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A SYLLABUS 
 
 OF 
 
 Hispanic-American 
 History 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM WHATLEY PIERSON, Jr., Ph. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 (THIRD EDITION) 
 
 PRICE 50 CENTS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1916. 1920 
 
 by the 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 (Revised and Reprinted) 
 
A SYLLABUS 
 
 OF 
 
 Hispanic- American 
 History 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM WHATLEY PIERSON, Jr., Ph. D. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF HISTORY IN THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 (THIRD EDITION) 
 
 PRICE 50 CENTS 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1916, 1920 
 
 by the 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA 
 (Revised and Reprinted) 
 
- 
 
 PYAOC 
 
 PRESERVATION 
 COPY ADDED 
 ORIGINAL TO BE 
 RETAINED 
 
 Y 1 1993 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTE 
 
 "In the establishment of the independence of Spanish America the United 
 States have the deepest interest. I have no hesitation in asserting my firm belief 
 that there is no question in the foreign policy of this country, which has ever 
 arisen, or which I can conceive as ever occurring, in the decision of which we 
 have had or can have so much at stake." Henry Clay, The Emancipation of 
 South America. 
 
 This syllabus is designed primarily for the use of students of the 
 University of North Carolina as a guide to the introductory study of 
 Hispanic-American history. In it an effort has been made to provide 
 for as general and comprehensive a study of Hispanic-American civili- 
 zation as the time limits of a single one year's course would permit. In 
 such a process, of course, selection and rejection of data were neces- 
 sary. The student seeking to specialize will, therefore, find it possible 
 and easy to elaborate and amplify each of the chapters and sections 
 into which the outline has been divided. Despite such comprehensive- 
 ness as was mentioned, the writer has endeavored to emphasize the 
 institutional and economic aspects. The necessity of elimination and 
 the effort at emphasis have resulted in the relegation of political his- 
 tory, particularly that of the colonial period, to a position of com- 
 paratively less prominence and significance than some might expect. 
 For this the writer must plead necessity. 
 
 In view of the great contemporary interest in Hispanic America no 
 case for the study of its history need be made if such, indeed, is 
 required for any field of history. That interest in the United States 
 has been in part due to the construction of the Panama Canal and to 
 the increasing importance in diplomacy of the Caribbean area, and 
 in part it may be ascribed to the exigencies and effects of the World 
 War which have made people conscious of trade opportunities formerly 
 non-existent or, if existent, not fully recognized; and "many have thus 
 concluded that the diplomatic, political, and economic importance of 
 Hispanic America has made of prime necessity a thorough study and 
 a sympathetic understanding of its past history and institutions. These 
 facts and this new consciousness may indicate the opening of another 
 period in the history of the Western Hemisphere, which will doubtless 
 have a distinctly inter-American emphasis. The field of Hispanic- 
 American history has until recent years been little known to and too 
 often neglected by the undergraduate student in the universities, if, 
 indeed, courses in such history have been offered. It is, in the opinion 
 of the writer, however, a field not lacking in comparative importance, 
 interest, and cultural value with those better known. It is hoped and 
 confidently expected that the interest in the history and institutions of 
 the Hispanic-American countries recently engendered by the conscious- 
 ness that these countries have become potent economic and political 
 
 3 
 
factors in the modern world will be abiding. Hispanic-American 
 history as a standard course will have much justification, for the part 
 which the peoples of the southern republics will play in the future, as 
 Viscount Bryce recently said, "must henceforth be one of growing 
 significance for the Old World as well as for the New." 
 
 The course as outlined in this syllabus provides for the study of the 
 history, geography, political and social institutions, and the economic 
 development and possibilities of Hispanic-American countries. A care- 
 ful analysis and investigation will thus be made of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese colonial systems and colonial experience in order to ex- 
 plain the wars of independence and the existing political and social 
 conditions. Attention will then be directed to the development of 
 republics, the struggle for political stability, and the exploitation of 
 resources. The course will also include some study of the international 
 relations political and economic and diplomatic problems which have 
 arisen in recent Hispanic-American history. 
 
 At the outset the prospective student is warned that as yet there 
 exists no single text-book devoted to the Hispanic-American republics 
 which satisfactorily and adequately presents their history, describes 
 their present conditions and discusses their institutions. This absence, 
 of necessity, determines that the course will be based largely upon 
 material to be found only in a number of books, public documents, and 
 scientific reports. An effort has been made in this syllabus to meet 
 this difficult situation. Lectures following the outline of the syllabus 
 and explanatory of it, and recitations based on assigned readings, will 
 constitute the class work. On these lectures and readings the students 
 will be expected to take notes. In addition, they will be required 
 to make certain class reports and at least once during the year to 
 prepare, after consultation with the instructor, an essay on some topic 
 of the syllabus or allied phase of the work. 
 
 Students will be required to provide themselves individually with a 
 copy of this syllabus and with W. R. Shepherd's Latin America (Holt 
 & Company). It is strongly recommended that they purchase also 
 F. Garcia Calderon's Latin America: Its Rise and Progress (Scrib- 
 ners). For the general student and reader the following list of books, 
 written in English, may be found useful : 
 
 For description, geography, travel, peoples and social conditions : 
 
 James Bryce, South America: Observations and Impressions. (Alac- 
 millan). 
 
 G. E. Church, Aborigines of South America. (Chapman and Hall.) 
 
 C. R. Enock, The Republics of Central and South America. (Dent 
 & Sons). 
 
 A. H. Keane, Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel : 
 Central and South America. (2 Vols., Lippincott.) 
 
 Atlas America Latina, (English, Spanish, Portuguese; General 
 Drafting Co.). 
 
R. Reyes, The Two Americas. (Stokes.) 
 A. Ruhl, The Other Americans. (Scribners.) 
 H. Bingham, Across South America. (Houghton Mifflin Co.) 
 _For history : 
 
 T. C. Dawson, The South American Republics. (3 Vols., Put- 
 nam.) 
 
 A. H. Noll, A Short History of Mexico. (McClurg.) 
 
 F. Palmer, Central America and its Problems. (Moffat, Yard & 
 Co.) 
 
 For institutions and history : 
 
 E. G. Bourne, Spain in America. (American Nation Series, Har- 
 pers.) 
 
 B. Moses, The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America. (Put- 
 nam.) 
 
 , South America on the Eve of Emancipation. (Put- 
 nam.) 
 
 , Spanish Dependencies in South America. (Harpers.) 
 
 F. L. Paxson, The Independence of the South American Republics. 
 (2nd Ed., Ferris and Leach.) 
 
 W. S. Robertson, The Rise of the Spanish American Republics. 
 (Appleton.) 
 
 W. R. Shepherd, Hispanic Nations of the New World; A Chronicle 
 of Our Southern Neighbors. (Yale Press.) 
 
 For literature : 
 
 Alfred Coester, The Literary History of Spanish America. (Mac- 
 millan.) 
 
 Isaac Goldberg, Studies in Spanish American Literature. (Bren- 
 tano.) 
 
 For trade relations : 
 
 W. E. Aughinbaugh, Selling Latin America. (Small, Maynard & 
 Company.) 
 
 E. B. Filsinger, Exporting to Latin America. (Appleton.) 
 
 A. H. Verrill, South and Central American Trade Conditions of 
 Today. (Dodd, Mead & Company.) 
 
 For individual countries : 
 
 P. Denis, Brazil. (Scribners.) 
 
 P. J. Eder, Columbia. (Unwin or Scribners.) 
 
 G. F. S. Elliott, Chile. (Scribners.) 
 
 C. R. Enock, Mexico. (Scribners.) 
 W. A. Hirst, Argentina. (Scribners.) 
 
 W. H. Kbebel, Argentina, Past and Present. (Dodd, Mead & Co.) 
 
 , Paraguay. (Scribners.) 
 
 , Uruguay. (Scribners.) 
 
 , Central America. (Scribners.) 
 
W. L. Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics. (Little, 
 Brown & Co.) 
 
 M. R. Wright's Books on Bolivia; Brazil; Chile; and Peru. (Caze- 
 nove & Son.) 
 
 The monthly Bulletin and other publications of the Pan-American 
 Union (Washington, D. C.), offer excellent and reliable information 
 respecting all of these divisions, and are recommended. 
 
 Students wishing to make a more detailed study than this brief 
 list would provide for can easily find extensive bibliographies on the 
 subject in English, Portuguese and Spanish which are of great value. 
 They will do well to consult P. H. Goldsmith, A Brief Bibliography 
 (Macmillan), although it is admittedly incomplete in its list of 
 books and contemptuously harsh in its judgment of many of those 
 included. More comprehensive and valuable are the Bibliographic 
 Hispanique (annual, New York) published by the Hispanic Society of 
 America, and the lists and catalogues of books, pamphlets, periodicals, 
 and maps prepared by the Pan-American Union and printed by the 
 United States Government, first, the list relating to Central America 
 by P. Lee Phillips, 1902; secondly, the catalogue of books, periodicals, 
 etc., in the Columbus Library, which appeared successively in 1905, 
 1907, 1909, and 1914. Many lists respecting individual Hispanic-Ameri- 
 can countries have been published, including Argentina, Brazil, Chile, 
 Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Paraguay. 
 Reference also must necessarily be made to the exhaustive and scholarly 
 Biblioteca Hispano- Americana and other compilations of Jose Toribio 
 Medina, the great bibliographer of Chile. The Hispanic American 
 Historical Review is commended to the student not only for its own 
 articles and reviews, but for the great service rendered to the biblio- 
 graphy of this subject by publishing with each issue a list of books 
 and articles pertaining to the field which have recently appeared. 
 
 The writer would anticipate the criticism that the list of books 
 specified in the syllabus for reading is incomplete. Since these read- 
 ings are designed for class purposes and are selected as being practic- 
 able, the incompleteness was scarcely avoidable. The specialist will 
 again find it easy to enlarge. In the list of readings, in order to con- 
 serve space, the author's name and full title of the book are stated 
 when the first reference is made ; thereafter only the author's name is 
 employed, except in such cases in which the author has written more 
 than one book or in which clearness seems to demand complete or partial 
 repetition. 
 
 The author wishes to make acknowledgment of his indebtedness to 
 Professor William R. Shepherd, of Columbia University, whose advice 
 and inspiration have been of incalculable service to him. Professor 
 Shepherd generously made suggestions for this edition of the syllabus. 
 Chapel Hill, N. C., June, 1920. 
 
A SYLLABUS OF HISPANIC-AMERI- 
 CAN HISTORY 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 I. The Political Situation in Europe at Opening of the 16th Cen- 
 
 tury. 
 
 1. The National States : England, France, Spain and Portugal. 
 
 2. The Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 3. The city states of Italy. 
 
 4. Other European States. 
 
 Readings : Hayes, A Political and Social History of Modern 
 Europe, Vol. I, 3-25. 
 
 II. Scientific and intellectual progress. 
 
 1. Medieval travels; the crusades. 
 
 2. The Renaissance. 
 
 3. Invention of the compass and improvement of the astrolabe. 
 
 4. Improvement and increase of maps. 
 
 Readings : Cheyney, European Background of American History, 
 41-59. 
 
 III. European Commerce at the Opening of the 16th Century. 
 
 1. Trade and trade routes between Europe and the Far East. 
 
 2. The Mediterranean and the Italian cities. 
 
 3. Conquests of the Ottoman Turks; closing of old routes. 
 
 4. Decline of the Italian cities. 
 
 5. Need of new routes; Battle of the Nile, 1516. 
 
 Readings: Cheyney, 3-40; Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 98-99, 107- 
 110; Hayes, I, 27-49. 
 
 IV. The Commercial Revolution. 
 
 1. The geographic position of Spain and Portugal. 
 
 2. The circumnavigation of Africa : Prince Henry the Navi- 
 
 gator ; Diaz; Vasco da Gama. 
 
3. The Western passage ; sought by Spain. 
 
 4. The commercial revolution ; effects. 
 
 5. Creation of trade companies; new methods of commerce, 
 
 6. Expansion and colonization ; motives. 
 
 Readings: Bourne, Spain in America, 104-132; Cheyney, 123-146; 
 Hayes, I, 27-69. 
 
 V. Spain and Portugal at the Opening of the 16th Century. 
 
 A. Background of Spanish history. 
 Spanish Society : 
 
 1. Geographic influences in Spanish history. 
 
 2. The evolution of the Spanish nationality : 
 
 a. The earliest historic inhabitants of the Iberian 
 
 peninsula. 
 
 b. The invasions: Phoenician; Carthaginian; 
 
 Roman ; Visigothic ; Vandal ; Moorish. 
 
 c. Immigration of Jews and Berbers. 
 
 d. Contact and conflict with the Moors, 710-1492. 
 
 e. Expulsion of the Moors and the Jews. 
 
 f. Establishment of union and central govern- 
 
 ment. 
 
 3. The individualism of the people. 
 
 4. Militarist spirit engendered by long wars. 
 
 5. Evolution of types. 
 
 6. Governmental system : 
 
 a. The king and his powers. 
 
 b. The executive and advisory councils. 
 
 c. The Spanish Cortes. 
 
 d. Legal codes and other systems of law. 
 
 e. Administrative machinery. 
 
 f. Local and municipal government. 
 
 g. System of taxation. 
 
 h. Efforts of Ferdinand and Isabella to unify 
 Spain and centralize powers of government. 
 
 7. The Church and morals : 
 
 a. The Spanish clergy. 
 
 b. Inquisition. 
 
 c. Influences of Moors and Jews upon church and 
 
 faith. 
 
 8. Industries and agriculture ; attitude toward labor : 
 The Mesta; wheat, vine, and olive culture. 
 
 9. Condition of social classes. 
 
10. Intellectual development in Spain : 
 
 a. Formative influences on languages and litera- 
 
 ture. 
 
 b. Contributions of the Moors. 
 
 c. Ecclesiastical and philosophical writings. 
 
 11. Motives of colonization. 
 
 Required Readings : Chapman, The History of Spain, 
 1-286; Hume, Spain, its Greatness and Decay, 1479- 
 1788, 1-64; The Spanish People, 144-404; Cheyney, 79- 
 114; Ellis, The Soul of Spain, 29-105. 
 
 Additional Readings : Lea, History of the Inquisition in 
 Spain; , The Moriscos of* Spain; , His- 
 tory of Sarcedotal Celibacy, 80-85; 300-311; Milman, 
 History of the Jcivs, Vol. Ill, 264-309; Altamira, His- 
 toria de Espana y de la Civilization espanola; Col- 
 meiro, Derecho administrative cspanol; Plunkett, Isa- 
 bel of Castile; Sempere, Histoire des Cortes d' Espagne ; 
 Lowery, The Spanish Scttleni nts in the United States, 
 . Vol. I, 79-101 ; Walton, Civil Law in Spain and Spanish 
 America; Lane-Poole, The Story of the Moors in 
 Spain; Scott, History of the Moorish Empire in 
 Europe; Danvila y Collado, El Poder Civil en Espana; 
 Lafuente and Valera, Historia general de Espana; 
 Salazar, Monarchia dc Espana, Vol. I ; Sacristian y 
 Martinez, Municipalidades de Castilla y Leon; Merri- 
 man, The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old 
 World and in the New, Vols. 1 and II. 
 
 B. Background of Portuguese history. 
 Portuguese society: 
 
 1. General characteristics. 
 
 2. Influence of climate in Portugal. 
 
 3. Position as European power in the 16th Century. 
 
 4. Portugal as a national state. 
 
 5. Political institutions. 
 
 6. Motives of colonization. 
 
 Required Readings : Cheyney, 60-74 ; Stephens, The Story 
 of Portugal. 
 
 Additional Readings : Busk, History of Spain and Portu- 
 gal; Martins, The Golden Age of Prince Henry the 
 
 Navigator; , Historia de Portugal; Jayne, Vasco 
 
 da Gama and His Successors; Major, Life of Prince 
 Henry the Navigator; Hakluyt Society Publications. 
 
Chapter I. The Period of Discovery. 
 
 A. Tracing the coast line by Spanish navigators. 
 
 1. The achievement of Columbus. 
 
 2. Achievements of : Hoj^eda, Cosa, Vesgucci, Pinzon, Pin- 
 
 eda, Bastidas, Grijalva, Balboa, Magellan and Elcano, 
 
 Guevara, and Saavedra. 
 
 Readings: Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 106-111; Morris, His- 
 tory of Colonisation, I, 230-243; Bourne, Spain in America, 
 67-174; Payne, European Colonies, 35-53; - , History 
 of America, Vol. I; Helps, Spanish Conquest in America; 
 Koebel, South America; Thacher, Columbus; Vignaud, His- 
 torie critique de la grande entreprise de Christopher Colomb; 
 Guillemard, Magellan; Bancroft, Central Mexico, Vol. I; 
 Brittain, Discovery and Exploration, 56-296; Benzoni, His- 
 tory of the New World (Hakluyt Society Pub.) ; Zahm, 
 ' Up the Orinoco and Down the Magdelena; - , Along 
 the Andes and Doivn the Amazon. 
 
 B. Internal exploration and settlement. 
 
 1. Achievements of: Cortes; Pizarro; Cabeza de Vaca; 
 
 Almagro; Orellana; Ursua; Mendoza; Ayolas ; Irala, 
 and others. 
 
 2. Explorations of Portuguese in Brazil. 
 
 3. Settlement of the West Indies. 
 
 4. Settlement of Mexico and Central America. 
 
 5. Settlement of Spanish South America. 
 
 Readings: To those of Section A, add Cambridge Modern 
 History, I, ch. xv. ; Prescott, Conquest of Mexico; Ban- 
 croft, History of Mexico; MacNutt, Fernando Cortes and 
 the Conquest of Mexico; Solis, Historia de la Conquista 
 de Mexico; Bandelier, Contributions to the History of the 
 Southwestern Portions of the United States; De Lannoy 
 and Van der Linden, Historic de L' Expansion Colonialc des 
 Peuples Europe ens (Portugal et Espagne) ; Bolton, Spanish 
 Exploration in the Southzvest; Daenell, Die Spanier in Nord 
 Amerika; Altamira, The Share of Spain in the History of 
 the Pacific Ocean, (Pacific Ocean in History, 34-75) ; Groat, 
 Historia de la Nueva Granada; Wright, The Early History 
 of Cuba; Amunatcgui, Descubrimientos; Conquista de Chile; 
 Ojeda, Los Conquistadores de Chile (2v.) 
 
 C. Relations of Spain and Portugal in 16th Century. 
 1. Rivalry for trade supremacy. 
 
 10 
 
2. Appeal to the Pope. 
 
 Line of Demarcation, 1493. 
 
 3. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494. 
 
 4. Boundary commissions and disputes. 
 
 5. Treaty of Saragossa, 1529. 
 
 6. Mid-century relations. 
 
 7. Union of Portugal and Spain, 1580. 
 
 8. Attitude of Europe toward Spanish and Portuguese claims 
 
 of monopoly. 
 
 9. New doctrines relative to the control of the seas and the 
 
 ownership of territory. 
 
 Required Readings: Shepherd, Latin America, 9-19; Chapman, 
 229-271; Bourne, 31-33; 131-132; , Essays in Histori- 
 cal Criticism, 193-217; Keller, Colonization, 175-176; 197- 
 200; Merriman, II, 219-239. 
 
 Additional Readings : Altamira, Historia de Espana. 
 
 Chapter II. The Spanish Colonial System. 
 
 A. Imperial Control. 
 
 1. Early methods of colonization. 
 
 Spanish inexperience ; government aid and activities ; 
 private enterprize ; rapid evolution of a system. 
 
 2. The capitulation; that of Columbus compared with later 
 
 ones. 
 
 3. The Casa de Contratacion. 
 
 4. The Council of the Indies : 
 
 a. Organization; powers; duties; methods of adminis- 
 
 tration ; accomplishments. 
 
 b. Notable members. 
 
 5. Control of emigration: 
 
 a. Laws of restriction. 
 
 b. Inducements offered approved immigrants. 
 
 6. Exclusion of foreign influences from Colonies ; Spanish 
 
 mercantilism. 
 
 7. Interference in colonial affairs. 
 
 8. Means of control ; special commissions ; the visitador; 
 
 the residencia; recall. 
 
 9. Difficulties of administration : 
 
 a. Distance between colonies and home government. 
 
 b. Defective means of communication. 
 
 11 
 
10. Decline of the system ; changes effected in the 18th 
 
 Century; red tape and routine. 
 
 11. Comparison of the Spanish system of colonization with 
 
 the systems of other colonizing countries. 
 
 12. Influences of the colonial empire upon Spain. 
 Required Readings : Shepherd, 19-26 ; Bourne, 220-242 ; Morris, 
 
 244-259; Keller, 168-206; 210-215; Bancroft, History of 
 Central America, I, 285 et scq.; Roscher, The Spanish 
 Colonial System; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule in 
 America; Cambridge Modern History, Vol X, 244 et. seq. 
 Robertson, Rise of the Spanish American Republics, Intro- 
 duction. 
 
 Additional Readings: Root, Spain and Its Colonies; Zimmer- 
 man, Die Kolonialpolitik Portugal und Spaniens; Leroy- 
 Beaulieu, De la Colonisation chcz les Peuples Modernes, 
 1-40; Puente y Olea, Los Trabajos Geographicos de la Casa 
 de Contratacion; Colmeiro, Historia de la Economia Poli- 
 tica en Espana, Vol. II; Cappa, Estudios Criticos Acerca de 
 la dominacion espanola en America; Recopilacion de Leyes 
 de los Reinos de las Indias, (a collection of legislation 
 respecting the colonies made first in 1681). 
 
 B. Spanish Administrative System in the Colonies. 
 
 1. No distinct separation of powers; the executive, legis- 
 
 lative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers of government. 
 
 2. Office of Viceroy in Spanish America. 
 
 a. History of the office. 
 
 b. Appointment; powers in the various departments of 
 
 the government ; dignity of office ; perquisites and 
 reward. 
 
 3. Offices of Adelantado; gobernador; captain-general; 
 
 minor officials. 
 
 4. The Audiencia; presidencia. 
 
 5. The system of intendants instituted; its effects. 
 
 6. Local government: the alcalde; the cabildo; ayuntamicnto. 
 
 7. Extraordinary political bodies in the colonies : the Cabildo 
 
 abicrto. 
 
 8. Minor courts of law; position of lawyers. 
 
 9. Conduct of government. 
 
 10. Operation of the system; discretionary powers as to en- 
 forcement or non-enforcement of laws "Se obedece 
 pero no se ejecuta"; opportunities of local officials to 
 evade imperial restrictions. 
 
 12 
 
11. Relations of officials with the home government. 
 
 Required Readings : Shepherd, 25-29 ; Moses, Establishment of 
 Spanish Rule; , Spanish Dependencies of South 
 
 America, 263-275; Morris, I, 244-259; Smith, The Viceroy 
 of New Spain, 100-248; Bourne, 202-242; - , A Trained 
 Colonial Civil Service, (North American Review, Vol. 169, 
 528 et seq.) ; Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. XIX; 
 Hill, Office of Adelantado, (Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 
 XXVIII) ; Roscher, The Spanish Colonial System; Hum- 
 boldt, Political Essay on Neiv Spain; Cunningham, The 
 
 Audiencia in the Spanish Colonies; , Institutional 
 
 Background of Spanish- American History (Hisp. Am. Hist. 
 Rev. 1918). 
 
 Additional Readings: Bancroft, Central America, Vol. I, Chap- 
 ter V; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 244 ct seq.; 
 Desdevises du Dezert, L'Espagnc de L' Ancien Regime (Les 
 Institutions) 122-163 Solorzano Politica Indiana, Vol. II; 
 Haebler, Amerika (Helmolt's Wcltgeschichte, Vol. I) 384, 
 et seq. 
 
 C. The Church. Real Patronato. 
 
 1. Royal control of the Church in oversea dominions. 
 
 a. Bull of Alexander VI, 1493. 
 
 b. The bull of Julius II, 1508. 
 
 c. The system as perfected. 
 
 2. The clergy in the colonies. 
 
 3. The priest as a colonizer. 
 
 4. Jesuits and other clerical orders. 
 
 5. Relations of Church and State. 
 
 6. The church and education. 
 
 7. The right of sanctuary in the colonies. 
 
 8. The mission system ; the Church and the Indian. 
 
 9. The Inquisition in Spanish America. 
 
 10. The Church in Spanish and Portuguese colonies com- 
 
 pared. 
 
 11. Some notable priests and monks; Las Casas, Zumarraga; 
 
 Cardenas, etc. 
 
 12. Expulsion of Jesuits, 1767, (Portugal, 1759). 
 Required Readings: Shepherd, 49-59; Bourne, 302-319; Keller, 
 
 283-305; Ayme, Ancient Temples and Cities of the New 
 
 World; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule, Chap. IV; 
 
 , South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 119- 
 
 13 
 
142; - , Spanish Dependencies in South America, Vol. 
 I, 338-349; 364-380; Vol. II, 143-153; 206-232; Smith, 229- 
 248. 
 
 Additional Readings : Acosta, The Natural and Moral History 
 of the Indies, Vol. II ; Lea, The Inquisition in the Spanish 
 Dependencies; Graham, A Vanished Arcadia; Koebel, In 
 Jesuit Land; Escriche, Diccionario, Razonado de Legisla- 
 tion; Palma, Anales de la inquisition de Lima; Lowery, 
 Spanish Settlements in the United States, Vol. I, 339-366; 
 Calle, Memorial y Noticias Sacras; Chapman, The Founding 
 of Spanish California (cf. Index, "Religious Conquest") ; 
 Medina, Historia de Tribunal del Santo - Oficio dc la 
 Inquisition en Mexico; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 
 X, 253, et seq. 
 
 D. The Indians and the Labor System. 
 
 1. The aborigines: tribes; number. 
 
 a. Most important families : Araucanians ; Arawak ; 
 Aymara; Aztec; Carib ; Charrua; Chibcha; Coco- 
 nuco; Guarani ; Inca; Maya; Mojos; Puelche; 
 Quechua, Tapuya; Tupi, etc. 
 
 2. Indian civilization : 
 
 a. The Aztecs of Mexico. 
 
 b. The Incas of Peru. 
 
 3. Treatment of Indians by the Spanish ; comparison of this 
 
 treatment with that by other nations. 
 
 4. Reputation of Spaniards for cruelty. 
 
 5. Laws of Spain relative to Indians : 
 
 a. Early regulations ; instructions to Columbus ; laws 
 
 of Burgos, 1512; laws of 1530. 
 
 b. The "New Laws," 1542. 
 
 c. Labor laws and customs : 
 
 1. Encomienda. 
 
 2. Repartimiento. 
 
 3. Mita. 
 
 4. Office of corregidor- 
 
 d. Indian slavery ; service in obrages and trapiches; 
 
 effect of labor system on Indians. 
 
 e. Law and practice. 
 
 6. Taxation of Indians. 
 
 7. Work of Las Casas, Nobrega, and Anchieta. 
 
 8. Indian resistance against Spanish system; Tupac-Amaru, 
 
 II, 1780-1781. 
 
 14 
 
9. Importation of negro slaves: 
 
 a. The Spanish theory. 
 
 b. The asiento. 
 
 c- Laws governing negro slave labor. 
 
 Required Readings : Shepherd, 29-32 ; Morris, I, 239-241 ; 245- 
 251; Keller, 257-282; Moses, South America on the Eve of 
 
 Emancipation, 167-217; , Spanish Dependencies, Vol. 
 
 1, 204-229; Barros Arana, Compendia de historia de America, 
 part I; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese South America, 
 Vol. I, 65-85; 209-249; Means, The Rebellion of Tupac- 
 Amaru II, 1780-1781, (His. Am. Hist. Rev., 1919) ; Church, 
 The Aborigines of South America; Hrdlicka, Early Man in 
 South America; Nordenskiold, Indianerleben. 
 
 Additional Readings: Gage, New Survey of the West Indies; 
 MacNutt, Bartholomew de las Casas; Prescott, Conquest of 
 Mexico; - , Conquest of Peru; Robertson, History of 
 America, Book VIII ; Helps, Spanish Conquest in America; 
 Saco, Revista de Cuba; Markham, The Incas of Peru; Spin- 
 den, Ancient Civilisations of Mexico and Central America. 
 
 E. Social Classes and Colonial Society. 
 
 1. Spanish types in the colonies: 
 
 Basque ; Gallego ; Catalan ; Andalusian. 
 
 2. Classes and race distinctions: 
 
 Chapeton (gachupines) ; Creole; Mestizo; Mulatto; 
 Zambo. 
 
 3. Classes and the government; the divide ct impera policy. 
 
 4. Legacy of class distinction. 
 
 5. Spanish recognition of Creoles and natives; numbers 
 
 ennobled. 
 
 6. Colonial society ; diversions ; pursuits ; occupations. 
 
 7. The towns ; pueblos; the cercados. 
 
 Required Readings: Shepherd, 29-38; Morris, 252-254; Garcia 
 Calderon, Latin America: Its Rise and Progress, 44-58; 
 Bourne, 253-268; Keller, 211-220; Moses, Establishment of 
 Spanish Rule, Chapter II ; - , South America on the 
 Eve of Bmancipation, 100-118. 
 
 Additional Readings : Hnmboldt, Personal Narrative of Tra- 
 vels; Reclus, The Earth and Its Inhabitants South Ameri- 
 ca; Frezier, Voyage a la Mcr de Sud; Ulloa, A Voyage to- 
 South America. 
 
 F. Colonial Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Mining. 
 
 1. The land system: 
 
 15 
 
a. Primogeniture, entails, and mortmain. 
 
 b. Spanish repartimiehtos and encomiendas; Portu- 
 
 guese capitanias and prazos. 
 
 2. Methods of acquiring real estate. 
 
 3. Attitude of home government toward colonial manufac- 
 
 tures. 
 
 4. Stock raising; the Mesta; agricultural products introduced 
 
 by the Spanish. 
 
 5. Mines and mining in South and North America. 
 Readings: Bourne, 282-301; Payne, History of America, Vol. 
 
 I, 254-362; Shepherd, 38-49; Moses, South America on the 
 Eve of Emancipation, 328-340; Keller, 221-225. 
 
 G. Trade System and Means of Transportation. 
 
 1. The Spanish trade regulations; mercantilism; the staple 
 
 cities. 
 
 2. Trade routes ; oceanic ; inland. 
 
 3. Convoys and fleet system ; taxes levied ; concessions of 
 
 1620. 
 
 4. Depots and staple cities; fairs. 
 
 5. Means of transportation in colonial Spanish America. 
 
 6. The Consulado; guilds; cof radios. 
 
 7. Trade companies : 
 
 The Guipuzcoa company, 1728-1778. 
 
 8. The War of Spanish Succession ; Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 9. The Anglo-Spanish relations at Porto Bello. 
 
 10. Obstacles to success of system : 
 
 a. Smuggling. 
 
 b. Buccaneers, pirates, and public enemies. 
 
 11. Final changes in system, 1740, 1748, 1765, 1778; work of 
 
 Charles III, Aranda, and Galvez. 
 
 12. Portuguese trade regulations. 
 
 Required Readings : Shepherd, 43-47 ; Bourne, 282-301 ; Morris, 
 260-277; Moses, Spanish Dependencies, Vol. II, 244-365; 
 Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 254-257; Keller, 226- 
 241 ; 244-249 ; Smith, 248-254 ; Priestley, Reforms of Jose dc 
 Galvez in Nciv Spain (The Pacific Ocean in History) ; 
 Mimms, Colbert's West India Policy; Koebel, British Ex- 
 ploits in South America, 47-98 ; Haring, The Buccaneers in 
 the West Indies in the Seventeenth Century; Colmeiro, II, 
 401-463; Alberdi, Estudios Economicos, 100-101. 
 
 Additional Readings: Blackmar, Spanish Institutions in ilu 
 
 16 
 
Southwest; Stevens, Spanish Rule of Trade in the West 
 Indies; Esquemeling, History of the Buccaneers; Rubal- 
 cava, Tratado Historico Politico y Legal del Commercio; 
 Walton, Spanish Colonies, Vol. II, 153-181. 
 
 H. The Colonial Taxation System. 
 
 1. The sources of revenue. 
 
 2. Taxes: Alcabala ; Armada and armadilla; media anata; 
 
 royal ninths; Indian tribute; taxes on: salt; mineral 
 products; tobacco. 
 
 3. Sale of offices 
 
 Readings: Moses, South America on the Eve of Emancipation, 
 328-339. 
 
 I. Education and Thought. 
 
 1. The universities. 
 
 Institutions established at Lima, Mexico City, Bogota, 
 Cordoba, Cuzco, Caracas, Santiago de Chile, Quito, 
 etc. 
 
 2. The clergy and education. 
 
 3. Colonial literature: 
 
 a. Clerical influences. 
 
 b. Early tendencies and schools. 
 
 c. Writers : Zumarraga, Las Casas, Ercilla, Balbuena, 
 
 Juana Ines de la Cruz, Espejo. 
 
 4. The press. 
 
 5. Transplantation of European civilization : 
 
 Language; customs; education; religion; political 
 theories and institutions. 
 
 6. Cultural influence of colonies upon Spain and Europe. 
 Required Readings : Shepherd, 59-68 ; Moses, South America 
 
 on the Eve of Emancipation, 143-166; Coester, The Literary 
 History of Spanish America, 1-38. 
 
 Additional Readings : Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Tra- 
 vels; Ingenieros, La Revolucion, 29-78; Bunge, Nucstra 
 America. 
 
 J. Political History. 
 
 1. Diplomatic relations of Spain and Portugal in 17th and 
 
 18th Centuries. 
 
 2. The Viceroyalties : 
 
 a. New Spain, 1534. 
 
 b. Peru, 1542. 
 
 17 
 
c. New Granada, 1739. 
 
 d. La Plata, 1776. 
 
 3. Indian Wars and political insurrections. 
 
 4. The favored and the neglected colonies. 
 
 5. Colonial defence military and naval. 
 
 Readings : Keller, 316-325 ; Watson, Spanish and Portuguese 
 South America; Moses, The Spanish Dependencies in South 
 America. 
 
 Chapter III. Settlement of Brazil and Portuguese Institutions. 
 
 1. The voyage of Cabral ; Portuguese claims; Correia, 
 
 Coelho, de Souza. 
 
 2. Early settlements; attitude of Portuguese toward Brazil; 
 
 founding of cities. 
 
 3. Portuguese system of colonization in Brazil. 
 
 a. The captaincies. 
 
 b. The "desembargo do paco." 
 
 c. Theory and practice; frequent changes in the ad- 
 
 ministrative service. 
 
 d. Comparison with Portuguese colonial system in the 
 
 East Indies. 
 
 e. The church in colonial Brazil ; the aldeias; work of 
 
 Anchieta, Nobrega, Vieyra. 
 
 4. Treatment of the natives; intermarriage; regulations as 
 
 to labor system. 
 
 5. Importation of negro slaves, 1502; slave trade; the Com- 
 
 panhia do Grao Para; slave codes. 
 
 6. The Portuguese commercial system : 
 
 a. The "India House" and the "Guinea House." 
 
 b. Mercantilism and monopoly. 
 
 c. Participation of the English in the Portuguese trade. 
 
 d. Colonial products of Brazil. 
 
 7. Beginning of Westward Movement in Brazil. 
 
 a. Settlement of Sao Paulo. 
 
 b. Government of the frontier ; the Paulistas; Mame- 
 
 lucos. 
 
 c. Discovery of Gold, 1693; diamonds, 1730. 
 
 8. Society and thought in Brazil. 
 
 9. Conflict with the French and Dutch. 
 10. Relations of Brazil and Portugal. 
 
 Required Readings: Denis, Brazil, 27-78; Morris, I, 214-220; 
 Keller, 131-167; Watson, Vol. II, 1-26; Rio Branco, Esquis- 
 se de I'Histoire du Bresil, 105-152. 
 18 
 
Additional Readings: De Lannoy and Van der Linden, 11-26, 
 172-181; 225-238; Merivale, Lectures, 47 et seq.; Pinheiro, 
 Historia do Brazil; Southey, History of Brazil; Varnhagen, 
 Historia Geral do Brazil, Vol. I. 
 
 Chapter IV. Geography and Resources of Hispanic America. 
 
 1. Geographic situation of South America. 
 
 2. Area of states in comparison with that of the United 
 
 States and Europe. 
 
 3. Climate. 
 
 a. Seasons and temperature. 
 
 b. Rainfall. 
 
 4. Mountain ranges ; rivers ; water power. 
 
 5. Harbors. 
 
 6. Forests; commercial value of forest products. 
 
 7. Mineral deposits. 
 
 8. Animal life; introduction of animals and plants by 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 9. Drugs and medicines. 
 
 10. Agricultural possibilities. Products in general: fruits; 
 rubber, coffee ; cacao ; yerba ; sugar ; grasses ; tobacco. 
 
 Required Readings: Shepherd, 107-121; Atlas America Latina; 
 Koebel, The South Americans, 184-304; Bryce, South Amer- 
 ica, 37-483 ; books on individual countries listed in Chapter 
 VIII; Keane, Stanford's Compendium of Geography and 
 Travel Central and South America; Boero, Gcografia de 
 America, 
 
 Additional Readings: Tschudi, Travels in Peru; Whymper, 
 Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator; Schanz, 
 Quer durch Sud America; Darwin, Journal of Researches 
 (Voyage of the Beagle) ; Zahm's works. 
 
 Chapter V. The Struggle for Independence, 1806-1826. 
 
 1. Sources and elements of discontent in Latin America; 
 
 political and economic. 
 
 2. Influence of the American War of Independence; new 
 
 economic doctrines, French Revolution ; English politi- 
 cal philosophy. 
 
 3. Pre-revolutionary revolts ; foreign stimulation. 
 
 4. Diffusion of new ideas; decline in effectiveness of the 
 
 Spanish policy of exclusion ; the expedition of Miran- 
 da, 1806; representative Hispanic-Americans in Europe 
 and United States; English expeditions against Buenos 
 Aires and Montevideo, 1806-1807. 
 19 
 
5. Invasion of Spain by Napoleon ; overthrow of the legit- 
 
 imate government; establishment of the Napoleonic 
 government and of Spanish juntas. 
 
 6. Disturbance in the colonies ; attitude of the cities ; Caracas, 
 
 Buenos Aires, Bogota, Cordoba, Santiago de Chile, 
 etc. 
 
 7. The interregnum; development of local juntas; mani- 
 
 festations of loyalty to Spain; theories applied to the 
 relations with Spain. 
 
 8. Gradual growth of desire and formation of plans for 
 
 independence; refusal of Spanish terms; character of 
 the revolutionary movement. 
 
 9. The revolution in the North, 1809-1821 : 
 
 a. Formation of juntas; collaboration of Miranda and 
 
 Bolivar. 
 
 b. General character of the struggle; atrocities and 
 
 reprisals; Monteverde, Boves, and Morillo; the 
 fate of Miranda, the campaigns. 
 
 c. The constitution of Angostura. 
 
 d. The crossing of the Andes and the battle of Boyaca. 
 
 e. Services of Santander, Paez, Sucre, and others. 
 
 f. Altered character of the war after the Spanish 
 
 revolution of 1820. 
 
 g. Battle of Carabobo; the invasion of Ecuador. . 
 h. Bolivar as organizer, military leader, liberator. 
 
 10. Attitude of foreign countries ; aid of Great Britain : 
 
 a. Englishmen and Irish in the war. 
 
 b. Citizens of the United States in the northern cam- 
 
 paigns. 
 
 11. The revolution in the South, 1809-1821: 
 
 a. Conditions in Buenos Aires and the South which 
 
 produced revolution; political services of Mariano 
 Moreno, Castelli, Belgrano, Pueyrredon, Rivadavia, 
 Monteagudo, etc. 
 
 b. Campaigns : Belgrano at Tucuman ; revolutionizing 
 
 of Paraguay; Artigas in Uruguay. 
 
 c. San Martin as soldier in Argentina and as governor 
 
 of Cuyo ; preparation for the campaign in Chile ; 
 crossing of the Andes. 
 
 d. Liberation of Chile; battles of Chacabuco and 
 
 Maipu ; work of O'Higgins and Lord Cochrane ; 
 foreigners in San Martin's service. 
 
 e. Campaign for Peru Naval and Military. 
 
 20 
 
12. Relations of Bolivar and San Martin ; political theories 
 
 of each; the conference at Guayaquil; retirement of 
 San Martin. 
 
 13. Final Stages in the war of independence, 1822-1826: 
 
 a. Bolivar's invasion of Peru; relations with political 
 
 leaders. 
 
 b. Battles of Junin and Ayacucho. 
 
 c. The campaign in Upper Peru; the Bolivian consti- 
 
 tution. 
 
 d. Surrender of Callao. 
 
 14. The part of the Indians in the wars ; the part of the 
 
 loyalists, their treatment; emigration of loyalists. 
 
 15. Early evidences of national aspiration on the part of 
 
 various communities. 
 
 16. Prosperity ; free trade ; interest of England and the 
 
 United States. 
 
 17. Unity versus sectionalism. 
 
 18. The Confederation of New Granada ; Bolivar as an exec- 
 
 utive and political theorist; revolutionary legislation. 
 
 19. Political theories and conflicting ambitions of the gen- 
 
 erals ; radicalism and conservatism in the revolution. 
 
 20. Establishment of states. 
 
 21. Revolutionary society in South America. 
 
 22. Comparison of the revolutions in South America with 
 
 that in the United States. 
 
 23. Mexico and Central America : 
 
 a. Hidalgo, Morelos, Mina, Guerrero, 
 b- Iturbide and the Plan of Iguala. 
 
 c. Part of the church ; the land issue ; social questions. 
 
 d. Revolutionizing of Central America. 
 
 24. Saint Domingue : Toussaint L'Ouverture. 
 
 Required Readings : Shepherd, 69-81 ; Garcia Calderon, 58-86 ; 
 Bryce," 423-448; Cambridge Modern History, Vol. X, 280-309; 
 Herrera, La Revolution France sa y Sud America; Robert- 
 son, Francisco de Miranda and the Revolutionising of 
 Spanish-America (Amer. Hist. Assn. reports, 1907) ; Rise 
 of Spanish-American Republics; Moses, Spain's Declining 
 Power in South America, 1730-1806. 
 
 Additional Readings: Bancroft, Mexico, Pilling, The Emancipa- 
 tion of South America; Paxson, The Independence of South 
 American Republics; Moses, South America on the Eve of 
 Emancipation; Filisola, La Cooperation de Mexico en la 
 
 21 
 
indepcndcncia dc Centra America; Mitre, The Emancipation 
 of South America; Petre, Bolivar; Mancini, Bolivar et 
 I 'emancipation dcs colonies espagnolcs; Decoudray-Holstein, 
 Memoirs of Simon Bolivar; Rene-Moreno, Ultimas Dias 
 Colonialcs en el Alto Peru; Ingenieros, La Evolucion de las 
 Ideas Argcntinas : La Revolucion; Calvo, Annales historiques 
 de la revolution de I'Amcrique latine ; Torrente, Historia 
 de la revolucion hispano- Americana; Chandler, Inter-Ameri- 
 can Acquaintances; Walton, Present State of the Spanish 
 Colonies. 
 
 Chapter VI. Early Relations of Hispanic America with the United 
 States; the Monroe Doctrine. 
 
 1. Diffusion of revolutionary ideas and political opinions in 
 
 South America. 
 
 2. Part of Spanish-Americans in the American war of inde- 
 
 pendence. 
 
 3. Part of the United States in the Hispanic-American wars 
 
 of independence; diplomatic relations of United States 
 and the de facto governments and people of Hispanic 
 America. 
 
 4. Early ideas as to American concert. 
 
 5. Jefferson and John Adams on South America. 
 
 6. Early statements of the Monroe Doctrine. 
 
 7. Evolution of Monroe Doctrine during the Revolutionary 
 
 War; the part of Hispanic America. 
 
 8. Attitude of European States toward Hispanic America 
 
 after the Congress of Vienna. 
 
 a. Effects of revolutionary wars upon European poli- 
 
 tics and diplomacy. 
 
 b. The policy of intervention. 
 
 c. The Holy Alliance and the Concert of Europe. 
 
 d. Applications of policy of intervention. 
 
 e. The Congress of Verona. 
 
 f. The position of England. 
 
 9. Recognition by the United States. 
 
 10. The Canning- Rush- Adams correspondence. 
 
 11. The Monroe message. 
 
 12. Reception of Monroe Doctrine in South America and in 
 
 Europe. 
 
 13. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823-1828. 
 
 22 
 
14. Recognition by Great Britain, Spain, and other European 
 states. 
 
 Required Readings : Edgington, History of the Monroe Doc- 
 trine; Bingham, The Monroe Doctrine, an Obsolete Shib- 
 boleth; Garcia Calderon, 58-85; Bryce, 422-451; Koebel, 
 British Exploits, 163-254; Shepherd, Bolivar and the United 
 States (Hisp. Am. Hist. Rev. 1918) ; Moore, Digest of 
 International Lazv (Sections on Monroe Doctrine) ; The 
 New International Encyclopaedia; Annals of the American 
 Academy of Political Science, July, 1914; Robertson, Recep- 
 tion of the Monroe Doctrine (Political Science Quarterly, 
 1915) ; Manning, Early Diplomatic Relations between the 
 United States and Mexico. 
 
 Additional Readings: Oilman, James Monroe; Bigelow, Ameri- 
 can Policy; Coolidge, United States as a World Power; 
 Hart, The Monroe Doctrine; Torres, An Exposition of the 
 Commerce of South America; Chadwick, The Relations of 
 Spain and the United States. 
 
 Chapter VII. Political Theories and Early Republican Institu- 
 tions. 
 
 1. The monarchical idea versus the republican; opinions of 
 
 the revolutionary leaders: Bolivar, San Martin, Riva- 
 davia, Belgrano, etc. 
 
 2. Early political parties or groups and their theories: 
 
 a. Unitary; federalist; conservative; and radical. 
 
 b. Liberal and conservative writers on politics: Las- 
 
 tarria, Bilbao, Echeverria, Montalvo, Vigil, Sar- 
 miento; Bello, Alberdi, Herrera, Acosta. 
 
 c. Influence of France upon political theorists. 
 
 3. Political factions: 
 
 Military ; clerical ; civilian ; and lay. 
 
 4. Party methods and politics. 
 
 5. Ballot, and elections; restrictions of the suffrage. 
 
 6. Popular apathy in political affairs; personal politics. 
 
 7. Character of governments: 
 
 Federal and unitary. 
 
 8. Early constitutions ; separation of powers. 
 
 9. The office of executive. 
 
 a. Constitutional powers in various countries. 
 
 b. Prestige and dignity of office. 
 
 c. Early types of executives : tyrants ; dictators ; liber- 
 
 ators ; restorers ; caudillos. 
 23 
 
10. Character and powers of Congress ; congress versus 
 
 president ; experiments with unicameral legislatures. 
 
 11. Influence of English and French cabinet systems of 
 
 government. 
 
 12. The judiciary in Latin America: 
 
 a. Constitutional powers and position in administration. 
 
 b. Judicial review of legislation. 
 
 13. Early conventions and platforms. 
 
 14. Municipal government : 
 
 a. General characteristics. 
 
 b. Police systems. 
 
 c. Public service. 
 
 d. Prisons. 
 
 Readings: Shepherd, 81-96; Garcia Calderon, 100-350; Crich- 
 
 field, American Supremacy; Alberdi, Bases ; 
 
 , E studios cconomicos; - , Del Gobicrno en Sud 
 
 America; Sarmiento, El Facnndo; Lastarria, Lee clones dc 
 politico, posith'a en la Academia dc bcllas letras; Balbin de 
 Unquera, Andres Bcllo, sit epoca y sus obras; books on indi- 
 vidual countries. 
 
 Chapter VIII. Political History, 1826-1920; Political Heritage of 
 Colonial Times. 
 
 1. The three phases: 
 
 a. 1826-1850, Age of Dictators. 
 
 b. 1850-1876, Struggle for Stability. 
 
 c. 1876 , Rise of Great States and Economic 
 
 Progress. 
 
 2. Typical dictators: 
 
 a. Garcia Moreno, Ecuador. 
 
 b. Ramon Castilla, Peru. 
 
 c. Rosas, Argentina. 
 
 d. Paez and Guzman Blanco, Venezuela. 
 
 e. Santa Anna and Diaz, Mexico. 
 
 3. Progressive States of South America : 
 
 A. Argentina : 
 
 1. The presidency of Rivadavia; War with Bra- 
 
 zil ; conflict between Buenos Aires and pro- 
 vinces. 
 
 2. Rosas and Urquiza. 
 
 3. Mitre and Sarmiento. 
 
 4. Political program and stability ; President 
 
 Roca. 
 
 24 
 
5. Economic development and growth of popula- 
 
 tion. 
 
 6. The southward movement in Argentina. 
 
 7. Contemporary government and politics. 
 Suggested Readings: Koebel, Argentina, Post and Present; 
 
 , The South Americans; Hirst, Argentina; Hammer- 
 ton, The Real Argentine; Chandler, The Argentine South- 
 zvard Movement, (Bulletin Pan. Am. Un., 1914). 
 
 Additional Readings: Martinez and Lewandowski, Argentina 
 
 in the Twentieth Century; Merou, Historia dc la Republica 
 
 Argentina; V. F. Lopez, Historia de la Republica Argentina 
 (Vols IX and X). 
 
 B. Brazil. 
 
 1. Brazil and Portugal, 1807-1822. 
 
 2. The empire: Pedro I and Pedro II. 
 
 3. Economic development; international relations. 
 
 4. Emancipation of slaves. 
 
 5. The Republic: early disorders; progress to- 
 
 ward stability. 
 
 6. The westward movement in Brazil. 
 
 7. Colonization experiments State and National. 
 
 8. Contemporary government and politics. 
 Readings: Denis, Brazil; Watson, Vol. II, 256-270; Cambridge 
 
 Modern History, Vol. X, 310-339; Vol. XII, 674-676; Varn- 
 hagen, Vol. II ; Pinheiro, Historia do Brazil; Bennett, Fortv 
 
 Years in Brazil; Buley, North Brazil; , South Brazil; 
 
 Winter, Brazil and her people of today; Domville-Fife, The 
 United States of Brazil; Grossi, Storia della Colonizazione 
 Eiiropea al Brasile. 
 
 C. Chile: 
 
 1. Dictatorship of O'Higgins. 
 
 2. Work of Portales and the pcluconcs. 
 
 2. The conservative regime; ten year presidents. 
 
 4. War with Spain. 
 
 5. The problem of the Araucanians. 
 
 6. War with Peru and Bolivia. 
 
 7. Balmaceda and the congress. 
 
 8. Relations with the United States; with Ar- 
 
 gentina; the "Christ of the Andes." 
 
 9. Contemporary government and politics. 
 
 a. Operation of the cabinet system in Chile. 
 25 
 
b. Contemporary political parties. 
 
 c. Local government. 
 
 Readings: Elliot, Chile; Garcia Calderon, 164-179; Hancock, 
 A History of Chile; Amunategui and Vicuna MacKenna, 
 La dictadura de O'Higgins; Bulnes, Las Causas dc la Giterra 
 cntre Chile y Peru; Markham, The War between Peru and 
 Chile; Olivares, Historia dc Chile; Guiterez, La Guerra de 
 1879; Barros Arana, La Guerre du Pacifique; - , His- 
 toria general de Chile; Egafia, The Tacna and Arica Ques- 
 tion; Macy and Gannaway, Comparative Free Government, 
 663-672; Reinsch, Parliamentary Government in Chile (Am. 
 Pol. Science Rev., Ill, 507, ct seq.) 
 
 D. Uruguay. 
 
 1. Relations with Argentina, Brazil, and Para- 
 
 guay. 
 
 2. Political organization and progress. 
 
 3. Economic, educational, and religious develop- 
 
 ments. 
 
 4. Contemporary government and politics. 
 Readings: Koebel, Uruguay; Roxlo, Uruguay en 1904; Aceve- 
 
 do, Historia de la Republica Oriental del Uruguay; Zorilla 
 de San Martin, La Epopeya de Artigas. 
 
 4. Less Progressive and Backward States of South America. 
 
 A. Venezuela : 
 
 1. Revolutions and tyrants: Guzman Blanco; 
 
 Castro. 
 
 2. Foreign relations. 
 
 3. Contemporary government and politics. 
 Readings: Dalton, Venezuela; Scruggs, The Colombian and 
 
 Venezuelan Republics. 
 
 B. Colombia : 
 
 1. Political record. 
 
 2. Foreign relations. 
 
 Readings: Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; 
 Levine, Colombia; Eder, Columbia; Arboleda, Historia con- 
 tcmporanca de Colombia. 
 
 C. Ecuador. 
 
 Readings: Enock, Ecuador; Mejia, Ecuador; Cevalles, Com- 
 pendia de la historia del Ecuador. 
 
 D. Peru. 
 
 1. Political record. 
 26 
 
2. Foreign relations. 
 
 3. Contemporary government and politics. 
 Readings: Knock, Peru; Wright, Peru; Markham, A History 
 
 of Pern; Llorente, Historia de Peru. 
 
 E. Bolivia. 
 
 1. Presidency of Sucre and dictatorship of Santa 
 
 Cruz. 
 
 2. Political disorder. 
 
 3. Foreign relations; part of Bolivia in war. 
 
 1879-83. 
 
 4. Constitution of 1880. 
 Readings: Wright, Bolivia; Walle, Bolivia; 
 
 Valdes, Estudio historico de Bolivia. 
 
 F. Paraguay : 
 
 1. Period of Francia. 
 
 2. The Lopez group. 
 
 3. War with Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay. 
 
 4. Contemporary government and politics. 
 Readings: Washburn, History of Paraguay; Hardy, Paraguay; 
 
 Decoud, Paraguay; Funes, Historia civil del Paraguay; 
 Mitre, Gucrra del Paraguay; Yubero, El Paraguay modcrno. 
 
 5. Mexico. 
 
 a. Empire and early republic: Iturbide and Santa 
 
 Anna. 
 
 b. Relations with Texas. 
 
 c. The war with the United States. 
 
 d. Struggle with the church: Juarez. 
 
 e. Maximilian. 
 
 f . The Diaz regime ; economic development. 
 
 g. Contemporary period : the revolution. 
 
 Madero; Huerta; Carranza; Villa; Obregon. 
 h. Relations with the United States; with Japan; with 
 
 Germany. 
 
 i. Constitution and politics. 
 
 Suggested Readings: Enock, Mexico; Noll, From Empire to Re- 
 public; - , History of Mexico; Fortier and Ficklen, Cen- 
 tral America and Mexico; Bancroft, History of Mexico; Rives, 
 Relations of Mexico and the United States; Bancroft, Por- 
 firio Diaz; Pinchon and de Lara, Mexico; Stevenson, Maxi- 
 milian in Mexico; Martin, Maximilian; - , Mexico of 
 
 27 
 
the XXth Century; Prida, From Despotism to Anarchy; 
 Fornaro, Carranza and Mexico; Trowbridge, Mexico Today 
 and Tomorrow. 
 
 Additional Readings: Alaman, Historia de Mexico; Esquivel, 
 Democracia y pcrsonalismo; Estrada, La Revolution y Fran- 
 cisco I. Madero; Gonzalez, La Revolution y sus heroes 
 Zamacois, Historia de Mexico; Planchet, La Cuestion rc- 
 ligiosa en Mexico. 
 
 6. The Central American States : 
 
 First Class : Costa Rica and Guatemala. 
 
 Second Class : Honduras, Salvador, and Nicaragua. 
 
 1. Race distribution. 
 
 2. Projects of union: 1824-1838; 1842; 1848; 
 
 1852; 1862; 1872; 1876; 1887; 1889; 1895; 
 1897. 
 
 3. The peace conference of 1907 ; the court. 
 
 4. Political and economic conditions. 
 
 5. Foreign relations. 
 
 Readings: Villafranca, Costa Rica; Winter, Guatemala; 
 Guardia, Costa Rica; Squier, States of Central America; 
 Palmer, Central America; Fortier and Ficklen, Central 
 America and Mexico; Martin, Salvador; Koebel, Central 
 America; Munro, The Five Central American Republics; 
 Shepherd, Central and South America. 
 
 7. The Insular Republics: 
 
 A. Cuba. 
 
 1. Cuba in the early part of the 19th century. 
 
 2. Plans made in South America for the revolu- 
 
 tionizing of Cuba. 
 
 3. Cuba in diplomacy ; attitude of the United 
 
 States and Europe. 
 
 4. Slavery in Cuba. 
 
 5. Filibusters. 
 
 6. The ten year war; the problem of reform. 
 
 7. The Spanish-American War; status of Cuba 
 
 after the peace. 
 
 8. American occupation ; the Platt Amendment. 
 
 9. Republican government in Cuba; interventions 
 
 by the United States ; diplomatic and eco- 
 nomic relations with the United States. 
 
 Readings: Callahan, Cuba and International Relations; Leroy- 
 28 
 
Beaulieu, 251-268; Cabrera, Cuba and the Cubans; Porter, 
 Industrial Cuba; Lindsay, Cuba and her People of Today; 
 Quesada, The War in Cuba; Guiteras, Historia de la Isla 
 de Cuba; Ramon de la Sagra, Historia de la Isla de Cuba 
 (13t) ; Canini, Four Centuries of Spanish Rule in Cuba; 
 Johnson, The History of Cuba (Sv) ; Hill, Cuba and Porto 
 Rico. 
 
 B. Haiti and Santo Domingo: 
 
 1. Monarchy and republicanism in Haiti and 
 
 Santo Domingo. 
 
 2. Social and racial problems. 
 
 3. Political disorders. 
 
 4. International relations : 
 
 a. Financial conditions ; foreign claims. 
 
 b. Interventions. 
 
 c. Relations of Santo Domingo and the 
 
 United States. 
 
 d. Haiti and the United States. 
 
 5. Attitude toward the United States. 
 
 6. Contemporary government and politics. 
 
 Readings : Fiske, West Indies; Eves, West Indies; St. John, 
 Haiti, the Black Republic; Schoenrich, Santo Domingo; 
 Hazard, Santo Domingo, Past and Present; Hollander, 
 Report on the Debt of Santo Domingo (Sen. Ex. Document, 
 59th Cong.) ; Garcia, Compendia de la Historia de Santo 
 Domingo- 
 
 8. Panama : 
 
 a. Secessionist tendencies in Panama. 
 
 b. The revolution. 
 
 c. The republic. 
 
 d. Relations with Colombia and the United States. 
 
 Required Readings: Bishop, Panama, Past and Present; Cause 
 and Carr, The Story of Panama; Bunau-Varilla, Panama; 
 the Creation, Destruction and Resurrection; Villegas, The 
 Republic of Panama. 
 
 Readings in general for political history : Dawson, The South 
 American Republics; Akers, History of South America; 
 Dodd, Modern Constitutions; Rodriguez, American Consti- 
 tutions; Sweet, History of Latin America; Koebel, South 
 America ; Garcia Calderon, Latin- America, 86-231 ; Cam- 
 bridge Modern History, XII, 672-689; Domville-Fife, Great 
 States of South America; Enock, The Republics of Central 
 
 29 
 
and South America; Porter, The Ten Republics; Colmo, 
 Los paiscs dc la America latina; Amunategui, Ensayos biog- 
 raphicos (4v) ; Shepherd, Hispanic Nations of the New 
 World. 
 
 Chapter IX. Relations with One Another and with Europe. 
 
 1. Boundary disputes and commissions; the principle of 
 
 uti possedetis. 
 
 2. Filibustering expeditions and reprisals. 
 
 3. The status of Uruguay. 
 
 4. The war against Paraguay. 
 
 5. The Chile- Peru-Bolivia war; the Tacna-Arica question. 
 
 6. International standing of Latin America. 
 
 7. The problem of unity : 
 
 a. Proposals for a league of states of Spanish origin. 
 
 b. Proposals for inclusion of Brazil in this league. 
 
 c. Congresses of Hispanic-American countries : Panama 
 
 (1826), Lima (1848, 1864, 1897), Santiago de 
 Chile (1856). 
 
 d. Programmes of arbitration ; proposals for codifica- 
 
 tion of international law for the Americas. 
 
 e. Congresses for health and sanitations conventions : 
 
 Rio de Janiero (1887, 1906); Lima (1888), Wash- 
 ington (1902, 1905), Mexico City (1907), San 
 Jose de Costa Rica (1909). 
 
 f. Scientific congresses: Buenos Aires (1898), Monte- 
 
 video, (1901), Rio de Janiero (1905), Santiago 
 de Chile, (1908), Washington, (1916). 
 
 g. Control of river commerce; the international rivers. 
 
 8. Central American affairs ; arbitration agreement. 
 
 9. The so-called A. B. C. Alliance. 
 
 10. Relations with Europe: 
 
 Diplomatic; economic; cultural. 
 
 11. European interventions in Latin American affairs: 
 
 Examples of European intervention: France and Great 
 Britain at Buenos Aires and Montevideo; Spain and 
 France in Mexico; France, Great Britain and Spain 
 in Mexico ; Spain in Santo Domingo and Peru ; Great 
 Britain at Corinto; Germany, Great Britain and Italy 
 in Venezuela. 
 
 Readings: Shepherd, 96-106; Koebel, The South Americans, 
 41-63; Garcia Calderon, 335-350; Cambridge Modern His- 
 
 30 
 
tory, Vol. XII, 689-702; Moore, Brazil and Peru Boundary 
 Question; Posada, En America una compana; Helio Lobo, 
 O Tribunal Arbitral Brosiliero -Boliviano; Alvarez, Le Droit 
 international Amcricain; Quesada, La Evolution d.l Pana- 
 mericanismo. 
 
 Chapter X. Later Diplomatic and Political Relations with the 
 .United States. 
 
 1. Development and extension of the Monroe Doctrine: 
 
 a. The Jackson- Van Buren attitude. 
 
 b. Folk's revival, interpretation, and restriction. 
 
 c. Monroe Doctrine in the fifties : 
 
 1. Connection with slavery issue. 
 
 2. Paraguay, 1857-59. 
 
 d. The Maximilian episode. 
 
 e. The United States and the Chilean war with Spain. 
 
 f. Grant and the nationalization of the doctrine. 
 
 g. The Santos claim in Ecuador ; Alsop claim in 
 
 Chile, 
 h. Cleveland-Olney extension. 
 
 Monroe Doctrine and imperalism. 
 Roosevelt-Taft period, 
 k. Wilson Doctrine. 
 
 1. Monroe Doctrine and claims against Hispanic- 
 American countries : 
 
 1. Contractual, Alsop, Cerutti, Landreau. 
 
 2. Tortuous, Case of Moreno ; Benton Case ; 
 
 Renton Case, 
 m. The Monroe Doctrine and the World War. 
 
 Readings : Appropriate sections of Edgington, Bingham, Hart, 
 Bigelow; Reddaway, Monroe Doctrine; American State 
 Papers ; Moore, A Digest of International Law, Vol. VI, 
 368-604; 714-715; - , Principles of American Diplo- 
 macy, 246-269; Minister Dudley's report, U. S. For. Rel., 
 1899; Vicuna Mackenna, Historia de la Administration 
 Montt; - , Historia de Chile; New International Ency- 
 clopedia; Bonilla, Wilson Doctrine; Barrett, Latin-America 
 of Today and its Relation to the United States; Helio Lobo, 
 De Monroe a Rio-Branco ; Saenz Pena, Derccho publico 
 Americano. 
 2. Hispanic-American attitude toward the United States. 
 
 a. In politics and diplomacy. 
 
 b. In commerce. 
 
 31 
 
Readings: Ugarte, El porvenir dc la America latina; Soto- 
 longo, El I tnpcr'.alismo Norte Americano; Merlos, America 
 latina ante el pcliogro; Weyl, American World Policies 
 Chapter XV; Gondra, Los Estados Unidos y las Naciones 
 Americanos. 
 
 3. Efforts at cooperation and friendship : 
 
 a. Evolution of Pan Americanism. 
 
 b. The Pan American Union : 
 
 1. Organization and purposes. 
 
 2. Control and accomplishments. 
 
 c. Pan American congresses: Washington, (1889); 
 
 Mexico City, (1902); Rio de Janiero, (1906); 
 Buenos Aires, (1910). 
 
 d. Inter- American financial congresses : Washington, 
 
 (1915) ; Buenos Aires, (1916). 
 
 e. The peace and arbitration treaties. 
 
 f. Cultural inter-relations; scientific conferences, 
 
 increase of trade and travel ; exchange of teachers 
 and college professors. 
 
 g. Proposals of an inter-American league of nations. 
 
 4. The Drago Doctrine and the Porter Doctrine. 
 
 5. Latin America at the second Hague Conference. 
 Readings: Hull, The United States and Latin America at the 
 
 Hague; Quesada, La Doctrina Drago (Rev. de la Univ., 
 B.A., 1919). 
 
 6. The Platt Amendment: 
 
 a. Relations with Cuba ; interventions. 
 
 7. Caribbean Interests of the United States : 
 
 1. Political and economic conditions in the Caribbean 
 
 area ; effects and influences of the Spanish-Ameri- 
 can War. 
 
 2. Strategic importance ; United States as a Caribbean 
 
 power. 
 
 a. Porto Rico as a dependency. 
 
 b. Territorial government ; the insular cases ; the 
 
 question of citizenship. 
 
 c. The Virgin Islands. 
 
 3. Dominant position of the United States : 
 
 a. In commerce. 
 
 b. Financial agreements with Santo Domingo, 
 
 Haiti, Nicaragua. 
 
 32 
 
c. The Panama Canal as a factor in the prob- 
 
 lem; status of the Republic of Panama with 
 respect to the United States. 
 
 d. Naval bases of the United States; lease of 
 
 the Corn Islands. 
 
 e. Interventions of the United States. 
 
 4. Relations of the United States and Venezuela, 
 
 Colombia, Central America. 
 
 5. Attitude of Caribbean peoples toward the United 
 
 States; problem of self-determination. 
 
 6. Contemporary tendencies. 
 
 Readings: Jones, Caribbean Interests of the United States; 
 Bonsai, The American Mediterranean; Westergaard, The 
 Danish West Indies, 1671-1917; De Booy and Paris' The 
 Virgin Islands. 
 
 8. The Panama Canal: 
 
 a. Treaties and plans for construction. 
 
 b. The French enterprise. 
 
 c. Relations of Columbia and the United States. 
 
 d. Secession and independence of Panama. 
 
 e. Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty. 
 
 f. Construction of Canal. 
 
 g. Possible economic and political effects. 
 
 h. The Columbian grievance against the United States ; 
 diplomatic developments. 
 
 9. Wilson Administration : 
 
 a. Hispanic-American policy. 
 
 b. Relations with Mexico. 
 
 c. Achievements and criticism. 
 
 Required Readings: Senate Doc., No. 744, 61st Cong., 3rd Ses- 
 sion; Annals of American Academy of Pol. Science, July, 
 1914; Bryce, 484-520; Garcia Cafderon, 298-312; Latane, 
 
 America as a World Power, 255-285; , Diplomatic 
 
 Relations of the United States with Spanish America; Wil- 
 liams, Anglo-American Isthmian Diplomacy; The New Pan 
 Americanism, Parts I, II and III (World Peace Founda- 
 tion). 
 
 Additional Readings: Flack, Spanish American Diplomatic 
 Relations Preceding the War of 1898; Chandler, Inter- 
 American Acquaintances; Moore, Principles of American 
 Diplomacy, 365-419; Maurtua, La Idea Pan Americana y 
 la cuestion del arbitrage; Usher, Pan- Americanism; Cause 
 33 
 
and Carr, The Story of Panama; Bishop, Panama, Past and 
 Present. 
 
 Chapter XI. Trade Relations of Hispanic America and the United 
 States. 
 
 1. Origins of trade. 
 
 2. Development of trade during the 19th century : 
 
 a. Comparative predominance of United States to about 
 
 1850. 
 
 b. Disruption of trade during War of Secession. 
 
 c. Increased European competition after Franco- Prus- 
 
 sian war. 
 
 3. History of trade in the 20th century. 
 
 4. Volume of contemporary trade, export and import, with 
 
 United States ; with Europe. 
 
 5. Character of the trade : 
 
 a. Standard articles imported and exported. 
 
 b. Non-competitive goods and raw products. 
 
 c. Competitive goods. 
 
 6. Purchasing power of Hispanic American countries. 
 
 7. Misconceptions, current in United States, as to Hispanic- 
 
 American habits of business. 
 
 8. Obstacles in the way of trade : 
 
 a. Lack of merchant marine. 
 
 b. Established habits and traditions of trade. 
 
 c. Ignorance of market and the accepted methods of 
 
 trade : 
 
 1. Market demands. 
 
 2. Transportation problems. 
 
 3. Tariff administrations. 
 
 d. Long term credits. 
 
 e. Lack of organization to secure the trade. 
 
 9. Methods for improvement. 
 
 10. The Webb Pomerene Act. 
 
 11. Effects of the European war of 1914; construction of the 
 
 Panama Canal. 
 
 12. Increase of American business interests in Hispanic 
 America. 
 
 Readings: Atlas America Latina; Verrill, South and Central 
 American Trade Conditions of Today, 168-179; U. S. Sen. 
 34 
 
Doc. No. 737, 60th Cong., 2d Sess., (Fisher, Ethnography 
 and Commercial Importance of Latin America and the 
 West Indies); House Doc., No. 154, 59 Cong., 2d Sess.; 
 Aughinbaugh, Selling Latin America; Babson, The Future 
 of South America; Bonsai, The American Mediterranean; 
 Chandler, Inter-American Acquaintances; Hough, Practical 
 
 Exporting; Shepherd, 168-179; , Our South American 
 
 Trade (Pol. Science Quart., Dec., 1909) ; Filsinger, Export- 
 ing to Latin America; Savay, The Science of Foreign Trade; 
 Pepper, American Foreign Trade; Cooper, Understanding 
 South America; Wilson, South America as an Export Field, 
 (Sp. Agt. Ser. No. 81, 1914, Dept. of Com.) ; South Ameri- 
 can Supplement, London Times; U. S. consular reports; 
 reports of the Department of Commerce and Labor (now 
 Department of Commerce). 
 
 Chapter XII. Hispanic America and the World War. 
 
 1. Economic and political influences of the war. 
 
 2. Hispanic-American products necessary in the prosecution 
 
 of the war. 
 
 3. Efforts to secure sympathy for one or the other group 
 
 of belligerents; policies of neutrality; cultural factors 
 in the situation; Germany as a menace. 
 
 4. Improvement in the financial situation; development of 
 
 Pan Americanism: the financial congresses. 
 
 5. Growth of anti-German sentiment in certain countries; 
 
 Ruy Barbosa's indictment of Germany; the Luxburg 
 and Zimmermann dispatches. 
 
 6. Effect of the entrance of the United States into the 
 
 war. 
 
 7. Hispanic America in the war: 
 
 a. Nations which declared war: Brazil, Costa Rica, 
 
 Cuba, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, 
 Panama. 
 
 b. Nations which severed relations with Germany: 
 
 Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Santo Domingo, Uru- 
 guay. 
 
 c. The neutral countries : Argentina, Chile, Colombia, 
 
 Mexico, Salvador, Venezuela, Paraguay. 
 
 d. Services of Brazil and Cuba. 
 
 8. Hispanic America and the Peace Conference; the promi- 
 
 nent part played by Brazil. 
 
 9. The Tacna-Arica question in a new phase. 
 
 35 
 
10. Attitude toward the League of Nations; Brazil as a 
 
 member of the Supreme Council ; the states which 
 joined the league. 
 
 11. The Monroe Doctrine during the war; projects for an 
 
 inter-American league of states. 
 
 12. Economic results of the war upon Hispanic America. 
 Readings : Martin, Latin America and the War, (League of 
 
 Nations, II, No. 4) ; Kirkpatrick, South America and the 
 War; Rowe, Early Effects of the War upon Finance, Com- 
 merce, and Industry of Peru; Ferrara, La doctrine de Mon- 
 roe y la liga de las naciones; Galliard, Amerique latine 
 et Europe occidental; Wagner, L'Allemagne et I'Amerique 
 Latine ; Quesada, El "peliogro Aleman" en sud America ; 
 Yearbooks and periodicals. 
 
 Chapter XIII. Contemporary History, Problems, and Achieve- 
 ments of Hispanic America. 
 
 1. Political: 
 
 a. Political and governmental stability. 
 
 b. Politics in practice and principle. 
 
 c. Modern conventions, platforms, and elections. 
 
 d. Restrictions of the ballot. 
 
 e. Professional men in politics. 
 
 f. Absence of political experience by the masses. 
 
 g. Necessity of developing public interest in politics 
 
 and political philosophy, 
 h. Appearance of new political issues, 
 i. Electoral reform : Argentina, 
 j. Civil Service in Hispanic America, 
 k. State or Church control over education. 
 1. Municipal government : 
 
 1. History of progress. 
 
 2. Public utilities ; fire departments ; police sys- 
 
 tem ; water works ; public sanitation ; muni- 
 nicipal ownership. 
 
 m. Social legislation. 
 
 n. Passing of the South American type of revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Readings: Garcia Calderon, 222-248, 365-677; Shepherd, 141- 
 150; Scruggs, The Colombian and Venezuelan Republics; 
 Vera y Gonzalez, Elemcntos de historia contcmporanea de 
 
 36 
 
America; Heredia, Memorias sobrc las revoluciones de 
 Venezuela; books on individual countries. 
 
 2. Social and Religious: 
 A. Social : 
 
 1. Population: 
 
 a. Census statistics available. 
 
 b. Population and resources. 
 
 2. Social types : Spanish ; immigrant ; Indian, 
 
 savage and civilized ; mixed races ; negro. 
 
 3. Laboring classes and types: "vaquero;" 
 
 "gaucho;" "llanero;" industrial laborers. 
 
 4. Labor system and laws. 
 
 a. Peonage : 
 
 1. Feudal status of labor in colonies. 
 
 2. Origin of peonage; inheritance of 
 
 debt. 
 
 3. The "inquilino" and "colono" ; 
 
 "cholo." 
 
 4. Ignorance, wages, and living condi- 
 
 tions. 
 
 5. Peon in government and politics. 
 
 6. Peonage in Mexico; in South Amer- 
 
 ica. 
 
 b. Labor regulations in general. 
 
 c. Labor organizations. 
 
 d. Dearth of labor in certain countries. 
 
 e. Strikes ; radicalism ; labor conditions in 
 
 Argentina, Brazil and Mexico. 
 
 5. Aristocratic and professional society. 
 
 6. Language. 
 
 7. Position of woman : 
 
 a. In society. 
 
 b. Family life. 
 
 c. The matter of divorce. 
 
 8. Amusements and social customs : 
 
 a. Sports and games. 
 
 b. Carnivals and festivals. 
 
 c. Dress and etiquette. 
 
 d. Gambling and lotteries. 
 
 e. Social customs in business. 
 
 37 
 
9. Influence of the Basques in Latin America. 
 Readings : Shepherd, 121-141 ; - , Psychology of the Latin 
 American (Jour, of Race Devel. 1919) ; Garcia Calderon, 
 283-290; Bryce, 432, 528-530; Romero, Mexico and the 
 United States; Bingham, Across South America; books on 
 individual countries and on travel; Bunge, Nustra America; 
 Colmo, America Latino. 
 
 B. Religious : 
 
 1. Prevalence of Roman Catholic Church. 
 
 2. Church and State; tendency toward separation. 
 
 3. Clericalism in politics. 
 
 4. The work of the Church. 
 
 5. Toleration in Hispanic America. 
 
 6. Protestant missionary activities. 
 
 7. Foreign opinion of Hispanic-American mor- 
 
 ality. 
 
 Required Readings: Shepherd, 139; Koebel, The South Ameri- 
 cans 41-44, 91-108, 152-169. 
 
 Additional Readings: Speer, South American Problems; 
 Brown, Latin America; Neely, South America: Its Mission- 
 ary Problem; Planchet, La Cuestion religiosa en Mexico. 
 
 3. Immigration : 
 
 a. History of immigration in the 19th century : 
 
 1. Causes of scarcity before 1857; colonial ex- 
 
 clusion ; revolutions ; greater inducements of 
 the United States; economic reasons. 
 
 2. Increase since 1857. 
 
 Ideas of Alberdi and Sarmiento on immi- 
 gration. 
 
 3. Drift toward the Southern republics. 
 
 4. Immigration in the North American republics. 
 
 b. Political and economic effects of immigration. 
 
 c. Effects on society. 
 
 d. Spanish, Italian, German, Russian and Polish, Eng- 
 
 lish, French, Portuguese, Oriental, Turkish and 
 Assyrian immigration. 
 
 e. Favorite occupations of aliens. 
 
 f. The question of assimilation and citizenship. 
 Required Readings: Shepherd, 81-84, 126-129, 169; Koebel, The 
 
 South Americans, 152-169; Garcia Calderon, 290-298, 323-335. 
 Additional Readings: Atlas America Latina; Koebel, British 
 38 
 
Exploits, 481-551 ; Mulhall, The English in South America, 
 Wintzer, Die Dcutschcn in tropischen Amerika. 
 
 4. Financial : 
 
 a. Monetary systems in Hispanic America. 
 
 1. Standards and values. 
 
 2. Paper currency. 
 
 3. Fluctuations. 
 
 b. Capital and Banking : 
 
 1. Number of banks. 
 
 2. Domestic and foreign control of banking. 
 
 3. Branch banks : 
 
 a. European. 
 
 b. United States. 
 
 4. Scarcity of capital. 
 
 c. Hispanic-American finance. 
 
 1. Credits, exchange, solvency. 
 
 2. Stock exchanges. 
 
 3. Bond issues. 
 4 Public debts. 
 
 5. Sinking funds. 
 
 6. Insurance. 
 
 7. Trusts and corporations. 
 
 d. Foreign influences upon financial policies. 
 
 e. Business enterprises : 
 
 1. Habits of business. 
 
 2. Buying and selling ; advertising. 
 
 f . Tariff systems : 
 
 1. Tariff for revenue. 
 
 2. Rates : specific rather than ad valorem. 
 
 3. Variations and complexity. 
 
 g. Taxation : 
 
 1. On personal property. 
 
 2. On lands and real estate. 
 
 3. On industries. 
 
 4. Licenses and concessions. 
 
 h. Internal improvements and public works. 
 
 1. History of internal improvements in Latin 
 America. 
 
 39 
 
2. Public works ; postal service ; parcel post, 
 i. Movement for single, Pan-American monetary stan- 
 dard, 
 j. Movement for a Pan-American, standardized tariff 
 
 system. 
 
 Readings: Shepherd, 43, 48, 150-153, 173; Wolfe, Foreign 
 Credits, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 62, 1913, Department of Com- 
 merce) ; Hurley, Banking and Credit in Argentina, Brazil, 
 Chile, and Peru, (Sp. Agts. Ser. No. 90, 1914, ibid.) ; Ver- 
 rill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson ; Crosby, Latin American 
 Monetary System and Exchange Conditions; The South 
 American Year-Book ; Consular reports; Reports of the 
 Board of Trade (Eng.) ; books on individual countries; 
 Roper, The Postal Service and the Latin American Trade. 
 
 5. Industrial : 
 
 A. The most important industries : 
 
 1. Mining: 
 
 a. Areas of ore fields. 
 
 b. Facilities. 
 
 c. Acquisition of mining properties. 
 
 d. Labor supply. 
 
 e. Gold, silver, diamonds, copper, tin, nitrate, 
 
 coal, and other mines. 
 
 2. Stock-raising : 
 
 a. Areas adapted. 
 
 b. Cattle, horse, sheep ranches. 
 
 c. Stock-yards and slaughter-houses. 
 
 d. Wool and hides. 
 
 Readings: Whelpley, Trade Development in Argentina, (Sp. 
 Agts. Ser. No. 43, 1911, Dept. of Commerce and Labor) ; 
 Atlas America Latino. 
 
 3. Rubber : 
 
 a. Areas of growth. 
 
 b. Processes employed. 
 
 c. Labor supply; labor scandals; "black 
 
 gold." 
 
 4. Agriculture : 
 
 a. Arable lands and climatic conditions. 
 
 b. Agriculture in connection with stock- 
 
 raising. 
 
 40 
 
c. Ownership of land. 
 
 d. The agrarian situation in Hispanic 
 
 America. 
 
 e. The "haciendas," "fazendas ;" the "cha- 
 
 cras" and "potreros." 
 
 f . Agricultural products : Coffee, cacao 
 
 yerba, foodstuffs. 
 
 5- Manufacturing : 
 
 a. General characteristics : domestic and fac- 
 
 tory methods. 
 
 b. Connection with other industries. 
 
 c. Obstacles in the way. 
 
 d. Products: foodstuffs, textiles, machinery. 
 
 B. European and American capital invested in indus- 
 
 tries. 
 
 C. Occupations of foreigners in Hispanic America. 
 Readings: Koebel, The South Americans, 132-151, 193-204; 
 
 books on individual countries ; Pearson, The Rubber Coun- 
 try of the Amazon; Gemmingen, Die entivickelung der 
 fabrikindustrie in latinischen Amerika. 
 
 6. Commercial : 
 
 a. History of Hispanic- American commerce. 
 
 b. Exports and imports : 
 
 1. Character and value. 
 
 2. Destination. 
 
 c. Commercial enterprises. 
 
 d. Trade marks and their use. 
 
 e. Customs regulations. 
 
 f. Modern transportation and communication. 
 
 1. Development of transportation facilities. 
 
 2. Survival of colonial methods in certain areas. 
 
 3. Pack-trains, stage routes, llama trains. 
 
 4. Roads and highways. 
 
 5. Land transportation : 
 
 a. Railroads : trunk lines ; short lines. 
 
 b. International and transcontinental lines. 
 
 c. Projected lines. 
 
 d. Horse cars and trolleys ; subways. 
 
 e. Mileage and rates. 
 
 41 
 
f. Freight rates. 
 
 g. Capital and ownership. 
 
 6. Water transportation: 
 
 a. River steamers and barges. 
 
 b. Oceanic lines. 
 
 . c. Harbor facilities. 
 
 d. Rates, 
 g. Communication : 
 
 1. Telegraph lines. 
 
 2. Cable lines. 
 
 3. Postal service; international service. 
 
 h. The metric system of weights and measures, 
 i. Concessions and monopolies : 
 
 1. Procedure in obtaining them. 
 
 2. Policies of various countries in relation 
 
 thereto. 
 
 3. Attitude of the United States toward them. 
 Readings: Shepherd, 168-191, Koebel, The South Americans, 
 
 304-358; Domville-Fife, Great States of South America; 
 Atlas America Latina; Sheridan, Transportation Rates to 
 the West Coast of South America (Sp. Agts. report, Ser. 
 72, 1913. Bur. of For. and Dom. Commerce), Gueydan, 
 Transportation Facilities of Colombia and Venezuela (ibid.) ; 
 Trade mark registration in Latin America (Tariff series, 
 No. 31, ibid.); Verrill, Aughinbaugh, and Babson ; Reports 
 of Bureau of Trade Relations of the State Department; 
 Report of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 
 of the Commerce Department ; U. S. Federal Trade Com. 
 Rep. on Trade and Tariffs in Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, 
 Chile, Bolivia, and Peru; Tariff Systems of South Am ri- 
 can countries. (Bur. of For and Dom. Com.) 
 7. Educational and Cultural : 
 
 A. Educational : 
 
 1. General characteristics. 
 
 2. Percentages of illiterates in various countries. 
 
 3. Educational progress. 
 
 4. Obstacles to popular education. 
 
 5. Foreign influences in education. 
 
 a. European teachers in Hispanic-America. 
 
 b. American teachers in Argentina in 1868 ; 
 
 educational reforms of Sarmiento. 
 42 
 
c. Influence of United States at present. 
 
 6. Administration of schools. 
 
 7. Elementary and secondary education. 
 
 8. Higher education in Hispanic-America. 
 
 a. Universities : 
 
 1. Faculties, courses, and equipment. 
 
 2. Libraries and publications. 
 
 3. Students. 
 
 b. Scientific pursuits. 
 
 1. Observatories and other establish- 
 
 ments for study of geography, 
 ethnology, and zoology. 
 
 2. Schools of medicine and surgery. 
 
 c. Industrial and technical education. 
 
 9. Urban and rural education. 
 
 10. Popular interest in education. 
 
 11. Non-official efforts for promotion of education: 
 
 a. Congresses and teachers' associations. 
 
 b. Private schools and institutions. 
 
 c. Publications and lectures. 
 
 12. Educational reforms needed. 
 Cultural achievements in general : 
 
 1. Public charity : 
 
 a. Control and sources of revenue. 
 
 b. Societies and institutions for social ser- 
 
 vice. 
 
 2. Public libraries. 
 
 3. Journalism : 
 
 a. Status of the press in various countries. 
 
 b. Notable newspapers. 
 
 c. Recent development. 
 
 d. Magazines and periodicals. 
 
 4. Literature : 
 
 a. General characteristics. 
 
 b. European and particularly French influ- 
 
 ence. 
 
 c. Representative literary men and their 
 
 works. 
 
 1. Novelists, essayists, poets: 
 
 Ricardo Palma, Rodo, Alencar, 
 43 
 
Gonzalvez Diaz, San Martin, 
 Echeverria, Sarmiento, Ruben 
 Dario, Chocano, Blanco Fom- 
 bona, etc. 
 
 2. Historians : 
 
 Alaman, the Amunategui, Barros 
 Arana, Icazbalceta, Vicuna Mack- 
 enna, Mitre, Jose Toribio Medina, 
 Oliviera Lima, Zamacois, etc. 
 
 3. Jurists : 
 
 Bello, Calvo, Velez Sarsfield, Am- 
 brosio Montt, etc. 
 5. Arts : 
 
 a. General characteristics. 
 
 b. Achievements in music ; the drama ; archi- 
 tecture; painting; and sculpture. 
 
 Readings :' For education: Shepherd, 192-204; - ^Educa- 
 tion in South America, (Review of Reviews, May, 1908) ; 
 , High.r Education in South America, (Columbia Uni- 
 versity Quart., Dec., 1907) ; Koebel, The South Americans, 
 109-132; Brandon, Latin-American Universities and Special 
 Schools; Blakslee, Latin- America, 30-46; Monroe, An Ency- 
 clopedia of Education (See discussion under the names of 
 each country); see also, Walle, Bolivia, Chap. 6; Eder, 
 Colombia, Chap. 16; Hirst, Argentina, (Chap. 14; and 
 Wright's books on Bolivia, Chile, and Peru; Bravo Mejia, 
 Organization de las escuelas rurales; Amunategui, Discursos 
 Parliamentarios. 
 
 For curtural problems: Shepherd, 204-250; La Literatura y el 
 Periodismo; Garcia Calderon, Latin-America, 249-282; War- 
 ner, Library of the World's Best Literature, Vol. 15 ; Blaks- 
 lee, Latin-America, 299-306; Koebel, The South Americans, 
 109-130; Goldberg, Studies in Spanish American Literature; 
 Umphrey, Spanish American Poets of Today and Yesterday 
 (Hispania, 19l9) ; Coester, The Literary History of Spanish 
 America; Starr, Readings from Modern Mexican Authors; 
 Lamborn, Mexican Paintings and Painters; Zanelli Lopez, 
 Mujeres Chilenos de letras; Amunategui, La Alborada, poe- 
 tica in Chile. 
 
 44 
 

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