THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES
 
 //
 
 A MANUAL 
 
 OF 
 
 1»H©:^"OORAPHY; 
 
 OR, 
 
 WRITING BY SOUND; 
 
 A NATURAL METHOD OF WRITING ALL LANGUAGES 
 
 232 ®^^^ alphabet, 
 
 COMPOSED OF SIGNS THAT REPRESENT THE 
 SOUNDS or THE HUZtEAN VOZCS ; 
 
 ADAPTED ALSO TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE SO AS TO FORM 
 
 A COMPLETE SYSTEM OF 
 
 PHONETIC WRITING, 
 
 APPLICABLE TO EVERY PURPOSE : 
 
 Being six times briefer and more easily read than the common long handj 
 
 and when adapted to Reporting, a speaker can be followed verbatim 
 
 u-iihout the use of any arbitrary marks, and the report read 
 
 at any distance of time with the greatest facility. 
 
 BY ISAAC PITMAN, 
 
 Third American Edition— (with Additions.) 
 
 [Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1844, in the ClerK's 
 Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New Vork ] 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 J'RINTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN DONLEVY, 105 FULTON ST. 
 
 And sold at the principal Book- Stores i?j the Unittd Stattt. 
 
 1844.
 
 s» 
 
 6 
 
 \SH 
 
 IjNTRODUCTION 
 
 Phonograpliy is a system of ^mting by sound, or of 
 DaguerreotyiDing speech on ipajper in so scientific a man* 
 ner as to represent, with infallible accuracy, all the souncI^; 
 c/5 of the human voice ; consequently, not only the English, 
 ^ but all other languages can be written by it, and in a mode, 
 *"" too, beyond comparison, shorter than any other short-hand 
 ^ in existence, and at the same time so legible that it can be 
 *:: read as easily as common print. 
 
 This art is creating an extraordinary excitem.ent in Eng- 
 land. Public meetings and festivals are being held in the 
 principal cities and towns in that kingdom, to " commem- 
 £2 orate its introduction,'^ and to do honor to its inventor. 
 The Gentlemen of the Press have unanimously adopted it. 
 It has been introduced to the King's College, London, and 
 the University of Glasgow, and also to the principal Schools 
 and IMercantile establishments. A Phonographic Associ- 
 ation has been formed, and a monthly Journal is printed in 
 the Phonographic character, upwards of a thousand copies 
 of which have been put in circulation, and the art bids 
 fair, in a very short time, to supersede the prasent cum- 
 brous system of wi'iting. 
 
 The importance of such an art as this, to society gener- 
 ally, and particularly to a great community lite ours, can- 
 not be too highly estimated. Its introduction will effect a 
 
 449470
 
 revolution in the present monotonous method of educft-* 
 tion — render it much more effective, and thereby consid- 
 erably increase the conservatism of our Institutions. It 
 will give increased celerity to the movements of the public 
 press, by obviating the necessity, which reporters are now 
 under, of translating their notes, as the persons employed 
 in the mechanical department of the press, (who really de- 
 sire to retain their situations,) will be compelled to acquire 
 the art (as is being done by contemporary classes in Eng- 
 land.) 
 
 To clerical, legal, and literary gentlemen, it is sufficient 
 to state, that this invaluable art is so self-evidently supe- 
 rior to its stenographic predecessors, that a glance at the 
 "system '" will show that he who is unacquainted with it is 
 in arrears of the age. 
 
 To dwell on its importance to the commercial portion of 
 the community, would be to insult their intelligence ; as, 
 from the principal in his private office, anxiously awaiting 
 the receipt of important advices, to the copying-clerk at 
 his desk — who spends twelve hours at an unhealthy em- 
 ployment, which Phonography will enable him to perform 
 in two — all will alike be benefitted. 
 
 Secretaries, Teachers, Book-keepers, and Clerks gen- 
 erally, will consult their professional and pecuniary inter- 
 ests, by an immediate acquaintance with the art ; for, 
 apart from the laudable ambition of becoming as perfect in 
 one's profession as possible, by which all intelligent indi- 
 viduals are supposed to be stimulated, reasoning from the 
 rapid progress of Phonography since its introduction — the 
 day is not far distant when gentlemen of the professions 
 enumerated, if not previously Phonographers, will find as 
 much difficulty in obtaining situations, as a Chinese coaster 
 would in getting a cargo, if about to sail from one of our 
 docks, in opposition to the Great Western.
 
 Educated hut unemployed gouyig men may now earn 
 an honorable and lucrative livelihood, by learning the art, 
 forming classes, and teaching their less enterprising or 
 more busily employed fellow-citizens; for, unlike the old 
 "systems " of stenography, which, in consequence of their 
 impracticability, were confined to the closets of the learned, 
 or practised only by the professional adept — Phonography 
 is brought to such a degree of perfection that any individ- 
 ual of the most ordinary capacity can acquire it with the 
 greatest ease, and practice it with perfect success. 
 
 To the people, the greater portion of whose time is spent 
 in toil, or whose habits of business, in consequence of the 
 ieen competition which every branch of trade and manu- 
 factures has to contend, are such as to occupy almost all the 
 working hours, and too often many of those which should 
 l3e devoted to rest, but which are incompatible with the 
 pursuit of those studies, which the requirements of the 
 present enlightened age demand of those who desire to at- 
 tain a ** status in society,'' or icho icould not rank amongst 
 the most ignorant and uneducated portion of tJie com- 
 munity, this noble art will prove an invaluable desidera- 
 tum, " a royal road to knowledge/' 
 
 Its acquisition will inconceivably benefit all classes, as 
 by it they will be enabled to retain, for future study, the 
 substance of lectures, sermons, and such other information 
 as they are daily in the habit of acquiring; by it they can 
 record and preserve those germs of thought, which spring- 
 up, as it were, spontaneously in the mind of every think- 
 ing, intelligent being, and which now are forever lost to the 
 memory. How many ideas, which have been presented to 
 the mind in our moments of thought and reflection, which, 
 had we possessed some ready and expeditious met liod, would 
 have been treasured up as the materials of thinking for tlie 
 future, have been suffered to sink into oblivion, like leltercj
 
 6 
 
 traced in the sand of the sea shore, which the succeeding 
 tide has completely obliterated! How many of the 
 thoughts and experiences of others, in verbal conversation 
 with us, might be made our o"\vn, by judiciously noting 
 dov/n what was worth remembering, in the occasional re- 
 view of which we should find great advantage, resulting in 
 that practical wisdom in our conduct in life, which is as es- 
 timable in the sight of others, as it is invaluable to its pos- 
 sessors ; elevating the individual character, and benefit- 
 ting, by its example, the world at large. 
 
 We can scarcely take up a volum.e, if our books be ju- 
 diciously selected, without finding some happy turn of 
 thought or expresssion, or some fact of sufficient interest, 
 to merit a brief transcription; and here Phonography 
 lends a ready aid, by concentrating, in the smallest compass, 
 and in the shortest time, those valuable resources to vvhich 
 the mind can continually ha^e recourse for food and 
 strength. 
 
 To the student, this power of appropriating to his owti 
 purposes those gems which, but lor it, would lie forgotten 
 amongst the literary accvimulations of modern times, must 
 Ix^ regarded as every way v/orthy of attention. 
 
 In short, the attainment of this art is indispensable to 
 success in the acquisition of knowledge, in the pursuits of 
 science, in the routine of business, or in the pleas-ures of 
 literature ; it v,-ill do for mind v/hat steam lias done for 
 matter, almost literally annihilate time and space, facili- 
 tate mental communication, materially contribute to the 
 .c'-eneral difiusion of knowledge, and iiccelerate the pro- 
 i>Tess of civilization to an extent almost inconceivable.
 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF PHONOGRAPHYo 
 
 1. The comraimication of the thoughts and affections 
 from one person to another, may he accomplished either 
 by changes of the countenance and by gestures in general, 
 hy spoken sounds, or by written signs. On the first of 
 these modes of conveying thought we, in an " Introduction 
 to Phonogeaphy," (which is professedly the writing of 
 SOUNDS,) have nothing to say, and shall proceed at once 
 to the subject of spoken and written language. 
 
 2. Hitherto, among all nations, there has existed the 
 greatest disparity, in point of facility and dispatch, be- 
 tAveen these two methods of communication : the former 
 has always been comparatively rapid, easy and delightful ; 
 the latter, tedious, cumbrous, and wearisome. It is most 
 strange that we, who excel our progenitors so far, in sci- 
 ence, literature, and commerce, should continue to use a 
 mode of writing, which, by its complexity, obliges the 
 readiest hand to spend at least six hours in writing what 
 can be spoken in one. Why do we use a long series of 
 arbitrary marks to represent what the voice utters at a sin- 
 gle effort ? Why, in short, are not our written signs as 
 simple as our spoken sounds ? It cannot be said that this 
 is impracticable ; for, the System of Writing here pre- 
 sented, is really and entirely practical, as it may at once be 
 written with fiuency and ease, and deciphered, after any 
 length of time, with rapidity and accuracy. To the sur- 
 prise and delight of the Author, it has been gradually un- 
 folding its beauties to his research, ever since he discov- 
 ered its principles a few years ago ; until he is now able 
 to present it apparently perfect and harmonious in all its 
 parts. The System offers a method of really exhibiting
 
 speech on paper, by signs as simple and intelligible as the 
 sounds they represent. 
 
 3. The great and desirable object which the author l)e- 
 lie\es he has accomplished, is briefly this ; the represen- 
 tation of every sound and articulation that occurs in any 
 language, by a simple and easy formed sign, which will 
 readily enter into every combination required, a 7ic/ which 
 is never used to represent more than that one sound or 
 articulation : here, as not only every sound has a sign, but 
 as, also, «very sign represents a sound, all ambiguity ends, 
 and all difficulty in reading what has }^^\\ written, ^'an- 
 ishes. 
 
 4. These signs being of the briefest description, (sim- 
 ple dots and strokes,) Phonography is necessarily a system 
 of SHORT HAND ; but, it must be seen from what has been 
 stated, that it is radically distinct from every other that 
 has appeared. In Phonography, it may almost be said, 
 that the very sound of every ivordis made visible : where- 
 as, in deciphering any former system of Short Hand, the 
 context, the memory, the judgm^ent, all must be called in to 
 avssist the eye. This is the great obstacle which has hith- 
 erto prevented Short Hand from coming into general use. 
 Its illegibility when written has rendered it unsafe to 
 com.mit our thoughts to its faithless keeping, and quite 
 insufficient to supersede common writing as a means of 
 communication. It has, indeed, become proverbial, that 
 it is more difficult to read tlcan to w^ritk Sliort Hand. 
 The very opposite of this is the case with regard to Pho- 
 nography, it is easier to read than to write it : at the 
 sa.me time, it may be asserted that it is as easy to write this 
 as any other system. It may be well here to remind the 
 reader, although the fact is obvious, that, siciftness in per- 
 i'orming writing of any kind, can be attained cniy by trac- 
 
 TICE.
 
 5. To any person whose desire may Ije awakened to 
 iearn the few marks or signs by which the sounds and ar- 
 ticulations are represented, the following brief observa- 
 tions, illustrative of principles, and entering a little into 
 practice^ will prove an easy guide, either to read or write 
 the system, in a very short space of time. 
 
 6. It is a fact but little known, that there are in the 
 English language, not more than six essentially difterent 
 rounds, usually called vowels, which are combined into 
 words by not more than thirteen simple articulations, or 
 consonants, and one aspirate, or breathing. This divis- 
 ion of speech into sounds and articulations, it may be re- 
 marked, is a natural one, and exists in all languages. 
 
 7. In the formation of the present system, the organs of 
 speech have been carefully and minutely studied, and it 
 h'ds been deemed expedient to arrange the vowels and ar- 
 ticulations, not alphabeticalhj, but according to their nat- 
 ural order. Thus, the letter p stands first; it is the least 
 complicated of all articulations, being formed by the very 
 edges of the lips, and not requiring the assistance, either 
 of the teeth, the tongue, or the palate, in its production. 
 "Next in order stands b, then t, d, &c. The rest follow in a 
 j^'rfectly natural arrangement, as will be perceived upon 
 making a few^ trials with the Phonographic Alphabet. 
 
 8. It has been found that the Articulations or Conso- 
 nants do not consist of a long series of different formations, 
 but only about half the number are essentially varied, and 
 that the remainder are merely the flattened sounds of the 
 others ; thus, ;) and b ; t and d ; /and v, &c., are precisely 
 the same articulations, modified by being sharpened or 
 flattened by utterance. If we followed nature, our signs 
 to represent these would equally correspond ; and thus not 
 (mly is the memory not burdened with a multitude of signs, 
 but the mind perceives that a thin stroke harmonizes with
 
 10 
 
 a thin articulation, and a thick stroke with a thick artic- 
 ulation. After a few months* practice in writing the sys- 
 tem, every pupil finds that the heavy strokes are made 
 without any additional effort ; they flow from the pen with 
 as much facility as their corresponding heavy sounds do 
 from the lips. 
 
 9. It has also been found that these simple articulations 
 which have heen adverted to, such as^, b ; t, d, kc, are, in 
 a vast numher of words, indissoluhly united with the two let- 
 ters I and r into a kind oi double letter, pronounced, how- 
 ever, by a single effort; as, for instance, the wovds place and 
 praise, are not pronounced '"''pelace," ^^ peraise," butthep 
 and /, and p and r, become actually one, by a trill of the 
 tongue against the palate, while the lips are producing the 
 jt>. These two letters also coalesce into a single utterance in 
 the last syllable of the words iemple, people, ])Rper, coo- 
 per, &c. 
 
 10. The natural way of expressing these combinations 
 in writing, would undoubtedly be, to effect some marked 
 and uniform modification of i\\e simple letters, which 
 should yet leave their characteristic forms untouched ; this 
 has been accomplished in the Phonographic system. 
 
 11. It has been further ascertained, that not only do the 
 various articulations combine, as just described, with I and 
 r, but that these two letters also coalesce with the others in 
 the opposite direction; thus, I and p in utterance, be- 
 come one in ]ielp,2julp, he. ; / and d are one infield, bold, 
 &c. ; r and p become one in sharp, harp, &c. ; r and b in 
 garb, barb, kc. ; and the Phonographic signs for the simple 
 articulations, are again used to represent these, as before, 
 only subject to analogous modification. In short, these two 
 letters, / and r, appropriately called liquids, will com- 
 bine, and do combine in speech, with every other conso- 
 7iant, excepjt the nasal v.gfoigj both before and after;
 
 11 
 
 and each double consonant, t"hus produced, is represented 
 in Phonography hy a single mark, formed, by the applica- 
 tion of a simple principle, from the letter \\ith which the 
 liquid enters into combination. 
 
 12. A word as to the Voicels, or Sounds of the lan- 
 guage. There are in the English language about forty 
 sounds, reckoning both the simple and compound, but 
 there is not any such amount of signs to be learned ; a seri- 
 ous difficulty would indeed exist if there were. By the dis- 
 covery of their real affinities, they admit of a most bimple 
 arrangement. The vowels, like the articulations, separate 
 into two great classes ; those having a full, and those hav- 
 ing a 67tarpe?iec? pronunciation. If the word y<°e2' be dis- 
 tinctly pronounced, and then immediately the word fit, it 
 will be perceived that the vov/el in Jit is actually nothing 
 but the sharpened sound of that in feet. 
 
 13. The following list exhibits all the pure vowel sounds. 
 The reader is requested to pronounce them aloud in natural 
 gradation, and to mark them carefully. 
 
 1. e. I 4. au. 
 
 2. a. 5. o. 
 
 3. ah. 1 6. 00. 
 
 Each of these vowels has also a sharp sound ; thus 
 No. 1. the vowel in feet when short is heard in fit. 
 
 2 mate met. 
 
 3 path pat. 
 
 4 law lot. 
 
 5 note nut. 
 
 G fool full. 
 
 They are numbered for ease of reference. 
 
 14. A little attention to what follows, will insure the 
 right understanding of the principle upon which the short 
 hand signs for these vowels are arranged. A lire of writing 
 necessarily occupies a certain space upon the paper, and
 
 12 
 
 this is taken advantage of in Phonograpliy to make a sim- 
 ple rhancje in the positioti of the vowel-sign, answer all 
 the purposes of a multitude of different characters. For 
 instance, the sign for the vowel sounds, 1, 2, 3, is a full 
 point, placed before or after the articulating letter, as the 
 case may be. 
 
 15. From these six pure or simple vowels, a double se- 
 ries of compound ones is produced. They are expressed 
 in long hand by prefixing the letters y and ic to the sim- 
 ple vowels, e, o, &c. ; thus e becomes ye and ice ; o be- 
 comes yo and iro, &c. &c. The y (which is in fact the 
 vowel e) and w (which is really oo) here coalesce mth 
 the vowel that follows, and a single sign should, therefore, 
 represent them. Phonography, from its own resources, 
 and without the least change of principle, meets the de- 
 mand, and points out a just and simple mode of writing 
 these compoimd yet perfectly united vowels. It represents 
 the y and w compounds by small curves. The preceding 
 explanation of the position of the simple vowels applies 
 equally to these ; and adapts them, small as is their num- 
 ber, to every varied requirement. 
 
 16. The double vowels, i, oi, and ow, form part of an- 
 other series, which includes also, several foreign and pro- 
 vincial sounds. They are produced by the union of the in- 
 termediate vowels, Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, with Nos. 1 and 6. 
 
 17. As a system of Short Hand, Phonography takes 
 the first place ; its signs are sim^pler and brieft^r tiian these 
 of any other system, and shorter by at least two fifths. 
 
 18. iMany other points, of equal interest, might be no- 
 ticed; but, let it sufiice to say, the system harmonizes in all 
 its parts; and, however viewed, presents simplicity as its 
 beauty, and comm.ends itself to notice by its adaptation to 
 our wants.
 
 13 
 
 19. Particular attention is called to the i^eneral tnith« 
 exhibited in this introduction; for, beyond them, there is 
 scarcely any difficulty. Indeed, so reduced is every portion 
 of the system to certain and easy understood principles, 
 that the perception of one part almost necessarily leads to 
 the attainment of the rest.
 
 14 
 
 1^ Q 
 
 d - S 
 
 b. 2 fl 
 &§« 
 
 •I 
 
 
 3 ~ 
 
 s 
 
 9 » 
 
 a 3 
 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 a 
 
 OS . 
 
 o 
 
 1^ 
 
 1 
 
 ID 
 > 
 
 "m 
 
 
 o c 
 
 3 o 
 
 n o 
 
 G 
 
 ex, 
 
 
 
 't' 
 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 
 O 
 
 q 
 
 
 w 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 <1) 
 
 o 
 
 d 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 
 t> 
 
 -/3 
 
 
 W) 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 CD . 
 ^ O 
 ** CO 
 
 o a 
 
 II 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 en rt 
 
 5i).2 
 
 M be 
 
 
 o 
 
 1 
 
 « 
 
 .2 
 
 bo 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 -gs 
 
 o 
 
 C IS 
 
 <a « 
 
 ^ 
 H 
 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 J^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt o 
 
 o . 
 
 
 - ,/ 
 
 •o 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 II 
 
 83 
 
 -^ 
 
 TJ 
 
 1 
 
 73 rt C- 
 
 -2 
 
 1 
 
 go 
 
 1 
 
 (S 
 
 <1j 
 
 
 =1 
 
 2 « 
 
 m 
 
 1 ° 
 
 •3 
 
 
 
 
 •>^ . i 
 
 
 
 
 
 .1 
 
 •c 
 
 c: 
 
 !. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 -^ o 
 
 QJ O 
 
 
 w 
 
 
 § 
 X 
 
 
 rt 
 
 J 
 
 '3 -^ 
 
 1 
 
 Sd^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 o:tof 
 
 a< 
 
 
 
 l_ 
 
 &H 
 
 -;^.c 
 
 w ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 «2 
 
 o 
 
 OD 
 
 o 
 
 8 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 <-^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 ^ s 
 
 1 ,. . w 
 
 '6 
 O 
 
 
 Si 
 
 
 ll 
 
 1* Sec 
 
 a 
 
 ■< 
 
 ca c 
 
 •< 
 
 -«1 
 
 
 
 « 
 
 
 £s 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 i^2^ 
 
 
 2 ~ c 
 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 1!^ 
 
 OJ 
 
 «'bflfl 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 - o be 
 
 
 ,Ss^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 0-^ « 
 
 fl O 
 
 
 
 -2 » cr; 
 
 CJ 
 
 ^"•| - 
 
 © 
 
 
 £^S 
 
 o 
 
 0, 2 02 
 
 a> 
 
 1^6- 
 
 o 
 
 ^■^g 
 
 
 -?n1 
 
 ■^ 
 
 
 o c« «■ 
 
 5 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 rt . 
 
 -Q 
 
 -T1 J^ 
 
 l§ 
 
 <l^ S; 
 
 -^ ? 
 
 
 
 = 5c 
 
 "^S 
 
 5^ 
 
 -r 
 
 - 3 
 
 <D 3 
 
 
 
 0^ 'S 
 
 So 
 
 Q- 
 
 £ 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 ri 
 
 O 
 
 J 
 
 
 2:5 
 
 <N 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ■< 
 h^ 
 
 
 •^ ^ 
 
 OJ "^ O ID 
 
 £oS£ 
 
 I S M efl 
 
 ©■5 2 S " 
 3 r" o 03 
 
 O t^C: 05 
 
 i-s 
 
 c 2 
 
 . . o 
 
 _ei3 32* 
 
 §0 £ 
 
 T3 2; 03 £ 
 
 iJ .^3 '"'-H 
 
 S^ bOO«S 
 
 .2 c 
 
 O 
 
 »3 i
 
 16 
 
 COMPARISON OF ALPHABETS 
 
 Arabic. 
 
 Name. 
 Elif . 
 
 
 Power. 
 .. .A 
 
 Be . 
 
 
 ...B 
 
 Te . 
 
 
 ...T 
 
 Thee. 
 
 
 .. T 
 
 Gjim . 
 
 
 .. G 
 
 Hha . 
 
 
 ...Hh 
 
 Cha . 
 
 
 . . .Ch 
 
 Dal . 
 
 
 ...D 
 
 Dhsal 
 
 
 ...D 
 
 Re . 
 
 
 ...R 
 
 Ze . 
 
 
 .. Z 
 
 aim . 
 
 
 ...s 
 
 Sim . 
 
 
 ...Sj 
 
 Sad . 
 
 
 ...s 
 
 Dad . 
 
 
 ...D 
 
 Ta . 
 
 
 ...T 
 
 Da . 
 
 
 ...D 
 
 Ain . 
 
 
 ...Ai 
 
 Gain . 
 
 
 ...G 
 
 Fe . 
 
 
 ...F 
 
 Kaf . 
 
 
 ...K 
 
 Kef . 
 
 
 ...C 
 
 Lam . 
 
 
 .. L 
 
 Mim . 
 
 
 ...M 
 
 Nun . 
 
 
 .. N 
 
 Waw. 
 
 
 ...w 
 
 He . 
 
 
 ...H 
 
 le 
 
 
 ...r 
 
 The vowel points 
 were assumed by the 
 Arabs when this Al- 
 phabet was inv'nted by 
 Ibn Mulka, the Vizier. 
 
 Samaritan. Chal- 
 DEB, AND Hbbrew. 
 
 Name. Power. 
 
 Aleph Aspiration. 
 
 Beth B 
 
 Gimel G 
 
 Daleth D 
 
 He H 
 
 Vau V 
 
 Zain Z 
 
 Cheth Ch 
 
 Teth .... r. th 
 lod .... 1. J. Y. 
 
 Caph K 
 
 Lamed L 
 
 Mem M 
 
 Nun !S 
 
 Samek S 
 
 Ain H. Gh. neh. 
 
 Peh .... P. Ph. 
 
 Tzade T. tz. 
 
 Ct)ph K 
 
 Resh R 
 
 Schin Sh. s 
 
 Tau .... T. th 
 
 Samaritan, Chaldee, ! 
 and Hebrew Alpha- 
 bets, agree in the 
 names and po\?vers of 
 their Letters, and only 
 differ in the shape of 
 the characters. Be- 
 sides these Letters, 
 there are ?^owels in- 
 serted at the bottom or 
 
 Old Irish. 
 
 Pou-er- 
 
 ...B 
 
 ...L 
 
 ...N 
 
 ...F 
 
 ...S 
 
 ...H 
 
 ...D 
 
 Name 
 Beth .... 
 Luis .... 
 Nion .... 
 Fearn. . . , 
 
 Sail 
 
 Hath.... 
 
 Duir 
 
 Tmue T 
 
 Coll C 
 
 Muin M 
 
 Gort G 
 
 Peth-boi; P 
 
 Ruis R 
 
 Allm A 
 
 Ou O 
 
 Ur Vx 
 
 Eaadhadlh E 
 
 Idho I 
 
 It will be observed 
 that this Alphabet ia 
 arranged differently 
 from most others in 
 the order of its Let- 
 ters. Before the use 
 of paper or the )ike 
 materials, for writing, 
 the Irish wrote with 
 iron pencils, or styles, 
 on planed tables of 
 beech wood : hence, 
 their letters are 
 called F ea dh a , or 
 wood. 
 
 top of the lines. 
 
 This summary view ot languages and more minute comparison of 
 some alphabets,' by exhibiting the clashing of numbers in the marks or 
 signs of different languages, shows that there has been no acknowl- 
 edged general standard for letters, and that the present arrangement of 
 the representatives of sounds is exceedingly arbitrary. An acquaint- 
 ance with the art developed in the subsequent pages, will prove that 
 the Phonographic Alphabet is a natural one, and the only one 
 which is adequate to universally represent the sounds of all languages,-
 
 17 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS 
 
 On Commencing the Study of Phonography. 
 
 The pupil should first learn the Phonographic Letters, taking them 
 in the natural order of pronunciation. He is recommended to learn 
 the consonants first, then the vowels, because the vowels are placed 
 TO the consonants. 
 
 There are only thirteen consonants in the English language; namely, 
 four Mutes, P, T, CHe, Ke \ with their flat sounds, B, D, Je, Ge ; four 
 semi-vocals, F, eTH, S, eSH; and their flat sounds, V, THe, Ze, 
 ZHe ; two Liquids, L, R ; three Nasals, M , N, eNG. From these the 
 double consonants are formed, by adding a hook on the right-hand side 
 fo' t'; as, p, pi, Ip; and on the left-hand side forr; as, pr, rp. It will 
 be seen, that the characters for Ip and rp, are the same as those for 
 ;// and pr, reversed. Pi and pr have the hook at the beginning, be- 
 cause these letters generally commence words ; and Ip and rp have 
 the hook at the end, because they always conclude words ; these obser- 
 vations apply to all the other hooked letters. So, from t, are formed 
 tl, tr. It, rt, and tn, in the same upright posture. Pt is a stroke half as 
 long as p. All the double consonants are derived from the single ones 
 m the same manner ; and, from the double consonants, the treble ones 
 are formed; as, pr, spr, prd, rp,rps, etc. Then learn the six single 
 vowels, e, a_, ah ; au, o, oo ; from which all the double and treble vowels 
 are derived, both as to soured, and the position which the Short Hand 
 marks occupy. 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 ON THE VOWELS. 
 
 The Short Hand marks for the Vowels, arc, the small dots, stroke?, 
 curves, and angles. The upright stroke is the letter t, placed witn 
 them to indicate their exact position; the vowels being placed againsc 
 the beginning, or middle, or etid, of the consonants. [See table enti- 
 tled " Method of placing the Vowels," plate 4.] The words the, in, 
 "cf-c, in Roman, are Arbitrary Words, that is, the vowels alone, are 
 written for such words. Mate, met, <^c., in italic, are merely examples, 
 containing the sounds of the vowels to vvhich they are placed. An as- 
 terisk* indicates that, in English, the sound is not used. 
 
 There exist other vowels which belong to the Angular Series, and 
 to the List of Treble Vowels, but they occur only in Foreign Languages 
 and Provincialisms. They may be seen on referring to plate G, under 
 head of " Foreign Sounds and Provincialisms." 
 
 The Aspirate Qi) is represented by a comma turned backwards.
 
 18 
 
 ON THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 The first five columns of the table of " Single and Double Conso 
 nants," plate 1, contain the single consonants. The remaining coi- 
 unms, commencing vfi(hpl, contain the double consonants 
 
 The letters s and z have each two fonns, namely, a loop or small 
 circle, and a strode. The loop is to be always used, excepting when 
 5t is necessary to place a vowel to s. Such words as sigh, use, <fc., 
 that contain no other consonant than s, must be written with a stroke ; 
 but the luop should be us^d where there is another consonant, agamst 
 which to place the vowel; as, soap, case. 
 
 The additional character, ors and z, represents the following words : 
 o so, as. 
 
 R also may be written as a straight up-stroke, when it is more «on- 
 venient. 
 
 Write ch and _;', downwards. Sh, zh, and /, may be struck either up- 
 wards or downwards. 
 
 All the othei letters are to be written from the top to the bottom, or 
 from the left to the right. 
 
 ON PLACING THE VOWELS. 
 
 In the table entitled "Method of Placing the Vowels,'^ plate 4, the vowel 
 IS, in every instance, placed n/fer the consonant ; thus, the first line is 
 pe, pa, pa, pau, po, poo ; the second line, be, ba, bah, &c. If the vowel 
 b'? required before the consonant, it is, of course, written on the other 
 side ; as, ep, ap, ahp, aup, op, oop. It will be seen that the strokes 
 which represent the vowels au, o, oo, may point in any direction ; they 
 are jienerally most conspicuous when placed at right angles with th« 
 consonants ; but, when they are written for Arbitrary Words, they must 
 always incline to the left. 
 
 The Double and Treble Vowels are written in the same way as are 
 the single ones in the table above referred to, except tnat they must 
 nuver be turned about to the different positions of the consonants, tmt 
 preserve a uiiiforra direction. 
 
 ON PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 PREFIXES. 
 
 The syliableg which most frequently occur as prefixes, such as cw - 
 cum, discom, &c., are each represented by some prominent letter that 
 is found in its sound. Thus, d in discom, s in circiim. In writing, 
 ■jlace this letter near to the following part of the word, as in the exam- 
 ples of Prefixes and Affixes, plate 3. The commonest prefix in the 
 language, com or con, is made by a small dot, at the commencement 
 of the consonant which next f<^wi it ia the word : aocmn if espressol 
 by a heavy dot.
 
 19 
 
 AFFIXES, 
 
 Various eommon affixes are also represented by some single letter, 
 written separate from the preceding part of the word. Next to the 
 syllable tion^ sion, don, &c., pronounced shun, and wliich is provided 
 for by the double letter shn^ the most frequent ending- in the English 
 language is ing, wliich is written by a small dot at the end of^th* 
 preceding consonant, as in sending. The plural, ings^ is a larger dot, 
 sa in iUtings. 
 
 ON THE JOINING OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 tnr Tho examples given in each paragraph, will be fbund in Phono- 
 graphic characters, arranged in corresponding numbers, in the table 
 entitled, *'0n the Joining of the Consonants," plate 4. 
 
 1. Ail the Consonants in a word should be written without taking 
 off the pen ; the second letter commencing where the first ends, and 
 the third being continued from the end of the second, &.C.; as, p t pat^ 
 d n den, j m gem, v n vain, I k d liquid, B r t Beyrout,r m n remain. 
 
 2. The manner in which the circle s is joined to a straight letter, 
 either at the commencement or end of a word, is shown on plate 2. 
 
 It is to be written in precisely the same way, if the other end of the 
 stroke has a hook; as, Selby, salt, sort, sealed, sword, search, silk, 
 please, bless, trees, dress, cross, grease, glass. 
 
 Z, When 5 is joined to a curved letter, the circle should follow the 
 direction of the sweep of the cur\'e ; as, sm, ms, sn, ns, sth, ss, Ihs, 
 S3j and not, sm, ms, ns, k.c. 
 
 4. But when « comes between two other consonants, the circle 
 sbcmld be turned in the way that is found most expeditious ; as, rust, 
 cost, post, chest, must, nest, fast ; and not, rust, cost, post, m.ust, &c. 
 
 5. S between two straight lines running in the same direction, 
 should be joined like s at the end of a straight line ; as, precept, taste, 
 trust, deceit, desert. Cassock, &c. 
 
 6. When s comes in contact with a hocked character, the circle 
 must be turned so as to accommodate itself to the formation of the hook; 
 as, express, possible, Exeter, disciple, personal, &c. 
 
 7. Sometimes the hook will not be perfectly formed, as in Gospel, 
 Explain, Bristol, Manchester, obscure, &.c. : still, such words cannot 
 easily be mistaken. 
 
 a, There are few instances in which the hook does not follow the 
 circle s with facility; in these cases it is better to write the two letters 
 of which the hooked character is composed ; thus, the first way of ex- 
 pressing the following words is tlie best : visiter, minister, philosopher.
 
 9. When it is requisite to join s to a right-hand side hook, at the 
 beginning or end of a word, it must be made rather smaller than usual ; 
 as, supplication, sable, holds, settle, cycle, silks. 
 
 10. The following words contain hooked letters, in various positions : 
 people, paper, table, trickle, copper, cooper. Tucker, decree, dagger, 
 chopper, cattle. In a few cases, where no hook at all can be pro- 
 duced, it is well to attach it after the other part of the word is written ; 
 write the following words as in the first pattern, then add the hook as 
 in tlie secoad method : former, charmer, Kedeemer, novel. 
 
 ARBITRARY WORDS ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY. 
 
 Acknowledge 
 
 advantage 
 
 after 
 
 against 
 
 all 
 
 Almighty 
 
 almost 
 
 alone 
 
 alphabet 
 
 already 
 
 an 
 
 and 
 
 anger 
 
 angry 
 
 any 
 
 arbitrary 
 
 are they 
 
 arrange 
 
 as 
 
 B 
 
 Been 
 
 begin 
 
 believed 
 
 beloved 
 
 beyond 
 
 C 
 
 Calculate 
 call 
 can 
 catholic 
 
 character 
 
 children 
 
 Christ 
 
 Christian 
 
 come 
 
 consequent 
 
 consider 
 
 continual-ly 
 
 D 
 
 Degree 
 
 deliver-y 
 
 difficult-y 
 
 do 
 
 done 
 
 dovvn 
 
 Engaged 
 
 England 
 
 English 
 
 enthusiast 
 
 essential 
 
 establish 
 
 even 
 
 every 
 
 evil 
 
 external 
 
 Fancy 
 
 firm 
 
 follow 
 
 for-e 
 
 form 
 
 forth 
 
 French 
 
 from 
 
 lull 
 
 G 
 
 Gave 
 
 general 
 
 give-n 
 
 glerify 
 
 glory 
 
 God 
 
 good 
 
 great 
 
 H 
 
 Have 
 
 he 
 
 Holy Ghost 
 
 I 
 Immediate-ly 
 important 
 improved 
 in 
 
 inch 
 
 individual 
 infinite 
 ingenious 
 internal 
 is 
 it is 
 
 Jerusalem 
 Jesus 
 
 K 
 
 King 
 knowledge 
 
 L 
 
 Language 
 
 large 
 
 league 
 
 leech 
 
 leisure 
 
 lift 
 
 like 
 
 line 
 
 little 
 
 look 
 
 Lord 
 
 M 
 
 Made 
 
 manner 
 
 may 
 
 me 
 
 meet 
 
 member 
 
 mercy 
 
 met 
 
 might 
 
 mind 
 
 morning 
 
 BIr. 
 
 multiply 
 multitude 
 my 
 
 N 
 
 Nature 
 
 natural 
 
 no 
 
 nor 
 
 not 
 
 O 
 
 Object 
 
 obliged 
 
 observe 
 
 of 
 
 order 
 
 our 
 
 ours 
 
 Particular 
 
 perfect 
 
 pleasure 
 
 principle 
 
 Providence 
 
 public 
 
 publish 
 
 Q 
 
 Question
 
 31 
 
 Regard 
 
 religion 
 
 remember 
 
 represent 
 
 require 
 
 return . 
 
 righteous 
 
 righteousness 
 
 rigorous 
 
 rule 
 
 Sacred 
 sacrifice 
 
 salvation 
 
 Saturday 
 
 scripture 
 
 secret 
 
 separate 
 
 shall 
 
 should 
 
 single 
 
 so 
 
 society 
 
 spirit 
 
 spiritual 
 
 street 
 
 strong 
 
 strength 
 
 subject 
 
 sure 
 system 
 
 Thank 
 
 that 
 
 the 
 
 them 
 
 they are 
 
 they will 
 
 thing 
 
 think 
 
 thought 
 
 through 
 
 to 
 
 town 
 truth 
 
 U 
 
 Upon 
 unto 
 under 
 usual 
 
 V 
 
 Very 
 
 voice 
 
 W 
 
 Was 
 water 
 
 were 
 
 where 
 
 which 
 
 who 
 
 will be 
 
 will they 
 
 with 
 
 word 
 
 world 
 
 worship 
 
 would 
 
 y 
 
 Years 
 yet 
 
 yours 
 
 RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 K7 The examples given in the subsequent sections will be found in 
 Phonographic characters, and arranged in corresponding numbers un- 
 der the head, "Examples Illustrative of Rules for Writing,*' plate 5. 
 
 RULE 1. WRITE BY SOUND. 
 
 Notice accurately the sounds of which a word is composed, and 
 write the Short Hand letters which represent them; thus, the word 
 •' knew " consists of the two sounds n ti [See ex]; (tr,oo,) true ; (d,a,) 
 day ; (au t,) ought; (d,e,kn,) deacon; (.th,a,) they ; (we,p,) tueep; (n,i,) 
 nigh; (ko,u,) cow. 
 
 It is not always necessary to write every vowel; as, (i.ns.ns.) in- 
 cense ; (s,nt,) cent ; (n,m,) name ; (kn,tr,e,) country; fk,rt,) cart ; (k,u,rj.) 
 courage. As the safest rule with respect to the insertion or omission 
 of vowels, the pupil is recommended to put in as many as will enable 
 himself or any other Phonographer to read his writing with ease. 
 
 Whenever, in the common spelling, two consonants of the same 
 name come together, as one only is pronounced, more than one need 
 not be written ; as, (a,t,nd,) attend; and so of many other points, too 
 obvious to require notice; but, seeing that not more than one word 
 in a thousand is pronounced as it is epelled, it is impossible here to enter 
 into full directions for the discovery of the sound of every word from 
 its spelling. The sounds contained in any word, must be ascertained 
 by the ear; their ;3/!07ioorap/is should then be written. 
 
 Pronounce all the letters according to their real power, and not 
 according to their old names. This w a point of great importance, and 
 attention to it will <'-ery much facilitate the pupil's progress. 
 
 The trua sounds of the vo.vels are contained in the words that are 
 placed after them in plate 1. The sftort vowels should preserve the
 
 23 
 
 jQames of the Zonf with the addition of the word "short;" thus, o is >o 
 be called "short a«," wi "short we," &c. H is to be called "the o«' 
 pirate." 
 
 The phonetic names of the Single Consonants are given in the Ta- 
 ble, plate 1. 
 
 The Double Consonants are to be pronounced thus : 
 p], pr, Ip, rp, pt ; bl, br, lb, rb, bd, tl, tr, It, rt, tn-, 
 pil, pir, elp, arp, ept; bil, bir, elb, arb, ebd ; til, tir, elt, art, tin; 
 dl, dr, Id, rd, dn; chl, chr, Ich, rch, cht, chn; jl, jr, Jj, &c. 
 dil, dir, eld, ard, din; chil, chir, ejch, arch, echt, chin; jil, jir, eli,&c = 
 and so on with all the others that are formed from the Single Con- 
 sonants in the same way : 
 
 Ir, rl. mt, mp, mb, nt, nd, nch, nj, 
 
 lir, arl, emt, emp, emb, ent, end, ench, enj- 
 
 Pronounce ngk like the word enk. 
 
 Pronounce ngg like engle, omitting the ?. 
 
 The following are the names of the Treble Consonsnts : 
 pld, prd, Ipt, rpt, bid, brd, Ibd, rbd, tld, trd, ltd, rtd, 
 pild, pird, elpt, arpt; bild, bird, elbd, arbd, tild, tird, elted, arted. 
 did, drd, Idd, rdd, chid, chrd, Icht, rent, jld, jrd, Ijd, rjd, 
 dild, dird, elded, arded, child, chird, elcht, archt,jild, jird, eljd, aijd. 
 The othere of this class follow in a similar way : 
 spr, sbr, str, sdr, &c. ; rps, rbs, rts, rds, &o; 
 spir, sbir, stir, sdir , arps, arbz, arts, ardz. 
 
 The Quadruple Consonants should be similarly pronounced, each 
 as one syllable ; thus, 
 
 prt or sprd, strt or strd, ekrt or skrd, &«. 
 
 spirt or spird, stirt or stird, skirt or skird 
 
 RULE 2, CONSONANTS. 
 
 1. Nearly all the consonants are written from the top downwards, 
 as, p, t, ch, pld ; or, from the left to the right ; as, ft, m, &c. The only 
 exceptions to this rule will be found in sections 10, 12 and 15. 
 
 When a consonant is repeated, if it is a straight line, make a stroke 
 twice the usual length, as, b, b, in bib; if it is a curve, as n, n, in 
 none, let the two curves be joined. 
 
 2. Join the consonants of a word together, without taking off the 
 pen; as, sense, physical, and turmoil. See also, the examples given 
 in the chapter on the Joining of the Consonants, 
 
 3. Whenever a short straight letter follows a long one in the same 
 direction, without an angle, the pen should be taken off; as, (d,e,md) 
 deemed ; or, as ever> short letter is a double consonant, it is some- 
 times better to write the two single letters of which it is composed ;
 
 S3 
 
 ?M, (kr,e,k,t) correct. It would not do to put the half length letter {ht) 
 at the end of trie other («r), as they might be mistalien for one letter 
 (kr) made a little too long, or two letters (kr,k) not mr.de longenough, 
 
 4. There are many words, which, containing double and treble let- 
 ter*, may be written m more than one way ; it will be worth the pupil's 
 while to choose, by a little attention, the neatest and best form ; as, 
 mndent, should be written with the letters e,vd,nt, rather than e,v,d,n,t; 
 r.lso, (con,vn,nt) convenient, is hQiier than con,v,n,nt. Numerous ex- 
 amples, illustrative of this rule,will be found in the Phonographic Jour- 
 nal, which is published monthly, in the phonographic character, for 
 the re-publication of which arrangements are being made. 
 
 5. If a word would reach too far below the line, take off the pen ; 
 ae, footstep, steadfast, substituted, constituted. 
 
 6. It oc-casionally happens that a hooked letter will not join with 
 the preceding or following letter ; in such cases the pen must be taken 
 off, or the word be written in another way ; as, defensible, Georgium 
 Sirtus, partner. 
 
 7. The Greek aspirate is used in Phonography for the letter h ; as, 
 h^at, inhabit, inherit, white, when, overwhelm. 
 
 8. As the h is of little practical value, it may always be omilted 
 Without causing any ditjiculty in reading; as, hill, heap, hair, half, him, 
 whom, haughty, cohere. 
 
 9. When a word consists of h and one or more vowels, also when 
 h comes in connection with two or three vowels in any word, the as- 
 pirate may be increased to the size ol a consonant, and the vowels 
 placed to it ; as, iiay, ahoy, Ohio. Ahoah, Ehi, Ahalah, hieroglyphic. 
 
 10. Except ch and rch, which are always made downwards, and 
 the upstrokes r and rl, every full sized right inclined letter, such as 
 i. gh, &c., may he struck either upwards or downwards, at the discre- 
 tion ol the writer ; as, lecture, life, fresh, cash. Mitchell, Fisher. 
 
 11. When either of these right inclined sloping tetters is joined 
 to the loop s only, striKe it downwards, that all who write the system 
 may agree ; as, sell, less, soul, sash, satchel, searct', seller. 
 
 12. R may be written two ways, either a& a curve downwards, or as 
 a STRAIGHT upstroke. The proper alphabetical form ot the letter is the 
 curve, which mubt always be used when r stands alone ; as, ear, air< 
 arrow, raw, roe, rue, v/ar, wire ; also, when a word contains no other 
 consonant than r s ; as, hears, hfrs, oars, rose, sir, sorry, sore, sour. 
 
 In all other eases the pupil may use either of the forms, accoiding 
 as he finds it most convenient in conjunction with the other lettero; 
 the upstroke should be generally preferred. 
 
 13. Rl has also two forms, the downward heavy curve, as in the 
 alphabet, and a hooked upstroke. The same rule must be observed 
 here as with r ; the upstroke should never be written when siandmg 
 alone, or jomed to s only, that it may not be confounded with rch. 
 This hooked upstroke will become the treble consonant rid, when made 
 half length, as in cwled, &c.
 
 Si 
 
 14. The stroke s is to be written in the following cases only, when 
 a word begins with a vowel followed by s ; as, ease, ask, asked, ways, 
 ice, eyes, oyster, useful; or, ends with a vowel preceded by s ; as, see, 
 saw, rosy, neisy, greasy, heresy, busy; also, when it is necessary to 
 put a vowel to s ; as, genius, Eleazar. <S may be repeated either by 
 writing both the stroke and the circle, or by making a loop twice the 
 •usual size ; as, guesses, glasses, supposes, dresses. 
 
 15. The small sized right inclined letters shn, zhn, sht, and 2hd, are 
 upstrokes, and cht, jd, chn, and jn, which are the same marks, are 
 written downwards; as, caution, portion, session, vision, brushed, 
 cashed, scratched, touched, raged, mixtion, gudgeon. 
 
 16. When shn or zhn follows n, or comes in connection with the 
 upstroke r, make it curve to the left, to render it. distinct ; as, nation, 
 Hiention, coercion, dictionary, derision. The letters nch and nj are 
 written downwards. 
 
 RULE 3. VOWELS. 
 
 For the "Method of placing the Vowels" to single consonants, see 
 the table, plate 4. 
 
 1. But when a vowel coiaes between two consonants^ if it is o. first or 
 top place vowel, (that is, No. 1, or 4,) place it after the first consonant ; 
 as, keep, quoit. 
 
 2. If it is a second or middle place vowel, (No. 2, or 5,) it may be 
 ■written, either a/^er the first consonant, as came, or before the last, as, cut. 
 
 3. But, if it is a third, or bottom place vowel, (No, 3, or 6,) put it 
 before the last consonant; as, man, doom. 
 
 4. These three rules do not apply, if either of the consonants is the 
 loop s, which is not large enough to have vowels placed to it ; as, sit, 
 same, noose ; in all such cases, the vowel is placed with reference to the 
 letter which is joined with S. 
 
 5. When two vowels come between two consonants, give one to 
 each ; as, diary, quiet. 
 
 6. If two vowels commence a word, pat the first at a little distance, 
 and the second close to the consonant ; as, ^olus. If two vowels end 
 a word, put the first close to the consonant, and the other at a little 
 distance; as, detw/. 
 
 7. In making use of a double consonant, it is impossible to insert 
 a vowel that is pronounced between the two letters of which the double 
 consonant is composed ; thus, if fl be written for fall, the vowel au 
 roust be dropped, for if it were put after the consonant, it would be 
 fiaw, and if written before the consonant, it would be auful The only 
 way to express the vowel in fall, is to write the single consonants/ 
 and /. The same rule must be observed in the use of the treble and 
 quadruple consonants: ii fid be put to fied or flood, the vowel that is 
 heard between the fi and the d cannot be inserted ; and if the context 
 will not readily suggest the proper word, it should be written with the 
 separate letters fl and d, and the Yowei between ; as, fled, flood.
 
 25 
 
 8. When either of the consonants that have both an upward and a 
 downward direction, enters into combination with other consonanta, 
 the vowels' places must be counted upwards if the stroke runs upwards, 
 aud downwards if the stroke runs downwards j af, leek, push; because 
 the three positions of the vowels are always reckoned from the com- 
 mencement of the consonant. When either of these letters stands 
 aione, reckon the vowels'places from the top to the bottom ; as, loo, the. 
 
 RULE 4. ARBITRARY W^ORDS. 
 
 1. Almost every letter is used to represent a whole word ; thus, e 
 stands for the, n for no, &c. ; a faw letters stand for short phrases; as, 
 the stroke z, stands for the phrase it is, &c. They are called arbitrary 
 words, or arbitraries, and should be committed to memory. It is, 
 however, allowable, at any time, to write en arbitrary word with all 
 us letters ; as.no, &c. 
 
 2. Any such word as be, bee, pea, tea, &c., will, of course, require 
 only the b, or p, or t; there are a great many words thus pronounced like 
 the names of letters Any letter will necessarily represent a word of 
 this sort, in addition to the arbitrary that is placed to it in the alphabet ; 
 as. wa will stand for way, as well as wk-:re. 
 
 If the name of any letter is similar to the sound of a word, such let- 
 ter may be written for the word; as, : will stand for high, ou for how,fi 
 (pronounced^/) for full, mr (named mir) above the line for mere, and 
 on the line for more, nr for yiear, thr for their and there, tl for it will, trd 
 for toward, strt for start, skrt for skirt, &c. 
 
 3. If any other word is pronounced like an arbitrary, the same letter 
 will represent both ; as, s, standing for so, will also represent sow, and 
 sew; n, no and know; rth, forth and fourth; a, and and hayid; au, all, 
 hall, and haul, cj c. The practised Phonographer may extend this rule 
 to embrace such words as are pronounced nearly like arbitraries ; as, 
 fellow, as well zs follow, may be represented by_^ ; important and import- 
 
 uTbce may both come under ?/ij:^ : and so in other cases, 
 
 4. In a few instances, a letter represents two words ; but, in all such 
 cases, there is a great similarity in the sound; as, de, do and done; bl, 
 public and publish ; mt, meet and might. 
 
 5. When the double vowels wa and we, are used to represent words, 
 place them o« the line ; as, u-here, were; to keep them more distinct 
 from No. 1, we and vn, and because No. 3, wah and wa, are not used 
 for arbitraries. 
 
 6. In the List of Arbitrary Words, when a word is printed thus, 
 "for-e," it signifies that the letter / represents both for and fore. 
 
 7. The horizontal and half-sized consonants, are placed above the 
 line for words chat contain ^rst or tapper-place vowels ; and on the line 
 for words that contain either 7nj(ic?/e or bottom -jilace vowels; as, God, 
 (o, ^rsf-place vowel;) good, {oo, «^z>f/-place vowel;) me, (/rsf-place;) 
 may, {second- place.) When a word that is represented by a horizontal 
 or small letter, consists pf two or more syllables, it is the vowel in the
 
 ("ooentfd syllable that determines its place ; as, s, above the line for 
 "society." because the accented syllable contains a first-place vcwel ; 
 gU ov the line for "glorify," because o is a second-place vov/el ; and 
 rg, ON the line for "regard, "because the vowel in the last, or accented 
 syllable, is a third-place one. 
 
 The only exeeption to this rule is the word any, which is pl«06<i to 
 n ABOVE the line, although it contains a serond-piace vowei in its ac- 
 cented syllable. It was necessary ^hat it should be in the liat of a-bi- 
 fraries, and it could not be placed on the line, because it would in tei fere 
 with a word of opposite meaning, no, which it was also needful to have 
 m the list. 
 
 8. When a hooked letter represents a verb as an arbitrary, as, kl for 
 call, the past tense called will t)e written by the same letter made half 
 its length; as, (kid) called; (deliver) delivered; (observe) observed; 
 (remember) remernbcred ; (represent) represented, 4 c , according to the 
 rule for the forrriation of treble consonants from all hooked letters. 
 
 9. Compound words, made up of arbitraries, may be reduced to their 
 primitives ; as, aho, (all, so), cannot (can, not), into (in, to), income, al- 
 vays, therein, ^c. 
 
 10. 1 he plural of any arbitrary may be written by adding * to the 
 letter that represents the singular; as, object, objects; remark, re- 
 marks ; heart, hearts ; word, words, cfc. 
 
 11. Any other word derived from an arbitrary, may be written by put- 
 ting the pdditionalletters separately ; as, generality, systematic, ^<.. 
 
 RULE 5. PREFIXES AND AFFIXES. 
 
 i. A prefix or an affix must not be joined to the other part of thc 
 word; as, transact, eXemf.nt, d:c. 
 
 2. When the single consonant vg follows the preceding letter, with- 
 out an an^Ze, it is better to write it, than the terminational dot; as, 
 wrong, bring, being, spring, long, willing, feeling. 
 
 3. S may be added to an atfix or termination, in the same manner 
 as it may to an arbitraiy ; as, xnoTiurnents, subscnpfwns, uptfcrds, king- 
 dome. 
 
 4. An arbitrary word may be used as a prefix or affix; as, wnJerstand, 
 doM-'nwards,/orward, t^nchristian, «fec. 
 
 5. It is allowable to use any prefix or affix that is similar in sound 
 to one in the tables, plate 3; as, erUerprise, indivisible, signature, rf cognise. 
 
 RULE 6. ALLOWABLE ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 1. Write the second person singular of verbs, like the third; as, shall 
 and shalt, would and wouldst, has and hast. Thou loves (for lovest) right- 
 eousness, and hates (/wfesf) ^^ickedne£s. 
 
 2. Abbreviate long v.ords, either by intersection, writing any two 
 prominently soundir g letters acjoss each other; or by contraction, leav- 
 ing out the latter part of the word.
 
 INTERSECTED WORDS. 
 
 fieneficia!, benevolent, everlasting, notwithstanding, gratification, 
 
 regeneration, nevertheless. 
 Let the beginning of the second letter cross the middle of the first, o' 
 the middle of the second Ittter croee the end of the first, as it may \ie 
 convenient. 
 
 CONTRACTED WORDS. 
 
 Extraordinary, extravagant, mauufftcture. 
 
 3. Abbreviate the following phrases thus : as far as, as well ae, as 
 much as, as soon as, as good as, as great as, as ciieap as, as dear as, 
 ae esrly as, as long as, cj-c:, making the loop twice the usual size. 
 
 4. The hook of pr, tr, chr, and kr, may be omitted, when these let- 
 ters follow a straight stroke in the same direction, terminated hj r; 
 as, prosper, prosperity, tasturc, gesture, excruciate; because, in add 
 ing the single consonants p, t, ch, and k, the circle would be placed 
 un the other side. 
 
 5. The aspirate, in connection with the single vowels, may be 
 expressed in this manner : he, ha, hah, haw, ho, hoo ; as, in the words 
 heat, hit; hale, hell; haul, holly; home, hum; hoof, hoop. The 
 pronouns he and who should therefore be written thus, he, who. 
 
 C. The double vowels i and ou, when v^ritten for arbitrary words, 
 may be abbreviated ; as, /, how ; the pupil is recommended to strike 
 them upward. 
 
 7. When a hooked letter follows the circle g, and is of difficult for- 
 mation, the hook may be dispensed with, and the writing will remain 
 almost as clear as though it were inserted; as, explore, explanation, 
 disclaim, disclaimer, manuscript, described, discourse, disagree. 
 
 RULE 7. PRACTISE AND PERSEVERE. 
 
 PUNCTUATION. 
 
 1. Stops may be written thus : : comma, •• colon, « period. They 
 should, however, be generally omitted, and spaces be left instead. 
 Only three stops are necessary to indicate the various divisions of a 
 sentence : the comma, to mark or cut off the smallest part of a sentence ; 
 the colon, to separate & principal member ; and the period, to show the 
 completion of the idea. By using two intermediate stops between the 
 eommxi and the period, much confusion has arisen in punctuation ; there 
 being no absolute rule to determine where the semicolon and the colon 
 should be inserted. The pupil may write the notes of interrogation ? 
 ewclamation ! brackets [ ] parentheses ( ) and quotation marks " " as usu- 
 al, but the pareatheses must be twice the length of the letter th. The 
 hyphen is ... For mark of irony, see plate 5. 
 
 2. The accent is indicated by drawing a line across the accented 
 letter ; as, below. bilUnc. Mark emphatic words and sentences as in
 
 28 
 
 long hand manuscript, by drawing one, two, or more lines underneath ; 
 a single line below a single word, must be made wave-like, to prevent its 
 being mistaken for the letter k. 
 
 3. Inflections.— For rising and /aWmg- inflections, see Punctuation 
 table, plate 6. The circumflex, which is the union of the rising and 
 failiRg, or falling and'rising, maybe indicated by uniting these two 
 marks. These signs should be placed o^er any word on which it may 
 be required to express the inflection. Figures, and the character for 
 f^t cetera, (&c.) write as usual, or express the words inPhwnography. 
 
 FOREIGN SOUNDS AND PROVINCIALIS^MS. 
 
 K? For Phonographic examples, see table of "Foreign Sounds and 
 Provincialisms," plate G. 
 
 1. Single Vowels. — The lon^ vowel No. 7, heard in the first syl- 
 lable of aside, Mamma, &c., (see introduction note on paragraph No. 
 13, is expressed by a small circle placed in the middle of a consonant; 
 as, aside, JMaynma, &c. The eingle vowels, No. 2 and 5, are the 
 nearest to this aound, as to the confirmation of the chamber of the 
 mouth by which it is produced. To express it in long hand we adopt 
 the digraph m/j. 
 
 The French u, which is a closer pronunciation of bo than the Eng- 
 lish method, is represented by the same mark, put in the place of oo ; as 
 in tu. 
 
 2. Double Vowf,ls. — For the representation of Y preceding uA, 
 and W preceding uh, see plate 6. 
 
 The Angular set of double vowels, plate 1, consists of eight, three of 
 which are spoken in pure EngUsh, namely, i [composed of Nos. 3, 1], 
 m. [4,1], and o [4,6.] The double vowel i [3,1], heard in the polite 
 pronunciation oUime, five, &c., is really compounded of the indistinct 
 vowel No. 7 with No. 1. The double vowel oi is heard in the yvords 
 Stoic, Joey [Joseph], owing, &c. ; but as the sound is very rare in the 
 English language, it has been deemed prudent to keep it out of the 
 listln plate 1, lest it should confuse the learner. 
 
 3. Treble Vowels. — F and W [which are in fact e and oo] will 
 precede all the Double Vowels of the Angular Series, equally as they 
 will the single vowels. The treble vowels t.hus produced will be seen 
 by referring to plate 6. 
 
 4. Consonants. — The guttural semivocal kh [pronounced ekh] and 
 its flat sound gh [called ghe] heard in German, Welsh, Hebrew, &c., 
 is expressed in the table. This letter must be made twice the length 
 of the curves for n and m ; and to represent I and r added to it, it may 
 be hooked, according to the law observed with the other semivocals.
 
 'i9 
 
 This guttural sound, like all others, must be heard before it will be 
 understood, 
 
 5. The French nasal sound in mon, enfant, &c., is written in the 
 same manner as the English nasal in long, sang, &c. ; but care must 
 be taken, in reading- French, not to give this sound so hard an utter* 
 ance as it has in Enghsh. 
 
 For the Welsh LI, [which is represented by the heavy I,] and the 
 rough trilled R, see table. As these two sounds do not occur in Eng- 
 lish, the signs are used as a convenient mode of expressing the double 
 consonants Ir and rl. 
 
 NOTES ON THE RULES FOR WRITING. 
 
 jry For Phonographic illustrations of the Notes, see plate 6. 
 
 Rule 2, Sec. 10.— The heavy strokes j, zh, and Ir, cannot be struck 
 upwards with a. pen; with a pencil they may. The pupil must be care- 
 ful not to write -upwards any letter that does not slope from left to right. 
 This caution is necessary, because it often happens that learners 
 make the perpendicular t or d upwards. 
 
 Rule 2, Sec. 14. — The repetition of s generally occurs with the vowel 
 No. 1 between. In reading, it may therefore be assumed, that the large 
 circle represents the syllable sis or siz or ziz. 
 
 A word that contains no other consonant than ss, must be written 
 '»ith ths stroke and the circle, or the circle and the stroke, as may be 
 convenient ; as, cease, seize, says, saucy, size, assizes, Swiss. 
 
 When the circle s is written by itself, or an arbitrary word, it should 
 be struck round in the way that the hands of a clock move. If the 
 learner will make half a dozen circles in this way, and then the same 
 number backward, as the letter o is written, he will find the former to 
 be the more expeditious method. 
 
 When the circle is joined to another letter, no pains need bo taken 
 in common writing to make the circle heavy • as, noise (which is pro- 
 nounced n,o\,z,) pays (p,a,z,) teas (t,e,z.) 
 
 Rule 3, Sec. 3. — The non-observance of Sec. 1 would in some words 
 lead to error. If pit were written with the vowel No. 1 before the 
 t, it might be read as No. 3 before the p, producing apt. But when 
 the vowel cannot be misread, and its sound belongs more properly to 
 the second consonant than to the first, it should be written to the 
 second ; as in Corinth ; kir inth being nearer to the sound of the word 
 than ktinth ; so with sanguiiie, &lc. 
 
 In the second method of writing man, Sec. 3, the vowel is within 
 a hair's breadth of the place of e following n, gving many. In drab, 
 if the vowel be put after the first consonant, it would be Derby. An- 
 other reason for adhering to the rule is this : when two consonants 
 form by their junction an acute angle, there is not room to put a third 
 place vowel between them,after the first consonant; as, in/J«;<i(A, orowk.
 
 30 
 
 ^ Instances, however, will arise, in which the Sections 1 and 3 may 
 06 neglected without danger; as in theet, ma'am; still it is adviaabie 
 Uiat tiie vowels should be written uniformly by all Phonograph? ra. 
 this will be secured, by always placinp a first place yjwel after tue 
 first consonant, and a third place vowel before the last consonant, except 
 vthere there is an advantage in doing otherwise. 
 
 in Sec. 2, uniformity will be maintained, if a long vowel be always 
 written after Xhe first consonant ; as, main, coat ; and a short vowel 
 batore the second consonant : as, men, cut. There will also arise this 
 additional advantage : the reader will know by its situation whether 
 the vowel is long or short, should it not be indicated by its size. 
 
 Rule 4, Sec. 1. — These words are placed to their respective letters 
 in plate 6. It has been considered unnecessary to burthen these lists 
 with those arbitrary words that ?.re contained under the subdivisions of 
 this rule, in Sections 2, 3, and 8 
 
 There are a few of the vowels that do not represent arbitr^ries, either 
 i>ecause no common words contain the sounds, as yah ; or to prevent the 
 possibility of mistaking one v/ord for another ; thus, if the single vowel 
 No. 2, represented a word, it might be supposed to be the vowel No. 1, 
 written a little too low, or No. 3, written a little too high. 
 
 The only letters among the consonants that are not allowed to stand 
 Hy themselves as represerjtatives of words, are, jit and bd, lest they 
 should interfere with the vowels an, o, and oo; cAf and shn, that they 
 may not be mistaken for the abbreviated i and ou, [see Rule 6, Sec. 6]; 
 3ht, that it n.ay not interfere with chn; and zhn, that it may not be read 
 as jd. 
 
 it will, therefore, be observed, that the words printed in italic, and 
 placed to the letters in plate 1, (yoke, one, stretched, etc.) are not arbi- 
 traries, but merely examples containing the sounds of the letters to 
 which they are placed. 
 
 The letters cht, sht, and zhn, must never be written disjointed from 
 another consonant, lest they should be confounded with shn, zhn, and 
 jd, which are allowed to stand alone, the two latter as representatives 
 of arbitrary words, and Ihe former in such words as ocean, observation, 
 eic, where it cannot be mistaken for the abbreviated i or ou. Instead 
 of writing the double letters, cht, sht, and zhn, in words that contain 
 other consonants, write the single letters of which they are composed; 
 as, watched, wished. 
 
 Rule 4, Sec. 2. — As the pupil advances, this rule may be extended 
 even to the writing of I (named el) for vjUI and tcell : r (named ar) for 
 her and here; b foV by: f for if; n for a7n; kr for care; rl for real and rail; 
 »kr for s(iuare and score; and SO with other letters; thus saving the 
 time that it would take to insert the vowel. It is recommended, how- 
 ever, that pupils do not use this privilege till they can write with ra- 
 pidity. In reading Phonography," the pupil will first say the arbitra.'-y 
 word for a given leUer, and if that does not agree with the words 
 immediately preceding, he will say the name of the letter, and thai is 
 the word, or nearly so.
 
 31 
 
 Rule 4, Sec. 7. — It is easy to distinguish two places with regard to 
 these letters ; but, three positions, two above the line, and one on the 
 line, would not be distinguishable. It is on this account that words 
 containing secoml place vowels, are written upon the line, together 
 with words containing third place vowels; and as there is a reason for 
 every thing in Phonograph v, it may be observed, that the second and 
 third place vowels are put together in this instance and nof the^'«t 
 and second, because there are more words containing /r5< place vov^- 
 ds, from which ts select one to go above the line, than there are cori- 
 taining second or third place vowels, from which to select one to go 
 upon the line. 
 
 The pupil is recommended to attend to the principles of this rule, 
 with regard to the situation of non-arbitrary words that do not fill the 
 wtiole breadth of the space occupied by the writing; as, mean, sky, 
 cawse, want, short, ^c, should be written above the line, and many, 
 grow, part, &c,, ehould be placed upon the line. The advantage of 
 writing the words thus, will be found in deciphering a verbatim mau- 
 iiscript report; in which, most of the vowels having been omitted, they 
 will be partly indicated in these words by Iheh situation. If the Pho- 
 nographer should neglect this rule in his common writing, he will not 
 be able to attend to it in reporting. Two exceptions must be made 
 with respect to this rule. Him and himself, should be written on the 
 line, in order that they may not be mistaken for me and myself, wheia 
 the vo-.vel happens to be omitted. Men should b« written above, and 
 man, on the line, in order to preserve a distinction between them, 
 under the same circumstance. 
 
 Rule 6, Sec. 2. — A list of all the words which it is expedient to 
 abbreviate in this manner, in order to take a verbatim report, will be 
 given in a work which is now in the press, entitled " Phonog- 
 raphy adapted to Reporting," and which will be re-published, with 
 the least possible delay, for the u»e of Reporters. 
 
 Rule 6, .Sec. 3. — When the pupil is so far advanced as to think of 
 reporting, he may, even in his private writing, adopt the reporting 
 principle of joining any arbitrary words that commonly occur together; 
 such as, / have, you will, cannot, it will be, it will not, to be, may be, etc. 
 "Words and sentences may also frequently be briefly expressed by the 
 lea^iing sounds ; as, mast be, which it will be. Give us this day, etc, 
 Numeious abbreviations of this kind will be given in "Phonography 
 adapted to Reporting."
 
 32 
 
 EXERCISES IN PHONOGRAPHV 
 
 PSALM 23.—U^JxUson.)-[See plate G ] 
 
 I. 
 
 The Lord my pasture shall prepare. 
 And fped me with a shepherd's care, 
 His presence shall my wants supply, 
 And guard me with a watchful eye ; 
 My noon-day walks he shall attend, 
 And all my midnight hours defend, 
 
 II. 
 
 When in the sultry glebe I faint, 
 Or on the thirsty mountain pant : 
 To fertile vales and dewy meads, 
 My weary, wandering steps he leads ; 
 Where peaceful rivers, soft and slow, 
 Amid the verdant landscapes fluw. 
 
 III. 
 
 Though in the paths of death I tread. 
 With gloomy horrors overspread : 
 My steadfast, heart shall fear no ilL 
 For thou, O Lord, art with me still : 
 Thy friendly crook shall give me aid. 
 And guide me through ihe dreadful shade . 
 
 IV. 
 
 Though in a bare and rugged v/ay, 
 Through devious lonely v/ilds I stray, 
 Thy bounty shall my pains beguile, 
 The barren wilderness shall smile ; 
 With sudden greens and herbage crowns:. 
 And streams shall murmui all around.
 
 ye f' K-^^'v- 
 
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 449470
 
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 ffrivtfe.. amlar ,j-^er/jvUie'y, J-eeAer 
 
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 ^ V r 
 
 •rc/3, j-oaaJt, jf6, Mif; aiy, ^e/; j-i^A^ 
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 tl |v-s. 
 
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 ^1 ^^t, hi
 
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 jSzi^ra£, ya^if^^. *riMere^. 
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 -^-.-^ 
 
 
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 ^ amj-uieivd-, *" sgcrei, a- J'^^rvd, 
 
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 c 
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