UC-NRLF

C E T03 337

SEC0NB INTERIM REPORT

ON AK INVESTIGATION OF

INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE

Hi'

PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS,

A. F. STANLEY KENT, M.A., D.Sc. (OXON),

HENRY OVKHTUN WILLS PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IX THI-: UNIVERSITY STOL.

f restntrt to both ouses of f&uiutment bn (Eommanb of |jts

LONDON:

FEINTED UND^Ii THE AUTHORITY OF HIS -MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
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fCd. 8335.] Price Is. Gd.

1916.

BIO

UBRAKY
G

HOME OFFICE.

SECOND INTERIM REPORT

ON AN INVESTIGATION OF

INDUSTRIAL FATIGUE

PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS,

A. F. STANLEY KENT, M.A., D.Sc. (OXON),

HENRY OVERTON WILLS PROFESSOR OK PHYSIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL.

ffresentrt to both louses of fterltament tm Otommanb of i

LONDON:

PRINTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE
By DARLING AND SON, LIMITED, BACON STEEET, E.

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Cd. 8335.] Price Is. 6d,

1916.

f OP4

OGY
u

CONTENTS.

PAGE

INTRODUCTORY LETTER ... 3

LIST OP CHARTS 6

SECTION I. Fatigue as a result of Overtime 7

Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

SECTION II. The Influence of Fatigue and of Overtime upon Output 23

Summary 43

SECTION III. Food and Feeding 44

Equilibrium and Balancing ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,s

The Attainment of Maximum Output ... ... ... ... ... ... 50

The Influence of Overtime upon the General Health of the Worker 60

APPENDIX A. Details of Individuals examined ... ... ... ... ... 66

B. Time actually worked in different Periods of the Day 72

INDEX ... 74

S KCONJ) INTEH 1 M H EPO LIT

OX ANT 1XYKSTHJATION OF

INI3 USTRI A L F ATIGTJ E

PH YSIOLOG ICAL METHODS,

A. 1'. STANLKV KENT, M.A., D.Sc. (OXDN),
HENRY OVERTON WILLS PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL

BRISTOL,

16th August, 1916.
To

Sir Arthur Whitelegge, M.D., K.C.B.,

H.M. Chief Inspector of Factories.

SIR,

The following pages contain some account of a continuation of former experi-
ments on industrial fatigue undertaken on behalf of the Home Office and described
in a previous Report.*

Seven factories in all have been visited. Investigations were carried on at one
of these for a period of three and a half months, shorter periods being devoted to
most of the others. Many of the results now presented were obtained during investi-
gations at Factories E and F. The first of these employed about 2,000 hands and was
engaged principally in the manufacture of surgical dressings for the army in the
field. The whole of the processes required to produce the finished article from raw
material are carried out in this mill, from the opening of the bales of cotton to the
packing of the completed dressings ready for dispatch to the front. These opera-
tions include, besides opening and packing, carding, spinning, winding, warping,
sizing, weaving, bleaching, drying, impregnating with antiseptic, re-drying,
examining, winding, cutting into bandages, weighing and compressing.

The second (Factory F) was an engineering works employing about 600 men,
besides many women, and engaged in the manufacture of war material, from turbines
for large ships to the steel shields used in the trenches. Male and female labour was
employed in both factories, and examples of both will be found in the results.

A special investigation was carried out in order to ascertain whether members
of the office staff suffered from undue fatigue.

It is, perhaps, unnecessary to emphasize the importance of any means which
is capable of giving reliable indications of the development of fatigue in munitions
factories, where it is desirable to secure maximum output, but where it is also
essential to conserve the health and energies of the workers.

In Section I. I would especially draw your attention to the progressive develop-
ment of fatiguet throughout the week, and to the concomitant diminution in the
power of recovery, to the development of extra fatigue as a result of overtime!
(Charts Nos. 3, 4. 5, 6A). to the disadvantage of working consecutive overtime
days (Charts Nos. 3, 4), to the development of fatigue during day and night shifts,

* Interim Report on an Investigation of Industrial Fatigue by Physiological Methods. August,
1915. [Cd. 8056, price %*.]

t For definition of " Fatigue," see p. 7.

J "Overtime" here means generally the hours 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. worked at the end of a day
commencing at 6 a.m. In Chart No. 5 the overtime was from tj p.m. to 8 p.m., or from 6 p.m. to
10 p.m. worked at the end of a day commencing at 8.30 a.m.

(73121.) Wt. 51714 343. 2000. 9/16. D & S. G 1. A 2

38733J

with arguments for their less frequent reversal, to the process of ordinary recovery
from fatigue (Charts 4, 8, 9, 10), to recovery during rest intervals (Chart 7), and to
recovery complicated by illness (Curve 6 A).

In Section II. I would refer to the existence of periods of high and of low
output (Charts 11, 12, 13, 14), especially where overtime is worked, to the gradual
change in the period of lowest output as fatigue develops during the week (Charts

11, 12), to the fact that in Charts 13 and 14 overtime invariably produced the lowest
output, and that this may be traced to fatigue, to the inability of the workers to
respond efficiently to a call for extra overtime on Saturday, 4th December (Chart 12),
after a week's work, to the differences with regard to output between the Lint
Packers and the Boracic Lint Packers doing similar work but differing as regards
overtime (Charts Nos. 13, 14, 15, 16), to the evidence given on pp. 40, 43 that the work-
ing of overtime may lead, not to an increase, but to an actual diminution of output, to
the occasional appearance of special circumstances affecting the output of indi-
viduals (Chart No. 13, Worker No. 33, and Chart No. 14, Worker No. 35), and,
generally, to the important influence of home conditions upon the development of
fatigue and upon the consequent diminution of output. The value of rest intervals
also must be emphasized.

An interesting, though perhaps less important, matter is the curious condition
of lower efficiency exhibited by workers on Monday morning.

With reference to these phenomena it will be recognised that a
progressive diminution of the power of the worker to resist fatigue,
or to recover from it, if present, affords a strong argument against the
practice sometimes adopted of employing Sunday labour. For in normal times
the lessened efficiency found towards the end of the week is remedied by
the rest obtained on Saturday afternoon and Sunday, but where Sunday
labour is introduced, the rest is inadequate, and the condition of fatigue becomes
permanent. Even this is not the full extent of the evil, since the fatigue produced
by a full week's work, added to that already existing, will produce a condition at the
end of the second week worse than at its beginning. The process will continue from
week to week, until either the worker breaks down under the strain, or, a more
probable result, equilibrium is brought about. The manner in which such equili-
brium may be produced is described on page 48. In either case the result will
be disastrous from the point of view of output, and frequently from the point of
view of health also.

The case is very similar when daily overtime is considered, though, owing to
the interruption of work which the necessary experiments would entail, it has not
been shown directly that the power of recovery from fatigue becomes progressively
less during the day. It has nevertheless been proved that the output of workers
during the overtime period is far less than the output during the hours of normal
labour. And in my opinion the results of experiments indicate that this lessening
of output in the period of overtime is due to fatigue.

It should, perhaps, be pointed out that in factories where the output depends
almost entirely upon the number of hours the machinery can be kept running, and
the direct influence of the operatives is small, it may be desirable to preserve overtime,
though even here a better arrangement would be the introduction of a fresh shift,

The fact that certain workers who were placed under observation were found
to lose 25 per cent., 18 per cent., and 27 per cent, of their time in different periods
of the day is significant. This loss of time is a factor in the process referred to as
" balancing," and described in Section III.

Another point to which I would direct your attention is the practice which
exists amongst some individuals of going to their work in the early morning without
having taken food. Results bearing upon this point are shown in Charts 11,

12, 15, 16, where, of five workers, one who came breakfastless to the mill is shown
to be inferior as regards output during the early morning hours to the others who
had taken food; similar results were obtained in other experiments. Further details
with regard to food and feeding are given in Section III.

On pp. 50-60 some consideration is given to the means by which maximum out-
put may be obtained, whilst the influence of overtime upon the general health of the
worker is treated in the concluding pages.

The work has been in progress for some years. It is now occupying the whole
time of three investigators. Not only have the circumstances of labour been studied,
but also the home conditions of the workers, their general health, and other factors
which seem likely to influence their reaction to the present abnormal conditions.

Ordinarily the tests commenced at 5.40 a.m., when night shifts were exam-
ined. At (J a.m. the h'rst examinations of the day shifts were made. At 8.30
the office staff and any late workers were tested. At 11.45 a.m. tests were carried
out upon workers whom it was desired to examine for recovery during the dinner
hour. At 1.30 p.m. the same workers were tested again. At 4.45 p.m. those
individuals working ordinary hours who would go off duty at 5.30 were examined,
together with those commencing a .night shift. At 7.30 p.m. the overtime workers
were tested, and at 9.35 p.m. those coming off at 10. Work was usually finished
shortly after 10 p.m.

The times given are those at which it was usually necessary to commence
the examination in order to ensure its completion before the hour of cessation of
labour, as, although greatly interested, and willing to give every assistance in the
inquiry, the workers naturally disliked being kept after hours. For this reason
it was necessary to commence the examination after the hour in the case of those
commencing work, and before the hour in the case of those coming off work. As
will be seen, the examinations as a whole occupied a considerable amount of time, but
the time lost by individual workers was a few minutes only, as they usually
attended in groups of two or three, fresh groups arriving as the tests of the earlier
ones were completed.

Owing to the fact that the investigation was carried on for so many weeks,
and that those engaged became thoroughly familiar with conditions under which
the workers lived, it was possible to obtain information upon matters which may,
perhaps, be regarded as lying outside the scope of the present inquiry, such as the
need for the provision of canteens in munitions factories, the question of the proper-
feeding of the factory worker, the provision of accommodation in factories for the
changing and drying of shoes and clothing, and the proper use of appliances pro-
vided for ventilating the workrooms.

Reference to some of these matters will be found in Section III.

The Report is divided into three Sections, the first dealing with Fatigue as
a result of Overtime, the second dealing with the influence of Fatigue and of Over-
time upon Output, whilst the third Section deals with more general matters. In
this Section is included also a reference to a question of especial interest at the present
time, viz., the general effect of long-continued overtime upon the worker (exhaustion
and ultimate breakdown, recovery in spite of inadequate rest periods, equilibrium
and " balancing ").

A short summary of each section is provided.

I have been greatly assisted in the work by my demonstrator, Mr. P. Phillips,
B.Sc., and by my research assistant, Mr. Win. Emery. To both of these my best
thanks are due.

I am also greatly indebted to those factory proprietors and managers who have
given me facilities for carrying out the tests, and have modified existing arrange-
ments in order to make those tests more thorough.

The work is being continued and extended to fresh industries. Much additional
material has been obtained, and, so far as examined, corroborates the conclusions
already arrived at.

I have the honour to be,

Sir,
Your obedient Servant,

A. F. STANLEY KENT.

LIST OF CHARTS.

Subject.

Workers.

Page.

Chart No

)i
i
)
n
>j

11
J1

))

>*
11

. 1 Fatigue.
2

3
4

5
6
GA

8 Recovery

10
11 Output,
12
13
14
15
16 1

Complex Reaction Time. L

> )
Acuity of Sight

etters
,, ... ...

K. I
E. 1
E. 2
E. 2
F. 14, 15, 16
E. 41
E. 15
E. 15

E. 21-25
E. 12

E. 12
E. 1, 2, 4, 6, 18-20

10
10
11
12
12
13
14
15

lit

20
1

' r at end.

Blood-pressure, Hearing, and Sight
Complex Reaction Time. Letteis

,, ,, , ,,

'1 ), 5, ), .- ...

Day and Night. Complex Reaction Time.
Hearing, and Sight

. Complex Reaction Time,
during Night. Complex
Colours

Colours...
Reaction Time.

during Dinner-time Interval
Winders

Lint-packers

,, ,, ...
Boracic Lint-packers

SECTION I.

FATIGUE AS A RESULT OF OVERTIME.

(For Summary, see p. 21.)

Fatigue as dealt with in these pages and as indicated by the tests described is
taken to mean a diminished efficiency of the organism occurring after labour and
partly dependent upon it.*

The effect of labour other things being equal will depend upon (a) its severity
and (b) its duration. The relation between these factors and the net result is not,
however, a simple one, for even a slight lengthening of a task may result in the
production of an altogether disproportionate amount of fatigue.

The practical bearing of this is on the question of overtime. It has been
thought that the simplest method of increasing output in times of stress is to
increase the number of hours in the working day. But extra hours must neces-
sarily be added at the end of a day's work, and the result will vary according to
the previous condition of the worker. Should the work of the ordinary day have
been so light that no fatigue is evident at the end of it, the workers will be compara-
tively fresh when they start upon the period of overtime and will suffer little. If,
however, the previous work has been severe, they will already be fagged and jaded,
and the extra labour will produce a greater effect.

Results obtained recently show further that overtime has an effect which is not
confined strictly to the day on which it is worked. The worker is in a less favourable
condition to resist fatigue after an ordinary day's work, followed by a night's rest,
than before, and the effect of an overtime day is correspondingly greater. Two or
more overtime days produce a proportionately greater lowering of efficiency, and the
effect is more pronounced if the overtime days are consecutive than if they are
separated by days of normal length. Finally, an overtime day introduced towards
the end of the week is more harmful than one worked nearer its beginning.

Besides these considerations, which deal with the conditions under
which work is performed, there are individual differences amongst the workers
which affect the result. Such differences are partly constitutional and partly
matters of habit. Workers in a mill are of various types, some are strong, others
are weak and more easily tired. Again, some are aware of the importance of
daily rules of life, matters of food and sleep and relaxation, whilst others are care-
less and take no thought for health until health is lost. Tasks of similar severity
will produce different amounts of fatigue in members of these different classes.
There will also be variations in fitness amongst the workers from day to day, which
will affect the fatigue registered.

From these considerations it is clear that the severity of the symptoms of fatigue
exhibited by an individual worker at a particular time will depend on a large
number of causes, to understand which it is necessary to study the worker's home life
and surroundings as well as the conditions inside the factory.

The factory tests have been made as follows :

Description of Tests used.

The tests described were carried out in the morning before the examinee
commenced work and again in the evening when the day's task had been completed.
Where Recovery during Intervals was investigated additional tests were made at the
beginning and end of the interval.

* Physiologically, fatigue may be regarded as the expression of a condition of the neuro-
muscular mechanism which tends to prevent further expenditure of energy when the supply runs
low. The seat of fatigue is rather on the nervous than on the muscular side. It is not a direct
expression of the exhaustion of the supply of muscular energy, though probably dependent in great
measure upon it. The appearance of fatigue is due to the action of a protective mechanism, similar
to the safety-valve or electric fuse, but, unlike these, acting when energy becomes deficient. For the
purposes of this paper, it may be taken as an indication of a diminished supply of energy and a
lessened capacity for work.

8
TEST No. 1. A. LETTERS. B. COLOURS.

Complex Reaction Time (Letter or Colour Test}.

The test was made as in former experiments by requiring the examinee to depress
a particular key which, at the same time that its movement was recorded on a
moving drum, closed a circuit and caused a shutter to fall, thus exposing one of a
series of letters or, in the case of the colour test, a particular colour. The examinee
was required to recognise the letter or colour exposed, to select from six keys in
front of him the one bearing a similar letter or colour to that exposed and to depress
it. The result of depressing this second key was to produce a second mark upon
the drum. The distance between the two marks the first produced as a result of
the depression of the first key, the second produced as a result of the depression
of the second key was shorter or longer according to the time taken by the examinee
to recognise the letter (or colour) exposed, to select the appropriate key, and to
depress it. A chronograph marking fractions of a second allowed the time corre-
sponding to this distance to be measured.

In this way a series of values has been obtained, each of which represents the
time in fractions of a second which was necessary for the examinee to respond under
the particular circumstances of the test. In each case of the letter test two separate
readings were taken, and the mean of the two has been used in constructing the
curve. The values obtained with colours were uniformly lower than those obtained
when letters were used.

The values which appear in some of the curves are the differences between the
morning and evening figures expressed in hundreths of a second. In cases where the
morning value was greater than the evening value, indicating greater rapidity of
response in the evening, the curve rises above the zero line. The curve drops below
the zero line when the evening value is greater than the morning value. Thus, a fall
of the line indicates the development of fatigue.

In other curves the actual values recorded were used.

It is not suggested that these differences in time of response are to be taken as
expressions of absolute amounts of fatigue. They may, however, be taken as general
indications as to whether the process of repair is able to keep pace with the process
of energy expenditure.

TEST No. 2.

A cuity of Hearing.

The test was made by determining the greatest distance at which the examinee
could hear the tick of a given watch. The examinee was seated on a stool and
directed to look at an object immediately to his front. A metre rule was held
behind the ear so that the zero was opposite the pinna. The distance was
determined at which the examinee was just able to hear the sound of the watch,
repeated tests being made, and the watch sometimes being held behind the examiner's
back as a control. The mark level with the watch face was in each case taken
ns indicating the distance to be recorded.

TEST No. 3.

Acuity of Sight.

The test was made by determining the greatest distance at which the
examinee could identify letters of standard size stencilled upon card.
Numerous cards were made use of, the letters on which were arranged in
different orders, so as to avoid error through the examinee becoming familiar
with individual cards. The distances were measured by marking the floor
at intervals of half metres. Intermediate points were determined by measuring
from the nearest point with the metre rule. The distances are probably correct to
the nearest centimetre. The distance recorded is the greatest at which the examinee
made no error in identifying the letters. In some cases it was found that all the
letters except one usually F or P were identified, and that the distance had to
be shortened very considerably before that particular letter could be recognised. In
such cases two values have been recorded, but the one used in the curves has always
been that at which all letters were recognised.

TEST No. 4.
Systolic Blood-pressure.

The test was made by determining the systolic blood-pressure by means of
Dr. H. French's sphygmomanometer. The bandage of the apparatus was applied
over the shirt sleeve of the examinee, the coat having been removed. In the case of
women it was applied over the sleeve of the blouse. The examinee being seated on
a stool, the right arm was laid lightly on the table at the level of the heart. In all
cases the right arm was used. As a general rule it was found that the development
of fatigue was accompanied by a rise in the blood pressure, though this was modified
by the diurnal variation.

General Description of Charts.

In order to make the curves more easily understood the differences have been
calculated as follows :

In the Reaction Time test the differences are

M-E
(Morning value minus evening value.)

If the evening value has been increased by fatigue the difference will be
negative, and the curve will fall below the zero line.

In the tests of Acuity of Sight and Hearing the" differences are

E -M

If the evening value has been diminished by fatigue the difference will be
negative, and the curve will fall below the zero line.

In the tests of Blood-pressure the differences are

M-E

If the evening value has been increased by fatigue the difference will be
negative, and the curve will fall below the zero line.

The curves show a fall of the line, indicating the development of fatigue, on
days on which work was performed. The Tables gives the actual readings from
which the curves were made.*

Description of Special Charts.

It is impossible to reproduce all the results obtained. The following are typical
examples, the general conclusions from which are corroborated by other experi-
ments :

Chart No. 1 is drawn from values obtained in the examination of No. 1 worker,
employed in the drying room. See particulars on p. 10, and on p. 66. The test
used was that referred to as Complex Reaction Time for letters, described on p. 8.

It is a good example of the general effect of overtime in the production of
fatigue. The first value inserted, that of Monday, shows a difference of 86/100 sec.,
and this being above the base line, indicates that the response was to that extent
quicker in the evening than in the morning, i.e., according to the result of this
particular test, fatigue was not only absent, but the individual was actually in a
better state in the evening than in the morning of that particular day.

It must be remarked, however, that this result was obtained at the beginning
of the week on Monday and is probably to be attributed to the fact that a rest
period of 42 hours had elapsed since work had been done. It is an example of the
" Monday effect."

On the following day, Tuesday, the result is different. Overtime was worked
and a difference in the opposite direction was registered, indicating a response in
the morning quicker by 42/100 sec. than in the evening. On the next day, Wednes-
day, overtime was worked again, and again an evening value 38/100 'sec. longer
than the morning reading was obtained. On Thursday no overtime was worked,

' The course of the curve is determined neither by the development of fatigue nor by recovery
alone, but by the interaction of these two processes.

7312

and the curve gives an unmistakable indication of this, inasmuch as it shows an
evening value longer than the morning only by 1/100 sec. This result is the
more striking owing to the fact that on the following day, Friday, overtime was
worked again, with the result that the evening value at once rose, and the difference
was 30, 100 sec

CHART Xo 1.
COMPLEX REACTION TIME (LETTERS .

Differences (M E).

Factory E, Drier No. 1.

(Week ending Saturday, October 30th, 1915.)

A fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue.

too

90
SO
7O

50
4O
30
2O

n
o

-ID
-20
-SO
-4O
-SO

S-S-30

Tu.

6-8

Th.

Sa
6-/2

%2%2%^%%

Overtime Days. Orertime Day.

TABLE.
Fatigue = E M.

Reaction Time.
(Letters.)

Th.

M.
E.

1-88
1-02

1-44
1-86

1-38
1-76

1-48
1-49

1-85
2-15

1-32
1-06

M.-E.

-42

-38

-30

(Differences.)

On the Saturday, when work was stopped at 12 noon, the morning value was
again greater than that obtained in the mid-day test.

CHART No. 2.
COMPLEX REACTION TIME (LETTERS).

Actual Values.
Factory E, Drier No. 1.
(Week ending Saturday, October 30th, 1915.)
A fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue.

I'lOOfcc.

Ocf/3/5

Orrrtime Dayt.

It is evident that these results indicate a difference between the fatigue pro-
duced on those days on which overtime was worked and those on which it was not.

The results are expressed differently in Chart 2. where actual values are
plotted instead of differences between morning and evening. As is frequently
the case, Monday shows no indication of the development of fatigue during the
day. but, on the contrary, a considerable improvement. During the night the
opposite effect is seen. This is the usual " Monday effect," the cause of which is
discussed later.

In Chart No. 3, the results are shown of a series of tests of the acuity of sight.
The period covered is the six days from October 25th to October 30th. inclusive.
The conditions were similar to those which obtained in the former experiment.
values above the base line representing greater acuity in the evening, and rice rers'i.
The differences are, however, given in centimetres, and indicate differences in the
distance at which standard letters could be identified.

CHART No. 0.

ACCITY OF SIGHT.

Differences (E M).

Factory E, Drier No. 2.

(Week ending Saturday, October 30th, 1915.)
A fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue.

cms
ISO

M.
e - s

Tu.

e- a

n. f.

e -sso e-e

Ja.
6 -/a

100

222/22%.

Overtime Day*.

Overtime Day.

TABLE.

Fatigue = .M E.

(Sight.)

\V.

Th.

F '

E.
M.

520
373

380

47(i

326

411

313

368

i
362 369

476 i:}?,

E.-M.

147

- 90

| - 85

1 - 55

- 114 - 64

(Differences.)

As before, the result on Monday shows no indication of fatigue, although
overtime was worked, due probably to the fact that a rest of 42 hours had been
taken. On the Tuesday and Wednesday, on both of which overtime was worked,
fatigue was indicated by a lesser visual acuity corresponding to differences of 90 cms.
and 84 cms., respectively. On the Thursday no overtime was worked, and the
difference in distance was reduced at once to 52 cms. That the change was not
greater, even to the extent of approaching the result obtained on Monday, is probably
due to the fact that three consecutive days of overtime had been worked, and
consequently the power of recovery had' suffered. That this was probably
the case is indicated also in Saturday's result, for on Saturday a half-day the
line rose again, but recovery was imperfect.

7312

B 2

On the Friday, when overtime was worked, the difference rose to 112 cms.

Thus, two individuals, working under similar conditions, but tested by different
methods, gave very similar results.

In the latter curve, as in the former, the effect of overtime in producing fatigue
is well brought out, whilst, in addition, the effect of consecutive days of overtime
in diminishing the power of recovery should be noted.

Similar results are obtained if actual values are plotted instead of the differences
between the morning and evening figures. This has been done in Chart No. 4.

CHART No. 4.

ACUITY OF SIGHT.

'A fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue.

The curve is constructed from the fame set of figures as No. 3. Instead of the differences being
used, however, the actual morning and evening values have been plotted.

Cms

Sa.

Overtime Day*.

Overtime Day.

Allowing for the familiar effect on Monday, which results in a better condition
on Monday evening than in the morning, and is followed by the curious deterioration
during Monday night, the remaining days of the week show, on Tuesday and
Wednesday the effect of two overtime days, on Thursday the lesser effect of an
ordinary day, on Friday the exaggerated effect of an overtime day towards the end
of the week, and on Saturday the usual lessened effect due to a half-day. This effect
of half a day at the end of the week is, however, greater than the effect of a whole
day in the middle of the week, on Thursday. The curve also affords an example
of the advantage to be gained by avoiding a series of consecutive overtime days.

CHART No. 4A.

BLOOD PRESSURE, HEARING, AND SIGHT.
Average Values, M and E, of three Women Workers, Nos. 14, 15, and 16, in Engineering Factory F.

(Week ending Saturday, December 18th, 1915.)
A fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue. '

Overtime Days.

JilooA Pressure
Hearing.

Sight.

In Chart No. 4.\ the results are given of an examination of three women working
in an engineering factory. One of these worked a planing machine, another a
shaping machine, whilst the third was a turner's assistant. Their work was heavy,
and their hours 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. The Chart shows the results of three separate
sets of experiments carried on at the same time. The uppermost curve shows
variations of blood pressure, the middle curve variations in the acuity of hearing,
whilst the lowermost curve shows variations in the acuity of sight.

The Monday effect is not shown, unless the poor recovery on Monday night is
;ui indication of its presence. It appears often to be absent in workers who have
recently taken up fresh work, and these individuals had been at their present
employment only a short time (2 months, 3j months, 3^ months). On Tuesday
the fatigue shown is greater than on Monday, and on Wednesday greater than
on Tuesday. The recovery on both of these days is fair, though less perfect on
Wednesday. The three curves show similar variations.

Chart No. 5 represents values obtained from an examination of the
Reaction Time (letters) of a member of the office staff. His occupation
was of a different character from that of the individuals already dealt with. His
normal day commenced at 8.30 a.m. and ended at 5.30 p.m. Overtime was
worked sometimes till 8, and sometimes till 10 p.m. The curve given extends over
two periods of a week each. In each period overtime is seen to produce its
characteristic effect in lowering the curve. The effect of two consecutive days of
overtime (Thursday and Friday in each week) is shown.

The overtime on Friday in the second week, though ending at 8 p.m., has
produced a greater effect than the overtime on Thursday,- ending at 10 p.m.

Numerous similar tests were made upon members of the office staff. The general
result was to show that in many cases the hours worked involved a considerable
strain on the powers of those employed.

CHART No. 5.
COMPLEX REACTION TIME (LETTERS).

Differences (M E).
Factory E, Member of Office Staff, No. 41.

(Period ending November 13th, 1915.)
A fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue.

M Tu. W Th. F. Sa M. Tu \V Th F Sa

S-30 -S-3O &3O-S3O 8-3O-S-308-3O-/O 8-3O- /O 8-ZQ-S-3O.8-3Q-S-3O. 8-X-f-SO 8-3O - /<? 8-3O- 8 8-3O-/2

-/o

-20

-30

-40

-so

Overtime Days.

TABLE.
Fatigue = E - M.

First Week.

Second Week.

Reaction time.

(Letters.)

Th.

M. T.

Th.

1-40

1-42

1-35

1-44

1-32

1-25

1-52

1-22

1-44

1-50

1-35

1-16

1-58

1-35

1-63

1-6H

1-63

1-41

1-35

1-61

1-76 1-30

M.-E.

-16

-19

-37

-38

-13

-17

-26

(Differences.)

Chart No. 6 represents values obtained from a worker in the spinning shed.
The test used was the Reaction Time (letters) as in No. 5. The examinee
was ill on Monday and this possibly may explain the low result obtained
on Tuesday. Wednesday was an overtime day and caused a marked drop in the
curve. Thursday was a normal day and the curve rose accordingly. On Friday
overtime was worked again and was indicated by a fall. On Saturday a half-day
the curve rose considerably above the line. The sudden drop of the curve on the
two overtime days is significant. The illness was merely a general indisposition.

CHART No. 6.
COMPLEX REACTION TIME (LETTERS).

Factory E, Spinner No. 15.
(Week ending Saturday, November 6tb, 1915.)
A. fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue.
M

7u. IV- Th. F

6 - s-so 6-8 e -sso 6-s

e - /

-/o

-20
-30
-40
-SO
-60
-7O
-SO
-90

Worker ill. Overtime Day. Overtime Day.

TABLE.

Fatigue = E M.

Th.

Reaction time.

(Letters.)

Ill 1-17 1-38

1-74

1-44

1-70

1-63

2-20

1-88

1-78

1-35

M.-E.

-46

-82

-14

-34

(Differences.)

The curve in this case is complicated by the illness of the worker. Two
processes were at work, one the gradual recovery from illness, the other the gradual
development of fatigue. The result of the former process may be recognised in the
indications 'of less fatigue on Thursday than on Tuesday produced by a normal

day's work, and similarly by the fatigue of Friday being less than that of Wednesday,
both overtime days. Usually the opposite result is obtained, and similar amounts of
work produce more fatigue at the end of the week than at the beginning. The
recovery on Saturday a half-day should be noted.

By arranging the figures somewhat differently the effect of the extra strain of
overtime on this subject, rendered unusually sensitive by illness, is brought out even
more clearly. In Chart No. BA the actual figures obtained are plotted instead of
the differences between morning and evening values. An ordinary day's work on
Tuesday produces much fatigue. The effect is exaggerated on Wednesday, when
overtime was worked. On Friday, recovery from the illness seems to be fairly
complete and although near the end of the week, an overtime day produces less
effect than on Wednesday, just as the ordinary day's work on Thursday produces
less effect than a similar task on Tuesday.

There is evidence of a similar dual effect in those portions of the curve indi-
cating recovery from fatigue, the usual weekly course of which is modified by the
passing away of the state of illness.

We have then several sets of results from different individuals obtained by
different methods. The results are strikingly similar in their indications. On
overtime days fatigue is indicated in the curves by changes of considerable magni-
tude, whereas, when normal hours have been worked, such indications are slight.
The methods depend upon the acuity of the sense of sight, the acuity of the sense
of hearing, the height of the blood-pressure, and the recognition of different letters.

The curves given represent the results of a small proportion of the many
hundreds of tests carried out recently. Those selected will serve to indicate the
general character of the whole.

CHART No. 6A.
COMPLEX REACTION (LETTERS).

Factory E, Spinner No. 15.
(Week ending November 6th, 1915.)

Actual values plotted.
A fall of the curve indicates the development of fatigue.

/3I
/Sff

/S9

/SO
/S7

/a*

201
ZoS
2/6
222

Tu.

6 -S-30

6-S

f So.

s-3o e-a e-/s

Worker ill.

Overtime Daij. Overtime Day.

It is evident that overtime produces in the worker differences of physiological
state which affect different functions of the body and which may be recognised by
several tests. It is necessary to examine more closely this physiological difference,
and the conditions under which it appears.

The ordinary day's work, when tested by these methods, gave no indication of
fatigue (Charts Nos. 1 and 2), or these indications if present were inconsiderable
(Charts Nos. 3, 5, 6). When overtime was worked the signs of fatigue were greater
(Charts Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). That is to say, the overtime day has a greater effect

in producing fatigue than the normal day. But, in the particular instances taken v
the overtime day differs from the normal day only in having two additional hours
added to it. The normal day begins at 6 a.m. and ends at 5.30 p.m. The overtime
day begins at 6 a.m. and ends (as a rule) at 8 p.m. Moreover, those individuals who
are working overtime have an additional rest interval from 5.30 p.m. to 6 p.m.,
during which they are supplied with tea, cakes, &c., free of cost. It might be
expected that they would be somewhat refreshed when they commenced, at 6 p.m.,
the two hours' period of overtime. Yet at the end of this period they are con-
siderably more fatigued than they would be at the end of a normal day. Why
is this?

The answer to the question is probably somewhat as follows :

When once an individual has, through labour during ordinary hours, reached a
certain degree of fatigue, and proceeds to further labour (overtime) without taking
the repose necessary to dissipate the fatigue already produced, this further labour
has a greater physiological effect and exhausts the organism more than would a
similar amount of labour performed when fatigue was absent. This is a well-known
fact in physiology; it is also a matter of ordinary experience. It is of importance
in the present connection because it indicates that OVERTIME LABOUR is MORE

HARMFUL TO THE WORKER THAN LABOUR PERFORMED DURING ORDINARY HOURS. It IS

therefore PHYSIOLOGICALLY EXTRAVAGANT.*

. The Development of Fatigue by Day and by Night.

It not infrequently happens, when the demand for output is great, that
machinery has to be kept running continuously. Accordingly, it is important to
know whether the development of fatigue in the worker runs a similar course by
night and by day.

In order to ob.tain information on this point, experiments were carried out on
five men employed in the room in which surgical lint is made. The cotton cloth,
previously woven, is passed through machines in which it is acted upon by moving
knives in such a way as to raise on the surface a fine down familiar as a characteristic
of the material. .

The work is carried on in a roomon the ground floor. Up to Christmas, 1915,
there were 104 machines at work in the room. Twenty new machines have been
installed recently. Owing to the presence of so many machines the noise is always
great. Temperature is normal and ventilation fair, but much fluff is always present.
The machines are of two types, those taking slightly over 9 hours to finish a piece
of cloth, and those taking only 8 hours. The length of a piece of cloth is 40 yards.

The staff of the room consists of six men and two foremen. Each man
superintends about 20 machines.

The hours worked in this room are 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. and 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. in
alternate weeks. Thus, the men work day and night shifts in alternate weeks, and
the same men were examined, first when working on a day shift, and afterwards
when working on a night shift.

The tests employed were Reaction Time (Colours), Hearing and Sight. The
results obtained have been averaged both with regard to the tests made and also
with regard to the five men examined.

The chart shows the results of tests which extended over a period of nearly two
weeks. The first week shows the development of fatigue, as indicated by these
tests, during a period of day labour. The second week shows the development of
fatigue during a period of labour by night. A fall in the line indicates the
development of fatigue.

The degree of fatigue developed was greater during the night shift than during
the day.

* The payment of higher wages renders overtime economically extravagant also. Yet higher
wages are not sufficient to make it universally desired by the workers. Enquiries were made of
18 operatives in various departments of a large factory as to whether the overtime day with its extr.-i
rate of pay, or the ordinary day, ending at 5.30 p.m., would be preferred. In reply 15 voted against
overtime, the remaining three stating that they were indifferent in the matter.

CHART No. 7.

Ci I;VF. OK FATIGUE. LINT MAKKKS.
ILLUSTRATING EFFECT OF DAY AND NIGHT WORK.

I COMPLEX REACTION TIME (COLOURS).

\CUITV OF HEARING.
( ACUITY OF SIGHT.

K;i<-iory K, Average of fivo men, Nos. 21-25.

(October I'.Hh to November 4tli, IDlo.)
A fill I of the line indicates the development of fatigue.

Tu.

IV.

JTt.

Sa.

Th.

Sa.

s *
s \

ff>

' \

-ff>

-*n

-m

'/"" -

\ t

ftp

\ '

-"0

\ /

a,_

__/

-/no

In attempting to find an explanation of this fact, it must be remembered that
the men working on a night shift are compelled to get their sleep in the day
time, and though this may not be difficult under favourable circumstances, it is
by no means easy in a workman's home. Indeed, every one of the men examined
stated that he slept well by night, but badly by day. Probably, therefore, one of
the reasons of the development of extra fatigue by men working on night duty is
the inadequacy of the rest obtained by day.

This is a good example of the importance of home conditions in an investigation
of industrial fatigue.

Those familiar with the conditions will scarcely accept the suggestion that
the work performed at night is more severe and exhausting than that done by da> ,
for indeed the reverse is probably the case.

There is another factor which is important. The vital functions of the
body are at their lowest in the early morning, and although there is apparently
an attempt at an adjustment when the ordinary uses of day and night are reversed,
yet this adjustment takes an appreciable time for its development, so that at the
beginning of the period its influence would not be felt. Indeed, it may be that
in the gradual development of this adjustment there is an explanation of the fact
that the fatigue revealed is severe at the commencement of the period of night work,
and becomes lessened as the week progresses and the above-mentioned adjustment
attains completion.

Should this explanation be confirmed by further work, it would provide an
argument in favour of lengthening the period over which the day or night shift
is worked by individual men, in order that the advantages derived from the adjust-
ment might be enjoyed for a longer time.

The Recovery from Fatigue.

Under ordinary circumstances labour is performed in tasks of definite length,
separated by intervals for rest. Under ideal conditions rest intervals would occur
sufficiently often and would be sufficiently prolonged to ensure that a perfect recovery
should be attained after the performance of every task.

7312 c

An investigation of the manner in which recovery i'rom fatigue comes about
is rendered complicated by the fact that neither work nor rest ever holds the
field to the exclusion of its opposite. Hardly ever does an individual work with all
his might for more than a few minutes at a time. Very seldom does an individual
in ordinary health resign himself to absolute repose unless asleep. Even during
sleep repose is only relative, as many muscles in the body are still active the muscles
of respiration, of the heart and blood vessels, and of the alimentary canal. Thus
work and rest are ever intermingled; and although life is divided roughly into
periods of labour and periods for recovery, yet fatigue is continually being produced
during rest, and during labour the organism is continually striving to do away
with its results. Only, indeed, as a result of this last process can work be
carried on continuously for more than a very short period at a time. An isolated
muscle, cut off alike from all sources of energy and from all possibility of the
elimination of its waste, is able to perform an amount of work astonishing indeed
in view of the smallness of its bulk but strictly limited. The muscle in the body, on
the other hand, gets rid of its waste to the blood stream, and from the blood stream
continually receives fresh supplies of energy. Only when the blood itself is becoming
impoverished will the supply fail, and before this happens usually fresh food
material will have been absorbed.

The fatigue of the worker is largely mental, or at all events central. But
whilst knowledge of this is imperfect, it is perhaps better to reason in terms of
muscular fatigue if this can be done without danger of large errors being made.

A full appreciation of the constant intermingling of the processes of fatigue
production and fatigue elimination is needed- to approach the question of the
disappearance of fatigue in the worker during rest periods.

The figures already given may be employed to illustrate the general process of
recovery in individual workers.

Variations in the power of recovery from fatigue produced by differences
in the severity of labour, and especially by differences in the length of the periods
of work are shown in Chart No. 2A. The " Monday effect " is well seen, for not only
was there no recovery during Monday night, but recovery was actually present during
Monday's period of labour. There was improvement between Tuesday evening and
Wednesday morning of 31 cms., and between Wednesday evening and Thursday
morning of 42 cms. These are both comparatively small values, as the overtime days
on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday were sufficient to prevent a thorough recovery
from taking place. Thursday was an ordinary day, and accordingly there was a
great increase of recovery on Thursday night of 163 cms. On Friday night, after
an overtime day, the figure is reduced to 71 cms.

This and other curves demonstrate that, under certain conditions, the labour
of an overtime day may be sufficient to interfere with recovery from fatigue during
the night following.

In Chart No. 6A, recovery in a person who suffered from illness at the beginning
of the week is shown. As mentioned in dealing with the development of fatigue in
this individual, the illness seems to have been the predominating factor. Recovery
on Tuesday night, after a day of ordinary length, is represented by a low value of
25 as a result of the illness; on Wednesday night, after an overtime day, by 46. On
Thursday night an ordinary day was followed by a recovery of 44, less than that
of Wednesday night. Probably the effect of the week's work is now making itself
felt, and is even more evident on Friday night, when, after an overtime day, a
recovery of only 8 was registered.

* As illustrating the results of this intermingling it may be pointed out that the tests
employed not infrequently show that throughout the whole of Monday the ordinary relations of
fatigue production and elimination are so upset that the condition of the worker in the evening is
actually better than it was in the morning, and, conversely, that throughout the night the relations
are so upset that the worker's condition on Tuesday morning is worse than it was on the preceding
evening. These points are illustrated in Charts Nos. 1, 2, 2A, 5, and as regards the latter point only
in Nos. ;> and 4 also. (See a/s/i Monday effect, p. ;$">.)

1!)

CHART No. S.
CURVE OP RECOVERY.
KX REACTION TIME (COLOURS).

Actual values plotted.

Factory E, Winder No. I J.

(Week ending ;!0th .January, 11>J6.)

A rise of the curve indicates recovery.

Tu.
6- a

W Th
e-s-so 6-s-so

6- S

90
90
/oo
110

120
ISO

-S, 1

Orn-tiine. Dai/.

TABLE.

Fatigue = M E.

Th.

F. S.

Reaction time.

(Colours.)

106

114 104 <S4

100

140 118

100

M. E.

- 26

- 14 - 16

^(Differences.)

Chart No. 8 illustrates a case in which no work was done on Monday. On
Tuesday night a fall resembling the ordinary Monday effect occurred. On Wednes-
day and Thursday nights good recovery took place after days of ordinary length,
whilst on Friday night, after overtime, recovery was much diminished. This is
brought out still more clearly in Chart No. 9, where the values are treated differently.
The effect of overtime is well shown.

The recovery already dealt with occurs during the interval between the cessation
of labour in the evening and its resumption in the morning. The details of the
appearance of recovery, or the disappearance of fatigue, during one of the rest
intervals in the course of the day were examined also, and especial attention was
given to the relative completeness of the process on successive days of the week.

For this inquiry seven individuals were selected, three from the spinning room
and four from the room in which surgical dressings are dried. The hours in these
departments run from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m., from 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., and from 1.30 p.m.
to 5.30 p.m. Overtime is worked occasionally. The dinner interval is from
12.30 p.m. to 1.30 p.m. and this was selected as the most appropriate period
for examination. Use was made of the Complex Reaction Time test with
letters, and, as usual, the difference in the time taken to respond to the stimulus
before and after the period to be investigated has been taken for the construction of
the curve, shortening of the time of response being i-egarded as an indication of the
disappearance of fatigue. Results are given in Chart No. 10.

The examination was carried on for nearly three weeks, commencing on Tuesday,
November 2nd, and ending on Monday, November 22nd. On only two occasions was
an indication of recovery absent, viz., on the second Friday. November 12th, and on
Monday, November loth. With these exceptions the whole period shows that a
condition of quicker response follows the rest interval. On Thursday, November
4th, the improvement was slight, being no more than 1/100 sec. On Friday,
November 19th, the difference ran up to 16/100 sec,, which is about 11 per cent,
of the total time occupied.

7S12

,. L ,

( n.\RT No. '.'.

CUKVI-; (IK liKCOVKKY l)UHI.N(i THK XlKHT.
Co.MI'UOX REACTION TIME (COLOURS).

DillVrcllr.'.S (K - M).

Factory K, Winder Xo. \'2.

(Week endii'i,' iluih January, 1','Jt'..)

A rise of the curve indicate,-; recovery.

M. Tu. W. Th. r Sc

7u.
e- a

W. Th. r
e-sso e-sso e- s

42
38
34
52
28
24
20
/
/2
8

' liinj.

Overtime

Stated briefly, the process of recovery from fatigue consists of a graduaj
disappearance of the results of labour and a return of the worker to his former
condition. Ordinary tests do not distinguish between production of fatigue and
recovery, but take account of the resultant of these antagonistic processes. To obtain
a just appreciation of either separately, further tests would be necessary,* but
such tests in practice are usually unnecessary, since the resultant of the two pro-
cesses is the important factor, and may be estimated by methods already described.

In the worker, the power of recovery is determined primarily by his general
physical development, state of health and nutrition, freedom from staleness and
fatigue. These factors vary from day to day, and differences are found between
different workers. The power of recovery is greater at the beginning, less at the
(Mid of a period of labour,! and this is true also for the day and week. The curves
show that towards the end of a period of labour, towards the end of a day, and
towards the end of a week a given amount of labour produces a greater amount
of fatigue than at other times; if it is true also that at these times the power of
recovery is at its lowest, it necessarily follows that the fatigue accumulated will
be at its maximum.

Further, a lengthened period, caused by the abolition of rest-intervals, a
lengthened day, caused by the introduction of overtime, and a lengthened week,
caused by an interference with the week-end rest, will lead to a still more rapid
production of fatigue and a still less perfect recovery. Even the distribution of
the overtime days will affect the result.

Since the condition of the worker and his efficiency depend upon these factors,
I lie question of the proper length of period, day, and week, and of the proper
distribution of overtime, is one which merits the closest attention.

Su inmarij of tied ion I.
FATIGUE AS A RESULT OF OVERTIME.

Fatigue indicates a state of diminished efficiency occurring after labour, and
jtailly dependent upon it. The degree of fatigue is determined partly by the
duration and character of the labour performed, and partly by a variety of cir-
cumstances outside the mill, amongst which the home conditions of the worker are
important.

Labour is hot the sole cause of fatigue. Illness, indisposition, and lack of food
may be contributory. Illness and indisposition may greatly diminish the power
of recovery.

* It is impossible to isolate production, since recovery is always in progress, but production itself
may be minimised. Under these circumstances careful successive determinations afford a means of
estimating the activity of the process of recovery, whilst, if it be permissible to make the assumption
that recovery continues to progress unchanged for limited periods of time, or that the rate and
direction of its changes are constant, it is possible by subsequent experiments to investigate the
process of production also.

t For exceptions, see under Monday effect.

Existing industrial conditions lead to an increase of the normal development
ol fatigue and to a diminution of the normal power of recovery. Members of the
office staff may show signs of fatigue and overstrain equally with the factory hands.

Development of fatigue and recovery are concomitant processes. The rates of
the accumulation and disappearance of fatigue are determined by the relative
activity of production and recovery.

Ordinary tests give the resultant of these two processes, which is useful
practically, as indicating the existing state, or " fitness," of the worker.

Development of fatigue preponderates during labour, recovery prepondez-ates
during rest. During the day fatigue accumulates. During the night the accumula-
tion is dissipated. The effect, however, of the recovery may not show itself on
Monday, when co-ordination is disturbed owing to abstention from labour. Where
no work is done on Monday, the effect may be transferred -to Tuesday.

Power of recovery is greater at the beginning of period, day, and week, than
towards their end. Fatigue production is less rapid towards the beginning than
towards the end.

Since production is greatest and recovery is least towards the end of period,
day, and week, fatigue accumulation is then at its maximum.

A lengthening of period, day, or week leads to increased fatigue accumulation.
The distribution of overtime days affects the result.

Under present conditions, production of fatigue becomes progressively more
rapid from day to day; recovery becomes less rapid. Thus fatigue accumulates, and
" balancing," which tends to diminish fatigue by diminishing application, is
introduced. Production and recovery are restored to the normal, and accumulated
fatigue is dissipated, by the week-end rest.

Where the week-end rest is suspended, fatigue will persist.

Residual fatigue, resulting from inadequate rest, leads to lowered efficiency
and lessened output.

Overtime labour, when performed by a tired worker, results in an amount of
fatigue out of proportion to the length and severity of the labour. Fatigue produc-
tion is increased and recovery is lessened by overtime.

The fatigue which follows a period of overtime is influenced by the previous
condition of the worker.

An increase in the amount of overtime worked in a given period will produce
an increase of fatigue out of proportion to the increased time.

Overtime periods worked on consecutive days produce more fatigue than if
separated by days of ordinary length.

Overtime introduced late in the week produces more fatigue than if introduced
earlier.

Overtime produces different results in different individuals according to con-
stitution, habits, and nutrition, and also according to varying " fitness." It may
lead to serious waste of time.

Overtime, even when not leading to injurious fatigue, is deleterious to health
as necessitating long hours spent in the atmosphere and surroundings of the mill,
interference with meals, sleep, relaxation and exercise in the open air.

The effect of overtime is not confined to the days on which it is worked.

In the great majority of cases investigated, overtime was not desired by the
workers.

The harmful effect of overtime, may be accentuated by the presence of unfriendly
supervisors.

Overtime labour is physiologically and economically extravagant. It frequently
fails in achieving its object.

Labour performed at night may be regarded as analogous to overtime labour.
It is performed at unusual hours, 'its effect in producing fatigue may be greater
than a similar task performed during the day. This effect appears to be modified
after the night work has been in progress for some days, owing to an adaptation
of the normal diurnal variations of the worker to the new conditions. For this
reason a weekly change from day shift to night shift and vice versa appears to be
unduly frequent. The difficulty' of obtaining satisfactory sleep by day affects the
result.

SECTION II.

THE INFLUENCE OF FATIGUE AND OF OVERTIME

UPON OUTPUT.

(For Summary, see p. 43.)

In the previous Section it has been shown that increased fatigue is likely to arise
as ;i result of lengthening the ordinary hours of labour. In the present Section
an endeavour is made to show the influence of such fatigue, and the result of the
working of overtime, upon output.

The factors which control output include the circumstances of the worker,
such as his skill, physical condition and general health, the presence of fatigue,
lack of adequate rest, character of food, and existence of worry, and circumstances
affecting his work, such as the condition of the machinery, the supply of material,
the efficiency of associated workers, weather conditions, &c. There also appear to
be factors the exact nature of which is as yet unrecognised.

Experiments were made upon three categories of workers :
Winders.

Surgical Lint Packers.
Boracic Lint Packers.

In the Winding Room work commences at 6 a.m. and continues till 8 a.m.
Half an hour is then allowed for breakfast. The next period of work is from
8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., when an hour is allowed for dinner. From 1.30 p.m. till
5.30 p.m. is the afternoon period, at the end of which those who are not working
overtime leave the mill. Those who are working overtime take half an hour for tea,
which, with cakes, scones, &c., is provided free of cost. From 6 p.m. till 8 p.m. is the
period of overtime.

The work in the Winding Room is regarded by the Overlooker as being more
strenuous than that in other rooms in his department (weaving, &c.). It demands
a considerable amount of exertion as well as great manual dexterity. No oppor-
tunity is afforded for rest so long as the work is in progress. The operatives state
that they find the work tiring, more especially during the overtime period. The
constant standing which the work demands is also felt to be a source of fatigue.

The atmosphere of this roonv is often very close, though apparatus for venti-
lation has been provided.

The character of the work is as follows :

The yarn is brought up from the spinning frames on bobbins. These are
contained in large wicker baskets (skeps), each of which contains about 198 bobbins,
and weighs roughly 50 to 60 pounds. The weight appears to be made as follows :-

" Skep " (wicker basket), 12 to 15 Ibs.

198 bobbins, about 17^ Ibs.

Cotton yarn, about 30 Ibs.

These " doffings " are emptied into a trough about 18 inches from the ground, and
just below the winding machine. From the trough the bobbins are taken as required
and placed upon spindles, and the end of the yarn carried to a reel fixed upon a
revolving spindle above and behind the bobbins. There is a single row of bobbins
and a double row of reels.

The duty of the winder is

To replace bobbins as they become empty.

To replace reels as they become full.

To tie up broken yarn.

To exercise general supervision over her part of the machine. This

generally consists of 31 bobbins, with the corresponding reels.
The moving and emptying of the " doffings " involves a considerable amount of
,bonr. whilst the constant reaching over and removing of the full reels is by no
means light work. Dexterity is demanded above all in tying up the ends of the
yarn when a new bobbin or a new reel is commenced, and when the thread is broken
by accident. The rapidity with which the bobbins are changed also depends largely
upon the dexterity of the worker. The work is paid for at piece rates, and- there
are large differences in the earnings of different winders. It is stated that a <*ood
winder may deal with up to 15 " doffings " a day

In some experiments the actual time in minutes worked by each individual winder
was noted, and the number of bobbins wound in the different periods of the day was
ascertained by counting. From these data the number of bobbins wound per hour
by each worker in each period of the day was calculated. The results have been
used in constructing curves of individual workers, and the average curve has been
made from these. In other experiments the " factory time " was taken, instead of
the actual minutes worked. *The difference was often considerable.

On one occasion a worker was provided with a supply of badly spun yarn,
which caused delay. On another occasion a winder was removed to a machine
dealing with yarn of a different character. The results of the periods so affected
have been omitted from the averages.

Some of the workers were irregular in their attendance in the second week,
and, therefore, two averages have been calculated and are shown in the curves the
average of all the workers present on any one day (red) and the average of those
workers who were present throughout the week (green).*

The results of all six winders are given in the tables.

Determination of Output.

WINDERS.
Bobbins per hour.
The actual numbers obtained were as follows :-

Worker's
Number.

8.3012.30.

1.305.30.

68.

No. 8 ...
No. 9 ...
No. 10...
No. 12...

Average ...

Total
Per hour
Total
Per hour
Total
Per hour
Total
Per hour

Nov. 22nd. 1915 (Monday).

Bobbins.
202.5
121-2
141
84-0
277
10)6 -2
489
29I5-4

166-3

Bobbins.
603
150-75

998
249-5
1,099
274-75
957

228-3

Bobbins.

570

162-5
1 .000

250

938

234-5
1,010

252-5

224-8

Bobbins.
298
162-5
163
103
341
L86
396
216

166-7

Nov. 23rd (Tuesday).

No. 8 ...
No. 9 ...
No. 10...
No. 12...

Average ...

Total
Per hour
Total
Per hour
Total
Per hour
Total
Per hour

346f

420

188

105

245

810

127

202-5

245}

1,033

140

,-258-2

453

909

236

227-2

172

198

846
211-5
922
230-5
880
234-6
1,170
292-5

242

273
148
324
176

162

s Refer to Charts NOB. 11 and 12.

t 1 hour 50 minutes.

f No. 10 ceased work at 7.50 = 1 hour 45 minutes. '

No. 10 ceased work at 5.15 = 3 hours 45 minutes.

N.B. Although each period contains a definite number of hours, the individual workers some-
times Arrived late or left early, so that it was necessary to determine the time actually worked by
each separately. The above instances will serve as illustrations. Details have not, been given in
every case.

Worker's
Number.

6-S. 8.3012.30. 1.305.30.

fi 8

Nov. 25 (Thursday).

Bobbins.

Bobbins. Bobbins.

Bobbins.

No. 8

Total

279

867 853 328

Per hour

152-1

216-7

213-2

164

No. 9 Total

194 1,017

761

348

Per hour

97 254-2

190-2

174

No. 10 Total

408 1,003 ' 987

194(7.15)

Per hour

204 250-7 246-7

155-2

No. 12 Total

442 1,028

983

392

Per hour

221

257

245-7

196

Average ...

168-5

244-6

223-9

172-3

Nov. 26 (Friday).

No. 8 Total

383 929

802

603

Per hour

209 232-2

200-5

301-5

No. 9 Total ... 496 554

925

416

Per hour ... \ 248* 138'5*

231-2

208

No. 10

Total ... ; 415 1,188

1,071

423

Per hour ... 207 -5 297

267-7 211-5

No. 12

Total ... 606 1,219

1,118 405

Per hour ... 303 304 -7

279-5 202-5

Average ...

239-8

277-9

244-7 230-8

Nov. 27 (Saturday).

No. 8 ...

Total

414

938

Per hour

207

341

No. 9

Total ... 414

844

Per hour ... 225-8

297-9

No. 10

Total ... 520

858

Per hour ... ; 283 '6

312

No. 12

Total ... 518

719

Per hour ... 259

261-4

Average ...

243-8

303

In the second week the figures were :

Nov. 29, 1915 (Monday).

No. 8

Total

384

964

853

Per hour

209-4

241

213-2

No. 9

Total

123

991

1,088

350

Per hour

67-1

253

272

175

No. 10

Total ... 483

944

988

554

Per hour ... 241-5 236

247 277

No. 12

Total ... 458 1,021

973 327

Per hour ... 229 255 '2

243-2 163-5

No. 14

Total ... 885

783 478

Per hour ... 221 '2

195-7 239

Average ...

186-7

241-3

234-2

213-6

Nov. 30 (Tuesday).

No. 8 Total ... . 1,051

903 400

Per hour ... 1

262-7

230-5

200

No. 9

Total

313

74G

918

400

Per hour

163

186-5

229-5

200

No. 10

Total

433

1,074

919

521

Per hour

225-9

268-5

229-7

260-5

No. 12

Total

438.

1,184

960

321

Per hour

219

296 240

160-5

No. 14 : Total

911 1,058

411

Per hour

227-7

264-5

205-5

No. 13 Total

277

938

843

504

Per hour

138-5

234-5

240-8

302-4

Average ...

186-6

245-9

239-1

221-4

Bad yarn was supplied. Figures omitted from averages before and after breakfast.

7312

Worker's
Number.

fi 8

X 30 1 9 -',0

1 30

5 30

68.

O O.

Dec. 1 (Wednesday).

Bobbins.

No. 8

Total

ass

1,248

1,144

375

Per hour

211-6

312

286

195-6

No. 9

Total

430

766

628

258

Per hour

224-3

191-5

157

140-7

No. 10...

Total

412

1,043

1,058

516

Per hour.

214-9

260-7

264-5

269-2

No. 12

Total

542

897 955

462

Per hour

282-7

224-2 238-7

241

No. 14

Total

387

861 1,029

419

Per hour

221-1

215-2 257

209-5

No. 13

Total

361 841

1,030

372

Per hour

216-6 210- -2

257-5

186

Average ... '

228-5 235-6

243-5

207

Dec. 2 (Thursday).

No. 8

Total

429

1,191

1,146

406

Per hour

245

297-7

286-5

221-4

No. 9

Total

469

683

756

290

Per hour

234-5

170-7

189

158-1

No. 10

Total

592

1,001

1,056

565

Per hour

296

250-2

264

308-1

No. 12

Total

476

1,103

1,017

466

Per hour

238

275-7

254-2

233

No. 14

Total

436

1,188

917

603

Per hour

249-1

297

229-2

301-5

No. 13

Total

379

1,073

1,125

384

Per hour

206-7

268-2

281-2

192

Average ...

244-8

259-9

250-6

235-6

Dec. 3 (Friday).

No. 8

Total

375

1.022

1,030

516

Per hour

204-5

255-5

257-5

269-2

No. 9

Total

353

798

908

249

Per hour

176-5

199-5

227

124-5

No. 10

Total

413

899

1,107

532

Per horn-

206-5

224-7

276-7

277-5

No. 12

Total

434

1,066

917

373

Per hour

217

266-5

229-2

186 -5

No. 14

Total

564

928

858

266

Per hour

307-6

232

214-5

133

No. 13

Total

491

915

921

358

Per hour

267 -S

228-7

230-2

379

Average ...

229-9

234-5

239-2

194-9

Dec. 4 (Saturday),

Special Overtime, 1-4.50 p.m.

No. 8

Total

2'.) 7

852

Per hour

148-5

309-8

No. 9

Total

257

77.",

587

'Per hour

128-5

331-2

153-1

No. 10

Total

573

S73

870

Per hour

286-5

374-1

226-9

No. 12

Total

688

863 '

989

Per hour

344

369-8

258

No. 14

Total

Absent

823

Absent

Per hour

352-7

No. 13

Total

352 564

895

Per hour

183-6 241-7

233-5

Average ... ., ... 218'2

329-8 217-9

Explanation of the Results.
See Charts Nos. 11 and 12.

The figures employed in the construction of the curves are expressed in terms
of bobbins wound per hour. The different winders have been distinguished by a
difference of marking. The average curve is inserted in red.

The number of bobbins wound per hour is indicated on the vertical line to the left
of the figure. The days are indicated on the base-line.

Periods of overtime are indicated by black squares.

Taking the first day, Monday, No. 8 Winder was working at the rate of about
121 bobbins per hour from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m. From 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. she increased
the number to 150 per hour, from 1.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m. to 162 per hour. This rate
she was able to keep up also through the two hours of overtime, the reason possibly
being that she was winding slowly all day, and therefore was not unduly fatigued.

No. 9 Winder started work slowly, and during the before-breakfast period only
averaged 85 bobbins per hour. During the next period, 8.30 to 12,30, the rate
increased largely (to about 249), and was maintained in the afternoon. In the over-
time period the rate fell to 103.

With No. 10 Winder a somewhat similar result was obtained. The first period
gave 166; the second, 275; the third, 234; and overtime, 186.

In the case of No. 12, the first period gave a high value, viz., 293; the second,
239 ; the third, 252 ; whilst in the overtime period the number fell to 216.

On the Tuesday, No. 8 Winder commenced with an output of 188 bobbins
per hour, dropping steeply to 105 during the second period. From 1.30 p.m. to
5.30 p.m. she worked at the rate of 211. During the overtime period she was absent.

No. 9 Winder commenced badly at 127, the number rose to 202 in the morning
period, rose to 230 in the afternoon, and fell in the overtime period to 176.

No. 10 started badly at 140, rose steeply to 258, and then fell to 214. In
the overtime period the number was 148.

No. 12 started at 236. This fell to 227 in the morning period, and rose to 292
in the afternoon; in the overtime period she was absent.

On Thursday, No. 8 commenced at 152, rose to 217. almost maintained this level
for the afternoon (213), and dropped to 164 in the overtime period.

No. 9 commenced at 97, a very low figure, rose to 254, dropping to 190 and 174
during the afternoon and overtime periods respectively.

No. 10 commenced at 204, rose to 251, and fell again to 247 and 155 in the
last two periods of the day.

No. 12 commenced at 221, rose to 257, and fell to 246 and 196 in the last two
periods.

Saturday was a half -day, but the figures are of interest :
No. 8, 207 in the early period, 341 in morning.
No. 9, 226 298
No. 10, 284 312
No. 12, 259 261

Most of the figures on Saturday were high. This may have been owing to
the anticipation of the week-end rest. There is generally an effort made on
Saturday to clear up all material on the machine in order to facilitate the weekly
cleaning.

The averages come out as follows (see Chart No. 11) :
In the first Curve (Monday)

6 am. -8 a.m.... ... 166

8.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m. 228

1.30 p.m.-5.30 p.m 225

6 p.m. -8 p.m. (Overtime) ... ... ... ... 167

In the second Curve (Tuesday) the average gives

6 a.m. -8 a.m. 172

8.30 a.m.-12-30 p.m ... 198

1.30 p.nu-5.30 p.m. ... ... 242

6-8 p.m., overtime .... 162

7312 D 2

In the third Curve (Thursday) the averages are :

6 a.m. -8 a.m. 168

8.30 a,m.-12-30 p.m 245

1.30 p.m.-5.30 p.m. ... 224

6-8 p.m., overtime ... ... ... ... ... 172

in the fourth Curve (Friday) the averages are :

6 a.m.-8 a.m. 240

8.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m. 278

1.30 p.m.-5.30 p.m. ... 245

6-8 p.m., overtime ... ... 231

In the fifth Curve (Saturday) the averages are :

6 a.m.-8 a.m. 244

8.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m. 303

In the second week the conditions are similar. On the Monday-
No. 8 commenced at the rate of 209 rising to 241 in the morning, and dropped
to 213 in the afternoon. She was absent during the overtime period.

No. 9 commenced very slowly, showing a figure of 67 only. This rose to 253
in the morning, and to 272 in the afternoon. During overtime it fell to 175.

No. 10 started well at 242, but fell away during the morning to 236, rising
during afternoon to 247, and an unusual occurrence during overtime to 277.

No. 12 also started well with a rate of 229, rose to 255 in the morning, fell to
244 in the afternoon, and dropped to a low level 163 during overtime.

Two additional individuals were examined during this week, and the
results are given, but since they were not examined during the first week,
and since, moreover, they were irregular in their attendance, the values obtained
have not been taken into account in calculating the average (green). They are
included in the red curve. (Chart No. 12.)

On Monday No. 14 was absent during the early morning period. She showed
rates of 221 in the morning, 195 in the afternoon, and 239 during overtime.

No. 13 was absent all day.

On the Tuesday No. 8 was absent during the first period. During the second
period she worked at the rate of 263 bobbins per hour, during the afternoon at 230,
and during the overtime at 200.

No. 9 commenced badly again (164), though considerably better than on Monday.

During the morning she rose to 186, and during the afternoon to 230. Overtime
produced less effect than usual, the rate standing at 210.

No. 10 commenced well with 225, rose sharply to 268, fell during the afternoon
to 230, and, as on Monday, rose to 260 during overtime.

No. 12 commenced at 220, rose to 295 during the morning, and fell sharply
to 240 in the afternoon, and to 160 during overtime.

No. 14 commenced work at 8.30 with a rate of 228. This rose in the afternoon
to 264, and fell in overtime to 205.

No. 13 began early at 138, rose in the morning to 234 and to 241 in the afternoon,
and rose still further to 302 in overtime.

On the Wednesday No. 8 commenced with 212, and rose to 310 during the
morning, falling to 286 in the afternoon and to 196 in overtime.

No. 9 commenced more rapidly than on either of the previous days, winding
at the rate of 224 bobbins per hour. This rate fell rapidly to 191 during the morn-
ing, to 157 in the afternoon, and to 140 during overtime.

The fall in output during the day is represented by a line which is almost
straight.

No. 10 commenced at 157, rose sharply to 260, and during the afternoon and
overtime rather more than maintained this rate, giving figures of 265 and 270 for
these two periods.

No. 12 commenced very well with an output of 283, which, however, dropped to
225 during the morning. The afternoon and overtime show 239 and 241 respectively.

Nos. 14 and 13 showed changes of rate which were remarkably similar. They
commenced at 221 and 217, dropped to 215 and 210. and rose to 257 'in the afternoon.
In overtime they dropped to 209 and 186.

On Thursday the general average is distinctly higher than on previous days.
The figures are as follows :

No. 8 started at 245, rose to 298 in the morning, dropped slightly to 287 in the
afternoon, and to 222 in the overtime period.

No. 9 started fairly well at 235, but fell sharply to 170 in the morning. In the
afternoon her rate was 189, and during overtime 158.

No. 10 commenced very well at 295, dropped to 250 in the morning, rising again
to 264 in the afternoon, and to 308 in the overtime. This is a curious inverted curve,
for which at present I have found no explanation.

No. 12 commenced with a rate of 238, rose to 275, and dropped during the after-
noon to 255. During overtime the rate was 233.

No. 14 commenced at 249, rose to 297, dropped to 229 in the afternoon, and in
the overtime period rose again to 301.

No. 13 commenced at 207, rose to 268 in the morning and to 281 in the afternoon.
In overtime the rate dropped to 192.

On Friday the general form of the earlier curves is preserved.

No. 8 commenced at 205, rose to 255 in the morning and to 258 in the afternoon.
During overtime the rate was 269.

No. 9 had returned to the form of curve shown at the beginning of the week.
The value for the early period was 176, for the morning 199, for the afternoon 227,
and for overtime 125.

No. 10 shows for the early period, 206, which rises to 225 in the morning, and
again in the afternoon to 277 ; a value which is retained during overtime.

No. 12 begins with a value of 217, which rises steeply to 267 in the morning
and falls to 230 in the afternoon. The overtime value is 187.

No. 14, like No. 12 and No. 10, began with a high rate, 307. This dropped
to 232 and 214 during the mid-day periods. In overtime it fell further to 133.

No. 13 began at 268, dropped to 229 and 230 in the mid-day periods, and to
179 in overtime.

On Saturday, which is a half-day, the curve is naturally of a different form.
No. 8 began with an output of 249, rose to 309 in the morning, and was absent
for the rest of the day.

No. 9 started badly with an output of- 129, which rose to 330 during the morning,
and fell to 153 in the overtime period.

No. 10 commenced winding rapidly 287 per hour, increased her rate to the
highest value seen in the whole week during the morning, when her figures were 374,
and dropped during overtime to 227.

No. 12 shows the highest value for the week for the early period, having a rate
of 344, which rises to 369 in the morning, and falls to 258 during overtime.

No. 14 was absent from the early morning work and also from the special over-
time in the afternoon. During the morning her rate was 353.

No. 13 began at 184, and rose to 242. In the special overtime her rate was 233.
The averages give the following results. (See Chart No. 12) :

Average of 3 only

Average of all

(Nos. 9, 10, 12),

Day.

Time.

Workers.

who were present for

(Red curve.)

the whole week.

(Green curve.)

Monday, November 2IHh

G 8 a.m. ...

187

179

8.3012.30

2-11

248

1.305.30

234

254

6 8 Overtime

214

205

Tuesday, November 30th

6 8 a.m

187

203

8.3012.30

246

248

1.305.30

239

234

6 8 Overtime

221

217

Wednesday, December let

6 8 a.m

228

240

8.3012.30

236

225

1.305.30

243

220

68 Overtime

207

216

Thnreday, December 2nd

6 8a.m. ...

245

256

8.3012.30

260 232

1.305.30

251 235

6 8 Overtime

236

227

Day.

Time.

Average of all
Workers.
(Red curve.)

Average of 3 only
(Nos. 9, 10, 12),
who were present for
the whole week.
(Green curve.)

Friday, December 3rd

6 8 a.m
8.3012.30
1.305.30
6 8 Overtime

230
235
239
195

200

230

244
196

Saturday, December 4th

6 8a.m. ...
8.3011.15
14.50

219
229
218

253

258
207

The curves of both weeks (Charts 11 and 12) show indications of a similar
alteration from day to day of the values for the early morning and overtime output.
This alteration, indefinite in the first week and well marked in the second, shows
that, whilst at the beginning of the week output was lowest during the early morn-
ing period, as the week progressed output during the early morning period improved,
whilst, especially towards the end of the week, it declined during overtime. On
Thursday, Friday, Saturday the lowest output is found during overtime.

Two processes appear to be at work, one, the improvement of output during
early morning period as " Monday's effect " wears off, and the other, the decline of
output during the overtime period as the week's fatigue becomes operative.

On Saturday 4th December, the average for the early morning period is seen to be
normal. During the middle day period the output was higher than at any other
period in the week. According to the usual Saturday custom work ceases at 12.30
p.m., but on this particular day a special overtime period was introduced in order
to make up arrears. The period was from 1 p.m. to 4.50 p.m. and the output is
seen to have been unequal to that of any dther middle day period, reaching only to
the 217 mark. Probably the workers were already tired by their week's work, and
unable to stand the strain of an extra overtime period, even though this came at the
end of a half day, and was worked in the afternoon.

An examination of the first curve of output (Winders, week ending 27th
November) shows that the average output for the early morning period is slightly
lower on Monday than on Tuesday or on Thursday. In the week ending 4th
December, the early morning output, taking the average of 3 Winders, is low on
Monday, 179, and becomes progressively higher on the next four days, attaining
the rate of 265 on the Friday. On Saturday the rate dropped to 253. A similar
tendency is to be seen in the Curve of Output, Lint packers, week ending llth
December, and in the Curve of Output of Boracic Packers, week ending llth
December. On Monday in the week ending 18th December the Boracic Packers
Curve is incomplete. The process referred to is sufficiently definite to call for
explanation. It tends more towards a rise on certain days of the week of the early
morning output above Monday's result, than towards a progressive rise as the week
goes on, though this latter is indicated in one of the curves. The phenomenon
appears to be due to the lack of efficiency which is ordinarily encountered on
Monday morning, and which tends to diminish output. The generally unsatis-
factory nature of the early morning output is probably due to fatigue, discomfort,
and, in some cases, to lack of food. These things are due indirectly to the working
of overtime. (See pp. 35, 41-42.) Their influence would be felt more strongly on
Monday morning, when it would be difficult to get into harness owing to the liberty
enjoyed on Sunday. Later in the week the influence of Sunday's liberty would be
weaker, work would be resumed with less effort, and output would rise accordingly.

In the Curve of Output, Winders, week ending 4th December, the average curve
of the three workers, Nos. 9, 10, 12, drawn in green, shows an early morning output
on Wednesday and Thursday that is actually greater than the output for the middle
periods of the day, although when the average curve for all of the workers, drawn
in red, is taken this does not occur. The result is brought about by the
abnormally high output of one or of several workers during this period,
the effect being due to different individuals on different days. For instance, on
Wednesday, No. 12 shows a very high output (283) although the other members are
grouped about the 215 line, and the average of all workers present was 227. On

Thursday it is No. 10 who shows a high early morning output of 296, four of the others
being grouped about the 240 line. On Friday, two workers out of the six showed
high early morning outputs, one of them No. 14 actually starting at a rate 308
that is only reached on two other occasions during the week, except on the short day,
Saturday. The reasons for these irregularities are at present obscure.

In the Curve of Output, Lint Packers, Chart No. 13, that of Friday (December
10th) differs from that of Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday in the diminished
value shown for the period 8.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m., and closer inspection shows that
this is due to the unsatisfactory output of a single worker, No. 33. There was no
apparent reason for this loss of efficiency, but it should be noted that, although
starting with the others on Saturday morning and maintaining the output fairly
well for the 8.30 a.m. -12.30 p.m. period, this worker was unable to last to the end
of even the short Saturday's task, but did very badly during the overtime period,
falling to a low level whilst the other members of the group were increasing their
output. The same worker shows an unsatisfactory output for the early morning
period on Wednesday, 8th December, so that the injurious influence appears to
have been acting in her case during nearly the whole of this week. That the cause,
whatever its nature, was purely temporary is shown by the fact that in the following
week her output was quite satisfactory and on most of the days followed that of
the other members of the group, whilst on the Tuesday, December 14th, during th'e
8.30 a.m. -12.30 p.m. period, it was distinctly above the average.

Instances of individual oscillations, due, it may be, to similar influences are
to be found also in the records for the week ending December 18th, 1915, where the
worker, No. 35, did only fairly well (on Tuesday), or badly (on Wednesday) in the
period 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.. and conspicuously badly in the period of overtime on
Tuesday, whilst the worker, No. 34, did particularly well in the 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m.
period on Wednesday. As a rule, the curves of these three workers follow each
other with remarkable constancy. This may be accounted for by tEe fact that
there appears to be some sort of agreement amongst them to turn out approximately
similar quantities per diem. There is thus a kind of averaging process at work,
which however, does not interfere with the interest of the results in their relation to
the different periods of the day. Moreover, the irregularities above-mentioned
show that the averaging process ceases to act as soon as the efficiency of any par-
ticular individual fluctuates (Chart No. 14).

The phenomena can perhaps be referred to the group of variations of output
the causes of which are obscure but are to be sought in the private life of the indi-
vidual rather than in his environment at the mill. A fractious child, leading to
loss of sleep, has been traced as the cause of unsatisfactory work in one case. Want
of food was apparently the cause in another.

Saturday's curve is more easily explained, as the workers started with the inteni.ion
of clearing the machines. The early morning output is fair, the midday output is
excellent, but fell off very rapidly during overtime (which only lasted till 4.50) in
consequence of the week's accumulation of fatigue. The same cause is probably
responsible for the sudden fall in the overtime output of Friday.

The outstanding feature of the curves is the demonstration they afford of the
presence in each day of two periods during which the output is small (6-8 in the
morning and 6-8 in the evening), and two periods during which the output is larger.
Taking the average of the two low output periods in the first tAvo days, the figure
obtained is 166'35 bobbins per hour, whilst if the average of the two higher output
periods of the same days is taken, we get the figure 223'27, a difference of no less
than 56'50 bobbins per hour, or 678 bobbins (three and a third doffings) per day.

Conclusions formed as a result of an examination of workers in the winding
room are confirmed when those in other departments are tested. In the case of
women engaged in weighing and packing surgical lint, the values are expressed in
pounds wound per hour. The hours of labour are similar to those in the winding
room, the details being as follows :

LINT PACKERS AND BORACIC LINT PACKERS
Details of Work and Overtime.

Lint Packers.

'Die lint packers work four periods in the day, viz. :
6 a.m. -8 a.m.
8,30 a.m.-12.30 p.m.
1.30 p.m.-5.30 p.m.
6 p.m. -8 p.m., overtime.

On Saturdays they work overtime from 1 p.m. till 5 p.m. ; actual rolling of lint
is finished at 4.30 p.m., after which the benches are cleared.
The lint packers are paid a daily wage.

Their duties are to fetch the lint which has been folded in the next room, roll
it up roughly into a bundle, at the same time picking out any foreign matter or
splinters of wood, and weigh it, each pound as it is weighed being cut off from the
main piece. The material is only loosely rolled as it passes next to a special machine
to be rolled tightly before being finally packed.

Borucic Lint Packers.

The boracic lint packers work three periods only in the day, viz. :

6 a.m. -8 a.m.

8.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m.

1.30 p.m. -5.30 p.m.
No overtime is worked.
The workers are pai d by time.

Their duties are .to convey the material (boracic lint) from the far end of the
room to their benches. This they do by drawing it along the floor in skeps. It is
then wound tightly round an iron rod, the rod is withdrawn and the roll weighed.
Each pound as it is weighed is cut off from the remainder. Any deposit from the
solution which has dried on the lint has to be removed, and, as the material is
smooth and very slippery to handle, this often takes time. Removal of foreign
material is more difficult from the boracic lint than from the ordinary lint;
it has to be scraped and brushed out, whereas with ordinary lint it is simply picked
off. Moreover, the boracic lint is rolled by the worker much more tightly than the
ordinary lint and is packed immediately, whereas the ordinary lint is rolled for
packing by a machine.

Thus, although the work of the two sets of individuals is similar and may be
compared, the actual output of the boracic lint packers is uniformly smaller than
that of the ordinary lint packers.

DATA OF OUTPUT.
Lint Packers December, 1915.
Pounds of Lint Rolled per Hour.

Number.

Tuesday, 7th.

Wednesday, 8th.

Thursday, 9th.

Friday, 10th.

Saturday, llth.

3012.30.

a I

;

i i

:f
4

JJJ

*** eo

3012.30.

P.M.

.305.30

o
ec

T 1
g

P.M.
.305.30.

4i
44

P.M.
.805.30.

1-1

No. 33

73-0

86.3

79-1

64-0

62-6

85-8

76-6

64-0

72-0

78-6

78-8

64-0

73-0

61-8

78-6

64-0

75-1

88-0

66-6

No. 34 ...

73-0

86-3

76-6

64-0

75-1

84-2

81-7

55-0

77-5

80-6

81-7

64-0

73-0

81-1

81-7

57-1

74-0

94-2

96-6

No. 35 ...

73-0

86-3

78-6

61-0

77-7

85-3

79-9

57-1

74-0

81-1

81-7

64-0

74-0

85-8

78-6

BT't

73-0

96-0

98-6

Average

73-0

86-3

78-1

64-0

71-8

85-1

79-4

58-7

74-5

80-1

80-7

64-0

73-3

76-2

79-6

59-4

74-0

92-7

87-2

N.B. 1. The times represent the periods of the day, and are not the actual hours

worked by individuals.
2. The figures give pounds of lint rolled per hour.

DATA OF OUTPUT.
Lint Packers December, 1915.
Pounds of Lint Rolled per Hour.

Monday, 13th.

Tuesday, 14th.

Wednesday, 15th.

Thursday, 16th.

Friday. 17th.

Rat., 18th.

Number.

M - ^

7 |

^ 1

*~'\ 7 s I

yJ \

s'? T

33 ?

1 K '

<-i

* . 1

s; 4

.] 1

pjj Li

< -^

2 ^'S

cc ~

No. 33

74-8

79-7

72-0

64-0

73-0

85-8

76-6

80-0

74-0

73-6

78-6

(H-0

72-0

81-1

76-fi 6t-0

73-0

81-1

64-a

fit-if

73-0

91-4

74-6

No. 34

74-0

81-0

76-6

64-2

73-0

77-1

76-6

80-0

74-0

8.V8

78-6

64-0

72-0

81-7

78-6

64-0

73-0

81-1

li (-3

64-0

73-0 90-8

74-6

No. 3.-,

73-0

81-3

76-6

66-2

73-0

76'G

79-7

57-1

73-0

71-6

78-6

64-0

73-0

81-7

76-f,

(14-d

70-9

81-7

63'9

IH-0

74-0

90-8

74-6

Average

73-9

80-6

75-0

64-8

73-0

79-8

77-6

72-3

73-6

78-6

64-0

72-3

81-.-)

77-2

64-0

72-3

81-3

64-1

64-0

73-3

91-0

746

N.B. 1. The times represent the periods of the day, and are not the actual hours

worked by individuals.
2. The figures give pounds of lint rolled per hour.

Summarising these results, the following figures are obtained :
In the week ending December llth the average output in Ibs. per hour for the
first three periods of the day was :

AVERAGE OF FIRST THREE PERIODS.

Tuesday ...
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

78-6
78'5
763

The output for the overtime period for the same days was :

OVERTIME.

Tuesday

Wednesday

Thursday

Friday

In the week ending 18th December, some of the figures are as follows :

64
59
64
595

Monday
Tuesdaj* . .
Wednesday
Thursday ..
Friday

Average

for first three

periods.

76-5
77-16
75! -3

Overtime.

72-:$

64
64
64

Comparing the output during the best period of the day with the output during
overtime, the figures are :

Week ending December llth.

Best period.

Overtime.

Tuesday ...

86-5

Wednesday

Thursday ...

80-5

Friday

79-5

59-5

731 ->

Week ending December 18th.

Monday
Tuesday ...
Wednesday

80-5

79-5
78-5

65
72
64

Thursday ...

81-5

Friday

The following table shows the average output for the early morning period
compared with that of the middle-day periods :

Average of all members

rkf tVl C* fr JTMl 11 frtl* tVlP

or trie (jrroup tor
middle periods of day.

OJ. Ml" VTi U (I VJ L\Jl 1 1J.C

early morning period.

Tuesday ...

82-2

Wednesday

(

82-25

71-8

Thursday ..

80-4

74-o

Friday

77-8

73-3

Saturday ...

89-9

Monday

77-6

73-9

Tuesday ...

78-7

Wednesday

78-6

73-6

Thursday ...

79-3

- 72-3

Friday

72-7

72-3

Saturday . . .

82-8

73-3

Thus, the results of -the lint packers show that, as in the case of the winders,
there are two periods of the day the early morning and the overtime showing
a low output, and two periods the morning and the afternoon showing a higher
output. The general shape of the curve in the two cases is similar, though the
lessened output during overtime is more marked in the case of the lint packers.

Influences, therefore, are at work during the early morning and the late
evening which tend to diminish output, whilst these influences are absent, or less
active, during the remainder of the day.

Dealing first with the early morning period, it has been stated that this period
commences at 6 a.m. and continues till 8 a.m. Many of the workers live at some
distance from the mill (f mile, 2J miles, f mile, f mile) and in order to arrive at their
work by 6 a.m. and get some food before starting, they must rise soon after 5 o'clock.
In the evening they do not leave the mill till 8 p.m., they have then to get home,
take supper, and attend to any domestic matters. Most of them get to bed about
10 p.m. They are not very ready to get up in the morning, and naturally put ir
off to the latest possible moment. They arrive at their work in a hurry, uncom-
fortable, some of them unfed, possibly with wet feet and damp clothes. These
conditions are not conducive to good and rapid work.

In addition, a good deal of time is wasted* owing to late arrival at the mil]..
The figures given have been calculated on the actual number of minutes worked by
the different individuals. Had the whole period been taken, the output per hour
would have been less satisfactory. Yet it is upon the whole period that total
output must be calculated.

It may be asked, " What result would follow if the working day were to com-
mence at 8.30 instead of at 6 a.m. ? Would the unsatisfactory output be transferred
to the later period, or would it disappear ? "

There are indications that it would disappear. In several experiments members
of a group have commenced work sometimes at 6 a.m., sometimes at 8.30 a.m. The

* See pp. 41, 64, Loss of Time.

uutput iii the latter case has always been more of the character of the later period
than of the earlier.*

The results of an experiment made to test the point directly are given in the
Table on p. 42. Work during the early morning period was suspended from
February 23rd till February 29th. The average output of eight winders was as
follows :

Weekly Average
for Early Morning
Period, 6-8.

Weekly Average
for Morning
Period, 8.30-12.30.

Week before early morning period suspended
Week during which early morning period suspended

261

275
316

Thus, so far from the unsatisfactory output of the early morning period being
transferred to the morning period, the average of this later period is largely
increased during the suspension of the early morning period.

The early morning period may be said to bear the same relation to the labour
of the day as Monday does to the labour of the week. In both cases a cessation of
work has produced a disinclination to recommence, to overcome which a distinct
effort on the part of the worker is demanded. In neither case can this be said to
be due to fatigue, since a rest interval has just occurred. . It is rather a loss of the
special co-ordination which resulted from the prolonged performance of a particular
set of actions, and which enabled the worker to carry them out more perfectly. Only
when the special co-ordination has been regained (temporarily) will the work be
performed once more with ease and celerity.

Familiar examples of such loss of co-ordination are to be found in knitting,
type- writing, &c., where quick and accurate work can only be performed after
practice. Practice is necessary at the commencement of every period of work, the
amount required depending on the duration of the preceding period of rest.

Turning to a consideration of output during overtime, it has been stated that
those who remain at the mill for overtime are provided with tea, cakes, scones, &c.,
free of cost, and that they have a period of rest between 5.30 and 6 o'clock. It
might therefore be expected that, being fed and refreshed, they would commence
the period of overtime with renewed energy and work quickly and well. But the
output during this period is the least satisfactory of the whole day.

The reason is perhaps simpler than in the case of the early morning period,
and may be attributed principally to one cause, viz., fatigue.

In the first section of this Report, when dealing with fatigue production, the
results of fatigue were shown to be conspicuous on days on which overtime is
worked. In the class of work we are considering overtime is worked almost every
evening. As a result, fatigue is accumulated and makes its presence felt, especially
towards the end of the day. The statements of the workers themselves may be
quoted :

No. 9.. '' Present work does not suit her, as the hours are too long."
No. 10. " Finds work very trying, especially towards evening."
No. 12. " Finds work very tiring, especially the overtime."

Thus, the unsatisfactory character of output during both the early morning and
overtime periods alike is to be attributed to the evil effects of excessive fatigue
following upon the working of hours unduly long.

* In curve of Winders, week ending 4th December, No. 8 commenced work at 6 a.m. on
Monday, and at 8.30 a.m. on Tuesday. The rate of working was 209 bobbins per hour when she
l>egan at 6 a.m. It was 262 bobbins per hour when she began at 8.30.

Xo. 14 Winder commenced at 8.30 a.m. on Monday, her rate being 221. The average rate for the
group in the 0-8 period was 186. On Tuesday the same worker commenced again at 8.30, her rate
bring 227. The average rate for the group for the 6-8 period was 187.

In the Table of Output of Winders, general averages in bobbins per hour, p. 42, the weekly
averages for the early morning period for five weeks were as follows: 216, 253, 258, 261, 226. For
the morning period, 8.30-12.30 for the one week when early morning period was suspended the
average was 316.

7312 E 2

DATA OF OUTPUT.

Boracic Lint Packers December, 1915.
Pounds of Boracic Lint rolled per hour.

Nunibur.

Tuesday 7th.

Weduesduy. 8cu.

Thursday, 9th.

Friday, luth.

Saturday, llth.

o
cc

o
?c
<M'

o
jg

GO'

~- 'i>

o
y?
?i

o
*

=n
"5

<M'

T
a5

CO
GO

No. 37 ...

35-0

17-0

*6'0

4.VO

47-5

42-3

45-0

48-7

47-1

44-0

50-0

37-3

32-5

50-7

No. 38 ...

27-5

68-a

41-0

40-0

48-2

40-0

45-0

50-0

45-7

15-0

49-5

37-3

Abs

ent.

No. 39 ...

37-5

42-5

52 ' 5

45-0

47-8

42-3

45-0

47-5

48-5

40-0

42-5

50-0

35-0

44-4

No. 40 ...

45-0

50 '0

56 '6

45-0

50-0

56 6

Absent

45-0

50-0

47-5

37-5

No. 36 ...

37-5

40-0

37-7

45-0

in -2

50-0

lu-0

17-5

50-0

37-5

4.VO

10-0

27-5

44-4

Average

36-J

46-5

4(i-7

45-2

47-9

46'3

43-7

18-4

47-8

42-3

47-4

4.9

35 Mi

44-2

N.B. 1. The times given represent the periods of the day and are not the actual

hours worked by individuals.
2. Output is expressed in Ibs. rolled per hour.

DATA OF OUTPUT.

lionicic Lint Pucki'rx.
(Week Ending 18t/i December, 1915.)

IN umber.

M' nday,

Tut

sday. 14th.

^. ere

I H

Wedi

icsday, 15th.

Thursday, 16th.

Friday, 17th.

Saturday,
18th.

i *i

m m .

T-i

-Sj

GO ""

co - "

No. 37

48-0

36-0

37-5

50-0

43-8

43-0

50-0

41-n

45-0

43-7

42-5

44-0

50-0

40-5

45-0

48-8

No. 38

46-0

38-6

42-5

50-0

41-2

47-.-,

5H-II

37-5

47-:,

17-5

41'ls

45-0

50-0

40-0

47-5

46-6

No. 39

42-5

37-5

43-7

50-0

45-0

40-0

45-0

47-5

45-0

47-5

42-5

50-0

44-4

No. 40

45-0

2H-7

47-5

52-5

37-5

4.VO

48-0

41-2

42-5

fiff-0

42-5

)5-0

50 '

40-0

45-0

48-8

No. 36

45-0

37-5

4.! -7

37-5

50-0

Xot

37-5

43-7

Absent

40-0

47-5

40'0

44-4

Average

45-3

35-2

40-5

47-9

42-5

43-G

48-6

41-1

42-5

45 '7

43'4

44-7

47-5

42-1

45'5

46-6

N.B. 1. The times given represent the periods of the clay and are not the actual

hours worked by individuals.
2. Output is expressed in Ibs. rolled per hour.

Amongst the Boracic Lint Packers, where no overtime is worked (see p. 32),
the output for different periods of the day is more equal. The figures for the early
morning period in this case could not be controlled as effectively as in other experi-
ments, and therefore the actual values for the period cannot be guaranteed. The
general results are correct, however, and indicate that the absence of overtime
tends to a more uniform output during the remaining periods of the day. (See
Charts Nos. 15, 16.)

In order that the above conclusions might be further tested, the following experi-
ments were arranged :

A. To determine the effect of an alteration in the length of the working day

upon output in the case of individual workers.

B. To determine the effect of an alteration in the length of the working day

upon rate of working and upon total output in the case of groups of

workers.

The hours worked in the Winding Room are as described on page 23, the period
6 p.m. to 8 p.m. being regarded as overtime. This overtime was discontinued on
February 7th.

All of the workers in the following tests occasionally had the assistance of
young girls learning to " wind," called " helpers." Probably No. 14 A had rather
more such assistance than the other members of the group.

The majority of the workers adhered to the ordinary times and worked twelve
hours a day. One of them, however, No. 14 A, very frequently did not attend
during overtime. She also habitually commenced work at 8.30 a.m. instead of
at 6 a.m. Thus, she usually worked only eight hours a day instead of twelve, and
when asked the reason, replied that the extra rest enabled her to work so much
more quickly during the day that she was able easily to make up for the lost time.

It should be recollected that " winding " is paid for at piece rates.

Here was a case where an individual worker had decided for herself that it
was more profitable to work a short day than a long one. Not only was overtime
cut off, but the early-morning period also.

In order to ascertain the result of this shortening of the working day, a deter-
ini nation was first of all made of the output of this particular winder, and of the
output of three first-class workers in the same room who habitually worked for the
full twelve-hours day. To make the comparison more strict, the output on those
exceptional occasions when No. 14 A worked in the early morning, or during over-
time, has been excluded from the tables. Thus the comparison is between a single
individual working for eight hours per day and three individuals working twelve
hours a day for the first part of the experiment, and ten hours a day for the second
part, after overtime had been abolished.

The observations were carried on for twenty-five working days, and on
fifteen days of this period No. 14 A the short-time worker turned out a greater
output than any one of the other three workers selected for comparison. On
five days she showed a better output than two of the others, on one day a better
output than one, and on only three days of the twenty-five was her output lower
than any of the others. This result was achieved in spite of the fact that she was
absent for the whole of one day and for three four-hour periods in addition, thus
making a total absence of two days and a half. On every one of the three days
on which she was bottom of the list she was absent for at least a half of her working
day, i.e., for four hours. On one of these occasions she was absent the whole day,
so that no output was shown. On the other hand, some of the other workers,
though, as a rule, exceedingly regular in their attendances, did occasionally absent
themselves, almost always during the overtime period.

Taking the weekly totals, the following results were obtained. In the weeks
ending January 29th, February 5th, and February 19th that is. three weeks out
of four No. 14 A showed a better output than any of the other workers. In the
week ending February 12th she was bottom of the list. She was, however, absent
from work for the whole of the Wednesday of this week, as well as for the afternoon
periods of Monday and Tuesday. This represents an absence of two whole days
during the week, so that the low output is not surprising.

If the weekly totals of each worker be added together, it will be seen that for
the whole period the total of No. 14 A was 52,429. The average of the other three
was 48,529. Thus, working for eight hours a day against others working twelve
or ten. No. 14 A showed an output for the whole period better than the average of
the others by about 7'5 per cent.

The claim of this worker, that the extra rest obtained by habitually working
eight hours a day instead of twelve enabled her to work more quickly and thus to
make up the lost time, appears to be justified.

Further, convincing proof that the abolition of overtime may actually increase
output of individual workers is afforded by the same set of figures. These figures
(pp. 47, 48, 49) show that the three full-time workers, Nos. 10, 13 and 8, worked
twelve hours per day for the first two weeks of the experiment, whilst overtime was in
force, and ten hours per day of the second two weeks, after overtime had been
abolished.

The weekly totals of these two periods show that two individuals out of three
produced a greater total weekly output in the period after overtime had been
abolished than before. The third individual showed a slightly lower output after
overtime had been abolished, but she was absent for a total of ten hours in the
period.

If the weekly totals be collected, the grand total for the two weeks when
overtime was worked is (when corrected for lost time) 67,743. The grand total
for the two weeks after overtime had been abolished (similarly corrected) is 71,182.

The difference is rather more than 5 per cent, in favour of the latter period.
Thus, a diminution of 16'6 per cent, in the length of the working day resulted
in an absolute increase in the output of over 5 per cent.

TAHLE SHOWING OUTPUT OF A WORKER ENGAGED DURING EIGHT HOURS PER DAY
COMPARED WITH THAT OF THREE SIMILAR WORKERS ENGAGED DURING TWELVE
HOURS PER DAY : AND ALSO THE OUTPUT OF WORKERS BEFORE AND AFTER THE
ABOLITION OF OVERTIME.

The values are those of Winder No. 14A working eight hours per day, and
Nos. 8, 10, 13, working twelve hours per day.

Time and Day.

No. 14A.

No. 10.

No. 13.

No. 8.

1916.

Tuesday, .January 25th ... 6 8 ...

397

356

185

8.30 12.30...

1,645

939

689

1,078

1.305.30 ...

1,523 866

765

820

416

328

264

Total for day

3,168

2,618

2,138

2,347

Wednesday, January 26th 6 8

354

133

214

8.3012.30...

1,219

1,009

795

851

1.30 . r >. 30 ...

1,447

886

713

1,127

6-8

288

338

117

Total for day

2,666

2,537

1,979

2,609

Thursday, January 27th ... 6 8

474

197

1 98

8.3012.30...

1,324

604

638

762

1.305.30 ...

1,025

956

639

634

Total for day

2,349

2,034

1,474

1,594

Friday, January 28th ... 6 8 ...

205

129

391

8.3012.30 ...

1,567

982

944

770

1.305.30 ...

1,442

864

543

688

327

335

314

Total for day

3,009

2,378

2,251

2,163

Saturday, January 29th ... 6 8

435

363

225

8.30 11.30...

1,148

607

740

576

Total for day

1,148

1,042

1,103

801

Monday, January 31st ... 6 8

212

288

187

8.3012.30...

1,299

955

719

718

1.305.30 ...

1,040

788

897

889

6-8

298

332

Total for day

2,339

1,955

2,202

2,126

Tuesday, February 1st ... 6 8
8.3012.30...

1,188

410

827

255
875

373
886

1.305.30 ...

1,161

835

1,001

772

186

172

118

Total for day

2,349

2,258

2,303

2,149

Wednesday, February 2nd 6 8
8.3012.30...

1,300

432
923

351

890

218
1,040

1.305.30 ...

1,190

700

918

958

341

Total for day 2,490 2,055

2,159 2,557

Thursday, February 3rd ... 6 8

447

311

251

8.3012.30... 940

1,061

871

784

1.305.30 ... 1,213

889

828

1,143

Total for day ... 2,153

2,397 2.010

2,178

Fridav, February 4th ... 6 <S

306

330

365

8.3012.30...

1,467

1,060

711

823

1.305.30 ...

1,398

891

740

594

356

201

216

Total for day

2,865

2,616

1,982

1,998

Time and Day.

No. 14A.

No. 10.

No. 13.

No. 8.

Saturday, February 5th ... 6 8

449

369

218

8.3011.30...

931

676

494

457

Total for day

931

1,125

863

675

Monday, February 7th ... C 8 ...

391

10.-)

8.3012.3(1...

1,025

1,324

719

941

1.300.30 ...

82:")

833

722

Total for day

1,025 2,540

1,957

1,663

Tuesday, February 8th ... 68 ...

518

363

8.3012.30...

1,260

1,007

701

956

1.30530 ...

834

850

943

G 8

Total for day

1,260

2,359 1,914

1,899

Wednesday, February 9th 6 8

513

376

422

83012.30...

'.157

761

970

1.305.30 ...

959

899

886

Total for day

2,429

2,036

2,278

Overtime formally suspended from this

date.

Thursday, February 10th 68

390

253

468

8.3012.30...

1,451

904

938

803

1.30530 ...

1,398

826

1,071

714

Total for day

2,849

2,120

2,262

1,985

Friday, February llth ... 68...

451

381

359

8.3012.30..

1,602

965

1,188

630

1.305.30 ...

1,387

988

964

Total for day

2,989

2,404

2,533

989

Saturday, February 12th 6 8

531

445

322

8.3011.30 ...

1,004

462

786

372

Total for day

1,004

993

1,231

694

Monday, February 14th ... 6 8

549

470

211

8.30-12.30...

1,306

991

1,085

518

1.305.30 ...

928

880

1,125

549

Total for day

2,234

2,420

2,680

1,278

Tuesday, February 15th ... 68 ...

457

511

443

8.3012.30 ...

1,293

1,072

800

944

1.305.30 ...

1,188

951

841

731

Total for day

2,481

2,480

2,152

2,118

Wednesday, February 16th 6 8

_^__

483

623

260

8.3012.30 ...

1,563

834

923

1,101

1.305.30 ...

1,559

990

740

858

Total for day

3,122

2,307

2,286

2,219

Thursday, February 17th 68

, L

472

389

419

8.3012.30...

1,668

1,109

853

971

1.305.30 ...

1,360

918

586

717

Total for day

3,028

2,499

1,828

2,107

Friday, February 18th ... 68 ...

__,_

273

474

273

8.3012.30...

1,316

947

940

1.305.30 ...

1,034

632

853

1,014

Total for day

2,350

905

2,274

2,227

Saturday, February 19th 68 ...

509

455

347

8.3011.30...

1,053

577

439

594

Total for day

1,053

1,086

894

941

Monday, February 21st ... 6 8

262

8.3012.30...

813

863

864

729

1.305.30 ...

879

1,160

730

Total for day

813

2,004

2,024

1,459

Tuesday, February 22nd... 68 ...

366

373

323

8.3012.30 ...

1,501

932

1,163

792

1.305.30 ...

1,253 782 750

955

Total for day

2,754 2,080 2,286

2,070

TABLE, CONTINUATION OF FOREGOING, SHOWING WEEKLY TOTALS AND GRAND TOTALS OF

OUTPUT.

Day.

No. 14A.

No. 10.

No. 13.

No. 8.

Tuesday, January 25th

3,168

2,018

2.138

2,347

Wednesday, January 20th

2,666

2,537

1,979

2,00'.i

Thursday, January 27th ... . .

2,34'.)

2,034

1,474

1,594

Friday, January 28th

3,009

2,378

2,251

2,163

Saturday, January, 29th ... . .

1,148

1,042

1,103

SOI

12,340

10,609

8,945

9.514

Monday, January 31st

2,339

1,955

2,202

2,120

Tuesday, February 1st

2,349

2.258

2,303

2,149

Wednesday, February 2nd

2,490

2,055

2,159

2,557

Thursday, February 3rd

2,153

2,397

2,010

2,178

Friday, February 4th ...

2,865

2.610

1,982

1,598

Saturday, February 5th

931

1,125

863

675

13,127

12,406

11,519

11,683

Monday, February 7th

1,025

2,540

1,957

1,663

Tuesday, February 8th

1,260

2,351)

1,914

1,899

Wednesday, February 9th

2,42'.l

2,036

2,278

Thursday, February 10th

2,849

2,120

2,262

1,985

Friday, February llth

2,989

2,404

2,533

989

Saturday, February 12th

1,001

993

1,231

694

9,127

12,845

11,933

9,508

Monday, February 14th

2,234

2,420

2,680

1,278

Tuesday, February 15th

2,481

2,480

2,152

2,118

Wednesday, February 16th ...

3,122

2,307

2,286

2.219

Thursday, February 17th

3,028

2,499

1,828

2,107

Friday, February 18th

2,350

905

2,274

'2,227

Saturday, February 19th

1,053

1,080

894

941

14,268

11,697

12,114

10,890

Monday, February 21st

813

2,004

2,024

1,459

Tuesday, February 22nd

2,754

2,080

2,280

2,070

3,567

4,084

4,310

3,529

GRAND TOTALS.

Week ending January 29th
February 5th ...
February 12th.,.
February 19th
February 21st and 22nd

12,340
13,127
9.127
14,268
3,567
52,429

52,429
for total of
160 hours.

10,60!)
12,400
12,845
11,697
4,084
51,641

8,945

11,511)
11,933
12,114
4,310
48,821

9,514
1 1,683
9.508
10,890
3,529
45,124

AVERAGE.

48,529
for average total of 236 7 hours.

SUMMARY OF THE ABOVE TABLES.

The above Tables show the following results :

1. The output of No. 14A, working eight hours per day, is greater than the

average total output of Nos. 10, 13 and 8, working twelve hours per
day for the first two weeks and ten hours per day for the second two
weeks of the experiment, by

more than 8 per cent.

2. The total output of Nos. 10, 13 and 8, working ten hours per day, is greater

than their total output when working twelve hours per day, by
more than 5 per cent.

3. The average rate of working of No. 14A is 3277 bobbins per hour, calcu-

lated on ''works time," against the average rate of 20f>'0 bobbins per
hour of the remaining three. If the number of hours actually worked
be taken, instead of "'works times." the figures are 143'3 hours for

No. 14A, and 206'3 hours (average) for the other three. The rates
calculated from these latter figures are 365'9 bobbins per hour for
No. 14A, and 235'2 bobbins per hour for the remainder.*

Further results of a similar character are shown in the Tables on page 51.

The average rate of working has been determined for the different periods of
the day in a group of eight Winders. The experiment lasted six weeks. For the
first two weeks the working day consisted of twelve hours, divided into four periods,
the early morning and overtime periods of two hours each, and the two middle day
periods of four hours each.

For the second two weeks the first three periods of the day were worked as
before, but the overtime period was cancelled.

For the third two weeks both overtime and early morning periods were cancelled
and the working day came to consist of eight hours only, worked in the two middle
periods of four hours each.

Taking the first period which was worked throughout the whole of the experi-
ment, 8.30 a.m. -12.30 p.m., the average rate of working in spindles per hour for the
first week was 262, for the second week 263. During the third week, when no over-
time was worked, the figure was 277, and during the fourth week 275, both numbers
considerably higher than those of the previous weeks.

On Wednesday, 23rd February, the early morning period was discontinued,
but owing to the requirements of the mill it was impossible to carry this arrange-
ment beyond Wednesday, 1st March. The output for the morning period of this
week was 316 spindles por hour, a figure higher by 39 than the highest previously
recorded.

The average in the following week, when early morning period was resumed,
was 257.

Turning to the second period, 1.30 p.m. -5.30 p.m., which was worked through-
out the whole of the experiment, the average for the first two weeks, when
overtime and early morning periods were worked, was 266. For the second two
weeks, when no overtime was worked, 257 and 266, and for the period during which
no early morning period was worked 279.

In the week when early morning period was resumed it fell to 245.

Thus, the cessation of overtime was followed by an improvement in the morning
output of 14 spindles per hour for the first week and 12 spindles. per hour for the
second week. In the afternoon period, the first week showed a drop of 9 spindles
per hour, and the second week a rise to a value similar to that which existed at
the beginning of the experiment. The cessation of the early morning work was
followed by an improvement in the morning period of 41 spindles per hour, in the
afternoon by an improvement of 13 spindles 'per hour. The shortened day affected
the morning output to a greater extent than that of the afternoon, and the abolition
of the early morning period was more effective than the abolition of overtime in
increasing output during the remainder of the day.

Since a diminution of the length of the working day resulted in an increase in
the rate of working, it appears that the rate existing under the conditions of a
twelve hours' day is by no means the greatest of which the worker is capable. In
this particular occupation the actual rate is limiteH by the fatigue of the worker,
rather than by other conditions.

* Incidentally it is interesting to note tbat

(a) The " works time " for No. 14A was 160 hours.

The time actually worked was ... ... ... ... ... ... 143'.'5

(b) The " works time " for the remaining three (average) was 236'7

The time actually worked was ... ... ... ... ... ... 206 '3

showing a loss of 16'7 hours by No. 14A, and an average loss of BO'-i hours by the remainder in a
total of 25 working days.

The total loss of time by the four workers in the same period amounted to 107'7 houra.

7312 F

TABLE SHOWING THE EFFECT OF THE ABOLITION OF OVERTIME AND OF THE EARLY
MORNING PERIOD UPON THE RATE OF WORKING OF A GROUP OF EIGHT WINDERS.

General Averages in Bobbins per hour.

Day.

6-<S <t. in.

8.30-12 30.

1.30-5.30.

6-8 p.m.

Tuesday, January 25th, 1916...

205

270

264

241

Wednesday 26th

217

255

271

214

Thursday 27th

247

253

Friday ' 28th

206

284

247

253

Saturday 29th

251

261

Monday 31st

171

259

294

274

Average for week

216

262

266

245

Tuesday, February 1st

258

270

260

238

Wednesday 2nd

234

280

274

Thursday 3rd

286

251

292

Friday 4th

226

262

275

248

Saturday 5th

271

268

Monday 7th

242

248

231

Average for week

253

263

266

253

Tuesday, February 8th

275

379

227

Wednesday ,, 9th

288

259

260

Thursday 10th

234

258

256

Friday ., . llth

278

284

281

Saturday 12th

237

244

Monday 14th

239

240

261

Average for week

258

277

257

Tuesday, February loth

278

274

269

Wednesday ,, J6th

281

284

272

Thursday 17th

248

281

256

Friday ' 18th

273

280

285

Saturday ,, 19th

245

285

Monday 21st

239

245

249

Average for week

261

275

266

Wedn> sday, February 23rd ...

314

308

Thursday 24th

346

284

Friday 25th

307

283

Saturday 26th

295

Monday 28th

333

270

Tuesday 29th ...

300

251

Average for week

316

279

Wednesday, March 1st

305

247

Thursday '2nd

192

269

Friday .'Vd

278

265

247

Saturday 4th

'234

226

Monday 6th

176

229

237

Tuesday 7th

233

249

227

Average for week

223

257

245

SUMMARY OF THE ABOVE TABLE.

Bobbins per Hour.

Average Rate of Working for the Morning Period,
8.30-12.30, during two weeks when Early Morn-
ing Perjod and Overtime were worked ... ... 262'5

Average Rate for two weeks when Overtime was

abolished 2760

Average Rate for week when Early Morning Period

was abolished 3160

Average Rate for week when Early Morning Period

was re-introduced 257'0

Average Rate for the Afternoon Period, 1.30-5.30,
during two weeks when Early Morning Period
and Overtime were worked 266

Bobbins per Hour.
Average Rate for two weeks when Overtime was

abolished ... 261 5

Average Rate for week when Early Morning Period

was abolished ... ... ... ... ... 279'0

Average Rate for week when Early Morning Period

was re-introduced ... ... ... ... ... 245'0

Average Rate for Two Middle-day Periods, 8.30-12.30

and 1.30-5.30, during two weeks when Early

Morning Period and Overtime were worked 264'0

Average Rate for two weeks when Overtime was

abolished 269'0

Average Rate for week when Early Morning Period

was abolished ... ... ... ... ... 297'5

Average Rate for week when Early Morning Period

was re-introduced 251

Sum inn HI of Section II.

The Influence of Fatigue and of Overtime upon Output.

Output varies according to (1) the condition of the worker with regard to skill,
health, freedom from fatigue, proper food, and fitness, and (2) the circumstances of
the worker with regard to machinery, material, associated workers, weather, &c.

Where the factory day consists of four working periods, output is low during
two of these, viz., the early morning period, and overtime.

During the middle periods of the day output is normally high, but is lowered
by the working of overtime. This diminution is often so great that the total daily
output is less when overtime is worked than when it is suspended. Thus overtime
defeats its own object.

The lowest output of the day is often found in the early morning period at the
beginning of the week, and in the period of overtime at the week's end. The change
appears to be due to the accumulation of fatigue, and to the wearing off of the
Monday effect.

The Monday effect described on p. 18 is not without a definite influence on output.
It should be recognised and controlled where maximum output is desired.

In cases where the early morning hours are not worked, the unsatisfactory
output commonly found in this period appears to be transferred, or not to be trans-
ferred, to the succeeding period, according to the particular day of the week
concerned. On Monday the suspension of the early morning hours will as a rule
lower output in the succeeding period. On Tuesday also a lowering will be noticed.
On the remaining days of the week the suspension of work during the early morning
hours is followed by an improvement in the output of the morning period. The
change is due to the greater influence of practice (through restored co-ordination)
early in the week, and of rest (through lessened fatigue) later on.

A worker may occasionally show a very high output in the early morning period.

Psychical influences affect output. The output on Saturday, in spite of great
fatigue, is often high, owing to anticipation of the week-end rest.

Workers may be so greatly fatigued at the end of the week that an extra period
of overtime is beyond their powers, and should this be insisted upon, an unsatis-
factory output may be expected. A similar condition may exist on Friday.

Great variations may occur in the output of individual workers at different
times. The causes of such variations may be purely personal and temporary, or they
may be general, and affect groups of workers.

The unsatisfactory output of the early morning period is due partly to loss of
co-ordination. ^ It appears to depend also upon lack of rest, lack of food, and general
discomfort. These things arise indirectly from excessive hours of labour.

The unsatisfactory output of the overtime period is due to fatigue.
"3ig F 2

The early morning period may be regarded as bearing a similar relation to the
day as Monday bears to the week. In both cases abstinence from work has produced
a disinclination for labour, and an inability to carry it out effectively. This is due
rather to loss of co-ordination than to fatigue. Examples of similar loss of co-ordi-
nation may be found in knitting, in typewriting, and in similar processes.

Where no overtime is worked, output during the different periods of the day is
more equal.

A worker employed for ten hours per day may produce a greater output than
when employed for twelve hours, the extra rest being more than sufficient to com-
pensate for the loss of time.

A worker employed for eight hours per day may produce a greater output than
another of equal capacity working twelve hours per day.

A group of workers showed an absolute increase of over five per cent, of output
as a result of a diminution of sixteen and a half per cent, in the length of the working
day.

Another group increased their average rate of output from 262 to 276 as a result
of shortening the day from twelve hours to ten, and to 316 on a further shortening
of two hours.

A group of piece workers increased their earnings considerably as a result of
a diminution in the length of the working day.

The suspension of overtime affects especially the output of the morning period.

The suspension of the early morning period increases the rate of output, even
after overtime has been suspended.

The time " lost " by factory workers may approach an average of ten per cent,
of the working day. The amount lost varies with the length of the working day,
and appears to depend upon fatigue.

Under the conditions studied, neither rate of working nor total output attains
a maximum when a twelve-hour day is adopted.

Rate of working and total output are limited by fatigue rather than by other
conditions.

Total daily output may be diminished by the introduction of overtime.

SECTION III.

(i.) POOD AND FEEDING.

The efficiency of the worker depends upon the suitability of his food.

Evident as this must be, it is yet a fact that many operatives are badly and
unsuitably fed, whilst in spite of its national importance, there does not appear
to^exist any adequate machinery for the dissemination of sound ideas with regard
to diet amongst the working class population.* Some individuals earn scanty
wages in the early stages of their employment and are unable to feed themselves
properly. Later, when higher wages are available, and the provision of better food
is possible, the tendency towards a vicious habit remains and is difficult to break
a. way from. Amongst women the foundations of dyspepsia'have often been laid.t

* For many years the present writer has endeavoured to spread knowledge on this subject
amongst students of Day Training Colleges by means of lectures and practical classes, in the hope
that information thus acquired might be transmitted to elementary school children and ultimately
reach the workers.

t An inquiry with regard to dyspepsia was put to nineteen workers. The following replies
were received :

One suffered very badly.
Two suffered badly.
Two suffered slightly.
Two suffered (without note of severity).

This is equal to a percentage of 36'8 of the workers questioned, who were selected quite
promiscuously.

The direct result of unsatisfactory feeding is equally striking, as the following
example shows.

Amongst the Winders there is a considerable variation in individual output
for the early morning period (6 a.m. -8 a.m.). (See Tables on pp. 24-26 and Curves
9 and 10.)

In the week ending 27th November, 1915, the best result on Monday was given
by No. 12, who was working at the rate of 293 bobbins per hour. No. 10 shows a
rate of 166, No. 8, 121, and No. 9 only 85. On Tuesday the numbers were : No. 12,
236, No. 10, 140, No. 8, 188, and No. 9, 127. On Thursday, No. 12 gave 221, No. 10,
204, No. 8, 152, and No. 9, 97.

On all of these days one individual No. 9 was working at a rate conspicuously
lower than the other members of the group in the early morning period, although
her output was above the average in some of the other periods of the day.

In the following week (p. 25 and Curve 10) the results are very similar. On
Monday the average output for all the workers was 186, the output for No. 9 was 67.
On Tuesday the average was 187, No. 9 gave 164. On Wednesday the average was
229, No. 9 gave 224. On Thursday the average was 244, No. 9 gave 234. On Friday
the average was 263, No. 9 gave 176. On Saturday the average was 219, No. 9 gave
129.

During this week the output of No. 9 was invariably below the average of the
other workers, and on three occasions it was conspicuously worse than the individual
output of any other member of the group.

On referring to details of the individual workers it was found that No. 9 alone
of this group was in the habit of coming to the mill in the morning without having
taken food. Her ordinary dietary also was inadequate. (See p. 67.)

Amongst the Boracic Lint Packers there are four who take food before coming
to the mill in the morning, and one who stated that she " sometimes " took tea,
bread and butter, but otherwise, nothing. It is this single worker, No. 36, who
" sometimes " took food before work who shows an output during the early morning
period of December 9th, 10th, llth, 15th, 16th and 18th, lower than that of the
other members of the group. (See p. 36.) There is no certainty as to which
represent "unfed " days in the case of No. 36 in these curves, so that proof is not
very convincing, but the figures are of interest in view of the fact that this worker
was only " sometimes- fed," whilst the other members of the group were "always- fed."

On another occasion the output of three Winders was tested over some weeks.
During the first portion of the test the hours were 6 a.m. -8 a.m., 8.30 a.m. -12.30 p.m.,
and 1.30 p.m. -5. 30 p.m. During the second portion the hours were similar, except
that the early morning period, 6 a.m. -8 a.m., was suspended.

OUTPUT OF Two MIDDLE-DAY PERIODS.
First Experimental Period (February 9th to February loth, 1916).

Date.

No. 10.

No. 13.

No. 8.

Wednesday, February 9th
Thursday, February 10th
Friday, February lltb ...

957
959

904
826
965

761

899
938
1,071
1,188

970
886
803
714
630

Saturday, February 12th
Monday, February 14th ...

988

462
1)91

964
786
1,085

372
518

Tuesday, February 15th...

880
1,072

1,125

800

549
944

951

841

731

Totals

9,955

10,458

7 117

27,530

The average daily output for the three workers in the middle-day periods is
-

-
f~ x 2 = 5,006 bobbins.

OUTPUT OF Two MIDDLE-DAY PERIODS.

Second Experimental Period (February 23rd to February 29th, 1916).
Early morning period suspended.

Date.

No. 10.

No. 13.

No. 8.

Wednesday, February 23rd
Thursday, February 24th
Friday, February 25th . .

1,138
980

848
867
996

1,066
960
1,246
1,009
1,282

1,025
770
1,126
1,167
1,174

Saturday, February 26th
Monday, February 28th ..

870
477
594

1,200
807
932

1,016
687
607

Tuesday, February 29th...

706
648

1,140
1,209

662
841

982

1,007

933

Totals

9,106

11,858

10,008

30,972

SfA

The average daily output for the three workers in the middle-day periods is

-- x 2 = 5630 bobbins.

The average daily output of three workers for the two middle day shifts in
the first period was 5,006. In the second period, with no early morning work, it was
5,630.

Thus a diminution of 20 per cent, in the length of a day of ten hours increased
output in the remaining hours by 12 4 per cent.

It is probable that some of the improvement in the above experiment was due
to the fact that the workers were able to take a properly-cooked breakfast before
leaving home in the morning a privilege they appreciated thoroughly, and referred
to repeatedly.

Other experiments gave similar results, and there is a good deal of evidence to
show that increased resistance to fatigue follows improved feeding.

The present feeding arrangements of the worker leave much to be desired.
Men as a rule are better provided for than women, both as regards the material and
the method of feeding. The latter are apt to allow bread, butter, and tea a
too prominent place in their dietary, and are careless of the conditions under which
their food is taken. Moreover, those who are far from home habitually rely upon
small shops or the fish bar near the works for their mid -day meal. The shops offer
sweets and pastry rather than wholesome, sustaining food, the fish bars offer " fish
and chips." The quantity of the more expensive fish is small, the deficiency being
masked by the less expensive batter surrounding it. The batter swells up under
the action of heat and gives an appearance of bulkiness to the whole. The result
is that the meal consists of batter (principally carbohydrate) and potatoes (princi-
pally carbohydrate), with fat and little protein.

In order to gain first hand knowledge of the composition of this material, a
supply was obtained from a shop patronised by mill employees, and analysed. The
results are given below. The actual cost of the proximate principles has been added,
so that the price paid per pound for protein, carbohydrate and fat when purchased
in this way may be appreciated. For purposes of comparison the price of these
materials in other forms is added.*

* The material consists of fish of various kinds, surrounded with batter and fried in fat. The
potatoes are cut up into "chips" and fried in fat also. The particular kind of fat used seems to vary.
Sometimes it is mixed fat collected from the houses. More usually it is cotton-seed oil purchased in
kegs. The usual meal consists of :

One penny-worth of " chips " weighing about 6 ounces.

One and a half penny-worth of fish (and batter) weighing about 2| ounces.

Besides the extravagant price paid for food thus purchased there are other
disadvantages. The food is not really palatable. It may be attractive at first, but
soon cloys, and the batter soon satisfies. It is not a material of which a proper
quantity can be taken, and the result is a meal unsatisfactory both in quantity and
quality. Indulged 'in for a long time and given a chief place in the dietary, it
will lead to defective nourishment and lessened energy, whilst the fact that where
it is taken fresh vegetables are often absent from the diet tells greatly against it.
It appears to be a growing habit with certain classes to feed their children as
well as themselves on this material. It is less trouble to send a child to the fish
bar with a few pence to get a meal than to prepare it at home, and the unsatis-
factory nature of the food has probably never been appreciated. The practice
should be discouraged.

Given suitable food, the conditions under which it is taken have next to be
considered. A hurried, uncomfortable meal loses much of its value. Food brought
from home and consumed in workrooms only just vacated, without proper table or
seating accommodation and in vitiated air, is likely to lead to digestive troubles.
Posture, atmosphere, temperature, and surroundings are all against a proper
enjoyment and utilization of the meal.

Some workers, living at a distance from the mill, take the principal meal of
the day in the evening. The meal is described as consisting of meat and vegetables.
In such a case the lunch is of less consequence. But others take for supper, as
for lunch, the convenient fish and chips, and even on Sundays a hot dinner of meat
and vegetables is only taken " occasionally."

Where home conditions are satisfactory, and distance allows, it is wise for
workers to go home to all meals. Served comfortably at home, food is taken under
the best possible conditions.!

In the interests of many, therefore, it is desirable that some sort of mess room
should be provided at the mill, but where this has been done, improvement has not
always followed. The reason appears to be that the requirements of the workers have
been misunderstood". They need more than some arrangement for warming food,

The analysis of such a meal, obtained by one of the workers, gave the following results :

Water.

Protein.

Fat.

Carbo-Hydrate
as Starch.

Chip potatoes
Fried fish and batter...

66-52%
61-39 %

3-20%
16-60 %

5-05%
9-32%

22-50%
9-40%

That is to say, the meal contains the following quantities of the essential proximate principles :

Protein.

Carbo-Hydrate.

Fat.

17-11 grms.

14-83 grms.

15-17 grme.

Not less than six such meals a day would be necessary to provide an adequate diet, consisting of
Protein, 102 grammes, Carbo-hydrate, 269 grammes, and Fat, 90 grammes.

xThe cost of the constituents bought as " fish and chips," compared with their cost in other
forms, is given below.

~- f-

Fried

Fish
and

Chip
Potatoes.

Bread.

Cheese.

Beef.

Peas
(Dried).

Oatmeal.

Butter.

Margarine.

Batter.

*. d.

i. d.

t. d.

i. d.

i. d. t. d.

*. d.

t. d. t. d.

Cost of Protein per Ib

4 10

6 11

29 34

5 10

1 10

2 2

Cost of Carbo-Hydrate per Ib. ...

8 6

4i ! -

Cost of Fat per Ib

8 7

4 4i

; 4 2

1 2i

Current prices

IK for

U. for

9d. for

1*. per

1*. 2d.

5d. per fijrf. for 2

It. Sd. li. per Ib,

2i oz.

6 oz.

4 IDS.

Ib.

perlb.

Ib. Ibs.

per Ib.

t A winder, living at a distance from her work, and obliged to take her meals at the mill,
changed her residence. As a result she was able to take all meals at home, hot, and comfortably
served. Her own statement is that her health has improved, and that she works better and is able
to earn more money. The foreman of the room now regards her as one of the most efficient
winders under him.

and a table to sit at. To be popular, a mess-room must be large, airy, well-lighted,
and warmed. It should be comfortably furnished, and, if possible, should have a
cheerful view from the windows. Even this is not all. The workers have their
own cliques and coteries, and will not use arrangements which compel them to sit
at long tables like school children, or pack them together so. that private conversation
is impossible.

The best possible arrangement for those who cannot go home to meals is the
provision of a well-organised and well-managed canteen.*

(ii.) EQUILIBRIUM AND BALANCING.

Every individual commences labour with a definite store of energy. When
work is performed, energy is dissipated. When rest is taken, energy is renewed.
But recovery takes place and fresh energy is made available, even whilst work is
in progress. As a rule, energy expenditure preponderates during work, energy
renewal, or recovery, preponderates during rest. Thus the condition of the indi-
vidual at the end of a period of labour will depend upon :

1. The original store of energy.

2. The rate at which energy has been dissipated.

3. The rate at which energy has been regenerated.

4. The length of the period of labour.

1. .The original store of energy possessed by the worker will depend upon :

A. His physical development, health, and fitness.

B. The character and duration of the previous labour.

C. The length of the previous rest.

D. The manner in which that rest has been employed.

2. The rate at which energy has been dissipated will depend upon :

A. His physical development, health and fitness.

B. The conditions under which labour has been performed.

C. The efficiency of the worker.

D. The constancy with which the worker has applied himself to his task.

Of these, A and B are practically constant over short periods of time, C varies
from time to time with health and fitness, which again depend upon feeding, sleep,
and relaxation, as well as upon many slight causes liable to be overlooked. The
variations are slow, an attack of indisposition lasting for a day or two, a slight
illness over a longer period. The one factor which can vary quickly and often is D,
the application of the worker to his task.

3. The rate at which energy has been regenerated will depend upon :

A. The physique and fitness of the worker.

B. The supply of food and the manner in which it has been utilized.

C. The number, length and character of the rest intervals.

D. The constancy with which the worker has applied himself to his task.
There are great differences in the rapidity with which different individuals can

recuperate during and after labour.

4. The length of the period of labour. The number of hours worked per diem
is as a rule constant under ordinary conditions, but in times of stress is lengthened,
the extra period being known as overtime.

* To be successful, canteens must work smoothly, and that this may be ensured, business-like
organisation is essential. Operatives who use them are, as a class, apt to find fault with arrange-
ments made for them by others, more especially where those others happen to be their employers.
Canteens, therefore, when established, may give rise to discussion, criticism, and complaint. The
most vexed question is that of food. In a large gathering of people many different tastes will be
found. Hardly any meal that could be provided would meet with universal approval. The
difficulties are minimised where each individual is able to select the dish which suits him best, but
such selection is impossible so long as the food is provided by the management. It should therefore
be provided by the workers. The arrangement may be the following. Tin dishes are provided at
the works, each with a numbered label. Food brought in the morning by the workers is placed in
these dishes. Gas cookers provide a meins of cooking the food. At dinner time each dish is ready
for its owner, and is found covered with a closely fitting lid, which keeps the contents hot.

The workers arrive at the canteen, secure in the knowledge that their food is to their liking as to
quality, sufficient in quantity, properly cooked, and thoroughly hot. There is no hurry and no rush ;
each man as he arrives calls for the dish marked with his number, takes it to one of the tables and
enjoys it in comfort.

The management of the canteen should be in the hands of a committee of the workers, each
shop sending its own representative.

The writer has seen the above arrangement in force ; it was found to work admirably.

I!)

The available energy is used in the performance of labour at a definite
rate for a definite period. Under peace conditions, or where slackness
prevails, there may be a considerable balance of energy unexpended at the end of
the day. but where the hands are working up to their full strength, most of their
energy has been expended by evening. Next morning a new balance is available
and carries the worker on for another day, but, since recovery in the course of the
night is seldom perfect, an increasing debit balance is carried forward from day
to day, to be liquidated at the week-end, provided the week-end rest be taken.

Thus, the worker will not be markedly less efficient at the end of any particular
month than at its beginning; the factors concerned will be in equilibrium.

When the resources of the mill are strained to meet an unusual demand, one
of the first steps to be taken is a lengthening of the hours of labour in other words,
the introduction of overtime. Where the rule has been a ten-hours day, an extra
two hours' shift may be introduced in the evening.

Such an alteration in a system already in equilibrium must produce a serious
and far-reaching disturbance. The mode of living of the operatives must be altered
to conform to the new conditions. Time of meals, time of retiring to rest, and mode
op spending the evening will be changed, whilst the two hours' extra work will
upset the balance between income and expenditure of energy.

Moreover, since the additional labour must be performed at the end of an
ordinary day by an individual who is already tired, the resulting fatigue will be
disproportionately great. And since a worker is less able to recuperate after
overtime than after a spell of ordinary labour,* the effect of the extra work
will extend beyond the added period, and will make recovery less perfect. (See
Section I. Summary, p. 22.)

Evidently, if the worker were already doing his utmost before the introduction
of overtime, he cannot supply extra energy for the extra labour and still continue
to work at his old rate in the other periods of the day. Some re-adjustment must
be made.

It has been shown that the only factor concerned in the maintenance of
equilibrium which can be varied quickly and often is the degree of application of
the worker to his task. This means of adjustment will be adopted, consciously or
unconsciously, and the men will work twelve hours a day instead of ten, but the
closeness of their application will be less throughout the whole period.

Some idea of how greatly application may vary, and how much time may be
lost when it is imperfect may be gained by keeping the worker under constant
observation throughout the day. Two workers, tested in this manner, lost an average
of 26'5 per cent., 14"5 per cent, and 18'5 per cent, of the total time in the early
morning, morning, and afternoon respectively. The greatest loss occurred in the
early morning, when conditions were unfavourable to close application, and when
output was low. Indeed, where other things are equal, output may be taken as an
indication of application. (See Appendix B, p. 72.)

A similar adaptation occurs whenever heavy manual labour is performed.
Such labour is ever deliberate, or interspersed with periods of rest, without which
energy would quickly be exhausted.

Thus, in the adjustment of the application of the worker to his task there
exists an arrangement which limits accumulation of fatigue.

If the hands are already working as assiduously as possible when overtime is
introduced, the change will involve extra strain. Reaction will take place, applica
tion will be relaxed-, and the fatigue produced per hour will be lessened in conse-
quence. Thus the balance will be restored, but at some sacrifice of efficiency.
Fatigue will develop at a slower rate for a greater number of hours per day, and
recovery will be less perfect. The general efficiency of the worker will be lessened.

* Indications that application varies with the condition of the worker are found in Charts 13
and 14 and Tables on pp. 41, 42 (Lint Packers). A considerable difference exists between the output
of the early morning and overtime periods on the one hand, and the middle periods of the day on the
other. (Early morning 7IK5 Ibs. per hour, morning HI5-5 Ibs. per hour, afternoon 79'7 Ibs. per hour,
and overtime 62 Ibs. per hour.) Of the two periods of low output one conies at the beginning of the
day, the other at the end. So far then as output can be taken as a guide, application is poor in the
early morning and during overtime. In the early morning, as pointed out elsewhere, the worker is
often uncomfortable and hurried, perhaps cold, it may be with wet feet and damp clothes, and
sometimes unfed conditions very unfavourable to close application. In the evening period there is
a good deal of fatigue. In the two middle periods of the day conditions are better. Breakfast has
had a good effect. Clothes and feet have dried. The workrooms are warmer, and the awkwardness
due to a night's rest has disappeared. Application is close, and output high.

7312 G

The result as regards output will depend upon the character of the work.
Where output is controlled mainly by machinery the loss may be small. Where it
depends more especially upon the worker, it will be great. Purely mechanical
work can sometimes be performed sufficiently well by a tired man. Skilled work
calling for judgment and discretion demands freshness and vigour.

By " balancing " is meant the adjustment of application to the length of the
working day, and the maintenance of equilibrium between the development and the
expenditure of energy.

(iii.) THE ATTAINMENT OF MAXIMUM OUTPUT.

The output of the mill is made up of the output of individual workers.

The output of individual workers is determined by the conditions of labour, and
depends upon time worked and rate of working.

The time worked varies, both with respect to different workers, and, in the case
of the same individual, with the conditions.

The rate of working also varies, both with respect to different individuals, and,
in the case of the same individual, with the conditions. One important condition is
the length of the time worked.

Thus, the time worked and the rate of working are intimately related, and vary
in sympathy, and the total output depends upon a proper adjustment of these two
factors.*

The time during which work is actually performed by individual employees may
fall considerably short of the official hours during which the departments of the mill
are open. For purposes of description the following terms have been adopted.

Works time ... ... The time included in periods of labour arranged by

the authorities of the mill.

Nominal time ... The time during which the worker is registered as

being present at the mill. This excludes periods
of absence owing to illness, and periods " lost "
through late arrival, early departure, &c.

Actual time ... ... The time actually worked. This excludes all periods

excluded from Nominal time, and, in addition,
time lost through late commencement and early
cessation when not registered, waiting for work
when dependent on others for supplies, and the
numerous short periods during which labour is
interrupted during the day (talking, &c.).

The Rate of Working may be calculated as the rate of output per hour of Works
Time, Nominal Time, or Actual Time, and corresponding terms are used, viz., Works
Rate, Nominal Rate, and Actual Rate. For the sake of simplicity, the Nominal Rale
has been little used, the Works Rate and Actual Rate being employed almost exclu-
sively in dealing with output.

Output is evidently obtained by multiplying Works Rate by Works Time, or
Actual Rate by Actual Time.t

The results of a series of tests which illustrate these points have been set
out in the Tables. The figures have been obtained from a group of eight piece
workers, the average capacity of the whole group being as nearly as possible normal.
The examination extended over 'a period of six weeks, during which time the condi-
tions of labour underwent considerable modifications. The working day consisted
at one time of eight hours, at another ten, and at yet another time of twelve hours.
Thus, not only the initial differences between Works Time and Actual Time, Works
Rate and Actual Rate, are shown, but also the changes, which resulted in these values
as a result of variations in the length of the working day.

' Total output is influenced by other circumstances, but they are unimportant in comparison
with the above.

t These values differ slightly, owing to the fact that, in calculating averages, values over ()?>
have been taken as I'D, whilst values less than 0'5 have been ignored.

RATE OF WORKING IN NUMBER OF BOBBINS PER HOUR, CALCULATED (A) ON THE WORKS
TIME, AND (B) ON THE ACTUAL TIME WORKED, IN EACH DAILY PERIOD.

DAILY RESULTS AND AVERAGES FOR A GROUP OF EIGHT WORKERS (Nos. 12, 10, 14,

13, HA, 14B, 11, 8).

Works Time - 6.0-8.0 a.m.

2 hours.

8.30-12.30 4 hours.

1.30-5.30 p. in 4 hours.

6.0-8.0 p.ni 2 hours.

Actual Time Worked varies from day to day with each individual.
Works Rate = Number of bobbins divided by Works Time.
Actual Rate = Number of bobbins divided by Actual Time.

6.08.0.

8.3012.30.

1.30 5.30.

6.0 s.o.

Worker's
No.

S / ~ N i ^ ^

.9 f J .s

EH| CS EH -g

3 02

s
+t

rtj

.1?

- -/ S 32

1-1 3

B
M

1 7

J3.2 5 Is "*-S

f - -' o T^ "^

-2 | 5|

tc c

m
M

"5 .S
- ~

~ > ^ ^^

E?^ -

^ *

-(1

Tuesday, 25th January, 1916.

' \
12 ... 1 120 ' 281

312

108

240

351

374

234

240

256

261

235

120

207

239

1(4

120 198

216 110

240

235

245

230

240

216

224

232

12(1

208

227

lilt

120 186

194 115

240

222

227

235

240

270

281

231

120

259

299

104

i:5

120 i 178

178

120

240

172

175

236

240

191

197

232

120

164

178

110

14A ...

120 138

138

120

240

411

425

232

240

381

397

230

14n ...

120 28G

327

105

240

15:',

163

225

240

182

185

236

120

230

262

105

120 1.J7

177 106

240

252

279

230

240

348

358

233

120

298

334

107

S ... 120 . 92

101 110

240

269

276

234

240

205

212

232

120

132

150

105

Total... WO 1,516

1,643 894

1,920

2,065

2,164

1,856

1,920

2,049

2,115 '

1,861

960

1,498

1,689

745

Average

120 189

205 112

240

258

270

232

240

256

264

233

120

214

241

106

Wednesday, 26th January, 1916.

120

269

302

107

240

274

240

240 265

267

238

120

177

202

105

240

252

260

233

240

221

229

231

120

144

192

120

230

260

106

240

265

240

215

246

210

120

145

120

183

240

199

202

236

240

178

190

225

120

169

250

120

158

206

240

305

240

362

369

235

120

251

266

120

192

206

112

240

174

233

179

240

175

253

166

120

18S

237

240

279

283

236

240

317

328

232

120

183

196

120

107

144

240

213

216

236

240

282

285

235

120

208

238

960

1,387

1,740

750

1,920

1,961

2,038

1,840

1,920

2,015

2,167

1,772

720

1,051

1,287

120

173

217

240

245

255

230

240

252

271

221

120

175

214

Thursday, 27th January, 1916.

120

179

196

110

240

298

303

236

240

301

334

216

}

120

237

258

111

240

151

191

190

210

239

247

232

120

101

304

240

148

274

130

240

198

234

203

120

109

108

240

159

232

165

240

160

181

212

14A '...

120

321

244

240

331

240

256

270

228

14B ...

120

202

220

110

240

'.17
247

116

305

200
195

240

185
264

200
384

222
182

^ No

overti

me.

8 '...

120

297

240

190

224

204

240

158

173

220

Total ...

840

1,237

1,728

597

1,920

1,621

1,976

1,560

1,920

1,761

2,023

1,715

Average

120

177

247

240

203

247

195

240

220

253

214

;

7S12

G 2

6.08.0.

s.:',o 12.30.

1.30f>.30.

6.08.0.

Worker's
Number.

Work? Time.
(Minutes.)

1
H

GO
|

Actual Rate.

Actual Time.
(Minutes.)

Works Time.
(Minutes.)

OJ 0)

-*J -M

GO ""i
~ S

1 1

Actual Time.
(Minutes.)

Works Time.
(Minutes.)

-2

W
'a

Actual Time.
(Minutes.)

OJ ' 0> ,-.

S2 i | S^
H| (S S|

II 1 1 1|

^ o ~S "S ^
> ^ > 2 s -
^ P < <

Friday, 28th January, 1916.

120

215

228 113

240

322

325

238

240

241

2f>2

230

120

220

242

101

Ki ...

120

102

109

113

240

245

253

233

240 216

227

228

120

163

194

101

14 ...

240

192

240

120

204

245

IOC

13 ...

120

214

234

110

240

236

248

228

240

236

217

150

120

167

196

102

UA ...

240

392

412

228

240

360

373

232

120

319

364

101

14B ...

120

233

250

112

240

239

240

239

240

200

204

234

120 201

271

11 ...

240

298

314

228

240

300

326

221

120 249

333

120

195

209

112

240

192

200

231

240

171

182

226

120

157

179

10:

Total...

600

959

1,030 560

1,680

1,924

1,992

1,625

1,920

1,816

1,973

1,761

960

1,680

2,024

822

Average

120

192

206 112

240

275

284

232

240

227

247

220

120

210

253

102

Saturday, 29th January, 1916.

6.08.0.

8.3011.30.

12 ...

120

221

245

108

180

249

271

165

10 ...

120

217

258

101

180

202

278

160

14 ...

180

201

256

140

13 ...

120

181

205

106

180

247

269

165

14A ...

120

275

352

180

383

380

181

14n .

120

212

273

180

124

212

105

120

112

175

180

192

216

160

Total...

720

1,218

1,508

579

1,260

1,598

1,882

1,076'

Average

120

203

251

180

228

269

154

-r-

Monday, 31st January, 1916.

6.08.0.

8.3012.30.

1.305.30.

6.0 8.0.

12 ...

120

226 50

- -

10 ...

120

106

115 111

240

239

273

230

240

197

247

191

u ...

120

173

247 84

240

242

246

236

240

246

311

190

120 237 258

110

13 ...

120

144

157 110

240

180

199

217

240

224

269

200

120 149

210

14A ...

120

240

325

343

227

240

260

327

191

UB ...

120

198

258

240

218

225

232

240

214

255

202

120 242

280

104

11 ...

120

117

125

112

240

293

347

203

240

307

346

213

120 218

316

120

114

240

179

183

235

240

222

305

175

120 166

306

Total ...

960

925

1,242

657

1,680

1,676

1,816

1,580

1,680

1,670

2,060

1,362

61 iO 1,012

1,370

447

Average

120

132

177

240

239

259

226

240

238

294

195

120 202

274 89

DAILY AVERAGES AND AVERAGES FOR SUCCESSIVE WEEKS (OMITTING SATURDAYS) FOR

GROUP OF EIGHT WORKERS.

6.08.0.

8.3012.30.

1.305.30.

6.08.0.

aJ x-x
^ ' ^ <u ^ d

rl ^

fl.

17 s

Q,)

+- 2 oi

* ^ if 1 el / *" s

Date.

.35 1 | |

J |

^ B

H -w

i-H d)

~ a; C6 C3

H-g Pi M r<~

*~ g ' &
{ ^ CO '""J ria C

J3 .9 ^

"ca "5 .3

1 "BJ

'& 5 2 ' "eg .S

i. M " ^5

55 5? fe -+5 -+^ 0^
S> hP O ' C3 x_^

T<S t.

o ** o

1 IS

1 |~

|* 1 ! 1 1"

"> Jan.

6
7
8 .,
1

120
120
120
120
120

189
173
177
192

132

205
217
247

206
177

112
94
85
112
94

240

240
240
240
240

258
245
2C3
275
239

270
255
247
284
259

939

230
195
232
226

240
240
240
240
240

256
252
220
227
238

264
271
253
247
294

233
221
214
220
195

120
120

214
175

210
202

241
214

253
274

106
97

103

'otal...

600

863

1,052

497

,200

1,220

1,315

1,115

,200

1,193

1,329

1,083

480

801

982

395

iverage

120

173

210

240

244

263

223

240

239

266

217

120

200

245

IFeb.

2
3
4

120
120
120
120
120

193

199
189
186
175

258
234
286
226
242

90
101
79
100
92

240
240
240
240
240

233

263
220

248
248

270
280
251
262

283

207
226
217
229
210

240
240
240
240
240

230
249
263
241
224

260
274

292
275
245

212

220
218
216
219

120
120

120

209
175

187

238
274

248

"'otal...

600

942

1,246

462

1,200

1,212

1,346

1,089

1,200

1,207

1,346

1,085

360

5*71

760

218

Average

120

188

249

240

242

269

218

240

241

269

217

120

190

253

8 Feb.

9 ,,

** 1

120
120
120
120
120

218
218
212
232
190

270

288
234
278
239

97
92
105
102
96

240
240
240
240
240

241
238
239
268
236

266
265

258
284
255

218
216
221
^226
226

240
240
240
240
240

214
226
235
259
221

228
253
256
281

262

225

216
220
220
206

1
[- Ove

rtime

nspen

ded.

fotal... 600

1,070

1,309

492

1,200

1,222

1,328

1,107

1,200

1,155

1,280

1,087

Average 120

214

262

240

244

266

221

240

231

256

217

5 Feb.
6

L7
* -,

120
120
120
120
120

239
221
212
201
115

278
281
272
273

239

103
99
93
86

240

240
240
240
240

250
263
275
244
220

274 219
284 224
281 229
280 210
245 i 216

240
240
240
240
240

232
243
219
224
215

270
272

256
285
249

208
215
207
192
207

- Ove

rtime

suspen

ded

Dotal ...

600

988

1,343

440

1,200

1,252

1,364

1,098

1,200

1,133

1,332

1,029

Average 120

198

269

240

250

273

220

240

227

266

206

23 Feb. -i

240
240

293

299

314 224

346 213

240

257

308

284

202
219

n
c

240

268

307 213

240

245

283

206

'<) ,,
28
29

0)
&

240
240

201
241

333 157
300 197

240
240

202
214

245
251

196
205

\ Ove

rtime

suspei

ded.

O t/ ji

Total ...

1,200

1,302

1,600 1,004

1,200

1,175

1,371

1,028

Average

240

260

320 201

240

235

274

206

1 Mar.

3 ,"

120
120
120
120

152
237
140
174

192
278
176
233

96
103
97
92

240
240
240
240
240

240
256
252
215
236

305 ] 193
269 228
265 229
229 226
249 228

240
240
240
240
240

214
258
237
225
203

247

269
247
237
227

209
230
230
227
216

}. Ove

; rtime

suspe

ded.

Total...

480

703

879 388

1,200

1,199 1,317 i 1,104

1,200

1,137 1,227

1,112

Average 120

176

219-7 97

240

263 221

240

227 245 222

>. In week ending 29th February, lack of material caused loss of time.

AVERAGE RATES PER HOUR, PER PERIOD FOR EIGHT WINDERS.

Period 1, overtime and early morning period worked.
Period 2, overtime suspended.

Period 3, overtime and early morning period suspended.
N.B. Periods 1 and 2 extend over two weeks each.
Period 3 extends over one week only.

6 8 a.m,

S.30a.m. 12.30 p.m.

1.30 5.30p.m.

(') 8 p.m.

Period.

2 -2 17

03 3B 1 IT* <E

P> !-,->

0) ^_^

H j

1
M

# <P|

.3 o5 "Jj

a- o> w
.,* *- -*-

fi i^ CC C3

-^ M

P rf.

_, -,_,

-P.S

* jsj rt 03 .9

.y J3

^ cC 2

^ - _S

ls.9

S C J[j "^

"3 "

^ P k )

i_i *^

S 3 ^

p i~ j

rr S

tSS e os

t? ' ^ 1 ^j <]

-S' J

* ? <1

Period 1 ...

120

180

229

240

243

266

220

240

240 267 217

120 195 ; 249

Period 2...

120

206

265

240

247

269

220

240

229 , 261 211

Period 3 ...

240

260

320

201

240

235 274 206

AVERAGE RATE PER HOUR PER DAY FOR THE VARIOUS EXPERIMENTAL PERIODS.

Period.

Works Time.
(Minutes.)

Works Rate.

Actual Rate.

Actual Time.

Experimental Period 1

720

214

253

618

Experimental Period 2

600

227

265

524

Experimental Period 3 ...

480

247

297

407

DAILY AVERAGES AND AVERAGES FOR SUCCESSIVE WEEKS (OMITTING SATURDAYS) FOR

GROUP OF THREE WINDERS, Nos. 13, 10, 8,

OVERTIME AND EARLY MORNING PERIOD WORKED. EXPERIMENTAL PERIOD 1.

6 8 a.m.

8.30 a.m. 12.30 p.m.

1.305.30 p.m.

6 8 p.m.

Date.

-4~

-M

8 oa

-j

<u ^_^

* s~

S a)

^ Ql

Ofl

^ "S

(Si

EH -M

r^ -w

Ei-g

H -g

H -J;

^ .S

3 .S

jjj

"3 fi

>~-J rj

"3 .

I E

"S S/

^>- "^^

25 Jan.

120

156

165

113

240

225

232

233

240

204 i 211

232

120

168

185

10*

120

117

176

240

221

226 235

S40

227 235

230

1-20

. 174

227

120

145 221 86

240

167

216 186

240

186 200

221

120

overti

me.

120

170 , 184 112

240

224

234 231

240

208 209

201

120

162

190

10?

120

114

129

106

240

199

218 227

240

214 274

189

120

157

258

7. r

Total ...

600

702

875

496

1,200

1,036

1,126

1,112

1,200

1,039

1,12!)

1,073

600

661

860

37f

Average

120

140

175

240

207

225 222

240

208 226

215

120

165

215

1 Feb.

120 172

234

240

216

249

208

240

217 246

212

120

159

211 47

120

167 199

240

238

256

224

240

214 228

225

120

170

315 6:

3 ,,

120

168 267

240

226

244

230

240

238 259

222

o over

time.

120

167 201

101

240

216

227

229

240

185 247

197

120

129

186 8;

120 198 i 226

106

240

248

286

208

240

198 230

208

N|0 overtime.

Total:..

600 872

1,127

476

1,200

1,144

1,262 [ 1,099

1,200

1,052 1,210

1,064

360

458

712

191

Average

120 174 225

240

229

252 220

240

210 242

213

120

153

237 6

OUTPUT DAILY AVERAGES -THREE WINDERS, Nos. 13, 10, 8.
OVERTIME SUSPENDED. EXPERIMENTAL PERIOD 2.

u in.

S.30 a.m. 12.30 p.m.

1.305.30 p.m.

(i 8 p.m.

1* ,--".

a 7 -^

S 7

-t -f

Date.

.a o>

"5
X

^ 5

ll *

- a,

OJ -S
pH -*< 03
O

ol M

ED
-M

^
s

a
a

1^ 1

s
-M

I C

8 Feb.

' >

120

120
120
120

120

220
218
185
198

205

260
288

211
223
248

101

107
106

240
240
240

240
240

222
224

220
232

2 it;

249
258
243
250
241

216
209
217
221
223

240
240

240
240
240

219
22S
217
244
213

230
256
233
269
233

228
216
223
218
220

- No

overti

me.

rotal...

600

1,026

1,230

503

1,200

1,114

1,241

1,086

1,200

1,121

1,221

1,105

Average

120

205

246

101

240 223

248

217

240

224

244

221

.5 Feb.

18 "

21 ,.

120
120
120
120
120

235
227
213

170

131

283
283

270
248

207

100

107
96
81

240
240
240
240
240

235
238
244
236
204

249
245
237
255
229

227
231
226
221
215

240
240
240
240
240

210
215
185
208
230

246

237
208
254
263

205

219
219
198
209

1
- No

overt

me.

Fotal ...

600

976

1,291

460

1,200

1,157

1,215

1,123

1,200

1,048

1,208

1,050

Average

120

195

258

240 231 243

225

240

210

242

210

OUTPUT DAILY AVERAGES THREE WINDERS, Nos. 13, 10, 8.

EARLY MORNING PERIOD AND OVERTIME SUSPENDED, 23RD FEBRUARY 29-m FEBRUARY,

1916. EXPERIMENTAL PERIOD 3.

6 8 a.m.

8.30 a.m. 12.30 p.m.

1.305.30 p.m.

6 8 p.m.

Date.

a7 |

S -2

oJ
'a

"S is

o i

aj li
1 1

a M

a 7

QJ 1* ( / ""T

-*-* c3 i

el 03 |

H 23

03 p M

1-1 s

3 -3.S

J3.S

M "

"3-2

_s 3 , "s-2

rl ^

2 - -

c C-

^J ^/

!*~

,0 C

o -g

< <

23 Feb.
''4

240

269
268

289
325

223

214

240
240

226
254

287

268

193

227

240

287

333

214

240

.'57

278

222

28 .,
29

-^
3 -

^ t;.

2-lo
240

178
225

272
255

156
209

240
210

209

243

241
271

205
216

N..

overti ait-.

To t;d...

1,200

1,227

1,474

1,016

1,200

1,189

1,345

1,063

Average

240

245

295

203

240

238

269

213

1 Mar.

P !>

6 ,.
7 ,,

120
120
120
120

170
237
140
173

204
278
176
200

101
103
97
102

240
240
2JO
240
240

240
253
260
209
226

282
264
266
222

237

201
231
235
226

228

240
240
240
240
240

233

268
246
197
215

263

283
255
211
241

214

228
231
224
214

1
No overti me.

Total...

480

720 S5,s

403

1,200

1,188

1,271

1,124

1,200

1,159

1,253

. 1,111

Average

120

180 214

101

240

238

254

225

240

232

251

222

AVKKAGI: RATKS PER HOUR PKR I'KRIOD FOK THRKK WINDKKS. Nos. 13, 10,

Period 1, overtime and early morning period worked.

Period 2, overtime suspended.

Period 3, overtime and early morning period suspended.

N.B. Periods 1 and 2 extend over two weeks each.
Period 3 extends over one week onlv.

6 8 a.m.

8.30 a.m. 12.30 p.m.

1.30 -5 30 p.m.

6 8 p.m.

Period.

I'?

^ 1

c3 : w TO

a /

a !

.5 M

2 /-M ' i ^

d .*a 1 -*j 3

P cc ed rf C a

M 5

^-* a?

r" 1 "^
' ~

CH -8

-t-

3i iT i

M ^ ^

^ O

^ 3

^ -

' "3

fc d

^-. B

,44.2

g "rt.9

_M ^

"=* .3

OD J

g.2

j -S

g .g

O ~t> ^^

o *

& "

r tr '

^ oC
< <j

Period 1 ...

120

157

200 : 97

240 218

238

221

240

209

234 214

120

159 22C 79

Period 2...

120

200

252

240

227

245

221

240

217,

243

215

Period 3...

240

245

295

203

240 238

269

213

AVERAGE RATES PER HOUR PER DAY FOR THE VARIOUS PERIODS.

Period.

Works Time.
(Minutes.)

Works Kate.

Actual Rate.

Actual Time.
(Minutes.)

Experimental Period 1

720

186

224

Gil

Experimental Period 2

600

215

247

532

Experimental Period 3

480

241

282

416

In the Tables the averages of the group of eight individuals have been taken.'
In Experimental Period 1 the working day consisted of twelve hours divided into

Daily Period 1.- Early Morning Period 2 hours.

Daily Period 2. Morning Period 4 hours.

Daily Period 3. Afternoon Period ... ... ... 4 hours.

Daily Period 4.^ Overtime Period 2 hours.

For convenience, these are referred to as Daily Periods 1, 2, 3, 4.
The workers are indicated by numbers given in the first column.

The Tables deal with each period of the day separately, and in each period four
columns of figures appear. The first of these gives the number of minutes contained
in the Works Time for that particular period. This value is constant for the period,
and is the same for all individuals. The second column gives the Works Rate, and
the third column the Actual Rate, whilst the last column gives the minutes actually
worked (Actual Time). It is possible to ascertain at a glance the rate at which any
particular operative was working in any period of the day, and further, to ascertain
the exact number of minutes devoted to labour during that period. For instance, it
is seen that on 25th January, two individuals only out of a group of eight worked
for the full two hours during the early morning period, whilst for the rest of the
day, not a single individual worked full time.

The general scheme of the experiment may be understood by a study of a single
example. On the first day, 25th January, 1916, Worker No. 12 during Daily
Period 1, worked a total of 108 minutes (Actual Time) instead of the full 120 minutes
of the period (Works Time). Her output, divided by the Actual Time, gives 312
bobbins per hour (Actual Rate). Divided by the Works Time, it gave 281 bobbins
per hour (Works Rate). During Daily Period No. 2, she worked 234 minutes (Actual
Time) instead of 240 minutes (Works'Time). Her Actual Rate was 374, the Works
Rate being 351. In Daily Period No. 3, she worked 235 minutes (Actual Time)

instead of 240 minutes (Works Time), and her Actual Rate was 261, the Works Rate
being 256. In Daily Period No. 4 (Overtime), she worked 104 minutes (Actual
Time) instead of 120 (Works Time), and the Actual Rate was 239. Works Rate was
207.

The remaining examinees have worked for varying numbers of minutes in the
different periods of the day, their output has varied, and thus differences in Works
Rate and Actual Rate have arisen. The average Works Time for each Daily Period
is the same as the original Works Time, since this has not changed during the
experiment.* The Works Rate for Daily Period 1 has varied from a maximum of
286 in the case of Worker No. 14s to a minimum of 92 in the case of Worker No. 8.
The average of the eight workers is 189. The Actual Rate has varied from 327 to
101, the average being 205. Actual Time has varied from 120 minutes, which is full
Works Time, to 105 minutes, the average for all workers being 112. Where actual
Time happens to be the same as Works Time, Actual Rate will necessarily be the
same as Works Rate. And so on with the various Daily Periods.

The full tables make it possible to compare values given by one worker with those
given by another, and the values given by the same worker in different periods of the
day. The averages allow a comparison to be made between different periods.

In consequence of the limitations of space it has only been possible to print the
full tables giving figures for individuals for the first week. For the remainder of
the time, summaries only are given. The figures given are averages for the group of
eight workers.

The figures bring out clearly the fact that the output varies in different periods
of the day. They also show that these variations may be due to different causes, a
rise in daily output being brought about on the one hand by an increase in the rate of
working, the time worked remaining the same or at all events not falling sufficiently
to compensate for the increased rate, or on the other hand, by an increase in the time
worked, the rate remaining the same, or at all events not falling sufficiently to
compensate for the increased time.

Thus, on the day already studied, 25th January, the average Actual Rate varies
from 205 in Daily Period 1 to 270 in Daily Period 2. In the afternoon, Daily
Period 3, it dropped to 264, and during overtime, Daily Period 4, to 241. The Works
Rate on the same day varied from 189 in Daily Period 1 to 258 in Daily Period 2,
dropping to 256 in Daily Period 3, and to 214 in Daily Period 4. On this day output
was lowest in Daily Period 1, highest in Daily Period 2, though, since both Actual
Rate and Actual Time were very similar in Daily Periods 2 and 3, the output of these
periods differed but little.

On other days, output is lowest in overtime, Daily Period 4. For instance, on
2nd February, Works Rate is 199 for Daily Period 1, 175 for Daily Period 4. In
most cases, however, the results show a lower Works Rate in the Daily Period 1, than
in overtime, Daily Period 4 (25th January, 26th January, 28th January, 31st
January, 1st February, 4th February). In many cases the Works Rate is lower in
Daily Period 1 than in any other period of the day (25th January, 26th, 27th, 28th,
29th and 31st January, 1st February, 3rd, 4th, 7th, 9th, 10th, llth, 12th, 16th, 17th,
18th, 19th, and 22nd February, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 7th March).

The weekly averages for these periods, Saturday values being omitted, are as
follows : First week, Daily Period 1, 173, Daily Period 4, 200. Second week, Daily
Period 1, 188, Daily Period 4, 190. In the third week, Daily Period 4 was abolished.

The values for Daily Periods 3 and 4 are as a rule higher than those for Daily
Periods 1 and 4; those for the first week were 244 and 239, for the second week 242
and 241, for the third week 244 and 231, &c. The Actual Rates are also considerably
higher in the Daily Periods 2 and 3, being 263 and 266 for the first week, 269 and
269 for the second week.

The Actual Time seems to be as a rule slightly higher in Daily Period 2 than
in 3, being 223 and 217 in the first week, 218 and 217 in the second week, 221 and 217
in the third week, and 220 and 206 in the fourth week. In the fifth week there was
a change to 201 and 206, and in the sixth week to 221 and 222.

The values for Actual Time in Daily Periods 2 and 3 also show a higher ratio to
Works Time than do the Actual Times in Daily Periods 1 and 4, showing a smaller
loss of time in these periods.

* Except on 1st February, when Daily Period 4 consisted of one hour instead of two, in
consequence of a Zeppelin raid.

7312

Thus the results bear out the conclusions with regard to daily periods of high
and low output which were formed in studying output on a former occasion (p. 43).

The main object of the present experiment was to ascertain what differences in
time worked, in output, and in rate of working, were brought about as a result of
alterations in the length of the working day. At the beginning of the experiment
the hours were from 6 a.m. to 8 a.m., 8.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m., 1.30 p.m. to 5.30 p.m.,
and 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. Thus the worker's day at the mill commenced at 6 a.m., finished
at 8 p.m., and consisted of fourteen hours, of which twelve were devoted to labour,
and two to rest and refreshment. These hours had been worked since the 3rd of
August, 1914. The arrangement remained unaltered during the first period of
two weeks of the experiment. During the second period of two weeks the number of
hours in Daily Periods 1, 2, and 3, were the same as for the first period, but Daily
Period 4 (overtime) was abolished. Thus, the working day, previously consisting of
twelve hours, was reduced to ten.* The gain to the workers was two and a half
hours, since the tea interval, as well as two hours overtime, was saved.

Daily Period 4 is worked in the evening, at the end of the day's labour, when
fatigue accumulation is most rapid (see p. 22). Hence the abolition of this period
might be expected to cause a considerable alteration of values. The Table of Daily
Averages, p. 53, shows that with the suspension of Daily Period 4 the Works Rate
in Period 1 went up in the next two weeks from 173 and 188 to 214 and 198. The
Actual Rate altered from 210 and 249 to 262 and 269. The Actual Time fell slightly,
from 99 and 92, to 98 and 88. That this was not sufficient to neutralize the rise in
Actual Rate is shown by the fact that the Works Rate also shows an increase. In
Daily Period 2 the Works Rate went up from 244 and 242 to 244 and 250. The
Actual Rate went up from 263 and 269 to 266 and 273. The Actual Time remained
stationary, the figures being 223 and 218, and 221 and 220. In the afternoon, Daily
Period 3, the Works Rate went down from 239 and 241 to 231 and 227. The Actual
Rate also went down slightly, from 266 and 269 to 256 and 266. The Actual Time
also fell from 217' and 217 to 217 and 206. At the end of the fourth week a further
change was made, and Daily Period 1, 6-8 a.m., was suspended, in addition to Daily
Period 4. Thus the working day consisted of eight hours only. The gain to the
workers over the second two weeks period (Experimental Period 2) was two and a half
hours, since the breakfast interval, as well as the two hours shift, was saved. The
gain over the first two weeks period (Experimental Period 1) was five hours. The
overtime period, during which fatigue accumulation is especially active, and the early
morning period, which has been seen to interfere with rest and feeding arrangements,
were not worked, and, accordingly, alterations in the remaining periods might
reasonably be looked for.

In Experimental Periods 1 and 2 (the first two weeks, and the second two weeks
of the experiment) the Works Rate for Daily Period 2 had been 244 and 242, and 244
and 250. In Experimental Period 3, after the suspension of the early morning shift,
this rose to 260. The Actual Rate, which had been 263 and 269, and 266 and 273,
rose to 320. The Actual Time, which had been 223 and 218, and 221 and 220, fell to
201.

In Daily Period 3, the Works Rate which in Experimental Periods 1 and 2 had
been 239 and 241, and 231 and 227, was 235. The Actual Rate, which had been 266
and 269, and 256 and 266, was 274. The Actual Time, which had been 217 and 217,
and 217 and 206, was 206.

Owing to the exigencies of the mill it was impossible to continue the suspension
of Daily Period 1 beyond the fifth week, and therefore the averages are calculated
on one half of the values used in the other Experimental Periods.

In the Table on p. 54, Average Rates per Hour per Period, the results have been
further summarised and are given in the form of a Table of Daily Average Rates for
the three Experimental Periods 1, 2, and 3. The Works Rate for Daily Period 1 is
180 in Experimental Period 1, in Experimental Period 2, 206. Thus the shortening
of the day has raised the rate of output by 26 bobbins per hour.. The Actual Rate also
has risen from 229 to 265, whilst the Actual Time has fallen from 95 to 93, a loss of
two minutes only. In Daily Period 2 the Works Rate for Experimental Period 1 is
243, for Experimental Period 2, 247, and for Experimental Period 3, 260, the Actual
Rates being for Experimental Period 1, 266, for Experimental Period 2, 269, and

' The three periods of the experiment are referred to as Experimental Periods 1, 2, and 3.

for Experimental Period 3, 320. The Actual Time for Experimental Periods 1 and
'2 was 220, for Experimental Period 3, 201.

In Daily Period 3 the Works Rate was 240 in Experimental Period 1, 229 in
Experimental Period 2, and 235 in Experimental Period 3. The fall from Experi
t;:<Mital Period 1 is partly due to a scarcity of material. The Actual Rates were for
Kvperimental Period 1, 267, for Experimental Period 2, 261, and for Experimental
Period 3, 274, the Actual Times being 217, 211, and 206.

Finally, by taking the average for each Experimental Period, the average rate
pec hour per day may be found (see Table, p. 54, Average Rates per Hour per Day).
The results are for Experimental Period 1, Works Rate 214, Actual Rate 253, for
Kxperimental Period 2, Works Rate 227, Actual Rate 265; for Experimental
Period 3, Works Rate 247, Actual Rate 297.

The above results were obtained from a group of eight workers. The number
was chosen in order to eliminate individual differences as much as possible. Certain
members .of the group were somewhat irregular in their attendance. Indeed, one
worker, at all events, made no pretence of attending in the early morning period,
lint habitually arrived at 8.30 instead of at 6. Such absences were found to interfere
with the value of the tests, and it is evident that if a considerable percentage of the
workers absented themselves from early morning period and overtime the formal
suspension of these periods would make little difference to their work, whilst changes
shown by other workers in consequence of such suspension would be masked in the
averages. For this reason a further Table has been constructed from the values of
three individuals who attended with remarkable regularity. In this Table, p. 56,
the values for Works Rate in Daily Period 1 are, for Experimental Period 1, 157,
for Experimental Period 2, 200. The Actual Rates are 200 and 252. and the Actual
Times 97 and 96. In Daily Period 2, Works Rate for Experimental Period 1 was
218. for Experimental Period 2, 227, and for Experimental Period 3, 245. The
Actual Rates were 238, 245, and 295. The Actual Time was 221, 221, and 203. In
Daily Period 3 the Works Rate for Experimental Period 1 was 209, for Experimental
Period 2, 217, and for Experimental Period 3, 238. Actual Rates were 234, 243,
and 269, and Actual Times 214, 215, 213.

Taking the average of the periods as before, the results are for Experimental
Period 1, Works Rate 186, far Experimental Period 2, 215, and for Experimental
Period 3, 241. The Actual Rates are for Experimental Period 1, 224, for Experi-
mental Period 2, 247, and for Experimental Period 3, 282.

As might have been expected, the Works Rate has gone up with each shortening
o!' the working day. The ultimate result as regards total output will depend upon
the ratio which this increase bears to the reduction in hours which has been effected.
Some of the conclusions reached are as follows :

Works Time is constant over limited periods. It is altered occasionally
by the introduction, or the suspension, of periods of overtime. It is always
greater than Nominal Time or Actual Time. It has varied during the period
covered by the experiment between eight hours and twelve hours per day.

Nominal Time is less than Works Time, though greater than Actual Time.
Its proportion to these two values varies in accordance with the length of
Works Time. It may vary owing to absences resulting from fluctuations in the
health or energy of the worker, from accident, or from other cause. It may
differ considerably from Works Time in consequence of the deliberate action
of individual workers.

Actual Time is less than Works Time or Nominal Time. The losses
constituting the difference between Nominal Time and Actual Time are small
in themselves, but the aggregate is large. The relation of Actual Time
to Works Time and Nominal Time has varied in sympathy with altera-
tions in Works Time. Labour performed towards the end of the day is
especially effective in diminishing Actual Time, owing to the great amount of
fatigue produced.

The losses in Nominal Time and in Actual Time, though always present, are
by no means constant in amount. They vary largely, and the chief cause of such
variation appears to be the condition of the worker with regard to fatigue. Condi-
tions which favour the development of fatigue result in an increase of the absences
sufficiently prolonged to lead to official registration, and still more to an increase
of the small losses which make up the difference between Nominal Time and Actual

Ti
ime.

7312

Rates of Working also vary both in the case of different workers, and also in the
case of individual workers at different times of the day. Rates also vary as a result
of changed conditions. Reference to some of these points has been made on a former
page. Of especial interest in connection with output is the fact that every alteration
in the length of the working day has been followed by a corresponding alteration
in the rate of actual working.

From what has been said it follows that under ordinary circumstances every
increase in Works Time will be followed by an increase in Nominal Time, and an
increase in Actual Time, but successive increases in Works Time will lead to
diminishing increases in Nominal Time and Actual Time, since small time-losses
will be multiplied. Ultimately a condition will be reached when increased Works
Time no longer leads to increased Actual Time, but may even lead to a diminution.

Moreover, every increase in Actual Time, and therefore (under ordinary condi-
tions) every increase in Works Time and in Nominal Time, will lead to a diminution
of Actual'Rate, and this diminution will be especially marked as the result of the
introduction of overtime.

It is for this reason that the introduction of overtime frequently leads to a
diminution of total output.

S ti tin/wry of Section III. (Hi.).

A. The total output of a factory depends upon

1. Works Time. The official hours of the mill.

2. Nominal Time. The average time during which the workers attend.

3. Actual Time. The average time actually worked.

4. Actual Rate. The average rate at which work is performed.

B. Changes in 1 will lead to changes in 2 and 3, and every change of 3 will
cause a change of 4. Moreover, since 4, as well as 2 and 3, depends on fatigue, and
fatigue accumulation is greatly affected by 1,* the value of 4 will also be affected by
variations of 1.

Thus, the various factors are linked closely together, and an alteration of one
will be followed by alterations throughout the series.

C. It follows that the attainment of maximum output is a matter of the
accurate adjustment of the factors concerned, based upon exhaustive investigation
and patient experiment.

The principal factors to be considered are the actual time worked, and the actual
rate of working.

(iv.) THE INFLUENCE OF OVERTIME UPON THE GENERAL

HEALTH OF THE WORKER.

The influence of overtime upon the general health of the worker, apart from
his condition with regard to fatigue at any particular moment, is of importance,
since speed of working, and the endurance necessary for prolonged labour, must
depend upon general health. It is difficult to find a satisfactory means of gauging
and of expressing in numerical terms, this general health, or " fitness." The condi-
tion is difficult to define, and still more difficult to measure and to register. More-
over, the individuals met with vary so much amongst themselves that a condition
which might perhaps be called " fit " in one case, would be quite " unfit " in another.

An attempt has been made to solve the difficulty by collecting and analysing the
results of certain tests carried on over a period of some weeks, during which the
conditions with regard to overtime and the early morning period were varied. As in
former tests it was found undesirable to compare the results given by one individual
with those given by another the variations referred to above destroy, for present
purposes, the value of any such comparison but the results obtained at one period

F This is compensated to some extent by the process of " balancing." See p. 48.
Conditions vary in different factories, and imperfect co-ordination may lead to serious losses of
time. It is assumed that such losses have been excluded.

have been compared with the results obtained at another period from the same
individual, and thus it has been possible to form an estimate of the influence of
varying conditions of labour.

The values taken are the averages between the morning and evening figures.
The abolition of overtime, leading, as it does, to a shortened day, would naturally
be followed by an improvement in the evening condition of the worker, but by
averaging the evening value with that obtained in the morning, the effect of the
shortened day is diminished, and the condition of the worker in the morning, after a
period of rest, is brought in.

The first test used was the Complex Reaction Time, and this was applied to three
individuals, No. 35A, 33, and 35, who had been remarked as especially regular in their
attendance at the mill. The experiment was carried on for a period of six weeks,
the conditions being varied from time to time. During the first fortnight the hours
worked were the full ordinary hours of the mill in war time, that is to say, from
6 a.m. to 8 p.m. with two hours off for meals. Thus the day consisted of twelve
working hours, and the operatives showed some signs of overstrain. During the
second fortnight the overtime period (6 p.m. to 8 p.m.) was suspended, the day
commenced at 6 a.m. and ended at 5.30 p.m. and consisted of ten working hours.
During the third stage of the experiment the early morning period also was sus-
pended and the day commenced at 8.30 a.m., ended at 5.30 p.m., and consisted of
eight working hours.

Taking the first individual tested, No. 35A, the average time of response for the
first fortnight, Period I, during the whole of which both overtime and early morning
period were worked in a twelve hour day, was 117 seconds. During Period II, when
overtime was suspended and the day contained ten working hours, the average time
was reduced to 0'89 seconds, and during Period III, when the early morning period
also was suspended and the day contained only eight working hours, the time of
response fell to 88 seconds.

The second individual tested was No. 33. During Period I, when overtime was
worked, the average value for the whole fortnight was 1 05 seconds, for Period II,
when overtime was suspended 87, and for Period III, when early morning period
also was suspended, 86 seconds.

The values obtained from No. 35 were, for Period I, 1 38 seconds, for Period II,
1 13 seconds, arid for Period III, 1 02 seconds.

Thus, in every instance the suspension of overtime was followed by a diminution
in the period necessary to perform a definite series of physiological processes, and,
therefore, by an improvement in the condition of the subject under examination. In
some instances the diminution was relatively large. In every case also the suspension
of the early morning period was followed by a further diminution of the reaction
time, and a further improvement in the condition of the subject.

The results obtained in the above experiment have been corroborated by another
set of tests, the requirement in this case being the recognition and selection of a
definite colour. Periods I, II, and III correspond to those of the former series,
Period I referring to two weeks during which overtime was worked, Period II to two
weeks during which it was suspended, and Period III to a further period during
which both overtime and early morning period were suspended.

The first worker, No. 35A, showed a reaction time of 0'87 seconds during Period I,
75 seconds during Period II, and 075 seconds during Period III. Again a con-

CJ^.-.1_1_ _1 * * j_*_ (* i 1 , . i -, c *

overtime,
seconds

values are for Period I, 89 seconds, for Period II, 0'85 seconds, ancffor Period' III
85 seconds.

In all of these cases the suspension of overtime was followed by a diminution of
the reaction time, indicating an improvement in the general condition of the
worker. In one instance the cessation of the early morning period produced a
further improvement.

In order to test the matter further, a similar investigation was carried out in
another Department, where the workers were engaged in a different class of work
identical with those already described were carried on for a period of about
six weeks, the periods corresponding to those described previously. The workers
selected were seven women employed in the winding room, their numbers being 8, 10
12, 11, 14, Id, and 14A.

The table of collected averages shows that No. 8 gave a value of 1 42 seconds for
Period I. 1'13 seconds for Period II, and 1 04 seconds for Period III.

Worker No. 10 gave values of 1'04 seconds for Period I, 092 for Period II,
5)6 for Period III.

No. 12 worker gave 1'14 seconds for Period I, 0'% seconds for Period II, and
!>4 seconds for Period III.

No. 11 worker gave 1 06 seconds for Period I, I'Ol seconds for Period 11.

99 seconds for Period III.

No. 14 worker gave 1 22 seconds for Period I, 1'07 seconds for Period II,
102 seconds for Period III.

No., 13 worker gave 1'36 seconds for Period I, 1'20 seconds for Period II,

1 19 seconds for Period III.

No. 14.4. worker gave T52 seconds for Period I, 1 25 seconds for Period II,
1 18 seconds for Period III.

In every instance the suspension of overtime has been followed by a shortening
of the reaction time, and by a corresponding improvement in the general condition
of the worker. In six cases out of seven the subsequent suspension of the early
morning period was followed by a further shortening of the reaction time.

Finally, the results are given of a further series of tests carried out on the same
set of workers, the recognition and selection of a definite colour being employed. The
summarised table on p. 63 shows that No. 8 gave a value of 1'16 seconds for Period I
when overtime was worked, 1 03 seconds for Period II, and 095 seconds for
Period III.

No. 10 worker gave 92 seconds for Period I, 0'79 seconds for Period II, and
076 seconds for Period III.

No. 12 gave 99 seconds for Period I, 0'83 seconds for Period II, and 0'86
seconds for Period III.

No. 11 gave 0'84 seconds for Period I, 078 seconds for Period II. and 074
seconds for Period III.

No. 14 gave 0'95 seconds for Period I, 0'86 seconds for Period II, 0'85 seconds for
Period III.

Worker No. 13 gave 114 seconds for Period I, 1'08 seconds for Period II, and
1'03 seconds for Period III.

No. 14A gave 1 38 seconds for Period I, 1'08 seconds for Period II, and 0'86
seconds for Period III.

In this series of tests also in every case the suspension of overtime has been
followed by a shortening in some cases a considerable shortening of the reaction
time, indicating a corresponding improvement in the general condition of the worker.
In six instances out of seven the suspension of early morning work was followed by
a further shortening of the reaction time.

TABLES OF VALUES.

TABLE I.

Showing the Influence of Overtime on the General Health of the Worker.
Lint Packers.

Complex Reaction Time.- Letters.

Averages of Morning and Evening Values for the three Periods-
Period I. Overtime and Early Morning Periods worked.
Period II. Overtime suspended.
Period III. Overtime and Early Morning Periods suspended.

Period I.

1-17

1-05

1-38

' Period II

0-81) 0-87

1-13

Period III

0-88

0-86

1-02

TABLE II.

Showing the Influence of Overtime on the General Health of the Worker.
Lint Packers.

Complex Reaction Time. Colours.

Averages of Morning and Evening Values for the three Periods
' Period I. Overtime and Early Morning Period worked.
Period II. Overtime suspended.
Period III. Overtime and Early Morning Periods suspended.

No 35A

No 33

No. 3"i.

Period I

0-87

0-88

0-89

Period II

0-7f>

0-74

0-85

Period III. ...

0-75

0-73

0-85

TABLE III.

Showing the Influence of Overtime on the General Health of the Worker.
Winders.

Complex Reaction Time. Letters.

Averages of Morning and Evening Values for the three Periods-
Period I. Overtime and Early Morning Period worked.
Period II. Overtime suspended.
Period III. Overtime and Early Morning Periods suspended.

No 8

No 10

No I 9

No 11

No 14

No 13

No 14A

Period I.

1-42

1-04

1-14

1-06

1-22

1-3IJ

1-52

Period II

1-13

0-92

0-96

1-01

1-07

1-20

1-25

Period III

1-04

o-%

0-94

0-99

1-02

1-19

1-18

TABLE IV.

Showing the Influence of Overtime upon the General Health of the Worker.
Winders.

Complex Reaction Time. Colours.

Averages for the Periods I, II, III :

Period I. Overtime and Early Morning Period worked.

Period II. Overtime suspended.

Period III. Overtime and Early Morning Periods suspended.

No 8

Nn 10

No 12

No 11

No 14

No 13

No 14A

Period I.
Period 11
Period III

1-16
1-03
0-95

0-92
0-79
0-76

0-99
0-83
0-86

0-84
0-78
0-74

0-95
0-86
0-85

1-14
1-08
1-03

1-38
1-08
0-86

It is possible to test the influence of overtime in another manner. It has already
been shown that factory workers often lose a considerable amount of time in their
daily work. It is probably incorrect to call such lost time wasted, since the cessation
from labour seems to be brought about as a result of a distinct need of the organism
for rest. The time therefore is not wilfully wasted, but is employed as a breathing
space, and for recovery from fatigue.

Since the loss depends upon fatigue, or upon a condition produced in the worker
as a result of fatigue, it is likely that its amount will be greater when fatigue is
increased, and there is evidence to show that time lost and exhaustion of energy run
pari passu. It is easy to estimate the amount of time lost, and to draw conclusions
from this as to the general condition of the worker, and provided the data used % are
sufficiently extensive, the result will be useful.

An enquiry on these lines was carried out upon a group of eight workers, and
extended over a period of about six weeks. The time was divided into three experi-
mental periods, during which the conditions of labour were varied. In the first
period work commenced at 6 a.m. and continued till 8 p.m. with a total of two hours
off for meals. In the second period the day still commenced at 6 a.m., but ended at
5.30 p.m. In the third period the day commenced at 8.30 a.m. and ended at 5.30 p.m.
During the Period 1, therefore, work should have been carried on for a total of
twelve hours in the day. Reference to the figures of Table V. on p. 64 shows that on
no single day of the period was the full twelve hours worked. The nearest approach
to it was on Tuesday, 25th January, when 11 hours and 23 minutes were worked.
On Thursday, 27th January, only 8 hours and 14 minutes were worked. Thus, on
Tuesday an average of 37 minutes was lost on the day's work by each member of the
group examined, whilst on Thursday the average was 3 hours 46 minutes as an
average, or, multiplied by the number in the group, a total of 30 hours and 8 minutes.
Since, however, a transient indisposition may sometimes lead to a loss of time, a
more just estimate can be obtained from the average for the whole periods of the
test. The average total time worked in the ten days comprised within Period 1 is
99 hours and 1 minute, which gives a loss 20 hours 59 minutes, or an average loss of
2 hours and 6 minutes per worker per day. In Period 2 when overtime was
suspended, and the working day contained ten hours instead of twelve, the time
worked was greater in proportion, and the time lost less. The average total time
worked was 87 hours, showing a loss of 13 hours, or 1 hour 18 minutes per day. In
Period 3 the time worked was a total of 33 hours and 35 minutes, showing a loss of
6 hours and 25 minutes or 1 hour and 17 minutes per day.

The time lost during the first period, 2 hours and 6 minutes, is 17 5 per cent, of
the total time of the day. During Period 2, the time lost was 1 hour and 18 minutes,
and this is 13 per cent, of the daily period of labour. Thus, a diminution in the length
of the working day has diminished the loss of time to a disproportionate extent,
and, just as it has been shown that a lengthening of the working day leads to an
increase of fatigue which is disproportionate to the added hours, so here it is found
that a long day leads to much loss of time, which is greatly reduced when the day is
shortened.

Unfortunately, it is impossible to draw any useful conclusion from an examina-
tion of the figures for Period 3, since, whilst the experiment was in progress, trouble
arose in another department of the mill and, as a result, the workers were disturbed
and their occupation disorganised. Hence, a great deal of extra time was wasted.

TABLE V.

Average Time worked per day during Experimental Periods I, II, and III for
a group of eight workers :

Period !. Overtime and Early Morning Period worked.

Period II. Overtime suspended.

Period III. Overtime and Early Morning Period suspended.

PERIOD 1.

Tuesday, 25th January
Wednesday, 26th
Thursday, 27th
Friday, 28th
Monday, 31st

PERIOD 2.

Hrs. Mins.
11 23
10 42

8 14
11 7
10 7

Tuesday, 8th Febi
Wednesday, 9th ,
Thursday,* 10th
Friday, llth
Monday, 14th

nary

Hrs. Mins.
8 ,27
8 46
9 5
9 9
8 48

Tuesday, 1st February
Wednesday, 2nd
Thursday, 3rd
Friday, 4th
Monday, 7th

Total ...

9 15
10 24
8 34
10 34
8 41

99 1
9 54

Tuesday, 15th
Wednesday, 16th
Thursday, 17th
Friday, 18th
Monday, 21st

Total

8 50
8 58
8 48
8 8
8 1

87
8 42

Average (per day)

6.5

PERIOD 3.

Wednesday, 23rd February
Thursday, 24th
Friday, 2")th
Monday, 28th
Tuesday, 29th

Hrs. Mins.
6 49
7 12
6 59
5 53
C> 42

TABLE VI.

Average times per day for eight workers are given for each of the three
Experimental Periods.

Period.

Average
Time.

Percentage
of Time
Lost.

Period 1

Hrs. Mins.
9 54

17-5

Period 2

8 42

13-0

Period 3

6 43

16-0*

* This figure is not to be taken as trustworthy, since the work of the whole room was
disorganised through trouble arising in another part of the mill.

Again, three winders gave the following results:

When working 12 hours per day, the time lost was 19 5 per cent.

10 150

8 ,, ,, 13 3

Summary of Section HI. (iv.).

The general health of the worker, upon which his rate of working and his powers
of endurance depend, so far as it can be gauged by the tests used in this investiga-
tion, appears to be prejudiced by the introduction of overtime, and, to a less extent,
by work in the early morning hours. The suspension of overtime was followed in
every case by an improvement in the condition of the worker. In a large propor-
tion of cases that condition was further improved by the suspension of work in the
early morning hours.

Where an estimate was made of the time lost by the worker, and this was taken
as an indication of his general health, the suspension of overtime was found to
result in a saving of time of four and a half per cent. The subsequent suspension
of the early morning period was followed by a further diminution in the time lost.

7312

APPENDIX A.

DETAILS OF THE INDIVIDUALS EXAMINED.

SURGICAL DRESSING DRIERS. WOMEN.
Hours 6 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Overtime 6 p.m. -8 p.m.
Factory E.

1. Age 23 years. Surgical dressing drier. Single. Abstainer. Lives a quarter

of a mile from work, and walks to and fro. Stated to have had scarlet
fever four years ago, was away from work three months. Takes no food
before coming to work in the morning., Goes home to all meals. Sleeps
well. Fond of walking. Has worked in the mill for seven years.

2. Age 23 years. Surgical dressing drier. Single. Very rarely takes alcohol.

Lives two miles from work, walks to the mill, and usually back also.
Takes tea, bread and butter, and cake before work. Sleeps well. Has
worked at the mill for about a year.

3. Age 20 years. Cloth drier. Single. Takes very little alcohol. Lives one

mile from work, and walks to and fro. Takes no food before work. Sleeps
well. Has worked at mill for three months.

4. Age 17 years. Surgical dressing drier. Single. Abstainer. Lives half a

mile from work, and walks to and fro. States that she had quinsy two
years ago, and was absent from work two weeks. Takes tea and bread
and butter before coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Has
worked one year in the mill. Engaged previously in laundry, but found
the work too hard.

5. Age 27 years. Surgical dressing drier. Single. Abstainer. Lives one mile

from work, and walks to and fro. Takes tea and bread and butter before
coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Has worked eleven years
at the mill, three years in spinning room and eight years in the drying
room. Changed work for sake of higher wages.

6. Age 25 years. Surgical dressing drier. Married three years. No family.

Moderate drinker. Lives half a mile from work, and walks to and fro.
Has enjoyed good health. Takes tea, bread and butter before coming to
work in the morning. . Sleeps well. Worked at wool-picking five years
(13-18), domestic service about six years, and present work one year.

FOREMAN.

7. Age 42 years. Foreman, surgical dressing drying room. Married. Has seven

children. Moderate drinker. Moderate smoker. Lives three-quarters of
a mile from work, and walks or cycles to and fro. Has enjoyed very good
health. Takes tea and bread and butter before coming to' work in the
morning. Played football and cricket for many years, gave up the former
three years ago, still plays latter. Has been nearly thirty years at the
mill, having worked in the mechanic's shop, packing room, spinning room,
and says present duties suit him best.

WINDERS. WOMEN.
Hours 6 a.m. -5. 30 p.m. Overtime 6 p.m. -8 p.m.

8. Age 16 years. Winder. Single. Abstainer. Lives three-quarters of a mile

from work, and walks to and fro. Takes tea and bread and butter before
coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Has worked four years at
the mill, first two years employed in " reaching," latter two years as a
winder.

(iets very tired about 7 p.m., due to much overtime.

9. Age 27 years. Winder. Single. Abstainer. Lives two and a half miles
from work, and rides to and fro. Takes cup of tea only before coming to
work in the morning. All meals at mill; breakfast, cocoa, bread and
butter. Dinner, tea and bread and butter. Tea, tea, cakes and scones.
On arrival at home, about 8.45 p.m., takes fish and chips nearly every
night. Always hot dinner Sunday mid-day. Sleeps well. Has' worked
three years at the mill. Previously nine months at a jam factory, her work
being fruit picking. Present work does not suit her, as the hours are too
long.

10. Age 21 years. Winder. Single. Abstainer. Lives three-quarters of a mile

from work, and walks to and fro. States that she suffered from influenza
three months ago, a slight attack. Takes tea, bread and butter before
coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Has worked four years
at the mill. Previously worked at coil winding with an electrical company.
Finds present work very tiring, especially towards evening.

11. Age 17 years. Winder. Single. Almost total abstainer. Lives one and

a half miles from work, and walks to and fro. Takes tea, bread and
butter before coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Has worked
two years at the mill, one year in " setting in." Prefers the winding.
Worked nine months at a mill at Matlock as wool cleaner (machine). Finds
the work rather tiring.

12. Age 23 years. Winder. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives three-

quarters of a mile from work, and walks to and fro. Sleeps well. States
that she had a " nervous breakdown ' two and a half years ago. Doctor
said she required no medicine, but a good rest. Recovered after one
week. Usual hours, 6 a.m. -5. 3d p.m. Present hours, 6 a.m. -8 p.m.
Takes tea, bread and butter before coming to work in the morning.
Walks a great deal " in order to get the fresh air/' which she states she
" finds very necessary." Has worked at mill about ten months as bobbin
collector, and about seven years as winder. Previously employed for two
years at dressmaking.

Up to two and a half years ago lived three miles away from work,
and travelled by car. Found this too tiring, and came to live nearer to
the mill. Since doing this, she states that owing to getting good food
properly served at home she is able to work much better, and earns more
money.

Finds the work very tiring, especially the overtime. Even when
working till 5.30 p.m. the effects of the long standing is felt.

Stated to be a very efficient winder.

13. Age 21 years. Winder. Single. Abstainer. Lives quarter of a mile from

work, and walks to and fro. Sleeps well. Suffered from rheumatism two
years ago, ill six weeks. Usual hours, 6 a,m. to 8 p.m. Saturday, noon.
Takes tea, bread and butter before coming to work in the morning. Feels
very tired in the evening. Has worked six years at the mill, in various
departments.

14. Age 19 years. Winder. Single. Abstainer. Lives three-quarters of a mile

from work, and walks to and fro. Sleeps well. Health good. Usual
hours. 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. Saturday, noon. Finds work very trying, and
hours too long. Fatigue commences to be felt about 3 p.m.

Takes tea, bread and butter before coming to work in the morning.
Feels very tired in the evening. Has worked five years at the mill, in
various departments.

14A. Age 32 years. Winder. Single. Takes glass of stout for dinner and supper.
Lives five minutes walk from mill, and walks to and fro. Sleeps well.
Good health except for few colds and occasional dyspepsia. Nominal
hours 6 a.m. to 8 p.m., but rarely works early morning period or overtime.
Present work not disagreeable.

Always takes a cup of tea before work, occasionally also slice of bread
and butter. Home to meals, hot meat and vegetables every day in cold

7312 I >

Weather, otherwise cold meat and potatoes. No fish or chips. Appears to
live well.

Hippodrome or cinema four times a week, but always first house. Has
worked as winder at the mill for about seventeen years.

14s. Age 27 years. Winder. Married, no family. Abstainer. Non-smoker.
Lives five minutes walk from mill and walks to and fro. Sleeps very well.
Very good health. Finds work trying when working 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Makes best use of any intervals.

Takes tea, bread and butter or cake before work. Home to meals,
hot meat and vegetables for dinner daily except Friday. Takes no supper.
Goes twice a week to hippodrome or cinema, early house. Has been a
winder six or seven years.

SPINNERS. WOMEN.
Hours 6 a.m. -5. 30 p.m. Overtime 6 p.m. -8 p.m.

15. Age 19 years. Spinner. Single. Abstainer. Lives three-quarters of a mile

from work, and walks to and fro. Takes tea, bread and dripping before
work. Sleeps well. Has worked at mill five years.

16. Age 16 years. Doffer in spinning room. Single. Abstainer. Does not smoke.

Lives quarter of a mile from work, and walks to and fro. Takes no food
before coming to work in the morning. Fried fish for dinner and some-
times for supper. Sleeps well. Has worked one year and nine months
at the mill. Previously can filling.

17. Age 17 years. Spinner. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives three

minutes from work. Has always enjoyed good health. Takes cocoa and
bread and butter before coming to work in the morning. Home to all meals.
Sleeps well. Has worked for three years at the mill.

18. Age 19 years. Spinner. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives about

two miles from work, and comes in by car. Takes tea, bread and butter
before coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Has worked at mill
about nine months. Was in domestic service till she came to the mill,

19. Age 29 years. Spinner. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives about two

miles from work, and walks to and fro. States that she suffered a nervous
breakdown, and was ill about three months. Returned to work three
weeks ago. Does not consider that the illness was due to her present work.
Takes no food before coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Spends
all spare time with the Salvation Army. Has worked fifteen years at
the mill.

20. Age 17 years. Spinner. Single. Abstainer. Lives about three miles from

work, walks part of the distance and rides the rest. Has enjoyed good
health. Takes tea, bread and butter before coming to work in the morning.
Sleeps well. Has worked one year at the mill. Previously was engaged
in waterproof making.

LINT MAKERS. MEN.

DAY AND NIGHT SHIFTS IN ALTERNATE WEEKS.
Hours 6 a.m. -6 p.m., or 6 p.m. -6 a.m.

21. Age 43 years. Surgical lint maker. Married. Four children. Moderate

drinker. Moderate smoker. Lives one mile from work, and walks to and
fro. Stated to have had pneumonia three years ago. Works on day and
night shift during alternate weeks. Takes tea and bread and butter
before coming to work in the morning. Has three good meals a day. No
supper. Sleeps well at night, but badly by day. Has worked nearly two
years at the mill. Formerly labourer in the iron trade. Present work
suits him much better.

22. Age 26 years. Surgical lint maker. Single. Abstainer. Moderate smoker.

Lives about a mile from work. Usually cycles or walks. Takes tea only
before coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well at night, but badly
by day. Right-eye defective. States that he works better by day than by
night. Walks a great deal- Has worked twelve years at the mill.

23. Age 57 years. Surgical lint maker. Widower, twice married. Twenty-eight

years of married life. Four children, all grown up. Moderate drinker.
Moderate smoker. Lives one mile from work. Walks in morning, rides
(car) home at night. Takes cup of tea only before coming to work in
morning. When on night shift food sent to mill to be heated when wanted.
Sleeps well at night, but badly by day- Has worked thirty years at the
mill, fourteen of which were spent in the mechanics' shop-

24. Age 29 years. Surgical lint maker. Married nine years. Has two children.

Moderate drinker. Moderate smoker. Lives quarter of a mile from work,
and walks to and fro. Works on day and night shifts during alternate
weeks. Takes tea and bread and butter before coming to work in the
morning. Sleeps well at night, but badly by day. Has worked three
months at the mill. Formerly lamplighter ten years, then two years in
a brewery.

25. Age 45 years. Surgical lint maker. Married. Has five children. Lives half-

a-mile from work, and walks to and fro. Moderate drinker. Moderate
smoker. Works on day and night shift during alternate weeks. Takes
hot breakfast before coming to work in the morning. Sleeps well at night,
but badly by day. Has worked one year at the mill. Previously was
ranching in British Columbia and came home on account of the war.

BLEACHER. MAN.
Hours 6 a-m. -5. 30 p.m.

26. Age 17 years. Works in cloth bleaching room. Packs lint cloth, &c., into

boilers. Also carries dried surgical cloth from one department to another.
Single. Abstainer. Smokes an occasional cigarette. Lives half a mile
from work, and walks to and fro. Suffers from epilepsy, and states that
he has a fit about every five weeks. If his head is not very bad he returns
to work soon after the attack. Was obliged to leave school through this.
Was in hospital ten weeks with hip disease, and discharged as incurable.
This does not affect him in his work- Does not work any overtime. Takes
tea and bread and butter before coming to work in the morning. Sleeps
well. Has worked eleven weeks at the mill. Was previously a telegraph
messenger.

WEAVERS. WOMEN.
Hours 6 a.m. -5. 30 p.m. Overtime 6 p.m. -8 p.m.

27. Age 16 years- Weaver. Single. Almost total abstainer. Lives quarter of

a mile from work, and walks to and fro. Takes a hot meal before coming
to work in the morning. Sleeps well. Has worked two years at the mill,
in the weaving room. Previously at another mill as surgical dressing
compressor.

28. Age 17 years. Weaver. Single. Abstainer. Lives one and a half miles

from work, and walks to and fro. Takes tea, bread and butter before
coming to work in the morning. Takes all meals at the mill. Dinner
consists of tea and chips only and bread- Hot meat and vegetables on
arrival at home. Sleeps well. Has worked four years at the mill.

29. Age 17 years. Weaver. Single. Abstainer. Lives one and a half miles

from work, and walks to and fro. Suffers from severe headaches, attri-
buted to the noise at the mill. Takes tea, bread and butter before coming
to work in the morning. All meals at the mill. Warms meat and vege-
tables for dinner. Supper on arrival at home. Has worked three years
at the mill. Was for a year and a half in domestic service.

30. Age 19 years. Weaver. Single. Abstainer. Lives about 80 yards from

work, and walks to and fro. Takes cocoa, bread and butter before coming
to work in the morning. Home to breakfast and dinner. Cold dinners,
few vegetables. Hot dinner occasionally on Sundays. Sleeps well. Has
worked six years at the mill.

SLASHERS OR TAPERS. MEN.
Hours as noted.

31. Age 53 years. Taper. Married, has five children, all grown up. Very

moderate drinker. Moderate smoker. Lives two minutes walk from work.
Stated to have had small-pox thirty years ago. Also fractured clavicle
and leg. Takes tea and bread and butter before coming to work in the
morning. Sleeps well. In spare time acts as doorkeeper at skating rink.
Has worked at the mill forty-five years, having been in nearly all depart-
ments. Began as half-time hand at eight years of age. Commenced full
time at thirteen years. Hours 6 a.m. -5. 30 p.m.

32. Age 21 years. Slasher and sizer. Single. Abstainer. . Moderate smoker.

Lives quarter of a mile from work, and walks to and fro. Health excellent.
Takes tea, bread and butter, and cake before coming to work in the morn-
ing. Goes home to all meals. Sleeps well. Has worked six years at the
mill, in different departments (bagging wool, clearing wool from floors, and
weighing }'arn). Previously employed as a billiard marker and in making
peg-tops. Hours 6 a.m.-lO* p.m.

LINT ROLLERS OR PACKERS. WOMEN.
Hours 6 a.m.-5.30 p.m. Overtime 6 p.m. -8 p.m.

33. Age 20 years. Lint roller. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives five

minutes walk from work. Sleeps well. No previous illness. Hours,
6 a-m. to 8 p.m. Takes an apple only before coming to work in the morning.
Seldom takes supper. Has worked three years at the mill. Previously
assisted with housework at home. Very cheerful disposition.

34. Age 19 years. Lint roller. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives five

minutes walk from work. No previous illness while here. Hours, 6 a.m.
to 8 p.m. Takes no food before coming to work in the morning. Dinner
often of fish and chips. Takes no supper. Worked at mill two months,
left in December, 1915. Previously at another mill, which she left to enter
domestic service. Afterwards came to this mill.

35. Age 23 years. Lint roller. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives five

minutes walk from work., Sleeps well. Stated to have had quinsy at
Christmas ( ? 1914), but only ill one day. Hours, 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. Takes
tea, bread and dripping before coming to work in morning. Has worked
seven years at the mill. Previously in domestic service for three months.

35A. Age 18 years. Lint roller. Single. Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives three
to -four miles from work and walks to and fro. Hours, 6 a.m. to 8 p.m.
Takes tea, bread and butter and cake before coming to work in the morning.
Dinner at mill. Hot meat and vegetables at night. Sleeps well.

i>oRAcic LINT AND SURGICAL DRESSING ROLLERS OR PACKERS. WOMEN.

Hours 6 a.m. -5.30 p.m.

36. Age 23 years. Boracic lint and surgical dressing roller. Single. Abstainer.

Non-smoker. Lives five minutes walk from work. Sleeps well. Has had
no previous illnesses. Enjoys good health. Hours, 6 a,m. to 5.30 p.m.
" Sometimes " takes tea, bread and butter before coming to work in the
morning. Otherwise nothing. Assists in domestic work at home. Has
worked at the mill ten. years. Previously at another mill for ten months
as a packer.

37. Age 20 years. Lint and surgical (antiseptic) dressing roller. Abstainer.

Non-smoker. Lives one and a half miles from work, and walks to and
fro. Sleeps well. Has always enjoyed good health. Hours, 6 a.m.. to
5.30 p.m. Takes tea, bread and butter before coming to work in the
morning. Seldom takes supper. Has worked five years at the mill.

38. Age 24 years, Lint and surgical (antiseptic) dressing roller. Married. No

family. Non-smoker. Lives quarter of a mile from work, and walks to
juid fro. (iocs home to all meals. Takes tea, bacon, &c., before going to
work in the morning. Meat and potatoes for dinner. Takes no supper.
Does house-work at home. Suffers from indigestion. Has had rheumatism
and nasal catarrh since working in antiseptic department. Has worked
at the mill five or six years. Left on 12th January, 1916. Previously
in domestic service,

39. Lint and surgical (antiseptic) dressing roller. Single. Abstainer. Non-

smoker. Lives one mile from work, and walks to and fro. Sleeps well,
enjoys good health. Hours, 6 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Takes tea, bread and
butter, and bacon before coming to work in the morning. Takes breakfast
at the mill. Tea and bread and butter and pastry. Goes home in middle
of the day, and has a hot dinner (meat, &c.) daily. Does not often take
supper. Has worked at the mill ten years.

40 Age 17 years. Lint and surgical (antiseptic) dressing roller. Single.

Abstainer. Non-smoker. Lives five minutes walk from work. Sleeps
well. Robust health. Hours, 6 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Takes tea, bread and
butter before coming to work in the morning. Goes home to meals.
Hot meat and vegetables for dinner. Takes tripe, fish and chips, &c., for
supper. Leisure spent chiefly at " Settlement." Has worked two years
at the mill. Previously engaged in rope and twine making (five months).

40A. Age 22 years. Lint and surgical (antiseptic) dressing roller. Single.
Abstainer. Lives a mile and a half from work and walks to and fro.
Sleeps well. Hours, 6 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. Takes cup of tea and sometimes
bread and butter before work. Breakfast at mill, tea and bread and
butter, cold bacon occasionally. Dinner, about three times a week hurries
home for hot dinner. On other days has tea, bread and cold meat or pastry.
For tea, takes tea, bread and butter, cake or jam. For supper, bread and
cheese, with nothing to drink. Goes about once a week to place of amuse-
ment. Has worked at present employment about a year and four months.

OFFICE STAFF. MEN.
Hours 8.30 a.m. -5. 30 p.m. Overtime often worked.

41 Age 35 years. Wages clerk. Married, and has two children. Abstainer.

Moderate smoker. Lives a mile from the mill, and walks to and fro.
Sleeps well. Good health, except occasional cold. Usual hours, 8.30 a.m.-
5.30 p.m. Works overtime till 10 p.m. on Thursdays and Fridays, and
occasionally on another night in the week also. On Saturday works till
noon. Goes home to all meals. Has been fourteen and a half years at the
mill, and three years at the London office of the firm. Previously employed
at a chemical works. Tall, dark. Does not look well.

42. Age 31. Accountants clerk. Married, has three children. Takes very little

alcohol. Moderate smoker. Lives three-quarters of a mile from work,
and walks to and fro. Sleeps well. Had an operation two years ago
for abdominal abscess, and was laid up ten weeks. Considers himself quite
cured. Usual hours, 8.30 a.m. till 5.30 p.m. Has occasionally worked till
9 p.m. twice weekly. Goes home to all meals. Has been employed at mill
nineteen years.

43. Age 23 years. Wages clerk. Married, no children. Takes little alcohol.

Moderate smoker. Lives quarter of a n^ile from work, and walks to
and fro. Sleeps well as a rule, but lately disturbed owing to illness in
his house. Usual hours, 8.30 a.m. till 5.30 p.m., Saturdays, noon. About
twice a week remains till 8 p.m. Takes all meals at home. Has been

employed for ten years at the mill, nine years in the general office. Worked
in canning mill nine months ; weigh office three months. At night, packing
in warehouse, usually 6 p.m. till 9 or 10 p.m. Commenced this work at
beginning of October, 1915. Serious illness in house for some months past.

44. Age 36 years. Wages and sales clerk. Married, one child. Moderate

drinker. Moderate smoker. Lives a mile from work, and walks to and
fro. Sleeps well. Suffers from frequent colds. At first found work too
hard but extra assistance was given, and duties now suit him well. Goes
home to all meals. Has been employed at the mill for twenty years.
Previously was clerk at a chemical works for nine months, and afterwards
in a solicitor's office,

45. Age 26 years. Invoice clerk (export). Married, has two children. Takes

very little alcohol. Moderate smoker. Lives quarter of a mile from
work, and walks to and fro. Suffers from occasional colds, and for
past two weeks from frequent headaches, possibly due to close work by
artificial light. These headaches commence towards the end of the day.
Goes home to all meals. Fond of amusements, but not cinemas (eyesight
probably defective ; see above, headaches). Has been employed thirteen
years at the mill, started as office boy. Usual hours, 8.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m.
Seldom gets away to time usually 8 or 9 p.m. On Saturday gets away at
1 2.30 or 1 p.m.

APPENDIX B.

DATA OF TIME ACTUALLY WORKED IN DIFFERENT PERIODS OF THE DAY.

WINDERS.

Total time worked out of a possible ten hours : -

No. 13. 8 hours 34 minutes.
No. 11. 7 hours 34 minutes.

Percentage of time lost during different periods of the day :

Early morning (6 ; 0-8.0 a.m.}.

No. 13. 28 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 28 minutes were wasted.)
No. 11. 25 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 25 were wasted.)

Morning (8.30 a.m. -12. 30 p.m.}.

No. 13. 11 percent. (Out of 100 working minutes 11 were wasted.)
No. 11. 18 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 18 were wasted.)

Afternoon (1.30-5.30 p.m.).

No. 13. 10 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 10 were wasted.)
. 11. _ 27 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 27 were wasted.)

On another occasion the following results were obtainable :

Total time worked out of a possible ten hours :-
No. 13. 8 hours 40 minutes.
No.. 11. 7 hours 26 minutes.

Total time worked out of a possible eight hours :-
No. 12. 7 hours 23 minutes.
No. 14B. 7 hours 24 minutes.

Percentage of time lost during different periods of the day :

Early morning (6 a.m. -8 a.m.).

No. 13. 13 3 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 133 minutes were lost.)
No. 11, 33'3 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 33'3 minutes were lost.)

'Morning (8.30 a.m.-12.30 p.m.}.

No. 13. 6'1 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 6'1 minutes were lost.)
No. 11. 8'75 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 8'75 minutes were lost.)
No.. 12. 3'75 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 3'75 minutes were lost.)
No. 14s. 8'3 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 8'3 minutes were lost.)

Afternoon (1.30 p.m.-5.3Q p.m.).

No. 13. 22 2 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 22'2 minutes were lost.)

No. ll.i 38'7 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 387 minutes were lost.)

No. 12. 11 '7 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 11 '7 minutes were lost.)

No. 14B. 6'6 per cent. (Out of 100 working minutes 6'6 minutes were lost.)

Two of the above winders were working eight hours a day, whilst the remaining
two were working ten hours a day. The percentage of time lost in the Early Morn-
ing Period by those working the long day was high. In the Morning Period it
dropped considerably. In the Afternoon Period there is a striking difference
between the time lost by those who commenced in the early morning and those who
commenced at 8.30 a.m., the former showing losses of 22'2 and 38'7 per cent., the
latter 11'7 and 6'6 per cent. The long day has resulted in a large amount of time
being lost.

7312

74
INDEX.

PAGES.

Adjustment, by variation of application ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49

of vital functions ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... 17

Application of worker a means of adjustment ... 48,49

variation of ... 49

output an indication of ... ... ... ... ... ,.. ... ... 49

adjustment of, limits fatigue 49

" Actual Time " 50,57-59

ratio of to " Works Time " 5S

,, diminished by fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

"Actual Rate" 50,57-59

diminished by overtime ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 60

"Balancing" ... 48,49

Blood pressure (test) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 9.12

Boracic Lint packers 32

details of work ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32

output of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36

Canteens 4s

Charts, general description of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... !J

Complex reaction time (test) 8,10,13,14,16,18,19,21

Co-ordination, loss of (" Monday Effect ") 9, 11, 12, 17 (Footnote), 19, 21, 30, 35, 43

Day and Night, reversal of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17

shifts, not to be reversed frequently

reasons for differences in fatigue development in

shift, development of fatigue in ... ... ... ... ..." ... ... ... 16

, sleeping by ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17

Dyspepsia amongst workers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 44

Early Morning Period, compared with Monday ... ... ...

effect of suspension of on output 44

,, ,, suspended ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34,46

Earnings increased when working day shortened...

Efficiency lessened by overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49

" Equilibrium and Balancing " 1<S

Fatigue, accumulation of

development of by day and by night ... ... ... ... ... ..'. 16

greater production of at end of period, day, or week ...

,, increased resistance to follows improved feeding

nature of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7, 18, 21

persists when week-end rest suspended ...

produced by overtime

production accelerated by prolongation of period of labour ...

recovery from ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 17,22

complicated by illness

in a rest interval ... .. ... 19.20

less perfect after overtime

power of, greater at beginning of period of labour
prevented by overtime
tests for
similar tasks produce different amounts of ... ... ... 7

Feeding arrangements unsatisfactory ... ^ ...

Fish and chips 47

Fitness ... ... ... ... ... ... 21,48,60

Food and Feeding 41,44

lack of 30,44

conditions of taking
cost of in different forms

ignorance as to suitable ...

inadequate reduces output

General health affected by overtime

Health, general, of the worker

affected by overtime

C 1 O 1 7

Hearing, acuity of (test) 71701

Home life of worker ... ... ... ... ... ... ',17.31

Hours, shortened, effect upon output ... ... ... ... 37

11 11

PAGES.

Illness, as cause of fatigue 21^

effect npon accumulation of fatigue ... ... ... ... ... 14,1")

., ,, recovery from fatigue ...

Lint, boracic, packers ...

details of work

output ...
makers
packers

,, details of work ... ... ... ... ... ... 32

,. output ... ... ... ... 32,3.'

in overtime ... ... ... ... 33,34

Meal times, disturbed by overtime .. ... ... ... ... 22,49

Mess rooms

Monday Effect " '.1,11,12,13,18,19,22,30,35,43

not shown by fresh workers ...

transferred to Tuesday 19

Night shift, development of fatigue in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16,22

" Nominal Rate " 50

" Nominal Time " ... ... 50 ; 59

diminished by fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

Nourishment, defective ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47

Output, altered by alterations in length of working day... 43,58

,, controlled by machinery ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50

dependent on the worker ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50

diminished by overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60

effect of shortened hours on ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37, 3<S

suspension of early morning period on ... ... .. ... ... 34,46

overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37

factors controlling - 23

increased by shortened hours ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38

in different periods of the day ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 49,57,58

increased by shortening working day ... ... ... ... ... ... 44

influences affecting ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ;.. 34

lessened by inadequate rest ... ~

limited by fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 44

lowest in the day ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

early morning period ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

,, overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

maximum ... ... ... '... ... ... ... ... ... ... 50

of overtime compared with other periods ... ... ... ... ... 33,34

of various periods of the day ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31

of winders ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 24-27

on Saturday ... ,.. ... .,, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 27

periods of high and low ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31,34

tables of 24-26,29,30,32-40

, total dimished by overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

increased by suspension of overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

unsatisfactory in early morning period, causes of ... .. ... ... ... 30,31,35

due to loss of co-ordination ... ... 35,44

Overtime, decline of output in, towards end of week ... ... ... ... ... ... 30

defeats its own object ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

distribution affects fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

disturbs existing arrangements ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 49

economically extravagant ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 15,22 .

e.ffect depends on previous condition ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,15

not confined to day on which worked ... ... .... ... ... ... 7,22

., increased by repetition ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7,13

greater at end of week ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 7,12

of on output ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37

fatigue produced by ... ... ... . . ... ... ... ... 9-13

,. general health of the worker affected by ... ... ... ... ... ... 60

,, more harmful than ordinary labour ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 16

on consecutive days ... ... '... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

on Saturday 30, 31

output of, compared with other periods ... ... ... ... ... ... 33,34

ontput during ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35

physiologically extravagant ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 16,22

suspended ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 58,59

unpopular with the workers ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 35

unsatisfactory output during due to fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... 35

Office staff 13

fatigued ... 22

PAGES.

Physiological state, differences in produced by overtime ... ... ... ... ... 1.3

work 15

Rates of working ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51-60

altered by alterations in length of working day ... ... ... ... 60

s, limited by fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 67

" Rate, Actual" ' 50,57-59

diminished by overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 60

" Rate, Nominal " ... 50,59

"Rate, Works" !" 50,57-59

Reaction Time, complex ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8,10-21

shortened by shortening of working day ... ... ... ... ... 61-63

values given by colours lower than those given by letters ... ... ... 8

Recovery from fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 17,21

complicated by illness ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18

in a rest interval ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19-21

less perfect after overtime ... ... .. ... ... ... 49

power of, greater at beginning of period of labour ... ... 21

prevented by overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18

tests for ... 19

power of ... 11

in rest interval ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19

Rest interval recovery in ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19

inadequate leads to lessened efficiency ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

,, lowered output ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

time of retiring to disturbed by overtime ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22,45

Saturday, overtime on 30,31

Sight, acuity of (test) 8,11,12,17

Summary, Section I. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

,, II 43

Supervisors, unfriendly 22

Tests, description of 7 et seq.

results of a few only given 15

" Time, actual" 50,57-59

diminished by fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

ratio to " Works Time " 58

Time lost by workers 34,3.5,49,51,63-65-

,, influenced by length of working day ... ... ... ... ... 64

" time, Nominal " 50-59

diminished by fatigue 59

Time, reaction, shortened by shortening of working day ... ... ... ... ... 61,62

worked 50

"Time, Works" ... 50,57,59

Vital functions, adjustment of 17

low at night ... 17

Wages, increased when working day shortened 44

Week-end rest, fatigue persists where suspended... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

Winders, details of work ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23

Worker, home life of 7,17,31

Working day, length of influences time lost ... .. . 63

shortened by Zeppelin raid ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

shortening leads to improvement in general health ... ... ... ... 60 et seq.

increased wages 44

of shortens reaction time 61 et seq.

rate of, limited by fatigue ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 44

rates of 51-60

altered by alterations in length of working day ... ... ... ... 60

"Works Rate" 50,51,57-59

"Works Time" ... ...50,57,59

Zeppelin raid, shortens working day ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57

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Second i

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY

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HOME OF KICK.

SECOND INTERIM REPORT

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PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODS,

A. F. STANLEY KENT, M.A., D.Sc. (OXON),

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