UCSB 
 

 
 I. 
 
 THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA. 
 
 II. 
 THE LEAF-COLLECTOR'S HANDBOOK. 
 
 III. 
 THE SHRUBS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA. 
 
 (/* preparation.)
 
 THE LEAF-COLLECTOR'S 
 HAND-BOOK AND HERBARIUM 
 
 AN AID IN THE PRESERVATION AND IN THE CLAS- 
 SIFICATION OF SPECIMEN LEAVES OF THE 
 TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA 
 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES S. NEVVHALL 
 
 AUTHOR OF "THE TREES OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA," KTC. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 
 
 NEW YORK LONDON 
 
 27 & 29 WEST TWENTY-THIRD ST. 27 KING WILLIAM ST., STRAND 
 
 S^t ^mrhtrbochrr |)rrgs 
 1891
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1891 
 BY 
 
 CHARLES S. NEWHALI, 
 
 "Cbc ftnlcfecrboclier f>rc60, View t?urfc 
 
 Elcctroty]>ed, Printed, and Bound by 
 G. P. Putnam's Sons
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 PREFACE ......... 
 
 DIRECTIONS ........ 
 
 LIST OF GENERA ....... 
 
 GUIDE AND DESCRIPTIONS . 
 
 FIGURES AND LEAVES ..... 
 
 Leaves, simple ; alternate ; edge entire .... 
 
 " toothed 
 " lobed . 
 
 opposite ; " entire . 
 " toothed 
 " lobed . 
 indeterminate ....... 
 
 compound ; feather-shaped ; alternate ; edge entire . 
 
 " toothed, 
 
 " <( a '. it . 
 
 opposite ; entire . 
 
 " toothed, 
 hand-shaped; 
 INDEX . . . . . .... 
 
 GUMMED PAPER 
 
 PAGE 
 
 V 
 
 ix 
 
 xi 
 
 xiii 
 
 xiv 
 
 209 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 117 
 
 127 
 
 161 
 171 
 191 
 191 
 
 205 
 
 213
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Figures i and 2. CUCUMBER TREE and SWEET BAY ... 3 
 
 Figure 3. UMBRELLA TREE ' . 5 
 
 Figure 4. PAPAW .7 
 
 Figure 5. RED BUD 9 
 
 Figure 6. SOUR GUM .11 
 
 Figure 7. PERSIMMON 13 
 
 Figure 8. SASSAFRAS . . . 15 
 
 Figure 9. BASSWOOD 19 
 
 Figures 10 and n. HOLLIES 21 
 
 Figure 12. WILD BLACK CHERRY 23 
 
 Figure 13. WILD RED CHERRY 23 
 
 Figure 14. WILD PLUM ........ 25 
 
 Figure 15. CRAB-APPLE 27 
 
 Figure 16. WHITE THORN and FRUIT 29 
 
 Figure 17. BLACK THORN ........ 29 
 
 Figure 18. COMMON THORN . 31 
 
 Figure 19. COCKSPUR THORN 33 
 
 Figure 20. SHAD-BUSH 35 
 
 Figure 21. SORREL TREE . . . . . . . .37 
 
 Figures 22 and 23. WHITE ELM and SLIPPERY ELM ... 39 
 
 Figure 24. HACKBERRY 41 
 
 Figure 25. RED MULBERRY 43 
 
 Figure 26. BUTTONWOOD 45 
 
 Figures 27 and 28. WHITE BIRCH and PAPER BIRCH . 47 
 
 Figures 29 and 30. RED BIRCH and YELLOW BIRCH ... 49 
 
 Figure 31. SWEET BIRCH 51 
 
 Figure 32. HOP-HORNBEAM 53 
 
 Figure 33. HORNBEAM ... 55 
 
 Figure 34. CHESTNUT 57
 
 Illustrations. 
 
 Figure 35. BEECH . 59 
 
 Figure 36. BLACK WILLOW 61 
 
 Figure 37. SCYTHE-LEAVED WILLOW 63 
 
 Figure 38. SHINING WILLOW 65 
 
 Figure 39. LONG-BEAKED WILLOW ...... 67 
 
 Figures 40, 41, 42, and 43. WHITE WILLOW, YELLOW WILLOW, 
 
 WEEPING WILLOW, and CRACK WILLOW .... 69 
 
 Figure 44. ASPEN ' 7 1 
 
 Figure 45. LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN ...... 73 
 
 Figure 46. DOWNY-LEAVED POPLAR 75 
 
 Figure 47. COTTONWOOD 77 
 
 Figures 48 and 49. BALSAM POPLAR and BALM OF GILEAD . 79 
 
 Figure 50. LOMBARDY POPLAR .81 
 
 Figure 51. SILVER-LEAF POPLAR 81 
 
 Figure 52. TULIP TREE 85 
 
 Figure 53. WHITE OAK 87 
 
 Figure 54. POST OAK 89 
 
 Figure 55. BURR OAK ........ 91 
 
 Figure 56. SWAMP WHITE OAK ....... 93 
 
 Figure 57. CHESTNUT OAK 95 
 
 Figure 58. YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK ...... 97 
 
 Figure 59. BLACK JACK OAK ..... -99 
 
 Figure 60. SPANISH OAK 101 
 
 Figure 61. SCARLET OAK 103 
 
 Figure 62. BLACK OAK . 105 
 
 Figure 63. RED OAK 107 
 
 Figure 64. PIN OAK ......... 109 
 
 Figure 65. WILLOW OAK . . in 
 
 Figure 66. SHINGLE OAK 113 
 
 Figure 67. SWEET GUM 115 
 
 Figure 68. FLOWERING DOGWOOD . . . . . .119 
 
 Figure 69. ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD . . . .121 
 
 Figure 70. FRINGE TREE . . 123 
 
 Figure 71. CATALPA 125 
 
 Figures 72 and 73. BLACK HAW and SWEET VIBURNUM . .129
 
 Illustrations. vii 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Figure 74. STRIPED MAPLE 133 
 
 Figure 75. SUGAR MAPLE 135 
 
 Figure 76. BLACK MAPLE ........ 137 
 
 Figure 77. SILVER-LEAF MAPLK ...... 139 
 
 Figure 78. RED MAPLE . . . 141 
 
 Figures 79, 80, 81, and 82. GRAY PINE, SCRUB PINK, TABLE 
 
 MOUNTAIN PINE, and RED PINE . . . . 145 
 
 Figures 83, 84, and 85. YELLOW, PITCH, and WHITE PINE . 147 
 
 Figures 86 and 87. BLACK SPRUCE and WHITE SPRUCE . . 149 
 
 Figure 88. NORWAY SPRUCE . 151 
 
 Figure 89. HEMLOCK ......... 153 
 
 Figures 90 and 91. BALSAM FIR and LARCH .... 155 
 
 Figures 93 and 93. WHITE -CEDAR and ARBOR VIT^E . . 157 
 
 Figure 94. RED CEDAR . 159 
 
 Figure 95. AILANTHUS . . . 163 
 
 Figure 96. LOCUST, YELLOW . . . . . . 165 
 
 Figure 97. KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE 167 
 
 Figure 98. HONEY LOCUST . . . . . . .169 
 
 Figure 99. STAG-HORN SUMACH ...... 173 
 
 Figure 100. POISON SUMACH 175 
 
 Figure 101. MOUNTAIN ASH ....... 177 
 
 Figures 102 and 103. BLACK WALNUT and BUTTERNUT . -179 
 
 Figure 104. SHAG-^ARK HICKORY ...... 181 
 
 Figure 105. MOCKER-NUT ..... . . 183 
 
 Figure 106. SMALL-FRUITED HICKORY . . . . . 185 
 
 Figure 107. PIG-NUT HICKORY 187 
 
 Figure 108. BITTER-NUT 189 
 
 Figure 109. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE 193 
 
 Figure no. WHITE ASH 195 
 
 Figure in. RED ASH 197 
 
 Figure 112. GREEN ASH * 199 
 
 Figure 113. BLUE ASH 201 
 
 Figure 114. BLACK ASH 203 
 
 Figure 115. SWEET BUCKEYE . . . ..... . 207 
 
 Figure 116. OHIO BUCKEYE 209
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 The leaves described and pictured in the following 
 pages represent all the native trees, and the most im- 
 portant introduced and naturalized trees of Northeastern 
 America,* with the few exceptions named on page 213. 
 
 Those species are considered trees (in distinction 
 from shrubs) which, as a rule, spring from the ground 
 with a single branching trunk.f 
 
 How to use the book will be readily understood by 
 consulting the following directions. 
 
 * The names of introduced and naturalized species are enclosed in brackets. 
 f " Trees of Northeastern America," page 4.
 
 DIRECTIONS. 
 
 1. How to find the names of specimens. Compare any 
 given specimen, first with the descriptions in the " Guide," 
 on pages xiv and xv, and then with the illustrations to 
 which the " Guide " directs.* 
 
 2. How to mount specimens. When the specimens 
 have been pressed and thoroughly dried, and all their thick 
 stems removed or pared, they should be fastened in their 
 places opposite the corresponding illustrations, with strips 
 of gummed paper an eighth of an inch or less in width, f 
 
 The compound leaves and the simple leaves, when they 
 are larger than the allotted space, should be represented 
 by sections of the leaf. 
 
 3. How to preserve specimens. If the collection is at- 
 tacked by insects, each leaf should be brushed lightly with 
 a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate and alcohol, 
 increased by two thirds more of alcohol. 
 
 4. Notes. Interest and value will be added to the 
 collection if full memoranda are kept of dates, localities, 
 name of the finder, incidents, characteristics of the tree, etc. 
 
 5. It should be remembered that leaves from vigorous 
 young sprouts are not usually the best specimens. It is 
 seldom that two leaves, even upon the same mature branch, 
 exactly agree, but they follow the type, while often the 
 younger growth varies from it.J 
 
 * If fuller descriptions and comments are desired, they can be found in the author's 
 work on " The Trees of Northeastern America." 
 
 f A supply of gummed paper will be found at the end of the volume. 
 | " The Trees of Northeastern America," page 4.
 
 LIST OF GENERA. 
 
 A 7 
 
 Magnolia .... 
 
 Aslmina .... 
 
 Cercis ...... 9 
 
 Nyssa ..... 
 
 Diospyros . . , 
 Sassafras . 
 
 Tilia ..... 
 
 Ilex ..... 
 
 Prunus . . . , 
 Pyrus ..... 
 
 Crat3egus .... 
 
 Amelanchier . 
 Oxydendrum . . 
 Ulmus .... 
 
 Celtis ...... 41 
 
 Moms ...... 43 
 
 Broussonetia . . . 
 Platanus .... 
 
 Betula ...... 47 
 
 )strya ..... 
 
 Carplnus . 
 
 Castanea ..... 57 
 
 Fagus .... 
 
 Salix .... 
 
 P6pulus ..... 71 
 
 Ill (a) 
 
 Larix 
 
 PAGE 
 
 3 Liriodendron ... 85 
 7 Quercus 87 
 
 Chamoecyparis . 
 Thuya 
 
 157 
 
 9 
 ii f*x 
 
 Junlperus . . . 
 
 159 
 
 J 3 Liquidamber . . .115 
 15 
 
 I) 7 
 
 
 B 7 
 
 Ailanthus .... 
 Roblnia .... 
 
 . 165 
 
 19 
 21 Cornus 119 
 2 3 Chionanthus .... 123 
 
 27 Catalpa 125 
 29 
 
 Gymnocladus 
 Gledltschia 
 
 Rhus 
 
 . 167 
 . 169 
 
 35 // 
 
 Pyrus 
 
 . 127 
 
 37 
 _. Viburnum .... 129 
 
 Turians 
 
 . I7Q 
 
 39 
 
 41 777 
 43 
 
 Hicoria .... 
 
 . 181 
 
 43 Acer 133 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 E 7 77 
 
 
 47 
 53 C 
 
 55 
 
 Negundo .... 
 Fraxinus . . . . 
 
 193 
 . 195 
 
 59 Picea 149 
 
 
 
 6q Tsuea . . i^ 
 
 F 
 
 
 71 Abies . . ins. 
 
 \ 
 yEsculus . 
 
 . 207
 
 GUIDE. 
 
 a 
 S 
 
 ~$7 redge entire. Go to A / 
 " toothed. " A -// 
 
 " lobed -f Lobes ' entire - Go to A /// (a 
 
 \ Lobes, toothed. 
 
 A/// 
 
 edge entire. 
 " toothed. 
 
 Go to B / 
 " B II 
 
 " lobed J Lobes, entire. Go to B /// (a) 
 \ Lobes, toothed. " B /// (b) 
 
 Indeterminate. Go to C / 
 
 o 
 
 C 
 3 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 E 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 a; 
 
 ahernate, edge { 
 
 opposite, 
 
 Go to D / 
 D // 
 
 Go to E / 
 E // 
 
 opposite, edge toothed. Go to F / 
 
 * The leaflets of a compound leaf can be distinguished from a simple leaf by the 
 nWnce of leaf-buds from the base of their stems. 
 
 t Referring to the arrangement of the leaves on the branch. 
 \ ' > as in the hickories, sumachs, etc. 
 .,'., as in the horse-chestnut, etc.
 
 Guide. 
 
 GUIDE (Continued). 
 
 xv 
 
 NOTE. Names i 
 LEAVES SIMTI.K 
 A (alternate) 
 I (edge entire) 
 
 I'AGK 
 
 Magnolias .... 3 
 
 i italics are given also under 
 
 /// (edgelobed) 
 (a) (lobes entire) 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Tulip-tree .... 85 
 Oaks ... 99 
 
 another division. 
 
 LEAVES COMPOUND 
 i feather-shaped 
 D (edge alternate) 
 I (entire) 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ailanthus 163 
 
 Sassafras 15 
 
 Buttonivood . . . . 45 
 (b) (lobes toothed) 
 
 Gum, sweet . . . .115 
 Poplar, silver-leaf . . Si 
 
 Locusts . . . . .165 
 
 Gum, sour . . . . n 
 Judas-tree .... 
 Persimmon . . . . 13 
 Sassafras n 
 
 Coffee-tree, Kentucky. 167 
 Locust, honey . . . 169 
 Sumach, poison . . . 175 
 
 II (edge toothed) 
 
 Sumach, staghorn . .173 
 Ash, mountain . . .177 
 Walnut, black . . .179 
 Butternut 179 
 
 Oak, willow . . . . in 
 Dogwood, alt.-leaveil . 121 
 Willow, long-beaked . 67 
 
 II (edge toothed) 
 Basswoods . . . . 19 
 
 Oaks 83 
 
 
 B (opposite) 
 I (edge entire) 
 
 Dogwood, flowering . 119 
 Fringe-tree . . . .123 
 
 Hickories 181 
 
 Locust, honey . . .169 
 
 Cherries 23 
 
 II (edge toothed) 
 
 Black haw . . . .129 
 Viburnum, sweet . .129 
 
 /// (edge lobed) 
 (a) (lobes entire) 
 (b) (lobes toothed) 
 Maples 133 
 
 E (opposite) 
 I (edge entire) 
 Ash, red and white . 190 
 II (edge toothed) 
 
 Ash-leaved maple . .193 
 Ash, black, blue, green, 
 red, and white, 195-203 
 
 Plum 25 
 
 Crab-apple . . . . 27 
 Thorns 29 
 
 Shad-bush .... 35 
 Sorrel-tree . . . . 37 
 Elms 39 
 
 Hackberry .... 41 
 Mulberry 43 
 
 Button wood . . . . 45 
 Birches 47 
 Hornbeam, Hop . . 53 
 Hornbeam . . . . 55 
 Chestnut 57 
 Beech ...... 59 
 
 
 2 hand-shaped 
 F (opposite) 
 I (edge toothed) 
 
 C (indeterminate) 
 I 
 
 Pines, cedars, spruce, 
 etc 145 
 
 Willows 6 1 
 
 
 Oaks, chestnut ... 05 
 
 
 Horse-chestnut . . . 209
 
 TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES 
 
 LEAVES ALTERNATE 
 
 (EDGE ENTIRE) 
 A I
 
 Fig, 2 
 
 Fig. i. Cucumber Tree. (M. acuminata, L.) 
 Fig. 2. Sweet Bay. (M. glauca, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 3. Umbrella Tree. (M. tripetala, L.) 
 
 ONE THIRD NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 4. Papaw. A. triloba (L.), Dunal. 
 
 LEAF, NATURAL SIZE. FRUIT, TWO THIRDS NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 5. Red Bud. (C. Canadfensis, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 ii 
 
 Fig. 6. Sour Gum. (N. sylvatica, Marsh.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 7. Persimmon. (D. Virginiana, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 8. Sassafras. (S. officinale, Nees.) 
 
 NATURAL. SIZE.
 
 TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES 
 LEAVES ALTERNATE 
 
 CONTINUED 
 
 (EDGE TOOTHED) 
 A II
 
 i g- 9. Basswood. (T. Americana, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 11 
 
 Fig. 10. American Holly. (I. opaca, Ait.) 
 
 Fig. II. I. monticola. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 13 
 
 Fig. 12. Wild Black Cherry. (P. serdtina, Ehr.) 
 ig- X 3- Wild Red Cherry. (P. Pennsylvanica, L). 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 14. Wild Plum. (P. Americana, Marsh.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 15. Crab-Apple. (P. coronaria, L.) 
 
 KATURAI. SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 17 
 
 Fig. 16. White Thorn and Fruit. (C. cocclnea, L.) 
 Fig. 17. Black Thorn. (C. tomentdsa, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 18. Common Thorn. (C. punctata, Jac.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 33 
 
 Fig. 19. Cockspur Thorn. (C. crus-galli, L.) 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 35 
 
 Fig. 20. Shad-bush. A. Canadensis (L.) t Medik. 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 37 
 
 Fig. 2i. Sorrel Tree. O. arbdreum (L.), D. C. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 23 
 
 Fig. 22. White Elm. (U. Americana, L.) 
 Fig. 23. Slippery Elm. (U. fulva, Michaux.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 24. Hackberry. (C. occidentals, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 43 
 
 Fig. 25. Red Mulberry. (M. rubra, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 45 
 
 Fig. 26. Buttonwood. (P. occident&lis, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 47 
 
 Fig. 27 
 
 Fig, 28 
 
 Fig. 27. White Birch. (B. populifblia, Marsh.) 
 Fig. 28. Paper Birch. (B. papyrlfera, Marsh.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 29 
 
 Fig. 30 
 
 49 
 
 Fig. 29. Red Birch. (B. nigra, L.) 
 Fig. 30. Yellow Birch. (B. Ifitea, Michaux, f.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fi g- 31- Sweet Birch. (B. lenta, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 (<*) 
 
 Fig. 32. Hop-Hornbeam. O. Virginiana (Mill), Willd. 
 
 a. Leaves, b. Fruit. 
 53 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 55 
 
 F g. 33. Hornbeam. (C. Caroliniana, Walt.) 
 
 a. Fruit scales, b. Leaves. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 57 
 
 34. Chestnut. C. Satlva (L.), var. Americana (Michaux), Sarg. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 59 
 
 F g. 35- Beech. (F. ferruginea, Ait.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 61 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. 36. Black Willow. (S. nigra, Marsh.) 
 a. Commonest form. b. Large form. 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 37. Scythe-leaved Willow. (S. n., var. falcata, Torr.; 
 
 a. Stipules. /'. Leaves. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 38. Shining Willow. (S. lucida, MuhL) 
 
 65 NATURAL. SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 39- Long-beaked Willow. (S. rostrata, Richards.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 40. White Willow. [S. alba, L.] 
 'Fig. 41. Yellow Willow. [S. a., vitelllne, S. and B.] 
 
 a. Young leaf. b. Mature leaf. 
 
 Fig. 42. Weeping Willow. [S. Babylonica, Tourn.J 
 Fig- 43- Crack Willow. [S. fragilis, L.] 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 44. Aspen. (P. tremuloides, Michx.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig- 45- Large Toothed Aspen. (P. grandidentata, Michx.) 
 73 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 a 
 
 Fig. 46. Downy-leaved Poplar. (P. heterophylla, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZK.
 
 I/ 
 
 - 47- Cottonwood. (P. monillfera, Ait.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 49 
 
 Fig. 48. Balsam Poplar. (P. balsamlfera, L.) 
 Fig. 49. Balm of Gilead. P. b. candicans (Ait.), Gray. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 81 
 
 Fig. 51 
 
 Fig. 50. Lombardy Poplar. [P. dilatata, Ait.] 
 Fig- ST. Silver-Leaf Poplar. [P. alba, L.] 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES 
 
 LEAVES ALTERNATE 
 
 CONTINUED 
 
 (EDGE LOBED) 
 
 A III 
 (a) and ft}
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 52. Tulip Tree. (L., tuliplfera, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 g. 53- White Oak. (Q. alba, L.) 
 
 LEAVES AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
 
 Fig. 54. Post Oak. Q. minor (Marsh), Sarg. 
 
 LEAVES AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 55. Burr Oak. (Q. macrocarpa, Michx.) 
 
 LEAVES AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 93 
 
 Fi g- 56. Swamp White Oak. (Q. tricolor, Willd.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 i - S7- Chestnut Oak. (Q. prinus, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 97 
 
 Fig. 58. Yellow Chestnut Oak. Q. (Muhl.), Engel. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 99 
 
 ig- S9- Black Jack. (Q. nigra, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 101 
 
 Fig. 60. Spanish Oak. (Q, cuneata, Wang.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 103 
 
 Fig. 61. Scarlet Oak. (Q. cocclnea, Wang.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 Fig. 62, a and b. Black Oak. (Q. c., tinctdria, Gray.) 
 
 FRUIT AND LEAVES REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
 
 107 
 
 Fig. 63. Red Oak. (Q. rubra, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 log 
 
 Fig. 64. Pin Oak. (Q. pal&stris, D. Roi.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 in 
 
 65- Willow Oak. (Q. Phellos, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 66. Shingle Oak. (Q. imbricaria, Michx.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 67. Sweet Gum. (L. styraclflua, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES 
 
 :ONTINUED 
 
 LEAVES OPPOSITE 
 
 (EDGE ENTIRE) 
 B I
 
 Fig. 68. Flowering Dogwood. (C. fldrida, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 121 
 
 Fig. 69. Alternate-leaved Dogwood. (C. alternifolia, L. f.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 123 
 
 Fig. 70. Fringe Tree. (C. Virginica, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 125 
 
 Fig. 71. Catalpa. (C. bignonoides, Walt.) 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES 
 LEAVES OPPOSITE 
 
 CONTINUED 
 
 (EDGE TOOTHED) 
 B II
 
 Fig. 73 
 
 Fig. 72. Black Haw. (V. prunifblium, L.) 
 Fig. 73. Sweet Vibtlrnum. (V. lentago, L.) 
 
 129 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES 
 LEAVES OPPOSITE 
 
 CONTINUED 
 
 (EDGE LOBED) 
 B III
 
 Fig. 74. Striped Maple. (A. Pennsylv&nicum, L.) 
 
 133 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 75- Sugar Maple. (A. saccharum, Marsh.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 Fig. 76. Black Maple. (A. s., v&r. nigrum.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 139 
 
 Fig. 77- Silver-Leaf Maple. (A. saccharlnum, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZK.
 
 '41 
 
 Fig. 78. Red Maple. (A. rubrum, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 TREES WITH SIMPLE LEAVES 
 
 CONTINUED 
 
 LEAVES INDETERMINATE 
 c i
 
 Fig. 79 
 
 Fig. 80 
 
 Fig. 81 
 
 Fig. 82 
 
 Fig. 79. Gray Pine. (P. Banksiana, Lam.) 
 
 Fig. 80. Scrub Pine. (P. Virginiana, Mill.) 
 
 Fig. 81. Table Mountain Pine. (P. pungens, Michx.) 
 
 Fig. 82. Red Pine. (P. resindsa, Ait.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 83 
 
 F g. 83. Yellow Pine. (P. ecpinata, Mill.) 
 Fig. 84. Pitch Pine. (P. rlgida, Mill.) 
 Fig- 85. White Pine. (P. Strobus, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Indeterminate. 
 
 149 
 
 Fig. 86 
 
 Fig. 87 
 
 Fig. 86. Black Spruce. P. Mariana (Mill), B. S. P. 
 Fig. 87. White Spruce. P. Canadensis (Mill), B. S. P. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 88. Norway Spruce. [P. excelsa.] 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Indeterminate. 
 
 153 
 
 Fig. 89. Hemlock. T. Canadensis (L.), Carr. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 90. Balsam Fir. A. balsamea (L.), Miller. 
 Fig. 91. Larch. L, lariclna (Du Roi), Koch. 
 
 155 KATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Indeterminate. 
 
 157 
 
 Fig, 92 
 
 Fig. 93 
 
 Fig. 92. White Cedar. C. thyoides (L.), B. S. P. 
 Fig- 93- Arbor Vitae. (T. occidentals, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Indeterminate. 
 
 159 
 
 f 
 
 Fig. 94. Red Cedar. (J. Virginiana, L.) 
 
 a. Young. 6. Old. 
 NATURAL SIZE.

 
 TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES 
 
 (FEATHER-SHAPED) 
 
 LEAVES ALTERNATE 
 
 (EDGE ENTIRE) 
 D I
 
 163 
 
 Fig. 95. Ailanthus. [A. glanduldsa, Desf.] 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 165 
 
 >Fig. 96. Locust. (R. pseudacacia, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 r6 7 
 
 ' 97. Kentucky Coffee Tree. G. dlsicus (L.), Koch. 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 98. Honey Locust. (G. triacilnthos, L.) 
 
 l6 9 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES 
 
 (FEATHER-SHAPED) 
 
 LEAVES ALTERNATE 
 
 CONTINUED 
 
 (EDGE TOOTHED) 
 D II
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 173 
 
 Fig. 99. Stag-horn Sumach. (R. typhina, L.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 100. Poison Sumach. (R. venenata, D. C.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 Fig. 101. Mountain Ash. (P. Americana, D. C.) 
 
 177 REDUCED ONE FOURTH.
 
 Fig. 103 
 
 Fig. 102. Black Walnut. (J. nigra, L.) 
 Fig. 103. Butternut. (J. cinerea, L.) 
 
 I?9 LEAFLKTS AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 181 
 
 Fig. 104. Shag-bark. H. ovata (Mill), Britton. 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 Fig. 105. Mocker-nut. H. alba (L.), Britton. 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 Fig. 106. Small-fruited Hickory. H. microcarpa (Nutt), Britton. 
 
 l8 5 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 i8 7 
 
 Fig. 107, a and 6. Pig-nut. H. glabra (Mill), Britton. 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 Leaves Alternate. 
 
 189 
 
 Fig. 108. Bitter-nut. H. minima (Marsh), Britton. 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES 
 
 (FEATHER-SHAPED) 
 
 CONTINUED 
 
 LEAVES OPPOSITE 
 
 (EDGE ENTIRE OR TOOTHED) 
 E i, II
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 193 
 
 Fig. 109. Ash-leaved Maple. (N. aceroides, M.) 
 
 NATURAL SIZE.
 
 195 
 
 Fig. no. White Ash. (F. Americana, L.) 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 197 
 
 Fig. in. Red Ash. (F. pubescens, Lam.) 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 Leaves Opposite,. 
 
 i 99 
 
 Fig. 112. Green Ash. (F. vlridis, Michac., f.) 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 Fig. 113. Blue Ash. (F. quadrangulata, Michx.) 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 Leaves Opposite. 
 
 203 
 
 Fig. 114. Black Ash. (F. sambucifdlia, Lam.) 
 
 LEAF AND FRUIT REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 TREES WITH COMPOUND LEAVES 
 
 (HAND-SHAPED) 
 
 LEAVES OPPOSITE 
 (EDGE TOOTHED) 
 
 F I
 
 207 
 
 Fig. 115. Sweet Buckeye. (JE. flava, Ait.) 
 
 REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 209 
 
 Fig. 116. Ohio Buckeye. (JE. glabra, Willd.) 
 
 REDUCED ONE THIRD.
 
 NAMES OF OMITTED AND COMPARATIVELY UNIM- 
 PORTANT TREES. 
 
 Tilia heterophylla. Vent. 
 
 pubescens. Ait. 
 Pyrus angusti61ia. Ait. 
 Cratsegus cocclnea, L. var. mollis. 
 
 crus-galli, L. pyracanthifolia. 
 Amelanchier Canadensis, L. var. T. and 
 
 G. 
 
 Ulmus racemusa. Thomas. 
 Celtis occidentals, L. var. crassi61ia. 
 Salix amygdaloldes. Anders. 
 Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. var. olivae- 
 
 6rmis. 
 
 Quercus cocclnea, Wang. var. ambigua, 
 
 Gray. 
 (Of nine hybrid oaks, most are outside our 
 
 limits or entirely local.) 
 Catalpa speci6sa. Ward. 
 Roblnia visc6sa. Vent. 
 Gledltschia triacanthos, L. var. inermis, 
 
 and var. brachycarpos. 
 Rhus typhina, L. var. laciniata. 
 Pyrus sambucif61ia 
 Hic6ria sulcita (Willd). Britton.
 
 INDEX OF TREES. 
 
 The names of genera are given in SMALL CAPITALS, of species and varieties in 
 Roman type. The names of introduced species are enclosed by brackets. 
 
 A 
 
 
 
 PAGB 
 
 
 
 BETULA papyrlfera 
 
 47 
 
 ABIES balsamea .... 
 
 PAGE 
 
 T 55 
 
 populifolia 
 
 47 
 
 ACER Pennsylvanicum . . . 
 
 133 
 
 Birch, Paper . . . . 
 
 47 
 
 rubrum .... 
 
 141 
 
 R e( i 
 
 49 
 
 
 
 
 51 
 
 saccharlnum . . .-.. 
 
 139 
 
 
 
 saccharum .... 
 
 135 
 
 White .... 
 
 47 
 
 
 
 Yellow .... 
 
 49 
 
 var. nigrum 
 jEscuLUS flava . . 
 
 137 
 207 
 
 Bitter-nut 
 
 189 
 
 glabra . . . 
 [Ailanthus] . 
 [AILANTHUS glandulosa] . .' . 
 AMELANCHIER Canadensis . ' 
 
 209 
 163 
 163 
 
 Buckeye, Ohio .... 
 Sweet .... 
 Butternut ..... 
 Buttonwood 
 
 209 
 207 
 179 
 
 45 
 
 var. oblongif61ia 
 
 35 
 
 C 
 
 
 Arbor Vitae . . . . 
 
 157 
 
 
 
 Ash, Black . . ..'..- 
 
 203 
 
 CARPiNUS Caroliniana . 
 
 55 
 
 Blue 
 
 2OI 
 
 CARYA. See HicdRiA. 
 
 
 Green ..... 
 
 199 
 
 CASTANEA sativa, var. Americana . 
 
 
 Mountain .... 
 
 177 
 
 Catalpa 
 
 57 
 
 Red 
 
 197 
 
 CATALPA bignonoides 
 
 125 
 
 White 
 
 
 Cedar, Red 
 
 125 
 
 Ash-leaved Maple .... 
 
 193 
 
 White .... 
 
 159 
 
 AslMiNA trlloba .... 
 
 7 
 
 CELTIS occidentalis 
 
 157 
 
 Aspen ...... 
 
 
 CERCIS Canadensis 
 
 9 
 
 Large-toothed 
 
 73 
 
 CHAM^EcfPARIS .... 
 
 4i 
 
 
 
 thyoides 
 
 157 
 
 B 
 
 
 Cherry, Wild black 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 Wild red . 
 
 23 
 
 Balm of Gilead .... 
 
 79 
 
 Chestnut 
 
 57 
 
 
 IQ 
 " 
 
 CHIONANTHUS Virglnica . . 
 
 123 
 
 
 
 CORNUS alternifolia . . . 
 
 121 
 
 Beech . . . . . 
 
 59 
 
 florida . . . . 
 
 119 
 
 BETUI.A lenta .... 
 
 51 
 
 Cottonwood . . ' , . ! . 
 
 77 
 
 lu tea 
 
 
 
 2 7 
 
 nigra .... 
 
 49 
 
 CRAT^GUS cocclnea 
 
 29 
 
 213
 
 214 
 
 Index of Trees. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 CRAT^EGUS crus-calli 
 
 j-i 
 
 
 
 punctata 
 
 j j 
 3i 
 
 Hornbeam, Hop . . . 
 
 5S 
 
 tomentosa . 
 
 29 
 
 I 
 
 
 Cucumber Tree . . . . 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 CUPRESSUS. See CHAM^CYPARIS. 
 
 
 ILEX montlcola . . . 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 opaca .... 
 
 21 
 
 D 
 
 
 
 
 DIOSPYROS Virginiana . ' . . 
 
 13 
 
 J 
 
 
 Dogwood, Alternate-leaved . . 
 
 121 
 
 JUGLANS cinerea . 
 
 . 179 
 
 Flowering 
 
 II 9 
 
 nigra 
 
 . 179 
 
 E 
 
 
 JUNiPERUS Virginiana . 
 
 . 150, 
 
 Elm, Slippery .... 
 
 39 
 
 K 
 
 
 White 
 
 39 
 
 Kentucky Coffee-Tree . . 
 
 . 167 
 
 F 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 FAGUS ferruglnea .... 
 
 59 
 
 Larch . . . . 
 
 . 155 
 
 Fir, Balsam ..... 
 
 155 
 
 LARIX lariclna . . 
 
 I5S 
 
 FRAxiNUS Americana 
 
 195 
 
 Laurel, Swamp 
 
 3 
 
 pubescens 
 
 197 
 
 Linden, American . 
 
 19 
 
 quadrangulata 
 
 20 1 
 
 LIQUIDAMBAR styraclflua 
 
 "5 
 
 sambucif61ia . 
 
 203 
 
 LIRIODENDRON tuliplfera 
 
 85 
 
 vlridis .... 
 
 199 
 
 Locust, Yellow . . 
 
 . 165 
 
 Fringe Tree 
 
 123 
 
 Honey . . . 
 
 . 169 
 
 G 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 GLED!TSCHIA triacanthos 
 
 169 
 
 MAGNOLIA acuminata 
 
 5 
 
 Gum, Sour . . . 
 
 ii 
 
 ash-leaved 
 
 193 
 
 Sweet ..... 
 
 lie 
 
 glauca . 
 
 3, 
 
 GYMN6CLADUS dlsicus . 
 
 **0 
 
 I6 7 
 
 tripetala 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Maple, Black 
 
 i37 
 
 H 
 
 
 Red . 
 
 . 141 
 
 
 
 Silver Leaf . . 
 
 I 39 
 
 
 J.T 
 
 
 
 Haw, Black 
 
 *T X 
 
 I2Q 
 
 Striped . . . 
 
 133 
 
 Hemlock . . .. . 
 
 **y 
 
 153 
 
 Sugar 
 
 135 
 
 TI 
 
 Hickory, Bitter-nut . . . 
 
 189 
 
 MORUS rubra 
 
 103 
 43 
 
 Pig-nut .... 
 
 187 
 
 Mountain Ash 
 
 177 
 
 Shag-bark . . , 
 Small-fruited . . 
 
 181 
 
 185 
 
 Mulberry, Red 
 
 43 
 
 HicdRiA alba . . . . 
 
 183 
 
 N 
 
 
 glabra .... 
 
 187 
 
 . 
 
 
 microcarpa 
 
 185 
 
 NEG(TNDO aceroides 
 
 . 193 
 
 minima .... 
 
 189 
 
 NYSSA sylvatica 
 
 ii 
 
 ovita .... 
 
 181 
 
 o 
 
 
 Holly, American .... 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 Honey Locust .... 
 
 169 
 
 Oak, Black .... 
 
 . 105
 
 Index of Trees. 
 
 215 
 
 
 PACK 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Oak, Black Jack .... 
 
 99 
 
 POPULUS heterophylla . 
 
 . 75 
 
 Burr 
 
 91 
 
 monillfera 
 
 77 
 
 Chestnut .... 
 
 95 
 
 tremuloides 
 
 71 
 
 Pin 
 
 109 
 
 PRUNUS Americana . 
 
 25 
 
 Post 
 
 89 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 
 - 23 
 
 Red 
 
 107 
 
 ser6tina 
 
 23 
 
 Scarlet . . 
 
 103 
 
 PYRUS Americana . 
 
 177 
 
 Shingle .... 
 
 "3 
 
 coronaria 
 
 27 
 
 Spanish .... 
 
 101 
 
 
 
 Swamp white . . . 
 
 93 
 
 Q 
 
 
 White . . . . . 
 
 87 
 
 QUERCUS alba 
 
 . 87 
 
 Willow . . . 
 
 in 
 
 blcolor . 
 
 93 
 
 Yellow chestnut . . . 
 
 97 
 
 cocclnea ... 
 
 103 
 
 OSTRYA Virginiana . . . 
 
 53 
 
 " var. tinct6ria 
 
 . 105 
 
 OXYDENDRUM arbireum . . 
 
 37 
 
 cuneata . 
 
 . 101 
 
 P 
 
 
 imbricaria 
 
 "3 
 
 Papaw 
 
 7 
 
 macrocarpa . . 
 minor . 
 
 . 91 
 8q 
 
 Persimmon ..... 
 PicEA Canadensis .... 
 
 13 
 149 
 
 Muhlenbergii . 
 
 7 
 
 97 
 
 [excelsa] .... 
 Mariana .... 
 
 151 
 149 
 
 nigra 
 palustris . 
 Phellos . 
 
 99 
 . 109 
 in 
 
 Pine, Gray . . . . . 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 Jersey ..... 
 
 145 
 
 prinus 
 rubra . 
 
 95 
 . 107 
 
 Pitch . . . 
 
 147 
 
 
 
 Red 
 
 145 
 
 R 
 
 
 Scrub 
 
 145 
 
 
 
 Table Mountain . . ^ 
 
 145 
 
 Red Bud .... 
 
 9 
 
 White 
 
 147 
 
 RHUS typhina 
 
 . 173 
 
 Yellow 
 
 147 
 
 venenata . . 
 
 . 175 
 
 PINUS Banksiana .... 
 
 145 
 
 ROB!NIA pseudacacia . . 
 
 . 165 
 
 ecpinata .... 
 
 147 
 
 S 
 
 
 pungens .... 
 
 M5 
 
 
 
 resinosa .... 
 
 145 
 
 SALIX [alba] .... 
 
 69 
 
 rigida .... 
 
 *TJ 
 
 147 
 
 [var. vitelllna] . 
 
 . 69 
 
 Strobus .... 
 
 147 
 
 [Babyl6nica] 
 
 . 69 
 
 Virginiana .... 
 
 M5 
 
 fragilis 
 
 . 69 
 
 PLATANUS occidentalis . 
 
 45 
 
 lucida . . . . 
 
 . 65 
 
 Plum, Wild 
 
 2? 
 
 
 61 
 
 Poplar, Balsam .... 
 
 j 
 
 79 
 
 var. falcata . 
 
 63 
 
 Downy-leaved . . 
 
 75 
 
 rostrata . . . 
 
 67 
 
 [Lombardy] 
 
 81 
 
 Sassafras .... 
 
 15 
 
 [Silver-leaf] 
 
 81 
 
 SASSAFRAS officinale . . 
 
 15 
 
 POPULUS [alba] .... 
 
 81 
 
 Shad-bush .... 
 
 35 
 
 balsamlfera 
 
 7Q 
 
 Sorrel Tree .... 
 
 37 
 
 var. candicans 
 
 '7 
 
 7Q 
 
 
 it 
 
 [dilatata] 
 
 / V 
 
 81 
 
 Spruce, Black 
 
 . 149 
 
 grandidentata . 
 
 73 
 
 [Norway] . 
 
 . 151
 
 2l6 
 
 Index of Trees. 
 
 Spruce White 
 Sumach, Poison 
 
 Stag-horn 
 
 Thorn, Black 
 
 Cockspur . 
 
 Common 
 
 White 
 
 THtiYA occidentals 
 TiLlA Americana . 
 TSUGA Canadensis 
 Tulip Tree . . 
 
 U 
 
 ULMUS Americana 
 fulva . 
 
 PAGE 
 149 
 
 Umbrella Tree 
 
 175 
 
 
 173 
 
 V 
 
 
 VIBURNUM lentago 
 
 
 prunifolium 
 
 2 9 
 
 Viburnum, Sweet . 
 
 33 
 
 
 3 r 
 
 W 
 
 29 
 
 Walnut, Black 
 
 157 
 
 Willow, Black 
 
 19 
 
 [Crack] . 
 
 153 
 
 Long-beaked 
 
 85 
 
 Scythe-leaved 
 
 
 Shining 
 
 
 [Weeping] 
 
 39 
 
 [White] . 
 
 39 
 
 [Yellow] . 
 
 PACK 
 
 5 
 
 129 
 129 
 129 
 
 179 
 61 
 69 
 67 
 63 
 65 
 69 
 69 
 69
 
 DCSB LIBRARY