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 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL 
 WORK IN EUROPE
 
 rJ53 
 
 fjr 
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 
 
 /« By W. L. G. JoERG 
 
 Great Britain 432 Norway 469 
 
 France 438 Sweden 470 
 
 Germany 441 Finland 473 
 
 Italy 449 Tlie Baltic States 475 
 
 Spain 454 Poland ... . . 475 
 
 Portugal 437 Czechoslovakia . 477 
 
 . Belgium 458 Hungary . . . 478 
 
 The Netherlands 460 Rumania . 480 
 
 Switzerland 462 Yugoslavia . 482 
 
 Austria 464 Bulgaria 483 
 
 Denmark 468 O ^ Vf 483 
 
 The present article is based on observations made in 1921 while on six 
 months' leave of absence granted by the American Geographical Society 
 and during a sojourn in Europe ten to thirteen years before, as well as on 
 printed sources of information. The countries visited on both occasions were 
 England, France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and 
 Italy. In addition there were visited, in 192 1, Scotland and Spain, and, on 
 the earlier occasion, the following countries (as now constituted) : Denmark, 
 Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Rumania. The discus- 
 sion, which attempts to deal with all of Europe except Russia, lays no claim 
 to being balanced or uniform in emphasis; indeed, it only reflects what has 
 ■happened to come to the ^Titer's attention. For the inevitable omissions, 
 and for the possible inaccuracy in statement of information learned in 
 conversation only, the writer begs the indulgence of his fellow-workers 
 abroad. For their many courtesies and their constant helpfulness he is 
 deeply grateful. 
 
 On the accompanying map are shown uni\'ersities giving instruction in 
 geography and geographical societies, as the existence or non-existence of 
 such institutions possibly best reflects the general state of development of 
 geography in a given country. This information is compiled from the latest 
 edition of handbooks and other publications,^ checked from personal 
 
 ' Especially the general handbooks: (i) Minerva: Jahrbuch der gelehrten Welt, Vol. 25 for 1921, Berlin 
 and Leipzig, 192 1; (2) Index Generalis: Annuairc general dcs univcrsit^s, etc., 2nd issue, Paris, 192 [. For the 
 respective countries the following are valuable: (i) .\thena: A Yearbook of the Learned World: The English 
 Speaking Races, New York, 1920; (2) Les ressourccs du travail intellectuel en France, Paris, 192 1; (3) Annua- 
 rio degli istituti scientifici italiani, 2nd issue, Bologna and Rome, 1920. 
 
 Of geographical societies the only systematic list still is the one in Geogr. Jahrbuch, Vol. 32 for 1909, pp. 411- 
 418. More recent Information with regard to some may be found in Index Generalis for 1921, pp. 1342-1349 
 (incomplete list), and for individual countries in the regional handbooks referred to above; for France, in addi- 
 tion, in La Geoar., Vol. 36, 1921, p. 141. 
 
 A general survey of the status of geography in the different countries is afforded (i) by the conference held 
 at the University of Virginia during the American Geographical Society's Transcontinental Excursion of 1912 
 (Proceedings of a Called Meeting of the Scientific Section, Univ. of Virginia Pubis.: Proc. Philos. Soc, 1911-12, 
 pp. 99-134, and The Conference on Geographic-al Education Held During the Transcontinental E,xcursion 
 of 1912, Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc, Vol. 46, 1914, pp. 121-126) and (2) by the reports of progress during the 
 last 2$ years made to the Tenth International Geographical Congress at Rome, 1913 {AUi del X Congr. Internaz, 
 di Geogr., Roma 1913, Rome, i9i,S, pp. 116-392). Cf. also pp. 13.s-1.j9 of R. H. Whitbeck: Geography in 
 American and European Universities, Journ. of Geogt., Vol. 18, 1919, pp. 129-141. 
 
 55974
 
 432 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 obsenation. The point of \-ie\v is, on the whole, consenati\e. Lh\\y 
 universities are shown at which geography in the modern sense is taught; in 
 some cases one or two branches only may be represented, such as phytogeog- 
 raphy or oceanography, but at the great majority- of uni\-ersities shown the 
 subject is presented comp'etely. Of geographical societies it is intended to 
 show only those that are doing active work (mainly, publishing), with due 
 allowance for war interruption. Where a society maintains a number of 
 branches, as is the case with several societies, particularly in France, only 
 the main societ>- is shown. For the countries other than Russia not shown 
 (»n the map (Rumania, Bulgaria, Greece) the uni\ersities and geographical 
 societies are indicated in the title. Other institutions of importance to 
 geography, such as survey organizations and institutions devoted to related 
 sciences, are not shown on the nic^p; some of them are referred to in the text. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 In keeping with her traditional liberalism, Britain, more than any other 
 coimtry in Europe, it would seem, is making geography serve as a medium 
 for the more sympathetic understanding of other peoples. In England, too, 
 as on the Continent, the subject is of course being advanced for its utilitarian 
 value, for the knowledge that is power, but nowhere else is its ideal function 
 being emphasized so much as in England. The late Professor Herbertson 
 may be counted as one of the leading exponents of this view\ We need only 
 recall his last papers,"Regional Environment, Heredity, and Consciousness" ^ 
 and "The Higher Units."' It is generally conceded that he was on the 
 threshold of great things when his career was cut short. His untimely death 
 has been a great loss. But his Avork goes on. Professor H. J. Fleure 
 of the University College of Wales at Aberystw-yth approaches the problem 
 from the anthropological side, from the study of early civilizations. By 
 studying the accumulated tradition of a people, he aims to gain an insight 
 into their spirit.* Applied to the local region, this method is the essence of 
 the "regional surv'ey" movement,* which has a widespread following. By 
 imparting an understanding of the genius loci, it aims to train for better 
 citizenship. This movement is in large measure the outgrow^th of the w^ork 
 of Professor Patrick Geddes and puts into effect the ideas of his Outlook 
 Tower in Edinburgh, a museum of civic geography with a world outlook.^ 
 Professor Geddes was appointed after the war to the chair of sociology at 
 the University of Bombay, following the fruitful application of the town- 
 planning principles of his "Cities in Evolution" (London, 1915) to Indian 
 
 ^GeogT. Teacher. Vol. 8, 1915-16, pp. I47-I53- 
 
 * Scienlia (published in Bologna), 1913. No. S- 
 
 ♦ Cf. "Human Geography in Western Europe," London, 1918; France: A Regional Interpretation, Scottish 
 Geogr. Mag., Vol. 32, 1916, pp. 519-534 (on both publications see Geogr. Rev., Vol. 6, 1918, pp. SIS-S16); Coun- 
 tries as Personalities (address at meeting of British Assoc. Adv. Sci., Edinburgh, Sept. 12, 1921). 
 
 » Cf. A Conference on Regional Surveys. Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 8, 1915-16, pp. 89-102 and 164-172. 
 
 • In it are embodied some of the ideas expressed in Patrick Geddes: Note on Draft Plan for Institute of 
 Geography, Scottish Geogr. Mag., Vol. 18, 1902. pp. 142-144, with plan; and J. G. Bartholomew: A Plea for a 
 National Institute of Geography, ibid., pp. 144-148.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 
 
 433 
 
 cities. Quite recently he has been engaged on similar work for Jerusalem." 
 Dr. J. F. Unstead, head of the geography department at Birkbeck College, 
 University of London, is another advocate of world knowledge as a basis for 
 
 • Unmrsilics giring inslrvcliom "^ ~ 
 m geography l^ g 
 
 o Geographical societies. JS 
 
 Fig. I — Map showing tlie universities giving instruction in geography and tlie geographical societies of 
 Western Europe. Scale, i : 22,soo,ooo. To cover the same ground as the text, the following should be 
 added: in Rumania, universities at Bukharcst, Jassy, Cluj (Kolozsvar), Czernowitz, and geographical society 
 at Bukharest; in Bulgaria, university at Sofia. 
 
 a sympathetic understanding of other peoples. As chairman of the Geo- 
 graphical Committee of the League of Nations Union he has been devoting 
 himself to this problem. His views are expressed in two recent publications, 
 a book entitled "Europe of Today" (London, 1921), the first of a series of 
 
 ' Patrick Geddes: The City of Jerusalem, Garden Ctlies and Town-Planning (London), Vol. ii, 1921, pp. 
 251-254.
 
 434 
 
 THE GEOGIL-VPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 "Citizens of the Wmlcl C"n.»)i;Taphies," and a p\iper on "The Study and Teach- 
 ing of International Relations."" The study of one of the most important 
 questions of international relations has been taken up by Professor P. M. 
 Roxby of the I'niversity of Liverpool. In 1912-13, as Kahn Traveling 
 Fellow, he visited China and Japan, and he is at present in China as adviser 
 to the Chinese Government in the reorganization of the schools and colleges 
 hitherto maintained by missionary societies. It is expected that Professor 
 Roxby will \isit the I'nited States on his return to England this summer. 
 He has dealt with his field of study mainly in "The F'ar Kastern Question in 
 Its Geographical Setting"*" and "Some AsjK'Cts of the Geograj^hy of China."'" 
 
 Senior Workers in Geography 
 
 Of those who were closely associated with the creation of modern geog- 
 raphy in Great Britain several are still active. Sir John Scott Keltic, late 
 Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, whose fundamental investi- 
 gation of the status of geography on the Continent, undertaken in 1884 and 
 1885 on the Society's behalf, provided the groundwork for the action taken 
 in introducing the subject in British universities, is still vigorous in spite 
 of his four score years and more, as evidenced by his recent report on 
 "The Position of Geography in British Universities"^^ and his earlier 
 "Thirty Years' Progress in Geographical Education."'- Sir H. J. Mackinder, 
 who preceded Herbertson as Reader at Oxford, has remained, as member 
 of Parliament, loyal to our subject. His suggestive book "Democratic 
 Ideals and Reality" (London, 1919),'^ indeed, is a fruitful application of the 
 geographical viewpoint to political questions. His continued activity on 
 behalf of the advancement of geography is betokened by his "Presidential 
 Address to the Geographical Association, 191 6"'"* and "Geography as a 
 Pivotal Subject in Education."'^ Dr. H. R. Mill, the veteran Director of the 
 British Rainfall Organization, whose failing eyesight forced him to relinquish 
 that position in 1919, has fortunately so recovered that he is again able to 
 be an active participant in geographical meetings. His recent Herbertson 
 Memorial Lecture, "The Value of Regional Geography,"'® will be read with 
 interest, not the least because of its reminiscent strain. 
 
 Geography at the Universities 
 
 As regards the present representation of geography at the universities: 
 sixteen out of a total of eighteen in Great Britain include the subject in their 
 
 ^Ceogr. Teacha, Vol. ii. 1921-22, pp. 136-140. 
 
 *Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 10, 1919-20, pp. 82-90, 142-150, and 253-269, with map on p. 270 (abstracted in 
 the Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 138-139)- 
 
 ^0 Ibid., Vol. 8, 1915-16, pp. i-S- 
 
 >>,4m«'. Geogr. Soc. Research Series No. 4, New York, 192 1. 
 
 ^^Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 7. 1913-14. PP- 215-227. 
 X •' Cf. F. J. Teggart: Geography as an Aid to Statecraft: An .Appreciation of Mackinder's "Democratic Ideals 
 and Reality," Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, PP- 227-242. 
 
 ^* Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 8, 1915-16. pp. 271-277- 
 
 ^*Geogr. Journ., Vol. 57, 1921, pp. 376-384. 
 
 ^* Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 11, 1921-22, pp. 63-75 (incorrectly numbered pp. 7-19). Noticed in Geogr. Rev.,'Vo\. 
 II, 1921, p. 629.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 435 
 
 curriculum. At ten of these it is a subject for the Honours degree, i.e. a 
 degree requiring advanced work and specialization.^^ At Oxford, which 
 was the first and remains the best equipped School of Geography, Mr. H. O. 
 Beckit is Reader. In addition, geography is the gainer by the work of 
 Professor J. L. M>Tes in the relations of history and geography and of 
 Dr. D. G. Hogarth on the Near East. Some aspects of the war work with 
 which Dr. Hogarth was in touch as head of the Arab Bureau in Cairo he 
 has fascinatingly described in two articles.^^ His Presidential Address on 
 "Applied Geography"^^ before Section E (Geography) at the Edinburgh 
 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 
 September, 1921, will also be read with interest. At Cambridge the present 
 Honours standing of geography dates from the establishment of the Geo- 
 graphical Tripos, in 1919.^" Mr. Philip Lake is Reader in regional and 
 physical geography, Mr. H. Yule Oldham lecturer in historical geography, 
 and Mr. Frank Debenham lecturer in cartography. Mr. Debenham, who 
 was a member of Scott's Antarctic expedition, has recently been advocating 
 the establishment of a polar research institute.^^ Dr. A. C. Haddon's work 
 as Reader in ethnology has much geographical bearing. 
 
 Among other universities where geography is being actively forwarded 
 should be mentioned: the University of Liverpool, where Professor Roxby 
 has built up a strong department, recently acquiring an entire private 
 house, which has been made over and furnished with a wide range of equip- 
 ment; the University of London, with which are connected Mr. James 
 Fairgrieve, author of "Geography and World Power" (London, 1915), who 
 gave a course on "The Geographical Factor in History" at the University 
 of Chicago during the 1921 summer term, and (at University College) 
 Professor L. W. Lyde, well known for his "The Continent of Europe" 
 (London, 1913), as professor of economic geography; the L^niversity College 
 of Wales at Aberystwyth, where Professor Fleure, through his courses and 
 his editorship of the Geographical Teacher, is exercising marked influence 
 on the development of geographic thought in Great Britain; the University 
 of Leeds, where t^e Reader is C. B. Fawcett, whose discussion of a proposed 
 new administrative subdivision of Great Britain on geographical lines has 
 recently appeared in book form;^^ the University of Sheffield, where Dr. 
 
 '^ On geography in British universities cf. the valuable tabular synopsis in Scottish Geogr. Mag., Vol. 37, 1921, 
 pp. 272-273, and the account by Sir J. S. Keltic mentioned in footnote 11 as well as the synopsis in Gcogr. 
 Teacher, Vol. 7, 1913-14, pp. 194-209, and the previous synopses there mentioned. On British universities in 
 general cf.: The Universities of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: A Handbook Compiled by 
 the Universities Bureau of the British Empire, Board of Education Educational Pamphlet No. 3,^, London, 1918 
 (prepared on the occasion of the visit of delegates from British universities to American universities at the invi- 
 tation of the Council of National Defense). 
 
 '8 War and Discovery in Arabia, Geogr. Jowrn., Vol. ss, 1920, pp.422-439; Some Recent .\rabian Explorations, 
 Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 321-337. 
 
 " E.g. in .Scientific Monthly, Vol. 13, 1921, pp. 322-327. 
 
 2" Cf. Philip Lake: The Geographical School at Cambridge, Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 10, 1919, pp. 8o-8t; and 
 W. M. Davis: Geography at Cambridge University, England, Joiirn. of Geogr., Vol. 19, 1920, pp. 207-2I0. 
 
 " Frank Debenham: The Future of Polar Exploration, Geogr. Journ., Vol. 57, 192 1, pp. 182-204. 
 
 22 Provinces of England: A Study of Some Geographical Aspects of Devolution, London, 1919 (expanded 
 from Natural Divisions of England, Geogr. Journ., Vol. 49, 1917, pp. 124-141, abstracted in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 
 7, I9l9i pp. 114-11S, with map).
 
 436 THE GEOGRArmCAL KICVIKW 
 
 R. N. Riidmose Brown, who has specialized in Spitsbergen,-' is head of the 
 depaitnicnt; the University College, Southampton, at which Professor 
 W. H. Barker has been developing an Institute of Geographical Study, 
 fa\ored by the proximity of the Ordnance Surve>' and the world "clearing- 
 house" function of the port; the University of Edinburgh, at which geography 
 has long been represented by Mr. G. G. Chisholm, who is at present produc- 
 ing a new edition of his well-known "Handbook of Commercial Geography"; 
 and the IniNcrsity of Aberdeen, at which Mr. John Macfarlane is lecturer 
 in geography. The old-established geography department at the Victoria 
 I'niversitN- of Manchester has, since Mr. A. G. Ogilvie joined the staff of 
 the American Geographical Society, unfortunately been without a head; but 
 this condition will soon be changed, as, it is understood. Professor Barker 
 has accepted a call to go there. 
 
 Work of Ixstitutioxs 
 
 Institutions other than universities are, of course, contributing to the 
 advancement of geography in Great Britain. Of the Royal Geographical 
 Society's work there can only be mentioned the Mt. Everest expedition, 
 the recently inaugurated Technical Series,"^ and the war-time production, in 
 co-operation with the Geographical Section of the General Staff, of a map 
 on the scale of i : i ,000,000 covering practically all of Europe and the Near 
 East, which took the place of the — for the greater part of the area — non- 
 existent International Map of the World and which did substantial service 
 during the war. The war work of the Ordnance Surv'ey is described in 
 "The Ordnance Surs'C}^ and the War, 1914-1919," published by the Survey 
 in Southampton in 1919. The position of Archeology Officer, recently 
 created on the staff of the Survey, is filled by Mr. O. G. S. Crawford, 
 author of "Man and His Past" (London, 1921) and the article "Prehistoric 
 Geography" in the Geographical Review for April. His duties involve the 
 search for and indentification of ancient remains, including prehistoric 
 barrows and Roman sites, and their plotting on the sixrinches-to-the-mile 
 map. The Ordnance Survey, as the Central Bureau, has also recently 
 published a report, with index maps, on the status of the International Map 
 of the World. ^^ Of the various war and peace conference publications of 
 government bureaus the most important are the two series of handbooks 
 on the problem areas of the world compiled by the Historical Section of 
 the Foreign Ofifice^^and the Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence 
 
 5* The substance of several articles (e. g. Spitsbergen: Terra Nullius, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 7, 1919. PP. 311-321) 
 is contained in Dr. Rudmose Brown's book "Spitsbergen," Philadelphia, 1920. 
 
 ** No. i: Some Investigations in the Theory of Map Projections, by A. E. Young; No. 2: Alphabets of 
 Foreign Languages Transcribed Into English According to the R. G. S. II System, by Major-General Lord 
 Edward Gleichen and J. H. Reynolds. 
 
 " Carte du Monde au Millionieme: Rapport pour 1921, Bureau Central, Ordnance Survey Office, Southamp- 
 ton. 
 
 » For a list see Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 10, 1919-20, p. 311. See also Geogr. Journ., Vol. 56, 1920, pp. 216-219 
 and 314-316.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 437 
 
 Division.-^ New geographical work on the far-flung battle lines of the world 
 war,^* and airplane mapping,^^ are reflected in many articles. 
 
 Mention should be made of the admirable Edinburgh (Aug.-Sept.-Oct. 
 1 9 19) and Glasgow (Jan. 1921) numbers of the Scottish Geographical Maga- 
 zine,^° the former with a suggestive map of the historical growth of the city 
 by the late Dr. J. G. Bartholomew, which formed a valuable corollary to the 
 discussion of "The Geography of Edinburgh and District: Past, Present, and 
 Future Outlook" at a session of Section E of the Edinburgh meeting of the 
 British Association and to the handbook issued on that occasion.^' At that 
 meeting Dr. Marion I. Newbigin, editor of the magazine, read an illuminat- 
 ing paper on "The Mediterranean City-State in Dalmatia." From her 
 earlier general discussion of Balkan geography, of which this paper repre- 
 sented a special problem, she has recently proceeded to a geographical 
 consideration of the peace settlements.^^ 
 
 One of the last undertakings to which the late Dr. Bartholomew was 
 able to devote his attention is the "Times Survey Atlas of the World" 
 (London, 192 1), recently completed. The use throughout the atlas of the 
 layer method to represent relief, of which he was the leading exponent," 
 is a distinctive contribution, which for the first time in a work of this 
 type makes this fundamentally important geographical element easily 
 understandable by the general public. Among other outstanding British 
 map publications may be mentioned the recent (London, 1922) series, by 
 Mr. George Philip, of wall maps of the continents showing commercial 
 development, which carry out, with refinement of method, the suggestive 
 manner of portraying the facts of economic geography which he outlined 
 some years ago.^^ Of interest to American teachers is the recent publication, 
 under his editorship, of a set of maps of the United States in i : 4,500,000, 
 in the series by Unstead and Taylor in which there is a map for each of the 
 significant phases of the geography of each continent. 
 
 2' For a list see Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 11, 1921-22, p. 39 (the issue containing this page is incorrectly allotted 
 to Vol. 12) and p. 113 (incorrectly numbered p. 57). See also Geogr. Journ., Vol. 57, 1921, pp. 5I-S2. 
 
 28 H. St. J. B. Philby, Geogr- Journ., Vol. SS, 1920, and Vol. 56, 1920; E. H. Keeling, ibid., Vol. SS. I920; L. C. 
 Dunster\-ille, ibid.. Vol. 57, 1921; Percy Sykes, ibid.. Vol. s8, 1921; L. V. S. Blacker, ibid.. Vol. 58, 1921; and 
 three systematic papers by A. G. Ogilvie: Notes on the Geography of Imbros, Geogr. Journ., Vol. 48, 1916, pp. 
 130-145; A Contribution to the Geography of Macedonia, ibid.. Vol. ss, 1920, pp. 1-34; Physiography and 
 Settlements in Southern Macedonia, Gsogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 172-197. 
 
 " H. H. Thomas, Geogr. Journ., Vol. S5. 1920; H. A. Lloyd, ibid.. Vol. 56, 1920; S. F. Newcombe, ibid.. Vol. 
 56, 1920; E. M. Dowson, ibid.. Vol. 58, 1921. 
 
 •" See note in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 298-299. 
 
 »> Edinburgh's Place in Scientific Progress. Prepared for the Edinburgh Meeting of the British Association 
 by the Local Editorial Committee, Edinburgh and London, 1921. (With chapters on meteorology, geology, 
 oceanography, and geography.) 
 
 »2 Aftermath: A Geographical Study of the Peace Terms, Edinburgh, 1920 (reviewed in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 
 II, 1921, p. 452). 
 
 " An appreciation of Dr. Bartholomew's contribution to cartography appears in the obituary notice, 
 Scottish Geogr. Mag., Vol. 36. 1920, pp. 183-185. 
 
 " A New Series of Economic Maps for School Use, Geogr. Journ., Vol. so, 1917. PP- 438-447. with map, Eu- 
 rasia: Commercial Development, 1:40,000,000.
 
 45S THE GEOGRArillCAL REVIEW 
 
 France 
 
 Let us lunv turn to I'rancc.^^ Geography is represented, and well repre- 
 sented, at practically all of the sixteen universities of France.*® Nearly all 
 the occupants of the chairs of geography are pupils, or pupils of pupils, of 
 the late Vidal de la Blache.'^ In no country', it may be said, not even in 
 Germany with her Richthofen, has the development of modern geography 
 so centered about one man as in France. And France may be content. The 
 school that she has developed is the admiration of professional geographers 
 the world over. The national ideals of unity and beauty, translated in the 
 scientific world into synthesis and sense of proportion, are peculiarly valuable 
 in geographic work. From this school has come, and is coming, that excellent 
 series of regional studies of France,^* introduced by Vidal de la Blache's 
 own admirable "La France: Tableau geographique." 
 
 Recognizing that an adequate regional treatment of the world is the 
 fundamental desideratum of modern geography, the leading French geog- 
 raphers had, some years before the war, begun on a series of regional 
 geographies intended to cover the world, in which each region or country 
 was assigned to a specialist.*^ Several of the volumes were already in 
 manuscript when the war broke out and completely stopped the under- 
 taking. Now, fortunately, it is possible to proceed again, and we may within 
 reasonable time look forward to regional geographies of the first order from 
 such men as Gallois, De Martonne, Demangeon, and others. 
 
 Bibliographies 
 
 Another fundamental undertaking of the French, the annual bibliography 
 of the Annales de Geograpliie, suppressed by the war since the volume 
 covering 1913-14, has again been taken up. A volume covering 1915-19 has 
 just appeared, edited by Monsieur Elicio Colin, as Monsieur Louis Rave- 
 neau, the veteran bibliographer, felt compelled to relinquish the editorship. 
 Its appearance is in part made possible by a subsidy from the "Association 
 de Geographes Frangais," a recently founded organization of professional 
 
 •' For an excellent brief account of the development of geography in France, with a list of the leading works 
 that are products of the French school, see E. de Martonne: La science geographique, pp. 375-396 of Vol. 2 
 of "La Science Frangaise," 2 vols.. Pans, 1915, published on the occasion of the Panama-Pacific Exposition at 
 San Francisco. 
 
 " This number does not include the University of Algiers, which forms part of the French university system 
 and at which geography is well represented, ncr the five Catholic universities, at four of which (Angers, Lille, 
 Lyons, Paris) geography is taught. For a valuable synopsis of geographical courses given at French universities, 
 see "Cours en langue frangaise professes pendant I'annee scolaire 1921-22," La Geogr. (Paris), Vol. 36, 1921, 
 pp. 555-538 (for 1920-21, ibid.. Vol. 34, 1920, pp. 425-427; for 1899-1900, Ann. de Ceogr., Vol. 9, 1900, pp. 
 83-85). Cf. also L. Gallois: La geographic dans I'enseignement superieur en France, La Geografia (Novara), 
 Vol. f" 1918. pp. 495-500. 
 
 " On Vidal de la Blache's influence on the development of geography in France, see L. Gallois and E. de 
 Martonne: Paul Vidal de la Blache, Geographen Kalender, Vol. 8, 19 10, Gotha, pp. viii-xxx; and L. Gallois: 
 Paul Vidal de la Blache, Ann. de Geogr. ,\o\. 27, 1918, pp. 161-173. 
 
 "List in De Martonne, La science geographique, cited above, and Geogr. Teacher, Vol. 9, 1917-18, pp. 
 202-203. 
 
 *• Cf. note in Geogr. Rev., Vol. i, 1916, p. 55-
 
 RECENT GEOGIL\PHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 439 
 
 geographers akin to our own Association of American Geographers and, 
 indeed, it is understood, partly inspired by it. During the temporary lapse 
 of this publication the bibliography compiled by S. Reizler, librarian of 
 the Paris Geographical Society, and appearing since 1919 (Vol. 32, No. 5) 
 in each number of its monthly organ, La Geographie, has, although less 
 systematic and critical, done invaluable service. 
 
 Geography at the Sorbonxe 
 
 Owing to the French system of centralization, geography is of course 
 best represented at the University of Paris, i.e. at the Sorbonne. It is there 
 in the tried hands of Professors L. Gallois, E. de Martonne, and A. Deman- 
 geon. Inasmuch as the subject has in France had the opposite development 
 to what it has had with us, namely developing from history instead of 
 from geology, in its modern aspect it is a subject belonging primarily, at 
 all the universities, to the Faculte des Lettres. With the prestige of Paris, 
 howe^•er, geography, as physical geography, is also represented on the 
 Faculte des Sciences (by Professor L. Gen til) .^° But the modern conception 
 of the subject prevails so completely that physical geography is as a matter 
 of course included in the curriculum of the Faculte des Lettres at the 
 Sorbonne; indeed it is there represented by Professor De Martonne. As a 
 result of a recent gift a building has been erected in the university quarter 
 near the Prince of Monaco's Institut Oceanographique, at the corner of the 
 rue St. Jacques and the rue Pierre Curie, and is nearing completion, for 
 the exclusive use of the department of geography. It wall house the staffs 
 of both faculties. With this needed improvement in its physical equipment, 
 we may look forward to even greater things from this center of French 
 geographic learning. 
 
 The Provincial Universities 
 
 Among the leading geographers at the provincial universities may be 
 mentioned Professor Raoul Blanchard, at Grenoble, who has built up an 
 excellent department specializing in the geography of the Alps, the work 
 of which is published in the Recueil des Travaux de V Institut de Geographie 
 Alpine (now Revue de Geographie Alpine); Professor Camena d'Almeida, at 
 Bordeaux, who knows Spain thoroughly; and, at the new University of 
 Strasbourg, Professor H. Baulig, the department at which, curiously 
 behind-hand under the old regime in this fomier outpost of the Empire,"*^ 
 has been moved from the old Gemian university building to the former 
 Imperial Palace. At Strasbourg the well-known geographer-geologist, 
 Monsieur E. de Margerie, translator and amplifier of Suess's "The Face 
 
 " Louis Gentil: La chaire de gfiographie physique de la Facultd des Sciences de Paris, Revue Scientifique, 
 1920, No. I, 32 pp. 
 
 ♦' H. Baulig: Le "Geographisches Seminar" de I'Univcrsitd de Strasbourg. Revue Internatl. de I'Enseignemenl, 
 May is-June is, 1920, pp. 206-211.
 
 440 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 of the Earth," has been appointed director of the Geological Survey of 
 Alsace-Lorraine. A second chair of geography at the university was offered 
 to Pierre Denis, recently author of an important work on Argentina"*- 
 which rivals his fomier standard "Le Bresil au xx**"^*^ Si^cle," but he 
 declined, joining, instead, the staff of the Political Section of the Secretariat 
 of the League of Nations in Geneva. At the LIniversity of Algiers geography 
 is represented by the eminent specialists in the geography of North Africa, 
 Professors Augustin Bernard and E. F. Gautier. Professor Gautier is at 
 present \'isiting professor at Harvard University. He addressed the 
 joint meeting of the American Geographical Society and the Association 
 of American Geographers this spring on "Native Life in French North 
 Africa." 
 
 Human Geography 
 
 In the field of human geography there have appeared two important 
 works by Professor Jean Brunhes of the College de France, Paris, well 
 known for his "La geographic humaine,"^' one (jointly with Professor 
 Camille Vallaux of the Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales) , "La geo- 
 graphic de I'histoire," a suggestive discussion of the geography of history, 
 and the other, "Geographic humaine de la France," a preliminary volume on 
 the human geography of France.*^ Professor Demangeon, too, has recently 
 contributed a valuable paper in this domain, on the types of rural dwellings 
 in France.^^ From the French school, it is understood, there may be expected 
 in the not distant future a manual of human geography comparable to 
 De Martonne's standard manual of physical geography. A fruitful field 
 developed by the French is that of city geography, as witness the studies by 
 Levainville of Rouen^^ and by Blanchard of Grenoble and Annecy.^^ A 
 periodical was founded in 1919 by the Institut d'Histoire de Geographic et 
 d'Economie Urbaines de la Ville de Paris, called La Vie Urhaine, in which 
 papers of geographical interest appear, notably one by Louis Bonnier with 
 a series of maps showing the growth of Paris progressively from 1800 to 
 1911,*^ and another on the northeastern section of Paris, with an airplane 
 photographic map in I : 5,000.^^ 
 
 « La Republique Argentine: La mise en valeur du pays, Paris, 1920 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, 
 pp. 148-149). 
 
 ** Recently made available to English-speaking students by Isaiah Bowman and R. E. Dodge in "Human 
 Geography," Chicago, 1920. 
 
 «*For reviews see of the former: Douglas Johnson: The Geography of History: A Review, G«ogr. 
 
 Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 278-293; of the latter: Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 430-433,and the forceful discus- 
 sion by Camille Vallaux: Rivieres, pays, et maisons de France, La Giogr., Vol. 35, 1921, pp. 113-126. 
 
 ♦5 A. Demangeon: L'habitation rurale en France: Essai de classification des principaux types, .4 nn. de Giogr., 
 Vol. 29, 1920, pp. 3S2-37S- 
 
 ♦« J. Levainville: Rouen: Etude d'une agglomeration urbaine, Paris, 1913- 
 
 *■ Grenoble: Etude de geographic urbaine, 2nd edit., Paris, 1913; Annecy: E^quisse de geographic urbaine, 
 Recueil des Trav. de I'Inst. de Geogr. Alpine, Vol. 4, 1916, pp. 369-463- 
 
 " La population de Paris en mouvement, 1800-1911. No. 1-2, 1915, pp. 7-76; Cartes isochrones de I'agglo- 
 Iteration i)arisienne. No. 3, pp. 245-250. 
 
 *» MyrJem Foncin: Belle\'ille, No. 11, Dec. s, 1921, pp. 391-415.
 
 recent geogr.\phical work in europe 441 
 
 Other Work of Interest 
 
 Among other outstanding developments of interest should be mentioned 
 the publication of the Service Geographique de I'Armee "Notices"^" and the 
 excellent Travaux du Comite d'Etudes,^^ both series, like their previously 
 mentioned British counterparts, preparatory reports for the peace conference 
 on the problem areas of the world ; the centenary of the Paris Geographical 
 Society, celebrated on July 4-7, 1921, under the auspices of its president, 
 Prince Roland Bonaparte, and its secretary-general. Monsieur G. Grandi- 
 dier, on which occasion a valuable history of this oldest of all geographical 
 societies was published;*^ and, in the field of exploration, CommandantTilho's 
 renewed work in the Tibesti upland region of the east-central Sahara." 
 
 The war work of the Service Geographique de I'Armee is discussed in 
 two articles,^ one by General Bourgeois, its former head. Of foremost 
 interest are the "plans directeurs," mainly in i : 20,000, a series of maps, 
 now first made available to the public, which cover the whole eastern 
 frontier region of France. The sheets relating to the French Alps, because 
 of their unusually large scale, afford an exceptionally valuable tool for the 
 study of an alpine region. Of like value are the relief models in i : 20,000, 
 with no vertical exaggeration, which have been made sheetwise out of this 
 series for the whole war area from the North Sea to Switzerland. The 
 appearance is striking of a set of the models when put together to cover a 
 type region such as the Vosges or the eastern cuestas of the Paris Basin. 
 Another cartographical undertaking of importance is the appearance of a 
 new edition of the "Atlas Universel de Geographic" under the direction 
 of the veteran geographer. Monsieur F. Schrader. In the new edition 
 greater legibility is attained by representing relief in a different color from 
 the line element. The valuable physical maps of the continents have been 
 retained from the previous edition. 
 
 Germany 
 
 Germany emerges from the war with two more universities than she had 
 before: three are newly established, Frankfort (1914), Cologne (1919), and 
 Hamburg (19 19), and one, Strasbourg, has been lost. Geography is 
 represented by at least one full professorship at each of her universities, now 
 twenty-three in number. An authentic count^^ of all the instructors of 
 
 '" Notices descriptives et statistiqucs, Commission de Geographie du Service Geographique de I'Armfie et 
 2^ Bureau de I'Etat-Major de I'Armee. For list see La Geogr., Vol. 33, 1920, pp. 355-356. 
 
 '1 For titles see La Geogr., Vol. 33, 1920, pp. 149-154; Vol. 34, 1920, pp. 286 (last item), 289-298, passim, 
 308-311 (maps); Vol. 36, 1921, p. 104 (third item). 
 
 " Centenairc de la Societe de Geographie, 1821-1921, 72 pp., Paris, 1921 (republished with an account of the 
 centenary as an 151-pp.book, Paris, 1921, and in La Geogr. ,Vo\. 36, 1921, No. 2). Cf. also Notice sur la Soci6t6 
 de Geographie, 91 pp., Paris, 1914, and note in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, p. 143. 
 
 ''^Geogr. Journ., Vol. 56, 1920, pp. 81-99, 161-183, 241-267, with map in 1:2,000,000; also Aa Giogr., Vol. 
 36, 1 92 1, pp. 295-317. 
 
 ^* Le Service Geographique de I'Armee et la cartographic de guerre. La Ciogr., Vol. 32, 1918-19, PP- 463-484; 
 [J. E. R.] Bourgeois: Le Service Geographique de I'.Armee pendant la guerre. Revue Scientifique, Nov. 27, 1920, 
 pp. 673-684. Cf. also note "Nouvelles cartes et plans en relief de France," Ann. de Giogr., Vol. 30, 1921, pp. 
 149-150.
 
 442 THE GEOGKArilKAL REVIEW 
 
 geoprapln" at her universities and higher technical schools" — full professors, 
 asscnriate professors, and privatdozctitcti — reveals the formidable number of 
 70. The subject of investigation of these men is specifically geography. 
 They are not geologists or historians called geographers. They often 
 specialize, of course, in some branch of our subject, and some of the very 
 few remaining of the oldest generation lune come to it from other sciences, 
 but all, it ma>- be said, consider the totality of geography as their field and 
 feel it their duty to be proficient in it. Granted the high standard — in spite 
 of its weaknesses — of scientific work in Germany, it is in this matter of the 
 number of its professional geographers — men with the distinctiNC point of 
 view which is the essence of modern geography- — and the consequent large 
 production of truly geographical literature, that Germany's strength lies. 
 
 New Works in General Geography 
 
 Chving to this number of workers and owing also, partly, to a conscious 
 division of labor, work is being done in Germany, it may be said, in prac- 
 tically e\er\- branch of general geography and on all important regions of 
 the world. The following brief survey can, among the wealth of material, 
 only touch upon some of the more outstanding or typical investigations 
 that have been undertaken recently. In the field of paleogeography Dr. 
 Alfred Wegener of the Deutsche Seewarte and the University of Hamburg 
 has in a recent second edition of his book'® amplified his migration hypothesis 
 of continental origins, an hypothesis that has been widely discussed ^^ 
 and that seems to find confirmation in J. P. Koch's work in Greenland and 
 W. Koppen's investigations of isostasy and pole migrations.*^ In physiog- 
 raphy Professor Passarge of Hamburg has added the third volume, on the 
 development of landforms, to the first (on landscape description) and 
 second (on climatic, vegetational, and animal influences on the landscape) 
 of his four-volume "Die Grundlagen der Landschaftskunde."^^ More 
 concisely, and in a philosophic spirit, Professor Hettner of Heidelberg has 
 recently discussed the evolution of landforms in a book®° which gathers 
 together and amplifies essays that had appeared in the Geographische 
 
 '* Geographische . . . Vorlesungen in deutscher Sprache an den Hochschulen Mitteleuropas im Winter- 
 halbjahr 1921-22, Petermanns Milt., Vol. 67, 1921. PP- 260-262 (geographers at German universities, 53; at 
 German technical schools, 17; at Austrian universities and technical schools, 15; at German Swiss universities 
 and technical schools, 5). — As to the cultural unity of the German-speaking lands see p. 464- On the general 
 topic indicated in its title see J. Russell Smith: Geography in Germany, II: The University, Journ. of Geogr., 
 Vol. I, 1902, pp. 448-457. 
 
 *• A. Wegener: Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane (in series: Die Wissenschaft, Vol. 66), Brunswick, 
 1920. 
 
 •' Zeitschr. Cesell. filr Erdkunde z« Berlin, 1921, pp. 89-143 (statement and summing up by Wegener, 
 discussion by four specialists). 
 
 '«W. Koppen: Uber Isostasie und die Natur der Kontinente, Geogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 25, 1919. PP- 39-48; 
 Polwanderungen, Verschiebungen der Kontinente, und Klimageschichte, Petermanns Mitt., Vol. 67, 1921, 
 pp. 1-8 and 57-63, with PI. i; Ursachen und Wirkungen der Kontinentenverschiebungen und Polwanderungen, 
 ibid., pp. 145-149 and 191-194. 
 
 "Die Grundlagen der Landschaftskunde: Vol. i, Beschreibende Landschaftskunde, 210 pp., Hamburg, 
 1919 (reviewed by W. M. Davis in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, PP- 266-273); Vol. 2, Klima, Meer, Pflanzen- und 
 Tierwelt in der Landschaft, 222 pp., Hamburg, 1920; Vol. 3. Die Oberflachengestaltung der Erde, 558 pp., 
 Hamburg. 1920. Vol. 4, Der Mensch in der Landschaft, is announced for publication later. 
 
 •"Die Oberflachenformen des Festlandes: Ihre Untersuchung und Darstellung, 250 pp., Leipzig, 1921.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 443 
 
 Zeitschrift. Frankly critical of Professor Davis' views, the works of these 
 tw^o authors at least show to what extent those views roused and stimulated 
 geographic thought in Germany. Of the German version of Professor Davis' 
 "Physical Geography" a second edition in two volumes has appeared ;^^ 
 likewise the first German edition of his "Practical Exercises in Physical 
 Geography."^2 Qf Supan's standard textbook of physical geography a 
 sixth edition appeared in 1916." Supan's importance in the development 
 of modern geography in Germany is dwelt upon in two appreciations that 
 appeared at the time of his death in 1920.^ Attention may also be called 
 to a book on the relation between geological structure and surface features 
 by Professor Karl Sapper, of the University of VViirzburg, known for his 
 work in Central America.^^ Of manuals of general geography new editions 
 have appeared of part of the standard "Lehrbuch der Geographie"** by 
 Professor Hermann Wagner, dean of German geographers and still active 
 at the age of 82,^^ and of the concise and well-balanced textbook^^ by Pro- 
 fessor W. Ule of Rostock. An entirely new work is the manual of general 
 geography by Professor A. Philippson, one of the leading geographers of 
 Germany, of which the first part, dealing with mathematical geography 
 and climatology, has just appeared.^^ A valuable feature is a new classifica- 
 tion of climatic types and climatic provinces, in text and maps. In the 
 field of oceanography there should be mentioned a valuable paper on an 
 hitherto little known region from this point of view, the Persian Gulf.''" 
 The author. Dr. Gerhard Schott of the Deutsche Seewarte in Hamburg, 
 quickly followed it with a complete geographical discussion of the area,^' 
 similar in treatment to his admirable "Geographie des Atlantischen Ozeans." 
 In climatology Professor L. Mecking of the University of Miinster estab- 
 lishes a North Atlantic "see-saw" {nordatlantische Wdrmeschaukel) from a 
 study of the opposite effect on both sides of the North Atlantic of sun spot 
 frequency (sun spot maximum, lowering of mean annual temperature on 
 American side, raising on European, and vice versa). ^^ With Koppen's 
 
 •' W. M. Davis and Gustav Braun: Grundziige der Physiographic, 2 vols.: Vol. i, Grundlagen und Methodik, 
 Leipzig, 1917; Vol. 2, Morphologic, Leipzig, 1915. 
 
 •2 W. M. Davis and Karl Oestreich: Praktische Ubungen in physischer Geographie, Leipzig, 1918. 
 
 " Grundziige der physischen Erdkundc, Leipzig, 1916. , 
 
 "Hermann Wagner: Alexander Supan, Petermanns Milt., Vol. 66, 1920, pp. 139-146; Bruno Dietrich: 
 Alexander Supan, Ceogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 27, 1921, pp. 193-198. 
 
 •* Geologischer Bau und Landschaftsbild (in series: Die Wissenschaft, Vol. 61), Brunswick, 1917 (reviewed 
 in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 315-317). 
 
 ••Lehrbuch der Geographic, Vol. i: Allgemeine Erdkundc, Part i: Einleitung, Matheniatisclie Geographie, 
 loth edition, Hanover, 1920. Part 2 is in press. The 9th edition of the whole of Vol. i appeared in 191 2. 
 
 •' See address on his 8oth birthday on retirement from chair of geography at University of Gfittingen and 
 bibliography (273 titles), Petermanns Mitt., Vol. 66, 1920, pp. 115-122. 
 
 •' Grundriss der allgemeinen Erdkundc, 2nd edition, Leipzig, 191S. 
 
 •» A. Philippson: Grundziige der allgemeinen Geographie. Vol. i, Einleitung; Mathematische Geographic; 
 Atmospharenkunde, 270 pp., Leipzig, 1921. 
 
 10 Ozeanographie und Klimatologie des Persischen Golfcs und des Golfes von Oman, 46 pp., Bcilagc zu 
 Ann. der Hydrogr. und Marit. MeleoroL, 1918. 
 
 "Geographie des Persischen Golfes und seiner Randgebiete, Mitt. Geogr. Gesell. Hamburg, Vol. 31, 1918, 
 pp. i-iio, with two maps, one in i : 4,000,000. 
 
 " Nordamerika, Nordcuropa, und der Golfstrom in der elfjiihrigcn Klimaperiode, Ann. der flydrogr. und 
 Marit. Meteorol., Vol. 46, 1918, pp. 1-9, with temperature and sun-spot frequency curves on PI. 1.
 
 444 THE GEOGRArilKAL REVIEW 
 
 new climatic provinces"^ readers of the Rnunv are already familiar; their 
 areas ha\e recenth* been measured."* Koppen has also recently delimited 
 the \vind regions of the world, particularly over the ocean.''* Noteworthy 
 in platit geography are a general discussion of the tundra by Dr. A. Jacobi'^* 
 imd a map by Dr. E. Ihne, the well-known phenologist, showing the date 
 of the beginning of spring in the British Isles" based on the regular pheno- 
 logical observations in the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological 
 Society. It is an extension of his earlier map of Central Europe.^^ In the 
 field of human geography the most important recent publication is Supan's 
 manual of political geography, ^^ which discusses the principles of this 
 important branch. A related work is the book^'' by Professor Karl Dove of 
 the University of Freiburg, which deals more with the world-regional aspect 
 of the subject, however. An example of the studies in the history of settle- 
 ment in which Professor O. Schliiter of Halle specializes is his paper on 
 natural conditions in East Prussia before the incursion of the Teutonic 
 Order. ^^ He also discusses the method of population density maps^^ as an 
 introduction to a map of the Rhineland by one of his pupils. The fourth 
 in a series of population density maps covering India,^' important because 
 relating to the one of the two Asiatic foci for which census statistics exist, 
 has been published. They are products of the geographical seminar in 
 Gottingen. A discussion of man's distribution over the earth^ by Professor 
 Norbert Krebs of the University of Freiburg, known for his excellent 
 regional geography of the Austrian Alps, constitutes a complete but concise 
 manual of human geography. Professor Dove has also written concise 
 but original manuals of economic and commercial geography. ^^ In the field 
 of agricultural geography three atlases^^ have appeared, two by Dr. T. H. 
 
 ^ Klassifikation der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag, und Jahresverlauf, Pelermanns Mitt., Vol. 
 64, 1918, pp. 193-203 and 243-248, with map, globular scale, i : 60,000,000 (see R. DeC. Ward: A New Classi- 
 fication of Climates, Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919. PP- 188-191. with map). 
 
 " H. Wagner: Die Flachenausdehnung der Koppenschen Klimagebiete der Erde (1918), Pelermanns Mitt. , 
 Vol. 67, 1921, pp. 216-217. 
 
 "Die Windgebiete der Weltmeere. Ann. der Hydrogr. und Marit. Meteorol., Vol. 49, 1921, pp. 3S7-3S9. 
 with map in Mercator's projection, equatorial scale, i : 100,000,000. 
 
 '• Die Tundra, Geogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 25, 1919. pp. 245-262. 
 
 " Phanologische Karte des Friihlingseinzugs auf den Britischen Inseln, Petermanns Mitt., Vol. 62, 1916 , 
 pp. 81-85, with map in i : 5,000,000. 
 
 " PI. 9, Pelermanns Mill., Vol. 51. 1905. scale I : 3.400,000. 
 
 '• Leitfaden der allgemeinen politischen Geographie, 140 pp., Leipzig, 1918. 
 
 soAUgemeine politische Geographie, 95 PP- (in series: Sammlung Goschen, No. 800), Leipzig, 1920. 
 
 •»Wald, Sumpf, und Siedelungsland in Altpreussen vor der Ordenszeit. Geogr. Ameiger, Vol. 21, 1920, 
 pp. 245-249. with map in i : 500,000. 
 
 « Gnindsatzliche Bemerkungen Uber Volksdichtekarten, Pelermanns Mill., Vol. 66, 1920, pp. 128-129 
 (map of Rhineland on PI. 24, text pp. 159-161). 
 
 »* Petermanns Mitt., as follows: Northwest Provinces, i : 3,000,000. 1909, PI. 18; Upper Gangetic Plain, 
 I : 2.500,000, 1911, PI. 33; Bombay Province, i : 2,500,000, 1916, PI. 33; Southern India, i : 2,500,000, 1917. 
 PI. 32. 
 
 " Die Verbreitung des Menschen auf der Erdoberflache (in series: Natur und Geisteswelt, No. 632), Leipzig, 
 1921. 
 
 "AUgemeine Wirtschaftsgeographie; AUgemeine Verkehrsgeographie (in series: Sammlung Goschen, Nos. 
 83s and 834). Leipzig, 1921. 
 
 >»F. Lange: Landwirtschaftlich-Statistischer Atlas, 105 maps, Berlin, 1917; T. H. Engelbrecht: Die Feld- 
 friichte Indiens in ihrer geographischen Verbreitung, text and atlas, Abhandl. Hamburg. Kolonialinst., Vol. 19.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 445 
 
 Engelbrecht, known for his study of the geographical distribution of the 
 price of cereals in North America and India. 
 
 Papers Relating to the Development of Geography in Germany 
 
 Several publications relating to the development and status of geography 
 in Germany are of interest. In a series of lectures in Berlin on the position 
 of certain subjects in education geography was included. The lectures on 
 geography, ten in number, by different specialists, have been published." 
 They include such topics as the unity of geography, by Hettner; geomor- 
 pholog>% by Philippson; plant and animal geography, by Professor R. 
 Gradmann of the University of Erlangen, and the importance of maps, by 
 Professor Norbert Krebs. Three papers deal with Richthofen, Theobald 
 Fischer, and Kirchhoff as university teachers,*^ two with the courses given 
 at Gottingen and Bonn,^^ while three memorial volumes^" give an insight 
 into the work of the pupils of Professors Penck, Hettner, and Eduard Hahn. 
 The editor's retrospect over twenty-five years of the Geographische Zeit- 
 schrift,^^ which has had a marked influence on the development of geographic 
 thought in Germany, may also be mentioned here. The standard German 
 bibliography, the Geographisches Jahrbuch, has resumed publication, a 
 volume having appeared which covers the war period. ^^ 
 
 War Publications 
 
 Only to certain outstanding war publications can reference here be made. 
 At the beginning of the war a series of articles by leading geographers was 
 published in the Geographische Zeitschrift; these were afterwards issued 
 separately, somewhat revised.^' Professor Philippson discussed the Franco- 
 Belgian area, Professor Partsch of Leipzig the eastern front. Professor Krebs 
 the Balkan front, Professor F. Freeh of Breslau the Armenian and Meso- 
 potamian area, Professor Mecking the Channel, the North Sea, and the 
 
 1914; idem: Landwirtschaftlicher Atlas des Russischcn Reiches in Europa und Asien, 30 maps, Berlin, 1916. 
 
 8' Die Geographic als Wissenschaft und Lehrfach: Zehn geographische Abende im Zentralinstitut fUr 
 Erziehung und Unterricht, Berlin, 1919. 
 
 "A. Philippson: Ferdinand von Richtofen als akademischer Lehrer, Ceogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 26, 1920, pp. 
 257-272; Alfred Rilhl: Theobald Fischer als akademischer Lehrer, ibid.. Vol. 27, 1921, pp. 29-33; Hans Steffen: 
 Erinnerungen an Alfred Kirchhoff als Methodiker der Geographie und als Universitatslehrer, ibid.. Vol. 25, 
 1919, pp. 289-302. 
 
 '» Hermann Wagner: Der geographische Universitatsunterricht in GSttingen, ibid.. Vol. 25. 1919. pp. 1-20 
 and 97-106; A. Philippson: Die Geographie an der Universitat Bonn, Die Nalunvissenschaften, Vol. 7, 1919, 
 pp. 561-571. 
 
 »o Festband Albrecht Penck, Stuttgart, 1918 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 10, 1920, pp. 249-261); ZwSlf 
 ISnderkundliche Studien von SchUlern Alfred Hettners ihrem Lehrer zum 60. Geburtstag, Breslau, 192 1; 
 Festschrift Eduard Hahn zum 60. Geburtstag, Stuttgart, 1917. 
 
 •'Alfred Hettner: FUnfundzwanzig Jahre "Geographische Zeitschrift," Ceogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 26, 1920, pp. 
 1-8. 
 
 " Vol. 38 for 1915-18, Gotha, 1918-20. 
 
 *' .\. Hettner, edit.: Die Kriegsschauplatze. Leipzig, 1915-18.
 
 446 THK GEOGRArmCAL REVIEW 
 
 Baltic. During the Gemum occupation of Poland a Geographical Commis- 
 sion was appointed under tJie direction of Professor M. Friederichsen 
 of the University of Konigsberg, later of Dr. E. Wunderlich, at present 
 at the School of Technology in Stuttgart on leave of absence from the 
 University of Berlin. After preliminary publications, which included a 
 discussion of each aspect of Russian Poland's geography, culminating in 
 its division into natural regions, ^^ a handbook was issued which constitutes 
 a scientific regional geography of the area.'* This was followed by a series 
 of separate monographs, a number of which, on the vegetation of Russian 
 Poland, on the cities of Poland and Lithuania, on the geographical source 
 material on Poland, etc., were published'^ and others projected. Of none 
 of the other areas occupied by the Germans was so systematic an investiga- 
 tion undertaken, partly because of the march of events, although Geograph- 
 ical Commissions were appointed in Rumania and Macedonia. Nevertheless 
 good geographical work was carried out, as by Dr. W. Behrmann of Berlin 
 in Rumania''^ and Dr. Walther Penck, who for a time was professor of 
 geography at the University of Constantinople, in the Bosporus region 
 and Asia Minor.^* Professor Friederichsen had preceded his Polish work 
 by an excellent little book on the marginal regions of Russia. '^ The cam- 
 paigns in German Southwest Africa^^" and German East Africa^"^ have 
 been discussed from the geographical standpoint. Several articles deal 
 with war mapping and its geographical bearing.^'^^ ^^^ important work 
 which had been prepared by the German War Ofifice before the war, but 
 which was only released to the public after the conflict, is a contoured 
 topographic map on the scale of i : 100,000 in 326 sheets of Russian Poland 
 and the Baltic Provinces.^"^ It was based on a Russian map not made public 
 in I : 42,000 and i : 84,000, reductions of the original plane table sheets in 
 
 •* E. Wunderlich, K. Siche, F. Pax, Ferdinand Pax, Arved Schultz, H. Praesent: Die natiirliche Gliederung 
 Polens, Zeitschr. Gesell. fur Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1917, PP. 269-310 and 446-456. 
 
 ** E. Wunderlich, edit.: Handbuch von Polen (Kongress-Polen) : Beitrage zu einer allgemeinen Landeskunde, 
 and edit., Berlin, 1918 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 9, 1920, pp. 215-216). 
 
 * Veroffentlichungen der Landeskundlichen Kommission beim Kaiserlich Deutschen Generalgouvernement 
 Warschau: Beitrage zur Polnischen Landeskunde: Reihe A (Fachwissenschaftliche Monographieen als Erganz- 
 ungen zum Handbuch), No. i; Reihe B (Fiir weitere Kreise bestimmte Einzelschriften), Nos. 1-6, Berlin, 
 1917-18. 
 
 " Die Landschaften Rumaniens, Zeitschr. Gesell. fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1919. PP- 29-4Si with physiographic 
 map. 
 
 *« E. g. Grundziige der Geologic des Bosporus, Veroffentl. Inst, fiir Meereskunde Univ. Berlin; N. F., Geogr.- 
 nalurwiss. Reihe No. 4, Berlin, 1919; Bau und Oberflachenformen der Dardanellenlandschaft, Zeitschr. Gesell. 
 fur Erdkunde :u Berlin, 1917, pp. 30-49; Zur Landeskunde von Thrazien, ibid., igig, pp. 358-370. 
 
 »• Die Grenzmarken des Europaischen Russlands: Ihre geographische Eigenart und ihre Bedeutung fur 
 den Weltkrieg, Hamburg, 1915 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. i, 1916, pp. 473-474). 
 
 100 Fritz Jaeger: Deutsch Sudwest-Afrika als Kriegsschauplatz, Geogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 26, 1920, pp. 201-206. 
 
 "» E. Krenkel: Der ostafrikanische Kriegsschauplatz, ibid., pp. 105-117, with map; Gov. Schnee: Deutsch- 
 Ostafrika wahrend des Weltkrieges, Zeitschr. Gesell. fiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1919, pp. 1-17. 
 
 "«Max Eckert: Die Kartographie im Kriege, Geogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 26, 1920, pp. 273-286, 316-324, Vol. 27. 
 1921, pp. 18-28; idem: Luftbildaufnahme und Kartenherstellung, ibid.. Vol. 27, 1921, pp. 241-260; E. Pels: 
 Das Kriegsvermessungswesen in Dienste der Geographic, Pelermanns Mitt., Vol. 6s, 1919. PP- 81-89; E. Ewald: 
 Die Flugzeugphotographie im Dienste der Geographic, ibid.. Vol. 66, 1920, pp. 1-6. 
 
 "' Karte des westlichen Russlands, i : 100,000, 326 sheets. Bearbeitet von der Kartographischen Abteilung 
 der Landesaufnahme. Index map in i : 2,750,000, in catalogue entitled "Karten und wissenschaftliche Veroffent- 
 lichungen der Landesaufnahme," Berlin, 1920. Sections from this map will be found in "Handbuch von Polen," 
 2nd edit.. Pis. i, 2, 4, s, 7.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 447 
 
 I : 21,000/"^ and formed a direct continuation, on the same scale, of the 
 topographic map of Germany. It is understood that both armies, the 
 Russian and the Gennan, fought by it, the former by the original, the latter 
 by the recompilation. 
 
 Work in Regional Geography 
 
 In the field of regional geography several systematic works may be 
 mentioned. With different emphasis Professors W. Ule and Gustav Braun 
 have treated the geography of Germany.^ "^ In a shorter work on a related 
 topic^"^ Professor Braun has outlined the methods followed in the larger 
 book. In the model series of regional geographies edited by Professor 
 Penck, which began with Professor Krebs's excellent book on the Austrian 
 Alps,^°^ a second volume has appeared, by Professor Machatschek of Prague, 
 on Russian Turkestan (see footnote 382). Volumes are contemplated, it 
 is understood, on the East Indies by Professor W. Volz of Breslau, on the 
 Aegean region by Professor Philippson, and on the Low Countries by 
 Professor Oestreich of Utrecht. Professor Hettner, always a strong advocate 
 of regional geography as the main aim of geographical investigation — a 
 conviction shared by the majority of leading geographers of Germany — ■ 
 will soon publish the section on Asia in his standard "Grundzuge der Lander- 
 kunde." At the same time abridged editions of this and the previously 
 published section on Europe will appear. His geography of Russia, originally 
 published in 1905, has appeared much enlarged in a third edition. ^"^ Early 
 in the war Professor Philippson published a brief geography of Turkey^"' 
 which has been characterized as exemplary. He has recently published a 
 series of maps in i : 900,000, with notes, summarizing the results of his 
 comprehensive studies in western Asia Minor. They show relief, physiog- 
 raphy, vegetation, and ethnography."^^" In this connection mention should 
 be made of a map of Asiatic Turkey, with substantiating text, showing the 
 status of topographical knowledge of that area in 1914."^ It shows in greater 
 detail, both as to quality of survey and scale, what was represented on an 
 
 K" Handbuch von Polen, 2nd edit., pp. 24-23. 
 
 105 w. Ule: Das Deutsche Reich: Eine geographische Landeskunde. Leipzig, 191S; G. Braun: Deutschland, 
 dargestellt auf Grand eigener Beobachtung, der Karten, und der Literatur, i vol. text, I vol. maps and diagrs, 
 Berlin, 1916 (reviewed in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 10, 1920, pp. 52-53). 
 
 '»« Mitteleuropa und seine Grenzmarken: Ein Hilfsbuch fUr geographische Studien und Exkursionen (in 
 series: Wissenschaft und Bildung, No. 141), Leipzig, 1917. 
 
 '»' Landerkunde der osterreichischen Alpen, Stuttgart, 1913 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 2, 1916, pp. 
 317-319). 
 
 '»' Russland: Eine geographische Betrachtung von Volk, Staat, und Kultur: Dritte erweiterte Auflage 
 des Werkes "Das europaische Russland," Leipzig, 1916. 
 
 '"» Das tUrkische Reich: Eine geographische Ubersicht (in series: Deutsche Orient BUcherei, No. i2),Weimar, 
 191S. 
 
 "» In Petermanns Mill., as follows: relief in altitude tints. Vol. 67, 1921, PI. 9 (text p. 123); physiography. 
 Vol. 66, 1920, PI. 31 (text, pp. 197-202); vegetation. Vol. 65, 1919. PI- 18 (text, pp. 168-173. 204-207); ethnog- 
 raphy, ibid., PI. 3 (text pp. 17-19). 
 
 '" H. Fischer: Geschichte der Kartographie von Vorderasicn, Petermanns Mill., Vol. 66, 1920, pp. 82-89. 
 164-166, 203-20S, 219-225, with map in i : 3,700,000.
 
 44S THE GEOC.RArillCAl, REVIEW 
 
 earlier map by Dr. Hogarth."- A considerable portion of the area correctly 
 marked on the present map as unexplored or based on reconnaissance maps 
 only, especially in Aniionia and Kurdistan, has since been covered by the 
 valuable contoured topographic map in i : 200,000, based on original 
 surveys, which was published by the Turkish General Staff during the war. 
 Germany's interest in the geography of her Near Eastern ally is further 
 betokened by a book by E. Banse,''* with which readers of the Review are 
 familiar from its di\'ision of the area into natural regions, and by one by 
 Professor Kurt Hassert of the Polytechnic Institute of Dresden, w^hich 
 emphasizes the economic geography.'** Among a younger group of geog- 
 raphers who have specialized in certain regions from personal observation 
 may be mentioned Professor F. Thorbecke of the University of Cologne, 
 the publication of the results of whose travels in Cameroons have recently 
 been completed;'^* Dr. Leo Waibel, also of Cologne, w^ho has caught the 
 spirit of the South African veld;"^ Dr. Arved Schultz, who knows the 
 Pamir and Turkestan;"^ and Dr. Richard Pohle, who deals W'ith Eastern 
 Europe and Siberia."^ The late Professor Emil Deckert of the University 
 of Frankfort contributed two studies during the war in his special field, 
 the economic geography of the Anglo-Saxon world. "^ Professor Hassert 
 has also recently written an economic geography of the United States, *-° 
 in the preparation of which he had the assistance of Dr. Martha Krug 
 Genthe, the German geographer who lived for a time in the United States. 
 Of the geography of South America by Professor W. Sievers of the Uni- 
 versity"^ of Giessen, the leading German authority on that subject, who died 
 in June 1921,^-* a third edition appeared in 1914.^22 j^ j^g-^ (tenth) edition 
 of Stieler's atlas is in preparation^^' W'hich involves a thorough revision; 
 
 I" D. G. Hogarth: Problems in Exploration: I, Western Asia, Ceogr. Journ., Vol. 32, 1908, pp. 5*9-570, 
 with map in i : 10,000,000. 
 
 '"Die Tiirkei: Eine modeme Geographie, with map in i : 5,000,000, Brunswick, 1919 (see E. C. Semple: 
 The Regional Geography of Turkey: A Review of Banse's Work, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 338-350, with 
 map, I : 7,000,000). 
 
 "* I>as Tiirkische Reich, politisch, geographisch, und wirtschaftlich, Tubingen, 1918. 
 
 "* Im Hochland von Mittel-Kamerun, in 3 parts, Abhandl. Hamburg. Kolonialinst., Vols. 21, 36, 41, Ham- 
 burg, 1914, 1916, 1919. See also his Das tropische West- und Mittel-Afrika, Ceogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 21, 1915, 
 PP- 372-394 and 443-453- 
 
 in Der Mensch im siidafrikanischen Veld, Ceogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 26, 1920, pp. 26-50 and 79-89; see also his 
 book Urwald, Veld, Wuste, 206 pp., Breslau, 1921. 
 
 "'E.g. Landeskundliche Forschungen in Pamir, Abhandl. Hamburg. Kolonialinst., Vol. 33, 1916; Die 
 natiirlichen Landschaften von Russisch Turkestan, Abhandl. aus dem Cebiet der Auslandskunde, Hamburg. 
 Univ. (continuation of preceding series) , Vol. 2, 1920 (reviewed in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 151-152). 
 
 "8R. Pohle and H. Heyde: Volkerkarte von Osteuropa, r : 6,000,000, Berlin, [1919]; R- Pohle: Beitrage 
 zur Kenntnis der westsibirischen Tiefebene, Zeitschr. Cesell. iiir Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1918, p. i ff., 1919, pp. 
 395-442; idem: Sibirien als Wirtschaftsraum, 66 pp., Bonn, 1921 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 
 149-IS1). 
 
 "• Die Lander Kordamerikas in ihrer wirtschaftsgeographischen Ausriistung, Vienna, 1916; Das britische 
 Weltreich: Ein politisch- und wirtschaftsgeographisches Charakterbild, Vienna, 1916. 
 
 "0 Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika als politische und wirtschaftliche Weltmacht geographisch be- 
 trachtet, 315 pp., Tubingen, 1922. 
 
 ■^i See biographical notice in Pelermanns Milt., Vol. 67. 1921, p. 163. 
 
 "'Siid- und Mittelamerika (in series: AUgemeine Landerkunde edit, by W. Sievers), 3rd edit., Leipzig, 
 1914 (reviewed in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 6, 1918, p. 439). 
 
 "» H. Haack: Die Hundertjahr-Ausgabe von Stielers Handatlas, Pelermanns Mitt., Vol. 67, 192 1, pp. 10-22 , 
 with sample map on PI. 3.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 449 
 
 for instance, the sheets for the United States are being redrawn from 
 reductions of the topographic sheets of the U. S. Geological Survey where 
 available. A new (seventh) edition has also appeared of Andree's Handatlas; 
 likewise Danish-Norwegian and Swedish editions. 
 
 Post- War Arrangements 
 
 After a lapse of seven instead of the customary two years the twentieth 
 Meeting of German Geographers was held in Leipzig in May, 192 1.^^^ The 
 majority of the topics discussed in the papers presented have already, in 
 mentioning the work of various geographers, been indirectly touched upon. 
 Reference to several arrangements resulting from post-war conditions 
 may, however, be of interest. For greater economy of effort and better 
 co-operation a union of all the German and Austrian geographical societies 
 has been created. Similarly, resolutions were passed to establish a central 
 clearing house for foreign periodicals, from which each institution not receiv- 
 ing certain series and unable to subscribe for them may borrow the desired 
 publications. As to German production, at least doctor's dissertations are 
 curtailed for the present, as the universities have, because of the high cost, 
 waived the requirement that they be printed. Another resolution passed 
 calls on German map publishers to show the territories lost by Germany, 
 including her former colonies, on all maps of the relevant areas, including 
 school maps. In connection with the meeting there was an exhibition at 
 the Deutsche Biicherei, a new library building which was built in 1913-16 
 to accommodate all publications in German from 1913 on. Two special 
 publications deal with the map collection of the library and with the map 
 exhibits prepared for the meeting.^^^ 
 
 Italy 
 
 Of two of the four countries of Europe which lead in geography we now 
 have excellent modern accounts of the development of the subject: one, 
 concise, on France, by Professor de Martonne, to which reference has already 
 been made;^^^ the other, somewhat fuller, on Italy, by Professor Roberto 
 Almagik of the University of Rome.^^^ Each contains an invaluable list of 
 the most important contributions to geography produced in that country; 
 the works thus grouped together for each country practically constitute the 
 body of its modern geographic thought. Professor Almagitl's book makes 
 it unnecessary here even to outline Italy's development, so illuminating 
 
 '2< For an account see P. Langhans and H. Degner: Die 20. Tagung des Deutschen Geographentages zu 
 Leipzig in der Pfingstwoche, 1921, Pelermanns Milt., Vol. 67, 1921, pp. 1 17-122 and 150-152. 
 
 »25*^an3 Praesent, edit: Bcitrage zur deutschen Kartographie, im Auftrage der Deutschen Bachcrci heraus- 
 gegeben, 160 pp., Leipzig, 192 1; Geographische Ausstellung des Deutschen Buchgcwcrbevcreins,mit Bcitrjigcn 
 zur Entwicklung des Hand- und Schulatlas, des Reisehandbuches, und des geographischen Schulbuches, 57 pp.. 
 Leipzig, 192 1. 
 
 '» Under "France," footnote 35. 
 
 '" La geografia (series: Profili Bibliografici de I'ltalia Che Scrive), 109 pp.. Istituto per la Propaganda della 
 Cuitura Italiana, Rome, 1919.
 
 450 THE GEOGR.\PHICAL REVIEW 
 
 and so encouraging for other countries fliat are striving to reach a higher 
 status in our subject. Suftice it here to say that, as in France, this develop- 
 ment centers mainly about one man, Giuseppe Dalla Vedova.'*^ Like his 
 French contemporan**, \'idal de la Blache, he had the satisfaction of seeing 
 his work carried on in the hands of his pupils — and these include the 
 majority of the men who are advancing the subject in Italy today. He died 
 in 1919 at the age of 85.*-' Another who helped usher in the new movement 
 was Giovanni Marinelli (1840-1900),"" known for his comprehensive 
 compendium of general and regional geography ("La Terra," 8 vols., Milan, 
 iS83-i90i\ The second volume of his collected papers, "' on the geography 
 of Italy and pedagogical questions, has recently appeared. 
 
 Geography is represented at twelve of Italy's universities. This prac- 
 tically constitutes the maximum number possible, as, in its modern aspect 
 as a unit subject, it comes under the jurisdiction of the Faculty of Letters 
 and, of the twenty-one Italian universities (including the four "free" uni- 
 versities), nine have no Faculty of Letters. One of the twelve (Parma) 
 has no geography in the Faculty of Letters; the subject is there only repre- 
 sented as physical geography in the Faculty of Science. Except for this 
 vacancy, geography enjoys maximum representation at the universities. 
 In addition it is taught at several other higher institutions. This condition 
 is indicative of the high state of development of geography in Italy. 
 
 Geography in Rome 
 
 At the Lniversity of Rome Professor Almagia occupies the chair of 
 geography."- He is a pupil of Dalla Vedova and has been productive in 
 many branches of geography, but more particularly on the historical and 
 human sides. He has written on the theory of tides in antiquity and the 
 Middle Ages and dealt with the history of Italian cartography."^ Among 
 
 l?» A selection from his works, with a complete list of his writings to 1912 is given in: Giuseppe Dalla Vedova: 
 Scritti geografici (1863-1913) scelti, coordinati, e ripubblicati a cura d'un comitato di geografici, Novara and 
 Rome, 1914. His last work should also be consulted: La geografia nella vita e nella scuola moderna, Nuova 
 AnMogia, August, 1918. Some of the work of his pupils is illustrated in the memorial volume on the fiftieth 
 anniversarj- of his career as a teacher: Scritti di geografia e di storia della geografia concernenti I'ltalia pubblicati 
 in onore di Giuseppe Dalla Vedova, Florence, 1908. 
 
 "• For biographies see Filippo Porena: Giuseppe Dalla Vedova, Geographen Kalender, Vol. s, 1907, Gotha, 
 pp. 2-27; idem: L'Opera di Giuseppe Dalla Vedova, in the memorial volume mentioned in the preceding foot- 
 note, pp. ix-xxxi; L. F. De Magistris: Giuseppe Dalla Vedova, 16 pp., Calendario-Atlanle De Agostini for 
 1914, Novara, 1914; Roberto Almagia: Giuseppe Dalla Vedova, Boll. Reale Soc. Geogr. Ital., Vol. 57, 1920. 
 pp. 31-SO. 
 
 "* Cf. the biography by Attilio Mori, Riv. Geogr. Didatt., Vol. i, 1917, No. i, in the series published by that 
 journal on the leading geographers of the last fifty years. 
 
 "*' Scritti minori di Giovanni Marinelli: Vol. i, Metodo e storia della geografia, Florence, 1908; Vol. 2, 
 Geografia italiana e questione didattiche, Florence, 192 1. 
 
 "* On the geography department at Rome cf. Roberto Almagia: II gabinetto di geografia della R. Universita 
 di Roma, 13 pp., Citta di Castello, 1921. On his appwintment to the chair in Rome see La Geografia (Novara), 
 Vol. 4, 1916, pp. 146-147. The reports of the nominating committees there reproduced (pp. 140-147) from the 
 official bulletin of the Ministry of Public Instruction give an insight into the work of several of the leading 
 geographers at the universities. 
 
 "•La dottrina della marea nell'antichita classica e nel Medio Evo, 139 pp., Mem. Reale Accad. Lineei: 
 Classe Set. Fis., Rome, 1905; La cartografia deU' Italia nel Cinquecento, Riv. Geogr. Hal., Vol. 21, 1914, pp. 
 640-653; Vol. 22, 191S, pp. 1-26.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 451 
 
 his recent publications are a succinct life of Columbus treated in a geo- 
 graphical manner,^** and a paper on the content of human geography.^^^ 
 Lectures on meteorology are given at the university by Dr. Filippo Eredia 
 of the Italian Meteorological Office, who has recently written on the climate 
 of Tripoli and the rainfall of Palestine,^^ The representative of geography 
 at the Normal School in Rome, Professor Assunto Mori, has made a dis- 
 tinctive contribution in publishing a systematic atlas in which the various 
 elements of geography, such as relief, climate, human distribution, economic 
 conditions are represented both as general phenomena and in their applica- 
 tion to different regions. The volume so far published^^^ covers general 
 geography and western and southern Europe. 
 
 Florence as a Geographical Center 
 
 Florence is one of the most important geographical centers in Italy. At 
 the Institute of Higher Studies geography is represented by Professor Olinto 
 Marinelli, son of Giovanni Marinelli, and known for his numerous and 
 fruitful investigations. As joint editor, with Professor Attilio Mori of the 
 University of Messina, of the Revista Geografica Italiana, he has exercised 
 great influence on the development of modern geography in Italy. Of his 
 numerous recent publications there can only be mentioned two physio- 
 graphic studies, ^^^ several papers dealing with the conception of the natural 
 region,"^ a paper on the peoples of the contact zone of northern Italy from 
 Nice to the Quarnero,"" an economic classification of cities,^^^ and a history 
 of the development of isometric lines, such as isotherms, etc."^ Associated 
 with Professor Marinelli are Professors Sebastian Crino and Luigi Gianni- 
 trapani. Professor Crin6, author of an anthropogeographic study of Etna,^*' 
 is the editor of a new journal devoted to the teaching of geography, Rivista 
 di Geografia Didattica, which has appeared since 191 7. A paper of his on 
 the distribution of population over the earth^^^ may be noted. Professor 
 
 '*' Cristoforo Colombo (in series: Profili), 78 pp., Rome, 1918. 
 
 "5 La geografia umana, La Geografia, Vol. 4, 1916, pp. 366-387. _} 
 
 ■" Climatologia di Tripoli e Bengasi, Monogr. e Rapp. Colon. No. 4, Rome, 1917; Le precipitazioni acquee 
 in Palestina, Boll. Reale Soc. Geogr. Ital., Vol. 57, 1920, pp. 259-270. 
 
 1" Atlante di geografia fisica, politica, ed economica: Fascicolo i, 18 plates with over 300 maps and diagrs., 
 Turin, etc., 1918. 
 
 "ss La regione del Monte Amiata, Mem. Geogr. No. 30, Florence, 1919; Fenomeni carsici nelle regione gessose 
 d'ltalia, ibid. No. 34, 1917. 
 
 139 Sul concetto di regione naturale, Riv. Geogr. Didatt., Vol. 4, 1920, No. s; II Friuli come tipo di regione 
 naturale, ibid.. Vol. l, 1917; Sopra le regioni ed i confini naturali con particolari cenni relativi all'Italia, .Vppendl.x 
 I (pp. 1 14-122) to a general paper on the geographical situation in Italy: La geografia in Italia, Riv. Geogr. 
 Ital., Vol. 23, 1916, pp. 1-24 and 113-131. 
 
 '"The Regions of Mixed Populations in Northern Italy, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 7. I9i9. PP- 129-148, with ethno- 
 graphic map, I : 1,500,000. 
 
 '" Dei tipi econoraici dei centri abitati a proposito di alcune citta italiane ed americane, Riv. Geogr. Ital., 
 Vol. 23, 1916, pp. 413-431. 
 
 '" Appunti storici e didattici sulle curve isometriche, Riv. Geogr. Didalt., Vol. 4, 1920, No. 6; Vol. s, 1921, 
 No. I. 
 
 i" L'Etna: Saggio antropogeografico, 28 pp., Messina, 1907. 
 
 "* Osservazioni intorno alia distribuzione della popolazionc sulla superficie tcrrestre, Riv, Geogr. Didatt., 
 Vol. I, 1917.
 
 452 THE CFOCRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 ^.luinnitiapani, author ol a ii-i;u)iial luoiiograph on Savoy, "^ has dealt 
 with the methods of study of regional geography.'''® Florence is also the 
 headquarters of the Istituto Geografico Militare, which, under the energetic 
 direction of General N. Vacchelli, is making valuable contributions to 
 geography even beyond its regular output of topographic and other maps. 
 In 11)20 this office began the publication of a monthly journal called 
 L'lvivcrso, which contains geographical articles of general interest, more 
 especially dealing with mapping. Among articles of the latter type, for 
 example, has appeared one on material of such relatively difficult access as 
 the topographic maps of Turkey."" This appropriateness of Florence made 
 it the city that was chosen for the eighth Italian Geographical Congress, 
 which was held there from March 29 to April 23, 1921."^ No congress had 
 been held since 1910, in Palermo. Dr. F. de Filippi spoke on the publication 
 of the results of the Duke of Abruzzi's expeditioh to the Karakorum."' 
 Count Cesare Calciati, who is a pupil of Professor Girardin of Fribourg, 
 Switzerland, reported on his recent glacial studies during the expedition 
 to the Himalayas under the auspices of M. Piacenza.^^" Professor Marinelli 
 outlined the plan of a comprehensive physical and anthropological atlas of 
 Itah', and the Italian Touring Club, well known for the publication of an 
 admirable map of Italy in i : 250,000 and detailed provincial guide books 
 of Italy, exhibited the first sheets of the large general atlas which it is 
 bringing out.^^' 
 
 Other University Geographers 
 
 Among other leading geographers at the universities should be mentioned 
 Professor Giotto Dainelli of Pisa, editor of Memorie Geografiche, the series 
 of monographs supplementary^ to the Revista Geografica Italiana, to w'hich 
 he has himself recently contributed an excellent discussion, valuable from 
 the standpoint of method, of population distribution in Tuscany,^"- besides 
 publishing a regional study of Dalmatia with accompanying atlas ;'^' 
 Professor Carlo Errera of the University of Bologna, known for his history 
 of the age of discovery, who has recently studied the Italian-Slav contact 
 zone on the eastern side of the Adriatic^^* and published an excellent concise 
 
 >** La Savoia: Monografia geograficai Boll. Reale Soc. Geogr. Jtal., Vol. 52, 1915, pp. 31-68. 
 
 >*• II metodo negli studi di geografia regionale, Riv. Geogr. Ital., Vol. 26, 1919. PP- 1-27. See also his: 
 Monografie regional!, Riv. Geogr. Didatt., Vol. i, 1917. No. 4. 
 
 "' II Ser\-izio Topografico nell' Impero Ottomano e la moderna cartografia turco, L'Universo, Vol. i, 1920, 
 pp. 127-136, with several maps, including indexes of the i : 25,000-50,000 and i : 200,000 series (cf. p-448, top). 
 
 "^ Riv. Ceogr. Ital., Vol. 28, 1921, pp. 1-8; Roberto Almagia, Petermanns Milt., Vol. 67, 1921, p. 129. 
 
 M» La spedizione nel Karakorum e nell' Imalaja occidentale, 1909: Relazione dell Dott. Filipix) de Filippi, 
 illustr. di Vittorio Sella, i vol. text and case of panoramas and maps, Bologna, 1920). 
 
 •*" Cesare Calciati: Cenno sui risultati geografici della spedizione Mario Piacenza in Himalaja, Milan, 1921, 
 with map, i : 100,000, of glaciers explored. 
 
 "' R. Almagia: Un grande atlante geografico italiano, Riv. Ceogr. Ital., Vol. 24, 1917. Pp. 353-357; L. V. 
 Bertarelli: L'attiviti geografica del Touring Club Italiano nel decennio 1910-20; II grande Atlante Interna- 
 zionale del T. C. I. (Nota per I'VIII Congr. Geogr. Ital.), 32 pp., Florence, 1921. 
 
 "' La distribuzione della popolazione in Toscana, Mem. Geogr. No. 33, 260 pp., Florence, 191 7. with 3 map6 
 showing population in relation to area and altitude, and the location and size of agglomerations. 
 
 "• La Dalmazia, i vol. text, 73 pp., and atlas of 22 plates with 60 maps, Novara, 1918. 
 
 •*< Italiani e Slavi nella Venezia Giulia, Quaderni Ceogr. No. p, Novara, 1918; La lingua dei pubblici uffici 
 nei comuni dalmaii trent' anni fa, Riv. Geogr. Ital., Vol. 27, 1920, pp. 47-53.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 453 
 
 account of Italy and its regions ;^^^ Professor Arrigo Lorenzi of Padua, whose 
 latest anthropogeographical study deals with man and the forest/^^ and 
 Professor Luigi De Marchi of the same university, who has recently added 
 a concise manual of physical geography^^^ to his earlier comprehensive 
 treatise on that subject^^^ and written a valuable discussion of the karst 
 hydrography of the Asiago Plateau ;^^^ Professor Attilio Mori of Messina, 
 who deals with population distribution in Sicily ;^^'' Professor C. Colamonico 
 of Naples, who has made intensive studies of the population of the provinces 
 of Puglia and Lecce in relation to elements of physical geography ;i^i Pro- 
 fessor Cosimo Bertacchi of Turin, who recently wrote a short paper on 
 Armenia;'^- Professor Mario Baratta of Pavia, editor of the excellent 
 educational journal La Geografia, who has recently added to his general 
 studies of the "natural" eastern boundary of Italy in the Karst region^^' an 
 investigation of the critical Adelsberg area.^** 
 
 At the Accademia Scientifico-Letteraria of Milan geography is represented 
 by Professor Giuseppe Ricchieri, who has long devoted himself to developing 
 the methods of geography. During the war he published a paper on the 
 geographical basis of Poland. ^^^ Associated with him as instructor is Paolo 
 Revelli, who has recently writtwi a paper on Italian influence in the develop- 
 ment of political geography as a science^^^ and a book on the relation of 
 Italy to the Levant.^" 
 
 Recent Publications 
 
 The following topics of other recent publications will, like the work of 
 the men just discussed, illustrate the high state of development of geography 
 in Italy: the glacier-slip on the Italian side of Mont Blanc in November, 
 iQ2o;^^* forests in relation to stream flow (based on H. M, Chittenden) i^"^ 
 the historical development, content, and present tendencies of plant geog- 
 raphy ,^^° and the phytogeographical and zoogeographical position of the 
 
 1" L'ltalia e le sue region!, 40 pp., Bologna, 1919. 
 
 156 L'uomo e le foreste, Riv. Geogr. Ital., Vol. 25, 1918, pp. 141-180, 213-242, Vol. 26, 1919, pp. 47-57- 
 
 '5' Geografia fisice e geologia, 244 pp., Milan, 1917. 
 
 '"'Trattato di geografia fisica, 503 pp., Milan, 1902. 
 
 '*'Suir idrografia carsica dell' Altipiano del Sette Comuni, Ufficio Idrogr. Pubbl. No. 22, Venice, 19H. 
 
 i«o La distribuzione della popolazione in Sicilia e le sue variazoni negli ultimi quattro seculi, Mem. Geogr. 
 No. 36, Florence, 1920. 
 
 in La distribuzione delle popolazione nella Puglia centrale e meridionale secondo la natura del suolo, BoU. 
 Reale Soc. Geogr. Ital., Vol. 53, 1916, pp. 201-234, 274-305, 403-429; La distribuzione della popolazione in 
 Puglia secondo la distanza dal mare, ibid., Vol. 55, 1918, pp. 373-393, 597-622, 760-780; Zona di piovositd e 
 densita di popolazione nella provincia di Lecce, Riv. Geogr. Ilal., Vol. 24, 1917, pp. i6i-i8o. 
 
 "2 L'Armenia: Una Polonia asiatica, Quaderni Geogr. No. 2, Novara, 1918. 
 
 '«' Confine orientale d'ltalia, Quaderni Geogr. No. 3, Novara, 1918, with two maps, i : 500,000 and 
 I : 250,000. 
 
 '" La circolaziofie interna delle acque ed il confine orientale d'ltalia. La Geografia, Vol. 8, 1920, pp. 134-145 
 (the region dealt with is shown on the i : 250,000 map of the publication listed in the preceding footnote). 
 
 '•5 Le basi geografiche della nazione polacca. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Hal., Vol. 53, 1916, pp. 306-322 and 385-402. 
 
 "• Le origini italiane delle geografia politica. Boll. Soc. Geogr. Hal., Vol. 55, 1918, pp. 1 18-129, 221-240, 
 394-4'6, 623-636, 728-759. Vol. 56, 1919, 230-243, 279-308, 395-422. 
 
 "' L'ltalia e il mar di Levante, 234 pp., Milan, 1917. 
 
 "' U. Valbusa: La catastrofe del Monte Bianco e del Ghiacciaio della Brcnva, Boll. Soc. Geogr. Hal., Vol. 
 58, 1921, pp. 95-114, 151-162, with photographs. 
 
 '•'A. Scala: Influenza del bosco sul regime delle acque, ibid., pp. 205-224. 
 
 "» A. Beguinot: La fitogeografia: Sviluppo storico, contenuto, e direttive moderne. La Geografia, Vol. 6. 1918, 
 PP- 322-346 and 435-465-
 
 454 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 Atlriatic region'"' U^^^^ papers of Professor Aiitriisto B(f>guinot, botanist at 
 the University of Padua); pastoral-agricultural life, translnimancc, and 
 provincial fairs in Piedmont ;'^^ the diminution of population in Basilicata;^'' 
 mountains as language divides,'"^ by Professor Francesco Musoni of the 
 University of Padua; and the regional geography of Transcaucasia. ^^^ 
 
 In the field of cartography'"^ mention should be made of a new advanced 
 school atlas'"" published by the \vell-kno\vn Istituto Geografico De Agostini, 
 under the editorship of its scientific director, Dr. Luigi Visintin, who 
 studied under Bruckner. A Brazilian edition of this atlas has also appeared. 
 Achille Dardano of the Cartographic Office of the Ministry of Colonies 
 has recently designed a symmetrical-elliptical projection for world economic 
 maps.^"^ A report on topographic mapping in Cyrenaica is of interest."® 
 
 Spain '80 
 
 At the Spanish universities the dualistic conception of geography may be 
 said to prevail, "political and descriptive geography" being taught in the 
 Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, and "cosmography and geophysics" in 
 the Faculty of Science. The really essential part of the subject is that 
 taught in the Faculty of Letters ;^8' it here comes under the history section. 
 The fact that the completion of studies in this section conferred upon the 
 graduate {licenciado) the title of professor of history and geography in the 
 secondary schools and that this led to overburdening the teacher and neg- 
 lecting geography^^^ brought about a movement for the separation of the 
 
 >" Idem: L'ipotesi dell' "Adria" nei rapporti con la corologia delle piante e degli animali, ibid.. Vol. 5, I9I7« 
 pp. 18S-207. 
 
 >'* G. B. Roletto: Ricerche antropogeografiche suUa Val Pellice, Mem. Geogr. No. 35, Florence, 1918 (noticed 
 in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 7, 1919, pp. 265-266); La Valle dell' Orsigna: Appunti di geografia antropica ed economica, 
 Riv. Ceogr. Hal., Vol. 23, 1916, pp. 432-440, Vol. 24, 1917, pp. 24-38; La transumanza in Piemonte, ibid.. 
 Vol. 27, 1920, pp. 114-120, w-ith map; La zona pastorale delle Valli di Lanzo, La Geografia, Vol. 9, 1921, pp. 
 1-25; Le condizione geografiche delle fiere di Pinerolo, ibid., pp. 99-135. 
 
 '"' Paolo De Grazia: La diminuzione delle popolazione in Basilicata, Boll. Soc. Ceogr. Ital., Vol. 58, 1921, 
 pp. 411-440 and 525-553- 
 
 "* F. Musoni: Le linee di cresta dei sistemi montagnosi ed i confini delle aree etnico-linguistiche, Riv. Ceogr. 
 Ital.. Vol. 25, 1918, pp. 166-180. i% 
 
 1" Silvio Govi: Transcaucasia, L'Universo, Vol. I, 1920, pp. 295-319, Vol. 2, 1921, pp. 5-40, 81-120, with 
 mapts of the Caucasus region, mainly in i : 4,000,000, showing geology, relief, hypsometrj', drainage, climate, 
 precipitation, temperature, ethnography, types of cultivation, mineral resources, population density. 
 
 i"« See R. Almagia: La cartografia in Italia, Riv. Geogr. Ital., Vol. 24, 1917, pp. 244-254. 
 
 '"' Atlante geografico metodico, 63 plates, Novara, 1921. 
 
 i'8 Le proiezioni in planisfero per le carte di geografia economica. La Geografia, Vol. 7, 1919. PP- 24-41, with 
 four world maps, i : 200,000,000, in Mollweide's, Aitoff's, Hammer's, and Dardano 's projections. 
 
 1" G. Gianni: I lavori topografici in Cirenaica, L'Universo, Vol. i, 1920, pp. 387-406, with maps. 
 
 IS" On the recent development of geography in this country, see the last chapters in Becker's history of 
 geography in Spain cited in footnote 188 and the relevant papers cited in the footnotes that foUow. .■Xmong 
 expressions of foreign thought exerting an influence on this development it is of interest to note W. S. Tower's 
 I)aper on Scientific Geography in Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc., Vol. 42, 1910, pp. 801-825, which was translated in 
 BU. Real. Soc. Ceogr-, Madrid, Vol. 53, 1911, pp. 129-169, by Vicente Vera, who, on Professor Beltran y Roz- 
 pide'a inability to come, was substituted as Spain's representative on the American Geographical Society's 
 Transcontinental Excursion of 1912, but was likewise unable to attend {Rev. de Geogr. Colon, y Mercantil, publ. 
 by Real Soc Geogr., Madrid, Vol. 9, 1912, pp. 196-197 and 492-493). 
 
 '»' For this reason the universities at which only "cosmography and geophysics" are represented (Granada, 
 Oviedo, Salamanca) are not shown on the accompanying map. 
 _ 'Si cf. G. M. Vergara: Las citedras de geografia e historia de Ics institutes. Rev. de Ceogr. Colon, y Mercantil. 
 Vol. 8, 1911, PP .121-123,
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 455 
 
 two subjects.^^^ In 1914 geography and history were by royal decree estab- 
 lished as separate subjects of study at the reorganized normal schools; like- 
 wise at the Institute del Cardinal Cisneros of Madrid. In 191 5, on the 
 reorganization of the higher commercial studies, a professorship in geography 
 was created at the Escuela Central de Intendentes Mercantiles in Madrid. 
 In this advancement of geography in Spain much is due to the activities 
 of the Council of the Royal Geographical Society of Madrid, and particularly 
 of its secretary-general, Don Ricardo Beltran y Rozpide. His report to the 
 Minister of Education in 1913 on the teaching of geography^^* is one of the 
 important documents of the reform movement. Professor Beltran y R6zpide 
 is also professor of geography at the Escuela de Estudios Superiores del Ma- 
 gisterio in Madrid. Of his guide to the study of geography a new edition has 
 recently appeared. ^^° Among others who have contributed to modernizing 
 geography in Spain are: Professor Odon de Buen, effective protagonist of 
 our subject,*^* to whose efforts is due the creation in 1914 of the Institute 
 Espanol de Oceanografia in Madrid,^^^ with maritime laboratories in the 
 Balearic Islands and at Malaga and Santander; Jeronimo Becker of the 
 Academy of History, author, among other fundamental works, of a compre- 
 hensive history of geography in Spain down to modern times ;^^^ Professor 
 Eloy Bullon of the University of Madrid, who contributed a paper on the 
 present state of geography in Spain ;^^' A. Bartolome y Mis, professor of the 
 industry and commerce of Spain at the aforementioned Escuela Central de 
 Intendentes Mercantiles in Madrid, whose spirited introduction^^" to the 
 book on economic geography of A. Lopez Sanchez, professor of economic 
 geography at the same institution, is a patriotic plea for the advancement of 
 geography in his country's interest; and Antonio Blazquez, librarian of the 
 Royal Geographical Society of Madrid, whose original volume on Spain^^^ 
 in his adaptation of Vidal de la Blache and Camena d'Almeida's textbook 
 
 '8»Cf.the letter of March 3, ign.frora the Royal Geographical Society of Madrid to the Minister of Educa- 
 tion, Rev. de Geogr. Colon, y Mercanlil, Vol. 8, 1911, pp. 81-84. 
 
 '8< La geograf ia y su ensenanza, ibid.. Vol. 10, 1913, pp. 409-441. Second edition published as a 42-page pam- 
 ^hlet, Madrid, 1920. 
 
 18S Geografia: Guia y plan para su estudio, con especial aplicaci6n d la geografia economica, 3 vols.: Vol. I, 
 264 pp., 3rd edition; Vol. 2, 291 pp., 2nd edition, both Madrid, 1920; Vol. 3. ist edition, 196 pp., Madrid, 1917. 
 (See synopsis. Rev. de Geogr. Colon, y Mercanlil, Vol. 17, 1920, pp. 363-364. and review of first edition, ibid.. 
 Vol. 14, 1917. pp. 41-52.) 
 
 '86 Cf . his inaugural address at the opening of the academic year 1909-10 at the University of Barcelona: La 
 ensenanza de la geografia en Espafia, Bol. Real Soc. Geogr., Madrid, Vol. SL 1909, PP. 409-441 (with references 
 to previous papers of importance in the reform movement and a plea for the consideration of oceanography), 
 and a paper read at the fortieth anniversary of the Madrid Geographical Society: La ciencia gcogrAfica en 
 Espafla, ibid.. Vol. s8, 1916, pp. 143-153- 
 
 '" Cf.Odon de Buen: El Instituto Espafiol de Oceanografia y sus primeras campaflas, rraftojoi de Oceanogr. 
 1, Madrid, 1916. 
 r^~ 188 Los estudios geogrSficos en Espafta: Ensayo de una historia de la geografia, 366 pp.. Real. Soc. Geogr., 
 Madrid, 1917. 
 
 '8» Estado actual de la cnseilanza de la geografia en Espafla, Bol. Real Soc. Geogr., Madrid, Vol. 58, 1916, pp. 
 153-170. 
 
 i'" Concepto y valor de la geografia y especialmente de la geografia econ6mica. Rev. de Geogr. Colon, y 
 Mercanlil, Vol. 11, 1914, pp. 409-424. 
 
 '" Antonio Blazquez, jointly with Delgado Aguilera: Espaila y Portugal, Vol. 3 in Curso de Geografia por 
 P. Vidal de la Blache, P. Camena d'Almcida y A. Bldzqucz adaptado & las nccesidadcs de Espafta y America 
 (6 vols., Barcelona, 1913-16), Barcelona, 1914-
 
 456 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 series on geography is one of tlie best modern geographies of that country. 
 The leading part played in the development of the modern scientific spirit 
 in Spain by the Museo Nacional dc Ciencias Naturales in Madrid under the 
 jurisdiction of the Junta para Ampliaci6n de Estudios e Investigaciones 
 Cientfficas redounds to the benefit of geography. In the geological series of 
 publications of the museum has appeared an excellent physical geography of 
 the Iberian peninsula by Juan Dantfn Cereceda,^^* thoroughly modern in 
 method and spirit. Other numbers of geographical interest in the same 
 series deal with the geology of the northern part of the peninsula, with the 
 Quaternary glaciation of the mountains of Spain, and with the geography, 
 including the human geography, of that important life-zone boundary, the 
 Sierra de Guadarrama, at whose southern foot lies Madrid. ^^^ A product of 
 the same school is a recent physiographic paper,^^* with block diagrams, on 
 river capture in the Ronda basin in southern Spain. In the field of plant 
 geography a recent book on the steppes of Spain^^^ by Dr. Reyes y Pr6sper, 
 professor of phytogeography at the University of Madrid, is of much interest. 
 Among the numerous modern geographical works of Emilio H. del Villar 
 there may be mentioned one on the subject-matter of geography and one 
 on the "geographical value" of Spain."^ 
 
 The recent military' operations in Spanish Morocco have focused the 
 country's attention on that region. Among timely publications may be 
 mentioned a comprehensive history of European, especially Spanish, pene- 
 tration in Morocco and a compilation of treaties and laws relating to that 
 countr\' by Jeronimo Becker, ^^^ a prize essay on the geographical, economic, 
 and political aspects of Spanish Morocco,^^* an article by the Spanish 
 Ambassador in London,^^^ a study of the colonization problem,^''" contribu- 
 tions to the geology and physical geography,^''! and two maps.^''^ 
 
 '" Juan Dantin Cereceda: Resuinen fisiografico de la Peninsula Iberica, Trabajos Museo Cienc. Nat. No. p, 
 Madrid, 1912. 
 
 "• E. Hernandez-Pacheco: Ensayo de sintesis geologica del norte de la Peninsula Iberica, ibid.. No. 7, 1912; 
 Hugo Obermaier: — Picos de Europa, — Sierra de Credos, — Sierra Nevada, — Sierra de Guadarrama, ibid.: Serie 
 CeoL, Nos. 9, 14, 17, 19 (see note in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 2, 1916, p. 308); C. Bernaldo de Quiros: Guadarrama, 
 ibid.. No. II, 1915, with bird's-eye view by Juan Carandell. 
 
 '" Juan Carandell: Bosquejo geografico del tajo de Ronda (Malaga), Rev. de Geogr. Colon, y Mercantil, 
 Vol. 18, 1921, pp. 41-54. 
 
 1" E. Reyes y Prosper: Las estepas de Espaiia y su vegetacion, Madrid, 1915. 
 
 •"La definicion y divisiones de la geografia dentro de su concepto unitario actual, Barcelona, 191S; El 
 valor geografico de Espafia: Ensayo de ecetica, 301 pp., Madrid, 1921. 
 
 "' Historia de Marruecos: Apuntes para la historia de la penetracion europea y principalmente de la espanola 
 en el Norte de Africa, Madrid, 1915; Tratados, convenios y acuerdos referentes a Marruecos y a la Guinea Es- 
 panola, Madrid, 191 8. 
 
 198 Abelardo Merino Alvarez: Marruecos, Bol, Real. Soc. Ceogr., Madrid, Vol. 63, 1921, pp. S-168 (see Geogr. 
 Rev., Vol. II, 1921, p. 618). 
 
 "♦ Alfonso Merry del Val: The Spanish Zones in Morocco, Ceogr. Journ., Vol. SS, 1920, pp. 329-349 and 
 409-422 (transl. in Bol. Real. Soc. Geogr., Madrid, Vol. 62, 1920, pp. 205-265, and noticed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 
 II, 1921, pp. 618-619). 
 
 wo L. M. Peinador: El suelo de Marruecos y sus primeros habitantes: Problema hispano-marroqui, Madrid, 
 1920. 
 
 "" Agustin Marin: Estudios relativos a la geologia de Marruecos, Bol. Inst. Ceol. de Espana, Vol. 42, Madrid, 
 1921; L. F. Navarro: Marruecos fisico: Valor economico del protectorado espanol. Rev. de Ceogr. Colon, y Mer- 
 cantil, Vol. 18, 1921, pp. 221-239. 
 
 »<» Ecola y Mendez: ESpana en Marruecos: Mapa de la zona en el norte del iroperio asignada a ESpana 
 sijgun el tratado de 1912, i : 450,000; and J. M. de Gamoneda: Mapa del Imperio de Marruecos, i : 600,000.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 457 
 
 Portugal 
 
 In Portugal the chief geographical centers are the University of Lisbon 
 and the Geographical Society of Lisbon. At the university Professor F. 
 Silva Telles is professor of geography. Professor Telles' views on the content 
 of geography in relation to academic work have been expressed in several 
 papers.2°3 H^ jg q\^q professor of climatology at the School of Tropical Medi- 
 cine in Lisbon. 20* Associated with Professor Telles at the university is Pro- 
 fessor L. F. de Lencastre Schwalbach Lucci, who has done work along mod- 
 ern lines both in physical and human geography. One of his papers is a 
 methodological study of a region from the geographical point of view.'^"' 
 Many of the activities of the Geographical Society of Lisbon are associated 
 with the name of its secretary-general, Ernesto de Vasconcellos, who is also 
 attached to the Colonial School in Lisbon. Professor Vasconcellos was a 
 delegate to the recent disarmament conference in Washington, and the 
 members of the Association of American Geographers had the pleasure of 
 hearing him read a paper on the early Portuguese discoveries at their 1921 
 meeting in that city. Among Professor Vasconcellos' recent publications 
 may be mentioned a paper on Portuguese geographical work since 18892"* 
 and a series of geographical monographs on the Portuguese colonies, of which 
 the numbers on the Cape Verde Islands and Portuguese Guinea have ap- 
 peared.2°^ Of the special publications of the Lisbon society a volume con- 
 taining papers on colonial and economic questions in preparation for post- 
 war conditions'"^ is of interest. Besides these institutions geography is also 
 represented at the School of Commerce in Lisbon, at which Professor J. G. 
 Pereira dos Santos gives courses in economic geography; at the University 
 of Coimbra, where Professor A. F. Carvalho teaches both geography in the 
 Faculty of Letters and geology in the Faculty of Science; and the University 
 of Oporto, where Professor Mendes Correa's anthropological work has geo- 
 graphical bearing, particularly his recent book on race and nationality, with 
 special reference to Portugal.'"^ A work of outstanding merit, in some phases 
 even taking on the aspect of a social philosophy without thereby digressing 
 from its central theme, is Dr. D. G. Dalgado's book on the climate of Por- 
 tugal.210 
 
 "' L'enseignement superieur de la geographic, Compte Rendu Trav. IX' Congr. Internall. de Giogr., Vol. 3. 
 pp. 271-280, Geneva, 1911; and O conceito scientifico da geografia. Rev. Univ. Coimbra, Vol. 4, No. i, 
 
 1915. 
 
 -'^ This aspect of his work is reflected in: Le rfigionalisme climatologique, Compte Rendu Trav. IX' Congr. 
 Internall. de Ceogr., Vol. 2, pp. 473-478, Geneva, 1910. 
 
 20iEstudo met6dico de uma regiao no ponto de vista geogrdfico, Lisbon. Other works: Estudos geogrdficos 
 AlteracOea litorais; A ria de Aveiro), 70 pp., Lisbon, 1918; EmigragSo e colonizac5o, los pp., Lisbon, 
 
 1914- 
 
 2M Les voyages et Ics travaux geographiques des portugais dcpuis I'annfie 1889, Atti del X Congr. Intetnaz. di 
 Ceogr., pp. 319-334. Rome, 191s. 
 
 "' Colonias Portugucsas: Estudo elementar de geografia flsica, econ6mica, e politica: I, Archipelago de 
 Cabo Verde, Lisbon, 1916; II, Guin6 Portuguesa, Lisbon, 191 7- 
 
 208 QuestCes colonials e ccon6mica8: ConclusOes e pareceres, I9i3-I9'9. 339 PP-i Lisbon, 1920. 
 
 '»' Raga e nacionalidade, 187 pp., Oporto, 1920. 
 
 "oThe Climate of Portugal and Notes on Its Health Resorts, 479 PP-. Lisbon, 1914 (see notice in Bull. 
 Amer. Ceogr. Soc, Vol. 47. 191S. PP- 787-788).
 
 458 THE GEOGR.\PHIC\L REVIEW 
 
 Belgium-" 
 
 In Belgium tiie de\elopment of geography at the universities may be 
 said to be in a transitional stage, with the greater part of progress toward the 
 modem conception of the subject accomplished, however. Geography is 
 represented in some fomi at all four of the country's universities. At the 
 I'niversity of Brussels it is closely associated with histor>% as it was at the 
 French universities before the new development. It is not a degree subject 
 in itself, but it is required for the doctorate in the "history group" in the 
 Faculty of Philosophy and Letters.-*- It is there represented by Professors 
 A. Hegenscheidt and C. Pergameni.-*' In the School of Political and Social 
 Science a course is given by Professor M. Robert on the geography and 
 anthropogeography of the Belgian Congo. To Professor M. Leriche, who 
 gi\es courses in geology' and physical geography in the Faculty of Science, 
 we are indebted for a discussion of the natural regions of Belgium, exclu- 
 sively on a geological basis, however.-** Although not representing geography 
 as such, Professor Jean Massart, the botanist, of the Faculty of Science, 
 has, through his excursions,^** and his phytogeographical work,^*^ become one 
 of the chief promoters of modern geography in Belgium. At the state uni- 
 \'ersities of Ghent and Liege geography was put in a specially favorable posi- 
 tion by being made, in 1900, a subject for the doctorate,^*^ and, significantly 
 enough, in the Faculty of Science. No special productivity in publication at 
 Ghent from this development has come to the writer's notice. While Pro- 
 fessor F. van Ortroy, the incumbent of the chair, has, in his reports to the 
 Geographisches Jahrbuch from 1903 to 191 2, on the progress of geography in 
 Belgium, covered all branches of the subject, his own field of work has been 
 mainly in political and historical geography .2*^ The numbers of geographical 
 interest in the Reciieil des Travaux Publies par la Faculte de Philosophie et 
 Lettres de V Universite de Gand (No. 27, by Nees; No. 35, by Denuce; No. 44, 
 by van Ortroy) all concern the history of geography. 
 
 ^' For a historj- of the development of geographical thought in Belgium, see Jules Mees: Les sciences geo- 
 grapbiques, pp. 225-272 of Vol. i of "Le mouvement scientifique en Belgique," 2 vols., Brussels, 1907. 
 
 ^- Universite Libre de Bruxelles: Programme des Cours pour 1921-1922, 90 pp., Brussels, 1921; reference on 
 p. 38. 
 
 ^' In 1913 Professor Pergameni began to give a course in the history of civilization. The following papers 
 are an outgrowth of this work: La geographic de I'histoire: Causerie methodologique, 22 pp., Brussels, 1913; 
 Le milieu geographique et les principaux aspects de la civilisation japonaise. Rev. Univ. de Bruxelles, Vol. 26, 
 1920-21. pp. 185-200. 
 
 "• Maurice Leriche: Les regions naturelles de la Belgique, Rev. Univ. de Bruxelles, Vol. 19, 1913-14, pp. 185- 
 218. See also Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 583-585 (map, p. 584). 
 
 ^'' Excursions scientifiques (geographie, geologie, botanique, zoologie) organist par I'Extension de I'Uni- 
 versite Libre de Bruxelles et dirigees par le professeur Jean Massart: 1, Sur le littoral beige. Rev. Univ. de Bru- 
 xelles, Vol. II, 1905-06, passim; II, Dans le Brabant, ibid.. Vols. 12, 13, 14, 190&-07, 1907-08, 1908-09, passim; 
 III, Sur le bord de la Meuse, 220 pp., Brussels, 191 1; IV, En HoUande, 119 pp., Brussels, 1912. Parts I (223 
 pp., Brussels, 1908) and II (356 pp., Brussels, 1913) have also appeared in book form. 
 
 °' Main work: E^quisse de la geographie botanique de la Belgique (separate from Recueil Inst. Bot. Leo 
 Errera, suppl. Vol. 7bis), 332 pp., with "annexe" containing photographs and maps, Brussels, 1910. 
 
 ^' Joseph Halkin: Le doctorat en geographie dans les universites beiges, Compte Rendu. Trav. IX^ Congr. 
 Inlernatl. de Ceogr., Vol. 3, pp. 303-307, Geneva, 1911. Cf. also Note on the Position of Geography in Belgium, 
 by a Belgian Professor, Ceogr. Teacher, Vol. 10, 1919-20, p. 153. 
 
 "' To his earlier works on the boundary treaties of Africa, Peter Apianus, and Mercator, he added, just be- 
 fore the war: L'oeu\Te cartographique de Gerard et de Corneille de Jode, Recueil Trav. Fac. Philos. et Lettres 
 Univ. de Cand No. 44, Ghent, 1914.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 459 
 
 However, at the University of Liege the new opportunity brought about a 
 period of marked activity. ^^^ Under the direction of Professor Joseph Halkin, 
 who studied for a time under Richthofen and Ratzel,^^°a modest but valuable 
 series, Travaux du Seminaire de Geogmphie de V UniversiU de Liege, was begun 
 in 1905 in which the doctor's theses and seminar papers appeared. The pub- 
 lication emerges from the w'ar with renewed vitality, three numbers having 
 been added in 1920 and 1921 to its ten pre-war issues. The titles of some of 
 these papers betoken the modern spirit of the work being done at Liege.-^ 
 At the Catholic University of Louvain the progressive quality of the work 
 in geography is assured by its being in the hands of Professor P. Michotte, 
 who has recentl}^ basing his research on the most recent developments of the 
 German school of thought no less than the French, published a penetrating 
 analysis of the subject matter of geography ,222 A recent paper, product of 
 the Louvain geography department, is also evidence of its progressive spirit.^' 
 
 Under the auspices of the Comite National de Geographic, which was 
 founded in 1920 and is subsidized by the Ministry of Science and Arts, the 
 first Belgian interuniversity geographic excursion was held in September, 
 1921.-2* Inspired by the similar French excursions, which began in 1906, and 
 modeled on the earlier Belgian ecological excursions conducted by Professor 
 Massart, who also directed the present one, these excursions promise to 
 become an important factor in the advancement of modern geography in 
 Belgium. 
 
 Elisee Reclus' Belgian Sojourn 
 
 It may be of interest here to make some mention of Elisee Reclus' Belgian 
 sojourn, particularly as it bears some relation to the beginning of the modern 
 movement in that country. Possibly in connection wath certain endeavors 
 to advance the status of geography ,22^ and as a result of the greater freedom, 
 w'ithin the combination with history, allotted geography in the higher insti- 
 tutions of learning by a law passed in 1890-1891, the great French geogra- 
 pher, who had just completed his monumental "Nouvelle Geographic Uni- 
 verselle," was in 1892 invited to give a course in geography at the University 
 of Brussels. This appointment came to naught, however, seemingly because 
 of his socialistic beliefs.^^^ He soon became connected wnth the University 
 
 ='» Joseph Halkin: L'enseignement de la geographic a I'Universitfi de Lifige, Trav. Simin. de Giogr. Univ.de 
 Liige No. 6, Liege, 1907. 
 
 "0 From this period dates his: L'enseignement de la geographic en Allcmagne et la r^forme de renseignement 
 geographique dans les universit^s beiges, 171 pp., Brussels, 1900. 
 
 221 No. 8, La rupture scandinave: fitude anthropogtegraphique; No. 9. La transhumance; No. 10, L'influcnce 
 dc la foret sur I'homme; No. 11, Le coton au Congo beige; No. 13. La region des dunes en Belgique: £tude de 
 geographic humaine. 
 
 222 L'orientation nouvelle en gdographie. Bull. Soc. Royale Beige de Giogr., Vol. 45. 1921, pp. S-43. 
 
 '-» Marguerite Leffivre: Carte r6gionale du peuplement de la Belgique, La Giogr., Vol. 36, 1921. PP- i-34 
 (abstracted in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11. 1921, pp. 612-614). 
 
 '''* Program in Btdl. Soc. Royale Beige de Giogr., Vol. 44, 1920, pp. 254-256, and Bull. Soc. Royale de Giogr, 
 d'Anvers,Vo\. 41, 1921, pp. 154-157. Account in Ann. de Giogr., Vol. 30, 1921, pp. 4S4-4S6; relevant maps and 
 diagrams in Bull. Soc. Royale Beige de Giogr., Vol. 45, 1921, pp. 44-59- 
 
 -2'' Cf. the reform proposal in J. Du Fief: L'enseignement supCrieurde la g6ographic en Belgique, Bull. .Soc. 
 Royale Beige de Giogr., Vol. 16, 1892, pp. 225-249. 
 
 »" Guillaume de Grecf : lilogcs d'lilisde Reclus et de Kellda-Krauz, Ghent, 1906, pp. 34-35; and obituary no- 
 tice in Ann. de Giogr., Vol. 14, 1905, P- 374.
 
 46o THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 Noin elle of Brussels, an institution of university extension t>pe, founded in 
 1S91, at which he established, in 1898, an Institut Geographique."^ This 
 event proved of assistance to the nunement for the advancement of geog- 
 raphy, from which resulted, as outlined abo\e, the introduction of the doc- 
 torate in geography at the state universities in 1900. The work of the insti- 
 tute was published in a series entitletl Publications dc VInslilut Geographique 
 de r Vniversite Xouvclle dc Bruxellcs, of which seven numbers had appeared by 
 1902, one by Reclus himself.--* To this period belongs the writing of his last 
 work, "L'homme et la terre" (5 vols., Paris, 1905). 
 
 The Netherlands 
 
 In the Netherlands the development of modern geography^^^ has suffered 
 from the fact that, when it was introduced at the universities, the unity of 
 the subject was not recognized. 
 
 In 1907, when the veteran geographer, Professor C. M. Kan,^^" because of 
 reaching the age limit retired from the chair he had occupied at Amsterdam 
 University since 1877, two chairs were established, one in physical geography 
 in the Faculty of Science, and the other in political geography and in the 
 geography and ethnography of the Dutch East Indies in the Faculty of 
 Letters and Philosophy. Likewise at the University of Utrecht, in 1907, the 
 educational authorities proposed to establish a professorship in physical 
 geography in the Faculty of Science and an instructorship in statistical, 
 political, economic, and general geography in the Faculty of Letters. The 
 plan further contemplated successively appointing professors of meteorol- 
 ogy, climatolog>% oceanography, ethnology, etc. This brought forth pro- 
 tests from professional circles, and the instructorship in political geography 
 was made a full professorship and the multifarious professorships were aban- 
 doned. However, to this day this dualistic conception of our subject persists 
 at the Dutch universities. At Amsterdam E. Dubois, who recently con- 
 tributed a paper on the historic function of dunes of Holland as natural 
 dikes.^*^ is professor of geology and physical geography, and S. R. Steinmetz 
 of ethnography and social geography; at Utrecht the well-known geographers 
 K. Oestreich, who was called from Germany to occupy the chair, and J. F. 
 Niermeyer represent respectively geomorphology and economic geography. 
 
 This division of geography in the universities is of course detrimental to 
 
 =' Halkin, Trav. Semin. de Geogr. Univ. de Liige No. 6, p. is. Program in Bull. Soc. Royale Beige de Ceogr., 
 Vol. 22, 1898, pp. 290-294. 
 
 **' No. s: L'enseignement de la geographic: Globes, disques globulaires et reliefs, Brussels, 1902. 
 
 "• For a brief sketch of this development see the first part of H. Blink: De tragedie van het hooger onderwijs 
 in de aardrijkskunde in Nederland, Vragen van den Dag, Vol. 34, 1919. PP- 801-814, Amsterdam. On geography 
 in the universities see also W. E. Boerman: Hooger onderwijs in de aardrijkskunde en de opleiding van geogra- 
 fen, with postscript by H. Blink, Tijdschr. Econ. Geogr., Vol. 10, 1919. PP- iS7-i6o, and H. Blink: De handels- 
 faculteit aan de Amsterdamsche universiteit, in verband met de aardrijkskunde aan die faculteit, ibid., pp. 
 J3 1-337. 
 
 "o Died in 1919. For a biographical notice with bibliography see J. A. C. A. Timmerman: Cornelius Marius 
 Kan, Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Genool., Vol. 36, 1919, pp. 264-280. 
 
 2" E. Dubois: Hollands duin als natuurlijke zeewering en de tijd, ibid.. Vol. 33, 1916, pp. 395-4IS-
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 461 
 
 the subject in the secondary schools,-^- as the great majority of prospective 
 teachers get their training at the university. A movement to remedy these 
 conditions is under way, and the Ministry of Education, Arts, and Sciences 
 has recently addressed letters to the Councils of the Royal Netherlands 
 Geographical Society, the Economic Geography Association, and other 
 interested bodies, asking for expressions of opinion.^^^ An impro\'ement in 
 conditions may be expected to result from these steps. 
 
 At the remaining two universities of the Netherlands, Leiden and Gro- 
 ningen, geography is only represented by a professorship in general history 
 and political geography (J. Huizinga) at Leiden, and the ethnographic work 
 of Professor A. W. Nieuwenhuis, of the same institution, mainly in New 
 Guinea. At the School of Commerce (Handelshoogeschool) of Rotterdam, 
 however, modern geography, mainly as economic geography, forms part of 
 the curriculum. Professor J. F. Niermeyer comes from Utrecht to give 
 courses. The subject is there also taught by Dr. H. Blink, who came into 
 contact with the German school as a student of Gerland. Through his crea- 
 tion in 1910 of the monthly journal, Tijdschrijt voor Economische Geographic, 
 which owes a great measure of its value to his indefatigable pen,-^^ he has 
 done much to advance the cause of geography in the Netherlands. Recently 
 the geographic staff at Rotterdam has been augmented by W. E. Boerman.^^^ 
 The work of Professor J. C. van Erde, who has recently published a helpful 
 summary of the ethnography of the Dutch East Indies,"^ is also of interest 
 to geographers. At the Polytechnic Institute (Technische Hoogeschool) of 
 Delft the work of the geologists, particularly that of a general nature on the 
 Dutch East Indies, is of geographical bearing. To Professor G. A. F. 
 Molengraaf we owe a valuable summary of present knowledge of the structure 
 of the East Indian Archipelago, 2" to which a paper on the present status of 
 hydrographic surveys-^^ is a helpful corollary. Professor H. A. Brouwer, who 
 is at present exchange professor at the University of Michigan and who 
 addressed the joint meeting of the Association of American Geographers and 
 the American Geographical Society this spring, has recently published some 
 results of his IQ15 expedition to the Moluccas. ^'^ Of other work may be men- 
 
 2»2 See for example P. Goedhart: Economische geographie en het onderwijs in aardrijkskunde, Ttjdschr. Econ. 
 Geogr., Vol. 11, 1920, pp. 29-31. 
 
 2" Letter from the Ministry, dated Feb. 24, 1920, and reply of Economic Geography Association in Ttjdschr. 
 Econ. Geogr.. Vol. 11, 1920, pp. 441-444. See also Ttjdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Genool., Vol. 38. 1921, PP- 
 313-314 and 462. For later developments, see Ttjdschr. Econ. Geogr., Vol. 12, 1921, pp. 112 and 188. 
 
 2*' Cf. in Ttjdschr. Econ. Geogr. regional economic geographies of the Dutch provinces of Drenlhe and Lini- 
 burg (Vol. 10, 1919, Nos. 2-3 and 6-7) and foreign countries of economic interest, e.g. China and Japan (Vol. 
 12, 1921, No. 8-9; Vol. 13, 1922, No. i). Cf. also interesting paper on economic regions: Rcgionale geographie, 
 natuurlijke landschappen en economisch-geografische landschappen (Vol. 11, 192Q, pp. 275-284). 
 
 2»' Cf. his inaugural address: Economische aardrijkskunde, Ttjdschr. Econ. Geogr. ,Vo\. 11, 1920, pp. 411-420. 
 
 2" Inleiding tot de volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indie, Haarlem, 1920. 
 
 2" Modern Deep-Sca Research in the East Indian Archipelago, Geogr. Journ., Vol. S7. 1921. PP- 9S-121. with 
 bathymetrical map, 1:10,000,000. 
 
 a» C. Crandijk: Het werk der nederl. opnemingsvaartuigen in den Oost-Indischen Archipcl, 191S-1920. 
 Ttjdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Genoot., Vol. 37. 1920, pp. 112-114. with map, i : 10.000,000. (One of a 
 series of quinquennial summaries which have appeared in the Ttjdschr. in 1904, 1910, 19 'S.) 
 
 2»» Geologische verkenningen in de oostlijke Molukken, Verhand. Geol.-Mijnbouwk. Genool. voor Nederland en 
 Kolonien: Geol. Ser., Vol. 3, 1916, pp. 31-SS; On the Tectonics of the Eastern Moluccas, Ptoc. Royal Acad. Sci. 
 Amslerdam, Vol. 19, pp. 242-248, March, 1917.
 
 462 THE GEOGILVPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 tioned: in tlie held of human geography-, a discussion of population centers 
 in the Netherlands from the Roman period to 1920 by J. C. Ramaer,^*" two 
 studies of the growth of a rural town into an industrial city,-*' and an illu- 
 minating discussion of East Friesland,^^^ that northwesternmost corner of 
 Germany, which is by its nature, history, and population so closely related 
 to its Dutch counterpart; and, in the field of historical geography, the work 
 of Dr. F. C. Wieder, known to us for his contribution^'" to I. N. Phelps 
 Stokes's "The Iconography of Manhattan Island," on the Dutch aspect of 
 the early exploration and cartography of Spitsbergen. 2" Among institutions 
 that promote interchange of ideas, reference may also be made to the 
 Geographische Kring,-** or circle of geographers, and the geographical excur- 
 sions,"^ the thirteenth of which was held in July, 192 1, under the direction of 
 Professor J. van Baren of the geological department of the Agricultural 
 College of Wageningen. 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 The universities of Switzerland of course reflect the essential bi-lingualism 
 of the country. There are seven universities, but although the French- 
 speaking inhabitants number about 20 per cent and the Germans 70 per cent 
 of the whole population, each nationality may be said to maintain three 
 and a half universities (Fribourg is bilingual). At all geography is repre- 
 sented. Each group draws its inspiration from, and belongs to the school 
 of thought of, the country whose language it speaks. At the University 
 of Fribourg Professor Paul Girardin, a pupil of Vidal de la Blache, in addition 
 to doing ph}'siographic work has written an excellent account of Fribourg 
 as a study in city geography .^^^ Like Luxemburg, in the principality of 
 that name, which also deserves monographic treatment, Fribourg, with an 
 upper town on the plateau top and a lower town in the valley bottom of 
 the entrenched meanders of the river on which it lies, lends itself admirably 
 to such a discussion. At the University of Lausanne Professor C. Blermann 
 likewise does distinctive work in city geography, having written an excellent 
 study of Lausanne-"*^ and its hinterland,^^^ besides discussing Swiss cities 
 
 ^o De middelpunten van bewoning in Nederland voorheen en thans, Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk- 
 Genoot., Vol. 38, 1921, pp. 1-38 and 174-215, with four maps showing status in 1795, 1840, 1880, and 1920. 
 
 "' H. Blink: Eindhoven als economisch centrum, Tijdschr. Econ. Geogr., Vol. 11, 1920, pp. 307-313; H. van 
 Velthoven: De ligging en uitbreiding van Eindhoven, Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Genoot., Vol. 38, 1921, 
 PP- 397-399. with map, 1:20,000, showing growth since 1S51. 
 
 2« H. J. Moerman: Oostfriesland, Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Genoot., Vol. 38, 1921, pp. 665-688. 
 
 "* Cf. also his: Onderzoek naar de cudste kaarten van de omgeving van New York, ibid.. Vol. 35, 1918, pp. 
 235-260. 
 
 •" F. C. Wieder: The Dutch Discovery and Mapping of Spitsbergen (1596-1829). Published by the Nether- 
 lands Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Royal Dutch Geographical Society, Amsterdam, 1919. 
 
 M'> Tijdschr. Kon. Nederl. Aardrijksk. Genoot., Vol. 36, 1919. pp. 217-219; Vol. 37, 1920, pp. 254-255; Vol. 
 38. 1921, pp. 313-314. 
 
 **« Twelfth, ibid.. Vol. 36, 1919, pp. SSI-S58; Thirteenth, ibid.. Vol. 38, 1921, PP- 746-749- 
 
 "'Fribourg et son site geographique: Etude de geographic urbaine. Bull. Soc. Neuchdteloise de Geogr., 
 Vol- 20, 1909-10, pp. 117-128. 
 
 "'Situation et site de Lausanne: fitudes de geographie urbaine, ibid., Vol. 25, 1916, pp. 122-149 (abstracted 
 in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 6, 1918, p. 285). 
 
 "' Le Jorat, ibid.. Vol. 20, 1909-10, pp. 5-1 16.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 463 
 
 in generaL^^** He has also made a study of translmmance in Valais, the upper 
 Rhone valley,-*^ and of the geographical basis of civilizations.-^- Professor 
 Maurice Lugeon, the well-known geologist of the Alps, is also a member of 
 the faculty at Lausanne. His pupil, Professor Emile Argand of the Univer- 
 sity of Neuchatel, has recently published a standard synthesis of our present 
 knowledge of the structure of the Western Alps.^^^ Swiss geography has 
 sustained a great loss in the death of Professor Charles Knapp in August, 
 1921.-^'* Professor Knapp occupied the chair of geography at the University 
 of Neuchatel. He was an indefatigable worker. He founded the Geograph- 
 ical Society of Neuchatel and made its Bulletin a scientific force. He edited, 
 with G. Michel, the series of maps entitled Documents Carlo graphiques de 
 Geograpliie Economique in which many valuable maps appeared ; likewise a 
 monumental geographical dictionary of Switzerland.^^^ At the University of 
 Geneva physical geography is represented by Professor Emile Chaix; he is at 
 present annually engaged in the study of the Swiss National Park in the En- 
 gadine, with his son Dr. Andre Chaix, who is instructor of geography at the 
 university. Political geography is represented by Professor William Rosier. 
 At the University of Berne, where the department was created and 
 organized by Professor Bruckner, now of Vienna, Professor R. Zeller has 
 recently replaced Dr. Hermann Walser, who died in 1919.-^® Among his 
 contributions to local geography, which are characterized by much insight, 
 may be mentioned a study of villages in the Swiss Foreland in the canton 
 Berne.2^^ He also wrote an explanation of the admirable wall map of 
 Switzerland in i : 200,000 which was prepared under government auspices.'^^ 
 Dr. Fritz Nussbaum, instructor in geography at Berne, has worked in 
 Swiss physiography^^^ as well as human geography.^" At the University 
 of Basel Professor Hugo Hassinger, formerly of Vienna and editor of the 
 recently discontinued Austrian journal, Deutsche Rundschau fiir Geographic 
 und Statistik, occupies the chair of geography .^^ His work has dealt mainly 
 with Austrian lands.^®^ At the University of Zurich Dr. H. J. Wehrli is 
 
 *^'' Geographic des villes suisses, 446 Annuaire Soc. Suisse de I'Enseignement Secondaire, pp. 151-177. 
 
 *5' Le Valais, Revue Alpine: Section Lyonnaise, Vol. 14, 1908, pp. 261-285. 
 
 "2 Le cadre geographique des civilisations, Atli del X Congr. Inlernaz. di Ceogr. Roma 1913, Rome, 191s, pp. 
 1047-1072. 
 
 2i'Sur Tare des Alpes occidentales, Eclogae Geologicae Helveliae, Vol. 14, No. i, Lausanne, 1916. 
 
 ^i* For biographical appreciations see Bull. Soc. NeuchdleloisedeGiogr., Vol. 30, 192 1, pp. s-i2{byC.Bicrmann), 
 Ann. de Ceogr., Vol. 30, 1921, p. 466 (by C. Biermann),and La Ciogr.,'Vo\. 36, 1921, pp. 435-436 (by V. Girardin). 
 
 256 Dictionnaire geographique de la Suisse, 6 vols, and atlas, Neuchatel, 1902-10 (there is also a German 
 edition). 
 
 268 For biographical notice see Rudolf Zeller: Hermann Walser, Pctermanns Mitt., Vol. 65, 1919, p. 65. 
 
 2" Dorfer und Einzelhofe zwischen Jura und Alpen, 46 pp., Neujahrs-Blalt Lilt. Cesell. Bern auf das Jahr 
 iQOi, Berne, 1900. 
 
 "8 Die Schweiz: Ein Begleitwort zur eidgenossischen Schulwandkarte, 3rd edit., Berne, about 1907 (French 
 translation by C. Biermann, Berne, 1909). 
 
 2" Die Tiiler der Schweizeralpen: Eine geographische Studie, 116 pp., Berne, 1910. 
 
 2"' Die Volksdichte des Kantons Bern, nebst Bemerkungen Uber die Darstellung der Volksdiclite in der 
 Schweiz, Milt. N aturforschenden Cesell. Bern, 1919. 
 
 2" Cf. his inaugural address: Uber einige Aufgaben geographisclier Forschung und Lchrc, Kartogr. und 
 Schulgeogr. Zeilschr., Vol. 8, 1919, pp. 65-76, Vienna. 
 
 2«2 E.g. Die mahrische Pforte und ihre benachbarten Landschaften, 313 pp., map in I : 750,000, Ablmndl. 
 Ceogr. Cesell. Wien, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1914; Bemerkungen Uber die SUdostgrenze des deutschen Sicdlungsgcbictcs, 
 Ceogr. Zcitschr., Vol. 25, 1919, pp. 215-219.
 
 464 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 prolcssor of geography. He contributed the section on India and Farther 
 India to Karl Andree's "Geographie des Welthandels."-" Dr. A. de Quervain, 
 known for his crossing of Greenland, is instructor in geography and meteor- 
 olog>'. Mention should be made of Professor F. Becker, professor of cartog- 
 raphy at the Zuricli Polytechnic Institute, as representative of the Swiss 
 school of cartography ,'■*• of whose plastic representation of relief by means 
 of natural colors and shadows the firm of Kiimmerly and Frey of Berne, 
 publishers of the school wall map referred to above and many other maps, 
 are possibly the best exponents. In the way of maps Switzerland has a 
 valuable collection in the Mus6e Cartographique of Geneva, which contains, 
 besides others, all the maps drawn for Elisoe Reclus' "Nouvelle Geographie 
 Universelle" by Charles Perron. An excellent relief model of Switzerland 
 by Perron is in the foyer of the University of Geneva, and large-scale 
 models of the Bernese Oberland and other mountain groups, as well as a 
 series of maps illustrating the development of the cartography of the Alps, 
 are in the Alpine Museum in Berne.-^^ 
 
 Austria 
 
 Austria, like German Switzerland, forms part of the German-speaking 
 world of thought. With the universities political barriers have not counted : 
 Germany, German Switzerland, and Austria have been a unit and their 
 professorships have been interchangeable. Among geographers who have 
 crossed the boundaries are Professor Penck of Berlin, long at Vienna 
 (1885-1906); Professor Bruckner of Vienna, who built up the department 
 at Berne (1888-1904) and then went for a short time to Halle (1904-06); 
 Professor Philippson of Bonn, who w^as for a short time in Berne (1904-06) ; 
 Professor Friederichsen of Konigsberg, who succeeded Professor Philippson 
 at Berne for two years (1907-09); Professor Gustav Braun of Greifswald, 
 who during part of the war was serving in the German army while professor 
 at the Swiss University of Basel; and, among recent appointees. Professor 
 Hassinger of Basel, who went there from Vienna, and Professor Krebs, who 
 went from Vienna to Wiirzburg and then to his present chair at Freiburg. 
 This relation to the German world, possibly more intimate since the cessation 
 of Austria's orientation toward southeastern Europe, should obviously be 
 borne in mind in any consideration of science in Austria. 
 
 Austria now has three universities, Vienna, Graz, and Innsbruck. At all 
 geography is represented. At Vienna there are two professorships, occupied 
 by Professor Eduard Bruckner, author of the theory of climatic periodicity 
 which bears his name and, with Penck, investigator of the glacial epoch in 
 
 »* Vorder- und Hinter-Indien, pp. 513-673 in "Karl Andrees Geographie des Welthandels," Vol. 2, Frankfort, 
 1912. 
 
 »* Some of the phases of its development, especially of topographic mapping, are sketched in F. Becker: 
 Die schweizerische Kartographie im Jahre 1914 (Landesausstellung in Bern): Wesen und Aufgaben einer 
 Landesaufnahme, 87 pp., Schweiz. Zeilschr. fur Arlillerie und Genie, Frauenfeld, ipiS- 
 
 ** Cf. R. Zeller: Ein Rundgang durch das Schweizerische Alpine Museum in Bern, 36 pp., 3rd edit., Berne, 
 1913.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 465 
 
 the Alps, and by Professor Eugen Oberhummer, who has speciaHzed in 
 historical geography. Professor Oberhummer is president and Professor 
 Bruckner is one of the vice-presidents of the Vienna Geographical Society, 
 which, through its contact with academic circles, has maintained a high 
 standard. In November, 1916, the Society celebrated its sixtieth anniver- 
 sary. On this occasion Professor Bruckner discussed the Society's activities 
 and the progress of geography in Austria during the preceding ten years.-®" 
 Among his recent publications is a paper, partly based on the obser\^ations 
 made during the American Geographical Society's Transcontinental 
 Excursion of 1912, on the Great Lakes and their commercial importance.-®'^ 
 Professor Oberhummer published in 191 7 a valuable work on the racial 
 origin and historical development of the Turks,^®^ and another on the 
 peoples of the Balkan Peninsula.^®^ Recently, for the fourth centenary of 
 Magellan's circumnavigation he wrote a critical account of the voyage, 
 with maps of the route of the fleet through the Strait of Magellan and 
 the East Indian archipelago.^^'' Geography is further represented at Vienna 
 by Dr. Erwin Hanslik and Dr. Otto Lehmann. Dr. Hanslik is known for 
 his studies, important as to geographic method, of the contact between Slav 
 and Teutonic civilizations, one of which deals with the Gernian city of Biala 
 in Galicia.-^^ Dr. Lehmann specializes in physiography. Among his recent 
 papers are a study of the Plateau of Langres,^^^ ^\^q margin of the Paris 
 Basin overlooking the Sa6ne depression, observ^ations for which were 
 made on Professor Davis' excursion in France early in 1912, and a discussion 
 of river sources.^'^^ Among other members of the Vienna faculty whose 
 work has geographical bearing may be mentioned the ethnographer Professor 
 Michael Haberlandt, who has recently published a book on the peoples of 
 Europe and the Orient,"^ and Dr. Hans Mzik, who contributes a definition 
 of the Orient."^ 
 
 At Graz the chair of geography is occupied by Professor Robert Sieger, 
 joint editor with Professor Franz Heiderich, of the School of World Com- 
 merce of Vienna, of the excellent re-creation of Karl Andree's "Geographic 
 des Welthandels," to the final fourth volume of which he has contributed 
 
 2M Die k. k. Geogr. Gesellschaft und die Entwicklung der Geographic in Osterreich in den letzten 10 Jahren. 
 Mitt. k. k. Geogr. Cesell. Wien, Vol. 60, ign, pp. 9-28. 
 
 2" Die Grossen Seen Nordamerikas und ihre Bedeutung fur den Verkelir, ibid.. Vol. 61, 1918, pp. 361-406, 
 
 2«8Die Tiirken und das Osmanische Reich, 115 pp., Leipzig, 1917 (somewhat expanded from original publi- 
 cation in Geogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 22, 1916, pp. 65-87. 612-632, Vol. 23. I9I7. PP- 78 ff. and 133 ff.). 
 
 2" Die BalkanvcSIker, VorlrUge des Vereins zur Verbreilung naturiviss. Kenntnisse in Wien, Vol. 57, 1917. 
 pp. 263-332. 
 
 !;o Ferdinand Magellan und die Bedeutung der ersten Erdumsegelung, Mitt. Geogr. Gesell. U'ien, Vol. 64, 
 1921, pp. 18-48. 
 
 "' Biala, eine deutsche Stadt in Galizien: Geographische Untersuchung des Stadtproblems, 264 pp., 
 Vienna, 1909. 
 
 "2 "Das Plateau von Langres" und die Hochflache mit der Festung Langres, Mitt. k. k. Geogr. Gesell. U'ini, 
 Vol. s8, 1915. PP- 431-452. 
 
 "' ijber Fluss- und BachursprUnge in den RQckenlandschaften des fcucht-Remassigtcn Klinias, ibid.. 
 Vol 61, 1918, pp. 113-142. 
 
 "' Die Vcilker Europas und des Orients. 273 pp., Leipzig, 1920. 
 
 "» Was ist Orient? Eine Untersuchung auf dem Gebiete der politischcn Geographic, Mill. k. k. Geogr. 
 Gesell. Wien, Vol. 6r, 1918, pp. 191-208.
 
 4tX) THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 a sunmiarizing section on the classification of the economic regions of the 
 world.'"* Recent of his writings in political geography deal with the relation 
 between a state and its territory,-"^ the state as an economic organism .^^^ 
 the geographical basis of the fonner Austria-Hungary .^'^^ and the broader 
 geographical aspects of the ditTerence in gauge of raihvay systems over 
 the world and their influence on economic conditions.^^° Professor Heiderich 
 has recently written on economic geography in general-^' and on the economic 
 geography of Austria-Hungar>'.-*- 
 
 At Innsbruck Professor Johann Soldi occupies the chair of geography 
 as successor to Professor Franz von VVieser, the eminent historian of cartog- 
 raphy, who, at 70, had recently reached the retiring age at Austrian uni- 
 versities. Dr. Richard Marek, director of the Academy of Commerce in 
 Innsbruck is also connected with the university. Professor Solch contributed 
 two papers to Professor Hettner's series on the war areas,^*' one on Rumania 
 and one on Transylvania, and has recently published a geographical account 
 of a pre- Alpine hill district between Mur and Drave on the German-Slovene 
 contact zone.-^ Dr. IMarek wTote a series of articles on the economic geog- 
 raphy of southeastern Europe and Asia Minor and the commercial relations 
 of these regions with Central Europe.-*^ 
 
 The death of Professor Julius von Hann,28« the eminent climatologist, 
 in October, 1921, is a world loss to science. Only at the beginning of the 
 year, at the age 83, did he turn over to younger hands the editorship of 
 the Meteorologische Zeitschrift, which he had guided for fifty-five years. 
 
 Austrian War Work in Geography 
 
 Like Germany, although on a smaller scale, Austria undertook the 
 scientific investigation of the lands she occupied during the w^ar. For the 
 study of the portion of Russian Poland which w^as under Austrian adminis- 
 tration — the section lying south of 5i>^° N., except for a strip along the 
 
 =" Die wirtschaftsgeographische Einteilung der Erde, pp. 3-128 in Karl Andree's "Geographie des Welt- 
 bandels," Vol. 4, Vienna, 1921. 
 
 "' Staatsgebiet und Staatsgedanke, Milt. Ceogr. Gesell. Wien, Vol. 62, 1919. PP- 3-17. 
 
 »" Die Nation als Wirtschaftskorper, in Festschrift ExJuard Hahn zum 60. Geburtstag, Stuttgart, 1917. 
 
 *'• Die geographischen Grundlagen der osterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie und ihrer Aussenpolitik, 
 Ceogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 21, 1915, pp. 1-22, 83-103, 121-131. 
 
 280 W'egbahn und Spur, Mitt. k. k. Geogr. Gesell. Wien, Vol. 59, 1916, pp. 362-404, with map of the world in 
 Eckert's projection, i : 90,000,000, showing gauges of railroad systems. 
 
 !8i Wirtschaftsgeographie, in Festschrift der k. k. Exportakademie, Vienna, 191 7, abridged in Mitt. k. k. 
 Geogr. Gesell. Wien, Vol. 60, 1917, pp. 223-228. 
 
 J82 Die weltpolitische und weltwirtschaftliche Zukunft von Osterreich-Ungam, ibid.. Vol. 59i 1916, pp. 73-105 
 and 137-169; Die Grundlagen der Agrarwirtschaft Osterreichs, ibid., pp. 727-735- 
 
 '"Der siebenbiirgische Kriegsschauplatz, Geogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 23, 1917, p. 257 flf.; Der rumanische Krieg?- 
 schauplatz, ibid., p. 409 £f. 
 
 !M Die Windischen Biihel, Mitt. Geogr. Gesell. Wien, Vol. 62, 1919, pp. 220-226 and 241-276. 
 
 2S5 Siidost-Europa und Vorder Asien: Wirtschaftsleben und Handelsbeziehungen besonders mit dem 
 Deutschen Reiche und der osterreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie, Geogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 22, 1916, pp. 139-161 
 (the lands on the lower Danube), 441-458 (former European Turkey and Montenegro), Sio-527 (Greece), 
 Vol. 23, 1917, p. 365 fif. and 422 fif. (Asiatic Turkey). 
 
 *8« Obituaries in Meteorol. Zeitschr., Vol. 38, 1921, pp. 321-327; Geogr. Rev. (by R. DeC. Ward), Vol. 12, 1922, 
 p. 312; Ann. de Giogr. (by Angot), Vol. 31, 1922, pp. yg-Si; Ann. Hydrogr. und Marit. Meteorol., Vol. 11, 
 1921, pp. 337-338.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 467 
 
 Silesian border — ^^^a Study Commission was created late in 1916 and 
 attached to the Military Government of Lublin,-^^ Its program was mainly 
 directed to detailed studies in the natural sciences, and it therefore did not 
 produce any synthetic geography of the area in its jurisdiction. Indeed this 
 area is covered in the Handbook of Poland by the German commission 
 already referred to. But the main Austrian field of work was the western 
 Balkan Peninsula, especially Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania. Of most 
 of this region adequate topographic maps were lacking, and the Austrian 
 army engineers undertook its survey .^^^ Before the war ended sheets in 
 I : 50,000 had been completed of northern Serbia, western Montenegro, 
 and central Albania. On the basis of this mapping Dr. Ernst Nowack, 
 sometime of the School of Mines at Leoben, Styria, carried out various 
 geological reconnaissances in 1917-18. In addition to the geolog>'2^° and 
 geomorphology,^^^ which he discussed elsewhere, he has described the 
 geograph}^-^- of this region for readers of the Review. In the summer of 191 6 
 Dr. Kerner von Marilaun of the Geologische Reichsanstalt had visited the 
 little-known North Albanian Alps.^^^ Under the auspices of the Vienna 
 Geographical Society and the Academy of Sciences a geographical and 
 geological expedition was sent to Serbia. Professor Krebs, then of Vienna, 
 the geographer of the expedition, was in the field on two occasions of about 
 five weeks in 1916, mainly in northern Serbia and the Novibazar region. 
 He wrote several reports,^^'* mainly on economic geography. An ethno- 
 graphic expedition under the auspices of the Ministry of Education and the 
 Academy of Sciences was undertaken in 1916 by Dr. Arthur Haberlandt, 
 instructor in ethnography at the University of Vienna, in southern Serbia, 
 Albania, and Montenegro.^^^ In the summer of 191 7 a general infomiational 
 trip was organized by the Army Press Bureau to the occupied Balkan lands. 
 Professor Oberhummer was a member of the party that went to Monte- 
 negro and Albania and has given us a geographical account of that trip.-'® 
 A consequence of the war, of special interest to geographers, may here 
 be noted. Quite a number of the scientific staff of the Military Geographical 
 Institute of Vienna, the excellent surv^ey office of Austria, including the 
 
 2" Cf. J. G. Rothaug: Verwaltungsgebiete Osterreich-Ungarns und des Deutschen Reichs in Polen, Karlogr. 
 und Schulgeogr. Zeilschr., Vol. $, 1916, pp. 30-32, with map in I : 2,000,000. 
 
 '^ii Karlogr. und Schulgeogr. Zeilschr., Vol. 6, 1917, p. 56. 
 
 28» Hubert Ginzl: Aufgaben und Tatigkeit der Kriegsmappierung auf der Balkanlialbinsel, Mitt. k. k. Geogr. 
 Gesell. Wien, Vol. 61, 1918, pp. 497-S13. with index map, I : 1,450,000. and samples of topographic sheets. 
 
 ""Die geologische Erschliessung Albaniens im Kriege, ibid.. Vol. 62, 1919. PP- 211-219; Die GrundzUge 
 der Tektonik Mittelalbaniens, Centralblatt filr Mineralogie, 1920. 
 
 "1 Morphogenetische Studien aus Albanien, Zeilschr. Gesell. filr Erdkunde zu Berlin, 1920, pp. Sr-ii?- 
 
 '"A Contribution to the Geography of Albania, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11. 1921, pp- S03-S40. 
 
 "* Reisseeindrlicke aus den nordalbanischen Alpen, Milt. k. k. Geogr. Gesell. Wien, Vol. 6r, 1918, pp. 6S-74- 
 
 '" Vorlaufiger Bericht iiber den ersten Toil der geographisch-geolog'schen Studicnreise nach Serbien, ibid.. 
 Vol. 59, 1916, pp. 609-614; — aber den zweitenTeil — ,ibid., pp. 673-678; WirtschaftsKeoRraphisclie Bcobach- 
 tungen auf den beiden Studienreisen nach Serbien, ibid.. Vol. 60, 1917. PP- 161-216, with statistical tables 
 by Dr. Hermann Leiter; Zur Vcrkehrsgeographie Rasciens (i.e. the former sanjak of Novibazar], Petermanns 
 Mitt., Vol. 63, 1917, pp. 265-269. 
 
 "' Berichte tiber die ethnographischen Arbeiten im Rahmen der historisch-cthnographisclien Balkan- 
 expedition, Milt. k. k. Geogr. Gesell. Wien, Vol. 59, 1916, pp. 736-742. 
 
 "« Montenegro und Albanien unter cisterrcichisch-ungarischer Verwaltung, ibid.. Vol. 61, iQi8, pp. 313-346. 
 
 55974
 
 4oS THE GEOr.RAPHICAL RICVIEW 
 
 chief of the technical division, Artur von Hiibl, have been engaged by the 
 BraziUan government for two years to co-ordinate the existing surv^ey 
 organizations in that country and establish a single organization to under- 
 take the unifonu topographic mapping of Brazil.-^'' The Austrian cartog- 
 raphers reached Rio de Janeiro in October, 1920. 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Geography in Denmark has suffered a serious loss by the death, in October, 
 1920, on his return from a trip to Canada and the United States, of Professor 
 H. P. Steensby,*^^ who occupied the chair of geography at the University 
 of Copenhagen since 191 1. An all-round modern geographer in all that that 
 term implies, he had developed the geography department at Copenhagen, 
 the only one in Denmark, to a high state of efficiency. Fortunately he has 
 left us an outline of his views in a book entitled "Introduction to the Study 
 of Geography at the University of Copenhagen, "^^^ which would prove a 
 valuable guide to the student of geography in any country. In it he dis- 
 cusses such topics as the method of geography and the solution of geographi- 
 cal problems and gives a history of the growth of the various branches of 
 the science and an outline of the development of geography as a university 
 subject. He concludes with a systematic survey of landforms and their 
 modifying agencies, including a characterization of the humid, glacial, and 
 arid cycles of erosion. With Professor Steensby's work on Eskimo culture 
 geography'**" and on the early Norse voyages to America'"^ readers of the 
 Review are already familiar. 
 
 As successor to Professor Steensby Dr. Martin Vahl was appointed in 
 August, 192 1. Professor Vahl's work has been mainly in plant geography: 
 he collaborated with Warming in the preparation of his well-known manual 
 of ecology and some years ago investigated the question of life zones from 
 the phytogeographical standpoint.'''^ He has recently published a generalized 
 map of the vegetation regions of South America based on climate. '°^ 
 
 Of other recent results of geographical work in Denmark may be men- 
 tioned a comprehensive geographical handbook of Denmark'"* by numerous 
 authors under the editorship of Daniel Bruun, historian of the early Xorse 
 
 •" Einrichtung eines militargeographischen Instituts in Brasilien durch osterreichische Militargeographen, 
 Karlogr. und Schulgeogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 9, 1921, p. 16. 
 
 "' See obituary notices in Ceografisk Tidskrift, Vol. 25, 1919-20, pp. 262-263, and Meddelelser om Gr0nland. 
 Vol. 37, pp. i-ii, 1921. 
 
 =»» Inledning til det geografiske Studium ved K0benhavns Universitet, 190 pp., Copenhagen, 1920. 
 
 *"" An Anthropogeographical Study of the Origin of the Eskimo Culture, Meddelelser om Grpnland, Vol 53. 
 pp. 39-228, 1917 (cf. Clark Wissler in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 9, 1920, pp. 125-138). 
 
 »oi Norsemen's Route from Greenland to Wineland, Meddelelser om Cr0nland, Vol. 56, pp. 149-202, 1917; 
 also reprinted as separate book, 109 pp., Copenhagen, 1918. 
 
 •"^ Zones et biochores geographiques, Overysigl Kong. DanskeVidensk. Selsk. Forhdl., 1911, No. s (= pp. 269- 
 317). 
 
 loJVegetationskort over Sydamerika, Ceografisk Tidskrifi, Vol. 25, 1919-20, pp. 197-204, with map in 
 I : 60,000,000. 
 
 "* Danmark: Land og Folk: Historisk-topografisk-statistisk Haandbog. Edited by Daniel Bruun with the 
 collaboration of a number of specialists. 2 vols. (Vol. i, 663 pp.; Vol. 2, 429 pp.), Coi)enhagen, 1919. (Professor 
 Steensby's contribution, "Danmarks Natur," is noticed in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, p. 327.)
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 469 
 
 settlement in Greenland under Eric the Red;'"^ a new edition of a German 
 translation^'*® of Warming's manual of ecology; and an anthropogeographical 
 study of Farther India.'**^ In the pre-eminently Norse field of Arctic geog- 
 raphy, an invaluable summary of the geography of Greenland,"'^ with 
 atlas, has just appeared in the Meddelelser oni Grpnland, in commemoration 
 of the bi-centenary of the landing of Hans Egede, the "apostle of Greenland," 
 and Knud Rasmussen has given us a general account of the results of his 
 Second Thule Expedition in 1916-18,^"^ while outlining the plans for his 
 fifth expedition.^''' Lauge Koch, geologist of the Rasmussen expeditions, 
 in a recent paper^" suggests structural continuity between the ancient 
 Caledonian mountain system (Scotland and Nor\vay) and western Spits- 
 bergen, northern Greenland, and northeastern Ellesmere Island. The 
 career of the veteran geographer of Iceland, Thorvald Thoroddsen, who 
 died in September, 192 1,^'^ was closed with the publication of an account 
 of his island home and its people, *'' a Danish version of the Icelandic 
 original. 
 
 Norway 
 
 The foremost advances in geography in Norway center, of course, around 
 the name of Nansen. In his scientific capacity Dr. Nansen is professor of 
 oceanography at the University of Christiania. Among his recent publica- 
 tions are a paper and book on his cruise to Spitsbergen in I9I2'''* from whose 
 results he makes deductions as to the tidal wave in the North Polar Basin 
 and the extension and shape of the basin, and a preliminary but fundamental 
 study (with Professor Helland-Hansen of the Bergen Geophysical Institute) of 
 the temperature variation in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the atmosphere 
 as a basis for the investigation of the cause of climatological variations.^'* 
 
 '95 Erik den R0de og Nordbokolonierne i Gr0nland, Copenhagen, 1915 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. s. 
 t9i8, p. 254.) 
 
 »"«Eugen Warming's Lehrbuch der okologischen Pflanzengeographie, von E. Warming and P. Graebner 
 2nd edition, Berlin, 1918. 
 
 '»' Johannes Reumert: Nogle Traek af Bagindiens Anthropogeografi, Geografisk Tidskrifl, Vol. 26, 1921-22. 
 pp. 89-98 and 120-124. 
 
 '»» Gr0nland i Tohundredaaret for Hans Egedes Landing. 2 vols, and atlas (Meddelelser om Cr0nland, Vols. 
 60 and 61 and atlas), Copenhagen, 1921. The text contains a 174-page general account of Greenland, followed 
 by detailed accounts of the various districts. The atlas contains general maps in i : 10,000,000 and detailed in 
 I : 1,000,000. An English edition of the work in 3 vols, is in preparation. 
 
 «»» Gr0nland langs Polhavet: Udforskningen af Grjjnland fra Melvillebugten til Kap Morris Jesup, Copen- 
 hagen, 1919. English edition: Greenland by the Polar Sea: The Story of the Thule Expedition from Melville 
 Bay to Cape Morris Jesup, New York, no date [1922?], with map of new surveys in northern Greenland 
 I : 2,500,000. 
 
 ""Den V.Thule-Ekspedition: Den danske Ekspedition til arktisk Nordamerika under Ledclsc af Knud 
 Rasmussen, Geografisk Tidskrift, Vol. 26, 1921-22, pp. S7-6o. 
 
 311 Stratigraphy of Northwest Greenland, Meddelelser fra Dansk Geol. Forening, Vol. S. No. 17. map p. 73- 
 text p. 75. 
 
 "2 See obituary notices in Geografisk Tidskrijt, Vol. 26, 1921-22, p. 100, and this number of the Gtogr. Ret: 
 
 '" Island: Land og Folk, translated from the 3rd edition of the Icelandic orininal, CopcnhaKcn, 1919- 
 
 'i« Spitsbergen Waters: Oceanographic Observations during the Cruise of tlic "Veslcnioy" to Spitsbergen in 
 t9i2, Krisliania Videnskapsselskapcls Skrifler: I, Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, 191S. No. 2, Ij2 pp. (reviewed in Geogr 
 Rev., Vol. 3, 1917, pp. SOO-501); En ferd til Spitsbergen, Christiania, 1920. 
 
 '15 Temperatur-Schwankungen des Nordatlantischcn Ozeans und in der AtmosphUre: Einlcitende Studicn 
 Uber die Ursachen der klimatologisclien Schwankungcn, ihid., 1916, No. 9. viii and 34« PP- Translated into 
 English, with additions by the authors and by Dr. C. G. Abbot, the solar physicist, as Smithsonutii Misc. Colls. 
 Vol. 70, No. 4, viii and 408 pp., 1920.
 
 470 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 Geography at the university is further represented by two instructor- 
 ships, one in physical geography, occupied by W, Werenskiold, known 
 for his work on the pliysiography of Norway,"^ the other in poUtical geog- 
 raf)hy, held by A. Arstal. Professor H. Mohn, who was working up the 
 meteorological results of Amundsen's Antarctic expedition,-'"^ as of his 
 previous expeditions, died in 1916.^'* Amundsen himself spent the winter 
 of 1921-22 in the United States, completing, with Dr. H. U. Sverdrup, at 
 the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the preparation of the studies in 
 terrestrial magnetism to be made on his proposed drift across the Polar 
 Basin in the Maud. Of the first part of this trip he has recently published 
 an account.'^' Among other publications of interest may be mentioned a 
 map, in more detail than is usual, of Nicholas II Land and adjacent islands 
 north of Cape Chelyuskin, Siberia;^-" a report on the surveys made in 1909- 
 10 by Gunnar Isachsen in Spitsbergen;^-^ an article on the Lapp reindeer 
 herds in Nonvay and their seasonal migration partly within Norway and 
 partly across the Norwegian-Swedish frontier;^- a geographical study of 
 Christiania by Dr. Hans Reusch,^-^ director of the Geological Survey of 
 Non^'ay, and an important atlas of the economic geography of Norway .^^'* 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Modern geography is in a high state of development in Sweden. A rapid 
 advance has taken place in the last few years, for which an active group of 
 younger men is in no small measure responsible. The older established 
 centers, however, are active also. The Swedish Anthropological and Geo- 
 graphical Society of Stockholm in 1919 added to its valuable organ Ymer, 
 in which articles of general interest appear in Swedish, a scientific quarterly 
 of international scope called Geografiska Annaler, in which papers are 
 published mainly in English, French, and German. Its maintenance is 
 guaranteed for at least five years by a gift of 100,000 crowns which was 
 made to the society for that purpose. In addition there are geographical 
 associations, of a more professional type and centering around the staff of 
 
 "* Cf. e.g. The Surface of Central Norway, Memorial Vol. Transcontinental Excursion of 1912 of the Amer. 
 Geogr. See, Xew York, 1915, pp. 357-365. 
 
 "■ Kristiania Videnskapsselskapets Skrifler: I, Mal.-Nalurv. Klasse, 1915, No. S (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., 
 Vol. 2, 1916, p. 484, and Vol. 6, 1918, pp. 524-525), and 1916, No. 3. 
 
 •" See obituary notices in Monthly Weather Rev., Vol. 44, 1916, p. 518, and Norske Geogr. Selskabs Aarbok, 
 Vol. 26-27, 1914-16, pp. vi-ix. 
 
 *>' Nord-Ost Passagen, Copenhagen, 1921. 
 
 •^0 Norske Geogr. Selskabs Aarbok, Vol. 26-27, 1914-16, opp. p. 28, mean scale, I : 4,000,000. 
 
 *^ Gunnar Isachsen: Travaux topographiques de I'Expedition Isachsen, 1909-10, Kristiania Videnskaps- 
 selskapets Skrtfter: I, Mat.-Naturv. Klasse, 1915, No. 7, 63 pp., with map i : 200,000 (referred to on pp. 216-218 
 in Charles Rabot: The Norwegians in Spitsbergen, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919, pp. 209-226, an article which is 
 brought down to date by M. Rabot's note in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 303-304). 
 
 *^ Kristian Nissen: Lapper og ren i Norge, Norske Geogr. Selskabs Aarbok, Vol. 26-27, 1914-16, pp. 45-110, 
 with map. i : 2,000,000. 
 
 •^ Kristiania geografi, 52 pp., Christiania, 1913, with two maps in i : 30,000 and i : 10,000. 
 
 "* Per Nissen: Okonomisk-geografisk atlas over Norge med en oversigt over de kulturelle og okonomiske 
 forhold saerlig naeringsveiene. Utarbeidet med statsbidrag under medvirken av mange fagmaend. (Atlas of 
 the economic geography of Norway with a survey of the cultural and economic relations especially to trade. 
 Compiled with government support and with the collaboration of many specialists.) 66 pp. text and 48 pp. 
 maps, Christiania, 1921.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 47 1 
 
 the geographical departments, at the three university towns of Gothenburg, 
 Upsala, and Lund. The association at Gothenburg issues a journal at 
 irregular intervals ;''^^ the Geografiska Foreningen in Lund was founded in 
 February, 1921. 
 
 At the University of Stockholm human geography is highly developed. 
 It is there in the hands of Dr. Sten De Geer, son of Baron De Geer, the 
 well-known geologist. Concentrating on the fundamental problem of popu- 
 lation distribution, he studied the island of Gothland''-^ and the cities of the 
 Baltic Sea region^^^ and then brought his work to culmination in an admira- 
 ble atlas of the population distribution of Sweden,*^^ in which the "dot" 
 and "sphere" methods of representation^-^ tried out in the previous investiga- 
 tions were effectively applied. Other publications of Dr. De Geer deal with 
 suggested new administrative subdivisions of Scandinavia on a geographic 
 basis'^" and the political geography of the New Europe."^ At the School of 
 Commerce in Stockholm Professor Gunnar Andersson, editor of the geo- 
 graphical society's publications and, until recently, its secretary-general, is 
 professor of economic geography. In this field, to which he turned from his 
 earlier work in plant geography, he has recently devoted his attention to 
 Australia^^' and the food resources of the world. ''^^ 
 
 At the University of Lund geography is strongly represented. In the 
 Faculty of Letters Professor Helge Nelson, devoting himself at first to 
 intensive studies of the history of settlement in the mining district of 
 central Sweden,**^ has recently published an excellent paper on the human 
 regions of Sweden, ^^* in which human agglomerations are the basis of sub- 
 division, in recognition of the fact that they are outgrowths of the region in 
 which they lie and expressions of its character. The paper is intended to 
 
 '25 Meddelanden frdn Geografiska Foreningen i Co'.eborg, No. I, 1912; No. 2, 1917. 
 
 '26 Befolkningens fordelning pi Gottland, Ymer, Vol. 28, 1908, pp. 240-253. with maps in i : 300,000 and 
 I : 900,000. 
 
 '" Storstaderna vid Ostersjon, ibid.. Vol. 32, 1912, pp. 40-87, with plate of maps of Baltic cities in i : 100,000 
 showing built-up area generalized. Cf. also idem: Die Grossstadte an der Ostsee, Zeitschr. GeseU. filr Erdkunde 
 zu Berlin, 191 2, pp. 754-766. 
 
 •23 Karta over befolkningens fordelning i Sverige den i januari 1917- Atlas of 12 plates in i : 500,000 
 accompanied by separate explanatory text: Befolkningens fordelning i Sverige: Beskrivning till karta i skalan 
 I : 500,000, 296 pp., Stockholm, 1919. (See note in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 9, 1920. p. 360, and Dr. De Geer's own 
 statement in the Geogr. Rev. referred to at the end of the next footnote.) 
 
 •" On the method of representation see Per Stolpe: Till frigan om Gottlands befolkningsffirdclning, Ymer. 
 Vol. 28, 1908, pp. 413-419; reply by Sten De Geer, ibid., pp. 451-432; Alfred Soderlund: Forslag till iiitensitets- 
 beteckning vid konstruktion av tathetskartor, ibid.. Vol. 35. 191S. PP- 267-272; G. A. Larsson: Intensitets- 
 beteckningar vid kartografisk framstallning av befolkningsfOrdelningen i t&tare bebyggda traktcr, ibid., pp. 
 351-364; Sten De Geer: A Map of the Distribution of Population in Sweden: Metliod of Preparation and 
 General Results, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 72-83. 
 
 "0 Sveriges landsdelar, ibid.. Vol. 38, 1918, pp. 24-48 (abstracted in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11. 1921, pp. 143-144). 
 
 »" Europas statsgranser och statsomr4den efter vJirldskriget. »6i<f.. Vol. 40, 1920, pp. 253-302, with map 
 showing the foreign population elements within the countries of Europe as now constituted. 
 
 "2 0m sambandet mellan natur och kultur i Australien, Ymer, Vol. 34. '9i4. PP- 293-330; Australicn: 
 Natur och kultur, Stockholm, 1915 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev.. Vol. 7. 1919. PP- 431-4J2). 
 
 »" Virt dagliga brod: Naringsvixterna i vilrldsproduktionen, Stockliolm, 1916. 
 
 »»< Om kulturgeografien i skolan (examples: Oland and Vastra Vastmanlands bcrgslag), I'mfr, Vol.32. 1912, 
 pp. 88-102; En bergslagsbygd, ibid.. Vol. 33. I9i3. PP- 278-352- 
 
 '" Geografiska studier over de svenska stSdernas och stadslika ortcrnas Itigc. Lunds Univ. ArsskrijI, N. .*^., 
 Section I, Vol. 14. No. 13, no pp., 1918; Sveriges kulturgeografiska provinscr: Ett bidrag till diskussioncn om 
 Sveriges landsdelar, Ymer, Vol. 38, 1918, pp. 341-354 (noticed, with map. in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11. 1921, pp. 
 144-145).
 
 472 THE GEOGRAnilCAI. REVIEW 
 
 furnish the foundation for a later detailed study of Swedish cities. Professor 
 Nelson was in the United States and in Canada last summer, studying settle- 
 ment metliods in the northern Great Plains area. Dr. John Frodin of the 
 Faculty of Science has dealt with the glacial features'^^ and the tree limit^^^ 
 in nortliern Lapland and, lately, witli traushumance in an alpine grazing 
 region in central Sweden near tJie Norwegian border.''*^ In tlie past summer 
 he was engaged in a phytogeographical expedition to Morocco. ''' Dr. 
 Arnold Norlind of the Faculty of Letters has studied the question of climate 
 in historic times, especially in northern and central Europe,'*" and, recently, 
 Magellan's circumna\Mgation of 1521.'^^^ 
 
 At the L^niversity of Gothenburg the chair of geography is occupied by 
 the well-known geographer, Professor Otto Nordenskjold. He has recently 
 published a concise and helpful history of the development of scientific 
 geography during the nineteenth century'*^ and has added to his previous 
 regional geography^' a general geography^^ of the Polar lands. Professor 
 Nordenskjold has recently returned from a trip to Chile and Peru.'*^ Ocean- 
 ography is represented by Dr. Hans Pettersson, who has recently been 
 investigating the relationship between meteorological influences and 
 internal movements in stratified coastal waters. ^^ 
 
 At the L'ni\ersity of Upsala physical geography predominates. Dr. H. W. 
 Ahlmann, until 1921 at the University of Stockholm, is doing advanced 
 work in physiography according to modern methods. In keeping with 
 his earlier expressed conception of geomorphology,'^^ and its application 
 to lake shores,'*^^ he recently published an excellent physiographic study of 
 Norwa^^'^^ He follow'ed this with a preliminary investigation of the geo- 
 morpholog>' of southern Sweden, ^^^ where conditions are more obscure than 
 in the neighboring Norwegian area, the study of which in a way served as 
 preparation. Dr. Ahlmann has also successfully worked in economic 
 
 ^' Nigra iakttagelser rorande glaciationen i norra delen af Lule Lappmark, Ymer, Vol. 35, 191S. PP- 98-109. 
 
 "' Studier over skogsgranserna i norra delen av Lule Lappmark, Lunds Univ. Arsskrift, N. S., Section II, 
 Vol. 13, No. 2, 1916 (with German resume). 
 
 •** Fabodbebyggelsen i Kail och Offerdal, Geografiska Ann-jler, Vol. i, 1919, pp. 353-386. 
 
 *•» Ymer, Vol. 41, 1921, pp. 356-358. 
 
 **" Till fragan om det historiska klimatet, sarskilt i Nord- och Mellaneuropa, ibid., Vol. 35, 191S, pp. 83-97, 
 
 "■ Fernao de Magalhaes och den forsta varldsomseglingen 1519-22: Till 400-arsminnet, Ymer, Vol. 41, 
 192 1, pp. 1-24. 
 
 **2 Geografisk Forskning og geografiske Opdagelser i det nittende Aarhundrede (in series: The Nineteenth 
 Century Described by Scandinavian Scientists, edited by Aage Friis), Copenhagen, 1920 (Swedish edition, 
 Stockholm, 1921), reviewed in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, p. 324. 
 
 *♦• Polarvarlden och dess grannlander, Stockholm, 1907 (German edition, Leipzig, 1909; French edition 
 Paris, 1913.) 
 
 *** Polamaturen (in series: Popular Scientific Lectures at the University of Gothenburg), Stockholm, 1918. 
 reviewed in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, p. 324. 
 
 *^ En resa i Sydamerikas Kordillerastater, Ymer, Vol. 41, 1921, pp. 227-253. 
 
 *<* Papers in Meddel. Ceogr. Foren. i Coleborg, No. 2, 1917, pp. 29-44, and Ceografiska Annaler, Vol. 2, 1920, 
 pp. 33-66, and Vol. 3, 192 1, pp. 165-182. 
 
 *♦' Geomorfologin som modern vetenskap, Ymer, Vol. 35, 191S, PP. 67-82. 
 
 **' Strandzonens allmanna morfologiska utveckling med sarskild hansyn till insjoar, Ymer, Vol. 34, 1914. 
 pp. 241-270. 
 
 **• Geomorphological Studies in Norway, Ceografiska Annaler, Vol. 1, 1919, pp. 1-148 and 193-252 (reviewed 
 by W. M. Davis in Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 9, 1920, pp. 368-369). 
 
 '"'Some Working Hypotheses As Regards the Geomorphology of South Sweden, Ceografiska .Annaler, 
 Vol. 2, 1920, pp. 131-145.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 473 
 
 geography, recently producing a thoroughgoing study of northern Sweden.'*' 
 The work done by the other members of the department of geography 
 (Professor Axel Hamberg, head of the department, and Dr. F, Enquist) 
 relates mainly to the glacial geology of Sweden. Professor Rudolf Kjellen 
 of the political science department, however, makes contributions to 
 human geography.'*^ 
 
 Among other work of interest may be mentioned J. G. Andersson's 
 investigations in China,'*' where he has been engaged since 1914 as adviser, 
 to the Chinese Government in mining matters, and his association with 
 the recently created Geological Survey of China;*** Baron Gerard De Geer's 
 work in glacial and post-glacial geochronology, in connection with which 
 he visited the United States and Canada in 1920,'** and his recently pub- 
 lished studies on Spitsbergen;'^^ and Professor Carl Skottsberg's expedition 
 to the eastern Pacific islands.'*^ Among noteworthy publications the first 
 volumes published of Sven Hedin's elaborate work on Southern Tibet,'*^ 
 with a map of Central Asia and Tibet in i : 1,000,000, stands foremost. 
 
 Finland 
 
 In keeping with the general high cultural level of Finland, geography has 
 long been in an advanced state of development in that country, and even 
 greater progress may be expected as a result of the newly acquired political 
 independence. For over thirty years — since 1888 — two geographical 
 societies have existed in Helsingfors,**^ the Sallskapet for Finlands Geografi 
 (Societe de Geographic de Finlande) and the Geografiska Foreningen i 
 Finland (Societe Finlandaise de Geographic). The former, devoting itself 
 almost exclusively to the geography of Finland, has since 1889 issued a 
 valuable journal, Fennia, in which its researches are published, with sum- 
 
 '^' The Ex;onomical Geography of Swedish Norrland, Geogra^jfea Annaler,'Vo\.3, 192 1, pp. 97-164 (abstracted 
 in the Geogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 132-133). 
 
 «' Inledning till Sveriges geografi, Gothenburg; Die Grossmiichte der Gegenwart, Leipzig, about 1915 
 (German translation; post-war adaptation as: Die Grossmachte und die Weltkrise, Leipzig, 1920). 
 
 •"Professor J. G. Andersson's forskningar i Kina, Ymer, Vol. 39, ipip. PP- IS7-I73 (see also notice in 
 Geografiska Annaler, Vol. i, 1919, pp. 387-388). 
 
 »5< J. G. Andersson: The National Geological Survey of China, Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 3, 1921. pp. 30s- 
 310. 
 
 "5 See note in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, p. 139. 
 
 »'^« On the Physiographical Evolution of Spitsbergen, Explaining the Present Attitude of the Coal-Horizons, 
 Geografiska Annaler, Vol. i, 1919, pp. 161-192, with map, I : 500,000 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 8, 1919. 
 pp. 283-285); Om Spetsbergens natur i Sveagruvans omnejd, Ymer, Vol. 39. 1919, PP. 240-277. with map, 
 I : 100,000. 
 
 '5' Till Robinson-6n och viirldens anda, Stockholm, 1918 (reviewed in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 12, 1922, pp. 324-325), 
 See also idem: The Islands of Juan Fernandez, Geogr. Rev., Vol. s, 1918, pp. 362-383. 
 
 »*> Southern Tibet: Discoveries in Former Times Compared With My Own Researches in 1906-1908, 9 
 vols. (Vols. I, 2, 3, s so far published, Stockholm, 1916-17). atlas of Tibetan panoramas (Stockholm, I9i7). 
 and separate maps: route surveys, 1906-08, 26 sheets in i :30o,ooo (12 published, i9i7);408hccti in i : 200,000; 
 map of Central Asia and Tibet, i : 1,000,000 in 15 sheets (two published, 1917). (See a discussion of the his- 
 torico-geographical, cartographical, and geomorphological phases of the work in Ymer, Vol. 38, 1918, pp. 
 101-186, and review in Geogr. Rev., Vol. 10, 1920, pp. 424-425). 
 
 »'' Cf. e.g. Exposfe des travaux gfegraphiques executes en Finlande jusqu'en 189S: Communication faite 
 au 6^me Congres International de GOographie <\ Londres, 189S, par la Sociftf- de GC-ographie de Finlande, Hcl- 
 singfors, 1895, PP- 7-8.
 
 474 THE GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 maries in German, French, or English. The latter has taken all of geography 
 as its field and has publislied two journals, the one, since 1888, Geografiska 
 Forcningens Tuiskrift (called Terra since 1913), with articles of general 
 interest in Swedish and Finnish only, and the other, since 1892, Meddelanden 
 af Geografiska Foreningen, with major contributions in the two national 
 languages but witli German, French, or English r^sum^s. In 192 1 both 
 societies were amalgamated,-'^" retaining tlie name and journal of the 
 ^ former. It is not known whether the journals of the latter have ceased 
 publication. 
 
 The work of the Geografiska Foreningen centers about the names R. 
 Hult and J. E. Rosberg and is thereby closely associated with the develop- 
 ment of geography at the University of Helsingfors.^^^ About at the time of 
 the founding of the two societies an instructorship in geography was estab- 
 lished at the university and Dr. Hult was called to occupy it. He organized 
 a department of geography in 1890 and through his work in the university 
 became one of the leading contributors to the renascence of geography in 
 Finland and to its recognition as a science. One aspect of Dr. Hult's work 
 is familiar to American geographers because of the fact that Professor Ward 
 has repeatedly called attention to his subdivision of the earth into climatic 
 provinces.^*- Dr. Hult died in 1899. In 1902 the instructorship was raised 
 to an associate professorship, and later to a full professorship, and Professor 
 J. E. Rosberg, the present incumbent, was called to the chair. From that 
 day to this^®^ he has been an active worker in the improvement of geography 
 in the schools, and was one of the chief memorialists of the petition to the 
 government on that question.'^'* In 1907 the position of director of seminar 
 work in the department was created and Dr. J. G. Grano, well-known for 
 his physiographic work in Mongolia and the Altai, the latest results of 
 which have recently appeared, ^^^ was appointed. In 1908 an instructorship 
 was established and Dr. I. Leiviska, the present incumbent, appointed. 
 He has recently published a comprehensive study, based on ten years' 
 work, of the Salpausselka,'*^ the great terminal moraine which forms the 
 southern border of the Finnish lake district. 
 
 At Abo a university (Academy) with Swedish as the official language was 
 opened in 1919, but only geology (H. G. Backlund), not geography is 
 represented. Whether geography forms part of the curriculum of the 
 
 "o Index Generalis: Annuaire general des universites, etc., 2nd issue, Paris, 1921, p. 1344. 
 
 *^ See L'enseignement de la geographie en Finlande: Expose sommaire presente par la Societe Finlandaise 
 de Geographie, Meddel. Ceogr. Foren. i Finland, Vol. 8, 1907-09, loth article, sections on the university, pp 
 14-19, and on the Societe Finlandaise de Geographie, pp. 19-21. 
 
 *^ Jordens klimatomraden: Forsok till en indelning of jordytan efter klimatiska grander, Meddel. Ceogr. 
 Foren. i Finland, Vol. I, 1892-93, pp. 140-201, with map of world in Mollweide's projection, i : 150,000,000. 
 See Ward in Bull. Amer. Ceogr. Soc, Vol. 38, 1906, pp. 472-474, with Hult's map in Mercator's projection, 
 equatorial scale, i : 97,000,000; and ibid.. Vol. 46, 1914, p. no. 
 
 *• Geografin och dess studium i Finland, sarskilt Abo, Abo Akad. Arsskrift, 1918. 
 
 ** Geogra6ska Foreningen inlaga till K. Senaten i geografi fragan, Ceogr. Foren. Tidskrift, V'ol. 18,1906, 
 pp. 161-166. 
 
 "s Les formes du relief dans I'Altai russe et leur genfise: Etude morphologique, Fennia, Vol. 40, No. 2, 128 
 pp. (reviewed in the Ceogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 155-156). 
 
 •" Der Salpausselka (in German), Fennia, Vol. 41, No. 3, 388 pp., 1920, with map i : 400,000.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 475 
 
 Finnish-language university which was to be opened also at Abo in 192 1 
 is not known. 
 
 The Sallskapet for Finlands Geografi, not content with having produced 
 an atlas of all phases of the geography of Finland (second edition, 191 1), 
 the like of which, for their national domain, only three or four countries in 
 the world can boast, has, as one of the first scientific obligations of political 
 independence, undertaken the preparation of a systematic geography of 
 the country."^" The work, which is in preparation by a number of specialists 
 under the editorship of Dr. R. Witting, the Society's secretary, will consist 
 of two volumes of about 700 pages each, the first dealing with nature and 
 the second with man. The work will first appear in Swedish and Finnish, 
 but an edition in one of the "world languages" is contemplated. Being causal 
 in its geographical treatment it will not duplicate the handbook recently 
 published under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.^^^ A 
 recent publication of the Society's on Finland's boundaries,*^^ including 
 those of the new outlet to the Arctic Ocean established by the Treaty of 
 Dorpat of October 14, 1920, is of interest. 
 
 Of other interesting work may be mentioned that done in Finland to 
 correlate with Baron De Geer's studies of the glacial and post-glacial time 
 scale"" and papers on the type landscapes and natural regions,^"^ the phyto- 
 geographical boundaries''^^ and the cities^^^ of Finland, and a work on Eastern 
 Carelia and Lapland.^'^^ 
 
 The Baltic States 
 
 Each of the three Baltic States has a university, Lithuania at Kovno 
 (founded in 1920), Latvia at Riga (191 9), and Esthonia at Dorpat (re- 
 organized 1 91 9). The records available do not show whether geography 
 is part of the curriculum at Kovno or Riga. At Dorpat, the Finnish geog- 
 rapher, Dr. J. G. Grano, referred to above as director of seminar work in 
 the department of geography at the University of Helsingfors, is listed as 
 full professor of geography, 
 
 Poland 
 
 The new state of Poland has five universities: Warsaw, Cracow, Lw6w 
 (Lemberg), Lublin, and Poznan (Posen). Poznan and the Catholic Uni- 
 versity of Lublin are new foundations since the war. At all the universities 
 except Lublin geography is represented. At Warsaw, according to recent 
 
 »«'Apercu des actes de la Societe d'octobre 191S a inai 1918, Fennia, Vol. 40. No. i, pp. 98-106, 1919; 
 reference on pp. 105-106, detailed synopsis of contents in preceding report in Swedish, pp. 19-36. 
 
 '" Finnland im Anfang des XX. Jahrhunderts, Helsingfors, I9i9. 
 
 •"» Les frontifires de Finlande, Fennia, Vol. 42, No. 10, 1921, with map i : 2,000,000. 
 
 "'n Matti Sauramo: Gcochronologische Studien Ober die spatglaziale Zcit in Sildfmnland, Fennia, Vol. 41 
 No. I, 44 pp., 1918. 
 
 '"' J. E. Rosberg: Finska landskapstyper, Fennia, Vol. 40, No. 9, 25 pp., 191Q. 
 
 "'Om viixtgeografiska granslinjer i Finland, Meddel. Ccogr. Foren. i Finland, Vol. 10, igi.l-14, first article. 
 
 •"J. Qvist: Die Stadtebildung in Finnland und ihrc gcographischen Voraussetziingc-n, ibid., seventh article. 
 
 "«Theodor Hom^n, edit.: Ostkarelen och Kola Lappmark skildrado av finsk.T nattir- och sprikforskare, 
 Helsinefors. 1920 (English edition, London, 1921).
 
 4 7C THK GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW 
 
 information,''* there would seem to be two universities, the old university of 
 Warsaw, and a recently founded Free I'niversity of Poland. At the former 
 plant geography (B. Hryniewiecki) and meteorolog\' (W. Gorczynski) are 
 represented. At the latter there are professorships of physical geography 
 and geography of Poland (S. Lencewicz), economic geography (J, Lothj, 
 meteorology (\V. Smosarski), and ethnography (S. Poniatowski). At the 
 I'niversity of Cracow the well-known physiographer, L. Sawicki, is professor 
 of geography. At Poznan the chair of geography is occupied by S. Pawlow- 
 ski, who recently published a geography of Poland.'^^ Most of these instruc- 
 tors are contributors to the excellent first volume of the Revue Polonaise de 
 Geographic [Frzeglad Geograficzny) edited by Professor Sawicki and pub- 
 lished by the recently (191 7) founded Polish Geographical Society (Polskie 
 Towarz\stwo Geograficzne) in Warsaw. The review will only appear more 
 or less irregularly at present, but each volume will be followed by a separate 
 annual bibliography covering the geographical literature on Poland and 
 geographic publications in Polish. An important predecessor of the Polish 
 Geographical Society was the Polish Society for Geography- (Polskie 
 TowarzystwoKrajoznawcze),^^^ which was founded inW^arsaw about in 1906. 
 In 1 910 it began the publication of a weekly periodical called Ziemia 
 {Earth), which, however, stopped at the beginning of the war. This society 
 numbered 850 members in Warsaw by 1909 and several hundred more 
 in the 21 sections it maintained in other parts of Poland. Since 1914 
 it has co-operated in the publication of the important series of Physio- 
 graphic Memoirs {Pami§tnik Fizyograficzny) which have been appearing 
 since 1881 and contain many important contributions to the geography 
 fo Poland. 
 
 Pre-eminent among Polish geographers is Professor Eugeniusz Romer of 
 the University of Lwow, widely known for his studies of the human and 
 political geography of Poland during the war and at the peace conference. 
 His most important work is the admirable Atlas of Poland'^^ (W''arsaw, 1916; 
 second edition, 1921), recently supplemented by an "Atlas des Problemes 
 Territoriaux de la Pologne" (Lwow, 1921), which reproduces many of the 
 maps prepared for the Paris and Riga peace conferences, among the latter 
 one in i : 1,050,000 (PI. 39) showing the eastern boundary of Poland 
 according to the Treaty of Riga, signed March 17, 1921. Under the editor- 
 ship of Professor Romer a series of geographical memoirs is appearing 
 (Travaux Geographiques Publies sous la direction de E. Romer) of which 
 some five numbers have been issued, dealing mainly with Polish problems 
 of political geography. Associated with Professor Romer at Lwow are 
 
 *'■' Index Generalis for 1921, pp. 454 and 456. 
 
 •■« Geografia Polski, Lwow, 1917. See also list of Pawlowski's papers in La Giogr., Vol. 36, 1921, p. 107. 
 
 '" M. Friederichsen : Die Polnische Gesellschaft fiir Landeskunde in Warschau: Aus Anlass ihres zehn- 
 jahrigen Bestehens, Petermanns Mitt., Vol. 62, 1916, pp. 459-460; idem, Geogr. Jahrbuch, Vol. 38, 191S-18, 
 pp. 332-333; L. Sawicki: Landeskundliche Bestrebungen in Polen, Kartogr. und Schulgeogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 6 
 1917. pp. 53-56 (this article contains a good general survey of the status of geography in Poland). 
 
 »■*€£. review (by R. H. Lord) in Geogr. Rev. .Vol. 11, 1 92 1. dd. 308-309; a\so Ann.de Geogr. .Vol. 29, 1920, pp. 
 382-384.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 477 
 
 J. Czekanowski as professor of ethnology and H. Arctowski, well-kno\vn 
 for his work on dimatic changes and long resident in the United States, as 
 professor of geophysics.^^^ 
 
 Of great importance is a monumental Polish Encyclopedia undertaken 
 by the Academy of Sciences in Cracow. Nineteen sections were contem- 
 plated, the first half of which are of geographical interest. Fortunately 
 several of the first volumes have already been published:'^" Vol. i in 1912 on 
 "The Physical Geography of the Polish Lands and Physical Characteristics 
 of the Population" consisting of 16 articles by different contributors; Vols. 2 
 and 3 in 1915 on the Polish language and Vol. 4 on the beginnings of Slavonic 
 civilization. Other sections were to deal with political history, historical 
 geography, statistics, and economic conditions. Another work of this 
 type, though originally intended for propaganda, is the Encyclopedie 
 Polonaise published by the Comite National Polonais en Am^rique,'^^ 
 Reference has already been made to the publications of the German geo- 
 graphical commission in Poland (p. 446). 
 
 Czechoslovakia 
 
 Since the establishment of Czechoslovakia as an independent state, two 
 new universities have been founded, at Bratislava (Pressburg) and Brno 
 (Brunn), but neither of them includes all the faculties as yet, and geography 
 is not on the curriculum. At Prague, however, it is. Here, as before the 
 war, there are two separate universities, the Czech and the German. At 
 both geography is represented. At the Czech university there are two 
 professorships of geography, occupied by V. Svambera, known for his work 
 on the Congo, and J. V. Danes, who has made a study of karst phenomena 
 in various parts of the world, notably in Bosnia and Queensland. There 
 are assistant professorships in meteorology and climatology (S. Hanzlik) 
 and in economic and human geography (V. Dvorsky) and instructorships 
 in geomorphology (V. Dedina) and ethnography (K. Chotek). At the 
 German university the veteran African explorer Oskar Lenz is emeritus 
 professor of geography, and Fritz Machatschek professor of geography. 
 Dr. Machatschek, who is known for his physiographic work, has recently 
 published in Penck's series of regional monographs the final results of his 
 investigations in Turkestan,'^^ to which the outbreak of the war abruptly 
 put an end. Symptomatic of the change of conditions are the comparative 
 pre-war and present budgets (in crowns) of the department of geography 
 at the two universities, as follows: 1913 Czech, 1000; German, 1000; 1921: 
 Czech, 6000; German, 1000. 
 
 ''•See his Agriculture and LandowncrshiiJ in Poland, Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921. PP- 161-171. 
 
 »'«See Ann. de Geogr. Bibliogr. Giogr. Annuelle for 1913-14. No. 409, and H. Praesent: BiblioKrapliisc her 
 Leitfaden fur Polen, Beilr. zur Polnischen Landeskunde, Reihe B. No. 2, Berlin, 191 7. PP- 4. 36-37. 38. 9S-96. 
 
 »8i To embrace six volumes. Among the volumes of geographical interest already published arc: Vol. a 
 (Part I: Geographie et ethnographie; Part II: D6mographic g6n<'ralc; Part III: Dtveloppcmcnt terri- 
 torial), with atlas, Lausanne, 1920 (Part IV: Emigration ct colonies polonaises a rf-trangcr. in press); Vol. 3 
 (Vie Iconomique de la Pologne), with atlas, Lausanne, 1919- 
 
 '" Landeskunde von Russisch-Turkestan (in series: Bibliotluk lUnchrkundliilK-r IlandbUcher. horausgrRrbcn 
 von A. Penck), 348 pp., Stuttgart. 1921.
 
 47S THE GEOGR.\PIIICAL REVIEW 
 
 Another factor in the development of geography in Czechoslovakia is 
 the flourishing Czech Geographical Society at Prague, foundeti in 1895, 
 which since its establishment has been publishing a valuable periodical 
 {Sbornik Ceske Spolednosli Zcmh'cdne) containing articles on Bohemia and 
 systematic lists of geographical publications in Czech. Intellectual contact 
 with France is maintained b>' the Institut Fran^ais de Prague, at which 
 Professor Alfred Fichelle gives courses, niainh- on the geography of France."''*^ 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Since the war Hungary- is reduced to two imiversities, the ancient Uni- 
 versity of Budapest and the newly founded (1914) University of Debreczen. 
 At Budapest in addition there was established in 1919 a "Faculty of Political 
 Economy." In 1907 a university had been created at Pozsony, but when 
 this city became part of Czechoslovakia, the Hungarian university was 
 withdrawn. A Czechoslovak university was established under the new 
 name of the city, Bratislava, but, as stated above, geography is not repre- 
 sented in its curriculum. The faculties at Pozsony, likewise at Kolozsvar, 
 now become Rumanian (see the section below), were transferred intact to 
 Budapest. At all the Hungarian institutions referred to — Budapest, 
 university as well as Faculty of Political Econom}^; Debreczen; Pozsony; 
 Kolozsvar — geography is represented. The continued existence, at Buda- 
 pest, of the Universities of Pozsony and Kolozsvar — according to the 
 Hungarian conception — would seem to be indicated by the issuance under 
 date of 1 92 1 of the valuable first number of a joint publication of the 
 geographical institutes of those two universities and of the university 
 of Budapest and the Faculty of Political Economy.^^* 
 
 At the University of Budapest the chair of geography, formerly occupied 
 by Professor Geza Czirbusz.who has recently published the first three volumes 
 of a four- volume treatise on human geography**^ and a paper on the historical 
 development of Budapest, ^^^ seems at present unoccupied, but there are 
 instructorships in branches of geography, among which may be m.entioned 
 that of Dr. Michael Haltenberger in regional physiography. Dr. Halten- 
 berger pursued studies in the United States in 191 3, mainly relating to 
 Block Island, on which he published several papers, ^^^ both before and after 
 his return to Hungary. While here, he also wrote an interesting paper on 
 
 "»A reflection of his reciprocal function, the spreading of knowledge of Czechoslovakia in France, is his 
 paper: Les debouches maritimes de la Tchecoslovaquie, Ann. de Ciogr., Vol. 30, 1921, pp. 241-248. 
 
 '^ Francis Fodor: Conditions of Production in Hungary'. Hungarian Geogr. Essays (Joint Publ. of the Geogr. 
 Jnsts. Univ. of Budapest, Fac. of Polit. Econ., Univ. of Kolozsvar, and Univ. of Pozsony) No. I, 10 pp., diagrs. 
 and maps. Budapest. 1921. 
 
 **5 Human Geography: Part I, Influence of Landforms, 127 pp., Budapest. 1915; Part II, .^.nthropogeog- 
 raphy, 104 pp., Budapest, 1917; Part III, Political Geography, 62 pp. Budapest, 1919 (all in Hungarian). Part 
 IV will deal with historical geography. Cf. the reviews in Petermanns Mitt., Vol. 63, 191 7, p. 37, and Vol. 64. 
 1918. p. 235- 
 
 •" Historisch-geographische Lage von Budapest. Kartogr. und Schulgeogr. Zeitschr., Vol. 7, 1918, pp. 81-86, 
 with map, i : 100.000. 
 
 *" Among them: A Study of the Cartographical Development of Block Island, R. I., 36 pp.; Physical Geog- 
 raphy of Block Island, R. I., 43 pp.; both Hungarian Adriatic Assoc, Budapest, 1917.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 479 
 
 primitive modes of transportation.^*^ During the war he discussed Ru- 
 mania.'*^ On the Faculty of Political Economy geography is represented by 
 the well-known geographer, Count Paul Teleki, who occupies the chair of 
 economic geography. Count Teleki was head of the Hungarian commission 
 of preparation for the peace conference and later first Minister of Foreign 
 Affairs and then Premier of Hungary. Count Teleki was indefatigable in 
 working out material bearing on the geography, especially the ethnography 
 of Hungary for the peace conference. The following are some of the publica- 
 tions of which he was the author or editor: four series of maps of Hungary in 
 I : 200,000^^" showing (i) nationality, (2) religious adherence, (3) ability or 
 inability to speak Hungarian, (4) ability or inability to read and write, 
 which because of their large scale and the consequent placing of the colored 
 circles, of size proportional to the number of inhabitants, in the actual 
 locations where people live, give an intimate picture of conditions; a general 
 ethnographic map of Hungary^^^ on which, by an ingenious method, the 
 area shown as inhabited by each nationality is proportional to its numbers; 
 and a paper^^^ and a valuable atlas'^^^ on the economic geography of Hungar>^ 
 Among relevant publications by others may here be mentioned an atlas"*^^ 
 and a general surv-ey^^^ of Hungary, historical, ethnographic, and economic. 
 Count Teleki revisited the United States in 1921, on which occasion he 
 addressed the Institute of Politics at Williams College. 
 
 At the University of Debreczen Dr. R. Milleker, author of a treatise on 
 vulcanism''^^ and formerly joint editor of the international edition of the 
 Bulletin of the Hungarian Geographical Society, is professor of geography. 
 At Pozsony Dr. Gyula Prinz had been appointed to the chair of geography; 
 he had from personal association studied the structure and ethnography of 
 the Tian Shan.^^^ At Kolozsvar the head of the departinent was the well- 
 known geographer, Professor Jeno de Cholnoky, now president of the 
 Hungarian Geographical Society. Among his numerous publications only 
 one, a general paper on the Great Hungarian Lowland,^'^ which reflects 
 
 3*8 Primitive Carriers in Land Transportation, Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc, Vol. 47, 1915, pp. 729-745. 
 
 '" Rumanien in politisch-geographischer Beleuchtung, Kartogr. und Schulgeogr. Zeilschr., Vol. 6, 1917. 
 pp. 138-142. 
 
 '"> Ethnographical Map of Hungary, i : 200,000, 53 sheets (8 not finished) in portfolio, Hungarian Geogr. 
 Soc, Budapest, 1918. Similarly: The Communes of Hungary Showing (2) The Distribution of Religions; 
 (3) The Persons Speaking Hungarian; (4) The Persons Able to Read and Write. Data on all maps are hand- 
 colored. 
 
 '" Paul Teleki: Ethnographical Map of Hungary Based on Density of Population, 4 pp. of text and map in 
 I : 1,000,000, [Budapest, 1918]. 
 
 '"Paul Teleki: Short Notes on the Economical and Political Geograpliy of Hungary, 15 pp. and 6 maps 
 mainly in i : 4,000,000. 
 
 '" Paul Teleki, A. de Edvi Illes, and A. Halasz, edits.: The Economics of Hungary in Maps, 6(h revised edi- 
 tion with 75 maps and 6 diagrams, Budar>est, 1921. The various elements represented are shown for all of Hun- 
 gary in its former as compared with its present extent on maps in i : 4,000,000. 
 
 '" La Hongrie: Cartes et notions geographiques, historiques,ethnographiciues, dconomiques, el intellcctucllcs, 
 48 pp., (Budapest, no date]. 
 
 "'• Louis Loczy, edit.: A Geographical, Economic, and Social Survey of Hungary, 122 pp., Budapest, 1919. 
 
 336 \ vulkanizmus teoriiii, Szegedin, 1910. 
 
 »" Reisein den sUdlichen Gebirgsketten des Tien-Sclian zwischen Karin und Maral-Baschi, Bull. Hungarian 
 Geogr. Soc: Jnlernatl. Edit., Vol. 38, 1910, pp. 185-21 1: Ethnographische Ucobachtungcn ini Ticn-Sclian, 
 A Magy. Nentz. Muzeum Niprajzi Oszt6ly6nak (irtts'udje. Vol. 9. No. 1-2, pp. 69-90, Budapest, alwut 1909. 
 
 »»'Die Oberflachengestalt des Alfiild, Bull. Hungarian Geogr. Soc: Inlernatl. Edit., Vol. 38, 1910, pp. 275" 
 297, with physiographic map, i : 1,200,000, showing natural limits of the AlfOld.
 
 480 THE GEOGR.\PIIICAL REVIEW 
 
 his work as head of the Alfold Connnission of the geographical society, can 
 be mentioned. The head of one of the Society's other commissions, that on 
 Lake Balaton and editor of its many-volume scientific results, the eminent 
 geologist, Professor Lajos L6czy, died in 1920, 
 
 Rumania 
 
 The war has practically made no interruption in the existing energetic 
 dexelopment of geography in Rumania; indeed this development has 
 proceeded more rapidly since that time. In this growth the Royal Rumanian 
 Geographical Society of Bukharest has been an important factor. The 
 important influence exerted as a matter of course by the universities has 
 been enhanced since their increase, after Rumania's territorial enlargement, 
 from the former two, Bukharest and Jassy, to four by the addition of Cluj 
 (Kolozsvar) and CernSutsi (Czernowitz). 
 
 The university men active in this development have been trained both 
 in Germany and in France. Professor Mehedintsi, head of the department 
 of geography at the University of Bukharest, is a pupil of Ratzel, under 
 whom he took his Doctor's degree in 1899 with a suggestive thesis-''^^ and 
 to whose memorial volumie he contributed an anthropogeographical paper 
 on the Rumanian steppe.^"" To provide a medium of expression for the 
 work done in his department he created in 1909 an annual publication 
 entitled Amiar de Geografie shi Antropogeografie, which has at least appeared 
 to 1 91 5 and which is replete with valuable studies in the geography, more 
 especially the human geography, of Rumania.^"^ Professor N. lorga, the 
 well-known historian at the University of Bukharest and editor of the 
 Bulletin de Vlnstitut pour VEtude de VEurope Sud-Orientale, also makes 
 contributions to geography, mainly on Rumanian territorial development.'*"^ 
 
 At the University of Cluj, in the department formerly presided over by 
 the well-known Hungarian geographer Professor Cholnoky, Dr. G. Valsan 
 has recently been appointed professor of geography. Professor Valsan is 
 a pupil of Professor De Martonne of Paris. His thesis,'*"-^ published in 191 5, 
 is an important and extensive physiographic study of the Rumanian plain. 
 Both before and after this w^ork he has made important contributions, 
 mainly physiographic, to modern geographical knowledge of Rumania.^"^ 
 Associated with Professor Valsan at Cluj is Professor V. Merutsiu, who 
 directed the department alone before Professor Valsan came from Jassy. 
 
 '" Kartographische Induktion, Diss. Univ. Leipzig, 1899. 
 
 «o Die rumanische Steppe: Eine anthropogeographische Skizze, "Zu Friedrich Ratzels Gedachtnis," Leipzig, 
 1904, pp. 249-255. 
 
 «" For list of contents of VoL i, 1909-10, and Vol. 2, 1910-11, see: Ann. de Giogr. Bibliogr. Geogr. Annuelle, 
 191 1, p. 170; of Vol. 3, 1913, Bui. Soc. Reg. Romane de Geogr. ,Vo\. 34, 1913, No. i, pp. 233-234; of Vol. for 1914- 
 15. ihid.. Vol. 36. 1915. pp. 773-774. 
 
 *o-Auf- und Xiedergang des ttirkischen Herrschaftsgebietes in Europa, Petermanns Mitt., Vol. 59, I, I9i3i 
 pp. i-7i with 5 maps, I : 10,000,000; Die Entwicklung des rumanischen Staatswesens, ibid., Vol. 61, 191S. 
 pp. 260-263, witli ethnographic map, i : 1,500,000, by Langhans. 
 
 "'Cimpia Romana, Bui. Soc. Reg. Romane de Geogr., Vol. 36. 1915, pp. 313-368, with French resumg. 
 
 •"* Asupra trecerii Dunarei prin Portile de Fier: Studie de geografie critica, ibid.. Vol. 37, 1916-18, pp. 133- 
 152; Vaile: Origina shi evolutsia lor, ibid., pp. 333-353; La terre et le penpleToumaLins, Rev. Gin. des Sciences, 
 Vol. 31, 1920, pp. 338-3A2.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 48 1 
 
 Professor Merutsiu has written papers on the salt deposits of Rumania*"^ 
 and the Rumanians of Transylvania.-*"^ The work of the department at 
 Cluj has recently been described by Professor Valsan^"" and by Professor 
 De Martonne,^"^ the latter having given courses there and conducted an 
 excursion in Rumania during the summer of 1921. 
 
 At the University of Jassy Dr. M. D. David is interim professor of 
 geography. He recently published a paper on the physiographic evolution 
 of Moldavia between the Sereth and the Pruth.'*''^ Professor I. Simionescu, 
 the geologist at that institution, does work of geographical bearing, recently 
 publishing a series of views, with comment, of Rumanian landform types.^^" 
 At the University of Czernowitz, where Supan taught in the early days 
 of his career, geography is at present represented by Professor K. A. Penecke, 
 who occupied the chair of geology under the Austrian regime and still gives 
 courses in geology. Dr. I. Prelipcean is listed as director of the geographical 
 institute, likewise of the mineralogical institute. 
 
 Among other men of modern training should be mentioned Dr. Alexander 
 Dimitrescu, who unfortunately died in 1917 at the age of 36.^^^ He finished 
 his studies in Germany, acquiring the doctorate in 1911 at the University 
 of Berlin with a thesis on the lower Danube.*^^ At Berlin he became familiar 
 with American physiographic methods during Professor Davis' visiting 
 professorship at that university. In addition to papers which reflect this 
 influence on his studies,^^^ he wrote on Rumania as a transit land.-*^* 
 
 Among war-problem publications of geographical interest may be men- 
 tioned a map in i : 1,000,000 showing the distribution of Rumanians,*^^ 
 a political, historical, and ethnographic atlas of Rumania,'*^® several publica- 
 tions on the Dobrudja,'*^^ and a reprint of Premier Bratianu's presentation 
 of Rumania's territorial claims at the peace conference.^' ^ 
 
 "5 Sarea In pamantul Romanese, Bui. Soc. Reg. Romdne de Geogr., Vol. 33, 1912, pp. 69-162. 
 
 oisRomanii intre Tisa shi Carpatsi: Raporturi etnografice, Riv. Shliintsifici V. Adamachi, Vol. 6, 1915, pp. 
 135-143. Jassy. 
 
 «" Bid. Soc. Reg. Rom&ne de Geogr., Vol. 38, 1919, pp. 329-331. 
 
 408 E. de Martonne: Enseignement et excursions geographiques en Roumanie, Ann. de Geogr., Vol. 31, 1922, 
 pp. 64-66. 
 
 *o» O schitsa morfologicS podishului Sarmatic din Moldova, Bui. Soc. Reg. Romdne de Geogr., Vol. 39. 1920, 
 pp. 331-381, with French resume. 
 
 *"• Tipuri geografice din Romania, ibid.. Vol. 36, 1915, pp. 714-738, with 64 illustrations (first publislied 
 in Rev. ShtiintsificA V. Adamachi, Jassy, Vols. 3, 4, and s). 
 
 "' For biographical note see Bui. Soc. Reg. Romdne de Geogr., Vol. 37, 1916-18, pp. 678-679. 
 
 *'2 Die untere Donau zwischen Turnul-Severin und Braila: Geomorphologische Problenie, Diss. Univ. Berlin, 
 1911. 
 
 <" W. M. Davis in literatura geograficS contimporan5, ibid.. Vol. 34, 1913, No. i, pp. I7S-I79; Asupra 
 teraselor aluvionare, ibid.. No. 2, pp. 17-26 (in German as: Uber die Bildung der. Alluvialterrassen, Geogr. 
 Anzeiger, Vol. 12, 1911, pp. 101-103). 
 
 *" RomiLnia in transitul sud-est European, Bui. Soc. Reg. Romdne de Geogr., Vol. 3i, 1912. pp. 48-68. 
 
 *■' S. Demetrescu et al. Carte ethnographique des regions habit6s par les Roumains et les colonics (trangi^res 
 qui s'y trouvent, i : 1,000,000, Paris, 1919. 
 
 *" N. P. Comndne: La terre roumaine a travers les 4ges: Atlas historiquc, politique ct ethnographique, 20 
 maps in i : 4,150,000, Lausanne and Paris, 1919. 
 
 <" N. P. Comn^ne: La Dobrogea (Dobroudja): Essai historique.&onomique, ethnographique, et politique, 
 208 pp., with 10 maps, Lausanne and Paris, 1919; N. lorga, G. V4Isan, et al.: La Dobrogea roumaine: Etudes 
 et documents, 176 pp., separate from Bull. Inst, pour I'ktude de I'Europe Sud-orientale, 1919 (for contents see 
 Bui. Soc. Reg. Romdne de Ceo^r., Vol. 37, 1916-18, pp. 630-631). 
 
 *" Romania la confcrintsa Picii, Bui. Soc. Reg. Romdne de Geogr., Vol. 39. 1920, pp. 223-237.
 
 4S:; THE GEOGRArillCAL REVIEW 
 
 The Rumanian Geographical Society's activities have been guided by 
 a body made up largely of men in government administration and of 
 professional geographers. Dr. S. C. Hcpites, one of the vice-presidents, 
 was fomierly director of the Rumanian Meteorological Office. Professor 
 Mehedintsi is head of the Educational Section and Professor Valsan is on 
 the Editorial Committee. There is also a Military Section, presided over 
 by General lannescu. It is at present devoting itself to the creation of a 
 Cartographic Museum ;''i^ valuable collections have already been donated 
 by the French and Italian war offices. Another undertaking contemplated 
 In- the Society is a bibliography of Rumanian geography.^-" The society is 
 in a flourishing condition, its membership having increased from less than 
 400 in 1913 to 1500 in 1920. In 1914, on the death of King Carol I, its late 
 president, it received a bequest of 300,000 lei. 
 
 Yugoslavia 
 
 In Yugoslavia universities with incomplete faculties have been created 
 since the war at Lyublyana (Laibach), Subotica (Maria Theresiopel), and 
 Skoplye. Geography is represented only at the existing universities of 
 Belgrade and Zagreb (Agram). At Belgrade the subject has been raised to 
 a high state of development by Professor Jovan Cvijic, well known for his 
 work alike in physical and in human geography, recent illustrations of 
 which are his critical elaboration of the cycle of erosion in a karst region^^ 
 and his excellent book on the human geography of the Balkan Peninsula.*-^ 
 In 1910 through the instrumentality of Professor Cvijic the Serbian Geo- 
 graphical Society was founded. Since 1912 it has published a journal 
 {Glasnik Srpskog Geographskog Drustva) of which six numbers have appeared, 
 the last two in 192 1. The Glasnik is replete with papers of scientific value 
 on all phases of the geography of the Balkan Peninsula. Associated with 
 Professor Cvijic as professor of geography is B. Milojevic. Climatology 
 (P. Vujevic) and ethnology (T. R. Djordjevic and J. Erdeljanovic) are also 
 represented. Likewise with Serbia French geography had close ties in the 
 person of the late Gaston Gravier, a pupil of Demangeon and lecturer at 
 the University, w'hose death on the battlefield cuts short the career of one 
 who promised to develop into the foremost Western authority on the 
 geography of the Serbian lands. ^^' At Zagreb geography is represented by a 
 professorship (Milan Senoa, who has specialized in oceanography and re- 
 
 *"For detailed plan see Misiunea Muzeului Cartografic al Societatsii Regale Romane de Geografie, 5m/. 
 Soc. Reg, Romane de Geogr., Vol. 37, 1916-18, pp. 418-520. 
 
 *=» Ibid., Vol. 36, 1915. pp. 859-860. 
 
 '^ Hydrographie souterraine et evolution morphologique du karst, Recueil des Trav. de I'Inst. de Geogr. 
 Alpine (Grenoble). Vol. 6, 1918, pp. 375-426. Abstracted by E. M. Sanders: The Cycle of Erosion in a Karst 
 Region (after Cvijic), Geogr. Rev., Vol. 11, 1921, pp. 593-604. 
 
 *^ La peninsule balkanique: Geographie humaine, Paris, 1918. For advance chapters in English see Geogr. 
 Rev., Vol. 5, 1918, pp. 345-361 and 470-482, and abstract of section on natural regions, ibid., Vol. 9. 1920, pp. 
 199-204. 
 
 <23 Cf. his "Les frontieres historiques de la Serbie," Paris, 1919 ("ce livre faisait presager un maitre") and "La 
 Choumadia," Ann. de Geogr., Vol. 30, 1921, pp. 271-287, 351-361. Biographical notices in A ku. de Geogr., Vol. 
 23-24, 1914-15, pp. 454-458, and Glasnik Srpskog Geogr. Drustva, No. 5, p. 313, 1921.
 
 RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL WORK IN EUROPE 483 
 
 cently contributed a bibliography of the geography of Croatia and Slav- 
 onia)^-^and assistant professorships in mathematical and physical geography 
 (A. Gavazzi) and meteorology and climatology (A. Gilic, A. Mohoravicic, 
 the latter also director of the Institute of Meteorology and Geodynamics). 
 
 Bulgaria 
 
 Geography is well represented at Bulgaria's only university, the Univer- 
 sity of Sofia, by Professor A. Ishirkov, a pupil of Ratzel, assisted by J. 
 Radev. Professor Ishirkov has been an active writer, and his works are 
 known in Western Europe, as they are accessible in German and French. 
 The substance of several of his earlier studies is contained in his main work, 
 a two-volume geography of Bulgaria.^^ In addition two papers on the 
 settlements and the ethnography of the Bulgarians are of interest.''-^ Several 
 recent publications on the Dobrudja were called forth by the peace 
 conference.^^'^ 
 
 ' Greece 
 
 At the University of Athens, the only university in Greece, geography is 
 not represented. Some geographic work has been done by D. Eginitis, 
 professor of astronomy. He has written on the climate of Athens and 
 Attica.^^^ The only other modern geographical work presumably by a 
 Greek which is known to the writer is a monograph on eastern Crete 
 by Dr. Leonidas Chalikiopoulos*^^ of Cairo, who took his degree under 
 Richthofen. 
 
 Conclusion 
 
 Even a cursory examination of the geographical work being done in 
 Europe cannot but impress one with its variety, breadth, and truly geo- 
 graphical spirit. To the professional geographer it is an inspiration, a 
 confirmation of his faith. From it he can draw strength to rededicate him- 
 self to his task. Recent events have roused general interest in his subject 
 and led to a more widespread appreciation of its value and mission. Contact 
 with the thought of his fellow- workers abroad will help him keep properly 
 equipped for the wider opportunities for service of the new time. For us in 
 America this contact, to our good fortune, has constantly become closer, 
 especially in the last ten or fifteen years. International excursions and 
 congresses, exchange professorships, and co-operation in various enterprises 
 
 *" Geografska bibliographija za Hrvatsku i Slavoniju, Clasnik Hrv. Prirod. Drultva, 1917. 
 
 *" A. Ischirkoff: Bulgarien: Land und Leute (in series: Bulgarische Blbliotliek), 2 vols., I^ipzig, 1916-17. 
 
 «M Die Bevolkerung in Bulgarien und ihre Siedelungsverhaltnisse, Petermanns Milt., Vol. 57. H, 1911. 
 pp. 1 17-122 and 179-185; Ethnographische Karte des Bulgarentums auf der BalkanlialbinscI im Jalirc 191a. 
 ibid.. Vol. 61, 191S, pp. 339-343, with map, I : 500,000, PI. 44. 
 
 «' A. Ichirkoff: Les Bulgares en Dobroudja: Apercu historique et ethnographique, with map in I : 750.000, 
 Berne, 1919; A. Ichirkov and others: La Dobroudja: Geographic, histoire, etlinographie, importance 6cono. 
 niique et politique, Sofia, 1918. 
 
 ««To klima tes Hellados, 2 vols., Athens, 1908: Le climat de I'Attique, Ann. de Ciogr., Vol. 17. 1908, pp. 
 413-432. 
 
 «»Sitia, die Osthalbinsel Kretas: Eine geograpliisclie Studie, VerOffentl. des J ml. fUr Meertikundt Univ. 
 Berlin, No. 4, 1903.
 
 g. THE GEOGRAl'lUCAL RICVIEW 
 
 have cemented personal ties; European contributions to our journals and our 
 increasing study of European publications, in which the language barrier 
 has proven less formidable than it sometimes appeared, have aided the m- 
 terchange of thought. It is to our own interest to foster this interchange and 
 thereby add the stimulus of other points of view to that native genius which 
 promises to make American geography of ever increasing value in the 
 advancement of knowledge. 
 
 March, 1Q22
 
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