4>"fw 
 
 N 11 ^ COMMITTEE 
 
 ON 
 &E&EMQNIES 
 
Emil G. Beck 
 

MEMORIAL VOLUME. 
 
 DEDICATORY AND OPENING 
 CEREMONIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WORLD'S 
 
 COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 
 AS AUTHORIZED BY BOARD OF CONTROL 
 
 EDITED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES 
 
 OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION AND THE 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITON. 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER, 
 
 309-310 GARDEN CITY BLOCK, 56 FIFTH AVENUE, 
 
 CHICAGO, U. S. A. 
 
 1893. 
 
C 
 
 Entered According to Act of Congress in the Year 1893 by 
 
 STONE, ^jwsrtrER & FAINTER, 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress al Washington, D. C. 
 
 After an examination of the work of the prominent engraving establish- 
 ments of the country, the committee having the illustration of this work 
 in charge unanimously agreed upon the house of J. Manz & 
 Co., Chicago, as having much superior facilities for the 
 execution of high grade half-tone engraving. 
 
 THE HENRY O. SHEPARD CO., 
 
 PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS, 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
J^Lf^jL^^ *3rxr***A Cn*t~~ 
 
 935152 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
I. HIS EXCELLENCY, CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, THE 4. PILAR COLUMBUS, DAUGHTER OF THE DUKE. 
 
 DUKE'S SON. 
 
 2. THE MARQUIS OP BARIBOLES. 
 
 3. MR. CHARLES AGUILERA. 
 
 5. THE MARQUIS OF VILLILOBAR. 
 
 6. HIS EXCELLENCY, PETER COLUMBUS, SON OF 
 
 THE MARQUIS OF BARIBOLES. 
 
. (X 
 
CONVENT LA RABIDA Agricultural Building in Background. 
 
 CALIFORNIA STATE BUILDING Reproduction of Spanish Monastery. 
 
11 
 
13 
 
* 2 
 
 O uj- 
 
 15 
 
THE GROWTH OF EXPOSITIONS. 
 
 TO THE student of the world's progress, no question is more interesting than 
 the efforts of one race, or one nation to avail itself of the advancement made 
 by other countries in art, science and invention. The artisan, the mechanic 
 or the artist, who has the opportunity, to study by personal inspection the works of 
 other lands, can gain valuable knowledge. The statesmen of Europe in the seventeenth 
 century first made a study of this great problem, an 1 laid the foundation for the 
 National and International Expositions, which culminated in the World's Columbian 
 Exposition of 1893. 
 
 During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the countries of Europe were 
 wont to send abroad their most eminent scholars, artists and mechanics, to study the 
 ?ecrets of manufacture and art held by other nations. International brotherhood had 
 not yet been placed on that broad plane which makes it the highest pleasure to impart 
 knowledge to others. It was not until the emigration of the Huguenots, that many of 
 the industrial secrets of France were imparted to the world. So jealously were secrets 
 of manufacture guarded, that Peter the Great, of Russia, labored in disguise as a 
 common workman in a Dutch shipyard, to learn the art of shipbuilding. Each nation 
 locked within its breast the skill of its artificers, and each family and community kept 
 behind barred doors the special secrets of its trade. But gradually, liberality of mind 
 brought about a change, and finally tore away the bolts and bars from the factory and 
 the workshop. The artist, the tradesman and the mechanic, began to exhibit their 
 handiwork; first in their native town, then in the larger cities, until finally the whole 
 world has been drawn together at Chicago, to study the art, the invention, and the 
 skill of all nations. 
 
 The great educational work first began with the London National Exposition of 
 1761. The English Society of Art originated the idea of national industrial exhibi- 
 tions. Prizes were offered for displays of machinery and mechanical devices, which 
 were exhibited in the rooms of the society in London. No other nation was admitted 
 as an exhibitor. The advertisement announcing the exhibition promised that all dis- 
 plays should be guarded by the society, which guaranteed that no "foreign spies " 
 would be allowed admittance, and that no drawings of the machinery on exhibition 
 should be made. As narrow as were the views taken, and as crude and primitive as 
 were the few devices to be seen in the halls of this society, this display served the 
 purpose to turn the attention of other nations to the advantages accruing from such 
 Expositions. 
 
 France was next in order, with the National Exposition held in Paris in 1798. 
 There were only one hundred and ten exhibitors, as the country was yet trembling 
 with the recollection of the "reign of terror. " It is a strange commentary on the 
 spirit of the Eighteenth century that at this Industrial Exposition a gold medal was 
 offered to the manufacturer whose goods should prove the most disastrous to the trade 
 of England. In 1801 another Exposition threw open its doors in the French capital. 
 
 17 
 
It was more successful than the first, and another Exposition was opened tho following 
 year. These were followed by like expositions in 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 
 1839,1844, and 1849. At the Exposition of 1849, which was the last National Expo- 
 sition in France, there were nearly five thousand exhibitors. As narrow as were the 
 views of their promoters, and as selfish and bigoted as were the reasons which led 
 them to exclude other countries, these Expositions exerted a wonderful influence upon 
 the commerce and industries of that country. Napoleon himself encouraged and 
 planned trades displays, and earl 3^ in their history Tallerand said, "that in fostering 
 such enterprises lies hidden the future glory of France." 
 
 Meanwhile, England was pursuing a like course, and other European nations were 
 striving to excel in the arts of peace. In 1820, a National Exposition was held in 
 Vienna, followed by similar affairs in 1835, and again in 1849. Germany, too, fol- 
 lowed in the wake, and a National Exposition was held in Berlin in 1822, and again 
 in 1827, and the third and most successful exposition in 1844, at which there were 
 over three thousand exhibitors. It was these Expositions that made Berlin the center 
 of German art and German industry. 
 
 A number of National Expositions were held at Dresden between 1824 and 1845. 
 Since that time the people of Saxony have made liberal displays at the Expositions of 
 other countries, and by carefully studying the industries of other nations, have 
 advanced the mechanical arts in their own country. 
 
 Switzerland had national exhibitions between 1837 and 1848, Lausanne, Berne, 
 St. Gall and Zurich being selected as locations. Belgium had national exhibitions 
 which were held in Brussels and Ghent, between 1835 and 1850 ; national exhibitions 
 were held at Moscow, St. Petersburg and Warsaw, in Russia, between 1829 and 1849 ; 
 at Lisbon, in Portugal, between 1844 and 1849 ; in the kingdom of Sardinia between 
 1829 and 1855 ; at Madrid, in Spain, between 1827 and 1850 ; at New York and 
 Washington, in the United States, between 1828 and 1844, and in England and Ire- 
 land, periodically, from the time of the first exhibition, until 1849, the last great 
 national exhibition in the United Kingdom being held at Birmingham in that year. 
 
 National exhibitions practically went out of fashion all the world over between 
 1840 and 1850. Between these years, London was gathering force and material for the 
 first great international exposition. The nations of the earth were to be pitted against 
 each other for the first time. The various countries were husbanding their strength 
 for this great contest. They felt that if the London exhibition were successful, the 
 great exhibitions of the future must be international in character. This has proved 
 to be the case, although many local or minor exhibitions of great interest to the coun- 
 tries in which they were held, have bean conducted successfully since 1851. 
 
 The first intarnational exposition was held in London in 1851, under a royal com- 
 mission. The main building of this exhibition has become famous as the "Crystal 
 Palace." It was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton. The general plan was a parallelo- 
 gram, 1848 feet long and 408 feet wide. On the north side there was a projection 936 
 feet long. The entire structure covered 1,000,000 square feet. There were four 
 great departments of the exhibition raw material, machinery, manufactures, and fine 
 arts. These departments were subdivided into thirty classes. One half of all the 
 space was alotted to England and her colonies, and one half to foreign countries. The 
 number of exhibitors was 13,937, of whom 6,861 were from Great Britain and Ire- 
 land, 520 from the colonies, and 6,556 from the rest of the world. The estimated 
 
 Ifl 
 
value of the exhibits was 1,781,929, or about $9,000,000. The admission price was 
 one shilling, or about twenty-four cents, for four days in the week, on Fridays two shil- 
 lings and six pence, and on Saturdays, five shillings. Season tickets for gentlemen 
 were sold at three guineas ($15.75), for ladies, two guineas ($10.50). The difference 
 in the prices charged on Fridays, Saturdays, and other days, arose out of the class 
 distinction which always enters into affairs of this kind in England. The receipts 
 were 275,000, or $1,375,000 in silver, and 81,000, or $405,000 in gold. It was 
 estimated that the fixed income of the city of London was increased about 4, 000, 000, or 
 $20,000,000 for the six months during which the exposition was kept open. The 
 receipts exceeded the expenditures of the exposition management by about $1,000,000. 
 This, though the very first, was one of the most successful international expositions ever 
 held. The United States made a very shabby display at the exhibition, the total num- 
 ber of our exhibits being only 499, and the number of Americans visiting London 
 during the entire six months, was but 5, 048. The only American work of art which 
 attracted attention, was Power's " Greek Slave." 
 
 Two years later an international exhibition was opened at Dublin, Ireland, the 
 expenses of which were defrayed almost entirely by a wealthy private citizen. It was 
 an exhibition of Irish arts and industries, but foreign nations contributed costly dis- 
 plays. The Lord Lieutenant opened this exhibition on May 15, 1853, and it con- 
 tinued open until October 29, following. There had been no paintings on exhibition in 
 London, and the managers of the Dublin enterprise took advantage of this fact. The 
 result was the collection of the finest paintings in Great Britain and Ireland and the 
 continent, the value of which was estimated at $1,000,000. The display of manufac- 
 tures was large and interesting. The number of visitors was 1,150,000. 
 
 An international Exposition was opened in New York on July 14, 1853. The 
 main building covered an area of 170,000 square feet, and an annex covered 33,000 
 square feet. The first named was two stories high, the lower floor being in the form 
 of an octagon, and the upper in that of a Greek cross. The exhibition was held under 
 the auspices of a local association with a capital of $200,000. The government gave 
 the enterprise no encouragement nor official sanction. The cost of the buildings 
 added to the expenses footed up $640, 000 ; the total receipts were only $340, 000, 
 leaving a deficiency of $300,000 which had to be met by the stockholders. It was not 
 a creditable exhibition in any respect. 
 
 Four years after the opening of the London International Exposition the Univer- 
 sal Exposition opened in Paris. Instead of one great central hall, as in London, the 
 Paris Exposition had several, the most prominent baing the Palais d' Industrie and the 
 Palais des Beaux- Arts. Other structures were grouped around these for the accommo- 
 dation of agricultural implements, carriages, minor articles, etc. The great panorama 
 building was one of the leading features. The main building was of stone, brick and 
 glass, 800 feet long and 350 feet wide. The total number of exhibitors was 23,954, 
 of which 11.986 were from the French Empire. The exposition was open 200 days. 
 The price of admission was generally 1 franc, or 20 cents; On Friday 5 francs or $1.00 
 was charged, while on Sundays, that the very poor and employed class of people might 
 attend, the admission price was reduced to eight cents. The total number of visitors 
 was 5,162,330. The largest number in attendance on any one day was on Sunday, 
 September 9. when there were 123,017 admissions. Paris, during this exhibition, 
 was visited by 160,000 foreigners. The total cost of the exposition, including the 
 
 19 
 
cost of the Palais d'Tndustrie, which was met by the French government, was $5,000- 
 000. The total receipts reached $644,000. This loss was anticipated by the projectors. 
 
 The next great international exposition was held in London in 1862. This was 
 calculated to eclipse the first enterprise and overshadow the French Exposition. The 
 buildings were of brick, iron and glass, and were erected in South Kensington, adjoin- 
 ing the gardens of the Horticultural Society. The main building consisted of two vast 
 domes of brass, 250 feet high and 60 feet in diameter, connected by a nave 800 feet 
 long, 100 feet high and 83 feet wide, with a closed roof lighted by a range of 
 windows after the manner of the clere-story of a gothic cathedral. The domes opened 
 laterally into spacious transepts, and the nave into a wide central avenue and inter- 
 minable side aisles and galleries roofed with glass. These apartments covered about 
 sixteen acres, and in addition there were two annexes which covered seven an.d a half 
 acres. The number of exhibitors in the industrial division was 26,348, in the art 
 division 2, 308, numbering 28,652 in all. The total area covered was 1,291,800 square 
 feet, of which 147,700 square feet were given over to refreshments, offices, entran- 
 ces, etc., leaving 1,144,100 square feet for exhibition purposes. The total area 
 roofed was 988,000 square feet. One half of the entire space was given to foreign 
 exhibits. The total cost of the buildings was about $1,605,000; the cost of the entire 
 exhibition, including expenses was $2,300,000. The total receipts from season and 
 general admission tickets amounted to $1,644,260, and including other revenue, from 
 concessions, privileges, etc., $2,298,150. The admission prices were the same as in 
 1851. The total number of visitors was 6,211,000. The daily average attendance 
 was 36,328. 
 
 The Paris Exposition of 1867 ranks among the most successful affairs ever attemp- 
 ted or carried out. It was opened at a time when the second empire had reached the 
 height of its glory, and Napoleon made every effort to produce an exhibition which 
 would dazzle the French people and convince foreign nations that his rule had resulted 
 in making France the most prosperous and progressive country on the globe. The 
 Camp de Mars was the site selected, and the area exceeded thirty-seven acres. The 
 general design was an immense oval building, arranged in twelve concentric aisles, 
 with a small open central garden. The oval building was 1,550 feet long and 1,250 
 wide. The smaller buildings erected as annexes made the area covered about thirty-five 
 acres. The ground surrounding the exposition, as well as the entire Camp de Mars, 
 was laid out beautifully in flower beds, etc. , ornamented with fountains and covered with 
 Turkish mosques, Russian slobades, Swiss chalets, Tunisian kiosks Swedish cottages 
 and English lighthouses, Egyptian temples and caravansaries, many of which were erected 
 by the different nations, but generally in conformity with the French plan of the expo- 
 sition. There were 50,226 exhibitors, and the number of visitors reached the unparal- 
 leled total of 10,200,000. The receipts were $2,103,675. The expenditures exceeded 
 these figures greatly, but the cost of the undertaking was kept a secret by the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The Vienna International exhibition of 1873 was a success. Neither the buildings 
 nor the attendance equaled those of London or Paris, of course, but the expenditures 
 exceeded $7,850,000 and the deficiency was heavy. Yet it was one of the great 
 exhibitions of the age. 
 
 The Centennial Exhibition of Philadelphia was the greatest held up to 1876. In 
 many respects it was greater and grander than any held since. It was located in Fair- 
 mount Park, the site having been presented free of all expense by the city of Phila- 
 
 20 
 
delpliia. The area given over to the exposition was 450 acres. The main building 
 covered an area of 870,464 square feet; machinery hall, 504,720; the art building, 
 76,650 floor space, and 86, 869 wall space; horticultural hall was 353 feet long, 160 
 feet broad and 65 feet in height; the agricultural building covered an area of 117,760 
 square feet, and the women's department building was 208 feet long and 208 broad 
 From the opening of the gates until the close of the exhibition, November 10, 1876, 
 there were admitted a grand total of 9,910,966 persons, of whom 8,004,274 paid 
 admission fees, which amounted to $3,813,726.49. 
 
 The exposition held in Paris in 1878 was -another of the French successes. The 
 Camp de Mars was again selected as the site. In practical results it has been pro- 
 nounced one of the grandest enterprises of the kind. The expositions held at Sidney 
 and Melbourne, Australia, were quite successful, in view of the difficulties which had 
 to be contended with, and the last great international exposition, held in Paris in 1889, 
 hardly calls for a review. It was pronounced the costliest, most elaborate and most 
 successful of all. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. 
 
 THE PERISTYLE 
 
 21 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1893. BY STONE, KASTLER 4 PAINTER. 
 
 COLONNADES OF THE PERISTYLE. 
 
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27 
 
29 
 
31 
 
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THE STORY OF= THE 
 
 THE month of May was almost entirely devoted to installation and to bring- 
 ing the grounds into perfection. The month of May, usually prolific of 
 flowers and sunshine, turned a somber side upon the Fair, and weeks of 
 dreary drizzles kept down the gate receipts and the spirit of the directors. 
 Exhibits were allowed to be brought in upon wagons, and these in countless 
 numbers blocked up the way and added to the general discomfiture. 
 
 Hardly had the management escaped one difficulty when another presented 
 itself. Battling with disorder, the Fair officials found the Sunday-closing ques- 
 tion thrust upon them even before the Exposition started. The Directory was 
 to all intents and purposes committed to it' by having accepted the souvenir 
 coin appropriation with the Sunday-closing attachment thereto. This seemed 
 the unanimous construction placed upon the enactment of Congress by the 
 National Commission, but so strong was the appeal from the press and populace 
 that the Directory, after a careful consideration of the subject, decided that Con- 
 gress had no authority to make rules governing the Fair. Besides, the opportunity 
 for enhancing the exchequer seemed good, as it was thought the workingmen of 
 Chicago would avail themselves of Sunday and spend it at Jackson Park. Con- 
 sequently the Directory labored to open the gates, but the Commission said no. 
 The fight was long and bitter. Sunday., May 7, passed by bringing unusual 
 scenes about the entrances to the park, whore scores of visitors wandered about. 
 Friday, May 12, the legislative committee of the Directory reported in favor of 
 opening the Fair by refunding the appropriation made by Congress. This com- 
 mittee, composed of Edwin Walker, Ferd. W. Peck, F. S. Winston and Arthur 
 Dixoii, presented a plan by which the buildings would be closed, and the admission 
 price cut to 25 cents. However, the Directory cut out the reduction in admis- 
 sion price, and decided to open with the machinery stilled. This decision was 
 reached May 16. In the National Commission the plan was met with the 
 greatest opposition, several of the commissioners advocating applying to the 
 general government to send on troops with which to close the Fair. 
 
 On May 14, Charles W. Clingman, a stockholder, through his attorney, 
 
 W. E. Mason, applied to the Superior Court for an injunction restraining the 
 
 Directory from closing the gates. A temporary injunction was granted after a 
 
 hearing by Judge Stein, and the papers were duly served. Meanwhile the 
 
 Attorney General became interested in the turn affairs had taken, and directed 
 
 District Attorney Milchrist to take out an injunction in the federal courts 
 
 restraining the Fair officials from opening the gates on Sunday. Acting under 
 
 the rules adopted by the Directory May 16, the Fair was opened May 28 for the 
 
 first time on Sunday. The attendance, 69,628 paid admissions, was disheartening 
 
 r to -one side- while; it but gave redoubled vigor to the friends of closing. June 8, 
 
 after a lengthy 'argunient of the question on both sides, a temporary injunction 
 
 ;wa3^ran1 r ed Dis^ict 'Attorney Milchrist, which, however, was not sustained by 
 
 'Chief Justice fuller and Justices Bunn of Wisconsin and Allen of Illinois, by 
 
 34 
 
whom the final settlement of the federal case was made June 15. This practic- 
 ally settled the rights of the national government to interfere, and to all intents 
 and purposes confirmed the arguments of the directors, who all along held that 
 theirs was the right to regulate the matter. 
 
 However, as the affairs of the Exposition progressed, it was found that 
 Sunday opening was unpopular. The attendance dropped little by little each 
 Sabbath until July 9 it reached but 44,537. As the Directory had received pro- 
 tests from many exhibitors and from all sections of the country, and as many 
 religious organizations had practically blackballed the Fair on account of Sunday 
 opening, it soon became a matter of grave financial importance to hearken to the 
 will of the people who so strongly objected to any desecration of the American 
 Sunday. It was found that all substantial support to the open Fair must come 
 from the citizens of Chicago, and the gate receipts for the Sundays in June and 
 July showed that this support was not forthcoming sufficiently strong to make up 
 at the end of the season the amount that would have to be paid back to the gov- 
 ernment in order to clear the Directory from the moral obligations entailed by it 
 when the appropriation of $2,500,000 was accepted. In other words, Sunday 
 opening did not pay. Therefore, July 14, the Directory rescinded its order to 
 open the gates. July 22 the Council of Administration ordered the gates shut, 
 which was done the next day, Sunday, July 23. 
 
 But in the meantime another factor appeared. The gates were shut July 23, 
 as ordered, whereupon the next day Judge Stein summoned the Director-General 
 and the directors to appear before him August 3 to answer for contempt of court 
 pursuant to his injunction granted on the prayer of Charles W. Clingman. This 
 brought about an order from the Council of Administration to open the gates 
 pending the Clingman case. Judge Stein promptly fined the Director-General 
 $250, and Directors Hutchinson, Gage, McNally, Kerfoot and Lawson $1,000 
 apiece. This was appealed from and the case went to the United States Appel- 
 late court, which in October postponed the hearing until after the Fair. The 
 action of Judge Steia made it impossible to close the gates, and the Fair afterward 
 remained open. 
 
 The month of May brought out a practical completion of the installation of 
 exhibits, but the attendance was very much below estimates. The influx of vis- 
 itors was seriously hampered by friction with the management which at first run 
 the Fair as an educator and took no steps to cater to the tastes of the public, 
 Hide-bound rules prevailed. There was no sympathy between the authorities and 
 the public. No effort was made to make visitors comfortable, and they in turn 
 did not feel that they had any proprietary interests in the undertaking. During 
 the month the paid admissions were 1,050,037, and the total receipts $882,905. 
 The principal events were : The first illumination, May 14 ; dedication of the 
 Illinois building, May 18 (attendance 51,450); dedication of the Woman's build- 
 ing, May 1 ; Swedish building, May 1 ; Missouri building, May 1 ; Connecticut 
 building, May 1 ; New Jersey building, May 1 ; Vermont building, May 12 ; Ger- 
 many, May 23, and Decoration day, May 30 (attendance 115,578.) 
 
 Pleasant weather in June brought out many changes in the status of affairs. 
 The sunlight warmed flowers into life and brought out relaxation in rules which 
 
 O o 
 
 enabled tired people to sit where they willed, and to occasionally enjoy the pleas- 
 ures of popular airs, dispensed by the bands, which during the colder weather of 
 
 35 
 
May had discoursed only Wagnerian airs. The Anthropological building was 
 opened during this month, as was the Electricity building. June 5 Kentucky 
 dedicated its building. June 8 the Infanta, Eulalia, of Spain, was royally enter- 
 tained at Jackson Park, on which day 135,281 persons were present. June 9 Ne- 
 braska's building was dedicated, and the Krupp gun exhibit was opened June 5. 
 Elevators were run to the roof promenade on Manufactures building June 9. 
 June 15 was German day, and 165,069 persons were present. On the same day 
 the Arkansas and Indiana State buildings were dedicated. The Ferris Wheel was 
 tested and pronounced a success the same day. June 17 was Massachusetts day, 
 which was observed in the State building. 
 
 Bunker Hill day was further observed by a gathering of the Sons and Daugh- 
 ters of the Revolution in the Music hall of the Fair grounds. Addresses were 
 made by Gen. Horace Porter, Hon. C. M. Depew and others. A brilliant recep- 
 tion was held by the societies in the assembly room of the Woman's building, at 
 which many distinguished guests were present. 
 
 June 20 was West Virginia day. June 19 the California building was opened. 
 Doctor Thomas held first divine service in Jackson Park June 25. The New 
 Hampshire building was dedicated June 26. Hayti's building was opened June 24. 
 
 With the ending of June all exhibits were in place, and the special fete days 
 had proved so popular that it was decided to enlarge the list as much as possible. 
 The attendance for the month was 2,699,395, an increase of 1,649,350 over May. 
 
 July, although the mitigating circumstances of the weather had been effectu- 
 ally disposed of, did not return the results expected in increased attendance. 
 During this month the effect of the panic was felt visibly throughout the land, 
 and with the uncertainty before them of unstable financial affairs visitors kept 
 their money and stayed away from the Fair. 
 
 July 4, Independence day, brought out 283,273 people. The exercises proper 
 began at 11 o'clock, when there was speaking and music and the like on Admini- 
 stration plaza. The vice-president of the United States, the mayor of Chicago, 
 and other able orators told, as they well knew how to tell, why the day should be 
 celebrated. And the scene spread out before them must have given inspiration 
 to their words. Never before was such a celebration held amid such surround- 
 ings. For the actors of the play, some of the leading citizens of the greatest 
 republic of the world ; as a State setting, the palaces and temples of the whole 
 world's science and art and industry and zeal. 
 
 At noon a national salute of twenty-one guns was fired from the Michigan, 
 and at the same time the new liberty bell in Troy, New York, was sounded in 
 honor of the occasion. At 2 o'clock the Thomas orchestra gave a grand concert 
 in Festival hall, and national and international music of a high order was 
 rendered. At the same hour a chorus of native Indians sung national songs in 
 the Manufactures building. There was a celebration in the Woman's building, 
 and all during the afternoon and evening bands stationed in various parts of the 
 grounds discoursed sweet music. The crowning glory of the day's celebration 
 was the fireworks at night. 
 
 Costa Rica's building was opened July 5. July 20 was Sweden's day. The 
 parade and exercises brought 129,873 people to Jackson Park. 
 
 On July 11 occurred the fatal disaster known as the Cold Storage fire, in 
 which fifteen firemen and guards lost their lives. More than 100,000 people saw 
 
 36 
 
the men perish and were unable to render aid. The fire broke out at the top of 
 the tower, eighty feet above the roof. A fire company was sent to the top, and 
 before they could regain the ground retreat was cut off by the flames. The 
 tower fell in and the entire building was consumed. More than a score of men 
 were injured besides those killed, and the loss in property amounted to $250,000, 
 
 July 12 the caravels, replicas of Columbus' fleet, arrived under command of 
 Captain Concas, and July 13 the Viking ship came into port. The Isabella coins 
 arrived the same week, and July 22 Director-General Davis was made chief execu- 
 tive of the Fair. The attendance for July was 2,760,263, an increase of 95,150 
 over June. 
 
 With August came the better days of the Fair. From the early part of that 
 month dates the financial success of the Fair. The Exposition was then ready 
 to apply the future fund to redeeming the bonds of the corporation, and the 
 management, responding to the cry for popular fetes, had decided to unburden 
 all things classical and make the Exposition a popular one in every sense of the 
 word. 
 
 Director of Music Thomas retired about this time and popular music was 
 thenceforth rendered in all the band stands. Beginning with the second week in 
 August the attendance mounted up from an average of about 115,000 to 140,000 
 in the last week. The reassembling of -Congress imparted a restoration of confi- 
 dence and visitors began to swarm to the Fair. Every effort was made to 
 enliven the grounds, and fireworks and illuminations were started in and kept up 
 tri-weekly. A programme of attractions was posted conspicuously each day, 
 and in fact the management repudiated its former policy and virtually turned 
 over the Exposition to the visitors. As a result the attendance footed up 
 3,515,493, or 754,830 more than July. Bohemian day, August 12; British day, 
 August 19; and Illinois day, August 24, were the chief fgte days. The attend- 
 ance on Illinois day was 243,951. 
 
 September saw a continuation over the increased attendance of August, 
 985,245 persons paying admission in the first week of that month. The second 
 week brought in 1,134,533, and but for the refusal of the railroads to lower rates 
 the attendance would have been even greater. The third week brought out a 
 total of 1,110,575, and the month ended with 4,659,871, an increase of 1,144,378 
 over August, and making a total for the five months of 14,659,808 admissions. 
 
 Chicago day, October 9, with its attendance of 716,881, will always be 
 remembered by those who witnessed the scenes at Jackson Park, as being the 
 greatest pacific gathering the world has ever seen. There never was seen in 
 any land such a crowd before. 
 
 All day long the avenues of approach to the Fair were thronged with people, 
 and inside the gates hardly a foot of ground could be seen that had not some 
 person on it. More than 500,000 visitors arrived from out of town, taking 
 advantages of the 1 cent per mile rate which had been secured from the rail- 
 roads. Great as were the ceremonies, fetes and functions prepared to interest 
 the people who came, each feature of the programme except the fireworks was 
 rendered almost impossible by the masses of people who were everywhere about 
 the grounds. The Apollo Club chorus, 1,000 strong, sung ou the Terminal 
 plaza at 11 o'clock, shortly after a fanfare of universal peace had been sounded 
 by sixty-six trumpeters in heralds' uniform from the Court of Honor. 
 
 37 
 
In the afternoon there was a parade of States around the Court of Honor, 
 and at noon the Liberty Bell was rung by Mayor Carter H. Harrison with befit- 
 ting ceremonies. That night there was a grand pageant led by the float "I 
 Will," or typical Chicago, and followed by a splendid array of like kind, which, 
 however, did not go over the line of march mapped out owing to the density of 
 the crowd. Alderman Kerr, of the city council, who managed the programme, 
 was warmly felicitated upon his success by the Exposition officials, who were par- 
 ticularly happy in that the last payment on the debenture bonds was ordered 
 made that day. October 10, Ferd. W. Peck and Anthony F. Seeberger, vice-pres-. 
 ident and secretary respectively of the Exposition, tendered to John J. Mitchell, 
 of the Illinois Trust and Savings Company, the sum of $1,565,310.76. That 
 check, wiping out the last debt of the Exposition, was the largest ever made out 
 in its history. 
 
 After Chicago day the attendance averaged nearly 250,000 per day. For 
 the second week it was 2,114,953, and for the third week 1,731,125. One of 
 the events of the latter days of the Exposition was Manhattan day, October 21. 
 The attendance was 298,928, and the ceremonies with which the New Yorkers 
 celebrated their day were imposing and grand. Coming as it did toward the 
 end of the Exposition, it awoke Father Knickerbocker to what had been done 
 by his ambitious rival, Chicago, since it first entered the lists against him in July, 
 1889. Mayor Gilroy, of New York, and a host of followers came on and con- 
 ducted the exercises. They joined whatever breach remained between the cities. 
 
 October 31 the Exposition closed. It had in hand upward of $2,000,000, 
 and in all at least 21,000,000 had paid admissions to the Fair. It had been 
 pronounced a success throughout the civilized world, and in it Chicago's prom- 
 ises had been fulfilled fourfold. 
 
 Creation had been brought together in harmony and brotherhood. 
 
 Time, which developed its grandeur, alone can tell the story. 
 
 THE ATTENDANCE. 
 
 The following are the official figures for the paid admissions to the Fair : 
 
 May (month) 1,050,037 
 
 June (month) 2,675,113 
 
 July (month) 2,760,263 
 
 August (month) 3,515,493 
 
 September (month) 4,659,871 
 
 October (first week) 1,043,454 
 
 October (second week) 2,114,953 
 
 October (third week) 1,731,125 
 
 October (fourth week) '. 1,929,352 
 
 Total 21,479,661 
 
 An average of nearly 120,000 for each day, " rain or shine," is no mean 
 record. It is none the less wonderful because somewhat exceeded by the paid 
 attendance at Paris four years ago. The total attendance, including exhibitors 
 and the multitude of others who held passes, was 27,529,400, which exceeded by 
 nearly a million the 26,538,543 of the total admissions to the Paris Exposition 
 during the five and two-thirds months ending with October. 
 
 38 
 
The attendance for May was so small as to incite grave fears that the exhibi- 
 tion would fail to attract the people en masse. Taking out the 128,965 of the 
 opening day and the 115,578 of Decoration day, the average for the other twenty- 
 six days was only 30,980. The paid attendance for June was two and a half times 
 that of May, but its 2,675,113 included only five days the figures for which 
 exceeded the six months average. In July that average was first exceeded the 
 Fourth, with a total of 283,273, and the 20th the average was again passed, with 
 a total of 129,873, by the Swedish celebration. The total for that month but 
 slightly exceeded the record for June. The 3,515,493 of August was an increase 
 of one-fourth. The paid attendance for each of fifteen days exceeded the average, 
 and except Sundays the lowest figures were 80,200. The "banner day" in 
 August was the 24th, when 243, 951 persons paid their way through the gates to 
 join in celebrating Illinois day. The other two largest records of August were 
 168,861 for the 19th, which was British day, and the 168,036 of the 25th, which 
 was Machinery day. September brought an increase to nearly 4,660,000, its 
 banner record being the 231,522 for the 9th, when the Californians, the G. A. R., 
 Utah, the stationary engineers and the exponents of transportation joined in cel- 
 ebrating. On three other days of that month the record went above 200,000, 
 namely : the 23d, being Knights of Honor day, with 215,643 ; the 7th, by Penn- 
 sylvania and Brazil, with 203,460, and the 16th, with 202,376, that being Texas, 
 Railway and New Mexico day. October brought 6,816,435 visitors, or an aver- 
 age of 227,214 for each day, which was less than one-third of the 716,881 persons 
 who paid their way on the twenty-second anniversary of the Chicago fire. On 
 each of three other days the record exceeded 300,000, the 10th being North 
 Dakota and Firemen's day, and the llth, which was Connecticut day, both rising 
 above 309,000. 
 
 The total attendance at the Chicago Fair was more than two and tnree- 
 quarters times that at Philadelphia seventeen years ago. The best month of paid 
 admissions at Chicago exceeded the best month at Paris by thirty per cent. Our 
 relative loss was at the beginning, the paid attendance at Paris in the three weeks 
 of May exceeding by fifty per cent the corresponding figures for the whole of the 
 month here. Several things conspired to keep down the early patronage of the 
 Fair. There was a widespread impression that the exhibits were not in shape to 
 be viewed satisfactorily, this being fostered by the inimical attitude of certain 
 papers at the East. Then the money market was stringent, almost to the verge 
 of panic. Very many people who wished to come did not dare to leave their 
 business, and others could not afford to do so, or thought they could not, the 
 result being about the same in either case. Besides this the persistent demand of 
 high rates for transportation by rail, with a belief that rates would be reduced to 
 an important extent later in the season, kept away untold thousands who other- 
 wise would have come here previous to midsummer's day. The wonder is that so 
 many came instead of so few. 
 
 Making due allowance for duplications by persons who paid more than one 
 visit to the Fair, it may be estimated that not less that 12,000,000 different indi- 
 viduals went there once or more within the six months. 
 
 39 
 
COST OF THE EXPOSITION. 
 
 The amount of money received up to April 1, 1893, was as follows : 
 
 Appropriated by foreign governments $6,571,529.00 
 
 Contributed by States 0,020,850.00 
 
 Original appropriation of general government 1,500,000.00 
 
 Souvenir coins 2,500,000.00 
 
 General government appropriation, 1892 408,250.00 
 
 General government appropriation medals and diplomas 103,000.00 
 
 General government appropriation, 1890 150,750.00 
 
 National commission, 1891 95,500.00 
 
 National commission, 1892 230,000.00 
 
 National commission, 1893 211,375.00 
 
 Receipts from stockholders. 5,553.760.80 
 
 City of Chicago 5.000,000.00 
 
 Bonds due January 1, 1894 4,094,500.00 
 
 Gate receipts to April 1 234.853.00 
 
 Interest 88,963.00 
 
 Miscellaneous receipts 295,504.75 
 
 Grand total $33,248,930.55 
 
 Adding to this the gate receipts of $10,500,000, $3,500,000 from conces- 
 sionaires, and the premium on the sale of the souvenir coins would make in 
 round numbers receipts of $50,000,000. 
 
 In closing the World's Columbian Exposition the officials found themselves 
 in a condition which, compared to that confronting them May 1, is the best evi- 
 dence of the success of the Fair. With a surplus in the hands of Treasurer 
 Seeberger of which any corporation might feel proud, with all debts paid and 
 the world applauding what has been done, the directors looked back six months 
 with great complacency. Speaking of the financial condition of the Exposition 
 Company, Vice-president Ferdinand W. Peck, at the close of the Fair, said : 
 
 "We will close our books for the six months of the actual existence of the 
 Fair with a cash balance of about $2,500,000. This includes the silver coins we 
 now have on hand and the cash in the banks. To be sure there are a few unad- 
 justed accounts and some vouchers on hand, but these will be more than offset 
 by accounts that are perfectly good. The city of Chicago owes us about 
 $205,000. As we have the money in our hands to pay ourselves out of the return 
 which must be made to the city, that debt at least must be as good an asset as 
 would be the cash in bank. 
 
 "I think that I may truthfully say that our good assets, not counting, of 
 course, cash we have on hand, are nearly double our unsettled accounts. When 
 we contrast this condition with that which faced us on the morning of May 1, 
 we are compelled to congratulate ourselves and our stockholders. Truly, the 
 Exposition has been a success in every sense. When the Fair opened we owed 
 not far from $8,000,000. There was a floating debt of nearly $3,500,000, and 
 we owed on the face of the bonds issued one year ago $4,444,500. 
 
 ' ' Pausing now for a moment of retrospection, it is pleasant to think what 
 our success would have been had we not been compelled to contend against hard 
 times amounting almost to a financial panic throughout the country, a certain 
 amount of misrepresentation from the outside press, and a mistaken idea on the 
 part of railroad men. We have done all we have promised, and have given the 
 
 40 
 
world the best demonstration it ever had of how great Chicago can be when it 
 
 o o 
 
 makes an effort. As I said before, when the Fair opened we owed nearly 
 $8,000,000. Since May we have wiped out that indebtedness, have paid our run- 
 ning expenses and have a balance on hand which guarantees some return to the 
 stockholders. 
 
 "The history of the Fair has been a complete vindication of the business 
 methods adopted by the directors two years ago. When we first began to talk 
 of concessions many conservative business men advised us to accept a cash prop- 
 osition rather than take chances on the percentage system. However, we decided 
 that they were wrong, and in the venture risked something of our financial rep- 
 utation. The concessions will have paid into the treasury of the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition cash to the amount of $3,500,000, and, more than that, allowances 
 have been made for buildings and improvements that should be counted, and 
 would add $250,000 to the profits. In Paris in 1889 the concessions were oper- 
 ated on the cash basis, and they paid to the Exposition about $700,000. And 
 so, with an attendance slightly smaller than that of Paris, we have collected five 
 times the amount of money. 
 
 "I calculate that the receipts of the Exposition Company from the gates and 
 the few concessions that will remain will aid in meeting expenses hereafter. " 
 
 MIDWAY PLAISANCE. 
 
 Two solid miles of amusement enterprise showed itself on Midway Plaisance 
 from every quarter of the globe. 
 
 There have been other world's fairs, but there never before was a Midway 
 a spot where the lines of longitude and the parallels of latitude were tangled 
 together like a skein of silk after a kitten's play; where the Occident and the 
 Orient were mixed in the most gigantic amusement potpourri the world has ever 
 seen, where the Laplander stepped over and commiserated the Javanese on cold 
 days, while the Javanese returned the sympathy with his compliments on hot 
 days, where the "Hot Hot ! " of Cairo, the "well-come, well-come ! " of Turkey, 
 the " Hi yi ! " of the Sioux, the " Verra gude, buy ! " of Algiers, the gongs of 
 China, the bells of Java, the yodels of Switzerland, the howls of Dahomey, the 
 pipers of Donegal, the roars of Hagenbeck's lions, and above all, the persistent 
 and vociferous efforts of trained sideshow "barkers " all combined to give a poly- 
 glot effect, confusing, buH; in the main pleasing. 
 
 It is not generally known, and probably Midway did not know it itself, but 
 the great street was officially rated as a department in ethnology, and was sup- 
 posed to be under the control of Professor Putnam. It was planned originally 
 to keep within hailing distance at least of ethnology and having everything con- 
 ducted on a dignified and decorous basis, but the Plaisance took matters in its 
 
 o 7 
 
 own hands and went in for revenue and an incidental good time according to its 
 lights. Some of the concessionnaires who had been in the show business before 
 
 O 
 
 introduced the lecture idea, and in a week every concession blossomed out in an 
 oratorical glory which soon became a nuisance. An order to abate the "same 
 resulted in the sideshow lurers relapsing into pantomime, and a lecture delivered 
 through the agency of placards waved in the air was the outcome. By degrees 
 the lecturers recovered their voices, and before the close Midway had outhowled 
 all previous records. When Jackson Park was selected for the Fair site the 
 
 41 
 
stretch of ground then known as the Midway Pleasure drive was found to be 
 suitable for the purposes to which it was subsequently put. It was intended to 
 keep the exhibits for which gate money was to be asked entirely separate from the 
 main part of the Fair, and the Midway, isolated in a measure, and yet connected 
 with it, just answered the purpose. Many concessions which never materialized 
 were granted. Among these were the Barre Sliding railway, the Bohemian glass 
 works, the Blue Grotto of Capri, and the Spiral Tower railway, but they were 
 never missed. Two of the Midway place concessions were given location in the 
 main grounds for especial reasons, the Eskimo Village and the Cliff Dwellers' 
 exhibit. 
 
 The Turkish Village covered about one block. There were two theaters por- 
 traying scenes of Turkish life, customs and oriental dances. Turks carrying 
 sedan chairs and souvenir-selling booths were numerous. 
 
 The Street in Cairo furnished a picture of oriental life and was a place of 
 interest. Donkey and camel rides were indulged in, and was the source of bois- 
 terous fun. The theater offered the Egyptian rendition of the genuine native 
 muscle dance. A fine mosque with a beautiful minaret, the Luxor temple of 
 mummies, Soudanese huts and jugglers and marts for the sale of Egyptian wares 
 were to be seen on this oriental street. 
 
 The Ferris Wheel was to the Columbian Fair what Eiffel was to the Paris 
 Exposition a full description is given elsewhere. 
 
 The ZoSpraxigraphical exhibition showed animal locomotion reproduced in 
 photographic views. 
 
 The Volcano of Kilauea was a panorama of a volcano on the Hawaiian Islands 
 which has a basin 800 feet deep, with a circumference of nearly nine miles. Near 
 the center is a boiling lake of lava. 
 
 The Dahomey Village was an interesting exhibit of African types of men and 
 a few genuine Amazons who lived in huts and performed native war dances and 
 celebrated religious rites. 
 
 The Moorish Palace had wax figures attractions worth seeing. The maze 
 of saracenic arches and mirrors furnished a great deal of amusement. 
 
 From the little Electric Scenic Theater might be derived an idea of what is 
 possible by the electric lighting of stages in producing to a degree of marvelous 
 faithfulness all the various effects of nature. 
 
 With the thoroughness which is a national characteristic of Germany, the 
 promoters and managers of the German Village constructed a series of buildings 
 which for beauty, interest, ethnological value and substantial qualities was not 
 surpassed in the whole Exposition. 
 
 The Lapland Village was peopled by twenty-four people from that Northern 
 clime. Reindeers and dogs helped make up the exhibit of life in Lapland. 
 
 Just opposite Blarney Castle was a Philadelphia workingman's model house 
 of six rooms and bathroom and basement. It was erected at a cost of $2,200 for 
 the structure, including complete kitchen conveniences. The exhibit was pre- 
 pared by the Women's Auxiliary Committee. 
 
 The Ostrich Farm, managed by E. R. Johnson, of Fall Brook, California, con- 
 tained twenty-eight birds. 
 
 The Old Vienna shops were a close reproduction of those of old Austria, and 
 the space in the square was sublet to restaurant concessionnaires. 
 
 42 
 
Hagen beck's animal show was one of the great attractions of Midway. It 
 consisted of twenty-two lions, eight tigers, and other wild animals. It was seen 
 by over 2,000,000 people. 
 
 Sitting Bull's cabin was filled with a number of Indians, including Rain-in- 
 the-Face. War dances were given daily. 
 
 The International Beauty Show consisted of forty young ladies, intending to 
 show the dress of all nationalities. 
 
 A Chinese theater, restaurant, bazaar and Joss-house combined, in a sky-blue 
 structure with red trimmings, attracted many visitors. 
 
 Diamond Dick ran an Indian Village show, near the Ferris Wheel. 
 
 The Algerian Village showed life as it is in Algeria and Tunis. 
 
 The Persian Palace was occupied by an Oriental theater with Parisian per- 
 formers. 
 
 The gentle Javanese, found in an environment religiously faithful to their 
 surroundings at home in everything except vegetation. The little settlement, 
 containing 125 natives, of whom thirty-four were women, was an exact reproduc- 
 tion of a village as found in the Preanger regencies in the western part of the 
 island. 
 
 The bungalow of the Sultan of Johore was furnished in Malayan style with a 
 rajah's bed, eating throne, loom for the weaving of the national articles of dress, 
 and contained a collection of the tools of war and peace, games of chance, and 
 coins, besides Chinese curios. 
 
 In the village of huts made of native wood thatched with leaves the Samoans 
 made kava, the national beverage, and conducted their usual household vocations. 
 
 A building in the Italian-Gothic style contained the working exhibit of the 
 Venice and Murano Glass Company. Thirty skilled artisans worked throughout 
 the Exposition furnishing copies of the famous product of the home establishment. 
 
 A small building, located opposite the Java Village, contained an exhibition 
 of sea diving with a continuous performance. 
 
 The Irish Industrial Village was under the patronage of the Countess of 
 Aberdeen. A village concert hall, a specimen reproduction of an old Irish cross, 
 a museum, village store, and a publichouse, were conspicuous features. The 
 center of attraction, however, was a reproduction of Blarney castle, which 
 loomed above surrounding structures. 
 
 At an expense of about $100,000 the Libbey Glass Company, of Toledo, 
 Ohio, erected a large and attractive factory, in which all the processes of Ameri- 
 can glass manufacture were shown. 
 
 The Donegal Village was designed and erecteu by Mrs. Ernest Hart, to aid 
 the Donegal industrial fund, an organization founded with the object of fostering 
 cottage industries and handwork in the northwest of Ireland. In the cottages 
 that surround the village green the handicrafts were conducted. There were 
 reproductions of Druidical stones and early Christian crosses, and the round 
 tower, the St. Lawrence gate at Drogheda and Donegal castle. 
 
 Among the other sights of the Midway were the cyclorama of the Swiss 
 Alps, the largest picture ever painted, giving a magnificent view of the Eiger, 
 Moench, and Jungfrau peaks, and adjacent scenery of that region ; the model 
 Colorado gold mine, designed by William Yeast, Central City, Colorado; the ice 
 railway, the band of Mexican Indians, the Japanese bazaar, the Bedouin camels, 
 the Eiffel tower model, the Brazilian variety theater, and the Hindoo jugglers. 
 
 43 
 
44 
 
45 
 
40 
 
48 
 
49 
 
50 
 
51 
 
52 
 
THE 
 WORLD'S GOLUMBIfVN EXPOSITION- 
 
 WE HAVE traced from the rude beginning, the history of expositions, until 
 we have reached the culmination of international expositions, the World's 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893. The far-reaching and beneficial results 
 of the discovery of America can not be calculated. The changes which have taken 
 place in the civilized world during the last four hundred years are beyond those of any 
 like period in its history. There has grown in the new world a group of vast and 
 powerful nations led by our own proud country, which has seen fit to take in hand the 
 appropriate celebration of the discovery of America by Columbus. Without taking 
 into consideration the influences of other nations of the globe, the astounding growth 
 and population of our country alone is an event worthy the grand celebration of the 
 Columbian Exposition. 
 
 The history of America since its discovery shows a progress that the annals of the 
 world have never known before. In 1790 the population of the United States was 
 3,929,212; in 1810 it was over 17,000,000, and in 1870 over 50,000,000, and in 1890 
 over 62,000,000. The annual export trade of this country has reached the enormous 
 figure of $845,000,000, and the advancement in science, art and invention has been 
 so remarkable that within the brief span of one century we have stepped into a new 
 age, and a new era. This is the golden age of American industry, American progress 
 and American development. Wonders have been achieved in every branch of thought, 
 and in every line of trade. We are at peace at home and abroad. It is fitting that 
 we, as the greatest nation on the continent discovered by Christopher Columbus, 
 should lead in the celebration of the 400th anniversary of that event, and call upon 
 the people of the civilized world to unite with us. It is fitting, also, that the celebra- 
 tion should have for its expression not only the glorifying of a name and of a deed 
 which stand out in bold relief against the dark background of the middle ages, and 
 which will live for centuries to come in the memory of humanity, but in an exhibition 
 of arts and industries which will tell the story of the world's progress through those 
 four centuries, and enable us to form a just conception of the advancement mankind 
 has made in every department of life since the day when Columbus, bending his knees 
 on the sand of the southern island, poured out his heart in gratitude to God that his 
 long voyage was at last happily ended. 
 
 The idea of a World's Fair to commemorate the discovery of America by Colum- 
 bus was originated by T. Zaremba, M. D. , a citizen of Mexico, who, present at the 
 Centennial Exposition in 1876, deeply impressed by that great event, and keenly alive 
 to its economical and educational value, conceived the idea of another exhibit of a 
 similar nature on a larger scale, and allowed no opportunity to pass to bring this mat- 
 ter to the attention of citizens of this and other countries. 
 
 53 
 
June 11, 1884, he sent to the diplomatic representatives of foreign powers at 
 Washington an invitation to a conference to consider the celebration of the fourth cen- 
 tenary of America's discovery by Columbus by a World's Fair in Mexico. Sixteen 
 days thereafter he confided his plan to George R. Davis and P. V. Duester, and a day 
 or two later to William F. Poole, of Chicago. July 11, 1884, he wrote about it to 
 Benson Lossing, the historian. 
 
 In the summer of 1885, Dr. Zaremba was in Chicago. Still enthusiastic over his 
 plan for the celebration he conferred with Levi Z. Leiter, John P. Reynolds, Edwin Lee 
 Brown and John B. Drake on the subject. In Wisconsin, in the fall of the same year, 
 he chanced to see an article in a Chicago newspaper suggesting that a World's Fair be 
 held to celebrate Columbus' discovery and that Chicago be the site. Dr. Zaremba 
 immediately returned to this city and began to work on his own proposition with not 
 altogether encouraging results. Nov. 24, 1885, he received from Secretary of State 
 Dement license to organize "The Chicago Columbian Centenary World's Fair and 
 Exposition company." He immediately called a meeting, which was held in the Grand 
 Pacific Hotel. 
 
 Among the men who responded to his invitation were A. C. and Washington Hes- 
 ing, A. B. Pullman, John A. Sexton, W. K. Sullivan, and several newspaper reporters. 
 The meeting resulted only in a general talk, but the lukewarm interest evinced by 
 public in his pet project did not check the ardor of Dr. Zaremba. 
 
 In 1886 the American Historical Society was in session in Washington. He 
 brought tne Columbus monument and attendant propositions to the notice of that body. 
 A committee to confer with the President of the United States was appointed by the 
 Historical Society with the hope that the Chief Magistrate would call the attention of 
 Congress to the question and thereby obtain an expression of opinion as to the best 
 manner of celebrating the fourth centenary of America's discovery. Philadelphia, 
 which had kept its eye on the movement, immediately sent a committee to Washington 
 for the purpose of obtaining an appropriatien for such a celebration to be held in that 
 city. Thus for the first time the dim possibility of a World's Fair in this country to 
 celebrate Columbus' feat took on an aspect of probability. 
 
 In February, 1882, the year that the indefatigable Dr. Zaremba was impressing 
 the advisability of his scheme on the minds of Peter Cooper and other New York men 
 there was printed in a Chicago newspaper a letter from Dr. Harlan, of Chicago, in 
 which he suggested Chicago as the proper place for a World's Fair. In 1885 Dr. Har- 
 lan's suggestion was revived, and a joint committee was appointed from the Chicago, 
 Commercial, Union League, and Iroquois clubs to take action on the matter and report. 
 
 Early in 1886 a Board of Promotion was organized in New England to secure 
 Congressional action in the direction of a centenary celebration. Following closely 
 upon its organization, July 31, a resolution was introduced by Senator Hoar of Massa- 
 chusetts for the appointment of a joint Congressional committee of fourteen to con- 
 sider the advisability of holding a Fair. Senator Hoar's proposition was to have tem- 
 porary and permanent buildings for such a Fair erected at Washington, D. C. 
 
 As soon as it became evident that the World's Fair would be a coveted honor, and 
 that the rivalry among the leading cities of America for the distinction of holding it 
 would be keen, Chicago prepared to get it. The City Council passed a resolution, July 
 22, 1889, instructing the mayor to appoint a committee of one hundred to induce 
 Congress to locate the Fair at Chicago. A few days later, Thomas B. Bryan was 
 requested by several prominent men to write a resolution favoring the location of the 
 
 54 
 
Fair in this city. This Mr. Bryan did, and at a meeting held in the Council chamber, 
 the resolution was adopted after a thorough discussion of the subject in all its phases, 
 
 August 15, 1889, the Secretary of State, at Springfield. 111., granted a license to 
 De Witt C. Cregier, Ferdinand W. Peek, George Schneider, Anthony F. Seeberger, 
 William C. Seipp, John B. Walsh and E. Nelson Blake, to open subscription books for 
 the proposed corporation, entitled "The World's Exposition of 1892, the object of 
 which is the holding of an international exhibition, or World's Fair, in the city of Chi- 
 cago, and State of Illinois, to commemorate, on its 400th anniversary, the discovery of 
 America." 
 
 The first World's Fair bill was introduced in the United States Senate by Senator 
 Cullom, of Illinois, Dec. 19, 1889, Jan. 11, 1890, De Witt C. Cregier, then mayor 
 of Chicago; Thomas B. Bryan and Edward T. Jeffery appeared before a special com- 
 mittee of the United States senate, and addressed the same in support of Chicago's 
 application. It was at that meeting that Mr. Bryan experienced the satisfaction of 
 defeating Chauncey M. Depew, who led the New York delegation. For this victory, 
 Mr. Bryan was complimented by the entire press of the country outside of New York. 
 
 How the battle was waged between East and West, all the world knows Nothing 
 that could influence the decision of Congress was left undone. Nothing that the press 
 could contribute toward the settlement of the problem was left unwritten. It was, 
 therefore, a signal indorsement of Chicago's persistency and pluck when Congress 
 voted Feb. 24, 1890, to have the Exposition in Chicago. 
 
 Then began on the part of citizens of Chicago that united effort for the carrying 
 out of the project which resulted in success so complete as to compel the admiration 
 of the civilized world. Capital for the organization of the World's Fair was subscribed 
 March 23, 1890. A meeting of subscribers to the capital stock was held in Battery 
 D, April 4, 1890, and a full board of directors was elected, which, in turn, April 30, 
 elected Lyman J. Gage President ; Thomas B. Bryan and Potter Palmer, Vice-Presi- 
 dents ; Anthony F. Seeberger, Treasurer ; Benjamin Butterworth, Secretary, and 
 William K. Ackerman, Auditor. The first meeting of the new directory was held 
 April 12. 
 
 The question of funds was met promptly by the Illinois Legislature, which, in a 
 special session, held June 12, 1890, authorized the city of Chicago to increase its 
 bonded indebtedness $5,000,000 in aid of the Exposition. The name was changed 
 to the World's Columbian Exposition, with the capital increased to $10, 000, 000. While 
 this action of the State Legislature by no means solved the financial problems with 
 which the Fair has had to contend, it went a long way toward inspiring confidence in 
 the movement, and placed the Exposition on a sound basis. 
 
 In March, 1890, Senator Daniel, of Virginia, introduced a bill in the Senate of 
 the United States to authorize and establish the Exposition at Chicago. It was 
 referred to a special committee of the two houses, which reported a bill that passed 
 and was approved by the President, April 25, 1890. The act is entitled " An Act to 
 Provide for the Celebration of the 400th Anniversary of the Discovery of America by 
 Christopher Columbus, by holding an International Exhibition of Arts, Industries, 
 Manufactures and the Products of the Soil, Mine and Sea, in the City of Chicago, in 
 the State of Illinois. " 
 
 The act makes the following provisions: A national commission, to be designated 
 as the World's Fair Columbian Commission, to be composed of two commissioners 
 from each State and Territory and from the District of Columbia, and eight commission- 
 
 55 
 
ei'S at large, is created. The commissioners from the States and Territories are to be 
 appointed by the respective Governors thereof, and those at large from the District of 
 Columbia by the President. Like provision is also made for the appointment of alter- 
 nates. The compensation of the commissioners must not exceed $6.00 per day, when 
 they are necessarily away from home on the business of the Commission, and actual 
 traveling expenses. The Secretary of State is directed to notify the Governors to 
 appoint the commissioners. When all are appointed they shall meet at Chicago and 
 organize, and they are authorized to accept such site and plans as are submitted by the 
 corporation of the State of Illinois already in existence "The World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition," or local directory provided that corporation gives evidence of the 
 possession of a bona-fide subscribed capital stock of $5,000,000 and that it can secure 
 an additional $5,000,000, making $10,000,000 in all. The Commission is directed to 
 determine the plan and scope of the exposition, allot space for exhibitors, prepare a 
 classification of exhibits, appoint judges and examiners, and generally have charge of 
 all intercourse with the exhibitors -and the representatives of foreign nations. And it 
 is also required to appoint a Board of Lady Managers. The act directs that a dedica- 
 tion of the buildings of the Exposition shall take place with appropriate ceremonies, 
 October 12, 1892, and the Exposition shall be open not later than May 1, 1893, and 
 close not later than October 26, 1893. Whenever the President shall be notified by 
 the Commission that the preliminary provisions of the act have been complied with, he 
 shall make a proclamation setting forth the time the Exposition shall open and close, 
 and inviting foreign nations to take part therein and appoint representatives thereto. 
 Articles imported from foreign countries for the sole purpose of exhibition in the 
 exposition, shall be admitted duty free, but, if afterward sold for consumption in the 
 United States, shall pay the customary duty. Provision is made for Government 
 exhibits and the erection of a Government building or buildings, to cost not exceeding 
 $400,000. The entire sum for which the Government of the United States is liable on 
 account of this special exhibit must not exceed $1,500,000. It is declared that noth- 
 ing in the act shall be construed to create any liability of the United States for any 
 debt or obligation incurred by the Commission in excess of the appropriation made by 
 Congress. Section 8 of the act provides, "That the President is hereby empowered 
 and directed to hold a naval review in New York harbor in April, 1893, and to extend 
 to foreign nations an invitation to send ships of war to join the United States navy in 
 rendezvous at Hampton Roads and to proceed thence to said review." 
 
 The commissioners were appointed, and the first session of the Commission was 
 held at Chicago, June 26, 1890. Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen 
 president, and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, secretary. The local corporation, after 
 much discussion and several changes, had finally selected Jackson and Washington 
 Parks and the Lake Front Park as a dual site for the exposition, and this action was 
 ratified by the Commission. At the second meeting of the Commission, beginning 
 September 15, a Director-General was elected, a Board of Lady Managers appointed, the 
 classification of the exhibits made, and architectural designs for the buildings con- 
 sidered. The President of the United States was subsequently notified that all the 
 preliminary requirements of the act of Congress had been complied with, and in 
 accordance with the law therefore, on December 24, 1890, he issued the following: 
 
 PROCLAMATION. 
 
 Whereas, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision has been made 
 for adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the World's Columbian Exposition, and 
 
 6 
 
that a sum not less that $10,000,000, to be used and expended for the purposes of said Expo- 
 sition has been provided in accordance with the conditions and requirements of section ten 
 of the act entitled " An act to provide for celebrating the four hundredth anniversary of 
 the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, by holding- an international exhibition 
 of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine and sea, in the city of 
 Chicago, in the State of Illinois," approved April 25tl_, 1890. 
 
 Now, therefore, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States by virtue of the 
 authority vested in me by said act, do hereby declare and proclaim that such international 
 exhibition will be opened on the first day of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety- 
 three, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before the last 
 Thursday in October of the same year. 
 
 And in the name of the Government and of the people of the United States, I do hereby 
 invite all the nations of the earth to take part in the commemoration of an event that is 
 preeminent in human history and of lasting interest to mankind, by appointing representa- 
 tives thereto, and sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will 
 most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries and their progress in civili- 
 zation. 
 
 In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the seal of the United 
 States to be affixed. 
 
 Done at the city of Washington this twenty-fourth day of December, in the year of our 
 Lord one thousand, eight hundred and ninety, and the independence of the United States 
 the one hundred and fifteenth. 
 
 BY THE PRESIDENT, 
 
 Secretary of State. 
 
 The proclamation, accompanied by a letter of the Secretary of State, regulations 
 for foreign exhibitors, regulations of the Secretary of the Treasury governing the free 
 importation of the exhibits and the prospectus of a proposed World's Congress Auxili- 
 ary of the World's Columbian Exposition, was sent to the following countries early in 
 January: Argentine Republic, Siberia, Austria, Hungary, Mexico, Belgium, Nether- 
 lands, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, Persia, Peru, Guatemala, Portugal, Salvador, Rou- 
 mania, Nicaragua, Russia, Honduras, Servia, Costa Rica, Siam, Chili, Spain, China, 
 Sweden and Norway, Colombia, Switzerland, Corea, Turkey, Denmark, United King- 
 dom of Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, France, etc. 
 
 Ground was broken for the first building at Jackson Park, that of Mines and 
 Mining, July 2, 1891. In April,. 1892, the second annual meeting of the stockholders 
 of the Exposition was held, and the present Board of Directors elected. A Council of 
 Administration was elected August 12, 1892. This was invested with all the powers 
 of the two governing bodies in all matters except the appropriations of money. 
 
 As soon as the work at Jackson Park began to show results, Chicago opened wide 
 its doors to visitors. A Congressional committee came from Washington January 18, 
 1882, and after inspecting the buildings and making note of the progress made, 
 
 57 
 
returned a report which resulted subsequently in an additional appropriation of $2,500,- 
 000, which was, however, coupled with the provision that the gates of the Exposition 
 should not be opened Sunday. 
 
 The finances of the Exposition show an enormous amount of money expended, and 
 more than double the cost of the Paris exposition, was paid out before the gates were 
 swung open on May 1, 1893. The cash register in the treasurer's office, showed that 
 the World's Fair had then cost $10,000,000 more than the greatest exposition ever 
 held. The actual cost of the World's Fair cannot be estimated until the books are 
 closed, and the exact amount can never be accurately determined ; for foreign coun- 
 tries, state boards, fifty-thousand exhibitors, an army of concessionaires, and others 
 who have spent money, are not expected to furnish a schedule of their outlays. The 
 directors of the Exposition estimated that the remarkable total of $300,000,000 would 
 not be too large. The cost of the Exposition buildings alone reaches the sum of over 
 $16,000,000. The cost of the principal buildings was as follows: 
 
 Manufactures and Liberal Arts $1,727,431 
 
 Machinery Hall 1,175, 897 
 
 Art 737,811 
 
 Agriculture 638,657 
 
 Transportation 483, 183 
 
 Administration 463,213 
 
 Electricity 423,350 
 
 Mines and Mining 260,530 
 
 Fisheries 217,672 
 
 Music Hall, Casino and Peristyle 366,253 
 
 There were more than 200 buildings, and more than 250 acres under roof. All 
 of the buildings and grounds were brilliantly lighted by electricity at a cost of about 
 $450, 000. The grand total of expenditure for buildings and grounds by the United 
 States, the Exposition company, states and territories, foreign nations, and individuals, 
 exceeded $40,000,000. 
 
 The receipts of the exposition company, to May 1, from all sources, were as 
 follows : 
 
 Popular subscription 8 5,581,173.80 
 
 Chicago bonds 5,000,000.00 
 
 Souvenir coins 1,929,120.00 
 
 Premium on coins 492,112.28 
 
 World's Fair bonds 5,000,000.00 
 
 Gate receipts 346,643.51 
 
 Interest on funds 95,242.51 
 
 Concession receipts 171,181.54 
 
 Miscellaneous receipts 193,465.47 
 
 Deposits by concessionaires 85,196.75 
 
 Total $19,076, 186. 88 
 
 Neither statistics nor description can give an adequate idea of the magnificent 
 buildings of the exposition. Only eye and mind can grasp their beauty and magni- 
 tude. Imagine an area equal to that of the Paris Exposition in 1889, Philadelphia 
 Exposition in 1876, and Vienna Exposition in 1883, combined. Jackson Park, the 
 site of the exposition contains five hundred and fifty-three acres of ground, with a 
 frontage on Lake Michigan of a mile and a half. The Mid- way Plaisance devoted to 
 the same purpose as the exposition, consists of a strip of land between Sixtieth and 
 Sixty-third streets, connecting Jackson Park with Washington Park, a mile west, and 
 
 58 
 
contains eighty acres. Together they furnish a location at once unique and ideal. 
 Beautiful as was the sight the Camps de Mars and its approaches, and captiA^ating 
 to the admiration as were the graceful and imposing edifices at the Paris Expositions 
 of 1878 and 1889, they were surpassed by those of the World's Columbian Exposition 
 at Chicago. 
 
 THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 
 
 Without underrating the vast treasures of human industry and art that are col- 
 lected at Jackson Park, the buildings themselves are the greatest attraction. For vast 
 extent, boldness of conception, wonderful engineering, faultless proportions, and 
 impressive grandeur the Manufactures building is easily the greatest of them all, and 
 the greatest building on earth. This building covers an area of l,687x 757 feet, and 
 is, in its main portions, over 200 feet high. It is more than a third of a mile long, 
 and nearly a sixth of a mile wide, and covers over thirty acres of ground. In the 
 center of this space is a court 1,237 x 387 feet in size, the roof of which is supported 
 on gigantic steel trusses, which span the entire width, and are 210 feet high, or fifty 
 feet higher than those of the Machinery Hall at Paris, forming the largest unincumb- 
 ered court ever constructed. Around this court runs a nave, 107 feet wide, with a 
 gable roof 114 feet high; and around the nave runs a lean-to forty-five feet wide, cov- 
 ering an uninclosed ambulatory. Tho building is in the Corinthian style of architec- 
 ture, and in point of being severely classic excels nearly all the other edifices. The 
 long array of columns and arches, which its facades present, is relieved from mono- 
 tony by very elaborate ornamentation. In this ornamentation female figures, symboli- 
 cal of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous and very attractive part The 
 exterior of the building is covered with "staff," which is treated to represent marble. 
 The huge fluted columns and the immense arches are apparently of this beautiful 
 material. There were four great entrances, one in the center of each facade. These 
 are designed in the manner of triumphal arches, the central archway of each being 40 
 feet wide and 80 feet high. Surmounting these portals is the great attic story orna- 
 mented with sculptured eagles 18 feet high, and on each side above the side arches are 
 great panels with inscriptions, and the spandrils filled with sculptured figures in bas- 
 relief At each corner of the main building are pavilions formed in great arched 
 entrances, which are designed in harmony with the great portals. The building occu- 
 pies a most conspicuous place in the grounds. It faces the lake, with only lawns and 
 promenades between. North of it is the United States Government building, south 
 the harbor and in-jutting lagoon, and west the Electrical Building and the lagoon sep- 
 arating it from the great island, which in part is wooded and in part resplendent with 
 acres of bright flowers of varied hues. 
 
 THE FISHERIES BUILDING. 
 
 The Fisheries Building embraces a large central structure, with two smaller poly- 
 gonal buildings connected with it on either end by arcades. The extreme length of the 
 building is 1,100 feet and the width 200 feet. It is located to the northward of the 
 United States Government Building. In the central portion is the general fisheries 
 exhibit, in one of the polygonal buildings, is the Angling exhibit, and in the other the 
 Aquaria. The exterior of the building, Spanish Romanesque, contrasts agreeably in 
 appearance with that of the other buildings. The architect, Henry Ives Cobb, exerted 
 all his ingenuity in arranging innumerable forms of capitals, modillions, brackets, 
 
 59 
 
cornices and other ornamental details; using only fish and other sea forms for his motif 
 of design. The roof of the building is of old Spanish tile, and the side walls of pleasing 
 color. In the center of the polygonal building is a rotunda 60 feet in diameter, in the 
 middle of v^hich is a basin or pool 26 feet wide, from which rises a towering mass of 
 rocks, covered with moss and lichens: From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal 
 streams of water gush and drop to the mass of reeds, rushes, and ornamental semi- 
 aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool georgeous gold fishes, golden ides, 
 golden tench and other fishes disport. From the rotunda one side of the larger series 
 of Aquaria may be viewed. These are ten in number, and have a capacity of 7,000 to 
 27,000 gallons of water each. Passing out of the rotunda, a great corridor or arcade 
 is reached, where on one hand can be viewed the opposite side of the series of great 
 tanks, and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 750 to 1,500 
 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or arcade is about 15 feet wide. The glass 
 fronts of the aquaria are in length about 575 feet and have 3,000 square feet of 
 surface. The total water capacity of the Aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 18,725 
 cubic feet, or 140,000 gallons. This weighs 1,192,425 pounds, or almost 600 tons. 
 Of this amount about 40, 000 gallons is devoted to the Marine exhibit. In the entire 
 salt-water circulation, including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 gallons. The 
 pumping and distributing plant for the marine Aquaria is constructed of vulcanite. 
 The pumps are in duplicate, and each has a capacity of 30, 000 gallons per hour. The 
 supply of sea water was secured by evaporating the necessary quantity at the Wood's 
 Holl station of the United States Fish Commission to about one-fifth its bulk, thus 
 reducing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per cent. The fresh 
 water required to restore it to its proper density was supplied from Lake Michigan. 
 
 THE FIXE ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 Grecian- Ionic in style, the Fine Arts building is a pure type of the most refined 
 classic architecture. The building is oblong, and is 500 by 320 feet, intersected north, 
 east, south and west by a great nave and transept 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, at 
 the intersect on of which is a dome 60 feet in diameter. The building is 125 feet to the 
 top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal statue of the type of the famous 
 figure of Winged Victory. The transept has a clear space through the center of 60 
 feet, being lighted entirely from above. On either side are galleries 20 feet wide and 
 24 feet above the floor. The collections of the sculpture are displayed on the main 
 floor of the nave and transept, and on the walls both of the ground floor and of the 
 galleries are ample areas for displaying the paintings and sculptured panels in relief. 
 The corners made by the crossing of the nave and transept are filled with small pic- 
 ture galleries. Around the entire building are galleries 40 feet wide, forming a con- 
 tinuous promenade around the classic structure. Between the promenade and the 
 naves are smaller rooms devoted to private collections of paintings and the collections 
 of the various art schools. On either side of the main building, and connected with 
 it by handsome corridors, are very large annexes, which are also utilized by various 
 art exhibits. The main building is entered by four great portals, richly ornamented 
 with architectural sculpture, and approached by broad flights of steps. The walls of 
 the loggia of the colonnades are highly decorated with mural paintings, illustrating the 
 history and progress of the arts. The frieze of the exterior walls and the pediments 
 of the principal entrances are ornamented with sculptures and portraits in bas-relief 
 
 of the masters of ancient art. 
 
 60 
 
The construction, though of a temporary character, is necessarily fire-proof. The 
 main walls are of solid brick, covered with "staff," architecturally ornamented, while 
 the roof, floors and galleries are of iron. The building is located beautifully in the 
 northern portion of the park, with the south front facing the lagoon. It is separated 
 from the lagoon by beautiful terraces, ornamented with balustrades, with broad steps 
 leading down from the main portal of the lagoon, where is a landing for boats. The 
 north front faces the wide lawn and the group of State buildings. The immediate 
 neighborhood of the building is ornamented with groups of statues, replica ornaments 
 of classic art, such as the Cloragic monument, the "Cave of the Winds," and other 
 beautiful examples of Grecian art. The ornamentation also includes statues of heroic 
 and life-size proportions. 
 
 THE WOMAN'S BUILDING. 
 
 One of the most interesting buildings on the grounds, is that which stands for 
 woman's progress in the arts and sciences. The Woman's building is situated in the 
 nortnwestern part of the park, separated by a generous distance from the Horticultural 
 building on one side and the Illinois State building on the other. It faces the great 
 lagoon, which directly in front of it, takes the form of a bay about 400 feet in width. 
 From this sheet of water, ascent is made to the building by terraces and broad stair- 
 ways. The architecture of the building is in the Italian renaissance. The principal 
 facade has an extreme length of 400 feet, the depth of the structure being half this 
 distance. The main grouping consists of a center pavilion, flanked at either end with 
 corner pavilions, connected in the first story by open arcades, forming a shady prom- 
 enade the whole length of the structure. The first story is raised about ten feet from 
 the ground line, and a wide staircase leads to the center pavilion. This is finished 
 with a low and finely proportioned pediment, enriched with an elaborate bas-relief. 
 The corner pavilions have each an open colonade added above the main cornice. Here 
 are located the hanging gardens and the committee rooms of the Board of Lady Manag- 
 ers. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the open rotunda, which reaches through the 
 entire height of the building, and is protected by a richly ornamented skylight. This 
 rotunda is surrounded by a two-story open arcade, having the effect of an Italian court 
 yard. 
 
 The sculptor of the Woman's building is Miss Alice Hideout, of San Francisco. 
 Her subjects are "Three Fates," six casts of each, and "A Family Group," making 
 twelve groups in all. These are the figures which surmount the building. The pedi- 
 ment of the east and west entrances, represent the various works in which women are 
 interested. The mural decorations of the building have been completed under the 
 direction of Mrs. Candace Wheeler, of New York. In her work she has been assisted 
 by Miss Dora Wheeler Keith. 
 
 THE HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 Immediately south of zhe entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway Plaisance, 
 and facing east on the lagoon, is the Horticultural building. In front is a flower 
 terrace for outside exhibits, including tanks for Nymphaea and the Victoria Regia. 
 The front of the terrace, with its low parapet between large vases, borders the water, 
 and at its center forms a boat landing. The building is 1,000 feet long, with an 
 extreme width of 250 feet. The plan is a central pavilion with two end pavilions, each 
 connected with the central one by front and rear curtains, forming two interior courts, 
 
 61 
 
each 88 by 270 feet. These courts are beautifully decorated in color and planted with 
 ornamental shrubs and flowers. The center of the pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 
 187 feet in diameter and 113 feet high, under which are exhibited the tallest palms, 
 bamboos and tree ferns that can be procured. There are galleries in each of the 
 pavilions. The galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes. These cafes are 
 surrounded by an arcade on three sides, from which charming views of the grounds 
 can be obtained. In this building are exhibited all the varieties of flowers, plants, 
 vines, seeds, horticultural implements, etc. Those exhibits requiring sunshine and 
 light are shown in the rear curtains, where the roof is entirely of .glass and not too far 
 removed from the plants . The front curtains and space under the galleries are designed 
 for exhibits that require only the ordinary amount of light. The exterior of the build- 
 ing is in "staff," tinted in a soft warm buff, color being reserved for the interior and 
 the courts. W. L. B. Jenny, of Chicago, is the architect. The sculptor of the Horti- 
 cultural building is Lorado Taft, of Chicago. His subjects are the "Group of Flow- 
 ers," "Group of the Seasons," four single floral figures, and the Cupid frieze, six feet 
 wide, which extends all around the building. The total space in the building available 
 for exhibits, including open courts, is 177,120 square feet. The space assigned to the 
 department for exhibits of trees, shrubs, and plants embrace about twenty-five acres. 
 
 THE AGRICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 One of the most magnificent structures raised for the Exposition is the Agricul- 
 tural building. The style of architecture is classic renaissance. This building is near 
 the shore of Lake Michigan and is almost surrounded by the lagoons that lead into the 
 park from the lake. It is 500 x 800 feet, its longest dimensions being east and west. 
 The east front looks out into a harbor. The entire west exposure of the building 
 faces a branch of the lagoon that extends along the north side. On either side of the 
 main entrance are mammoth Corinthian pillars, fifty feet high and five feet in diame- 
 ter. On each corner and from the center of the building pavilions are reared, the 
 center one being 144 feet square. The corner pavilions are connected by curtains, 
 forming a continuous arcade around the top of the building. The main entrance lead& 
 through an opening sixty-four feet wide into a vestibule, from which entrance is had 
 to the rotunda, 100 feet in diameter. This is surmounted by a mammoth glass dome 
 130 feet high. All through the main vestibule statuary has been designed, illustrative 
 of the agricultural industry. Similar designs are grouped about all the grand entrances 
 in the most elaborate manner. The corner pavilions are surmounted by domes ninety- 
 six feet high and above these tower groups of statuary. The design for these domes 
 is that of three women of herculean proportions, supporting a mammoth globe. This 
 is by Martiny of New York. The Agricultural building covers more than nine acres 
 and its annex about 3. 5 acres. It cost $658, 687 to build them. 
 
 THE TRANSPORTATION BUILDING. 
 
 The Transportation building overlooks the wooded island, forming one of the 
 group of edifices composing the northern architectural court of the Exposition. It is 
 refined and simple in architectural treatment. The main entrance consists of an 
 immense single arch, enriched to an extraordinary degree with carvings, bas-relief and 
 mural paintings, the entire feature forming a rich and beautiful yet quiet color climax, 
 for it is treated in leaf and is called the golden gate. The remainder of the architec- 
 
 62 
 
tural composition falls into a just relation of contrast with the highly wrought entrance 
 and is duly quiet and modest, though very broad in treatment. It consists of a contin- 
 uous arcade with subordinated colonnade and entablature. Numerous minor entrances 
 are from time to time pierced in the walls, and with them are grouped terraces, seats, 
 drinking fountains and statues. The interior of the building is treated much after the 
 manner of a Roman basilica, with broad nave and aisles. The roof is therefore in 
 three divisions. The middle one rises much higher than the others, and its walls are 
 pierced to form a beautiful arcaded clearstory. The cupola, placed exactly in the 
 center of the building and rising 165 feet above the ground, is reached by eight 
 elevators. These elevators of themselves naturally form a part of the Transportation 
 exhibit, and as they also carry passengers to galleries at various stages of height, a 
 fine view of the interior of the building may easily be obtained. The main galleries of 
 this building, because of the abundant elevator facilities, prove quite accessible to 
 visitors. The main building measures 960 feet front by 250 feet deep. From this 
 extends westward to Stoney Island avenue an enormous annex, covering about nine 
 acres. In it may be seen the more bulky exhibits. Along the central avenue or nave 
 the visitor may see facing each other scores of locomotive engines, highly polished, 
 and rendering the perspective effect of the nave both exceedingly novel and striking. 
 Add to the effects of the exhibits the architectural effect produced by a long vista of 
 richly ornamented colonnade, and it may easily be seen that the interior of the Trans- 
 portation building is one of the most impressive of the Exposition. The Transpor- 
 tation exhibits naturally include everything, of whatsoever name or sort, devoted to 
 the purpose of transportation, and ranging from a baby carriage to a mogul engine, 
 from a cash conveyor to a balloon or carrier pigeon. Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago, 
 are the architects. John L. Boyle, of Philadelphia, is the sculptor. Among the 
 subjects which he treated are twelve single figures representing the inventors of all 
 nations. On the east facade of the building are placed eight groups representing the 
 "Ship of State." Three figures on the cowcatcher of a locomotive, five bas-reliefs 
 around the main entrance, representing the progress of transportation from the earliest 
 means, oxen and plow, down to the most recent discovery, are also Mr. Boyle's work. 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT BUILDING. 
 
 Near the lake shore, south of the main lagoon, and of the area reserved for the 
 foreign nations and the several States, and east of the Woman's building and of Mid- 
 way Plaisance^ is the Government Exhibit building. The Government building was 
 designed by Architect Windrim, succeeded by W. J. Edbrooke. It is classic in style, 
 and bears a strong resemblance to the National Museum and other Government build- 
 ings at Washington. It covers an area of 350 by 420 feet, constructed of iron and 
 glass. Its leading architectural feature is an imposing central dome 120 feet in diame- 
 ter and 150 feet high, the floor of which is kept free from exhibits. The building 
 fronts to the west and connects on the north by a bridge over the lagoon, with the 
 building of the Fisheries exhibit. The south half of the Government building is 
 devoted to the exhibits of the Postoffice Department, Treasury Department, War 
 Department and Department of Agriculture. The north half is devoted to the exhibits 
 of the Fish-eries Commission, Smithsonian Institute and Interior Department. The 
 State Department exhibit extends from the rotunda to the east end, and that of the 
 Department of Justice from the rotunda to the west end of the building. The allot- 
 
 63 
 
ment of space for the several department exhibits is: War Department, 23,000 square 
 feet; Treasury, 10,500 square feet; Agriculture, 23,250 square feet; Interior, 24,000 
 square feet; Postofflce, 9 000 square feet; Fishery, 20,000 square feet, and Smith- 
 sonian Institute, balance of space. 
 
 THE FORESTRY BUILDING. 
 
 The Forestry building is the most unique of all the Exposition structures. Its 
 dimensions are 200 by 500 feet. To a remarkable degree its architecture is of the 
 rustic order. On all four sides of the building is a veranda, supporting the roof of 
 which is a colonnade consisting of a series of columns composed of three tree-trunks, 
 each 25 feet in length, one of them from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and the others 
 smaller. All of these trunks are left in their natural state, with bark undisturbed. 
 They are contributed by the different States and Territories of the Union and by 
 foreign countries, each furnishing specimens of its most characteristic trees. The 
 sides of the building are constructed of slabs with the bark removed. The window 
 frames are treated in the same rustic manner as the rest of the building. The main 
 entrances are elaborately finished in different kinds of wood, the material and work- 
 manship being contributed by several prominent lumber associations. The roof is 
 thatched with tan and other barks. The visitor can make no mistake as to the kinds 
 of tree-trunks which form the colonnade, for upon each is a tablet upon which is 
 inscribed the common and scientific name, the State or country from which the trunk 
 was contributed, and other pertinent information, such as the approximate quantity of 
 such timber in the region whence it came. Surmounting the cornice of the veranda 
 and extending all around the building are numerous flagstaffs bearing the colors, coats- 
 of-arms, etc., of the Nations and States represented in the exhibits inside. 
 
 MACHINERY HALL. 
 
 Machinery Hall, of which Peabody & Stearns, o f Boston, are the architects, has 
 been pronounced by many architects second only to the Administration building in the 
 magnificence of its appearance. This building measures 850 by 500 feet. It is located 
 at the extreme south end of the park, midway between the shore of Lake Michigan 
 and the west line of the park. It is just south of the Administration building, and 
 west and across a lagoon from the Agricultural building. The building is spanned by 
 three arched trusses, and the interior presents the appearance of three railroad train- 
 houses side by* side, surrounded on all the four sides by a gallery 50 feet wide. The 
 trusses are built separately, so that they can be taken down and sold for use as railroad 
 train-houses. In each of the long naves there is an elevated traveling crane running 
 from end to end of the building for the purpose of moving machinery. These plat- 
 forms are built so that visitors may view from them the exhibits beneath. The power 
 for this building is supplied from a power-honse adjoining the south side of the build- 
 ing. Among the sculptures that adorn the building are figures of victory placed on 
 the towers and pinnacles. These were modeled by N. A. Waagen and Robert Kraus. 
 Seventeen of them are reproductions in copper by William H. Mullens, of Salem, 0. 
 The pediment has ten figures of science and six of inventors. The first were modeled 
 by Waagen, the latter by Kraus. 
 
 THE ELECTRICAL BUILDING. 
 
 The Electrical building, the seat of perhaps the most novel and brilliant exhibit 
 in the whole Exposition, is 345 feet wide and 700 feet long, the major axis running 
 
 64 
 
north and south. The south front is on the great quadrangle or court; the nortli front 
 faces the lagoon; the east front is opposite the Manufactures building, and the west 
 faces the Mines building. The general scheme of the plan is based upon a longitudinal 
 nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle by a transept of the same 
 width and height. The nave and the transept have a pitched roof, with a range of sky- 
 lights at the bottom of the pitch, and clearstory windows. The second story is com- 
 posed of a series of galleries connected across the nave by two bridges, with access by 
 four grand staircases. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,546 square 
 feet, or 2. 7 acres. The exterior walls of this building are composed of a continuous 
 Corinthian order of pilasters, 5 feet 6 inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full 
 entablature, and resting upon a stylobate 8 feet 6 inches. The total height of the walls 
 from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 inches. At each of the four corners of the build- 
 ing there is a pavilion, above which rises a light open spire or tower 169 feet high. 
 Intermediate between these corner pavilions and the central pavilions on the east and 
 west sides there is a subordinate pavilion bearing a low square dome upon an open 
 lantern. The building has an open portico extending along the whole of the south 
 facade, the lower or Ionic order forming an open screen in front of it. The various 
 subordinate pavilions are treated with windows and balconies. The details of the 
 exterior orders are richly decorated, and the pediments, friezes, panels and spandrils 
 received a decoration of figures in relief, with architectural motifs, the general 
 tendency of which is to illustrate the purposes of the building. The appearance of 
 the exterior is that of marble, but the walls of the hemicycle and of the various porticos 
 and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in these places being decorated 
 with scagliola, and the capitals with metallic effects in bronze. Van Brunt & Howe, 
 of Kansas City, are the architects. 
 
 MINES AND MINING BUILDING. 
 
 Located at the southern extremity of the western lagoon or lake, and between 
 the Electricity and Transportation buildings, is the Mines and Mining building. This 
 building is 700 feet long by 350 feet wide, and the architect is S. S. Beman, of Chi- 
 cago. Its architecture has its inspiration in early Italian renaissance, with which 
 sufficient liberty is taken to invest the building with the animation that should charac- 
 terize a great general Exposition. There is a decided French spirit pervading the 
 exterior design, but it is kept well subordinated. In plan it is simple and straightfor- 
 ward, embracing on the ground floor spacious vestibules, restaurants, toilet-rooms, etc. 
 On each of the four sides of the building are placed the entrances, those of the north 
 and south fronts being the most spacious and prominent. To the right and left of each 
 entrance, inside, start broad flights of easy stairs leading to the galleries. The galleries 
 are 60 feet wide and 25 feet high from the ground floor, and are lighted on the sides 
 by large windows, and from above by a high clearstory extending around the building. 
 The main fronts look southward on the great Central Court, and northward on the 
 western and middle lakes and an island gorgeous with flowers. These principal fronts 
 display enormous arched entrances, richly embellished with sculptural decorations 
 emblematic of mining and its allied industries. At each end of these fronts are large 
 square pavilions, surmounted by low domes, which mark the four corners of the build- 
 ing and are lighted by large arched windows extending through the galleries. 
 Between the main entrance and the pavilions are richly decorated arcades, forming an 
 open loggia on the ground floor and a deeply recessed promenade on the gallery floor 
 
 65 
 
level, which commands a fine view of the lakes and islands to the northward and the 
 great Central Court on the south. These covered promenades are each 25 feet wide 
 and 230 feet long, and from them is had access to the building at numerous points. 
 These loggias on the first floor are faced with marbles of different kinds and hues, 
 which is considered part of the Mining Exhibit, and so utilized as to have marketable 
 value at the close of the Exposition. The loggia ceilings are heavily coffered and 
 richly decorated in plaster and color. The ornamentation is massed at the prominent 
 points of the facade. 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING. 
 
 The Administration building is pronounced the gem and crown of the Exposition 
 palaces. It is located at the west end of the great court in the southern part of the 
 site, looking eastward, and at its rear are the transportation facilities and depots. The 
 most conspicuous object which attracts the gaze of visitors on reaching the grounds is 
 the gilded dome of this lofty building. The architect is Richard M. Hunt, of New 
 York, President of the American Institute of Architects. It covers an area of 260 feet 
 square and consists of four pavilions 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of 
 the square, and connected by a great central dome 120 feet in diameter, and 220 feet 
 in height, leaving at the center of each facade a recess 82 feet wide, within which are 
 the grand entrances to the building. The general design is in the style of the French 
 renaissance. The first great story is in the Doric order, of heroic proportions, sur- 
 rounded by a lofty balustrade and having the great tiers of the angle of each pavilion 
 crowned with sculpture. The second story with its lofty and spacious colonnade is of 
 the Ionic order. The four great entrances, one on each side of the building, are 50 
 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply recessed and covered by semi-circular arched vaults, 
 richly coffered. In the rear of these arches are the entrance doors, and above them 
 great screens of glass, giving light to the central rotunda. Across the face of these 
 screens, at the level of the office floor, are galleries of communication between the 
 different pavilions. The interior features of this great building even exceed in beauty 
 and splendor those of the exterior. Between every two of the grand entrances and 
 connecting the intervening pavilion with the great rotunda is a hall or loggia 30 feet 
 square, giving access to the offices, and provided with broad, circular stairwaj's and 
 swift-running elevators. Above the balcony is the second story, 50 feet in height. 
 From the top of the cornice of this story rises the interior dome, 200 feet from the 
 floor, and in the center is an opening 50 feet in diameter, transmitting a flow of light 
 from the exterior dome overhead. The under side of the dome is enriched with deep 
 panelings, richly molded, and the panels are filled with sculpture in low relief and 
 immense paintings representing the arts and sciences. In size this rotunda rivals, if 
 it does not surpass, the most celebrated domes of a similar character in the world. 
 
 THE NAVAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 Unique among the other exhibits is that made by the United States Naval Depart- 
 ment. It is in a structure which, to all outward appearance, is a faithful full-sized 
 model of one of the new coast-line battleships. This imitation battleship of 1893 is 
 erected on piling on the Lake Front in the northeast portion of Jackson Park. It is 
 surrounded by water and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The struc- 
 ture has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, such as guns, turrets, torpedo 
 tubes, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, anchors, chain cables, davits, awnings, 
 
 66 
 
deck fittings, etc., etc., together with all appliances for working the same. Officers, 
 seamen, mechanics and marines are detailed by the Navy Department during the Ex- 
 position, and the discipline and mode of life on our naval vessels are completely 
 shown. The detail of men is not, however, as great as the complement of the actual 
 ship. The crew gives certain drills, especially boat, torpedo and gun drills, as in a 
 vessel of war. The dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battleship, 
 to-wit: length, 348 feet; width amidships, 69 feet 3 inches; and from the water line to 
 the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed on this deck is a superstructure 
 8 feet high, with a hammock berthing on the same 7 feet high, and above these the 
 bridge, chart-house, and the boats. At the forward end of the superstructure there is 
 a cone-shaped tower, called the "military mast," near the top of which are placed two 
 circular " tops " as receptacles for sharpshooters. Rapid-firing guns are mounted in 
 each of these tops. The height from the water line to the summit of this military 
 mast is 76 feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signaling. The battery mounted 
 comprises four 13-inch breech-loading rifle cannon; eight 8-inch breech-loading rifle 
 cannon; four 6-inch breech-loading rifle cannon; twenty 6-pound rapid-firing guns: 
 six 1 -pound rapid-firing guns; two Catling guns, and six torpedo tubes or torpedo 
 guns. All of these are placed and mounted respectively as in the genuine battleship. 
 On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo protection net, stretching the 
 entire length of the vessel. Steam launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the 
 outward appearance of a real ship of war is imitated. 
 
 FOR THE CHILDREN. 
 
 To women one of the most interesting buildings in the grounds is the Children's 
 building, which has been constructed out of the proceeds of the bazaar given at Mrs. 
 Potter Palmer's residence under the auspices of the Friday Club. Here mothers can 
 leave their children in the care of attendants while they make the rounds of the Expo- 
 sition grounds. The building is architecturally perfect, the design being at once 
 modest and beautiful. It is covered with staff and ornamented like the buildings 
 which surround it. Most of the interior decoration is the work of women and has 
 some bearing on child life. The cost of this building was $22,218. 
 

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STf\TB BUILDINGS. 
 
 THE northern portion of Jackson Park, although containing the great Palace of 
 Fine Arts and the foreign government buildings, is mainly devoted to the 
 official buildings erected by the several States and Territories, which are used 
 as a sort of headquarters for the different peoples, where members of the States meet 
 each other during the rush days of the Exposition. Most of them have club-rooms, 
 banquet hall and reception rooms, where their own people can feel entirely at home. 
 TERRITORIAL. New Mexico, Arizona and Oklahoma erected a handsome struct- 
 ure 120 feet square. The grounds are profusely decorated with plants from Arizona, 
 and on the roof-garden are specimens of the flora of New Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 ARKANSAS. The design of the Arkansas building at the World's Fair follows 
 classic models, it being in the French "Rococo" style of architecture. The exterior 
 is in plaster and ornamental staff work, tinted in light color. The interior is tinted 
 and the ornamental work is brought out in gold. The building has a ground area of 
 66 by 92 feet. From a large circular veranda, which runs the width of the building, 
 an elliptical entrance opens to the rotunda, 30 by 30 feet, lighted by a central dome. 
 In the center of the rotunda is a fountain of Hot Springs crystals lighted by electricity. 
 Flanking the rotunda are six rooms, 15 feet square. Five of these were used as 
 exhibit rooms. Opening from the rotunda, by triple arches, is the hallway, 11 by 55 
 feet, with the stairways on each side of the arched entrance. At the rear of the build- 
 ing is the assembly hall, 25 by 65 feet. Designer, Mrs. Jean Douglas, of Little Rock; 
 architect, E. Kaufman, of Chicago; contractors, the Heidenrich Company, of Chi- 
 cago; cost, $15,000. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. Next to the building for Illinois that of California is the largest of 
 the State buildings. Its dimensions are 144 by 435 feet. It is in the style of archi- 
 tecture of the old California mission building. The exterior is of plain plaster, arti- 
 ficially seamed and cracked, giving it the appearance of the old mission buildings. 
 The south front is a reproduction of the old Mission Church at San Diego. The main 
 tower is an exact reproduction of the San Diego . church tower, while the remaining 
 towers on the corners and center of the building are all studied from the mission archi- 
 tecture. This building is not of the club-house character of most of 'the other State 
 buildings. The entire first floor was open and devoted to the California State display, 
 principally of fruits and canned goods. There are three fountains on the ground floor, 
 one in the center and one at either end. The central hall is surrounded by a wide 
 gallery, and on the gallery floor in the north end of the building is the banquet hall, a 
 kitchen and an assembly room. On either side of the main entrances are elevators 
 running to the roof garden. These elevators are a Californian product, the power 
 being a combination of steam and water. The roof is of California red tile. Archi- 
 tect, P. Brown, of San Francisco; contractors, the Heidenrich Company, Chicago. 
 Cost, $75,000. 
 
 97 
 
COLORADO. The Colorado building is in the Spanish renaissance. The whole 
 exterior of the building is in staff of an ivory color, and in the salient features of the 
 design profusely ornamented. The striking feature of the design is two slender 
 Spanish towers, 98 feet high, rising from either side of the main entrance, on the east. 
 The tower roofs and the broad overhanging roof of the building are covered with red 
 Spanish tiles. The building is 125 feet long, including the end porticoes, with a depth 
 of 45 feet, and 26 feet to the cornice line. The front vestibule opens to the main hall 
 of the building. On the second floor is the assembly room, extending the entire length 
 of the building in the center. On the ends of this assembly room are a reading and a 
 writing room, which open to the hanging balconies on the ends of the building, forming 
 one of the most attractive exterior features. Broad, low casement windows open from 
 the assembly rooms to the front and rear balconies, the front one extending between 
 the towers, 24 feet, and over the main entrance. The rear balcony extends along the 
 entire length of the building. Architect, H. T. E. Wendell, of Denver; contractor. 
 W. J. Hill, of Denver; cost, $35,000. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. The Connecticut building is a type of the Connecticut residence. 
 It has a ground area of 72 by 73 feet, including the piazza, and is two stories high. 
 The exterior is weather-boarded and painted white. The main entrance is off a square 
 porch, covered by the projecting pediment, which is supported by heavy columns. 
 The interior is finished in colonial style, with tiled floors, paneled walls and Dutch 
 mantels. On the first floor is a reception hall, 21 by 48 feet, with a light-well in the 
 center. In the rear of the hall is a stairway with a landing half way up. Flanking 
 the hall are parlors for men and women. The second floor is divided up into living 
 rooms, and was occupied by the executive World's Fair officer of Connecticut and his 
 family during the Fair. Architect, Warren R. Briggs, oi Bridgeport; contractors, 
 Tracy Bros. , of Waterbury; cost, $12,000. 
 
 DELAWARE. Delaware's State building is constructed wholly from the native 
 woods of the State. It is extremely picturesque in architectural effect. The building 
 is 60 by 58 feet and finished with great care in all its details at a cost of $7,500. The 
 interior is decorated in colonial style and contains models of many interesting edifices 
 in that State, some of which were erected during the seventeenth century. 
 
 FLORIDA. The Florida building is a reproduction in miniature of old Fort 
 Marion, in St. Augustine. The fort covers an area of four acres. It is in the form of 
 a four-bastioned fortress. Including the moat, the site is 155 feet square. The 
 building proper is 137 feet square. The frame is of pine, covered with plaster and 
 coquina shells, in imitation of the original. The interior is divided into parlors and is 
 furnished in Florida's native woods. The interior court is planted in bamboo, orange, 
 lemon and other tropical trees. The ramparts furnish space for promenades and hang- 
 ing gardens. In the moat is a sunken garden, where were produced miniature fields 
 of cotton, sugar, rise, tobacco, etc. , showing the natural resources of the State. W. 
 Mead Nalter, of Chicago, is the architect of the building, which is erected under the 
 direction of the Florida Board of Commissioners. It cost $20,000. Fort Marion 
 is the oldest structure in North America, the most interesting specimen of Spanish 
 supremacy in this country, and the only example of medieval fortification on the con- 
 tinent. Its erection was begun in 1620 and continued for 100 years. To equip it as 
 a garrison required 1,000 men. It was never taken by a besieging force. 
 
 98 
 
IDAHO. The handsome building of Idaho is suggestive of the Forestry building 
 in miniature. It is on the rustic order and cost $15,000. The matter of the decora- 
 tion was in the hands of the women of Idaho. One of the special features of the 
 exhibit was that pertaining to mining. On the whole exhibit, including the building, 
 $120,000 was expended. 
 
 ILLINOIS. Just to the south of the Art Palace, across the north arm of the 
 lagoon, stands the Illinois building. This building is by far the most pretentious of 
 the State buildings, and can be classed as one of the great Exposition structures. The 
 plan of the building forms a Greek cross, whose main axis is 450 feet long by 160 feet 
 wide, and lies east and west, while the shorter axis is 285 feet long, with an average 
 width of 98 feet. At the intersection of the arms of the cross rises the dome, with a 
 diameter of 75 feet at the base and a height of 152 feet to the top of inner dome. 
 This dome has, besides, a continuation of the gallery, 15 feet above the floor, that 
 runs around the main hall, and another, 96 feet above the floor, reached by two cir- 
 cular stairs in piers of dome. At the east and west are two large public entrances, at 
 either side of which are rooms extending the entire width of the building, and about 
 29 feet deep, occupying the whole height, which is divided into three stories. The 
 rooms at the east end are chiefly used for school exhibition purposes, a large one on 
 the ground floor being fitted up as a model kindergarten. Beyond this extends the 
 great exhibition hall, 381 feet long; the central portion, 75 feet wide, being flanked by 
 aisles 40 feet wide. The central division is lighted by windows in the clearstory, and 
 by roof lights, it being 67 feet from the floor to the roof. The hall has a continuous 
 gallery 16 feet wide and 15 feet above the floor. The aisles are lighted by large semi- 
 circular windows on the side walls. The southern part of the short arm of the cross 
 is 121 feet wide and extends 75 feet beyond the walls of the main building. The 
 lines of its cornice, being extended back across the main building, form the external 
 base from which the dome springs. Its three stories are subdivided into rooms, halls, 
 corridors, etc. The base of the dome rises from a series of steps upon which is a 
 double support to the drum, the outer one being an order of Corinthian columns, the 
 inner being a wall pierced by windows. Above the entablature rises the dome, which 
 is covered with galvanized iron; the trusses are accented on the outside by prominent 
 ribs, and the intermediate spaces are paneled. A round lantern on top, 12 feet in diam- 
 eter and 35 feet high, is the crowning feature. Architects, Boyington & Co., of 
 Chicago; contractors, Harlev & Sons, of Chicago. Material 3,000,000 feet of lum- 
 ber, 1,300,000 pounds of iron. 
 
 INDIANA. The Indiana building is in the French Gothic style of architecture. It 
 has two imposing towers, 120 feet high, and many Gothic gables. The building has 
 three stories, built of pine and Bedford stone, and is covered with ornamental staff. 
 The floors are of tile. The main assembly hall on the first floor is elaborately finished 
 in the baronial style. All of the material used in the building comes from Indiana, 
 much of the hard woods for interior decorations, tile floors, the roofing material, and 
 the mantels being donated by-Indiana manufacturers. The ground area is 100 by 150 
 feet. The main entrance opens into a wide hall extending across the building. To 
 the right of the hall is a large assembly-room, occupying the entire south end of the 
 building. The north end of the building is devoted to parlors and reception rooms. 
 The second floor has reading and writing rooms, and rooms for the men and women 
 boards of State commissioners. The third floor is devoted to bed-rooms and a hall for 
 
 09 
 
dining and lunching. There are immense fire-places in the entrance hall and assembly- 
 room. Architect, Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago ; contractors, Collins & Ohm, of Chi- 
 cago; cost, $60,000. 
 
 IOWA. A large part of the Iowa building is constituted in what is known as the 
 Jackson Park " Shelter." The building belongs to the Park Commissioners. It is a 
 granite structure with a slate roof, with conical towers of pavilions at the corners. It 
 is 77 by 123 feet in size. The new structure is on the west of the " Shelter." It is 60 
 by 100 feet in size, and two stories high. It is in wood and staff, with tower and roof 
 corresponding to the "Shelter," so that the two structures combine harmoniously after 
 the style of a French chateau. The "Shelter" was used for a State exhibit, corre- 
 sponding in character to the Sioux City corn palace exhibition. In the new part, on the 
 first floor, are reception rooms for men and women, commissioners' offices, committee 
 rooms, postoffice, writing and baggage rooms. On the second floor are the assembly 
 hall, photographic exhibit, reading and reporters' room. Architects, the Josselyn & 
 Taylor Co. , Cedar Kapids ; contractor John Gr. Coder, of Harrisburg, Pa. ; cost, 
 $35,000. 
 
 KANSAS. The ground plan of the Kansas building is irregular. It approaches a 
 square, one side being straight and the other three forming irregular angles. It has 
 a ground area of 135 by 138 feet. It is two stories high, built of frame and staff, and 
 is surmounted by an elliptical glass dome. The main exhibition hall occupies nearly 
 all of the first floor, and extends through to the glass dome. The north end of the 
 main floor was occupied by a natural history collection. Architect, Seymour Davis, 
 of Topeka; contractors, Fellows & Vansant, of Topeka; cost, $25,000. 
 
 KENTUCKY. Kentucky has a handsome building in Colonial styls of architecture, 
 in which was an adequate exhibit of the State's industries. The Legislature appropri- 
 ated $50,000, which was added to by private subscriptions. 
 
 LOUISIANA. Louisiana erected a Creole kitchen finished in the hardwoods indig- 
 enous to that State. In the building were served famous Creole dishes prepared and 
 served by the people made famous by Gr. W. Cable, the author. 
 
 MAINE. The Maine building is octagonal in form, with a ground area of 65 feet 
 square. It is two stories in height, the roof surmounted by a lantern in the center, 
 and four corner towers. The first story is of granite. The exterior finish of the rest 
 of the building is in wood and staff. The central tower, or lantern, is 86 feet to its 
 highest point. On the first floor are parlors and reception rooms for men and women, 
 toilet-rooms and two commissioners' rooms. A railed gallery extends around the 
 rotunda. The interior finishing is in hard wood. The granite and roof slate used in 
 construction, the skylight in the rotunda and the mantels over the fireplaces are from 
 Maine, donated by manufacturers. Architect, Charles S. Frost, of Chicago; contrac- 
 tors, Grace & Hyde, of Chicago; cost, $20,000. 
 
 MARYLAND. Maryland's building was intended at first to be a reproduction of 
 the State House at Annapolis, but the plans were changed. The building is a hand- 
 some structure of a composite colonial type, resembling the old manor houses of the 
 Chesapeake Bay regions. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. The Massachusetts building is in the Colonial style, and is 
 largely a reproduction of the historic John Hancock residence, which, until the year 
 1867, stood on Beacon Hill, Boston, near the State capitol. The building is three 
 
 100 
 
stories high, surmounted in the center by a cupola. The exterior is of staff, in imita- 
 tion of cut granite. It is surrounded by a terrace, raised above the street, and has in 
 front and on one side a forecourt, filled with old-fashioned flowers and foliage. The 
 main entrance opens to a spacious, well-studded hallway, with *a; tiled .floor, facing 
 the entrance is a broad, colonial staircase, leading to the second- flobri ' On the tigbitfof 
 the hall is a large room, constituting a registration room, postoffic^ aijc] geajeraj .recep- 
 tion room. Architects, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston; con traetdiyC. 'Eve ret it ^Cla^k,^ 
 of Chicago; cost, $50,000. 
 
 MICHIGAN. The Michigan building is located at the intersection of two of the 
 finest avenues in Jackson Park. It has a ground area of 100 by 140 feet, is three 
 stories in height, and was intended mainly as a comfortable and convenient home for 
 Michigan visitors. The first floor is devoted to the use of visitors, the second contains 
 three large exhibit rooms, one arranged for meetings, lectures, concerts or social enter- 
 tainments, and a smaller room for board and committee meetings. The ladies' parlor, 
 size 32 by 42 feet, also on the principal floor, was finished and furnished by the city of 
 Grand Rapids at an approximate outlay of not less than $10,000. The room is finished 
 in stucco of ornate design and hung with beautiful tapestries. In one of the exhibition 
 rooms on the second floor the State University of Michigan showed a very complete 
 collection of native birds, animals and reptiles, and in another room were shown all the 
 crude resources of the State, consisting of metals, woods, cereals, etc. Its total cost 
 to the State was $36,000, in addition to the amounts contributed by other parties, 
 amounting to $20,000 more. Architects, M. S. Smith & Co., Detroit; contractor, C. 
 H. Pelton, Grand Rapids; superintendent of construction, E. A. Russell, Muskegon. 
 
 MINNESOTA. The Minnesota building is designed in the Italian renaissance style, 
 two stories high, with a Mezzanine story in the rear. The frame is of wood, covered 
 with staff. The ground dimensions are 78 by. 91 feet. In the recess within the 
 entrance is a sculptural group, symbolizing the legend of Minnehaha and Hiawatha. 
 On the first floor is the exhibition hall, 52 by 78 feet. On the second floor is a recep- 
 tion hall, 30 by 33 feet, parlors and a committee room. The interior walls are plas- 
 tered, decorated in fresco, in plain tints, and finished in pine. The women's rooms 
 have color decorations, done by women of the State. Architect, William Channing 
 Whitney, of Minneapolis; contractors, Libbey & Libby, of Minneapolis; cost, $30,000. 
 
 MISSOURI. The ground plan of the Missouri building is square, with a quarter 
 circle taken out of the southeast corner, to correspond with the form of the juncture of 
 the two avenues on which it faces. The building is 86 by 86 feet, two stories high. 
 In the front, and over the main entrance, is an elliptical dome, 70 feet high, flanked by 
 smaller octagonal domes, 48 feet high. The main entrance, which is in the southeast cor- 
 ner of the building, is of cut brown stone. The balance of the structure is frame, 
 covered with staff, and the columns and pilasters are of the same material. The build- 
 ing contains thirty-two rooms. It is very handsome, and richly ornamented. The 
 glass is all plate. This plate-glass, as well as the tile for the roof and flooring, the 
 plumbing, and the cut stone, is donated by Missouri manufacturers. Gunn & Curtis, 
 of Kansas City, are the architects, and the Missouri State Commission erected the 
 building. Cost, $45,000. 
 
 MONTANA. The Montana building is in the Romanesque style of architecture, 
 one story in height. It has a ground area of 62 feet front by 113 feet deep. The 
 structure is frame, covered with staff, the interior being ornamented with heavy, pro- 
 
 101 
 
jecting pilasters, with Roman caps and bases, and Roman arches. The building is sur- 
 mounted by a glass dome 22 feet in diameter and 38 feet high. The entrance arch is 
 12x12 feet, supported by heavy columns. Within is the vestibule, with marble floor 
 and ceil ing, >panele.d;in staff. On either side of the entrance arch are balustrades 
 incJosmg tke"-Vest>fburer' ^ Flanking the arch are two panels 4x5 feet in size, one bear- 
 ing the.^tate; imotto/. "' OVo y Plata" gold and silver and the other "1893," in 
 '''Roniair' figures: ' "These 'panels were in staff, but at the opening of the Exposition 
 were replaced in pure sheet gold. Architects, Galbraith & Fuller, of Livingstone, 
 Mont.; contractors, Harley & Sons, Chicago. Cost, $16,000. 
 
 NEBRASKA. The building erected by the State of Nebraska is in a fine position, 
 just within the Fifty-seventh street entrance to the park, on the north side of the 
 boulevard. The style of architecture is classical, and of the Corinthian order. The 
 building has a ground area of 60 by 100 feet, and is two stories high. The exterior is 
 of staff. On the east and west fronts are wide porticoes, approached by flights of 
 steps. From each portico three large double doors; of oak give entrance to the exhibit 
 hall. This room is 60 by 70 feet, and in it an agricultural display is made. On the 
 first floor, also, are a reception room, commissioners' office, baggage room, postofHce 
 and an exhibit room 60 by 70 feet, used for an art exhibit. Architect, Henry Voss, 
 of Omaha; contractors, F. A. Schelius, of South Chicago; cost, $20,000. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. The building is comparatively small 53 by 84 feet. The 
 pitched, shingled roof is broken by five gables. The exterior is weather-boarded in 
 stained Georgia pine above a line seven feet from the ground. This first seven-foot 
 course is in New Hampshire granite. Each of the two stories is surrounded on all 
 sides by a wide piazza. The rooms on the second floor open to the piazza through 
 hinged windows opening to the floor. The entrance is on the east, facing the drive on 
 Lake Michigan. Architect, George B. Howe, of Boston; contractor, H. Bernritter,of 
 Chicago; cost, $8,000. 
 
 NEW YORK. The New York State building was designed by Messrs. McKim, 
 Mead and White, of New York City, architects of the Agricultural building. The 
 building is in the style of the Italian renaissance, a villa in character, rectangular in 
 form, approached on the south by a flight of fourteen steps, 46 feet wide, giving access 
 to a grand terrace, 15 by 80 feet, from which the loggia, or open vestibule, 46 feet by 
 17 feet 6 inches, is reached. The main floor of the building consists of the vestibule, 
 a grand staircase hall, with a dome ceiling forty-six feet from the floor, a small 
 reception-room, a suite of three drawing-rooms, smoking, writing, and reading-rooms, 
 lavatory and coat-room, postofHce and telegraph and telephone service, and bureau of 
 information. In the main hall on the first floor, besides the beautiful fountains, is a 
 relief map nearly twenty feet in diameter, of the State of New York, which cost 
 $30,000. This main hall has a mosiac floor. The grand stairway is of marble, and 
 leads to the banquet hall. The beautiful arched ceiling, three stories high, is richly 
 ornamented with designs of fruits done in stucco. On the third floor, in addition to 
 twelve rooms for general purposes, there is a gallery for a band of music. Architects, 
 McKim, Mead & White, of New York; contractors, The George A. Fuller ComDany,of 
 Chicago; total cost, $150,000. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. New Jersey has a reproduction of a dwelling house. Verandas in 
 front and rear, and a gallery above near a handsome ceiling, and club-rooms and par- 
 lors are the principal features. 
 
 102 
 
VERMONT. The Vermont building is one of the most original on the grounds. 
 On the right and left of the steps on the facade rise two shafts, on which are allegorical 
 figures, representing agriculture and quarrying the two principal industrial activities 
 of the State. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA. The dimensions of this building are 50 by 75 feet, and it con- 
 tains a commodious assembty-hall, well lighted, and with a wide fireplace in either end. 
 It also has the necessary committee-rooms, reading and toilet-rooms. The ends of the 
 structure are of brick, but the side walls are frame, with plaster panels. At the 
 entrance to the assembly hall a large panel will bear the coat-of-arms of the State. 
 The architect is Mr. J. L. Lilsbee, of Chicago. 
 
 OHIO. The Ohio building is colonial in style, two stories high, of wood and staff, 
 with tile roof. The ground area is 100 feet front by 80 feet deep. The main entrance 
 on the east is within a semi-circular colonial portico, 33 feet high, the roof supported 
 by eight great columns. The tile roof, mantels, finishing woods and much of the 
 visible material are the gift of Ohio producers. The main entrance opens on a lobby, 
 on the left of which is the women's parlor, and on the right a committee-room. Occu- 
 pying the central portion of the building is the reception hall, 23 by 36 feet, and 28 
 feet high, extending through to the roof. The covered ceiling of the hall is ornamented. 
 Back of the reception hall is an open court, 36 feet square, enclosed on three sides, 
 the north and south sides being formed by the wings of the building. Architect, 
 James McLaughlin, cf Cincinnati; contractors, Harley & Sons, of Chicago; cost, 
 $30,000. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. The Pennsylvania structure is in the Colonial style of architec- 
 ture, while the front is an exact reproduction of old Independence Hall. Independ- 
 ence bell hangs in the tower. The rotunda within the entrance is finished in tile and 
 slate. The building is rectangular in form, two stories high, with a ground area of 
 110 x 166 feet. The corners of the front are quarter-circled in. Piazzas twenty feet 
 wide surround the building and over them are verandas with protecting balustrade. 
 Outside staircases, right and left to the rear, lead to the garden on the roof. The 
 front entrance opens into a central rotunda, to the right and left of which are room 
 accessories. In the rear an exhibition-room extends the entire width of the building. 
 The walls of this apartment are ornamented with the portraits of distinguished Penn- 
 sylvanians, and many rare documents of historical interest displayed. The architect 
 is R. Lonsdale, of Philadelphia, and the contractor John G. Coder, of Harrisburg. 
 Estimated total cost, about $95,000. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. The Rhode Island building is after the Greek manner, with 
 columnar porticoes on four sides of the building that on the west or front side semi- 
 circular in plan, with arched openings between the Ionic pilasters. The building is 
 amphiprostyle in that the north and south porches each of the full width of the build- 
 ing consists of four fluted Ionic columns, each 24 inches in diameter and 21 feet high, 
 while the rear entrance is between Ionic fluted pilasters, the same as in front. 
 
 The building has a ground area of 32x59 feet, two stories high, in wood and staff 
 in Imitation of granite. On the second floor are two committee rooms and a gallery 
 around the main hall. The governor's room occupies what may be called the second 
 story of the porch on the west front. Architects, Stone, Carpenter & Wilson, of 
 Providence; contractors, Grace & Hyde, Chicago; cost, $7,000. 
 
 103 
 
SOUTH DAKOTA. The South Dakota building has a ground area of 70 by 126 
 feet, and is two stories high. The structure is frame, the exterior being covered with 
 Yankton cement. The mam entrance is on the east, along which front extends a wide 
 porch with heavy columns, supporting a balcony from the second story. In the main 
 body of the building is the exhibition hall, 44 by 58 feet. Six feet above the main 
 floor is an entresol, having committee rooms for the two boards of commissioners. The 
 rotunda in the center of the building extends through to the roof and is covered with 
 a skylight. The second floor is devoted to rooms for the woman's exhibit and for special 
 State Exhibits. Architect, W. L. Dow, of Sioux Falls; contractor, R. H. Booth & 
 Son, of Sioux Falls; cost, $15,000. 
 
 TEXAS. The Lone Star State has a handsome building on a large lot at the north 
 end of the grounds, with Kansas and Utah for near neighbors. It is 85 by 250 feet, 
 and 70 feet high. It is a good example of the Spanish renaissance, being modeled 
 after the old missions, but of a different type from that followed in the California 
 building. The building is nearly square, with a square tower on each corner, con- 
 nected by two-story loggias. 
 
 WASHINGTON. The Washington structure was built entirely of material brought 
 from the State. The first floor is of logs from Puget Sound, while the main entrance, 
 an important decorative feature, is of granite, marble and ore from the State quarries. 
 A $100,000 exhibit will be seen inside. With its quaint towers it resembles a Holland 
 residence and windmill. It is different from any other building there. On the walls 
 hung a magnificent painting of "Mount Rainier," presented by Mr. Wm. H. Llewel- 
 lyn, formerly of Eshelman, Llewellyn & Co. , of Seattle. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA. West Virginia is represented by a hospitable mansion costing 
 $20,000. The wide entrance and broad verandas extend around both wings and prove 
 a pleasant resting-place for State guests. 
 
 WISCONSIN. The Wisconsin building has a front facade of 90 feet, and a depth 
 of 50 feet, exclusive of wide verandas running the entire length of the east and west 
 fronts, and two circular porches in the center of the north and south elevations. For 
 three feet above grade the walls are of superior brown stone. Above this the walls of 
 the first story are of pressed brick and the upper story is finished with shingles. 
 
 VIRGINIA. Virginia's building is one of historical interest. It is an exact repre- 
 sentation of the Mount Vernon mansion in Fairfax county, Va. , where Washington 
 lived for many years and where he died. There were twenty-five rooms in the struc- 
 ture, which was 94 by 32 feet, with two colonnades extending back from the wings. 
 The largest rooms were the banquet hall, 31 by 23 feet; the library, 16 by 19 feet; the 
 main entrance hall, Washington's chamber, and Mrs. Washington's chamber. Along 
 the stairway was an old Washington family clock. The hall was furnished with antique 
 sofas and pictures of the last century. The furnishing was with articles collected from 
 all parts of the State heirlooms in old Virginia families. Old Virginia negroes were 
 the servants in attendance. There is a rare collection of relics of Colonial times and 
 the Revolutionary War in this building. 
 
 104 
 
FOREIGN BUILDINGS. 
 
 THE Exposition was participated in by fifty foreign nations and thirty-seven of 
 the colonies. All but seventeen of these eventually declined to build. The 
 foreign buildings erected, with the exception of the Japanese building, 
 which located on the Wooded Island, are bunched together in a small triangular 
 space bounded roughly by the north inlet of the Lagoon, the lake shore and the 
 North Pond. This triangle lies directly across the park from the Woman's build- 
 ing and the Midway Plaisance. The location is the most retired and beautiful in the 
 grounds, as all of the buildings are close to the lake, and many of them look out 
 upon its waters. 
 
 A description of these buildings naturally begins with that of Great Britain, which 
 is located on a little peninsula just north of the north inlet. Just across the inlet from 
 it, to the south, is the coast-line battle-ship, with its big guns pointed menacingly at the 
 British headquarters. This building is called Victoria House ; it is quite English in 
 its quiet but splendid elegance and comfort. For this house the English Government 
 appropriated $75,000 and private parties increased the amount to $125,000. Victoria 
 House is a good sample of an ordinary half-timber country house in England of the 
 Elizabethan period. The entire interior, including woodwork, ceilings, wall-paper, and 
 carpets, was brought from England, and its different parts copied after a number of 
 famous English country seats: The hall and staircase from Hadden Hall, the residence 
 of Lord Hardwicke, in Cheshire; the ceilings from Queen Elizabeth's palace at Plas 
 Mawe, in Wales ; the reception-room from Crewe Hall in Staffordshire ; the library from 
 Eton Hall, near Chester; and the dining-room from Campden House, Kensington, the 
 residence of the Duke of Argyll. 
 
 Near the Victoria House is the handsome but unostentatious Canadian building. 
 It was a two-storied frame structure almost square in shape, with a veranda on all four 
 sides, and is painted a light tint. In this were found during the Exposition Mr. Wie- 
 bert David Dimock, Secretary of the Canadian Commission, and Charles F. Law, 
 Commissioner of the Province of British Columbia. 
 
 Next to the Canadian building stands the small but tasteful building of New 
 South Wales, where the Australian visitors exchanged greetings ; and next to this the 
 more ample structure which Hayti has erected. This building is entirely of wood and 
 only a story and a half high, with a central dome rising several feet above the roof. 
 A broad veranda encircles it, the central portion overlapping the end wings. The 
 interior is handsomely finished in hardwood and conveniently arranged for office and 
 social purposes. It will contain the entire Haytian exhibit. 
 
 Immediately west of the Haytian building, but separated from it by a gravel 
 walk which turns off to the north, is the East Indian building, though it is really 
 erected through the public spirit of a few wealthy tea merchants of Calcutta, who 
 were unwilling to see Hindoostan unrepresented this way. It is a one-story pavilion 
 
 105 
 
of staff, of generous dimensions, and in the characteristic East Indian style of archi- 
 tecture. It was not used as the headquarters of government officials, but was rather 
 an exhibit of teas and a sort of tea exchange. 
 
 A short distance west of the East Indian building is the Swedish building. The 
 design is mainly the product of the architect's fancy, but in working it out he was 
 inspired in a general way by the Swedish churches and houses of the sixteenth and 
 seventeenth centuries. As far as possible, the characteristics of the old Swedish archi- 
 tecture have been illustrated. The leading feature is a central dome, 70 feet high, and 
 an ornamental spire over it. In the interior there is a texagonal hall in the center, 
 surrounded by three large rooms. The inside is richly decorated with bunting, coats- 
 of-arnis and crests. Opposite the main entrance is a large picture of the capital of 
 Sweden, with its famous royal castle. Wax figures stand in front of this painting in 
 the picturesque garb of the Swedes. 
 
 Next door west from the Swedish building, with a gravel walk between, is the 
 Venezuelan building. It is much smaller than the Swedish building. The Venezuelan 
 building also contained the Venezuelan exhibit, with the exception of mines and leather. 
 
 The Turkish building, which comes next, is smaller still. It is of dark-colored 
 Turkish woods, of pronounced Ottoman architecture, and not a little suggestive of 
 Oriental luxury. 
 
 The remaining space between the Turkish building and the lagoon is filled with 
 the magnificent Brazilian building. This is of staff, generous in its proportions, and 
 not far from magnificent in its design. It looks as if it might be the country seat of a 
 Brazilian grandee. It was presided over by his Excellency, Marshal Jose Simeao de 
 Oliveira, President of the Brazilian National Commission ; Dr. Adolpho Aschoff, secre- 
 tary of the Commission; Lieut. Alexander Leal, military attache; and Commissioners 
 Lieut. -Col. F. M. Sonza Aguiar, Dr. Zozime Barrozo, M. Aguiar Moreira and Antonio 
 Guimaraes. 
 
 On the north end of the Wooded Island is the Hooden Palace of the Japanese Gov- 
 ernment. It was finished and dedicated with elaborate ceremonies March 31st. It con- 
 sists of three low pitched buildings connected by corridors and representing three diff- 
 erent epochs of architecture. It was designed by a native architect and erected entirely 
 by native workmen. The work of the interior decoration was placed in the hands of the 
 Tokyo Art Academy, and corresponds both in ornamentation and furniture with the 
 three periods represented in the architecture. The material used is unpainted wood, 
 which is worked up in an ingenious and effective way to display its colors, and on which 
 was put an exquisite polish. 
 
 Side by side and in the rear of the Swedish building are the Columbian and Guate- 
 malan building. The Columbian building was intended to accommodate the entire 
 Columbian exhibit, as well as the Commissioner and his suite. The Guatemalan build- 
 ing is of ample size and attractive appearance. It is of staff and like the Columbian 
 Building received the entire Guatemalan exhibit. In the rear of both of these build- 
 ings is the small but attractive building of Costa Rica, where Senor Don Joaquin 
 Barnardo Calvo, Charge d' Affaires, transacted the business of his office. 
 
 The first after leaving the Canadian building is the Spanish building, which is 
 large and stately, with not so much regard for beauty as its neighbors. It was the 
 headquarters of his Excellency Senor Don Enrique Dupuy de Lome, Minister Pleni- 
 potentiary, and royal Spanish Commissioner General. 
 
 106 
 
The next building north of the Spanish building is the great German building, the 
 costliest and generally conceded the finest foreign building on the grounds. The amount 
 expended on it was $150,000. The name given it was simply Das Deutsche Haus, 
 and everything about it is obviously and intensely German. Its architecture is a com- 
 bination of the usual features of the public buildings of Germany. Its main front 
 shows a wedge-like projection, the roof of which ascends to a quadrangular turret; 
 and this, about the middle, becomes narrower and eight-sided, and terminates in a 
 sort of Byzantine minaret, with pillars and a dome. 
 
 Last but not least comes the magnificent French building. It is built in the angle 
 of the lake shore walk and another walk leading to the Swedish building, and in an 
 admirable position for convenience, comfort and display. It is built of staff, and its 
 architecture is classical and in faultless taste. It consists of two structures, the north- 
 west one being the building proper, connecting with the smaller by a colonnade in line 
 with the rear of both of them. Everything about the building is chaste, elegant, dig- 
 nified and beautiful. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. 
 
 SECTION OF FRENCH BUILDING, 
 
 :or 
 
COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. 
 
 NEW YORK STATE BUILDING. 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1893 BY STONE, KASTLER 4 PAINTER. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA STATE BUILDING. 
 108 
 
109 
 
Ill 
 
113 
 
115 
 
JJU* 
 
 *..?- *<- 
 
 117 
 

 119 
 
o: u 
 
 O LJ 
 
 121 
 
THE PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD BUILDING. 
 
 Theo. N. Ely. 
 
 The very handsome building of the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company, 140 feet long by 40 feet wide, of 
 Greek architectural design, contained an interest- 
 ing exhibit of an historical, technical and statistical 
 character, relating to this system of railroads. 
 
 One of the historical and attractive features was 
 thelamous "John Bull," which is the oldest locomo- 
 tive in America, and is the original engine. Was in 
 regular service 1831 to 1870, and was exhibited at the 
 Centennial Exposition of 1876, and again at the 
 Chicago Exposition of Railway Appliances. 1883. 
 Since that time it has been on exhibition in the 
 United States National Museum, Smithsonian 
 Institution, Washington, D. C. The original pas- 
 senger car was constructed by the Camden & 
 Amboy Railroad Company, 1836. The locomotive 
 'John Bull " left New York city under steam April 
 17. 1893. It hauled this train 912 miles without 
 assistance, to Chicago, arriving April 22, 1893. 
 
 The exhibit of rolling stock and of the Depart- 
 ment of Chemical and Physical Tests of this com- 
 pany was located in the Transportation Building. 
 
 The whole exhibit was under the direction of 
 Theo. N. Ely, Chief of Motive Power, Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company, assisted by J. Elfreth Watkins, 
 Curator of the Department of Transportation and 
 Engineering, United States National Museum. 
 
 J. Elfreth Watkins. 
 
 THE "JOHN BULL" TRAIN. 
 
 122 
 

 123 
 
GERMANY. 
 
 COSTA RICA. 
 
 COLOMBIA. 
 
 125 
 
BRAZIL. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN. 
 126 
 
127 
 
COPYRIGHT. 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. ^r-\xi /~,M DIIII I-MM^ 
 
 CEYLON BUILDING. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. 
 
 FRENCH BUILDING. 
 
 J28 
 

 SWEDISH BUILDING. 
 CANADIAN BUILDING. 
 
 129 
 
130 
 
JAPANESE TEMPLE. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. 
 
 ARCH/EOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY BUILDING. 
 
 131 
 
KRUPP GUN EXHIBIT. 
 
 INTERIOR KRUPP GUN EXHIBIT. 
 132 
 
DEDICATORY CEREMONIES 
 
 IN 
 
 MANUFACTURES AND LIBERAL ARTS BUILDING. 
 
 OCTOBER. 21, 1892. 
 
 THE most impressive part of the Dedicatory Ceremonies were those held in the 
 Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, on Friday, October 21, 1892. 
 The platform from which the vast audience was to be addressed had been 
 erected on the east side of the building. Seats were provided for the President of the 
 United States (who, upon this occasion, was represented by Vice-president Levi P. 
 Morton), the orators of the day, Hon. Henry Watterson and Hon. Chauncey M. Depew, 
 the Chaplains, Bishop Charles H. Fowler, His Eminence Cardinal Gibbons, and Rev. H. 
 C. McCook; Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, President of the World's Columbian Commis- 
 sion; Hon. H. N. Higinbotham, President of the World's Columbian Exposition; Hon. 
 George R. Davis, the Director-General; Hon. D. H. Burnham, Director of Works and 
 Hon. Hempstead Washburne, Mayor of Chicago. To the right and left of the speakers 
 were grouped the Supreme Court of the United States, the Cabinet, the Diplomatic 
 Corps, Representatives to the Exposition from Foreign Governments, the Governors of 
 States and Territories, the United States Senators and House of Representatives, 
 Major-General John M. Schofield, representing the Army and Admiral Belknap rep- 
 resenting the Navy, the National Commissioners and Directors of the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition, the Board of Lady Managers, lady representatives from the thirteen 
 original States and managers of State exhibits. At the South end of the hall the 
 World's Fair chorus of five thousand voices and the orchestra of fifteen hundred 
 pieces were placed on a platform which commanded a view of the vast auditorium. 
 
 Mr. Milward Adams, of Chicago, served as manager of the arrangements 
 required within the grounds, and in the course of his report to the joint committee on 
 ceremonies says: 
 
 < ' The floor within the large trusses of the Manufactures' Building was seated 
 with chairs and benches accommodating 60,000 people. In the galleries surrounding 
 were 15,000 seats. The platform in the east center of the building was arranged 
 to accommodate 2,500 guests. Immediately in front of this platform were accom- 
 modations for 750 reporters, who were provided with tables. Back of these tables, 
 surrounding the platform, were about 15,000 seats reserved for the members of 
 the press who could not be seated at the tables, and families of distinguished guests 
 from abroad. All the seats on the main floor of the house were on a level, but the 
 stages were so arranged that the entire audience had a perfect view of them. 
 
 ' ' The gates were open at half -past eight in the morning, and the public was 
 urged to come at an early hour to avoid any confusion from meeting with the military 
 procession that was reviewed by the Vice-president and other distinguished guests at 
 Washington Park, as the ceremonies were announced for half-past twelve o'clock. The 
 World's Columbian Exposition served a lunch for the distinguished guests not only in 
 the Manufactures Building, but also at buffets in the Electrical Building. Refreshments 
 were served to the chorus, orchestra and anyone of the audience who wished to 
 accept; in all over 70,000 people were supplied with lunch." 
 
 133 
 
This was the largest assemblage that was ever brought together under one roof. 
 In the great building, which covers over thirty acres of ground, were assembled 125, QUO 
 people, including distinguished guests from every part of the Old and New World. 
 
 The scene was one that will live in the memory of every participant. Stretching 
 away into space on every side until the eye grew weary was a surging sea of people, 
 and the hum of a hundred thousand voices filled the vast structure. The chorus of 
 5,000 persons, massed in a semi-circle on an elevated stage at the south end of the 
 building, seemed but a mere island in an ocean of humanit} r . When the diplomatic 
 corps entered, the great throng rose in a body, and amid the waving of handkerchiefs, 
 as if a great field had suddenly blossomed into white, greeted the distinguished body. 
 
 The chorus of 5,000 trained voices barely filled the acres of space, and the voices 
 of the speakers were lost in this hall of magnificent dimensions. The assemblage, so 
 great in numbers and so distinguished in individuality, convoked by the ' ' methods 
 and victories of peace," will live as the grandest in the history of the world. 
 
 The distinguished guests and officials of the World's Columbian Commission and 
 the World's Columbian Exposition had been escorted from the city to the Manufactures 
 and Liberal Arts Building, where the following exercises were conducted under the 
 direction of Director-General George R. Davis, as Master of Ceremonies. 
 
 1. " Columbian March," composed by Prof. John K. Paine, of Cambridge. 
 
 2. Prayer, by Bishop Chas. H. Fowler, D. D., LL. D., of California. 
 
 3. Introductory address, by the Director-General. 
 
 4. Address of Welcome and Tender of the Freedom of the City of Chicago, by 
 Hon. Hempstead Washburne, Mayor. 
 
 5. Selected Recitations from the Dedicatory Ode, written by Miss Harriet 
 Monroe, of Chicago; Music by Mr. Gr. W. Chadwick, of Boston; Readings by Mrs. 
 Sarah C. Le Moyne, of New York. 
 
 6. Presentation by the Hon. D. H. Burnham, director of Works, of the master 
 artists of the Exposition, of the World's Columbian Exposition, and award to them of 
 special commemorative medals. 
 
 7. Chorus "The Heavens are Telling" Hayden. 
 
 8. Address, " Work of the Board of Lady Managers, "Mrs. Potter Palmer, 
 President. 
 
 9. Tender of the Buildings on behalf of the World's Columbian Exposition, by 
 Hon. Harlow N. Higinbotham, the President thereof, to the President of the World's 
 Columbian Commission. 
 
 10. Presentationof the Buildings by the Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, President of the 
 World's Columbian Commission, to the President of the United States, for dedication. 
 
 11. Dedication of the Buildings by Hon. Levi P. Morton, the Vice-president of 
 the United States. 
 
 12. "Hallelujan Chorus" from the "Messiah" Handel. 
 
 13. Dedicatory Oration, Hon. Henry Watterson, of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 14. " Star-Spangled Banner " and ' ' Hail Columbia " with full chorus and orchestral 
 accompaniment. 
 
 15. Columbian Oration, Hon. Chauncey M. Depew, of New York. 
 
 16. Prayer, by His Eminence, Cardinal Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore. 
 
 17. Chorus "In Praise of God " Beethoven. 
 
 18. Benediction by Rev. H. C. Me Cook, of Philadelphia. 
 
 19. National Salute. 
 
 134 
 
PRf\YER 
 
 BY 
 
 BISHOP CHARLES H. FOWLER, 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ALMIGHTY God, our Heavenly Father, Thou art the one only true God, eternal, 
 immortal, invincible, blessed over all for evermore. We come before Thee to 
 worship Thee, to render unto Thee thanksgiving, to confess our helplessness, 
 and to invoke Thy blessing upon us. Thou art God. Thou hast created all things. 
 Thou hast made the world and all things therein. Thou art Lord of Heaven and Earth. 
 Thou hast made of one blood all nations of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth, 
 and hath determined the times before appointed and the bounds of their habitation. As 
 a people whom Thou hast exalted, we worship Thee. Before the majesty of Thy power, 
 and the all consuming glory of Thy presence, all angels and archangels veil their faces, 
 thrones and dominions and principalities and powers prostrate themselves. Yet we, 
 the members of a fallen race, children of a wayward family, urged by our dire necessi- 
 ties, encouraged by Thine unbreakable promises, emboldened by Thine infinite love, 
 inspired by Thy life-giving spirit, and sheltered by the all-sufficient atonement, press 
 our way up to the very steps of Thy throne and worship Thee, because Thou hast told 
 us that in spite of our littleness and in spite of our sinfulness we may come, in the 
 way Thou hast appointed, with boldness, even to the mercy-seat. 
 
 Thou hast that supreme power which is incapable of wearying and that supreme 
 wisdom which is incapable of blundering and that supreme love which is incapable of 
 upbraiding, and we come unto Thee asking that Thou wilt strengthen us in our weak- 
 ness, guide us in our blindness, teach us in our ignorance, father us in our orphanage, 
 pity us in our penitence, and save us in our faith and so help us that we may acceptably 
 worship thee. We bless Thee, we praise Thee, we laud and magnify Thy Holy Name ! 
 
 We thank Thee for the overflowing goodness which Thou has* manifested to us, 
 exceeding abundant above all that we can ask or think. We thank Thee for the 
 revelation of Thyself in Thy Son to take away all sin, in Thy Spirit to quicken every 
 virtue, in Thy Word to dispel every superstition, in Thy Providence to protect from 
 every peril. 
 
 We thank Thee especially for Thy favoring providence, which has ordered the 
 unfolding of our history as a people and the shaping of our destiny as a nation. Thou 
 didst keep this New World in the thick clouds that surround Thy purposes and didst 
 reserve it for the high honors of Thy Maturing Kingdom. In the fullness of time, Thou 
 didst bring it to the knowledge of men by the wisdom and the prowess and faith of 
 Thy servant Columbus. Thou didst so inspire his mind and direct his thought by signs 
 on the surface of the sea and by the flight of birds through the depth of the air that 
 the Southern Continent of the Western Hemisphere was open to Southern Europe, and 
 this Northern Continent was preserved for another people and another destiny. Thus 
 Thou didst launch upon the tide of history in the two continents of the New World two 
 
 135 
 
new and great and mutually helpful nations. We thank Thee for Thy favoring provi- 
 dence. Thou didst speak to our fathers, heroic and great men, men of prayer and of 
 power, and bade them come to this open land and plant here in the wilderness great 
 institutions for the elevation of the race, to consecrate these vast valleys and endless 
 plains to freedom, to free ideas and free conscience, to the sanctity of the private 
 home and the inalienability of individual rights. 
 
 We thank Thee for the glorious history we have inherited ; for dressy, for Smith- 
 field, and for Marston Moor ; for Lexington and Fort Sumter, for Yorktown and 
 Appomattox, these throbbing achievements" of our patriotism. We thank Thee for 
 Washington and Lincoln, for Webster and Clay, for Jefferson and Jackson, and for 
 Grant these beacon lights of the republic. 
 
 We thank Thee for the mighty hosts of the heroic dead, and for the priceless les- 
 sons they have taught us in patriotism, in valor, in statesmanship, and in sacrifice. 
 We thank Thee for sixty million of free, heroic, patriotic citizens ; for the open Bible, 
 the open school, and the open church ; for unprecedented growth, abundant prosper- 
 ity, multiplied inventions, unnumbered libraries, countless newspapers, many colleges, 
 great universities, ubiquitous benevolence, universal peace, uninterrupted happiness, 
 and untarnished honor. We thank Thee for emancipated manhood and exalted wom- 
 anhood. We thank Thee for a free consiencc, by a free church, in a free State, for a 
 free people. For these precious and priceless blessings that make life valuable and 
 kindle quenchless hopes for this world and for the world to come, we thank Thee. 
 
 Now, Lord, our God, grateful for America, with her great republics and civil 
 governments, and free institutions, we ask Thy continued blessings upon us. Bless 
 this nation, so heavenly freighted with benedictions for mankind. 
 
 Bless the President of the United States in his high official character. Hear us 
 while we tarry to pray Thy blessing on his family in the stress of this hour. While 
 the warm sympathies of the nation are poured into this foremost and representative 
 home, may the comfort of Thy grace abound in that Christian family, and may Thy 
 tender care preserve it unbroken for an example for many ;years to come. Bless the 
 Vice-President of the United States, honored of men ; may he be loved of God. Bless 
 the Secretaries, the President's constitutional advisers, the Judges of the Supreme 
 Court, the Senators and the Congressmen of the United States, the Governors of the 
 several commonwealths, and all in official and responsible places. Bless the officers 
 of the army and of the navy, and the men who stand for the defense of our flag. 
 
 We pray Thee to bless the women of America, favored above their sisters in all 
 the world tvith open doors to varied activities, with honorable recognition in the 
 responsibilities of life and of character, and with large room in society for the use and 
 development of their gifts and acquirements and abilities ; may they show to all the 
 women of the world the true dignity and glory of Christian womanhood. 
 
 We pray Thee to bless the great body of our citizens, that they may improve and 
 perpetuate their patrimony. Bless the honorable and learned professions in our land, 
 that we may have wise laws, just administrations, efficient remedies, benign faiths, 
 and helpful sciences. Bless the great body of the wage-earners, and may labor and 
 capital meet, mingle, and thrive together on the basis of the New Testament. 
 
 Bless all the people from every land that flow into our population, that all, of 
 every clime and color and race, may enjoy the blessings of righteousness and justice 
 and protection and security under our flag and on every yard of our soil. 
 
 Bless us as a people with enlarging intelligence and widening charities and ever- 
 improving health and abounding liberality. Sanctify our homes, multiply our chil- 
 
 13d 
 
dren, and continue our prosperity. Above all things make us eminent for righteous- 
 ness, a nation whose God is the Lord. 
 
 We pray Thee to bless the President and the General Manager of this Exposition 
 and these Commissioners and the men and women who have toiled amid many anxie- 
 ties and uncertainties for so many months to crown this undertaking with success. May 
 they have such wisdom and help from Thee for their difficult and delicate duties that 
 they may deserve and receive the grateful remembrance of their fellow-citizens. 
 
 We invoke Thy choicest blessings upon our guests, upon those who come hither 
 from distant lands and climes to unite with us in this great enterprise, whether they 
 come from the rulers of the earth that they may see and report what is doing in these 
 ends of the world, or to represent the arts that have matured through the ages, or to 
 set forth the triumphs of genius, the mechanical and industrial achievements that are 
 enriching our times. We pray Thee to bless them and keep them in health and safety 
 while they are in our midst. Keep their families and interests in their distant homes 
 in peace and prosperity. May their return to their homes be in safety and comfort, 
 carrying with them many kind memories of this land and of this day. 
 
 Bless, we pray Thee, the great Nations they represent. Bless the Great Republic 
 of France, the rising sun of liberty on the shores of Europe. Bless the Republic of 
 Switzerland, and the Republics of South America, and the Republic of Mexico, and the 
 Republics of Central America. May the torches they hold up in the world never go 
 out or burn dimly. 
 
 Bless the free government of Great Britain, with her many and vast dependen- 
 cies. Bless the lands of Scandinavia and their heroic sons and daughters. Bless the 
 Empire of Germany with its advancing millions. 
 
 Bless Italy, the cradle of Columbus, with her history and her hopes. Bless 
 genial and sunny Spain, the land of Ferdinand and Isabella, the helpers of Columbus. 
 
 Bless Russia, the steady and fearless friend of the United States, with her 
 millions of subjects, and of acres and of wants. Bless Austria. Bless China, popu- 
 lous China, and Japan and Corea, and Turkey and Africa and all the nations of the 
 earth, whatever their form of government or type of religion. May the truths they 
 hold be nourished. May the light they have received grow brighter and brighter to 
 the perfect day. May the liberties they have reached be perpetuated and multiplied 
 till all the nations .of the earth shall be freed from error, from superstition, and from 
 oppression and shall enjoy the blessing of righteousness, of liberty, of equality and of 
 brotherhood with Thy perpetual favor. 
 
 We pray Thy blessings upon America in an especial manner, according to her 
 responsibilities. May she come up to the high character Thou requirest of her. May 
 she accomplish the exalted work of helping to draw the nations of the earth into a close 
 and friendly brotherhood and shall practice the arts of peace and go forth to war no 
 more forever. May our Republic grow stronger in the hearts of the people and in the 
 respect of sister nations as the ages roll by. May she grow rich in intelligence, in 
 educational resources, in the fine arts, in the sciences, in the productive industries, and 
 in that great wealth of noble and righteous character that shall make her the friend of 
 all nations, to whom the needy nations shall turn for help, the bewildered for counsel 
 and the weak for protection, the strong for wisdom, and all for fellowship; and may 
 she fill the world for future ages with the gladness and glory of our Christian civil- 
 ization. 
 
 O, Almighty God! we are gathered here within these walls and within these gates 
 from our National Capital, and from every city and section of our wide domain, and 
 
 137 
 
from all the lands of the earth to acknowledge Thee, and in Thy name, and in the 
 name of the Government of the United States, and in the name of the people of the 
 United States to dedicate these buildings and these grounds to the uses and purposes 
 of the World's Columbian Exposition. We pray Thy blessing upon this undertaking 
 that it may bring glory to Thy name and benedictions to mankind. 
 
 Now, 0, Lord, our Father, we pray Thy blessings upon this multitude. In Thy 
 great mercy forgive the sins of each of us and bless us with eternal salvation. As this 
 assembly will scatter and soon be gone, may each one be ready to stand in that throne 
 and be permitted to hear the supreme sentence, ' ' Well done, enter thou into the joy 
 of thy Lord. " 
 
 And unto Thee, our God and our Father, through Him who is the friend of sin- 
 ners, will we, with the angels that stand about the throne, ascribe ' ' blessing and glory 
 and wisdom and thanksgiving and honor and power and might forever and ever, amen. " 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. 
 
 DOME OF ENTRANCE TO MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 
 
 138 
 
INTRODUCTORY f\DDRESS 
 
 BY 
 
 DIRECTOR-GENERAL GEORGE R. DAVIS. 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: By virtue of my official position, it is my pleasurable 
 duty to present the noted personages who, at this hour, in their several func- 
 tions, are to contribute to the exercises with which we here dedicate the 
 grounds and buildings of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 In a presence so vast, on an occasion so pre-eminent in the progress of universal 
 affairs, I am moved by emotions that can sweep a human heart but once in life. Awe 
 overmasters inspiration, and both are lost in gratitude that I am permitted to inaug- 
 urate these ceremonies. 
 
 The citizens of our common country may be pardoned the pride and satisfaction 
 with which we study the historic steps by which our people have been led to their 
 present exalted position. 
 
 Of the great nations of the v, orld, the United States is the youngest ; our resources 
 are equal to those of any other nation. Our sixty millions of people are among the 
 most intelligent, cultured, happy and prosperous of mankind. But what we are and 
 what we possess as a nation is not ours by purchase, nor by conquest, but by virtue 
 of the rich heritage that was spread out beneath the sun and stars, beneath the storms 
 and rains and dews, beneath the frosts and snows, ages before a David, a Homer, or 
 a Virgil sang, or before Italy's humble and immortal son had dreamed his dream of 
 discovery. This rich heritage is ours, not by our own might, not even by our own 
 discovery, but ours by the gift of the Infinite. It is fitting that, on the threshold of 
 another century, we reverently pause in the presence of the world, and with confession 
 and supplication, with thanksgiving and de votedness, with praise and adoration, acknowl- 
 edge our dependence on the Creator of the universe, the God of the nations, the 
 Father of mankind. 
 
 Nature has given us a virgin soil of incomparable richness and variety. Our 
 climate is so diversified that all the fruits of tree and vine ripen under our autumnal 
 skies. The great seas that form our boundaries, and with their ebb and flow bathe 
 our shores, are rich with all the treasures of the deep. The granite vaults of our 
 mountain-chains are stored with untold mineral wealth. In the prodigality of nature, 
 bountiful provision has been made for our multiplying people, and in times of emer- 
 gency, from our great abundance we may succor and comfort the distressed and afflicted 
 in other lands. A single century has placed this people side by side with the oldest 
 and most advanced nations of the world ; nations with a history of a thousand years : 
 But in the midst of our rejoicing no American citizen should forget our national 
 starting point, and the quality of the manhood on which was laid the very foundation 
 of our Government. Our fathers were born under foreign flags. The very best brain, 
 and nerve, and muscle, and conscience of the older governments found their way to 
 this Western Continent. Our ancestors had the map of the world before them; what 
 
 wonder that they choose this land for their descendants! Over the very cradle of our 
 
 139 
 
national infancy stood the spirit and form of the completed civilization of other lands, 
 and the birth-cries of the Republic rang out over the world with a voice as strong as 
 a giant of a thousand years. From the morning of our history the subjects of all 
 nations have flocked to our shores and have entered into our national life and joined in the 
 upbuilding of our institutions. They have spaded and planted, they have sown and 
 gathered, they have wrought and builded, and to-day, everywhere all over this land 
 may be seen the products and results of this toil, constituting our national prosperity, 
 promoting our national growth. To all such the doors of the nation are ever open. 
 
 The World's Columbian Exposition is the natural outgrowth of this nation's place 
 in history. Our Continent, discovered by Christopher Columbus, whose spirits were 
 revived as his cause was espoused by the generous-hearted Queen of Spain, has, 
 throughout all the years from that time to this, been a haven to all who saw here the 
 promise of requited toil, of liberty and peace. 
 
 The ceaseless resistless, march of civilization, Westward, ever Westward, has 
 reached and passed the great lakes of North America, and has founded on their 
 farthest shore the greatest city of modern times. Chicago, the peerless, has been 
 selected for the great celebration which to-day gives new fire to progress, and sheds 
 its light upon ages yet to come. Established in the heart of this Continent, her 
 pulse throbs with the quickening current of our national life. And that this city was 
 selected as the scene of this great commemorative festival was the natural outgrowth 
 of predestined events. Here all nations are to meet in laudable emulation on the fields 
 of art, science and industry, on the fields of research, invention and scholarship, and 
 to learn the universal value of the discovery we commemorate ; to learn, as could 
 be learned in no other way, the nearness of man to man, the Fatherhood of God and 
 the brotherhood of the human race. 
 
 This, ladies and gentlemen, is the exalted purpose of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition. May it be fruitful of its aim, and of peace forever to all the nations of 
 i,he earth. 
 
 140 
 
f\DDRESS OF WELCOME 
 
 AND 
 
 TENDER OF THE FREEDOM OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO 
 
 BY 
 
 HON. HEMPSTEAD WASHBURNE, MAYOR. 
 
 M 
 
 R. President, Representatives of Foreign Governments, Ladies and Gentlemen : 
 This day is dedicated by the American people to one whose name in indissol- 
 ubly linked with that of our continent. This day shall add new glories to 
 him whose prophetic vision beheld in the stars which guided his audacious voyage a 
 new world and a new hope for the peoples of the earth. 
 
 The four centuries passing in review have witnessed the settlement of a newly 
 discovered continent, the founding of many nations, and the establishment in this 
 country of more than sixty millions of people whose wonderful material prosperity, 
 high intelligence, political institutions and glorious history have excited the interest 
 and compelled the admiration of the civilized world. 
 
 These centuries have evolved the liberty-loving American people who are gathered 
 here to-day. We have with us the pioneer bearing in his person the freedom of his west- 
 ern home the aging veteran, whom all nations honor, without whose valor govern- 
 ment, liberty and patriotism would be but idle words. We have with us builders of 
 cities, founders of states, dwellers in the forests, tillers of the soil, the mechanic and 
 the artisan, and noble women, daughters of the republic, not less in patriotism and 
 deserved esteem than those who seem to play the larger part in building up a state. 
 
 There are gathered here our President and stately Senate, our grave and learned 
 Judges, our Congress and our States, that all mankind may know this is a nation's 
 holiday and a people's tribute ,to him whose dauntless courage and unwavering faith 
 impelled him to traverse undismayed the unsailed waste of waters, and whose first prayer 
 upon a waiting continent was saluted on its course by that banner which knows no 
 creed, no faith, no nation that ensign which has represented peace, progress and 
 humanity for nineteen hundred years the holy banner of the cross. 
 
 Those foreign nations which have contributed so much to our growth will here 
 learn wherein our strength lies that it is not in standing armies not in heredity or 
 birth not even in fertile valleys not in our commerce nor our wealth but that we 
 have built and are building upon the everlasting rock of individual character and intelli- 
 gence, seeking to secure an education for every man, woman and child over whom 
 float the Stars and Stripes, that emblem which signfies our government and our 
 people. 
 
 That flag guards to-day 21,500,000 school children of a country not yet four cen- 
 turies old and who outnumber nearly four times the population of Spain in 1492. 
 
 This is our hope in the future the anchor of the Republic and a rainbow of 
 promise for the centuries yet to come. 
 
 As a mark of public gratitude it was decided to carry down into history through 
 this celebration the appreciation of this people for him before whose name we all bow 
 to-day. 
 
 141 
 
You, sirs, who are the chosen representatives of our people you into whose 
 keeping we have entrusted our property and our rights you whose every act becomes a 
 link in that long chain of history which spans 400 years without a break and whose 
 every link signifies a struggle and victory for man you who represent that last and 
 most perfect experiment of human government, have by your official acts honored this 
 young city with your choice as the most fitting place to mark this country's dawn. 
 
 She accepts the sacred trust with rivalry toward none and fellowship for all. 
 She stands ready to fulfill the pledges she has made. She needs no orator to speak 
 her merits, no poet to sing her glories. She typifies the civilization of this continent 
 and this age ; she has no hoary locks ; no crumbling ruins ; the gray-haired sire who saw 
 her birth, to-day holds on high his prattling grandchild to see the nations of the earth 
 within her gates. 
 
 Over the very spot whereon we stand, within the memory of men still young, 
 the wild fowl winged their migratory flight. 
 
 Less than a century ago the site of this young city was unknown; to-day a mil- 
 lion and a half people support her honor, enterprise and thrift. Her annual commerce 
 of one billion and a half tells the eloquent story of her material greatness. Her liber- 
 ality to all nations and all creeds is boundless, broad as humanity and high as the 
 dome of heaven. Rule Britannia, the Marseilles, die Wacht am Rhein, and every 
 folk song of the older world has drifted over the Atlantic's stormy waves, and as each 
 echo, growing fainter with advancing leagues, has reached this spot it has been merged 
 into one grand chorus, ' ( My Country 'tis of Thee, Sweet land of Liberty, Of Thee I 
 Sing." 
 
 Tnis, sirs, is the American city of your choice; her gates are open, her people 
 at your service. To you and those you represent we offer greeting, hospitality and 
 love. 
 
 To the Old World, whose representatives grace this occasion, whose governments 
 are in full accord with this enterprise so full of meaning to them and to us, to that 
 Old World whose children braved unruly seas and treacherous storms to found a new 
 state in an unknown land, we give greeting too, as children greet a parent in some new 
 home. 
 
 We are proud of its ancestry, for it is our own. We glory in its history, for it was 
 our ancestral blood which inscribed its rolls of honor, and if to-day these distinguished 
 men of more distinguished lands behold any spirit, thing or ambition which excites 
 their praise, it is but the out-cropping of the Roman courage on a new continent, in a 
 later age. 
 
 Welcome to you men of older civilizations to this young city whose most ancient 
 landmark was built within the span of a present life. Our hospitalities and our 
 welcome we now extend without reserve, without regard to nationality, creed or 
 race. 
 
 142 
 
GOMMEMORfVTION ODE>. 
 
 BY 
 
 HARRIET MONROE. 
 
 Columbia! on thy brow are dewy flowers 
 
 Plucked from wide prairies and from mighty hills. 
 Lo! toward this day have led the steadfast hours. 
 
 Now to thy hope the world its beaker fills. 
 The old earth hears a song of blessed themes, 
 And lifts her head from a deep couch of dreams. 
 Her Queenly nations, elder-born of time, 
 Troop from high thrones to hear; 
 Clasp thy strong hands, tread with thee paths sublime, 
 
 Lovingly bend the ear. 
 Spain, in the broidered robes of chivalry, 
 
 Comes with slow foot and inward-brooding eyes. 
 Bow to her banner! 'Twas the first to rise 
 
 Out of the dark for thee. 
 And England, royal mother, -whose right hand 
 
 Molds nations, whose white feet the ocean tread, 
 Lays down her sword on thy beloved strand 
 
 To bless thy wreathed head; 
 Hearing in thine her voice, bidding thy soul 
 Fulfill her dream, the foremost at the goal. 
 And France, -who once thy fainting form upbore, 
 Brings beauty now where strength she brought of yore- 
 France the swift-footed, who with thee 
 Gazed in the eyes of Liberty, 
 And loved the dark no more. 
 
 Around the peopled \vorld 
 Bright banners are unfurled. 
 The long procession winds from shore to shore. 
 The Norseman sails 
 Through icy gales 
 
 To the green vineland of his long-ago. 
 Russia rides down from realms of sun and snow. 
 Germany casts afar 
 Her iron robes of war 
 And strikes her harp with thy triumphal song. 
 
 Italy opens wide her epic scroll, 
 In bright hues blazoned, with great deeds writ long. 
 
 And bids thee win the kingdom of the soul. 
 And the calm Orient, \vise \vith many days, 
 From hoary Palestine to sweet Japan, 
 
 Salutes thy conquering youth; 
 Bidding thee hush while all the nations praise, 
 
 Know though the world endure but for a span. 
 
 Deathless is truth. 
 Lo! unto these the ever living past 
 
 Ushers a mighty pageant, bids arise 
 Dead centuries, freighted \vith visions vast, 
 Blowing dim mists into the future's eyes. 
 Their song is all of thee, 
 Daughter of mystery. 
 143 
 
Alone! alone! 
 Behind wide walls of sea! 
 And never a ship has flown 
 
 A prisoned world to free. 
 Fair is the sunny day 
 
 On mountain ana lake and stream, 
 Yet wild men starve and slay, 
 
 And the young- earth lies adream. 
 Long- have the dumb years passed with vacant eyes, 
 Bearing rich gifts for nations throned afar, 
 Guarding thy soul inviolate as a star, 
 Leaving thee safe with God till man grow wise. 
 
 At last one patient heart is born 
 Fearless of ignorance and scorn, 
 flis strong youth \vasteth at thy sealed gate 
 
 Kings will not open to the untrod path. 
 His hope grows sere while all the angels wait, 
 
 The prophet bows under the dull world's wrath. 
 Until a woman fair 
 As morning lilies are 
 Brings him a jeweled key 
 And lo! a world is free. 
 
 Wide swings the portal never touched before. 
 Strange luring winds blow from an unseen shore. 
 Toward dreams that cannot fail. 
 He bids the three ships sail, 
 While Man's new song of hope rings out against the gak 
 
 Over the wide unknown 
 
 Far to the shores of Ind, 
 On through the dark alone, 
 
 Like a feather blown by the wind, 
 Into the \vest away, 
 
 Sped by the breath of God, 
 Seeking the clearer day 
 
 Where only His feet have trod: 
 From the past to the future we sail, 
 
 We slip from the leash of kin gs. 
 Hail, spirit of freedom hail! 
 
 Unfurl thine impalpable wings! 
 Receive us, protect us, and bless 
 
 Thy knights who brave all for thee. 
 Though death be thy soft caress 
 
 By that touch shall our souls be free. 
 Onward and ever on, 
 
 Till the voice of despair is stilled, 
 Till the haven of peace is won 
 
 And the purpose of God fulfilled. 
 
 O strange divine surprise! 
 Out of the dark man strives to rise, 
 And struggles inch by inch with toil and tears; 
 Till lo! God stoops from his supernal spheres, 
 And bears the glory of his face. 
 Then darkness flees afar, 
 This earth becomes a star 
 144 
 
Man leaps up to the lofty place. 
 We ask a little all is given. 
 We seek a lamp God grants us heaven. 
 So these who dared to pass beyond the pale, 
 For an idea tempting the shrouded seas, 
 Sought but Cathay. God bade their faith prevail 
 
 To find a world blessed his purposes! 
 The hero knew not what a virgin soul 
 
 Laughed through glad eyes when at her feet he laid 
 The gaudy trappings of man's masquerade. 
 She who had dwelt in forests, heard the roll 
 Of lakes down thundering to the sea, 
 
 Beheld from gleaming mountain-heights 
 Two oceans playing with the lights 
 Of eve and morn ah! what would she 
 
 With all the out-worn pageantry 
 Of purple robes and heavy mace and crown! 
 
 Smiling she casts them down, 
 Unfit her young austerity 
 Of hair unbound and strong limbs bare and brown. 
 
 Yet they who dare arise 
 And meet her stainless eyes 
 
 Forget old loves, though crowned queens these be; 
 And \vhither her winged feet fare 
 They follow though death be there, 
 So sweet, so fleet, so goddess-pure is she. 
 Her voice is like deep rivers, that do flow 
 Through forests bending low. 
 Her step is softest moon-light, that doth force 
 
 The ocean to its course. 
 Gentle her smile, for something in man's face, 
 
 World-worn, time-weary, furrowed deep with tears 
 Thrills her chaste heart \vith a more tender grace. 
 Softly she smooths the wrinkles from his brow, 
 
 Wrought by the baleful years. 
 Smiles sunshine on the hoar head, whispers low 
 New charges from the awakened will of truth 
 Words all of fire, that thrill his soul with youth. 
 Not with his brother is man's battle here. 
 
 The challenge of the earth, that Adam heard. 
 His love austere breathes in his eager ear. 
 And lo! the knight who warred at love's command, 
 
 And scarred the face of Europe, sheathes his sword 
 Hearing from untaught lips a nobler word, 
 Taking new weapons from an unstained hand. 
 With axe and oar, with mallet and with spade 
 She bids the hero conquer, unafraid 
 Though cloud-veiled Titans be his lordly foes 
 Spirits of earth and air, whose wars brook no repose. 
 For from far-away mountain and plain, 
 
 From the shores of the sun-set sea, 
 The unwearying rulers complain, complain, 
 And throng from the wastes to defend their reign. 
 
 Their threatened majesty. 
 The low prairies that lie abloom 
 Sigh out to the summer air: 
 145 
 
Shall our dark soil be the tomb 
 Of the flowers that rise so fair? 
 
 Shall we yield to man's disdain, 
 And nourish his golden grain? 
 We will freeze and burn and snare. 
 Ah! bid him beware! beware! 
 
 And the forests, heavy and dark and deep 
 
 With the shadows of shrouded years, 
 In a murmurous voice, out of age-long- sleep, 
 Ask the winds: What creature rude 
 Would storm our solitude? 
 Hath his soul no fears, no tears? 
 The prone rivers lift up their snow-crowned heads, 
 Arise in wrath from their rock-hewn beds, 
 And roar: We will ravage and drown 
 Ere we float his white ships down. 
 
 And the lakes, from a mist 
 
 Of amethyst 
 
 Call the storm-clouds down, and grow ashen and brown. 
 And all the four winds wail: 
 
 Our gales shall make him quail; 
 By blinding snow, by burning sun, 
 His strength shall be undone. 
 
 Then men in league with these 
 Brothers of wind and waste 
 Hew barbs of flint, and darkly haste 
 
 From sheltering tents and trees; 
 
 And mutter: Away! away! 
 
 Ye children of white-browed day! 
 Who dares profane our wild God's reign, 
 
 We torture the trap and slay. 
 
 Child of the light, the shadows fall in vain. 
 
 Herald of God, in vain the powers conspire. 
 Armed with truth's holy cross, faith's sacred fire, 
 Though often vanquished he shall rise again, 
 Nor rest till the wild lords of earth and air 
 Bow to his will, his burdens glad to bear. 
 The angels leave him not through the long strife, 
 But sing large annals of their own \vide life, 
 Luring him on to freedom. On that field, 
 
 From giants won, shall man be slave to man? 
 
 Lo! clan on clan 
 
 The embattled nations gather to be one, 
 Clasp hands as brothers 'neath Columbia's shield, 
 Upraise her banner to the shining sun. 
 Along her blessed shore 
 
 One heart, one song, one dream 
 Man shall be free for evermore, 
 And love shall be supreme. 
 
 When dreaming kings, at odds with swift-paced time. 
 
 Would strike that banner down. 
 A nobler knight than ever \vrit or rhyme 
 
 With fame's bright wreath did crown, 
 146 
 
Through armied hosts bore it till it floated high 
 Beyond the clouds, a light that cannot die. 
 Ah! hero of our younger race! 
 Great builder of a temple new! 
 
 Ruler who sought no lordly place; 
 Warrior, who sheathed the sword he drew; 
 Lover of men, who saw afar 
 A world unmarred by \vant or war, 
 Who knew the path and yet forbore 
 To tread till all men should implore; 
 Who saw the light and led the "way, 
 Where the gray world might greet the day; 
 Father and leader, prophet sure, 
 Whose will in vast works shall endure 
 How shall we praise him on this day of days, 
 Great son of fame who has no need of praise? 
 
 How shall we praise him? Open wide the doors 
 Of the fair temple whose broad base he laid. 
 Through its white halls a shadowy cavalcade 
 Of heroes moves o'er unresounding floors. 
 Men whose brawned arms upraised these columns high 
 And reared the towers that vanish in the sky 
 The strong who, having wrought, can never die. 
 
 And lo! leading a blessed host comes one 
 Who held a warring nation in his heart, 
 Who knew love's agony, but had no part 
 In love's delight, whose mighty task was done 
 Through blood and tears that we might walk in joy, 
 And this day's rapture own no sad alloy. 
 Around him heirs of bliss, whose bright brows wear 
 Palm-leaves amid their laurels ever fair. 
 
 Gaily they come, as though the drum 
 Beat out the call their glad hearts knew so well; 
 
 Brothers once more, dear as of yore, 
 Who in a noble conflict nobly fell. 
 Their blood washed pure yon banner in the sky, 
 And quench the brands laid 'neath these arches high 
 The brave who, having fought, can never die. 
 
 Then surging through the vastness, rise once more 
 The aureoled heirs of light, who onward bore 
 Through darksome times and trackless realms of ruth 
 The flag of beauty and the torch of truth. 
 They tore the mask from the foul face of wrong; 
 
 Even to God's mysteries they dared aspire; 
 
 High in the choir they built yon altar fire, 
 And filled these aisles with color and with song: 
 The ever young, the unfallen, wreathing for time 
 
 Fresh garlands of the seeming-vanished years; 
 Faces long luminous, remote, sublime, 
 
 And shining brows still dewy with our tears. 
 Back with the old glad smile comes one we knew 
 
 We bade him rear our house of joy to-day; 
 But Beauty opened \vide her starry way, 
 
 And he passed on. Bright champions of the true, 
 147 
 
Soldiers of peace, seers, singers ever blest, 
 From the wide ether of a loftier quest 
 Their winged souls throng our rites to glorify 
 The wise, who, having known, can never die. 
 
 Strange splendors stream the vaulted aisles along. 
 
 To these we loved celestial rapture clings. 
 
 And music, borne on rythm of rising wings, 
 Floats from the living dead, whose breath is song. 
 
 Columbia, my country, dost thou hear? 
 
 Ah! dost thou hear the songs unheard of time? 
 Hark! for their passion trembles at thine ear. 
 
 Hush! for thy soul miist heed their call sublime. 
 Across wide seas, uuswept by earthly sails, 
 
 Those strange sounds drew thee on, for thou shalt be 
 Leader of nations through the autumnal gales 
 
 That wait to mock the strong and wreck the free. 
 Dearer, more radiant than of yore, 
 
 Against the dark I see thee rise. 
 Thy young smile spurns the guarded shore 
 
 And braves the shadowed ominous skies. 
 And still that conquering smile who see 
 Pledge love, life, service all to thee. 
 The years have brought thee robes most fair 
 
 The rich processional years; 
 Ana lilleted thy shining hair. 
 And zoned thy waist with jewels rare, 
 
 And whispered in thine ears 
 Strange secrets of God's wondrous ways, 
 
 Long hid from human awe and praise. 
 For lo! the living God doth bare His arm. 
 
 No more he makes His house of clouds and gloom. 
 Lightly the shuttles move within His loom. 
 Unveiled His thunder leaps to meet the storm. 
 From God's right hand man takes the powers that sway 
 
 A universe of stars. 
 He bows them down, he bids them go or stay, 
 
 He tames them for his wars. 
 He scans the burning paces of the sun. 
 And names the invisible orbs whose courses run 
 
 Through the dim deeps of space. 
 He sees in dew upon a rose impearled 
 The swarming legions of a monad world 
 Begin life's upward race. 
 Voices of hope he hears 
 
 Long dumb to his despair, 
 And dreams of golden years, 
 Meet for a world so fair. 
 For now Democracy doth wake and rise 
 
 From the sweet sloth of youth. 
 By storms made strong, by many dreams made wise. 
 
 He clasps the hand of truth. 
 Through the armied nations lies his path of peace, 
 
 The open book of knowledge in his hand. 
 Food to the starving, to the oppressed release, 
 And Icve to all he bears from land to land. 
 148 
 
Before his march the barriers fall. 
 The laws grow gentle at his call. 
 His glowing breath blows far away 
 The fogs that veil the coming day 
 
 That wondrous day 
 
 When earth shall sing as through the blue she rolls, 
 Laden 'with joy for all her thronging souls. 
 Then shall want's call to sin resound no more 
 
 Across her teeming fields. And pain shall sleep, 
 Soothed by brave science with her magic lore. 
 
 And war no more shall bid the nations weep. 
 Then the worn chains shall slip from man's desire. 
 And ever higher and higher 
 His swift foot shall aspire; 
 Still deeper and more deep 
 His soul its \vatch shall keep, 
 Till love shall make the world a holy place, 
 Where knowledge dares unveil God's very face. 
 
 Not yet the angels hear life's last sweet song. 
 
 Music unutterably pure and strong 
 
 From earth shall rise to haunt the peopled skies 
 
 When the long march of time, 
 
 Patient in birth and death, in growth and blight, > 
 Shall lead man up through happy realms of light 
 Unto his goal sublime. 
 Columbia! Men beheld thee rise 
 
 A goddess from the misty sea. 
 Lady of joy, sent from the skies, 
 The nations worshiped thee. 
 
 Thy brows -were flushed with dawn's first light, 
 By foamy waves with stars bedight 
 
 Thy blue robe floated free. 
 Now let the sun ride high o'erhead, 
 
 Driving the day from shore to shore. 
 His burning tread we do not dread, 
 
 For thou art evermore 
 Lady of love whose smile shall bless, 
 Whom brave deeds win to tenderness, 
 Whose tears the lost restore. 
 
 Lady of hope thou art. We wait 
 
 With courage thy serene command. 
 Through unknown seas, toward undreamed fate, 
 
 We ask thy guiding hand. 
 On though sails quiver in the e-ale! 
 Thou at the helm, we cannot fail. 
 
 On to God's time-veiled strand! 
 Lady cf beauty! thou shalt win 
 
 Glory and power and length of days. 
 The sun and moon shall be thy kin, 
 
 The stars shall sing thy praise. 
 All hail! we bring thee vows most sweet 
 To strew before thy winged feet. 
 
 Now onward be thy ways. 
 
 149 
 
PRESENTATION OF MASTER ARTISTS 
 
 BY 
 MR. D. H. BURNHAM, DIRECTOR OF WORKS. 
 
 IN August, 1890, the World's Columbian Commission was to decide upon a site for 
 this great Exposition. Without hesitation they promptly invited the most emi- 
 nent of American landscape architects to join them and give advice. The sug- 
 gestions of these men were approved and adopted. In December it became necessary 
 to select the architects of the buildings. Again the corporation intrusted the work of 
 choosing to an expert, and since that time no single important step of the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition has been taken without the advice of an expert man. When before 
 has any company so intrusted its interests to its strongest sons? And what are the 
 results? They lie around you. When this day shall stand in the long perspective 
 of the past and your children read the story, it will be called an epoch one of those 
 rare moments which can only, with intervals of centuries, come. I congratulate the 
 city upon the devotion and generosity of her sons, which have made this day possible. 
 I congratulate the company upon the success it has attained by its wise course in suffering 
 its expert advisers to lead it on and in supporting them so nobly with its millions and 
 its perfect faith. I congratulate the whole country in possession of such a populace, 
 whose spirit has risen to such an occasion. And I congratulate the world upon the 
 result. 
 
 My countrymen, you have freed the arm of the allied arts which until now has 
 been bound since Columbus' day, four hundred years ago. You have bidden Archi- 
 tecture, Sculpture, Painting and Music be free and, as has ever been the case when, 
 after many centuries, a community shakes off the sordid chain of its spirit, the 
 allied arts have repaid your devotion and have produced this result. I have the honor 
 to present to you the master artists of the Exposition. 
 
 "HE WHALEBACK STEAMSHIP CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 150 
 
f\GGEFTf\NGE OF TH& BUILDINGS 
 
 PRESIDENT HIGINBOTHAM ON BEHALF OF THE 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 M 
 
 R. BURNHAM AND GENTLEMEN : It becomes my agreeable duty, on behalf of 
 the Board of Directors of the World's Columbian Exposition, to receive from 
 you these buildings, which represent your thought, skill and labor as master 
 artists of construction. It is difficult to command language fully adequate to express 
 our satisfaction with your achievements. We have observed with admiration the 
 rapid development of your plans, until there stand before us to-day structures that 
 represent the ripest wisdom of the ages. 
 
 Never before have men brought to their task greater knowledge, higher aims, or 
 more resolute purpose. Never before have such magnificent fruits been the result of 
 thought and toil. The earth and all it contains have been subservient to your will. 
 You have pursued your work loyally, heroically, and with an unselfish devotion that 
 commands the applause of the world. Your country and the nations of the earth will 
 join us in congratulating you upon the splendid issue of your plans and undertakings. 
 
 We accept these buildings from you, exulting in the belief that these beautiful 
 structures furnish proof to the world that, with all our material growth and prosperity 
 since the Columbian discovery of America, we have not neglected those civilizing arts 
 which minister to a people's refinement and become the chief glory of a nation. 
 
 "Peace hath her victories, 
 No less renowned than war." 
 
 In this Exposition, one of the adorning victories of our age of peace, you take 
 conspicuous part, and the work accomplished reflects, and will continue to reflect, 
 honor alike upon yourselves and upon your country. 
 
 In recognition of your faithful and efficient services, and in order to commemo- 
 rate more substantially than by mere words the successful termination of your great 
 work as Master Artists of Construction, the Board of Directors have issued this medal 
 which I have the honor to present to you. A simple token it is, which finds its real 
 and abiding value not in its intrinsic worth, but rather in the high merit which receives 
 and the grateful appreciation which bestows it. 
 
 151 
 
ADDRESS. 
 
 "WORKS OF THE LADY MANAGERS;" 
 BY 
 
 MRS. POTTER PALMER, 
 PRESIDENT OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 
 
 M 
 
 R. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: Official representation for women, 
 upon so important an occasion as the present, is unprecedented. It seems 
 peculiarly appropriate that this honor should have been accorded our sex 
 when celebrating the great deeds of Columbus, who, inspired though his visions may 
 have been, yet required the aid of an Isabella to transform them into realities. 
 
 The visible evidences of the progress made since the discovery of this great con- 
 tinent will be collected six months hence in these stately buildings now to be dedi- 
 cated. 
 
 The magnificent material exhibit, the import of which will presently be eloquently 
 described by our orators, will not, however, so vividly represent the great advance of 
 modern thought as does the fact that man's ' ' silent partner " has been invited by the 
 Government to leave her retirement to assist in conducting a great national enterprise. 
 The provision of the A<jt of Congress that the Board of Lady Managers appoint a jury 
 of her peers to pass judgment upon woman's work adds' to the significance of the 
 innovation, for never before was it thought necessary to apply this fundamental prin- 
 ciple of justice to our sex. 
 
 Realizing the seriousness of the responsibilities devolving upon it, and inspired 
 by a sense of the nobility of its mission, the Board has, from the time of its organi- 
 zation, attempted most thoroughly and conscientiously to carry out the intentions of 
 Congress. 
 
 It has been able to broaden the scope of its work and extend its influence through 
 the co-operation and assistance so generously furnished by the Columbian Commission 
 and the Board of Directors of the Exposition. The latter took the initiative in making 
 an appropriation for the Woman's Building, and in allowing the Board to call atten- 
 tion to the recent work of women in new fields by selecting from their own sex the 
 architect, decorators, sculptors and painters to create both the building and its 
 adornments. 
 
 Rivaling the generosity of the Directors, the National Commission has honored 
 the Board of Lady Managers by putting into its hands all of the interests of women 
 in connection with the Exposition, as well as the entire control of the Woman's 
 Building. 
 
 In order the more efficiently to perform the important functions assigned it, the 
 Board hastened to secure necessary co-operation. At its request, women were made 
 members of the World's Fair Boards of almost every State and Territory of the Union. 
 Inspired by this success at home, it had the courage to attempt to extend the ben- 
 efits it had received to the women of other countries. It officially invited all foreign 
 governments which had decided to participate in the Exposition to appoint commit- 
 
 152 
 
tees of women to co-operate with it. The active help given by the Department of 
 State was invaluable in promoting this plan, the success of which has been notable, 
 for we now have under the patronage of royalty, or the heads of governments, com- 
 mittees composed of the most influential, intellectual and practical women of France, 
 England, Germany, Austria, Russia, Italy, Holland, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, Por- 
 tugal, Japan, Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine Republic, 
 Cuba, Mexico, and Nicaragua, and although committees have not yet been announced, 
 favorable responses have been received from Spain, Columbia, Ecuador, Venezuela, 
 Panama and the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 No organization comparable to this has ever before existed among women. It is 
 official, acting under government authority and sustained by government funds. It is 
 so far-reaching that it encircles the globe. 
 
 Without touching upon politics, . suffrage or other irrelevant issues, this unique 
 organization of women for women will devote itself to the promotion of their indus- 
 trial interests. It will address itself to the formation of a public sentiment which will 
 favor woman's industrial equality, and her receiving just compensation for services 
 rendered. It will try to secure for her work the consideration and respect which it 
 deserves, and establish her importance as an economic factor. To this end, it will 
 endeavor to obtain and install in these buildings, exhibits showing the value of her 
 contributions to the industries, sciences and arts, as well as statistics giving the 
 proportionate amount of her work in every country. 
 
 Of all the changes which have resulted from the great ingenuity and inventive- 
 ness of the race, there is none that equals in importance to woman the application of 
 machinery to the performance of the never-ending tasks that have previously been 
 hers. The removal from the household to the various factories, where such work is 
 now done, of spinning, carding, dyeing, knitting, the weaving of textile fabrics, sew- 
 ing, the cutting and making of garments, and many other laborious occupations, has 
 enabled her to lift her eyes from the drudgery that has oppressed her since pre-his- 
 toric days. 
 
 The result is that women as a sex have been liberated. They now have time to 
 think, to be educated, to plan and pursue careers of their own choosing. Consider the 
 value to the race of one-half of its members being enabled to throw aside the intol- 
 erable bondage of ignorance that has always weighed them down! See the innumer- 
 able technical, professional and art schools, academies and colleges that have been 
 suddenly called into existence by the unwonted demand ! It is only about one hun- 
 dred years since girls were first permitted to attend the free schools of Boston. They 
 were then allowed to take the places of boys, for whom the schools were instituted, 
 during the season when the latter were helping to gather in the harvest. 
 
 It is not strange that woman is drinking deeply of the long-denied fountain of 
 knowledge. She had been told, until she almost believed it, by her physician, that 
 she was of too delicate and nervous an organization to endure the application and 
 mental strain of the school-room ; by the scientist that the quality of the gray matter 
 of her brain would not enable her to grasp the exact sciences, and that its peculiar 
 convolutions made it impossible for her to follow a logical proposition from premise to 
 conclusion; by her anxious parents that there was nothing thrt a man so abominated 
 as a learned woman, nothing so unlovely as a blue stocking; and yet she comes, 
 smiling from her curriculum, with her honors fresh upon her, healthy and wise, forc- 
 ing us to acknowledge that she is more than ever attractive, companionable and 
 useful. 153 
 
TThat is to be done with this strong, self-poised creature of glowing imagination 
 and high ideals, who evidently intends, as a natural and inherent right, to pursue her 
 self -development in her chosen line of work? Is the world ready to give her indus- 
 trial and intellectual independence, and to open all doors before her? The human 
 race is not so rich in talent, genius and useful creative energy that it can afford to 
 allow any considerable proportion of these valuable attributes to be wasted or unpro- 
 ductive, even though they be possessed by women. 
 
 The sex which numbers more than one-half the population of the world is 
 forced to enter the keen competition of life with many disadvantages, both real and 
 fictitious. Are the legitimate compensations and honors that should come as the result 
 of ability and merit to be denied on the untenable ground of sex aristocracy? 
 
 We are told by scientists that the educated eye and ear of to-day ai^e capable of 
 detecting subtle harmonies and delicate gradations of sound and color that were imper- 
 ceptible to our ancestors ; that artists and musicians will consequently never reach the 
 last possible combination of tones, or of tints, because their fields will widen before 
 them, disclosing constantly new beauties and attractions. We can not doubt that 
 human intelligence will gain as much by development; that it will vibrate with new 
 power because of the uplifting of one-half of its members and of that half which 
 is, perhaps, conceded to be more moral, sympathetic and imaginative from darkness 
 into light. 
 
 As a result of the freedom and training now granted them, we may confidently 
 await, not a renaissance, but the first blooming of the perfect flower of womanhood. 
 After centuries of careful pruning into conventional shapes, to meet the requirements 
 of an artificial standard, the shears and props have been thrown away. We shall 
 learn by watching the beauty and the vigor of the natural growth in the open air and 
 sunshine, how artificial and false was the ideal we had previously cherished. Our 
 efforts to frustrate nature will seem grotesque, for she may always be trusted to pre- 
 serve her types. Our utmost hope is, that woman may become a more congenial 
 companion and fit partner for her illustrious mate, whose destinies she has shared dur- 
 ing the centuries. 
 
 We are proud that the statesmen of our own great country have been the first to see 
 beneath the surface and to understand that the old order of things has passed away, 
 and that new methods must be inaugurated. We wish to express our thanks to the 
 Congress of the United States for having made this great step forward, and also for 
 having subsequently approved and indorsed the plans of the Board of Lady Managers, 
 as was manifested by their liberal appropriation for carrying them out. 
 
 We most heartily appreciate the assistance given us by the President of the 
 United States, the Department of State, and our foreign Ministers. We hope to have 
 occasion to thank all of the other great departments of the Government before we fin- 
 ish our work. 
 
 Even more important than the discovery of Columbus, which we are gathered 
 together to celebrate, is the fact that the general Government has just discovered 
 woman. It has sent out a flash-light from its heights, so inaccessible to us, which we 
 shall answer by a return signal when the Exposition is opened. What will be its next 
 message to us? 
 
 154 
 
155 
 
TENDER OF THE BUILDINGS 
 
 BY 
 
 PRESIDENT HIGINBOTHAM, 
 
 ON BEHALF OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 
 
 TO 
 
 THE PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 
 
 HON. T. W. PALMER, President of the World's Columbian Commission: 
 But yesterday these surrounding acres composed a dismal morass a resting- 
 place for wild fowls in their migratory flight. To-day they stand trans- 
 formed by art and science into a beauty and grandeur unrivaled by any other spot 
 on earth. 
 
 Herein we behold a miniature representation of that marvelous material develop- 
 ment, and that unprecedented growth of national greatness, which, since the daj's of 
 Columbus, have characterized the history of this New World. 
 
 The idle boy, strolling along the shore of this inland sea, carelessly threw a pebble 
 into the blue waters. From that center of agitation there spread the circling wave 
 which, fainter and still fainter, grew until lost at last in the distant calm. Not so did 
 the great thought come and vanish which has culminated in these preparations for the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. It was not the suggestive impulse of any single 
 brain or locality that originated this noble enterprise. From many minds and many 
 localities there seemed to come, spontaneously and in unison, suggestions for a 
 Columbian celebration. Those individual and local sentiments did not die out like the 
 waves, but, in an inverse ratio, grew more and more powerful, until they mingled and 
 culminated in the grand and universal resolve of the American people -"It 
 shall be done." 
 
 To-day, sir, on behalf of the Board of Directors, representing the citizens of 
 Chicago, to me has been assigned the pleasing duty of presenting to the World's 
 Columbian Commission these buildings, for dedication to the uses of ' the World's 
 Columbian Exposition, in celebration of the four hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
 covery of America. 
 
 In viewing the work thus far accomplished, we gladly acknowledge ourselves 
 debtors to the patriotic pride of our fellow citizens throughout the land; to the kindly 
 interest manifested by the President of the United States; to the generosity of Con- 
 gress; to the hearty sympathy of the civilized nations of the earth, and to the efficient 
 co-operation of the honorable Commission which you represent. 
 
 The citizens of Chicago have cherished the ambition to furnish the facilities for 
 the Exposition, which, in character, should assume a national and international 
 importance. They entertain the pleasing hope that they have not come short of the 
 Nation's demand, and of the world's expectation. Permit us, sh\ to believe that it 
 was not a narrow ambition, born of local pride and selfishness, which asked for the 
 location of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Rather let it justly he said, 
 
 157 
 
that it was in view of the fact that 25,000,000 people lived within a radius of 500 
 miles of Chicago, and that standing here, so near the center of population, Chicago 
 would be accessible to a larger number of American people, who are the creators of 
 our wealth and prosperity, than would any other city on the continent. The citizens 
 of Chicago have been actuated by the most patriotic sentiments in asking for the loca- 
 tion of the Exposition at this place. Animated by the most public-spirited motives, 
 they have made such preparations for the Exposition as we trust you cannot but look 
 upon with satisfaction. 
 
 The fidelity and remarkable skill of the Master Artists of Construction must be a 
 justification for the pride with which we point to the structures which rise about us in 
 such graceful and magnificent proportions. In furnishing grounds and buildings 
 which should meet the modern demand for utility and scientific adaptation, we have 
 not done violence, let us hope, to that growing love for the beautiful which gratifies 
 the eye and educates the taste. Nature, Science and Art have been called upon to 
 contribute their richest gifts to make these grounds and buildings worthy of your 
 acceptance. 
 
 The Board of Directors now beg leave to tender to the World's Columbian Com- 
 mission and to the Nation these buildings, in fulfillment of Chicago's pledge, and in 
 honor of the great event we celebrate. 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1893, BY STONE, KASTLER & PAINTER. 
 
 MIDWAY PLAISANCE OLD VIENNA 
 
 158 
 
PRESENTATION OF THE BUILDINGS 
 
 BY 
 
 HON. THOMAS W. PALMER, 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION, TO THE 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: When a structure designed for a beneficent purpose 
 lias reached completion and is about to be devoted to its object, it is deemed 
 fitting, in accordance with a custom which sprang from the aspirations of man, 
 and which has received the sanction of successive generations, that its intent and 
 aim shall be declared amid imposing ceremonies, and the good will of the present and 
 the blessing of the future invoked upon it. 
 
 If this occasion shall have as one of its results the inauguration of another festal 
 day to enlarge the too meager calendar of our people, the world will be the richer 
 thereby, and a name which has been hitherto held in vague and careless remembrance 
 will be made a vital and elevating force to mankind. 
 
 Anniversaries are the punctuations of history. They are the emphases given to 
 events, not by the song of the poet, or the pen of the rhetorician, but by the com- 
 mon acclaim of mankind. They are the monuments of the heroes and saviours of 
 the race. They are the Memnons which fill the heart with promise, the eye with glad- 
 ness and the ear with song. 
 
 The teacher of Socrates, when dying, was asked what he wished for a monu- 
 ment. He answered: "Give the boys a holiday." 
 
 It was a happy thought to have linked with the achievements of Columbus and 
 Pinzon, which doubled the area of the habitable globe, an undertaking whereby we 
 hope to illustrate the fact that they also made possible more than a duplication of 
 blessings to mankind. 
 
 As these great men died ignorant of the magnitude of their work, may we not 
 hope that this Exposition will accomplish a greater good than will be revealed to us 
 of to-day, be its outcome never so brilliant? May we not hope that lessons here 
 learned, transmitted to the future, will be potent forces long after the multitudes 
 which will throng these aisles shall have measured their span and faded away? 
 
 Four hundred years ago to-day, Roderigo de Triana, from the prow of the 
 11 Pinta, " cried "Land!" That cry marked the commencement of an era wherein 
 has been condensed more of good import to the race than in any other. To-day, at 
 the flood-time of that era, we are reminded of what that cry involved, and of how 
 much there is yet to do to give it its fullest significance. 
 
 There are no more cpntinents to discover, but there is much to do to make both 
 hemispheres the home of intelligence, virtue and consequent happiness. To that end, 
 no one material thing can contribute more than expositions to which are invited, in a 
 fraternal spirit, all nations, tribes and peoples, where each shall give and receive 
 according to their respective capacities. 
 
 The foundations of civilization have been laid. Universal enlightenment, now 
 acknowledged as the safe substructure of every state, receives an added impulse 
 
 159 
 
from the commingling of peoples and the fraternization of races, such as are ushered 
 in by the pageant of to-day. 
 
 Hitherto the work of the National Commission and of the Exposition Company 
 has been on different but converging lines ; to-day the roads unite, and it may not be 
 amiss at this time to speak of the work already done. Two years ago the ground on 
 which we stand was a dreary waste of sand-dunes and quagmires, a home for wild 
 fowl and aquatic plants. Under skilled artists, supplemented by intelligence, force, 
 industry and money, this waste has been changed by the magic hand of labor to its 
 present attractive proportions. I do not speak of this work as an artist, but as one 
 of the great body of laymen whom it is the high calling of art to uplift. To me it 
 seems that if these buildings should never be occupied, if the exhibits should never 
 come to attract and educate, if our people could only look upon these walls, towers, 
 avenues and lagoons, a result would be accomplished by the influence diffused well 
 worth all the cost. 
 
 It was an act of high intelligence which, in the beginning, called a congress of 
 the most eminent of our architects for consultation and concerted action. No one 
 brain could have conceived this dream of beauty, or lured from fancy and crystallized 
 in form these habitations where art will love to linger, and science, Cornelia-like, 
 shall expose her children to those who ask to see her jewels. 
 
 Of the Commission and its agencies, its Director-General and the heads of its 
 departments, its agents and envoys, I, although a part of that national organization, 
 may be permitted to speak. Called together by the President two years ago, its 
 organic law difficult of construction, with room for honest and yet contradictory 
 opinions, it has striven honestly, patriotically and diligently to do its whole duty. 
 Through its agencies, it has reached to the uttermost parts of the earth to gather in all 
 that could contribute to make this not only the museum of the savant and the well 
 read, but the kindergarten of child and sage. 
 
 The National Commission will, in due time, take appropriate action touching the 
 formal acceptance of the buildings provided under their direction by the World's 
 Columbian Exposition Company for this National and International Fair. 
 
 To you, Mr. President, as the highest representative of the Nation, is assigned the 
 honor of dedicating them to the purposes determined and declared by Congress 
 
 In behalf of the men and women who have devoted themselves to this great 
 work, of the rich who have given of their abundance and the poor who have given of 
 their necessities; in behalf of the architects, who have given to their ideals a local 
 habitation and a name, and the artists, who have brought hither the three graces of 
 modern life, form, color and melody, to decorate and inspire; of the workmen who 
 have prepared the grounds and reared the walls; in behalf of the chiefs who have 
 organized the work of the exhibitors; in behalf of the city of Chicago, which lias 
 munificently voted aid ; of the Congress, which has generously given of the National 
 moneys; in behalf of the World's Columbian Commission, the World's Columbian 
 Exposition Company, and the Board of Lady Managers, I ask you to dedicate these 
 ouildings and grounds to humanity, to the end that all men and women of every 
 clime may feel that the evidence of material progress which may here meet the eye is 
 good only so far as it may promote that higher life which is the true aim of civiliza- 
 tion that the evidences of wealth here exhibited and the stimulus herein given to 
 industry are good only so far as they may extend the area of human happiness. 
 
 160 
 
DEDICATORY flDDRESS. 
 
 DELIVERED BY 
 
 HONORABLE LEVI P. MORTON, VICE-PRESIDENT OP THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 ON BEHALF OP THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 Mr. President : Deep indeed must be the sorrow which prohibits the President of 
 the United States from being the center figure of these ceremonials. Realizing from 
 these sumptuous surroundings the extent of design, the adequacy of execution and the 
 vastness of results, we may well imagine how ardently he has aspired to be officially and 
 personally connected with this great work, so linked to the past and to the present of 
 America. With what eloquent words he would have spoken of the heroic achievements 
 and radiant future of his own beloved country. While profoundly anguished in his 
 most tender earthly affection, he would not have us delay or falter in these dedicatory 
 services, and we can only offer to support his courage by a profound and universal sym- 
 pathy. 
 
 The attention of our own country and of all peoples elsewhere concerned in indus 
 trial progress is to-day fixed upon the City of Chicago. The name of Chicago has be 
 come familiar with the speech of all civilized communities ; bureaus are established at 
 many points in Europe for the purpose of providing transportation hither, and during 
 the coming year the first place suggested to the mind, when men talk of America, will 
 be the City of Chicago. This is due, not only to the Columbian Exposition, which 
 marks an epoch, but to the marvelous growth and energy of the second commercial city 
 of the Union. 
 
 I am not here to recount the wonderful story of this city's rise and advancement, 
 of the matchless courage of her people, of her second birth out of the ashes of the 
 most notable conflagration of modern times, nor of the eminent position she has con- 
 quered in commerce, in manufactures, in science and in the arts. These are known of 
 all men who keep pace with the world's progress. 
 
 I am here in behalf of the Government of the United States ; in behalf of all the 
 people; to bid all hail to Chicago! All hail to the Columbian Exposition! From 
 the St. Lawrence to the Gulf, and from the peerless cosmopolitan capital by the sea 
 to the Golden Gate of California, there is no longer a rival city to Chicago except to 
 emulate her in promoting the success of this work. 
 
 New York has signalized the opening of the new era by a commemorative func- 
 tion instructive to the student, encouraging to the philanthropist, and admonitory to 
 the forces arrayed against liberty. Her houses of worship, without distinction of 
 creed, have voiced their thanks to Almighty God for religious freedom; her children, 
 to the number of five and twenty thousand, have marched under the inspiration of a 
 light far broader than Columbus, with all his thirst for knowledge, enjoyed at the Uni- 
 versity of Pa via; and for three successive days processional progresses on land and 
 water, aided by Spain, and Italy, and France, saluted the memory of the great pilot 
 with the fruits of the great discovery in a pageant more brilliant than that a^ Barce- 
 lona, when, upon a throne of Persian fabrics, Ferdinand and Isabella, disregarding the 
 
 161 
 
etiquette of Castile and Aragon, received him standing, attended by the most splendid 
 court of Christendom. 
 
 And what a spectacle is presented to us here ! As we gaze upon these magnifi- 
 cent erections, with their columns and arches, their entablatures and adornments ; 
 when we consider their beauty and rapidity of realization, they would seem to be 
 evoked at a wizard's touch of Aladdin's Lamp. 
 
 Praise for the organization and accomplishment, for the architect and builder, for 
 the artist and artisan may not now detain me, for in the year to come, in the mouths 
 of all men it will be unstinted. These are worthy shrines to record the achievements 
 of the two Americas, and to place them side by side with the arts and industries of 
 the elder world, to the end that we may be stimulated and encouraged to new 
 endeavors. Columbus is not in chains, nor are Columbian ideas in fetters. I see him, 
 as in the great picture under the dome of the Capitol with kneeling figures about him, 
 betokening no longer the contrition of his followers, but the homage of mankind, with 
 erect form and lofty mien animating these children of a New World to higher facts and 
 bolder theories. 
 
 We may not now anticipate the character and value of our national exhibit. Rather 
 may we modestly anticipate that a conservative award will be made by the world's 
 criticism to a young nation eagerly listening to the beckoning future, within whose 
 limits the lightning was first plucked from Heaven at the will of man, where the 
 expansive power of steam was first compelled to transport mankind and merchandise 
 over the waterways of the world, where the implements of agriculture and handicraft 
 have been so perfected as to lighten the burdens of toil, and where the subtle forces of 
 nature, acting through the telegraph and telephone, are daily startling the world by 
 victories over matter which, in the days of Columbus, might have been reckoned 
 among the miracles. 
 
 We can safely predict, however, that those who will come from the near and 
 distant regions of our country, will themselves make part of the National Exhibit. 
 We shall see the descendants of the loyal cavaliers of Virginia, of the Pilgrim fathers of 
 New England, of the sturdy Hollanders who in 1624 bought the twenty -two thousand 
 acres of the Island of Manhattan for the sum of twenty-four dollars, of the adherents of 
 the old Christian faith, who found a resting place in Baltimore, of the Quakers and Pala- 
 tine Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, of the Huguenots who fled 
 from the revocation of the Edict of Nantes to the banks of the Hudson, in the North, 
 and those of the Cooper and Ashly rivers in the South, of the refugees from Salzburg 
 in Georgia, and of Charles Edward's Highlanders in North Carolina. With them, also, 
 we shall have in person, or in their sons, the thousands of others from many climes 
 who, with moderate fortunes, have joined their futures to that of the great Republic, 
 or who with sinewy arms have opened our waterways and builded our ironways. We 
 trust that from the lands beyond the seas many will come to engage in fraternal com- 
 petition, or to point us to more excellent standards. If they shall find little in our 
 product to excite their admiration, we shall welcome them to the atmosphere of the 
 New World, where some of the best efforts have been made in the cause of freedom 
 and progress ; by Washington and Franklin and Lafayette ; by Agassiz and Lincoln 
 and Grant ; by Bolivar and Juarez and Toussaint L'Ouverture, by Fulton and Morse 
 and Edison. 
 
 Columbus lived in an age of great events. When he was a child in 1440 printing 
 was first done with movable type ; seven years later the Vatican Library, the great 
 
fountain of learning, was founded by Nicholas the Fifth; and 1455 is given as the prob- 
 able date of the Mazarine Bible, the earliest printed book known. It was not until a 
 hundred years after the discovery that Galileo, pointing his little telescope to the sky, 
 found the satellites of Jupiter, and was hailed as the Columbus of the Heavens! 
 
 Columbus' character was complex, as was that of many of the men of his time, 
 who made their mark in history. But his character and attainments are to be esti- 
 mated by those of his contemporaries, and not by other standards. Deeply read in 
 mathematical science, he was certainly the best geographer of his time. I believe with 
 Castelar, that he was sincerely religious, but his sincerity did not prevent his indulging 
 in dreams. He projected, as the eloquent Spanish orator says, the purchase of the 
 holy places of Jerusalem in the event of his finding seas of pearls, cities of gold, streets 
 paved with sapphires, mountains of emeralds and rivers of diamonds. How remote, 
 and yet how marvelous has been the realization ! Two products of the Southern conti- 
 nent, which he touched and brought into the world's economy, have proved of inestim- 
 able value to the race, far beyond what the imagined wealth of the Indies could buy. 
 
 The potato, brought by the Spaniards from what is now the Republic of Equador, 
 in the beginning of the century following the Discovery, has proved next to the prin- 
 cipal cereals, to be the most valuable of all plants for human food. It has sensibly 
 increased the wealth of nations and added immeasurably to the welfare of the people. 
 More certain than any other crop, and having little to fear from storm or drouth, it is 
 hailed as an effectual barrier against the recurrence of famines. 
 
 Nor was the other product of less importance to mankind. Peruvian bark comes 
 from a tree of spontaneous growth in Peru, and many other parts of South America. 
 It received its botanical name from the wife of a Spanish viceroy, liberated from an 
 intermittent fever by its use. Its most important base, quinine, has come to be re- 
 garded, as nearly as may be, as a specific for that disease and also for the preservation 
 of health in certain latitudes, so that no vessel would dare to approach the East or 
 West coast of Africa without a supply, and parts of our own land would be made 
 partially desolate by its disappearance. No words that I could use would magnify the 
 blessings brought to mankind by these two individuals of the vegetable kingdom from 
 the shores of the New World. 
 
 Limited time for preparation does not permit me to speak authoritatively of the 
 progress and proud position of our Sister Republics and of the Dominion of Canada, 
 to demonstrate the moral and material fruits of the Great Discovery. Concerning 
 ourselves and the statistics are familiar and constitute a marvel. 
 
 We are near the beginning of another century, and if no serious change occurs in 
 our present growth, in the year 1935, in the lifetime of many now in manhood, the 
 English speaking Republicans of America will number more than one hundred and 
 eighty millions. And for them, John Bright, in a burst of impassioned eloquence, 
 predicts one people, one language, one law and one faith ; and all over the wide continent, 
 the home of freedom and a refuge for the oppressed of every race and every clime. 
 
 The transcendent feature in the character of Columbus was his faith. That sus- 
 tained him in days of trial and darkness, and finally gave him the great discovery. 
 Like him, let us have faith in our future. To insure that future, the fountains must 
 be kept pure, public integrity must be preserved. While we reverence what Gara- 
 baldi and Victor Emanuel fought for the union of peoples we must secure above 
 all else what Steuben and Kosciusko aided our fathers to establish liberty regulated 
 by law. 
 
If the time should ever come when men trifle with the public conscience, let me 
 predict the patriotic action of the republic in the language of Milton: 
 ' ' Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant 
 Nation rousing herself like a strong man after 
 Sleep, and shaking her invincible locks ; methinks 
 I see her as an eagle, renewing her^ mighty youth, 
 And kindling her undazzled eyes at the full 
 Mid-day beam ; purging and unsealing her long 
 Abused sight at the fountain itself of heavenly 
 Kadiance, while the noble noise of timorous 
 And flocking birds, with those also that love the 
 Twilight, flutter about, amazed at what she means." 
 
 Mr. President: In the name of the Government of the United States, I hereby 
 dedicate these buildings and their appurtenances, intended by the Congress of the 
 United States for the use of the World's Columbian Exposition, to the world's pro- 
 gress in art, in science, in agriculture, and in manufactures. 
 I dedicate them to humanity. 
 God save the United States of America. 
 
 MISS HARRIET MONROE, AUTHOR OF THE DEDICATORY ODE. 
 
 164 
 
165 
 
THE INFANTA EULALIA. 
 Representing the Queen of Spain at the World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 166 
 

 us; 
 
SANTA MARIA. 
 
 PINTA AND NINA. 
 
 THE CARAVELS OF COLUMBUS. 
 168 
 
169 
 
170 
 
"DEDICATORY ORflTION" 
 
 DELIVERED AT THE 
 
 DEDICATORY CEREMONIES OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION AT CHICAGO 
 
 BY 
 
 HON. HENRY WATTERSON, 
 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 21. 
 
 AMONGr the wonders of creative and constructive genius in course of preparation 
 for this festival of the nations, whose formal and official inauguration has brought 
 us together, will presently be witnessed upon the margin of the inter-ocean, 
 which gives to this noble and beautiful city the character and rank of a maritime metrop- 
 olis, a Spectatorium, wherein the Columbian epic will be told with realistic effects, sur- 
 passing the most splendid and impressive achievements of the modern stage. No one 
 who has had the good fortune to see the models of this extraordinary work of art can 
 have failed to be moved by the union, which it embodies of the antique in history and the 
 current in life and thought ; as beginning with the weird mendicant fainting upon the 
 hill-side of Santa Rabida, it traces the strange adventures of the Genoese seer from the 
 royal camp of Santa Fe, to the sunny coasts of the Isles of Inde, through the weary 
 watches of the endless night, whose sentinel stars seemed set to mock, but not to 
 guide ; through the trackless and shoreless wastes of the mystic sea, spread day by 
 day to bear upon every rise and fall of its heaving bosom the death of fair fond 
 hopes, the birth of fantastic fears ; the peerless and thrilling revelation, and all that 
 has followed, to the very moment that beholds us here, citizens, freemen, equal 
 share-holders, in the miracle of American civilization and development. Is there one 
 among us who does not thank his Maker that he has lived to join in this universal 
 celebration, this jubilee of mankind ? 
 
 I am appalled when I consider the portent and meaning of the proclama- 
 tion which has been delivered in our presence. The painter employed by the 
 King's command to render to the eye some particular exploit of the people, 
 or the throne, knows in advance precisely what he has to do ; there is a limit 
 set upon his purpose, his canvas is measured ; his colors are blended, and with 
 the steady and sure hand of the master he proceeds, touch upon touch, to 
 body forth the forms of things known and visible. Who shall measure the canvas and 
 blend the colors that are to body forth to the mind's eye of the present the scenes of 
 the past in American glory ? Who shall dare attempt to summon the dead to life, 
 and out of the tomb of the ages recall the tones of the martyrs and heroes, whose 
 voices, though silent forever, still speak to us in all that we are as a nation, in all that 
 we do as men and women ? 
 
 We look before and after and we see through the half -drawn folds of time as through 
 the solemn archways of some grand cathedral the long procession pass, as silent and 
 as real as a dream ; the caravals tossing upon Atlantic billows, have their sails refilled 
 from the East and bear away to the West ; the land is reached and fulfilled is the 
 
 171 
 
vision whose actualities are to be gathered by other hands than his that planned the 
 voyage and steered the bark of discovery ; the long-sought, golden day has come 
 to Spain at last, and Castilian conquests tread one upon another fast enough to pile up 
 perpetual power and riches. But even as simple justice was denied Columbus 
 lasting tenure was denied the Spaniard. 
 
 We look again and we see in the far Northeast the Old World struggle between the 
 French and the English transferred to the New, ending in the tragedy upon the heights 
 above Quebec ; we see the sturdy Puritans in bell-crowned hats and sable garments assail 
 in unequal battle the savage and the elements overcoming both, to rise against a mightier 
 foe ; we see the gay, but dauntless cavaliers to the Southward join hands with the 
 Roundheads in holy rebellion. And lo! down from the green- walled hills of New 
 England, out from the swamps of the Carolinas, come faintly to the ear like far-away 
 forest leaves stirred to music by autumn winds the drum taps of the Revolution ; 
 the tramp of the minute-men, Israel Putnam riding before the hoof -beats of Sumter's 
 horse galloping to the front ; the thunder of Stark'sguns in spirit-battle ; the gleam of 
 Marion's watch-fires in ghostly bivouac, and there, in serried saint-like ranks on 
 fame's eternal camping-ground stand 
 
 " The old Continentals, 
 In their ragged Regimentals, 
 Yielding not," 
 
 as amid the singing of angels in Heaven, the scene is shut out from our mortal vision 
 by proud and happy tears. 
 
 We see the rise of the young Republic, and the gentlemen in knee-breeches and 
 powdered wigs who signed the Declaration, and the gentlemen in knee-breeches and 
 powdered wigs who made the Constitution. We see the little nation menaced from 
 without. We see the riflemen in hunting-shirt and buckskin swarm from the cabin in 
 the wilderness to the rescue of country and home, and our hearts swell to a second and 
 final decree of independence won by the prowess and valor of American arms upon 
 the land and sea. 
 
 And then, and then since there is no life of nations or of men without its 
 shadow and its sorrow there comes a day when the spirits of the fathers no longer 
 walk upon the battlements of freedom, and all is dark, and all seems lost, save lib- 
 erty and honor ; and, praise God, our blessed Union. With these surviving, who 
 shall marvel at what we see to-day, this land filled with the treasures of earth ; this 
 city snatched from the ashes to rise in grandeur and renown, passing the mind to pre- 
 conceive. Truly, out of trial cometh the strength of man, out of disaster cometh the 
 glory of the State. 
 
 We are met this day to honor the memory of Christopher Columbus, to celebrate 
 the four- hundredth return of the year of his transcendent achievement, and with fitting 
 rites to dedicate to America and the universe a concrete Exposition of the world's 
 progress between 1492 and 1892. No twenty centuries can be compared with these 
 four centuries, either in importance or in interest, as no previous ceremonial can be 
 compared with this in its wide significance and reach ; because, since the advent of the 
 Son of God, no event has had so great an influence upon human affairs as the discov- 
 ery of the Western Hemisphere. Each of the centuries that have intervened marks 
 many revolutions. The merest catalogue would crowd a thousand pages. The story 
 of the least of the nations would fill a volume. In what I have to say upon this 
 occasion, therefore, I shall confine myself to our own ; and, in speaking of the United 
 
States of America, I propose rather to dwell upon our character as a people, and our 
 reciprocal obligations and duties as an aggregation of communities, held together by a 
 fixed constitution, and charged with the custody of a union upon whose preservation 
 and perpetuation in its original spirit and purpose, the future of free, popular govern- 
 ment depends, than to enter into a dissertation upon abstract principles, or to under- 
 take an historic essay. We are a plain, practical people. We are a race of inventors 
 and workers, not of poets and artists. We have led the world's movement, not its 
 thought. Our deeds are to be found, not upon frescoed walls, or in ample libraries, 
 but in the machine shop, where the spindles sing and the looms thunder ; on the open 
 plain, where the steam plow, the reaper and the mower contend with one another in 
 friendly war against the obduracies of nature; in the magic of electricity, as it pene- 
 trates the darkest caverns with its irresistible power and light. Let us consider our- 
 selves, and our conditions, as far as we are able, with a candor untinged by cynicism, 
 and a confidence having no air of assurance. 
 
 A better opportunity could not be desired for a study of our peculiarities than is 
 furnished by the present moment. We are in the midst of the quadrennial period 
 established for the selection of a Chief Magistrate. Each citizen has his right of 
 choice, each has his right to vote, and to have his vote freely cast and fairly counted. 
 Wherever this right is assailed for any cause, wrong is done and evil must follow, first 
 to the whole country, which has an interest in all its parts, but most to the community 
 immediately involved, which must actually drink of the cup that has contained the 
 poison, and cannot escape its infection. 
 
 The abridgment of the right of suffrage, however, is very nearly proportioned 
 to the ignorance or indifference of the parties directly concerned by it, and there is 
 good reason to hope that with the expanding intelligence of the masses and the grow- 
 ing enlightenment of the times, this particular form of corruption in elections will be 
 reduced below the danger line. 
 
 To that end, as to all other good ends, the moderation of public sentiment must 
 ever be our chief reliance ; for when we are forced by the general desire for truth, and 
 the light which our modern vehicles of information throw upon truth, to discuss public 
 questions for truth's sake, when it becomes the plain interest of public men, as it is 
 their plain duty, to do this, and when, above all, friends and neighbors cease to love 
 one another less because of ^dividual differences of opinion about public affairs, the 
 struggle for undue advantage will be relegated to those who have either no character 
 to lose, or none to seek. 
 
 It is admitted on all sides that the contemporaneous Presidential campaign is freer 
 from excitement and tumult than was ever known before, and it is argued from this 
 circumstance that we are traversing the epoch of the commonplace. If this be so 
 thank God foe it. We have had full enough of the dramatic and sensational, and 
 need a period of mediocrity and repose. But may we not ascribe the rational way 
 in which the people are going about the consideration of their public business to larger 
 knowledge and experience, and a fairer spirit than have hitherto marked our political 
 contentions? 
 
 Parties are as essential to free government as oxygen to animal life or sunshine 
 to vegetation. And party spirit is inseparable from party organism. To the extent 
 that it is tempered by good sense and good feeling, by love of country and integ- 
 rity of purpose, it is a supreme virtue; and there should be no let short of a decent 
 
 regard for the sensibilities of others put upon its freedom and plainness of utterance. 
 
 173 
 
Otherwise, the limpid pool of Democracy would stagnate, and we should have a 
 Republic only in name. But we should never cease to be admonished by the warning 
 words of the Father of His Country against the excess of party spirit, reinforced, 
 as they are, by the experience of a century of party warfare; a warfare happily 
 culminating in the complete triumph of American principles though brought many 
 times dangerously near the annihilation of all that was great and noble in the national 
 life. 
 
 Sursam Corda. We have in our own time seen the Republic survive an irrepres- 
 sible conflict, sown in the blood and marrow of the social order. We have seen the 
 Federal Union, not too strongly put together in the first place, come out of a great war 
 of sections, stronger than when it went into it ; its faith renewed ; its credit rehabilitated ; 
 and its flag flying in triumph and honor above seventy millions of God-fearing men and 
 women, thoroughly reconciled and homogeneous. We have seen the Federal Constitu- 
 tion outlast the strain, not merely of a Reconstructory ordeal and a presidential 
 impeachment, but a disputed count of the electoral vote, a Congressional Dead-lock, 
 and an extra Constitutional tribunal, yet standing firm against the assaults of its ene- 
 mies whilst yielding itself with admirable flexibility to the needs of the country and the 
 time. And finally we saw the gigantic fabric of the Federal Government transferred 
 from hands that had held it a quarter of a century t<? ^ther hands, without a protest, 
 although so close was the poll in the final count that a single blanket might have cov- 
 ered both contestants for the chief magisterial office. With such a record behind us, 
 who shall be afraid of the future? 
 
 The young manhood of the country may take this lesson from those of us who 
 lived through times that did, indeed, try men's souls when pressed down from day to 
 day by awful responsibilities and suspense, each night brought a terror with every 
 thought of the morrow, and when, look where we would, there were light and hope 
 nowhere that God reigns and wills, and that this fair land is and has always been, in 
 His own keeping. 
 
 The curse of slavery is gone. It was a joint heritage of woe, to be wiped out 
 and expiated in blood and flame. The mirage of the Confederacy has vanished. It 
 was essentially bucolic, a vision of Arcadie, the dream of a most attractive economic 
 fallacy. The Constitution is no longer a rope of sand. The exact relation of the 
 States to the Federal Government, left open to double construction by the authors of 
 our organic being, because they could not agree among themselves, and union was the 
 paramount object, has been clearly and definitely fixed by the three last amendments to 
 the original chart, which constitute the real treaty of peace between the North and the 
 South and seal our bonds of Nationality forever^ 
 
 The republic represents at last the letter and the spirit of the sublime Declaration. 
 The fetters that bound her to the earth are burst asunder. The rags that degraded her 
 beauty are cast aside. Like the enchanted princess in the legend, clad in spotless 
 raiment and wearing a crown of living light, she steps in the perfection of her ma- 
 turity on the scene of this, the latest and proudest of her victories to bid a welcome to 
 the world. 
 
 Need I pursue the theme ? This vast assemblage speaks with a resonance and 
 meaning which words can never reach. It speaks from the fields that are blessed by 
 the never-failing waters of the Kennebec, and from the farms that sprinkle the valley 
 of the Connecticut with mimic principalities more potent and lasting than the real ; it 
 
 speaks in the whirr of the mills of Pennsylvania and in the ring of the wood-cutters' 
 
 174 
 
ax out of the Lake peninsulas ; it speaks from the great plantations of the South and 
 West, teeming with staples that insure us wealth and power and stability ; yea, and 
 from the mines and forests and quarries of Michigan and Wisconsin, of Alabama and 
 Georgia, of Tennessee and Kentucky, far away to the regions of silver and gold, that have 
 linked the Colorado and the Rio Grande in close embrace and annihilated time and space 
 between the Atlantic and the Pacific ; it speaks in one word from the hearth-stone in Iowa 
 and Illinois ; from the home in Mississippi and Arkansas ; from the hearts of seventy 
 millions of fearless, free-born men and women, and that one word is "UNION." 
 
 There is no geography to American manhood. There are no sections to American 
 fraternity. It needs but six days and a change of raiment to convert a Vermonter into 
 a Texan, and there never has been a time when upon the battle-field or the frontier 
 Puritan and Cavalier were not convertible terms, having in the beginning a common 
 origin and so diffused and diluted on American soil as no longer to possess a local 
 habitation or a nativity except in the national unit. 
 
 The men who planted the signals of American civilization upon that sacred rock 
 by Plymouth Bay were Englishmen, and so were the men who struck the coast a little 
 lower down, founding by Hampton Roads a race of heroes and statesmen the mention 
 of whose names brings a thrill to every heart. The South claims Lincoln, the immor- 
 tal, for its own ; the North has no right to reject Stonewall Jackson, the one typical Pur- 
 itan soldier of the war, for its own. Nor will it. The time is :;oming, is almost here, 
 when hanging above many a mantel board in fair New England, glorifying many a cottage 
 in the Sunny South, shall be seen, bound together in everlasting love and honor, two cross- 
 swords carried to battle respectively by the grandfather who wore the blue and the grand- 
 father who wore the gray. 
 
 I can not trust myself to proceed. We have come here, not so much to recall 
 bygone sorrows and glories, as to bask in the sunshine of present prosperity and hap- 
 piness ; to interchange patriotic greetings and indulge good auguries ; and, above all, 
 to meet upon the threshold the stranger within our gates, not as a foreigner, but as a 
 guest and friend for whom nothing that we can have is too good. 
 
 From wheresoever he cometh, we welcome him with all our hearts. The son of 
 the Rhone and the Garonne, our godmother, France, to whom we owe so much, he 
 shall be our LaFayette ; the son of the Rhine and the Mozelle, he shall be our Goethe 
 and our Wagner ; the son of the Campagna and the Vesuvian Bay, he shall be our 
 Michael Angelo and our Garibaldi ; the son of Aragon, and Mexico, and Central and 
 South Americas, he shall be our Christopher Columbus, fitly honored at last through- 
 out the world. 
 
 Our good cousin of England needs no words of special civility and courtesy 
 from us. For him, the latch-string is ever on the outer side ; though whether it be or 
 not, we are sure that he will enter and make himself at home. A common language 
 enables us to do full justice to one another, at the festive board, or in the arena of 
 debate, warning both of us in equal tones against further parley on the field of arms. 
 
 All nations and all creeds will be welcome here ; from the Bosphorus and the 
 Black Sea ; the Viennese woods and the Danubian plains ; from Holland dyke to 
 Alpine crag ; from Belgrade and Calcutta, and round to China seas, and the busy 
 marts of Japan, the isles of the Pacific and the far away capes of Africa ; Armenian, 
 Christian and Jew ; the American loving no country except his own, but loving al. 
 mankind as his brother, bids you enter and fear not ; bids you partake with us of these 
 fruits of four hundred years of American civilization and development, and behold, 
 these trophies of one hundred years of American independence and freedom. 
 
 175 
 
At this moment, in every part of the American Union, the children are taking up 
 the wondrous tale of the discovery, and from Boston to Galveston, from the little log 
 school-house in the clearing, to the towering academy in the city and the town, may 
 be witnessed the unprecedented spectacle of a powerful nation captured by an army of 
 liliputians, of embryo men and women, of topling boys and girls, and tiny elves, 
 scarce old enough to lisp the numbers of the National anthem, scarce strong enough 
 to lift the miniature flags that make of arid street and autumn wood an emblematic 
 garden, to gladden the sight, and to glorify the Red, White and Blue. See 
 
 " Our young- barbarians all at play," 
 
 for better than these we have nothing to exhibit. They are our crown jewels ; the 
 truest, though the inevitable, offsprings of our civilization and development ; the rep- 
 resentatives of a manhood, vitalized and invigorated by toil and care ; of a woman- 
 hood elevated and inspired by religion, liberty and education. God bless the children 
 and their mothers ; God bless our country's flag; and God be with us now and ever ; 
 God in the roof-tree's shade, and God on the highway ; God in the winds and the 
 waves, and God in all our hearts. 
 
 176 
 
TH& COLUMBIAN ORf\TION. 
 
 BY 
 
 CHAUNCEY M. DEPEW, or NEW YORK. 
 
 M 
 
 R. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: This day belongs not to Amer- 
 ica, but to the world. The results of the event it commemorates are the 
 heritage of the peoples of every race and clime. We celebrate the eman- 
 cipation of man. The preparation was the work of almost countless centuries, the 
 realization was the revelation of one. The Cross on Calvary was hope; the cross 
 raised on San Salvador was opportunity. But for the first, Columbus would never 
 have sailed, but for the second there would have been no place for the planting, the 
 nurture and the expansion of civil and religious liberty. Ancient history is a 
 dreary record of unstable civilizations. Each reached its zenith of material splendor, 
 and perished. The Assyrian, Persian, Egyptian, Grecian and Roman Empires, were 
 proofs of the possibilities and limitations of man for conquest and intellectual develop- 
 ment. Their destruction involved a sum of misery and relapse which made their crea- 
 tion rather a curse than a blessing. Force was the factor in the government of the 
 world when Christ was born, and force was the source and exercise of authority 
 both by Church and State when Columbus sailed from Palos. The Wise Men traveled 
 from the East toward the West under the guidance of the Star of Bethlehem. The 
 spirit of the equality of all men before God and the law moved westward from Cal- 
 vary with its revolutionary influence upon old institutions, to the Atlantic Ocean. 
 Columbus carried it westward across the seas. The emigrants from England, Ireland, 
 Scotland and Wales, from Germany and Holland, from Sweden and Denmark, from 
 France and Italy, have, under its guidance and inspiration, moved West, and again 
 West, building states and founding cities until the Pacific limited their march. The 
 exhibition of arts and sciences, of industries and inventions, of education and civiliza- 
 tion, which the Republic of the United States will here present, and to which, through 
 its Chief Magistrate, it invites all nations, condenses and displays the flower and fruit- 
 age of this transcendent miracle. 
 
 The anarchy and chaos which followed the breaking up of the Roman Empire 
 necessarily produced the feudal system. The people, preferring slavery to annihilation 
 by robber chiefs, became the vassals of territorial lords. The reign of physical force 
 is one of perpetual struggle for the mastery. Power which rests upon the sword 
 neither shares nor limits its authority. The king destroyed the lords, and the mon- 
 archy succeeded feudalism. Neither of these institutions considered or consulted the 
 people. They had no part but to suffer or die in this mighty strife of masters for the 
 mastery. But the throne, by its broader view and greater resources, made possible 
 the construction of the highways of freedom. Under its banner races could unite, and 
 petty principalities be merged, law substituted for brute force, and right for might. It 
 founded and endowed universities, and encouraged commerce. It conceded no politi- 
 cal privileges, but unconsciously prepared its subjects to demand them. 
 
 Absolutism in the State, and intolerance in the church, shackled popular 
 unrest, and imprisoned thought and enterprise in the fifteenth century. The divine 
 
 177 
 
right of kings stamped out the faintest glimmer of revolt against tyranny ; and the 
 problems of science, whether of the skies or of the earth, whether of astronomy or 
 geography, were solved or submerged by ecclesiastical decrees. The dungeon was 
 ready for the philosopher who proclaimed the truths of the solar system, or the navi- 
 gator who would prove the sphericity of the earth. An English Gladstone, or a French 
 Gambetta, or a German Bismarck, or an Italian Garibaldi, or a Spanish Castelar, would 
 have been thought monsters, and their deaths at the stake, or on the scaffold, and under 
 the anathemas of the church, would have received the praise and approval of kings and 
 nobles, of priests and peoples. Reason had no seat in spiritual or temporal realms. 
 Punishment was the incentive to patriotism, and piety was held possible by torture. 
 Confessions of faith extorted from the writhing victim on the rack were believed effica- 
 cious in saving his soul from fires eternal beyond the grave. For all that humanity 
 to-day cherishes as its best heritage and choicest gifts, there was neither thought nor 
 hope. 
 
 Fifty years before Columbus sailed from Palos, Guttenberg and Faust had forged 
 the hammer which was to break the bonds of superstition, and open the prison doers 
 of the mind. They had invented the printing press and movable types. The prior 
 adoption of a cheap process for the manufacture of paper at once utilized the press. 
 Its first service, like all its succeeding efforts, was for the people. The universities and 
 the school men, the privileged and the learned few of that age, were longing for the 
 revelation and preservation of the classic treasures of antiquity, hidden, and yet insecure, 
 m monastic cells and libraries. But the first born of the marvelous creation of these 
 primitive printers of Mayence was the printed Bible. The priceless contributions of 
 Greece and Rome to the intellectual training and development of the modern world 
 came afterwards, through the same wondrous machine. The force, however, which 
 made possible America and its reflex influence upon Europe, was the open Bible by the 
 family fireside. And yet neither the enlightenment of the new learning, nor the dynamic 
 power of the spiritual awakening, could break through the crust of caste which had 
 been forming for centuries. Church and State had so firmly and dexterously inter- 
 woven the bars of privilege and authority, that liberty was impossible from within. 
 Its piercing light and fervent heat must penetrate from without. 
 
 Civil and religious freedom are founded upon the individual and his independence, 
 his worth, his rights and his equal status and opportunity. For his planting and 
 development, a new land must be found where with limitless areas for expansion, the 
 avenues of progress would have no bars of custom or heredity, of social orders or priv- 
 ileged classes. The time had come for the emancipation of the mind and soul of 
 humanity. The factors wanting for its fulfillment were the new world and its dis- 
 coverer. 
 
 God always has in training some commanding genius for the control of great crises 
 in the affairs of nations and peoples. The number of these leaders is less than the 
 centuries, but their lives are the history of human progress. Though Caesar and 
 Charlemagne, and Hildebrand, and Luther, and William the Conquerer, and Oliver 
 Cromwell, and all the epoch makers prepared Europe for the event, and contributed to 
 the result, the lights which illumine our firmament to-day are Columbus the Discoverer, 
 Washington the founder and Lincoln the savior. 
 
 Neither realism nor romance furnishes a more striking and picturesque figure 
 than that of Christopher Columbus. The mystery about his origin heightens the charm 
 of his story. That he came from among the toilers of his time is in harmony with 
 
 178 
 
the struggles of our period. Forty-four authentic portraits of him have descended to 
 us, and no two of them are counterfeits of the same person. Each represents a char- 
 acter as distinct as its canvas. Strength and weakness, intellectuality and stupidity, 
 high moral purpose and brutal ferocity, purity and licentiousness, the dreamer and the 
 miser, the pirate and the puritan, are the types from which we may select our hero. 
 We dismiss the painter and piercing with the clarified vision of the dawn of the 
 twentieth century the veil of four hundred years, we construct our Columbus. 
 
 The perils of the sea in his youth upon the rich argosies of Genoa, or in the ser- 
 vice of the licensed rovers who made them their prey, had developed a skillful navi- 
 gator and intrepid mariner. They had given him a glimpse of the possibilities of the 
 unknown, beyond the highways of travel, which roused an unquenchable thirst for 
 adventure and research. The study of the narratives of previous explorers, and dili- 
 gent questioning of the daring spirits who had ventured far towards the fabled West, 
 gradually evolved a theory, which became in his mind so fixed a fact that -he could 
 inspire others with his own passionate beliefs. The words, " That is a lie, " written 
 by him on the margin of nearly every page of a volume of the travels of Marco Polo, 
 which is still to be found in a Genoese library, illustrate the scepticism of his begin- 
 ning, and the first vision of the New World the fulfillment of his faith. 
 
 To secure the means to test the truth of his speculations, this poor and unknown 
 dreamer must win the support of kings, and overcome the hostility of the Church. He 
 never doubted his ability to do both, though he knew of no man living who was so 
 great in power, or lineage, or learning, that he could accomplish either. Unaided and 
 alone, he succeeded in arousing the jealousies of sovereigns, and dividing the councils 
 of the ecclesiastics. ' ' I will command your fleet and discover for you new realms, but 
 only on condition that you confer on me hereditary nobility, the admiralty of the 
 ocean, and the vice-royalty and one-tenth the revenues of the New World," were his 
 haughty terms to King John, of Portugal. After ten years of disappointment and 
 poverty, subsisting most of the time upon the charity of the enlightened monk of the 
 Convent of Kabida, who was his unfaultering friend, he stood before the throne of 
 Ferdinand and Isabella; and, rising to imperial dignity in his rags, embodied the same 
 royal conditions in his petition. The capture of Grenada, the expulsion of Islam from 
 Europe, and the triumph of the Cross, aroused the admiration and devotion of Chris- 
 tendom. But this proud beggar, holding in his grasp the potential promise, and 
 dominion of El Dorado and Cathay, divided with the Moslem surrender the attention 
 of sovereigns and bishops. France and England indicated a desire to hear his theories 
 and see his maps, while he was still a suppliant at the gates of the camp of Castile 
 and Aragon, the sport of its courtiers and the scoff of its confessors. His unshakable 
 faith that Christopher Columbus was commissioned from heaven, both by his name 
 and by Divine command, to carry "Christ across the sea" to new continents and 
 pagan peoples, lifted him so far above the discouragements of an empty purse, and a 
 contemptuous court, that he was proof against the rebuffs of fortune, or of friends. 
 To conquer the prejudices of the clergy, to win the approval and financial support of 
 the State, to venture upon an unknown ocean, which, according to the beliefs of the 
 age, was peopled with demons and savage beasts of frightful shape, and from which 
 there was no possibility of return, required the zeal of Peter the Hermit, the chivalric 
 courage of the Cid, and the imagination of Dante. Columbus belonged to that high 
 order of cranks who confidently walk where "angels fear to tread," and often become 
 the benefactors of their country or their kind. 
 
 179 
 
It was a happy omen of the position which woman was to hold in America, that 
 the only person who comprehended the majestic scope of his plans, and the invinci- 
 ble quality of his genius, was the able and gracious Queen of Castile. Isabella alone, 
 of all the dignitaries of that age, shares with Columbus the honors of his great achieve- 
 ment. She arrayed her kingdom and her private fortune behind the enthusiasm of 
 this mystic mariner, and posterity pays homage to her wisdom and faith. 
 
 The overthrow of the Mohammedan power in Spain would have been a forgotten 
 scene, in one of the innumerable acts in the grand drama of history, had not Isabella 
 conferred immortality upon herself, her husband and their dual crown by her recogni- 
 tion of Columbus. The devout spirit of the Queen, and the high purpose of the 
 explorer inspired the voyage, subdued the mutinous crew, and prevailed over the 
 raging storms. They covered, with the divine radiance of religion and humanity, the 
 degrading search for gold, and the horrors of its quest, which filled the first century 
 of conquest with every form of lust and greed. 
 
 The mighty soul of the great Admiral was undaunted by the ingratitude of 
 princes, and the hostility of the people, by imprisonment and neglect. He died as he 
 was securing the means, and preparing a campaign for the rescue of the Holy Sepul- 
 chre at Jerusalem from the infidel. He did not know what time has revealed, that 
 while the mission of the Crusades, of Godfrey of Boullion and Richard of the Lion 
 Heart was a bloody and fruitless romance, the discovery of America was the salvation 
 of the world. The one was the symbol, the other the spirit ; the one death, the other 
 life. The tomb of the Savior was a narrow and empty vault precious only for its 
 memories of the supreme tragedy of the centuries, but the new continent was to be 
 the home and temple of the living God. 
 
 The rulers of the Old World began with partitioning the New. To them the dis- 
 covery was the expansion of the Empire and grandeur to the throne. Vast terri- 
 tories, whose properties and possibilities were little understood,, and whose extent was 
 greater than the kingdoms of the sovereigns, were the gifts to court favorites, and the 
 prizes of royal approval. But individual intelligence and independent conscience 
 found here haven and refuge. They were the passengers upon the caravals of Colum- 
 bus, and he was unconsciously making for the port of civil and religious liberty. 
 Thinkers, who believed men capable of higher destinies and larger responsibilities, and 
 pious people who preferred the Bible to that union of Church and State where each 
 serves the other for the temporal benefit of both, fled to these distant and hospitable 
 lands from intolerable and hopeless oppression at home. It required three hundred 
 years for the people thus happily situated to understand their own powers and 
 resources, and to break bonds which were still reverenced or loved, no matter how 
 deeply they wounded, or how hard they galled. 
 
 The nations of Europe were so completely absorbed in dynastic difficulties and 
 devastating wars with diplomacy and ambitions, that they neither heeded nor heard of 
 the growing democratic spirit and intelligence in their American colonies. To them 
 these provinces were sources of revenue, and they never dreamed that they were also 
 schools of liberty. That it exhausted three centuries under the most favorable condi- 
 tions for the evolution of freedom on this continent, demonstrates the tremendous 
 strength of custom and heredity when sanctioned and sanctified by religion. The very 
 chains which fettered became inextricably interwoven with the habits of life, the asso- 
 ciations of childhood, the tenderest ties of the family and the sacred offices of the 
 church from the cradle to the grave. It clearly proves that if the people of the Old 
 
 180 
 
World and their descendants had not possessed the opportunites afforded by the new for 
 their emancipation, and mankind had never experienced and learned the American ex- 
 ample, instead of living in the light and glory of the nineteenth century conditions, 
 they would still be struggling with mediaeval problems. 
 
 The Northern continent was divided between England, France and Spain, and the 
 Southern, between Spain and Portugal. France, wanting the capacity for colonization, 
 which still characterizes her, gave up her Western possessions, and left the English, 
 who have the genius of universal empire, masters of North America. The develop- 
 ment of the experiment in the English domain makes this day memorable. It is due 
 to the wisdom and courage, the faith and virtue of the inhabitants of this territory that 
 government of the people, for the people and by the people was inaugurated and has 
 become a triumphant success. The Puritan settled in New England and the cavalier 
 in the South. They represented the opposites of spiritual and temporal life and opin- 
 ions. The processes of liberty liberalized the one and elevated the other. Washing- 
 ton and Adams were the new types. Their union in a common cause gave the world 
 a republic both stable and free. It possessed conservatism without bigotry, and lib- 
 erty without license. It founded institutions strong enough to resist revolution and 
 elastic enough for indefinite expansion to meet the requirements in government of ever 
 enlarging areas of population and the needs of progress and growth. It was nurtured 
 by the toleration and patriotism which bound together in a common cause the Puritans 
 of New England and the Catholics of Maryland, the Dutch Reformers of New York 
 and the Huguenots of South Carolina, the Quakers of Pennsylvania and the Episco- 
 palions, Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists and religionists of all and opposite opin- 
 ions in the other colonies. 
 
 The Mayflower, with the Pilgrims, and a Dutch ship laden with African slaves 
 were on the ocean at the same time, the one sailing for Massachusetts and the other for 
 Virginia. This company of saints and the first cargo of slaves represented the forces 
 which were to peril and rescue free government. The slaver was the product of the 
 commercial spirit of great Britain and the greed of the times to stimulate produc- 
 tion in the colonies. The men who wrote in the cabin of the Mayflower the first char- 
 ter of freedom, a government of just and equal laws, were a little band of Protestants, 
 against every form of injustice and tyranny. The leaven of their principles made pos- 
 sible the Declaration of Independence, liberated the slaves and founded free common- 
 wealths which form the Republic of the United States. 
 
 Platforms of principles, by petition, or protest, or statement, have been as fre- 
 quent as revolts against established authority. They are a part of the political literature 
 of all nations. The Declaration of Independence proclaimed at Philadelphia, July 
 4th, 1776, is the only one of them which arrested the attention of the world when it 
 was published, and has held its undivided interest ever since. The vocabulary of the 
 equality of man had been in familiar use by philosophers and statesmen for ages. 
 It expressed noble sentiments, but their application was limited to classes or condi- 
 tions. The masses cared little for them nor remembered them long. Jefferson's 
 superb crystallization of the popular opinion, that "all men are created equal, 
 that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among 
 these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," had its force and effect in 
 being the deliberate utterance of the people. It swept away in a single sentence 
 kings and nobles, peers and prelates. It was Magna Charta, and the Petition of Rights 
 planted in the virgin soil of the American wilderness and bearing richer and riper 
 
 191 
 
fruit. Under its vitalizing influence upon the individual, the farmer left his plow in 
 the furrow, the lawyer his books and briefs, the merchant his shop, and the workman 
 his bench, to enlist in the patriot army. They were fighting for themselves and their 
 children. They embodied the idea in their constitution, in the immortal words with 
 which that great instrument of liberty and order began : 
 
 "We, the people of the United States, do ordain." 
 
 The scope and limitations of this idea of freedom have been neither misinter- 
 preted nor misunderstood. The laws of nature in their application to the rise and 
 recognition of men according to their mental, moral, spiritual and physical endow- 
 ments are left undisturbed. But the accident of birth gives no rank and confers no 
 privilege. Equal rights and common opportunity for all have been the spurs of ambi- 
 tion, and the motors of progress. They have established the common schools, and 
 built the public libraries. A sovereign people have learned and enforced the lesson of 
 free education. The practice of government is itself a liberal education. People who 
 make their own laws need no law-givers. After a century of successful trial, the 
 system has passed the period of experiment, and its demonstrated permanency and 
 power are revolutionizing the governments of the world. It has raised the largest 
 armies of modern times for self-preservation, and at the successful termination of the 
 war, returned the soldiers to pursuits of peace. It has so adjusted itself to the pride 
 and patriotism of the defeated, that they vie with the victors in their support and 
 enthusiasm for the old flag and our common country. Imported anarchists have 
 preached their baleful doctrines, but have made no converts. They have tried to 
 inaugurate a reign of terror under the banner of violent seizure and distribution of 
 
 o 
 
 property only to be defeated, imprisoned and executed by the law made by the people 
 and enforced by juries selected from the people, and judges and prosecuting officers 
 elected by the people. Socialism finds disciples only among those who were its votar- 
 ies before they were forced to fly from their native land, but it does not take root 
 upon American soil. The State neither supports nor permits taxation to maintain the 
 Church. The citizen can worship God according to his belief and conscience, or he 
 may neither reverence or recognize the Almighty. And yet religion has flourished, 
 churches abound, the ministry is sustained, and millions of dollars are contributed 
 annually for the evangelization of the world. The United States is a Christian country 
 and a living and practical Christianity is the characteristic of its people. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, philosopher and patriot, amused the jaded courtiers of Louis 
 XVI. by his talks about liberty, and entertained the scientists of France by bringing 
 lightning from the clouds. In the reckoning of time, the period from Franklin to Morse, 
 and from Morse to Edison is but a span, and yet it marks a material development as 
 marvellous as it has been beneficient. The world has been brought into contact and sym- 
 pathy. The electric current thrills and unifies the people of the globe. Power and 
 production, highways and transports have been so multiplied and improved by inven- 
 tive genius, that within the century of our independence sixty- four millions of people 
 have happy homes and improved conditions within our borders. We have accumulated 
 wealth far beyond the visions of the Cathay of Columbus or the El Dorado of DeSoto. 
 But the farmers and freeholders, the savings banks and shops illustrate its universal 
 distribution. The majority are its possessors and its administrators. In housing and 
 living, in the elements which make the toiler a self-respecting and respected citizen, in 
 avenues of hope and ambition for children, in all that gives broader scope and keener 
 pleasure to existence, the people of this Republic enjoy advantages far beyond those 
 
 182 
 
of other lands. The unequaled and phenomenal progress of the country has 2 opened 
 wonderful opportunities for making f( rtunes, and stimulated to madness the desire and 
 rush for the accumulation of money. Material prosperity has not debased literature 
 nor debauched the press ; it has neither paralyzed nor repressed intellectual activity. 
 American science and letters have received rank and recognition in the older centers of 
 learning. The demand for higher education has so taxed the resources of the ancient 
 universities, as to compel the foundation and liberal endowment of colleges all over the 
 Union. Journals, remarkable for their ability, independence and power, find their 
 strength, not in the patronage of government or the subsidies of' wealth, but in the 
 support of a nation of newspaper readers. The humblest and poorest person has in 
 periodicals whose price is counted in pennies, a library larger, fuller and more 
 varied than was within reach of the rich in the time of Columbus. 
 
 The sum of human happiness has been infinitely increased by the millions from the 
 Old World who have improved their conditions in the New, and the returning tide of 
 lesson and experience has incalculably enriched the Fatherlands. The divine right of 
 kings has taken its place with the instruments of mediaeval torture among the curiosities 
 of the antiquary. Only the shadow of kingly authority stands between the govern- 
 ment of themselves, by themselves, and the people of Norway and Sweden. The union 
 in one Empire of the States of Germany is the symbol of Teutonic power, and the hope of 
 German liberalism. The petty despotisms of Italy have been merged into a nationality 
 which has centralized its authority in its ancient capitol on the hills of Rome. France 
 was rudely roused from the sullen submission of centuries to intolerable tyranny by her 
 soldiers returning from service in the American revolution. The wild orgies of the Reign of 
 Terror were the revenges and excesses of a people who had discovered their power, but 
 were not prepared for its beneficient use. She fled from herself into the arms of 
 Napoleon. He too was a product of the American experiment. He played wrth kings 
 as with toys, and educated France for liberty. In the processes of her evolution from 
 darkness to light, she tried Bourbon, and Orleanist and the Third Napoleon and cast 
 them aside. Now in the fullness of time, and through the training in the school of 
 hardest experience, the French people have reared and enjoy a permanent Republic. 
 England of the Mayflower, and of James the Second, England of George the Third and 
 of Lord North, has enlarged suffrage, and is to-day animated and governed by the 
 democratic spirit. She has her throne, admirably occupied by one of the wisest of 
 sovereigns and best of women, but it would not survive one dissolute and unworthy 
 successor. She has her hereditary Peers, but the House of Lords will be brushed aside 
 the moment it resists the will of the people. 
 
 The time has arrived for both closer union and greater distance between the 
 Old World and the New. The former indiscriminate welcome to our prairies and the 
 present invitation to these palaces of art and industry, mark the passing period. 
 Unwatched and unhealthy immigration can no longer be permitted to our shores. We 
 must have a national quarantine against disease, pauperism and crime. We do not 
 want candidates for our hospitals, our poor-houses, or our jails. We cannot admit those 
 who come to undermine our institutions, and subvert our laws. But we will gladly 
 throw wide our gates for, and receive with open arms, those who by intelligence and 
 virtue, by thrift and loyalty, are worthy of receiving the equal advantages of the 
 priceless gift of American citizenship. The spirit and object of this Exhibition are 
 peace and kinship. 
 
 Three millions of Germans, who are among the best citizens of the Republic, send 
 greeting to the Fatherland their pride in its glorious history, its ripe literature, its 
 
 183 
 
traditions and associations. Irish, equal in number to those who still remain upon the 
 Emerald Isle, who have illustrated their devotion to their adopted country on many a 
 battlefield fighting for the Union and its perpetuity, have rather intensified than 
 diminished their love for the land of the shamrock, and their sympathy with the aspi- 
 rations of their brethren at home. The Italian, the Spaniard and the Frenchman, the 
 Norwegian, the Swede and the Dane, the English, the Scotch and the Welsh, are none 
 the less loyal and devoted Americans, because in this congress of their kin, the ten- 
 drils of affection draw them closer to the hills and valleys, the legends and the loves 
 associated with their youth. 
 
 Edmund Burke, speaking in the British Parliament with prophetic voice, said : " A 
 great revolution has happened a revolution made, not by chopping and changing of 
 power in any of the existing States, but by the appearance of a new State, of a new 
 species in a new part of the globe. It has made as great a change in all the relations 
 and balances and gravitations of power as the appearance of a new planet would in the sys- 
 tem of the Solar world." Thus was the humiliation of our successful revolt tempered 
 in the Motherland by pride in the State created by her children. If we claim heritage 
 in Bacon, Shakespeare and Milton, we also acknowledge that it was for liberties guar- 
 anteed Englishmen by sacred charters, our fathers triumphantly fought. While wisely 
 rejecting throne and caste and privilege and an established church in their new-born 
 State, they adopted the substance of English liberty and the body of English law. 
 Closer relations than with other lands and a common language rendering easy inter- 
 changes of criticisms and epithet, sometimes irritate and offend, but the heart of Eepub- 
 lican America beats with responsive pulsations to the hopes and aspirations of the people 
 of Great Britain. 
 
 The grandeur and beauty of this spectacle are the eloquent witnesses of peace and pro- 
 gress. The Parthenon and the Cathedral exhausted the genius of the ancient, and the skill 
 of the mediaeval architects in housing the statue or spirit of Deity. In their ruins or their 
 antiquity they are mute protests against the merciless enmity of nations, which forced 
 art to flee to the altar for protection. The United States welcome the sister republics 
 of the southern and northern continents, and the nations and peoples of Europe and 
 Asia, of Africa and Australia, with the products of their lands, of their skill and of their 
 industry to this city of yesterday, yet clothed with royal splendor, as the Queen of the 
 Great Lakes. The artists and architects of the country have been bidden to design and 
 erect the buildings which shall fitly illustrate the height of our civilization and the 
 breadth of our hospitality. The peace of the world permits and protects their efforts 
 in utilizing their powers for man's temporal welfare. The result is this park of palaces. 
 The originality and boldness of their conceptions, and the magnitude and harmony of 
 their creations are the contributions of America to the oldest of the arts and the cordial 
 bidding of America to the peoples of the earth to come and bring the fruitage of their 
 age to the boundless opportunities of this unparalled exhibition. 
 
 If interest in the affairs of this world are vouchsafed to those who have gone be- 
 fore, the spirit of Columbus hovers over us to-day. Only by celestial intelligence can 
 it grasp the full significance of this spectacle and ceremonial. 
 
 From the first century to the fifteenth counts for little in the history of progress, 
 but in the period between the fifteenth and the twentieth is crowded the romance and 
 reality of human development. Life has been prolonged and its enjoyment intensified. 
 The powers of air and water, the resistless forces of the elements, which, in the time 
 of the discoverer, were the visible terrors of the wrath of God, have been subdued to the 
 
 184 
 
service of man. Art and luxuries which could be possessed and enjoyed only by the rich 
 and noble ; the works of genius, which were read and understood only by the learned few ; 
 domestic comforts and surroundings beyound the reach of lord or bishop, now adorn 
 and illumine the homes of our citizens. Serfs are sovereigns and the people are 
 kings. The trophies and splendors of their reign are commonwealths, rich in every 
 attribute of great States, and united in a republic whose power and prosperity and lib- 
 erty and enlightenment are the wonder and admiration of the world. 
 
 All hail Columbus, discoverer, dreamer, hero and apostle. We here, of every race 
 and country, recognize the horizon which bounded his vision and the infinite scope of 
 his genius. The voice of gratitude and praise for all the blessings which have been 
 showered upon mankind by his adventure is limited to no language, but is uttered in 
 every tongue. Neither marble nor brass can fitly form his statue. Continents are his 
 monument, and unnumbered millions, present and to come, who enjoy in their 
 liberties and their happiness the fruits of his faith will reverently guard and preserve, 
 from century to century, his name and fame. 
 
 MRS. EDWIN BURLEIGH, MRS. LAURA P. COLEMAN, MRS. RUSSELL B. HARRISON, MRS. R. B. MITCHELL, 
 Maine. Colorado. Montana. Kansas. 
 
 185 
 
PRflYER 
 
 BY 
 
 HIS EMINENCE CAKDINAL GIBBONS, 
 
 ARCHBISHOP OF BALTIMORE. 
 
 WE are Assembled, O Lord, in Thy name to celebrate with grateful homage 
 the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of this Continent. We 
 adore Thy wisdom in choosing for this providential mission, Thy servant 
 Columbus who united to the skill and daring of a navigator, the zeal of an apostle, and 
 who was not only impelled by the desire of enriching his sovereign with the wealth of 
 new dominions, but was inspired with the sublime ambition of carrying the light 
 of the Glospel to the people buried in the darkness of idolatry. 
 
 Whilst the land which gave birth to Columbus, and the land from which he set 
 forth on his voyage of exploration through hitherto unknown seas, are resounding with 
 divine praise, it is meet and just that we give special thanks to Thee, since we have a 
 share -in that earthly heritage which his indomitable spirit purchased for us and for 
 thousands unnumbered of the human family. For where blessings abound, gratitude 
 should superabound ; and if Columbus poured forth hymns of thanksgiving to Thee 
 when a new world first dawned upon his vision, though, like Israel's Leader, he was 
 not destined to abide in the promised land, how much greater should be our sense of 
 devout gratitude since, like the children of Israel, we enjoy the fruit of his victory. 
 
 f But not for this earthly inheritance alone, do we thank Thee, but still more for 
 the precious boon of constitutional freedom which we possess ; for, even this favored 
 land of ours, would be to us a dry and barren waste if it were not moistened by the 
 dew of liberty. We humbly implore Thee to continue to bless our Country and her 
 cherished institutions, and we solemnly promise to-day in this vast assembly and in 
 the name of our fellow-citizens to exert all our energies in preserving this legacy un- 
 impaired, and to transmit it as a priceless heirloom to succeeding generations. 
 
 We pray Thee, Grod of might, wisdom and justice through whom authority is 
 rightly administered, laws are enacted and judgment decreed, to assist with Thy Holy 
 Spirit of counsel and fortitude, the President of these United States, that his adminis- 
 tration may be conducted in righteousness and be eminently useful to Thy people over 
 whom he presides, by encouraging due respect for virtue and religion, and by a faithful 
 execution of the laws in justice and mercy. 
 
 Vouchsafe, Lord, to bless the labors of the President and Directors of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, that it may redound to the increased prosperity and 
 development of this young and flourishing Metropolis. May the new life and growth 
 which it will impart to this throbbing center of trade, pulsate and be felt even to the 
 farthest extremity of the land, and may the many streams of industry converging 
 from every quarter of the globe, flow back with increased abundance into every artery 
 of the commercial world. May this International Exposition contribute to the pro- 
 motion of the liberal arts, science, useful knowledge and industrial pursuits. 
 
 186 
 
As 1,900 years ago men assembled in Jerusalem from various portions of the old 
 World, to hear from the lips of Thy Apostles " The wonderful works of God," so 
 shall we soon behold men assembled here from Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia, 
 from the Islands of the Atlantic and the Pacific, as well as from all parts of the 
 American Continent, to contemplate the wonderful works of man of man created to 
 Thine image and likeness of man endowed with Divine intelligence of man, the 
 productions of whose genius manifest Thy wisdom and creative power not less clearly 
 than ' ' The Heavens which declare Thy glory, and the firmament which showeth forth 
 the works of Thy hand. " And as every contemplative being and student of nature 
 "finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks, and sermons in stones," and 
 rises from nature to nature's God ; so will he devoutly rise from the contemplation of 
 these works of human skill to the admiration of Thee, the Uncreated Architect. For 
 every artist and man of genius who will exhibit his works within these enclosures, 
 must say with the Royal Prophet "Thy hands, God, have made and fashioned me," 
 and with Bezaleel, who framed the Ancient Tabernacle, he must confess that Thy 
 spirit enlightened his understanding and guided his hand. 
 
 Grant, Lord, that this pacific reunion of the world's representatives may be 
 instrumental in binding together in closer ties of friendship and brotherly love all the 
 Empires and Commonwealths of the Globe. May it help to break down the wall of 
 dissension and jealousy that divides race from race, nation from nation, and people 
 from people, by proclaiming the sublime lesson of the Fatherhood of God and the 
 Brotherhood of Christ. May the good will and fellowship which will be fostered in 
 this hospitable city among the delegates of the powers, be extended to the govern- 
 ments which they will represent. May the family of nations become so closely identi- 
 fied in their interests by social and commercial relations, that when one nation is 
 visited by any public calamity, all the others will be aroused to sympathy, and be 
 ready, if necessary, to stretch out a helping hand to the suffering member. 
 
 Arise, God, in Thy might, and hasten the day when the reign of the Prince of 
 Peace will be firmly established on the earth, when the spirit of the Gospel will so far 
 sway the minds and hearts of rulers, that the clash of war will be silenced forever, by 
 the cheerful hum of industry, that standing armies will surrender to permanent courts 
 of arbitration, that contests will be carried on in the cabinet instead of the battle-field, 
 and decided by the pen instead of the sword. 
 
 Finally, we pray that under Thy superintending Providence, that ' ' reacheth from 
 end to end mightily and ordereth all things sweetly " this Columbian Exposition, like 
 the voyage of Columbus, may result in accomplishing a divine, as well as a human 
 mission. May it exert a wholesome influence on the moral and religious, as well as on 
 the social and material world. May it promote the glory of God, as well as the peace 
 and temporal prosperity of man. May it redound to the development of Christian 
 faith and Christian principles, and may commerce in her queenly and triumphant 
 progress throughout the world, be, at the same time, the handmaid of religion and of 
 Christian civilization to the nations of the earth. 
 
 187 
 
BE>NEDIGTION. 
 
 REV. HENRY CHRISTOPHER McCOOK, D. D., BISHOP OP TABERNACLE 
 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, I invoke and pronounce the 
 Divine Benediction upon this World's Columbian Exposition, and upon its officers, man 
 agers, nations and promoters. And may the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the 
 love of God and the Communion of the Holy Ghost be with you and abide upon you all 
 now and forever more. Amen. 
 
 MRS. CHAS. HENROTIN. 
 
 188 
 
FIREWORKS ON THE LAKE. 
 
 189 
 
190 
 
JUDGED by comparison, relatively or otherwise, the importance of the Ferris 
 Wheel as an attraction at the World's Fair is equaled only by the great 
 aggregate of the Fair itself. Certainly there is no other single enterprise 
 or place of resort in Midway Plaisance or on the grounds proper that approaches, 
 either in patronage extended or in wonderment excited, this novel and unusual 
 achievement in modern engineering skill. Its superior excellence as a conception 
 of the human brain has been acknowledged by the greatest thinkers of all the 
 world's continents, and Mr. Ferris has been placed upon such a pinnacle, that 
 when the future historian comes to survey the character of his work, he will find 
 it rising above the undulating plains of humanity like a huge mountain in the 
 desert, and like the orbs of those who walk in the Midway, he will have to lift his 
 eyes high toward heaven to catch its summit. It is such a masterful stroke of 
 genius, so carefully conceived, and so successfully executed, that intelligence, 
 viewing the creation from any standpoint, must do it homage. Mr. Ferris' 
 fellow craftsmen are no less enthusiastic in their encomiums than is the general 
 public, and the work must stand the triumph of merit stamped with universal 
 plaudits. 
 
 Mr. Ferris is yet a very young man, being only thirty-six years of age, but 
 he has crowded into a half year the work of a lifetime. He was born in Gales- 
 burg, Illinois, February 14, 1859. He is a gentleman of education and refine- 
 ment, with the rarest social gifts, and more friends than a statesman. He was 
 graduated from the California Military Academy, at Oakland, as a captain, but 
 chose active work in the engineering field. His success has been a gradual rising 
 until up to the time of his observation wheel for the World's Fair, he was at 
 the head of the largest bridge building establishment in the world, located at 
 Pittsburgh. Of course, he is well provided for in fortune, but in nowise does he 
 suggest evidence of this fact. His lovable nature endears him to everybody, 
 and no one ever asked aid at his hands which he did not grant, if in his power. 
 Mr. Ferris had many discouragements in carrying out the great wheel project, it 
 having met with poor favor from experts all over America and Europe, and it 
 was on the verge of abandonment many times. During all of the vicissitudes 
 and struggles, overcoming obstacles that would get in the way of the successful 
 accomplishment of the great work,. Mr. Ferris received from his wife valuable 
 counsel and assistance, which he invariably profited by and which he graciously 
 acknowledges. 
 
 Briefly, the Ferris Wheel Company was granted the concession of placing 
 the wheel in the Midway Plaisance only after $25,000 had been spent on the 
 plans and specifications, and not until as late as December, 1892. In January 
 the pig iron had not been made molten. March 20, 1893, the scaffolding for its 
 erection was begun, and June 21, in the presence of 5,000 invited spectators, the 
 immense circle was set in motion. 
 
 It is owned by the Ferris Wheel Company, which has a capitalized stock of 
 $600,000. Bonds to the amount of $300,000 have been sold. By the terms of 
 
 191 
 
the concession, one-half of the receipts, after they have repaid the cost of the 
 wheel, are to go to the Exposition fund, up to the amount of $400, 000. 
 
 The wheel hangs on an axle 33 inches in diameter and 45 feet long, and of 
 70 tons weight, and consists of practically two wheels, each having two outer 
 crowns, one of which is 5.0 feet nearer the axle, made of curved steel beams 25^- 
 by 19 inches. These stiff crowns are suspended from the axle by long rods 2 
 
 THE FERRIS WHEEL. 
 
 inches in diameter, and are held in place by cross rods of the same size, and gives 
 the appearance of a huge spider web, and is a grand sight, especially at night 
 when the 3,000 incandescent" electric lights in it are lighted. 
 
 The axle is supported by two towers of steel, pyramidal in shape, 150 feet in 
 height, 6 feet square at the top, 40 by 50 feet at the bottom, each having four 
 
 192 
 
legs firmly anchored into a foundation 20 by 20 by 20 feet, composed of concrete, 
 which reposes solidly upon 30-foot piles capped by heavy timbers, so that the 
 foundation is practically 50 feet deep. The wheel revolves east and west, and is 
 so braced and anchored as to be able to resist a wind -of 100 miles an hour 
 velocity. 
 
 Thirty-six cars are suspended from the wheel. The cars are 27 feet long, 13 
 feet wide and 9 feet high, and are hung at equal distances around the wheel on a 
 steel pin 6^- inches in diameter, passing through the roof of the coach to each side 
 of the outer rim. The frames are of steel, covered with wood, and the occupants 
 can look in any direction through the windows, of which there are five on each 
 side, consisting of large panes of plate glass, which can be lowered at will, each 
 guarded by an iron grating intended to prevent people from falling out. 
 
 Forty chairs of fancy twisted steel, screwed to the floor, constitute the seat- 
 ing accommodations of each car, which weighs, without occupants, 13 tons. The 
 carrying capacity of all the cars is 1,440 passengers. When loaded the entire 
 weight of the structure is estimated at 1,500 tons. 
 
 One revolution of this wheel is made in about ten minutes, and there are two 
 revolutions for a ride. There are six stops to every revolution, which permits the 
 emptying and filling of six cars from twelve raised platforms, six on each side, for 
 ingress and egress. 
 
 The motive power of the wheel is a thousand horse-power engine, sunk four 
 feet under the ground of the east half of the structure. This engine revolves 
 four huge sprocket wheels, around which run two endless chains, the links of 
 which engage in huge cogs on the outer rim or periphery, on each side of the 
 wheel itself, thus turning it, and with the assistance of very powerful air brakes 
 the wheel is absolutely under the control of the engineer. 
 
 G. W. G. FERRIS, Engineer, 
 Designer of the Ferris Wheel. 
 
 193 
 

 HARLOW N. HIGINBOTHAM, 
 President World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 194 
 
OF THE 
 
 WORLD'S CONGRESS AUXILIARY. 
 FRIDRY EVENING, OCTOBER 21, 1892. 
 
 THE interesting and impressive inaugural ceremonies at the Auditorium Friday, 
 October, 21st, 1892. were witnessed by over five thousand invited guests. 
 Distinguished men and women from all parts of the world were present, and 
 the interest manifested by them was evidence that the great work of the Congress had 
 been thoroughly inaugurated. 
 
 Mr. Clarence Eddy rendered on the great organ a Festival Overture, on the choral, 
 " A Strong Castle is Our Lord " Nicolai-Liszt. 
 
 Honorable C. C. Bonney then called the assemblage to order and said: "The Rev. 
 Dr. John Henry Barrows, Chairman of the General Committee of the World's Congress 
 Auxiliary on Religious Congresses, will invoke the Divine blessing." Dr. Barrows then 
 pronounced the following invocation : 
 
 "0 God, our Heavenly Father, in adoration and joyful thanksgiving, we bow before 
 Thee, the Creator of all things, the holy and loving Ruler of mankind, the Author of 
 every personal and National blessing. Thou hast spoken to us from the starry 
 heavens. The earth is Thy handiwork, and Thy paths are in the great deep. Mar- 
 velous are Thy ways, and glorious are the manifestations of Thy wisdom, and patience, 
 and mercy in the unfolding history of the world. At the close of this great 
 day of commemoration, assembled before Thee, we recall the gracious gifts of Thy 
 divine goodness. We praise Thee for the discoverer of this Western Continent, 
 whose brave heart was eager to add new realms to the Empire of the Cross. We 
 praise Thee for the pilgrim fathers, for the founders of colonies, for the builders of 
 churches and colleges, and for all the makers of the republic. We confess our sad and 
 frequent failures to do Thy will, our grievous lapses from Thy law, but Thou hast 
 answered the prayers of the faithful, and through Thee our beloved land has been 
 given a pre-eminent prosperity. And to-night we thank Thee for the growing unity of 
 mankind and the increasing fraternity of nations. We praise Thee for the victories 
 in which all have shared, for the achievements of commerce and art and science, for 
 the progress of learning, for the ministry of music, and for the consolation of religion. 
 Thou art teaching us lessons of trust in Thy Providence, and a broader fellowship and 
 deeper love one to another. And now we thank Thee for the wisdom and foresight 
 given to him, the president of these Congresses, who, seeing this great opportunity, 
 has planned and directed the series of World's Congresses, which will gather to our city 
 the scholars ot many lands. Continue to him Thy special guidance and help in all 
 this noble undertaking which Thou art crowning with Thy peculiar favor. And grant 
 Thy wisdom to the hundreds of earnest men and women assembled here, who have in 
 their immediate charge the Congresses of the coming year, giving to their efforts the 
 noblest success ; and to those who from other continents shall come to share with us in 
 
 195 
 
the joy of these festivals of peace, may Thy peculiar favor be granted, and let our 
 assembling to-night fill and fire our hearts with a new sense of the brotherhood of 
 humanity. Wilt Thou grant, O God our Father, that Thy servant who shall speak to 
 us may be graciously uplifted in heart and mind by Thy Holy Spirit, as he leads our 
 thoughts to wider horizons of vision and of faith, and not only to-night, but in all the 
 great work to which Thou hast called him, may he continue to manifest the highest 
 spirit of the Christian and of the citizen. We pray that Thy blessing may be richly 
 given to all the representatives of our National Government, and to those who come 
 from the different commonwealths of the Republic and are gathered with us at this 
 hour, and to the officers of the Columbian Exposition. Unite us all in a glorious com- 
 monwealth of love and loyalty and National aspiration. And may Thy favor be shown 
 unto Thy servant, the Vice-President ot our Country, and give Thine especial grace to 
 our beloved Chief Magistrate, whose sorrow is our grief. Ruler of Nations, Thou art 
 the Redeemer and Comforter. We put our confidence in Thee, and look forward to 
 that blessed City on High, where the hand of our Father shall wipe away all our tears. 
 
 And now, God, grant that, not only upon us, who dwell in this land, but also 
 upon the representatives of other Nations assembled with us, Thy favor may descend. 
 Let Thy blessing be with the rulers of the earth, with the beloved Queen of Great 
 Britain, and Empress of India, with the President of the French Republic, with 
 the Emperors of Germany and Russia, of China and Japan, with the 
 Rulers of Spain and Italy, with the Monarchs who represent the faith of Islam, and 
 with the presidents of all the American Republics, and with those who rule in the 
 Dominion of Canada, and with all their people, and may the movement which we 
 inaugurate to-night hasten the time when the Nations shall no more learn the arts of 
 war, when fraternity and kindliness and true toleration shall everywhere prevail, when 
 liberty shall be universal, and when the kingdoms of this world shall become the 
 Kingdom of our Lord and of His Christ, and to Thy name shall be the praise forever. 
 Amen." 
 
 After the invocation, President C. C. Bonney gave the welcoming address, as 
 follows : 
 
 "The World's Congress Auxiliary salutes and welcomes this magnificent audi- 
 ence assembled to witness the Inaugural Ceremonies of the Intellectual and Moral 
 Exposition of the Progress of Mankind to be made in the World's Congresses of 
 
 1893. 
 
 In these Congresses we hope 
 
 To see mankind made one in one mental aim ! 
 
 To see mankind made one in moral power ! 
 
 To see the age of Peace begin to dawn ! 
 
 Results impossible without a land 
 
 Where all the peoples of the earth have kin ; 
 
 Without a city great and powerful, 
 
 In which all classes meet on common ground. 
 
 "The greeting on behalf of the Woman's Branch of the Auxiliary will be given 
 by its president, Mrs. Potter Palmer. " 
 
 Mrs. Palmer, in extending the greeting on behalf of the Woman's Branch of the 
 Auxiliary, said: 
 
 " The Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary, representing the mar- 
 velous progress of woman during the last four hundred years, unites most cordially 
 in this greeting, and sends congratulations to the leaders of that progress in all enlight- 
 
 196 
 
ened lands. The salutation in honor of Queen Isabella will be given by Mrs. Charles 
 Henrotin, vice-president of the Woman's Branch cf the World's Congress Auxiliary. " 
 
 The salutation in honor of Queen Isabella was then pronounced by Mrs. Charles 
 Henrotin : 
 
 1 ' The assistance which Columbus received from Queen Isabella enabled him to 
 discover and reveal the American Continent. The aid which enlightened womanhood, 
 the Queen of this new age, now offers to all men, will enable them, especially the 
 toiling millions, to find in their own countries new worlds of intellectual and moral 
 enjoyment, enhanced material prosperity, improved social conditions, and the rich 
 fruitage of resulting peace." 
 
 The President of the Auxiliary then introduced the orator of the occasion : 
 
 "The Government of the United States has recognized the World's Congress 
 Auxiliary as the proper agency to arrange and conduct a series of International 
 Congresses to be held in connection with the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
 and has invited the governments of other countries to send delegates to all or any of 
 these Congresses, in addition to those who will attend as the representatives of the 
 Institutions and Societies of participating peoples. Hence it was thought that the 
 Dedication Ceremonies of the World's Columbian Exposition would be incomplete with- 
 out a proper presentation of the plans and purposes of the World's Congress Auxiliary, 
 the progress made and the success assured. The Auxiliary therefore sought for the 
 purpose of such presentation an orator equal to the occasion, and whose name would 
 command attention in the Old World as well as in the New. Such an orator it found 
 in the Most Reverend John Ireland, Archbishop of St. Paul, who will now deliver the 
 oration on the World's Congresses of 1893." 
 
 197 
 
ORfTTION OF f\ROHBISHOP IRELf\ND. 
 
 INAUGURATION OP THE WORK OP THE CONGRESS AUXILIARY OP 
 THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE greatest of things is mind. Mind, conscious, intelligent, potent to put into 
 action thought and wish, differentiates itself absolutely from matter, rises above 
 it to immeasurable heights, dominates and moves the unthinking world. Mind 
 is the causative power in all orderly results. Without it, there is nothing, or there is 
 aimless movement and chaos. The universe is the product of the supreme mind God 
 increate. Within the universe there is created mind man. Whatever outside 
 the workings of the First Cause, comes in the universe of beauty, goodness and 
 progress, conies through man. He is, within the limits of God's creation, a second 
 creator. The manifestations of mind in men are of varied measures. The degree of 
 mind lifts man above man : the higher the mind, the greater and nobler the man. 
 
 Through scenes of past ages, over which fancy delights to hover amid Columbian 
 celebrations, Cordova's court, the hillside of La Rabida, Palos harbor, or savage 
 Guanahani one object more than ought else obtains attention. We seek it out; we 
 fix upon it the soul's eager eye. It is the figure of Christopher Columbus. The 
 picture, Columbus unseen, whatever the remaining forms, whatever the coloring, is 
 incomplete, meaningless ; the spirit is absent ; it is void of inspiration. Columbus is the 
 mind, creating, directing the scenes, bringing into them motive and purpose, producing 
 and co-ordinating results. All else in the scenes has value so far as it responds to the 
 thoughts of Columbus, so far as it aids him to execute his plans. The queenly 
 and generous Isabella, the patient and far-seeing Juan Perez, claim our esteem 
 because mind in them understood and followed superior mind in Columbus. In all 
 places, in all occurrences, the sublime, the worshipful power is mind. Man, mind 
 incorporate, is the greatest being in the universe. The men among men; mind 
 towering above common mind, are the worthiest of all objects of vision and study. 
 
 This day, four hundred years ago, America first unfolded to the eyes of civilized races 
 her beauty and her wealth. Fraught, indeed, with solemn meaning for the whole 
 world of men was the occurrence. Few expressions recorded in story revealed great 
 things coming, as did the world which, rising in swelling choruses, rend the air above 
 the decks of the weary and wave-beaten caravels of the admiral of the seas land! 
 land! The new land was in sight, so fruitful in resources, so pregnant in possibilities. 
 A new world was given to human longings, to human action ; a new era dawned for 
 mankind, a marvelous epoch of human progress. Since the preachings of the Christian 
 religion, nothing has happened to such great import for the human race as the discovery 
 of America. What has occurred during the past four centuries abundantly proves the 
 assertion. What will occur in the future will set it out in yet clearer light. With 
 much reason America and her sister continents keep sacred the centennial anniver- 
 sary. 
 
 The solemn commemoration of the discovery of America has been allotted to the 
 United States. It was the right and the duty of the first nation of the continent to 
 
 198 
 
charge itself with the gracious task. She, as none other, is the giant daughter of 
 the progress of the age ; she, as none other, has the power to command the splendors 
 which should mark the commemoration. She has inaugurated the Exposition of 
 Chicago. Proper, too, was it that among the cities of the United States Chicago 
 be the chosen one within whose portals the Exposition be enthroned. Chicago, fifty 
 years ago the prairie village, the stupendous city of the present time, is the world's 
 object lesson of progress. The monarch of our inland seas, the central city of the 
 nation, she exhibits to the visitor the fullness of growth with which the United States 
 has been blest. Almost halfway across the continent, commanding the highways of 
 nations, the mart in which meet for mutual exchange the offerings of Europe and Asia, 
 Chicago forebodes the mighty destiny of the United States to sit among all earth's 
 nations, the admired queen, the arbiter in the arts of peace and civilization of their 
 destinies, the magnet knitting in resistless attraction all peoples into one harmonious 
 and indestructible brotherhood. 
 
 The Exposition will show forth the results of the discovery of Columbus. In this 
 wise he is honored. What Columbus gave to the world was not only the America .of 
 1492 America, however rich in hidden treasures, tranquil and undisturbed in nature's 
 sleep. He gave the America of 1892 the America which his achievement made pos- 
 sible. He gave, in large measurement, modern progress amid all nations. America, 
 be large-hearted in thy justice to Columbus. What thou art, and what thou hast, 
 be it all spread out to the wondering gaze of the world. Call thou upon all nations 
 to unite with thee in praising him who was a universal benefactor, and to unroll, also, 
 upon thy banquet-tables their choicest gifts these and thy own, the ripest fruits of 
 human progress, a bounteous feast for the human mind, the like of which never was 
 set before men. 
 
 The Exposition will bring to the memory of Columbus yet higher honor. The 
 dawn which on that memorable discovery-day purpled the sails of the Santa Marie, 
 the Nina and the Pinta, and diffused joy untold into the souls of Columbus and his 
 mariners, was the harbinger to the world of a magnificent era of progress. What, 
 then, should be the record, told in future history, of our commemorative celebration? 
 This, and this above all else, that it did beget another era of progress for the world, 
 distancing the previous era, so much more deeply marked in intensity and in results, 
 that it began its course upon the higher plane to which the thinkers and toilers of 
 four hundred years had lifted mankind. This we shall do, if, in the magnitude and 
 wisdom of our work, we respond to the expectations of nations, and to the plannings 
 of the all-ruling Providence, Who, in our case, as in that of Columbus, never puts be- 
 fore men great opportunities without demanding that fullest profit be made of them. 
 The Exposition of Chicago must be surpassingly great. Be there nothing wanting in 
 it that thought or skill, wealth or courage can bring hither. The Exposition com- 
 memorates a great event. It represents a great age in the life of humanity it pre- 
 sages a greater age which is to be. To the greatness of the Exposition is pledged 
 the honor of a great nation, and of its greatness a great city stands the sponsor. 
 
 Jackson Park, the pride to-day of Chicago, upon whose buildings, vast and 
 stately, the majesty of the nation descended this morning in dedicatory services, tells 
 the resolve to redeem all promises, to realize all hopes. Hither shall be brought the 
 product of labor and art, the treasures of earth and sea, the inventions of this won- 
 drously inventive century, the fruits of learning and genius. The entire globe is astir 
 in preparation to fill to repletion the palaces we have erected. The invitation has 
 
 199 
 
gone out to the world in all the fullness and warmth of the heart of this republic, and 
 the nations of the world have hearkened to it as never before they hearkened to a voice 
 calling men to an exposition. The best that America can bring, the best the world 
 owns, shall soon be in Jackson Park. 
 
 What may be added? I shall give reply. What is there more important, more 
 precious, than matter, and all the forms with which matter may be invested? Is 
 there not mind? What is there greater than all the results of the thought, the labor 
 of man? Is there not man himself, the designer, the maker of his works? Bring 
 hither, then, mind. Bring men not merely the millions, anxious to see and to learn. 
 These do we need; they do not suffice. Bring the men whom the millions desire 
 to contemplate, and from whom they may receive valued lessons. Bring the think- 
 ers, the workers, the scholars, the apostles of action, who have rendered possible, or 
 have produced the marvels which will be housed in Jackson Park, whose dreams make 
 toward the building up of humanity, whose arms reach out to the improvement of 
 men along all the lines of human progress. Let us have the Columbuses of our time. 
 Let us have parliaments of the leaders of men convoked from all lands under the 
 sun. In this manner your Exposition is complete in all its parts, truly representative 
 of the age and truly great. You have matter and men ; you have the works and the 
 workers. In men far more than in matter you have the highest products of progress. 
 There is progress only when men grow. In men you have the potent means to de- 
 termine the progress of the future. God has made men the agents of progress. 
 
 I am stating the purpose of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition. The organization known as the World's Congress Auxiliary 
 is an integral part of the Columbian Exposition, whose directors authorize and support 
 it. It has received from the United States Government recognition and approval. 
 Its special mission is to organize and cause to be held, during the several months 
 allotted to the Exposition, international conventions of the scholars and workers of 
 the world along all the lines of human progress, in the various departments of civil- 
 ized life, and in this way to present, through the living voice of the chief actors, clear 
 and comprehensive statements of the questions in all the fields of activity, which vex 
 to-day the souls of men. The idea is truty grand, and most important results must 
 follow from the successful carrying out of it. All countries are asked to send to 
 Chicago their best and most active minds. The several conventions, or congresses, will 
 bring into actual contact the leaders in the several departments of thought. The 
 thinking world will be under our eyes: the whole trend of modern activity will be 
 under our touch. What schools for learners! What workshops of new ideas, where 
 mind in friction with mind provokes into higher heights and rises into broader vistas 
 of truth! 
 
 The president of the Auxiliary is Hon. Charles C. Bonney. The name gives 
 warrant that all shall be done to assure success, which high intellect, intense honesty of 
 purpose, and strictest devotion to duty can do. He is seconded in his work by a body 
 of able directors. Each broad department of thought is, under their guidance, 
 entrusted to a commission of chosen men, whose duty it becomes to prepare the plan of 
 work, to awaken public interest, to solicit counsel from men of note the world over. 
 In each department there will be held as many congresses as there may be traced out 
 leading subdivisions of the general subject, and for each congress there is appointed 
 a special commission, whose members will give to its work their immediate attention. 
 I instance the department of education. There is the general commission on educa- 
 
 200 
 
tion, and co-operating with it there are the special commissions on higher education, 
 public instruction, public instruction in music, instruction of the blind, the deaf 
 and dumb, and the feeble-rojnded, etc. Furthermore, and I call particular attention 
 to this feature the aid of woman is sought; the importance of her work is 
 recognized. There is the Woman's Department of the World's Congress' Auxiliary 
 a general commission, and commissions corresponding to all the proposed congresses 
 into which woman's work may appropriately enter. 
 
 The World's Congresses will be held in the permanent memorial art palace erected 
 in Lake Front Park. It is expected that complete reports of all deliberations will be 
 published in memorial volumes at the expense and under the direction of the United 
 States Government. Already arrangements are being made for the holding of over 
 one hundred congresses under charge of the various departments into which the work 
 of the congress auxiliary has been organized. For some congresses, in view of the 
 nature of the subjects to be discussed, the attendance will probably not range above the 
 hundreds. In the greater number it will go far upward in the thousands, and in 
 congresses of departments of education, temperance, religion, etc. , etc. , we are assured 
 that the attendance may reach to thirty or fifty thousand. The work already done, 
 the promises given, the preparations made, the adhesions from people in America and 
 in transatlantic countries, allow no doubt of the triumphant outcome of the World's 
 Congress Auxiliary. 
 
 The Congress Auxiliary, the controlling idea of which is to bring together men 
 working for men, puts forth in clear outlines the high purpose of the whole Expo 
 sition, and invests it with meaning and dignity. Expositions are held as indications 
 of progress and as stimulants to its continuous growth. What is progress? Its 
 chief seat is not in matter ; it is not in the changes of form to which matter may be 
 subjected. Matter is not an end to itself. It has no consciousness of its conditions. 
 No benefit, no enjoyment comes to it, whatever be the uses to which it is put, or the 
 shapings or the colorings which may be impressed upon it. Progress is in man. It 
 is the growth of man in the faculties and powers of his being, in his empire over 
 inanimate and irrational creation. Man alone progresses, for man alone is intelligent 
 and conscious. 
 
 God's aim in his workings through nature was man. The earth was created to 
 prepare for him a dwelling-place. It was endowed with vernal fecundity to provide 
 him with nutriment and to give delectation to his senses. The atmosphere was tem- 
 pered to man's physical life. The firmament was spread to light his footsteps and to 
 draw his soul into supernal contemplation. All these things were made for man and 
 were given to man. "Fill the earth and subdue it," said the Lord, "and rule over 
 the fishes of the sea and the fowls of the earth, and all living creatures that move 
 upon the earth." 
 
 " The meaning of creation," it has been well said, " is not understood until dust 
 stands erect in a living man. " The law of nature endures. Man must remain the 
 monarch of nature ; the purpose of nature and of all its forces must be the service of 
 man, the betterment and elevation of man. There is no other value than this in 
 material things. To rate man inferior to matter is the reversal of the divine ordering of 
 the universe. 
 
 Be there as much as there may the development of nature's forces and the har- 
 nessing of them to the chariots of science and industry. Be there searchings into the 
 
 abysmal secrets of earth, sea and sky. Be there trade and commerce. But, through- 
 
 201 
 
out, be the aim to build up man into a higher manhood, into a more intelligent, a bet- 
 ter and happier being. Be it always man who is progressing. Maji not growing, 
 nothing has .been accomplished; man deteriorating, there is evil done. Perish trade 
 and commerce, if thereby man is lessened in his sense of righteousness, and the fiber 
 of his heart is hardened. Perish the most ingenious machinery, if its conscienceless 
 wheels in their merciless rotations annihilate the purity - and happiness of human souls. 
 Labor is a curse if man is thereby made the slave of matter and assimilated to matter. 
 The wealth of nations is a blasphemy thrown into the face of the Creator, if riches 
 lead to selfishness and narrow-mindedness in the possessors, and the accumulation 
 thereof condemns the multitude to misery and sin. Man is the precious being ; man 
 must be saved, and lifted upward ; the progress of man is the sole progress. Nor by 
 man must we be allowed to understand a few men here and there amid the masses of 
 their fellows. The few may have grown to mountain heights; if the many dwell in 
 the darkened valleys of suffering and of soul- wreckage, man has not progressed ; God 
 has not care of the few ; he has care of all. For the benefit of all he has swung the 
 earth into space, and lit above it his fiery orbs. Progress through the whole human 
 family is the progress which God wills, and which we should name progress. 
 
 There is danger lest expositions, where all is wood and marble, gold and silver, 
 machinery and cereals; where matter alone feasts the eye, and speaks to the soul, 
 silently teach false lessons of progress. All is well with the world, it might seem, if 
 matter is improved. Men seek matter and admire matter. Matter, then, is the all- 
 important. The tendency of the times is already more materialistic than its well- 
 wishers desire. Nothing should be done to accelerate it. There is need to repeat 
 aloud the poet's warning: 
 
 " 111 fares the land, to hastening 1 ills a prey, 
 
 Where wealth accumulates, and men decay." 
 
 This is the mission of the World's Congress Auxiliary. It will put into the fore- 
 ground, man as the chief factor and first fruit of civilization and progress ; its pro- 
 grammes of studies will bring out in clearest light his grandeur and final destiny. 
 The plans of the Congress Auxiliary are most comprehensive. They extend along all 
 the lines of the growth of man. There are the departments of agriculture, engineering, 
 commerce and finance, etc., etc., in which man's relations to matter receive due consid- 
 eration. Man lives upon the earth, derives hence his subsistence, and in subjecting 
 it to his service he enlarges by exercise the powers of his soul. Far be it from us not 
 to recognize as vital elements in progress, and as strong evidences of it, the triumphs 
 of mind over matter. 
 
 The marvels of physical and mechanical sciences, in which the age glorifies itself; 
 its surprising inventions, enabling us to dominate more completely over nature, and 
 to yoke its subtlest forces to our industrial .chariots; its vast discoveries, opening up 
 to our gaze the whole surface of the globe, revealing to us the entrails of earth and the 
 remote regions of ethereal space we admire and praise. God gave to us the ma- 
 terial universe, that we may study it and use it. Material progress is no less within 
 the lines of his supreme law than progress moral and spiritual. The whole man must 
 grow, and grow in all directions. I am as impatient of the narrowness which limits 
 him in one direction as of that which limits him in another. The sole lesson which 
 I inculcate is that the earth is the footstool of man, and that material progress in its 
 grandest flights fails unless man retains throughout his higher nature, and is made by 
 
 it a greater and a better being. 
 
 202 
 
The interests of man's mind are cared for in the departments of education, science 
 and philosophy, literature, the public press, etc. Man is primarily an intelligence. 
 His other operations depend upon and follow from his knowing. Without knowledge 
 the darkening clouds of barbarism never rend over the face of a people. There is no 
 progress without it in material things, and none in other realms of human aspira- 
 tion. And as progress must reach over the whole human family, so knowledge, how- 
 ever varied in degrees, must be universal in its diffusion. The moral life of man 
 wells up in the heart, beneath the vivifying dews of divine grace. Into this inner 
 sanctuary congresses have little access. Yet it is well that the importance of the 
 moral life of the individual and of society be emphasized ; for righteousness and well- 
 doing are the vital condition of healthfulness in body and in soul. Congresses give 
 aid by directing outside social currents, the influences of which make strongly for 
 good or evil. Hence, we have the department of moral and social reform, including 
 congresses on charity, philanthropy, prevention, reform, etc. , and the department of 
 temperance, marshalling into mutual counselling the devoted legions of men and 
 women who are giving battle to a giant evil of the times. 
 
 The department of government deals with all the complex problems which the 
 proper regulation of man's social interests suggests. We shall have congresses on 
 municipal and national administrations, international law, peace arbitration, the several 
 divisions of jurisprudence and practical government, etc., etc. Government is neces- 
 sary that men may abide together in peace and derive from their relations with one 
 another help in their labor of self -development. Government is the means, not the 
 end ; the means to the elevation of the many, not of the few. The congresses of this 
 department will be most serviceable in the progressive march of humanity. 
 
 In the struggles of men to subsist and to rise, success is measured out in un- 
 equal degrees. This is a natural necessity. None, however, live for themselves: 
 all are members of the human family and the Divine Master intended for all a suf- 
 ficiency of the things of earth, and of the means moral and physical to attain to the 
 stature of physical and moral manhood. The department of labor will discuss the 
 intricate and pressing questions arising from the relations of labor to capital, of employee 
 to employer maintaining the rights of all, prescribing the duties of all, and guarding 
 over all for their protection, the reign of social order. The rational, dispassionate 
 study of the condition of labor is to-day a sacred duty. Pope and Kaiser have alike 
 counselled it ; religion and statesmanship are alike concerned in it. 
 
 The health of the body of man is entrusted to the department of medicine. Man, 
 in the fulfillment of his destiny, can neglect neither body nor soul. Be there a health- 
 ful body to house a healthful soul. 
 
 There are the departments of art, music, architecture, etc. The instinct of 
 the beautiful is deeply imbedded in man; it must be satisfied. The beautiful is the 
 reflection of elevated regions, unperceived by sense, the native home of the soul. Man 
 expands beneath its sunshine, and is preserved by it from the hardening impress 
 which comes toward him from the dreary drudgery of his strugglings with matter. 
 
 There is the department of woman's progress providing for a general congress of 
 representative women of all countries. At the same time, as I have already stated, 
 there is in connection with each congress organized in the several departments of the 
 Congress Auxiliary, wherever the mind, heart and finger of woman may be invited to 
 give aid, a woman's committee, for the purpose of obtaining the co-operation of woman 
 in the work of human progress. At no previous World's Congress was there the 
 
 203 
 
marked recognition of woman which the Columbian Auxiliary accords her. In this 
 recognition we rejoice. It is a noticeable token and promise of progress for woman 
 herself and for the world at large. Woman for her own good has been too dependent 
 upon the stronger sex, and in the battling for better things in the life of humanity we 
 cannot longer afford to keep off the open field the deep charity and exhaustless energy 
 of woman's soul. Columbus could not have succeeded without the practical patronage 
 of Isabella. Be Isabella honored in the Columbian Exposition by America's generous 
 recognition of woman's sphere. 
 
 Finally, there is the department of religion, crowning the work of other depart- 
 ments and perfuming them with the fragrance of heaven. Sublime the thought to 
 have the proclamation go out from the great Exposition that God reigns, and that 
 man is His servant; that all progress begins and ends with Him, who is the alpha and 
 omega of all things. Keligion is at home amid parliaments of men working for prog- 
 ress in men. There is no progress deserving the name where no provision exists for 
 the growth of man's spiritual nature. Nor can laborers in the field of progress afford 
 to overlook the powerful aid which comes from religion to progress in the moral and 
 social spheres. Without God's love inspiring, and God's justice rewarding, men's hearts 
 are warped, souls are chilled, enthusiasm is transient sentiment. The fatal enemy of 
 the spirit of sacrifice and of self-control, from which springs all moral and social 
 progress, is the cold positivism which unbelief seeks to substitute for the religion of a 
 living God. Positivism is despair and practical pessimism. England's lamented 
 laureate wrote lines of which all feel the truth: 
 
 " Why should we bear -with an hour of torture, a rnomen^ of pain, 
 If every man die forever, if all his griefs are in vain, 
 
 And the homeless planet at length will be wheeled through the silence of space, 
 Motherless evermore of an ever-vanishing race ? " 
 
 Keligion is the eternal fount of hope, and hope it is which sustains man amid his 
 strugglings, and impels him to deeds of virtue and of valor. Positivism can never be 
 the creed of a progressive people. It is not the creed of the Congress Auxiliary of the 
 Columbian Exposition. 
 
 Exception has been taken to religious congresses on the ground that on so many 
 points there will be no harmony of thought, and that truth will suffer by the juxta- 
 position of error. There is no force in the remark. The vital primordial truths 
 regarding the supreme God will be confessed by all. The proclamation of these truths 
 will be a great gain. Beyond this, those who believe they possess the truth need not 
 fear. Truth is not timid. Rather should she court publicity on this as on all other 
 occasions, in order that she be known and loved. There shall be no discussions, no 
 controversies. The purpose shall be to show forth in methods of peace what are the 
 professions of faith and the religious works of the world at the present time. From 
 the plans of the department of religion of the Congress Auxiliary naught but good 
 results can follow. 
 
 Through its varied departments the Congress Auxiliary unrolls its chart of pro- 
 gress for the building up of the whole man. Its convention halls will be workshops 
 in which earnest men will seek to purify and to fashion humanity according to high 
 ideals. In convoking men to its gatherings, it convokes them to the noblest of tasks 
 that of working for fellow-man. God works for man ; the divine purpose in the 
 creation and the preservation of the universe is man. We become God-like in 
 action when we work for man. God must ever be the supreme end of our willing and 
 
 204 
 
our doing; but, outside the worship due immediately to His Majesty, He has deter- 
 mined that we shall reach Him through our fellow-beings. God's manifestation 
 of His Eternal mind, Christianity, makes work for humanity a fundamental principle 
 of religion. ' 'Amen, amen, I say to you, as long as you did it to one of these my least 
 brethren, you did it to me." 
 
 The lines of work, which Christ prescribes in favor of man, are not merely 
 those relating to the spiritual; they are those also, relating to the life of the 
 body the feeding of the hungry, the clothing of the naked, the solacing of 
 the captive, the healing of the crushed and suffering heart. God's sweet re- 
 ligion is wherever work is done for man's welfare wherever humanity is bene- 
 fited, and lifted upward were it only by the width of a hair of the head. There is 
 religion within the cathedral walls, where God is spoken to, and loved; there is relig- 
 ion in the wheat field, where clay and air combine to produce food for man ; there is 
 religion in the factory, where matter is turned into new forms for man's comfort; 
 there is religion in the sanctuary of philosopher and writer, dreaming of new uplif tings 
 for the race, and oh! there is religion, when the weary one is comforted, the outcast 
 saved, and the hand of the hungering is filled with bread. There is religion wherever 
 there is work for man; religion expands her heavenly wings over all the palaces of 
 your great Exposition. 
 
 Nor by any manner of means is working for men the hopeless task that pessi- 
 mists would fain proclaim it to be. Progress is the law of nature and the law of 
 nature's God. Since the Creator has bestowed upon us faculties capable of expansion, 
 it must be His will that we draw into action their latent forces. Since He subjected 
 to us the earth, it must be His will that we take possession of it, and assert our 
 mastership of its every part. Powers lying dormant and idle find no favor in God's 
 eyes. Progress is the continuity of creation ; to arrest it, through malice or indolence, 
 is a crime against creator and creature. Christ's gospel is throughout a gospel of 
 progress. It announces that all things should be put to profit and increase ; the 
 talent wrapt up in a napkin, not made to fructify, draws down upon its possessor the 
 ire of the master. The parable of the talent rather primarily applies to progress in 
 material things. History is the witness that hamanity under Christ's touch was 
 impelled into moral and spiritual progress with such might that centuries do not still 
 the sublime vibration. The pessimist who stands idly by, uttering words of discour- 
 agement, reads not nature's lessons in the brightness of its morning sun, nor in the 
 richness of its autumnal fruitage; he reads not in his bible the divine lessons of mercy 
 and grace. There will always be in limited humanity, sin and misery, suffering and 
 death. But evil may be lessened, and good may be increased, and this is progress. 
 I shall never believe that good must necessarily yield to evil, that the Devil is stronger 
 than God, and hence I shall never cease to put my hope in the progress of humanity. 
 The history of humanity is a history of progress. A narrow survey of the scene will 
 not always bring out this important truth. There are in the tide of progress backward 
 currents and tortuous windings. We must consider the general movement of which 
 the trend ceases not to be toward higher planes. 
 
 " Forward, then ; but still remember how the course of time will swerve, 
 Crook and turn upon itself in many a backward streaming curve." 
 
 Disguised in a rhythm of rise and decline, of ebb and flow, of growth and decay, 
 the progress of humanity continues, and the hopes of the workers in the cause of 
 humanity obtain their rewards. 
 
 205 
 
"Through the ages one increasing purpose runs, 
 
 And the thoughts of men are widening with the process of the suns." 
 
 The effect of the work of our congresses will be to give a marked impetus to the 
 forward stream of progress. Their deliberations will provide the charts for the march 
 of future generations. 
 
 The congresses organized by the congress auxiliary will not be meetings of pleasure 
 and friendship ; they will be solemn conventions of earnest men and women, working 
 with mind and heart for progress, comparing together their observations and conclus- 
 ions, drawing from contact with one another light and heat, and when separating more 
 firmly resolved than before to labor for f ellowmen. 
 
 The time is most auspicious. Manifestly we live in one of those momentous cycles 
 of history, when humanity is casting around for new pathways and girding itself for 
 unusual manifestations of its energies. How much has been done since the days of 
 Columbus! Much more will be done in the new period, whose approach already bright- 
 ens the landscape. Ours is an age of unrest, of searchings and dreamings. Past 
 achievements have but whetted the appetite. We are to-day less satisfied with inven- 
 tions and discoveries than we were when the steamship and the railroad car were mere 
 experiments. Science is more restless in its enquiries into cause and effect, than when 
 it made its first step beyond the borderland of guessings. Signal victories in the 
 extension of popular rights and of individual liberty, the elevation of the masses, the 
 enlargement of the sphere of woman, make known how much more may be obtained, 
 and awaken new and untried ambitions. 
 
 Another feature of the age is its questioning spirit, its tireless inquisitiveness. It 
 puts all things to the test; it peers into the heights and depths, so as to arrive at the 
 real facts, the ultimate foundations, content to repose itself upon nothing else. No 
 possibilities escape the vision, and no difficulties affright the heart of man. He is 
 emboldened by the past and enriched with its accumulated treasures of knowledge and 
 experience. Never was humanity as daring as it is to-day, never so ready to leave far 
 behind the pillars of Hercules and steer its ships over undiscovered seas. 
 
 I would remark, too, the universality of its energies and labors. The manifesta- 
 tions of the age can be reduced to no single force or trait. All the diverse energies of 
 preceding ages combine in it, and many others born of itself. All forces, physical, 
 scientific, social, moral are evoked, and all are challenged to show their best results. 
 
 The age is ready for great feats. If we are the loyal workers of progress our lines 
 are. indeed, cast amid hopeful surroundings. 
 
 The future ! What will it be? Material progress, no doubt, will continue onward 
 with ever-increasing velocity. The wildest dreams scarcely, I believe, foreshadow the 
 realities ; nothing need be unexpected. The travelers to the Columbian Exposition a 
 hundred years hence will, perhaps, birdlike, sail through the air, journeying in a half- 
 dozen hours from the Atlantic coast to the city of the Northwest on the banks of the 
 Mississippi. More unlikely would the prophecy of travel by rail, or steam, or electric- 
 ity have seemed to our forefathers one century ago. 
 
 I trust in Providence and in humanity, and I have confidence that the moral and 
 social forces which now so profoundly agitate the world will work into an increase of 
 goodness and happiness among men. Much will depend upon the intelligence and zeal 
 of those whom position and talent have made the leaders of thought and action. 
 Seldom in all history did such deep responsibilities lie upon the leaders of their 
 fellows as there do to-day. Scarcely ever was humanity pregnant with such moment- 
 
 206 
 
ous possibilities ; scarcely ever were similar opportunities offered to accomplish great 
 things. The future will bring no millennium. There will be no rosebush without 
 thorns, no day without the nearness of evening shades, no life without the menace of 
 death. There will be inequalities among men, and passions will disturb the peace of 
 souls. But I do believe there will be more mercy in the world, more justice, more 
 righteousness. There will be more respect for manhood, more liberty for the indi- 
 vidual. The brotherhood of men will be more widely recognized, and its lessons more 
 faithfully practiced. Servitude and oppression will be banished even from the darkest 
 thickets of African forests. The boon of civilization will reach all races of the human 
 family ; civil and political liberty will speed across all seas and oceans. Nations will 
 see in one another assemblies of brothers, and peaceful arbitration will, in settlement 
 of disagreements, take the place of the murderous sword. Brute force will more and 
 more yield before reason ; mind will more and more assert itself over matter, and over 
 passion. All this will not come to pass without delays and backward movements, 
 without reactions and repressions, but the victory will be for truth and justice. 
 
 The atmosphere of the day is chilled with the spirit of unbelief. Need we fear 
 for religion? It is as if we asked, need we fear for eternal truth, for the reign of the 
 Almighty? Unbelief is but a passing wave. The material and scientific progress of 
 the age has begotten an overestimate of nature, and draws a film over eyes which 
 would seek the supernatural. The realities of the supernatural and man's profound 
 need of them endure, and his reason will not lose sight of them. The protest against 
 unbelief will bring religion into bolder relief, and the widening thoughts of men along 
 other lines of progress will prove more clearly that religion is the need of all progress, 
 as God is the need of all being. 
 
 Toward a future, as I briefly sketch it, will tend the labors of the congress 
 auxiliary. 
 
 In the course ot history, Providence selected now one nation, now another, to be 
 the guide and exemplar of humanity's progress. At the opening of the Christian era, 
 mighty Rome led the vanguard. Iberia rose up the mistress of the times, when 
 America was to be born into the family of civilized peoples. The great era, the like 
 of which has not been seen, is now dawning upon the horizon. "Which will be Provi- 
 dence's chosen nation to guide now the destinies of mankind? 
 
 THE NOBLE NATION is BEFORE MY SOUL'S VISION. 
 
 Giant in stature, comely in every feature, 'buoyant in the freshness of morning 
 youth, matronly in prudent stepping, the ethereal breezes of liberty waving with 
 loving touch her tresses she is no one seeing her may doubt the queen, the con- 
 querer, the mistress, the teacher of coming ages. To her keeping, the Creator has 
 entrusted a great continent, whose shores two oceans lave, rich in all nature's gifts, 
 imbosoming precious and useful minerals, fertile in soil, salubrious in air, beauteous 
 in vesture. For long centuries had He held in reserve this region of His predilection, 
 awaiting the propitious moment in humanity's evolutions to bestow it on men, when 
 men were worthy to possess it. Her children have come from all countries, bearing 
 with them the ripest fruits of thought, labor and experience. Adding thereto high 
 inspirations and generous impulses, they have built up a new world of humanity. 
 This world embodies the hopes, the ambitions, the dreamings of humanity's priests 
 and seers. To its daring in the race of progress, to its offerings at the shrine of 
 liberty there seems to be no limit; and yet prosperity, order, peace spread over its 
 
 vast area their sheltering wings. 
 
 207 
 
The uation of the future! Need I name it? Your hearts quiver loving it. 
 ' ' My country 'tis of thee 
 Sweet land of liberty, 
 
 Of thee I sing-." 
 
 We commemorate the discovery of America, four hundred years ago. Behold 
 the crowning gift to humanity from Columbus, whose caravels ploughed ocean's 
 uncertain billows in search of a great land, and from the all-ruling Providence whose 
 wisdom and mercy inspired and guided the immortal Genoese mariner the United 
 States of America. 
 
 After the oration the President of the Auxiliary spoke as follows regarding the 
 absence of the President of the United States: 
 
 ' ' The President of the United States expected to honor this inauguration by his 
 attendance. For the overshadowing affliction which prevents his presence, we waft to 
 him on the wings of prayer, our deepest sympathies. 
 
 "As the World's Congresses of 1893 are planned with a supreme purpose of ben- 
 efitting the peoples of all participating countries, it is highly appropriate that the pro- 
 gramme of these inaugural ceremonies contain a part to be performed by the people 
 present on this occasion. 
 
 "The audience will rise and sing 'America,' led by Mr. E. R Sharpe." 
 
 At the close of the hymn, the benediction, by Dr. William Harper, was pro- 
 nounced as follows: 
 
 "Almighty God, before Whom kings bow down and princes do obeisance, to 
 Whom as Father, all may come as children of one great family, receive us, we pray, 
 and grant the petitions of our hearts petitions for the impouring of the Divine Spirit, 
 for the elevation of the great humanity, of which we form a part, for the coming of a 
 day when all men shall see and know that Thou art God indeed, able and willing to do 
 for those who come to him. May Thy benediction rest upon the great work which has 
 been inaugurated this night. Guide wisely all who are connected with it, and may 
 the grace and peace of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit be, and abide with us all, now 
 and forever. Amen." 
 
 The Triumphal March, Dudley Buck, was then rendered on the organ by Mr. 
 Clarence Eddy, as the closing number on the programme. 
 
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 Archbishop Ireland's Translation o/ the Pope's Letter: 
 
 HONORED SIR, GREETING While we see on all sides the preparations that are being 
 eagerly made for the celebration of the Columbian quatro-centenary in memory of a man 
 most illustrious and deserving of Christianity of all cultured humanity, we hear with 
 great pleasure that the United States has, among other nations, entered this competition 
 of praise in such a manner as befits the vastness and richness of the country, and the 
 memory of the man so great as he to whom these honors are being shown. 
 
 Nothing, certainly, could be more splendid than what is told of us of the grand and 
 magnificent Exposition which that nation will hold at Chicago, bringing together every 
 kind of produce and work which fruitful nature bears, and the artful industry of man 
 creates. The success of this effort will surely be another proof of the great spirit and 
 active energy of this people, who undertake enormous and difficult tasks with such great 
 and happy daring. We rejoice, moreover, in the nobility of the purpose which is equal in 
 greatness to the undertaking itself. It is a testimony of honor and gratitude to that 
 immortal man of whom we have spoken, who, desirous of finding a road by which the 
 light and truth, and all the adornments of civil culture might be carried to the most dis- 
 tant parts of the world, could neither be deterred by dangers nor wearied by labors, 
 until, having in a certain manner renewed the bonds between two parts of the human 
 race, so long separated, he bestowed upon both such great benefits that he, in justice, 
 must be said to have few equals, and no superior among benefactors of mankind. While, 
 therefore, we bestow on the citizens of the great republic well-merited praise, we express 
 the fervent hope that their noble undertaking, other nations uniting with them and lend- 
 ing them aid, may have a most prosperous issue, that will prove of great use in stimulat- 
 ing the ingenuity of man in promoting the development of nature, and in advancing the 
 culture of all the fine arts. 
 
 Given at St. Peter's, Rome, February 27, A. D., 1892, and the fifteenth of our 
 pontificate. 
 
 LEO P. P. XIII. 
 
 To the Honorable Thomas E. Bryan. 
 
 210 
 
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 211 
 
212 
 
213 
 
215 
 
217 
 
219 
 
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221 
 
223 
 
225 
 
IRISH VILLAGE. 
 JAPANESE TEMPLE, 
 
 226 
 
227 
 
229 
 
231 
 
SOUDANESE AND NUBIANS. 
 STREET IN CAIRO. EGYPTIAN DANCING GIRLS. 
 
 232 
 
233 
 
SAMOAN WARRIORS. 
 GROUP OF BOUSHAREEN. 
 234 
 
I- a 
 
 236 
 
237 
 
WALKER FEARN, 
 Chief Department of Foreign Affairs. 
 
 MOSES P. HANDY, 
 Chief Department of Publicity and Promotion. 
 
 WILLARD A. SMITH, 
 Chief Department of Transportation. 
 
 
 ERSKINE M. PHELPS, 
 Director. 
 
 HALSEY C. IVES, 
 Chief Department of Fine Arts 
 
 238 
 
RECEPTION fYT.THB f\UDITORIUM. 
 
 WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 19, 1892. 
 
 ON February 22, 1892, the Joint Committee on Ceremonies of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition passed a resolution, placing in the hands of the fol- 
 lowing named resident citizens of Chicago, Major- General Nelson A. Miles, 
 of the United States Army; Hon. Hempstead Washburne, Mayor; Marshall Field, 
 George M. Pullman and N. K. Fairbank, the giving of a ball or entertainment, to be 
 wholly upon behalf of the citizens of Chicago, without regard to the National Com- 
 mission or Local Directory, and without expense to either body. 
 
 Acting upon this resolution, the committee decided that a reception should be 
 tendered to the President and the Vice-president of the United States, ex-Presidents, 
 Cabinet, Diplomatic Corps, Supreme Court, Senate, House of Representatives and 
 other distinguished guests, at the Auditorium, Chicago, on the evening of October 19, 
 1892, during the week of the dedicatory ceremonies. These gentlemen then invited 
 Mr. Hobart Chatfield Taylor to assume the detail work of arranging for the reception. 
 It was decided that all citizens of Chicago who were invited should be asked to sub- 
 scribe to the expense of the reception, and that admittance should be entirely by 
 invitation. The distinguished guests receiving complimentary invitations included the 
 President, Vice-president, ex-presidents, Cabinet, Diplomatic Corps, Supreme Court, 
 Senate, House of Representatives, Foreign Commissioners to the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, National Commissioners and Lady Managers. The subscription lists sent 
 to residents of Chicago included twenty-five hundred names of gentlemen. 
 
 The following ladies were invited to act as patronesses and assist in receiving the 
 distinguished guests: 
 
 Mrs. Potter Palmer, Mrs. C. C, Kohlsaat, Mrs. W. Q. Gresham, 
 
 Mrs. William Armour. Mrs. Ferd. W. Peck, Mrs. Carter H. Harrison, Jr., 
 
 Mrs. J. Harley Bradley, Mrs. Geo. M. Pullman, Mrs. H. N. Higinbotham, 
 
 Mrs. Thos. B. Bryan, Mrs. A. F. Seeberger, Mrs. C. H. McCormick, 
 
 Mrs. Edmund Burke. Mrs. Henry M. Shepard, Mrs. A. C. McClurg, 
 
 Mrs. John DeKoven, Mrs. H. O. Stone, Mrs. John McLaren, 
 
 Mrs. George L. Dunlap, Mrs. Arthur J. Caton, Mrs. Nelson A. Miles, 
 
 Mrs. N. K. Fairbank, Mrs. Wm. J. Chalmers, Mrs. Hobart C. Taylor, 
 
 Mrs. Marshall Field, Mrs. A. L. Chetlain, Mrs. Lambert Tree, 
 
 Mrs. Charles Fitz-Simmons, Mrs. John M. Clarke, Mrs. Lyman Trumbull, 
 
 Mrs. Charles Henrotin, Mrs. George R. Davis, Mrs. Hempstead Washburne, 
 
 Mrs. John N. Jewett, Mrs. Lyman J. Gage, Mrs. George S. W T illits, 
 
 Mrs. Charles P. Kellogg, Mrs. J. J. Glessner, Mrs. Francis M. Whitehouse. 
 
 The following gentlemen were invited to act as managers, and to assist the com- 
 mittee on the evening of the reception: 
 
 Allan C. Durburrow, Jr., James Carey Evans, Charles B. McDonald, 
 
 M. C. William R. Farquhar, General Chauncey McKeever, 
 
 George E. Adams, F. C. Farwell, U. S. A. 
 
 Abbot L. Adams, Walter Farwell, Franklin McVeagh, 
 
 J. McGregor Adams, Carter N. Fitz-Hugh, J. Henry Norton, 
 
 239 
 
Arthur Aldis, 
 
 Captain James Allen, U. S. 
 
 Allison V. Armour, 
 
 Frank M. A very, 
 
 Asher C. Baker, U. S. A. 
 
 Daniel N. Bertolette, M. D. 
 
 U. S. N. 
 
 William G. Beale, 
 Nelson P. Bigelow, 
 Edward T. Blair, 
 J. Harley Bradley, 
 Urban H. Broughton, 
 Colonel Charles P. Bryan, 
 Benjamin Carpenter, 
 William T. Carrington, 
 Arthur J. Caton, 
 John L. Chamberlin 
 Charles Corwith, 
 Frank Cramer, 
 Charles Deering, 
 J. Edward Doane, 
 Augustus N. Eddy, 
 Arthur C. Ely, 
 
 Carter H. Harrison, Jr. 
 Adrian C. Honore, 
 Lockwood Honore, 
 Pierrepont Isham, 
 Ralph Ishani, 
 Huntington W. Jackson, 
 C. Fred Kimball, 
 Herman H. Kohlsaat, 
 Benjamin B. Lamb, 
 Frederick W. Lamport, 
 Victor F. Lawson, 
 Charles D. Lathrop, 
 Joseph Leiter, 
 H. G. Selfridge, 
 Milton C. Lightner, 
 Benoni Lockwood, Jr. 
 U. S. A. Frank A. Marsh, 
 Edward G. Mason, 
 John A. C. Mason, 
 Captain Marion P. Maus, 
 
 U. S. A. 
 Charles P. McAvoy, 
 
 William Odell, 
 
 Andrew Onderdonk, 
 
 R. W. Patterson, Jr., 
 
 Francis S. Peabody. 
 
 Frank J. Remington 
 
 Thomas J. Ryan, 
 
 Arthur Ryerson, 
 
 James W. Scott, 
 
 George A. Seaverns, Jr., 
 
 Charles M. Sherman, 
 
 W. E. B. Shufeldt, 
 
 Sydney R. Taylor, 
 
 William E. Safford, U. S. N. 
 
 Lambert Tree, 
 
 Emerson B. Tuttle, 
 
 R. A. Waller, 
 
 Franklin Watriss, 
 
 Dudley Winston, 
 
 Roger Welles, Jr., U. S. N. 
 
 Francis M. Whitehouse, 
 
 Bertram Winston, 
 
 Norman Williams, 
 
 Arthur Wheeler. 
 
 Cyrus H. McCormick, 
 
 On the evening of the reception, a floor was laid in the Auditorium, covering the 
 stage and a large part of the parquet circle, thus converting it into a ball-room. In 
 addition to the thirty-eight regular boxes, twenty-four boxes were built in a semicircle 
 around the stage. The allotment of the boxes to distinguished guests were as follows : 
 
 M. Governor Maryland and Staff. 
 
 N. Governor South Carolina and Staff. 
 
 O. Governor New Hampshire and Staff. 
 
 P. Governor New York and Staff. 
 
 Q. Governor Rhode Island and Staff. 
 
 R. General Schofield and Admiral Belknap. 
 
 S. Ex-president Hayes. 
 
 T. Diplomatic Corps. 
 
 U. Diplomatic Corps. 
 
 V. Board Lady Managers. 
 
 W. Local Directors. 
 
 X. National Commission. 
 
 A. 
 B. 
 C. 
 D. 
 E. 
 F. 
 G. 
 
 H. 
 
 I. 
 
 J. 
 
 K. 
 
 L. 
 
 Vice-President. 
 Cabinet. 
 Cabinet. 
 Chief Justice. 
 Supreme Court. 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 Speaker of House Cardinal and Arch- 
 bishop. 
 
 Governor of Delaware and Staff. 
 Governor of Pennsylvania and Staff. 
 Governor New Jersey and Staff. 
 Governor Connecticut and Staff. 
 Governor Massachusetts and Staff. 
 
 Lower tier Auditorium boxes on South side occupied by Diplomatic Corps. 
 
 Lower tier Auditorium boxes on North side occupied by Lady Patronesses of 
 Ball. 
 
 Upper tiers Auditorium boxes by the Governors of Vermont, Ohio, Kentucky, 
 Louisiana, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Iowa, Wisconsin, 
 Alaska, California, Minnesota, Kansas, West Virginia, Nebraska, Nevada, Colorado, 
 Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington and Arizona. 
 
 The decorations of the ball-room consisted of garlands of wild smilax caught up by 
 bows of red and yellow ribbons, which were festooned along the fronts of the boxes 
 and balconies on each side of the Auditorium. Above the boxes of the Vice-president 
 and the Exposition officials respectively, were the arms of the United States holding 
 up the flags of the American Nation, and the arms of Spain holding the flags of Euro- 
 pean nations. Around the ball-room scene with which the stage was set were gonfa- 
 
 240 
 
Ions of red and yellow, and in the centre at the back of the stage were Columbus Arms 
 and Columbus Expedition banner of white and green. On each side of the banner 
 burning in electric lights were the figures 1492 and 1892. Sousa's New Marine Band 
 furnished the promenade music, and the Mexican Band played a selection of airs during 
 the early part of the evening. The dance Orchestra in a pavillion on the stage was 
 under the direction of Professor Hand. The following was the programme of 
 dances : 
 
 . Quadrille Columbian Hand. 
 
 2. Waltz Vogelhaendler Czibulka. 
 
 3. Polka , . Tout on Rein Waldteuf el 
 
 4. Waltz Poor Jonathan Millocker. 
 
 5. Polka The Gallant Unrath. 
 
 6. Waltz Wang 1 Morse. 
 
 7. Galop Happy Through Life Hand. 
 
 8. Waltz Wiener MadTn Zicher. 
 
 9. Polka Harlequin De Koven. 
 
 10. Waltz Santiago Cor bin. 
 
 11. Lanciers Festival , Hoffman. 
 
 12. Waltz Holdschmied's Tochter Petras. 
 
 13. Polka Rococo Waldteufel. 
 
 14. Waltz Auditorium De Koven, 
 
 15. Schottische Dancing- Cupid Mazzocchi 
 
 16. Waltz Shoene Welt Forster. 
 
 The supper was served in three rooms, the Auditorium dining room, Auditorium 
 banquet hall and the third floor of the Studebaker building, which was kindly loaned 
 by the Studebaker Manufacturing Company for the evening, and was connected with 
 the Auditorium by a covered stairway. The Auditorium Hotel Company furnished 
 the supper in the two Auditorium supper rooms, and H. M. Kinsley and Bauman were 
 the caterers in the Studebaker building, the same elaborate menu being furnished in 
 all three rooms. 
 
 The decorations in the supper rooms consisted entirely of plants and flowers, the 
 Spanish colors of red and yellow being represented by roses of these two colors. 
 Messrs. P. J. Hansworth and Joseph were the floral decorators. Three mandolin 
 bands under the direction of Professors Tomaso and Valisi furnished the music in the 
 three supper rooms. 
 
 Among the distinguished guests who were present on this occasion were the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Hon. Levi. P. Morton, Vice-president of the United States; Hon. J. W. Foster, Secre- 
 tary of State; Hon. S. B. Elkins, Secretary of War; Hon. B. F. Tracy, Secretary of the 
 Navy; Hon. Charles Foster, Secretary of the Treasury; Hon. John Wanamaker, Postmaster- 
 general; Hon. John W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior; Hon. Wm. H. H. Miller, Attorney- 
 general; Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
 Mr. Chief-justice Fuller, Mr. Justice Shiras, Mr. Justice Harlan, Mr. Justice Gray, Mr. 
 Justice Brewer, Mr. Justice Brown, Mr. Justice Lamar, Mr. Justice Blatchford. 
 
 Major-general and Mrs. Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A. ; Admiral C. E. Belknap, U. S. N. ; 
 General J. C. Breckenridge, Ky. ; Hon. Henry Watterson, Ky.; His Eminence, Cardinal 
 Gibbons, Baltimore; Monseigneur Saltoi, Rome; Senator and Mrs. John Sherman, Ohio; 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Studebaker, South Bend, Ind. ; Senator and Miss Stockbridge, Michigan; 
 Major-general J. B. Schofield, U. S. A.; Hon. J. W. St. Clair, West Virginia; Hon. Gorton 
 W. Allen, New York; Hon. and Mrs. P. A. B. Widener, Philadelphia; Hon. and Mrs. Rich- 
 ard Kerenes, St. Louis; Senator and Mrs. Calvin S. Brice, Ohio; Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, 
 President World's Columbian Commission, Mr. and Mrs. H. N. Higinbotham, President 
 
 241 
 
World's Columbian Exposition; Senator W. B. Allison, Iowa; Mrs. Sarali S. C. Angell, Ann 
 Arbor, Mich. ; Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Andrews, Raleigh, N. C. ; Hon. Raymond Le Ghait, Bel- 
 gian Legation; Senor Thomas de Souza Roza, Portuguese Minister; Frederich Baruch, 
 Consul-general of Salvador; Anton F. P. von Palmforst, Consul of Austria-Hungary; Mr. 
 Alfred de Claparede, Swiss Minister; Senor Don Nicanor Balet-Peraza, Venezuelan Min- 
 ister; Mr. Pung Kwang Yu, Secretary of the Chinese Legation; Senor Don Horacio Guz- 
 man, Nicaraguan Minister; Senor Don Matias Romero, Mexican Minister; Mr. George 
 Birkhoff, Jr., Consul of the Netherlands; His Excellency, Gozo Tateno, Japanese Minister; 
 Hon. Adolph Kirchoff , Secretary of the Brazilian Commission; Hon. T. B. Bullene, Kansas 
 City; Hon. and Mrs. Joseph Byrum, Rienzo, Miss.; Hon. L. Brainerd, Hartford, 
 Conn.; Hon. and Mrs. A. R. Bixby, Maine; Hon. and Mrs. A. G. Bullock, Massa- 
 chusetts; Naveoyeni Bey, Turkish Legation; F. Berriozabel, Mexican Consul to 
 Chicago; Hon. A. Boutelle, Maine; Mr. A. Bartholemy, Paris; Hon. Harry H. Bingham, 
 Pennsylvania; General Brooks, U. S. A.; Senator S. M. McCullum, Illinois; Mr. John 
 M. Coburn, 1st Secretary Chilian Legation; Mr. H. C. Lausseuius, Austrian Consul to Chi- 
 cago; Hon. John T. Dickinson, Secretary World's Columbian Commission; Hon. and Mrs. 
 Charles H. Deere, Moline, 111.; Hon. and Mrs. Nelson Dingley, Jr., Maine; Chev. de Favera, 
 Austrian Minister; Mr. and Mrs. 'Chauncey M. Depew, New York; Hon. Richard Delafield, 
 New York; Mr. and Mrs. J. Calvo, Costa Rica Legation; Hon. W. H. Enochs, Ohio; Hon. 
 and Mrs. Jos. Eiboech, Iowa; General and Mrs. Jos. B. Doe, Wisconsin; Colonel O. H. 
 Ernst, Washington; Prince Engalitsheff, Russia; Colonel and Mrs. J. II. French, Massa- 
 chusetts; Governor and Mrs. David R. Frances, Missouri; Baron de Fava, Minister from 
 Italy; Hon. Stuyvesant Fish, New York; Governor and Mrs. Joseph Fifer, Illinois; Hon. 
 and Mrs. Lyman B. Goff, Rhode Island; Hon. Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville, Ind. ; Ramon 
 Gurzman, Guatemala; Hon. Thos. E. C. Gutierres, New Mexico; Senor and Mrs. Goday, 
 Mexican Commissioner; Mr. and Mrs. F. Gould, Moline, 111.; Hon. Frank R. Gammon, 
 Guthrie, O. T.; Hon. J. Hurst, Secretary Haytian Legation; Mrs. John Hay, Cleveland, 
 Ohio; Mr. and Miss E. W. Halford, Washington; Mrs. Florence Ives, New York; Miss Lillie 
 Irene Jackson, West Virginia; Hon. and Mrs. C. H. Jones, St. Louis; Hon. F. C. Lay ton, 
 Ohio; Hon. and Mrs. Henry Lane, Michigan; Mr. A. Lilyhart, Belgian Minister; Senor 
 Manuel Lemus, Guatemala; Mrs. W. Newton Linch, West Virginia; Senor De Lome, Wash- 
 ington; Mrs. John A. Logan, Washington; Hon. and Mrs. P. H. Lannan, Utah; Hon. and 
 Mrs. Euclid Martin, Omaha, Nebraska; Senor Roman and Mme. Mayorga, Secretary Nicau- 
 raguan Legation; Hon. George V. Massey, Delaware; Mrs. Jennis Mitchell, Kansas; Mrs. 
 Lewis Hanback, Kansas; Robert von Mutzenbecher, German Legation; Hon. and Mrs. E. 
 B. Martindale, Indiana; Mr. and Mrs. A. Moreira,* Brazilian Commissioner; Dr. Z. Barrow 
 Barrios, Brazilian Commissioner; C. de Ragonza, Brazilian Commissioner; L. Soutcheffskv. 
 Imperial Commissioner from Russia; Colonel Edwin C. Mason, U. S. A., Ft. Snelling; Com- 
 modore Meade, U. S. N. ; Hon. B. C. Miles, Massachusetts; Governor Wm. McKinley, 
 Ohio; Hon. C. D. McDuffie, New Hampshire; Hon. and Mrs. R. J. Oglesby, Illinois. 
 Simeas de J. Olivera, Brazilian Commissioner; H. 'Price, Haytian Legation; General and 
 Mrs. Horace Porter, New York; Hon. and Mrs. Willard Hall Porter, Delaware; Professor 
 and Miss Putnam, Boston; Miss Augusta Pitchowski, Russia; Prof, and Mrs. John K. 
 Paine, Massachusetts; Hon. and Mrs. Harvey P. Platt, Ohio; J. SeaverPage and Miss Page, 
 New York; Clem Studebaker, Jr., South Bend, Indiana; Captain Schofield, U. S. A.; Mr. 
 W. E. D. Stokes, New York; Colonel Saddler, Chicago; John Starrin, New York; Hon. 
 W T m. Saunders, Ottawa, Canada; Hon. W. L. Sessions, New York; Hon. H. C. Sherrard, 
 Steubenville, Ohio; Mr. and Mrs. Svanoe, Swedish Consul; Don Roderigo de Saavedora, 
 Spanish Legation; Reverend Storjohann, Christiana, Sweden; Manuel Parez Sevane, Span- 
 ish Legation; Hon. and Mrs. John Boyd Thatcher, Albany, N. Y. ; Hon. R. Turnbull, 
 Florida; Charles E. Terrel, Secretary Swiss Legation; Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Troutman, New 
 York; Hon. O. V. Tousley, Minnesota; P. De Thall, Russia; Mr. and Mrs. S. R. Tappen, 
 New York; Lieutenant Taussig, U. S. A., Washington; Right Hon. LordThurlow, England; 
 Hon. and Mrs. J. W. Woodside, Pennsylvania; Hon. Richard M. White, New Mexico; Hon. 
 and Mrs. T. B. Keogh, North Carolina; General and Mrs. V. D. Groner, Virginia; Mr. and 
 Mrs. Fred J. Kiesel, Utah; Mr. M. Kurn, Japanese Minister; Mrs. Wm. Reed, Baltimore, 
 Md. ; Colonel and Mrs. R. Bruce, Ricketts, Penn.; Hon. and Mrs. Wm. Ritchie, Ohio; Gen- 
 eral and Mrs. J. N. Reece, Springfield, 111.; Mr. Clement Studebaker, Indiana; Mrs. Jacob 
 
 242 
 
and Jacob Studebaker, South Bend, Ind. ; Major Hoyt Sherman, Des Moines, la. ; Monsieur 
 de Struve. Washington; Mrs. Josephine Shakespeare, Louisiana; Hon. and Mrs. B. B. Smal- 
 ley. Vermont; Hon. and Mrs. Thomas Smith, New Jersey; Hon. Gardiner C. Sims, Provi- 
 dence, R. I.; Mr. and Mrs. G. Studebaker, Indiana; Mrs. Avery M. ' Starkweather, Rhode 
 Island; Hon. J. M. Sheppard, Michigan; Hon. R. L. Saunders, Mississippi; Monsieur 
 Krautzer, French Minister; Mr. George Studebaker, Indiana; Hon. G.W. Hundley, Ala- 
 bama; Captain Myron Herrick, Cleveland, Ohio; Mr. Walter Hayes, Washington; Mr. F. 
 II. Harrison, Evanston; Mr. and Mrs. Verstraete, Paris, France; Hon. A. R. Hervey, Bos- 
 ton; Mr. Colgate Hoyt, Long Island; Colonel J. C. Howe, Columbus, Ohio; Hon. George F. 
 Coates, Arizona; Mr. M. Heilman, French Chancellor; Lieutenant Hess, German Legation; 
 A. Honger, Swiss Legation; Monsieur Le Maille, Paris, France; Mr. Robert Levy, Constan- 
 tinople; Lieutenant Bitiencourt, Brazilian Commissioner; Harkey Bey, Constantinople; 
 Tapin Bey, Constantinople; Hon. Thomas M. Williams, Tennessee: Hon. C. K. Holiday, Jr., 
 Kansas; Hon. C. B. Hopkins, Spokane, Washington; General G. B. Raum, Washington. 
 
 JOHN W. ROOT. 
 
 D. H. BURNHAM, 
 Director of Works. 
 
 243 
 
244 
 
CIVIC CELEBRATION. 
 
 OCTOBER 20, 1892. 
 
 AS a part of the ceremonies attending the dedication of the buildings of the 
 World'sColumbian Exposition, it was determined by the National Commission 
 that a grand civic demonstration should be one of the distinguishing features. 
 
 General Miles was designated by the Secretary of War to take command of the 
 troops, and was requested by the joint committee on ceremonies to act as grand 
 marshal of the civic parade. General Joseph Stockton was appointed chief of staff. 
 
 The secretary of the committee addressed a letter to the principal officers of the 
 various civic societies of Chicago inviting them to participate in the parade, and in 
 nearly every instance met a prompt response. 
 
 The route of the march was as follows: Michigan avenue from Twelfth street, 
 north to Van Buren street, Van Buren street west to Wabash avenue, Wabash avenue 
 north to Lake street, Lake street west to State street, State street south to Adams 
 street, Adams street west to Franklin street, Franklin street south to Jackson street, 
 Jackson street east to State street, State street south to Van Buren street and disperse. 
 
 It covered a marching distance of three miles, while the column was over ten 
 miles in length and three hours in passing a given point. The column was marched in 
 platoon front of sixteen to twenty abreast, close order, music in quick time. 
 
 The marching of the different civic societies composed of men not accustomed to 
 marching, and the assembling and dispersing would have been creditable to military 
 organizations, showing the esprit de corps of the societies taking part in the process- 
 ion, which merited and received the applause of the countless thousands of spectators 
 who lined the streets and occupied the windows of every available building along the 
 line of march. 
 
 The procession was headed by Major R. W. McClaughry, Chief of Police of 
 Chicago, with his inspectors and a detachment of mounted and foot policemen, followed 
 by Sousa's Marine band and the Sapadores and Miners' band of Mexico. Immediately 
 following were General Nelson A. Miles and General Stockton with their aides. 
 
 The first division was led by the Chicago Hussars, a magnificently equipped body 
 commanded by Captain E. L. Brand, escorting Mayor Washburne and the city officials 
 in carriages. Following the Hussars were forty-four posts of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic. The first division was closed by the Governors of the following States, each 
 accompanied by his staff : Governor Roswell P. Flower, of New York ; Governor Wm. 
 E. Russell, of Massachusetts; Governor H. A. Tuttle, of New Hampshire; Governor 
 Morgan G. Bulkely, of Connecticut; Governor Frank Brown, of Maryland; Governor 
 D. Russell Brown, of Rhode Island; Governor R. J. Reynolds, of Delaware; Gov- 
 ernor Holt, of North Carolina; Governor Robert E. Pattison, of Pennsylvania; Gov- 
 ernor John Young Brown, of Kentucky; Governor Wm. McKinley, of Ohio; Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor A. L. Parlonge, of Louisiana ; Governor Ira Chase, of Indiana ; Gov- 
 ernor Joseph W. Fifer, of Illinois; Governor Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine; Governor 
 David R. Francis, of Missouri ; Governor Edward P. Winans, of Michigan ; Governor 
 
 245 
 
Horace Boies, of Iowa ; Governor Geo. Peck, of Wisconsin ; Governor H. H. Markham, 
 of California ; Governor W. R. Merriam, of Minnesota ; Governor James E. Boyd, of 
 Nebraska; Governor Routt, of Colorado; Governor Andrew H. Burke, of North 
 Dakota; Governor A. C. Mellette, of South Dakota; Governor J. K. Toole, of Mon- 
 tana ; Governor Ferry, of Washington. 
 
 General A. C. Hawley was marshal of the second division, which was led by the 
 troops from the United States Indian Industrial School, of Carlisle, Pa. , consisting of 
 five companies, and presenting a most picturesque appearance. Following was the 
 Independent Order of Foresters, led by High Marshal John M. Cook. Fifty-one 
 courts were represented. Next in order came the Chicago Sons of Veterans; the 
 Modern Woodmen of America, 550 men; the Uniform Rank Royal Arcanum. 
 
 The Ninth Battalion of Infantry was next in order, followed by the Colored 
 Uniformed Rank Knights of Pythias ; Hebrew Societies and Grand Deputies with fifty- 
 three courts. The Italian Societies followed with fifteen organizations very handsomely 
 uniformed, with the float "Columbus discovering America;" the Santa Maria 
 approaching a rock bound coast on which is discovered a group of native American 
 Indians noting with curiosity the approach of the Spanish vessel. Columbus stands at 
 the helm with a rolled map. At the bow crouch the surprised seamen. 
 
 Then came the Grecian Brotherhood Association with 300 men in line; the Patri- 
 otic Order Sons of America, with 10,000 men in line; the Chicago Orangemen, repre- 
 sented by ten camps; the Patriotic Guard of the United States; the Chicago Turners 
 Society, 2,500 men in line, headed by the Aurora Drum Corps of fifty men; the German 
 Veterans; the Military Order of St. George; the Scottish Assembly; the Uniformed 
 Sir Knights, Sons of St. George; the Croatin Benevolent Society, 5,000 men inline; 
 the Swedish and Scandinavian Societies. 
 
 The next division was headed by the Englewood Light Infantry, followed by the 
 Second Regiment Band and the Fullerton Avenue Cadets. The City Schools were next 
 in line, and the thousands of children with uniforms and banners attracted great 
 attention. 
 
 The, Third Grand Division was escorted by fifty mounted uniformed Knights of 
 St. Patrick, leading the Catholic Order of Foresters, with 9,534 men in line. This 
 was one of the largest and most imposing bodies ; the members of the High 
 Court were in carriages, and following was the Uniformed Rank of the Order with 850 
 men, and a float, " Columbus, " drawn by cir;ht dapple-gray horses. The lower plat- 
 form was embellished with coat of arms of the Order on velvet drapery, ornamentations 
 in relief ; the main platform had forty-four columns, each surmounted by gilt stars s 
 representing forty-four States, draped in the National Coat of Arms and American 
 flags ; globe representing the earth on which rests a bust of Columbus, draped with 
 Spanish, Italian and American National colors ; figure "Columbia" placing laurels 
 on a bust of Columbus ; on the main platform were three young women representing 
 the three cardinal principals of the Society Friendship, Love and Truth. 
 
 The following orders and societies completed the parade: Hibernian Rifles, 699 
 men; Ancient Order of Hibernians, 2,000 men in line; Archdiocesan Union, 400 
 men; Catholic Knights of America; Catholic Benevolent Legion, 2,750 men inline; 
 United States Polish Societies, fifty-five organizations, 800 men. in line; St. John 
 Baptist Society, 1,000 men; the Consolidated Temperance Societies, 600 men. 
 
 24(5 
 
CITY DECORATIONS. 
 
 NOTHING- connected with the important event of the dedication of the great 
 Exposition went off with more success and eclat than the city decorations. 
 All Chicago was one bright picture, and inasmuch as the city had had little 
 or no previous experience in general decorations of its buildings, the result was a 
 most happy and gratifying surprise. 
 
 Mr. James W. Scott, the publisher of THE CHICAGO HERALD, was the father of 
 the idea that Chicago should show the world its appreciation of the charge it had on 
 hand, and that it could do so no more effectually than by an artistic appeal to the 
 eye. In compliance with this general plan he caused a letter to be addressed to the 
 owners and lessees of the principal buildings in the city, the outcome of which was a 
 large and enthusiastic meeting, on the evening of September 9th. 
 
 It was determined at this meeting that the decorations should be both artistic and 
 attractive, and devoid of the common-place features which usually characterize such 
 decorations ; that the appropriate decoration of the numerous and handsome buildings 
 of the city would add greatly to the beauty of the streets at a time when Chicago would 
 be an object of absorbing interest to all the world. 
 
 In pursuance to a resolution, Mr. Ferd. W. Peck, vice-president of the Exposi- 
 tion, appointed the following gentlemen a committee to formulate plans for the 
 general decoration of buildings throughout the city: Mr. Harry G. Self ridge, chair- 
 man; Martin A. Ryerson, General Joseph Stockton, Charles L. Hutchinson and E. F. 
 Cragin. A general plan was announced by Mr. Selfridge, in which the business 
 section from the river south and from the lake to the river, was to be divided into 
 districts, with a sub-committee composed of active business men who were willing to 
 help, for each district. Twenty-five districts were made and the members of the vari- 
 ous sub-committees soon formed organizations to work in harmony with the general 
 committee for the purpose of producing handsome and harmonious effects in the deco- 
 rations. 
 
 The committees appointed for the different districts as they were numbered were 
 as follows: 
 
 First E. Norton, E. C. Buttolph, J. H. Leslie. 
 
 Second J. E. Quan, A. M. Thompson, F. H. Armstrong. 
 
 Third S. D. Kimbark, W. S. Gould, Montgomery Ward. 
 
 Fourth C. F. Kimball, E. G. Forman. 
 
 Fifth J. T. Revell, A. Henrotin, J. H. Walker, Jr., R. S. Peale, J. M. Lee. 
 
 Sixth C. H. Slack, H. W. Bryant, D. M. Fisk, Dr. F. C. Greene, George 
 Bohner. 
 
 Seventh S. B. Raymond, L. Gould. 
 
 Eighth Benj. Carpenter, E. A. Robinson, J. MacGregor Adams, J. H. Garibaldi, 
 J. C. Durgin. 
 
 Ninth J. M. Brooks, Dr. J. B. McFatnch. 
 
 Tenth E. Mandel, J. H. Wood, C. H. Stevens. 
 
 247 
 
Eleventh- -J. T. Shayne, R. B. Gregory, B. F. Do Muth, C. F. Gunther, B. F. 
 Foster, David Mayer, Carl Dernberg, J. Beifleld. 
 
 Twelfth Henry Siegel, H. A. Spaulding. 
 
 Thirteenth C. C. Heisen, W. F. Donohue. 
 
 Fourteenth A. T. Aldis, F. P. Owings, E. A. Cummings, Dunlop Smith, J. P. 
 Heywood. 
 
 Fifteenth F. R. Chandler, F. S. Peabody, C. B. Evans, W. S. Eden, J. L. 
 Houghteling. 
 
 Sixteenth J. Irving Pearce, Joseph Leiter F. M. Atwood, C. M. Babbitt, Harry 
 Hamline. 
 
 Seventeenth H. L. Hatch. 
 
 Eighteenth Charles Counselman, J. H. Van Vlissingen, J. G. Steever, G. F. 
 Stone. 
 
 Nineteenth Wyllis Baird, A. Tracyhoy, J. R. Walker, W. H. Wilson. 
 
 Twentieth A. Arend, M. W. Kosminski, A. D. Kelly. 
 
 Twenty-first J. R. Gait, T. R, Cruttenden, R. W. Hare. 
 
 Twenty-second L. B. Gray, G. M. Alexander. 
 
 Twenty-third F. R. Fulton, W. E. Clow. 
 
 Twenty-fourth C. J. Roberts. 
 
 Twenty-fifth J. H. Walker, J. V. Farwell, Jr., F. M. Fargo, L. F. Stewart. 
 
 The City Council and Cook County Commissioners made appropriations and 
 appointed committees to co-operate, so far as the decoration of the City Hall and 
 Court House were concerned, with Mr. Selfridge's committee, and as a result the gray 
 stone walls and marble pillars were made to bloom forth with a splendor they had never 
 before known. 
 
 The World's Fair Committee of Artists, with Director of Decoration Frank D. 
 Millet as chairman, selected as the municipal color a rich terra cotta, being the most 
 appropriate for a general back-ground on which the brighter and more delicate colors 
 could be displayed to great advantage and with harmonious combinations. 
 
 Perhaps nothing tended more to the great success of the decoration features of 
 the city of Chicago during the progress of this important event, than the wisdom in 
 choosing one special color which might be run in varying shades through all the myriad 
 decorative designs and forms which were displayed on the grimy stone fronts and 
 severe architectural ensemble of Chicago's massive buildings. The people accepted 
 the selection with a unanimous good spirit, which made it truly the ' ' municipal 
 color." 
 
 Chicago became beautiful, and " terra cotta " historic on the same day. 
 
CITY DECORATION MARSHAL FIELD BUILDING. 
 249 
 
GLIMPSES OF THE WOODED ISLAND. 
 250 
 
GIVEN BY 
 
 LIEUT. -COL. HENRY L. TURNER AT THE FIRST REGIMENT ARMORY, 
 
 THURSDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 20, 1892. 
 
 IN harmony with the ceremonies attending the dedication of the buildings of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition was the reception and ball tendered by Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Henry L. Turner, First Infantry Illinois National Guard, to the visiting 
 officers of the Army, Navy, Loyal Legion and National Guard. The reception was 
 held at the armory of the First Infantry, Sixteenth Street and Michigan Boulevard, 
 Thursday evening, October 20, 1892, and was one of the most notable events of the 
 week. It will always remain a part in the history of the dedicatory ceremonies, not 
 only because of the fact that the dignitaries of the Nation gathered in the armory at 
 the time, but further because the entertainment was provided and tendered to Chi- 
 cago's distinguished visitors by a private citizen and the entire expense of the under- 
 taking borne by him. 
 
 Invitations to the reception and ball included the President and Vice-President of 
 the United States, Cabinet officers, Senators, Representatives, Governors of the States, 
 Members of the Diplomatic Corps, Foreign Military and Naval officers, members of 
 the World's Columbian Commission, officers of the Exposition, officers of the United 
 States Army, Navy and Marine Corps, officers of the National Guard and Naval Re- 
 serve, Companions of the military order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, and 
 distinguished citizens both at home and abroad. In scope the affair was international, 
 and fifteen thousand guests were invited. By actual count 12,460 of those invited 
 were present on the evening of the festivities. 
 
 Lieutenant- Colonel Turner received his guests in the Board of Officer's Room, and 
 was assisted by the following ladies and gentlemen: 
 
 Major-General Henry Kyd Douglas, Adjutant-General of Maryland, and Miss Castle- 
 man, of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 General A. B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury, and Mrs. 
 John B. Castleman, of Louisville, Ky. 
 
 Colonel John B. Castleman, First Infantry Kentucky State Troops, and Mrs. W. D. 
 Porter, of Chicago. 
 
 Colonel Charles R. E. Koch, First Infantry Illinois National Guard, and Mrs. Frederick 
 G. Laird, Chicago. 
 
 Colonel R. E. A. Crofton, 15th U. S. Infantry, and Miss Katherine Button, of Chicago. 
 
 General A. C. McClurg, M. O. L. L, U. S., Chicago, and Mrs. A. C. McClurg. 
 
 Major Fred Brackett, 1st Infantry, District of Columbia Militia, and Mrs. Schiller 
 Hosford, of Chicago. 
 
 Mr. Schiller Hosford, of Chicago, and Mrs. Chas. R. E. Koch, of Chicago. 
 
 Major-General and Mrs. Nelson A. Miles, U. S. A. , joined the party later. 
 
 251 
 
The reception hours were from 8.30 to 10.30, during which time the immense 
 number of guests presented themselves in the reception room. Lieutenant Henry 
 Barrett Chamberlin, First Infantry Illinois National Guard, was master of ceremonies, 
 and introduced the guests to the host as they entered the room. 
 
 During the reception hours the twelve company parlors of the Armory were open 
 and officers of the several companies with their ladies held sub-receptions. 
 
 Promptly at 10.30 the "assembly" was sounded for the grand march, and fifteen 
 minutes later "Adjutant's Call" announced the formation of the line. Sharply on the 
 stroke of 11 o'clock, the regimental band of the Second Infantry struck up " Colonel 
 Turner's March," and the great line, eight thousand strong, began slowly to move. It 
 required three-quarters of an hour to get the whole line in motion, and continual 
 counter-marching to maneuver it, even on the great drill floor of the armory. The 
 twelve numbers of the programme carried the gaieties well into day-break of the 21st. 
 
 Precisely at midnight "Officer's Call" was sounded, and as the last note of the 
 bugle dies away, the companies of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the 
 United States gathered in the middle of the great hall and joined in singing 
 "America." Officers of the Army, Navy and National Guard gathered round them, 
 and at the conclusion of the anthem the latter raised their voices in a rousing cheer 
 for the old soldiers of the war. Following this came the singing of the song ' ' The 
 National Guard," composed by Lieutenant-Colonel Turner and sung to the tune of 
 "Maryland." 
 
 Then the dance continued and the brilliant scene was viewed by thousands of the 
 country's most distinguished men and women. 
 
 The entire affair was managed with military precision and was handled with the 
 smoothness which comes from discipline. A volunteer guard of 100 men from the 
 First Infantry, under the command of Captain Edward Hall Switzer, efficiently pre- 
 vented confusion among so many guests, while the dancing floor was managed by 
 Captain George Whittlesey Bristol, assisted by twelve aides, officers of the command. 
 
 Probably no one man ever entertained so many distinguished guests at one time 
 in this country, and Lieutenant-Colonel Turner deserves great credit for his unbounded 
 hospitality and generous courtesy. 
 
 252 
 
THE FELLOWSHIP CLUB DINNER, 
 
 GIVEN AT "KINSLEY'S," 
 ON THE EVENING OF OCTOBER 20, 1892. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE FELLOWSHIP CLUB. 
 
 THE Fellowship Club of Chicago was organized on the fourth of June, 1891. 
 The constitution defines its chief object to be " the promotion of good fellow- 
 ship and its extension to ' the stranger within our gates. ' The officers are: 
 President, James W. Scott, publisher Chicago Herald; vice-president, Moses P. Handy, 
 Promoter General World's Columbian Exposition; treasurer, H. Gordon Self ridge, of 
 Marshall Field & Co. ; secretary, F. Willis Rice, publisher National Hotel Reporter. 
 These gentlemen constitute the executive committee, together with Messrs. H. H. 
 Kohlsaat, publisher of the Inter- Ocean; Robert A. Waller, Vice-President World's 
 Columbian Exposition; and Milward Adams, manager the Auditorium. The resident 
 membership is limited to fifty, and non-resident membership to twenty-five. There 
 are at present but two honorary members: Gov. AVilliam McKinley, of Ohio, and 
 Hon. Chauncey M. Depew, of New York. 
 
 The club was formed with the prime object of extending the hospitality of the 
 city to the most eminent in every walk of life who may visit Chicago during the 
 World's Fair period; the dinners held thus far have been noted for their brilliancy and 
 for the spirit of good fellowship which has prevailed. 
 
 THE COLUMBIAN DINNER. 
 
 Several months prior to the date named for the Dedicatory services of the Expo- 
 sition, the Executive Committee of the Fellowship Club decided that a dinner should 
 be given in honor of the distinguished guests who should assemble in Chicago upon 
 that occasion, and an arrangement was made with the Joint Committee on Ceremonies 
 of the World's Columbian Exposition by which a "Columbian dinner" should be 
 given by the club at " Kinsley's " on the evening of Thursday, October 20. 
 
 Previous to the issuing of this invitation a letter was received from President Har- 
 rison, in which he signified his intention of being present, and he was only deterred 
 from coming to Chicago, by the serious illness of his wife, which later resulted in the 
 death of that most estimable woman to the regret of every citizen in the United 
 States. This invitation was sent to men of distinction throughout the United States 
 and in many of the countries of Europe, and acceptances were received to the number 
 of one hundred, which, in addition to the fifty members of the club present, made the 
 entire number of participants exactly one hundred and fifty. 
 
 The members and their guests assembled at " Kinsley's " at seven o'clock on the 
 evening of October 20th. The banquet hall was elaborately decorated for the occasion 
 and presented a most brilliant appearance. The American, Spanish and Italian colors 
 predominated in the decorations of the walls and ceiling, and the welcoming word 
 
 "FELLOWSHIP" found a lodgment in letters formed of red incandescent lio-hts. 
 
 253 
 
The tables were elaborately decorated with flowers, including large yellow and white 
 chrysanthemums, pink and yellow roses and American beauties, carnations and other 
 varieties. The most elaborate attempt at decoration, however, was a magnificent repro- 
 duction of the Administration building of the World's Columbian Imposition. Not 
 only was this beautiful structure reproduced with the utmost fidelity, but there was 
 also the lagoon of " real water " surrounded by graveled walks and banks of green. 
 This striking bit of artistic work was placed in the center of the feast and was illumi- 
 nated by means of electric lamps. 
 
 The dinner was announced by the ringing of a huge dinner bell in the hands of 
 the chef clothed in white jacket and apron, with cap of the same spotless hue, this 
 being a regular feature of all the dinners of the club. In front of the seat occupied 
 by the president of the club was the emblem of the club a mammoth wish-bone of 
 burnished metal, from the apex of which was hung the dinner bell after the chef had 
 used it in summoning the distinguished company to the festive board. Directly under- 
 neath this emblem stood the silver loving cup presented to the club on this occasion by 
 Edward Holbrook, Esq. , of New York. 
 
 As the guests entered the dining hall Valisi's mandolin orchestra played a march 
 from Von Suppe, and President James W. Scott led the way accompanied by Vice- 
 President Morton as the guest of honor. Other distinguished guests were escorted by 
 members of the club and the entire company soon found the places provided for them. 
 Previous to taking their seats the company stood with bowed heads while grace was 
 said by His Eminence, Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore. The Imperial Quartette then 
 sang the first stanza of America with fine effect. At each guest's plate was laid a 
 menu card handsomely engraved and tied with garnet ribbon. 
 
 The name cards bore the insignia of the club embossed in gold and the names of 
 the members and guests were painted by hand in gold bronze. At each plate there 
 was placed a unique and costly souvenir in the form of an elaborate wine glass of 
 Venetian make, to which the guest's name was attached, these glasses being enclosed 
 in a hexagonal box at the end of the entertainment and taken away by the partici- 
 pants as a souvenir of the occasion. 
 
 Shortly after the dinner began, following the second course, President Scott 
 announced that, following the custom of the club, the guests would now be introduced 
 to each other by the passing of the "loving cup, " which was circulated among the 
 guests by the secretary of the club, who, as he passed around the room, announced 
 the name of each gentleman. The first to receive a drink of the unction of good 
 fellowship contained in the cup was Vice-president Levi P. Morton, who, as he rose, 
 was greeted with enthusiastic applause. As the cup continued on its passage many of 
 the more prominent personages were received with pronounced demonstrations from 
 the company when their names were announced by the secretary. The entire round 
 was finally made and ex- President Hayes, who sat on the left of the President of the 
 club, was the last gentleman to partake of the contents of the loving cup. 
 
 While the feast was in progress and when the venison was reached, four stalwart 
 men, appropriately attired as hunters, with green fringe on the lower edge of their 
 buckskin over-garments, marched in bearing the carcass of the animal which was 
 shortly to be served in juicy steaks. During this ceremony the Imperial Quartette, 
 stationed in the gallery, sang with effect the Huntsman's song from ' ' As You Like 
 It." Other musical features, in addition to the programme of the Valisi orchestra, 
 
 254 
 
was the singing by Seignior Filippi of " Funiculi Funicula " and the rendition of an 
 original song written for the occasion by Colonel Augustus Jacobson and rendered by 
 the members of the club in unison to the air of "Marching Through Georgia." 
 The following is a list of those who were present as the guests of the club: 
 
 Senor Don Cayetano Romero, First Secre- 
 tary of the Mexican Legation. 
 
 The Hon. Michael II. Herbert, Secretary of 
 the British Legation. 
 
 Mr. Pung Kwang Yu, First Secretary of 
 the Chinese Legation. 
 
 M. Von Politschek, Consul General of 
 Austria. 
 
 Senor Anibal Cruz, Charge cle Affaires> 
 Chili. 
 
 Mr. Ye Cha Yun, Secretary of Legation for 
 Corea. 
 
 Cardinal Gibbons, of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Archbishop Ireland, of St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 Mgr. Satolli, of Rome. 
 
 Constantino Rakowza Soustcheffsky, Im- 
 perial Commissioner for Russia to the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 The Hon. Alfred Carpmael, Royal Com- 
 missioner from Great Britain to the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 The Hon. William M. Springer, of Illinois. 
 
 Governor R. E. Pattison, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Governor Joseph W. Fifer, of Illinois. 
 
 Governor H. A. Tuttle, of New Hampshire. 
 
 Governor A. C. Mellette, of South Dakota. 
 
 Governor Frank Brown, of Maryland. 
 
 Governor Thomas Holt, of North Carolina. 
 
 Governor II. J. Reynolds, of Delaware. 
 
 Governor A. J. Chase, of Indiana. 
 
 Governor George W. Peck, of Wisconsin. 
 
 Governor Francis Fleming, of Florida. 
 
 Governor J. J. Brown, of Kentucky. 
 
 Governor H. H. Markham, of California. 
 
 Governor James P. Eagle, of Arkansas. 
 
 Governor A. H. Burke, of North Dakota. 
 
 Governor William McKinley, of Ohio. 
 
 Governor Roswell P. Flower, of New York. 
 
 Governor E. P. Winans, of Michigan. 
 
 Governor W. R. Merriam, of Minnesota. 
 
 Governor David B. Francis, of Missouri. 
 
 Governor J. I. Routt, of Colorado. 
 
 Governor D. Russell Brown, of Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 Governor Levi K. Fuller, of Vermont. 
 
 Governor E. C. Burleigh, of Maine, 
 
 Governor J. E. Boyd, of Nebraska. 
 
 Acting Governor Allen Weir, of Washing- 
 ton. 
 
 Governor A. L. Thomas, of Utah. 
 
 Governor M. G. Bulkeley, of Connecticut 
 
 The Hon. W T hitelaw Reid . 
 
 The Hon. Levi P. Morton Vice-President 
 of the United States. 
 
 The Hon. Rutherford B. Hayes, ex-Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 The Hon. John W. Foster, Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 The Hon. John Wanamaker, Postmaster- 
 General. 
 
 The Hon. John W. Noble, Secretary of the 
 Interior. 
 
 The Hon. W. H. H. Miller, Attorney-Gen- 
 eral. 
 
 The Hon. J. M. Rusk, Secretary of Agri- 
 culture. 
 
 The Hon. B. F. Tracy, Secretary of the 
 Navy. 
 
 Chief Justice Melville W. Fuller. 
 
 Mr. Justice Harlan, of the United States 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 Mr. Justice Brewer, of the United States 
 Supreme Court. 
 
 Mr. Justice Wood, of the Supreme Court. 
 
 Baron de Fava, Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary from Italy. 
 
 Senor Enrique Dupuy de Lome, Envoy Ex- 
 traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
 from Spain. 
 
 Senor Thomaz de Souza Roza, Envoy Ex- 
 traordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
 from Portugal. 
 
 Mr. Gozo Tateno, Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary from 
 Japan. 
 
 Mr. Alfred LeGhait, Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary from Bel- 
 gium. 
 
 Mr. A. de Claparede, Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary from Switz- 
 erland. 
 
 Senor Don Nicanor Bolet-Peraza, Envoy 
 Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- 
 tiary from Venezuela. 
 
 Senor Don Horacio Guzman, Envoy Extra- 
 ordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary 
 from Nicaragua. 
 
 Count de Sponneck, Minister from Den- 
 mark. 
 
 M. Charles de Struve, Envoy Extraordinary 
 and Minister Plenipotentiary from 
 Russia. 
 
 Mavroyeni Bey, Envoy Extraordinary and 
 Minister Plenipotentiary from Turkey. 
 
 255 
 
Edwin Willitts, President Government The Hon. E. 8. Stuart, Mayor of Phila- 
 
 Board of World's Columbian Exposition. delphia. 
 
 P. A. B. Widener, Chairman Committee on The Hon. Charles F. Manderson, of Neb- 
 Ceremonies, raska, President pro tern, of the Senate. 
 
 The Hon. Gorton W. Allen, World's Fair The Hon. Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois. 
 
 Commissioner from New York. Richard Harding Davis, editor Harper's 
 Major-General J. M. Schofield, United Weekly. 
 
 States army. M. Kranz, Commissioner from France. 
 
 F. D. Millet, artist. Bishop Charles H. Fowler, of California. 
 
 The Hon. John Sherman, Senator from Charles F. McKim, architect. 
 
 Ohio. Richard Watson Gilder, editor Century 
 The Rev. H. C. McCook, of Philadelphia. Magazine. 
 
 Richard M. Hunt, architect. W T m. Penn Nixon. 
 
 Augustus St. Gaudens, sculptor. Joseph Keppler, editor of Puck. 
 
 Senor Marachel Jose-Simeoa de Oliveria, General Russell A. Alger, of Michigan. 
 
 Official World's Fair Representative from George M. Pullman. 
 
 Brazil. Charles H. Schwab, Council of Administra- 
 The Hon. Chauncey M. Depew, of New tion, World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 York. C. K. G. Billings. 
 
 Col. E. C. Culp, Secretary of Joint Com- John R. Walsh. 
 
 mittee on Ceremonies World's Columbian Edward F. Lawrence, Chairman Joint 
 
 Exposition. Committee on Ceremonies. 
 
 The Hon . George V. Massey, of Delaware. 
 
 The following named members of the Fellowship Club completes the list of those 
 present: 
 
 James W. Scott, M. P. Handy, H. G. Selfridge, F. Willis Rice, Milward Adams, H. H. 
 Kohlsaat, R. A. Waller, Benjamin Butterworth, Will J. Davis, Charles L. Hutchinson, M. 
 M. Kirkman, George R. Davis, H. M. Kinsley, Rollin A. Keyes, Charles Lederer, Ferd W. 
 Peck, Chas. B. McDonald, Hempstead Washburne, Harris A. Wheeler, C. C. Kohlsaat, 
 Charles H. W acker, Victor F. Lawson, James W. Nye, John S. Runnells, Edward M. Swit- 
 zer, F. S. Winston, George S. Willits, Lyman J. Gage, Franklin H. Head, Franklin Mac- 
 Veagh, William G. Beale, Alexander H. Revell, Daniel H. Burnham, Charles Counselman, 
 James E. Deering, Eugene Field, Azel F. Hatch, Milton W. Kirk, W r m. B. Keep, James S. 
 Norton, Wm. J. Chalmers, H. N. Higinbotham, Melville E. Stone, William D. Preston, H. 
 I. McFarland, Hobart C. Taylor, E. B. Butler, Marshall Field, Wm. L. Tomlins, Wm. D. 
 Hoard, George R. Blanchard, George R. Peck, Thomas W. Palmer, Gustav Baumann, Nel- 
 son A. Miles, F. J. V. Skiff. 
 
 Following the dinner, speeches were made by Vice-President Morton, Hon. John 
 W. Foster, Secretary of State; Baron Fava, the Italian Minister; Chief Justice Fuller, 
 Governor McKinley, of Ohio; Hon. Chauncey M. Depew, Hon. Whitelaw Reid, Rich- 
 ard M. Hunt, the architect; Mayor Washburne, James S. Norton, Hon. T. W. Palmer, 
 Melville E. Stone, and Lyman J. Gage; also recitations by Eugene Field, the poet. 
 
 The rendering of the Fellowship Drinking Song concluded the entertainment of 
 the evening, and thus closed what the Chief Justice of the United States pronounced 
 "the most remarkable dinner ever given on this continent;" and which has since 
 been referred to by one of the participants in a letter to the secretary as follows: 
 * * * "It was an event that grows on one. The bringing together of so many 
 eminent people makes it the most notable dinner ever given in the United States. The 
 range was so enormous and the versatility of those present so great that it hardly 
 seems possible that such an assembly could have been collected together at one table." 
 
 256 
 
o 
 
 
 'ttf. 
 
258 
 
OPENING THE> EXPOSITION. 
 
 THE CEREMONIES ON MAY IST, WHEN PRESIDENT CLEVELAND STARTED 
 
 THE MACHINERY. 
 
 AT 12:20 o clock, on May 1, 1893, President Cleveland touched the electric 
 button which set in motion the machinery, and signalized the opening of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. 
 
 That single touch of Grover Cleveland's finger did a million things. First it 
 marked on the page of history the beginning of another epoch in the life of man the 
 planting of civilization's center within the interior of America. It transmitted by the 
 magic current of electricity the motion which opened the valve of the greatest of 
 engines and breathed life into the cylinders and wheels of that monster industrial 
 servant. It loosened the throats of a hundred steam whistles, and caused fire and 
 smoke and mighty reverberations to belch from the guns in the harbor. It filled the 
 ivory horizon with 800 flags and streamers from the roofs and towers of the surround- 
 ing palaces as if they had all been geared to the same unfurling appliances. It 
 dropped the veil from the beauteous form of the golden statue of the Republic which 
 stood looking at the unparalleled scene. It sent the echoes flying through the great 
 city lying dark and massive in the background, and these in turn were taken up and 
 hurled around the globe to all the nations thereof. It opened the floodgates and 
 permitted the waters to spurt from the fountains in the near foreground, filling the air 
 (vith a soft mist. It added the silver voices of chimes to the triumphant din. It 
 blazoned the air over the heads of the multitude with the flags of Aragon and Castile, 
 that union of Ferdinand and Isabella, who dispatched Columbus to the western 
 world. It sent a thrill of power and conquest through the hearts of the multitude, 
 through all civilization. All this it did so alert all the local organization, so 
 perfectly instantaneous the means of communication on this our sphere in this day 
 and generation while the strong, firm hand of President Cleveland still rested upon 
 the ivory key. 
 
 The supreme moment had passed. The World's Columbian Exposition was open. 
 
 Long before the arrival of the President the grand stand east of the Administra- 
 tion building was filled with foreign dignitaries and Exposition officials. 
 
 To the right of the foreign representatives were the national commissioners, with 
 their wives and families. 
 
 It was 11:15 when President Cleveland, side by side with Director-general Davis, came 
 down the broad aisle leading from the Administration building to the platform. The 
 President was followed by Vice-president Stevenson, Secretaries Carlisle and Gresham, 
 and others of his cabinet. President Higinbotham of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition was close behind. As the President stepped on the platform the mighty assem- 
 bly broke into deafening cheers. Just as the President took his seat the Duke and 
 
 259 
 
Duchess of Veragua entered and the cheering recommenced. The entrance of Gov- 
 ernor Altgeld and Mayor Harrison was the signal of another outburst of applause. 
 
 At this time the Administration building presented a scene never to be forgotten. 
 As far as the eye could see around the building, down the avenue and beside the lagoon 
 was a dense mass of people. Over the grand stand the east side of the building itself 
 was black with spectators hanging from the balconies and standing on the window 
 ledges and roof, anywhere and everywhere, so they could look down on the platform 
 holding the chief magistrate and the distinguished guests. The stand itself was a 
 glittering spectacle, and when the beams of the sun broke through cloud drifts they 
 glinted and glanced upon myriad forms of gold lace and brass buttons. 
 
 After the dignitaries had been seated the orchestra started the Grand Colum- 
 bian march : by John K. Paine. The opening bars of this impressive hymn hushed the 
 crowd into admiring awe. 
 
 The vast crowd fronting the speaker's platform was patient, orderly and reveren- 
 tial. After the distinguished guests of the day had been assigned seats, Director-general 
 Davis, sitting to the left of President Palmer, of the Columbian commission, arose 
 and advanced to the front of the platform precisely at 11 o'clock. He lifted his 
 hand and commanded silence, to which there was instant obedience. He said : 
 
 " According- to the official programme for to-day's exercises, I have the pleasure of in- 
 troducing- the Rev. W. H. Milburn, chaplain of the Senate of the United States, who will 
 offer the invocation." 
 
 The blind chaplain arose from his seat at the right of the Duke of Veragua, 
 advanced to the front of the rostrum, and facing the immense congregation, every 
 head about him bowed and every hat removed, said: 
 
 " All glory be to Thee, Lord God of hosts, that Thou hast moved the hearts of all 
 kindred tongues, peoples and nations to keep a feast of tabernacles in this place in com- 
 memoration of that most momentous of all voyages by which Columbus lifted the veil that 
 hid the new world from the old and opened the gateway of the future of mankind. Thy 
 servants have builded these more than imperial palaces, many-chambered and many-gal- 
 leried, in \vhich to store and show man's victory over air, earth, fire and flood engines of 
 use, treasures of beauty and promises of the years that are to be in the further illustration 
 of the world's advance within these four hundred years. 
 
 "Woman, too, the shackles falling from her hands and estate , throbbing with the 
 pulse of the new time, joyously treading the paths of larger freedom, responsibility and 
 self-help opening before her woman, nearer to God by the intuitions of the heart and the 
 grandeur of her self-sacrifice, brings' the inspiration of her genius, the product of her hand, 
 brain and sensibility to shed a grace and loveliness upon the place, thus making of the 
 house beautiful. 
 
 " To Thee, whose holy hands have lifted the gates of the great empires from their 
 hinges and turned the stream of history into new channels to Thee, our risen and ascended 
 Lord, we dedicate these trophies of the past, achievements of the present and prophecies 
 of the future, laying them reverently and with humility, and yet with a rapture of thanks 
 and praise, at the foot of Thy cross, for Thou hast redeemed us by Thy blood and made us 
 kings and priests unto our God. 
 
 " Upon Thine honored servants, the President of the United States, the members of his 
 cabinet, the judges of the supreme court, the senators and representatives of the people, 
 and all other magistrates throughout our broad land ; upon that most illustrious sovereign 
 of the world, our kinswoman, revered and beloved in this land as in her own, the gracious 
 lady, Queen Victoria ; upon all presidents, emperors, kings, queens and other rulers of 
 whatever name or degree, and upon all the people and nations over which they may sway, 
 we pray that the benediction of the King of kings and Lord of lords may descend and 
 abide, hastening the time when nations shall learn war no more, when the sword shall be 
 beaten into the plowshare and the spear into the pruning-hook. 
 
 2GO 
 
" Thou alone, O Lord, knowest the insuperable obstacles surmounted; the envies, jeal- 
 ousies and bickerings allayed, the open hostilities and opposition mastered by dauntless 
 courage and inexhaustible patience, the unexampled facilities of resources and the resist- 
 less energy by which the men engaged in this mighty undertaking have brought it to a 
 triumphant consummation. Crown their labors and victory with Thy gracious words, 
 ' Well done, good and faithful servants,' and make the world to echo Thy plaudits. 
 
 "Send Thy blessings upon this great city, itself one of the wonders of the world, 
 whose site, \vithin the memory of living man, was a pasture for wild beasts, the lair of the 
 wolf and the nest of the rattlesnake, but which now sits enthroned as one of the capitals 
 of the earth, and throws wide its gates of hospitable welcome to the people of all languages 
 and climes, conferring upon those that dwell within its borders the blessings which maketh 
 rich and bringeth no sorrow. 
 
 " Father, supreme, be Thou the guardian of our land, defending us from whirlwinds, 
 floods, hail and blight, keeping far from our shores the plague of cholera, and every other 
 pestilence, and as these are Thy protests ag'ainst filth, drunkenness, debauchery, and 
 every kind of corruption, stir up our whole people to be working with Thee by sanity and 
 sanitation, temperance in meat and drink, chastity, and all methods of right living, to 
 insure to themselves and their children health, length of days and peace. Make this 
 world's fair a sabbatic year for the whole human race, a year of jubilee in which the heavy 
 and grinding yoke of ill-paid labor shall be exchanged for the yoke of Him who is meek 
 and lowly in heart, in which love to God and love to man shall become the rule of all men's 
 lives, so that with one voice the whole world may ring out with the anthem which angels 
 sang over the sheep-folds of Bethlehem Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace, good 
 will to men. 
 
 " Lord God, accept our praise and hear our prayers, through Him Who has taught us 
 to say : Our Father, which art in heaven, hallowed be Thy name ; Thy kingdom come, 
 Thy will be done, in earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us 
 our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into tempta- 
 tion, but deliver us from evil. Amen. 
 
 " Now, unto Him that is able to do abundantly above all that we ask or think, accord- 
 ing to the power that worketh in us, unto Him the giory in the church by Christ Jesus 
 throughout all ages, world without end. Amen." 
 
 POEM OF THE PROPHECY. 
 
 Mr. Davis again commanded attention and announced as the third number on the 
 programme a poem, " The Prophecy," written by W. A. Croffut. " I introduce to you 
 Miss Jessie Couthoui," said Mr. Davis, "who will read the poem." The lady stepped 
 to the velvet-covered desk upon which rested the telegraphic key, the closing of which 
 was to set in motion the massive machinery. In a voice clear and distinct and a fault- 
 less enunciation and manner Miss Couthoui read "The Prophecy." At its conclusion 
 there was a roar of applause characteristic of Americans- it was warm, hearty and 
 voluminous. 
 
 THE PROPHECY. 
 
 Sadly Columbus watched the nascent moon 
 Drown in the gloomy ocean's western deeps, 
 Strange birds that day had fluttered in the sails, 
 And strange flowers floated round the wandering keel. 
 And yet no land. And now, when thro' the dark 
 The Santa Maria leaped before the gale, 
 And angry billows tossed the caravels 
 As to destruction, Gomez Rascon came 
 
 261 
 
With Captain Pinzon thro' the frenzied, seas, 
 
 And to the admiral brought a parchment scroll, 
 
 Saying-: " Good master, read this writing here 
 
 An earnest prayer it is from all on board. 
 
 The crew would fain turn back in utter fear; 
 
 No longer to the pole the compass points; 
 
 Into the zenith creeps the northern star. 
 
 You saw butyesterdpy an albatross 
 
 Drop dead on deck beneath the flying scud. 
 
 The devil's wind blows madly from the east 
 
 Into the land of Nowhere, and the sea 
 
 Keeps sucking us adown the maelstrom's maw. 
 
 Francisco says the edge of earth is near. 
 
 And off to Erebus we slide unhelmed. 
 
 Last Sunday night Diego saw a witch 
 
 Dragging the Nina by her forechains west 
 
 And mildly dancing on a Dolphin's back; 
 
 And, as she danced, the brightest star in heaven 
 
 Slipped from its leash and sprang into the sea, 
 
 Like Lucifer, and left a trail of blood. 
 
 I pray thee, master, turn again to Spain 
 
 Obedient to the omens, or, perchance, 
 
 The terror-stricken crew, to escape their doom 
 
 May mutiny and 
 
 " Gomez Rascon, peace," 
 
 Exclaimed the admiral. " Thou hast said enough. 
 
 Now, prithee, leave me. I would be alone." 
 
 Then eagerly Columbus sought a sign 
 In sea and sky and in his lonely heart, 
 Finding, instead of presages of hope, 
 The black and ominous portents of despair. 
 
 The wild winds roared around him and he heard 
 
 Shrill voices cry "Return; return; return;" 
 
 He thought of Genoa and dreams of youth, 
 
 His father's warnings and his mother's prayers, 
 
 Confiding Beatrix and the prattling babe, 
 
 The life and mirth and warmth of old Castile, 
 
 And tempting comfort of the peaceful land, 
 
 And wild winds moaned, ''Return; return; return." 
 
 As thus he mused he paced the after deck 
 And gazed upon the luminous waves astern. 
 Strange life was in the phosphorescent foam, 
 And thro' the goblin glow there came and went, 
 Life elfin shadows on an open sea, 
 Prophetic pictures of the land he sought. 
 
 He saw the end of his victorious quest 
 He saw, ablaze on Isabella's breast. 
 The gorgeous Antillean jewels rest 
 The islands of the west. 
 
 He, invading Plenty, dispossess 
 Old Poverty, the land with bounty bless, 
 And thro' the wailing caverns of distress 
 Walk star-eyed Happiness. 
 ZG'i 
 
He saw an empire, radiant as the day, 
 Harnessed to law, but under Freedom's sway, 
 Proudly arise, resplendent in array, 
 To show the \vorld the way. 
 
 He saw celestial Peace in mortal guise; 
 And, filled with hope and thrilled with high emprise, 
 Lifting its tranquil forehead to the skies, 
 A vast republic rise. 
 
 He saw, beyond the hills of golden corn, 
 Beyond the curve of Autumn's opulent horn, 
 Ceres and Flora laughingly adorn 
 The bosom of the morn. 
 
 He saw a cloth of gold across the gloom, 
 An arabesque from Evolution's loom, 
 And from the barren prairies driven spume 
 Imperial cities bloom. 
 
 He saw an iron dragon dashing forth 
 On pathways East and West and South and North, 
 Its bonds uniting in beneficent girth 
 Remotest ends of earth. 
 
 He saw the lightning run an elfin race 
 Where trade and love and pleasure interlace, 
 And severed friends in Ariel's embrace 
 Communing fay to fay. 
 
 He saw Relief thro' deadly dungeons grope; 
 Foes turn to brothers; black despair to hope; 
 And cannon rust along the grassgrown slope 
 And rot the gallows rope. 
 
 He saw the babes on Labor's cottage floor 
 The bright wall hung with luxury more and more, 
 And Comfort, radiant with abounding store, 
 Wave welcome at the door. 
 
 He saw the myriad spindles flutter round: 
 The myriad mill-wheels shake the solid ground 
 The myriad homes where jocund joy is found, 
 And love is throned and crowned. 
 
 He saw exalted Ignorance under ban, 
 Though panoplied in force since time began 
 And Science, consecrated, led the van, 
 The providence of man. 
 
 The pictures came, and paled, and passed away, 
 And then the Admiral turned as from a trance, 
 His lion face aglow, his luminous eyes 
 Lit with mysterious fire from hidden suns; 
 " Now, Martin, to thy waiting helm again, 
 Haste to the Pinta, fill her sagging sails. 
 For on my soul hath dawned a wondrous sight. 
 Lo! thro' this segment of the watery world 
 Uprose a hemisphere of glorious life, 
 
 263 
 
A realm of golden grain and fragrant fruits. 
 And men and women wise and masterful, 
 Who dwelt at peace in rural cottages 
 And splendid cities bursting into bloom 
 Great Lotus blossoms on a flowery sea; 
 And happiness was there, and bright-winged hope- 
 High aspiration, soaring to the stars; 
 And then methought, O Martin, thro' the storm 
 A million faces turned on me and smile. 
 Now go we forward forward; fear avaunt: 
 I will abate no atom of my dream 
 Though all the devils of the underworld 
 Hiss in the sails and grapple to the keel. 
 Haste to the Pinta; westward keep her prow, 
 For I have had a vision full of light; 
 Keep her prow westward in the sunset's wake 
 From this hour hence, and let no man look ba,ck. 
 Then from the Pinta's foretop fell a cry, 
 A trumpet song: ' Light-ho! Light-ho! Light-ho!" 
 
 DIRECTOR-GENERAL DAVIS' ADDRESS. 
 
 Then there was music, the orchestral overture "Rienzi," by Wagner, after 
 which the director-general arose and said: 
 
 I had prepared something to say upon this momentous occasion, something touching 
 the importance and scope of the work of this Exposition, but I observed this swaying mass 
 of humanity are anxious to hear the President, the representative of the people of the 
 United States. Still, I wish to say a little something of our efforts, not the inspiration of 
 a single man, of a single person, but the aggregate efforts of a people enlisted in the cele- 
 bration of a great event. I wish to compliment tho efforts of the national commission, 
 composed of 180 members selected from every State in the Union and presided over by T. 
 W. Palmer, of Michigan; the Illinois corporation, presided over by President H. N. Higin- 
 botham, and the Board of Lady Managers, presided over by Mrs. Potter Paljaer, all of whom 
 have faithfully performed their duties and to all of whom your thanks are due. 
 
 The department of finance, composed of members of the Illinois corporation, has, with 
 a disinterestedness remarkable, with courage undaunted, successfully financed the EApo- 
 sition and has provided for the great work upward of $20,000,000. 
 
 The department of works and its many bureaus of artists, architects, engineers and 
 builders have transformed these grounds, which twenty-one months ago were an unsightly, 
 uninviting and unoccupied stretch of landscape, into the beauty and splendor of to-day. 
 They have conspicuously performed their functions, and these grand avenues, these Venetian 
 water ways, the finished landscape, the fountains and sculptures and colonnades and these 
 grand palaces stand out as a monument to their gsnius and their skill, supplemented by 
 the labor of that great army of skilled artisans and workmen, all citizens of this republic. 
 
 The citizens of our country are proud of the action of the congress of the United States 
 of America in authorizing and directing the celebration to take place, for the appropriation 
 of more than $5,000,000 in its aid and for tha unswerving support and encouragement of 
 the officers of the government. 
 
 To the States of the Union we are largely indebted for active and substantial support. 
 A sum in excess of $6,000,000 has been raised and expended by States and Territories for the 
 official use in promoting their own interests cojointly with the general success of the 
 Exhibition. 
 
 To the foreign nations who have a representation upon these grounds never before 
 witnessed at any exposition, as shown by the grand exhibits they have brought here, and 
 the hundreds of official representatives of foreign governments who are present on this 
 
 264 
 
occasion, we bow in grateful thanks. More than $0,000,000 has been officially appropriated 
 for these commissions in furtherance of their participation in the Exposition. The great 
 nations of Europe and their dependencies are all represented upon these grounds. The 
 governments of Asia and Africa and the republics of the western hemisphere, with but few 
 exceptions, are here represented . 
 
 To the citizens and corporation of the city of Chicago, who have furnished $11,000,000 
 as a contribution, and in addition have loaned the management $5, 000, 000 more, are due 
 the grateful acknowledgments of our people and of all the honored guests who share with 
 us the advantage of this great international festival. 
 
 To the tens of thousands of exhibitors who have contributed in a larger amount than 
 all others combined, we are under the deepest obligations for their interest and co-oper- 
 ation. 
 
 To the women of Chicago and our great land, whose prompt, spontaneous and enthu- 
 siastic co-operation in our -work turned the eyes of the world toward the Exposition as 
 toward a new star of the east an inspiration for womanhood everywhere we extend our 
 cordial and unstinted recognition. 
 
 And now, Mr. President, in this central city of this great republic on the continent 
 discovered by Columbus, whose distinguished descendants are present as the honored 
 guests of our nation, it only remains for you, if in your opinion the Exposition here 
 presented is commensurate in dignity with what the world should expect of our great 
 country, to direct that it shall be opened to the public, and when you touch this magic key 
 the ponderous machinery will start in its revolution, and the activities of the Exposition 
 will begin. 
 
 Scarcely had the director-general finished when President Cleveland arose, and 
 without formal introduction gazed for a moment upon the great multitude before him. 
 His face was wreathed in smiles and, turning in one direction and then another, he 
 was greeted with tumultuous applause. He courteously acknowledged the plaudits of 
 the multitude, lifted his right hand in an effort to command silence, advanced a step 
 nearer the east edge of the rostrum, and spoke as follows : 
 
 I am here to join my fellow-citizens in the congratulations which befit this occasion. 
 Surrounded by the stupendous results of American enterprise and activity and in view 
 of magnificent evidences of American skill and intelligence, we need not fear that these 
 congratulations will be exaggerated. We stand to-day in the presence of the oldest nations 
 of the world and point to the great achievements here exhibited, asking no allowance on 
 the score of youth. The enthusiasm with which we contemplate our work intensifies the 
 warmth of the greeting we extend to those who have come from foreign lands to illustrate 
 with us the growth and progress of human endeavor in the direction of a higher civiliza- 
 tion. We who believe that popular education and the stimulation of the best impulses of 
 our citizens lead the way to a realization of the proud national destiny which our faith 
 promises, gladly welcome the opportunity here afforded us to see the results accomplished 
 by efforts which have been exerted longer than ours in the field of man's improvements, 
 while in appreciative return we exhibit the unparalleled advancement and wonderful 
 accomplishments of a young nation, and present the triumphs of a vigorous, self-reliant 
 and independent people. We have built these splendid edifices, but we have also built the 
 magnificent fabric of a popular government, whose grand proportions are seen throughout 
 the world. We have made and here gathered together objects of use and beauty, the pro- 
 ducts of American skill and invention; but we have also made men who rule themselves. 
 It is an exalted mission in which we and our guests from other lands are engaged, as we 
 co-operate in the inauguration of an enterprise devoted to human enlightenment; and, in 
 the undertaking we here enter upon, we exemplify in the nob.est sense the brotherhood of 
 nations. Let us hold fast to the meaning that underlies this ceremony, and let us not loose 
 the impressiveness of this moment. As by a touch the machinery that gives life to this 
 vast Exposition is set in motion, so at the same instant let our hopes and aspirations awaken 
 forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, the dignity and the freedom 
 of mankind. 
 
A few minutes after 12 o'clock the President concluded his speech and placed his 
 hand on the gold and ivory button. A second later he pressed it down and the World's 
 Fair was open. 
 
 Just as the President placed his hand on the button a young man waved his hat 
 and from 800 flags taffs fluttered gay banners on either side of the stand. The flags of 
 Spain were drawn up, while from the center pole flew an enormous star-spangled 
 banner. At the same moment the veil fell from the golden statue of Liberty in the 
 lagoon and 200 snow-white doves were set free and circled over the waters. The 
 fountains burst forth joyously, while from the revenue cutter Andy Johnson boomed 
 the first gun of the salute of twenty-one. The guns belched forth and the steam 
 launches screamed as they started back to the Administration building, and the crowd 
 shouted again and again. 
 
 F. WILLIS RICE, 
 Secretary of the Fellowship Club. 
 
 266 
 
* r 
 
 267 
 
^z^^.^ ^^-^-^n: 
 
 268 
 
GROVER CLEVELAND. 
 
 269 
 
WELCOMING THE. 
 
 DUKE. OF VERflGUfl. 
 
 THE DUKE DE VERAGUA, the illustrious descendant of Christopher Colum- 
 bus, arrived in Chicago on April 29th, and was received with fitting honors. 
 It was a section of the regular limited express over the Pennsylvania road 
 that bore the ducal party to Chicago. In a private car were the Duke and Duchess de 
 Veragua, their daughter, the Hon. Maria del Pilar Colon y Aguilera; their son, Chris- 
 tobal Colon y Aguilera ; the Marquis de Barboles, a brother of the duke ; Pedro Colon y 
 Bertadano, son of Marquis Barboles and nephew of the duke; Carlos de Aguilera, a 
 nephew of the Duchess de Veragua; Marquis Villalobar, the Spanish World's Fair com- 
 missioner, and numerous attaches. 
 
 At Grand Crossing the first committee of reception boarded the train. This was 
 composed of Moses Wentworth, Hobert Chatfield Chatfield- Taylor, William E. Curtis 
 and Huntington W. Jackson. 
 
 The general reception committee was composed of President Thomas W. Palmer 
 of the national commission, Commissioner-at- Large Thomas B. Bryan, Vice-President 
 Ferd W. Peck of the board of directors, Henry B. Stone, Charles Henrotin, Arthur 
 Caton, and other members of the various committees. Mrs. John A. Logan was pres- 
 ent to represent the board of lady managers and to specially welcome the duchess. 
 Colonel Charles P. Bryan, of Governor Altgeld's staff, was present to represent the 
 governor. Commissioner of Public Works Jones was there to represent Mayor Harri- 
 son. Captain Maus and Lieutenant Chamberlain were on hand to do the honors for 
 the United States Army. 
 
 As the duke stepped from the train he was greeted by President Palmer with the 
 following address of welcome: 
 
 YOUR GRACE: The pleasant task of welcoming you on your arrival has been assigned 
 to me, and I do so in the name of the World's Columbian Exposition, of the representatives 
 of every State in the Union, and in behalf of the city of Chicago (whose mayor will later 
 on present you the freedom of the city), in the name of the great State of Illinois, in the 
 name of every man, woman and child in America. 
 
 We welcome you not only as the descendant of that illustrious man who gave a new 
 world to Spain and to humanity, but as one who, in his own time and generation, and in 
 his own country, has achieved a position of the highest honor, and secured the regard of 
 his countrymen and his contemporaries by his own achievements and kindness of heart. 
 
 We believe that the manifestation of pleasure which your coming will elicit will be 
 grateful to you and to your family. We believe that it marks an epoch in civilization 
 where sentiment shall be interwoven with practical affairs, and that the event will become 
 unique in history and of increased beneficence in its results. We welcome you to our 
 homes and hearts, and though the expressions of good feeling may at times be burdensome, 
 the burden is of that character which may be lightly borne, for it comes from glad and 
 willing hearts. It may be a pleasure to you when you return to the beautiful land where 
 you were born and where you reside, and which is so full of historical associations and 
 
 271 
 
chivalric incident that you have had a nation for your home and 64,000,000 people who 
 offer themselves as your willing- servants. 
 
 The sky without is inclement, but the sunshine of our hearts may compensate you for 
 the foreboding aspect of the sky. 
 
 Again, your Grace, we welcome you and your family to the city of Chicago and to this 
 great nation. 
 
 The duke replied in a few well-chosen words, and the Duchess de Veragua was 
 then brought forward, and Mrs. Logan advanced to meet her. The duchess' face 
 flushed with pleasure as Mrs. Logan gave her the cluster of flowers she had been 
 carrying. Mrs. Logan said that the women of America welcomed the ladies of the 
 party with all their hearts. The duchess speaks but little English, but she made her- 
 self understood in a few graceful words of reply. Other members of the ducal party 
 came forward and were presented. 
 
 Mayor Harrison later in the day presented the duke with a golden key represent- 
 ing the freedom of the city. The mayor said : 
 
 YOUR GRACE: The people of an entire hemisphere recognize that the debt due Chris- 
 topho Colombo is so vast that it can never be paid. The United States, a part of that hem- 
 isphere, a country more powerful than was the whole of Europe when Columbus lived, 
 desirous of showing their appreciation of the mighty boon he conferred upon the world, 
 have invited you, his lineal descendant, to become their guest while they celebrate the 
 discovery of America through the Columbian Exposition. 
 
 The city of Chicago, proud of what the Nation has done, feeling that it is highly hon- 
 ored by your presence, thereby aiding Americans to become more familiar with yoiir great 
 ancestor, has instructed me, its chief magistrate, to receive you, and to extend to you its 
 courtesies. We recognize in you not only one in whom the blood of Christopho Colombo 
 flows, but one who has contributed largely to the progress and improvement of your king- 
 dom and of your countrymen. 
 
 We have heard that you are deeply interested in agriculture, the cornerstone of 
 W T estern American institutions and source of the wealth of our city; that you have been 
 profoundly interested in the improvement of roads, which are necessary to the happiness 
 and prosperity of a country; but above all that you have been devoted to the educational 
 affairs of your people; that when the issue arose, whether the arms or the school-teachers 
 should be paid, you decided in favor of the teachers, for you know, as we know, that peace 
 has its victories as well as war. 
 
 Holding you, therefore, in high respect because of your lineage and because of your 
 patriotic achievements, the citizens of Chicago direct me, their chief magistrate, to present 
 to you the freedom of the ci^y. This presentation confers upon you no tangible privilege, 
 but it does confer on you the homage of our citizens and the freedom of their homes and 
 hearts. 
 
 Your Grace, I welcome you to Chicago as our honored guest, and will speed you when 
 you feel compelled to leave us, and hope that you will find on your return your country 
 prosperous and your home a happy one. 
 
 The duke accepted the book and key with a graceful bow, and in response to 
 Mayor Harrison's presentation said: 
 
 When I received the invitation to attend the opening of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition, I did not realize how many gratifications \vere awaiting me in this country. 
 
 In landing on the continent discovered by my illustrious ancestor, my heart was filled 
 with emotion and I feared that I would not be able to meet the demands incident to a visit 
 to America on this glorious occasion. But now that I am in the midst of your people, the 
 great sympathy and good will with which you greet me gives me strength to respond to 
 this great honor. Chicago confers upon me the freedom of a city that in twenty years has 
 made greater growth and progress than the greatest city in the world, and on this occasion, 
 commemorating the wonderful discovery of a new world, honors my ancestor and myself. 
 
 I beg you, Mr. Mayor, to express my gratefulness to the citizens of Chicago. With all 
 my heart I thank you for this cordial welcome. 
 
 272 
 
f\RRIVf\L OF T-HE, LIBERTY BELL. 
 
 ON April 28, 1893, the famous old "Liberty Bell" of Philadelphia arrived in 
 Chicago, and it was conveyed to Jackson Park the following day. 
 The bell was received with the greatest enthusiasm in Chicago, and was 
 wreathed in flowers and borne to the park on a triumphal wagon drawn by thirteen jet- 
 black horses, escorted by a detachment of troops and the City Council of Chicago 
 
 When the grounds were reached the bell was deposited in the Pennsylvania build- 
 ing with appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 Mayor Stuart of Philadelphia made a short address, in which he referred to the 
 continuous ovation that greeted the old bell while on its journey to Jackson Park. 
 
 Alderman Kent, chairman of the committee on reception of the bell, responded on 
 behalf of the city of Chicago, Major Harrison not being able to be present. 
 
 John "W. Woodside, commissioner from Pennsylvania, spoke as the representative 
 of President Palmer of the National Commission. Robert Rae made an eloquent 
 speech on behalf of the Sons of Pennsylvania, and the reception came to a close with 
 an address from A. B. Farquhar, executive commissioner from Pennsylvania. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE BELL. 
 
 November 1, 1751, the province of Pennsylvania not being able to secure in 
 America a bell of the size needed for the State house, the superintendents wrote to the 
 colonial agent in London, ordering one. 
 
 The order was in accordance with the resolution of the colonial assembly of 
 October, 16, 1751, and contained the following instructions: 
 
 "Let the beli "be cast by the best workmen and examined carefully before it is 
 shipped, with the following words well shaped in large letters round it, viz. : 
 
 " By order of the Assembly of the Province of Pennsylvania for the Statehouse in the City of Phila- 
 delphia, 1752. 
 
 " And underneath: 
 
 " Proclaim liberty through all the land to all the inhabitants thereof. Levit., xxv., 10." 
 
 The bell arrived in August, 1752, but in the following month it was cracked by a 
 stroke of the clapper without any other violence. It was then recast by a Philadelphia 
 firm and again hung in 1753. This recasting was not satisfactory and the founders, 
 Pass & Stow, obtained the privilege of recasting the bell, and it was again recast and 
 hung in June of 1753. 
 
 August 27,1753, the bell was first rung to call the assembly together. After that 
 it was rung on all important occasions in the early history of the Nation. Near the 
 noon hour of July 8, 1776, it rang out the proclamation of the declaration of inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 The last tolling of the bell was on July 8, 1835, over the funeral of John Mar- 
 shall, chief justice of the United States. It was during his funeral solemnities that 
 the bell, without other violence than that of being slowly tolled, parted its side and 
 became silent forever. 
 
 273 
 
In 1846, in order to use the liberty bell Washington's birthday, it was drilled out 
 in a futile effort to restore its sound by enlarging the cause of its dissonance, but on 
 attempting to hang it the crack threatened to extend, and further tinkering was then 
 abandoned. 
 
 The journeys of the liberty bell have not been many. When the American forces, 
 in 1777, were about to leave Philadelphia, the bell was transported to Allen town to 
 prevent its falling into the hands of the British. After the evacuation of Philadelphia 
 the bell was brought back to that city. 
 
 The trip of the liberty bell to the exposition in New Orleans, in 1885, is the last 
 event of historic importance in its history. 
 
 H. O. EDMONDS, W. K. ACKERMAIM, 
 
 Secretary of the W. C. Exposition. Auditor of the W. C. Exposition. 
 
 W. K. CARLISLE, 
 Attorney. 
 
 JOHN THORPE, 
 Chief of Floriculture. 
 
 274 
 
276 
 
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION. 
 
 OFFICERS President, Thomas W. Palraer, of Michigan. First Vice-President, Thos. 
 M. Waller, of Connecticut. Second Vice- President, M. H. De Young, of California. Third 
 Vice-President, Davidson B. Penn, of Louisiana. Fourth Vice-President, Gorton W. Allen, 
 of New York. Fifth Vice-President, Alexander B. Andrews, of North Carolina. Secre- 
 tary, John T. Dickinson, of Texas. Director-General, World's Columbian Exposition. 
 George R. Davis, of Illinois. Vice-Chairman Executive Committee, James A. McKenzie, 
 of Kentucky. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS- AT-LARGE Augustus G. Bullock, Worcester, Mass. Gorton W. Allen. 
 Auburn, N. Y. Peter A. B. Widener, Philadelphia, Pa. Thomas W. Palmer, Detroit. 
 Mich. R. W. Furnas, Brownville, Neb. William Lindsay, Frankfort, Ky. Henry Exall, 
 Dallas, Tex. Mark L. McDonald, Santa Rosa, Cal. 
 
 ALTERNATES Henry Ingalls, Wiscasset, Me. Louis Fitzgerald, New York, N. Y. 
 John W. Chalfant, Pittsburgh, Pa. James Oliver, South Bend, Ind. Hale G. Parker, St. 
 Louis, Mo. Patrick Walsh, Augusta, Ga. H. C. King, San Antonio, Tex. Thomas Burke, 
 Seattle, Wash. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Alexander T. Britton, Washington ; Albert A. Wilson, Washington. Alternates E. 
 Kurtz Johnson, Washington ; Dorsey Clagett, Washington. 
 
 COMMISSIONERS OF THE STATES. 
 
 ALABAMA Frederick G. Bromberg, Mobile ; Oscar R. Hundley, Huntsville. Alternates 
 Gotthold L. Werth, Montgomery; William S. Hull, Sheffield. 
 
 ARKANSAS John D. Adams, Little Rock ; J. H. Clendening, Fort Smith. Alternates 
 J. T. W. Tillar, Little Rock ; Thomas H. Leslie, Stuttgart. 
 
 CALIFORNIA Michel H. de Young, San Francisco ; William Forsyth, Fresno. 
 Alternates George Hazleton, San Francisco ; Russ D. Stephens, Sacramento. 
 
 COLORADO Roswell E. Goddell, Leadville ; Jos. H. Smith, Denver. Alternates Henry 
 B. Gillespie, Aspen ; O. C. French, New Winsdor. 
 
 CONNECTICUT Leverett Brainard, Hartford ; Thomas M. W r aller, New London. Alter- 
 nates Charles F. Brooker, Torrington ; Charles R. Baldwin, Waterbury. 
 
 DELAWARE George V. Massey, Dover ; Willard Hall Porter, Wilmington. Alternates^ 
 Charles F. Richards, Georgetown ; William Saulsbury, Dover. 
 
 FLORIDA C. F, A. Bielly, De Land ; Richard Turnbull, Monticello. Alternates Dud- 
 ley W. Adams, Tangerine ; Jssse T. Bernard, Tallahassee. 
 
 GEORGIA Lafayette McLaws, Savannah ; Charlton H. Way, Savannah. Alternates 
 James Longstreet, Gainsville; John W. Clark, Augusta. 
 
 IDAHO George A. Manning, Post Falls; George E. Stearns, Nampa. Alternates A. J. 
 Crook, Hailey ; John M. Burke, W r ardner. 
 
 ILLINOIS Charles H. Deere, Moline ; Adlai T. Ewing, 38 Montauk Blk. , Chicago. 
 Alternates Lafayette Funk, Shirley ; De Witt Smith, Springfield. 
 
 INDIANA Thomas E. Garvin, Evansville ; Elijah B. Martindale, Idianapolis. Alter' 
 nates William E. McLean, Terra Haute ; Charles M. Travis, Crawfordsville. 
 
 279 
 
IOWA Jos. Eiboeck; Des Moines ; William F. King, Mt. Vernon. Alternates Clias. N. 
 Whiting-, Whiting ; John Hays, Red Oak. 
 
 KANSAS Charles K. Holliday, Jr., Topeka ; J. R. Burton, Abilene. Alternates M. 
 
 D. Henry, Independence ; Frank W. Lanyon, Pittsburg. 
 
 KENTUCKY John Bennett, Richmond ; James A. McKenzie, Oak Grove. Alternates 
 David N. Comingore, Covington ; John S. Morris, Louisvil Le. 
 
 LOUISIANA Davidson B. Penn, Newellton ; Thomas J. Woodward, New Orleans. 
 Alternates Alphonse Le Due, New Orleans ; P. J. McMahon, Tangipahoa. 
 
 MAINE Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan : William G. Davis, Portland . Alternates 
 James A. Boardman, Bangor ; Clark S. Edwards, Bethel. 
 
 MARYLAND James Hodges, Baltimore ; Lloyd Lowndes, Cumberland. Alternates 
 George M. Upshur, Snow Hill ; Daniel E. Conkiing, Baltimore. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS Fran .iis W. Breed, Lynn; Thomas E. Proctor, Boston. Alternates 
 Geo. P. Ladd, Spencer ; Chas. E. Adams, La well. 
 
 MICHIGAN M. Henry Lane, Kalamazoo ; George H. Barbour, Detroit. Alternates 
 Ernest B. Fisher, Grand Rapids ; Lyman D. Norris, Grand Rapids. 
 
 MINNESOTA H. B. Moore, Duluth; Orson V. Tousley, Minneapolis. Alternates Thomas 
 C. Kurtz, Moorhead ; Muret N. Leland, Wells. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI Joseph M. Bynum, Risnzi ; Robert L. Saunders, Jackson. Alternates 
 Fred W. Collins, Summit ; Joseph H. Brinker, West Point. 
 
 MISSOURI Thomas B. Bullene, Kansas City; Charles H. Jones, St. Louis. Alternates 
 O. H. Picher, Joplin ; R. L. McDonald, St. Joseph. 
 
 MONTANA Louis H. Hershfield, Helena ; Armistead H. Mitchell, Deer Lodge City. 
 Alternates Benjamin F. White, Dillon ; Timothy E. Collins, Great Falls. 
 
 NEBRASKA Euclid Martin, Omaha ; Albert G. Scott, Kearney. Alternates William 
 L. May, Fremont ; John Lauterbach, Fairbury. 
 
 NEVADA James W. Hains, Genoa; George Russell, Elko. Alternates Enoch Strother, 
 Virginia City ; Richard Ryland, Reno. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE Walter Aiken, Franklin ; Charles D. McDuffie, Manchester. Alter- 
 nates George VanDyke, Lancaster ; Frank E. Kaley, Milford. 
 
 NEW JERSEY 'William J. Sewell, Camden ; Thomas Smith, Newark. Alternates Fred- 
 erick S. Fish, Newark ; Edward A. Stephens, Hoboken. 
 
 NEW York Chauncey M. Depew, New York; John Boyd Thacher, Albany. Alternates 
 James II. Breslin, New York; James Roosevelt, Hyde Park. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA Alexander B. Andrews, Raleigh ; Thomas R Keogh, Greensboro. 
 Alternates Elias Carr, Old Sparta ; G. A. Bingham, Salisbury. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA H. P. Rucker, Grand Forks; Martin Ryan, Fargo. Alternates Charles 
 H. Stanley, Steele ; Peter Cameron, Tyner. 
 
 OHIO Harvey P. Platt, Toledo ; William Ritchie, Hamilton. Alternates Lucius C. 
 Cron, Piqua ; Adolph Pluemer, Cincinnati. 
 
 OREGON Henry Klippel, Jacksonville ; Martin Wilkins, Eugene City. Alternates J. 
 L. Morrow, Heppner ; W. T. Wright, Union. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA R. Bruce Ricketts, Wilkes Barre ; John W. Woodside, Philadelphia. 
 Alternates George A. Macbeth, Pittsburgh ; John K. Hallock, Erie. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND Lyman B. Goff, Pawtuckett; Gardner C. Sims. Providence. Alternates 
 Jeffrey Hazard, Providence ; Lorillard Spencer, Newport. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA A. P. Butler, Columbia; John R. Co3hran, Walhalla. Alternates 
 
 E. L. Roche, Charleston; J. W. Tindell, Sumpter. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA Merritt H. Day, Rapid City ; William Mclntyre, Watertown. Alter- 
 nates S. A. Ramsey, Woonsocket ; L. S. Bullard, Pierre. 
 
 TENNESSEE Lewis T. Baxter, Nashville; Thomas L. Williams, Knoxville. Alternates 
 Rush Strong, Knoxville ; A. B. Hurt, Chatanooga. 
 
 TEXAS Archelaus M. Cochran, Dallas ; John T. Dickinson, Austin. Alternates Lock 
 McDaniel, Anderson ; Henry B. Andrews, San Antonio. 
 
 VERMONT Henry H. Mclntyre, West Randolph; Bradley B. Smalley, Burlington. 
 Alternates Aldace F. Walker, Rutland ; Hiram Atkins, Montpelier. 
 
 280 
 
VIRGINIA Virginius D. Groner, Norfolk ; John T. Harris, Harrisonburg. Alternates 
 Charles A. Heermans, Christiansburg : Alexander McDonald, Lynchburg. 
 
 WASHINGTON Henry Drum, Taaoma; Charles B. Hopkins, Spokane Falls. Alternates 
 George F. Cummin, Cheny ; Clarence B. Bagley, Seattle. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA James D. Butt, Harper's Ferry ; J. W. St. Clah% Fayetteville. Alter- 
 nates Wellington Vrooman, Parkersburg ; John Corcoran, Wheeling.' 
 
 WISCONSIN Phillip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point; John M. Coburn, West Salem. 
 Alternates David W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson ; Myron Reed, Superior. 
 
 WYOMING Asahel C. Beckwith, Evanston ; Henry G. Hay, Cheyenne. Alternates 
 Asa S. Mercer, Cheyenne; John J. McCormick, Sheridan. 
 
 TERRITORIES. 
 
 ALASKA Edward de Groff, Sitka ; Louis L. Williams, Juneau. Alternates Carl 
 Spuhn, Killisno ; N. A. Fuller, Juneau. 
 
 ARIZONA George F. Coats, Phoenix; W. K. Mead, Tombstone. Alternates W. L. Van 
 Horn, Flagstaff; Herbert H. Logan; Phoenix. 
 
 NEW MEXICO Thomas C. Gutierres, Albuquerque ; Richard Mansfield White, Her- 
 mosa, Sierra Co. Alternates L. C. Tetard, East Las Vegas ; Charles B. Eddy, Eddy. 
 
 OKLAHOMA Othniel Beescn, El Reno ; Frank R. Gammon, Guthrie. Alternates John 
 Wallace, Oklahoma City ; Joseph W. McNeal, Guthrie. 
 
 UTAH Frederick J. Kiesel, Ogde a ; Patrick H. Lannan, Salt Lake City. Alternates 
 William M. Ferry, Park City ; Charles Crane, Kanosh. 
 
 LADY MANAGERS. 
 
 President, M^s. Potter Palmer, of Chica,go ; 1st Vice-President, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, 
 of New York; 3d Vice-President, Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine ; 3d Vice-President, 
 Mrs. Charles Price, of North Carolina : 4th Vice-President, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of 
 Louisiana; 5th Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, of the District of Columbia ; 6th Vice- 
 President, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado ; 7th Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beall 
 Ginty, of Wisconsin; 8th Vice-President, Mrs. Margaret Elaine Salisbury, of Utah ; Vice- 
 President at Large, Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Montana ; Secretary, Mrs. Susan Gale 
 Cooke, of Tennessee. 
 
 NOMINATED BY COMMISSIONERS- AT-LARGE. 
 
 LADY MANAGERS Mrs. D. F. Verdenal, The Dakota, W. 72dSt., New York ; Mrs. Mary 
 Cecil Can trill, Georgetown. Ky. ; Mrs. Mary S. Lockwood, 812, 12th St., Washington, D. C. ; 
 Mrs. John J. Bagley, Detroit; Mich.; Miss Ellen A. Ford, 252 Broadway, New York; Mrs. 
 Mary S. Harrison, Helena, Montana , Mrs. Ida Elkins Tyler, Bullit Bldg. , Philadelphia, 
 Pa.; Mrs. Rosine Ryan, Austin, Texas. 
 
 LADY ALTERNATES Mrs. Ben C. Truman, Los Angeles, Cal.; Mrs. Nancy Huston 
 Banks, Morganfield. Ky.; Mrs. James B. Stone, 137 Vernon St. Worcester, Mass.; Mrs. 
 Schuyler Coif ax, South Bend, Ind.; Mrs. Helen A. Peck, 3100 Troost Ave., Kansas City ; 
 Miss Caroline E. Dennis, Auburn, N. Y.; Mrs. George R. Yarrow, 2213 Green St., Phila- 
 delphia; Pa.; Mrs. Caroline Willis Ladd, Galveston, Texas. 
 
 BY COMMISSIONERS FROM THE STATES. 
 
 ALABAMA Miss Hattie Toney Hundley, Mooresville ; Mrs. Anna M . Fosdick, Mobile. 
 Alternates Mrs. Sallie H. Bush, 1917 Park Avenue, Birmingham ; Mrs. Irene W. Sem- 
 ple, Montgomery. 
 
 ARKANSAS Mrs. James P. Eagle, Little Rock; Mrs. Rollin A. Edgerton, Little Rock. 
 Alternates Mrs. Mary Gray Dunlap Rogers, Fort Smith; Mrs. William B. Empie, 
 Newport. 
 
 CALIFORNIA Mrs. Parthenia P. Rue, Santa Rosa ; Mrs. James R. Deane,1919 Califor- 
 nia St., San Francisco. Alternates Mrs. Isaac L. Requa, Piedmont; Mrs. Frona E. Wait, 
 117 Jones St., San Francisco. 
 
 COLORADO Mrs. Laura P. Coleman, Buena Vista", Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, 1460 Grant 
 Ave., Denver. Alternates Mrs. Annie B. Patrick, Leadville ; Mrs. M. D. Thatcher, Pueblo. 
 
 881 
 
CONNECTICUT Miss Frances S. Ives, 478 Orange St., New Haven ; Mrs. Isabella Beecher 
 Hooker, Hartford. Alternate* Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman, Stevenson; Mrs. Virginia T. 
 Smith, Hartford. 
 
 DELAWARE Mrs. Mary Richards Kinder, Milford ; Mrs. J. Frank Ball, 503 West 12th 
 Street, Wilmington. Alternates Mrs. Mary E. Tobert, Milford; Mrs. Theodore F.. Arm. 
 strong, Newark. 
 
 FLORIDA Mrs. Mary C. Bell, Gainsville ; Miss E. Nellie Beck, Tampa. Alternates- 
 Mrs. Chloe Merrick Reed, South Jacksonville ; Mrs H. K. Ingram, Jacksonville. 
 
 GEORGIA Mrs. William H. Felton. Cartersville ; Mrs. Charles H. Olmstead, Savannah. 
 Alternates Miss Meta Telfair McLaws, Augusta ; Mrs. George W. Lamar, Savannah. 
 
 IDAHO Mrs. Anna E. M. Farnum, Hauser Junction; Mrs. Joseph C. Straughan, 
 Boise City. Alternates Mrs. Louise L. Barton, Moscow; Mrs. Ella Ray Miller, Blackfoot. 
 
 ILLINOIS Mrs. Richard J. Oglesby, Elkhart ; Mrs. Frances Welles Shephard, 4445, 
 Grand Boulevard, Chicago. Alternates Mrs. Marcia Louise Gould, Moline ; Mrs. Isabella 
 L. Candee, Cairo. 
 
 INDIANA Miss Wilhelmine Reitz, 524 First St., Evansville ; Mrs. Virginia C. Meredith, 
 Cambridge City. Alternates Miss Susan W. Ball, Terra Haute ; Miss Mary H. Krout 
 Crawfordsville. 
 
 IOWA Mrs. Whiting S. Clark, 718 5th St.,Des Moines; Miss Ora Elizabeth Miller,Cedar 
 Rapids ; Alternates Mrs. Ira F. Hendricks, Council Bluffs ; Miss Mary B. Hancock, 
 Dubuque. 
 
 KANSAS Mrs. Jennie S. Mitchell, Topeka ; Mrs. Hester A. Hanback, Topeka. Alter- 
 nates Mrs. Sarah Blair Lynch, Leavenworth ; Mrs. Jane H. Haynes, Ft. Scott. 
 
 KENTUCKY Miss Jean W. Falkner, Lancaster ; Mrs. A. C. Jackson, Covington. 
 Alternates Miss Sarah F. Holt, Frankfort ; Mrs. Alice B. Castleman; 1415 Fourth Avenue, 
 Louisville. 
 
 LOUISIANA Miss Catherine L. Minor, Houma; Miss Josephine Shakspeare,470 Camp St. 
 New Orleans. Alternates Mrs. Bowling S. Leathers, Steamer Laura Lee, New Orleans; 
 Mrs. Bell Hamilton Perkins, 109 Coliseum St., New Orleans. 
 
 MAINE Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, Augusta: Mrs. L. M. N. Stevens, Portland. Alter- 
 natesMrs,. Sarah H. Bixby, Skowhegan ; Miss Helen M. Staples, Hanover. 
 
 MARYLAND Mrs. William Reed, 825 S. Paul St., Baltimore; Mrs. Alexander Thomp- 
 son, Mount Savage. Alternates Mrs. J. Wilson Patterson, 1012 'N. Calvert St., Baltimore ; 
 Miss Eloise Roman, Cumberland. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS Mrs. Rufus S. Frost, 100 Bellingham St., Chelsea ; Mrs. Jonas H. 
 French, 128 Commonwealth Ave., Boston. Alternates Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Cam- 
 bridge ; Miss Mary Crease Sears, 342 Marlborough St. , Boston. 
 
 MICHIGAN Mrs. Eliza J. Pendry Howes, Battle Creek ; Mrs. Sarah S. C. Angell, Ann 
 Arbor. Alternates Mrs. Frances P. Burrows, Kalamazoo : Miss Anna M . Cutcheon, 20 
 Adams St., Detroit. 
 
 MINNESOTA Mrs. Frances B. Clarke, 236 Summit Ave., St. Paul; Mrs. H. F. Brown, 
 326 S. 7th St. , Minneapolis; Alternates Mrs. P. B. Winston, Minneapolis ; Mrs. M. M. Wil- 
 liams, Little Falls. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI Mrs. James W. Lee, Aberdeen; Mrs. John M. Stone, Jackson. Alternates 
 Mrs. George M. Buchanan, Holly Springs : Miss Varina Davis, Beauvoir. 
 
 MISSOURI Miss Phoebe W. Couzins, L. L. B., 3509 Lendell Avenue, St. Louis ; 
 Miss Lillian Mason Brown, Kirkwood ; Alternates Mrs. Patti Moore, 15 W. 12th St., Kan- 
 sas City ; Mrs. Annie L. Y. Oroff, St. Louis, care of Chaperone Magazine. 
 
 MONTANA Mrs. Eliza Rickards, Butte City ; Mrs. Clara L. McAdow, Helena. Alter- 
 nates Mrs. Laura E. Howey, Helena; Mrs. Mirian D. Cooper, Bozeman. 
 
 NEBRASKA Mrs. John S. Briggs, 2613 Douglas St.; Omaha; Mrs. E. C. Langworthy, 
 Seward. Alternates Mrs. M. A. B. Martin, Beatrice; Mrs. Lana A. Bates, Aurora. 
 
 NEVADA Miss Eliza M. Russell, Elko ; Mrs. M. D. Foley, Reno. Alternates Miss 
 Mary E. Davies, Genoa. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE Miss Mira B. F. Ladd, Lancaster: Mrs. Daniel Hall, Dover. 
 Alternates Mrs. Frank A. Daniell, Franklin Falls ; Mrs. Ellen J. Coles, Lake Village. 
 
 282 
 
NEW JERSEY Miss Mary E. Busselle, 67 Park St., Newark ; Mrs. Martha B.Stevens, 
 37 Park St., Newark. Alter nates Mrs. Charles W. Compton, 239 S. 7th St. Newark ; Mrs. 
 Amanda M. Smith, 37 Park St., Newark. 
 
 NEW YORK Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, 27 Beekman Place, New York City. Alternates 
 Mrs. John Pope, 329 5th Ave.,New York City; Mrs. A. M. Halmer, 25 E. 65th St., New York. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA Mrs. George Wilson Kidder, Wilmington ; Mrs. Charles Price, Salis- 
 bury; Alternates Mrs. Sallie S. Cotton, Falkland: Miss Virginia Stella Divine, Wilmington. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA Mrs. S. W. McLaughlin, Grand Forks; Mrs. W. D. McConnell, 
 Fargo; Alternates Mrs. Alice Vineyard Brown, Lisbon; Mrs. Frances C. Holly, Bismarck. 
 
 OHIO Mrs. Mary A. Hart, 158 E. 5th St., Cincinnati; Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Har- 
 rison. Alternates Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton, Warren ; Mrs. Asa S. Bushnell, Springfield. 
 
 OREGON Mrs. E. W. Allen, Portland; Mrs. Mary Pay ton, Salem. Alternates Mrs. 
 Anna R. Riggs, Portland ; Mrs Hattie E. Sladden, Eugene. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA Miss Mary E. McCandless, Hays St. and Negley A ve., Pittsburgh. 
 Mrs. Harriet Anne Lucas, 1913 Arch St., Philadelphia ; Alternates Mrs. Samuel Plumer, 
 Franklin ; Mrs. W. S. Elkins. 1218 N. Broad St., Philadelphia. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND Mrs. Amay M. Starkweather, Pawtucket ; Miss Charlotte Field 
 Dailey, Providence; Alternates Mrs. George A. Mumford, Pawtucket; Miss Loraine Pearce 
 Bucklin, 163 Angell St., Providence. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA Miss Floride Cunningham, Charleston ; Miss Ellery M. Brayton, 
 Columbia. Alternates Miss Carrie A. Perry, Walhalla. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA Mrs. John R. Wilson, Deadwoood ; Mrs. Helen Morton Barker, 
 Huron ; Alternates Mrs. Minnie Daniels, Watertown ; Mrs. Marie J. Gaston, Deadwood. 
 
 TENNESSEE Mrs. Laura Gillesnie, 519 Cedar St., Nashville; Mrs. Susan Gale Cooke, 
 130 Hill St., Knoxville ; Alternates Mrs. Carrington Mason, Memphis ; Mrs. Chas J. Mc- 
 Clung. Knoxville. 
 
 TEXAS Mrs. Ida Loving Turner, Fort Worth ; Mrs. Mary A. Coakran, Dallas. Alter- 
 nates Miss Hallie Earl Harrison, Waco ; Mrs. Kate Cawthon McDaniel, Anderson. 
 
 VERMONT Mrs. Ellen M. Chandler, Pomfret ; Mrs. Elizabeth V. Grinnell, Burlington. 
 Alternates Mrs. Minna G. Hooker, Brattleboro ; Mrs. Theresa J. Cochrane, Groton. 
 
 VIRGINIA Mrs. John Sergeant Wise, Richmond ; Mrs K. S. G. Paul, Harrisonburgh. 
 Alternates Miss Matttie P. Harris, Stanton. 
 
 WASHINGTON Mrs. Melissa D . Owings, Olympia ; Mrs. Alice Houghton, Spokane 
 Falls. Alternates Mrs.Chauncy Wright Griggs, Tacoma; Mss Josephine H. Stimson, Colfax. 
 
 WEST VIRGINIA Mrs W. Newton Linch,M artinsburg ; Miss Lily Irene Jackson, 
 Parkersburg. Aternates Mrs. George W. Z. Black, Halltown ; Miss Anna M. Mahan, 
 Fayetteville. 
 
 WISCONSIN Mrs. Flora Beall Ginty, Chippewa Falls ; Mrs. William P. Lynde, 629 
 Aator St., Milwaukee; Alternrtes Mrs. Sam S. Fifield, Ashland; Mrs. J. Montgomery 
 Smith. Mineral Point. 
 
 WYOMING Mrs. F. H. Harrison, Evanston ; Mrs. Frances E. Hale, Cheyenne. 
 Alternates Mrs. Elizabeth A. Stone, Evanston : Miss Gertrude M . Huntington, Saratoga. 
 
 BY COMMISSIONERS FROM THE TERRITORIES. 
 
 ALASKA Mrs. A. K. Delaney, Juneau ; Mrs. Alonzo E Austin, Sitka. Alternates 
 Miss Maxwell Stevenson, Juneau ; Mrs. Lena Vanderbier, Sitka. 
 
 ARIZONA Mrs. Thomas J. Butler, Prescott; Miss Laurettu Lovell, Tucson. Alternates 
 Mrs. George Hoxworth, Flagstaff ; Mrs. H . J. Peto. Tombstone. 
 
 NEW MEXICO Mrs. Franc Luse Albright. Albuquerque ; Mrs. Edward L. Bartlett, 
 Santa Fe. Alternates Miss Lucia Paria, Albuquerque; Mrs. Louise Dakin Campbell, Eddy. 
 
 OKLAHOMA Mrs. Maria P. Harmon Beeson, El Reno; Mrs. Genevieve Guthrie, 
 Oklahoma City. Alternates Mrs. Julia Wallace, Oklahoma City ; Mrs. Mary S. McNeal, 
 Guthrie. 
 
 UTAH Mrs. Thomas A . Whalen, Ogden ; Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, Salt Lake 
 City. Alternates Mrs. Susie B. Emery, Park City : Miss Maggie Keough, Salt Lake City. 
 
 283 
 
BY COMMISSIONERS FROM THE DISTRICT O* COLU>i.biA. 
 
 Mrs. John A Logan, Calumet Place, Washington ; Mrs, Bsriah Wilkins, 1709 Mass- 
 achusetts Ave Washington. Alternates Mrs. Emma Dean Powell. 910 "M"St.,N. W. 
 Washington ; Mrs. Emma C. Wimsatt, 709 "C." St., S. W. Washing-ton. 
 
 BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN COMMISSION, FROM THE CITY OF CHICAGO. 
 
 Mrs. Bertha M. Honore Palmer, Lake Shore Drive ; Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr., River 
 Forest; Mrs. James A. Mulligan, 190 Pine St., Frances Dickinson, M. D., 70 State St.; 
 Mrs. M. R. M. Wallace, 3817 Michigan Ave.; Mrs. Myra Bradwell, 1428 Michigan Ave.; 
 Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr., 24 Grove land Park; Mrs. Matilda B. Carse. 145 Ashland 
 Boulevard. Alternates Mrs. Sara T. Hallowell, 'Palmer House ; Mrs. George L. Dunlap, 
 328 Dearborn Ave. ; Mrs L. Brace Shattuck, 5300 Woodlawn Ave. ; Mrs. Annie C . Meyers, 
 Great Northern Hotel ; Martha H. Ten Eck, 5704 Madison Ave., Mrs. Margaret Isabella 
 Sandes, Ravenswood, 111., Mrs. Leander Stone, 3353 Indiana Ave.; Mrs. Gen'l. A. u. Chet- 
 ]ain, 53G N. State St.; Frances E. Willard, Evanston, 111. 
 
 BOARD OF CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. 
 
 Mr. Edwin Willits, Chairman ; Sevellon A. Brown, Chief clerk of the Department of 
 State, to represent that department ; Allured B. Nettleton, Assistant Secretary of the 
 Treasury, to represent the Treasury Department; Major Clifton Comly, U. S. A., to repre- 
 sent the War Department; Captain R. W. Meade, U. S. N., to represent the Navy Depart- 
 ment: A. D. Hazen, Third Assistant Post-Master General, to represent the Postoffice De- 
 partment ; Horace A. Taylor. Commissioner of Railroads, to represent the Department of 
 the Interior ; Elijah C. Foster, General Agent of the Department of Justice, to represent 
 that department; Edwin Willits, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to represent the 
 Department of Agriculture ; Professor G. Brown Goode, Assistant Secretary Smithsonian 
 Institute, to represent that institution and the National Museum : .1. W. Collins, Assist- 
 ant-in-charge Division of Fisheries, to represent the United States Fish Commission. 
 
 STATE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 ORSON V. TOUSLEY, 
 Minnesota. 
 
 LYMAN B. GOFF, 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 J. W. MAINE, 
 Nevada. 
 
 HARVEY P. PLATT, 
 Ohio. 
 
 WM. J. SEWELL, 
 New Jersey. 
 
 GEO. F. COATES, 
 Arizona. 
 
 H. B. MOORE, 
 Minnesota. 
 
 LAFAYETTE McLAWS, 
 Georgia. 
 
 284 
 
E. C. GULP, Secretary. 
 CHAS. HENROTIN. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 
 
 JAMES W. ELLSWORTH. 
 
 P. A. B. WIDENER, Chairman. 
 
 THOS. B. BRYAN. 
 
 285 
 
 WM. P. KETCHUM. 
 JOHN T. DICKINSON. 
 
.^MBBB^, 
 
 COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 
 
 A. H. REVELL. 
 
 CHAS. T. YERKES. 
 
 E. F. LAWRENCE. 
 C. H. WACKER. 
 
 286 
 
 J 
 
 W. D. KERFOOT. 
 CHAS. H. SCHWAB. 
 
COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES. 
 
 JAMES HODGES. 
 
 GEO. H. BARBOUR. 
 
 A. T. EWING. 
 
 THOS. B. KEOGH. 
 
 GORTON W. ALLEN. 
 
 V. D. GRONER 
 
 287 
 
STATE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 L Brainarcl, Conn. 
 M. H. Day, S. Dak. 
 C. D. McDuffie, N. H. 
 A. B. Andrews, M. C. 
 H. P. Rucker, N. Dak. 
 
 A. G. Scott, Neb. 
 R. Turnbull, Fla. 
 H. H. Mclntyre, Vt. 
 D. B. Penn, La. 
 J. M Coburn, Wis. 
 
 288 
 
 H. G. Hay, Wyo. 
 W. F. King, Iowa. 
 F. R. Gammon, Oklo. 
 R. B. Ricketts, Pa. 
 F. G. Bromberg, Ala. 
 
 J. T. W. Tillar, Ark. 
 W. H. Porter, Del. 
 E. Martin, Neb. 
 J. Bennett. Ky. 
 O. H. Jones, Mo. 
 
Joseph F. Byrium, Miss. 
 Geo. V. Massey, Del. 
 Robt. U. Furnas, Neb. 
 R. L. Saunders, Miss. 
 J. A. McKenzie, Ky. 
 
 STATE COMMISSIONERS. 
 A. F. Button, Wash.,D.C. J. H. Clendenning, Ark. 
 
 W. K. Meade, Ariz. 
 Win. G. Davis, Maine. 
 
 Wm. Ritchie, Ohio. 
 A. R. Bixby, Maine. 
 
 Thos. E. Proctor, Boston. Henry Drum, Wash. 
 C. K. Halliday, Kan. O. R. Hundley. Ala. 
 
 C. F. A. Bielby. Fla. 
 Albert A. Wilson, D. C. 
 Joseph Eiboeck, la. 
 H. E. Exall, Texas 
 M. H. De You n g, <jal. 
 
 289 
 
Wm. Forsyth, Cal. 
 
 Geo. Russell, Nev. 
 
 T. B. Bullene, Mo. 
 
 C. H. Deere, III. 
 
 Thos. L. Williams, Tenn. 
 
 STATE COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 C. B. Hopkins, Wash. R. M. White, N. M. 
 
 Phil Allen, Jr., Wis. T. J. Woodward, La. 
 
 Wm. Zeckendorf, Ariz. Martin Ryan, N. Dak. 
 John W. Woodside, Penn. Thos. Smith, N. J. 
 T. C. Gutieres, N. M. A. C. Beckwith, Wyo. 
 
 290 
 
 W. H. Lane, Mich. 
 Thos. E. Garvin, Ind. 
 
 C. H. Way, Ga. 
 
 D. W. Mclntyre, S. Dak. 
 R. E. Goodell, Col. 
 
OFFICERS BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 
 
 1. Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, Washington, D. C. 2. Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, Colorado. 
 
 4. Mrs. Susan Gale Cook, Tennessee. 
 
 3. Mrs. Charles Price, North Carolina. 5. Mrs. Margaret Elaine Salisbury, Utah. 
 
 6. Mrs. F. P. Ginty, Wisconsin. 
 
 291 
 
LADY COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Marian A. Mulligan, 
 
 Chicago. 
 Mrs. L. M. Stevens, 
 
 Maine. 
 Mrs. Alice Houghton, 
 
 Washington. 
 Alice J. Whalen, 
 
 Utah. 
 Mrs. Henry M. Shepard. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mrs. Nellie Beck, 
 
 Florida. 
 Mrs. J. Sargent Wise, 
 
 Virginia. 
 Mrs. Franc L. Albright, 
 
 New Mexico. 
 Mrs. S. Thatcher, Jr.. 
 
 Chicago. 
 Mrs. John M. Stone. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Mary Elliott. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Mrs. E. L. Bartlett, 
 
 New Mexico. 
 Myra Bradwell, 
 
 Chicago. 
 Mrs. A. Thomson, 
 
 Maryland. 
 Emrrn, G. Oglesty. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mrs. Charles Price, 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Mrs. James Doolittle. 
 
 Chicago. 
 Mrs. E. W. Allen, 
 
 Oregon. 
 Virginia Meredith, 
 
 Indiana. 
 Mrs. W. D. McConnell, 
 
 North Dakot.i. 
 
 292 
 
LADY COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Mrs. E. J. P. Howes, 
 
 Michigan. 
 Mrs. F. P. Ginty, 
 
 Mississippi. 
 Mrs. W. P. Linde, 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 Mrs. J. H. French, 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Mrs. Zena Ryan, 
 Texas. 
 
 Mrs. R. A. Edgerton, 
 
 Arkansas. 
 Mrs. M. D. Owings, 
 
 Washington. 
 Mrs. Annie L. Y. Orff, 
 
 Missouri. 
 Mrs. H. J. Hundley, 
 
 Alabama. 
 Miss Lily I. Jackson, 
 
 West Virginia. 
 
 Mrs. Francis Hale, 
 
 Wyoming. 
 Mrs. R. B. Mitchell, 
 
 Kansas. 
 Mrs. James P. Eagle, 
 
 Arkansas. 
 Mrs. W. S. Clark, 
 
 Iowa. 
 Mrs. K. S. G. Paul, 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 293 
 
 Mrs. J. M. Ball, 
 
 Delaware. 
 Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, 
 
 Colorado. 
 Mrs. George W. Kidder, 
 
 North Carolina. 
 Miss Wilhelmine Reitz, 
 
 Indiana. 
 Mrs. Myra B. F. Ladd, 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 
 
 President, Harlow N. Higinbotham; 1st Vice Pres., Ferdinand W. Peck; 2d Vice Pres., 
 Robert A. Waller; Secretary, Howard O. Edmonds; Assistant Secretary, Samuel A. Crawford; 
 Treasurer Anthony F. Seeberger; Auditor, William K. Ackerman; Assistant Auditor, Charles 
 V. Barrington. 
 
 LAW DEPARTMENT Attorney, W. K. Carlisle; Assistant attorneys, George Packar, Chas. 
 H. Baldwin; Attorney of Ways and Means Committee, Joseph Cummins. 
 
 BOARD OF DIRECTOR^. 
 
 William T. Baker, Bobert C. dowry, Charles Henrotin, 
 
 Edward B. Butler, Arthur Dixon, Elbridge G. Keith, 
 
 William J. Chalmers, Lyman J. Gage, Milton W. Kirk, 
 
 George R. Davis, Charles L. Hutchinson, Andrew McXally, 
 
 George P. Englehard, William P. Ketcham, John J. P. Odell, 
 
 H. N. Higinbotham, Theis J. Lefens, Washington Porter, 
 
 William D. Kerfoot, Robert Nelson, A. M. Rothschild, 
 
 Edward F. Lawrence, Eugene S. Pike, Paul O. Stensland, 
 
 Aclolph Nathan, Edward P. Ripley, Edwin Walker, 
 
 Ferd W. Peck, Charles H. Schwab, John C. Welling, 
 
 Alexander H. Re veil, Charles H. Wacker, Charles T. Yerkes, 
 
 George Schneider, Hempstead W T ashburne, Mark L. Crawford, 
 
 Henry B. Stone, G. H. Wheeler, Benjamin B. Lamb, 
 
 Robert A. Waller, Thomas B. Bryan, Victor F. Lawson, 
 
 Frederick S. Winston, Isaac N. Camp, Erskine M. Phelps, 
 
 C. K. G. Billings, Charles H. Chappell, James W. Scott, 
 
 Benjamin Butterworth, James W. Ellsworth, Otto Young. 
 
 STANDING COMMITTEES. 
 
 The president and the director general are ex-officio members of all standing committees 
 of the directory. 
 
 FINANCE Ferdinand W. Peck, Chairman; Elbridge G. Keith, Lyman J. Gage, John J. 
 P. Odell, James W. Ellsworth. 
 
 GROUNDS AND BUILDINGS Henry B. Stone, Chairman; Lyman J. Gage, Charles H. 
 Schwab, Edward F. Lawrence, William P. Ketcham, Robert C. Clowry, Erskine M. Phelps. 
 
 LEGISLATION Edwin Walker. Chairman; Fred S. Winston, Ferd. W. Peck, Arthur 
 Dixon. 
 
 AGRICULTURE William D. Kerfoot, Chairman; Thies J. Lefens, George Schneider, 
 Isaac N. Camp, Washington Porter. 
 
 MINES, MINING AND FISH Charles H . Schwab, Chairman; William J. Chalmers, John 
 C. Welling, Mark L. Crawford, George H. Wheeler. 
 
 PRESS AND PRINTING Alexander H. Revell, Chairman; James W. Scott, Milton W. 
 Kirk, Victor F. Lawson, George Schneider, R. J. Murphy, Secretary. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION Edward P. Ripley, Chairman; Henry B. Stone, John C. Welling, 
 Charles H . Chappell, Arthur Dixon . 
 
 FINE AETS Charles L. Hutchinson, Chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Charles T. Yerkes, 
 Elbridge G. Keith, Thomas B. Bryan. 
 
 294 
 
LIBERAL ARTS James VV. Ellsworth, Chairman; Robert A. Waller, Alexander H. 
 Revell, Isaac N. Camp, NVm. T. Baker. 
 
 ELECTRICITY, ELECTRICAL AND PNEUMATICAL APPLIANCES Robert C . dowry, Chairman, 
 Charles H. Wacker, Mark L. Crawford, C. K. G. Billing's, Charles L. Hutchinson. 
 
 MANUFACTURES AND MACHINERY John J. P. Odell, Chairman; Adolph Nathan, 
 Andrew McNally, A.M. Rothschild, Erskine M. Phelps. 
 
 WAYS AND MEANS Edward B. Butler, Chairman; Adolph Nathan, Edward F. Lawrence, 
 Charles H. Wacker, Wm. J. Chalmers, Robert A. Waller, Otto Young, George Schneider, 
 Edward P. Ripley, Milton W. Kirk, Washington Porter, Wm. D. Kerfoot, Andrew Mc- 
 Nally, Sam A. Crawford. Secretary. 
 
 FOREIGN EXHIBITS Thies J. Lefens, Chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Wm. T. Baker, 
 Thomas B. Bryan, Charles H. Wacker, Charles Henrotin. 
 
 SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON CEREMONIES Edward F. Lawrence, Chairman; James W. Ells- 
 worth, Charles T. Yerkes, James W. Scott, Alexander H . Revell, Thomas B. Bryan, 
 Charles H. Wacker, William D. Kerfoot, Charles Henrotin, William P. Ketcham, Col. E. C. 
 Culp, Secretary. 
 
 DEPARTMENT CHIEFS A. Department of Agriculture: William I. Buchanan, Chief. 
 Chicago. B. Department of Horticulture: John M. Samuels, Chief, Chicago. C. Depart- 
 ment of Live Stock: E. W. Cottrell, Chief, Detroit, Mich. D. Department of Fish and 
 Fisheries: John W. Collins, Chief, Washington, D. C. E. Department of Mines and 
 Mining: Frederick J. V. Skiff, Chief, Chicago. F. Department of Machinery: Lewis W. 
 Robinson, Chief, Chicago. G. Department of Transportation: Willard A. Smith, Chief, 
 Chicago. H. Department of Manufactures: James Allison, Chief, Chicago. J. Depart- 
 ment of Electricity: John P. Barrett, Chief, Chicago. K. Department of Fine 
 Arts: Halsey C. Ives, Chief, Chicago. L. Department of Liberal Arts: Selim H. Pea 
 body, Chief, Chicago. M. Department of Ethnology: Frederick W. Putnam, Chief, Cam 
 bridge, Mass. N. Department of Forestry: Temporarily in charge of Chief Buchanan, 
 of the Department of Agriculture. O. Department of Publicity and Promotion: Moses 
 P. Handy, Chief, Chicago. P. Department of Foreign Affairs: Walker Fearn, Chief. 
 Chicago. Joseph Hirst, Secretary of Installation, Chicago. 
 
DIRECTORS. 
 
 EDWARD B. BUTLER. A. M. ROTHSCHILD. 
 
 R. C. CLOWRY. WASHINGTON PORTER. PAUL O. STENSLAND. 
 
 ELBRIDGE G. KEITH. 
 
 CHAS H. CHAPPELL. 
 
 296 
 
VICTOR F. LAWSON. 
 I. N. CAMP. 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 EUGENE S. PIKE. 
 W. J. CHALMERS. 
 
 FERD W. PECK. 
 
 G. H. WHEELER. 
 
 CHAS. L. HUTCHINSON. 
 R. L. NELSON. 
 
 297 
 
DIRECTORS. 
 
 LYMAN J. GAGE. BENJ. BUTTERWORTH. 
 
 WM. T. BAKER. ARTHUR DIXON. A. F. SEEBERGER. 
 
 MILTON W. KIRK. GEO. SCHNEIDER. EDWARD P. RIPLEY. 
 
 298 
 

 J. C. WELLING. 
 OTTO YOUNG. 
 EDWIN WALKER. 
 
 DIRECTORS. 
 
 J. J. P. ODELL. 
 R. A. WALLER. 
 
 299 
 
 F. S. WINSTON. 
 
 A. McNALLY. 
 ADOLPH NATHAN. 
 
JAMES ALLISON, 
 Manufactures. 
 
 F. W. PUTNAM, 
 Ethnology. 
 
 JNO. W. COLLINS, 
 Fisheries. 
 
 DEPARTMENT CHIEFS. 
 
 J. M. SAMUELS, 
 Horticulture. 
 
 SELIM H. PEABODY, 
 Liberal Arts. 
 
 L. W. ROBINSON, 
 Machinery. 
 
 F. J. V. SKIFF. 
 Mines and Mining. 
 
 JOHN P. BARRETT, 
 Electricity. 
 
 I. BUCHANAN, 
 
 WM. 
 
 Agriculture. 
 
 300 
 
OFFICIAL DIRECTORY 
 
 FOREIGN COMMISSIONERS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC Mr. Carlos R. Gallardo, Pesident National Commission; Lieut- 
 Juan S. Attwell, Secretary National Commission; Mr. H. D. Hoskold, Mr. Gustavo Nieder. 
 lein, Mr. Eurique M. Nelson. 
 
 AUSTRIA Hon. Anton von Palitsckek-Palmforst, LL. D., Imperial Royal Commissioner 
 General; Mr. Alexander Poppovics, Assistant Imperial Royal Commissioner; Gaston Bodart, 
 LL. D., Assistant Imperial Royal Commissioner; Mr. Emil Bressler, Architect, Imperial Royal 
 Commission; Mr. Hans Temple, Delegate for Fine Arts; Mr. Victor Piftwax, Treasurer: Mr. 
 Josef Grunwald, Official Commercial Representative; Mr. Raphael Kuhe, Official Com- 
 mercial Representative; Mr. Emil S. Fischer. Superintendent. 
 
 BELGIUM Mr. Astere Vercruysse, Senator, President of Commission; Mr. Alfred 
 Simonis, Senator, Commissioner General; H. E. Alfred Le Ghait, E. E. and M. P.; Honorable 
 Lambert Tree, Honorary Counselor; Mr. Paul Hagemans, Consul General, Honorary Mem- 
 ber; Mr. Charles Henrotin, Consul, Honorary Member; M. Edouard Guerette, Delegate of 
 the Commissioner General; M. Raymond Vaxelaire, Secretary of the Commission; M. Ray- 
 mond Le Ghait, Secretary of the Commission; Mr. Andre Simonis, Secretary of the Com- 
 mission. 
 
 BRAZIL H. E. Marshal Jose Simeao de Oliveira, President National Commission; Dr. 
 Ladislau Netto, Vice-President National Commission; Mr. Adolpho Aschoff, Secretary of 
 the National Commission; Mr. H. J. de Paiva Coutinho, Baron of Marajo, Commodore 
 Innocencio de Lemos Barros, Capt. Lieut. Jose Martins de Toledo, Dr. Julio Caesar Brandao, 
 Mr. Graciano A. de Azambuja, Lieut.-Col. F. M. Souza Aguiar, Prof. Rodolpho Bernadelli, 
 Mr. M. Aguiar Moreira, Dr. Yozimo Barrozo, Mr. Antonio Guimaraes, Lieut. Joao Baptista 
 Da Motta, Capt. Lieut. Joao Cordeira da Graca, Lieut. Antonio de Barros Barreto; Lieut. 
 Alexandre Leal, Aide to President of Commission; Mr. Theobaldo de Souza Lueiroz, Aide 
 to Commission; Mr. F. F. Napoleao, Aide to Commission; Mr. H. Barjoua de Miranda, Aide 
 to Commission. 
 
 BRITISH GUIANA Mr. J. J. Quelch. 
 
 BULGARIA Prof. Vulko I. Shopoff, Delegate. 
 
 CANADA Mr. J. S. Larke, Executive Commissioner; Mr. A. R. C. Selwyn, C. M. G., 
 LL. D., Director, Geological survey; Mr. Wielbert David Dimock, B. A. Secretary; Mr. L. 
 Wolverton, Superintendent (Horticulture); Mr.J.A.J. Joulet, Superintendent (Agricultural 
 Machinery); Mr. James Clarke, Superintendent; Mr. W. Morton, Superintendent (Liberal 
 Arts); Mr. C. F. Cox, Superintendent (Fish and Fisheries); Mr. J. H. Tracey, Private Secre- 
 tary; Mr. Charles de Gazes, Assistant Indian Commissioner; Mr. S. P. May, D. C. L. Director 
 for Ontario (Liberal Arts); Mr Henry Wade, Private Secretary; Hon. A. C. P. R. Landry, 
 Commissioner for Quebec; Rev. P. N. Bruchesi, Canon, Advisory Commissioner for Que- 
 bec; Hon. L. Beaubien, Advisory Commissioner for Quebec; Hon. J. G. Joly de Lothiniere, 
 Advisory Commissioner for Quebec; Mr. S. C. Sterenson, Advisory Commissioner for Que- 
 bec; Mr. Wm.McIntosh, Superintendent for Quebec (Mines); Hon. W. D. Perley, Commis- 
 sioner for Northwest Territories; Mr. Alex McKay, Advisory Commissioner; Mr. R. W. 
 Starr, Advisory Commissioner for Nova Scotia; Mr. Charles F. Law, Commissioner, Province 
 of British Columbia; Mr. N. Awrey, M. P. P., Commissioner for Ontario; Mr. D. Ewart, 
 Assistant Architect, Canadian Department Public Works. 
 
 CAPE COLONY Mr. L. Wiener, Mr. M. Berliner, Assistant Commissioner; Mr. S. Ber- 
 liner, Secretary to Commission; Mr. J. W. Cundhill, Superintendent. 
 
 301 
 
CEYLON Honorable J. J. Grinlinton, Mr. W. TV. Pole Fletcher, Assistant Commis- 
 sioner. 
 
 COLOMBIA Mr. T. Paredes, Special Commissioner for Antioquia. 
 
 COSTA RICA H. E. Sr. D. Manuel M. de Peralta, E. E. and M. P., Pres. of Commission; 
 Senor Dr. Don David J. Guzman, Vice-President, Commissioner General; Senor D. Joaquin 
 Barnardo Calvo, Charge d' Affairs; Senor Don Anastasio Alfaro, V. Secy, and Com'r Ar- 
 chaeological Dept.; Dr. Francisco J. R.ucavado; Commissioner-Treasurer; Senor Dr. D. 
 Felipe Gallegos; Senor D. Guillermo Gerard. 
 
 CURACAO Mr. Milton O. Higgins. 
 
 DENMARK Mr. C. Michelsen, President of Commission; Mr. Emil Meyer, Commissioner 
 General; Mr. Oscar Matthiesen, Commissioner of Fine Arts; Mr. Otto A. Dreier, Secretary; 
 Mr. Carl Cortsen, Chief of Installation; Mr. K. Arne Petersen, Architect; Mr. Christian 
 Nielsen, Decorator; Mr. V. Christensen, Delegate; Mr. Bernhard Hertz, Delegate; Mr. II. 
 A. Kahler, Delegate. 
 
 ECUADOR Colonel M. N. Arizaga, Secretary of Legation and Commissioner General; 
 Senor Don G. Perez, Secretary; Senor Don T. G. Sanchez, Mr. L. J. Millet, Mr. E. T. God- 
 dard, Sub-Secretary. 
 
 FRANCE M. Camille Krantz, Commissioner General; M. Edmond Bruwaert, Consul 
 General; M. Monthiers, Secretary General; M. Verstraete, Vice-Consul; M. Heilman. 
 Treasurer; M. Mascart, Engineer, Chief of Installation; M. Max Duchanoy, Attache; Baron 
 Ren6 de Batz, Attache; M. Lefeuvre Meaulle, Attache; M. Masure, Attache; M. de la 
 Touanne, Electrical Engineer; M- Vassilliere, Special Commissioner; M. Roger-Martin, 
 Assistant Special Commissioner; M. Mesnier, Assistant Special Commissioner; M. Monteils, 
 Special Commissioner of Algeria; M. Scherer, Secretary for Colonies; M. Roger Ballu, Com- 
 missioner for Fine Arts; M. Giudicelli, Assistant Commissioner; M. Motte, Architect, 
 Decorator; M. Dubuisson, Architect; M. Sandier, Architect; M. Yvon, Architect; M. T. de 
 Balincourt, Lieut. French Navy, Commanding Sailors' Detachment. Secretaries of Com- 
 mittees: M. Maurice de Vilmorin, Horticulture; M. Georges Lamaille, Bronzes, Crystals, 
 tc. 
 
 GERMANY Honorable Adoll TVermuth, Imperial Commissioner; Mr. Franz Berg, 
 Assistant Imperial Commissioner; Mr. Carl Hoffacker, Architect; Mr. Johannes Radke, 
 Architect; Mr. Aug. Fiedler, Architect; Mr. Hugo Schnars-Alquist, Delegate for Fine Arts; 
 Mr. Carl Haller, Engineer; Mr. Gustav Spiess, Member for Commercial Affairs; Mr. George 
 Franke, Secretary, Imperial Commission; Mr. Fritz Kuehnemann, Mechanical Engineer; 
 Dr. Lobach, Electrical Engineer; Mr. Conrad Engel, Bergassessor. Council of Deputies: 
 Mr. Julius Beissbarth, Industry; Mr. Doehn, Imperial Postal and Telegraph Exhibit; Mr. 
 Ehrhardt, Civil Engineer; Director Robert Erhardt, Metallurgical Exhibit; Professor 
 Finkler, Imperial Educational Exhibit; Mr. Richard Fischer, Chemical Collective Exhibit; 
 Mr. Paul Gesell, Royal Saxon Porcelain Exhibit; Mr. Fritz Graber, Textile Collective 
 Exhibit; Mr. Gisbert Gillhausen, Gun Exhibit; Mr. Hartmann, Royal Architect, Engineer- 
 ing Exhibit; Mr. Haueisen, Chemical Collective Exhibit; Mr. Richard Horstman, Royal 
 Prussian Porcelain and Jewelry Collective Exhibits; Professor Hoffman, Textile Collective 
 Exhibit; Mr. Franz Jaffe, Royal Architect, Imperial Educational Exhibit; Dr. Ulrich Jahn, 
 Ethnological Exhibit, "German Village"; Dr. Kallen, Imperial Educational Exhibit; Con- 
 servator Kopp, Bavarian Industrial Art Exhibit; Mr. Lauter, Civil Engineer, Gun Exhibit; 
 Mr. Meyer, Civil Engineer, Metallurgical Exhibit; President O . W. Mysenburg, Electrical 
 Exhibit; Mr. Petri, Royal Architect, Royal Prussian Railway Exhibit; Mr. J. Scheurer, Civil 
 Engineer, General Railroad Exhibit; Professor Spatz, Metallurgical Exhibit; Dr. Albert C. 
 Weil, Bathing and Mineral Exhibit; Professor Dr. Watzoldt, Imperial Educational Exhibit; 
 Dr. Lichtenfelt, Imperial Educational Exhibit; Prof. Goetz, Art Industrial School, Baden; 
 Prof. Kips, Royal Prussian Porcelain Exhibit; Mr. Friedrich Dernburg, Representa- 
 tive German Press; Director Dernburg, Ethnological Exhibit, li German Village"; Mr. Seitz, 
 Industrial Art Exhibit; Prof. Riedler, Engineering Exhibit. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN Sir Edward Birkbeck, Bart., Member of Royal Commission, Victoria 
 House; Mr. James Dredge, Member of Royal Commission; Mr. Walter H. Harris, Member 
 of Royal Commission; Sir Henry Trueman Wood, Secretary; Mr. E. H. Lloyd, Ass't Sec'y 
 and Gen'l Sup't; Mr. Ralph A. Harbord, Private Secretary; Mr. J. W. Beck, Superintendent 
 
 302 
 
(Fine Arts); Mr. E. H. Fishbourne, M. A., LL. B., Superintendent (Manufactures); Mr. H. 
 D. Wilkinson, M. I. E. E., Superintendent (Machinery, etc.); Mr. Thomas Baker, Superin- 
 tendent; Mr. H. W. Pearson, Superintendent. 
 
 GREECE Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, President Royal Commission; Mr. D. Jannopoulo. 
 
 HAYTI Hon. Frederick Douglass, Commissioner; Mr. Charles A. Preston, Mr. Alfred 
 Harrisse, Secretary; Mr. Edward F. Preston, Attache. 
 
 ITALY II. E. Marquis Enrico Ungaro, Royal Commissioner General; Count P. Savorg- 
 nan di Brazza, Dr. Ettore Candiani, Signore V. Zegg'io, Chev. Thomas Silombra, Signor 
 Angelo del Nero, Commissioner for the Fine Arts; Count R. Piola Caselli, General Sec- 
 retary; Chev. L. Caldarazzo, Secretary; Signor G. Vigna dal Ferro, Secretary; Chev. L. 
 D'Urso, Secretary; Chev. G. Guetta, Official General Agent. 
 
 JAMAICA Hon. Lieut. -Col. C. J. Ward, Mr. George Augustus Douet, Assistant Commis- 
 sioner; Mr. Edmund Haughton Sanguinetti, Secretary. 
 
 JAPAN H. E. Gozo Tateno, Vice-president of Commission; Honorable S. Tegima, Mr. 
 C. Matsudaira, Mr. M. Kuru, Official Architect; Mr. T. Uchida, Secretary; Mr. II. Ishizawa, 
 Secretary; Mr. K. Tawara, Secretary; Mr. H. Akiyama, Secretary; Mr. Y. Yambe, Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 JOHOBE Dato Sri Amar d' Raja, C. M. G. Secretary of H. H. the Sultan; Mr. H. W. 
 Lake, Deputy Commissioner. 
 
 LIBERIA Hon. William E. Rothery, Commissioner; Hon. Alfred B. King, Mr. William 
 C. Brockmeyer, Secretary. 
 
 MEXICO Senor Lie. Miguel Serrano, Delegate General; Engineer Fernando Ferrari 
 Perez, Secretary; Senor Lie. Jose F. Godoy, Auxiliary Agent; Senor Don M. G. Torres. 
 Senor Don A. D. y Hernandez, Senor Don M. H. de Azua, Senor Don. A. R. Nuncia, Senor 
 Don M. de las Piedras, Senor Don. Othon de Palacio y Magarola, Senor Don M. M. Chabert. 
 Senor Don Julio Poulat, Senor Don Rosendo Sandoval, Senor Don C. Sellerier, Senor Don 
 J. D. Fleury, Senor Don Lauro Viadas, Senor Don F. Atristain, Senor Don R. Escobar, 
 Senor Don Rafael Mallen, Senor Don A. M. Chavez, Prof. Mariano J. Garfias, Assistant 
 Secretary; Senor Don Jose Oteo, Senor Don M. Caballero. 
 
 NETHERLANDS Mr. George Birkhoff, Jr., Royal Commissioner General; Mr. Hubert 
 Vos, Acting Commissioner of Fine Arts. 
 
 NEW SOUTH W T ALES Honorable Dr. Arthur Renwick, M. L. C., Executive Commissioner; 
 Mr. Herbert J. Renwick, Private Secretary; Mr. Robert Hudson, J. P., General Super- 
 intendent; Mr. Thomas Pugh, Assistant General Superintendent; Mr. Alexander Bruce, J. 
 P., Superintendent (Stock); Mr. Joseph E. Carne, F. G. S., Superintendent (Mines); Mr. W. 
 Fitzwilliam Terry, Superintendent (Liberal Arts); Mr. Joseph F. McGinness, Secretary; Mr. 
 James Martin, M. P., Mr. C. C. Skarratt. 
 
 NICARAGUA Senor Don Horatio Guzman, E. E. and M. P. 
 
 NOBWAY Mr. Chr. Ravn, Royal Commissioner General; Mr. Annas C. R. Berle, Secre- 
 tary; Mr. S. A. Buch, Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries; Mr. Otto Sinding, Commissioner 
 of Fine Arts; Mr. Torolf Prytz, Commissioner of Manufacture; Mr. N. Kjelland, Architect 
 to the Royal Commission; Mr. I. K. Boyesen, Chairman of Royal (Local) Committee; Mr. O. 
 A. Thorp, Secretary Royal (Local) Committee. 
 
 ORANGE FREE STATE Mr. E. R. Grobler, Commissioner, Foreign Affairs Department. 
 
 PARAGUAY Dr. Cesar Gondra, E. E. and M. P., President ad honorem; Dr. Emil Hass- 
 ler, Mr. A. R. Sainte Croix, Mr. Frederico Fernandez, Mr. Fidel G. Pierra. 
 
 PERSIA Honorable E. Spencer Pratt, Commissioner General; Mr. Clarence Andrews, 
 Assistant Commissioner. 
 
 PORTUGAL Mr. J. M. do Outeiro Ribeiro, Adjunct Commissioner; Mr. S. Chapman 
 Simms, Secretary. 
 
 RUSSIA H. E. Imperial Chamberlain P. de Gloukhovskoy, Commissioner General; Mr. 
 Constantine de Rakouza-Soustcheffsky, Mr. A. de Tsherep-Spiridovitch, Mr. Alexis de 
 Kobellatzky, Mr. Robert de Lingen, Mr. A. Zelenoy, Mr. Franz Uthemann, Mr. Wladimir 
 de Weshniakoff, Mr. I. Lebedkine, Delegate; Count Rostovtzef, Delegate; Prof. William 
 Williams, Delegate; Mr. A. Roppet, Architect. 
 
 SIAM Phra Suriya Nuvatr, Royal Commissioner; Hon. Isaac Townsend Smith, Consul 
 General; Luang Nephat Kulaphongs, Assistant Royal Commissioner. 
 
 303 
 
SPAIN H. E. Sr. Don E. Dupuy cte Lome, Minister Plenipotentiary, Royal Commis- 
 sioner General; Senor Don A. G. del Campillo, Secretary; Don Rafael Puig-y Vails, Civil 
 Engineer; Don Juaquin Pavia, Architect; Capt. Don Juan de Cologan, Royal Engineers; 
 Lieut. Don Juan Ibarreta, Royal Navy; Don Rosendo Fernandez, Delegate; The. Marquis 
 of Villalobar, Attache; Don Manuel Perez Seoane, Attache; Mr. HobartC. Chatfield-Taylor, 
 Consul; Don Jaime Parlade, Treasurer, Don Juan Vilardell, Attache; Don Juan Espina, 
 Assistant Commissioner. 
 
 SWEDEN Mr. Arthur Leffler, Royal Commissioner; Mr. Axel Welin, Secretary; Mr. 
 Tom Bergenda", Special Commissioner; Mr. Robert Lindblom, Resident Commissioner; 
 Baron Nils Po se, Special Commissioner; Mr. Victor E Rohdin, Official Commercial Repre- 
 sentative; Mr. Gust Wickman, Architect; Mr. Anders L. Zorn, Special Commissioner. 
 
 SWITZERLAND Mr. James Perrenoud, Executive Commissioner; Mr. Arnold Holinger. 
 
 TRINIDAD Mr. Harry Vincent, Executive Commissioner. 
 
 TURKEY Ibrahim Hakky Bey, Ahmed Fahri Bey, Mr. Hohanness J. Pushman, Secre- 
 tary; Mr. Z. J. Sweeny, Mr. F. D. Thompson. 
 
 URUGUAY Senor Don Prudencio de Murguiondo, President; Don L. Rodriguez Diez, 
 Special Commissioner; Don Alberto Gomez Ruano, Dr. Don Eduardo Chucarro, Don Ricardc 
 Huges. 
 
 VENEZUELA Dr. Francisco E. Bustamante, President ad honorem; Dr. David Lobo. 
 Secretary; Dr. Manuel Vicente Toledo. Mr. J. M. Larralde, Mr. Jacinto Lopez, Dr. H. Rivero 
 Saldivia, Consul General; Mr. J. A. Sanchez, Mr. A- S. Baker, Mr. Manuel Cadenas, Dr. A. 
 Ernst, in charge of relics, etc. 
 
 LOUISIANA STATE BUILDING. 
 
 304 
 
FROM TOP OF MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 
 
 HORTICULTURAL BUILDING. 
 
 305 
 
OFFIGlf\L DIRECTORY. 
 
 STATE BOARDS OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAGERS. 
 
 ARIZONA Gen. "W. O. O'Neil, president, Prescott; L. C. Hughes, secretary, Tucson; R. C. 
 Brown, treasurer, Tucson ; S. P. Behan, Prescott. 
 
 ARKANSAS John D. Adams, president, Little Rock ; J. H. Clendening, vice-president, Fort 
 Smith ; George R. Brown, secretary, Little Rock ; M. F. Locke, corresponding secretary, Little 
 Rock ; John G. Fletcher, treasurer, Little Rock ; Gov. James P. Eagle, Little Rock ; J. D. 
 Kimbell, Hot Springs ; H. E. Kelley, Fort Smith ; J. M. Lucey, Pine Bluff ; L. Minor, Newport. 
 
 CALIFORNIA Irving M. Scott, president, San Francisco ; James D. Phelan, vice-president, 
 San Francisco ; Thomas H. Thompson, secretary and general manager, San Francisco ; John 
 Daggett, Black Bear ; R. McMurray, San Francisco ; A. T. Hatch, San Francisco ; L. J. Rose, 
 Los Angeles ; S. W. Ferguson, Bakersfield. 
 
 COLORADO Gov. John L. Routt, president, Denver; A. B. McKinley, vice-president, Denver ; 
 O. C. French, secretary, 67 Barclay Block, Denver ; Joseph A. Thatcher, treasurer, Pueblo ; 
 B. S. LaGrange, Greeley ; Alexander Shaw, Denver; Frederick Steinhauer, Denver; Nathan B. 
 Coy, Denver. 
 
 CONNECTICUT Gov. Morgan G. Bulkeley, president, Hartford ; David M. Read, vice-presi- 
 dent, Bridgeport ; Eugene S. Boss, vice-president, Willimantic ; George H. Woods, executive 
 commissioner, Hartford ; Wilbur B. Foster, secretary, Rockville ; John D. Earle, treasurer, 
 New Haven ; Edward T. Brown, New London ; Clinton B. Davis, Higganum ; George H. Day, 
 Hartford ; Rufus E. Holmes, West Winsted ; Charles M. Jarvis, East Berlin ; Oscar I. Jones, 
 AVestport ; S. W. Kellogg, AVaterbury ; Charles S. L. Marlor, Brooklyn ; Frank A. Mitchell, 
 Norwich ; Thomas R. Pickering, Portland ; Milo B. Richardson, Lime Rock ; George Sykes, 
 Rockville. 
 
 BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS. 
 
 Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, president, Hartford ; Mrs. George H. Knight, secretary, Lake- 
 ville ; Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted ; Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport ; Miss Hattie E. Brai- 
 nard, AA 7 illimantic ; Miss Anna H. Chappell, New London ; Miss Clementine D. Clark, Higga- 
 num ; Mrs. Franklin Farrell, Ansonia ; Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Vernon ; Mrs. Wealthea A. 
 Hammond, Portland ; Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford ; Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford ; Miss Edith 
 Jones, AVestport ; Miss Elizabeth T. Ripley, Norwich ; Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven ; 
 Mrs. E. T. AVhitmore, Putnam. 
 
 DELAWARE Thomas B. Smith, president, Wilmington ; George W. Emery, vice-president, 
 Seaford ; AVilliam R. Allaband, secretary, Dover ; R. W. Reynolds, treasurer, Frederica ; R. R. 
 Kenney, executive commissioner, Dover ; Henry C. Conrad, Wilmington ; Matthias T. Moore, 
 Laurel ; Mrs. Caleb Churchman, Wilmington ; Miss Ida Bacon, Laurel ; Mrs. Anna E. Hall, 
 Dover ; the governor of the state. 
 
 FLORIDA Arthur C. Jackson, Jacksonville ; Joseph Hirst, Chicago. 
 
 IDAHO James M. Wells, commissioner, Boise City ; Alliene Case, secretary, Boise City. 
 
 ILLINOIS La Fayette Funk, president, Shirley ; David Gore, vice-president, Carlinville ; 
 AVilson C. Garrard, secretary, 18 Montauk Block, Chicago ; John W. Bunn, treasurer, Spring- 
 field ; John P. Reynolds, director-in-chief, Chicago ; J. Irving Pearce, Chicago ; J. Harley 
 Bradley, Chicago; AVilliam Stewart, Chicago ; Byron F. AVyman, Sycamore; A. B. Hostetter, 
 Mount Carroll ; Samuel Dysart, Franklin Grove ; W. D. Stryker, Plainfield ; John Virgin, 
 Fairbury ; D. AV. Vittum, Canton ; E. B. David, Aledo ; AV. H. Fulkerson, Jerseyville ; J. W. 
 Judy, Tallula ; S. AV. Johns, Decatur ; E. E. Chester, Champaign ; James K. Dickerson, 
 Lawrenceville ; Edward C. Pace, Ashley ; B. Pullen, Centralia ; J. M. AVashburn, Marion. 
 
 INDIANA Governor Ira J. Chase, Indianapolis ; Clem Studebaker, president, South Bend ; 
 Charlf-s B. Stuart, vice-president,. La Fayette ; William B. Roberts, secretary, Indianapolis ; 
 Fred J. Hayden, treasurer, Fort AVayne ; B. F. Havens, executive commissioner, Indianapolis ; 
 Robert Mitchell, Princeton ; Philip \V. Frey, Evansville ; Joseph AVilson, Washington ; Royal 
 E. Purcell, Vincennes ; Jaspar Packard, New Albany ; Sidney Conger, Flat Rock ; Cortez 
 Ewing, Greensburg; Edward Hawkins, Indianapolis ; Daniel H. Davis, Knightsville ; John G. 
 Dunbar, Greencastle ; D. J. Mendenhall, AVestfield ; J. V. Sweetser, Marion ; J. M. Westcott, 
 Richmond ; Thomas Hart, Muncie ; AV. N. Hailman, La Porte ; B. F. Louthain, Logansport ; 
 J. B. White, Fort Wayne ; John L. Campbell, Crawfordsville ; John B. Conner, Indianapolis ; 
 W. A. Banks, La Porte ; S. S. Gorby, Indianapolis ; AV. A. Peele, Jr., Indianapolis; Mrs. May 
 Wright Sewall, Indianapolis ; Mrs. S. S. Harrell, Brookville ; Mrs. Laura D. Worley, Elletsville ; 
 Mrs. E. P. Hammond, Rensselaer. 
 
 306 
 
IOWA James O. Crosby, president, Garnavillo ; John F. Buncombe, vice-president, Fort 
 Dodge ; F. N. Chase, secretary, Cedar Falls ; William H. Dent, treasurer, Le Mars ; S. H. 
 Mallory, Chariton ; J. W. Jarnagin, Montezuma ; H. W. Seaman, Clinton ; Henry Stivers, 
 Des Moines ; Charles Ashton, Guthrie Center ; S. B. Packard, Marshalltown ; Theodore 
 Guelich, Burlington ; Miss Ora E. Miller, president lady managers, Cedar Rapids. 
 
 KANSAS A. W. Smith, president, Groveland ; A. S. Johnson, vice-president, Topeka; 
 W. H. Smith, secretary, Topeka ; Samuel T. Howe, treasurer, Topeka ; Fred Wellhouse, Fair- 
 mont ; W. A. Harris, Linwood ; R. W. Sparr, Lawrence ; E. H. Brown, Girard ; William Simp- 
 son, Norton ; O. B. Hildreth, Newton ; Mrs. Lewis Hanback, Topeka ; Mrs. R. B. Mitchell, 
 Topeka. 
 
 KENTUCKY W. H. Dulaney, president, Louisville ; Young E. Allison, secretary, Louisville ; 
 Dr. J. D. Clardy, Newstead ; J. D. Black, Barboursville ; John W. Yerkes, Danville. 
 
 LADY MANAGERS. 
 
 Mrs. Susan Phillips Brown, president, Owensboro ; Miss Ida Elmore Symmes, secretary, 
 Louisville ; Miss Lucy Lee Hill, Lexington. 
 
 LOUISIANA A. A. Woods, president, New Orleans ; Joseph A. Shakespeare, vice-president, 
 New Orleans ; Robert Bleakley, secretary, Chamber of Commerce Building, New Orleans ; 
 James M. Pagaud, treasurer, New Orleans. 
 
 LADIES' AUXILIARY BOARD. 
 
 Mrs. Belle H. Perkins ; Mrs. Scott McGehee, vice-chairman ; Mrs. Joseph H. Oglesby, 
 secretary ; Mrs. W. W. Carre, treasurer. 
 
 MAINE Hall C. Burleigh, president, Vassalboro ; Henry Ingalls, vice-president, Wiscasset ; 
 Eva A. Parcher, secretary, Saco ; James A. Boardman, treasurer, Bangor ; Charles P. Mattocks, 
 executive commissioner, Portland ; Clark S. Edwards, Bethel ; Augustus R. Bixby, Skowhegan ; 
 William G. Davis, Portland ; D. J. Callahan, Lewiston ; Joseph P^ Bass, Bangor. Lady Mana- 
 gers and Alternates Mrs. Kate May Andrews, Lewiston ; Mrs. Lucinda M. Bellows, Freedom ; 
 Mrs. Agnes C. Paul, Fort Fairfield. 
 
 MARYLAND Gov. Frank Brown, president, Annapolis; Ferdinand C. Latrobe, vice- 
 president, Baltimore ; J. Olney Norris, secretary, 34 Chamber Commerce, Baltimore ; Frank 
 S. Hambleton, treasurer, Baltimore ; David Hutzler, Baltimore ; Frank N. Hoen Baltimore ; 
 Mrs. William Reed, Baltimore ; Frank R. Scott, Elkton ; James T. Perkins, Upper Marlboro; 
 H. H. Dashiell, Princess Anne ; Joseph Baker, Frederick ; Murray Vandiver, Havre de Grace. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS Gen. John W. Corcoran, chairman, Clinton ; E. C. Hovey, secretary, 
 Brookline ; Edward Burnett, Southboro ; Mrs. Alice F. Palmer, Cambridge ; Miss Anna L. 
 Dawes, Pittsfield. 
 
 MICHIGAN Isaac M. Weston, president, Grand Rapids ; Eugene H. Belden, vice-president, 
 Horton ; Mark W. Stevens, secretary, Flint ; James W. Flynn, treasurer, Detroit ; Gov. E. B. 
 Winans, Lansing ; Mrs. Julia A. Pond, Hillsdale ; Mrs. J. S. Valentine, Lansing ; Peter White, 
 Marquette. 
 
 MINNESOTA D. A. Montfort, president, St. Paul ; J. La Due, vice-president, Luverne ; 
 C. McC. Reeve, secretary, Minneapolis ; J. J. Furlong, treasurer, Austin ; A. L. Ward, Fairmont ; 
 George N. Lamphere, Moorhead ; O. V. Tousley, Minneapolis ; H. B. Moore, Duluth ; Gov. 
 William R. Merriam, ex-officio, St. Paul. 
 
 MISSOURI N. H. Gentry, president, Sedalia ; Nathan Frank, vice-president, St. Louis ; 
 Charles W. Green, secretary, Kansas City; Dr. E. McD. Coney, treasurer, Platte City; J. K. 
 Gwynn, executive commissioner, St. Louis ; William Dawson, New Madrid ; H. H. Gregg, 
 Joplin ; Hugh J. McGowan, Kansas City ; Mrs. Patti Moore, Kansas City ; Mrs. J. N. Edwards, 
 St. Joseph ; Mrs. Teresa B. Adams, St. Louis ; S. P. Sparks, Warrensburg. 
 
 MONTANA Stephen De Wolfe, president, Butte ; Allan R. Joy, vice-president, Livingston ; 
 James G. Ramsey, secretary, Helena ; David G. Browne, treasurer, Fort Denton ; W. M. 
 Bickford, executive commissioner, Missoula ; Phil Lovell, Dillon ; Herbert 0. Chowen, Great 
 Falls ; E. H. Johnson, Miles City ; Alfred J. Stephens, Lewistown ; A. K. Yerkes, Bozeman ; 
 Thomas Joyes, Boulder ; A. J. Davidson, Helena ; D. A. Pease, Twin Bridges ; William H. 
 Sutherlin, White Sulphur Springs ; George M. Hayes, Billings; George W. Morse, New Chicago. 
 
 NEBRASKA Charles A. Coe, president, Omaha; A. H. Gale, secretary, Bassett ; Joseph 
 Garneau, Jr., commissioner general, Omaha ; M. H. Weiss, Hebron ; A. J. Sawyer, Lincoln ; 
 Seth P. Mobley, Grand Island ; J. B. Steward, Benedict. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE Charles H. Amsden, president, Penacook ; George F. Page, vice-president, 
 Concord ; Thomas J-. Walker, secretary, Plymouth ; Frank M. Rollins, treasurer, Manchester ; 
 Elijah M. Shaw, executive commissioner, Nashua. 
 
 NEW JERSEY Stephen J. Meeker, president, Newark ; Edward Bettle, vice-president, 
 Camden ; Walter S. Lenox, secretary and treasurer, Trenton; John G. Muirheid, assistant 
 secretary, Trenton ; Peter Hauck, Harrison; John C. Smock, Trenton ; Millard F. Ross, New 
 Brunswick ; Garrett A. Hobart, Paterson ; Peter E. Swartsweller, Belvidere. 
 
 NEW MEXICO W. T. Thornton, president, Santa Fe ; Miguel Salazar, vice-president, Las 
 Vegas ; VV. H. H. Llewellyn, secretary, Las Cruces ; E. V. Chavez, treasurer, Socorro ; National 
 Commissioners and Alternates. 
 
 NEW YORK Chauncey M. Depew, president, New York ; Gorton W. Allen, vice-president, 
 Auburn ; John Foord, secretary, Albany ; Donald McNaughton, chief executive, Albany ; John 
 Boyd Thatcher, Albany ; Samuel W. 'Fairchild, New York ; Richard Delafield, New York , 
 C. Meyer, Jr., New York ; Daniel M. Somers, Brooklyn ; Henry Seibert, Brooklyn ; William 
 
 -*'' 307 
 
H. Rowe, Jr., Troy ; Manley B. Mattice, Catskill ; John T. Norton, Albany ; Thomas J. Whit- 
 ney, Gouverneur ; George S. Weed, Plattsburg ; Edward Ellis, Schenectady ; John F. Gaynor, 
 Fayetteville ; Walter N, Kernan, Utica ; George B. Sloan, Oswego ; George F. O'Neil, 
 Binghamton ; Hugh Duffey, Cortland; Robert. H. Thurston, Ithaca; William S. Kimball, 
 Rochester ; Henry Stowell, Seneca Falls ; Edwin C. Cook, Bath ; Willard T. Ransom, Lockport; 
 Henry L. Koons, Buffalo ; Henry W. Box, Buffalo ; Louis M. Rowland, New York ; Walter L. 
 Sessions, Jamestown ; Charles A. Sweet, Buffalo ; James W. Tappin, New York. 
 
 - NORTH CAROLINA W. F. Green, president, Franklinton ; T. K. Bruner, secretary and 
 Com. of Ex., Raleigh ; P. L. Patterson, Yadkin Valley ; W. R. Capehart, Avoca ; W. E. 
 Stevens, Clinton ; J. S. Murrow, Center; J. F. Payne, Alma; A. Leazer, Mooresville; J. B. 
 Coffield, Everetts ; Dr. C. D. Smith, Franklin ; W. R. Williams, Falkland ; Governor Thomas 
 Holt, ex-officio, Raleigh. 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA H. C. Southard, president, Fargo ; A. C. Labrie, secretary, Grand Forks ; 
 R. S. Tyler, executive manager, Fargo ; W. C. Plummer, Casselton ; P. B. Wickham, Mandan ; 
 F. L. Goodman, Hillsboro. 
 
 OHIO W. W. Peabody, president, Cincinnati ; Charles M. Anderson, vice-president, 
 Greenville; W. T. Alberson, secretary, Columbus; Lewis N. Bonham, treasurer, Columbus: 
 Daniel J. Ryan, executive commissioner, Columbus ; Albert Schwill, Cincinnati ; James W. 
 See, Hamilton ; Charles M. Harding, Franklin ; David Hall, Bloom Center ; A. O. Jones, 
 Zanesville ; A. C. Cummins, Mansfield ; D. L. Wadsworth, Wellington ; L. E. Holden, Cleve- 
 land ; William Edwards, Cleveland; H. G. Baker, Defiance ; P. M. Cullinan, New Lexington ; 
 Harvey P. Platt, Toledo ; William Ritchie, Hamilton ; Mrs. Mary Hart, Anderson's Ferry ; 
 Mrs. Walter Hartpence, Harrison. 
 
 OKLAHOMA Gov. A. J. Seay, president, Guthrie ; Mort. Bixler, vice-president, Norman ; 
 H. C. St. Clair, treasurer, Kingfisher ; Matty B. Kelso, secretary, El Reno ; J. M. Holit, Beaver 
 City ; Miss May I. Overstreet, Beaver City ; Mrs. Mort. Bixler, Norman ; Mrs. H. C. St. Clair, 
 Kingfisher ; E. L. Hallock, Guthrie ; Mrs. C. M. Barnes, Guthrie ; Dr. R. Holloman, Oklahoma 
 City; Mrs. A. M. Holloman, Oklahoma City; J. E. Sater, Stillwater; Mrs. J. E. Sater, 
 Still water ; Rev. J. Buchanan, Chandler ; Mrs. J. Buchanan, Chandler ; Dr. Kirk, Tecumseh ; 
 Mrs. Kirk, Tecumseh. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA Gov. R. E. Pattison, president, Harrisburg; Lt.-Gov. L. A. Watres, vice- 
 president, Scranton ; R. E. Wright, secretary, Harrisburg; J. S. Dillinger, assistant-secretary, 
 Harrisburg; Rodney A. Mercur, treasurer, Towanda; A. B. Farquhar, executive commissioner, 
 Harrisburg; Edw. A. Bigler, Clearfield ; Albert J. Barr, Pittsburgh ; Luther S. Bent, Steelton ; 
 Thomas Bradley, Philadelphia ; Robert L. Brownfield, Philadelphia ; John I. Carter, Chatham; 
 W. W. Clendenin, New Castle ; L. C. Davis, Philadelphia ; Lewis Emery, Jr., Bradford ; P. 
 Foley, Pittsburgh; J. P. S. Gobin, Lebanon; James M. Guffey, Pittsburgh ; J. K. P. Hall, St. 
 Marys; William Hasson, Oil City; Joel A. Herr, Cedar Springs; Mrs. Thomas M. Jones, 
 Harrisburg; H. J. McAteer, Alexandria; Simon Muhr, Philadelphia; Robert Purvis, Phila- 
 delphia; George N. Riley, McKeesport; A. G. Roenigk, Pittsburgh; A. W. Taylor, Phila- 
 delphia ; C. C. Thompson, Warren ; Joseph C. Walker, Gap ; Benjamin Whitman, Erie ; E. H. 
 Williams, Philadelphia ; Roger S. Searle, Montrose ; M. B. Williams, Wilkes Barre ; Thomas 
 P. Merritt, Reading ; William B. Gill, Philadelphia. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND E. Benjamin Andrews, president, Providence ; Arthur H. Watson, vice- 
 president, Providence ; Charlotte F. Dailey, secretary and treasurer, Providence ; John C. 
 Wyman, executive commissioner, Providence ; Frank G. Harris, Newport ; ;Hiram Howard, 
 Providence; Walter A. Peck, Providence ; Marsden J. Perry, Providence ; Daniel B. Pond, 
 Woonsocket; Richard Thornley, Greenwich. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA A. P. Butler, president, Hamburg; J. A. Enslow, vice-president, 
 Charleston; Frederick A. Sale, secretary, Columbia ; W. J. Murray, treasurer, Columbia; John 
 R. Cochran, Walhalla; Thomas W. Holloway, Pomaria ; R. A. Love, Chester; E. R. Mclver, 
 uarlinerton ; Mrs. H. C. Brayton, lady vice-president, Columbia ; Mrs. Clark Waring, Columbia; 
 Miss Floride Cunningham, Charleston; Mrs. Johnson Hagood, Barnwell; Mrs. C. A. Wood, 
 Marion ; Mrs. John W. Lewis, Charleston. 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA L. G. Ochsenreiter, president, Webster ; Charles E. Hinds, vice-president, 
 Woonsocket; Oliver Gibbs, Jr., secretary, Ramsey ; W. W. Taylor, treasurer, Redfield ; T. H. 
 Brown, Sioux Falls ; W. M. Powers, Yankton ; P. F. McClure, Pierre ; F. T. Evans, Hot 
 Springs ; Sol. Stair, Deadwood ; C. V. Gardner, Piedmont. 
 
 TEXAS H. B. Andrews, San Antonio ; William F. Ladd, first vice president, Galveston ; 
 A. C. Herndon, second vice-president, Houston ; D. D. Bryan, secretary, Galveston ; W. L. 
 Moody, treasurer, Galveston ; H. D. Perky, director-general, Galveston ; Irwin Mahon, general 
 manager, Galveston ; R. B. Parrott, Waco ; W. C. Connor, Dallas ; J. S. Rice, Hyatt ; J. N. 
 Browning, Clarendon ; Julius Runge, Galveston ; George Mann, Galveston ; John Adriance, 
 Galveston ; Walter Gresham, Galveston. 
 
 UTAH R. C. Chambers, president, Salt Lake City ; Richard Mackintosh, vice-president, 
 Salt Lake City ; E. A. McDaniel, secretary, Ogden ; Heber M. Wells, treasurer, Salt Lake City; 
 N. A. Empy, executive commissioner, Salt Lake City. 
 
 VERMONT H. H. Mclntyre, general agent, West Randolph ; the Governor, ex-officio. 
 
 VIRGINIA A. S. Buford, president, Richmond; John L. Hurt, vice-president, Hurt's Store; 
 T. C. Morton, secretary, 1103 East Main street, Richmond ; M. S. Quarles, treasurer, Rich- 
 mond ; John S. Apperson, executive business commissioner, Richmond ; Dr. A. Brocken- 
 brough, Chesapeake ; M. Glennan, Norfolk. 
 
 308 
 
WASHINGTON 1ST. G. Blalock, president, Walla Walla ; S. B. Conover, vice-president, Port 
 Townsend ; P. C. Kauftmann, secretary, Tacoma ; G. V. Calhoun, executive commissioner, 
 La Connor; P. W. Rochester, assistant executive commissioner, Seattle; L. R. Grimes, Ellens- 
 burgh ; W. L. La Follette, Pullman ; T. H. Cavanaugh, Olympia ; C. H. Ballard, Conconully. 
 Washington Board of Lady Managers Mrs. Alice Hough ton, president,- Spokane ; Mrs. C. W. 
 Griggs, secretary, Tacoma ; Mrs. M. D. Owings, Olympia ; Mrs. Josephine Ettinger, Palouse 
 City. 
 
 AVEST VIRGINIA W. N. Chancellor, president, Parkersburg; M. C. McKay, secretary, Park- 
 ersburg; George M. Bowers, treasurer, Martinsburg ; R. S. Carr, Charleston; John S. Naylor, 
 Wheeling; Sidney Raymond, Quiet Dell. 
 
 WISCONSIN A. Ledyard Smith, president, Appleton ; Hugh H. Price, vice-president, Black 
 River Falls; Charles W. 'Graves, secretary, Viroqua ; John H. Savage, treasurer, Shullsburgh; 
 Robert B. Kirkland, executive commissioner, Jefferson ; Philip Allen, Jr., Mineral Point; Mrs. 
 John Winans, Janesville ; Harry B.Sanderson, Milwaukee; Mrs. George C. Ginty, Chippewa 
 Falls ; Mrs. W. P. Lynde, Milwaukee; John M. Coburn, West Salem; William Rahr, Manitowoc. 
 
 WYOMING John S. Harper, president Sundace; Elwood Mead, secretary, Cheyenne ; John 
 McCormick, treasurer, Sheridan; Frank O. Williams, Saratoga; L. D. Ricketts, Cheyenne. 
 
 MISS JESSIE COUTHOUI, 
 Who read the " Poem of the Prophecy." 
 
 309 
 
~ * 
 
 310 
 
311 
 
THE VIKING. 
 
 THE WINDMILL EXHIBIT. 
 
313 
 
314 
 
315 
 
INDIAN HUTS. 
 
 PALACE MECHANIC ARTS. 
 
 CONVENT LA RABIDA. 
 
 316 
 
317 
 
318 
 
INDEX 
 
 Ackerman, W. K 274 
 
 Adams, Milward 244 
 
 Administration bldg 13 
 
 Administration bldg., east 
 
 front 69 
 
 Agricultural bldg 13, 33 
 
 Agricultural bldg., electric 
 
 fountain 79 
 
 Agricultural bldg., north 
 
 front 221 
 
 Agricultural bldg., interior. 258 
 
 Allen, Edwin 287 
 
 Aguilera. Charles 7 
 
 Archeology and Ethnology 
 
 bldg 131 
 
 Arkansas bldg 123 
 
 Art Gallery 91 
 
 Avenue of State bldgs 237 
 
 Harbour, George H . . . . 287 
 
 Bird's-eye view, east half... 276 
 Bird's-eye view, west half. . . 277 
 Bird's-eye view, from top of 
 
 Manufactures bldg 305 
 
 Bonney, Chas. C 68 
 
 Brazil bldg 126 
 
 Bryan, Thomas B 285 
 
 Burleigh, Mrs. Edwin 185 
 
 Burnliam, D. H. , Director of 
 
 Works 243 
 
 Boushareen, Group of 234 
 
 Cairo, Street in 232 
 
 California State bldg 9 
 
 Canadian bldg 129 
 
 Caravels of Columbus 168 
 
 Carlisle, W. K 274 
 
 Ceylon bldg 128 
 
 Chicago Hussars 225 
 
 Chiefs of Departments 300 
 
 City decorations 249 
 
 Cleveland, Grover 269 
 
 Cliff Dwellers, The 46 
 
 Coates, George F 284 
 
 Cold Storage bldg 317 
 
 Coleman, Mrs. Laura 185 
 
 Colonnades of the Peristyle. 23 
 
 Colorado bldg 109 
 
 Columbia bldg 125 
 
 Columbus, Christopher 4 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, Son 
 
 of Duke of Veragua 7 
 
 Columbus, Peter, son of Mar- 
 quis of Bariboles 7 
 
 Columbus, Pilar, daughter 
 
 of Duke of Veragua 7 
 
 Columbian Fountain 31 
 
 Columbian Fountain, Elec- 
 tricity bldg 51 
 
 Commissioners, State ...288, 
 
 289, 290 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Commissioners, Lady ...291, 
 
 292, 293 
 
 Connecticut bldg 121 
 
 Convent La Rabida 9, 316 
 
 Costa Rica bldg 125 
 
 Court of Honor, The 11 
 
 Croffut, W. A 267 
 
 Culp, E. C 285 
 
 Davis, George R ' 21 1 
 
 Dedicatory Ball at Audito- 
 rium, The 190 
 
 Dedicatory Ceremonies in 
 
 Manufactures bldg 315 
 
 Delaware bldg 113 
 
 Depew, Chauncey M 167 
 
 Dickinson, John T 285 
 
 Directors 296, 297, 298, 299 
 
 Dome, Entrance to Manufac- 
 tures bldg 138 
 
 Duke and Duchess of Vera- 
 gua 5 
 
 East Indies 127 
 
 Edmonds, H. 274 
 
 Egyptian Temple 236 
 
 Egyptian Dancing Girls 232 
 
 Electricity bldg., looking 
 
 north 223 
 
 Electricity bldg., south end. 50 
 
 Electricity bldg 77 
 
 Ellsworth, James W 285 
 
 Eulalia, Princess 166 
 
 Ewing,A. T 287 
 
 Fearn, W 238 
 
 Ferris, G. W. G 192 
 
 Ferris Wheel 193 
 
 Fireworks on the Lake 189 
 
 Fisheries bldg 52, 93 
 
 Fisheries bldg., general view 
 
 in background 49 
 
 Florida bldg 121 
 
 Forestry bldg 85 
 
 Fowler, Bishop 68 
 
 French bldg 128 
 
 French bldg., section 107 
 
 Gautemala bldg 130 
 
 German bldg 125 
 
 Gibbons, J. Cardinal 169 
 
 Glimpses of the Wooded Is- 
 land 250 
 
 Goff , Lyman B 284 
 
 Great Britain bldg ... 126 
 
 Groner, V. D 287 
 
 Haine, J. W 284 
 
 Handy, Moses P 238 
 
 Harrison, Hon. Benjamin... 165 
 Harrison, Mayor Carter H.. 170 
 
 Harrison, Mrs. Russell B 185 
 
 Haytibldg 130 
 
 Henrotin, Chas 285 
 
 319 
 
 Henrotin, Mrs. Chas 188 
 
 Higinbotham, Harlow N . . . . 194 ' 
 
 Hodges, James 287 
 
 Horticultural bldg 87, 305 
 
 Idaho bldg Ill 
 
 Illinois State bldg 227 
 
 Indiana State bldg 109 
 
 Indian Huts 316 
 
 In the Court of Honor 45 
 
 Iowa bldg 121 
 
 Ireland, Archbishop John . . 169 
 
 Japanese Temple 131 
 
 Javanese, Group of 236 
 
 Javanese Village 236 
 
 Kansas bldg 109 
 
 Kentucky bldg 123 
 
 Keogh, Thomas B 287 
 
 Kerfoot, W.D 286 
 
 Ketcham, Win. P 285 
 
 Krupp Gun exhibit 132 
 
 Krupp Gun exhibit, interior. 132 
 Lagoon, looking north from 
 
 Machinery Hall 29 
 
 Lagoon, view from Wooded 
 
 Island 233 
 
 Lawrence, E. F 286 
 
 Leather and Shoe bldg 81 
 
 Louisiana State bldg 304 
 
 Machinery Hall 13, 231 
 
 Maine bldg 117 
 
 Manufactures bldg 229 
 
 Manufactures bldg., south 
 
 end 213 
 
 Manufactures bldg., interior 215 
 Manufactures and Liberal 
 
 Arts bldg 27,71 
 
 Map of Grounds 318 
 
 Marquis of Bariboles, The.. 7 
 Marquis of Villilobar, The. . 7 
 
 Maryland bldg 115 
 
 Massachusetts bldg 119 
 
 McLa ws, Lafayette 284 
 
 Michigan bldg 121 
 
 MidwayPlaisance.OldVienna 158 
 
 Miles, Gen. Nelson A 212 
 
 Military Parade 313 
 
 Mines and Mining bldg 75 
 
 Mines and Mining bldg., in- 
 terior 47 
 
 Minnesota bldg...., 123 
 
 Missouri bldg 115 
 
 Mitchell, Mrs. R. B 185 
 
 Monroe, Miss Harriet 164 
 
 Montana bldg 109 
 
 Moore, H. B 284 
 
 Morton, Hon. Lev! P 165 
 
 Mount Ranier 309 
 
 Music Hall 15 
 
 Nebraska bldg 117 
 
New Hampshire bldg 115 
 
 New Jersey bldg 115 
 
 New South Wales bldg 127 
 
 New York State bldg 108 
 
 North Dakota 117 
 
 Norway 127 
 
 Ohio State bldg 113 
 
 Palace of Mechanic Arts. .25, 
 
 95, 316 
 
 Palmer, Thomas W 211 
 
 Palmer, Bertha Honor6 155 
 
 Pennsylvania State bldg 108 
 
 Peristyle, The 15, 21 
 
 Phelps, Erskine 238 
 
 Pier 295 
 
 Platt, Harvey P 284 
 
 Princess Eulalia in Mid- 
 way Plaisance 235 
 
 Railway Terminal bldg 73 
 
 Republic, Statue of 15, 229 
 
 Revell, A. H 286 
 
 Rhode Island bldg 119 
 
 Rice, F. Willis 266 
 
 Root, John W 243 
 
 Ruins of Yucatan 44 
 
 Schwab, Chas. H 286 
 
 Scott, James W 244 
 
 Selfridge, H. G 244 
 
 Sewell, Wm. J 284 
 
 Smith, W. A 238 
 
 Soudanese and Nubians 232 
 
 South Dakota 119 
 
 South Sea Islanders 234 
 
 Spanish bldg 130 
 
 Swedish bldg 129 
 
 Territorial bldg Ill 
 
 Texas bldg Ill 
 
 Thomas, Theodore 212 
 
 Thorpe, John 274 
 
 Towsley, Orson V 284 
 
 Transportation bldg 83 
 
 Transportation bldg., En- 
 trance Golden Arch 48 
 
 Turkey 130 
 
 Turkish Sedan Chairs 236 
 
 Turner, Col. Henry L 267 
 
 United States Battleship 
 
 ''Illinois " 219 
 
 United States Government 
 
 bldg 311 
 
 Utah bldg 123 
 
 Venezuela bldg 127 
 
 Vermont bldg 117 
 
 Viking 312 
 
 Virginia bldg 113 
 
 Wacker, C. H 286 
 
 Washburne, Mayor 170 
 
 Washington bldg ill 
 
 Watterson, Hon. Henry 167 
 
 West Virginia 119 
 
 Widener, P. A. B 285 
 
 Windmill exhibit 312 
 
 Wisconsin bldg 113 
 
 Woman's bldg 89 
 
 Wooded Island and Lagoon. 217 
 Yerkes, Chas. T 286 
 
 LETTERS. 
 
 Letter Chief Justice Fuller 22 
 " President Cleveland 268 
 '' Duke of Veragua . . . 8 
 " Invitation to Grover 
 
 Cleveland 257 
 
 Pope Leo XIII 209 
 
 " M. Davitt 310 
 
 L. P. Morton 314 
 
 " J. J. Ingalls 314 
 
 Acceptance Buildings Presi- 
 dent Higinbotham 151 
 
 Address Mrs. Potter Palmer 152 
 Address Director - General 
 
 Davis.. 261 
 
 Address of Welcome Mayor 
 
 Washburne 141 
 
 Administration bldg., The .. 66 
 
 Agricultural bldg 62 
 
 Arrival of Liberty Bell 273 
 
 Benediction Rev. Henry C. 
 
 McCook, D. D 188 
 
 Children's bldg. , The 67 
 
 City Decorations. 247 
 
 Civic Celebrations 245 
 
 Cleveland President, Ad- 
 dress . 265 
 
 Columbian Oration Chaun- 
 
 cey M. Depe w 177 
 
 Commemoration Ode 143 
 
 Dedicatory Address Levi P. 
 
 Morton 161 
 
 Dedicatory Ceremonies, The 133 
 Dedicatory Oration Hon. 
 
 Henry Watterson 171 
 
 Electrical bldg., The 64 
 
 Fellowship Club Dinner, The 253 
 
 BEADING MATTER. 
 
 Ferris Wheel 191 
 
 Fine Arts bldg., The 60 
 
 Fisheries bldg. , The 59 
 
 Foreign bldgs 105 
 
 Forestry bldg., The 61 
 
 Government bldg., The 63 
 
 Growth of Expositions, The 17 
 Horticultural bldg., The 61 
 Inaugural Ceremonies of the 
 World's Congress Auxil- 
 iary 195 
 
 Introductory Address Di- 
 rector-General George R. 
 
 Davis 139 
 
 Machinery Hall 64 
 
 Manufactures bldg 59 
 
 Mines and Mining bldg 65 
 
 Naval Exhibit, The 66 
 
 Official Directory 301-30t 
 
 Official Directory of the 
 World's Columbian Com- 
 mission 279 
 
 Official Directory of the 
 World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition 294-295 
 
 Official Directory State 
 boards... ...306-308 
 
 Opening the Exposition 259 
 
 Oration Archbishop Ireland 198 
 
 Poem of the Prophecy 261 
 
 Prayer Bishop Charles H. 
 
 Fowler 135 
 
 Prayer His Eminence Car- 
 dinal Gibbons 186 
 
 Presentation of bldgs. Hon. 
 
 Thomas W. Palmer 159 
 
 Presentation of Master Ar- 
 tists D. H. Burnham 150 
 
 President's Proclamation.. . 56 
 Reception at Auditorium.... 239 
 Reception and Ball Col. 
 
 Henry L. Turner 251 
 
 State bldgs 97, 98, 99, 100, 
 
 101, 102, 103, 104 
 Tender of the bldgs. Presi- 
 dent Higinbotham 157 
 
 Terminal bldg. , The 97 
 
 Transportation bldg., The .. 62 
 Welcoming the Duke of Ver- 
 agua 271 
 
 Woman's bldg., The 61 
 
 World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, The M. 53 
 
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