and a bowling-yardy as it was called,, which always ufed to be efteemed a neceflary appendage of a gentleman's feat ^ ' Sir Thomas Hann^er, the fpeakei", who died in 1746, had a very fine cne» contiguous to his houfe at MilJenhall ; and was perhaps one of the lall crentlemen of any lafliion in the councy, tJiat amufed theralelves with that diverlion. This Chap III.] OF H A W S T E D. 141 This place was m'cU furniflied with fiJJj-p07ids. There is near it a feries of five large ones, on the gentle declivity of a hill, running into one another ; the upper one being fed with a per- ennial fpring. There is another limilar feries of fniall ones, that ferved as flews. Thefe muft have been made at a very heavy expence ; but they were ncceflary, when fifli ' made fo confiderable a part of our diet, as it did before the Reformation ; and when bad roads made fea fifli not fo cafily procured as at prefent. There w^as alfo a rabbet-warren in the park, a fpot that would have borne good wheat. But it was, like a pigeon-boufe, a con- llant appendant to a mancrial dwelling. 8 Jac. I. a liable near the coney-warren was let with the dairy farm : and even in the next reign we hear of the warrenofs lodge. One principal reafon of the number of warrens formerly, was the great ufe our anceftors made of furr in their cloathing. " I judge warrens of conies," fays Harrifon, " to be almofl in- " numerable, and daily like to increafe, by reafon that the black " fkins of thofe beafts are thought to countervayle the prifes of *' their naked carkafes." The latter were worth 2{c\. a piece,, and the former 6 d.^ 17 Henry VIII. I Ihall clofe the account of this ancient feat by a fummary defcription of it, in a furvey of the manor taken in the year iSSr. ' Sip William Dugdale has picferved a curious infiancc of the great price, sf leaft in the interior parts of the kingdom, of what is now eHeemed a very ordinary fifh. 7 Henry V. a breme was rated at xxd. and 32 Henry VI. a pye of four of them, in the expences of two nxn employed for three days in taking tiicm, in bakin» them in flour, in fpices, and conveying it from Sutton in VVarwickfliire, to the earl of Warwick, at Mydiam in the north country, cotl .xvj s. ijd. Hift. Warwick,, p. 668. * Ste " Forme of Cury," pp. \(>(), 8. WilJielmusj 142 HISTORY AND ANTIQJJITIES [Chap. III. Willieltnus Drmy miles, dominus hujus manerii, habet in manibus fuis fcitum manerii de Buckenhams, in quo inhabitat, quam optime conflrudtum, cum uno curdlagio, gardino, uno le mote circumjacente, uno le traves ' ante portam mef- fuagii predidi, et unam magnam curiam undique bene edificatam, cum ftabulis, orreis, piilrino, le dayery howfe, ec aliis edificiis neceiftriis et aptis pro manuten- cione capitalis meflfLiagii predifti, ec uno orto five pomario, ex parte oriental! mef- fuagii et magne curie predicte. Sir William Drury was elecSted one of the knights of the fhire in 1585; and in 1589 killed in a duel in France. His corpfe was brought into England, and interred in the chancel here, where a fine marble buft of him in armour ftill remains. The icommiffion for the inquifition after his death is dated 18 Feb. 22 Elizabeth, and directed to William Waldgrave, John Higham, Nicholas Bacon, and William Spring, knights ; to enquire into the annual value of Sir William's lands, at the time of his death, particularly of the manors of Bokenham, Tal- mage, and Hawfted ; and a tenement in Reed, called Pickard;- alfo what houfehold ftufF, and napery, and other linen. The depofitions were taken at Bury, 24th September following, from which I have feledted a few particulars. Roger Reve of Bury, gent, holds, by leafe, the profits of the fayres and markets in Bury, at 36 1. a year's rent, 40 s. de- du6lions. 140 pounds of hops were worth 4I. w^hich is about yd. a pound. Wheat 8s. a comb; barley 6s. 8d. rye 5s. The 72ew park is unletten, worth about 20 marks yearlie, befides profits of deer and conies. Another perfon valued the park very differently, unlefs he included the profits of the live ftock in it : he faid, the new park is not very much charged with deer and conies; and worth yerelie 50I. ' Traves, the dictionaries fay, are a kind of fliackles for a horfe, that is taught to amble or pace. Does the word here mean the place where horfes were fo trained ? In a leafe dated 1593 (which will be hereafter mentioned) z clofe, or -zvalk, called the liorfswalk, appears to have been near the houle. 3 The J 1 '^ , 1 <; s ■ >> S; - ■^ N 1 fc - 1 Ns V, ^ . -V - i '^ 1 N ^ N n Chap. 1110 OF HAWSTED. 143 The demefnes and profits of the manors of Hawfted, and for copiehold and freehold thereof, amount yeerlie to 127I. befides the rent corn. In his time, two Uttle eftates had acquired the names of manors; for, in a furvey of the manor taken in 1581, we met with ma7ie' . rium de Cobdozves^ and manerium de Felets\ but no raanerial rights or privileges appear to have been annexed to them. The truth is; where a perfon of fome confequence refided or remained (raa- nebat), his houfe and demefnes frequently acquired the title of a manor. At the fame time many of the houfes were faid to be well built, and covered with tiles, as the parfonage, the hall, the long houfe near the church, 8i;c. and furniflied with orchards and gardens planted with various kinds of fruit-trees, befides hopyards, that will be mentioned hereafter, fo that the village feeras to have been in a profperous ftate at that period. Several lanes, as they are now called, fl:ill retained the names of Jireets ; as Pinford Strete\ Smyth Strete that led from the Green tov.'ards Bury; Caldwell Strete (or Frames Lane), that led from Hawfted Green to Menpll Green ; this laft taking its name from the fpring, or well, mentioned at p. 5. Street often fignified for- merly a made road or way, Jtratum^ as Icknild Street^ Watling Street^ Sec. Sir William was fucceeded by his eldefi: fon Robert Drury, who, even before he was out of mourning for his father, attended the earl of Eflex to the unfuccefsful fiege of Rohan, in 1591, where he was knghted ', when he could not exceed the age of 14 years.. ' He was knightecj, fays his epitaph (fee p. 55.) not at home, but at the fiege of Rohan — a circumflance that vvas mentioned, as adding a luflre to his title. He was not " dubb'd with unhack'd rappier, and on carpet-confideration," but in the field of battle ; an honour, of which military people were not a little proud ; and ■vvho contemptuoufly called thofe carpel knights, who received that dignity at home in the foft filken days of peace. See Johnl'on's and Steevcns's notts on 'I'welfth Night, A(5t. 111. S. IV. As: 144 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES [Chap. IK. As foon as he came of age, he conneiSted himfelf with one of the belt families in the county, by marrying Anne, the eUlell daughter of Sir Nicholas Bacon, of Redgrave, the firft baronet of England. In 1603, he was eledled one of the knights of the Ihire ; an honour which he enjoyed as long as lie lived. He patronized the learned and witty Dr. Donne, to whom and his family he affigned apartments in his large houfe in Drury Lane. In Dec. 16 10, he had the misfortune to lol^ his only furviving child, which feems to have produced a great change in his deligns, and plan of life ; for not long afterwards, he let his dairy and park here for three years : and in that leafe, which will be mentioned hereafter, are fome inlfances of his tafte for horticulture, and the embellilhment of his feat. On the 1 8th of March following, he founded that ample charity of 52I. a year, already mentioned. With the fame fpirit of li- berality, he bellowed, the September following, a munificent reward upon a faithful fervant : it may be a curiofity to fee the form and manner in which he did it. This indenture, made 3 Sept. 1611, between Sir Robert Drury and Gabriel Catchpole, of Hawfted, yeoman, witneficth, that the faid right worlhipful Sir Robert Drury, for and in confideration of the good and faithful fervice of the faid Gabriel already done and performed, and hereafier to be done and performed, unto the faid Sir Robert Drury, while ftrength, and habiiite of the bodie, of the faid Gabriel will permit, hath demifed, granted, and to farm letten, unto the faid Gabriel, and his affigns, all that mefiliage, lately built upon a parcel of ground, fome tim.e a wood, known by the name of Bryer's Wood, in Hawlttd, with all the buildings, orchards, gardens, lands, meadows, &c. now ufed with the fame; alfo a clofe of land, called Sparrow's Tuft, containing 20 acres, for 40 years, if the faid Gabriel (hould live fo long ; he the faid Gabriel paying yearly to the faid Sir Robert, his heirs and afllgns, for the fame, one pepper corn at Michaelmas. Provided always, that it may be lawful for the faid Sir Robert, during any part of the above term, to revoke and make void the grant. The faid Gabriel agreeing to repair the houfe and buildings belonging to the demifed premifes. About Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. «45 About the fame time, when Sir Robert fold the leafe of the almoner's barns, tithes, fairs, and markets, of Bury ; he gave that town loo 1. to remain as a ftock for ever, to purchafe fireing for the poor there. In i6i 2, he made a journey to Paris, and perfuadcd Dr. Donne to attend him ; it was there the Doctor faw the remarkable vifTon of his wife, who was at that time brought to bed of a dead child in England '. Sir Robert feems now to have quitted his feat at Flawfted ; and to have relided at Hardivick Houfe, not far diltant. For in the year 1613, he procured a licence from the archbifliop of Can- terbury for having divine fervice performed in his houfe there, for himfelf, wife, and fervants, as well as for the widows of his newly founded almfhoufe. This licence is figned, Tho. Ridley ; and the feal of red wax appendant to it, is engraven in the plate, N° 2. Dr. Walton is miftaken, in making Sir Rol e t accompany lord Carlifle in his embafly to Paris, for that was in 1 6 1 6 ; and Sir Robert died the latter end of May, 1615. He was buried on the north fide of the chancel here ; where his widow eredted a beautiful monument to the memory of his father and him, employing that excellent artift Nicholas Stone, who had given fo fine a proof of his ability, in the tomb of her father and mother in Redgrave church. Thus did the name of Drury become extindl in this village, having flourifhed in it juft 150 years. Sir Robert had two daughters : the elder, Dorothy, died at the age of 4 years ; the younger, Elizabeth, to increafe the grief of her parents, reached almoil 15. Of this young lady's monument, with her epitaph, fome account has been already given, p. 53. Tradition reports, that fhe died of a box on the ear, w^hich her father gave her. This conceit rofe probably ' Biog. Brit. U from 14v. V , I _ . . „ . _ r Tv.n ft.n aiiravc, suaoiK, atcuuui-^, 1 .' ' )n\-776, S. .'..■ of Eye. V . v^ Three daughters. ^_^ I -Thomas CuLLUM,=-Savilia, dau. of John. u' ^^v'^'^^n.^'^^d I orWilH "ofKaling,Middlefex,^Col.Supde,Go- I.anvrence. bart. diea m r754- ag^'' I °* j^' '' ' diedinf7i7. vernor of Dover 2 Stephens. H- j^otjjmeia Htnry Hawley, of Brentford. ■u,.ls dau. of— ThLmas CuLLUM.-=Savilia, dau. of John. ' Sir Jasper CrLLUM.^Anne, d. ■*''''-- . -^ -,. .• ,/r-.„.r... T^Col.StirdcGo- 1.AWR vernor of Dover 2 Ste_ Caftle. 3 Daughters. y I y'^ j ! I Jane, dau. and hesr of Thomas— ANNUuLLrM.diea Sa'vil.aCullum, Catharine CLrELUM,- Ddane, of Freefolk, Hants, j finglein i73ii. died young. died fingle in 173^- I ^neCullum, I — — " I' ■ ~ I td an infant in. | r> r r^ r r ofWcftHam.Eflix.. ! Edmonds. butiolk. ToHNci-LLUM THO.GeRYCULLUM, . JoH N P ALMER CULL JOHN »-l'LLUM, ■>■ , • , boin m-17S3. liied an infant. bojnini,,,. FED IG REE of CtTLLUM, of SUFFOLK. JoHr: CuLLUM, of Thomdon, ia Suffolk, died in 1483 _^\ To fare p. 1 51, rHOMAS CULLUM, JOHH CULLL'SI. S IB L Y CVI-H.' M. . Walter Culm dc Stsnbiil in Thorndon, faid :o be a rccoad=^=Caihirinc Rivcit, fou of Hugh Culm of Moland, in Devonfliirc. ; Thomas Cullum dc Stanhill.=T=Alicc Aldiich. John CuLLu.M=Mary AppU«right. JoHM CuLU'M.^Rebccca, dan. of Thomas Smilh. of Bsaon, Suffolk. y^^ ■ I ui, ,„f,I,. Tito Cu1lum,=P- Mary Will. Cullum. of^iMary, dau. of S.r Tno. CuLLUM.-r-DuJky.jd dau.of I „==- Harvey, ADau SHTEH.— ... . Elton, of the ^ '^"'^^^ ■y^V.f^^in. Thorndon, elded fon, Edwa.d Cole- died in .680, aged Sir Henry No.*, mrl,«T-^-—^-;^-^l'^^^J„\ Priory,-ncarBu.y. ot Lond on ^, Varied there in ,700, man, of Burnt about so. of Milden-Hall, ^ — ~ "" aged 77. I Ely. ,' °3''- Si, Thomai Mat,fell.=M,-.itv Cullum.— Dr. H^rbei.. y A 1 „ I tci . ■ -rl,.,rndnn =;=Aliee dau of lohn sir THOMAS CuLLUM, of H.nvHed,=pMory, dau. of Nicholas Crifpe, by Rtbecta Dak. CtTLLUM.=EI J°""^:;dX;:"X: ^^3r:"'°"X P"S:.e:oi?lS. bar.^bur,ed therein ,0>,. aged 77. I Tal^c, died i„ iC^.aged 36. iiabeth '■> Bum. John CutLtM^of L6ndon,died:*prAnn«, diw: of Tho. T.aurcnct,- about 1 7 to, Aged nc^- So. . i of Woodborough, Wiltj. V ^ r. n I ,. , . _v, .L p™„lev Anne =John Goat, of Annej dau. of=Sir DuDLEy=Elii. Wicki. Tho.Cllii.m, !■ u„h Cblman. of Will. CuLLUM,. died in-T-M*'** "^"l"''.' rrLLUJl Thraudiflon, lohn ift Lord Cvllum, died firgle la Jv....7 "■'"••'■-"'^'■'-7 ' foLn diedl^., ,7 = 7, ased tr,i buriedat I of Buryrbu.ied Cv LL.JM. J^audMo, , J ^ bart. died in . ."OC. p.|d„i di.Ji<.ii.97.>B='l3S. L.™;';^',;;",';."' BurMETy.Suffoll-.. l at Eye. .73--.- ='""°"'- s.ratton, died .,»o, S. I. rllt- _^ --'—[ ~" I iui;o9. Hcnrv Norch,=: Mary =. of Beiucrv CULIL M, Suffolk. 1 . Bcdin^MJ, Elii. =Rcv..Mr. Cl'«.LUN« Boya. r,L-.Reanr=:Mirabcna , buffolk, Siebbing, '.,S. r. of Eye. Mariha DM''-=f=Edm>md Bci.s. of ', Oaklev, Sjir.ilk. Tv.o funs-and one daughter, died youDg. N Three daughter!. UoiijHawey, I ofEa "g.M'ddleiej, ^^^^^ , Stephens. H- ^^ ^ sIBrcmloid. died in 1717. Calile. ; DAUGHTERS. , ^ I ^ 1 lane, .tan. and heir of ThomM— Sir John .1 .„ r.THA ,neCul,.um, ■" Deauc, of F.ecfolk, Hants. Twt died Sir jASPsl CuLLUM.^Anne dau^and hei, Ma.V Cu"-.=J"h;J|-|;;-^. ^.NA Ct LLUM.=Abr,Mm F*. Deeop.au CfLLt N.=;Cl.iude Hays, Turkey nicithant. \,^lcuLLfM,Jitd - SavimaCullum, iMigleinnp. died young. Catharine CuLLU^ died fingle in 1737. _f- , r. ,nJ heir of Thomas — Sir John CuLLUM,— Snfannah, dau. and eoheir of ^=^tom:r;i:lk!Hants. yw^^d in .:H.[|;^TKon,,s^^iy, U.. bj I ^ Sii- John Wictcwrorigc, of y I lUiotamftcd, Herts. T _/v_ , IakeCilluM, 1 "^ I „ i Ani„,p,I,^,r oi^ ISAEVLLA 1 ane C U LLU U.=FHenrv ^"t^non, of Grcat Thur tLanialaatm. [ ^ L —iH^-vHanfon K.v. James CuLLUM, St.!ANNA=A(l,Uy Palmer, of I^»^tLL'>. JA^Et.t T, -s„ir„|k, .Idcll b.ollie, o W r.v.Sir.llHNCuLLUM.=Peggy.onlvdan. Tj' ^ ° '„^^ T^f'^ y B, rcftoi of StradUhall. CuLLUM. Bury Sr.Edmonds. CtLLu... Lord Shipbrook, died .a De< ban. born in 173 i- — PcPirV. on V oan. iiiu. ^i-"* 1 - ^ „ -y\. 1 M-.:iY-Cl.'LH.-; JOHK Cl'I.H.-M, died an infaiu* Tiio. Gehv Cui.lum, born in iin- J""" iri^". '3."""' Hoirj Vernon, bor. in .:,,. John Vernon, born in htO. Aiethufa Vernon, born in 1777. Chap. III.] OF n A W S T E D. ij^ of this parifli. She departed this life the zzd of July, 1637, in the 36ch year of hir age, having had iffue 5 Ions, and 6 daughters. Hir corpes interr'd lies hear. To reigne eternallie V^^'hich liv'd with a free fpirit. Among the juil. Who by God's mercie, To live and die well. And hir Saviour's meritt, Was hir whole indeavor ; Departed in aflured hope • And in affbrancc died And certain truft. To live forever. If that all women wer but near fo good as fhee, Then all men furely might in wives right happie bee. Would any know, how virtus rare in hir did take ; I fay no more-, (he was a crispe, born of a pake. The boaft at the end of the laft line, that his wife's mother was a Pake, was better founded than fuch kind of boafts often are. She was Rebecca, the daughter of Mr. John Pake, of Broomfield, in EfTex. I have fome of her letters, after flie was married, that mark a very good head and heart ; and the follow- ing, when file was fingle, is worth preferving : " Deare Mother, My humble dutye remembred unto my father & you, Sec. I received upon Weddenfday lad a letter from my father & you, whereby I underftand, it is your pleafures, that I fhoulde certifie you, what time? I do take for my lute, and the reft of my exercifes. I doe for the moll: part playe of my lute after fupper, for then commonlie my lady hearech me ; & in the morninges, after I am reddie, I play an hower; Sc my wrightinge & fiferinge, after Ihave done my lute. For my drawinge, I take an hower in the afternovvne ; &: my French at night before fupper. My lady hath not bene well thefe tooe or three dayes : fhe telleth me, when fhe is well, ihat Ihe will fee if Hilliard will come and teche me; if fhe can by any means, (he will. Gocd mother, I doe knowe, that m.y learninge hath bene a greate charge both to my father & you, and a great paine to myfelfe. If I fhoulde through a little floth forget that which I have bellowed all my time to learne, and a greate dele of paines before I came to it, I were greatlye to be blamed for it. But I hope I ihal! have fo good a care to kepe it, and fo great a deficr to increafc it, that it fhall be pleafinge to my father & you, and every one elfe. As touchinge my nevve corfe in fervice, I hope I fhall performe my dutye to m}- lady with all care and regard to pleafe her, and to behave myfelfe to everye one elfe as it fliall become me. Mr. Harrifcne was with me upon Fridaye ; he heard me phye, and brought me a dufTon of trebles ; I had fome of him when I came to London. Thus defiring pardone for my rude X writir.ge, 154 H 1 S T O il Y A N D A N T I Q, U 1 T 1 E S [Chap, III. wriringe, I leave yOXi to ths Alii'/ightie, defiringe him to increafe in you all health & happines. Fiidayc night. Your obedient daughter, i^g§. Rebecca Pake." This letter ', written in a^vcry beautiful hand, and diretSted *' to my good mother Mrs. Pake, at Broum field, deliver this," iliews how much attention was paid both to the uiet'ul and orna- mental accomplithraents of this young woman. It was an age, when female education was much attended to. The queen her- felf was extremely accomplinied ~. The nobility, and perfons of fortune, retained in their fervice many young people of both fexes, of good families, and beftowed upon them the fafliionable education of the time : their houfes were the beft, if not the ' It was faflened in the old, and very efiedual manner, with wax and ravelled fiik ; the latter, when the letter was to be opened, was cut with a knife or pair of fciflars, while the former remained unbroken. To this cuftom of fecuring letter?, ShakTpeare alludes in his '' Lover's Complaint;" Letters ladl^' penn'd in blood, Withjleiiicdfilk feat and affcftcdly Enfzvo.tlfd i-.nd fear d to curious fecrccy. It was one of thefe letters, that Charles V. when crippled with the gout, found fuch difficulty in opening. Charles s'cfForcoit d'ouvrir la leltre de Henri ; mais comme elle etoit «7/^w avec dejils dcfoic, fes doigts, couverts de nodus, et prefque perclus, ne pouvojent les rompre. Ililloire de France par M. Gamier, as quoted in " I'Efprit des Journaux," for April, 1782. This fafl-iion continued till at lead late in the lafl century. For I have feen a letter from Chriltina, the abdicated queen of Sweden, to our Charles 11. dated at Ronie,^ in 1678, that was thus fecured. '^ Of this the duchefs dowager cf Port!a!>d is in poneffion of a very cui io.us proof. It is a very fmall book, containing fix prayers, all of confiderable ifngth ; the firfl and laft are in Englifli, the fccord is In French, the third in Italian, tl e fourth in Latin, and the fifth in Greek. It is difficult to fay, whether the piety or the gcod fenfe they contain be predominant. They exhibit a ipecimen cf exquifite pen- manlliip, which there is the befl reafon to believe was' executed with her majefly's own hand ; nor can there be much doubt of their being her own coiripofnion-, for, cxclufive of tradition, they have this internal evidence, -that there ib fuch a piofound humility and fdf-abafemcnt pervading the whole, as fcarcely any of her fubjeifts would have ventured to put inio her mouth, even in the form of a prayer. only Chap. IIL] OF II A W S T E D. 155 only feminaries of elegant learning. Such was the fituation of the perfon who wrote the above letter ; flie was probably very young at that time ; and was in --the fervice of fome lady of fafliion, who admitted her as her companion in her vacan*- hours; allowed her to improve herfelf in what flie had learnt; and was defirous of having her inftru6ted by Mr. Hilliard, one of the beft miniature painters of the age. Mr. Cullum was one of the iheriffs of London in 1646 ; and in Anguft 1647 was, with the lord mayor and feveral others, comn^itted to the Tower for high treafon, that is, for having been concerned in fome commotions in the city, in favour of the king. He was never mayor; the ruling powers, I fuppofe, not thinking proper he lliould be trufted v/ith that office. In 1656, as has been before faid, he made his purchafe in this place, to which he retired from the hurfy of bufinefs and public life, being then near 70 years old. Immediately upon his pur- chafe, he fettled his eftate on his only furviving , fons Thomas and John, referving to himfelf only a life intereft in it. 'Very foon after the Reftoration, he was created a baronet, his patent bearing date 18 June, 1660. This mark of royal favour, and his having been committed to the Tower for favouring the king's party, in 1 647, might, one v.ould have thought, have fccured him from every apprehenfion of danger ; but whether it were that he had temporized a little during fome period of the Ufurpation, or that money was to be fqueezed from the opulent by every poffible contrivance, he had a pardon under the great feal, dated 17 July, 1661, for all, treafons and rebellions, with all their concomitant enormities, committed by him before the 29th of the preceding December. Some crimes were excepted from the general pardon, as burglaries, perjuries, forgeries, and feveral others; amongft which, fhall we laugh or weep at finding X 2 wilcb- 156 HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U 1 T I E S [Chap. III. imtchcraft^ He died 6 April, 1664, and was buried in the chancel here. Of his ufeful charities fome account has been already given. A ftreet in London ilill bears his name, and where he had con- fiderable property, of which he juil efcaped feeing the deflriicftion,, by the fatal fire. I have two portraits of him. In one, he is in his alderman's gown, which is fcarlet, trimmed with fables; a large ruff, and clofe black cap, edged with white. In the other, he is in his flieriff's gown, which is black, the arms adorned with black and gold loops and buttons, juil like the drefs of the fellow-com- moners at Cambridge ; a broad falling band, a falhion peculiar to the time of the Ufurpation ; gold-fringed gloves ; and the black cap as before. This was painted by Sir Peter Lely ; and is fcarcely inferior to the pencil of Vandyck. The impreffion of his gold ring feal is given in the plate, N° 10. within is en- graven the name of his friend, Ralph Ingram, with his own : this, I believe, was not an uncommon cuftom. He was fucceeded by his eldeft fon 'Thomas Cullum^ who, about the year 1657, married Dudley ', the fecond daughter of Sir Henry North of Mildenhall, in this county, Bart. In 1680, he and Mr. Rotherham were ele6tcd members of j)arliament for the burrough of Bury St. Edmund's by a majority of the Freemen : but the alderman returned Sir Thomas Hei vey and Thomas Jermyn, efquire, who had been elected by a majority of the corporation. And the former petitioned the houfe in vain againft the return; as, in 17 13, Jermyn Davers and Gilbert Affleck, efqrs. did, in fimilar circumftances, againft the honourable Carr Hervey and Aubrey Porter. ' Peregrine, her fifter, was the mother of Sir Thomas Hanmer, the Speaker. Several of her letters are in my poflellion, and befpeak her a woman of a very cul- tivated underftanding. From her the prefent Sir Charles Bunbury inherits a good eltate in this county. See p. 70. 2 Of Chap. III.] O F H A W S T E D. 157 Of the Chrillmas hofpitality exercifed by Sir Thomas, I have leveral inftances in the Hits of the gueils iiivited to the Place at that feftive feafon. The corapuny was divided into two parties; one invited a day or two after Chriftmas Day ; the other on New Year's -Day : a third party, wlio, I fuppofe, llayed at home, had each of them a peck of wheat, and a ftone of beef. The whole number of all forts was about 60 : the women came with their hufbands ; but no children are mentioned. Sir Thomas and his lady were more united in their deaths than in their lives ; flie dying in September, and he in October, 1680. They were both buried here. Their portraits were painted by Sir Peter Lely, and in his beft manner. His pidture is remarkable for being almoft entirely brown ; his complexion, flowing peruke, drapery, and the ground, being little elfe than different .fliades of that colour : yet the whole produces a very goDd efTed:. She has a moft pleafing countenance ; her hair flowing in loofe ringlets on her forehead and fhoulders, with a very large fingle pendant in her car. Her drapery is a fky blue. Both thefe portraits, as well as that be- fore-mentioned, are in perfect prefervation and freflmefs. Some accounts of' the overfeers of the poor about this period are preserved in the church cheft, and will appear fcarccly credible to the prefent age. From 26 May 1670, to 25 May 167 1, they expended on the relief of the poor 3I. i8s. They gathered two rates, which amounted to 3I. 2,s. 8d. From 25 May 167 1, to 11 May 1672, 4I. 7s. The word coUediion was then ufed, as it ftill continues to be, for money raifed by rate, and beftowed on the poor. The old way of re- lieving the poor was by colleBing ox gathering money ioxxh^vd. from the inhabitants, who gave as they were able, or inclined ; a tuitom that flill prevails in fome parts of Wales, where the clergyman, ^S'i HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U ITI E S [Chap.III. clergy m;i;-i, on a Sunday, announces from his dcHc, the name and circuniftances of the perfon who wants rehef, and a co/- ledlion is made in the congregation. This mode has its ad- vantages. From 10 May 1672, to 8 May 1674, (two years) 13I. 19s. 3d. This account was atteited by the redtor, as well as the overfeers. The next year, 15 1. 3s. 8d.; the next, 81. 2s. 2d.; the next, 13I. 4s. 9d.; this account was delivered to the Juftices ; the next, 1 4 1. OS. 2d. ; the next, only 4I. i6s.; the next, ending eS April 1680, Tol. 15s. 8d. The eftarc and title devolved on Dudley Culium, the eldefl fon, who had been educated at Bury School, under that excellent grammarian Mr. Leedes. In 1675, he went to St. John's College, Cambridge, where the young "men at that time, however frugal they might be in other refpeits, drelTed as Beaux ; for, in his tutor's bill for 1675, 7 s. were charged for mending his fword ; and the year following, 3 s. for the fame purpofe. Yet this laft year did his mother tell him by letter, that flie could not agree that he fliould have a hanging for his chamber, without his father's confent, as it would be a conliderable charge, and as all fellow-commoners had not their chambers hanged. Here, among other acccmplifliments, he amufed himfelf with engraving, as appears by his college bills, and the followhig letter to him, .which preferves the name of an artift, of whom I find no other men- tion, and who at leaft promifed well : " Sir, Ic was my milhap to be out of the way, when the bearer of your note came ; and having perufed it, I fhall defire to ofter the beft of my fervices to you, and Ihail not doubt of performing my part, fo as to give you a further fatisfadion, than can probably be e':ped:ed, in a few days, if you can fpare but two or three hoiirs in a daw It 1 ihould btgin to-morrow morning, by Saturday night, I qucflion Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. 159 queflion not, but you will be able to grave any thing better than you can draw or wrire. This from him who dcTires to be found, Your painful fervant Oilober the t^th, 1676. to command, to my power, Edward Smiiji. i( Sir, I have always one half down, and the other when performed. The enclofed is graved upon copper and filver, by a boy that is but 14 years old, and but 3 or 4 days practice, Mr. Urlin's fon the goldfmith. He never handled a graver before I begun with him. 1 took it off from his graving with blacking." Towards the end of the next year, he Teems to have medi- tated a journey to the Continent, a defign which, I beheve, was never executed. About the fame time, he recovered from the fmall-pox ; a circumitance, certainly not worth mentioning, except as affording an inftance of the great dread which our anceftors had of that diforder; the recovery from which, though now, among perfons of the better fort, an ahnolt difregarded event, formed then a kind of era in a man's hfe. This is fo ftrongly expreffed in the following letter to him on this occafion, and which does alfo fo much credit to the mafter and the fcholar, that I am tempted to tranfcribe it : " Sir, I doe not doubt but you have a great many friends that rejorce wiih 3-ou at your recovery from the fmall-pox; and the requeft of this paper is, that I may be though!; one of the number; not onely becaufe I eReeme you, as 1 have reafon, my very good friend, but alfo for the good fignes you already give of being an honefl and lober gentleman, fuch as may both fupport the honour of your family, and promote alfo the good of your country; and therefore no man that loves either could have been willing to have loft you. You are now pafl. Sir, one of the moft dangcrou«! and mifchievous difeaies that reigne in huinane bodyes, and that ufually fee upoa men, when they are furtheft removed from their friends; and have lioryt the returne of many a young gentleman beyond the feas, when his hopes and f)yles have been fpread homeward. And though the defign you v^ent cut withail fc, as I heare, layd afide, yet whenlbever you fhall refume the defire of feeing fbreigna countryes, you may now pafle the feas with a great deale more fecurity to yourfelfe, and . i6o HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES [Chap. III. and fatisfadtion to your friends. But before that, I lieare there are fome hopes of feeing you agaia in the country, when I hope you will favour with your company, S I R, Bury, December 20, Your mod affedionate fervant, 1677. Edw. Leedes." On the 8th of September, 1681, he married Anne, daughter of John lord Berkley of Stratton, at Berkley, now Devonfliire, Houfe. A few years afterwards, 1684, he had a difpute with his mother-in-law, Chriilian lady Berkley, about fomething more than I cool, which he claimed in right of his wife. This difpute is only noticed, for the manner in which the affair was partly compromifed : the parties agreed, that the money fliould be put into an iron cheft, or flrong box, and there locked up ; and the faid cheft or box lodged in the chamber of Martin Folkes, efquire, in Graye's Inn, and the key delivered to Sir Dudley CuUum : the faid money there to remain, until it fliould be determined by the judgement of the high court of chancery, or of fome of his majefty's courts of Weftminfter, to whom the faid money of right belonged. For feveral years he refided chiefly at his feat here, being re- markably fond of his garden, into which he introduced mofl: of the curious exotics that were then known in England. He fpeaks in particular, in 1694, of his orange trees, which were then much lefs common here than they are at prefent, as thriv- ing in the moft luxuriant manner. His green-houfe was 58 feet long, 14 wide, and 10 high. He correfponded with the philofophic gardener and planter Mr. Evelyn, who diredted his botanical purfuits, and whofe flove for the prefervation of green-houfe plants he adopted. Of the fuccefs of this new invention he gave Mr. Evelyn an account in a letter, printed in the Philofophical Tranfadions ', and at the end of Mr. Evelyn's ' Vol. XVIII. N° 212. works. Chap. III.] OF H A W S T E D. 16 1 works. The excellency of it con filled in admitting frefli air into the grccn-houfe in winter, and in managing that air in fuch a manner as to keep up the fire to any degree of heat : a contrivance, fays Sir Dudley, " which has certainly more per- *' fedlion than ever yet art \vas before mafter of ;" and which had highly obliged him, and " all the lovers of this hortulane *' curiofity and recreation." To one end of the green-houfe adjoined a building v.'hich w^as called the Banqueting Houfe^ the foundation of which was waflied on two fides by the moat. The ground room (under which was a cellar), I remember, was a favourite Ration. of the angler: over that was the feftive apartment, about 1 4 feet fquare, with almofl as much glafs as a lanthorn, and commanding a moft cheerful profpedl:. This, as well as the green-houie, were built, I ap- prehend, foon after the year 1680. The amufements of the country he ill exchanged for the expenfive buftle of public life ; ftanding, in 1702, with Samuel Barnardifton, efq; a contefted eleflion for the county, ag;iin{l the earl of Dyfart, and Sir Robert Davers, baronet. Lord Dyfart and he were returned; lord Dyfart having above 2200 votes; Sir Dudley Cullum above 2100; Sir Robert Davers above 2000; and Mr. Barnardifton about 1800 '. He had juft before lolt his only brotlier Thomas Cullum^ who. died a batchelor, and for whom he had a great affedlion. He had been educated Avith his brotl^ier at Bury School ; and in June, 1679, was admitted a fellow-commoner of Chrift's College, Cambridge. He appears to liave been a gentleman of lively parts, and the moft ami\ible manners. 1 have feveral letters to ' It may bo a matter of curiofity to mention, that there are two other polls for xhe county printed ; one in 1710, v/hen Sir Thomas Hanmer had 3433 votes; Sir Robert Davers 32?3 ; and Sir Philip Parker, 20^4. The other in 1727, when 'Sir Jermyn Daver^jhad 3077 ; Sir William Parker 2c;i63 ; and John Holt €fq. 2365. Y hiin i£z HISTORY AND ANTIQJJITIES [Chap.. III... him from his accomplifhed aunt, Peregrine Hanmer, Mr. Hervey, afterwards the firft earl of Brirtol, and feveral others,, full of the fprightlieft fallies of -vit, and of the mort affedionate ex- prefTions of friendfliip. He was a great- proficient in niufic ;. and a moft paflionate admirer of the fair fex, upon one ofi whom, a near relation, of his friend Mr. Hervey's, he wrote volumes of profe. and verfe, which are perhaps fome of the lateft inftancesof thofe enthufiaftic lov© rhapfodies which our- anceftors fo much admired. He was fometimes, however, a man? of bufinefs ; for, 15 Charles 11. when the laity granted the king' Aiblldies for carrying on the war againft the Dutch, , he was one; of the CommifTioners for the hundred of Thingo. Sir Dudley, in about a year after the death of his lady in 1709,, married Mrs. Anne Wicks; but died, without ilTue by either, ia , 1720; leaving his eftate X.C) Jg-fper Cullum^ to whom the title,, upon the extind:ion of the elder branch, defcend-cd. I hav£ a^ good miniature in oil of Sir Dudley, paft his prime, in a large wig, and long cravat.. The poors rates ftill continued extremely moderate : the village indeed was not fo populous as it is at prefent ; and the manerial , houfe probably afforded fome relief to the ne.ceffitous.. But the. lownefs of the rates m.ufl; not l>e attributed to thefe caufes only : the Faupertatis pudor et fuga, certainly operated at-that time more forcibly upon the lovi^er people, than at prefent* Scarcely any-' relief was afforded, except in licknefs. In 1 68 1, the money expended for the poor amounted to?* 13I. 8 s. 6d. fom€ of the articles are : /. d.. Layd out for woolen and bread for Edward Goodwin's burial ■ ■ - 7 6- For a cheefe for the funeral — -r^. — ^ — 1 3 For beer at the funeral — — . .-^ — -, — 2. 6 So that there was an humble banquet, even at the interment of this poor msin> , vi'ho was buiied at the expence of the parifh. la ^Chap. ni.] OF H A W S T E D. i6$ In 1682, only 3I. 9s.; the next year, 1 1. 17s. 11 d.; the Tiext, il. 17 s. 3(1. Some years are here wanting. In 1688, 7I. 7s. 6d; the next, 61. 8s.; the next, 7I. 17s. 6d.; the next, lol. 8s. 4 d. The accounts are now very careleffly kept. s. d. z^ Sept. iove furvey, I confefs,.! do not find myfclf funk into fuch defpondency, as to think that the nation is decreafed a million and a half of Inhabitants within a century, and is now reduced to four millions and a half. And here I cannot l:ielp exprefling fome furprife, though the - population of the kingdom in general is of the greateft con- fequence tt) the itate, and has exercifed the pens of able cal- culators, who have differed from one another in a manner almofl: iiacredible,- yet that government fhould Itili continue inadlive in the difpute, , which it might dole with fo much eafe^ If, for inftanco, in the year 17 80,. when the bifhops received the king's ■ commands to procure from the clergy a lift of the Papifts in their refpevS"cive pariQies, they had been alfo commanded to require - the number of the inhabitants ; thefe returns -would have been- - as fatisfadory as the former, and fettled a point of the firll: im- portance, in a fliort time, ana with little difficulty. If there be good reafon. to fuppofe, that the more chearful and fanguine cal- culators are alfo the moll accurate ; why not afcertain a fad, that " rauft make every friend to this country rejoice, and every enemy tremble ? but if the more gloomy and defponding ones be right ; why r^S HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. fir. why not make us accjuainted with our confumptive condition, that we may try every remedy for our relief ? As to the increafed population of this village, it is not diffi- cult to account for it. It iias taken place entirely among the lahouring people ; and that is owing to the farmers employing fo many more hands than they formerly did: for a farmer that uled to manage his farm w^ith the help of a man and a boy, will now employ on the fame farm double that number, or more: not that he difdains to labour with his own hands ; but that he bellows upon his lands a cviltivation double of what he formerly did. Now, the more fervants he keeps, the more will gain fettle- ments, marry, and contribute to ftock the place with inhabitants. It is therefore an improved agriculture which has increafed the population here.; and muft produce the fame effect wlierever it is practifed. As the increafe of population has taken place among the labourers, we partly fee the reafon of the increafe of the poors rates, which have of late rifen to a very ferious height, though the GuildballYxSiS, been for fome years converted into a work-houfe, vyhere the poor are fupported in a cheaper, as well as a much more comfortable manner, than they ufed to be in their own wretched and filthy cottages. For fome years after 1724, the rates continued under lol. a year ; and never exceeded 30 1. till 1735 ; from which period, by fludtuating advances, tliey reached 50I. for the firft time in 1758; in 1767, they exceeded lool. ; in 1774, they rofe to above i 50I. from which time to the prefent they have, upon an average., ftood at about that height. In what degree this increafe of the poors rates ought to b^ attributed to the increafe of the poor, is a nice matter to deter- mine. Thofe who have not perhaps beftowed upon this point all the confideration it deferves, and who feel the weight of tbi« heavy tax, fay, that there is a relaxation of induftry among the lower Chap. HI.] OF H A W S T E D. ^6^ lower people, who are improvident for the future, depending upon parochial fupport, to which they have recourfe frequently upon inadequate occafions ; and that this is the fole caufe of the increafed rates. There is doubtlefs fome truth in this ; and it is further certain, that there is one fpur to indullry lefs than for- merly, which is, that fcruplc and delicacy which the poor ufed to have in applying for relief; they now often demand afliftance Mith a confidence unknown in former times, uhich the old poor do not alfume, and of which they are alhamcd in the younger ones. This behaviour is a feature in the chai ailer of the prefent -age, which feems to aim at abolifliing all fubordination and de- pendance ', and redu^^ing all ranks as near to a level as poffible. But fuch condu6l cannot fail of being extremely mortifying and iriitating to thofc who are fapporting them by whom they are intuited, and who frequently work harder themfelves than the very perfons they relieve. But, after making every proper al- lowance of this fort, I cannot but be of opinion, that the increafed number of the poor is a circumftance by no means to be omitted by thofe who are contemplating the increafe of the rates that are to fupport them. If more than one hundred per- fons have, as I am confident is the cafe, been added to the poor of this village within the laft thirty, perhaps twenty, years ; the common accidents and calamities attending fuch an increafe muft neceffarily, without any other caufe, have brought upon the parifli a very great additional charge. ' Of this there was a very flriking proof, while thefe (heets were in the prefs. Till e.ow, there ufed to be a clofe conneclinn between the landlord and the tenant ; the latter looking up to the former as his patron, and defirous of fliewing him every mark of attachment and refpeft ; but in the conrefteJ ekftion for the county, in April 1784, when feveral gentlemen canvafTed their tenants, they found they had already engaged their firft votes, and w?re even denied their fecond. How far this revolution of manners may be productive of national benefit, may, I think, judly admit of a deubt. Z But f^o HISTORY AND ANTIQJJITIES [Chap. IIL But if an improved agriculture has, in fome meafure, con- tributed to produce this evil ; has it not alfo, it may be afked,. brought with it, in fomc meafure, an ability to fupport it? I could not help throwing out thefe few loofe hints on a fub- jedl fo interefting to humanity ; and which is certainly of fuch magnitude as to claim the ferious attention of the legiflature. The common employment of the poor women and children within doors, is fpinning yarn ; by 'which the moft induftrious perfon has not of late years been able to earn 6 d. a day. Some words and expPvEssions used in this place, and the neighbourhood. y^ffeard; afraid. Saxon. I ant avifedof it. I am ignorant of it -, cannot recoUeft it. S'avifcr; French. A Balk. A flip of grafs, Ttft by the plough, as a divjfion, or boundary. A Bargain. A parcel -, an indefinite quantity. As, I have a good bargain o£ corn this year; a good bargaijioi lambs. Battlings. The croppings of trees, larger than faggot flicks, yet lefs than timber. Begone. Worn, decayed. As the thatch is lamentably hgone. So Shakfpeare, woe begone. What a blaring you keep ! fays a mother to her crying child. Applied alfo to the noife of cows and flieep. A Biimbay. A quagmire, from ftagnating water, dung, &c. fuch as is often feen- in farm-yards. The Buck of a cart or waggon. The body. A Bunny. A fwelling from a blow. To call a (lone, &c. to throw. Chovee. A fmall beetle, of a bright chefnuc" colour, and with a green gilded head' and corfelet. Coker'd. Unfound ; applied to timber. To crdck or crake of. To boaft of. Ethiops of their fwcet complexion crack. Shakefpear. Love's Labour Loft. Two good haymakers Worth twenty crakers. TufTer. A Baufey -headed inWovj. Giddy, thoughtlefs. Deathfmcar. y\n undefcribed diforder that carries off infants. 1 am quite dilverd, fays a nurfe worn out with watching and attendance. In Germany the nurfcs throw dill-water on the beds of fitk perfons, for whom they want to procure re(h To ding. The lame as cail. I A Dcoke Chap. III.] O F H A W S T E D. 171 A Dcohe or Doke. A fmall hollow in a level board : fo an imperfedlion in a fchool-boy's marble is called a doke. I have fuch a pain in my head and ears that I am almofl; dunt ; numb, ftupified. Spoken alfo of a fheep, that goes moping from a diforder in the head. How you dunt me ! fays a mother, to her noify child. We are in EleiJisn to have a bad harveft this year. Things are iti EkHion to be very dear. Likely. The bees are elvijli to-day ; irritable, fpiteful. To fay oT fey a pond or ditch. To clean, by throwing the mud out of it. Such muddy deep ditches, and pits in the field, - That all a dry fummer no water will yield -, "Qy f eying, and cafting that mud upon heaps, Commodities many the hufbandman reaps. Tufler. Flags. The furface of heaths or commons, pared off, to lay garden walks, S;c. with. So flags of ftone for paving foot-paths. Fog. Coarfe grafs in meadows, which the cattle do not willingly eat, before it be froft- bitten. Fond. Faint or fulfome ; applied to fmell or tafle. Every Foot anon. Every now and then. Frawn. Frozen. Such a field lies Gain for me ; conveniently. I bought fuch a thing pretty ^^/«; at a reafonable price. Sand-Galls; fpnts of fa.nd in a field where water oozes, or, as we fay, fpews up : and lands where luch fpots are frequent, are called galty lands. Geer is a word of univerfal application ; as doctor's geer, means apothecary's medicines. Glum, Gloomy, fulky ; fpoken of a perfon. Gofe. A ftack or mow of corn. Tun"er, among the articles of hufbandry fur- niture, mentions a gofe ladder. He ufes alfo gave and goving ; In goving at Harveft, learn fkilfully how Each grain for to lay by itfelf on the mow; Seed barley the purefl: gave out of the way. All other nigh hand gave jufl: as ye may. He's all a Gore of blood. Blood runs plentifully from his wound. A Gotch. A jug, or big-bellied mug. AGrey parfon. A layman, who hires the tithes of the parfon. A Grip. A fliallow drain to carry water off the roads, ploughed fields, he. A Hake. A poc-iron. Hinder he goes. Yonder, Hockey. The merry-making of the reapers after harveft. Hull. The huflc of a nut ; and fliell of a pea. Hulver. The Saxon word for Holly, commonly ufed. A Jag. A parcel, or load of any thing, whether on a man's back, or in a carriage '. An luder (India), a great quantity, t have laid an inder of loads of gravel in my yard. He is worth an incler of money. ' See p. 16?. z 2 A yob. 172 HISTORY AND ANTI QJJ I T I E S [Chap. III. A Job. A piece work undertaken by a labourer, at a certain price, and which he fiiiifhfs at his own time. He is then laid to work by the yolr. A "Jounct. A joult, a fhock, or ihaking bout -, io, z jouncing trot ; hard, rough, .rhar (hallvend^is,^ut fuo certo aiornato, fcripcum de dimiffione predide terre inter eos faftum d?ferenti, una cum litera aquietancie ejufdem termini, figillo predifti Philippi vel here.ium aut aflignarorum fuorum, fi de eo humanitus contingat, fignata, bene et fideliter, et fine ulteriori dilacione in ecckfia conventual! fandli Edmundi coram altari fandi Nicolai. Tali tenore adjunfto, quod fi contingat prediftos Henricum vel Ricardum in folutione predifte pecunie, termino ftatuto, in parte vel in toto dcficere, cum fuprr hoc fu- erint requifiti ; j)redi61us Henricus et Ricardus voliint et concedunt quod predictus Philippus, &c. poHk omnia tenementa in fcripto contenta cum omnibus luis per- tinenciis ingrcdiet feyfire, et ea bene et pacifice recipere fibi et heredibus vel afTig- natis fuis in perpetuum, fcripto dimifionis inter eos qonfeito non obftante, fine aliquo clameo prediftorum lienrici et Ricardi, feu alicujus nomine fuo. Lt poll ' Mr. Barrington obferves, that perhaps the firft inftance in the Statute Book of an npprehenfion, that a "Tiv;;;,?;/ is not included in the word man, occurs ii Edward III. Obfcrvations on the more Ancient Statutes, p. 2^3. j.\a earlier iniiance of fuch an appiehenfion appears in the prelent deed. A a deceirum )i7S HIST 0;R Y A N D A N- T I Q. U IT I E S [Chap. l\K decefTum prediftorum Henrici et Ricardi omnia predidta tenementa cum pert'iiicr.cils- predifio Philippo, ^c. folute et quiete revertanuir. Et fi prediclus Henricus tt Ricardus in fata difcedant ante terminvim folutionis ultimi anni, quod abfit, idem Henricus tt Ricardus volunt et concedunt pro fe et heredibus et executoribus iuis, quod hercdes vel execiitores eorum teneaniur ad foiutionem ultime ferme facie de fru6libus de prediflis te:ris et tenementis piovcnitntibus ; dunirr.odo quod htredes ct execurores predidorm Henrici vel llicardi habeant ct teneant omnia tencrricnta predie^a cum omnibus fnis pertinenciis ulque ad finem termini predidi. Et Henricus et liicardus concedunt fub pena ct diftridlione prcdida, quod in prediftis terris bofcis doinibus nee gardinis facient neque fieri permittent vaftum venditionem nee defirudionem, nifi tantummodo ad Hufbote ' et Heybote '. Hoc adjedo, quod fi contingar quod dominus rex Anglic ab cifdem Henrico et Ricardo fimui cum aliis libere tenentibus in partibus illis dcmanda et talliaaia exicrat, quod abfu, tunc pre- riiftus Philippus ab eifdem demandis eos cabit. In cujus rei teftimohiuin alter aherius fcripio ad modum. cyrografTi ' confefto figilla lua alternatim appo- fuerunt. Hiis teitibus, Waltero Freylell, Willielmo de Cramavile, Rob>rto de Iios, Seman no de Ofmundisfelde, Roberto de VVeyiham, Galfrido Oil-K^rn, Nicholaa Altircd, Adam de Saxham, Henrico filio Willielmi et aliis. Datum apud Idndum Edn u idum Die Lune proxime pofl; felluni fandli Marc i Evaiigelifte, anno regni regis Edwaidi fiHi regis Henrici decimo, finiel^te jam anno. The feals of green wax are both preferved ; one of them is- I believe an antique, with two human figures, one turning from the other, an oval, circumfcribed, " Sigillum Henrici fil. Nicholai:" the other bears a lion rampant gardant, a circle, circumfcribed,- *' Je fuys lei de a Nuell" — it belonged, I fuppolcy to one of hiS' anceftors. At the fame time, by another deed, Nuell let to the fame per-^r Ions for their joint lives, for 30 marcs of lilver paid in hand, anti for TO marcs annual rent, his whole meifuage in Haufted, with all the lands, woods, meadows, paitures, rents,, ways, paths,> • Wood, for fireinfj;. ' Wooil tor repairing the hedges. Bote, or Fret, means profit, advantage. 3 An inftrument of con\eyaiice attefted by witnelf'es was, in the Saxon times, caWed Chtrr:'raphtim, and by the Normans, Charia. To prevent frauds, they made then deed? of mutual covenant in a part' ai;d counterpart, upon the fame piece of parchment, and in the middle bet\' een the two copies drew the capit.il letters of the a ph^bet, or iometinies the word syngrai'Hus. ;.nd then cut afunder. itv aa ini'en'.fd mnnrcr, the laid piece, which, being dehvcrcd ro the two p;irties concerned, were proved authentic by n arch'ne witli one another. V hen this prudent cuffoni had for fome time prevailed,' the word V hirographum was a])propriated to fuch bipartite writin<;s. Kennett's GloHarv. '1 he prefent deed is thus indented ; and its indented edge maiked with lai-ge and fmall diiijidiated letters, I.iken I believe at random. Froin the fliortnels of ancient deeds, and the abbreviated manner in; \'iLi<,h they were urittenj fevtral pairs mi^ht be cut out of the lame Ikin of parchnteiit. hedges, Chap. IV.] O F H A W S T E D. 179 hedges, with all the other tenements in Haiiftcde and Neutoii ' that in any manner belonp-ed to it. The parchment of thefe deeds is of extreme thinnefs; and the writing flill retains its original blacknefs. 14 Edward I. as W'e have already fcen, Thomas Fitz Euftace, the chief lord of the village, held in his own hands 240 acres of arable land, 10 of meadow, and i o of wX)od. William Talemache, the next perfon in confeqiience to him, held 280 acres of arable land, 12 of meadow, and 24 of wood. Philip Noel, another principal proprietor, held 120 acres of arable land, 4 of meadow, and 7 of wood. Robert de Ros held 56 acres of arable land, 3 of meadow, and 5 of wood. Walter de Stanton held 80 acres of arable land, 3 of meadow and pafture, and I of wood. William de Cramaville held 140 acres of arable land^ 6 of meadow, and 8 of wood. John Beylham held 52 acres of arable land, 2 of meadow, and 3 of wood. And feveral fmaller tenants are hot faid to have any meadows or paftures. From thefe inffances it appears, that almoil the whole atten- tion of the farmer was beftoued on his plough. For thefe feven perfons occupied among them, 968 acres of arable land, and only 40 of meadow, juft 24 to r ; not that it is to be fuppofed, that the fmaller tenants had no pafture ; or that the larger pro- prietors had among them all no more than 40 acres of land, for the feed of their cattle. Meadow ground was properly what was referved for mowing: it was called, pratum falcabile. The borders of their arable lands were broad, and though abounding with trees and buflies,fupplied doubtlefs a confiderable quantity of grafs. However, one acre of hay-ground to twenty-four of arable, was a very fmall proportion, and befpeaks a ftrong preference to tillage. I Willi, the record whence the above notes are taken, had recited the number of cows and flieep belonging to each land- holder. .^ Neulon or Nuton was afier\v.!rcls fpelled Neutcn, as Nudl became Nowell. A a 2 Though I So HISTORY AND ANTI Q^U I T I E S [Chap. lY. Though their annual payments are all fet down ; yet nothing can with certainty be colleftecl, with refpedt to the value ot* their lands, for they paid from almoil 7 d. to lefs than a farthing an' acre a year. Some of thofe who paid the very low rents, probably performed fome fervice in hufbandry for their landlord,, in lieu of money ; and fome of the fmall fums were perhaps of the nature of quit-rents. However, we may not probably be far from the truth, if we lay their lands in general at 4d.. an acre. In the year 1281, the prices-of various kinds of grain, the produce of this village, were as follows : Of wheat, about the Converfion of St. Paul (25 January) from 4s. 3d. to 4s. 5d. a quarter; in Lent, 4s. 6d. afterwards, 4s. 8d. ; of filigo ', from 2S. 8d.t0 2S. lod.; of barley, 3s. 6 ^ d. ; of new peafe, from 2S. Q^d. to 2S. II -^d; of old peafe, 2s. 4Td.j of draget %, 2S. hd. ; of oats, from 2S, 2d. to 2S. 4d. This was a year of moderate plentVj and" therefore may be confidered as the ftandard of the prices of grain, about this period; for in turning over the Chron. Pret. I find, that at different times, from 1246 to 1270, wheat fold at what were. ' Siligo was a kind of light and white wheat. Pliny fays of ir, filiginem proprie dixt-rim tritici delicias ; candor eft, fine viitute, ct line pondere, conveniens hu- midis tractibus — eyrZ/o-ZK^ lautiflimus panis. Vulgo ble blanc, fays his conmen- tator. Googe, in his Hufbandry, printed in 1577, in his account of the diflerent kinds of wheat, fays, Robus is the fairelt and weightieft -, SH'go is ufed in the fineft cheate; Trhr.ejhe is ripe in three months. SUigo^ fays Littleton in his Didlionary, is a fine wheat, of which they make manchet. 'Ihe Chron. Tret, in the year 1387 (where fhe author fays, he knows not what it is) makes it i s. a quarter, when wheat was 2s. In a compotus of the year 1405 (fupplied me by a friend) it was 4s. a quaiter, when wheat was 5s. 4d. which I apprehend was a very great price for it. ' Draget is cats rnd barley mixed together. It orcuis in the will of lady Clare, who died in 1360. See Royal Wills. 1 ufier, who farn;ed in this county about the middle of the fixteenth century, calls it dredge. Thy dredge and thy bailey go ihrcfli out to malt. — Sow barky and dredge with a plentiful hand. then Chap. IV.] OF n A W S T E D. i8i then all efteemed the enormous rates of 1 3 s. 4d. ; 1 6 s. ; 4I. 16 s. and even 61. 8 s. a quarter, if the author may be credited, who fays at the fame time, that provillons were fo fcarce, that parents ate their children. In 1243, it fold at 2 s. a quarter; in 12865 at 2s. 8d.; in 128S, it funk to is. and in the north and wefl: parts, even to h d. Suppofing then 4 s. 6d. to be about the mean price of a quarter of wheat, and 4d. a year's rent of an acre of land, the difproportion between the produce of the land ami its rent is almoll incredible ; for, if (as I fufpecfl) an acre produced, in general, only j 4 quarter ', it would, if the ground was cropped only two years together, give the hufbandman 1 3 times the rent of his land one year with another; a profit, which the belf farmers, in the prefent ftate of improved agriculture, can rarely, I believe, reach. That lands Ihould be thus rated, can only be attributed to the frequent and almoll entire failures of their crops, unknown in modern times, in w ell cultivated countries; and which mult have been owing to an ill managed hufbandry, that funk entirely under an unfavourable feaibn. At one time we are told, the ground was fo hard that it could not be tilled ; at another, that the rain and hail deftroyed the crops ; the confequence was, not only a fcarcity, but often a famine. Even fo late as the reign of queen Mary, Bullein tells us, that " bread was fo fkant, infomuch that the plain poor " people did make very much of acorns; and a ficknefs of a ' The learned author of Fleta, who wrote about this period, and who^ in his Treatile of Law, has not diidained inferting feveral particulars relative to rural economy, intonrs us, that it an acre of wheat yield only thiee tin.es the I'ctd lown^ the farmer Vk ill be a lofer, unlefs corn fiiould kll clear. His calculation is fhis : three plougbings is. 6d.; harro'A-i.^.g id.; two bufhels of 3 acres of wheat, per ta/kam', and 3s. 4d. for cutting and tying up, 6. acres of bolyraong ; a pair of cart wheels, coft 6 s. In 13,88, the produce of the farm ^yas 69 quarters, 2 bufliels. of wheat; 52 quarters, 2 bufliels of barley; 23 quarters, 3. budiels of peafe ; 28 quarters of haras ; 40 quarters, 4 buihels- of oats. ' This was aifo the rent of the ladage of a cow, with its caif, in 1388. in the- adjoining village of HorningQicath :, when alfo the ladtage ot 91 flitep was let at I i d rach. It is much that no mention is matie ot ihis latter kind of iadt.ige, in. this village. It was an objett in rural economy, at ieaftas late as tlie time of ! ulTer,. who gives, feveraldireflions ahout it ; and Harrifon i^ty,s, that " ewes, milk, added to- " that of kine, m^kes checfc that abides longer moift, ami eats more brickie and •' mellow." ^ Though in th?fe acc.ovmts carthorfes znA (la-^lions appear to liediftinouiihed, j-et; we learn from Harrifon, that in the reign of Elizabeth, horfes kept f.-n clraught or- burden were floned, and geldings appropriated to the (addle. " Our land," fays, he, " dooth yeeld no aOes, and ti.erefore we want the generation alfo of nujles and; '• fomers ; and therefore the mod p.^rt of our carriage is made by thefe, whiclx, " remaining floned, are either refervid for the cart, or appointed to beare fuch '-' burdens as are cqnvenient for them. Our cart or plough-horfea (for we ufe them, " indifferentliej are. commonlie fo ifrong, that five or fix of them will draw three- " thoufand weight of the greateft tale, with eafc, for a long journie, although it be " not a load of coiximon uiage, which confitleth onelie <.f two thouiand. Such '-' as are kept alfo for burden will caric four hundred weight comiiionlie, without ♦•' anie hurt or hindrance." p. 220. V(?rv few ilonq horfes are now kept in the county, except for propagation. Irx Chap. IV.] O F H A W S T E D, 1S7 In 1389, 57 acres were fown with wheat; 24 acres with barley; 22 acres with j^eafe ; 38 acres with haras; 54 ^ acres wdth oats. Wheat fold for 4s. and 5s, a quarter; barley for 3s.; oats for 2 s. An old llallion grown iifelefs (quod inutilis pro Jiauro) for 12 8.; a cow for 3 s. 8d.; another for 4 s. 6d.; a pig or porker (porcellus) for is. 4d.; a capon for 4d.; a cart-load of hay for 5 s.; a cow's hide for is. 8 d. A horfe's hide tawed ' (dealbatum) was bought for is.; bul- ~mong ^ for 2 s. a quarter; a ftone-horfe for 15s.; a calf for is. Wheat was threlhed for 4d. a quarter; barley, peafe, and haras, for 2 d. 44 hogs, or hoggerels (for they are called both) were gelt for IS. 8d. 60 peribns, hired for one day to weed the corn, had 2d. each. Meadow ground was mown for 6d. an acre ; malt made for 6d. a quarter; and 6 yards of canevas for table-cloths, coft I2d. In 1390, the produce of the farm was 42 quarters i bufliel of wheat, from 57 acres, which is lefs than 6 bulhels an acre; 38 quarters 2 bufliels of barley from 24 acres, which is better than 1 2 bufhels an acre ; 34 quarters, 1 1 bufliels of peafe, from 22 acres, which is better than 12 bufliels an acre; the quantity of haras is obliterated; 33 quarters 2 bufliels of oats, from 54 i acres, which is about 5 bufliels an acre. Either of the two firft mentioned crops, of 1386, and 1388, w^ould ruin a modern farmer. For in three nearly fucceflive years there were 183 acres fown with wheat; we may there- fore conclude, that the annual number w^as about 61. Yet in neither of the beft years did the quantity of wheat reach 70 • Tawed is drefTed white, with alum. Tawcrs of lether are mentioned among the artificers in a ftatiite of 23 Edward III. " Bulmofig, or Boljmongy a word ftill familiar to us, means peafe and oats fown together. B b 2 quarters. i88 HISTORY AND ANTIC^UITTES [Chap. IV, quarters. However, no particular dearnefs of corn followed ; fo that, probably, thofe very fcanty crops were the ulual and ordinary effedls of the imperfedl hufbandry then pradlifed. And this too, as being the manor farm, was likely to be at leaft as well cultivated as any in the village. Bnt the produce of the prefent year bears a more melancholy afpeft. Lefs than 6 bufliels of •wheat from an acre is not only a crop, by which a tolerably managed farm is now rarely or never dil'graced, in the moft un- favourable feafon ; but it even then produced a great karcity; for wheat rofe from 4s. and ,5 s. a quarter, to 13 s. 4d.; barley from 3s. to 5 s. 6 d.; oats from as. to 6s. 8d.; peafe were fold at 8 s. a quarter ; and of wheat there were fold only 3 quarters, whereas in one of the former years there were 1 8 ; in the other 24. An ox was fold for 12s.; 5 acres of wheat ftubble for is. 6d.; a cow's hide for is. 2d. ; the peafe of the garden for 6s. A cow,, with her calf, was bought for i os.; another for 6 s.; a third for 7s. 3d.; two cows before calving, for 15s. id.; a boar for 2s. yd.; and 6 calves, the property of the daye, for 6s. 3 s. 4d. was paid for the exchange of l)arley for feed. A carpenter's wages was 4d. a day. A man hired for 3 ^ days to fill the dung-cart, had i od. ; a ferjeant's ' (Jervient ) wages w'ere 13s. 4d. a year ; a carter's i os.; a ploughman's (tenioris caruce) los', a plough-driver's "^ (fugatoris canice) 6s. 8d. ; a fiiepherd's I OS. 4d. ; a daye's 5 s.; and three men had is. 6d, for going to Sudbury (16 miles off) to fetch tiles for the friars at Babvvell near Bury. ' Serviens de manerio, A fteward who is employed by the lord to occupy feme particular grounds, and to account for the yearly profits of them. Kenntti's GloiT. ^ It is his bufinefs to yoke the oxen equally, i.nd drive rhem without either ftriking, goading, or over-prefllng them. He fhould be neither nielincholy nor paffionate, but lively, and full of finging, cheering with his tunes the labouring cattle. He fhould feed, and 'be fond of them, fleep with them every night, fcratch,. curry, and wipe them (prwire,firiliare, torcure.) Flcta, L. II. c. 78. Sixty 'Chap. IV.] O F H A W S T E D. 189 Sixty acres were fown with wheat, 2 -' budiels to an acre ; 32 acres with barley ; 31 acres with peafe ; 23 acres with haras, 3 bufliels to an acre; 48 acres with oats. In a life of hufbandry, the harveft is ever an affair of the greateil confequence. I have therefore thrown together two years trania6tions of that feafon, that we may form the belter idea how that important bulinefs was conducted. The outgoiniTS on that occafion were called the cofts of au- tumn (cuftus autumnales)^ and are thus ftated. In 1388, the expences of a jiloughman, head reaper, baker^. cook, brewer, deye, 244^ reapers \ hired for one day, 30 bed- repes ' (precaf) the men fed, according to cuftom, with bread and herring. 3 quarters 3 bufhels of wheat from the ftock ; 5 quarters 3 bufliels of malt from the ftock; meat bought, los. lod.j 5 flieep from the ftock ; filh and herrings bought, 5s. ; herrings bought for the cuilomary tenants, yd,; cheefe, milk, and butter, bought^, 9s. 6d. ; fait 3d.; candles 5d.; pepper 3d. j fpoons,. difhes, and faucets, 5d. 30 bedrepes, as before; 19 reapers, hired for one day, at their own hoard, 4d. each; 80 men, for one day, and kept at the lady's board, 4d. each; I40 4 men hired for one day, at 3d. each: the wages of the head-reaper 6s. 8d.; of the brewer 3s. 4d. ; of the cook 3s. 4d. 30 acres' of oats tied up, by the job as we now call it (per tajl^am), is. 8d.; 6 acres of bolymong cut, and tied up, by the job, 3s. 4d. ; 1 6 acres of peafe, cut by the job, 8s.; 5 acres of peale and bolymong cut, and tied up,, by thejobj 2s. 6d. ; 3 acres of wheat cut, and tied up, by the- job, IS. I id. > The meaning of this, I iuppofcj is, that one of the men was employed only half a day. * Bedrepes were days of work performed in harveft time by the cuftomary tenants, 3' the bidding or rcquifition ol their lords. I The dairy was ietj v.hich was the rcafon that thefe articles were bought.. la 190 HISTORY AND ANTIQJUITIES [Chap. IV. In T389, the expences of a carter, ploughman, head-reaper, cook, baker, brewer, fliepherd, deye, 221 reapers hired for one day, 44 pitchers ', ftackers, and reapers (pitchar, tajjaior. metent.) for one day, 22 reapers, hired for one day, for good will (de amore), 20 cuftomary tenants; 2 quarters 6 bufliels of wheat from the ftock; beer 8d.; 5 quarters i bufliel of malt, 18s, 9xd.; meat 9s. ii|d.; fiih and herring for 6 bideron % 4s. Bd. ; herrings for the cuftomary tenants 5d.; cheefe, butter, milk, and eggs, 8s. 3|d.; oatmeal 5d.; fait 3d.; pepper and faffron ^ lod.; candles 6d.; 5 pair of gloves '^ lod.; difhes id.; fpoons i^d. ; faufets id. ' Hence a pitch-fork : fometimes called a pike, or pike-fork : A rake for to rake up the fitches that lie, A pike for to piU them up handfome to drie. TuffLr. * Bedrepes. q. ^ This oriental plant was fuil cultivated in England in the reign of Edward III. but ufcd here before he was born; for in 1309, when Ralphe Bourne was indalled abbot of St. Auftin's, Canterbur\r, one article of the dinner's expences was, fajfron and pepper 33 s. Lei. Coll. vol. VI. p. 55. In 1366, no lefs than \% pound of faffron were confumed in the houfehold of Margaret countefs of Norfolk at Framlingham Caftle, in this county. Extrads from her fteward's account, in my pofieffion. It continued long to be a confiderable article of cookery, as well as medicine: " I " muft have faffron," fays the clown in the Winter's Tale, " to colour the warden *' pies." But, according to the revolution of falhions, its ufe has of late much de- creafed, in both. It was chiefly cultivated in Norfolk, Suffolk, Eflex, and Cam- bridgediire -, now, I believe, only in the laft. Several pieces of land in this county ftill retain its name ; at Fornham St. Genevieve is a piece called, the Saffron l^ard; another at Great Thurlow, the Sqffron Ground; and a piece of glebe land near Finningham church yard, the Saffron Pans, or Panes, fo named, I fuppofe, from the flips, or beds, in which the plants were fet. In having but forty foot workmanly dight. Take faffron enough for a lord and a knight. Tufler. It will add but little to the length of this note to obferve, that this is the only plant in the world, of which the Chives (anthers) only are ufeful. * Give gloves to thy reapers, a largefs to cry. Tuifcr. The rural bridegroom, in Laneham's or Langham's account of the entertain- ment of queen Elizabeth at Kenelworth Caftle, in 1575, had " a payr of barvejl " gloves on his hands, as a fign of good hufbandry." The monaftery at Bury allowed feveralof its fervants 2d. &^kc<:^£or glove Jilver^ in autumn. Chap. IV.] OF HA W S T E D. 191 213 reapers hired for one day, 3d. each, befides their board. 13 acres of wheat cut, tied up, and trefelled (trejeland.) at yd. an acre; i acre of oats, cut, tied up, and trefelled, at 5d.; 6 yards of eanevas for the table, I2d.; grinding 5 quarters i bufliel of malt, 8d. What a fcene of buflling induftry was this ! for, exchidve of the baker, cook, and brewer, who, we may prefume, were fully engaged in their own ofiices, here were 553 perfons employed, in the firft year; in the fecond, 520 ; and in a third, of which 1 have not given the particulars, 538: yet the annual number- of acres of all forts of corn did not much exceed 200. Front this prodigious number of hands, the whole bufinefs (except fome fmailer parcels put out by the job) muft have been foon finilhed. There were probably two principal days ; for two large parties were hired, every year, for one day each,. And thefe days were perhaps at fome diftance from each other,, as all the different forts of corn were fcarcely ripe at the fame time,. Yet I know not, if the object was to finilh the general liai-veft in 2 or 3 days, whether all the crops might not be fown fo as to be all fit to be cut at once. The farmers at prefent fow their different grains with a view to a harveft of about 5 weeks continuance. • Thefe ancient harveft days muft have exhibited one of the moft cheerful fpectacles in the workl. One can hardly imagine a more animated fcene than that of between two and three hundred harveft people all bullly employed at once, and enlivened with the expedlation of a feftivity, which perhaps they expe- rienced but this one feafon in the year. All the inhabitants of the village of both fexes, and of all ages that could work, muft have been afTembled on the cccaiion ;, a mufter, that in the. prefent ftate of things would be impoffible. The fuccefs of thus comprelhng fo much bufinefs into fo fliort a time muft have: depended on the weather. But difpatch fcems to have been the 7(>a HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES [Chap. IV. plan of agriculture at this time, at leart in this village. We have feen before, that 60 perfons were hired for one day to weed the corn. Thefe throngs of harveft people were fuperintended by a perfon who was called the head-reaper ' {fupermed'or^ elfcwhere emphatically mejjor, and prd;pq/Itus), who was annually eledled, and prefented to the lord by the inhabitants ; and it Ihould feem that in this village at leaft, he was always one of the cuftomary tenants. The year he was in office, he was exempt from all or half of his ufual rents and fervices, according to his tenure; was to have his viduals and drink at the lord's table, if the lord hept houfe (Ji dominus hojpitiimi temierit)^ if he did not, he was to have a hvery of corn, as other domellics had ; and his horfe was to be kept in the manor ftable. He was next in dignity to the fteward and bailiff. The hay harveft was an affair of no great imjxDrtance. There were but 30 acres of grafs annually mown at this period. This was done, or paid for, by the cuftomary tenants. The price of mowing an acre was 6d. Leafes and rentals muft now continue this detail, as I have no more bailiffs accounts, which throw light on fo many particulars relative to rural life. But I cannot difmifs them, without re- marking, that they are all in Latin, with almoft every fyllable abbreviated. But how abfurd was it for a fervant to lay before his miftrefs the long detail of her year's income and expences in a language that was probably equally unintelligible to them both ! The perfon who audited the account, and whofe fee for it always appears as an item, moft likely wrote it out, and explained it to the parties. The inconveniences of thus tranfadling bufmefs in ' The perfon, I fuppore, defigned by TufTer, where he fajsj Grant harveji lord more by a peny or two, To call on his fellows the better to do. an Chap. IV.] O F II A W S T E D. 193 an unknown tongue mud have been vciy great, and the perfons interefted muft have often felt thennfelves much embarraffed. And therefore the countefs of StafTord, who died 17 Henry VI. faid with much good fenfe, " I ordeyne and make my tefta- " ment in Enghfli tonge, for my moil profit, redyng, and un- *' derftandyng '." In 1 410, Sir WilUam Clopton granted the following Icafe : Hec indentura teftatur, quod Wiiiiclmus Clopton miles concefllr, tradidit, ct ad firmam dimifit, Waltero Bone de Bury landti Edmundi, mar.erium fuum de Haufted juxta Bury in com. Suffolk, cum omnibus luis pertinentibus, ec proficuis predido manerio per totum predidum comitatum qualitercunque ipeftantibus, excepta advo- cacione ecclefie ville de Haullcd, una cum vvardis, maritagiis, releviis, et efchaetis; et falva eidem Willielmo, in manerio predido, aula, cum camcris, ccquina, domo molendini, ec uno fiabulo cum duabus cameris, uno gardino juxia aulam, tt omnibus ftagnis infra predidum manerium, cum libero ingreflu et egrefl'u pro fe et aflignatis fuis, per totum terminum fubfcriprum. Habendum et tenendum pre- didum manerium, cum omnibus fuis pertinentibus, exceptis pre-exceptis, predido Waltero et aflignatis fuis, a fefto Pafche proximo futuro, ufque ad terminum et finem . . . annorum ex tunc proximo fequentium et plene completorum •, reddendo inde annuatim predido WiUielmo aut allignatis fuis viginti libras legalis monete, ad fefta fandi Michaelis archangeli, et pafche, equis porcionibus. Et prcdidus Walterus folvet capitalibus dominis feodi fervicia inde debita ct confueta, ncc non fatisfaciet penes dominum regem, et qnofcunque alios, pro omnibus oneribus dido manerio per totum terminum fupradi^um quovis niodo incumbentibus. Ac etiam reparabit et fuftentabit om-nes domes et muros predidi manerii in coopertura ec daubura, fumptibus fuis propriis, durante termino predido; excepto quod non reparabit aut fuflentabit aliquas domos aut muros predido WiUielmo et aflignatis fuis fuperius refervatos. Ec predidus Walterus loppabic et fhredabit, in predicto manerio, temporibus congruis et fefonalibus, durante termino predido-, excepro quod non loppabit aut fliredabit arbores circa bordara, foffatorum predidi manerii, nee fhredabit nee loppabit arbores circa predidum manerium, durante termino pre- dido. Et quod predidus Walterus recipiet de predida WiUielmo, in principio termini predidi, (taurum fubfcriptum, videlicet, xx vaccas, ctj taurum, pretium cujuflibet capitis ixs. iiij ftottos, pretium cujuflibet capitis "xs.; et iiij boves, pretium cujuflibet capitis xiiis. iiijd. Predidus Walterus vult, et concedit per prefentes, quod ipfe liberabic, et furfum reddet predido WiUielmo, aut aflignatis I'uis, totum prediflum ftaurum, in line termini predidi, aut pretium cujuflibet capitis capiendum eft ad eledionem predidi WiHielmi, aut all'gnatorurn iuorum. • R-oyal Wills, p. 278. Cc Et 194 HISTORY AND A N T I QJJ I T I E S [Cliap. IV. Et prediftus Walterus tot acras terre in predlfto manerio, in eadem cultnra et fefona aiatas, fcminatas, et'compoditas, in fine termini predifti dimitcet, ficut eas in prin- ci[)io termini recepit. Kt prediftiis VVillielmus non fe intromittct de fervientibus didi Walteri, nee de cultura terre predifti manerii, durante terniino predifto: nee perfequetur contra aliquos fervientes vel tenentes ville dc Haufted, infra terminum ])redid:um, vel pofl:, pro aliqua tranfgreffione facia per diftos fervientes vel tenentes, durante termino predicto. Et prediftusWillielmiis habebit ayfiamenta grangiari]m,et domorum dicli manerii, pro bladis fuis ibidem liberandis et exonerandis, cum libero ingrelTuSc egreflu, pro fe et aflignatis fuis, a feflo Pafche proxime fucuro poft datum prei'entium, ufque ad nativitatem fanfti Johannis Baptille tunc proxime fequens, line contraditlione prcdifti Walteri, feu cujufdam alterlus. Et predidlus Walterus habebit ayfiamenta grangiarum et domorum predifti manerii, pro bladis fuis ibidem liberandis et exonerandis, cum libero ingrelTu et cgreffu pro fe et affignatis fuis, a kfto Pafche infra terminum prediclum, ufque ad fcftum nativitatis fan£li Johannis Baptilte ex tunc proxime fequens, fine contradidlione predidli Willielmi, feu cujuf- cunque alterius. Et fi predida firma a retro fuerit in parte vel in toto, ad aliquos _ rerminos fupradidlos, per quindenam, tunc bene liceat prediclo Willielmo, aut alTignatis fuis, in predifto manerio, cum omnibus pertinentibus luis predictis, et in qualibet parcella eorundcm, diftringere, et diflridiones abinde abfugare, afportare, et removcre, quoufque de arreragiis dicle firme plene fuerit fatisfadum. Et fi pre^ diifta firma a retro fuerit in parte vel in toto ad aliquos terminos fupradidos, per unum menlem, tunc bene liceat predido Willielmo, aut aflignatis fuis, in predidum manerium cum omnibus pertinentibus fuis, fimul cum omnibus bonis et catallis ibidem inventis, reintrare, et in priftino itatu fuo retinere, prefenti dimiflione ulio modo non obftante. Et, ad omnes et fingulas convenciones fupradidas bene et fideliter ex parte didi Walteri tcnendas et obltrvandas, idem Walterus obligat fe et heredes et executores fuos in centum libris legalis raonete folvendis eidem Willielmo aut executoribus fuis, fi defecerit in premiffis, vel in aliquo premiflbrum. Et ad omnes et fiiagulas convenciones fupradidas bene et fideliter ex parte didi Willielmi tcnendas et obfervandas, idem Willielmus cbligat fe, heredes et executores fuos in centum iibris legalis monete, folvendis eidem Waltero vel executoribus fuis, ft defecerit in premillis, vel in aliquo premiflibrum. In cujus rei teflimonium, hiis indcnturis partes fupradide alternatim figilla fun appofuerunt. Datum die Lune in fcfto fa'ndi Machie apoftoli, anno regni regis Henrici quarti poft conqueflum undeclmo. Though the manor, or demehie lands, above demifed, were well uaderflood by the parties concerned, yet modern curiofity is difappointed at not being informed of the number of acres, as well as of the rent. The landlord referved to himfelf the advowfon of the redtory, with the wards, marriages, reliefs, and efchcats ; Chap. IV.] O F H A W S T E D. 195 efcheats ; befides the manor-houfe, with its chambers ', kitchen, mill-houfe, a ftable with its chambers, a garden near the houfe, and all the ponds. The tenant was to maintain all the houfes and walls (except thofe which the landlord referved to himfelf ) in covering and daubing ^ ; and not lop and flired the trees about the borders of the enclofures, nor thofe that immediately fur- rounded the manor-houfe. He was to receive, at the beginning of his term, feveral head of live flock, the price of which was fixed, and which he was to deliver up at the expiration of it, or their value in money, at the option of the landlord. ' He was alfo to leave, at the end of his leafe, as many acres, as well ploughed, fovvn, and manured, as he received at firil. The landlord was not to interfere with his tenant's fervants, nor with the culture of land ; nor profecute any of thofe fervants, nor any tenants of the village, either during, or after the leafe, for any trefpafles committed during that term. If the rent was in arrear, either in part, or in the whole, for a fortnight after the two days of payment, the landlord might diilrain ; if for a month, re-enter and re-poflefs. Each of the parties bound themfelves to forfeit lool. upon the violation of any part of the agreement. What a pidlure of the violence and diforder of the times ! What tenant now thinks it neceflary to ftipulate with his landlord, Thefe were probably fervants-rooms, which, as well as the kitchen, were de- tached from the houfe, as I believe was not uncommon in former times. Mod of our inferior houfes, and feveral barns, &c. have their wa.lls dill daubed. The compofition is a light coloured marie, dug a little below the furface of the ground, in feveral parts of the village : it is very tenacious ; and when well kneaded with flraw, nnd fame additional chalk, forms a coinpa(fl mortar, which, if tolerably Iheltered from the weather, by projedting roofs, and eves-boards, or weather-boards, will lalt 50 years. Cottages thus plaftered or dauU'd are warm and comfortable; their wails are not fubject to grow moift by change of weather •, and, in my opinion, look better than thofe in many parts, which are formed of ill-fhapen fragnaents of ilones cemented with a foil that is yearly crumbling away. C c 2 that ig6 HISTORY AND ANTIQ_UITIES [Chap. IV. that he iliall not interfere with the culture of his farm; nor pro- fecute any of his lervants or dependants for any mifdemeanours they may commit ? Did the tenant want to fcreen his hufl^and- men from the juftice of the law, or from the arbitrary violence of his landlord ? Upon how Ihort a default of payment might the tenant's pro- perty be feized ! and how enormous was the penalty (no lefs than five years rent) on either party, upon the infracSlion of any cf the articles ! The prohibition of breaking-up paftures, that was never omitted in after-times, does not appear from this leafe to have been now thought neceffary. The tenant was only bound to leave as much and as well-cultivated arable land, as he had received. Attention v/as even now paid to the prefervation of timber. Several rentals, about this time, fpecify rents, but not the number of acres. One, however, in 1420, mentions 8 acres of arable land let at 6d. an acre. Another, in 142 1, 38 acres, at gd. an acre; and a garden at the old rent of los. a year. Land feems not now to have been of more value than it was above 80 years ago. Thefe were not the times of improvement, hi 1448, the hay of an acre was worth 5s. which it muft have been in 1359, when an acre of meadow was worth 5s. a year. In 149T, the abbot of Bury let two pieces of pallure, con- taining together 1 8 acres, to a man and his wife, and their exe- cutors, &c. for 80 years, for 6s. 8d. a year, which is about 4 yd. an acre. The tenants were to extirpate all the thorns growing on the faid paftures, within the firft 1 2 years. And if the rent was not paid on the two ufual days, or if all the thorns were not extirpated within the time prefcribed, the landlord might re-enter, and diftrain the tenants, and all their goods and chatels found on tlie farm, or eljeivhere in the viilage. This Chap. IV.] OF H A W S T E D. 197 This leafe marks very ftrongiy the languid manner in ^^hich hufbandry was carried on, at this period. There would, I beheve, be but Utile need, in a modern leafe, of a claufe to compel a tenant, upon pain of eje(5tion, to grub up the thorns in his paftures ; the feverefl: condition he would think would be, not to be permitted to do it. The allowance of i a years for clearing 18 acres, feems to befpeak no great alacrity in performing the bufmefs. The exadlnefs of payment, and the extent of the diftraining power, denote a great degree of harflmefs and feverity. From this leafe we cannot be furprifed, that in 1500, when the lands of the manor were meafured, " per virgam vocatam " le ftandard, continentem 16 ^ pedes in longitudine," none of them, even thofe about the rnanor-houfe, which we may pre- fume were moft valuable, were let for more than is. &d. an acre,, and only one piece reached that rent. is. 4d. was the general rate. Pafture and arable land were not diftinguiflied in value.. This probably was owing to the increafe of the former ; other- wife, what was become of the meadows that in 1359 "^"^'^^'^ worth 5s. an acre? In the reign of Henry VIII. (the year not fpecified) 31 j aj:reS' of arable land vv^ere let for is. an acre, and 34 ^ acres of arable land, and 4 ^ acres of meadow, for 42s; which is is. an acre for the arable, and 2od. for the meadow. In 1536, 4 acres of arable land were let for 4s. a year; 7 acres for 8s.; and Clopton's clofes (about 25 acres), fur 20s.. now for 20I. In 1546, 2 acres, 3 roods, of meadow, were let for 14s., a- year ; ^ an acre of- meadow for 2s. 6d. ; 3 acres of pafture, for 4s. ; and 2 acres of londe (that is arable land), for 2s. In 1572, 39 acres, confilHng of '* londe, meadowe and paf- " ture," were let for 2 i years for 4I. 9s. a year, which is about 25. 3'd. an acre ; the landlord referved to himfelf the liberty of haw^ingy 198 HISTORY AND A N T I Q^U I T I E S [Chap. I\r. Iiawking, haying % hunting, and fouling; with power to diftrain lipon default of payment on the ufual days ; and to re-enter upon default of a month. The tenant might -ftubb and grubb the bullies and briers growing on the grounds; and eare % break up, and put in tillage, all the pafture grounds, except the borders about the fame, where there grew either wood or timber; and might crop, lop, and flired, fuch trees as had been ufed to be cropped, lopped, and flireded, and none other. He was alfo to lay, and leave the eareable land to pafture, one whole year before the end of the ieafe. The fame year, 14 acres 3 roods were let for 21 years, for 2I. 9s. 2d. a year, which is about 3s. 6d. an acre. Alfo 4 acres for 4s. Both leafes with the fame articles as that firft men- tioned. By thefe leafes, the tenant was left at his liberty, whether he would clear his fields from bvifhes or not. The landlord cove- nants and grants, that \\q /hail and may Jlubb^ S>cc. as if it could be a matter of indifference to either party, whether the lands were well cultivated, or half their value loft. The reftridion that the borders of the fields where timber grew, fliould not be ploughed up, was very judicious. In thofe bulliy belts that were fome yards broad, grew confiderable quan- tities of timber, and that of the beft fort ; as trees that have room to extend their branches on all fides, and are expofed to all the viciffitudes of the weather, by ftanding fingle, grow larger, and of a more compa6t texture, than thofe that are crowded to- gether in woods. The clearing of thefe borders in modern times, ' This word, which occurs only in this Ieafe, means rabbet-netting. A hay, fays Minfliew, is a net to catch conies. And in the Suffolk IVIcrcury, for 6 February, 1720, is advertifed, as loft from a warren in the neighbourhood, " A rabbet-net, cilled a hay." * To ear is to plough ; fo ufed in the Englifli tranflatlon of the Bible, and other £ontempornry writings. Eareable, in this leale, is the fame as arable. From the Latin. 2 wall, Chap. IV.] OF H A W S T E D. 1^9 will, in my opinion, operate very ftrongly towards the decreafe of timber. Some majel^ic pollards, and other trees, the pro- duce of thefe nurferies, ftill remain at a diftance from the hedges, but will never be fucceeded by others, as no foftering' and protecting bulhes are now left. It was no lefs judicious to confine the tenant to lopping and' flireding fuch trees as had been before lopped and flireded. The cuftora, which prevails in many places, of flireding timber trees to their very fummits, not only deftroys their beauty, but injures their growth : for how can a tree have a large body without large limbs ? The pruning of trees, deftined for timber, re- quires fo much caution and judgement, that no country gentle- man flioiild think that operation beneath his attention ; inftead' of which, it is generally left to the carelefs and iinfldlful hand of a common labourer, who often, with a finole ftroke of his hook, fpoils a tree that would have been fit for the navy. Harrifon ' has accounted for the fcarcity of timber, againfl which the two laft mentioned leafes guarded fo carefully : and what he fays, {o well illuftrates the period and fubjecSi: of which I am treating,^ that I truft the reader wall not be difpleafed with. the tranfcript of it. " This fcarfitie at the firft grew, as it is.- " thought, eyther by the induil:rie of man, for maintaynance of " tillage, or elfe thorowe the covetoufneffe of fuch as in pre- ** ferring of pafture for their Iheep and greater cattell, doe maka '* fmall account of nrebote and tymber : or finally, by the crueltic; '*• of the enemies, whereof we have fundrie examples declared; " in our hiftories." He proceeds thus, a little afterwards. " AI- " though I mult needs confeffe, that there is good ifore of great- " wood or tymber here and there, even now,, in fome places of. " England, yet in our dayes it is farre unlike to that plentie: *' which our auncefters have feene heretofore, when ftately- " building was lefs in ufe. For albeit, that there were then': ' P. 212. *^ greater- 200 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. IV. *' greater number of melTuages and manfioiis almofh in every " place, yet were their frames Co flite and flender, that one " meane dwelhng houfe in our time is able to countervayle very " many of them, if you confider the prefent charge, with the " plentie of timber that we beftow upon them. In times paft, " men were contented to dwell in houfes, buylded of fallow, *' willow, phimme-tree, hardbeame, and elme, fo that the ufe of " oke was in a manner dedicated wholy unto churches, religious " houfes, princes palaces, noblemens lodgings, and navigation ; *' but now all thefe are rejected, and nothing but oke any whit " regarded." In 1574, 15 acres were let for 21 years, for i8s. 4d. a year, which is lefs than i s. 3d. an acre. The tenant was to take only two crops together : he was alfo yearly, and every year, during the leafe, at his own proper coft and charge, to ftubb, and reaS upf all manner of buflies and thorn,s upon a certain clofe, taking the fame in lieu and recompence of his charges, bellowed about making clean the faid clofe. In 1575? the landlord was to receive in part of rent, three cart loads of barley ftraw, good, fweet, and well ended. The laft term is ftill ufed for inned, houfed. In 1577, 21 acres in the totvne, fylds, and hamlet s, of Haw- iled, were let for 21 years, for il. us. 8d. a year, which is about IS. 6d. an acre. The tenant was to ftubb and reai up the thorns, as before. It was the fame landlord, Sir William Drury, that granted the three laft mentioned leafes; and by them it fliould feem, as if he thought it neceffiiry that fome better management fhould take place in his eftate. For the tenants have it not now in their option, whether they will ftubb up the buflies, or not; the landlord does not covenant and grant, that Xhtj JJjall and may\ but the tenants covenant and grant that they % the court-yard, being the bafecourt of the place^ or capital manfion-houfu ; the bozvling yard, and banks " lying near the faid houfe ; the orchard, which by . an old map appears to have been 1 1 acres ; the clofe, or walk, called the horfe-zvalk ; the dove-boiife\ the hog-yard; the paftures, feedings, and grounds, within the walls of the faid houfe ; the old park, with the lodge^ &c. therein ; were let for 3 years, for 40I. a year, with power to re-enter, and re-poffefs, upon 20 days default of payment. The landlord referved to himfelf the capital houfe, the moat, and all other waters, and their fhlieries ; the pafturage, and • P. no. * Thefe were the terraffcs formed by the earth thrown out of the moat. D d 2 walk 204 ?1 I S T O R Y AND A N T I QJJ I T I E S [Chap. IV. walk of two geldings ', and of 50 deer, male and female, whereof 6 to be bucks ; and the liberty of taking brick from the clamp to repair the capital houfe. The tenant was to })ay yearly, to the parfon of the church, one buck, and one doe % in feafon, for and in the name of the tithe, payable out of the demefne lands of the manors of Flawfted, Talmage's, and Buck- enham's. He was alfo to pay and deliver at the capital houfe, all the corn and grain that Ihould grow or renew on any of the. grounds during the leafe, if any i'o be. He was to have to his- own proper ufe all the deer in the park, except thofe before referved. He was to keep the park-pale, and the buildings, in repair, bing allowed timber for the fame : he was to cherifli and maintain the fruit-trees in the orchard ; to break up none of the paftures ; nor to affign over any part of the lands he had hired, except by his laft will. The prohibition of breaking up paftures feems to be repeated in this leafe ; in one claufe it is exprelTed, though without any penalty annexed ; in another it feems to be implied, in the landlord's taking all the corn, if there lliould be any. This prohibition was particularly neceffary about this period, when the exceffive exportation of corn had raifed it to an immoderate price ^ The farmer, tempted with this profpedt ' Thefe were for his own riding ; as horfes for draught were' generally kept ftoned. See p. 186. " Geldings" fays Harrifon, " are now growne to be very dere among us, " efpccially if they be well coloured, juftly lymmed, and have thereto an eafie " ambling pace. For our countrimen, feeking their eafe in every corner, where it " is to be had, delight very much in thefe qualyties, but chiefly in their excellent " paces, which, befides that it is in manner peculiar unto horles of our foyle, and ** not hurtful to the rider or owner, fitting on their backs ; it is moreover very " pleafaunt and delegable in hys eares, in that the noyfe of theyr well-proportioned " pafe doth yceld comfortable founde, as he travelleth by the waie." p. 220. * This was a common compofition for the tithe of a park, and continues ilill in many places -, as at Hengrave, in this neighbourhood. ' See Chron. Pret. And in 1598, when the county compounded for the provifions to be delivered for the royal houlehold, wheat was rated at 4cs. a quarter. I Of Chap. IV.] O F H A W S T E D, 20- of gain, would, if not prevented, have broken up all his paftures, and facrificed the certain profits of his grafs-grounds to the ever more precarious ones of tillage, and which would in a great meafure have ceafed, v/hen foreign demanrls llackened. The humane attention to the tenant's family, in cafe of his- deatii, by empowering him to afiign the farm, by his laft wil!;^, fliould not pafs unnoticed, at a period, when people in low life appear not to have been fo much confidered by their fuperiors as they are at prefent '. And in this inll:ance the indulgence is the more remarkable, as it is not hkely that the tenant fliouki lay out much money on his farm, for fo lliort a Icafe, The fame year, 1593, a piece of ground called the Long Lawne"-^. containing 67 acres, 3 roods — the Little Lawne, 19.;. acres, 1 rood — a grove c^Wed Elming Grove^ 23 acres, 3 roods, — • a little lazvne by it, 1 2 acres, 2 roods — Oakley zvood, with the ponds and waters leading up to the garden, 44 acres, 3 roods — grounds and lawnes towards Bury, 59 acres — a piece of ground,, called the Little Harpe, 3 acres, 3 roods- — in all, 231 acres, 3 roods, being parcels of land within or near Haiv/led Park, called tMq the great Park \ were let for three years, for 57 1. 13s. 9d, a year, which is nearly 5s. an acre. Alfo a piece of paflure, called Bricklefield, 62 acres, 2 roods; and a wood, lying there, called How Wood, 13 acres, 3 roods; in all 76 acres, 1 rood; were let at the fame time, and to the fame perfon, for 1 61. a>. year, which is above 4s. 3d. an acre. The tenant was to have all the wood and trees that fliould fall, or be blown down, . or. ' A tenant may now, by hw, dcvife his leafe. "" In a rental of this manor, made in 1500, mention is made of 9 acres in campa- vocato le lawnde ; and fo this word was pronounced by Shakfpeare, and his cotemporarics ; Under this thick grown brake we'll fhroud ourfelves, For through this laund anon the deer will come. Hid Part of Henry VI. Afl: III. Sc. L It was properly an untilled plain, extended between woods, ' Steevens's note-. leane: 2d6 n I S T O RY AND A N T I Q^U I TIES [Chap. IV, leaae down, by the winds and tempeft; and if he fliould flubb or pull up any bullies growing on his grounds, for cleanfing the lame, he was to have fuch part of them for his trouble, as fliould pleafe his landlord. The landlord was to keep hini harmlefs from all damages and cofts of fuit, wdiich he might fuftain for default of payment of tithe or herbage. And if the tenant broke up, and fowed with corn, any part of his grounds, the landlord was to have and take one half of the corn growing thereon. hi 1599, diiiraining upon default of payment was not to take place till 30 days, and then only if the rent had been lawfully demanded. — It is pleafing to note thefe gradual advancements of forbearance and lenity. Land, from the above ftateraent of its rents, feems to have increafed but little in its value, this long and profperous reign. Even the paftures of the park, towards the clofe of it, had only reached the r-ent of meadows 200 years before. From the negle(ft of paftures, which, at different times, neither the landlord nor the tenant feem to have been in earned in clearing from buflies ; tillage was probably chiefly attended to, and that too with good fuccefs, if we may believe Harrifon, who pubhflied his defcription of Britain in 1577 : he fays, that in ordinary years, each acre of wheat, one with another, through- out the kingdom, if well tilled and drelfed, would yield 20 bufhels ; of barley, 36 ; of oats, and fuch like, 5 quarters. And Tufler, who wrote fome time before him, fays the fame; ior he thus divides corn harveft into ten equal parts : 1. One part caft forth for rent due out of hand. 2. One other part for feed to fow thy land. 3. One other part leave parfon for his tith. 4. Another part for harveft, fickle, and fith. 5. One Chap. IV.] OF H A W S T E D. 207 5. One part for ploughwrite, cartwrite, knacktr ', and fniitli. 6v One part to uphold thy teems that draw therewith. 7.. Another part tor fervant and workman's wages )aie. 8. One part likewife for filbcUie daie by dale. 9. One part thy wife for needful things doth crave. 10. Thy felf and thy child the lalt pare would have. The tenfold produce of the feed fown, is about the avarage or modern crops ; fo that in this refpecft, agriculture has been much the fame for two centuries. The great advantage which the farmer of the prefent time has over his predeceffor, in the i6th century, is derived from turneps and clover, which are cultivated in feme parts, and beans in others : {o that, ftri^tly fpeaking, a good farmer's arable land is fcarcely ever fallow, or unprofitable to him : whereas, in the old hufbandry, the land, every third year, when it did not bear corn, bore nothing. In 1603, Hawf.ed Hall, or manor-houfe, with 126 acres of land, "fituate in the towne and fields of Hawfted, were let to William Crofts, efq; of Bury St. Edmund's, for 1 1 years, for 40I. and 10 combs of oats a year, which is about 6s. 8d. ari. acre. The landlord referved to himfelf the liberty of keepinp- courts in the houfe ; with power of re-entry upon 28 days defavilt of payment, or upon any of the grounds being affigned to another. It was covenanted, that no pailures fhould be broken. lip, but no penalty was annexed. In 16 i \.j t\\Q dairy-hoiife, fituate on the weft fide of the out- ward court-yard of the chief houfe called Hawjled Houfe, a barn, &:c. a garden, feveral utenfils of houfehold, the ufe of the.. brewing and baking-houfes at, the chief houfe, with five parcels of Hawfted park, containing together 155 acres, were let for 3 years for 85I. 5s. a year, which is near i is. an acre. The ' Knacker is ftill a Sufiblk word for the perfon who makes harncfs, collars, and leather furniture in general for the farmer. landlord: o^d-8 H I S T O R'Y AND A N T I Q U J TIES [Chap. IV, landlord referved to himfeU" the liberty of fupplantlng^ removing, or taking away, any of the fickamore-trees ', rofe-trees % or artichokes % then growing in the faid dairy-garden. The tenant could not affign the farm but to his wife or children, and to thofe only by his laft will : and if he broke up, and fowed, any of the paftures, he was to forfeit -'| of the crop. He was, to the utmoft of his power, to preferve, and cheriHi up, the trees and plants, in the garden or orchard, and the. fame garden well plant with herbs. He was to pay 40s. if he killed any deer that fliould break into his fields: he was not to keep any ftoned .horfe loofe, and at liberty ; nor joift any mares, geldings, or colts, for a Ihorter time than the whole fummer ; nor convert ■ into hay-ground a fpeciiied pailure. The landlord difcharged him from paying all fifteenths, tenths, taxes, and fubfidies, due out of the demifed lands ; as alfo all tenths due to the incum- bent of the redory. In the fchedule of the utenfils in the milk houfe, are men- tioned two cheefe-breds '^, and two evangelett fats K In ' Though the fickamore tree thrives fo well, and is now fo common in England, ■yet it certainly is not a native. " It is a flranger," fays Gerarde, who wrote in I cny, " in England, only it groweth in the walks and places of pleafure of noble- " men, where it is efpecially planted for the (hadow fake." It is a native of Swit- zerland. Thofe now mentioned mufl have been nurfery plants, and probably were the firft feen in thefe parts. * The rofe-trecs were probably of the fcarcer kinds. Sir Richard Weflon, who wrote 40 years after this, fays, " we have red roles from France." ^ Evelyn, in his Acctaria, written in 1699, fays of the artichoke, " 'tis not " very long fince this noble thiflle came lirft into Italy, improved into this mag- «' nitude by culture, and fo rare in England, that they were commonly fold for »' crowns apiece." They were introduced, however, long before this into our gardens ; for in Gerarde there is a print of the globe kind, which he calls, cinara maxima Auglica, and mentions the different ways of drefiing it. By the attention paid them in this leafe, they were certainly, at that time, ciieemed rarities. ' * Cheefebreds are Cheefebocirds ; as the pax-board, that uled to be kiffed in token •of peace and amity, was fometimes called the pax-bred. So alfo " a new bred to •' give othys upon, made of wamfcoatc''' (for there were filver breds) occurs in Hirtory of Norfolk, vol. II. p. 609. ^ Evangelett (Evangelifts) Fatts were, I apprehend, fo called, from being charged with Chap. IV.] OF H A \V S T E D. 109 In 1615, the houfes, barns, and lands, cTuW^d Hawjled Par% ■were let for 1 2 years, at tliefe rents ; every acre, not ploughed, and mcalured to the tenant, 9s.; every acre of meadow, 17s. a year ; and every acre of arable ground (which after the firft two years were to be 70) half the corn that fliould grow on the fame. The landlord referved to himfelf the walk of 10 deer, in the park, with liberty to hunt and take them ; and, befides the ufual power of entering upon the lands with carts and horfes to carry away timber, was to have a paffage over them with coaches '. The tenant was to be difcharged from tithes, for which he was to pay his landlord 40s. a year, on Lammas-day : he w^as to be allowed, by the next tenant, half the expences he fliould incur, for locks and keys, hooks, hinges, and glafs- windows % And upon the violation of any of the covenants, for with the images of thofe faints, which were to be imprinted on the cheefes. The Warwickfliire, and particular!)' the fage cheefes made in Gloucefterfhire, have ftill fometiraes various devices on them. Almofl: every thing belonging to our anceftors bore fo.me religious imprefs. The apojlle fpoons, formerly prefented at chrillenings, and fo called from having the figures of the apoftles at their ends, are not all yet melted down. Mr. Gough has what might be called an evangekl fpoon, with the figure of St. Mark's lion on the top of the handle. Mr. Pennant, in his Journey- to Snowdon, p. 287. mentions the waijfail cup of the apojtle, whom probably, adds that ingenious traveller, they invoked at the time of drinkinsr. It bcre probably the name, or figure, of the faint. A ftanding cup^ called the muhelt; and a broad 'white flat pece^ having a michcll, were among cardinal Wolfey's plate. Coll. Cur. vol. II. p. 303. And I have a fac-fimile of a lady in monumental brafs, whofe fantaftic head-drefs, of the reign of Edward IV. is charged with. Hat?. . . . ^ 3!cfu S^crrp. ' This is the firfl: time thefe carriages are mentioned. They were as yet rare in the country. They are fuppofed to have been firfl introduced into England by the earl of Arundel, in 1580. * This is the firfl: claufe refpedling glafs windows ; a luxury, probably, but jufl: now introduced into farm-houles here. In i £(67, though glafs was then much more common than it had been, yet was it ftill luch a rarity, that the ftevvard of the earl of Northumberland thought it advifeable, that becaufe the glafs of the windows of my lord's caftles and houfes through extreme winds did decay and wade, the fame (hould be taken out and laid up fafe, durinrj; his lordfiiip's abfcnce. In 1661, when Mr. Ray was in Scotland, the windows of the ordinary country houfes rhrre were ;)ot glazed ; and only the upper paits of even thofe in the king's palaces had s Probably fjclpf . )L e glafs; 2IO HISTORY AND ANTIQJJITIES [Chap. IV. for which no power of re-entry was given, was to forfeit three times the vakie of the damage fo incurred. In 1616, when a furvey of the manor was taken, the demefne lands confifted of 366 \ acres of pafture and arable land, and 38 I of meadow, in all 405 ^j '^'^'^ were valued at 249I. a year, which is above 12s. an acre. 39 \ acres of wood were valued at 1 2I. a year, which is about 6s. an acre. The Hall Farm confifted of 175 acres (8 \ of which were meadow) and was valued at 91I. 7s. id, which is about los. an acre. Great Fipefs farm confifted of i 38 \ acres {% \oi which were meadow) and was valued at 50I. a year, which is about 7s. an. acre. Some pieces of meadow and pafture, near the principal man- lion, were rated at more than a guinea an acre. The timber (called in a furvey maiie in i 5 8 i, grojit arbor es mearemii) on the manor was valued at 1480I. i os. Among the demefne lands was a piece of 9 acres, called the Parrock. This was formerly a fenced place, in which was a dog-houfe, and where deer were kept in pens, for the courfe. The fpot was to be a mile long, and a quarter broad, and nar- rower at one end than the other \ In 1 5 8 1, it was called le Pok (perhaps from its fliape) and faid to be, palis inclufus, in fne boreali parci. It is now known by the name of the Paddock^ and confifts partly of wood, and partly of arable land. In 1620, Bryefs Wood Fann was let for 21 years, for 15I. a year. Upon breaking up and fowing any of the paftures, their glafs ; the lower ones having two wooden fliiitters, to open at pleafure, and admit the frefh air. Itin. p. 187, 188. And in feme of the diltant parts of the kingdom I have, within a few years, obferved, that fome of not the worft cottages are not yet provided with glafs windows ; a comfort, which the poorcft houfe in this village has long enjoyed. ' See ample dircilions for this fport, in Di<^ionar. Ruftic. 5 whole Chap. IV.] OF H A W S T E r). 211 %vhole produce was to be forfeited. All the compofl-, muck, and marie, that lliould arife on the farm, was to be beftowed ui)Oii fome part of it ; and at the Chriftmas before the end of the leafe, the landlord might enter and plough the fummer-tiltli lands, allowing the tenant 3s. 6d. an acre for them. The fame year, a clofe called Upper Lifmer, next Whepfted, containing 20 acres, was let for 10 years, for lol. a year. The tenant might ftubb up the bullies, and plough and fow the whole, for the firtf 5 years, and was to lay it down with grafs, the laft 5, in the belt and moft hufbandly fafliion. He was not to cut and plafh the quickfets, but at feafonable times ; and was to lay the hedges after the moft hufbandly fafliion. This is the laft time we hear of ftubbing up bullies : rent of land was now become too ferious an affair for the tenant, though not bound by covenants, to fuffer them to reign undifturbed. To eradicate them entirely was referved for a future period. In 1625, 20 acres were let for 18 years, for 61. 13s. 4d. a year, which is 6s. 8d. an acre. Five years before the end of the leafe, one-third of the arable land was to be laid, and kept to pafture. This period, from i 603, the peaceful reign of James I. ftands confpicuous for an aftonifliing and unequalled increafe of the value of land. The rents are now more than double of what they were even at the clofe of the laft reign : yet in that the foundation of their prefent advance muft have been laid ; and in many parts of the kingdom the advance muft then have a6lually taken place; for in 1593, wheat might be exported, when it did not exceed 20s. a quarter; whereas in 1563, it vras not to exceed los. In 1624, wheat might be exported when it did not exceed 32s. a quarter. That the rents of land in this village were not advanced to any confiderable degree, during the reign of Elizabeth, muft E e 2 have «12 HISTORY AND ANTIQ^UITIES [Chap. IV. have been owing to the indolence or indulgence of an opulent landlord, who did not feize the earlieft opportunity of increaling his revenue. That great advances muft have been made in other parts, is evident, as has been juil obferved, from the different prices, at which wheat might be exported in an interval of only 30 years, from 1563 to 1593. Harrifon, who publifhed his defcription of Britain during that period, has noticed the caufe of this revolution : " certainly," fays he, " the foyle is even now *' in thefe our dayes, growne to bee muche more fruitefull, than " it hath been in times paft. The caufe is, that for our " countriemen are growne to be more payneful, ikilful, and *< careful, thorowe recompence of gayne\ infomuch that my " fynchroni, or time felowes, can reap at thys prefent great " commoditye in a lyttle rourae ; whereas of late yeares, a " great compafTe hath yeelded but fmall profite, and thys onlye " thorowe the idle and negligent occupation of fuch as manured, ** and had the fame in occupying '." He has elfewhere re- marked the improved condition of the farmer, and eml^clliflied the paffage with fuch lively ftrokes of rural characfter, and economy, that I cannot forbear tranfcribing it : " So common <' were all forts of treene veflels in old time, that a man ihould *' hardly find four pieces of pewter (of which one pcradventure ** w^as a falte) in a good farmer's houfe ; and yet, for all this " frugality (if it may fo be juflly called) they were fcarce able " to live, and pay their rents, at their days, without felling of *' a cow, or a horfe, or more, although they paid but four " pounds at the uttermofl, by the year \ Such alfo was their " poverty, that if fome one od farmer or hufbandman had been *' at the alchoufe, a thing greatly ufed in thofe days, amongft ' P. 109. * This, fays "&]& marginal note, was in the time of general idlencfs, " fix Chap. IV.] OF H A W S T E D. 213 " fix or fevcn of his neighbours, and there, in a bravery, to " fliew what itore he had, did call down his purfe, and therein ** a noble, or fix fhilhngs in filver, tinto them, it was very hkcly *' that all the reft could not lay down fo much againft it. Whereas, *' in my time, although peradventure four pound of old rent be *' improved to forty or fifty pound, yet will the farmer think *' his gains very fmall toward the midft of his term, if he have *' not fix or feven years rent lying by him, therewith to purchafe *' a new leafe ; befides a fair garnifli of pewter on his cowbord, *' three or four feather-beds, fo many coverlets, and carpets of *' tapeftry, a filver falte, a bowle for wine (if not a whole ncft) *' and a dozen of fpoons, to furnifli up the fute. This alfo he " taketh to be his own clear ; for wliat flock foever of money ** he gathereth in all his years, it is often feen, that the land- *' lord will take fuch order with him for the fame, when he " reneweth his leafe (which is commonly eight or ten years *' before it be expired, fith it is now grown almoft to a cuftom, ** that if he come not to his lord fo long before, another fliali *' ftep in for a reverfion, and fo defeat him outright) that it *' fliall never trouble him more than the hair of his beard, " when the barber hath waflied and fliaven it from his chin '." Tuflfer, who wrote in the fame reign, talks alfo of fines, and high rents : Great fines fo neere did pare me. Great rent fo much did fl by tliggii^g a well clofe to my houfe. Of thefe and their produdlions I iliall give an account from the Ihort and hafty notes I took at the time. I — 2 l^eet beneath a fliallow ftraturii of black vegetable mould was a go(nl brick earth. At 1 8 inches, a water eft or newt (lacerta palujlris) had formed a fraooth hole for its winter reii- dence. 2 — 15 feet,, a yellowifh, comparefent building is of any con- fiderable antiquity, except a fpacious chimney under ground ; fo that no idea can be formed of what its ancient grandeur was. Some of the abbatial villas, we know, were njagnificent ; for abbot Sampfon, who died in i 2 1 1, built Redgrave Hall ' of Ifone. After the Diffolution, I conjedture (for I fpeak not from vouchers), this eftate remained fome time in the crown; and that queen Mary granted it to the family of Southwell ; in which, hovvever, it continued not long; for on the 19th of April, 1610, Sir Robert Drury purchafed it of Thomas Stanton, Merter ; and on the i 8th of March following, annexed it, as we have already feen, for ever, to the manor of Ha^vfted. He appears to have been pleafed with the fpot, making it his feat for fome time be- fore his death ; and his widow died here. It was for for.ie time the refidence of my father ; as it has been mine, for thefe laft 20 years. The houfe is fingularly fituate upon the very line that divides the open and wood-land country ; commanding a very pleafing view of the town of Bury, and its neighbourhood. ^ This eftate (about 16 miles nor^h-eaft uf Bury), once the property of the Bacons, was purchafed by lord chief juftice Hclt, and is now enjoyed by his defcendant, Rowland Holt, efq; who has, within a few years, re-built the houfe, and embellifhed the park in fuch a manner, as to render this one of the mod beautiful I'pots in the county. In the evidence room, I am iniormed, are preferved many very valuable MSS. which, with the defrription of the fine church and its monuments, would render the hiftory of the parilh exceedingly curious and interefting. CHAP. Append.] O F H A R D W I C K. 239 CHAP. IV. OF AGRICULTURE, 8CC. WERE I in pofleffion of more materials than I am for this head, the ufe of them would probably be fuperfluoiis, as they could fcarcely differ from thofe of which I have already availed myfelf at Hawfted, It muft not, however, be omitted, that Harckvick Heath has for fome years been famous for one of the fineft flocks of flieep in the county. It confifts of about 250 ewes, 50 Hoggets ', and 5 rams % the latter of which are found amply fufficient for con- tinuing a ftrong and full-fized race. They are horned, and have black faces and legs. This is noticed, as the variety of flieep in difi^erent parts of the kingdom is a circumflance not a little remarkable. I have queflioned the farmer (who is himfelf a very fkilful fhepherd), by what management he has brought his flock to its prefent degree of perfe(ftion : and he informs me, that his firfl: objed: was to procure fome of the befl: rams which the county produced ^ And as a ftate of perfect flrength and growth is, ' Lambs kept for the recruit of the flock, and fo called till after their firft fhcar- ing. which, in this flock, is, vvlien they are about 16 months old. Their firft fleece is called Bog-wool j it is much longer and flner than the fucceeding ones, and uicd for Felt Hats. ^ Whit a (ianiricant grin would the (hepherd beftow upon me, were I to tell him, frorr M. Dau':enton's " nitrudion pour les Bergcrs," that if he wouid not entceble his rams, nor have his lambs degenerate, he Ihouid not afllgn even to the ftouteft of the former more than 20 ewes at moft a piece ! * This was judicious. Palladius gives the fame dired;ion relative to oxen ; " melius au:tm boves de vicinis lucis comparabis, quod nulla foli aut aeris varietate " tententur." Martius, tit. xi. 6 through 240 HISTORY AND A N T I QJJ ITI E S [Append, through all animated naturcj the moft proper for bringing forth a vigorous offspring, he never v;illingly fulrers his hoggets to have lambs ' ; nor often keeps his ewes after they are five years old ; for though thefe latter would fometimes breed till twice that age, yet, after five years, their produce becomes gradually more and more weak and diminutive. The rams begin to decline in vigour, after four or five years of age, and are then difcharged from their fervice. But all this care would avail nothing, if he did not mofl cautiouily avoid overftocking his fticep-walk. Mis neighbours have frequently endeavoured to jierfuade him to in- crcafe his number ; but he has always declined it, being con- fidentj that his flieep would thereby foon dwindle and degenerate, and himfelf become a lofer ". A Iheep is a moft voracious animal ; yet extremely choice and delicate in its food ; to bring it therefore to its greateft perfeclion, and to keep it to that pitch, it muft have frequent and even continual Ihifts of pafture. To this every polTible attention is here paid : and the careful huf- bandry of turneps, in the fpring, before-mentioned, is not omitted. When bleeding is necefTary, it is ufually performed at one corner of the eye ; fometimes at the upper part oi the tail ; and fometimes the ear is cut \ ' Varro carries this point to a great length ; " neque pati oportet minores qviam " triinas faliri, quod neque naium ex his idoneum cit, nee non ipia: iiunt etiam " deteriores." I.. 11. C. 2. ^ Good lenfe is the fame in all ages. This is the very dofinne laid down by Cokimella leventeen centuries ago: " Omni autem pecudi larga prjEOenda func " ali:nenta. Nam vel exiguus numerus, c.im pabiilo latiatur, plus d(;mino reddit, '" quam maximus grcx, li Icnlerit penuriaai." L. VlJ. C. 3, Farmers are not, in general, fuffi.:iently attentive to this maxim. ' Two of tlicfe operations are mentioned by Columella; " nos ctiam fub ocoHs, " et de auribtis, I'anguinem dctrahmius." L. VII. C. 5. The Vi!gili.;n nictnod ■.was, — — — — — inter Ima fciire pedis falientera fanguine venam. Georg. III. 459. It Append.] O F H A R D W I C K. 241 It is contrived, that the lambs fall about the end of February;' and in Augult following they are fold at Ipfwich fair for about' 13I. a fcore. They are thence conveyed to the rich paitures in Effex ; and the year after often pafs in the London markets for three years old mutton. This was one of the three flocks in the environs of Bury that belonged to the abbot ; and confifted, before the Diifolution, and indeed for Tome time afterwards, entirely of wethers, as ap- pears by a Computus for Hencote^ near Bury, 32 Henry VIII. now in the Exchequer ", in which the former accounts for i ol. 5s. rent for the faid farm ; of which 35s. were for the pafiurage of three hundred and a half of flieep, vocat. kz zvelbers, which "ufed to be kept for the houfehold of the monaftery. Saffron was formerly cultivated not far from the houfe ; for in the defcription of the bounds of the Iheep-walk in 1581, mention is made of the Safforne Pane. This vegetable was anciently in great repute both in the kitchen, and apcjthecary's fliop : but all-ruling fafliion, which decrees that what wa;; wholefome, and even palatable, in one century, fliall nc^t i)e "io in another, has now almoft baniflied it from both \ * This name is now almoft entirely fwallowed n[i in that of Hardwick, the two eftates having been let together ever fmce i6jj9. It comprehends the unencloled part of the jirefcnt farm, which lies within the bounds of Bury, and was granted to Sir William Drury by Queen Mary. * For a copy of this, and for feveral other favour^, I am indebted to Craven Ord, Efq, Many gentlemen in office difplay a libcnility of communication, with- out which, works like the prefcnt cculd with difficulty be conducted. I have already mentioned another inftance at p. 14. and cannot partion myfclt if I ( mit ;i third, John Charles Brooke, Efq; Somcrfet Herald. . ^ bee p. 1 90. I i: I N DE X.: C 243^ I N D E X. A: Jik', 127. Ailington, 30. Altars marked with crofTeSj 48. portable, 122. • money paid at, 114, 177. Angels, figures of, 45. Apnfile j'poons, 209. Jipri et verris likri.Sj 85. Arches circular in comparatively modern buildings, 44, Archicerts ancient, loved variety, 43. Archiredture of tlie reign of Edw. HI. 92 Argent o>!, 50. Artichokes, 208. Attilicindo, 12.. jiuce maroly 185. Ave Marie beads, 2 7 . Award ancient, 109. B. Babivell, the friars there, 16, 17. 19., J04. Bacon, :2. 56. 123. Bailiff of a aianor, 102.. Bands worn by p&rlons of no prcfefTion even i.i this century, i6j. Banqucting-houle, i&i. Rcije iowt, 131. Beads, 26. 51. 52. Bedrepes, 189. Bells, 49. Berkley of Stratton, John Lord, €0. Boar, free, 85. Bocbas, of LyJgatc's makyng, 119. Bokenbaiii,.g8. Brafs figures defcribed, 50, 51. Bred tor board, 208. Brewing pcrtormed by women, 12. Broeus, 183. Brothers adult, of the fame Chriflian. name, 100. Buffed iiool, 25. Buildings, their ages afcertained, 41. Bul/nong, or Boiymong, 187. Burials loon utter death, 147. Burying on the louih fide of the church- yard,, 38, C. Camping, 11^. C<'.'/.v/,.ai Day, ic. 14,* CahLorpe, 41, 51. Ciipei, ^''. Qrpons, 185. Carpet Cujijimis, 126. Knights, 14?. Caitle, &c. prices of, i85, 188. Caving, 219. 1 i 2 Chaaiber?, . N D X. Cliainbcrs at Canibridge not hanged in i6jr, /3S'. ChandK'i", cciing of the dead by him, 12. Cliaphiin, Q. Chcejibreih, ?oS. CJjirograpbinn, 178. Chivalry, a writ out of the court of, 107. thrijlmas OJ/'tri/igs, made bv' mafic rs lor their Icrvants, 14. (.'hriRiiias Ilofpirality, 157. (rhurch-l'orch, moiiL\' paici at, 76. Church-Yard, Cuuntry, reflexions in, 35. (Yc/i/cM family, 47. 6;. pedigree, ioi"i5t Chthiiig Silver, 14. 102. ( '.lover, 217. tMoyllers>for wa-lking, i j^* Coaches, 209, Coc(:'j Ovurb, 40. C.tifeys, or cliefis, not trifling legacies, t 2C). Coffin Lids fervcd a« pare of the pa\-e- ment, 50. Coke Arundel, 163. Colder, 219. Comraunioji Table, 47. Conveyance, a fliort one, r^^. Corn Mill, a manerial right, 8 j. Corn, ancient prices of, 180. 186 — 8. Cor'poras. Cnrporas Ciifc, ii8. Cover for (he font, 46. Cawclj-d "J acinic, atiltalian artid, 57. Croflcs, 39. Cruets, I I H. Cultural family, 57 — iS.'. 68. 152—64. pciiigrer, 15^. Cumnun leed, 85. Curat, i.\, 25. 64. Cujiiiiiiarii, 96. D. Deeds ancien', dated on Snnd,-i"s, \o6. • why with many uitnefli-s, 175. Deiifton. 50. Dome, o\' Bcok, 2. Dome, Dr. 56. 146. .Data d tree<, 216. Dowjnig, IVaiiam, a fanatic reformer, 45. Dra'^et, Dre.ige, 180. Drainage ofland, 22! Drawing matches by horfes, 222. Dreifes of ti.e fexes alike, 52. d.fcnbed, 50—53. 156—7. 1 6:; — 4. £>r«;_y family, iy. 31. 50. 52, S3- 45- 115 — 148. peJigree, 115. E^re. Eareahle land, 198. Eafter O&rings for lervants, 9. licclefiaflics diffufed civilization, 8.— their influence over mankind, 9. — afllfted at making wills, ■ ^. — prcferved re- cords, 78. 80. — were good landlords, 90. — excefTcs committed by them, 105. Edgar, 65. Education, female, in the reign of Eliza- beth, 154. Eggs, odd number of, 227. Eland, 107 — 10. Eledion, polls for the county, 161. Elizabeth, Slueen, her ^ rogrefs in 157S, 130. — very accompliflied, 15^. Enibalming of the dead expenlive, 13. Emblems and mottos, 135. hrpingbam, 103. E-van^<;elett fatis, 208. Exhibition, 128. Dance, the painter, i 64. Da}c, Di.) o( Dcyar, a fervant, 9. 103. 182. Death, emblems of, improper for fu- nerol momiments, 55. Deaths, proportion ot, 6. E. Fifh. Fifh ponds, 11. i\i. Eitz Eujhice, S. 6;^. 82. 91. 105. Flint- work, 41. Fold, right of, 85. Font, I N E X. «55 '■"Font , 46. Forged writing difc^dvered, 1 10. Fortunes for yotijg women, 128. Fountains in courts, 132. Funteleys, 1 18. Fulham, rev. John, 6l. Funeral Feftivals, 10. 15. 162. Fur, ule of general, 12. 141. Fuji ia as pair oj, 118. Fyli't, 95. Gflge, ,95. in Clopton Pedigree, loi." Gardener, 51. Gardens, 93. Garnjh of veflel, i 2 7. Gaudes, 26. Geldings, i86. 204. Geography fubterraneous, 230. Glafs windows, 209. Godcliildren, 15. 25. Gojpci oaky 2. Grain, ancient prices of, 180. 6, 7, 8. Green-houfe by Mr. Evelyn, 160. Gylde Hall — ancient -G;7^j, 20. Hall, Bifhop, 64. Haljlede, 80, 81. Hanmer, 70. 140. 156. 162. Hanningfekl, 50. Har-iis, 184. Harvefl gloves, J90. 226. Hiiyi/ig, 198. Helmintholitbus Ammonites, 5. Grythites, 5. Hercules, figure of, 131. Heriettum, 96. High ways, legacies to repair, 15. 20. Hockey, 227. Roger ells, 185, Hoggets, 239. IJog-zvool, 239. Hops, Hopy.irds, 202. ■ Horles, Suffolk, 222. Hojfiliamciits, 17. Hour-glals for the pulpit, 34, Moufc of the Elizabethan age Uefcribed, 130. Hujbands, Pollard- trees, 214. I. Jacob's well, 6. Ink ancient, 92. no. 179^ of gold, 76. Jocalia, Jozveliys, 17. Julian's Bowers, 113. K. Kaiiffman Angelica, \>oxU^\ti by, 16^, Kendal a ccat of, 16. King's Arms in churches, 49. Kirtle and mantle diftinguiflied, 24. Knacker, 207. Knights 'Templars, 49. •— Carpet, 143. L. Lamps, Lamp-Lond. iS. Lancet windows, 43. Land, rent of, 176. 183, 4. 196, 7. ao"®. 207. 224. Largefs, 226. Leafes ancient, 175, 6, 7. 193, Le^onic, 47. Leedes, Edward, the Grammarian, 15S, 9. Lely, Sir Peter, fine portraits b)', 156, 7. Letters faftened with wax and filk, 15^. Licence, papal for a chapel, 120. proteftant, 235. Liveries. Livery fervants, 129. Matm H^- N D E X; M. Manor, S^, I43> Mafers, 119. Mafles for the dead, 1 5 j Merchettuni, 96. Metcatje, 63. Middilton, <)?., MiU-lioufc, 201. Money paid at a church-porch, 7i5j . • at altars, -14, 177. Monuments iepulchra], 3 2, 49, &x,, Morkrth, 11, Nativ'i., 95. 2^ine o'clock, «(3«rt, 96, .Nof/, 63. 79.81. 83. 86t, 0. Qafmeal, i8j. Offering ftlver, paid'ty cuflomary tenants to their lords, at Chnllmas, ^14. 95. Offerings by mailers for their rervants,i4, Orgayns, two payer'in a fmall chancel, 34. Oxen kept for labour, 184. 224, their horns anointed with honeyji.85. P. Fciir of Beads, tJo'. • Pater nojlers, 265.^7,. Parirti, 214. Parks, increafe of, 20 lo Tarrock, 210. Pepper, 86.. Fews in churches, /14, . Pewter, 127.- Peyton,, n 3- Pikes in England in 12S1, 11. P^t.Les, 36, 37. 58. 67. xlace, or luunljon^houlc, 5^0, Plane trees 2. Plants, lift of, 3. 232. Plalter ancient, 140. Plate, price of in 1557, 1260. Plough driver, i 88. Pok, 210. Poor mens box, 34, Poors Rates, 157. i6a» Population, 89.165. Pofnets, iz-j. Powder-box, perfumed powder, 118,' Powdering room, 132. Pox fmallj the dread of jt, 159. Prccfufttus, 19,2. Prayers for the dead, oblervations on, 29, , Preachers, their names to be regiftered in a book, 3g. Brimer 118. PMVfhes Suffolk, 222. R.. Reaper head, 97, 192. Records civil, bound up with religious books, .80. Recftors, lift: of, 6g. Regifters, church, 68. 'j's^i Ringing of bells, 10. 19. Roff, Solomon de, his Iter, 84, Romefcot, 14, Rood-loft, 18. 48. Rook wood, 95. Rofes, a relerved rent, v/hy, loSi, Role- trees, 208. . Rove, 2 1 7. Rulhes for chambers, 104. . Rye-.grafs, 217. S. Sacnng belt, ■:;^. Saffron, 190. 2^1. Saint Afaur, 41. 51. Salt Petre, i c^o. S:ckckr. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-42m-8,'49(B5573)444 ■*DA Cuiium - ^'^0 The history anc 109C89 antiquities- Qf Haws ted ■iJ!!!!!| liiiliiitiiiliilii!! iiiillllP ilii ■11 liiii !i((!i!i!iiii!P ^•iiii