GIFT OF rkeley Publi c Librar" EDUCATION DEPT. 76 o £ 4^7 ^ i »* fs / sT" 4* r-ryyiIL Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2008 with funding from Microsoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/elementaryguidetOOallerich LATIN COMPOSITION 1 £r-Z — ! ?iVi >*': AN ELEMENTARY GUIDE TO Writing in Latin PART I. — CONSTRUCTIONS PART II. — EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION BY J. H. ALLEN and J. B. GREENOUGH BOSTON GINN AND HEATH 1878 • Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. This book completes the series of preparatory text-books announced by the present editors. It has been prepared with a view to furnish a sufficient amount of study and practice in Latin composition, during the last year of preparation for col- lege, and the first of a college course. It supposes in the learner a fair acquaintance with the language, gained by the reading of the usual authors and the careful study of gram- mar and notes, with some elementary practice in writing, at least as much as that given in the " Method," to which this is intended as a sequel. "Latin Composition," so called, has often been taught solely by the use of detached sentences illustrating the vari- ous constructions of syntax, translated out of Roman authors, to be re-translated into the original form. We are persuaded that, however serviceable this may be to give a certain mechani- cal familiarity with the formal rules of Grammar, it is not a good preparation for " composition," in the sense that prop- erly belongs to that word. The best way to learn intelligently the usages of the language is to put real English into real Latin. While we seek, therefore, to cover the entire ground of syntactical constructions, the suggestions given in this book are throughout from the English point of view. The question we have attempted to answer is not "How closely may this or that phrase in Cicero be imitated by the learner ? " 629481 iv Preface. but, " How may good common English be best represented in Latin forms?" We would thus suggest a comparison not merely of the words or the constructions, but (so to speak) of the genius and spirit of the two tongues, which, we are con- vinced, is the true way of appreciating what is most character- istic and best worth knowing in the ancient authors. With this view, the passages to be rendered into Latin are freely selected from the sources which seemed suitable to our purpose.* It will be observed that we have very early intro- duced continuous paragraphs or narratives ; which, we believe, are not only more interesting in themselves, but will be found easier in practice than detached sentences, besides the advan- tage of exhibiting the rarer constructions in situ, and not as mere isolated puzzles. The extracts have been very carefully selected, with a view not to anticipate constructions not already given j or, where this is inevitable, it is hoped they are suf- ficiently helped by notes and vocabulary, while they are accom- panied in every case by full preliminary instruction.! The earlier of these extracts are chiefly anecdotes from Roman history, or other matter within a range already familiar to the pupil. In the later ones we have been obliged to in- troduce, here and there, modern material and ideas. These, it is likely, will tax more severely the pupil's knowledge and capacity; but it seems evident that the more intricate con- structions of Latin prose can be best understood when we meet them from our own point of view, and find the need of them to express our own forms of thought. It should be understood that the difficulties they include are those of the language itself; and it is best to meet them fairly at the start, rather than evade or disguise them. There is no such thing * Of these we may specify Smith's "Smaller History of Rome," and Sargent's "Easy Passages for Translation into Latin." t It may be worth while to suggest that the teacher may at his pleasure select single passages or phrases for elementary practice. Preface. v as making a Ciceronian period or an indirect discourse in Caesar or Livy an easy thing to boys ; and the student is not fairly master of them until he can to some extent follow and reproduce them in his own work. The difficulties may, how- ever, be lightened to any extent, at the discretion of the teacher, even to the extent of going over in detail the whole ground of each exercise in advance. It will be observed that a Vocabulary has been prepared to Part First only; and that this aims only to give, as a simple mechanical convenience, the Latin terms which may be used in the passages where the English ones actually occur in the book, leaving the mind free to attend wholly to the construction. The learner should be impressed from the start with the need of habitually consulting his Lati?i Lexicon, to obtain the true meaning and use of the terms he employs. Such explanation as could be given in a partial vocabulary would be at best of very doubtful service. Even if on some grounds desirable, the need of it appears to be removed by White's excellent " English Latin Dictionary for the use of Junior Students," which within reasonable limits of size and price furnishes a guide such as every learner should possess, who aims at any thing better than the mere performance of the required task of the day ; while the more advanced student will not be content without something at least as complete as the larger work of Smith or Arnold. The design of Part Second obviously excludes the use of any partial or special list of words. For this, we trust that the suggestions of the Introduction, and the frequent assistance given in the notes, — with the faithful consultation of the Lexicon, which must always be supposed, — will prove a sufficient guide. Cambridge, May 10, 1876. The following works, which have been freely used in the prepa- ration of this manual, will be of service to those who desire to give the subject a more thorough study. Those marked 2, 3, 4, have been used to some extent as text-books in this country. 1. Theorie des lateinischen Stiles, von C. J. Grysar. 2d ed. Koln : J. G. Schmitz. 1843. A very complete and elaborate treatise, the source from which ex- cellent material has been largely drawn by others. 2. Hints towards Latin Prose Composition. By Alex. W. Potts. 3d ed. London : Macmillan & Co. 1872. A brief but admirable essay on the main points of Latin style and expression (without exercises), with a great number of brief illustra- tions, some of which will be found in the introduction to Part II. of the present manual (pp. 126-129). 3. Parallel Extracts, arranged for translation into English and Latin, with Notes on Idioms. By J. E. Nixon. Part I. Historical and Epistolary. London : Macmillan & Co. 1874. An excellent working manual, the passages on opposite pages sug- gesting points of comparison between Latin and English style, and with numerous figured references to the introductory Notes. 4. A Manual of Latin Prose Composition for the use of Schools and Colleges. By the Rev. Henry Musgrave Wilkins. 3d ed. London : Parker, Son, & Brown. 1861. Numerous exercises, very fully annotated, a portion being " adapted " (in English) to the Latin idiom. With introductory remarks and a table of idiomatic expressions. A Key is published for the use of teachers. 5. Principia Latina. Part VI. Short Tales and Anecdotes from Ancient History for translation into Latin Prose. By William Smith, D.D. 3d ed. London : John Murray. 1870. CONTENTS. • y Part. I. — Constructions. PAGE Lesson I. The Order of Words i 2. Rules of Agreement. — i. Apposition .... 3 3- » „ 2. The Verb .... 4 4- » » 3- Adjectives .... 6 5. Adjectives : Special Uses 8 6. Pronouns. — 1. Personal and Reflexive .... 10 7. „ 2. Demonstrative 12 8. „ 3. Relative 14 9. „ 4. Interrogative and Indefinite . . 17 10. Cases. — 1. As Objects of Verbs 20 11. „ 2. As Modifying Adjectives .... 23 12. „ 3. Indirect Relations 25 13. „ 4. Cause, Means, and Quality ... 28 14. „ 5. Separation and Comparison ... 32 15. „ 6. Special Uses of the Genitive ... 34 16. „ 7. Use of Two Cases 37 17. „ 8. Time and Place 39 18. „ 9. Prepositions 42 19. Verbs. — 1. Narrative Tenses 45 20. „ 2. The Passive Voice 48 21. „ 3. Infinitive Constructions 53 22. „ 4. Participial Constructions .... 57 23. „ 5. Gerundive Constructions .... 60 24. „ 6. Subjunctive Constructions .... 62 25. Relations of Time 66 26. Purpose and Result 69 27. Conditional Sentences 72 28. Substantive Clauses 74 29. Intermediate Clauses 77 30. Indirect Discourse 80 31. Certain Special Constructions 83 Part Second. PAGB Introduction : i. Choice of the Word or Phrase ... 119 2. Structure of the Sentence 126 3. Idiomatic Phrases 130 Exercises in Translation. I. Death of Epaminondas 135 II. The Ring of Gyges 135 III. Cyrus the Younger 136 IV. Xenophon's Sacrifice 136 V. The Sibylline Books 137 VI. Hannibal and Antiochus 138 VII. The Talking Crow 139 VIII. Hannibal in the Alps. — Arnold 139 IX. The Embassy of Philip. — Arnold 140 X. Hannibal near Rome 141 XI. Young Scipio . 142 XII. Hannibal's Exile 143 XIII. The Tale of Atalanta. — Bacon 145 XIV. Assassination of Caesar. — Plutarch . . . . . 145 XV. Death of Marcus Antonius 147 XVI. Destruction of Carthage 148 XVII. Xenophon at the Sea 149 XVIII. Vercingetorix . . . 150 XIX. A Story of Wolves 151 XX. Death of Socrates. — Plato 152 XXI. Hannibal in the Apennines . . 155 XXII. The Gauls at Rome 156 XXIII. Murder of Marcellus 157 XXIV. Story of Cincinnatus. — Arnold 159 XXV. Princely Generosity. — Feltham ...... 160 XXVI. Defeat of Varus. — Creasy 161 XXVII. Siege of Syracuse. — Arnold 162 XXVIII. Battle of Metaurus. — A mold 163 XXIX., Inundations of the Tiber. — Gibbon 165 XXX. First Acting at Rome. — Livy 167 XXXI. The Fire of London „ 169 XXXII. The Earthquake at Lisbon 171 XXXIII. Character of Trajan. — Gibbon 174 XXXIV. Character of Q2X0. — Middleton ....... 175 XXXV. Of Studies. — Bacon 176 XXXVI. Antony in Defeat — A T orth' s Plutarch . . . . 178 XXXVII. Speech of Antony. — Shakespeare 180 COMPOSITION. PART FIRST.— CONSTRUCTIONS. Lesson i. The Order of Words. Read carefully the whole of Chapter VI. (pages 258-262). Learn §§ 343, with c, d ; and 344. Note. — Though the order of words in a Latin sentence seems very arbitrary, yet it will be observed that almost every arrangement produces some effect such as must usually be given in English by emphasis or stress of voice. In the Exercises to follow, the pupil should observe the reason of any change he may make from the normal order, and the effect it has in making prominent some par- ticular word or words. He should also acquire, as early as possible, the habit of regarding his composition as a Latin sentence, and not as an English sentence turned into Lati?i words. And he will be aided in this by habitually reading over the sentence as Latin after he has written it, to be sure that it has a Latin sound. I. The normal or regular form of words in a Latin sentence is the following : (a) The Subject, followed by its modifiers ; (b) the modifiers of the Predicate, the direct object being usually put last; (c) the Verb, preceded by any word or phrase which directly quali- fies its action. This is the order usually to be followed, where no emphasis is thrown on any particular word, as in simple narrative of fact : thus, Hannibal imperator f actus \ proximo triennio omnes gentes Hispaniae \ hello subegit. — Nepos, Harm. 3. 2 ' Latin O,oyiposition. REMA'kk.-^-ln actual! practice,- file normal order of words is rarely found. It is continually altered, either for the sake of emphasis, — to throw stress on the more important words ; or for the sake of euphony, — to make the sentence more agreeable to the ear. 2. Modifiers of Nouns — as adjectives (not predi- cate), appositives, and oblique cases used as attributes — usually follow the noun ; modifiers of Verbs — in- cluding adverbs and adverbial phrases — precede the verb. Genitives may come indifferently before or after the noun which they limit, according to emphasis. 3. In the arrangement of Clauses, the relative clause more often comes first in Latin, and usually contains the antecedent noun ; while, in English, the demonstrative clause almost always precedes : as, Quos amisimus elves, eos Martis vis per culit.— Cic. Marc. 6. ("Those citizens whom," &c. See examples in § 200. b.) 4. In contrasted phrases or clauses, either (1) the same order of words is repeated (anaphora) , or (2) the order is reversed {chiasmus) : as, 1. Helium genere necessarium magnitudine periculo- sum. — id. Manil. 10. 2. Non terrore belli, sed consilii celeritate, — (id. 11.) 5. Almost universally the main word of the sen- tence is put first (rarely last). This may be (1) simply the emphatic word, containing the idea most prominent in the writer's mind (emphasis) ; or it may be (2) con- trasted with some other word preceding or following (antithesis) . Compare, for example, the following : — 1. M. Brutus Ciceronis amicus Caesar em interfecit. 2. Amicus Ciceronis M. Brutus Caesarem interfecit. 3. Caesarem interfecit 31. Brutus Ciceronis amicus. That is, "It was Caesar," &c. Af position . 3 4. Interfecit Caesarem 31. Brutus Ciceronis amicus. Here the emphasis is thrown on the fact of killing : compare — 5. Interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspi- tlones V. Gracchus. — Cic. Cat. 1. 2 (see the passage). 6. Ilomae summum otium est. Here Rome is contrasted with Syria, which Cicero had just spoken of. Lesson 2. Rules of Agreement. — 1. Apposition. Review § 184, 185 ; Learn a, b, c. Observe that in Latin simple apposition is often used where in English we use as, of, when, or even a separate clause : thus, 1. I come to help you, adjutor tibi venio. 2. To treat Cicero as a friend, Cicerone amico uti. 3. To regard the gods as immortal, deos aeternos habere. 4. The city of Rome, Homa urbs. 5. I remember seeing when a boy, puer tnemini videre. 6. Publius and Lucius Scipio, jP. et L. Scipiones. 7. Cato used to tell in his old age, Cato seneoc narrabat. 8. Fabius in his second consulship (when he was second time consul), Fabius consul iterum. N.B. In the following Exercises, words in brackets are to be omitted in the Latin. Proper Names of the first or second declension are not given in the Vocabulary, except where the spelling is different in English. Exercise 1. I. The consul Caius 1 Flaminius defeated the Insu- brians. 2 The next consuls, Scipio and Marcellus, con- 1 Praenomens (as Caius) are always to be abbreviated (see § 80. d). The name must here precede the title. *Insubres. 4 Latin Composition. tinued the war. Marcellus slew Viridomarus, chief of the Insubrians, and Scipio his colleague took Milan, their chief town. 2. Give this message 1 to Tar^ quinius, your king. 3. O father Tiber, take me [into thy charge] and bear me up. 4. We have sworn to- gether, three hundred noble youths, against Porsena. 5. Bocchus was gained over to the Roman cause by Sulla, the quaestor of Marius. 6. The consul Publius Rupilius brought the Servile War to an end by the capture of Tauromenium and Enna, the two strong- holds of the insurgents. 7. Sempronia, the only sister of Tiberius Gracchus, was married to the younger Scipio Africanus. 8. The next year, Lucius Cor- nelius Scipio, brother of the great Africanus, and Caius Laelius, the intimate-friend of the latter, 2 were consuls. 9. The Ulyrians were a nation of pirates. 10. The she-wolf acted [as a] mother. 11. The Academy introduced a new [branch of] knowledge [viz.] to know nothing. 12. Demetrius, an unprin- cipled Greek, surrendered to the Romans the impor- tant island [of] Corcyra. 13. Marius and Cicero were born at Arpinum, a free-town of Latium. 1 Literally, " Report these [things] ." 2 idem. Lesson 3. Rules of Agreement. — 2. The Verb. i. Review § 204 (the general rule of agreement). Learn §§ 205, with a, b ; 206. a, b. Note. — The correspondence of the verb with its subject (called agreement) is nearly the same in most languages, though obscured in English by the loss of the inflectional endings. The peculiarities The Verb. 5 of Latin use are given in the sub-sections cited above. The most important of these is the regular omission of the personal pronoun of the first or second person as subject (the pronoun being contained in the verb-ending 1 ), also of the third person whenever it is plain from the context. Hence the rule — 2. The personal pronoun is never to be expressed in Latin, except when required for emphasis or pre- cision. 3. A single idea is very often expressed in Latin by two nouns connected by a conjunction (hendiadys). In this case the singular verb is the usual form : as, There is a continued series of events, est continuatio et series rerum, 4. The following examples show the most frequent Latin usages : — 1. Faniiius and Mucius came to their father-in-law, Fannius et Mucins ad socerum venerunt. 2. Neither .ffilius nor Coruncanius thought so, nee Aelius nee Coruncanius ita ptitabat. 3. Balbus and I held up our hands, ego et Balbus sustuli- mus manus. 4. If you and Tullia are well, Cicero and I are well, si til et Tullia valetis, ego et Cicero valemus. 5. Water and earth remained, aqua restabat et terra (more rarely: aqua et terra restabat). 6. I say, aio ; they say (people say), aiunt. 7. I strongly approve of Epicurus, for he says, &c, Epicu- rum valde probo, (licit enim, etc. 8. Rational instruction prescribes, ratio et doctrina prae- scribit. N.B. The periphrastic forms of the verb come properly under the treatment of Adjectives, and are included in the next Lesson. 1 So sometimes in old English or in poetry: as, Did' } st ever see the like? (Taming of the Shrew, iv. 1). So the phrases, thank yo7i, pray come, &c. 6 Latin Com-position. Exercise 3. I. Catulus in the Senate, and Cato in the forum, hailed Cicero [as] the father of his country. 2. Cicero calls Athens the inventress of arts. 3. The army of Hannibal lived luxuriously at Capua, a beautiful city of Campania. 1 4. We avoid death as-if a dis- solution of nature. 5. Many ancient peoples wor- shipped the dog and cat [as] gods. 6. The swallow, harbinger of Spring, had now appeared. 7. Marcus Manlius, the preserver of the capitol, came forward [as] the patron of the poor. 8. The censors, Crassus and Maenius, created two new tribes, the Ufentine and Falerian. 9. Quintus and I 2 shall set sail to-morrow ; you and Tiro will wait [for] us in the harbor. 10. Honor and shame from no condition rise. 11. To you, [my] son Marcus, belongs the inheritance of my glory and the imitation of my deeds. 12. Never is danger overcome without danger, as they say. 13. The exigency 3 of the occasion 3 demands severity. 14. The mad-scheme of Saturninus and the discredit of Marius gave-new-strength 4 to the Senate. 1 See § 184. b. * In Latin, " I and Quintus." 3 Two words with et. 4 Coiiftnno. Lesson 4. Rules of Agreement.— 3. Adjectives. i. Learn § 186 (the general rule of agreement) ; also sub-section d, and § 187, with a, b. Note. — As adjectives are not inflected at all in English , the beginner is required to pay constant attention to the rule. The only special difficulties likely to arise are when the same adjective belongs to two nouns, especially when these are of different genders. As to these, the principles stated 187, with a and b, will in general be a sufficient guide. Adjectives, 7 2. The participial forms in the compound tenses, as well as other participles, are treated in construction as adjectives : as, i. Caesar and Bibulus were elected consuls, Caesar et Bibu- lus consules creati sunt. 2. Tullia is dead (or died), Tullia mortua est. 3. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est. 4. Virginius and his daughter were left alone before the judg- ment-seat, Virginias et /ilia ejus soli ante tribunal relicti sunt. 5. The wife and little son of Regulus embraced him as he departed, Megulum discedentem uxor et parvus jilius amplexi sunt. Exercise 3. i. Brutus, the deliverer of his country, and Colla- tinus the husband of Lucretia, were chosen first con- suls at Rome. 2. Disunion and distrust were created among the allies by the Julian law. 3. Herculaneum and Pompeii : have been preserved to our times. 4. The entire Senate and Roman people went out to meet 2 Cicero on his return from exile. 5. All sensible [people] had become alarmed at the mad-conduct of Saturninus. 6. Valerius commanding the foot, and Brutus being appointed to head the cavalry, went out to meet Tarquinon 3 the Roman borders. 7. My uncle and myself, having returned to Misenum, passed an anxious and doubtful night. 8. Manlius during-his- absence 4 had been elected consul a second time. 9. Pompey, having marched into Syria, deposed xAn- tiochus, and made the country a [Roman] province. 10. The conspiracy against Caesar's life was set-on- foot by Caius Cassius Longinus, an enemy [of] his. 1 Supply urbes in apposition. 3 Lesson 17, h. Rem. 8 Obvia?n with dative, following egredi. 4 absens. 8 Latin Composition. ii. Mantua, alas! too near unhappy Cremona. 1 12. You have before your eyes Catiline, the most audacious of men. 13. Aurora opens the purple doors and the courts full of roses. 14. A boar is often held by a small 2 dog. 15. The wall was common to 3 both houses, and was cleft by 4 a narrow chink. 16. Lepidus[was] defeated near the Mulvian bridge by Catulus [and] sailed with the remainder of his forces to Sardinia. 1 Dative. 2 non magnus. 3 Genitive. 4 Ablative. Lesson 5. Adjectives: Special Uses. 1. Review §§ 186, 187; learn §§ 188, 189. a, b (adjectives used as nouns), with 190, 191, 193, 203. Under these heads occur many common phrases, in which the Latin usage must be carefully distinguished from the English : as, 1. I saw Scipio in his lifetime, Scipionem vivum vidi. 2. He came against his will, invitus venit. 3. Every thing was safe, omnia tuta erant. 4. All of us are here, omnes adsumus, 5. He was the first to see (he saw first), primus vidit. 6. On the top of a tree, in sumtna arbore. 7. The inner part of the house, interior domus. 8. The rest of the crowd remained, reliqua multitudo manebat. Note. — The use of adjectives as nouns is most common in the masculine plural, just as in English the wise, the brave, &c. In the singular this use is rare, except with a few words which have become practically nouns, such as familiaris, an intimate friend; sapiens, a wise man; avarus, a miser, and with neuters as in 4. a. In other cases the noun is generally expressed ; and almost always when a feminine or neuter would be used. Hence — Adjectives: Special Uses, 9 2. When any ambiguity would arise from the use of the adjective alone, a noun must be added : as, 1. Boni, the good; omnia, every thing, 2. All [men] must die, omnibus moriendum est. But — 3. A good man, vir bonus, 4. Power over every thing, potentia omnium rerum, 3. When any other case is used than the nominative or accusative, the noun is more commonly expressed, even when not required for distinctness. 4. An abstract notion is very often expressed in Latin by an adjective in the neuter plural : thus, 1. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant, 2. The past at least is secure, praeterita saltern tuta sunt, 3. Choose the better part, elige meliora, 4. Fleeting good, bona caduca, 5. Pleasing ill, mala blanda, 5. Adjectives are often used in Latin where in English we use the possessive, or a noun and preposi- tion : as, 1. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis, 2. Caius Blossius of Cumae, C. Blossius Cumanus, 3. Another man's house, aliena domus. Note. — These adjectives most commonly represent the geni- tive, and will be treated in Lesson 15, b. Exercise 4. i. Duillius was-the-first 1 of the Romans to a conquer in a naval battle ; Curius Dentatus first led elephants in a triumph. 2. Right and wrong are by nature opposed to-each-other. 2 3. After [his] exile Scipio passed the-rest-of his life at Liternum, a small town of Latium. 4. Demosthenes, the Athenian orator, being banished from his country on 3 a false charge 1 Simple adjective. 2 Inter se. 8 Ob. jo Latin Composition. of having received money 1 from Harpalus, was-in- exile at Megara. 2 He [was] afterwards recalled [and] returned [to] Athens in a ship sent for that [purpose]. 5. Octavia and Livia, the one the sister of Augustus, the other [his] wife, had lost [their] sons, the 3 [famous] young Marcellus and Drusus Germanicus. 6. The aged senators who-had-been-consuls 4 or censors 4 sat in the Forum on [their] curule chairs, awaiting death. The Gauls found the city deserted ; but marching on they came to the Forum, where they beheld the old men sitting immovable like beings 5 of 6 another 6 world. 6 For some time they stood 7 in-awe-at 8 the strange sight, till one of the Gauls ventured to go up to Marcus Papi- rius and stroke his white beard. The old man smote him on the head with 9 [his] ivory staff; then the bar- barian slew him, and all the rest were massacred. 1 Lit. " of money received." 2 Megarae or is. 3 tile. 4 Adjectives. 6 forma ac natura. ' de caelo delapsus. 7 Obstipesco. 8 admirans followed by ace. 9 Ablative. Lesson 6. Pronouns. — 1. Personal and Reflexive. i. Review §§98 (the Personal and Reflexive Pro- nouns) ; and 99. a, d, c (Possessive adjectives), d, e. Observe that the pronouns have almost precisely the same syntax as nouns. 2. The Latin never uses the plural of the second person (vos) for the singular you; but often the plural of the first person (nos) for the singular /. 3. Of the double forms in the genitive plural, the form in urn is partitive, while that in i is objective : thus, i. The elder of us, major nostrum, 2. Mindful of us, memor nostri. Pronouns. n 4. The Reflexive pronoun (se), with its correspond- ing Possessive (suus), is used in some part of the predicate, always referring to the subject of the sen- tence or clause (read the whole of 196). Note. — In such cases we generally (not always) use self, selves, and own. These accordingly are not necessary in Latin, — except when they are emphatic, — being expressed by the reflexive or the personal pronoun (me, te, &c.) : — 1. Virtue knows itself, Virtus se novit. 2. Brutus slew his friend, Brutus amicum [suum] occidit (his own friend, suum amicum), 3. Philosophy has much pleasure in it, Philosophia mul- tum habet in se delectationis. 5. The Possessives (like other adjectives) take the gender, number, and case of the noun they are used with, not of the one they refer to. They are regularly omitted when they are plainly implied (see § 197). Exercise 5. I. Bulls defend themselves by [their] horns, boars by their tusks, 1 [and] lions by their teeth and claws. 2. Horatius slew his sister with his own hand. 3. "Young man," said Sulla, "you have strengthened your rival against yourself." 4. "Varus, Varus," cried Augustus, " give me 2 back my legions." 5. Cras- sus, indeed, has defeated the enemy ; but I have ex- terminated them root-and-branch. 6. " Who art thou," said Brutus, "and for what purpose art-thou-come ?" 3 "I am thy evil genius, 4 Brutus," replied the spectre; " thou shalt see me to-morrow at Philippi." 7. Ci- cero was accustomed to write down his orations. 8. Few men know their own faults and vices. 9. How long a letter I have written to you with my own hand ! 1 ictus dentium. 2 Dative. 3 Perfect active. 4 Furia. 12 Latin Composition. 10. Ancus Martius instituted the college of Heralds ; he also founded a colony at Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, and built a fortress on the Janiculum. n. Very- agreeable to me is your remembrance of me (plur.). Lesson 7. Pronouns. — 2. Demonstrative* i. Review J ioo, and learn carefully the sub-sec- tions 102. a to e (use of the Demonstratives). Note. — These Demonstratives are used much like the corre- sponding words in English, this, that, &c. Observe, however, that though they run into one another in meaning, yet regularly hie, ille, iste, are true demonstratives, and actually point to something ; while is (the pronoun of reference) only refers without pointing out. Thus a, a man, the 7?ian, one {who), &c, are often rendered by is with qui following. 2. The Possessives his, hers, its, theirs, are ex- pressed by the genitive of a demonstrative, and have no difference of gender in the singular. 3. When the word that is used instead of repeating a word before expressed, it is regularly omitted in Latin. But when a distinct object is referred to, it may be expressed by ille, hie, or even is ; or the noun itself may be repeated. Thus, — 1. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, memo- riae artem quam oblivionis malo. 2. Virtue seeks no other reward except this [of which I have just spoken] of glory, nullam virtus aliam mercedem desiderat praeter hanc laudis. — Cic. Arch. 11. Note.— In such cases, the Latin often prefers some possessive adjective or other construction (see hereafter, Lesson 15) : as, The army of Caesar defeated that of Pompey at Pharsalus, Caesaris exercitus Pompeiatws ad PJiarsalum vicit. Pronouns, 13 4. Contrary to the English usage, hie is generally used to refer to a preceding statement or example ; ille to a following one : as, That [which I have just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater : [namely] that, etc., hoc magnum est argumen- tum, sed Mud majus, quod, etc. 5. Hie often corresponds with our here^ the present; ille to our there; and iste, yonder (by you) : as, 1. Caius Caesar here, hie C. Caesar. 2. Those benches yonder (by you), ista subsellia. 3. The present (now living) Mucius Scaevola, hie Mucins Scaevola. 6. The demonstrative pronoun regularly agrees in gender and number with a predicate appositive if there is one (§ 195. d) : as, This is the toil, this the task, hie labor hoc opus est. 7. The intensive ipse is usually put in the case of the subject, even where the real emphasis appears to be on the object (see § 195. /"to /) : as, 1. You praise yourself over much, ipse te nimium laudas. 2. This thing is sufficient in itself, haec res per se ipsa satis est. N.B. — The distinction between the intensive ipse and the reflex- ive se — both rendered in English by "self" — requires to be care- fully observed (see § 102. d (two Accusatives). Learn §§ 219, 220, 221, 222 (Verbs of Reminding, Accusing, &c, with the Impersonate miseret, etc.). 2. A verb in English, besides its object, has often another modifying noun with a preposition. Such nouns are in Latin usually put in the case correspond- ing to the English preposition, though sometimes a preposition is expressed. a. The Accusative and Dative (compare Lesson 10, b), in such phrases as — 1. He laid the burden on my shoulders, humeris meis onus imposuit. 2. I do not envy Crassus for his wealth (I do not grudge wealth to Crassus), Crasso divitias non invideo. 3. Caesar required ten hostages of the Helvetians, Caesar Helvetiis decent obsides imperavit (225. c). Note. — In these cases notice the Latin idiom, as it often differs from the English ; and observe carefully the construction of each verb as given in the Vocabulary. b. Accusative and Genitive, in such phrases as — 1. You remind me of my duty, me mones officii, 2. He accuses me of theft, arguit me furti, 3. I repent of my folly, meae me stultitiae paenitet. 4. I am weary of life, me vitae taedet (weary with toil, fessns labor e). c. Two Accusatives : I. One in Apposition (see Lesson 2) ; 2. With verbs of Asking and Teaching : Panaetius taught Scipio the Greek philosophy, Panaefpus Scipionem Graecam docuit philosophiam. 38 Latin Composition. Exercise 15* i. The men-of-Minturnae 1 repented of their un- grateful conduct towards 2 a man who had been the safety of Italy. 2. The younger Marius put an end to his own life. 3 3. In the proscriptions of Sulla, to many a man who belonged to no party an estate or a house was his destruction. For although the property of the proscribed belonged to the state, yet the friends of Sulla purchased it at-a-nominal-price. 4 4. Marius upbraided the nobles 5 [with] their effeminacy and idleness, and proudly compared his own words and exploits with their indolence and ignorance. His election was a great victory for the common-people, and a great humiliation to the aristocracy. 5. The great numbers of the enemy were a hindrance rather than a help to them. 6. Polybius taught the noble- men of Rome their own municipal law. 7. O Jupiter ! give us those things that are-good-for 6 us ! 8. Praise is to an old man an empty sound. I have outlived my friends and my rivals. Nothing is now of much account to me. 9. An exile and a menial muttered the last farewell to Pompey, the mighty victor of the East, the powerful lord of the Roman Senate. 10. The Senate distributed provinces and suitable honors among the partisans of Brutus. 11. The noblest of the Romans were ashamed of the victory by which they had avenged the disgrace of the Caudine Forks. 12. Old age is 7 most irksome 7 to the poor. 8 13. Publius Autronius and Servius Cor- nelius Sulla had been elected consuls, but were con- victed of bribery. Catiline also, who wished to "^Minturnensis. s erga. 3 mortem sibi consciscere. 4 minimo. 5 Dative. 6 convenire. 7 piget. 8 Accusative. Cases: Time and Place, 39 become a candidate, had been impeached 1 for oppres- sion in his province by Publius Clodius. 14. Caius Mucius was seized by the guards and brought before the king, who threatened him with cruel tortures. But he said, " See now how little your torments terrify 2 me." Then he plunged his right hand into the fire of an altar that burned near by, and held it in the flames, by which it was wholly consumed. From this act the name Sccevola was given him, which signifies He that uses the left hand. 15. The second secession extorted from the patricians again a second :{ great charter 4 of liberty. The people had become tired of the decemvirs, and were dissatisfied 5 with their measures ; for which reason they retired from [their] office, and the people elected ten tribunes. The decemvirs were then accused of treason, and some were condemned to death, others Committed suicide. Two consuls were elected, and the Valerian and Horatian laws were passed. The plebeians were still, however, debarred from marriage with the patri- cians. 1 reus fieri. * Subjunctive. 3 alter. 4 fiignus. b paenitet. Lesson 1 7. Cases. — 8. Time and Place. Learn §§ 256, with a; 257, 258 (reading Notes), with a, b, c, d,f, g; and Remarks. Learn also §§ 259. a to h, and 260. a. a. Many expressions have in Latin the construction of time when, where in English time is not the main idea : as, 1. In the fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensi (or apud C annas). 2. At the Roman games, ludis Momanis. 3. In all the wars of Gaul, omnibus Gallicis bellis. 40 Latin Composition. b. In many expressions of time the accusative with ad, in, or sub, is used. Such are the following : — i. A thanksgiving was voted for the 1st of January, suppli- catio deer eta est in Kalendas Januarias. 2. They assembled at the [appointed] day, convenerunt ad diem. 3 ' ~ evening, m \ ad vesperum. Towards (about) evening, ^ 4. About the same time, sub idem tempus. c. Time either during or within which may be expressed by a noun in the singular, with an ordinal numeral : as, 1. Within (just) four days, quinto die. 2. He has reigned going on six years, regnat jam, sextum annum. But also — 3. He has already reigned for six years, regnavit jam sex annos. d. Distance of time before or after any thing is variously ex- pressed : as, 1. Three years after, post (or before, ante) tres annos, post tertium annum, tres post annos, tertium post annum, tribus post annis, tertio post anno. 2. Three years after his banishment, tribus annis {tertio anno) jjost exsilium [post quam ejectus est). 3. Within the last three years, his tribus proximis annis. 4. A few years hence, paucis annis. 5. Three years ago, abhinc annos tres {tribus annis) ; ante hos tres annos. 6. It is three years since, triennium est cum {tres anni sunt cum). e. The time of day is only counted by hours, beginning at sunrise (prima, secunda hora) ; the time of night by watches, (vigiliae), of which there were four from sunset to sunrise. /. The names of the Months are adjectives, and agree either with mensis or with the parts into which the month was divided in the complicated Roman system, for which see Grammar, § 376. g. The year is expressed by the names of the consuls in the Ablative Absolute. Modern dates may be expressed by the year after the birth of Christ {post Christum natum) . Cases: Time and Place. 41 h. With names of places (except Towns, &c, see § 258), to is expressed by in or ad with the accusative ; IN by in or ab, with the ablative ; from by ab, de, ex, with the ablative. But at, meaning near (not in) , is expressed with all names of place by ad or apud, with the accusative. Remark. — Notice that, when several names of place follow a verb of motion, each must be under its own construction. Thus — Within four days after this was done the matter was reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla's camp at Volaterrae, qaadriduo quo haec gesta sunt res ad Chruso- gonum in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur. Notice also that the meaning of the Latin verb must be con- sidered in relations of place : as, 1. He arrived in Spain, pervenit in Hispaniam. 2. He arrived at Rome, pervenit Romam. 3. They assembled in the Senate-house, convenerunt in curiam. 4. He brought his army together in one place, coegit exer- citum in unum locum. Exercise 16. i. After the death of Lucretia, Brutus threw off his assumed stupidity, and placed himself at the head 1 of her friends. They carried the body into the market- place [of JCollatia. 2 There 3 the people took up arms and renounced the Tarquins. A number-of 4 young men attended the funeral-procession 5 to Rome. Bru- tus summoned the people [and] related 7 the deed-of- shame. 8 All classes were influenced with the same indignation. 9 By order of the people Tarquin was deposed, 10 and, along with his family, was banished from the city. Brutus now set out for the army at Ardea. 11 Tarquin in the meantime had hastened to 1 Lit. "added himself as leader." 2 Accusative. 3 Relative. 4 plures. b exsequiae funeris. 6 convocato populo. 7 narrare de. s f acinus flagitiosum. 9 dolor et indignatio. 10 regnum abrogari (with dat.) . n Accusative. 42 Latin Composition. Rome, but found the gates closed against him. Brutus was received with joy at Ardea, and the army renounced [their] allegiance : to the tyrant. Tar- quin, with his two sons, Titus and Aruns, took refuge at Caere, in Etruria. Sextus fled to Gabii, where he was shortly after murdered by the friends of those whom he had put to death. Tarquin had reigned twenty-two years when he was driven from Rome. In memory of this event an annual festival was celebrated on the 24th of February, called the Regifngium. 2. Jugurtha was taken prisoner. The 2 great traitor fell by the treachery of his nearest relatives. Lucius Sulla brought the crafty and restless Numidian in chains, 8 along with his children, to the Roman head- quarters ; and the war, which had lasted for seven years, was at an end. The glory of this victory was given to Marius. King Jugurtha, in 4 royal robes and in chains, along with his two sons, preceded the tri- umphal chariot of the victor, when-he-entered 5 Rome two years afterwards, on January 1st, b. c. 104. By order of Marius, the son 6 of the desert perished a few days afterwards in the subterranean city prison. 1 obedientiam abicio. * tile. 3 vinctus catenis. 4 regie vestitus. * Participle. * alu?nnus. Lesson 18. Cases. — 9. Prepositions. i. Learn §§ 152, with a, b 9 c> comparing 260 (Use of Prepositions) ; also §§ 237. d, 239. b (compounds of circum and trans). 2. In general, the use of prepositions in Latin is the same as in English. They are always followed Cases: Prepositions. 43 either by the Accusative or Ablative : those implying motion towards an object for the most part taking the accusative, and those implying rest in, or motion from an object, the ablative. Note. — There are very many idiomatic uses of prepositions, for which see the Examples in § 153, and consult the Lexicon. a. Position is frequently expressed in Latin with ab (rarely ex), properly meaning /h?,?/ .• as, 1. In the rear, a tergo. 2. On the side of Pompey, a parte JPompeiana. 3. On the left hand, a sinistra (compare nine, on this side). 4. On the other side, ex, altera parte. 5. In a great degree, magna ex parte. b. In the choice of prepositions the Latin point of view must be carefully observed, as in many cases it differs from our own (see § 260. a). Thus — 1. To put clothes into a chest, ponere vestes in area. 2. To choose in one's place, in alicujus locum deligere. 3. To fight on horseback, ex equo pugnare. 4. It was reported in camp, in castra ntintiatum est. 5. To go on board ship, conscendere in navem (more com- monly without the preposition). 6. To send a man a letter, mittere {dare) literas ad allquem. But — 7. To give one a letter (to carry), dare literas alicui. c. In many cases where a preposition is used in English, Latin has the preposition compounded with a verb or implied in it. In such cases the construction of the Latin verb must be observed (see Dictionary) : as, 1. To go over a river, /lumen transire. 2. To take one's forces across a river, copias /lumen transdncere. 3. To go beyond the boundaries, egredi fines (or out of the city, ex urbe). 4. To fly from the enemy, fugere hostes. 5. To get into one's favor, inire alicujus gratiam. 44 Latin Corn-position . Note. — When a verb with a Preposition in English is repre- sented in Latin by one of the compounds given in 228 (ad, ante, con, &c.), it is commonly followed by the dative. If, however, the compound represents a verb qualified by an Adverb, it retains its original construction : as, insidet equo, he sits upon a horse; but, convocat suos, he calls his men together. Exercise 11. 1. Without intelligence and goodness bodily gifts are l of little 2 worth. 1 2. Besides life and sense (which he has in common with 3 the brutes), there is in man 4 something more exalted, more pure, and that more nearly approaches 5 to divinity. 3. It was an arduous [undertaking] to conduct such 6 a body of men through hostile nations, across swamps and rivers which had never been passed by any one except roving barbarians. Bat they penetrated a good way into the mountains. Then, however, a chief appeared, with a numerous body, in a narrow-pass. But men who had surmounted so many obstacles despised the opposition of such feeble enemies. 12 4. As I was hurrying through the town a group of boys ran before me, crying out, Agamemnon ! Agamem- non! I went on behind them, and they led me to the tomb of the king of kings, a gigantic structure, 7 for the most part in-good-preservation, 8 of a conical form, and covered with turf. The stone over the door is twenty-seven feet long 9 and seventeen wide ; larger than any hewn 10 stone in the world, except Pompey's pillar. The royal sepulchre was forsaken and empty ; the shepherd shelters his flock within it ; the traveller sits under its shade, and at-that-moment u a goat was 1 valere. 2 Superlative. 8 commune esse \alicui\ cum. 4 Plural. 5 ftrope abesse. 6 tantum agmen. 7 moles. H incolumis. 9 in longitudinem. 10 quadratus. n turn maxitne. 12 tarn exiguam vim hostium. Verbs: Narrative Tenses. 45 dozing 1 quietly in [one] corner. I turned-away 2 [and] left him 3 in quiet possession. The boys were waiting outside the door, and crying, Mycelial My- cence! led me away from the place. 5. I have at length arrived at Cadiz. I came across the bay yesterday morning, and have estab- lished myself in very pleasant rooms which look out upon the public square of the city. The morning sun awakes me, and the sea-breeze comes in at my window. At night the square is lighted by lamps suspended from the trees, and thronged with a brilliant crowd of the young and gay. Cadiz is beautiful almost beyond-imagination. 4 1 dormito (imperfect). 2 Participle. 3 Relative. 4 supra quam quis animo concipere possit. Lesson 19. Verbs. — 1. Narrative Tenses. i. Learn §§ 264. a; 276, with a, d; 277, with a-c; 278, 279, with a-c; 280 (Present and Past Tenses of the Indicative) ; and 275 (Historical Infinitive). Review § 115. b (use of Perfect and Imperfect). 2. The narrative tenses in Latin are used nearly as in English. But — a. The Present is used much oftener than in English to express a past action more vividly. b. The ordinary English past tense is represented in Latin sometimes by the Perfect (historical), and sometimes by the Im- perfect. (For the distinction see § 11$. b). But the use of the Imperfect depends not so much on the actual duration of the action as upon the way in which the writer wishes to represent it. Thus — 46 Latin Composition. 1. Cicero lived sixty-three years, Cicero vixit LXIII annos, [Here the action, though of long duration, is stated as a simple fact.] 2. Bibulus -watched the heavens, -while Caesar held the elec- tion, Dibulus de caelo servabat, cum Caesar comitia habebat, or habuit. [Here the action, though brief, is represented as continuing.] 3. Homer flourished before the founding of Rome, Homerus fait ante Romam conditam, 4. Homer was more skilled than Hesiod, Homerus doctior erat Hesiodo. c. In rapid narrative, the English past tense is often rendered by the simple (historical) Infinitive, with its subject in the nomina- tive. This construction also often corresponds with the English "began to." (For examples, see Grammar, p. 194.) d. Customary action is represented in general by the Present, and in past tense by the Imperfect; though soleo, and similar words, are often used (but much less commonly than in English) to give emphasis to the fact of custom. Thus — 1. He was always praising Milo, laudabat semper JSlilo- nem. 2. He -would often play with his children, saepe cum pueris ludebat. 3. It was a habit of Quintus Mucius to tell, Q. JMucius narrare solebat, e. The beginning of an action is often expressed by the Present or Imperfect, especially with jam: as, 1. I begin to feel like dancing, Jam lubet saltare, 2. They stood up and began to applaud, stantes plaude- bant. f. The English compound perfect is often expressed in Latin (when the action still continues) by the present, with some word denoting duration of time. The same usage with the imperfect is more rare. 1. "We have suffered many years, multos annos patimur. 2. We have long been involved in dangers, Jam diu in periculis versamur, 3. The forces which they had long been getting ready, copiae quas diu comparabant. Verbs: Narrative Tenses, 47 Exercise 18. i. The Tiber had overflowed its banks far and wide. 1 The cradle in which the babes were placed was stranded at the foot of the Palatine, and over- turned on the root of a wild fig-tree. A she-wolf, which had come to drink 2 of 3 the stream, came to them from time to time, and suckled them. When 4 they wanted other food, the woodpecker, a bird sacred to Mars, brought it to them. At length this marvellous spectacle was seen 5 by Faustulus the king's shepherd, who took the children home to his wife Acca La- rentia. They were called Romulus and Remus, and grew up with the sons of their foster-parents 6 on the Palatine Hill. 2. Then Nasica rushed out of the Senate-house, followed 7 by many of the Senators. The people made 8 way for them, broke up 8 the benches, and armed 8 them- selves with sticks, and rushed 8 upon Tiberius and his friends. The tribune 9 fled to the temple of Jupiter ; but the door had been barred by the priests, and in his flight he fell over a prostrate body. As 10 he was rising, he received the first blow from one of his colleagues, and was quickly despatched. 3. Pyrrhus was at first victorious ; for his own talents were superior to those of the captains who were opposed to him, and the Romans were not pre- pared for the onset of the elephants of the East, which were then for the first time seen in Italy — as it were moving mountains, with long snakes for hands. But the victories of the Epirots were fiercely disputed, 1 late. 2 potum (supine). 3 ad (ace). 4 cum (with indie). 5 conspicere. 6 altores. 7 comitates. 8 Hist. Inf. 9 We. 10 cum (with imperf. subj.). 48 Latin Composition. dearly purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At length Manius Curius Dentatus, who had in his first consulship won two triumphs, was again placed at the head of the Roman commonwealth, and sent to encounter the invaders. A great battle was fought near Beneventum, in which Pyrrhus was completely defeated. 4. Cato was an unfeeling and cruel master. His conduct towards his slaves was detestable. After dinner he would often severely chastise them, thong in hand, for some trifling act of negligence, and some- times condemned them to death. When they were worn out or useless, he sold them or turned them out of doors. He treated the lower animals no better. His war-horse, which had borne him through his campaign in Spain, he sold in-that-country. 1 In his old age he sought gain with increasing eagerness, but never attempted to profit by the misuse of his public functions. He accepted no bribes, he reserved no booty to his own use ; but he became a speculator, not only in slaves, but in buildings, artificial waters, and pleasure-grounds. In this, as in other points, 2 he was a representative of the old Romans, who were a money-getting 3 and money-loving 4 people. 1 ibi. 2 res. 3 quaestuosus. * avarus. Lesson 20. Verbs. — 2. The Passive Voice. i. Learn §§ in (use of the Passive) ; also 135. d (gerundive of Deponents) ; and 129 (the second Peri- phrastic Conjugation). Review §§ 232, with a, c (dative of Agent); 246 (ablative of Agent). Verbs: The Passive Voice, 49 2. The Passive in Latin is often employed where in English we prefer the Active. The principal cases are the following : — a. The Impersonal use of neuter verbs in the passive (compare § 146. c; and Method, Lesson 20, Obs. 3) : as, 1. They live on plunder, eoc rapto vivitur. 2. They fought fiercely on both sides, acriter utrimque pugnatum est. b. This impersonal use is the regular way of representing the English passive, where the corresponding Latin verb does not govern the accusative (see § 230) : as, 1. The commander is relieved (by the appointment of a successor), imperatori succeditur. 2. I am persuaded that this is true, mihi persuasum est hoc esse vevum. 3. These things are done more easily than they are resisted, facilius haec fiunt quam his resistitur. 4. This subject was much discussed, de hac re multum disputatum est. 5. Let the influence of friends be employed, and when em- ployed obeyed, amicorum auctoritas adhibeatur et adhibitae pareatur. c. The most common way of expressing the English ou«ht, must, and the like, is by some form of esse with the Gerundive, which in this construction is always passive, no matter which voice is used in English (compare § 296. 'Note) : as, 1. Nobody i3 to be blamed, nemo culpandus est. 2. We must do every thing, omnia nobis sunt facienda. 3. All must die, omnibus moriendum est. 4. We must resist old age (or old age must be resisted), senectuti resistendum est. d. When the Subject of the action is indefinite, the Latin generally prefers the passive, construction (compare a, above) : as, 1. Men do not gather grapes from thorns, ex sentibus uvae non percijnuntur. 2. •We do ill whatever we do from confidence in fortune, male geritur quicquid geritur fortunae fide. 4 50 Latin Composition . e. Many neuter verbs in English are rendered in Latin by reflexives or by the passive : as, i. Hens roll in the dirt, gallinae in pulvere volutantur* 2. He rides on the Appian Way, in via Appia vehitur. 3. Codrus is bursting with envy, invidia rumpitur Codrus, 4. He turns to his lieutenant, ad legatum se vertit (or, vertitur). 3. On the other hand, an active construction is often preferred in Latin, where the passive is used in English. This happens — a. In cases where the emphasis is on the Object of an action, or the action itself, rather than on the Agent ; because the empha- sis can be given in Latin (though not in English) by position. Thus — 1. Socrates -was put to death by his fellow-citizens, Socra- tem elves sui interfecerunt, 2. Egypt is watered by the Nile, and Mesopotamia made fertile by the Euphrates, Aegyptum Nilus irrigat, Mesopotamiam fertilem efticit Euphrates. b. As most deponent verbs have no passive, the active con- struction must frequently be used for the English passive : as, 1. He is most admired who is not influenced by money, quern pecunia non tnovet eum homines maxime admirantur. 2. "We should not mourn a death which is succeeded by immortality, non lugenda est mors quam immorta- litas consequatur. c. In a few cases, instead of the regular passive in Latin, a neuter verb of kindred meaning is employed : as, 1. To add, adder e ; to be added, accedere. 2. To destroy, perdere ; to be destroyed, perire. 3. To sell, vendere; to be sold, venire {veneo). 4. To flog, verberare; to be flogged, vapulare, 4. When the present passive in English denotes a completed action, it is generally represented by trje perfect in Latin; but when it denotes an action in Verbs: The Passive Voice. 51 -progress, or a general fact, we must use the present. Thus — 1. The enemy are beaten, hostes victi sunt, 2. He is loved by his friends, diligitur ah amicis. 3. Among the Parthians the signal is given by a drum, apud Parthos signum datur tympano. Remark. — Care must be taken in rendering the confused or disguised forms of the passive in English : as, 1. The house is building, domus aedificatur (but, he is building a house, domum aedificat). 2. While these tilings are being done, dam liaec aeruntur. 5. When a verb in the active voice is followed by two cases (with or without a preposition), the accusa- tive of the direct object becomes the subject of the passive, the other case being retained as in the active construction. Thus (compare examples on p. 37) — 1. Crassus is not envied for his "wealth, Crasso dlvitiae non invidentur. 2. Verres is charged with extortion, Verves repetundarum reus fit. 3. Cato is asked his opinion, Cato rogatur sententiam. Remark. — The use of a second accusative in this construc- tion is found chiefly with rogo, posco, and celo. Exercise 19. I. We must resist old age, my friends, — says Cicero in the book entitled x Cato Major, — and its failings must be made good by pains-taking. We must fight against old age as against disease. Re- gard must be paid to health. Moderate exercise should be employed, a sufficiency of food and drink must be taken. 2 Not only the body needs to be bolstered-up, but the mind and soul much more ; for these too die out through old age. 1 See Lesson 8. 3. 8 adhibere. 52 Latin Composition. 2. "Even now," said Caesar, "we may 1 return; if we cross the bridge, arms must decide the contest." At that moment of suspense 2 [there] appeared sud- denly the figure of a youth, remarkable for comeliness and stature, playing on a pipe, the emblem of peace and security. The shepherds who were about the spot began to mingle with the soldiers and straggle towards him, captivated by his simple airs; when with a violent movement he snatched a trumpet from one of the military band, 3 rushed with it to the bank of the river, and blowing a furious blast of martial music, leaped into the water, and disappeared on the opposite side. "Let us advance," 4 exclaimed Caesar, " where 5 the gods direct, and our enemies invite us. Be the die cast!" 3. A conspiracy 7 against the life of Caesar had-been- formed 7 in-the-beginning-of-the-year. 8 Many of the conspirators had fought in the war against Caesar ; and had not only been pardoned 6 by him, but raised to offices of rank and honor. Among others was Marcus Junius Brutus, whom Caesar had pardoned after the battle of Pharsalia, and had since treated almost as a son. He was now persuaded by Cassius to-join 9 the conspiracy, and imitate his ancestor Lucius Junius Brutus, the liberator 10 of Rome from the tyranny of the Tarquins. They now resolved 11 to assassinate 9 the Dictator in the Senate-house on the Ides of March. Rumors of the plot got abroad, and Caesar was strongly urged not to attend the session of 1 posse> impersonal. 2 in ea sollicitudine. 3 uni ex cornicinibus. 4 Present Subjunctive. 5 qua. 6 Change the voice. 7 Impersonal. 8 ineunte anno. 9 «/, with imper. subj. 10 Lit. "who," &c. " I mpers. passive. Verbs: Infinitive Constructions, 53 the Senate. But he disregarded the warnings which had been given him. 4. The ten ambassadors, of whom Cato was chief, offered their arbitration, which was accepted by Masi- nissa, but rejected by the Carthaginians, who had no confidence in Roman justice. This refusal Cato never forgave them. In traversing their country, he had remarked the increasing wealth and population. After his return to Rome, he let fall from the fold of his robe some early-ripe Libyan figs; and as 1 their 2 beauty was admired, 1 "Those figs," quoth he, " were gathered three days ago at Carthage. So close is our enemy to our walls." From that time forth, whenever he was called upon for his vote in the Senate, though 3 the subject of debate bore no relation to Carthage, he added these words, " Carthage must be destroyed." 1 Active (cum, with imperf. subj.). 8 Relative. 8 quamquam, with imperf. Lesson 21. Verbs. — 3. Infinitive Constructions. i. Learn §§ 270, 271 (uses of the Infinitive) ; also 288, with a, b (use of the Present and Perfect infini- tive). Learn also §§ 272, 330, 336 (Accusative and Infinitive). 2. The English infinitive is rendered by the Latin infinitive in many constructions : — a. When it is equivalent to an abstract noun : as, To err is human, humanum, est errare. Note. — An abstract noun is also sometimes equivalent to an infinitive, and is to be rendered in the same way in Latin : as, 1. What is creation? Quid est creare? 2. Writing with a stile is easy, est facile stilo scribere. 54 Latin Composition. b. When a second action of the same subject is indicated : as, I begin to grow old, senescere incipio. Note. — This principle includes many classes of words where the connection is very close between the infinitive and the verb on which it depends ; and also many where it is more remote, so that a subjunctive clause might also be used. 3. The English that with a verb, when it denotes a statement or thought, is always to be rendered by an Infinitive with an Accusative for its subject. This construction (called the Indirect Discourse) is a very common one in Latin, and is used after all words of knowing, -perceiving, thinking, and telling. In English we often use the infinitive in such sentences as the preceding : as, " I think it to be right; " " He is said to be rich ; " and so on. a, The English simple infinitive, with expressions of hoping, promising, threatening, and the like, is rendered by the same construction, of the infinitive with subject-accusative : as, I hope to come, spero me venturum [esse], b, The English infinitive may be used after any verb of com- manding or forbidding. In Latin it is regularly used only after jubeo and veto (see hereafter, Lesson 28). c, In using the Indirect Discourse in Latin, observe what tense would be used in the direct discourse, and make the tense of the infinitive correspond to that. Thus — 1. He says that his father is here, dicit patrem adesse. 2. He said that his father was here, dixit patrem adesse, 3. He will say that his father is here, dicet patrem adesse. In all these three cases the same tense is used in Latin, because the same tense would be used in the direct : viz. " My father is here." 4. He says his father was here, dicit patrem adfuisse, 5. He said his father had been (or -was formerly) here, dixit patrem adfuisse, 6. He will say that his father was here, dicet patrem adfuisse. Verbs: Infinitive Constructions, 55 These three cases take the perfect infinitive, because the words jn direct discourse would be, " My father was here." 7. He says that his father will be here, die it patrem ad- futiirum [esse]. 8. He said that his father would be here, dixit patrem adfiituriim, 9. He "will say that his father will be here, dicet patrem adfuturum. In these cases, the words in direct discourse would be, " My father will be here." (In this tense, the esse is usually omitted.) In like manner, with verbs of promising, expecting, and the like — 10. He hopes to come (direct, "I shall come"), sperat se venturum, 11. He hopes that you are well, sperat te valere. 12. He hopes that you were there, sperat te adfuisse. 13. He threatened to destroy the city, minatus est se urban deltturum. d. When the verb of knowing, &c, is in the Passive, the impersonal construction is more common in English ; but in Latin the personal is regular with the simple tenses, the impersonal with the compound (see § 330. a) : as, 1. It seems to me that you are wrong, videris mihi errare, 2. It was reported that Caesar's house had been attacked, oppugnata domus Caesaris nuntiabatur. 3. There is a tradition that Homer was blind, traditum est Homerum caecum fuisse. 4. The subject of the Infinitive is regularly in the Accusative. But if the subject of the infinitive is not expressed, then any predicate word will agree with the subject of the main clause if there be a personal subject (see sec. 272, with Remarks) : as, 1. It is advantageous to be honest, utile est probum esse* 2. I am anxious to be merciful, cupio me esse clementem (or cupio esse clemens), N. B. Never translate the infinitive of Purpose by the infinitive in Latin (see hereafter, Lesson 25). 56 Latin Composition. The English Infinitive and the clause with that are also often to be rendered by other constructions than the above (for which see hereafter, Lesson 28). Exercise 20. i. "You," said Scipio yEmilianus, "to whom Italy is not mother, but step-mother, ought to keep silence. Surely you do not think that I shall fear those let 8 loose whom I sent in chains to the slave-market." 2. The king of Syria, Antiochus, had nearly con- quered Egypt. Popilius Laena ordered him, in the name of the Senate, to abandon the country. Antio- chus wished to deliberate ; but Popilius, having traced l a circle l about the king with a staff which he held in his hand, "Before 2 leaving this circle," said he, " answer the Senate." Antiochus promised to obey, and went out of Egypt. Popilius then divided the kingdom between the two brothers Philometor and Physcon. 3. I purpose 3 to write the history of a memorable revolution which has agitated men deeply, and which divides them even to-day. I do not conceal from my- self the-difficulties-of-the-undertaking ; 4 for passions which it was thought were stifled under [the influence of] a military despotism have just been reawakened. Suddenly men overwhelmed with years and toil have felt revive 5 in them resentments which seemed to be appeased, and have communicated them to us their children and heirs. But if we have-to-maintain 6 the same cause, we-have-not 7 to defend their conduct; 1 Participle passive, ablative absolute (see next Lesson). 2 ante quam, with pres. indie. J in animo habere. 4 Lit. " how difficult are (subj.) those things which I undertake." 6 Infinitive. 6 Part in dus, agreeing with causa. 7 nihil opus est. 8 Lit. " those will alarm me." Verbs: Participial Constructions, 57 and we can separate liberty itself from those who have well or ill served it, while * we still have the advantage of-having-heard 2 and watched these old men, who, filled as-they-are 3 with their memories still excited by their impressions, teach us to under- stand them. 4. The king entered the ship in a violent storm, which the mariners beholding-with-astonishment, 4 at length with great humility gave him warning of the danger. But he commanded them instantly to put off, and not be afraid, for he had never in his life heard that any king was drowned. 1 cum, with subj. * quod, with indie. 3 quidem. 4 admirari. Lesson 22. Verbs. — 4. Participial Constructions. i. Learn §§ 289 to 292, with Remark on the uses of Participles. Also, §§293 and a; with 129 (Peri- phrastic Conjugations) ; 294, with a, b, c; and 255, with a, b (Ablative Absolute). 2. The English participle is often expressed not by a participle in Latin, but by a relative clause, or one with cum or dum (see § 290. c) : as, 1. In the following winter, ea quae secuta est hieme. 2. Caesar, seeing this, gave the signal for battle, Caesar cum hoc vidisset signum iledit proelii. 3. "While humoring the young, I have forgotten that I am old, dum obsequor adulescentibus, me senem esse oblitus sum, 3. On the other hand, almost any simple modifying clause can be rendered in Latin in a participial form. This principle includes, among others, relative clauses, 58 Latin Composition, and those introduced by when, if, because, although, together with many adverbial phrases. a. If there is any word in the main clause to which the participle can be attached as a modifier, it usually agrees with it. This corresponds to the English use of participles, except that it is much more common. 1. Any evil is easily crushed at its birth, omne malum nascens facile opprimitur. 2. The enemy slay Valerius while fighting bravely, Valerium hostes acerrime pugnantem occidunt. b. If there is no word to which the paniciple can be attached, the participle is put in the ablative, with some word in agreement, which serves as a kind of Subject (Ablative Absolute : see exam- ples in " Method," p. 121). c. Even what in English seems a separate clause is in Latin often crowded into the main clause in a participial form : as, 1. Our men followed them close — encumbered as they were — and cut them, down, quos impeditos nostri consecuti occiderunt. 2. It is a wretched thing to fret yourself when it does no good, miserum est nihil proficientem angi. d. The perfect active participle, which is missing in Latin, is supplied either (1) by a change of voice with the Ablative Abso- lute ; or (2) by a clause with cum or dum. The difficulty is, however, often avoided by the use of Deponents, whose perfect participle usually has an active signification. Thus — 1. Having delayed a little, and set fire to all the villages, they pushed forward, paulisper morati, omnibus vicis incensis, contenderunt. 2. Having observed this, he sent the third line as a relief to our men who were in difficulty, id cum anim- advertisset, tertiam aciem laborantibus nostris subsidio misit, , Exercise 21. i. Veii was not succored by the other Etruscan cities then threatened with an invasion of the Gauls. Besides, the Veians had given themselves a king Verbs: Participial Constructions. 59 instead of the annual magistrate, and a king odious to the other cities. This lucumo, irritated at 1 not having been named chief of the confederation, had stirred up the artisans, and violently interrupted the sacred games of Volsinii. On leaving for the siege of Veii, the Roman knights swore never to return, unless [they were] conquerors. This was also the vow of the Spartans on leaving for Ithome. On 2 the approach of the Roman army, the Veians left their city, clothed in funeral apparel, and bearing lighted torches. The city was taken by a mine. The besiegers, [who were] concealed in it 3 near the temple of Juno, overheard the reply of an oracle, which the Etruscans had consulted. " Victory," said the priest, "shall be with 4 him who shall sacrifice this heifer on the altar." Then the Roman soldiers burst into the temple, seized the axe from the priest's hand, and struck down the heifer ; and the town, thus betrayed by its own gods, fell into the hands of the Romans. 2. The deputation arrived at Epidaurus the pecu- liar seat of ^Esculapius, and invited the god to make his abode at Rome. Nor did he refuse ; for one of the snakes sacred to ^Esculapius crawled from his temple to the city of Epidaurus, and thence proceeded to the sea-shore, and climbed up into the ship of the Roman ambassadors [which was] drawn up on the beach. They now, instructed by the Epidaurians that the god willingly accompanied them, sailed away with the sacred snake to Italy. But when 5 the ship stopped 5 at Antium — so goes the story — the snake left 6 [it and] crawled to the temple of -^Esculapius 1 Accusative with Infinitive. 2 Ablative. 3 Relative. 4 Dative. 5 Lit. " the ship (ace.) stopping." * Participle. 60 Latin Composition. in that city ; where he coiled himself round a tall palm- tree, and remained for three days. The Romans meanwhile anxiously awaited his return to the ship. At last he went } back [and] did not move again till the ship entered the Tiber. Then, when she came 2 to Rome, he again crawled forth, swam to the island in the middle of the Tiber, and there went on shore and remained quiet. A temple was built, therefore, to the god on the spot which he had himself chosen. 1 Participle. 2 Pluperf. subj. (impers.). Lesson 23. Verbs. — 5. Gerundive Constructions. i. Learn § 114. a, with §§ 295-301 (uses of the Gerund and Gerundive). 2. The English participial noun, or verbal in -ing, is represented in Latin in several different ways. a. When it is subject or object, by the Infinitive (see Lesson 21), or quod with the Indicative ; rarely by a verbal noun : as, 1. Your being here is agreeable, quod acles (or te adesse) gratum, est. 2. I prefer writing to speaking, malo scribere qiiam loqui, b. In the other cases, most commonly by the Gerund or Gerundive ; less commonly by an Adverbial or Substantive Clause (see Lessons 25, 27) : as, 1. The labor of writing is irksome, labor scribendi moles- turn est. 2. A plan was formed for firing the city, consilium in- flammandae urbis initum est. 3. I dissuaded him from going, ne iret dissuasi. Note. — The Gerund and Gerundive are precisely equivalent in meaning. But the Gerundive, being in its origin a passive con- struction, can be used only of verbs which govern the accusative (except utor, &c). When it can be used, it is generally to be preferred. Verbs: Gerundive Constructions, 61 c. The phrase " without doing any thing," or the like, has no corresponding expression in Latin ; but must be analyzed and rendered by some other form of words, chiefly a participle or the ablative absolute : as, i. Without accomplishing his purpose, re infecta. 2. Without being compelled, non coactus, 3. He -went away -without doing this, abiit neque hoc fecit. 4. You shall not go without doing this, non abibis nisi hoc feceris. 5. I trod on a snake without knowing it, anguem calcavi insciens (or inscienter). d. Purpose is often expressed in Latin by the accusative of the Gerund or Gerundive with ad, or by the Genitive followed by causa or gratia (see hereafter, Lesson 26, and examples, Gram- mar, § 318). Exercise 32. i. When polished nations have obtained the glory of victory, or have enriched themselves by the addi- tion-of l territory, they may 2 end the war with honor. But savages are not satisfied until they extirpate 3 the community which is the object of their rage. They fight not to 4 conquer, but to 4 destroy. If they engage in hostilities, it is with a resolution never to-see 5 the face of the enemy in peace, but to prosecute the war with immortal enmity. The desire of vengeance [is] the first and almost the only [principle which] a savage instils into the minds of [his] children. 2. Cato's opinion prevailed, and the Senate only waited for a favorable opportunity to-destroy 5 the city. The Romans had resolved on war; 6 and when the Carthaginian ambassadors arrived at Rome, to 4 offer to the Senate the submission of Carthage, the two consuls were already levying troops. The ambassa- 1 Gerundive. * licet. 3 Perfect. 4 ad, with gerund. 5 Gen. of gerund. 6 bello decertare statuerant. 62 Latin Composition. dors, knowing that resistance was hopeless, sought l to appease the anger of the Senate by unconditional obe- dience. They were ordered to send three hundred of the noblest families to [meet] the consuls at Lilybseum, and were told that the consuls would inform them of the further orders of the Senate. 3. Sulla, [when] quaestor in the war against-Jugur- tha, 2 by his zeal and energy soon gained the full approval of [his] commander. He was equally suc- cessful in gaining the affections of the soldiers. He always addressed them with the greatest kindness, seized every opportunity of conferring favors upon them, was ever ready to 3 take-part-in all the jests of the camp, and [at the same time] never shrank from sharing in all their labors and dangers. It is a curious circumstance that Marius gave to his future enemy and the destroyer of his family and party the first opportunity of distinguishing himself. The ene- mies of Marius claimed for Sulla the glory of the betrayal-of 4 Jugurtha ; and Sulla himself took the credit of it by always wearing a signet ring represent- ing 5 the [scene of the] surrender. 1 conor. * Adjective. 3 ad, with gerundive. 4 Perf. part. * Lit. " on which was represented." Lesson 24. Verbs. —6. Subjunctive Constructions. i. Learn §§ 265, with a, b; 266-268 (uses of the Subjunctive) ; and 269, with a (Imperative Construc- tions). 2. The Subjunctive mood in Latin is used to repre- sent a great variety of constructions in English, most Verbs: Subjunctive Constructions, 63 of which are included in the dependent clauses, to be given in future Lessons. The others are the follow- ing : — a, The rare Subjunctive in English is for the most part rendered by the subjunctive in Latin (but compare special con- structions in future Lessons). Thus — 1. Let him that standeth take heed lest he fall, caveat qui stat tie cadat. 2. I care not, so it serve the state, nil mea refert dum- modo ret publicae prosit. 3. "What would Cicero say if he were alive? Quid diceret Cicero si viveret? b. The auxiliaries which form the English Potential — may, might, could, would, should — are very loose in their use and meaning, being sometimes pure auxiliaries, and sometimes retain- ing their proper force. In the former case they are generally rendered by the subjunctive in Latin ; in the latter, they require some verb of similar meaning. Thus — 1. You may say (it is possible you should say), dicas. 2. You may say (you are permitted to say), licet dicer e. 3. He would go if I should wish it, eat si velim. 4. He would go (now) if I wished it. iret si vellem. 5. You would have it so, sic voluistu . 6. I should like to go, ire velim. 7. I could wish he were here, vellem adesset. 8. A soldier should obey his commander, miles imperatori parere debet. 9. Whoever could go went, qnicumqiie ire poterat ivit. 10. What could I do (what was I to do) ? Quid facer em ? 11. I wish he would come, utinam veniat. 12. Would he were now here! O si nunc adesset I c» The English Imperative — except commands in the second person — is regularly rendered by the Latin subjunctive. Com- mands addressed to a definite person take the imperative in Latin ; prohibitions to a definite person, 1. noli, with the infinitive ; 2. cave, with the present subjunctive ; 3. ne, with the perfect sub- junctive. Thus — 64 Latin Composition* 1. Let us go, eamus. 2. Well, be it so, fiat sane. 3. Let justice be done though the heavens fall, fiat justitia ruat caelum. 4. Leap down, fellow-soldiers, desilite, commilitones. 5. Do not suppose, nolite putare. 6. Pardon nothing, do nothing by favor, be not moved by- compassion, nihil irjnoveris, nihil gratiae causa feceris, misericordia commotus ne sis. d. General precepts, both affirmative and negative, are regularly expressed by the second person of the present subjunctive, less commonly the perfect. e. There are many idiomatic constructions — more especially clauses of Result and clauses in Indirect Discourse — which in Latin require the subjunctive, though they have no modal form in English. (For these constructions, see hereafter, especially Lessons 26 and 28.) Exercise 23. i. " Let him go then," they said, "where he pleases as an exile, and suffer in some other place whatever fate has reserved for him ; and let us pray that the gods visit us not with their anger, for rejecting Marius from our city in poverty and rags." Moved by such considerations, all in a body entered the room where Marius was, and getting round him, began to conduct him to the sea. 2. "Why," said Rasselas, " should you envy others so great an advantage? All skill ought to be exerted for universal good. Every man has owed much to others, and ought to repay the kindness that he has received." 3. Sweet language will multiply friends, and a fair- speaking tongue will increase kind greetings. Be in peace with many ; nevertheless have but one counsellor of a thousand. If thou wouldest l get a friend, prove 1 volo. Verbs: Subjunctive Constructions. 65 him first, and 1 be not 1 hasty 2 to credit him. For some 3 man is a friend for 4 his own occasion, 4 and 5 will not 5 abide in the day of thy trouble. 4. My lords, 6 if you must fall may you so fall. But if you stand — and stand I trust you will — together with the fortunes of this ancient monarchy, — together with the ancient laws and liberties of this great and illustrious kingdom, — may you stand as unimpeached in honor as in power. May you stand the refuge of afflicted nations ! May you stand a sacred temple for the perpetual residence of an inviolable justice ! 5. Believe me, Athenians! if, recovering from this lethargy, you would 7 assume the ancient spirit and freedom of your fathers, the world might 7 once more behold you playing a part worthy of Athenians ! May the gods inspire you to determine upon such measures ! 6. Lay hold on this chance of safety, Conscript Fathers ! by the immortal gods I conjure you. Give one sign to the Roman people, that even as now they pledge their valor, so you pledge your wisdom to the crisis of the state. Do you not know this Antony? Do you not know his companions? To be slaves to such as he, to such as they, would it not be the fullest measure of misery, joined with the fullest measure of disgrace? If it be so — which heaven forfend ! — that 8 the supreme hour of the republic has come, let us, the rulers of the world, rather fall with honor than serve with infamy ! Born to glory and to liberty, let us hold these bright distinctions fast, or let us greatly die! • neve. 2 Adverb. 8 quispiam. 4 tcmporis causa, nee. 6 P aires ConscriptL 7 Pres. subj. * ut, with subj. 5 66 Latin Composition, Lesson 25. Relations of Time. i. Learn §§ 322-324; 325, with b; 326-328 (use of Temporal Particles) ; 283-286, with Remark (Se- quence of Tenses). Remark. — Whenever it becomes necessary to use the Subjunctive mood in a subordinate clause — as in this and the following Lessons — careful attention must be paid to the rule for the Sequence of Tenses. The learner must notice carefully which is the maifi clause, i. e., what is the main fact to be stated. This is often disguised in English by one or more modifying clauses ; especially Relative (who, which), Temporal (when), and Conditional (if). Upon the time of the main clause will depend the time of the whole. Sometimes, however, an intervening dependent verb may throw the time back so as to require secondary tenses in those which follow, though the leading verb is primary. Thus — 1. Cicero is said to have gone into exile to prevent civil war, Cicero ex patria excessisse dicitur ut helium civile averteret. 2. We seem to have advanced so far that even in fulness of words we are not surpassed by the Greeks, tantum profecisse videmur ut a Graecis tie verborum quidem, copia vinceremur. 2. The English particle when and similar expres- sions of time are rendered in Latin by two different constructions : — a. ubi, postquam, and similar parti- cles (see 324) with the Indicative, usually the perfect ; b. cum, generally with the Indicative of the present or perfect, and with the Subjunctive of the imperfect or pluperfect (325 : see examples in Grammar). Relations of Time. 67 Remark. — The distinction between these two constructions is not at first obvious ; but will become clearer by considering the distinction of Absolute and Relative time (see Note on page 234 of the Grammar), and by careful observation of the practice of Latin writers. a. If when is equivalent to whenever, the Indicative is always to be used : as, When midsummer had begun, he used to make his quarters at Syracuse, cum aestas summa esse jam coeperat, Syracusis stativa faciebat, b. The common English form of narrative, " Such and such things had happened (were happening), when," &c, is always to be rendered with the Indicative in Latin — usually with cum: as, 1. This he had said when news was brought, dixerat hoc cum nuntiatum est, 2. I was just reading your letters, when one was brought me, legebam tuas epistolas, cum mihi epistola adfertur, c. If when or while approaches in meaning to since (as it often does in fact), it is expressed by cum with the subjunctive ; sometimes by other constructions (see Lesson 22) : as, But if you do not yet quite see — when the thing itself is plain by so many clear proofs and tokens, quod si nondum satis cernitis — cum res ipsa tot tarn Claris argumentis signisque luceat. Exercise 584. i. Hamilcar had poured the libation on the victim, which was duly offered on the altar ; when on-a-sud- den he desired 1 all the others to 3 step aside to a little distance, [and then] called his son Hannibal. Hanni- bal, a boy of nine years old, went up to his father, and Hamilcar asked him kindly whether 2 he would like 2 to go with him to the war. When the boy eagerly caught at the offer and with a child's earnest- ness implored his father to 3 take him, Hamilcar took 1 Participle. 2 velletne. 3 tit, with subj. 68 Latin Composition. him by the hand and led him up to the altar; and bade him, if he wished 1 to follow his father, to lay his hand on the altar, and swear that he would never be the friend of the Romans. Hannibal swore, and never to his latest hour forgot his vow. 2. When 2 Archias came to the door of the temple with his satellites, he found Demosthenes seated. He first addressed him in [language of ] friendly persuasion, and offered to intercede with Antipater in his behalf. Demosthenes, having listened for-a-time in silence to his bland professions, at length replied, K Archias, you never won me by your acting, nor will you now by your promises." When the player found that he was detected, he threw away the mask and threatened in earnest. "Now," 3 said Demosthenes, "you speak from the Macedonian tripod : before you were only acting. Wait a little till I have written 4 a letter to my friends at home." And he took a roll as if to write ; and, as was his wont when he was engaged in com- position, put the end of the reed to his mouth, and bit it ; he then covered his head with his robe and bowed his head. 3. When he had remained some time in this atti- tude, the barbarians, thinking that he was lingering through fear, began to taunt him with cowardice ; and Archias, going up, urged 5 him to rise, and repeated his offers of mediation. Demosthenes now 6 felt the poison in his veins : he uncovered his face, and fixing his eyes on the dissembler said, " It is time for you, Archias, to finish the part of Creon, and cast my body to the dogs. I quit thy sanctuary, Poseidon, still 1 si vellet. 2 ubi. 3 nunc. 4 Future perfect. 5 peter e ab eo ut. 6 jam. Purpose and Result, 69 breathing ; though 2 Antipater and the Macedonians have not spared even this from pollution. " So say- ing, he moved with-faltering-step towards the door; but had scarcely passed the altar, when he fell with a groan, and breathed his last. 1 cum, with subj. Lesson 26. Purpose and Result. i. Read carefully the Introductory Note on p. 227. Remark. — a. In general, Relative or other subordinate clauses are used in Latin nearly as in English. But in Latin the Subjunctive mood is used in many such clauses, where English uses the Indicative. It will be seen, therefore, that not every relative or other subordinate clause is to be translated by the Latin subjunctive ; nor, on the other hand, is every English indicative in such clauses to be rendered by the indicative. The learner must, accordingly, accustom himself to notice the true (logical) relation between the subordinate and the main clause ; and express the former according to the Latin idiom, which will appear in the subsequent Lessons. b. When a relative clause (including those introduced by relative adverbs and conjunctions) simply states a fact or circumstance which might be put as an independent statemefit, there is no occasion for the subjunctive in Latin. But in most cases, where there is a logical relation between the two clauses, so that the force of the relative clause would be lost by taking it out of its connection with the former, the subjunc- tive is required in Latin. N. B. Clauses expressing cause — introduced in English by because, since, inasmuch as — take the subjunctive only in special idiomatic uses (see § 321). 70 Latin Composition. c. The most common uses of the subjunctive in clauses of the kind above referred to are to express purpose — in order that, that, to, in order to, and the like ; or result — so that, that, so as to. 2. Learn § 317 with 318 (clauses of Purpose) ; § 319 with a '> b (clauses of Result) ; 320 and a, e,f (clauses of Characteristic). 3. In English, relations of purpose and result are often expressed by the Infinitive, which must never be used in this way in Latin. a. The most general way of expressing Purpose is by ut (negatively ne), unless the purpose is closely connected with some o?ie word, in which case the relative is more common. Thus — 1. Arria gave her husband a sword in order that he might kill himself, Arria gladium dedit tnarito ut se interficeret. 2. Arria gave her husband a sword to kill himself with, Arria gladium dedit marito quo se interficeret, b. The Gerundive constructions of Purpose are usually limited to short concise expressions, where the literal translation of the phrase, though not the English idiom, is nevertheless not harsh or strange. c. The Supine in this construction is used only with verbs of motion and a few idiomatic expressions (see § 302). The Future Participle of Purpose should be avoided. d. A kind of purpose is expressed idiomatically by the Gerun- dive used passively after particular verbs (see § 294. d). e. In the greater number of cases Result is expressed by ut (negatively ut non), the relative being less common (compare examples in § 319). /. The use of the Subjunctive in clauses of Characteristic (see § 320) can only be learned by practice and comparison of examples. But compare what is said above of Relative clauses in general. g. Expressions such as " He is too honest to deceive," " It is too distant to be seen," and the like, which are very common in Purpose and Result, 7 1 English, are in Latin to be rendered by a clause of Result with quam ut following a Comparative: as, Caesar was too merciful to punish his adversaries, clemen- tior erat Caesar quam, ut inimicos puniret, Exercise 25. i. On the reedy margin of the lake stood here and there some monuments ; tombs, it was said, 1 of ancient Assyrian kings. As the royal galley, which Alex- ander steered himself, passed near one of them, 2 a sudden gust of wind carried away his cap into the water, and lodged 7 the light diadem which circled it on one of the reeds which grew out of the tomb. One of the soldiers immediately swam out to recover it; 2 and, to keep it dry, placed it on his own head. Alex- ander rewarded him with a talent ; but at the same time ordered him to be flogged for the thoughtlessness with which he had assumed 3 the ensign of royalty. The diviners, it is said, took the matter more seriously, and advised the king to 4 inflict death on the offender, 5 in order to avert the omen. 2. Socrates recommends to Alcibiades, in order that he might have a model for his devotions, a short prayer which a Greek poet composed for the use of his friend in-the-following-words : 6 " O Jupiter ! give us those things which are good for us, whether they are such things as we pray for or such things as we do not pray for ; and remove from us those things which are hurtful, though they are such things as we pray for." 3. Polybius also learned the Roman tongue, and attained to that knowledge of their laws, their rights, their customs and antiquities, that few of their own 1 dicebatit. 2 Relative. 3 Subjunctive. 4 ut, with subj. 6 homo. 6 ita, 7 demitto* 72 Latin Composition, citizens understood them better. So that he taught the noblemen of Rome their own municipal laws ; and was accounted more skilful in them than Fabius Pictor, a man of the senatorial order, who wrote the transactions of the Punic wars. He who neglected none of the laws of history was so careful of truth that he made it his whole business to deliver nothing to posterity which might deceive them ; and by that diligence and exactness may be known to be studious of truth and a lover of it. 4. The Pompeians were too much dispirited to make any resistance. Shivered once more at the first onset, they poured in broken masses over hill and plain. But Caesar was not yet satisfied. Allowing a part of his troops only to return to the camp, he led four legions in hot pursuit by a shorter and better road, and drew them up at a distance of six miles from the field of battle. 1 qua diligentia ac cura. Lesson 27. Conditional Sentences. Read carefully pages 214-226, including all the sub-sections, and committing to memory the types of conditional expressions on pages 216, 217. a. The learner should notice carefully the precise nature of the condition which he wishes to render into Latin, because the use of the tenses in English is not uniform. Thus, — " If he is alive now" is a present condition, to be expressed in Latin by the Present Indicative ; " If he is alive next year " is a future condi- tion, and would be expressed by the Future Indicative. "If he were here now " is a present condition contrary to fact, and would be expressed by the Imperfect Subjunctive ; " If he were to see me thus " is a future condition, to be expressed by the Present Subjunctive. Conditional Sentences. 73 b. In cases where the Condition is omitted, it must be mentally supplied in order to determine the form of the condition. c. The conditional phrases of Comparison, as if, as though, require in Latin the present and perfect subjunctive, not the im- perfect and pluperfect, as in English (see Remark under § 312). d. For the Concessive expressions, although, granting that, even if, which require idiomatic constructions in Latin, see § 313. For Provisos — provided that, only let, &c. — see § 314- Exercise 26. 1. Among the savages, to display undaunted forti- tude in torments is the noblest triumph of a warrior. To avoid the trial by a voluntary death is deemed infamous and cowardly. If any one betrays symptoms of timidity, they often despatch him at once with con- tempt, as unworthy of-being-treated 1 like a man. 2. If we see a friend in distress, and give him all the consolation we are able, we perform the duties of friendship, which pays more attention to the disposi- tion of the heart than to the value of the gift. A small present may be the testimony of a great love. There is no good I do not wish you, and this is all I can offer toward it. I wish this little treatise may be of use to you. If it should not answer my hopes, I shall, however, be secure of pardon from your friendship. 3. I am come to inform 2 you of a secret you must impart to Pausanias alone. From remote antiquity, I am of Grecian lineage. I am solicitous for the safety of Greece. Long since, but for the auguries, would Mardonius have given battle. Regarding these no longer, he will attack you early in the morning. Be prepared. If he change his purpose, remain as you are. He has provisions only for a few days more. 1 See § 320. /. * See § 287. a. 74 Latin Composition. Should the event of the war prove favorable, you will but deem it fitting to make some effort for the inde- pendence of one who exposes himself to so great .peril for the purpose of apprising you of the intentions of the foe. I am Alexander of Macedon. 4. After a short interval, Charles, turning to Philip, who stood awaiting his commands, thus addressed him : " If the vast possessions which are now bestowed on you had come by inheritance, there would be abundant cause for gratitude. How much more, when they come as a free gift in the life-time of your father! But however large the debt, 1 1 shall consider it all repaid if you only discharge your duty to your subjects. So rule over them that men shall commend and not censure me for the part I am now acting." 5. We are here as in a theatre, where every one has a part allotted to him. The great duty which lies upon a man is to act his part in perfection. We may 2 indeed say that our part does not suit us, and that we could act another better. But this is not our business. All that we are concerned in is to excel in the 3 part which is given us. If it be an improper one, the fault is not in us, but in Him who has cast our several parts, and is the great disposer of the drama. 1 beneficium. 2 posswnus. 8 Plural. Lesson 28. Substantive Clauses. i. Read carefully §§ 329, with Note; 330, 331, with a, b, c, d, e,f (substantive clauses of Purpose) ; 332, with a, b, c, d, g, h (clauses of Result) ; 333, and Substantive Clauses. 75 b (clauses with quod). Compare §§ 270, 271, and notice the general schedule of substantive clauses on page 239. 2. In English, one action depending upon another is in almost any case expressed indiscriminately by that or by the Infinitive. In Latin the form of expression will depend on the meaning of the depen- dent words or clause. This meaning can usually be determined by the following Rules : — a. If the words can be put in an independent form as the words of some person in the Indicative, it is Indirect Discourse, and requires the Accusative with the Infinitive (see examples in § 33o). b. If they can be put in an independent form as a Question, they require the Subjunctive as Indirect Questions (see examples in § 334). c. If they can be put in an independent form as the words of some person in the hnperative, or can be conceived as a Result, they require the Subjunctive. The Infinitive is used in many expressions of this class, either optionally or exclusively (see examples in §§ 331, 332). d. If they could be expressed independently in the Indicative, but as a fact, and not as the words of some other person, they regularly require quod with the Indicative (see examples in § 333)- e. An English noun must often be rendered by a substantive clause, on account of the scarcity of abstract terms in Latin, or the want of a corresponding idiom. Thus — 1. He was accused of treason against his country, accusa- tns est quod patriam prodidisset. 2. A value beyond all estimation, pretium majus quain ut aestimetur, f. In English a real substantive clause is often introduced by the common expression for with the Infinitive ; and is usually rendered in Latin by the Accusative and Infinitive : ut with the subjunctive is more rare. The meaning of the particular ex- pression must be carefully noticed. Thus — 76 Latin Composition. 1. For a dying father to bequeath an empire to his son is a deed -worthy of gratitude, patrtm, inoHentem, filio imperium legare factum est gratia (lignum. 2. The next thing is for me to speak of the -war against the pirates, reliquum est ut de hello dicam piratico* Note. — The forms of Indirect Discourse were developed in Latin into a very complex system, which, for the sake of fuller practice, will be exhibited in the two succeeding Lessons. Exercise 27. 1. But before Caesar allowed his tired soldiers to enjoy the fruits of the victory of Pharsalia he required them to complete the conquest. The pursuit was con- tinued during the remainder of the day and on the morrow. But the task was easy. 1 The clemency of the conqueror induced ail to submit. When Caesar entered the camp, and saw the dead bodies of many Romans lying about, he exclaimed, " They would have it so. To have laid down our arms would have sealed our doom." 2. The soldiers of Viriathus recognized their general simply by his tall figure, and by his striking sallies of wit, and above all by the fact that he surpassed every one of his men in temperance as well as in toil. 3. The sailors were willing to do as he wished. But they were afraid that the vessel could not stand the beating of the waves, and as Marius also was much troubled with sickness, they made for land. They wandered about without any definite object, seeking merely to escape from the present evil as worst of all, and putting their hopes on the chances of fortune. For the land was their enemy, and the sea also ; and they feared 2 to fall in with men, and 1 Lit. " not difficult." 2 Notice construction of verbs of fearing (§ 331. f). Intermediate Clauses. 77 feared also not to fall in with men, because they were in want of provisions. After some time they met with a few herdsmen, who had nothing to give them in their need. But they recognized Marius, and ad- vised him to get out of the way as quick as he could. 1 4. Griselda, it is now time for you to reap the fruit of your long patience ; and that they who have re- ported me to be cruel, unjust, and a monster in nature, 2 should know that what I have done has been all along with a view to teach you how to behave as a wife, and lastly to secure my own ease and quiet as long as we live 3 together, which I feared might have been endangered by my marriage. Therefore I had a mind i to prove you by harsh and injurious treat- ment ; and not being aware that you have ever trans- gressed my will, either in word or deed, I now seem to have met with that happiness I desired. I intend then to restore in an hour what I have taken away from you in many ; and to make you the sweetest recompense for the many bitter pangs I have caused you to suffer. 1 Subjunctive. 3 ingenio. 3 Subjunctive. 4 mihi propositum habui. Lesson 29. Intermediate Clauses. Learn §§ 340, 341. a, b, c, d; 342 (Intermediate clauses). Compare § 336, and b (Subordinate clauses in Indirect Discourse). Remark. — Besides the constructions of dependent clauses already mentioned (which for the most part are suggested by some particle or some construction in English), another is found in Latin, which has no English equivalent whatever : namely, that of a clause subordinate to another which is itself 78 Latin Composition. suborditiate. This is especially to be observed when any one of the Infinitive and Subjunctive expressions which have been treated under the head of substantive clauses — itself the subject or object of some leading verb — has another clause depending on it. In this case, the verb of the latter is almost invariably in the subjunctive. But, in applying the rule, the following conditions must be observed : — a. When a subordinate clause depends on an infinitive or subjunctive, so that it becomes logically a part of the same expres- sion, its verb must regularly be in the Subjunctive (see examples in § 342). N. B. This rule does not apply to the case of a simple relative clause following a complementary infinitive, which will generally come under the following head. b. If the subordinate clause is inserted for mere definition or explanation — so that it may be regarded as true independently of the connection in which it stands — its verb will be in the Indica- tive (see examples under § 336. b). c. When a clause, though not depending on an infinitive or subjunctive, is represented as containing the words or thought of any other persoti than the writer or speaker, so that it be- comes informal indirect discourse, the verb must be in the Subjunctive (see examples under § 341). Note. — This construction is especially common in clauses expressing a reason or motive, which otherwise do not take the subjunctive. d. A subordinate clause in a Conditional sentence will have the mood and tense of the principal verb. Exercise 28. i. Sulla, encouraging his soldiers, who were 35,000 men well armed, led them to Rome. The soldiers fell on the tribunes whom Marius had sent and mur- dered them. Marius also put to death many friends of Sulla in Rome, and proclaimed freedom to the slaves if they would join 1 him. But it is said that only three slaves accepted the offer. 1 See c, above. Intermediate Clauses. 79 2. The next day Marius, compelled by hunger, and wishing to make use of his remaining strength before he was 1 completely exhausted, went along the shore, encouraging his followers, and entreating them not to abandon the last hope, for which he reserved 2 himself on the faith of an'old prediction. For when he was quite a youth, and living in the country, he caught in his garment an eagle's nest as it was falling down, 3 with seven young ones [in it] ; which his parents won- dering at, consulted the soothsayers, who told them that their son would become the most illustrious of men, and that it was [the will of] fate that he should receive the supreme command and magistracy seven times. 3. His attendants advised him to wait until he had made preparations of men and money. To which he only returned, "They that love me will follow me." In a few days he drove the enemy from before the city, and took the count prisoner; who, raging at his defeat and calamity, exclaimed, "that this blow was from fortune ; but valor could make reprisals, as he should show, if he ever regained his liberty." 4. When with infinite toil they had climbed up the greater part of that steep ascent, Balboa commanded his men to halt, [and] advanced alone to the summit, that he might be the first who should enjoy a spec- tacle which he had so long desired. 4 As soon as he beheld the South Sea stretching in endless prospect below him, he fell on his knees, and, lifting up his hands to heaven, returned thanks to God, who had conducted 5 him to a discovery so beneficial to his country and so honorable to himself. 1 See a, above. * See b, above. 3 ad terrain. 4 See c, above. 6 See b, above. 8o Latin Composition* Lesson 30. Indirect Discourse. Read §§ 335-339, throughout (Indirect Discourse), noticing carefully the Remark on page 248. Remark. — 1. The Indirect Discourse in Latin corre- sponds to the common reporting of speeches, &c, in the newspapers and elsewhere, in which the pronouns and the tenses of the verb are changed, and the whole quotation is usually introduced by that, following a verb of saying, &c This form of discourse is much more common and highly developed in Latin than in English, and may often be used in rendering the English direct narrative or quotation. Many difficulties and obscurities are avoided in Latin by the use of the reflexive pronoun, to refer to the speaker, and of the Indicative and Subjunctive moods as given in § 336. The rule defining the employment of these moods is as follows : — a» The main clauses (statements) have their verbs in the Infinitive with the subject in the Accusative, as substantive clauses dependent on the verb of saying, &c. 6. Dependent clauses, introduced by relatives, relative or con- ditional particles, and the like, have their verbs in the Subjunctive, as INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. c. Imperative forms of speech take the Subjunctive. N. B. For special indirect forms see §§ 337, 338. d. The Subject of the verb must regularly be expressed in indirect discourse, though a pronoun omitted in the direct. Refer- ences to the speaker must be made by the reflexives se and suua. e. Repetitions of some verb of saying, &c, which are common in English for the sake of keeping up the form of indirect dis- course, should be omitted in Latin. /. Particular attention should be given in translating the afio- dosis contrary to fact, which is done by the future participle with fuisse (see examples in § 308. d). Indirect Discourse, 81 fj. Sequence of Tenses is very often violated in indirect dis- course for the sake of greater vividness, by the use of primary instead of secondary tenses, — but never in a narrative clause with cum. 2. An Indirect Question includes all the cases where an interrogative clause, or one introduced by an interrogative word (who ? where ? whether, and the like) is made the sub- ject or object of a verb or of some equivalent phrase. As most interrogatives, both in English and Latin, have the same form with the relatives, care must be taken to distin- guish them by noticing whether there is an Antecedent, expressed or implied, which is the distinguishing mark of the Relative. N. B. For other interrogative forms see §§ 210-212. Exercise 559. i. When I came to the foot of the hill, I met with a very aged man, who asked me what I was and whither bound. I told him that I was a pilgrim going to the celestial city. Then said the old man, " Thou lookest like an honest fellow. Wilt thou be content to dwell with me for the wages that I shall give thee?" Then I asked him his name, and where he dwelt. He said his name was Adam the first, and that he dwelt in the town of Deceit. I asked him then what was his work, and what the wages that he would give. He told me that his work was many delights, and his wages, that I should be his heir at last. 2. His resolution was immediately formed. He rose and called together the officers of Proxenus, and addressed them. After 1 having pointed out the mag- nitude of the evils which they had to apprehend, unless some provision were made without delay for their defence, he dexterously turned their attention to 1 cum. 6 82 Latin Composition. a more animating view of the situation. "Ever since they had concluded the treaty with Tissaphernes, he had observed with envy and regret the rich posses- sions of the barbarians, and had lamented that his comrades had bound themselves to abstain from the good things which they saw within their reach, except l so far as they were able to purchase a taste 2 of them at an 3 expense which he had feared would soon exhaust their scanty means." 3. I fancy, Cephalus, that people do not generally acquiesce in these views of yours, because they think that it is not your character but your great wealth that enables you to bear with old age. For the rich, it is said, have many consolations. w True," he said, " they will not believe me ; and they are partly right, though not so right as they suppose. There is great truth in the reply of Themistocles to the Seriphian, who tauntingly-told -him 6 that his reputation was due not to himself but to his country. ' I should not have become famous if I had been a native of Seriphus, neither would you if [you had been] an Athenian.' " 4. I will tell you [a tale of] what happened once to a brave man, Er, son of Armenius, a native of Pam- phylia. His story was, 4 that when the soul had gone out of him, it travelled in company with many others, till they came to a mysterious place, in which were two gaps adjoining one another in the earth, and exactly opposite them two gaps above in the heaven. Between these gaps sat judges, who, after passing sentence, commanded the just to take the road to the right, upwards through the tieaven ; while the unjust were ordered to take the road downwards, to the left. 1 praeterqiiain quae. 2 pauca. 3 tantus. * dico. 6 exprobare. Certain Special Constructions. 83 Lesson 31. Certain Special Constructions. i. Read carefully §§ 332. c, and 274 (Exclamatory clauses) ; 332. d (tantum abest ut, etc.) ; 332. e, com- paring 288. / {facere ut) ; 332. g, and 319. c, d {quin, quominus) ; 292. c (Perfect Participle with kabco) ; 317. c, with Remark (disguised Purpose) ; 211, with a, b, d (Double Questions) ; 308. b, c, d; 307. d; 311. c (Indicative used in conditions instead of the Subjunctive). 2. Some constructions which belong logically under the preceding heads have special idiomatic uses in Latin. Such are the following : — a. The English exclamations, "The idea that!" "To think that ! " " That ! " and the like, referring to something which has actually happened, are expressed by the Accusative and Infinitive, usually with the enclitic ne. When referring to something antici- pated or to a mere idea, by ut with the subjunctive, usually also with -ne : as, 1. To think that you should have fallen into such grief for me ! te in tantas aerwmnas propter me incidisse ! 2. What ! I interrupt you ? egone ut te interpellem ? b. English expressions, like " Far from," or " So far from," with a following clause, are rendered in Latin by tantum abest, followed by two clauses with ut The former clause is always the subject of abest, which has not a personal subject, as in English ; the latter clause is always one of Result, not an independent clause, as it often is in English (see examples in Grammar). c. Such phrases as " To allow one's self to," " manage to," " act in any way in doing a thing," are expressed in Latin by facere or committere, with an ut-clause as object. So also where verbs want the future infinitive, fore (futurum esse) ut is used. 84 Latin Corn-position. d. Expressions implying Hindrance, usually (but not always) followed in English by from with the participial noun, take in Latin a subjunctive clause with quominus (rarely ne). If the hindering is negatived, quin may be used instead. The same construction is used in Latin with verbs of refusing. Expressions like " Not to doubt that {but that) " are regularly followed by quin. The accusative with infinitive is to be avoided. " To doubt whether," introduces an Indirect Question, and is so to be treated. " To hesitate " is expressed by the same verb (dubito), but with a different construction — the simple Infinitive. e. The English have, with a participle, is sometimes a mere auxiliary, corresponding to the Perfect in Latin. Sometimes, however, it retains a slight notion of possession, and is then to be translated literally, with habeo or teneo. Thus — 1. I have guarded the prisoners, captivos custodii. But — 2. I have the prisoners guarded (under guard), captivos habeo custoditos. /. Parenthetical expressions, like " To be brief," " To say no more," "So to speak," are really expressions of Purpose, and are to be so treated in Latin : as, Not to be tedious, the enemy were beaten and put to flight, ne longus sim, hostes pulsi et fugati sunt, N. B. As this expression is elliptical, the sequence of tenses is disregarded. g. For the treatment of Double or Alternative Questions, con- sult the forms in the Grammar (§ 211). h. In stating the propriety, possibility, and the like, of a future action, or one that has not been performed at all, Latin employs the Indicative, expressing it (as it were) as a general truth, where English uses the Potential, treating it as a particular case. For example — 1. It would be tedious to follow up the matter, longum est rem persequi. 2. It would befit us to mourn (but we do not), nos decebat lugere. 3. How much better would it have been! Quanto melius fuerat ! Certain Special Consti'uctions. 85 Exercise 30. i. I do not doubt that you fully agree with me regarding the motives and the consequences of Caesar's murder. I, for my part, cannot avoid feeling both sorrow and indignation, whether 1 I consider the victim or 1 the assassins in that great crime. What- ever may have been the ambitions or the vices of his earlier public or private life, they cannot prevent us from regarding his death at this time as the most serious calamity to the Roman people, or from con- demning and execrating the infamous conspiracy that slew him. Not to speak of the glory and empire won to Rome by his victories, he was the first con- queror in civil war who refused to make it an occasion of massacre and revenge. Far from following the example of violence which the partisans of Pompey had threatened, he had 2 disciplined and controlled his forces, so as effectually to check the fury of slaughter or the lust of plunder. At least, his mercy to his enemies, after the victory at Pharsalia, should have 3 forbidden all thoughts of private resentment. [To think] that Marcus Brutus, whom he not only had spared on the field of battle and in the hostile camp, but even called his son, should strike the dead- liest blow against him ! that Cicero, who had so lately extolled with fulsome praise 4 his pardon 5 of Marcellus, should with yet greater fervor have gloried in the manner of his death ! Was it the hope of real liberty, or was it jealousy of his more vigorous genius and more dazzling glory? 1 sive. * habeo. 3 debuerat. 4 effusis laitdibus efferre. 5 Clause with quod. 86 Latin Composition. 2. But the death of Caesar could not cause 1 true and lasting freedom to exist in a city which had beheld the murder of Gracchus, the massacres of Marius, the proscriptions of Sulla, the profligacy of Catiline, the violence of Clodius ! The wicked act 2 of his enemies did not hinder Rome from becoming subject to the tyranny of a Caesar ; it did prevent it from enjoying a firm peace and an enlightened rule under the ancient forms of the commonwealth. It kindled again the fury of civil war. It destroyed the remnant of those ancient families and the authority of the Senate, which had made the glory of Rome. It extinguished the freedom of debate, and all confidence among men. It committed the destiny of the Repub- lic to the hands of Mark Antony and Octavianus. It removed the mighty Julius, to prepare the way for Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero. 1 Lit. " bring it to pass that," &c. * f acinus. VOCABULARY. Note. — In using this Vocabulary, it should be borne in mind that the Latin terms here given are not in all cases the best or even the ordinary equivalent of the English words, but such as appear to be best suited to the passages where these occur. They need not, therefore, prevent the use of such other terms as may be preferred. In select- ing the right word, where several are given, it will often be necessary to consult the Latin lexicon. For numerals, reference should be had to the Grammar. Where numbers occur, they may be written in Roman numerals, but should always be read in full, as Latin words. The small figures mark the conjugations of the verbs. In general, the gender only of the less usual forms of nouns is given, and in verbs only those principal parts which are required. Adjectives in us, when not otherwise marked, are to be declined like bonus. A, an, usually omitted ; a cer- tain, quidam (p. 18). abandon, relinquo, amitto (lose). abide, maneo? mansi. abode, to make, habito. 1 [circa. about (here and there), passim; above, supra (ace), insuper ; above all, maxime. abroad, to get, emano. 1 abstain, temper of se abstinere, abundance, abundantia, ae. abundant, satis (with gen.). abuse (v.), abutor, 3 usus. academy, academia, ae. accept, accipio? cepi. accompany, comitor. 1 account (v.), fiabeo, 2 existimo. 1 account, on — of, ob, propter (ace.) ; it is of — , interest (see § 50, 4. d). (See p. 29). accuse, accuso. 1 accustomed, to be, soleo? solitus. achieve, gero, 3 gessi. acquiesce, consentior* sensus. Acron, Acron, onis. across, trans (ace). act {n.), factum , /acinus, oris. act, ago* egi; — a part, partes agere, tueri; — as, esse pro. acting, actio in scena. actor, actor, oris ; his trio. Adam, A da f mis, i. add, addo* addition of territory, fines pro- moti, propagati. adj oining, conjnnctus, proxim us. address, adloquor 3 appello. x admire, ?niror. x advance, progredior 3 gressus. advantage, utilitas, atis ; I have the — of, me adjuvat quod. advise, hortor, x moneo} 88 Latin Composition , affair, res, rei (f.). affection, amorj affections, animi. afflicted, adflictus. afraid, to be, timeo* ui. after, posts conj. postquam. afterwards, postea. again, iterum, rursus, postea. against, contra, adversus (ace). Agamemnon, Aga?nemnon, on is, ace. ona. age, aetas, atis (f.). aged, confectus (provectus) ae- tate, longaevus. agitate, co7mnoveo? movi. ago, abhitic. agree, adsentior^ (dat). agreeable, gratus, a, um. aid, auxilium, i. air (music), cantus, us. alarm, terreo? ui. alarmed, territus (abl.), sollici- tus; — for, metuens (dat.). alas, vae! Alcibiades, Alcibiades, is. all, omnis, e (whole), totus, solus (gen. ius). all in a body, universi. allied, conjunctus. allot, trib?to,* ui, utum. allow, potestatem dare (dat). ally, socius, i. almost, fere, paene. along, praeter. — alone, solus. along with, una cum. already, jam. also, quoque. altar, ara, ae. although, quanquam. altogether, omnino. always, semper. ambassador, legatus, i. ambition, ambitio, onis; cupid- itas, atis (f ). ambitious, a?nbiiiosus. among, inter (ace.) ; sometimes expressed by dat. ; apud. ancestor, proavus, i, auctor generis ; pi., majores, um. ancient, antiquus, vetus, eris. and, et, -que (enclitic), atque. anger, ira (visit with, persequi). animal (wild), /era, ae (f.) ; the lower animals, bestiae. animating, laetus. answer, respondeo? di, sum. annual, annuus, sollemnis. Antipater, Antipater, tri. antiquities, antiquitas, atis (f.). anxiety, sollicitudo, inis (f.). anxious, sollicitus. any, ullus, ullo modo; — one, quisquam, quivis(p. 1 8) ; does any ? num quis f Apennines, Apenninus (sc. mons), i (m.). apparel, vestitus, us; in funeral — , sordide vestitus. appear, appareo? ui; videor.* appease, lenio* placo} apply (for aid), se conferre,peto. apprehend, metuo? apprise, doceo.* appoint, praeficio (ace, dat.). appointed (to head), praefec- tus daius. approach (n.), adventus, us. approval, gratia, ae. arbitration, arbitrium, i. arbitrator, arbiter, tri. archbishop, archiepiscopus, i. arduous, arduus. Argos, Argi, orum. Vocabulary. 8 9 aristocracy, nobilitas, atis. arm (v.), armo. 1 arrasd, armatus. arms (weapons), arma, orum. army, exercitus, iis. arrival, adventus, us. arrive, perve/.io* advenio. 4, arrogance, arrogantia, ae. arrow, sagiita, ae. art, ars, tis (f.). artificial, artijiciosus. artisan, opifcX, icis. Aruns, A runs, Aruntis. as, ttt', (when), cum, pro. as . . as, tarn quam, aeque ac. as if, as it were, tanquam. ascent, ascensus, us. ashamed, to be, pudere (impers. § 50, 4. c). aside, se- (verb-prefix). ask, rogo, 1 quaero, peto (ad). assassin, sicarius, i. assassinate, interficio? occido? assistance, auxilium, i. assume, sumo? adrogo. 1 assumed, simulatus. Assyrian, Assyrius. at, with name of town, see p. 41 ; near (not in), apud, ad ; as cause (as " alarmed at "), abl. ; at all, omnino j at once, statim. Athenian, Atheniensis, e. Athens, Athenae, arum. attached to, conjunctus cum. attack, aggredior, 3 opptigno} attain, adsequor. 3 attempt (v.), conor} attempt (n.), conatus, iis (m.). attend, comitor j l to — the ses- sion of the Senate, in Sena- tum ire. attendant, socius, comes. attention, to pay, specto y l to turn, animum revocare (ad). attitude, status, us. attractive, juc undus. audacious, audax, acis. augury, augurium, i. authority, auctoritas, atis (f.). avenge, ulciscor 3 ultus. avert, averto, ti, stem} avoid, fugio 3 fugi, evito; 1 I cannot — , non possum non. await, exspecto}- awake, e somno excitare. aware, to be, animadvertere. away, to be, abesse. awhile, aliquamdiu. axe, securis, is (¥.). babe, infans, tis. banish, pello 3 pepuli, pulsumj expel 7o. 3 bank, ripa, ae. bar (v.), claudo. 3 barbarian, bai'bartis. barbarously, saeve. barren of, to be, careo? ui (abl.). battle, proeliu?n, i (n.) ; pugna, ae (f.) ; field of battle, acies, ei (f.), locus ubi pugnatur. bay, sinus j us. be, su?n (see paradigms of com- pound tense) ; to be so, ita se habere; — able posse. beach, litus, oris (n.). hear, fero,fer re, tuli, latum. bear up, sustineo? ui. 9° Latin Composition . bear no relation to, nihil at- tinere ad. beard, barba, ae. beast, wild, f era, ae. beating, vis, vis (f.). beautiful, pulcher, a, um. beauty, species, ei, forma, ae. because, quia. become, fio, fieri (or passive). before, ante, antehac, ante- quam. begin, incipio? cepi; coepi. beginning, initium, i. behalf, in, pro (abl.). behave, se gerere. behind, post; go behind, se- quor? behold, contueor, video, conspicio. believe, credo 3 (dat). belong, esse (with gen. or dat.) ; Pertineo, ui {ad). bench, subsellium, i. beneath, subter, sub. beneficent, beneficus (use su- per!). beneficial, utilis, e. besides, praeter, praeterea (adv.). besiege, oppugno. 1 besiegers, obsidentes. best, optimus; (adv.) optime, maxime ; (of two) magis. bestow, dono. x betray, prodo* ostendo 3 (show). better, melior, us. between, infer (ace). bid, jubeo? jussi. bind, obligo} bird, avis, is (f.). birth, by, natu. bite, niordeo? momordi. bitter, acerbus. bitterly, vehementer. blame, culpa, ae. bland, blandus. blast, of music, clangor, oris (M.). blow (a blast of an instrument), edo? blow, ictus, us (m.); plaga, ae (f.), vulnus, eris (n.). boar, aper, apri. boast, glorior, 1 praedico 1 de. bodily gifts, bona corporis. body, corpus, oris (n.) ; of men, agmen, inis (n.). bolster-up, subvenio 4 (dat.). bondage, servitus, utis (f.). book, liber, bri (m.). booty, praeda, ae. borders, fines, ium (m.). born, natus; to be — , nascor. 3 both, uterque, utraque, utrum- que, gen. utriusque; both . . and, et . . et. bound, obligatus ; to be going anywhere, tendere. bow one's head, se inclina?'e. boy, puer, eri. brave, fortis, e. break, frango? fregi, fraction. break up, confringo. breathe, exspiro; 1 animam ejfiare, to breathe one's last. breathing, spiritum ducens. breeze, aura, ae. bribe (v.), corrumpo,* rupi, rup- tum, bribes (n.), dona, orum. bribery, a?nbitus, us (m.) . bridge, pons, pontis (m.). bright, clarusj — distinctions, praeclara. Vocabulary. 91 brilliant, clarus, insignis, e, splendidus. bring, adfero, irr., porto, x duco, perduco ; 3 — to an end, confi- cio ; 3 — to pass, efficio? broken, fr actus, turbatus. brother, frater, tris (m.) ; — in- law, uxoris frater. brutality, immanitas, atis (f.). brute, bestia, ae (f.). build, aedifico; x military works, roads, &c, munio.* building, aedificium, i. bulk, magnitudo, inis (f.). bull, taurus, i. burn (v.), ardeo, 2 si. burst, inrumpo} business, negotium, res; make it one's — , operam ponere in. but, sed, autem (§ 43, 3. b), ta- men; but if, sin, quod si ; — buy, emo. 3 [for, nisi (with verb). by (near), ad; (with passives) ab, a (abl.) ; means, ablative alone (see p. 28) ; by far, longe; be by (near), adesse. Cadiz, Gades, htm (f.). Caesar, Caesar, aris; adj., Caesa- rianus. Caenina (of), Caeninensis, e. calamity, calamitas, atis (f.). call, appello, 1 advoco; 1 — to mind, co?nme7Jiorare ; l — upon (for opinion), sententiam ro- gare; — together, convoco. camp, castra, orum (n.) ; of the camp, militarise e. campaign, bellum, i. can, possum, posse, potui. candidate, to become (for con- sul), co?isu latum peter e. cap, pileus, i (m.). capitol, capitoiium, i. captain, dux, ducis. captivated, captus. capture (v.), capio? capture, expugnaiio, onis (f.). care, cur a, ae. careful of, studiosus (gen.). carry, porto, 1 fero, deicio? Carthage, Carthago, inis (f.). Carthaginian, Carthaginiensis. cast, p7'oicio ; 3 — the parts of a play, disti'ibuo. cast, jactus (part, of j acid). cat, fe 'lis, is. catch, excipio; 3 — at, cap to} Catiline, Catilina, ae. Cato, Cato, onis. Caudine Forks, Furculae Cau- diiiae. cause to suffer, aliqtia re adji- cere ; efficere ut. cause, res, rei ; causa, ae; res (plur.). cavalier, eques, itis. cavalry, eques, itis, pi. celebrate, celebro} celestial, caelestis, e. censor, censor, oris ; one who has been — , censorius (p. 10). censure, reprehendoj* chain, vinculum, i. chair, sella, ae (f.). \tor. champion, defensor, propugna" chance, occasio oblata ; casus, us (m.) ; by chance, forte. change, rnuto} 9 2 Latin Corn-position* character, indoles, mores (pi.), charge, accusatio, crimen. Charles, Carolus, i. chariot, cur v us, us (m.). chase, venatio, onis (F.). chastise, verbero. 1 check, reprimo. z cheer, recreo, 1 hortor} cherish hate, odium gerere. chief, dux, cisy princeps, ipis. chief- town, caput gentis. chiefly, ?naxime. child, puer, ij adj. puerilis, e. children, liberi; young — ,pueri, orum, infantes. childless, orbus. chink, rim a, ae. choose, delego 3 gi; (of officers) facio, 3 feci; cteo 1 (p. 122, dd). Cicero, Cicero, onis. circle, cir cuius j (v.) circa esse. circumstance, res, rei. citizen, civis, is. city, urbs, urbis, civitas, atis (f.) ; of the — , urbanus. civil, civ His, e. claim, vindico. 1 class, ordo, inis (m.). claw, unguis, is (m.). cleft, fissus (part, of Jindd). clemency, cle?nentia, ae. client, c liens, tis. climb, scando, 3 adscendo 3 close (v.), claudo, 8 si, sum. close to, prope (ace.) ; prope ab. closed, clausus. — closely, arte. clothed, vestitus. coast, litus, oris (n.). coil, volvo 3 cold, algor, oris (m.). colleague, collega^ ae. college, collegium, i. colony, colonia, ae. come, venio,* venij — across, transeo, ire; — forward, ex- sistoj 3 — in (of wind), ad- Jla7'e ; — to, pervenio 4 ad, ac- cedo 3 ad. comeliness, forma, ae. command (w.),jubeo, i jussij (in office), praeessej be master of, i?npero. x command (n), imperatum, i; supreme — , imperium, i; by — , jussu. commander, imperator, oris. commanding, dux, ducis (gen.) ; as descriptive adj., augustus. commend, laudo. 1 \committo. commit (an act), facio, efficio,* common (in common), commu- nis, e. common people, plebs, is (f.). commonwealth, res publica. communicate, impertio.* community, populus, i. companion, socius, i. compare, comparo. x company: in — with, una cum. complete, adfinem perduco* completely, plane. compelled, coactus (cogo). compose, concipio, scribo. s compulsion, under, coactus. comrade, comes, itis. conceal, celo l (two ace), occulo? concerns, it, refert (§ 40, 4. d). conclude (make), facio. condemn, damno, 1 reprehendo 3 condition, condicio fortunae ; fortutiae, arum. conduct (v.), duco 3 deduco. Vocabulary. 93 conduct (harsh), asperitas. confederation, foedus, eris (n.). confer on, defer o ad, confero in. confidence, fiducia, ae, fides. confidence, to have — in, con- fido 3 (dat. or abl.). [obsecro. conical, coni (gen.). — conjure, connect, conjungo. 3 connected, conjunctus. conquer, vinco, 3 vici, victum j devinco. — conquest, victoria. conqueror, victor, oris. consequences, exitus, us (sing.). consider, existimo, 1 considero. 1 consideration, res, rei (f.). consistent, to be, congruo 3 consolation, solatio, consolatio, onis (f.). conspicuous, to be, emitieo. 2 conspiracy, conjuratio, onis. conspirator, conjuratus, i. conspire, conjuro. 1 consul, consul, iilis ; (one who has been), consularis. consulship, consulatus, us (m.) ; in one's consulship, consul, in appos. with name. consult, consulo, 3 ui (§ 51, 2. consume, consumo 3 contempt (with), fastidiens, lis. contend (as with difficulty), lab or l (abl.). content, contented, contentus (abl.) ; wilt thou be — , satin habes ? continue, persequor, 3 secutus; — in pursuit, hostes consec- tari. contrary to, contra (ace). control, 7iioderatio, onis (f.). controlled, frenatus. convict, co/iviuco, 6 damno. 1 corner, an^ulus, i. counsellor, to have, in consili- um adkibere. count (a title of rank), comes, it is. countless, innumerabilis, e. country, regio, onis; terra , ae; (one's native), patria, ae j — people, agrestes, turn, rus- tici, orum; in the — , ruri. court, aula, ae. — cover, tego. 3 covered, tcctus (f.) cobpertus; (here and there, as with dwell- ings), sparsus. cowardice, ignavia, ae. cowardly, ignavus. cradle, area, alveus. crafty, dolostts, callidus. crawl, serpo. 3 create, creoj 1 facio, 3 feci ; con- stituo 3 credit (v.), confido 3 credit (n.), laus, dis (f.). Creon, Creon, ontis. crime, scelus, eris (n.). crisis, 'discrimen, inis (n.). cross, transire. crowd, comitatus, us, turba, ae. crown, corona,ae; (royal power), imperium, regfium. cruel, crudelis, e. cry, clamo ; x — out, clamo, ex- clamo, vocifero. x cultivated, cultus. curious, 7nemorabilis, e. curule, curulis, e. custom, mos, moris (m.), cynic, cynicus. 94 Latin Composition , D. " danger, periculum, i. dangerous, gravis, e. daughter, filia, ae. day, dies, diei (m.), (rarely F. in singular), dazzling, clarus. dead (slain), occisus. deadliest, gravissimus. dearly, care, carissime. death, mors, tis j condemn to — , damnare capitis (§ 50, 4. b), morte multarej put to — , in- terficere. debar, prohibeo, 2 ui, itum. debase, depravo. 1 debate, sententias dicere. debt (kindness), see note, p. 74. deceit, fallacia, ae. deceive, decipio. 3 \ decemvir, decemvir, viri. decide the contest, decerto. 1 decision, judicium, i. declare, nuntio, x adfirmo} dedicate, dedico} deed, factum, i. deem, puto. 1 deeply, vehe?nenter. defeat (v.), supero} defeat (n.), calamitas, clades. defend, defendo; defence, salus. degree (to what — ), quo. delay, ?nora, ae. deliberate, delibero} delight (v.), delecto} delight (n.), gaudium, i; delec- tatio, onis (f.) ; oblectamen- tum, i. deliver, liber v, 1 trado. 3 deliverer, liberator, oris. demand, postulo, 1 flagito?- Demosthenes, Demosthenes, is. deny, nego} depose (a king), regno spolio. 1 deprive, orbo, l privo ; x — of voice, vocem eripere (dat.). deputation, legatio, onis (f.). descended, genitus (with abl.). descend, descendo. 3 descent, genus, eris (n.). desert (n.), deserta, orum. deserted, desertus. desire, cupio? ivi (with ace. or infin.), jubeo. 2 desire (n.), cupido, inis (f.). despatch, co?ificio? interficio.* despise, contemno,* psu despoil, spolio} despotism, dominatio, onis (f.). destiny, fortunae, arum. destroy, deleo, 2 evi, etum, destroyer, perditor, oris. destruction, exitium, pernicies, detected, detectus. determine, statuo ; 3 — on, ca- per e (p. 65). detestable, nefandus. devoid, expers, tis (with gen.). devotions (of — ), precatidi (gen.). dexterously, sollerter, diadem, diadema, a tis (n.). dictator, dictator, oris. dictatorship, dictatura, ae. die, morior, 3 mortuus. die out, exstinguor? die (n.), a lea, ae. dignity, dignitas, honos. difficult, difficilis, e. dinner, cena, ae (f.). dip, tingo 3 tinxi, tine turn. Vocabulary. 95 direct, viam monstrare. disappear, evanesco 3 ui. disaster, clades, is (F.). discharge, praesto, 1 fungor. disciplined, coercitus (p. 85). discontinue, abrogo. 1 discourse (v.), disputo. 1 * discovery (conduct to — ), effi- cere ut inveniret. discredit, infamia, ae (f.). disease, morbus, i (m.). disgrace, ignominia, dedecus. display, praebeo* di spirited, fr actus animo. displease, displiceo, ui (dat). disposer, rector et moderator. disposition, voluntas, atis. disregard, neglego, xi. dissatisfied, non contentus. dissembler, simulator, oris. dissolution, solutio, onis (f.). distinguish, laudibus ornarej with distinction, honorifice. distress, res adversae. distribute, distribtco. z distrust, diffidentia, ae. disunion, dissensio, onis (f.). divide, divido, 3 si, sum. divine, aivinus. diviner, haruspex, icis. divinity, natura divina. do, facio 3 feci, factum. dog, cam's, is (gen. pi. canum). dominion (subjects), civitas, atis (f.). doom : to seal — , pernicies at- que exitium esse. door, fores, ium (f.) ; porta, ae (f.) ; out of doors, foras. doubtful, dubius. downward, deorsu?n. drama, fabula, ae. draw up, subduco; 3 troops — , copias iustruo. 3 drink (n.), potio, onis (f.). drive, pello, 3 pepuli, pulsum. drowned : to be — , aqua pe- rire. dry, siccus. dry (up), exsicco. 1 due, to be, deberi. duly, rite. duty, munus, erisj officium, i. dwell, habito. 1 eagerness, earnestness, studi- um, ij eagerly, avide, eagle, aquila, ae, earlier, prior, oris. early, mane. early-ripe, maturus. earnest : in — , serio. earth, terra, ae; surface of — expressed by omnis. ease, tranquillitas, atis (f.). East, oriens, lis (m.) ; of the — , Asiaticus. easy , facilis, e. educate, educo t l erudio.* education, disciplina, ae, effectually, penitus. effeminacy, mollities, ei (f.). effort, to make, nitor. 3 Egypt. Aegyptus, i (f.). elder, major (natu). elect, creoj * facio 3 feci, f actus. election (as consul), consula- tus, us (m.). elegy, elegia, ae. 9 6 Latin Composition. elephant, elephantus, i. eloquence, eloquentia, ae. emblem, signum, i. eminent, illustris, e. empire, imperium, i. employ, ulor, 8 usus, adhibeo. empty, mam's, e. enable, facer e ut possim. encounter (v.), confligo * cum. encourage, cohortor. 1 end iy.),finio. x end, finis, (f. or m.) ; at an — , fijiitus; bring to an — , confi- cio, 3 feci ; — of, extremus. endanger, in periculu?n addu- cere. endless, sine fine. endowed, praeditus. endure, fero (perferd), tuli; ca- pable of enduring, patiens, tis. enemy, hoslis, is (" the enemy," usually plur.) ; a personal — , inimicus, i. energy, stadium, i. engage, adhibeo? ui, itum. engage in, inire. engaged, occupatus. English, Angli, orum. enjoy (fruit), percipio. 3 enlightened rule, imperium sa~ pienter administration. enmity, odium, i. Enna (man of), Hennensis, is. enrich, locupleto} ensign, insigne, is (n.). enter, intro; 1 i?ieo, ire; — a ship, conscendo. 3 enterprise, conatus, us (m.). entire, totus (gen. ius). entitle, inscribo. 3 entreat, obsecro. 1 envenomed, venenatus. envy, invideo ; invidia (noun). Epidaurian, Epidaurius. Epirots, Epirotae, arum. equal, par, part's. equally, non minus, aeque. establish, conloco. 1 estate, praedium, i. esteem (v.), aestimo. 1 Etruscan, Etruscus. even, etiam j not — , ne . . qui- dem j — as, ut. event, factum, ij eventus, us (M.). ever, unquamj (always), semper. every, everybody, quisque, qui- libet, omnis, unusquisque (p. i 9 ). everywhere, ubique, ubivis. evil, malusj (n.),incommodum, i. exactly, plane. exalted, excelsus. example, exemplum, i. except, praeter (ace), nisi. excess, nimium . — excel, excello. excited, concitatus. exclaim, clamo. 1 execrate, exsecror. 1 exercise (v.), exerceo,* ui, itum. exercise (n.), exercitatio, onis (use plur.). exert, exerceo* ui. exertion, labor, oris (m.). exhaust, conficio, z exhaurio.* exigency, necessitas, atis (f.). exile, exsilium, i; to be in — , exsulo; 1 an — , exsul, ulis. expel, expello, 3 puli, pulsum. expense, pretium, i. experience (v.), obire (ace.). exploit, res gesta. Vocabulary. 97 expose, obicio? jeci; offer o. exterminate, exstirpo. 1 extinguish, restinguo? nxi. extirpate, exstirpo. 1 extort, extorqueo, 2 torsi. extraordinary, extraordinarius. extremely, express by superl. eye, ocuius, i (m.). F. face, vulius, us (m.). facilitate, adjuvo, x juvi. failings, vitia, or urn. fair share, jus ta pars. fair-speaking, blandiloquus. faith : on the — of, fntus (with abl.). faithful, fidus. Falerian, Falernius. fall, cado,* pereo; — to the lot of, obtingo, tigi (of office, use rather obti?iere, of the man chosen); let — , deicio ; — in with, occurroj z — upon, in- vader e in; — down, decido j 3 — on one's knees, in genua procumbere. false, falsus. faltering, vacillans, tis. fame, fama, ae. family , familia, ae. famine, fames, is (f.). famous, clarus. fancy, opinor} {late. far, by far, longe ; far and wide, farewell, vale. fate, fatum, i ; For tuna, ae. father, pater, tris ; parens, tis ; of the fathers, patrius. fatigue, labor, oris (m.). fault, culpa, ae. favor (v ),faveo?favi, fautiun. favor (n.), beneficium, i. favorable, secundus j prove — , bene succedere. fear (v.), timeo? metuo? vereor* fear (n.), timor, oris j metus, us. feeble, exiguus. feel, sentio, 4 sensij adficior (with abl.). fellow, vir, viri. ferment, agitatio, tumultus. fervor, studium, i. festival, festus dies. few, aliquot, pauci, ae, a. field, ager, gri (m.), arvum, i. fierce, acer, feroxj fiercely dis- puted victory, acerrimis pug- nis paria victoria. fig, or fig-tree, fi cu s , i (f.). fight (v.), pugno ; — a battle, committere proelium. fight (n.), pugna, ae. figure, species, ei (¥.), statura. fill, compleo, i?npleo? find, invenio* video? finish, per ago. z fire, ignis, is (m.). firm, firmus. first, prim tis ; at — , primo; (be- forehand), ante. fitting, to be, decere. &2L,figO. Z flame, flamnia, ae (f.), ignis, is (m.). flee, fugio, z fugi ; confugio. fleet, classis, is (f.). flight, /oga, ae. flock, pecus, oris (n.). 9 8 Latin Co?nfiosition , flog, fustibus caedere or virgis. flow, flu o, A xi, xum. foe, host is, is (c). fold, si tuts, us (m.). follow, seqi/or, 3 insequor, imitor. follower, comes, itis. food, cibus, i (m.). — foot, pes. foot, of hill, imus collis; — (in- fantry), pedes, itis (pi.). for (prep.), pro (abl.) ; often expressed by dative (§ 51, 7. r.), or by ace. of place. for, nam, enim, etenim (§ 43, 3. d) ; (instead ot), in loco. forbid, veto} ui. forces, copiae, arum. forest, silva, ae. forfend: heaven — , di omen avertant. forget, obliviscor, 3 oblitus (§ 50, 4. a). forgetting, oblitus (gen.). forgive, ignosco, 3 novi. fork, /urea, ae. form (v.),facio, capio. s form (n.), forma, aej (political) institutum, i. former (the), ille, a, ud. forsaken, desertus. forth : to go — , egredi. fortify, munio.* fortitude, fortitu do, inis (F.). fortress, castellum, i (n.). fortune, for tuna. forum, forum, i. forward : to come, exsistere. found, condo, 3 didi; to — a col- ony at, coloniam deducere (with ace. of name of town). franchise, civitas, atis (f.), jus, juris (n.). free, liber, era, umj — (as a gift), gratuitus; — town, mu- nicipium; freedom, liber tas. friend, amicus, ij intimate — , familiaris. friendly, to be,faveo, 2 favi. friendship, amicitia, ae. fringe, praetexo 3 ui. from (out of), ex ; (away from), ab; (by reason of), propter (see p. 33). frugal, parcus. frugally, frugaliter. fruit, fructus, us. full, plenus; — measure, summus fully, bene, plane. function, munus, eris (n.). furious, ferox, ocis. further (adj.), reliquus. fury, saevitia, ae, furor, oris (M.). future, futurus. G. Gabinian law, Gabinia lex. gain (v.), pario, 3 peperi, par- turn ; sibi conciliare. gain (n.), quaestus, us. gain over, concilio} gallant, fortissitnus. galley, navis, is (f.). games, ludi, orum. gap, hiatus, us (m.). garment, vestis, is (f.). gate, janua, porta, ae (f.). gather, carpo, 3 psi. Gaul (the land), Gallia, aej (the people), Galli, orum. gay, laetus. general (n.), imperator, oris. Vocabulary. 99 generally, fere (see u men "), VUlgO. genius (intellect), ingenium, i. German, Germanus. get, adipiscor; — away, effugio. getting round, circumfusi. gift, donu?n, ij munus, eris. gifts, bona, orum. gigantic, ingens, lis, immanis, e. give, do, 1 dedi, datum; tribuo, 3 adhibeo ; 2 — back, reddoj 3 — up, depono j — place, cedo 3 cessi; — to one's self ,sumo? glory (v.), glorior. 1 glory (n.), gloria, ae, laus, dis (f.), decus, oris (N.),fama, ae. go, eo, ire, ivi, itum; pro cedo? iter facio; 3 — on behind, sequor; 3 — out, egredi 3 ex- cedo 3 exire ; — up to, adire, accedere; so goes, ita se ha- bet. goat, caper, pri (m.). god, dens, i (§ 10, 4. /). good, bonus ; make — , compen- sare ; be — for, convenire (dat.). goodness, virtus, utis (f.). governor, praefectus, i. grandson, nepos, otis. gratitude, occasion of, gratum, res grata. great, magmis, itnmanis. greatly, multumj so — , tantum, magnijice. Grecian, Greek, Graecus. greeting, salutatio, onis (f.). grief, luctus, us (m.) ; dolor, oris, (M.). groan, gemitus, its (m.). gross, gravis, e. ground, terra; on the — , humi. group, agmen, inis (n.). grow up, adolesco, 3 evij — out, provenio. A guard (n.), custos, odis. gust, flatus, iis (m.). habitation, domicilium, I. hail, appello. 1 hall, aula, ae. halt, consisto? hand, manus, us (f.) ; holding in — , ipse manu tenensj (power), potestas, atis (f.) Hannibal, Hannibal, dlis. happen, accido, 3 evenio. happiness, felicitas, atis (f.). happy, felix, icis. harbinger, praenuntia, ae. harbor, portus, iis (m.). hardship, labor, oris (m.). hardy, durus. harsh treatment, crudelitas, atis (¥.). Hasdrubal, Hasdrubal, dlis. hasten, propero. 1 hastily, temere. hateful, odiosus. hatred, odium, i. haughty, arrogans, tis. have, habeo? ui, itum ; (take to one's self), adhibeo 2 (see p. 84). head (n.), caput , itis (n.). head-quarters, castra ; appoint- ed to — , praefectus, with gen. health (state of), valetudo, inis (F.). hear, audio. 4. IOO Latin Composition, heart, animus, i. heat, calor, oris (m.). heaven, caelum, i. heifer, juvenca, ae. heir, heres, edis. help, auxilium, i. herald, fetialis, is. herdsman, pastor, oris. here, hie J — and there, passim. hereditary, paternus. heritage, hereditas, atis (f.). Hesiod, Hesiodus, i. high, alius, excelsus. highest, smnmus, maximus. hill, mons, collis (m.). hinder, impedio* hindrance, impedhnentum, i (N,). his (of his), ejus; reflexive, suus. history, historia, ae. hold, teneo y 2 — out, propono. holiday, dies f est us. home, domus, iis ; domicilium, i; at — , domi. Homer, Ho?ncrus, i. honest men, boni, orum. honesty, probitas, atis (f.). honey, mel, mellis (n.). honor (v.), colo? ui, cultum. honor (n.), decus y oris (n.) ; honor, oris (m.) ; dignitas, atis (f.) ; with — , hones te. honorable, honorifiens. hope (n.), spes, spei(F.) ; voiwn, i. hopeless, inutilis, e. Horace, Horatius, i. Horatian, Horatius. horn, cornu, us (n.). horse, equus, i ; war-horse, equus militaris. hostile (of the enemy), hostilis, ej (actively hostile), infensus. hostilities, bellum. hour, hora, ae ; in an — , me- mento temp or is. house, domus, us (f.). how, quamj — much, quantum, quantoj interrog., quomodo. however, tamen, vero, quam- visj — large, quantum vis. human, humanus. humble, humilis, demissus. humbled, fr actus. humiliation, molestia, ae. humility, with, demissis verbis. hunger, fames, is (f.). hunter, venator, oris. hurry (v.), propero. 1 hurtful, to be, noceo, 2 ui. husband, maritus, i. I, ego; I for my part, ego vero (or equidem). ides, idus, uum (§ 84). idleness, socordia, ae. — if, si. ignorance, inscitia, ae. ignorant, ignarus. ill, male. illustrious, darns, praeclarus. Illyrians, Illyrii, orum. image, imago, inis {¥.). imitate, imitor} imitation, imitatio, onis (f.). immediately, statim, illico. immortal, sempitemtts, immor- immovable, immobilis. [talis. impart, communico * cum. impatient, impatiens, tis. Vocabulary, ipi impend, i?npendeo? implore, oro. 1 important, pot ens, tis. impression, see memory. improper, minus aptus. in, in, de (abl.). increase (v. a.), adaugeo* xi, ctutn (in neut. sense, use pas- sive). increasing, major, us. indeed, quidem. independence, libertas, atis (f.). indifference to, contemptio, onis (f.) (with gen.). indignation, ha, ae, hidignatio, onis (F.). indolence, ig?iavia, ae. induce, iuduco. 3 infamous, turpis, e, nefandus. infamy, ignominia, ae. inferior, inferior, us. infinite, summits. inflict death on, morte multare. influence, to have, gratia valeo} influenced, adfectus. inform, certiorem facio. inhabit, habito} inherit, accipio 3 inheritance, hereditas, atis (f.). injury, injuria, ae ; do no — , nihil nocere (dat.). insolently, insolenter. inspiration, spiritus, afflatus. inspire, animum dare ; may the gods — , di duint. instance, for, quidem. instantly, staiim. instead of, pro (abl.); in loco (with gen.). instil, instillo J (ace. and dat.). institute, constituo 3 instituo. 3 instructed, ceriior /actus. insult (n.), contumelia, ae. insurgents, use seditio. intelligence, intehigentia, ae. intend, in animo esse {habere). intention, consilium, i. intercede, deprecor. 1 interest, to be one's — , inter esse (gen. § 50, 4. d). interests, utilitates et commoda. interregnum, inter?-egnum, i. interrupt, interrumpo? rupi. interval, te?npus, oris (n.). intimate (adj. or noun), famili- ar is, is. into, in (ace). intolerable, intolerabilis, e. introduce, induco, 8 duxi. invade, invado 3 si, sum. invaders, hostes inrumpentes. invasion, inruptio, onis (f.). invent, invenio.* invention, inventa, orrwt (n.). inventor, inve?itor, ton's (m.). inventress, invenirix, tricis (F.). inviolable, inviolatus . invite, invito, 1 oro. x irritated, moleste fere?is. island, insula, ae. Italian, Italicus. Italy, Italia, ae. ivory, ebur, oris (n.) ; of ivory, eburneus. J. jealous, invidus (gen.). jealousy, invidia, ae. jest, jocus, ij pl.joca. 102 Latin Composition. join in, accedere ad, jungere se (dat.) ; in a military sense, militare cum aliquo. joined to, conjunctus cum. 3°y» gaudium, i. [tri. judge (n.), judex, Zeis, arbiter, judicial power, judicium, i. Jugurtha, Jugurtha, ae ; (adj.), Jugurthinus. Julian (adj.), Julius, a, um. Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis. just, Justus. just now, nunc maxime. justice, aequitas, tatisjjustitia, ae. keep, servo; x — silence, taceo? kill, interjicio, 3 occldo? kind, comis, e, benevolus. kindle, incendo? kindly, comiter, blande. kindness, benejicium, i ; as a quality, comiias, facililas, at is (f.), benevolentia, ae. king,'rur, regis; (adj.), regius. kingdom, ngnuin, i. knee, genu, us (n.). knife, cultellus, i. knight, eques, His. know, scio,* nosco, 3 novi ; intel- lego ; 3 (be aware), sentio. 4 knowledge, scientia, ae. labor, labor, oris (m ). lake, lacus, us (m.). lament, moleste ferre. lamp, lucema, ae. land, terra, ae. language, oratio, onis ; verba. large, magnus. lasting, diuturnus. last, duro. 1 last (adj.), ultimus; at — , tan- dem, extremum. lastly, denique. latest, supremus. lastly, denique. Latium (of), Latinus, a, um. latter (the), hie, haec, hoc (see P. 13). law, lex, legis (f.). lay, impono; 8 — hand on, tango. lay hold, teneo? tango? lay down, deponere. lead (v.), duco, 3 adduco 3 duxi, ductum ; — away, abduco. 3 leader, dux, ducis. leap into, insilio, 4 ui; — over, transilio, 4 ui. learn, disco, 3 didici. learned, doctus.— at least, saltern. leathern, ex pel lib us /actus. leave, relinquo, 8 liqui; (go from), egredi; (proceed), projicisci. left (hand), sinistra, ae. legion, legio, onis (f). length, at, tandem, nunc demum. less, inferior, us j minus. let i3l\ u de7?iittere. let loose, libero. 1 lethargy, stupor, oris (m.). letter, epistola (ula), ae. levy, conscribo? liar, mendax, acts. libation, libamentum, i. liberate, libero} liberator, liberator, torts. Vocabulary . 103 liberty, libertas, tat is (f.). liberties, jura (n.). Libyan, Libycus. liefaceo,* ui; — upon, esse (gen.). life, vita, ae ; in the life-time of, lift, lollo, 3 sustuli. [vivus (abl.). light (adj.), lev is, e. lighted (illuminated), inlustra- tus ; (kindled), accensus. like (adj.), similis, e (gen. or dat.) ; (adv.), velut, ut. lineage, genus, eris. linger, moror. 1 lion, leo, onis (m.). listen (to), audio.* literature, litterae, arum. little, paulum; how — (adv.), qua??i 11011 j distance, paulum. live (v.), vivo, 8 vixij habito. 1 long, longus, diuturnus ; — since, jamdudum ; as — as, quamdiu ; no longer, nonjam. look out, prospicioj like, videor. loose (let), libero, x emitto* loquacious, loquax, acis. lord, doi7iinus, ij to be — , potior x (gen. § 54,6. d). lose, amitto? loss, detrimentum, i. loudly, vehementer. love (n.), amor, oris (m.) ; cari- tas, at is (f.) ; lover, amans. lower, inferior, us. lust, cupido, in is (f.). luxuriously, luxuriose. M. Macedonian, Macedo7iicus ; a Macedonian, Macedo, dnis. mad scheme or conduct,furor. magnitude, magnitude magistrate, magistratus, us. maintain, defendo? make, facio, 8 conficio ; reddo;* — good, compenso; l — way, cedoj 3 — for (seek), peto? man, homo, inis, vir, i (m.) ; men generally, magna pars hominiun; a man who, is qui. manner, mos, moris (m.). many, multi, plurimij so — , tot ; very — , plerique. March, (of), Martins. march (v.), proficiscor? profec- tus ; progredior? gressus j iter facere. march (n.), iter, itineris (n.). mariner, nauta. — margin, ora. market-place, forum, i. marriage, matrimonium, i; — with, conubiumj to give in — , nuptum dare. marry (of the man), duco, 3 duxi (sc. in matrimonium, or uxo- rem in appos.) ; of the woman, nubo* nupsi (with dat.). Mars, Mars, Martis. Marsian, Marsus. martial, bellicus. marvellous, minis. mask, persona, ae. mass (of troops), caterva, ae. massacre (v.), trucido} massacre (n.), caedes, is; truci- datio avium. master, dominus, i. matron, matrona, ae. may, licet (impers.), possum. mean-time, interea ; means, opes measure, consilium, *'(n.). 104 Lathi Composition. mediation, deprecatio, onis (f.). meet, occurro? nanciscor, 3 nac- tus, invenio.* memorable, memorabilis, e. memory, ?nemoria, ae ; our memories excited by our im- pressions, animis memoria plenis recenti earum rerum quas sensibus percepi?nus. men (soldiers), milites, um. menial, servus, i. mercy, dementia, ae. merit, virtus, utis (f.). message, ?nandatum, i. midst of, medius. mighty, magnus ille. might, possim (subj.). Milan, Mediolanum, i. military, bellicus, militarise e. mind, mens, tisj animus, i. mine, cuniculi, orum. mingle, misceor* misery, miseria, ae. misuse, pravus usus. Mithridatic, Mithridaticus. model, exemplum, i. moderate, modicus. modern, hodiernus. monarchy, imperium, i. money, pecunia, ae. monstrous, immanis, e. monument, monumentum. morass, pa/us, udis (f). more, plus, ampiius, magis. morning, in the — , mane (n.) ; (adj.), matutinus. morrow, posterus dies. mortal, mortalis, e. most (men), plerique ; (adv.), maxime. mother, mater. — motive, causa. mountain, mons, tis (m.) ; (adj.), montanus. mountaineer, montamis. mourning, luctus, its (m.). mouth, os, oris (n.) ; of river, ostium, i. move, moveo, 2 movi. moved, permotus. movement, motus, us (m.). moving, incedens, tis. much, multum, multo, magni. multiply, multiplico} multitude, multittido, inis (f.). Mulvian, Mulvius. municipal law, jus civile. murder (v.), occido? trucido. 1 murder (n.), caedes, is. mutter, summissa voce dicere. my, meus, a, um (voc. M. mi). myself, ego (ipse). mysterious, secrelus. N. name (appoint), creo. 1 name, nomen; in the — , verbis. narrow, tenuis, e j angustus, a, umj narrow pass, angustiae. nation, gens, tis; nalio, onis. nature, natura, ae. naval, navalis, e. near, vicinus ; (prep.), prope ; (adv.), juxta, haud procul ; nearest relatives, proxi?ni. nearly, paene. [i. d). necessary, opus (in pred. § 54, need, requiro ; 3 to have — , opus esse (dat. and abl.) ; to be in — , egere. Vocabulary. i°5 neglect, neglego? negligence (act of), delictum, i. neighbor, vicinus, Jinitimus, a, uni. neighborhood, vicinia, ae, vi- cinum, i. negligence, negligentia, ae. nest, ?iidus, i (m.). never, nujiquam. nevertheless, nihilo minus. new, novus. next (of two), posterus ; of several, proximus. \noctu. night, nox, noctis (f.) ; at — , no (adj.), nullus ; (adv.), nihil. nobility, nobilitas, atis (f.). noble, nobilis, e (to emphasize quality, use superlative) ; no- bles (as a party), nobilitas. noblest, summus. not, non; as question, nonne ; — to, nej if — , si minus. nothing, nihil, nee quicquam. now, nunc; (already), /#//// (of past time), turn; (emph.), hie nunc ; (at this age), hoc aetatis. number, numerus, ij great numbers, multitudo. numerous, magnus. Numidian, Numida, ae. O. oath, jusjurandum (§ 14, 2. d). obedience, obedientia ; uncon- ditional — , obed. omnium re- rum. obey, ftareo? ui, itum. object, causa, ae; (definite) con- silium, i. obliged, coactus (part, of cogo). observe, animadverto? obstacle, difficultas. obtain, adsequor, consequor, 3 secutus ; adipiscor* adept us. occasion, occasio, tempus. occux, Jio,Jieri, /actus. ocean, oceanus, i (m.). odious, invisus. of, usually expressed by gen. or possessive (see p< 35). offensive, odiosus. offer (v.), offerre, polliceri, prae- stare, imponere. offer (n.), condicio, on is (f.). office, magistratus, us; dignitas officer, praefectus, i. often, saepe. oil, olemn, i. old, vetus, erisj (of age), natus old age, senectus, tutis (f.). old man, senex, senis. older, ?najor. omen, omen, inis (n.). on, in (abl.) ; — , de. [sus. once, quondam; — more, rur- one, unus (gen. ius); the — . . . the other, alter . . . alter. — at once, stathn. only (adj.), solus (gen. ius), unicus; (adv.), modo, solum, tantum. onset, impetus, us (m.). open (v.), recludo, 3 si, sum. opinion, sententia, ae. opportunity (favorable), occasio, on is. oppose, resisto, 8 stiti. opposed, contrarius ; — in war, adversus aliquem pugjiare. opposite, contra, alter, a, um. io6 Latin Composition , opposition (p. 44) , vis. oppression in one's province, repetundae. oppressive, gravis, e. or, aut, velj (as altern.) an, -ne (§ 71, 2). oracle, oraculum, i. oration, oratio, onis (f.). orator, orator, oris ; (adj.), ora- tor ius. order (v.), jubeo, 2 jus si. order, mandatum, ij by — of, jussu; (rank), ordo, inis. other, alius, a, udj (of two), alter ; the — , ceteri, reliquij some — , aliquis. ought, debeo, 2 op or let (impers. with ace). our, noster, tra, trum. out, ex (in compos.), outlive (to have), supers tes esse. outside (prep.), extra. over, supra, trans (ace.) overcome, supero. x overflowed, superfusus. overhear, excipio. z overflow, overrun, se effundere per (ace). overturned, eversus. overwhelmed, confectus. owe, debeo? ui. own (often omitted), gen. of ipse in appos. with possessive ; proprius. painstaking, diligentia, ae. Palatine, Palaiinus, i. palm-tree, pahna, ae. Pamphylia, Painphylia, ae; (ad j . ), Pamphyliensis. pang, dolor, oris (m.). pardon (v.), ignosco, novi (dat). pardon (n.), venia, ae. parent, parens, tis. part, pars, tis(F.), (meaning duty, &c, use plur.) ; for the most — , ?nagna ex parte. partisan, fautor, oris. partly, aliqua {magna) ex parte. party, pars, tis (f.) (generally plur.) ; f actio, onis. pass a law, legem ferre; — over, supe7'o, x praetergredi, praeterferri ; (time), ago? passion (for), cupiditas, a tis (f.) (gen.) ; passions, pertur- bationes animi. patience, patientia, ae. patrician, patricius. patron, patronus, i. pay, solvo? peace, pax, pads ; in — , con- cors, dis. peaceful, quietus. peculiar, proprius. Penates, Penates, ium (m.). penetrate, penetro} peninsula, peninsula, ae. people, populus, i (m.), plebs, is (f.), homines. perfection, in, perfecte. perform, ago, 3 fungor. 3 peril, periculum, i. perish, pereo, ire, ii. perpetual, sempiternus. Perses, Perses, is. persuade, persuadeo 2 (dat ) ; friendly persuasion, arnica verba. Vocabulary. 107 Fharsalus, Pharsa 7 us, i; (adj.), Pharsalicus. Philip, Philippics, i. Philometcr, Phi to me tor, oris, ace. ora. philosopher, philosophus, i. Physcon, Physcon, onis. pilgrim, peregrinator, oris. pillar, columna, ae. pipe, tibia, ae. pirate, firaedo, onis. pity (v.), have — on, ?nisereor 2 (gen. person). place (v.), impono* depono /* — at the head, praepono 3 (dat.). place (n.), locus, ij pi. loca, orum. play (on instrument), canoj 3 — a part, partes agere. player, histrio, onis. pleasant, commodus. please, placeo? ui, itumj (wish), volo. pleasure, voluptas, atis (f.). pleasure-grounds, horti deli- cati. plebeian, plebeius. pledge, polliceor.* plot, conjuratio, onis (f.). plunder, praeda, ae. plunge, i?iicio, z jeci. poet, poeta, ae (m.). poetry, versus, tmtn (plur. M.). point out, indico. 1 poison, venenum, i. polished, excultus. pollution, violare (ger. p. 69). Pompey, Pompeius, ij (adj.), -anus. poor, miser, era, unij pauper, eris. populace, vulgus, * (n.). population, multitudo homi- num. position, locus, i (pi. loca). possession, possessio, onis, ager, gri. — posterity, posteri (pi.). posted, collocatus. pour (neut.), sefundere. poverty, egestas, atis (f.) power, potestas, atis (f.) ; (do- minion), imperium, i (n.) ; potent ia, ae (f.). powerful, potens, lis. praise (v.), laudo. 1 praise (n.), laus, dis (f.). pray, precor. 1 prayer, carmen precationis. precede, anteeo, ire. prediction, vaticinatio, onis (f.). preparations, to make military — , copias parare. prepare (a way), munio. 4, prepared, paratus. present (n.), munus, eris (n.). present (adj.), praesens, lis. preserve, conservo. 1 preserver, conservator, oris. prevail, vinco? prevent, imped™.* priest, sacerdos, oiis, pontifex, icis. principal, maximus. prison, career, eris (m.). prisoner, captivus, i. private (citizen), privatus, i, privation, inopia omnium re- rum. prize, praemium, i. proceed, progredior* produce, efficio? professed, apertus. io8 L at in Composition , professions (verbal), verba, pro- missa. profit (v.), fructum capere. profligacy, Jlagitia, orum. promise (v.), promitto? polli- ceor,* itus; edico. 3 promise (n.), promissum, i. promontory, promuntorium, i. proof, testimonium, i. property, bona, orum. propose, fero,ferre (of a law). proscribe, proscribo* [(f.). proscription, proscriptio, onis prosecute, persequor* prospect (in), ante oculos. prostrate, prostratus. proud, superbus. proudly, superbe. prove (try), experior. k province, provincia, ae. provision, to make, provideo." 1 provisions, commeatiis, uu?n. public, publicus. Punic, Punicus. purchase, emo, z emi, emptum. pure, purus. purple, purpureus. [ — , qua re. purpose, consilium, i; for what pursue, persequor; 3 celeriter ad consectandtan, in hot pursuit. push (against), trudo. z put, pono? posui, positum ; — an end to, finio ; 4 — to death, interficio ; 3 — off (shore), sol- vere navem. quaestor, quaestor, oris. quality (good), virtus, utis (f.). quarter (district), vicus, i (m.). quickly, celeriter. quiet, quies, etis (F.). quiet, quietus, placidus j remain — , quies co? evi. quietly, quiete. quit, relinquo? reliqui. quite, admodum. quoth, inquit (after the first word or words of the quota- tion). R. rage, ira. raging, iratus,furens, tis. rags, squalor, oris (m.). raise, tollo, 8 sustuli, sublatum. rank, ordo, inis (m.). rascal, improbus, i. rather, potius. reach, mantis, uum (f.). read (aloud), 7'ecito. 1 reader, lector, oris. ready, paratus ad. real, verus. reap (fruit), capere, percipere. reason, ratio, onis (f.), res, rei (F.). reawaken, denuo conciio. 1 recall, revoco} receive, accipio* (excipio), cepi, ceptum. recognize, agnosco, 3 novi; (hold valid), ratum (justum) habere. recollection, recordatio. recommend, com?jiendo} recommendation, commenda- tio, onis (f.). recompense, to make, compen- sare. recount, memoro, commemoro} Vocabulary, 109 recourse, to have, se conferre ad. recover, recupero?- recovering, experrectus (p. 65). redeem, compenso. 1 reed, arundo, inis (f.) reedy, arundinibus praetextus. refinement, humanitas, atis{¥.). refuge, perfugium, i; take — , confugio* refusal, recusatio, onis. refuse, recuso} regain, recipio* regard (think), exist! mo ; y — for, studium (gen.) ; pay — , rationem habere, respicere; re- regret, dolor, oris, [gardin^, de. reign (v.), regno. 1 reign (n.), regnum, i. reject, recuso, 1 eieio, 3 jeci. relation, to bear, atiineo* relative, propinquus. relief, opts (gen.), e?n (f.). rely on, confido 3 (dat. or abl.). relying, fretus (abl.). remain, ma7ieo? mansi. remainder of, remaining, re- liqaus. remark, animadverto? remarkable, insignis, e. remember, recordor 1 (§ 50, 4. a, R.). remembrance, recordatio, onis. remind, moneo? ui, itum. remnant, reliquiae, arum. remote, ultimus. remove, averto? amoveo. 2 renounce (allegiance to), impe- rium abicere. renovate, renovo. x renown, laus, dis (f.). repay (a kindness), referre. repent, paenitet. repeat, iterum with verb, reply, respondeo? di, sum, reply, responsum, i. report, nuntio, 1 dico. s represented, expressus. representative, exemplum, i. reprisals, to make, compensare. republic, respublica (§ 14, 2. d.). reputation, fama, ae. require, postulo. 1 rescue, servo, 1 eripio. resentment, simultas, atis (f.), iracundia, ae. reserve, reservo; l — to one's own use, sibi adservare. residence, domicilium, i. resign (office), abdicoy 1 (power), depono? resist, resisto, s stiti. \.%^ x '\ resistance, contendere (inf. or resolution, consilium, i. resolve, conslituo. 3 rest-of, reliquus. restless, inquietus. restore, renovo, 1 restituo, z reddo? retire, abeo, ire (abl.). return, revertor, z regredior, z redeo, respondeo; on his — , rediens, tis ; — thanks, agere return (n.), reditus, us. [gralias. revenge, ultio, onis (f.). revive (neuter), renascorj z (trans.), restituo? revolution, civilis motus (m.). reward, praemium, ij to give as — , donare. rich, dives, itis, opimus. riches, divitiae, arum. no Latiri Composition. right, rectus, a, um; rights, jura, um (n.) ; to think — , recte sentire. right hand, dextra, ae. ring (signet-ring)', anulus, i. rise, orior* (infin. oriri), coorior, ortus ; surgo, z surrexi. rival, aemulus, i. river, flumen, inis (n.). road, iter, itineris (n.). rob, spolio. 1 robe, toga, ae, vestis, is (f.). roll (for writing), tabellae, arum. Roman, Romanus. Rome, Roma, ae; (as people), Romani j (as state), civitas Ro7?iana (respublica). room, cubiculum, i. [radicitus. root, radix, icisj — and branch, rose, rosa, ae ; full of roses, roseus. — round, circum. roving, vagus. royal, of royalty, regius. ruin, exitium, i. rule over, impero. x ruler, princeps, ipis. rumor, rumor, fama. run, curro* cucurri. rush, procurroj* — upon, inruo? S. Sabine, Sabinus. sacred, sacer, era, um. sacrifice, mac to. 1 safe, tutus. safety, salus, utis (f.). sail (v.), navigo. 1 sail (n.), velum j sailor, nauta. sake : for the — of, causa, fol- lowing a gen. sallies of wit, facetiae, arum. same, idem, eadem, idem. sanctuary, aedes, is. satellite, safeties, itis. satisfied, contentus. savage, barbarus. save, servo} say, dico, 3 aio, inquam (Gr. p. 81); absol. loquor. scarcely, vix. — scanty, exiguus. schooled, adsuef actus. scorn, ludibrium. sea, ma7'e, is (n.) ; (adj.), marinus. sea-shore, or a, ae. season, tempus, oris (n.). seat, sedes, is (f.). seated, sedens, tis. secession, secessio, onis (f.). second, secundus, alter. second time, iterum. secret, res occulta; — society, sodalitas, atis (F.). - secretary, scriba, ae (m.). secure (v.), occupo. x secure : to be — , non dubia?n spem habere j to make — , tu-> tiorem reddere. security, securitas, atis (f.) sedition, seditio, onis (f.). see, video, 2 vidi, visum. seek, peto? cupio, % adpeto. z seem, vidcor? visus. self-same, idem, eade7n, idem* seize, prehendo 3 di, suntj eripio. 3 sell, vendo, 3 didi. senate, senatus, us (m.) ; — house, curia, ae. senator, senator, oris; adj. -ius. Vocabulary. in send, mitto, 3 mist, missum. sense, sensus, tis (m.). sensible, prudens, tis. sentence, to pass, judicium ferre. separate, separo} separate (his own), proprius. sepulchre, sepulcrum, i. serious, gravis, e. seriously, in seriiun. Seriphus, Seriphus, i (f.) ; (adj.), Sertphius. servant, servus, i. serve, servio; x — well or ill, bene aut male rnereri de. servile, servilis, e. session, consessus, us (but may- be omitted; as, in Senatum venire). set, pono ; % — on foot, incipio, 3 cepi, ceptufn; — out, prqficis- cor? fectits ; — sail, navigo. 1 several, phi res, ium; singulis severe, severus. severely, saeviter. severity, severitas, atis (f.). shade, umbra, ae. shaft, telum, jaculum. shame, ignominia, ae, dedecus, oris (n.). share (v.), participo. 1 share (n.), pars, tis (f.). she, ea, ilia. she-wolf, lupa, ae. shelter, lego, 3 texi, tectum, m shepherd, pastor, oris. ship, navis, is (f.). shivered, pulsus. shore, litus, oris (n.) ; go on — , in terram egredi. short, brevis, e. ^ shortly after, paulo post. should, &c, see p. 63. show, demonstro} shrink, abhorreo* sick, to be, aegroto} sickness (sea-sickness), nausea, ae. side (party), pars, tis (f.) ; on the — , a parte (often plural), siege, for the siege of, ad oppug- nandum. sight, conspectus, us (m.), spec- taculmn, i. sign, signal, signum, i. signify, significo. 1 silence, si lent ium, i; in — , silentio, iacite j to keep — , silere, tacere. \jncdo. simple, inconditus ; simply, since, post (ace. ; see p. 40) ; ever — , jam hide aj postea. singular, mirus. sister, soror, oris. sit, sedeo, 2 sedi. — situation, res. s kilf ul, per it us (ge n . ) . skill, ars, artis (f.). slaughter, caedes, is (f.). slave, servus, i; to be a — , servioj A — market, grex ve- naliiun. slay, inter 'ficio? feci, fectwn, caedo, s cecidi, caesus j — with cruelty, t?-ucido. x slayer, interfector, oris. slight, parvus. sloth, ignavia, ae. small, parvus. smite, percutio* cussi. snake, anguis, is, serpens, tis (m.). snatch, eripio 3 ui. 112 Latin Composition < so, sic, ita ; — . . as, ita . . ut, tarn . . quamj — many, tot; — great, tanius J — that, adeo ut; will have it so, sic velle. soldier, miles, itis. solicitous, so I licit us. solid, Jirmus. some, aliquid, nonnullus (p. 18) ; — thing, aliquid; — time, aliquamdiuj — times, inter- dum; — ... others, alii. . . alii. son, filius, ij in-law, getter, eri. song, carmen, inis (n.). soon, brevi tempore; (present- ly), mox; — after, paulo post ; as — as, ut primum. soothsayer, haruspex, icis. sorrow, dolor, oris (m.). soul, animus, ij anima, ae. sound, sanus. south, meridionalis (adj.). Spain, Hispania, ae; (adj.), Hispanicus. spare, parco, z peperci; (refrain), temper o. 1 Spartan, Spar t anus. speak, loquor, 3 locutus ; — of, commemoro. 1 spectacle, spectaculum, i. spectre, species, ei (f.). [cere- speculator, to be a, quaestumfa- speech, sermo, onis (m.). spirit, animus, i (m.), (pi.). sport, lusio, onis (f.). spot, locus, i; plur., loca. spring, ver, veris (n.). square (of a city), platea, ae. staff, baculum, i. stand, sto; x steti, statum; — aside, de via decedere; — (bear), ferre; (be), esse. state, civitas, atisj res publica (F.)- stately, procerus. statue, statua, ae. stature, siatura, ae. steep, arduus. steer, guber no. 1 step aside, decedo. z stepmother, noverca, ae. stick (n.),fuslis, is (m.). stifle, exstinguo? still, etiam turn, etiam nunc, adhuc. stir up, excito. 1 stone, saxum, i. stop, moror} storm, violent, magna tempes- tas. story, fabula, ae. straggle, vagor. 1 stranded, in terram delatus. strange, novus. stream, Jlumen, inis (n.). strength, vires, ium (f.). strengthen, confirmo. x stretching, patens, tis. strict, severus, exactus. strictly, severe. strike, percutio ; 3 — down, cae- do; z — a blow, inferre. striking (keen), argutus. stroke, mulceo? mulsi. strong, validus. stronghold, praesidium, i. strongly, vehementer. studious, studiosus. stupidity, stultitia, ae. subject, to be, servire. subjects, cives, ium. submission, obsequium, i. submit, se dedere. Vocabulary. 113 subterranean, subterraneus . succeed, succcdo, 3 cessi. success, prosperus eventus, successes, us (if.). successful, felix, icis. succor (help), subvenire (dat.). suckle, lac to. x such, talis i e; is, ea,id; tarn. sudden, subitus. [subito. suddenly (on a sudden), repente, suffer, fero, tulij patior. 3 sufficiency, satis, [consciscere. suicide, to commit, mortem sibi suit, convenio.* suitable, idoneus. summer, aestas, atis (f.) ; (adj.), aestivus. summit, summus mons. summon, co?n>oco. x sun, sol, solis (m.). superior, superior, meliorj abso- lutely, opti?nus. support, confirmo. 1 suppose, puto. 1 supreme, supremus, summus. surely, profecto. surface of earth, omnis terra. surmount, surpass, supero. 1 surrender (v.), dedo, 3 dedidi. surrender (n.), deditio, onis (f.). surrounded, stipatus. survive, super esse, super stes (itis) esse with dat. suspend, suspendo, 3 di, sum. suspense, cura, ae. swallow (n.), hirundo, inis (f.). swamp, palus, udis (F.). swear, juro; l — together, con- juro. 1 sweet, dulcis, e. sweetly, jucunde. swim, no, nato, trano. 1 symptom, indicium, i. Syracuse, Syracusae, arum (f.). Syracusan, Syracusanus, a, um. Syrian, Syrus, a, um. T. take, capio 3 cepi, captuin.porto, 1 duco; 3 (enjoy), fruor z j — away, adirno, 8 emi, emptiun ; — in charge, accipio ; 3 — part in, communico ; x — claim for one's self, sibi adrogare ; — prisoner, cape re ; — refuge, confugerej — up arms, anna cap ere; — by the hand, manu arripere; (follow), sequi ; — seriously, in serium vertere. task, opus, eris (n.). talents, ingcnium, i (use sing.). tall, procerus. taunt, obicio, 8 exprobro. 1 teach, doceo, 2 ui. teacher, doctor, oris. tear away, detraho 3 xi, ctum. tear (n.), lacrima, ae. tell, nuntio, 1 narro, x dico 3 temperance, le7nperantia, ae, continentia, ae. tempest, tempestas, atis (f.). temple, templum, i, aedes, is (f.). terms, condiciones, tun (f.). terrify, terreo, 2 ui, itum. testimony, testimonium, i. than, quam, (or abl.). thanks, grates, gratiae, arutn. that, tit, quod (see pp. 54, 7$) ; — not, ne ; but — , quin. 8 ii4 Latin Composition, the, often expressed by tile. theatre, scena, ae. thence, hide. then, ttun, inde, deinde, igitur. there, ibi. — their, eorum, suus. therefore, itaque, qua de causa. thing, res, rei (f.). think, puto, x reor? ratus. this, hie, istej often qui. this day's, hodiernus. thong, lorum, i. though, quamquam, etia?n si. thoughtlessness, temeritas, a/is (F.). thought, consilium, i. thousand, mille (§ 18, i. e); one of a — , unus de multis. threaten, minor, minitor ' (dat. of person) ; impendeo 2 (dat). thronged, refertus. through, per, propter, or by abl. throw, jacio, 3 jeci, jactutn; — off, abicio? jeci. thrown (down), dejectus. thus, ita. Tiber, the river, Tiber is, is (m.) ; the river-god, Tiberinus, i. till, donee. — timidity, formido. time, tempus, oris (n.) ; for some — , aliquamdiu ; from — to — , inter dum; from that — forth, jani inde; at the same — , tamen, nihilominus. tired, fessus ; to be — , taedet (§ 50, 4. c). [dative. to, ad (ace.) ; often sign of to-day, hodie, nunc. together, una. toil, labor, oris (m.). tomb, sepulcrum, i. [crastinus. to-morrow, eras; of — , (adj.), tongue, lingua, ae. too, nimis ; or express by com- parative J (also), quoque. tooth, dens, lis (m.) ; grip of — , morsus, us (m.). torch, fax, facis (f.). torment (n.), tormentum, i; cru- ciatus, us. torture (n.), tormentum, i. towards, ei'ga (ace), ad, versus. town, tnunicipium, i; oppidum, ij (village), vicus, i (m). trace, duco. 3 traitor, proditor, oris. tranquillity, tranquillilas, atis (F.). transaction, res, rei (f.). transgress, minus obediens esse (dat). travel, iter facer e. traveller, viator, oris. traverse, transire. treachery, perfidia, ae. treason, majestas, atis (§ 50, 4- b). treasury, aerarium, i. treat, tracto ; l — as a son, in filii loco habere. treatise, liber, bri. treaty, indutiae s arum. tree, arbor. — trial, tortnenta. tribe, tribus, us ; gens, lis (f.). tribune, tribunus, i. trilling, minimus. tripod, cor Una, ae. [dis (f). triumph, triumphus, i; laus, triumphal, triumphalis , e. troops, milites, um. trouble, res adversae (plur.). troubled, to be, laborare. Troy, Troja, ae j of — , Tro- janus, a, um. Vocabulary. "5 true, verus, a, umj quidem. trust, confido? trumpet, tuba, ae. truth, Veritas, atis (F.). turf, caespites, urn (plur.). turn, verto, 1 ti, sum/ — away, avert or j 3 — out-of-doors, for as eicio. 3 tusk, dens, tis (m.). two, duo ; where only — , ambo. tyranny, domitiatio, onis (f.). tyrant, tyrannus, i. Ufentine, Ufens, its. unambitious, minime ambiti- osus. uncle, avunculus, i. uncover, detego. 3 undaunted, invictus. under, sub (ace. or abl.). understand, recte aestimo, x teneo. 2 undertake, adgredior, suscipio. undoubtedly, sine dubio. unfeeling, durus. ungrateful, ingratus. unjust, injustus. unimpeached, integer incol- umisque. unhappy, miser, era, wn. universal, communis, e. unless, nisi. — until, donee. unprincipled, improbus. unprofitable, ifiutilis, e. unrighteous, in/quus. unworthy, indignus. upbraid, obicio, 8 j'eci. upper classes, nobiles. upon (as living — ), ex. upward, sursum. urge, suadeo 2 (dat.). use (v.), utor, 3 usus. use (n.), usus, us (m.). useless, inutilis, e. utmost (adj.), maximus. utterance (n.), vox. vast, ingens, tis. vainly, fr us tr a, nequicquam. Valerian, Valerius, a, um. valor, virtus, utis (f.). value, pretiwn, i. Veians, Veientcs, ium. vein, vena, ae. vengeance, ulcisci ; of — , use gerund. — vessel, navis (F.). venture, audeo? ausus. very, per, in compos. (§ 17, 5. d) \ — same, ipse, a, um; gra- viter; often by superl. vice, vitium, i.flagitium, i (n.). victim, hostia, victima, ae (F.). victor, victorious, victor, oris (m.) ; victrix, icis (F.). victory, victoria, ae. view, cogitatio, onis (f.) ; sen- ten tia, ae; to be with a — , pertinere ad. vigorous, acer, cris j nervosus. violence, vis (f.). violent, violentus. violently, vehementer, vi. virtue, virtus, utis (p.). voluntary, voluntarius. vote, sententia, ae. vow, votum, i. n6 Latin Composition. W. -wages, merces, edis (f.). ■wait, maneo? mansij — for, exspecto. 1 wall (of house), paries, etis (m.) ; (of city), ?nurus, moenia. wander, vagor. 1 want to, opus esse (dat. of per- son and abl. of thing) ; to be in — of, indigere (gen. of thing). war, bdlum, /(n.). war-horse, equus militaris. warlike, bellicosus. warrior, virfortis. warn, moneo; 2 warning, monitus. wasted, confectus. watch, ob servo. 1 water, aqua, ae. xva.ve,fluctus, us (m.). way, via, ae ; a good — , ali- quantum. weaken, debilito. 1 wealth, copiae, aru?n. wealthy, locuples, tis. wear, gero 3 gessi, gestum. well, bene. what ? quid? — sort ? qualis? whatever, quod, with indie. when, ctwi, ubi, ut (p. 6y). whenever, cum (with indie). where, ubi, quo, qua (§ 41, 2. a.). \_sive. whether, utrum . . an, sive . . which, rel., quod; qualis, e; int, while, cum. [quis, uter (p. 17). white, albus. whither, quo. who, qui j whoever, quisquis, quicu?nque, siquis. who? (interrog.) quis (see p. 17). whole, totus (gen. ius). wholly, plane, omnino. why, cur, quam ob rem. wide, latus j (of measure), in latitudinem. wicked, sceleratus. wife, uxor, oris. wild, ferus, immanis, e; — beast, /era; — fig, caprificus. will, volo, velle, volui. willing, paratus ad (p. 76). willingly, volens, tis. win, concilia 1 pario; 3 — tri- umph, triumphum ago? wind, ventus, i. window, fenestra, ae. winter (v.), hiberno} wisdom, consilium, i. wish, volo, cupio 3 op to} with, cum; with me, meewn; — himself, &c, secum. within, intra, inter; of time, often expressed by abl. (see p. 40). without, sine; — doing a thing (see p. 60). wolf, lupus, i (m.) ; lupa, ae (f.). woman, mulier , femina. wonder (n.), ?niraculum, i. wont, to be, soleo, 2 solitus. woodpecker, picus, i. word, verbum , /. work, 7ninisterimn, i. world, orbis terrarum; homi- nes, um. worn out (by age), aetate con- fectus. worship, colo, z colui, cultum. worst, pessimus. Vocabulary. 117 worthy, dignus (with abl.). -would, &c, see p. 63. wound, vulnus, eris (n.). wounded, vulneratus. wretched, miser, era, um. write, scrifro, 3 ft si, ptum ; down, conscribo. 3 wrong, pravus. year, annus, 1. yesterday, heri ; of — , hester- nus. [etiam. yet, ta?nenj not — , no7idum you (sing.), tay (plur.), vos. young, juvems, is; — man, adulescens, tis j juvenis, is j — of birds, pullus, i. younger, niinor, oris. your (of sing, subject), tuns, a, urn; vester (.of plur.). yourself, ipse (tu), te. yourselves, iftsi, vos. youth, puer, eri ; juventus, i li- tis (f.) ; young man, adules- cens, tis. Zama (adj.), Za?nensis, e. zeal, alacritas, atis (f.). PART SECOND. INTRODUCTION. The Exercises given in Part I. have been chosen chiefly to illustrate the constructions of Latin syntax, and the proper words and phrases have been given in a special Vocabulary. In those which are to follow, the student is expected to make the selection of words and phrases for himself, and must rely on his general knowledge of the language, or on a general Lexicon. An English-Latin lexicon should, however, be used only for the suggestion of words which do not occur to the mind from a knowledge of the language. The real guide should be the Latin Lexicon, in connection with passages cited in it, or else remembered. A few points should be put clearly before the mind at starting. I. Choice of the Word or Phrase. Single words, in all languages, commonly express not single ideas, but groups of ideas. They cover, as it were, not points, but su?-faces. The surface thus covered by parallel words is very often quite different in different languages. Words do not coincide, but only partly overlap ; and hardly any word in one language is exactly equivalent in meaning to the apparently corresponding word in another. Thus the English bold and boldness correspond most nearly to the Latin audax and audacia; but these often have an idea of blame, which is not in the English words : homo 120 Latin Composition. audax is a man bad as well as bold. On the other hand, the verb to lie in English implies a moral offence, while the corresponding Latin mentior conveys no such opprobrium, though it may be conveyed by the context. The word law answers most nearly to lex, which, however, is limited to written or statute law ; so that the abstract expression the law (including common law) would have to be rendered by jura atque leges, or some similar phrase. Besides this difference in the original meaning of words, their derived or figurative meanings are often very widely different. Thus the English noun form may mean things so different as shape (jigura), mariner {modus), vain show (simulatio), ceremony (ritus), a bench at school (scamnum), or a hare's bed (Jatibulum). The adjective right may be aeqitus (a right decision), aptus (a right selection), or dexter (on the right hand). The verb to raise may be tollo, levo (to lift), augeo (as of wages), stnco (of buildings), cieo, moveo (to raise pity, &c), conscribo (of troops), colo (of grain and fruits). On the other hand, the Latin tollo may mean to lift, exalt, take away, weigh (anchor), destroy ; signum is a mark or sign, signal, standard, statue, constellation ; gravis is heavy, weighty (dignified or influential), burdensome, offensive, sickly. This difference is especially to be noted in the case of English words derived from Latin. The apparent likeness, in such cases, is one of the commonest sources of error. Usually the corresponding Latin words are much the more energetic and forcible, since they are the growth of roots still living and vigorous in the language. Thus the Latin labor is toil or hardship ; deprimere (" depress "), to sink, as a ship in battle ; opprimere (" oppress "), to overwhelm, or smother; supprimere (" suppress "), to trample down. The judicious selection of a Latin term will thus frequently restore to life a dead or fated metaphor ; while a vague or general term — such as is often given in English by a Latin deriva- tive — may require to be rendered in Latin by some qualify- ing phrase. Hence, in translating into Latin, — Part II. Introduction. 121 a. Notice carefully the exact shade of meaning in which the English word is used, and see that the Latin word covers the ground. In securing this, it is often necessary to notice the other words in the sentence. Thus drown may often be rendered by submergere, because the rest of the sentence shows what is meant ; but if not, then the idea of death by drowning must be brought out by some explanatory word or phrase. b. Observe the cases where Latin makes distinctions of meaning not recognized in English. Thus, city may be either tubs (a collection of streets, houses, &c), oppidum (a fortified or garrison town), or civitas (a political community). An enemy may be iniimcus (a personal enemy), or hostis (a public foe). Glory may be either fama (reputation in common talk), dec us (outward splen- dor or distinction), laus (the approval and praise of men), or gloria (the more general word). c. In a far greater number of cases, English makes distinctions not recognized in Latin.* For example, society, participation, association, partnership, alliance, and several other words, are represented by the Latin societas. If it is not clear from the context which is meant, some descriptive or limiting word must be added : as, societas generis humani, societas et cojnmunicatio, societas et foedus, and so on (see e, below). cc. In general, the Latin prefers to make a person subject rather than a thing, a thing rather than an abstraction, so that an idea is often expressed in Latin from a point of view different from our own. Thus, — Caesar stationed the auxiliaries ... so that they might make a display, alarios constituit . . . ut ad speciem alariis uteretur. So to serve for any thing may often be rendered by uti, governing the noun which expresses the English subject (but compare Gr. § 233). d. In many expressions we find an English phrase of two or more words rendered in Latin by a single term ; as, a sense of duty, officium ; a feeling of shame, pudor ; presence of mind, animus (alone, but also with praesens or praesentid). * English employs, roughly, about five times as large a vocabulary as Latin, with a far smaller proportion of regular derivatives. 122 Latin Composition. dd. As in all languages, there are in Latin many technical or semi-technical expressions, which must be carefully noticed. Such a word or phrase will often be suggested by some word in the English expression from the Latin equivalent of which it is often a regular derivative. e. There are many words in English which have no natural equivalent whatever in Latin. These must be analyzed, and ex- pressed by phrases ; often substituting special and concrete words for general and abstract ones ; and oftener putting the force of an adjective into a verb, or noun, or adverb. Thus, — i. Accomplice, scelerum {consiliorum) conscius. 2. Art, artes fingendi et pingendi. 3. Conscience, conscius animus. 4. Historian, rerum gestarum scriptor. 5. Inspiration, dlvinus quidam adflatus, 6. Lawgiver, qui leges ponit. 7. Panic, res trepida. 8. Patriotism, studium rei publicae, and the like. 9. Rhetoric, rhetorum praecepta. (Stereotyped expressions, however, of this kind, should be avoided.) /. Latin generally prefers to express in concrete ternis what English gives in abstract (compare i). Thus, strength, vigor, energy, pungency, may be expressed by sanguis, lacerti, nervi, aculei; expression or sentiment by vox. So, too, the phrases, — 1. I do not fear a bad man's anger, improbum iratum non metuo. 2. The assassination of Caesar seemed to many a glorious act, occisus Caesar multis pulcherrimum /acinus videbatur. 3. Every evil at its birth seems harmless, omne malum nascens innocuum videtur. 4. The world hates ingratitude, omnes immemorem bene- flcii oderunt, 5. There is a wide difference between learning and ignorance, plurimum interest inter doctum et rudem. 6. Firmness and dignity are characteristics of true courage, constantem et gravem eum esse volumus quern fortern dicimus. Part II Introduction, 123 7. He had read no poetry, and knew nothing of oratory, nullum poetam legerat, nullum oratorem noverat. ff. Nouns, especially abstracts, are less common in Latin than in English. Hence abstract qualities, if connected with the sub- ject, must often be rendered by adjectives or participles ; if con- nected with the predicate, by adverbs. Names of actions (verbal abstracts) are expressed by verbs, colored if necessary by adverbs or adverbial phrases. g. Even the few abstract nouns found in Latin are constantly made concrete, especially by using them in the plural : as, 1. The life of all, vitae omnium. 2. The immortality of the soul, aeternitas animorum, 3. The cold of the winters, frigora hibema. 4. Some cases of superiority, quaedam eoccellentiae. 5. Sharing in misfortune (of several persons), societates calamitatum. h. The two languages often differ in their modes of express- ing the Degree of a quality. Thus, as much or equally is often rendered by no less ; and conversely, less by not so much, more by so much as ?io other, and the like, according to convenience of expression in the particular case. i. Certain literal forms of speech are frequent in Latin, present- ing the object as it appears to the eye or comes at first hand before the thought. Thus, — 1. They refresh themselves with food and sleep, corpora cibo somnoque curant. 2. To relieve one from superstition or disease, aut rellgione animos aut corpora morbis levare. 3. In the face of the world, ante omnium oculos, 4. A musical ear detects very slight discords, musicorum aures vel minima dissona sentiunt. 5. I never lose sight of him, numquam ab eo oculos deicio. So — 7. The tribunes were especially alarmed, praecipuus pavor tribunos invaserat. (Here the personification adds to the vigor of the expression ; so, contemptor animus, tiro exercitus, &c.). ii. The same tendency to literalness is seen in the use of a second ?ioun (" hendiadys "), where English uses an adjective, a phrase, or a compound (compare Part I. p. 5). Thus. — 124 Latin Co?nf>osition. i. Rational instruction, ratio et doctrina, 2. An eye-witness, spectator et testis, 3. A shameful disaster, ignominia et calamitas. 4. Art-culture, artificium et expolitio. J. English abounds in effete metaphors — rhetorical expressions (noun or verb) — which have lost their force and become mere conventional phrases : these must often be expressed by some simple word, or wholly omitted, and the bare substance of the thought given in Latin (compare I, m, below). Thus, — 1. Homer flourished many years before, Homer us multis ante annis fuit (also, floruit), 2. Virtue in solitude could not reach its highest development, virtus solitaria ad ea quae summa sunt non potuit pervenire. Examples may be found in such nouns as object, point, feature, circumstance, instance, capacity, person, expression, elements ; in the verbs observe, remark, manage, continue, discuss, avail one's self, assure, represent, allude, qualify, enhance, convey, embrace, exist, constitute, deliver, succeed in, manage to; and particularly in adverbial and prepositional phrases, such as regarding, concer?iing, with the view of (ux), in reference to (ad), on account of (OB, propter), in spite of all that (tamen), &c. ft. Latin often prefers an abstract noun to an adjective ; thus making the quality the main thing, and (as it were) embodying it. Thus, — 1. Isocrates had many pupils of high rank, Isocrates nobili- tate discipulorum floruit. 2. It takes much water to quench a furious blaze, via flam- mae aquae multitudine opprimitur. 3. Orators are and always have been few, magna oratorum est semperque fuit paucitas. 4. A gloomy winter was followed by a sickly summer, tristem hiemem pesfibus aestas excepit. 5. "Weak men were overcome with superstition (i.e. because they were weak), superstitio homitium imbecillitatem occupavit. 6. "When the pleasant spring-time is past, then come summer and autumn, praeterita verni temporis suavitate, aestas venit et auctumtius. Part II. Introduction. 125 I. The simplicity of Latin requires that force or color shall be given to an expression but once, whether in subject or predicate ; and that neutral or unemphatic phrases shall be used in other parts of the clause (compare / and h). Thus, — 1. Immense indignation prevailed, indlgnatio ingens erat. 2. But how vast the privilege, for the soul to live ! At Mud quanti est, animum vivere! 3. In both cases he acted with dignity, utnimque egit graviter. 4. All incidents of life which happen in accordance with nature, omnia quae secundum naturam fiunt. 5. For even these tributes are honorable, haec enim ipsa sunt honovabilha. To the same habit of mind may be referred the frequent use of such colorless words as ars, genus, locus, ratio, res, sententia, studium, vis ; afficio, ago, capio, facio, habeo, possum, sum, versor (see Lexicon under these words). II. An English sentence is often filled out with words not strictly necessary to the sense, but inserted for fulness or rotundity of expression. In general, it is unclassical to express any thing which is obvious from the context, or to repeat what has once been said in other words in the same clause or phrase (compare I). m. English narrative abounds in varied descriptive phrases alluding to an idea or person once expressed: these must be omitted in Latin ; or, if something is necessary to prevent ambigu- ity, a simple pronoun is used. Proper names are repeated, but not so often as in English. Thus, the words italicized in the following extract (recounting the death of the elder Pliny) would be omitted in a Latin version of the passage, or else expressed by pronouns : — " As the shades of evening gathered, the brightness of the flames became more striking ; but, to calm the panic of those around him, the philosopher assured them that they arose from cottages on the slope, which the alarmed natives had abandoned to the descending flakes of fire. . . . The sea was agitated, and abandoned by every bark. Pliny, wearied and perplexed, refused to stir farther ; while his companions, all but two body-slaves, fled in terror. Some, who looked back in their flight, affirmed that the old man rose once with the help of his attendants, but immediately fell again, overpowered, as it seemed, with the deadly vapors." 126 Latin Composition. n. But if the allusive or descriptive word is essential to the idea to be conveyed, it must be given outright in a clause or special expression : as, But the veteran could not be deceived: ille uutem — ut qui esset rei bellicae peritiasunus — - illudi non potuU. o. The tendency in Latin to a direct form of statement requires that the main idea should be asserted directly in the main clause, and not hidden in a relative clause, participle, or adverb (compare v). The necessary emphasis is to be given by position. For example, — i. A fresh blow came, that crushed the city, eludes novu civitutem udftijcit. 2. It is these that delight in flattery, hos delectut adsen- tutio, 3. You are the very man I was looking for, te ipsum quue- rebum. II. Structure of the Sentence. The best English writers give a connected story or argu- ment in short clear sentences, each distinct from the rest, and saying one thing by itself. In Latin, on the contrary, the story or argument is viewed as a whole ; and a logical relation among all its parts is carefully indicated, so that the whole forms a compact group. For example, — But gloomy silence and voiceless Sed silentium triste ac tacita maes- sorrow had paralyzed the minds of Mia ita deflixit omnium animos, ut, the inhabitants. For very dread prae metu obliti quid re ii nque rent they forgot what they were leaving . , r . , r ■ .„ ^ . J ° quid secum ferrent, dejiciente con- behind, what they were carrying .,. . . ... ,. . , , „ 7 . n . . . srfio, roritantesque am altos, nunc with them. With no fixed idea, 6 2 , . . . , , . in liminibus starent, nunc errabundi and inquiring every man of his neighbor, they were at one mo- domos suas > ultimum illud visuri > ment standing at their thresholds, pervagarentur. at another wandering restlessly through their homes to see the end. p. In particular, so much of a statement as can be so treated, with its attendant circumstances, modifications, &c, is put into a Part II. Introduction . 127 single complex sentence, called a Period (§346. a-d; compare s)- Thus, — Qui cum, multis circa fiuitimos populos legationibus terra marique nequic- quam missis, nisi quod ex Etruria haud ita multiwi frumenti advectum est, nuilum momentum auno/iae fecisset ; et, revoiutus ad dispensationem tuopiae, profiteri cogendo frumentum et vendcre quod usu menstruo super- esset, fraudandoque parte diurni cibi servitia, criminando hide et obiciendo irae populi frumentarios, acerba inquisitione aperiret magis quam levaret inopiam ; multi ex plebe spe amissa potius quam ut cruciarentur trahendo animam, capitibus obvolutis se in Tiber im praecipitaverunt. Here the principal fact expressed in the main clause is, that many of the people drowned themselves rather than submit to slow starvation ; while the cruel policy that drove them to it is described in subordinate clauses. In English it might be told as follows : — He sent a number of embassies by land and sea to the surrounding nations, but effected no result beyond the importation of an insignificant amount of corn from Etruria, and produced no movement in the market. On applying himself to the administration of the meagre supplies, he compelled people to make a report of the corn they held, and to offer for sale all that exceeded the necessary supply of their wants for a month. He robbed the slaves of part of their daily rations, and pro- ceeded to libel the corn-merchants, and expose them to the fury of the populace. By this galling inquisitorial policy he revealed rather than relieved the distress. Many of the lower orders, in utter despair, bandaged the eyes and threw themselves into the Tiber, rather than endure the torment of a prolonged existence. q. Even when long periods are not used, still the logical connec- tion is indicated by the use of connecting Relatives (see § 201. e) ; or (qq) by Correlative words and Particles, especially idem, itaque, autem, enini, vero, quidem. r. But, in coordinate clauses, the copulative conjunctions are omitted oftener than in English (asyndeton) ; the connection being made clear by the Position of words and by Antithesis. s. Of two coordinate clauses with and, the less important is merged in the other by the aid of participles and subordinate phrases. In such cases a change of subject should be avoided. t. A change of subject should be marked by the introduction of a pronoun, if the new subject has been already mentioned in the preceding sentence. But (tt) the needless use of pronouns may be avoided by change of structure. 128 Latin Composition. u» A noun should be kept in the same case if possible. In illustration of these points, compare the following examples : — i. Then he called them together, and having briefly addressed them waited a little, and led them out with him. Tunc convocatos" cum breviter admonuisset, paulisper moratus secum eduxit. 2. The plan was universally approved, and its execution was intrusted to the consul. Cunctis rem approbantibus* negolium consult datur. 3. This matter was soon accomplished, and the legions returned to winter-quarters. Eo celeriter confecto negotio," in hiberna legiones redierunt. 4. When Midas the Phrygian was a child, and asleep, some ants piled grains of corn upon his lips. Midae Mi Phrygio? cum ptier esset, dormienti formicae in os tritici grana congesserunt. 5. They came to the king at Pergamus. He received the ambassadors kindly, and conducted them to Pessinus. Pergamum ad regent venerunt, qui* legatos comiter exceptos Pessinuntem deduxit. 6. If I cannot crush the pain, I will hide it. Dolorem M si non potero frangere, occultabo. 7. When the barbarians saw that he had escaped the flames, they hurled darts at him from a distance, and killed him. Quern 9 ut barbari incendiui?i effugisse viderunt, telis eminus emissis interfecerunt. 8. When Zopyrus, who professed to be able to read every one's character from his outward appearance, had at a party made a large catalogue of moral defects to reproach Socrates with, the rest laughed him to scorn ; but Socrates came to his assistance. Cum multa in conventu vitia collegisset in eum Zopyrus, qui se naturam ctijitsque ex forma perspicere projitebatur, derisus est a ceteris, ab ipso autem Socrate suble- vatus u 9. For they believe that these divinities were born in the realm, and that grain was first discovered in their land ; and that Libera, whom they also call Proserpine, was carried off from the grove of Enna. It is said that Ceres, in the course of her anxious search for her daughter, kindled her torch at the fires that blaze from Etna's summit ; and, hold- ing it before her, wandered over the whole world. Nam et natas esse has in Us locis deas, et fruges in ea terra primum repertas esse arbitrantur, et raptam esse Liberam, quam eamdem Proserpinam vocant, ex Hennensium ne??iore. Quam cum investigare et conquirere Ceres vellet y q dicitur inflarn- masse taedas Us ignibus qui ex Aetnae vertice erumpunt ; quas sibi cum ipsa praeferret t orbem omnem peragrasse terrarum. v. In turning loose sentences into periods, be sure to get the main idea in the main clause, and keep the other clauses in their proper relations (compare ©). In general, the main subject or Part II. Introduction. 129 object must be put in the main clause, not in the subordinate ones. Thus — 1. When Hannibal had reviewed his auxiliary forces, he set out for Gades. Hannibal, cum recensuisset auxilia, Gades profectus est. 2. The augur Tiresias is described by the poets as a philosopher, and is never represented as bewailing his blindness. Augurem Tiresiam, quern sapientem Jingunt poetae, nu?)iqicam inducunt deplorantem caecitatem suam. 3. The Volscians found that, now they were severed from every other hope, there was but little hope in prolonging the conflict. In addition to other disadvantages, they had engaged on a spot ill adapted for fighting, and worse for flight. Cut to pieces on every side, they abandoned the contest and cried for quarter. After surrendering their commander and delivering up their arms, they passed under the yoke; and with one garment each were sent to their homes, covered with disgrace and defeat. Volsci exiguam spent in armis, alia undique abscissa, cum ten- tassent, praeter cetera adversa, loco quoque iuiquo ad pugnam congress/', iniquiore ad fngam, cum ab omni parte caederentur, ad preces a certamine versi, dedito imperatore traditisque armis, sub jugum missi, cum singulis vestimentis, ignominiae cladisque pleni dimittuntur p . Here the main thought is the return of the Volscians: the cir- cumstances of the surrender, &c, are put in the several subordinate clauses. vv. The clauses should be arranged in the natural order of time or logical sequence, — cause before result; purpose, manner, and the like, before the act. (There are, however, many exceptions to this rule, from the tendency to put the more important first or else last.) w. Latin has a great fondness for antithesis and sharp contrasts, setting one word phrase or clause against another. This tendency will often control the order of words, phrases, or clauses. x» As to the order of words : let the main word be seized and put at the beginning (see Part I. p. 2). By this means the drift of the clause or sentence may almost always be indicated in advance. y. A verb in the active voice is often rendered in Latin by the passive, and conversely, to avoid change of subject, or to secure a personal or concrete subject rather than an impersonal or abstract one (compare cc, with Lesson 20). 9 130 Latin Composition. z. There are many idiomatic phrases which are to be rendered by Particles in Latin, especially in colloquial expressions, such as : well now, atque ; to be sure, by the way, in fact (also why!), quidem; for, you see, elenim ; and after all, atque; considering, ut ; I SAY, igitur. Yes may be given by etiam, maxime, vero, with a pronoun, or by repeating the verb ; NO by ii7imo, 7ion, minime, or, repeating a word with the negative (see Grammar, § 212. a). These can only be learned by practice with the Latin particles. III. Idiomatic Phrases. The following examples include most of the idiomatic usages which have already been explained, together with some others, brought together here for convenient reference : — 1. I come to help you, adjutor tibi venio (Part I. page 3). 2. I remember when a boy, puer mem int. 3. Fabius in his second consulship, Fabius consul iierum. 4. A continued series of events, continualio et scries rerum (p. 5). 5. Both consuls were slain, uterque consul occisus est (p. 7). 6. He came against his will, invitus venit. 7. He was the first to see, primus vidit (p. 8). 8. The rest of the crowd, reliqua multitudo. 9. All men praise bravery, omnes fortia laudant (p. 9). 10. The fight at Cannae, pugna Cannensis. 11. Another man's house, aliena domus. 12. I prefer the art of memory to that of forgetfulness, memoriae arte?n quam oblivionis malo (p. 12). 13. The army of Caesar defeated that of Pompey, Caesaris exer- citus Pompeianos vicit. 14. That [just mentioned] is a great argument, but this is a greater, that, &c., hoc magnum est argumentum, ilhid atitem maj'us, quod, etc. (p. 13). 15 It is just three years, tres anni ipsi sunt. 16. The book you gave me, liber quern mihi dedisti (p. 15). 17. Caesar the conqueror of Gaul, Caesar qui Galliam vicit. 18. A class, of which there is great lack, cujus generis magna est paucitas. 19. Those evils which we suffer with many seem to us lighter, quae mala cum multis patimur ea nobis leviora videniur. Part II. Introduction. 131 20. There were as many opinions as men, quot homines tot erant sententiae (p. 16). „ 21. What can happen to any [one] man can happen to any man [whatever], cuivis potest accidere quod cuiqua?n potest. 22. Each army was in sight of the other, uterque utrique erat exercitus in conspectu (p. 19). 23. The boy's name is Marcus, puero novien est Marco (p. 26). 24. It is the part of wisdom, est sapientis. 25. In silence, tacite (or silentio), p. 30. 26. I esteem Plato very highly, but the truth more, Platonem per- magni sed veritatcm pluris aestimo. 27. You have robbed me of my property, bona mihi abstulisti. 28. Much more rich than wise, multo divitior quam sapientior. 29. The more virtuously one lives the less he will injure others, quanto quis vivit honestius tanto mimes nocebit aliis. 30. A means of guarding against troubles, cautio incojnmodorum. 31. Jealousy of the Senate, invidia senatoria (p. 35). 32. More learning than wisdom, plus doctrinae quam sapientiae. 33. You ought to have gone, te ire oportuit. 34. Within four days after this was done, the matter was reported to Chrysogonus in Sulla's camp at Volaterrae, quadriduo quo haec gesta sunt res ad Chrysogonum in castra L. Sullae Volaterras defertur (p. 41). 35- To fight on horseback, ex equo pugnare (p. 43). 36. He would often play with his children, saepe cum pueris hide- bat (p. 46). 37. I begin to feel like dancing, jam lubet saltare. 38. The commander is relieved, imperatori succeditur (p. 49). 39. Men do not gather grapes from thorns, ex sentibus uvae non percipiuntur. 40. Socrates was put to death by his fellow-citizens, Socratem cives sui interfecerunt (p. 50). 41. Crassus is not envied for his wealth, Crasso divitiae non invidentttr (p. 51). 42. What is creation ? Quid est creare ? (p. 53). 43. It was reported that Caesar's house had been attacked (or, An attack on Caesar's house was reported), oppugnatio Caesaris domus 7iuntiabatur (p. 55). 44. In the following winter, ea quae secuta est hieme (p. 57). 45. Any evil is easily crushed at its birth, omne malum nascens facile opprbnitur (p. 57). 132 Latin Composition. 46. Your being here is agreeable, quod ades (or, te udesse) gratu?n est (p. 60). 47. I dissuaded him from going, ne iret dissuasi. 48. I should like to go, ire velim (p. 63). 49. I could wish he were here, vellem adesset. 50. What was I to do ? Quid facerem? 51. Caesar was too merciful to punish his adversaries, clementior erat Caesar quam ut initnicos puniret (p. 71). 52. He was accused of treason against his country, accusatus est quod ftatriam prodidisset (p. 7$). 53. I have yet to speak of the war against the pirates, reliquum est ut de bello dicam piratico (p. 72). 54. An inestimable value, pretium ?najus qua?n ut aestimetur. 55. To think that you should have fallen into such grief for me ! te in tantas aerumnas propter me incidisse / (p. 83). 56. What ! I interrupt you ? egone ut te interpellem ? 57. I do not doubt that he will come, non dubito quin venturus sit. 58. Not to be tedious, ne longus sun. 59. It would befit us to mourn, nos dccebat lugere. 60. I fear he will come, vereor ne veniat. 61. I fear he will not come, vereor ut veniat. 62. And besides, accedit quod{?N\\\i indie). 63. To utter many falsehoods, multa mentiri. 64. It is worth while, operae pretium est. 65. He says he has not done it, negat se fecisse. 66. The many defeats they have sustained, eludes quas plurimus Passi sunt. 67. To have a prosperous voyage, ex sententia navigare. 68. Such is his self-command, quae est ejus continentiaj or, $uu est continentia.. 69. So far as I know, quod scio (scia?n). 70. I never heard him without admiration, numquam eum uudivi quin admirarer. 71. I cannot but believe, non possum quiti credam. 72. Nothing prevents your reading the book, nihil obstat quominus librum legas. J 3. How many are there of you ? Quot estis f 74. I made him retire, effect ut se reciperet. 75. He deserves to be loved, dignus est qui a?netur. 76. For many years he has been in my debt, multi stmt atini cum in nosiro aere est. Part II, Introduction, 133 Jj. I congratulate you on your influence with Caesar, gratulor tibi quod tantum apud Caesarem vales. 78. He was accused of having betrayed the king, accusatus est quod regent prodidisset. 79. Many men admire poems without understanding them, pluri7Jii carmina mirantur neque ea intelligunt. 80. Instead of reading he is playing ball, pila?n agit cu?n legere debeat. 81. He makes it his object to serve the country, id agit ut patriae inserviat. 82. He is kind in allowing you to depart, benignus est qui te prqfi- cisci patiatur. 83. He is too strong to be subdued, fortior est quam ut (quam qui) devinci possit. 84. It was owing to you that I did not come, per te stetit quo- minus ve7iirem. 85. To aim at a revolution, novis rebus studere. 86. To the great danger of the state, cum siunmo rei publicae periculo. 87. Love for Cicero, amor Ciceronis j Cicero's love of his brother, Ciceronis amor fraternus (or, in fratrem). 88. He spoke so that no one heard, ita locutus est ut nemo audiret (that no one might hear, ne quis audiret). 89. And no one heard, nee quisquam audivit. 90. One understands in this way, another in that, alius alio modo intellegit. 91. Both public and private buildings, both sacred and profane, aedificia publica, privata, sacra, prof ana. 92. We had reached the temple of Vesta, ventum erat ad Vestae. 93. To be brief, quid multa ? quid plura f 94. I find great pleasure in doing this, hoc gratis simum facio. 95. I am far from being cruel, procul abest quin saevus sim. 96. He lost one of his eyes, altero oculo captus est. 97. You are the very one I was looking for, te ipsum quarebam. 98. Not only not of citizen's, but not even of Italian blood, non modo civicae sed ne Italicae quidem stirpis. 99. We are so far from admiring our own matters, that, &c, tan- tum abest ut nostra miremur, ut, etc. 100. We seem to have advanced so far that even in fulness of words we are not surpassed by the Greeks, tantum profecisse vide- mur ut a Graecis ne verborum quidem copia vinceremur. : 3 4 Latin Composition . INDEX TO THE POINTS CONSIDERED IN THE FOREGOING INTRODUCTION. I. Choice of the Word. PAGB a. Shade of meaning in the English word 121 b. Distinction expressed in Latin words 121 c. Distinction expressed in English words 121 cc. Opposite point of view 121 d. English phrase equivalent to Latin word 121 dd. Use of Technical words * . . . 122 e. No Latin equivalent to the English word 122 f. Concrete form of expression in Latin 122 ff. Use of abstract terms 123 g. Abstracts made concrete in the plural 123 h. Change of form in expressing Degree 123 i. Literal forms of expression 123 it. Pairs of words (hendiadys) 123 /. Effete metaphors in English 124 k. Abstract noun used for adjective 124 /. Color to be given to the expression but once 125 //. Words unnecessary to be expressed in Latin 125 m. Descriptive or allusive expressions 125 n. Phrase used for descriptive epithet 126 o. The main idea to be put in the leading clause 126 II. Form of the Sentence. p. Periodic structure of the sentence 126 q. Use of Relatives as connectives, &c 127 qq. Use of autem, enim, quidem, vero, idem 127 r. Connective omitted in coordinate clauses 127 s. Coordinate clause made subordinate 127 /. Use of Pronoun, to mark change of subject 127 tt. Repetition of Pronoun avoided by change of structure . . . 127 u. The Noun to be kept in the same case 128 v. Main idea in the main clause 128 vv. Clauses to follow the natural or logical order 129 w. Use of Antithesis 129 x. Emphatic position of the Main Word 129 y. Change of Voice 129 z. Use of Idiomatic Particles 130 Exercises in Translation. 135 EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION. Note. — In the following Exercises, the small letters refer to the Notes on Words and Constructions given on pages 121-130; the Jigitres, to the Notes at the foot of the page. I. Death of Epaminondas. When Epaminondas v had conquered the Lacedae- monians at Mantinea, and at the same time perceived that he was dying of a mortal wound, as soon as he could 11 see, 1 he asked whether his shield were safe. When his weeping comrades answered that it was safe, he inquired whether the enemy were routed; and q when he heard that 11 question 11 also answered according to his wish, 2 he ordered the spear, with which he was transfixed, to be drawn out. And so, drenched with blood, he expired in the midst of joy and victory. 1 dispicere {a). 2 ut citpiebat. II. The Ring of Gyges. Gyges, a shepherd of the king, when the earth had parted asunder after heavy storms d of rain, descended into the aperture, and perceived a brazen horse, in whose side there were doors. On opening these, q he saw a body a of unusual size, with a gold ring on its finger ; this q he drew 8 off and put on his arm. Then he betook himself to the assembly of the shepherds. There, when he had turned round the bezel of the ring to the palm of his hand, he became 1 invisible, 6 while qq he saw every thing himself; when he q turned the ring back to its place, he was once more visible. 136 Latin Composition. III. Cyrus the Younger. When Lysander v the Lacedaemonian had come to to Cyrus 11 the Younger, at Sardis, 1 and had brought him presents from the allies, Cyrus x treated 1 him with great courtesy ff and kindness in other matters, 1 and in particular showed him a 2 piece of ground fenced in and carefully planted. Whilst q Lysander was admir- ing the tallness ff of the trees, the straightness g of their rows, and the fragrance of the perfumes which were wafted 3 from the flowers, he remarked j that he ad- mired the ingenuity no less than* the industry of the man who had measured 3 " out and designed all these things. And Cyrus answered him, tf Well now, 2 I made all the measurements you 4 speak of; they are my x rows, my designing ; many even of these trees have been planted by my own hand." Then Lysan- der, beholding his kingly robe, the comeliness of his person, and his attire resplendent with much Persian gold and many jewels, said, "They rightly call you happy, Cyrus, since in you 5 good fortune is combined 6 with moral d excellence." 1 Lesson 17, h. Rem. 2 Lesson 9, 2. a. 3 See Grammar, § 341. c. 4 Lesson 7, 5. 5 tua. 6 Lesson 20, 4. IV. Xenophon's Sacrifice. Whilst Xenophon v was performing the customary sacrifice, he received the intelligence 3 that the elder of his two sons, named Gryllus, had fallen in the battle at Mantinea. He did not, however, consider this a sufficient reason cc for omitting 1 the appointed dd worship of the gods, but deemed it sufficient to lay aside his sacrificial d crown. He then inquired 8 how he had met 1 1 Lit. "should be omitted on that account." Exercises in Translation, 137. his death, and was told 1 that he had fallen while fight- ing with the utmost bravery. He therefore replaced the crown upon his head, calling the gods, to whom he was sacrificing, to witness that the pleasure he received at the valor of his son exceeded the grief occasioned 1 by his death. 1 Lesson 22, 2. V. The Sibylline Books. 1. An old woman, who was quite unknown to him, came to Tarquinius x Superbus, the seventh and last king of Rome, bringing with her nine books, which she declared to be the oracles of the gods : she said she was willing to sell them. Tarquinius inquired s the price ; the woman m asked an extravagant and enor- mous sum. The king™ laughed, thinking 1 the old woman in her dotage. ff Then she placed a brazier with fire in it before him, and burnt up three books out of the nine ; and then inquired of the king whether he were ready to buy the remaining six at the same price. Tarquinius laughed still more, and said that beyond a doubt 2 the old woman was out of her senses. 2. The woman immediately, on the spot, consumed three more books, and once more quietly made the very same request of the king, namely, to purchase the remaining three at the same price. Tarquinius, struck by the strangeness of the affair, concluded that such persistency and boldness were not to be trifled 1 with ; and purchased the three remaining books at just the same price that had been asked for all the nine. The woman then left 8 the presence of Tarquinius, but 3 report says was never seen afterwards. The three 1 quasi. 2 plane. 3 Lesson 22, 3. c. 138 Latin Composition. books were deposited 1 * in the receptacle dd for sacred things, 4 and were called the Sibylline Books. Certain priests consulted them as they would an oracle, when- ever the Romans considered that the gods should be consulted on behalf of the state. 5 * sacrarium. 5 publice. VI. Hannibal and Antiochus. When Hannibal on his expulsion 8 from Carthage went to stay with Antiochus, x king of Syria, the king passed before 1 him in review 1 immense bodies d of troops, which he had equipped with the view of making war 2 against the Roman people. He showed him an army decorated with gold and silver orna- ments ; he also brought on the field 11 scythed chariots and elephants with towers, and cavalry glittering with their bits, housings, collars, and breast-trappings. And then the king, elated at the sight of an army so great in numbers and so splendidly equipped, turned to Hannibal and remarked, 1 "Do you think this army can be matched with that of the Romans? and do you think all this will be enough for the Romans?" To this Hannibal, jeering at the cowardice and weakness of his soldiers, though so splendidly equipped, replied, 1 "It is my belief ff all this will be enough, quite enough, for the Romans, however greedy they may be." Nothings certainly, could have been said more smart or cutting : the king had put the question 8 with respect" to the number of the army, whether it would be a match for that u of the Romans ; Hannibal's answer 8 had reference to the booty the Romans" would acquire. 11 1 Lit. " showed to him in the field." 2 Participle in rus. Exercises in Translation* 130 VII. The Talking Crow. After the victory of Actium, amongst those 1 who came 11 to congratulate Augustus* there approached him" a certain man, having with him a crow, which he had taught to say, Hail, Ccesar, conqueror, emperor! Caesar, struck with the cleverness ff of the bird, bought it for twenty thousand sesterces. Being greeted in a like manner by a parrot, he ordered it to be pur- chased. He was 8 amused in the same way with a magpie, and it also he bought. These instances 1 induced 7 a ppor shoemaker to teach a crow a similar salutation. Often, when 1 wearied with his task, he q would say to the bird, when 1 it did not give the re- quired 11 answer, " I have lost my time and my trouble." At length, however, the crow learned to speak the address. Then he brought the bird to Augustus. He, however, upon hearing the crow's greeting, re- marked,-' "I have plenty of such saluters at home." Whereupon the crow added, very opportunely, "I have lost my time and my trouble." At this Augustus laughed, s and ordered the bird to be bought at a still higher price 11 than he had hitherto given for the others. 1 Participle. VIII. Hannibal in the Alps. — Arnold. Day dawned ; p the main 11 army broke up 1 from its camp, x and began to enter the defile ; while qq the natives,* finding aj their positions 2 occupied by the enemy, at first looked on quietly, and offered j no dis- turbance ff to the march/ But when they saw the long narrow line f of the Carthaginian army 11 winding 7 along the steep mountain side, and the cavalry 1 and 1 With moveo {i,y). 2 arx (/). 140 Latin Composition, baggage-cattle struggling at every step, 3 with the difficulties 1 of the road, the temptation 1 to plunder 4 was too strong 1 to be resisted ; 5 and from many points of the mountain, above 6 the road, they rushed down 7 upon the Carthaginians. The confusion was terrible ;* for 8 the road or track was 8 so narrow k that the least crowd 9 or disorder pushed y the heavily loaded 1 bag- gage-cattle down the steep below ; u and the horses, wounded by the barbarians' missiles, and plunging 10 about wildly 10 in their pain and terror, increased the mischief. 11 3 Relative with insistere (/). 4 Lesson 15, a (/). 5 Impersonal. 6 imminens. 7 Imperfect. 8 quippe. 9 With siquid. 10 fur 0. n strages (a, i). IX. The Embassy of Philip. — Arnold. Fortune in another quarter j served the Romans no less h effectually . j The qq Macedonian ambassadors, after having y concluded 3 their treaty with Hannibal at Tifata, made their way back into Bruttium in safety, and p embarked to return 11 to Greece. But their ship was s taken, off the Calabrian coast, by the Roman squadron on 1 that 11 station ; and the ambassadors, with all their papers, were sent prisoners to Rome. A 2 vessel which had been of this company ff escaped the Romans, 3 and informed 4 the king what had hap- pened. He was obliged, therefore, to send a second embassy to Hannibal, as the former treaty had never reached 17 him ; and although this second mission 1 went 5 and returned 5 safely, yet the loss of time was irreparable, 1 and p nothing could be done till the follow- ing year. 6 1 Rel. clause (cf. Lesson 8, 3). 2 unus (as opposed to the rest). 8 Lit. "out of the hands of," &c (z). * defero {dd). 5 Participle. 6 Lit. " done this year." Exercises in Translation. 141 X. Hannibal near Rome. 1. The next day, Hannibal, crossing the Anio, drew out all his forces in order of battle. dd Nor did Flaccus and his consuls decline the contest. The troops on both sides having been drawn up to try 11 the chances of a 1 battle, in which the city of Rome was to be the conqueror's prize, a violent shower mingled with hail so disordered both the lines, that the troops, scarcely able 11 to hold their arms, retired into their camps, with less h apprehension of the enemy than of any thing else. On the following day, also, a similar storm separated the armies marshalled on the same ground. After they had retired to their camps, an extraordinary calm and tranquillity arose. This cir- cumstance was held providential 2 among the Cartha- ginians ; and an expression 1 " of Hannibal's is said to have been heard, "That at one moment* the inclina- tion, at another the opportunity, 3 of becoming master of Rome, was not allowed 4 him." 2. Other contingencies j also, the one important, 1 the other insignificant, 1 diminished his hopes. The im- portant one was, that, while he was encamped 5 under arms near the walls of the city, he heard that troops had marched out with colors flying, 11 as a reinforce- ment for Spain ; while qq the less significant circum- stance 11 was that it was discovered, from one of his prisoners, that at this very time the very ground on which he was encamped had been sold, with no diminution 11 of price on that account. 3 Indeed, it appeared so great an insult g and indignity that a purchaser should have been discovered at Rome for * See Lesson 7, 1. Note. 2 With religio (dd). * for tuna. 4 dare (z). 5 seder e (i). 142 Latin Composition. the very soil which he possessed and held as the prize ff of war, that, calling instantly for a crier, he ordered that the silversmiths' shops, which then were ranged j around the Roman Forum, should be put up for sale. dd XL Young Scipio. 1. At Rome, after the recovery 11 of Capua, the attention 1 of the Senate and people was fixed 1 upon Spain as much as h upon Italy ; and it was resolved dd that the army there should be recruited, 1 and a general despatched. 1 It was not, however, so clear whom they should send, as that, since two great generals had fallen within thirty days, he who was to supply dd their place should be chosen with extraordinary care. As some named one man, others another, it was at last determined that the people should hold an assem- bly to elect dd a pro-consul for Spain ; and the consuls proclaimed a day for the assembly. At first they had expected that those who believed themselves worthy of so important a command would give in dd their names. As this q expectation was defeated, their sorrow for 2 the disaster sustained was renewed, and also their regret for the generals lost. 2. Accordingly, the people sorrowfully, and almost at a loss what to decide upon, 3 descended into the Campus Martius 11 on the day of the election; and, turning towards the magistrates, looked round upon the countenances of their leading men, who were 4 anxiously gazing at each other, and murmured that their fortunes were so fallen, and such despair 11 " was felt for the state, that no one ventured to accept the 1 cura. 2 Lesson 15, a. 3 consilium (dd). 4 Lesson 22, 3. a. Exercises in Translation. 143 command in Spain ; when suddenly Publius Cornelius, son of that Publius who had fallen in Spain, then 11 about twenty-four years of age, declaring dd himself a candidate, dd took his station on an eminence 1 whence he could be seen. The eyes of the whole assembly were 8 directed towards him, and by acclamations and tokens of favor d they augured a happy and prosperous command. XII. Hannibal's Exile. 1. Hannibal x was the only man who perceived 1 that he was aimed at by the Romans ; and that peace was only allowed the Carthaginians on the under- standing j that a remorseless war should be maintained 2 against himself alone. He therefore resolved to sub- mit to the crisis and to his fate ; and, having prepared every thing for flight, he first publicly appeared 3 in the forum on that day in order to avert suspicion, but, p as soon as darkness fell, j departed in his out-of- doors^ dress, with two attendants ignorant of his design. Horses being in readiness ff at the spot where they had been ordered/ he passed 8 through Byzacium by night, and arrived on the following day on the sea- coast, between Adolla and Thapsus, at a castle of his own. There* 1 a vessel prepared and manned with row- ers received him. Thus did Hannibal leave Africa, pitying the fate of his country oftener x than his own. 2. The same day he crossed into the isle of Cer- cina. Finding 4 there several 5 Phoenician merchant- ships^ in harbor, with their freights, 6 and a concourse of people having flocked together to welcome him as 1 fat/o, with negative. 2 matter e (/'). 3 obversari (s). * Lesson 22, 2. s Lesson 9, 2. a. 6 merx (*). 144 Latin Composition. he 7 disembarked from the vessel, he ordered that all who 7 inquired should be informed 00 that he had been sent as ambassador to Tyre. Apprehensive, however, that one 5 of their ships, sailing by night for Thapsus or Adrumetum, might announce that he had been seen at Cercina, he commanded a sacrifice to be pre- pared, and 8 the captains of the vessels and the mer- chants to be invited ; also giving orders 1 that the sails, together with the yard-arms, should be brought toge- ther from the ships, that they might enjoy 8 the shade — for it happened 9 to be v midsummer — while supping on the shore. 3. So far as circumstances 3 and time permitted, the banquet was duly prepared 10 and celebrated on that day, 11 and the feast was protracted with a profusion of wine to a late hour of night. Hannibal, as soon as he found an opportunity of escaping the notice of those who were in the harbor, unmoored his vessel. The rest, having at length arisen from their deep slumber, on the following day, full of the fumes d of wine, spent several hours in carrying back and setting in order the tackle of their ships. 4. At Carthage, too, there was a concourse of the people, accustomed to frequent the house of Hannibal, at the vestibule of his mansion. As soon as it was generally known 12 that he was not to be found, 13 a crowd of citizens, 11 in quest of the chief man in the state, flocked 1 to the forum. x Some spread a report that he had taken to flight, as 14 was really 11 the case ;' others that he had been assassinated by the treachery of the. Romans; and you might observe 7 Lesson 22, 3. a. 8 Withyfo (cc). 9 forte. 10 With noun in adverbial phrase (compare/). n Lesson 15, a. 12 vulgar i. 13 comparere (cc). u id quod. Exercises in Translation, 145 various countenances, as is natural 11 in a state agi- tated 15 by the intrigues of partisans supporting different factions. 15 discors, making it more personal : lit. " of men supporting {favere) different {alius alius) parties and agitated," &c. (compare z). XIII. The Tale of Atalanta. — Bacon. Atalanta, who was exceeding fleet, 1 contended x with Hippomenes in the course, x on condition that, if Hippomenes won, he should espouse dd her, or forfeit his life if he lost. The match was very unequal, for p Atalanta had conquered 7 numbers 1 to their destruc- tion. Hippomenes therefore had recourse 8 to strata- gem. He procured 8 three golden apples, and purposely carried them with him. They started. 7 Atalanta out- stripped him soon ; then Hippomenes bowled one of his 11 apples before her, 1 across the course, in order 1 not only to make 11 her stoop, but to draw 7 her out of the path. She, prompted by female curiosity, 2 and the beauty of the golden fruit, 11 starts from the course to take up the apple. Hippomenes, in the mean time, holds on his way, and p steps before her ; but she, by her natural 11 swiftness, soon fetches up her lost ground, and leaves him again behind. Hippomenes, however, by rightly timing 3 his second and third throws, ff at length won the race, not by his swiftness, but 1 " by his cunning. x 1 eo consilio ut. 2 studium (/). $ jactare ad tempus. XIV. Assassination of Caesar. — Plutarch. 1. When 1 Csesar x entered, the Senate rose to do him" honor, dd and some of the party 2 of Brutus stood 1 Lesson 22, 3. a. a Lesson 15, c. 146 Latin Composition. around his chair at the back, and others presented themselves before him, as if their purpose 1 * was to support the prayers of Tillius Cimber on behalf of his exiled brother ; and they all joined in entreaty, follow- ing Cassar as far as his seat. When he had taken his seat, and was rejecting their entreaties, and as they urged 3 him still more strongly, began to show dis- pleasure ff towards them individually, Tillius, taking hold of his toga with both hands, pulled it downward from the neck, which was the signal for the attack." Casca was the first to strike him on the neck with his sword, a blow neither mortal nor severe ; for, q as was natural at the beginning ff of so bold a deed, he was confused, and q Caesar m turning round seized 8 the blade and held it fast. 2. And it happened that at the same moment* 1 he who was struck 111 cried out in the Roman language, "You villain Casca, what are you doing?" and he who had given™ the blow cried 1 out to his brother 1 in Greek, " Brother, help ! " Such being the beginning, those who were not privy to the conspiracy were pre- vented by consternation and horror at what was going on either from flying 4 or going to aid, and they did not even venture to utter a word. And now qq each of the conspirators bared 8 his sword ; and Caesar being hemmed in all round, in whatsoever direction he turned meeting blows and swords aimed against his eyes and face, driven about like a wild beast, was caught in the hands of his enemies ; for it was arranged that all of them should take a part in and taste of the deed 1 of blood. 1 3. Accordingly also Brutus gave him one blow in the groin. It is said by some authorities, that he 3 Lesson 22, 3. * Lesson 31, 2. d. Exercises in Translation. 147 defended himself against the rest, moving 7 about his body hither and thither, and calling out, till he saw that Brutus had drawn his sword ; when 5 he pulled his toga over his face and offered no further resist- ance/ having been driven either by chance or the con- spirators to the base on which the statue of Pompey stood. And the base was drenched with blood, as if Pompey was directing the vengeance upon his enemy, who was stretched beneath his feet, and writhing 36 under many wounds ; for he is said to have received 7 three and twenty wounds. 11 Many of the conspirators were wounded by one another, while they were aiming so many blows against one body. 5 turn vero. XV. Death of Marcus Antonius. 1. The orator, Marcus Antonius, found a faithful friend in these dangerous times, but still he did not escape. This friend, m though a poor man and of the lower class, received in his house one of the most illus- trious" of the Romans, and wishing to entertain him as well as he could, sent a slave to one of the neigh- boring wine-shops to get some wine. As the slave was more curious than usual in tasting it, and told the man to give y him some better wine, the merchant asked what could be the reason 11 that he did not buy the new wine, as usual, and the ordinary wine, 11 but wanted some of good quality ff and high price. ff The slave replied in his simplicity/ as he was speaking to an old acquaintance, that his master was entertaining Marcus Antonius, who was concealed at his house. The wine-dealer, m a faithless and unprincipled wretch, 11 148 Latin Composition. as soon -as the slave left him, hurried off to Marius, who was at supper, and having gained admission, told him he would betray Marcus Antonius to him. 2. On hearing 1 this, q Marius is said to have uttered a loud shout, and to have clapped his hands with de- light ; and he was near 2 getting up and going to the place himself, but his friends stopped sy him, and he despatched Annius with some soldiers with orders 1 to bring him the head of Antonius immediately. On reaching 3 the house, Annius waited 8 at the door, and the soldiers mounting the stairs 11 entered the room ; but, on seeing Antonius, every man began to urge some of his companions, and push him forward to do the deed instead 11 of himself. And so persuasive was the charm of his eloquence, when Antonius began to speak and plead for his life, that not a man of them could 11 ven- ture to lay hands on him or look him in the face, but they all bent 8 their heads down and shed tears. As this q caused y some delay, Annius went up stairs, 11 where he saw s Antonius speaking, and the soldiers awed and completely softened by his eloquence : on which p he abused them, and running up to Antonius, cut off his head with his own hand. 1 Lesson 22, 3. b. 2 Lesson 31, 2. b, d. 3 Lesson 22, 2. XVI. Destruction of Carthage. 1. But when, yielding 7 to famine, the most resolute of them set fire to the temple, Hasdrubal could not endure to face j death ; alone qq he ran x forth to the vic- tor, and falling upon his neck pleaded for his life. It was granted ; y but when his wife, who with her children was amongst the rest on the roof of the temple, saw him at the feet of Scipio, her proud 11 Exercises in Trans la lion. 149 heart swelled 3 at this disgrace brought on her-beloved perishing home, 1 and with bitter words bidding her husband be careful to save his life, she plunged first her sons and then herself into the flames. The strug- gle was 8 at an end. The p joy in the camp w and at Rome was boundless : x the noblest p of the Romans alone were s in secret ashamed of the most recent achievement of the nation. 2. The senate ordered the general to level the city of Carthage and the suburb of Magalia with the ground, and to do the same with all the places which had held by Carthage to the last ; and thereafter to pass the plough over the site of Carthage, so as to put an end in legal form dd to the existence**" of the city, and to curse the soil and site for ever, that neither house nor corn-field might ever reappear 1 on the spot. The q command was punctually obeyed. The ruins burned for seventeen days. Recently, when the remains of the city wall were excavated, they were found to be covered with a layer 11 of ashes from four to five feet deep, filled with half-charred pieces of wood, d frag- ments of iron, and projectiles. Where qq the indus- trious Phoenicians had bustled and trafficked for five hundred years, Roman slaves henceforth pastured the herds of their distant masters. XVII. Xenophon at the Sea. 1. They 8 had crossed 1 the plain to the foot of the hills in the dark, during the last watch of the night, and p found the passes 2 unguarded. But qq the people 1 fled from the villages at their approach, and though the Greeks at first spared 7 their property , j could not l pervenire with trans. 2 Insert quidem (qq). 150 Latin Composition. be induced to listen to any pacific 1 overtures.- 1 But having recovered from their first surprise, and 8 col- lected a part of their forces, they fell upon the rear of the Greeks, and with their missiles made some slaugh- ter among the last 3 troops" which issued in the dusk of the evening" from the long and narrow defile. In the night qq the watch n -fires of the Carduchians were seen blazing 4 on the peaks of the surrounding 5 hills ; sig- nals 3 which warned the Greeks that they might expect 6 to be attacked by the collected forces of their tribes. 2. On the fifth day, as 7 the army was ascending Mount Theche, a lofty ridge distinguished j by the name of the Sacred Mountain, Xenophon and the rear- guard observed a stoppage ff and an unusual clamor in the foremost ranks, 11 which had reached the summit, and they 8 supposed at first that they saw y an enemy before them. But when Xenophon rode up to ascer- tain the cause, the first shouts that struck his ear were, The sea, the sea! The glad sound ran quickly till it reached the hindmost, and all pressed forward to enjoy the cheering spectacle. The Euxine qq spread 00 its waters before their eyes ; waters which rolled on to the shores of Greece, and which washed the walls ot many Greek cities on the nearest coast of Asia. 3 In relative clause. 4 Infinitive. 5 Lesson 8, 3. 6 Part in dus{y). 7 Lesson 25, 2. b. 8 adeo ut (J> ). XVIII. Vercingetorix. — Merivale. Vercingetorix, with all the gallant gayety ff of his nation, 1 clad s himself in his most splendid armour, and mounted his noblest charger. Csesar qq had drawn 8 up his troops, and had seated himself to receive his 1 ut fere Galli {/). Exercises in Translation. 151 captives. The Gaul m caused 11 the gates of his en- campment to bethrown 8 wide, and galloped forth into the open space, in the attitude of a warrior charging. 2 Having approached close to the proconsul's chair, he dexterously wheeled round, and again returning to the same spot, sprang to the ground, and laid his arms at the feet of the conqueror. The army p was 8 touched with a sense d of admiration akin to com- passion, but Caesar himself remained cold 1 and un- moved. 2 With arma. XIX. A Story of Wolves. We had 1 one dangerous place to pass, and our guide told us, if there were more wolves in the coun- try , j we should find them there ; q and qq this was a small plain surrounded with woods on every side. It was within half an hour of sunset when we entered the wood, and a little after sunset when we came into the plain: we met with nothing in the first wood, except that we saw five great wolves cross the road, full speed one after another, as if they had been in chase of some prey and had it in view : they took no notice ff of us, and were gone out of sight in a few moments. Upon this, our guide, who, by the way, 2 was but 3 a faint-hearted fellow, bid us keep in a ready posture, 1 for he believed there were more wolves a-coming. We kept our arms ready and our eyes about us ; but we saw no more wolves till we came through that wood, which was near half a league, and entered the plain. As soon as we came into the plain we had 1 Lesson 20, 2. c. 2 quidem. 3 sane. 152 Latin Comfositio n . occasion 3 enough to look about us : the first object we met with was a dead horse which the wolves had killed, and at least a dozen of them at work picking his bones. XX. Death of Socrates. — Plato, 1. When he had thus spoken, Socrates arose and went into another room that he might wash himself, and Crito followed s him ; u but Qq he ordered 8 us to wait for him. 11 We waited therefore accordingly, discours- ing over and reviewing among ourselves what had been said; and sometimes speaking about his death, how great a calamity it would be to us ; and sincerely thinking that we, like those who are deprived of their fathers, should pass 7 the rest of our life in the condi- tion of orphans. d But when he had washed himself, his sons were brought to him (for he had two little ones, and one older), and the women belonging to his family 11 likewise came in to him ; but q when he had spoken to them before Crito, and had left them such injunctions g as he thought 7 proper, 11 he ordered 7 the boys and women to depart, 8 and he himself returned to us. 2. And it was now near the setting of the sun ; for he had been away in the inner room for a long time. But when he came in from bathing 1 he sat down, and did not 2 speak much afterwards ; for then the servant of the Eleven dd came in, and standing near him, said, n I do not perceive that in you, Socrates, which I have taken 1 notice 1 of in others : I mean, 11 that they are angry with me and curse me, when being compelled by the magistrates I announce to them that they must 1 lotus. 2 nee. Exercises in Translation. 153 drink y the poison. But, on the contrary, 3 I have found you to the present time d to be 11 the most generous, mild, and best of all the men that ever came into this place ; and therefore I am well convinced that you are not angry with me, but with the authors 4 of your present condition, for you know who they are. Now therefore, for you know what I came to tell you, fare- well ; and endeavor to bear this necessity as easily as possible." d 3. At the same time bursting into tears, and turning himself away, he departed. But Socrates, looking after him, said, "And thou, too, farewell; and we shall take care 11 to act as you advise." And at the same time, turning to us, " How courteous," he said, * is the behavior ff of that man ! During the whole time of my abode ff here, he has visited me, and often conversed with me, and proved himself to be the best of men ; and now how generously he weeps on my account! But 2 let us obey him, Crito, and let some one bring the poison if it is bruised ; and, if not, let the man whose business 11 it is bruise it." 4. * But, Socrates," said Crito, " I think that the sun still hangs 1 over the mountains, and is not set yet. z And at the same time I have known others who have drunk the poison very late after it was announced to them ; who 5 have supped and drunk abundantly. Therefore do not be in such haste, for there is yet time enough." Socrates replied, 11 " Such 6 men, Crito, act fitly in the manner which you have- described, for they think to derive some advantage " from so doing ; a and I also with propriety shall not act in this manner. 11 For I do not think I shall gain any thing by drinking 3 quod contra. 4 Rel. clause (Lesson 8, 3). 6 Participle. 6 isti. 154 Latin Composition. it later, except becoming 7 ridiculous to myself through desiring to live, and being sparing of life, when nothing of it any longer 2 remains. Go therefore," said he, " be persuaded, 8 and comply with my re- quest." 11 5. Then Crito, hearing 5 " this, Q gave a sign to the boy that stood near him ; and the boy m departing, and having stayed for some time, came back with the per- son that was to administer 1 the poison, who brought it pounded in a cup. And Socrates, looking at the man, sain, " Well, 9 my friend, as you are knowing in these matters, what is 10 to be done?" "Nothing," he said, " but 11 after you have drunk it to walk about, until a heaviness comes on in your legs, and then to lie down : this is the manner in which you have to act." And at the same time he extended the cup to Socrates. And Socrates taking it — and, indeed, with great cheerfulness, neither trembling nor turning color, but as his manner ff was, looking sternly under his brows at the man — " What say you," he said, "to making a libation x from this? may I do it or not?" 6. " We can only bruise as much, Socrates," he replied, 11 "as we think sufficient for the purpose." "I understand you," he said, " but z it is both lawful and proper to pray to the gods that my departure from hence to another world may be prosperous : which I entreat them to grant may be the case." j And so say- ing, he stopped and drank the poison very readily and pleasantly. And thus far the greater part of us were tolerably 12 well able to refrain from weeping; 13 but when we saw him drinking, and that he had drunk it, we could no longer restrain our tears. And from me, 7 With ut. 8 credere. 9 quid est. 10 oportet. 11 quam ut. 12 satis. 13 Lesson 31, 2. d. Exercises in Translation. 155 in spite of my efforts, 3 they flowed, and that not drop by drop ; so that wrapping y myself in my mantle, I bewailed, not indeed for his misfortune, but for my own, considering what a companion I should be deprived of. XXI. Hannibal in the Apennines. So furious a tempest attacked him 1 (while) cross- ing x the Apennines, that it almost surpassed the horrors of the Alps. The rain and wind together 2 being 3 driven directly 4 against their faces, they first halted, because v either they were obliged to drop their arms, or, if 5 they struggled against the storm, they were whirled round by the hurricane, and 5 dashed upon the ground : n afterwards, as 6 it took away 1 their breath, and did not allow them to respire, they sat down for a short time with their backs 7 to the wind. Then, indeed, the sky resounded 8 with the loudest thunder, 9 and lightnings 10 flashed amid the terrific peals : deafened 11 and blinded, they all became insensible 12 with fear. At last, the rain having spent 1 itself, and the violence of the wind having been re- doubled 13 upon that account, it was held requisite to pitch their camp on the very spot whereon they had been overtaken by the storm. 11 But this was like 14 a fresh commencement of their toils. For they could neither spread their canvas, 1 nor fix their poles : l nor would any thing that had been fixed remain, the wind tearing every thing to shreds 15 and hurrying it away ; and soon after, when the water which 5 had been raised 1 Hannibal. 2 mixtus (/). 3 Lesson 22, 2. 4 ipse (/). 5 Lesson 22, 3. a 6 cum. 7 aversus (i, y). 8 Infinitive. 9 sonus (/). 10 ignis. ll captns> with nouns. Vi With toj'pere. 13 magis accensus. M velut. 15 By prep, in compost 156 Latin Composition. aloft by the gale, had been frozen on the icy summits of the mountains, it v poured down such a torrent 1 of snowy hail, that the soldiers, throwing every thing away, fell down upon their faces, 15 rather smothered 16 than covered by their clothes. And such an intensity 1 of cold succeeded, that, whenever any one endea- vored to raise and lift himself up from this miserable prostrate mass 17 of men and cattle, he was long unable, because, his sinews stiffening with the cold, he was hardly capable j of bending his joints. 16 obruere. 17 strages. XXII. The Gauls at Rome. The Romans, seeing 1 from the citadel the city full of the enemy, some new disaster continually arising on every 2 side, were unable not only to realize f it, 11 but even to command 3 their senses. 4 Wherever the shouts of the foe, the lamentations of women and children, the crackling of fire, and the crash of falling roofs, called 5 their attention, 11 terrified at every sound, 1 they turned their thoughts, faces, and eyes, as if stationed by fortune to be spectators 6 of the ruin ff of their coun- try, and left to protect 7 no part of their property, 1 except their own persons : l so much more 8 to be pitied than others that have ever been besieged, inasmuch as 9 they were at once invested and 8 shut out from their country, beholding all their effects j in the power of their enemies. Nor was the night which suc- ceeded 10 a day so miserably spent more tranquil : x day- 1 Lesson 22, 2. 2 alius atque alius ; so as to present the actual picture more vividly (cf. /). 3 constare. 4 Express by the organs of sense (/). 5 avertere. 6 spectaculum {cc). 1 vindex ( y). 8 ante. 9 Lesson 28, 2. d. 10 ex riper e (cf. k). Exercises in Translation, 157 light then followed a restless night : nor was there any moment which was free from 11 the spectacle of some ever 12 new disaster. Nevertheless, burdened and over- whelmed by so many evils, they abated 13 not x their courage, determined, 14 although they had beheld all things levelled by conflagration and ruin, to defend, by their valor, the hill which they occupied, ill-provided and narrow as it was, 15 yet the refuge 16 of freedom. And at last, as the same things happened every day, they had abstracted their thoughts, as if v inured to ca- lamities, 1 from all sense of their misfortunes ; gazing only upon the arms, and the swords in their hands, as the sole remnants of their hopes. 11 ccssare (a), to give a more intense personal character than the ordinary words. 12 semper. 18 fleeter e. 14 quin (/). 15 The phrase may be omitted (cf. //), or with quamvis. 16 relietus (ee). XXIII. Murder of Marcellus. 1. The day following, as I was purposing 1 to set out from Athens, his friend Posthumius came to me about four 2 in the morning, and informed me Marcellus had been stabbed 3 the night before by Magius Cilo, whilst they were sitting 11 together after supper ; that he had received two wounds from a dagger, 1 one of which was 11 in his breast, and the other under his ear ; but that neither of them, he hoped, was mortal. 1 He added, 5 that Magius, after having committed this bar- barous action, 11 immediately killed himself; and that Marcellus had despatched y him in order to give me this account, and. likewise to desire that 1 would direct my physicians to attend 11 him. This I instantly did ; 1 hi ammo habere. 2 Lesson 17, e. 3 fei-ire, pugitoU icere. 4 Lit. " hoped he could live" {ee, i). 5 Lesson 30, 1. e {11). 158 Latin Corn-position, and followed them myself as soon 1 as it was light. But when I had almost reached cc Piraeeus, I met cc a servant of Acidanus with a note to acquaint me that our friend m expired a little before day -break. Thus did the noble Marcellus m unworthily fall 6 by the hand of a villanous assassin ; j and he whose life his very enemies had spared, in reverence 3 to his illustrious vir- tues, 7 met y with an executioner at last in his own friend ! v 2. However, I proceeded to his pavilion : where r I found only two of his freedmen and a few slaves ; the rest, I was told/ having fled in apprehension of the consequences 11 in which they might be involved 3 by this murder 8 of their master. I was obliged to place the body 9 of Marcellus in the same sedan that brought 7 me, and to make 10 my chair-men carry it into Athens : where I paid him all the funeral honors that city could supply ; j which indeed were not inconsiderable. But I could not prevail 11 with the Athenians to suffer 12 him to be buried within their walls ; a privilege,- 1 they assured 5 me, which their religious ordinances would by no means admit. They granted me, however, what was the next honor, 11 and which they had never permitted to any stranger before : they allowed 11 me to deposit his ashes in any of the Gymnasia I should think proper. Accordingly I fixed upon a spot belong- ing to the Academy, one of the noblest colleges 13 in the whole world. In this place I caused a funeral pile to be erected, and afterwards persuaded the Athenians to raise dd a marble monument to his memory , d at the public expense. dd Thus have I paid to my relation 6 acerbissima morte afficere (i). 7 dignitas. 8 Clause with quod. 9 Simply is. 10 With instrum. abl. (j). n impetrare. 12 locum dare. l3 gymnasium. Exercises in Translation. 159 and colleague, 14 both during his life and after his death, every friendly office he had a right to expect 15 from me. Farewell. 14 Express by pro with abstract noun (cc). 15 With simple possessive pronoun (/). XXIV. Story of Cinctnnatus. — Arnold. 1. Then the Master dd of the people and the Master of the horse went together into the forum, and bade every man to shut y up his booth, and stopped dd all causes at law, dd and ordered that every 1 man who was of an age to go dd out to battle should be ready in the Field of Mars d before sunset, and 8 should have 11 with him victuals for five days, and twelve stakes ; and the older men dressed the victuals for the soldiers, whilst the soldiers 1 " went about everywhere 2 to get their stakes ; and they cut them where they would without 3 any hindrance. ff So the army was ready in the Field of Mars at the time 4 appointed, and they set forth from the city, and made such haste, ff that ere the night was half spent 11 they came to Algidus ; and when they perceived that they were near the enemy, they made a halt. dd 2. Then Lucius rode on and saw how the camp of the enemy 11 lay 5 ; and he ordered his soldiers to throw down all 11 their baggage into one place, 11 but to keep each man his arms and his twelve stakes. Then they set out again in their order of march as 6 they had come from Rome, and they spread themselves round the camp of the enemy on every side. When this was done, upon a signal given they raised a great shout, and directly every man began to dig a ditch just where 1 Indef. Rel. 2 dis- in composition. 3 Lesson 23, 2. c. 4 ad edictum. 5 With situs. 6 Lesson 8, 7. 160 Latin Composition. he stood, and to set in his stakes. The shout rang through the camp of the enemy, and filled them with fear ; and it sounded even to the camp of the Romans who were shut up in the valley, and the consul's men said one to another, "Rescue is 7 surely at hand, for that is the shout of the Romans." 8 7 Lesson 30. 8 Use civis, for facility in making an adjective. XXV. Princely Generosity. — Feltham. Diogenes asked 1 Plato x for a glass of wine, and q he presently sent him 11 a gallon. When next Diogenes* met him, he said to him : " I asked you how many were two and two? and you have answered, twenty." There are some of so noble a disposition, that, like trees of 2 ripe fruit, by degrees they drop away all that they have ; they would 3 even outdo the demands of all their friends, and would give as if they were gods, that could not be exhausted ; they look not so much either at the merit of others, or their own ability, 4 as the satisfaction ff of themselves from their own bounty. I find not a higher genius this way, 5 than glowed j in the victorious 01 Alexander. He warred as if he coveted all things, and gave away as if he cared for nothing. You would think he did not con- quer for himself, but his friends ; and that he took, only that he might have wherewith to give ; so that one might well 6 conclude the world itself was too little 7 for either his ambition or his bounty. When Perillus begged that he would be pleased to give him a portion for his daughters, he immediately com- manded him fifty talents. The modest beggar™ told 1 Lesson 22, 3. a. 2 onustus. 3 volo. 4 copiae. 5 Lit. " no greater example in this kind." 6 facile. 7 parum sufficere. Exercises in Translation. 161 him ten would be enough. To which the prince™ re- plied : " Though they might be enough for him to receive, yet they were not enough for himself to bestow." XXVI. Defeat of Varus. — Creasy, 1. Fatigue and discouragement now began 11 to betray 1 themselves in the Roman ranks. Their line became less steady; baggage-wagons were aban- doned from the impossibility ff of forcing them along ; and, as this happened, many soldiers left 1 their ranks and crowded 1 round the wagons to secure the most valuable portions 11 of their property ; each busy about his own affairs, 11 and purposely slow in hearing the word d of command from 2 his officers. Arminius now gave the signal for a general- 1 attack. ff The fierce shouts of the Germans x pealed 1 through the gloom ff of the forests, and in thronging 1 multitudes 1 they assailed the flanks of the invaders,™ pouring in clouds of darts on the encumbered legionaries, as 3 they strug- gled up the glens or floundered 1 in the morasses. 2. Arminius, with a chosen band of personal re- tainers .round him, cheered on his countrymen 11 by voice and example. He 11 and his men 11 aimed their weapons 11 particularly at the horses of the Roman™ cavalry The wounded animals, q slipping about in the mire and their own blood, threw their riders, and plunged among the ranks of the legions, disordering all round them. 3. The bulk of the Roman army fought steadily and stubbornly, frequently repelling the masses of the assailants, but gradually losing the compactness ff of 1 Lesson 22, 3. b. 2 Lesson 15, a. 3 Lesson 22, 2. 11 1 62 Latin Composition, their array. At last, in a series j of desperate attacks the column was pierced through and through, two of the eagles captured, 8 and the Roman host, which on the yester morning had marched forth in such pride ff and might, now broken up into confused 1 frag- ments, 11 either 4 fell fighting beneath the overpowering numbers of the enemy or 4 perished in the swamps and woods in unavailing efTorts ff at flight. 4 partim. XXVII. Siege of Syracuse. — Arnold, Marcellus brought 1 up his ships against the sea- wall 6 of Achradina, and endeavored by a constant discharge ff of stones and arrows to clear the walls of their defenders, so that his men might apply their ladders, and mount to the assault. These ladders rested 00 on two ships, lashed 2 together broadside to broadside, 3 and 8 worked as one by their outside oars. But Archimedes had supplied the ramparts with an artillery so powerful, k that it overwhelmed 7 the Ro- mans before they could get within the range 4 which their missiles 11 could reach : u and qq when they came closer, they found j that all the lower part of the wall was loopholed 1 ; and their men were struck y down with fatal aim 5 by an enemy whom they could not see,, and who shot 11 his arrows 11 in perfect security. ff If they still persevered, and attempted 11 to fix their lad- ders, on a sudden enormous stones or huge masses 6 of lead were dropped upon them, by which their ladders were crushed to pieces, and their ships were almost sunk. At other times, machines like cranes were 1 Lesson 22, 3. b. 2 jungere. 3 Result-clause with applicare. * teli conjectus. 5 Lit. "aimed at from a hidden [place J." e pondus. Exercises in Translation. 163 thrust 8 out over the wall ; and the end 11 of the lever, with s an iron grapple affixed to it, q was p lowered upon the ships. As soon as the grapple q had taken hold, the other end of the lever was lowered 55 by heavy weights, and the ship raised 3 out of the water, till 11 it was made y almost to stand upon its stern ; then the grapple was suddenly let go, and the ship dropped 7 into the sea with a violence which either upset 7 it, or filled 7 it with water. With equal h power was the assault on the land side 11 repelled, till Marcellus in despair ff put v a stop ff to his attacks ; and it was resolved merely to blockade the town, and to wait for the effect of famine upon the crowded population 1 within. 11 7 affligo 00 • XXVIII. Battle of Metaurus. — Arnold. 1. From the moment that Nero's march ff from the south 11 had been heard cc of at Rome, 1 intense 1 anxiety possessed the whole city. Every day the senate sat dd from sunrise ff to sunset ; and not a senator was absent : every" day the forum was crowded from morning 11 till evening, as each hour might bring some great tidings ; n and every man 2 wished to be among the first to hear them. A doubtful rumor arose, j that a great battle had been fought, 11 and a great victory 1 won 3 only two days before : two horsemen of Narnia had ridden 11 off from the field to carry the news to their home ; it qq had been heard and published in the camp of the reserve 4 army, which was lying at Narnia to cover the ap- proach 11 to Rome. But men dared not lightly believe what they so much wished to be true ; and how, they 1 Lesson 17, h. 2 pro se quisque (h). 8 Compress the two clauses, making battle a modifier. 4 in subsidiis. 164 Latin Composition. said, 11 could a battle fought 1 in the extremity ff of Umbria be heard of only two days after at Rome? Soon, however, it was known that a letter had arrived 1 from L. Manlius Acidinus himself, who commanded the army at Narnia : the horsemen had certainly arrived there from the field of battle, and brought tidings ff of a glorious victory. ff The letter was read first in the senate, and then in the forum dd from the rostra ; dd but some still refused j to believe : 5 fugitives from a battle- field might carry idle tales of victory to hide their own shame ; till the account came directly from the con- suls, it was° rash to credit it. 2. At last, word 11 was brought that officers 6 of high rank in the consul's army were on their way 11 to Rome ; that they bore 8 a despatch from Livius m and Nero. Then the whole city poured y out of the walls to meet them, eager to anticipate the moment 1 which was to confirm all their hopes. For two miles, as far as the Milvian bridge over the Tiber, the crowd formed an uninterrupted mass ; l and when the officers appeared, they could scarcely make their way to the city, 11 the p multitude thronging around them, and overwhelming* them and their attendants with eager questions. ff As each man learned the joyful k answers, 11 he made haste to tell them 11 to others : " The enemy's army is de- stroyed ; c the general slain ; c our 7 own legions and both the consuls are safe." So the crowd 11 re-entered the city ; and the three officers, all men of noble names, 11 L. Veturius Philo, P. Licinius Varus, and Q^Metellus, still followed 7 by the thronging" multitude, at last reached the senate-house. s With Jides. 6 It is more strictly Latin to name the office (legati); but here it may be paraphrased. 7 Romanas ; on account of indir. discourse. Exercises in Translation, 165 3. The people pressed after 1 them into the senate- house itself: but even at such a moment' the senate forgot not its accustomed order ; 8 the crowd was 8 forced back ; and the consul's despatch was first read to the senators alone. Immediately afterwards the officers came out into the forum : there L. Veturius again read the despatch ; and, as its contents 11 were short, he him- self related the particulars j of what he had seen y and done. The interest 00 of his hearers grew more in- tense with every word ; 9 till at last the whole multi- tude 11 broke 00 out in a universal 11 cheer, and then rushed 7 from the forum in all directions to carry the news to their wives and children at home, or 10 ran to the temples to pour dd out their gratitude to the gods. The senate ordered a thanksgiving of three days ; the praetor announced dd it in the forum ; and for three days every temple was crowded ; and the Roman wives and mothers, dd in their gayest dresses, took 11 their children with them, and 8 poured forth their thanks to all the gods for this great deliverance. ff 8 mos et institnta. 9 magis magisque. lw alii . . . alii. XXIX. Inundations of the Tiber. — Gibbon. 1. From her situation, 1 Rome 11 is exposed to the danger 11 of frequent inundations. Without s excepting 11 the Tiber, the rivers w that descend 1 from either side of the Apennines have iz a short and irregular course : a p shallow stream 1 in the summer heats ; an p irregular torrent, 1 when it is swollen in the spring or winter, by the fall of the rain, or the melting ff of the snows. When 8 the current is repelled from the sea by adverse 2 1 This clause requires a verb in Latin to express precisely the picture alluded to (cf. h). 2 Lesson 22, 3. b. 1 66 Latin Composition. winds, when the ordinary bed is inadequate 11 to the height of the waters, they rise above the banks, and overspread, without limit or control, the plains and cities of the adjacent country. Soon h after the tri- umph ff of the first Punic war, the Tiber was increased by unusual rains; and p the inundation, surpassing all former measure-of-time-and-place, 3 destroyed 11 all the buildings that were situate- 1 below the hills of Rome. According to the variety 1 of the ground, the same q mischief d was produced y by different means ; and the edifices were either swept y away by the sudden im- pulse, 4 or dissolved 7 and undermined by the long con- tinuance 5 of the flood. 2. Under the reign 11 of Augustus, the same calamity was renewed ; the lawless 6 river overturned the palaces and temples on 1 its banks ; and, q after 7 the labors of the emperor in cleansing and widening the bed, that was encumbered with ruins, the 7 vigilance j of his suc- cessors was exercised by similar dangers and designs. 8 The project of diverting into new channels the Tiber itself, or some of the dependent 1 streams, was long opposed by superstition and by local 9 interests ; cc nor did the use compensate 1 the toil and cost of the tardy and imperfect execution/ The q servitude 10 of rivers is the noblest and most important victory which man has obtained over the licentiousness of nature ; and if q such were the ravages 11 of the Tiber under a firm and 3 By memoria. 4 Insert "the river," as the actual agent (h). 6 Insert "stagnant water," as the actual agent (h). 6 Personify more directly : "spurning the curb." 7 Co-ordinate clauses with et . . . et (compare h). 8 Lit. "as much care as possible was taken against a similar danger." 9 privatus. 10 Divide the clause for greater precision : "as in other . . . so," &c. (see dd^ff). n Make precise with a verb, and append the result in an adverbial phrase. Exercises in Translation, 167 active government/ what could oppose, 7 or who can enumerate, the injuries 5 of 12 the city after the fall of the Western empire? A remedy ff was produced 7 by the evil itself: the accumulation of rubbish and the earth that has been washed down from the hills is supposed 7 to have elevated the plain of Rome, four- teen or fifteen feet perhaps, above the ancient level ; and the modern 13 city is less accessible 14 to the attacks of the river. 12 Lesson 15, a. ™ With adverb ( 3 prosequi ( /). 4 With homo, because it is not the same persons who are destroyed. 5 proprium. 6 eximius qttisque, to specialize the expression. 1 With hie: "had kindled him to." 8 With clause : introduce with et vero. 9 Lesson 22, 3. a. i(i queri. Exercises in Translation, 175 2. Yet the success 00 of Trajan , m however transient, was 11 rapid cc and specious. The qq degenerate Parthi- ans, broken by intestine discord, fled 1 before his arms. He descended 12 the river Tigris in triumph, ff from the mountains of Armenia to the Persian Gulf. He enjoyed the honor 13 of being the first, as qq he was the last, of the Roman generals who ever navigated that remote sea. His fleets ravaged 7 the coasts of Arabia; and Trajan vainly flattered himself 14 that he was approaching towards the confines of India. Every 15 day the astonished senate received the intelli- gence of new names and new nations, that acknowl- edged his sway. They were informed that the kings of Bosporus, Colchis, Iberia, Albania, and even the Parthian monarch himself, had accepted their diadems from the hands of the emperor ; that the independent tribes of the Median and Carduchian hills had im- plored his protection ; and that the rich countries of Armenia, Mesopotamia, and Assyria, were reduced into the state of provinces. 11 utor {y ). 12 devehi. l3 Lit. "by a singular fortune," &c. 14 Lit. " rejoiced, being deceived by a false hope." 15 identidem. XXXIV. Character of Cato. — Middleton. In his private 1 life 1 he was severe, morose, inexor- able, banishing all the softer affections as natural 1 enemies ff to justice, and as suggesting false motives* from favor, clemency, and compassion. In public affairs he was the same ; had but one rule of policy, 11 — to adhere 2 to what was right, without 3 regard to times or circumstances, or 4 even to force 1 that could 1 With natura. 2 amplecti. 3 Lesson 23, 2. c. 4 New clause with adeo ut. 176 Latin Composition. control him : for instead 5 of managing the power dd of the great so as to mitigate the 6 ill, or extract any good from it, he was always urging it x to acts ff of violence by a perpetual defiance ; g so that, with the best inten- tion in the world, j he often did great harm to the republic. This was his general behavior : ff yet from some particular facts explained 7 above, it appears that his strength 7 of mind was not impregnable, but had its weak places 8 of pride, ambition, and party zeal, which, when encouraged 11 and flattered to a certain point, 9 would betray 10 him sometimes into measures 11 contrary to his ordinary rule of right and truth. The last act ff of his life was agreeable to his nature and philosophy. 1 When he could not longer be what 1 he had been, and when the ills of life over- balanced 7 the good (which, by the principles 1 of his sect, 1 was a just cause for dying), he put an end to his life with 11 a spirit and resolution which would make one imagine that he was glad to have found an occasion of dying in his proper character. d On the whole, 12 his life 13 was rather admirable than amiable, fit to be praised rather than imitated. 14 5 Rel. clause with decere. 6 Clause with si (//). 7 constantia. 8 With aditus (#). 9 finis. 10 abdiuere, with personal subject. 11 usus. vi Clause with ut. 13 With verb. 14 With exemplum proponere. XXXV. Of Studies. — Bacon. i. Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their q chief use ff for delight is in pri- vateness and retiring ; for ornament, is in discourse ; and for ability, is in the judgment** and disposition dd of business ; for expert men can execute, and perhaps Exercises in Translation. 177 judge of particulars one by one ; but the general counsels, and the plots 1 and marshalling 2 of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies, is sloth ; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation ; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor 11 of a scholar. They per- fect nature, and are 3 perfected by experience ; for natural abilities* 1 are like natural plants, 4 that need pruning by study ; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, 5 except they be bounded in by exper ence. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them ; for they 6 teach not their own use ; but 7 that is 8 a wisdom without them and above them, won by ob- servation.* 2. Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find 11 talk and discourse, but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested ; that is, 9 some books are to be read only in parts ; 10 others to be read, but not curiously ; and some few to be read wholly, 11 but with dilligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others ; but that would be 11 only in the less important argu- ments 12 and the meaner sort 11 of books ; else distilled 6 books are like common distilled waters, flashy 13 things. 11 3. Reading maketh y a full man ; u conference a ready man ; and writing an exact man ; and, q there- 1 ratio. 2 ordo. 3 Insert ipse for the antithesis. 4 Use vitis or some particular word ( *'). 5 remissus ac solutus. 6 ut qui. 1 qui quidem. 8 nascor ex. 9 quod die it. 10 percurrere. n per in comp. 12 loci. 13 vapidus. 178 Latin Composition. fore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory ; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit ; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not. Histories 1 make men wise ; poetry, witty ; the mathe- matics, 1 subtile; natural philosophy, deep; moral, grave ; logic and rhetoric, able to contend : Abcunt studia in mores ; u nay, there is no stand or impedi- ment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies. 14 Insert ut aiunt to show the proverb. XXXVI. Antony in Defeat. — NortKs Plutarch. 1. Antonius, flying upon this overthrow, fell 1 into great misery all at once ; but the chiefest want of all other, and that pinched him most, was° famine. How- beit, he was cc of such a strong nature, that by patience he would a overcome 55 any adversity : and v the heavier fortune lay upon him, the more constant shewed he himself. Every man that feeleth want or adversity knoweth by virtue and discretion what he should 2 do ; but when indeed they are overlaid j with extremity, and be sore oppressed, few have the hearts 1 to follow that which they praise and commend, and much less 3 to avoid that they reprove and mislike ; but rather 3 to the contrary, 2 they yield to their accustomed easy life, and, through faint heart b and lack ff of courage, do change their first mind b and purpose. And therefore it w r as a wonderful example 51 to the soldiers, to see 11 Antonius, v that was brought up in all fineness and superfluity, so easily to drink puddle-water, and to 1 excipere (cc). 2 optimum factu. 3 non modo . . . sed etiam. Exercises in Translation. 179 eat wild fruits and roots. And moreover it is re- ported, that even as they passed the Alps, they did eat the barks of trees, and such beasts as never man tasted of their flesh before. 2. Now their intent was to join with the legions that were on the other side 4 of the mountains, under Lepidus' charge ; 11 whom Antonius took to be his friend, because he had hdlpen him to many things at Caesar's hand, through his means. When he was come to the place where Lepidus was, 1 he camped hard by him ; and when he saw that no man came to him to put 5 him in any hope, he determined to ven- ture himself, and to go unto Lepidus. Since the overthrow he had 8 at Modena, he suffered 8 his beard to grow at length, and never dipt it, that it was mar- vellous long, and the hair of his head also without combing ; and besides all this, he went in a mourning dd gown, and after this 6 sort came hard to the trenches of Lepidus' camp. Then he began to speak s unto the soldiers, and many of them their hearts yearned 7 for pity to see him so poorly arrayed, and some also through his words began to pity 1 him : insomuch that Lepidus began to be afraid, and therefore commanded all the trumpets to sound together to stop the soldiers' ears, that they should not hearken 1 to Antonius. 3. This notwithstanding, 2 the soldiers took s the more pity of him, and spake secretly with him by Clodius' and Laelius' means, whom they sent unto him dis- guised in women's apparel, and gave him counsel that he should not be afraid to enter into their camp, for there were a great number of soldiers that would receive him, and kill Lepidus, if he would say the 4 With transgredi. 5 confirmare. 6 miser (i, v> x). 1 commovere \i t s). 180 Latin Composition. word. Antonius would not suffer them to hurt him, but the next morning he went with his army to wade a ford, at a little river that ran between them ; and himself was the foremost man that took the river to get over, seeing a number of Lepidus' camp, 1 that gave him their hands, plucked up the stakes, and laid flat 8 the bank of their trench to let him into their camp. When he was come into theif camp, 1 and that he had all the army at his commandment, he used Lepidus very courteously, embraced him, and called him father: and p though indeed Antonius m did all, and ruled the whole army, yet he always gave Lepidus the name and honor of the captain. 8 complanare. XXXVII. Speech of Antony. — Shakespeare. Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears : I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him. The evil that men do lives after them ; The good is oft interred with their bones : So let it be with Caesar. The noble Brutus Hath told you Caesar was ambitious : If it were so, it was a grievous fault ; And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest, — For Brutus is an honourable man ; So are they all, all honourable men, — Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral. He was my friend, faithful and just to me : But Brutus says he was ambitious ; And Brutus is an honourable man. He hath brought many captives home to Rome, Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill : Did this in Caesar seem ambitious ? When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept : Exercises in Translation, 181 Ambition should be made of sterner stuff : Yet Brutus says he was ambitious ; And Brutus is an honourable man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse. Was this ambition ? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious ; And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am, to speak what I do know. You all did love him once, — not without cause : What cause withholds you, then, to mourn for him ? — judgment, thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have lost their reason ! — Bear with me ; My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar, And I must pause till it come back to me. i Cit. Methinks there is much reason in his sayings. 2 Cit. If thou consider rightly of the matter, Caesar has had great wrong. 3 Cit. Has he not, masters ? 1 fear there will a worse come in his place. 4 Cit. Mark'd ye his words ? He would not take the crown ; Therefore 'tis certain he was not ambitious. i Cit. If it be found so, some will dear abide it. 2 Cit. Poor soul ! his eyes are red as fire with weeping. 3 Cit. There's not a nobler man in Rome than Antony. 4 Cit. Now mark him ; he begins again to speak. Ant. But yesterday the word of Caesar might Have stood against the world : now lies he there, And none so poor to do him reverence. masters, if I were dispos'd to stir Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage, 1 should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong, Who, you all know, are honourable men. I will not do them wrong: I rather choose To wrong the dead, to wrong myself, and you, Than I will wrong such honourable men. 182 Latin Composition. But here's a parchment with the seal of Caesar, — I found it in his closet, — 'tis his will : Let but the commons hear this testament, (Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read,) And they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds, And dip their napkins in his sacred blood ; Yea, beg a hair of him for memory, And, dying, mention it within their wills, Bequeathing it as a rich legacy Unto their issue. 4 Cit. We'll hear the will : read it, Mark Antony. Citizens. The will, the will ! we will hear Caesar's will. Ant. Have patience, gentle friends ; I must not read it : It is not meet you know how Caesar lov'd you. You are not wood, you are not stones, but men ; And, being men, hearing the will of Caesar, It will inflame you, it will make you mad. 'Tis good you know not that you are his heirs ; For, if you should, O, what would come of it ! 4 Cit. Read the will ! we'll hear it, Antony ; You shall read us the will, — Caesar's will ! Ant. Will you be patient? will you stay awhile ? I have o'ershot myself, to tell you of it. I fear I wrong the honourable men Whose daggers have stabb'd Caesar ; I do fear it. 4 Cit. They were traitors : honourable men ! Citizens. The will ! the testament ! 2 Cit. They were villains, murderers. The will ! read the will! Ant. You will compel me, then, to read the will ? Then make a ring about the corpse of Caesar, And let me show you him that made the will. Shall I descend? and will you give me leave? Citizens. Come down. 2 Cit. Descend. [He comes down. 3 Cit. You shall have leave. 4 Cit. A ring ! stand round. Exercises in Translation. 183 1 Cit. Stand from the hearse ; stand from the body. 2 Cit. Room for Antony ! — most noble Antony ! Ant. Nay, press not so upon me j stand far off. Citizens. Stand back ; room ! bear back. Ant. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now. You all do know this mantle : I remember The first time ever Caesar put it on ; 'Twas on a Summer's evening, in his tent, That day he overcame the Nervii. Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through : See what a rent the envious Casca made : Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd ; And, as he pluck'd his cursed steel away, Mark how the blood of Caesar follow'd it, — As rushing out of doors, to be resolv'd If Brutus so unkindly knock'd, or no ; For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel : Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar lov'd him ! This was the most unkindest cut of all ; For, when the noble Caesar saw him stab, Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms, Quite vanquish'd him : then burst his mighty heart ; And, in his mantle muffling up his face, Even at the base of Pompey's statua, Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell. O, what a fall was there, my countrymen ! Then I, and you, and all of us fell down, Whilst bloody treason flourish'd over us. O, now you weep ; and, I perceive, you feel The dint of pity : these are gracious drops. Kind souls, what, weep you, when you but behold Our Caesar's vesture wounded ? Look you here, Here is himself, marr'd, as you see, with traitors. 1 Cit. O piteous spectacle ! 2 Cit. O noble Caesar ! 3 Cit. O woeful day ! 4 Cit. O traitors, villains ! 184 Latin Composition. 1 Cit. O most bloody sight ! 2 Cit. We will be reveng'd. Citizens. Revenge, — about, — seek, — burn, — fire, — kill, — slay, — let not a traitor live ! Ant. Stay, countrymen. 1 Cit. Peace there ! hear the noble Antony. 2 Cit. We'll hear him, we'll follow him, we'll die with him. Ant. Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up To such a sudden flood of mutiny. They that have done this deed are honourable : What private griefs they have, alas, I know not, That made them do't ; they're wise and honourable, And will, no doubt, with reasons answer you. I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts : I am no orator, as Brutus is ; But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man, That love my friend ; and that they know full well That gave me public leave to speak of him. For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech, To stir men's blood : I only speak right on ; I tell you that which you yourselves do know ; Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor, poor dumb mouths, And bid them speak for me : but were I Brutus, And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue In every wound of Caesar, that should move The stones of Rome to rise in mutiny. INDEX. A or an (indefinite article), 18. Ablative as Object, 21 ; of Separa- tion, 32 ; with Comparatives, 32 ; of Time, 39 ; Ablative Absolute, use of, 58. Abstract term, expressed by sub- stantive clause, 75 ; use of, avoided in Latin, 121, 122. Accusative as Object, 21. Adjective, position of, 2 ; agree- ment, 6 ; special uses, 8 ; used as noun, 8 ; as abstract, 9 ; for the possessive, 9 ; with Cases, 23 ; for genitive, 35. A FEW, Or SEVERAL, l8. Allusive expressions (in English), often omitted in Latin, 125. Antecedent noun in relative clause, preceding the demonstrative, 15. Any (" any one who " ), 18. Apposition, examples of its use, 3. As (correlative), 16. Cases, constructions of, 20-44; as objects of Verbs, 20 ; as modify- ing Adjectives, 23 ; indirect re- lations, 25 ; expressing Cause, Means, and Quality, 28 ; Separa- tion and Comparison, 32 ; the Genitive, 34 ; use of Two Cases, 27 ; of Time and Place, 39 ; with Prepositions, 43. Cause and Occasion, 29 ; clauses of, 69. Characteristic, clauses of, 70. Compound Verbs, regimen of, 43, 44. Concessive expressions, 73. Concrete terms preferred in Latin, 122. Conditional Sentences, 72. Cum or dum } clause with, used in- stead of participle, 57, 58. Dates, how expressed, 40. Dative of indirect object, 21 ; vari- ous uses of, 25-27. Depriving, expressions of, 32. Bum, clause with, used instead of participle, 57, 58. Each, 19 ; Either, 18 ; Every, 19. Exclamation, forms of, 86. " Far from " (with participial noun), how to be expressed, 83. "From" (with participial noun), ex- pressed by quominus or quin, 84. General Precepts, how expressed in Latin, 64. Genitive, its position, 2 ; as object, 21 ; of value, 30; special uses of, 34; partitive uses, 35. Gerundive constructions (English participial noun), 60. Have, its uses as auxiliary, 84. Hendiadys, in Latin use, 5, 123. Historical Infinitive, 46. Historical Present, 45. Hour of the day, 40. Imperative forms of expression, 63. Indirect Discourse, 80. Indirect Questions, 81. Infinitive, its uses, 53-56 ; historical, 46 ; as abstract noun, 53 ; forms in Indirect Discourse, 54. "In respect to" (specification), 24. Intermediate Clauses, yy, 78. yam, to express beginning of an action, 46. "Law," expressions , for, in Latin, 120. Literal forms of speech, 123. 1 86 Index. Main Word, position of, 2, 129. "Manage to," &c, how expressed in Latin, 83. Modifying word, position of, 2. Months, names of, 40. Must, &c, expressed by Gerundive (always passive), 49. Object Cases, 20, 21 ; indirect, 26, . 37 ; after compound verbs, 43, 44. OJficium, equivalent to "sense of duty," 121. Order of Words, 1-3. Ought, &c. (Gerundive), 49. Parenthetical expressions, " to be brief," " so to speak," &c, 84. Participial Noun (-ing), how ex- pressed in Latin, 60; Construc- tions, 57. Participles : agreement of, in com- pound tenses, 7 ; substituted by temporal clause, 57 ; as modi- fiers, 58. Passive Voice, uses of, 49, 50 ; use of cases with, 51. Periodical structure, 126. Place, names of, and their con- struction, 41. Point of View in Latin often differs from that in English, 43, 121. Position expressed by ab, 43. Possessives, n, 12. Potential Mood (English), how ex- pressed in Latin, 63. Prepositions (Latin), use of, 42; in Compounds, 43, 44. Price and Value, how expressed, 30. Pronoun, use of, 5, 10 ; Reflexive, 11; Demonstrative, 13; Rela- tive, 14; Interrogative, 17; In- definite, 18. Purpose, with Gerundive, 61 ; Clause of, 69, 70. Quality, how expressed, 29. Quin or quominus, clause with, 84. Reflexive Pronoun, 11. Relative Clause, its position, 2, 15; the relative not to be omitted, 15 ; used for other constructions, 15; as Connective, 16; caution as to its use, 126 (0), 128 (v). Result, Clause of, 69. Saying, &c, Verbs of, followed by Indirect Discourse, 54, 80. Sentence, form of, 126-129. Separation, &c, 32. Several, 18. Societas (the Latin word), 121. Subject, to be expressed in indirect discourse, 80 ; is a person rather than a thing, a thing rather than an abstraction, 121. Subjunctive (English), how ren- dered in Latin, 63. Substantive Clauses, 74-76 ; for abstract noun, 75. Tenses, narrative, use of, 45, 46; perfect and imperfect, 45 ; present as perfect, 46 ; sequence of, in indirect discourse, 81 ; with as if, and similar phrases, yy That, as preventing repetition, 12; as introducing indirect discourse, 54, 80 ; various clauses with, 75. Time, expressions of, 40 ; relations of, 66. To or for, 24, 25, 26. "To be brief," "so to speak," and similar phrases, 84. Too . . . to, expressed by com- parative with qnam tit, 70, 71. Two Cases following a verb, 37. Value, expressions of, 30. Verb, agreement of, 4, 5 ; uses of, 45-64- When, expressions signifying, 66 ; meaning whenever, 67 ; meaning since, 67. Without, followed by Participial Noun, how expressed in Latin, 61. Word or Phrase, choice of, 1 10-126. INDEX TO THE SYNTAX OF ALLEN AND GREENOUGH'S LATIN GRAMMAR, WITH PARALLEL REFERENCES TO GILDERSLEEVE'S GRAMMAR. A. &G. G. A.&G. G. A. &G. G I 192 48 3 50 c 376 2 >» a 617 R 11 R 3 284, 326 b 618, 622 d 381, 382 4 c 622 e 389 R2 5 474 d 618 405 R3 6 475, 612 e 616 R 2 R 418 end 7 201, 202 R I 4 612 R I 51 343 S .„ 5 613 R I N „ R I 202, 319 49 202 I 344 I 318 R 319 R 1 a „ 2 i97i 324 I 28 r & R 2 b ., R 1 a 319 a 23 3 c 348 b 412 R 2 b 11 R 2 2 345 c 319 R 2 c 202 R I a 11 N 359 d 281 Exc. 1 R „ Ri 202, 285 2 194 R 2 347 R 324 a 198 R 3 >i I 281 b 199 R 3 J 345 2 286 c 688, 200 c 346, 344 a 281 Exc. 2 50 357 d b 282 1 360 R I 330 c „ a • 1 R 1 R 2 d 202 R X b „ R3 e 346 e 202 R s c 365 344 R 2 616 R 3 d »i R 1 R 11 f 202 R 2 R M R2,3 / 208 3 195 R * e 367 R 345 R 3 N M f 359 g 344 R 3 a i 364 388 R I b 293 R 2 n R 3 349 c 284 R i 379 R i> R2 440 R 37* R7 5 350 5 360 R 1 R 1 .1 R5 R 11 a „ R 2 370 R 2 6 356 &R b 363 R3 368 R 2 a ,1 R3 c 11 R 1 R 4 361 R 2 b •1 R2 6 324 R6 3 36l c 11 R 1 7 314 a 357 R 1 R 11 11 a 11 b 373, 374 d „ R4 b c 374 R 2 e 355 8 287 R R ,. R3 7 343 9 306 4 356 R I N 11 616 R 361 R I a ,. R 2 N 4 1 354 I 616 a 375 c „ R 2 1. R3 « II K 1,2 d 35i rt 619 * 377 & R 1 R 344 » * b 618 R3 R • 1 R2 52 327 Parallel References. A. &G. 52 53 54 G. A. & G. G. A. &G. R 207 54 3 40I & R 57 n I 329 8 404 c R 207 a 379 5 a 329 R 1 R 380 R b 331 b 379 6 c 329 R I 9 397 7 d 330 10 387 a e 696 a 4»7» 373 R l b / 403 83 R 2 333 b 408-9 tf a 334 N 408 R R b 33o R 1 f 438 R2 d c 333 d 384. 392 8 R „ R 2 55 1 392, 337 M d „ & R 2 a >» >» a 3 33i R 2 £ 392 R 2 b a 5» »> 2 335 c b »> l» N 328 d c 332 a 364 R N R „ R2 b 335 e 4 3 342, 384, 388 N a 34° N 413 R I b 527 a 411 R 2 c 335-8 b 410 194 R 3 R 436 f a H C 412 b 324 R 1 R 39 R R 338 b e 389 R 2 a 417 c R 373 R 6 b 418 d 2 394 c 419 e a 395 R 384 R I / R >» d 419 3 b e 11 a c 396 & R 2 f Appendix £ d „ R I g 418 f 3 406-7 R ,, end d N 383 2 416 R e a 398 R 2 a App'x; 356 r 4 4 b 407 R I * 418 R 5 c 37 2 & R f 417 R a 4 403 d 416 R b a 205 R I 3 566, 576 c b 403 4 403 d 5 399 R >» R N 397 -„ 5 414 R 6 a 3" R 1 57 245 R 7 K „ R 2 1 246 R I 399 R l 2 247 8 C 311 R4 a 250-258 9 N 399 R 1 597-599 ' 10 6 401, 403 3 509, 469, 562 a a 391, 401*403 N b R 346 R 2, 348 3 256 c b N 266 R 2 R c 389 & R 1 a 266-7 f 240 S90 i m a S9i &R3 N 628 b 59° 2 596* a »» b 568-9 * K 596* c 596 3 597 a ,, b 599 N „ > a ,, b 600 c >> 2 602 R 613 R 2 a 602 b 252 R I c 246 R 1-3 R >» ^ 604 foil. I 604 R 51 2 606 foil. 3 575 4 592 a 592 R 2, s b » R4 c 597 R4 499 d 606-10 6l2 R 2 56l i 563 568-9 2 522, 2 N 582 R I, 633 a 563 R I 564-5 R 2 563 R 4 582 A. &G. 62 63 64 65 67 N b 1 K 2 R3 c R d e N / 66 582 581 R 582 579> 574 R 577-9 574-5 587 &R 589 538 539. 587 R 54i 636 587 544 545 545.2 688 R 484 R 2 546 544 R 1 & 2 553, 554 543, 558 R 4 547. 549 550, 55i 633 634 633 3i3 629 R 637 556 R 2 509» 3, 4 5°9, 2 509,3 54i 539 R S4i ri » 666 665 651 1, R 1 653 424 R ^ 527 R2 644 630 R I, 2 638, 644 659 „ R2 654 R I „ R 2 469, 654 454 5i4, 5i5 R 3 654 R 2 470 469 R 3 „ R I >) „ R2 462, 603 655 664 A. &G. 68 69 70 71 G. I 253-4 B 254 R 3 2 256 266 264 546 R I 3 655 1 626 2 [l) 628 A a 632 b 633 c 634 d 636, 637 e 582 a 509 b ,, 507 R 526 I 507 2 527. 533 a 528 b n R c 652 R 2 d 527 R 3 3 546 a „ &R I i 532 c ,, 1 608 d 424 546 & R 2 200 e 547, 549 f 552 K 546 R 3 547 R 2 s 532 R4 4 557 a 558 b 647 R4 c 560 R M R d 558 R I e 557 f 559 g 55'. 1 R M 2 h 546 R 2 N M 5 525 a „ R 2 b 542, 533 R 451 foil. I 456-8 R 455 a 462 I 469 R 454 C 460 d 459 R 2 460 R 461 a 460 b 459 c 461 R Parallel References. A. &G. 71 72 G. d 460, 463 3 473 a n b I 278 a •1 373 R b 278 R c 572 R, 586 2 438 a 439 t »» R c 24a d ,» R 3 667 R h m a „ R 2 A. &G. 72 73 39° b 23O c 537 comp. 275, 2 d 536, 524 R 1 4 279 a 239. 073 b 599 R 3 5 243 « 439 f 243 K n R 428 R 3 C 43 1 I 427 R ., R 1, 426 A. &G. 73 74 428 p R3 427 R 1 429 tell. 429 .& R 430 & R 433 43 ?. 434 435 436 LATIN. ALLEN & GEEENOUGH'S LATIN GRAMMAR: a Latin Grammar for schools and colleges, founded on Comparative Grammar. 12mo. Half morocco. 290 pages (including supplementary Outliues of Syntax, with new and greatly enlarged Index) The features of this grammar to which we invite attention, are : 1. The scientific form of statement in the Etymology, corresponding to the most advanced views of comparative philologists ; 2. The comparison with kindred languages suggested throughout, especially in numerous brief philological notes, and in references to the syntax of Goodwin's Greek Grammar ; the grouping and subordination of topics in the Syntax, — which contains nearly 200 cross-references, with upwards of 1,000 citations Irom classic authors, — so that unusual brevity is attained without sacri- fice of completeness. ALLEN & GEEENOUGH'S LATIN METHOD: a Method of Instruction in Latin ; being a companion and guide in the study of Latin Grammar. 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With Life, general and special Introduc- tions, and Index of topics discussed. 12mo. Half morocco. 394 pages . The text without notes It is the design of this edition to give a full view of Cicero's public career, as ora- tor and statesman, extending through about forty of the most eventful years of the later Republic. With this view, the selection includes the earliest and the latest of his public orations, while the special Introductions cover very fully the inter- vening political history. Besides the orations more commonly read in schools, are given the Roscius and Sestius (ahrHged), with the first against Verres and the last Philippic, — thirteen in all, — with one or two short passages of special celebrity, for practice in reading at sight Especial care has been taken in the department of Antiquities, which has been treated in numerous notes (in smaller type), some of them — as that on the Roman Aristocracy — being brief essays on the several topicR. The Introduction contains a classified list of all the works of Cicero, with the occasions and topics of all of his orations. ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S CATO MAJOR: Cicero De Senectute, a Dialogue on Old Age. With Introduction (on the adoption in Rome of the Greek philosophy) and Notes. 12mo. Cloth. 57 pages ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S OVID : Selections from the Poems of Ovid, chiefly toe Metamorphoses. With special Introductions, Notes, and Index of Proper Names. 12mo. Half morocco. 283 pages The introductions to the passages from the Metamorphoses (23 in number) give the entire argument of the poem, that of omitted portions bracketed. Tne other selections include those of special interest as illustrating the poet's life ; and a list U given of all his writings, with their topics and occasions. The Notes contain brief instructions on scanning at sight. ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S VIRGIL : The Poems of Virgil ; Vol. I. containing the Pastoral Poems {Bucolics) and Six Books of the .aSneid. Chiefly from the text of Ribbeck, with select various Readings, Intro- ductions, Notes, and Index of Plants (compiled chiefly from Fee's Flore de Virgile, contained in Lemaire's " Bibliotheca Classica Latina"). 12mo Half morocco. 372 pages The text without notes The Notes of this edition (which are brief and very numerous: are particularly Indebted to Conington, and are designed "to give not only what may serve the learner in the bare understanding of the text ; but, along with it, some hint of that wealth of traditional interpretation which is more important, perhaps, in the study of Virgil than in that of any other ancient poet." ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S VIRGIL. With Vocabu- lary. 12mo. Half morocco. 588 pages ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S Course No. I. A Full Pre- paratory Course of Latin Prose ; consisting of Four Books of Caesar's Gallic War, Sallust's Conspiracy of Catiline, Eight Orations of Cicero, and De Senec- tute ( Cato Major). 12mo. Half morocco. 582 pages ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S Course No. II. Second Preparatory Course of Latin Prose ; containing Four Books of Caesar's Gallic War, and Eight Orations of Cicero. With Vocabulary by R. F. Pennell. 12mo. Half morocco. 518 pages N. B. Course No. I. is identical with the First Course prescribed for admission to Harvard College. Course No. II. includes the usual amount required at other col- leges. ALLEN & GREENOUGH'S CICERO. Eight Orations of Cicero. With Vocabulary by R. F. Pennell. 12mo. Half morocco. 358 ALLEN'S LATIN GRAMMAR. 12mo. Cloth. 182 pages ALLEN'S LATIN LESSONS. 12mo. Cloth. 146 pages . ALLEN'S LATIN READER: Consisting of Selections from Caesar (the invasion of Britain and account of the Gallic and German popula- tions), Curtius (Anecdotes of Alexander), Nepos (Life of Hannibal), Sallust (Jusurtha, abridged), Ovid, Virgil, Plautns, and 'Terence (single scenes), Cicero and Pliny ( Letters), and Tacitus (the Conflagration of Rome). With Notes and a General Vocabulary. The Notes have been adapted to Allen & Greenough's Grammar. 12mo. Half morocco. 532 pages ALLEN'S LATIN SELECTIONS. Containing the first 134 pages of Allen's Latin Reader. With Notes adapted to A. k G.'s Latin Gram- mar. 12mo. Half morocco. 190 pages ALLEN'S LATIN COMPOSITION. An Introduction to Latin Composition. (By W. F. Allen.) New edition, adapted to Allen & Green- ouglrs Grammar. 12mo. Cloth. 118 pages Tbis book includes a careful review of the principles of Syntax (beginning with Indirect Discourse), with exercises in various styles of composition selected from classical authors. Also short exercises for oral practice. ALLEN'S SHORTER COURSE OF LATIN PROSE. Consisting chiefly of the Prose Selections of Allen's Latin Reader (to p. 134), the Notes beiug wholly rewritten, enlarged, and adapted to Allen & Green- ough's Grammar ; accompanied by Six Orations of Cicero, — the Manilian, the four Catilines, and Archias. With Vocabulary. 12mo. Half morocco. 543 pages ALLEN'S LATIN PRIMER. A First Book of Latin for Boys and Girls. (By J. H. Allen.) 12mo. Cloth. 182 pages This is designed for the use of scholars of a younger class, and consists of thirty Lessons arranged so as to give a full outline of the grammar, with briet Rules of Syn- tax, Tables of Inflection, and interlined exercises tor practice in reading, compiled from Histories Sacrce. The reading selections which follow include Dialogues from Corderius and Erasmus (with translation), narratives, nursery songs, mediaeval hynins, etc., being made up in great part lrom modern Latin writers. ALLEN'S LATIN LEXICON : a General Vocabulary of Latin, with Supplementary Tables of Dates, Antiquities, etc. By J. H. Allen. 12mo. Cloth. 214 pages This little dictionary contains " about 15,000 words of common use, besides more than 1,3U0 proper names or adjectives, and about 200 dates (exclusive of the Tables), covering the more important points of classical history and mythology." It is be- lieved to be complete for the entire introductory course of Latin authors, including Ovid and Virgil. LEIGHTON'S LATIN LESSONS. Prepared to accompany Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar. By R. F.Leighton, former Master of Melrose High School. Revised Edition. 12mo. Half morocco. 352 pages This work presents a progressive series of exercises (both Latin and English) in about eighty Lessons, illustrating the grammatical forms and the simpler principles of syntax. Synonymes and Rules of Quantity are introduced from the first. The amount of illustrative matter in exercises for reading and writing or oral practice is very large, including portions of Viri RomjE, and Woodford's Epitome of the First Book of Caesar. Full Vocabularies (prepared by R. F. Pennell) accompany the book, with questions for examination and review of the grammar. The Lessons have been entirely rewritten, considerably simplified, and more care- fully graded. With each lesson, definite directions have been given in regard to the amount of the grammar to be learned. By decreasing the exercises to be translated into English, space has been given to increase correspondingly the amount to be put into Latin. Some instruction on the formation of words has been given, and the references to the grammar on that subject largely increased. The vocabularies have also been carefully revised. MADVIG'S LATIN GRAMMAR. Carefully revised by Thomas A. Thacher, Yale College. 12mo. Half morocco. 517 pages A book of the very highest authority in Latin Syntax, and admirably adapted to the wants of Teachers and College Classes. NEW LATIN METHOD : a Manual of Instruction in Latin on the Basis of a Latin Method prepared by J. II. Allen and J. B. Greenough. 12mo. Cloth. 244 pages The " New Method " contains : 1. About thirty Elementary Lessons on the forms of the language, and the constructions suggested by the definitions of cases, moods, etc., accompanied by full Paradigms, and Exercises in Latin and English, with partial vocabularies. N. B. This portion of the book can be used independently of the Grammar, and is sufficient for a course of about a year's study — 2 Con* structions of Syntax symmetrically grouped, with full references to the Grammar, each topic being illustrated by numerous examples, with exercises to be rendered into Latin, so as to make a full elementary manual of Latin Composition. — 3. On Reading Latin : brief sections on the Latin Sentence with examples of analysis and translation ; the Derivation of Words ; and Reading at Sight. — 4. Reading Les- sons, with Vocabularies, and Tabular List of Synonymes. PARALLEL RULES OF GREEK and LATIN SYN- TAX FOR USE IN SCHOOLS. Prepared by Instructors in the Classical Department of Williston Seminary, at Easthampton, Mass Cloth. 33 pages The object oi this little pamphlet, prepared by two instructors in Williston Sem- inary, is to put clearly before their pupils the correspondences and the differences in Greek and Latin Syntax. THE LATIN VERB. Illustrated by the Sanskrit. By C. H. Parkhurst. 12mo. Cloth. 55 pages WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S LATIN-ENGLISH LEXICON. Square 12mo. 662 pages. Morocco back Sheep .... WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S LATIN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-LATIN LEXICON. By the Rev. J. T. White, D D., of C. C. C. Oxford, Rector of St. Martin, Ludgate, London. Revised Edition. Square 12mo. 1058 pages. Sheep "The present work aims at furnishing in both its parts a sufficiently extensive vocabulary for all practical purposes. The Latin words and phrases are in all ca* es followed by the name of some standard Latin writer, as a guaranty of their author- ity ; and as the work is of a strictly elementary character, the conjugation of the verbs and the genders and genitive cases of the substantives are uniformly added. In the preparation of this portion of the book, Dr. Wh^te has had the assistance of some of the best scholars both of Oxford and Cambridge." — Guardian. WHITE'S JUNIOR STUDENT'S ENGLISH-LATIN LEXICON. Square 12mo. Sheep. 392 pages We have contracted with Messrs. Longmans, Green, & Co., of London, for the sole agency in this country for the above Latin Lexicons, and shall endeavor to meet the demands of the trade. WHITON'S SIX WEEKS' PREPARATION FOR READING CjESAR. With References to Allen & Greenough's, Gildersleeve's, and Harkness's Grammars. 18mo. Paper cover ....... GREEK. GOODWIN'S GEEEK GRAMMAR. By William W. Goodwin, Ph. D., Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard University. 12mo. Halt morocco. 262 pages The object of this Grammar is to state general principles clearly and distinctly, with special regard to those who are preparing for college. In the sections on the Moods are stated, for the first time in an elementary form, the principles which are elaborated in detail in the author's " Syntax of the Greek Moods and Tenses." GREEK MOODS AND TENSES. The Sixth Edition. By William W. Goodwin, Eliot Professor of Greek Literature in Harvard Uni- versity. 1 vol. 12mo. Cloth. 264 pages This work was first published in 1860, and it appeared in a new form — much en- larged and in great part rewritten — in 1865. In the present edition the whole has been again revised \ some sections and notes have been rewritten, and a few notes have been added. The object of the work is to give a plaiu statement of the princi- ples which govern the construction of the Greek Moods and Tenses, — the most im- portant and the most difficult part of Greek Syntax. GOODWIN'S GREEK READER. Consisting of Extracts from Xenophon, Plato, Herodotus, aud Thuc.ydides ; being the full amount of Greek Prose required for admission at Harvard. With Maps, Notes, Keferences to GOODWIN'S GREEK GRAMMAR, and parallel References to CROSBY'S and HADLEY'S GKAMMAKS. Second edition, edited by Professor \Y. \v\ Good- win, of Harvard College. 12mo. Half morocco. 384 pages . The revised edition contains the first and second books of the Anabasis (in place of the third and fourth books of the former editions) with copious notes, the greater part'bf the second book and an extract from the seventh of the Hellenica, with the first cnapter of the Memorabilia, of Xenophon ; the last part of the Apology, and the beginning and end of the Phaedo, of Plato ; selections from the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of Herodotus, and from the fourth book of Thucydides. GOODWIN'S SELECTIONS FROM XENOPHON AND HERODOTUS. With Notes adapted to Goodwin's Greek Grammar, Parallel References to Crosby's and Hadley's Grammars, and copper-plate Maps. Edited by Professor VV. W. Goodwin and John Williams White, of Harvard College. 12mo. Half morocco 408 pages This book contains the first four books of the Anabasis, and the greater part of the second book of the Hellenica, of Xenophon ; and extracts from the sixth, seventh, and eighth books of Herodotus. It has been prepared for the use of those who from want of time or for other reasons are unable to read the greater variety of selections in Greek Prose which are contained in Goodwin's Greek Reader. THE FIRST FOUR BOOKS OF THE ANABASIS OF XENOPHON. Edited, with copious Notes and References to Goodwin's Greek Grammar, Parallel References to Crosby's and Hadley's Grammars, and a copper-plate Map, by Professor W. W. Goodwin and John Williams White, of Harvard College. 12mo. Half morocco. 240 pages . . LEIGHTON'S GREEK LESSONS. Prepared to accompany Goodwin's Greek Grammar. By R. F. Leighton, Master of Melrose High School. 12mo. Half morocco. 264 pages This work contains about one hundred lessons, with a progressive series of exer- cises (both Greek and English), mainly selected from the first book of Xenophon's Anabasis. The exercises on the Moods are sufficient, it is believed, to develop the general principles as stated in the Grammar. The text of four chapters of the Anabasis is given entire, with notes and references. Full vocabularies acconipaav the book. LIDDELL & SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXI- CON. Abridged from the new Oxford Edition. New Edition. With Appendix of Proper and Geographical Names, by J. M. Whiton. Square 12mo. 835 pages. Morocco b;iek Sheep binding LIDDELL & SCOTT'S GREEK-ENGLISH LEXI- CON. Tiie sixth Oxford Edition unabridged. 4to. 1,881 pages. Morocco back Sheep binding • . . The English editions of Liddell & Scott are not stereotyped ; but each has been thoroughly revised, enlarged, and printed anew. The sixth edition, published in 1869, is larger by one eighth than the fifth, and contains 1,865 pages. It is an entirely dif- ferent work from the first edition, the whole department of etymology having been rewritten in the light of modern investigations, and the forms of the irregular verbs being given in greater detail by the aid of Veitch : s Catalogue. No student of Greek can artord to dispense with this invaluable Lexicon, the price of which is now for the first time brought within the means of the great body of American scholars. PLATO'S APOLOGY OP SOCRATES AND CRITO. Edited by .John Williams White, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Greek in Harvard Duiversity. The basis of this work will be the German edition of Dr Christian Cron. (Platons Vertlieidigungsrede des Sokrates und Kriton. Sechste Auflage. Leipzig, Teubner, 1875.) To the matter contained in Dr. Cron's edition there will be added notes by the Editor and from other sources, analyses, and extended references to Goodwin and lladley. The book will be tor the class-room, and ali matter not of direct value to the student will be rigidly excluded. THE CEDIPUS TYRANNUS OF SOPHOCLES. Ed- ited, with an Introduction, Notes, and full explanation of the metres, by John Williams Whit*, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Greek in Harvard University. 12mo. Cloth. 219 pages THE MEDEA OP EURIPIDES. Edited, with Notts and an Introduction, by Frederic D. Allen, Ph. D., Professorirfrthe University of Cincinnati. 12mo. Cloth. 141 pages . . . 4* .... SIDGWICK'S INTRODUCTION TO GREEK PftOoE COMPOSITION. 12mo. Cloth. 280 pages WHITE'S FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK./ Prepared to accompany G-odwin's Greek Grammar, and designed as an Introduction to his Greek Reader. By John Williams White, t*h D., Assistant Professor of Greek in Harvard University. 12mo. Half morocco. 305 pages A series of seventy-five lessons with progressive Greek-English and English-Greek exercises. Followed by a series of additional exercises on Forms, and complete vocabularies. WHITON'S SELECT ORATIONS OP LYSIAS. Com- pri.-ing the Defence of Mantitheus, the Oration against Eratosthenes, the Keply to u The Overthrow of the Democracy^" and the Areopagitic Oration concerning the Sacred Olive-Trunk. Edited by James Morris Whiton, Ph. D. 12mo. 151 pages The grammatical notes deal almost wholly with the syntax, — as befits a work of this grade, — and have been prepared with a special aim to elucidate the usage of the verb. References are made, for the most part, to Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses, and Goodwin's and Hadley's Grammars. YONGE'S ENGLISH-GREEK LEXICON. Square 12mo. Cloth. 483 pages X 481 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY J > /If'' l\ / 7)/7f?