'li^ II kSi LONDON CITY CHURCHES LONDON CITY CHURCHES BY A. E. DANIELL WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS BY LEONARD MARTIN AND A MAP SHEWING THE POSITION OF THE CHURCHES WESTMINSTER ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO. 1896 CiiiswiCK ri o ^ -1 < s ■~ J ■s J ts ^ All Hal I OIL'S Barking. i 7 The massive pillars at the west end are of Norman character, and form a striking contrast to the slender columns of the eastern arches, which can hardly have been erected before the fifteenth century. The appearance of the chancel was much changed in 1634-5, when the church was repaired at a cost — as recorded by the parish books — of over ^1,400. A fresh roof was then put on, and the walls were partially rebuilt. Many of the windows also were renewed, and the church was ornamented after the Tudor fashion. The large east window, however, seems during these alterations to have been left untouched ; it is in the late Decorated style, sharply pointed, and the tracery at the head is decidedly handsome. The fine oak pulpit, which is united in one piece with the read- ing-desk, was first erected in 16 13. The original sounding-board was found too small, and a larger one, which still remains, was substituted in 1638. In 1649 an explosion of gunpowder at a shop adjoining the churchyard-wall, by which many houses in the vicinity were wrecked and many persons killed, seriously injured the tower, so that in the course of a few years it became unsafe, and had finally to be taken down in 1659, when it was replaced by the present tower, the expense of which was principally defrayed by the volun- tary contributions of the parishioners. It is of plain brick, cul- minating in a turret and weather-vane, and is placed over the west end of the nave, whereas the old tower rose from the west end of the south aisle. The height to the top of the turret is 80 feet. From the Great Fire of 1666 All Hallows escaped, but in the narrowest possible manner, as Pepys relates in his " Diary," under date September 5th of that year : "About two in the morning my wife calls me up, and tells me of new cryes of fire, it being come to Barking church, which is at c 1 8 City Churches. the bottom of our lane. . . . But going to the fire, I find by the blowing up of houses, and the great help given by the workmen out of the King's yards, sent up by Sir W. Pen, there is a good stop given to it, as well at Marke-lane end as ours ; it having only burned the dyall of Barking church, and part of the porch, and was there quenched. I up to the top of Barking steeple, and there saw the saddest sight of desolation that I ever saw." One of the windows of the north aisle is emblazoned with the arms of Sir Samuel Starling, and below them is an inscription stating it to have been " glassed " in 1666, the year of the " Con- flagration of London." Sir Samuel Starling, who lived in Seething Lane, was Lord Mayor in 1669, and was buried at All Hallows in 1674. Beyond this coat-of-arms he has no monument. Accord- ing to Pepys, he was not a man of a very liberal turn of mind, for during the fire, when the house of his next-door neighbour was in flames, and his own was only saved by the exertions of a number of poor men, he " did give 276*^ among 30 of them." The well-carved altar-piece with its wreaths and scrolls is re corded to have been presented by Mr. John Richardson in 1685. The font, which stands at the east end of the south aisle, is pro- bably of about the same date. It possesses a wooden cover very elaborately carved, and representing three angels gathering fruit and flowers. There is a tradition that this is the work of Grinling Gibbons, who may possibly have also carved the altar-piece ; but at the same time we have no actual proof that he participated at all in the embellishment of All Hallows. The general style of the carving, however, closely resembles his. During the present century All Hallows has been several times more or less repaired and restored. In 1814 over ^5,000 was spent on its renovation. On this occasion a new ceiling was put All Halloivs Barking. 19 up, and the tower was hung with eight bells. More repairs were executed in 1836 and i860, and a new south porch of no parti- cular merit was added in 1863. In 1870 took place another and somewhat extensive restoration ; but in spite of its having been so frequently in the hands of architects and builders, the general appearance of the interior has probably changed but little during the last two centuries and a half. A further restoration is now in jjrogress ; the walls of the north aisle and clerestory have been repaired ; a new porch, with a chamber above it, has been added, and a new open timber roof has been substituted for the plaster ceiling of the north aisle. The church, thus improved, was re- opened in November, 1S94; but, when sufficient funds are raised, it is proposed to continue the work by a thorough reparation of the remaining walls, windows, and parapets, and by the construc- tion of open timber roofs for the nave, chancel, and south aisle. The organ, which still occupies its original situation in the west gallery, is the work of the famous seventeenth-century organ- builder, Renatus Harris, and was erected about 1677. In 1720 it was repaired by Gerard Smith, nephew of Harris's great rival, Father Smith. Since then it has been repaired in 1813 and 1878. !Mr. Charles Young was organist here for forty-five years (1713- 1758), but an even longer period was spent in the service of the church by one of his successors, Mr. Smethergill, who presided at the organ from 1770 till 1823. The parish of All Hallows Barking is bounded on the east by the Liberty of the Tower, which is extra-parochial, and this juxta- position was in the middle ages a fertile source of dispute between the rival authorities of the Crown and the Corporation. Another result of the proximity of the Tower, and one which has now more interest for us, was that All Hallows was frequently used for the 20 City Churches. interment of the remains of those who perished on the scaffold on Tower Hill. The corpse of John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester — executed on June 22nd, 1535, for denying the king's supremacy in ecclesiastical matters — was first deposited in this church, but was afterwards removed to the chapel of the Tower, the place of sepulture of his friend Sir Thomas More, whose decapitation on a similar charge took place exactly a fortnight after that of the bishop. Here also were buried the remains of that graceful poet and distinguished man, Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, beheaded on a frivolous charge of high treason, June 19th, 1547, whose bones, however, were removed in 1614 to Framlingham in Suffolk, and there re-interred with all due honour. Almost a hundred years laler, All Hallows received the body of Archbishop Laud, who met his death on the block on January loth, 1645, and here it remained till 1663, when it was transported to a more fitting rest- ing-place at St. John's College, Oxford, of which the hapless prelate had once been president. Amongst other victims of the axe stated to have been buried at All Hallows, and not subsequently removed, one of the most prominent was Lord Thomas Grey, brother of the Duke of Suffolk, and uncle of Lady Jane Grey. He was deeply involved in the plots of his family, and was beheaded in 1554. In the parish register are also recorded the burials of Sir John Hothani and his son Captain Hotham, executed by order of the Parliament,, the son on the ist, and the father on the 2nd of January, 1644, on an accusation of conspiracy to surrender the important town of Hull, of which Sir John was governor under the Parliament, to King Charles I. All Hallows contains the best collection of monumental brasses to be met with in any church in London. The most elaborate of All Halloius Baj-kin<:. 2 1 ^i these is a beautifully executed Flemish brass, dating from about 1535, to the memory of Andrew Evyngar and Ellyn his wife. It is placed on the floor of the centre of the nave, and has been to some extent defaced by Puritan iconoclasts and thoughtless passengers, and therefore to preserve the delicately worked figures and ornaments from further injury, it is now carefully covered by a mat. Andrew Evyngar, a citizen and salter, is said to have been of Flemish descent, and to have had a house at Antwerp, which is probably the reason why his memorial took the form of a Flemish brass. In the south aisle of the chancel, not far from the font, is a brass which, though of considerably less artistic merit than that of Evyngar, possesses associations of far greater interest. It is that of William Thynne, Clerk of the Kitchen to Henry VIII., and his wife. The name of William Thynne will ever be held in reverence by all lovers of literature, for to him are due the earliest complete editions of Chaucer, the folio of 1532 and the folio of 1542, of which he was the learned, laborious, and enthusiastic editor. He died on August loth, 1546, leaving an only son, Francis, who became Lancaster Herald, and appears to have inherited his father's literary tastes, as he wrote some criticisms on a subsequent ■edition of Chaucer, and assisted Holinshed in the compilation of his "Chronicle." From one of William Thynne's nephews. Sir John Thynne of Longleat, was descended Thomas Thynne, the associate of the Duke of Monmouth, called by Dryden, in " Absalom and Achitophel," " wise Issachar, his wealthy western friend," and celebrated alike for his riches and his tragic end. The present head of the family and owner of Longleat is the Mar(]uis of Bath, who, in 1 861, at his own expense, caused William Thynne's brass to be restored. 7 '> City Churches. In the north aisle of the chancel is a well-preserved brass to John Bacon and Joan, his wife. He was a citizen and woolman, and died in 1437. To the west of this is the brass to Thomas Virby, vicar of All Hallows from 1434 to 1453. His effigy has perished, but it is not difficult to decipher the inscription. In the chancel is another brass without effigy, commemorating, as we learn from the epitaph, Thomas Gilbert, citizen and draper of London, and merchant of the Staple of Calais, who died in 1483, and Agnes, his wife, who died in 1489. In the south aisle, to the west of that of Thynne, are the brasses of John Rusche (died 1498) and Christopher Rawson (died 15 18). Rusche's effigy is very well executed, but nothing particular is known about him. He is described in the inscription as a gentleman. The figure of Rawson is flanked by those of his two wives. He was a mercer of London and a merchant of the Staple of Calais, and was appointed Junior Warden of the Mercers'^ Company in 15 16. His father, Richard Rawson, likewise a mercer, of which company he rose to be Senior Warden, was Alderman of the Ward of Farringdon Without, and served the office of Sheriff in 1476. Two of Christopher's brothers, John and Richard, took holy orders. John, who settled in Ireland, became Prior of Kilmainham and a member of the Irish Privy- Council, and in 15 17 was appointed Lord High Treasurer of Ireland. In 1541 he surrendered his priory to the king, who thereupon granted him a pension for life, and raised him to the Irish peerage under the title of Viscount Clontarf Richard Rawson was Rector of St. Olave's, Hart Street, Archdeacon of Essex, chaplain and almoner to Henry VIII., and canon of Windsor, where he was buried in St. George's Chapel in 1543. From another brother, Avery, who resided at Avely in Essex, is All Hallows Barking. 23 descended the noble house of Stanhope, through the marriage of his granddaughter, Anne, with Sir Michael Stanhope. There is also on the floor of the chancel a large brass to Roger James, citizen and brewer, who died in 1591. Brasses had then gone out of fashion, and the workmanship of this specimen is decidedly inferior to that of its predecessors. Affixed to a pillar in the south aisle is a brass plate with kneeling figures of a father and mother, three sons and four daughters, to the memory of William Armer, Governor of the Pages of Honour under Henry VHI., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, whose death occurred in 1560. The inscription includes some quaint verses : '* He that liveth so to this worlde That God is pleased with all. He nede not at the judgement day3 Fear nothing at all. Wherefore in peace lie down with nie, And take our rest and slepe ; And offer to God, in sacrifice, Our bodies and soules to kepe. Unto the day that God shall call Our bodies to rise againe, That we with other shall come together To glorify his name," Armer was a member of the Clothworkers' Company, and in the year 1843 that company paid a tribute of respect to his memory by restoring his monument, as is recorded on a brass plate below. Towards the western end of the north aisle may be perceived on the floor the unpretentious brass plate of George Snayth, "Auditor," i.e., steward, to Archbishop Laud, who, dying in 1651, 24 City CJmrches. requested to be interred in the church where then reposed the body of his beloved master. The epitaph of this faithful servant is as simple as his memorial plate : *' Here lyeth the body of George Snayth Esquire, sometimes Auditor to Will. Lawd late Arch Bpp of Cant, w'^'' George was borne in Durham the 23* of August 1602^ and dyed the 17"' of February 165 1. Mors Mihi Lucrum,^* Two canopied altar-tombs, both of Purbeck marble and both apparently dating from the fifteenth century, stand one in the north and the other in the south chancel aisle. The tomb in the north aisle, which is the larger of the two, is also the more care- fully executed. The inscription is gone, and it is not certain to whom it belonged, but it has been surmised that it is the monu- ment of Alderman John Croke, who, at his death in 1477, founded a chantry at All Hallows. The other altar-tomb has also lost its inscription, and the identity of its occupant cannot even be conjectured. Under a large marble slab now defaced, inserted in the floor of the middle aisle, was interred in 1691 Lady Joanna Kempthorne, widow of Admiral Sir John Kempthorne. Sir John, who pre- deceased her by twelve years, was a distinguished naval com- mander, and M.P. for Portsmouth; he is several times mentioned by Pepys. On the pillar of the most eastern arch of the chancel the eye is attracted by a white marble tablet of no great size, but tastefully ornamented. This is the memorial of John Kettlewell, rector of Coleshill in Warwickshire, who after the Revolution chose rather to vacate his living than to take the oath of allegiance to William HI. He was a man highly esteemed even by many who differed from him in politics, and Macaulay couples him and All Hallozvs Barking. 25 Canon Fitzwilliam, as two Nonjurors who "deserve special mention, less on account of their abilities, than on account of their rare integrity, and of their not less rare candour." " Kettlewell was," adds the same historian, '* one of the most active members of his party : he declined no drudgery in the common cause, provided only that it were such drudgery as did not misbecome an honest man." He was not, however, spared many years to continue his advocacy of the divine right of kings and to main- tain the doctrine of passive obedience, for he breathed his last on April 12th, 1695, at the early age of forty-two. His epitaph tells of his virtuous character and holiness of life, and bestows on him a glowing eulogy, which in his case, at all events, is not undeserved On the floor of the south aisle is a stone in memory of Lady Ann Masters (died 17 19), the wife of Alderman Sir Harcourt Masters, who in 1717 was one of the sheriffs; and another monu- ment of interest is the very ornate one under the east window of the south aisle, which deserves a word of mention as being from the chisel of Peter Scheemakers, the sculptor of the monuments of Shakespeare, Dryden, and the Dukes of Albemarle and Buckingham, in Westminster Abbey. It was erected in 1741 at the desire and cost of Sir Peter Colleton, in memory of two daughters, a son-in-law, and four grandchildren. Sir Francis Cherry, merchant vintner and purveyor, who visited Russia in 1588 as the special envoy of Queen Elizabeth, was buried in this church, as the register informs us, on April 14th, 1605, but there is no monument to him now in existence; neither is there any memorial to Sir John Jolles, Lord Mayor 16 15, who was interred here in 162 1, or to Slingsby Bethel), who was Lord Mayor in 1755, and a member for the City of London in the two 2 6 City ChiLrches. last Parliaments of George II., although the parish books of All Hallows record his burial on November 7th, -1758. Bethell's sword-rest is, however, still preserved, erected in front of the south aisle on the choir-screen, together with those of Sir John Eyles, Lord Mayor 1726, and Sir Thomas Chitty, Lord Mayor 1759, both of whom were at the time of their election to the mayoralty residents in the parish. Sir John Eyles's sword-rest occupies the most southerly position. It bears his own arms, the arms of his company, the Haberdashers, and above these the arms of the City of London and the royal arms of England. Bethell's sword-rest, in the centre, is bedecked with his own arms, tlie arms of his company, the Fishmongers, and the city and royal arms above ; and the same arrangement has been followed in the case of Chitty's sword-rest, which is placed on the north of that of Bethell, and is the most ornate of the three, as Eyles's is the plainest. Sir Thomas Chitty was a Salter, and the arms of that company consequently appear. Each of these sword-rests is surmounted by a gilded crown of iron. At the outbreak of the Civil War the vicarage of All Hallows Barking was held by Dr. Edward Layfield, the son of a sister of Archbishop Laud, by whom he had been appointed to the living. He was a zealous High Churchman and a sturdy Royalist, and in consequence was deprived of his preferments by the Long Parliament, and suffered many privations during the Common- wealth. But he was reinstated at the Restoration, which he sur- vived twenty years, continuing vicar of All Hallows till his death in 1680. He was buried in the chancel, but has no monument. Dr. George Hickes, who succeeded him, held the living till 1686. Hickes was an eminent scholar, but his special learning lay in a direction then almost altogether uncultivated — the Anglo- All Hallows Barking. 27 Saxon and other old Teutonic dialects. He published the results of his studies under the title of "Thesaurus Linguarum," a very erudite work. At the time of the Revolution he was Dean of Worcester, but he resigned his office, and threw in his lot with the Nonjurors, distinguishing himself even amongst these enthu- siastic Jacobites by the vehemence and fervour with which he proclaimed the most extreme doctrines of his party. In 1694, on the recommendation of the Nonjuring Archbishop Bancroft, he was appointed by James II. one of those bishops by the creation of whom the Nonjurors endeavoured to perpetuate the episcopal succession in their own body. He died towards the end of 17 15 at the age of seventy-three, and his remains were interred in the churchyard of St. Margaret's, Westminster. In 1783, the archbishopric of Canterbury being then vacant, the Crown, in exercise of its right under such circumstances, appointed to the living the Rev. Samuel Johnes-Knight, who con- tinued to hold it until 1852, when he died, after having been vicar of the parish for nearly seventy years. In the list of the churchwardens of All Hallows Barking occurs for 1760 and 1761 the name of Brass Crosby, who became Lord Mayor in 1770, and covered himself with glory by the manful conflict which he sustained, in conjunction with his brother aldermen, John Wilkes and Richard Oliver, against the tyranny of the House of Commons, on behalf of the liberty of the press. In connection with this church another famous name must not be forgotten — that of William Penn, the Quaker, and founder of Pennsylvania, who was baptized at All Hallows Barking on the 73rd October, 1644. lAflDREwD nPERSHAPT The church of St. Andrew Undershaft derives its name from the ancient practice of erecting on May-day a " shaft " or may. pole in front of the south door As the maypole was taller than the steeple, the church acquired its distinguishing title of " under- shaft." This custom was discon- tinued in consequence of a riot in 1 5 17, and the "shaft" itself was finally destroyed as a relic of idolatry in an ebullition of fanaticism during the reign of Edward VI. St. Andrew's Undershaft is situated at the junction of Leaden- hall Street and St. Mary Axe. There is now no church of St. Mary Axe, but there was one originally in this street, dedicated to St. Mary the Virgin, St. Ursula, and the Eleven Thousand Virgins, and called St. Mary-at-Axe, from an axe being the sign of an adjacent house. This church was, however, demolished in 1561, and its parish united with that of St. Andrew Undershaft. The present church of St. Andrew Undershaft, which occupies the site of a former edifice, the period of the foundation of which is unknown, dates from the early part of the sixteenth century, having been, says Stow, " new built by the parishioners there since the year 1520 ; every man putting to his helping hand, some SL Aiicirezu Under shaft. 29 with their purses, other with their bodies." Sir Stephen Jennings, Lord Mayor in 1508, built at his own expense the whole of the northern and a portion of the southern half of the church. He died in 1523, but William Fitzwilliams, who had been sheriff in 1506, continued the work, and it was finally completed in 1532. It is an imposing church, a late example of the Perpendicular style, consisting of a nave and two side aisles, and surmounted by a tower, rebuilt in 1S30, which rises to a height of about 91 feet, and contains six bells. The aisles are lighted by spacious windows, and divided from the nave by clustered columns and obtusely pointed arches, above which is the clerestory, lighted by six windows on each side. The spandrels between the arches were embellished in 1726 with paintings of scriptural subjects at the expense of Henry Tombes, a parishioner, but these are now very much faded. The roof, which is ribbed into compartments, is nearly flat, and is pic- turesquely studded with stars. St. Andrew's has undergone considerable restoration during the last thirty years. In 1875 the chancel was reconstructed, and the east window was filled with modern stained glass, represent- ing the Crucifixion. The former glass, on which is painted a very interesting series of five full-length portraits of English sovereigns — Edward VI., Elizabeth, James I., Charles I., and Charles II. — was then transferred to its present location in the west window. Pews formed part of the original design, some being recorded to have been set up by Jennings himself; but pews have now been cleared away and have been replaced by open benches, though specimens of the old woodwork may j-et be observed in the high-backed seats of the churchwardens at the west end, and the carved oak pulpit is still retained. 30 City Churches. The western organ-gallery was also pulled down at the same time, and the organ, a very fine instrument, built by Renatus Harris, and first opened in 1696, was re-erected at the south of the chancel at an expense of ;^75. It is a fact worth mention- ing that during a period of 116 years only three organists presided at this organ: Mr. Philip Hart, who was appointed in 1720, remained till 1749 ; he was succeeded by Dr. John Morgan, who continued till 1790 ; and then the office was conferred upon Miss Mary Allen, who held it till 1836. The most interesting monument in the church is that of the great antiquarian and topographer, John Stow, to whom we are indebted for invaluable information concerning mediaeval Lon- don. It is placed towards the eastern end of the north wall, just beyond the vestry door. The illustrious student is repre- sented sitting at a table, with a book open before him, and holding in his right hand a pen ; while on each side of him is a shelf, and on each shelf a book. The face — as one would expect the face of such a man to be — is refined and intellectual, and marked with the traces of deep and continued thought. Above the effigy rises a canopy, on which is carved the legend : " Aut scribenda agere, aut legenda scribere." Beneath the figure is this epitaph : "Memoriae sacrum Resurrectionem in Christo hie expectat Johannes Stowe, civis Londinensis, qui in anti- quis monumentis eruendis accuratissima dili- gentia usus Angliae Annales et Civitatis Londini Synopsim, bene de sua, bene de postera aetate meritus lu- culenter scripsit, vitaeque stadio pie et probe decurso obiit aetatis anno So S/. Andreza Undevshaft. 31 Die 5 Aprilis 1605. Elizabetha conjunx ut perpetuum sui amoris testimonium dolens." The monument is of terra cotta — an uncommon material. Stow was born in 1525, in the parish of St. Michael, Cornhill, and by trade he was a tailor. But he abandoned the paths of commerce, in which he might easily have attained to opulence, in order to devote himself to those archaeological and historical studies by which, as his epitaph truly says, " he merited well of his own generation and well of posterity." Posterity has, indeed, paid him tribute — and it is all posterity can do — by its gratitude and veneration ; but his own contemporaries remained grossly insensible to his claims to recognition. " 'Tis strange to me," says Strype, " that the City of London, to which he had done such service and honour in writing such an elaborate and accurate Survey thereof; nor the wealthy Com- pany of ^Merchant Taylors, of which he was a worthy and credit- able member; nor lastly, the State, in grateful remembrance of his diligent and faithful pains in composing an excellent History of the Kingdom, neither of them had allotted him some honorary pension during his life." The researches by which he acquired such copious and curious knowledge were not carried out without many sacrifices. " It hath cost me," he says himself, "many a weary mile's travel, many a hard-earned penny and pound, and many a cold winter night's study." He was suffering, too, from old age and sickness, " being (by the good pleasure of God) visited with sickness such as my feet (which have borne me many a mile) have of late years refused, once in four or five months, to convey me from my bed to my study." How he was rewarded for the learning, the 32 City Churches. industry, and the self-denial which produced such priceless results is told in eloquent and feeling words by Isaac DisraeU : "It was in his eightieth year that Stow at length received a public acknowledgment of his services, which will appear to us of a very extraordinary nature. He was so reduced in his circum- stances that he petitioned James I. for a licence to collect alms for himself! 'as a recompense for his labours and travel of forty-five years, in setting forth the " Chronicles of England," and eight years taken up in the " Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster," towards his relief now in his old age ; having left his former means of living, and only employing himself for the service and good of his country.' Letters patent under the great seal were granted. After no penurious commendations of Stow's labours, he is permitted 'to gather the benevolence of well-dis- posed people within this realm of England; to ask, gather, and take the alms of all our loving subjects.' These letters-patent were to be published by the clergy from their pulpits ; they pro- duced so little, that they were renewed for another twelvemonth ; one entire parish in the city contributed seven shillings and six- pence ! Such, then, was the patronage received by Stow, to be a licensed beggar throughout the kingdom for one twelvemonth t Such was the public remuneration of a man who had been useful to his nation, but not to himself ! " Stow did not long survive this indignity, dying on April 5th,, 1605, "of the stone cholick," says Strype ; naively adding, "so that it is to be feared the poor man made but little progress in' this collection." Maitland asserts that the contumelious treatment which this great but unappreciated genius received during his lifetime was extended to his corpse after death, stating that neither his dislin- SL Andrew Undei' shaft. 33 guished services to English literature, " nor any other considera- tion was sufficient to protect his repository from being spoiled of his injured remains by certain men in the year 1733, who removed his corpse to make way for another." The remaining monuments in St. Andrew's call up no such memories as does that of Stow ; there is one, however — on the same wall, farther west — which is well worthy of atteniion on account of the beauty of its workmanship. It is that of Sir Hugh Hammersley, Sheriff 1618, Lord Mayor 1627 ; of whom his epitaph sets forth that he was " Colonel of this City, President of Christ's Hospital, President of the Artillery Garden, Governor of the Company of Russia Merchants and of those of the Levant, free of the Company of Haberdashers and of Merchant Adven- turers of Spain, East India, France and Virginia;" also that he "had issue by Dame Mary his wife 15 children," and that he died at the age of seventy-one on October 19th, 1636. Sir Hugh and his wife are represented life-size, kneeling under a canopy, but the most striking part of the monument consists in the excellently sculptured figures of two attendants, standing one on each side of the canopy. The sculptor is stated to have been Thomas Madden, a man of whom little is known, but whom this fine production sufficiently proves to have been possessed of artistic talent of no common order. On the north side of the chancel is a canopied altar-tomb, in front of which are kneeling figures of Sir Thomas Offley and Joan his wife, together with their three sons. Sir Thomas belonged to the Company of Merchant Taylors; he was Sheriff in 1553, and Lord Mayor in 1556. We learn from his rhyming epitaph that he was a native of Stafford, that he lost his wife in 157S after fifty-two years of married life, and that he soon afterwards followed I) 34 City CJmrches. her to the grave, having attained the age of eighty-two. " He bequeathed," says Stow, " the one half of all his goods to charitable actions ; but the parish received little benefit thereby." Over the tomb are some quaint moral lines : " By me a lykelihood behokle How mortal man shall torn to mold, When all his pompe and glori vayne Shal chaynge to dust and earth agayne ; Such is his great incertaintye, A flower, and type of vanitye." /o the west of the monument of Hammersley is one to Sir Christopher Clitherow, and Mary, his wife. Sir Christopher, who was a benefactor to the parish, was Sheriff in 1625 and Lord Mayor in 1635, and died in 1642. His wife survived him three years. Between the monuments of Hammersley and Stow is an effigy of Dame Alice Byng, kneeling in prayer at a desk and wearing round her neck a large ruff. Her epitaph tells us that she had three husbands, all bachelors and all stationers, and that she died in 1616. She was the daughter of Simon Burton, a citizen and wax-chandler, and a great benefactor to the poor of the parish, who was also buried in this church, in the year 1593, and is commemorated by a brass plate in a frame. An older and more remarkable brass is that on the east wall of the north aisle to Nicholas Levison and his wife. Levison was a mercer, and sheriff in 1534; he was, as Stow has recorded, a liberal contributor to the work of building the church. Besides the figures of himself and his wife, there appear likewise those of their eighteen children — ten boys and eight girls — all perfectly distinct, and kneeling behind their parents according to sex. Considering that this brass is of no great size, it seems quite a SL A7idrew Undershaft. 35 triumph of art to have introduced as many as twenty well-defined figures in so small a space. It was restored in 1764 at the expense of the parish, and is in very good preservation. The north aisle is continued to the extreme west of the church and is terminated by a large window, but the extent of the south aisle — in order to make room for the south porch, which forms the main entrance to the sacred building — is cut short by a wall. On this wall has been placed a handsome brass tablet, bearing the following inscription : " To the Glory of God And in Memory of John alias Hans Holbein, Painter to His Majesty King Henry VIII. Sometime resident in this parish. Born 1491 — Died 1543." Dr. Henry Man, who by an odd coincidence was Bishop of Man, was buried at St. Andrew's in 1556; and here too was interred, but apparently without any monument. Sir William Craven, Sheriff 1600, Lord Mayor 1610, a man of great wealth and a benefactor to the parish, and father of the valiant and chivalrous Earl of Craven, who was himself baptized at St. Andrew's on June 26th, 1608. Many of the monumental tablets, particularly those on the south wall, have been suffered to become so thickly coated with dirt that they are in their present state totally illegible. To the north wall, beneath the effigy of Alice Byng, has been recently affixed by Colonel Charles and Caroline Torriano a brass plate in memory of their ancestors, Charles Torriano (1659-1723), a merchant in the City of London, and his wife Rebecca (1667- 1754), daughter of Alderman Sir Peter Paravicini ; both of whom were buried in the churchyard. 2,6 City Churches. Sir Feter Paravicini was a friend of Pepys, and was one of the four persons who became bail for the Diarist on his arrest in the summer of 1690, on an accusation of furnishing the French Court with information relative to the state of the English Navy — a baseless charge of which he was a few months afterwards honour- ably acquitted. Peter Anthony Motteux, a dealer in East Indian produce, who translated Rabelais and " Don Quixote " into English, and en- joyed amongst his contemporaries some reputation as a poet, was buried here in 17 18, but he has no monument. In the vestry are carefully preserved seven remarkable old books, including three copies of Fox's "Acts and Monuments," Sir Walter Raleigh's " History of the World," Erasmus's " Para- phrase of the Books of the New Testament/' a volume of Bishop Jewell's works, and a volume of Sermons by William Perkins, a "reverend and judicious Divine," published at Cambridge in the reign of James I. Of these books the "History of the World" and Perkins's Sermons are the only two which are not in the black letter, but they have all been rebound with the exception of two of the copies of the "Acts and Monuments," one of which still retains a fragment of the chain by which it was formerly fastened to a desk at the east end of the south aisle ; the other has, however, lost both its cover and chain. The living of St. Andrew's Undershaft is in the patronage of the Bishop of London, and the rectorship has been attached to the Suffragan Bishopric of Bedford. ■^ aktholomew-^^^Gkeat lt>vS>)t/l" The church of St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smithfield, which con- sists of the choir and transepts of the church of the Priory of St. Bar- tholomew, is the oldest parochial church now standing in London. It is likewise one of the most inte- resting ecclesiastical buildings in the metropolis, or indeed in all Eng- land ; it is interesting on account of the antiquity of its foundation ; on account of the legend connected therewith ; and on account of the great quantity of original work yet remaining. The founder of the Priory of St. Bartholomew was Rahere, a courtier of King Henry I., who by reason of his wit and liveliness had acquired the special favour of his sovereign. About the year II20 Rahere went on a pilgrimage to Rome, and while there he Avas stricken with a fever ; in the course of this illness, it is said, he saw a vision of St. Bartholomew, which so much affected him that he resolved to turn his back upon his former light life, and devote himself for the future to religious and charitable avoca- tions. On his return to England he applied for assistance to the Bishop of London, through whose influence he was enabled to found in 1123 the Hospital and Priory of St. Bartholomew, of which he himself became the first prior. In 1 133 Rahere obtained from Henry I., who took a deep iiir 2,S City ClmrcJies. terest in his pious designs, a charter of privileges, which was wit- nessed by several of the most distinguished men of that period, both lay and ecclesiastical. Ten years later Rahere died, but Augustinian Canons, commonly called " Black " Canons, from their black cloaks and hoods — to which order the founder had belonged — continued to inhabit the priory until the dissolution of monasteries by Henry VI 11. In 1546 the king sold the priory to Sir Richard Rich, his attorney-general, with the exception of the choir and transepts of the church, which he granted to the parishioners. St. Bartholomew's is unfortunately hemmed in by a network of small streets and houses, and the entrance from West Smithfield may easily be missed. It is, however, well worthy of notice, being a pointed Early English arch of considerable elegance, embellished with dog-toothed ornamentation. In monastic times the nave, built in the Early English style, extended to the gate- way, which separated the sacred buildings from the outer world ; now, after passing through the arch, we go along a narrow passage^ across a foot thoroughfare, into the churchyard, whence we gain admission into the church itself by the west door, which is situated at the base of the tower. The exterior was once conspicuous by its fine central tower flanked by two turrets ; but these were de- molished in 1628, when the present brick tower was built. This tower was somewhat altered early in the present century, but there is nothing very striking about it. It contains, however, five of the oldest bells in London, dating from before 1510, and dedicated respectively to St. Bartholomew, St. Katherine, St. Anne, St. John Baptist, and St. Peter. The internal length of the church is rather over 130 feet, and its breadth is 57 feet. The organ stands at the west end, and Sf. DartJwlomew the Great. 39 eastward from the organ-screen rise the central tower arches, which are in their turn succeeded by five bays, the whole termi- nating in an apse ; while all around runs an ambulatory, which passes behind the altar. On entering, the eye is instantly rivetted on the grand old Norman work, as it stands out in its solid simplicity; particularly beautiful is the prospect of the south aisle, as one gazes through the colonnade of majestic arches. Although subsequent styles of architecture are also represented, the main part of St. Bartholomew's is Norman, and its dignified and venerable aspect equally attracts the admiration of the artist and furnishes food for the reflections of the antiquary and the historian. The Norman and transitional Norman work was executed by Rahere and his immediate successor, Thomas of St. Osyth, prior from 1 143 to 1 174. Rahere had presided over the building of the eastern bays of the choir, and the tower was most probably completed before the death of Thomas. During the next half century were added the Early English columns at the south-west, and, in all likelihood, the nave, which was destroyed after the dissolution of monasteries, and the entrance gateway from Smith- field already described. In the Perpendicular style are the clerestory of the choir, above, and in marked contrast with, the Norman triforium, the three side chapels of the north ambulatory, the corbels of the west tower arch, and the Lady Chapel, which was appended at the east of the church. But the most striking innovation introduced during the prevalence of this mode of architecture was the pulling down, early in the fifteenth century, of the upper part of the Norman apse, out of the materials of which a wall was constructed, thus rendering the eastern termina- tion of the church square instead of, as heretofore, round. The 40 City Churches. chief object of this alteration seems to have been to insert two large east windows filled with stained glass, fragments of the tracery of which have been brought to light in the progress of the restoration of the church, and may be seen carefully preserved in the north triforium. Prior Bolton, who held sway from 1506 to 1532, built in the south triforium a projecting bay window, probably for the purpose of watching the founder's tomb, which is situated on the opposite side. On the middle panel below the window is carved his well-known rebus, a bolt passing through a tun, which also occurs on another piece of his work, the choir vestry door at the south-east. During the first half of the present century St. Bartholomew's had fallen into a very dilapidated state, and in 1864 the work of restoration was commenced. A portion of the east wall was taken away, and a new apse was erected in exact imitation of the original one, thus restoring to the eastern end of the churcli its pristine appearance. The architect who designed this im- portant improvement is Mr. Aston Webb, to whom also is due the flat oak ceiling of the tower, erected in 1886, and the re- storation of the south transept, to which he has added a central door, first opened for use by the Bishop of London, March 14th, 1891. In fact, all Mr. Webb's work in connection with St. Bar- tholomew's has been most happily designed and equally happily executed. The restoration has been carried on at intervals, as far as funds have permitted, up to the present time, and is not yet entirely completed, a large sum being still needed. The encroach- ments of surrounding buildings have proved a source of much trouble and expense. A portion of a fringe factory projected into the church at the east, and was not finally removed till S^. BartJiolomew the Great. 41 18S6, when it was purchased at a cost of over ;^6,ooo by the Rev. F. P. Phillips, the patron of the living, who also defrayed the charges of the erection of the new apse, in memory of his uncle, the Rev. John Abbis, for sixty-four years rector of the parish. The north transept was actually occupied by a black- smith's forge, but this also has been removed, and the north porch, opening out into Cloth Fair, has been completed and adorned with a figure of the patron saint. The wall of the west front, which was built out of the ruins of the nave, when the choir was first used for parochial purposes, has been newly faced with flint and stone. The south side of the stone screen below the great arch at the entrance of the north transept has had to be refaced, although the face on the north side remains in good pre- servation. A new case for the organ has been supplied by Mr. H. T. Withers in memory of his brother, the late Mr. F. J. Withers, and a new pulpit has been set up out of a legacy from Mrs. Charlotte Hart, who was for forty-one years sextoness, and who bequeathed at her death ^600 to the Restoration Fund. The Rev. F. P. Phillips, in addition to his other acts of nmnifi- cence, has also presented the handsome oak stalls, and the mosaic pavement on which stands the wooden altar, which is itself like- wise a gift to the church. On June 4th, 1893, the new works were inaugurated and dedi- cated by a special service conducted by the Archbishop of Canter- bury, who delivered on the occasion a most interesting sermon upon Rahere's twin foundations, the church and hospital of St. Bartholomew. This service was attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales and many other distinguished personages, and it was hoped that the presence of members of the royal family, and the publicity thus obtained for the work, would be instru- 42 City CImrches. mental in procuring a large increase in subscriptions for the re- storation. This very natural expectation has unfortunately not as yet been realized. On the contrary, subscriptions have lately shown a decided falling off, as people seem to have taken it into their heads that the royal visit marked the culmination of the whole matter, and that nothing else is left to be done — a most erroneous notion, since about ^3,000 is still requisite in order that the Lady Chapel and the crypt may be placed in a thorough state of repair.^ The Lady Chapel, which was built early in the fifteenth cen- tury, is about 60 feet long by 26 feet wide. Access is gained to it from the main building through a door in the temporary brick east wall of the church, and down a flight of wooden steps. It is in a somewhat ruinous condition, but a portion of the windows in the north wall remain, and on the outside the original buttresses of the south wall are still in existence. Until lately the Lady Chapel was used as a sort of museum for fragments of old work discovered during the repairs, which form a large and interesting collection ; but these have now been removed to the north tri- forium, and it is intended that, as soon as the restoration is com- pleted, the Lady Chapel shall be utilized for parochial purposes. The crypt is situated beneath the eastern part of the Lady Chapel. It was vaulted by arches of a single span of 22 feet, and lighted by deeply splayed unglazed windows. A consider- able portion of it has been excavated, and it will probably be opened some time in the spring of 1895. It has been proposed to devote it to the purposes of a mortuary chapel, now greatly needed in the district — an object which the old crypt would admirably serve. ^ See note at the end of this chapter. •S"/. Bartholomew the Great. 43 There are also some remnants of the cloister still existing, but in a stable, and the entrance door beyond the south transept has been blocked up by the pressure of the adjacent tenements. St. Bartholomew's contains a number of interesting mcyiuments. The one which pre-eminently attracts attention is naturally that of the founder, which is placed on the north side of the church within the communion rails, in the last bay before that which marked the commencement of the original apse. The tomb is surmounted by the recumbent effigy of the great prior, and over- shadowed by a rich vaulted canopy, the work of an artist of the fifteenth century. The effigy itself is, however, considered by the most competent judges to belong to the original monument, and it seems most probable that it was carved under the direction of Rahere's immediate successor, Thomas of St. Osyth. Rahere is represented in the robes of his order, with his head shaved after the monkish fashion ; an angel is placed at his feet, and at each side of him kneels a monk. Feeling no doubt that his church and hospital were his truest and noblest monument, the brethren inscribed no pompous eulogy on the gravestone of their departed chief. His epitaph runs simply thus : " Hie jacet Raherus primus canonicus et primus prior hujus ecclesiae." Some twenty years back the tomb was opened, and the skeleton of Rahere was found within it, together wiih a portion of a sandal, which may be seen among other curiosities enclosed in a glass case in the north transept. Of the more modern monuments that which excites the most interest is the tomb in the south aisle of Sir Walter Mildmay (died 1589) and Mary his wife (died 1576). Sir Walter, who re- sided in the precincts, was one of Queen Elizabeth's ablest stales- kSV. BartJioloinezu the Great. 45 men. He filled, with credit to himself and advantage to the country the offices of Chancellor and Under-Treasurer of the Exchequer, but he is now better remembered as the founder of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Sir Walter's tomb is constructed in three storeys, crowned by an urn ; it is bedecked with marble panelling and gilded mouldings, and bears six shields emblazoned with coats of arms- There are no figures on the tomb, and the Latin inscription after the text, " Death is gain to us," sets simply forth the names of the knight and his lady, the respective dates of their decease, the number of their family, the offices of state which he held, and the fact that he founded Emmanuel College, Cam- bridge. This careful avoidance of parade and panegyric may be accounted for from the Puritan character of Sir Walter's religious views. The original position of the monument was in the arch opposite the tomb of Rahere ; but it was removed in 1S65, and placed in its present position further west. In 1870 it was re- paired and put generally in order by Mr. H. B. Mildmay, one of Sir Walter's descendants. The Master and Fellows of Emmanuel College subscribed liberally to the restoration fund of St. Bartho- lomew's, as a tribute of respect to the memory of their illustrious founder. The remaining monuments commemorate persons of less im- portance. On the north wall, above the pulpit, and beneath the corbel table of the tower arch, is a figure of Sir Robert Chamber- layne, clothed in his armour, and in an attitude of prayer. Above his head is a canopy supported by four angels, and surmounted by his arms and crest. We learn from a long Latin inscription that this knight was a great traveller, who had visited the Holy Land, and that he perished between Tripoli and Cyprus, in the year 1615, at the age of thirty-five. His memorial, which was com- 46 City Churches. posed of white alabaster, is finely executed, but it has been painted black ; and a similar fate has befallen the outstretched heads, immediately opposite, of Percival Smalpace and his wife, made out of brown marble, and erected in 1588. On the south wall, to the west of Prior Bolton's door, but east of the tomb of Sir Walter Mildmay, is a monument to James Rivers, who died in 1641. He was great-grandson to Sir John Rivers, Lord Mayor of London in 1573. The monument consists of a half-length figure, holding a book in one hand and an hour- glass in the other, and covered with a canopy supported by pillars, and ornamented with the arms of the deceased. It is probably the work of Hubert Le Soeur, the sculptor of the statue of Charles L at Charing Cross. Le Soeur was a French artist, who was settled in England as early as 1630. He lived close by in Bartholomew Close, and is believed to have been buried in the church. Next to the tomb of Rivers is a half-length figure of Edward Cooke, also sheltered by a canopy, and also holding a volume. This gentleman, we are informed by a Latin inscription, was a learned philosopher and a physician of repute, who died in 1652 at the age of thirty-two. His epitaph concludes with four Eng- lish lines : " Unsluice yo' briny floods, what ! can ye keepe Yo'" eyes from teares & see the marble weepe Burst out for shame or if yee find noe vent For teares, yet stay, and see the stones relent." Cooke's monument is composed of a soft kind of marble, known as " weeping marble," from its tendency to break out with drops of moisture. It requires, however, a damp atmosphere to enable it to perform this function. In the old days before the 6*/. Bartholomew the G^^eat, 47 restoration of the church, when the wet dripped down through the roof so copiously, that one Sunday morning the rector was constrained to put up his umbrella while delivering his sermon, the marble wept abundantly ; but now that the edifice has been rendered watertight, and the pipes of a heating apparatus have been placed just beneath them, " the stones relent " no more. West of Sir Walter Mildmay's tomb is a tablet bearing a quaint. but touching, and not unpoetical inscription : "Captn John Millet Manner 1660. Many a storm and tempest past Here hee hath quiet anchor cast Desirous hither to resort Because this Parish was the Port Whence his wide soul set forth and where His father's bones intrusted are. The Turkey and the Indian trade ; Advantage by his dangers made ; Till a convenient fortune found, His honesty and labours crown'd. A just faire dealer he was knowne, And his estate was all his owne Of which hee had a heart to spare To freindshipp and the poore a share. And when to time his period fell Left his kind wife and children well Who least his vertues dye unknowne Committ his memoiy to this stone. Obiit anno aetatis 59 Anno domini 1660 Decembris I2°." Beyond the side chapels of the north aisle is the sacristy, in the eastern portion of which may be observed a marble tablet, adorned with pillars, and resting on a base carved in the form of six books, to the memory of Thomas Roycroft, honourably 48 City CJmrches, known as the printer of the Polyglot Bible, which gives versions of the Scriptures in the Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Chaldean, Arabic, Samaritan, Syriac, Persian, and Ethiopic languages. Roycroft had a printing-press in Bartholomew Close, and was engaged with this great work from 1653 till after the Restoration of Charles 11. In 1675 he was elected Master of the Stationers' Company; he died in 1677. The memorial to him was erected by his only son, Samuel Roycroft, who, at his death in 1712, left some funds for the relief of the poor of the parish, which are still annually distributed. In the south transept is the effigy, removed from the wall of the south aisle, of Mrs. Elizabeth Freshwater, who died in 161 7, and is described as the "late wife of Thomas Freshwater of Hen- bridge, in the County of Essex, Esquire," and the " eldest daughter of John Orme of this Parish, Gentleman, and Mary his wife." She is represented kneeling at a small altar, with her hair arranged after the fashion then in vogue, and her neck encircled with the large rufif characteristic of the period. In the north aisle a marble tablet records the death of John Whiting, 1681, and Margaret, his wife, 1680. The conclusion of the epitaph is quaint : " She first deceased, Hee for a little Tryd To live without her, likd it not and dyd." Another and more ornate tablet, not far from the monument of Sir Robert Chamberlayne, commemorates John Whiting, son of this John and Margaret Whiting, who was an active and highly- esteemed official of the Ordnance Department from the time of Charles II. to that of Queen Anne. At his death, in 1704, he left a sum of money to the parish for educational purposes, which is still applied in accordance with his wishes. The schools S/. Bartholomew the Great. 49 which were established under his bequest are situated on the south side of the Lady Chapel, and the foundation stone of the present building was laid by the Duchess of Albany on July 5th, 18S8. East of Prior Bolton's door is a tablet to several members of the Master family, amongst whom is Ann, the wife of Richard Master, " Daughter of S"" James Oxenden of Dean in y^ Parish of Wingham in y*^ County of Kent, by whom the said Rich** Master had twelve Sons and eight Daughters. She died Jan. 30^'' 1705 Aged 99 years and six months and lies interred in this place." Of her grandson, Streynsham Master, who died in 1724, it is recorded : "The said Streynsham Master Commanded several ships in y*^ Royal Navy and did in y'' year 17 18 particularly distinguish him- self in y" Engagement against y^ Spaniards on y*^ Coast of Sicily ; by forcing the Spanish Admiral in Chief to surrender to him." In the north aisle, west of the tablet to John and Margaret Whiting, a very elegant brass has been inserted in the floor, with an inscription stating that it was placed there on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1893, by the old pupils of Witton Grammar School, North- wich, as a memorial to Sir John Deane, the first rector of St. Bartholomew's after the dissolution of monasteries, who founded that school in 1557. To the western wall of the same aisle is affixed a plain marble tablet inscribed : " In memory of Mis. Mary Wheeler Died October 31*^' 1844 and of Mr. Daniel Wheeler Died 17"^ July 1834 Aged 84 years E 50 City Churches. 65 years of this parish this stone is inscribed by their granddaughter Charlotte Hart, 1866." Iinmediately below is a brass plate : *' In memoiy of Charlotte Hart 41 years Sextoness of this Church Born 1S15 Died April 3. 1891. She left a large sum towards the Restoration Fund of this Church for the erection of a pulpit and other benefactions." The font which stands in the south transept is stated by tradi- tion to be the identical font in which were baptized William Hogarth, November 28th, 1697, and his sisters— Mary, Novem- ber, 1699, and Anne, November, 1701. The great painter con- tinued in after life to take an interest in the neighbourhood where his father had resided, and where he had himself been born. On the rebuilding of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, he gratuitously embellished the grand staircase with six paintings, the subjects of which include Rahere's dream, and Rahere laying the foundation stone, while a sick man is being borne on a bier attended by monks. As an acknowledgment of this act of generosity, Hogarth was created a life-governor of the hospital. The churchyard contains no tombs of particular interest, but every Good Friday it is the scene of a curious ceremony. After a sermon by the rector twenty-one sixpences are dropped, which are thereupon picked up by an equal number of previously selected women. In the choice of recipients for this bounty the preference is accorded to widows. The origin of the custom and the date at which it first commenced are not certainly known. SL BartJiolomeiu the Great. 5 i It is said that the twenty-one sixpences were originally derived from a fund left by a lady buried in the nave to pay for masses for her soul, which after the establishment of Protestantism was diverted to this charitable use. This story is not in itself im- probable, but the whole matter appears to be involved in obscurity. It is, at all events, certain that the fund, whatever it may have been, has long since disappeared ; and the twenty-one sixpences were provided by the churchwardens until a few years ago, when a sum, from the interest of which they are now obtained, was invested by the Rev. J. W. Butterworth.^ ' It is gratifying to learn that during the past twelve months subscriptions to the restoration fund have flowed steadily in, and only ;^i,300 is now needed. Much progress has been made with the work in tlie crypt ; but it is feared that it is scarcely high enough to enable it to be used, as had been suggested, for a mortuary chapel. •Etmelburga • 'ISHOreGATE-Sr- In Bishopsgate Street Within^' a little beyond St. Helen's' Place, stands a church dedi- cated to St. Ethelburga, the^' daughter of Ethelbert, King of Kent, the first Saxon ruler who- embraced Christianity, and his queen. Bertha, daughter of Charibert, King of France. Of. its foundation and early history we have no record, but from the fact of its being dedicated to St. Ethelburga we may infer that its origin dates from a very remote period. The present church, which in its essence is said to be Early English, appears from its architectural characteristics to have been rebuilt or altered at the close of the fourteenth, or early in the fifteenth, century ; but there is no documentary evidence as to the precise date of its erection. Just as the history of St. Ethelburga's appears to have escaped observation in the past, so the church itself is now very liable to be overlooked. It is extremely small, measuring less than 60 feet by 30, while the height to the centre of the ceiling is under 31 feet, and it is wellnigh crowded out by the pressure of the adjoining houses. Between the shop-windows of Nos. 52 and 53, Bishopsgate Street Within, admission is obtained to the sacred building through an archway, above which the houses SL Ethelburga, BisJiopsgatc Street. 53 meet, and project over it towards the street, concealing every- thing but the top of the west window and the turret. The authorities, afraid apparently, and not without reason, that passers- by may fail to notice the existence of the church, have resorted to the not too dignified expedient of writing "St. Ethelburga" over the entrance-archway, much in the manner in which trades- men are wont to inscribe their names above their shops ; but its position may be best discovered by casting a glance from the other side of the street, when the turret, rising over the obstructive houses, will strike the eye with a rather picturesque effect. St. Ethelburga's possesses a south aisle, lighted by four lancet windows, and separated from the main body of the church by four pointed arches, above which is a clerestory containing small windows. There are no traces of a north aisle ever havino: existed. The roof is divided into compartments, and slopes very slightly at the sides. The walls of the chancel are panelled to a height of over five feet. The organ, which formerly stood in a gallery at the west, has been removed to the south-east. In the north wall, just above the communion rails, is a window larger than those of the south aisle, and there are also two windows at the east — one of which is over the altar, and the other at the extremity of the south aisle— and at the west end an obtusely- pointed window divided into three lights. The arch at the entrance' of the nave, which serves to support the tower, is a fine one, and some remnants of handsome carving, probably specimens of sixteenth century work, still adorn the porch. The stone font, also, which bears the Greek inscription, NIM'ON 'ANOMHMA MH MONAN "OTIN ("Cleanse my transgression, not my out- ward appearance only "), is noticeable for its curiously-designed embellishments; but, taken as a whole, St. Ethelburga's is not a 54 City Churches. very interesting building. It lias undergone several attempts at restoration, but, if one may judge from old engravings, it pre- sented a more pleasing and venerable aspect before it had been quite so much pulled about. St. Ethelburga's is singularly devoid of historical associations. There are, it is true, some tablets affixed to the walls to the memories of deceased parishioners, but no interest attaches to any of the individuals thus commemorated. In fact, the only two persons of the least celebrity connected with this church appear to be John Larke, a friend of Sir Thomas More, who held the living in Henry VIII.'s time, and was, like Sir Thomas, executed for denying the king's ecclesiastical supremacy; and Luke Milbourn, Dryden's hostile critic, who was rector of St. Ethelburga's from 1704 till his death in 1720. Pope mentions Milbourn in the " Essay on Criticism," and introduces him in a passage in the second book of the " Dunciad," to which he has appended a sarcastic note : " Luke Milbourn, a clergyman, the fairest of critics ; who, when he wrote against Mr. Dryden's ' Virgil,' did him justice in printing at the same time his own translations of him, which were intolerable." Before the dissolution of monasteries the patronage of St. Ethelburga's belonged to the prioress and nuns of the neigh- bouring convent of St. Helen ; the living is now in the gift of tlie Bishop of London. ^•QlLES-GlPPlfGATE- The church of St. Giles, ^ Cripplegate, stands at the west end of Fore Street in the ward of Cripplegate. Cripplegate, says Stow, was "so called of cripples begging there," a derivation generally accepted till quite recently, but now proved to be erroneous by the researches of Anglo-Saxon ' scholars, who have discovered that this word is an ancient term for a covered way in a fortification. The church was founded about 1090 by Alfune, who is said to have been a friend of Rahere, and to have been subsequently connected with the Hospital of St. Bartholomew. Matilda, queen of Henry I., who was a woman of exemplary piety, founded a guild of St. Mary and St. Giles in connection with the church. The advowson belonged in 1103 to a certain Aelmund, who in that year, after stipulating for his own incumbency and that he should be suc- ceeded by his son Hugh, presented it to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, by whom it has ever since been retained. A second church was constructed towards the end of the fourteenth century in place of Alfune's original building, but the interior of this edifice, together with the ancient monuments 56 City Churches, which it contained, was destroyed by fire in 1545, although the walls, being of extreme thickness, suffered no great injury. The church was at once reconstructed, substantially as we now see it, and has since that time fortunately escaped any serious disaster. St. Giles's, Cripplegate, is a specimen of the Perpendicular style, including a nave, chancel, and two side-aisles, which are separated .from the central portion by clustered columns and pointed arches. The total length from the west door to the eastern end of the chancel is 146 feet, 3 inches; the length of the north aisle is 117 feet, 9 inches, and that of the south aisle is 1 1 1 feet, 3 inches. From the floor to the highest point of the roof the height is 42 feet, 8 inches. Strype's quaint account of the seventeenth century repairs and additions is worth quoting : " But for the later reparations of this church we begin with the year 1623, in which all the roof over the chancel was on the out- side repaired, and in the inside very curiously clouded. To the further grace and ornament of this chancel there was added in the same year the cost of a very fair Table of Commandments ; and with these the church (then) was throughout very worthily beautified. In the years of our Lord God 1624 and 1626 the two side galleries were built very fair and spacious. In the year of our Lord 1629 the steeple very much decayed was repaired, all the four spires (standing in four towers at the four corners of it) taken down, with new and very substantial timber work re- built ; and with the lead new cast, new covered. Every one of these spires enlarged somewhat in the compass, a great deal in height, but most in their stately, eminent, and graceful appear- ance. In the midst of these, where there was none before > u w H < O a -J 3 CO ^ 6'/. Giles, Cripplcgate. 57 (gracing and being graced by them) was a very fair turret erected ; the head of it (which much overpeers those spires) covered with lead, as also the props that support it. This, and the spires, having every one a cross, with very fair vanes upon them. The charge of all this I could not certainly get, and would not uncertainly speak it. But the greatness of the things speak the cost to be great ; all being the sole charge of the parishioners." The steeple, which contains the exceptional number of twelve bells, was raised fifteen feet between the years 1682 and 1684. The height from the pavement below to the parapet of the tower is exactly 104 feet, from the parapet to the cornice of the cupola 16 feet, and thence to the top of the weather-vane 14 feet, 9 inches; thus making a total height from base to summit of 134 feet, 9 inches. The height of each of the four pinnacles, rising from the corners of the parapet, is. 12 feet, 9 inches. When the steeple was raised, a new clock was set up, which, proving but an indifferent timekeeper, was taken down and replaced by the present clock, which ever since its erection in 1721 has performed its functions in an eminently satisfactory manner. In 1704 another restoration was commenced; the church was then re-pewed, and the oak altar-piece was erected. Though it has been slightly altered and repaired, in 1790 and again in the present century, the main features of this noble specimen of early eighteenth century work are still unchanged. It consists of three panels, of which the central one contains a painting of our Lord seated on a throne, while on the smaller side panels are depicted St. Paul and St. Giles. The beautifully carved pulpit was placed in the church at the same time. It was originally covered with a sounding-board, on 58 City CImrches. which was the figure of a dove. When the sounding-board was taken away, this dove, itself an excellent piece of carving, was attached to the font-cover, where it may now be seen. The names of the artists to whom are due the altar-piece and pulpit are unknown. The former is said to have been the work of the carver of the representations of Gog and Magog in the Guildhall ; the pulpit is commonly, but without any authoritative evidence, attributed to Grinling Gibbons. At some period not exactly known, but most probably subse- quent to this restoration, several of the white marble monuments were varnished over, apparently with the laudable intention of preserving them from injury, but with a result decidedly deroga- tory to their beauty. In 1 791 the conformation of the church was considerably altered by the insertion of two additional windows on each side of the clerestory — an innovation which occasioned the extension of the roof of the middle aisle, and the consequent curtailment of the chancel. In the same year the east window over the altar- piece was re -glazed with a glory and cherubs, and the kings arms, measuring 6 feet across, were set up over the chancel arch, whence they have since been removed and affixed to the west wall, on which they occupy a conspicuous position. The latter half of the present century has witnessed a very important and extensive restoration, in commemoration of which there has been set up at the west end of the south wall a slab thus inscribed : " All glory be to God. The Restoration of this Church Commenced in the Year 1858, and carried On from time to time by Voluntary Contributions ; was in the Year 1S69 S/. Giles, Cripplegate. 59 Completed to the Chancel, chiefly at The cost of the Parish. The Revd Philip Parker Gilbert, M.A., Vicar, William Bassingham | churcluvardens. Thomas Turner J Also in the Year iSSo, The Church was repaired and further beautified At the expense of the Parish. James Luke | churchwardens." Cornelius Gillett J This work included the construction of an open roof, and the substitution of a stone chancel arch, 31 feet 7 inches in height by 17 feet 6 inches in breadth, for the former elliptical plastered arch. The obstructive brickwork at the west end was also removed, when the outline and part of the tracery of the old west window, still bearing the marks of the fire of 1545, were laid open to view. This window, which is very large and handsome, was fittingly restored and reglazed. Many monuments were transferred from the columns to the walls, and the columns were repaired; the pews were cut down, and the galleries taken away. The organ, built by Renatus Harris in 1705, was removed from the west end, and placed at the north of the chancel. It has since been enclosed in a new case, which is, however, hardly worthy of its surroundings. A new font, placed at the west end, has been supplied, and several richly stained memorial windows have been presented, chiefly by parishioners. But the most interesting is that at the west end of the south aisle,comprising "The Shepherdswatching their Flocks," "The Nativity," and "The Wise Men coming from the East," with repre- sentations of St. Giles and St. Luke on the head lights, inserted at the expense of the neighbouring parish of St. Luke's, Old Street : 6o City CJiiirches. " In grateful rememlDrance of Edward AUeyne, the founder of Dulwich College." St. Luke's was originally a part of St. Giles's Cripplegate parish, and was called the "Lordship" portion, />., the portion lying outside the City boundaries ; but was made into a separate parish in 1732, in consequence of the enormous increase of the popula- tion. AUeyne, who acquired most of his wealth in this district, by means of the Fortune Theatre in Golden Lane, Barbican, built for him and Philip Henslowe in 1601, was a munificent benefactor to his poorer neighbours. The earliest monument now existing is that of Thomas Busby, cooper, the year of whose death was 1575. It is situated on the eastern part of the north wall, and contains a half-length effigy of the old citizen, who is represented with a short, peaked beard, wearing a ruff round his neck, and holding in his right hand a skull, and in his left a pair of gloves. Beneath the figure is an inscription which records his charitable bequest : " This Busbie willing to reeleve the Poore with Fire and with Breade Did give that howse whearein he dyed, then called y^ Queene's Heade. Foure full loades.of y® best Charcoles he would have bought ech yeare, And fortie dosen of wheaten bread, for poore Howseholders heare. To see these thinges distributed this Busby put in trust The Vicar and Church wardenes, thinkyng them to be just, God grant that poore Howseholders here may thankful be for such, So God will move the mindes of moe to doe for them as much, And let this good example move such men as God hath blest To doe the like before they goe with Busby to there rest. Within this Chappell Busbie's bones in Dust awhile must stay 'Till He that made them rayse them up to live with Christ for aye." A little to the west of Busby's moriument is a tablet to another benefactor to the poor, Charles Langley, an "Ale-Brewer," who SL Giles, Cripplegate. 6i died in 1602, and whose good deeds are likewise chronicled in verse : "If Langlie's life thou liste to knowe reade on and take a vicwe Of Faith and Hope I will not speake his work shall shew them trew, Whoe whilest he lived, w"^ counsaile grave y^ better sorte did guid, A stay to vveake, a stafie to poore wt'^out back-bite or pride, And when he died he gave his mite all that did him befall For ever once a yere to cloath Saint Giles his poore withall. All Saintes hee pointed for the day gownes XX redie made \Vti» XX shirts and XX smockcs as they may best be hadd, A sermon eke he hath ordayned that God may have his praiese And others might be wonne thereby to follow Langlie's waies, On Vicar and Churchwardens then his truste he hath reposed As they will answer him one day when all shall be disclosed, Thus beinge deade, yet still he lives, lives never for to dye In heaven's blysse, in worlde's fame and so I trust shal I.'' To these verses are appended the names of " Lancellott Andrewes, Vicar John Taylor, Wm, liewett, Edward Sicklyn, Richard Maye Churchwardens." This was the famous Lancelot Andrewes, who was appointed in 1588 to the vicarage of St. Giles's. He remained here, greatly distinguishing himself by the eloquence of his sermons, till 1605, when he was raised to the episcopal bench. On the west wall at the end of the north aisle is an unadorned tablet, removed to its present position from the chancel, to th memory of John Fox, the martyrologist, who died in the parish in April, 1587, at the age of seventy years. His epitaph runs thus : " Johanni Foxo, Ecclesiae Anglicanae Jlarlyrologo fidelissimo, Antiquitatis Ilistoricae Indagatori sagacissimo, Evangelicae Veritatis e 62 City Churches. Propugnatori acerrimo, Thaumaturgo admirabili ; Qui Maityres Marianos, tanquam Phoenices, Ex cineribus redivivos praestitit ; Patri suo omni pietatis officio imprimis colendo, Samuel Foxus iilius primogenitus hoc Monumentum Posuit, non sine lachrymis. Obiit Die 18 Mens. April. An. Dom. 1587. jam septuagenarius. Vita vitae mortalis est spes vitae immortalis." The following supplementary explanation has been appended ; "Revd John Foxe M.A. Sometime Vicar of this Parish, Original Author of the History of the Christian Martyrs, Buried in the chancel of the Church." The statement that Fox was sometime vicar of St. Giles's is, however, incorrect. As he resided in his later years in the parish, in Grub Street, now called Milton Street, he may have assisted the vicar, Robert Crowley, who, like himself, inclined to Puritan opinions, and thus have been informally designated " minister " of St. Giles's ; but the list of vicars does not contain his name, and in fact demon- strates that he could not possibly have held the living. It is well known that, with the exception of a prebend in Salisbury Cathedral, bestowed upon him by Cecil, he declined all preferment, though much was offered him, owing to his conscientious objection to sign the thirty-nine articles. Beneath the tablet a brass plate has been affixed to the wall, inscribed with an English translation of the Latin epitaph. Fox is stated to have been buried on the south side of the chancel in the same grave with two brothers Bullen, William, physician to Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, and a learned S^. Giles, Cripplcgate. 63 medical writer, who died in 1576, and Richard, "a faithful! Servant and Preacher of Jesus Christ," who died in 1563. On account of his strong Protestant views Fox was in 1545 ejected from his fellowship at Brazenose College, Oxford, and afterwards resided as tutor in the house of Sir Thomas Lucy of Charlecote, so well known in connection with Shakespeare's early days, and the original, as some think, of Justice Shallow. It is probable that the Lucy family had their London residence in St. Giles's parish, for Stow mentions as buried here "Thomas Lucie, gentleman, 1447," and there are monuments in the church to Constance Whitney (died 1628), a granddaughter, and Margaret Lucy (died 1634), a great-granddaughter, of Sir Thomas. The monument of the former on the north wall displays a female figure, enveloped in a shroud, rising from a coffin, and extending her hands to receive a crown and chaplet which a cherub on each side is holding out to her ; Margaret Lucy is commemorated by a simple, but elegant, tablet of white marble, which was formerly in the chancel, but has now been removed to the wall of the south aisle. Sir Martin Frobisher was buried at St. Giles's, but, in spite of his gallant services to his queen and country, his body was left to repose in a nameless grave. The year 188S, however, being the tercentenary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada, was felt to be an appropriate period to do honour to the memory of the brave seaman, and a monument was then erected to him by the vestry of St. Giles's on the eastern part of the south wall. This is, as is befitting for so distinguished a sailor, a very hand- some monument. It is composed of Dove, Sienna, Irish green, and Sicilian marbles. In the central portion, which is flanked by pillars, is a representation of a three-masted Elizabethan ship, with Arctic and West Indian scenery in the background, in token 6a City Churches, of Frobisher's exploits both as an Arctic explorer and on the Spanish Main. Above this centre-piece, and below Sir Martin's arms, which are emblazoned at the top, is a tablet on which are engraved Macaulay's lines : " Attend all ye who list to hear our noble England's praise, I tell of the thrice famous deeds she wrought in ancient days ; When that great fleet Invincible against her bore in vain The richest spoils of Mexico, the stoutest hearts of Spain." On the lower part of the monument is another tablet, with this inscription : " Within this Church lie the remains of Sir Martin Frobisher Knight One of the first to explore The Arctic Regions and the West Indies, Having gained great glory Ey his skill and bravery in the Naval Engagements Which terminated in the defeat of the Great Spanish Armada, 15SS; lie died of wounds received in action off Brest, 2.2^^ November, 1594. This Monument was erected in honour of his memory by the , Vestry of St. Giles, Cripplegate, 18S8." On the same wall, farther west, is the monument of John Speed, author of " The Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain," a topo- graphical work, describing the various counties of England and Wales, and " The History of Great Britain under the Conquests of the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans," both published in 161 1, and compiler of a set of tables of scriptural genealogy drawn out in the foim of pedigrees. He shared Stow's antiquarian SL Giles, C^'ipplegate. 65 tastes, and, like Stow, he was by trade a tailor. His half-length efifigy is placed in a sort of closet with representations of open doors on each side. His right hand grasps a book, and his left a skull. On the doors are inscribed the epitaphs of Speed and his wife, which are in Latin, and touchingly and gracefully worded. The pre-eminent interest attaching to St. Giles's, Cripplegate, lies in the fact that it is the place of sepulture of Milton. His father, John Milton the elder, was buried in the chancel in 1646, and on November 12th, 1674, the remains of the poet himself, who had died on the 8ih of that month at his house in Artillery Walk, Bunhill Fields, were interred in the same grave. Its place is marked by a stone thus inscribed : *' Near this spot was buried John Milton Author of Paradise Lost Born 1608, Died 1674." The position of this stone just outside the communion rails is due to the shortening of the chancel when the clerestory was extended in 1791. There was no monument to the poet till the year 1793, when a bust of him, the work of the elder Bacon, was set up on the north side of the nave at the expense of Mr. Samuel Whitbread. In 1862 — during the restoration of the church, which was mate- rially advanced through the general desire to assist in doing honour to the last resting-place of Milton — a cenotaph, designed by the late Edmund Woodthorpe, was erected in the south aisle to the west of the monument of Speed. It stands 12 feet high, and the width at the base is 8 feet. The body of this monument — the material of which is carved Caen stone — is divided into three canopied niches by pillars of coloured marble; in the central F 66 City Chtn^ches. niche is placed Bacon's bust of Milton, beneath which, on a marble tablet, is the following inscription : "John Milton, Author of Paradise Lost, Born Dec. 1608. Died Nov. 1674. His father, John Milton, died March 1646. They were both interred in this chinch. Samuel Whitbread posuit, 1793 " Below the inscription the base is ornamented with well-carved representations of the serpent, the apple, and the flaming sword, in allusion to the Fall and the Expulsion from Paradise. On the west wall is a tablet in memory of William Day, citizen and vintner of London, who died in 1603. He is described as " The Sone of Thomas Daye of Boseham in Sussex, gent., and Elizabeth his Wife," and is stated to have been buried at St. Michael's, Cornhill ; but he is here commemorated by reason of his having left a charitable bequest to the poor of St. Giles's. Another citizen and vintner, Roger Mason, who died in the same year as Day, also bequeathed a sum of money for the benefit of the poor of the parish. His widow erected a tablet to his memory on the north side of the chancel arch, which is, however, now concealed by the organ. Over the north door, which is the principal entrance to the church, is a very finely executed marble monument to Edward Harvist, " Citizen and Brewer of London, Alderman's Deputie of this Parish, and One of his Majesty's Gunners," who died in 1610. It contains figures of himself and his wife Ann, who died in the same year, kneeling at a desk, and is appropriately adorned with representations of cannons. Their epitaph records that they were liberal benefactors to the parish. SL Giles, Cripplegate. 67 A little farther to the east is another well-wrought monument, without efifigy, but decorated with pillars, cherubs, and a death's- head, to Robert Cage, who died in 1624, and is designated in his inscription, " Omnium Literarum Homo." On the same wall is the singular monument to Constance Whitney; beyond which is that of Matthew Palmer (died 1605), and Anne his wife (died 1630), containing figures of themselves and their five children. Above the Palmer monument projects from the wall a large bracket clock, richly ornamented, and surmounted by a repre- sentation of Time. The precise date of its erection is not recorded, but in all probability it is coeval with the altar-piece. On the same wall, before one reaches the memorials of Langley and Busby, the latter of which is close to the organ, may be noticed a somewhat large and ornate tablet to Edmund Harrison, embroiderer to James I., Charles I., and Charles II., who, as his epitaph states, married after "having lived above 40 yeeres a batchelour," and "had issue 12 sonnes and 9 daughters," and finally " left y^ troubles of this world y^ 9"" day of January 1666, in y* 77 yeare of his age." On the south side of the chancel arch is a tablet very concisely inscribed : " Thomas Stagg Attorney at Law Vestry Clerk of this Parish From the 8th day of March 1731 To the 19th day of February 1772 On whicli day he died. That is All." Adjoining this is a beautifully executed monument by Thomas Bank?, representing a wife dying in her husband's arms. It was 68 City CImrches» erected to the memory of Mrs. Hand, wife of a vicar of St. Giles's. At the west end of the north aisle is an elaborate monument to Sir William Staines, Alderman of Cripplegate Ward from 1793 till his death in 1807, Sheriff in 1796, and Lord Mayor in 1800. It includes a bust of Sir William, in his robes, wearing the badge and chain of office of the mayoralty. Above the bust are his arms, and the base of the monument is ornamented by gracefully carved representations of the shield, sword, and mace of the City of London. He was a liberal benefactor to the parish, founding and endowing four almshouses for decayed parishioners. Adjoining his monument is that of his son, John Staines, who died in 1823, on the upper portion of which are displayed a bible and cross, with a celestial crown above them. Hard by, just to the west of the north door, is a memorial, beautifully adorned with allegorical figures of Faith, Hope, and Charity, to the Rev. John Weybridge, who died in 1835, and his wife Maria, daughter of Sir William Staines, who died in 1842. Tablets have also been erected commemorative of the Rev. Frederick William Blomberg, D.D., vicar, honourably distinguished for his munificence towards the poor, who died in 1847, in his eighty-sixth year; the Rev. Philip Parker Gilbert, vicar from 1857 to 18S6, whose energy and business capacity proved of invaluable service to the work of the restoration of the church ; and Mr. George Matthew Felton, a member of the Common Council, who held several important offices under the corporation, and one of the churchwardens of St. Giles's in 1878 and 1879. His active and useful life terminated in 1883. Over the alderman's seat in the corporation pew, facing the chancel, has been set up a trophy bearing the arms of Sir Willian^ S/. Giles, Cripplegate. 69 Staines, Lord Mayor 1800; Sir Matthew Wood, the famous •champion of Queen Caroline, twice Lord Mayor, in 1815 and 1816, and a representative of the City of London in no less than ten Parliaments; Alderman Thomas Challis, Lord Mayor 1852; ^nd Alderman Henry Edmund Knight, Lord Mayor 1S82 ; all ot -whom were aldermen of Cripplegate Ward. In the middle aisle may be observed two official staffs, bearing the respective dates of 1693 and 1792. The older of the two, •Avhich is of massive silver, is surmounted by an elaborately worked model of the Cripple-gate. It is a little singular that in the identical church to which were •consigned the bones of Milton, should have been solemnized the wedding of Oliver Cromwell, with whom he was so closely asso- •ciated. Cromwell, being then a little over twenty-one years of age, was married at St. Giles's, Cripplegate, on August 22nd, 1620, as stands recorded in the parish register, to Elizabeth, •daughter of Sir James Bourchier. The registers also contain entries relating to another family whose name is linked with Milton's — that of the Egertons, Earls of Bridgewater. It was to the Earl of Bridgewater that Milton pre- sented his " Mask" of " Comus " at Ludlow Castle in 1634. The ■earl was then President of Wales : " And all that track that fronts the falling sun A noble peer of mickle trust and power Has in his charge, with tempered awe to guide An old and liaughty nation proud in arms." Bridgewater House, the residence of the Egertons, stood on the north side of the Barbican. It was originally called Garter House, and is thus described by Stow : " Next adjoining this is one other great house, called Garter JO City Chiu'ches. House, sometime built by Sir Thomas Writhe, or Writhesley, knight, alias Garter principal King of Arms, second son of Sir John, knight, alias Garter, and was uncle to the first Thomas, Earl of Southampton, Knight of the Garter, and Chancellor of England. He built this house, and in the top thereof a chapel^ which he dedicated by the name of St. Trinitatis in Alto." Bridgewater House was burned down in 1687, when two sons of the then earl perished in the flames. Its site was afterwards marked by Bridgewater Square. Milton himself, who had been living in Aldersgate Street since 1641, removed to a larger house in the Barbican in 1645. In this house his father died, and here he remained till 1647. Daniel Defoe both was born and died in St. Giles's parish, but was buried in the Bunhill Fields burying-ground. Several distinguished churchmen, besides Bishop Andrewes^ have held the living of St. Giles's, Cripplegate. His successor. Dr. John Buckeridge, quitted St. Giles's in 1628 on being raised to the see of Ely, and next came Dr. William Fuller, Dean of Ely, who suffered deprivation in 1642, at the outbreak of the Civil War. Dr. Samuel Annesley, who was pre- sented to the vicarage in 1658, surrendered it in 1662 in conse- quence of the Act of Uniformity. He was not a person of any very particular importance, but his name is interesting for the reason that his daughter married Samuel Wesley, and became the mother of John and Charles Wesley. The view of St. Giles's from the north is impeded by the Quest House, which stands in front of the north wall. The Quest House formerly served for the meeting-place of the inquest, a body elected to regulate the internal affairs of the ward. The inquest, the powers of which had been gradually curtailed, was abolished in SL Giles, Cripplegate. 71 1857, but the Quest House still remains. The vestry meet here in a spacious room, adorned with portraits of Sir Matthew Wood, and the late vicar, the Rev. P. P. Gilbert, and an engraving from a portrait of Sir William Staines, and further embellished by a fine hatchment of the royal arms, and by the arms of Sir Matthew Wood. The upper portion of the house has been ever since 1729 utilized as a lodging for the sexton, and the vestry clerk's office is situated on the ground floor. The Plague of 1665 raged in its direst form in the parish of St. Giles's. The register testifies to the enormous number of deaths which resulted from it, and the whole of the churchyard was, in consequence of the unparalleled quantity of burials, raised as much as two feet. The churchyard contains a very interesting relic of antiquity in the shape of a bastion of the old London wall, measuring 36 feet in width, and 12 feet in height from the ground to the top of the battlement. This is the most perfect fragment of the ancient wall now existing. There stands also in the churchyard a hand- some fountain, erected by the vestry in the year of her Majesty's jubilee. It is composed of Kentish ragstone, with the basin and pediment of Aberdeen granite, while above the basin, in bronze, executed in bold relief, is displayed the queen's head. On the two towers between which the basin is placed, the following ex- planatory inscription has been engraved : Erected by "In Commemoration of The Vestry of St. Giles Cripplegate Queen Victoria's ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^ Jubilee ^ - John J. Baddeley ) „, , , „ June 2ist 1887 i^^ J^^ ^v. Cubitt 1 duTchwardens. The entrance gateway to the churchyard bears the date 1660 72 City Churches. and the names of the churchwardens of that year. The arch, which is very substantially built, has a rounded head, and its spandrels are ornamented with Death's usual adjuncts, the skull and cross-bones, and the hour-glass and scythe. The adjacent thoroughfare of Well Street, formerly known as Crowder's Well Alley, derived its appellation from Crowder's Well, which once enjoyed a high reputation, as Strype tells us : " This place is of some note for its well, which gives name to the alley. The water of this well is esteemed very good for sore eyes, to wash them with ; and is said to be also very good to drink for several distempers. And some say it is very good for men in drink to take of this water, for it will allay the fumes, and bring them to be sober." But the fact that the Plague wrought such appalling havoc amongst the inhabitants of the neighbourhood, who were accus- tomed to drink of its water, seems to point to the conclusion that Crowder's Well did not altogether deserve the commendations bestowed upon it.. %m The church of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, is situated just at the back of Bishopsgate Street Within, in the midst of the space known as Great St. Helen's The saint to whom it is dedicated is the Empress Helena, the mother of Constantine, about whose holy exploits several legends are related, and who is traditionally stated to have been the daughter of a British king, although, according to the best authorities, she was a native of Nicomedia in Asia Minor. There is a story, of the truth of which we know nothing, that the original church of St. Helen was founded by Constantine in memory of his mother, but at all events it seems certain that such a church existed in Saxon times, for it is re- corded that in the year loio Ahvyne, Bishop of Helmeham, conveyed the remains of King Edmund the Martyr from Bury St. Edmund's to London, for fear of the Danes, and deposited them in the church of St. Helen, where they were kept for three years. The history of the present church, however, begins in the latter part of the reign of King John, when, perhaps in the year 12 12, William, son of William the Goldsmith, obtained from the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, to whom the church belonged, permis- sion to found the Priory of St. Helen for Nuns of the Benedictine Order. This William was an ancestor of Sir William Fitzwilliams, 74 diy Churches, a follower of Cardinal Wolsey and Sheriff of London in 1506, from whom are descenJed the Earls Fitzvvilliam. In 1308 William de Basinge, Sheriff of London, conferred important benefits on the priory, treating it with such munificence that he was regarded as a second founder. After this the convent grew enormously in wealth, and became one of the richest religious establishments in London, holding much valuable land in different parts of the city. Queen Isabella hired a house in Lombard Street from the convent, and it was from the Prioress Alice Asshfeld that Sir John Crosby in 1466 obtained a lease of the ground on which he erected his magnificent mansion of Crosby Place. It has been estimated that at the dissolution of monas- teries the income of the convent was equivalent to ^10,000 per annum in our present money. In 1538 the priory was surrendered to Henry VIII., and the church, of which the north aisle adjoin- ing the convent had previously been devoted to the nuns, while the south aisle was occupied by the parishioners, was given in its entirety to parochial uses, the screen, which had been erected to separate the nun's side from the people's side, being removed. The conventual buildings were bestowed by the king on Sir Richard Williams, the son of a sister of Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, who assumed the name of Cromwell in honour of his uncle, and whose great-grandson was the Protector Oliver ; but in 1542 they passed into the possession of the Company of Leather- sellers, who used the nuns' refectory as their common hall up to the year 1799, when it was demolished, together with all other visible remnants of the priory, in order to make room for the erection of St. Helen's Place, which is built on the site of the once famous convent. <. ^ o X 2; a O X r. 2: a a: H CO ■-) "^ ^ =? SL Hdciis, Bishopsgate, ']-^ The double purpose which the church of St. Helen was orighially intended to serve accounts for the peculiarity of its construction. It consists of two parallel naves, each 122 feet long ; the breadth of the northern or nuns' nave is 26 feet 6 inches, that of the parochial nave 24 feet. The church also contains a south transept, out of which open two eastern chapels, the Chapel of the Holy Ghost, and the Chapel of the Virgin. In the north wall is an arched doorway which led from the choir into the priory, and also a hagioscope composed of six vertical openings, through which the nuns were enabled to behold the high altar from the cloisters. Two ambries or receptacles for the vessels of the church can likewise be discerned in this wall. All these, together with the arch which divides the nuns' choir from the nave, some portion of the south transept, the lancet window at the west end of the north aisle, and the remains of lancet windows in the north wall, appear to belong to the thirteenth century. The side chapels were added about the middle of the fourteenth, and the rest of the church dates from the fifteenth century. Sir John Crosby, at his death in 1475, bequeathed 500 marks for the repair of the church, which was soon after- wards very considerably altered and transformed. From this period are derived the four central arches of the arcade which divides the north from the south aisle, the clustered columns, the low pitched roof, the east window of the chancel, which has, however, since been altered, and the south windows of the Lady Chapel. In 1 63 1 it was found necessary to repair the church, and Inigo Jones was called in. The work went on for two years, and was executed at a total cost of ;^i,3oo. Its conclusion is com- memorated by an inscription over the south door : 76 . City Churches. " Laus Deo St. Helena 1 6 Repd 33" The internal oak porches at the south and west, with their pilastefs and carving, were the work of Jones ; and pews, com- munion rails, and an altar-piece after the style then in fashion were set up. The pulpit, a fine piece of seventeenth century work, which still remains, though its position was altered at the last restoration, may also be due to Jones, but it was probably erected a few years earlier. Nothing more of any importance seems to have been done to St. Helen's during this century, with the exception of the erection of the feeble and insignificant turret with which the church is even now crowned. In 1744 the parishioners subscribed to build a west gallery, and bought a new organ to put in it ; this gallery was supported by a screen placed across the church at the second pillar from the west, thus forming a small antechapel. The old roof, being no longer weatherproof, was in 1809 covered with a new exterior slated roof, which involved an outlay of nearly ;!^3,ooo, and required to be re-slated in 1841. In 1865 a committee was formed for the purpose of carrying out a thorough restoration, and continued its labours for three years. The west gallery and screen were removed, and the organ transferred to the south transept. The seventeenth century altar- piece, pews, and communion rails were likewise taken away, and the old stalls of the nuns were placed in the chancel. The floor of the nave, which had been raised considerably above its ancient level, was also partially lowered. In 1874 the church of St. Martin Outwich, which stood at the south-east corner of Threadneedle Street, was pulled down, and the parish united with that of SL Helens, BisJiopsgate. 77 St. Helen, Bishopsgate. The patrons of St. Martin's were the Merchant Taylors' Company, and a large tablet on the south wall of the Chapel of the Virgin records that the eighteen monuments belonging to that church, of which a complete list with dates is given, " were under the direction and at the cost of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors carefully removed, as far as possible restored, and then placed in this Church of St. Helen ; " also that " this work was immediately followed by the Restoration of the two ancient Chapels of the Holy Ghost and the Virgin Mary, which had suffered greatly by decay and neglect, and still more by mutilation. It was done under the auspices and by the munificence of the same Worshipful Company." This restoration, of which the total cost exceeded ;^i,5oo, was completed in 1876. The most recent repairs at St. Helen's were commenced in 1 89 1. They were rendered absolutely indispensable by the dilapidated state of much of the structure. The walls have been placed in thorough order, the turret has been repaired, and the whole church repaved, the floors of the two parallel naves being lowered to an equality with those of the side-chapels, and thus regaining their original level. Besides these structural renova- tions, several minor additions and rearrangements have been made, including the erection of a chancel-screen, and of two side-screens, which separate the chancel from the nun's choir and the south transept respectively. The north screen bears the inscription : " In memory of Sir Andrew Judde, Knight and Skinner, the Gift of the Worshipful Company of Skinners." That on the south side is inscribed : "In memory of Sir John Spencer, Knight, Citizen, and 78 City CJmrches, Clothworker, the Gift of the Worshipful Company of Cloth- workers." Over ;^4,ooo was obtained from the Charity Commissioners towards defraying the necessarily heavy expenses of this last important restoration, and the Merchant Taylors' Company con- tinued to interest themselves deeply in the work. The architect employed was Mr. John L. Pearson, R.A. After a year and ten months had been spent in its rehabilitation the church was again opened on June 24th, 1893. The real attraction of St. Helen's lies not, however, in its fabric. In itself it is a Gothic church, beautiful, no doubt, but of no extraordinary excellence. But it possesses an interest and a charm beyond any other parochial church in the metropolis owing to its unrivalled collection of monuments. It is, indeed, asto- nishing to find assembled in this comparatively small space so large a number of beautiful and historically noteworthy memorials of the dead, by reason of which St. Helen's has justly acquired its title of " the Westminster Abbey of the City." On the north wall of the church, beginning from the west, the first monument consists of well-executed figures of a husband and wife and their children, divided according to sex and kneeling on each side of an altar-table. It commemorates Alderman John Robinson, Merchant Taylor and Merchant of the Staple of Eng- land, who died in 1599, at the age of seventy, or, as the inscription expresses it, " the glasse of his life held three score and ten yeares, and then ranne out;" and Christian his wife, who "changde her mortall habitation for a heavenly" in 1592. "They spent to- gether," we read, " 36 Yeares in holy Wedlock, and were happy besides other worldly blessings in nyne sonnes and seaven daughters." S/. Helen s, BisJiopsgate^ 79 Next to the Robinson monument is the tomb of an earHer civic dignitary, Alderman Hugh Pemberton, Merchant Taylor, who was sheriff in 1490 and died in 1500, and Katherine his wife. This is one of the monuments removed from St. Martin Outwich in 1874, and is covered with an ornate canopy. It has been well repaired and cleaned, but the recumbent effigies, which it appears to have originally contained, are no longer in existence. A little farther east is the memorial of Francis Bancroft, a descendant of Archbishop Bancroft and an officer of the Lord Mayor's Court, who, having amassed, not, it is said, by the most reputable means, a considerable fortune, bequeathed at his death in 1727 over ;^28,ooo to the Company of Drapers in trust for the erection and endowment of almshouses for twenty-four poor old men of that company, and of a school for 100 boys. Bancroft's Almshouses stood in the Mile End Road, but they have now been pulled down, and the fund, which by the judicious care of the trustees has become largely augmented, is now wholly devoted to the purposes of education. The present school, which accom- modates 100 boarders and over 200 day-boys, is situated at Woodford in Essex, and was built in 1888. This Bancroft appears to have been a somewhat eccentric individual. He caused his tomb to be erected in his lifetime, and explained the circumstances in the following inscription : " The ground whereon this Tomb stands was Purchased of this Parish in mdccxxiii by Francis Bancroft Esq.Tor the interrment of himself and friends only (and was Confirm'd to him by a Faculty from the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's London the same year) and in his Lifetime he erected this tomb. Anno 1726, and settled part of his Estate in London and Middlesex for the Beautifying and keeping the same in Repair for ever." 8o City Churches. The tomb was of a square shape, and covered with a lid suppHed with hinges, so as to admit of its being opened for the purpose of viewing the corpse, which was embahiied in accordance with the instructions of the deceased. A solemn inspection of the body by the officials of the Drapers' Company took place periodically up till quite recent times, but it became a not too pleasing task, as the art of the embalmer had proved inadequate to arrest the corruption of the remains. At the last restoration this tomb, which was remarkably ugly and extremely in the way, was removed as an eyesore and obstruction to the church, though its position is still marked by a brass strip. Above the spot where it stood a slab has been affixed to the wall, surmounted by Bancroft's arms, and bearing this inscription : " In memory of Mr. Francis Bancroft who bequeathed the bulk of his property in London and Middlesex on trust to the Worshipful Company of Drapers, to be applied by them in the cause of Charity and Education. He died March xix 1727, Aged 75." Almost opposite Bancroft's memorial, in the middle of the church, stands the plain altar-tomb of William Kirwin, of the City of London, Freemason, who died in 1594, his wife Magda- lene (died 1592), and their son Benjamin (died 162 1). The inscription is partly Latin and partly English, and concludes : *' Christus mihi vita Mors mihi lucrum." East of Bancroft's slab and on the same wall is an elaborate monument of black marble and alabaster to Martin Bond, Captain of the City Trained Bands at Tilbury in 1588, and subsequently one of the members for the City of London in the Parliaments of SL Helens, Bishopsgate. 8i 1624 and 1625. He is represented seated at a table in his tent ; while outside an attendant is holding his horse, and in front are stationed two sentinels. All the figures are very distinct, and are interesting as clearly showing us the details of the military dress of Queen Elizabeth's time. The monument had been disfigured by several coats of black paint, but these were removed during the restoration of 1865-68, when this elegant piece of sculpture was thoroughly cleaned and repaired at the expense of the Company of Haberdashers, of which Martin Bond hail been a member. He died in 1643 at the advanced age of eighty-five, and his highly eulogistic epitaph informs us that : " His pyety, prudence, courage, and honesty have left behinde him a never dyeing monument." Slightly to the east of this memorial to Martin Bond, but jjlaced somewhat lower on the wall, is a monument containing kneeling figures, which commemorates the exploits of his father, Alderman William Bond, a merchant adventurer, who was sheriff in 1567, and died in 1576. William Bond was one of the numerous occupants of Crosby Place, and, says Stow, " increased this house in height with building of a turret on the top thereof." Further to the east may be observed affixed to the wall a tablet with a Latin inscription, which " Quidam ex amatoribus jurisprudentiae et liberalium artium," as they style themselves, set up in 1877 in honour of the Italian jurist, Albericus Gentilis, author of " De Jure Belli." Albericus Gentilis and his father, Matthew, a physician, came to England about the year 15 So, being constrained to quit their native country owing to their Pro- testant opinions. The learning of Albericus, and the fact that he was an exile for conscience sake, won for him the fiiendshii) of G 82 City C /lurches. many distinguished men, notably Sir Philip Sidney, to whom he dedicated his " De Legationibus." He studied at Oxford, and became Regius Professor of Civil Law in that university. In 1588 he published " De Jure Belli Commentatio Prima," which was followed by " Commentatio Secunda," and " Commentatio Tertia," the whole being finally incorporated in his great work, "De Jure Belli Libri Tres," which appeared in 1598. The elder Gentilis died in 1602, and was buried in St. Helen's graveyard, and Albericus himself is stated to have been laid beside him on June 21st, 1608. But no stone marks the resting-place either of the father or the son, the very site of their graves is un- known, and it has been reserved for our own generation to pay a fitting tribute to the memory of the great civilian. Parallel with this tablet is planted on the floor the tomb of Sir Thomas Gresham. It is a large altar-tomb of Sienna marble, with a surmounting slab of black marble, is embellished with a variety of mouldings, and bears the arms of Sir Thomas. This monu- ment was never completed, and the inscription on the top slab is si-iiply copied from the Parish Register : " Sir Thomas Gresham, knight, buried December 15th, 1579." It was cleaned and repaired in 1875 at the joint expense of Sir Thomas Gresham's company, the Mercers, and the Gresham Committee. From the north corner of the window above the tomb projects on a bracket Sir Thomas's helmet, which tradition alleges to have been carried before his corpse at the funeral. This window, which marks the eastern termination of the nun's choir, consists of five lights. During the restoration of 1865-68, it was repaired and filled with stained glass representing St. Helen and the Four Evangelists, by the Gresham Committee in memory of Sir Thomas, S/. Helens, BisJiopsgate. 83 Sir Thomas Gresham, the greatest merchant of his time, who will always be held in grateful remembrance as the founder of the Royal Exchange and of Gresham College, was the owner of a magnificent house in Bishopsgate Street, which, with its gardens, extended into Broad Street. Its site is now marked by Gresham House. He was as famous for his liberality as for his commercial ability, and there is no reason to doubt Stow's statement that he promised to build for the parish a new steeple " in recompense of ground in their church filled up with his monument." He appears, however, to have omitted to make provision in his will for carry- ing out this project, which is much to be regretted, since St. Helen's, as Stow very justly observes, " is a fair parish church, but wanteth such a steeple as Sir Thomas Gresham promised to have built." On the corner of the wall, between Gresham's window and the chancel, is a monument to Sir Andrew Judde, who is represented in his armour, kneeling with other figures, both male and female, at a desk. The quaint inscription runs as follows: " To Russia and Muscoua, To Spayne, Gynny without fable, Traveld he by land and sea, Both niayie of London and Staple. The Commonwelthe he norished So worthelie in all his days That ech state full well him loved To his perpetuall prayes. " Three wives he had : one was Mnvy, Fower sunes one mayde had he by her, Annys had none l)y him truly, By Dame Mary he had one dowghtier. Thus in tlie month of Septemlier A thowsande, five hundred fiftey 84 City Churches, And eight died this vvorthie stapler Woisliipynge his posterytye." Sir Andrew Judde was Sheriff of London in 1544, and Lord Mayor in 1550. He also attained to the dignified position of Lord Deputy and Mayor of the Staple of Calais. He traded in furs, which accounts for his journeys "to Russia and Muscoua," and by this business, at that time an extremely profitable one, he acquired a large fortune. He is still remembered as the founder of the Free Grammar School at Tunbridge, his native town, and he is also the reputed founder of Judd's Almshouses in Great St. Helen's ; but it is possible that in the latter good work he was acting less on his own account than as the executor of Dame Elizabeth HoUeis, widow of Sir William HoUeis, Lord Mayor in 1539. Sir Andrew at his death left the Skinners' Company, of which he was a member, trustees for the accomplishment of his charitable aims. Amongst the property which they were thus called upon to administer was some land in the neighbourhood of St. Pancras, then mere waste ground, but now very valuable; and thus it is that the name of the " worthie stapler " is perpe- tuated in Judd Street, while memories of his birthplace and his company survive in Tonbridge Street and Skinner Street. In addition to their erection of a north side screen for the chancel, the Skinners' Company have also repaired Sir Andrew's monument. Sir William Holleis above referred to, from whom the ducal house of Newcastle traces its descent, died in 1542, and was buried in St. Helen's. Stow mentions that there was a monu- ment to him, and it is stated to have been placed in the middle of the north aisle. Unfortunately not a single vestige of it now exists. SL Hdciis, BisJiopsgate. 85 In the nun's choir there is only one other monument of interest, which is, liowever, the most curious in the whole church. It is that of Sir JuHus Caesar, and stands between Gresham's monument and the north side-screen of the chancel. Sir Julius Caesar, whose full name was Julius Caesar Adelmare, though he generally preferred to drop the Adelmare and use as a surname Caesar — in reality part of his Christian name — was the son of Queen Mary's Italian physician, and was born in 1557. After studying at Oxford and Paris, he devoted himself to the law, and was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Admiralty under Queen Elizabeth. Under James I. he was admitted a member of the Privy Council, and advanced to the high judicial office of Master of the Rolls, which he retained till his death in 1636. Sir Julius was married three times. His last wife was a niece of Bacon, and he was present at the Earl of Arundel's house at Highgate on the morning of Easter Day, 1626, when the great philosopher breathed his last. Caesar's monument is a large altar-tomb of black marble, having the top slab inlaid with white in the form of a deed with appended seal. The Latin inscription, which is composed with due regard to legal formality, may be translated thus : "To all faithful Christian People to whom this writing may come. Know ye that I Julius Adelmare alias Caesar, Knight, Doctor of Laws, Judge of the Supreme Court of Admiralty of Queen Elizabeth, One of the Masters of Requests to King James, and of his Privy Council, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Master of the Rolls, by this my act and deed confirm with my full consent that, by the Divine aid, I will willingly pay the debt of Nature as soon as it may please God. In witness whereof I have fixed my hand and seal. February 27th, 1634." 86 City Churches. Here follows the signature, " Jul. Caesar," and below is another clause, to the effect that : " He paid this debt, being at the time of his death of the Privy- Council of King Charles, also Master of the Rolls : truly pious, particularly learned, a refuge to the poor, abounding in love, most dear to his country, his children, and his friends ;" while lower still is written in large letters, " Irrotulatur Caelo " (It is enrolled in Heaven). The epitaph is finally concluded by a Latin sentence which runs round three sides of the slab at the extreme edge, and records that this monument was erected to his memory by his widow, Lady Ann Caesar, and that she herself rests here beside him. 'Hie tomb was designed by Caesar himself, and has for over 250 years remained a standing witness to his zeal for legal forms and ceremonies. It was executed by Nicholas Stone, the master- mason to King Charles I., at a cost, it is said, of ^i 10. On the north side of the chancel is situated the most mag- nificent monument in St. Helen's — that of Sir William Pickering. This gallant knight, illustrious as a soldier and a scholar, distin- guished himself under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, both in military and diplomatic appointments, for which latter service he was particularly adapted, owing to his great linguistic acquirements. He died at his house in St. Mary Axe in 1574, at the age of fifty-eight. Upon an altar-tomb panelled into compartments, and under a rich marble canopy supported by Corinthian columns, is placed a life-sized recumbent effigy of Sir William, clothed in armour, with trunk breeches, and having a ruff round the neck ; the head is un- covered, and the countenance singularly handsome. For sump- SL Helen s, Bishopsgate. 87 tuousness of decoration Pickering's tomb is unsurpassed by any monument of the Elizabethan era. The inscription, which is in Latin, records his virtues and accompUshments, and the impor- tant services which he so faithfully performed for no less than four sovereigns, and states that tliis memorial was erected by his executors, Thomas Henneage, the Royal Treasurer, John Astley, Master of the Jewels, Drugo Drury, and Thomas Wotton. To a neighbouring pillar is affixed a tablet in memory of Sir William Pickering the elder, father of the foregoing, also a brave and worthy soldier, who died in 1542. On the south side of the chancel, exactly opposite Pickering's monument, is the tomb of Sir John Crosby and Agnes his wife. Sir John was one of the most distinguished citizens of his time, and a devoted supporter of the House of York. He was a member for the City of London in the Parliament of 1467, and the follow- ing year he was elected Alderman of Broad Street Ward. On May 2 1 St, 147 1, he, being then sheriff, went out with the mayor and aldermen, and a great multitude of Londoners, beyond Islington to meet Edward IV. on his triumphal progress to his capital after the victory of Tewkesbury ; and on this occasion he received from the king the honour of knighthood, together with the mayor, John Stockton, and ten other leading citizens. He was a man of great political ability, and his position of Mayor of the Staple of Calais having given him considerable ex- perience of continental matters. King Edward, who had a just appreciation of his capacity and fidelity, entrusted him with secret and important missions to the Dukes of Burgundy and Brittany. But his active career was cut short by the hand of death in 1475. Sir John's mansion, Crosby Place, was subsequently the resi- dence of the Duke of Gloster, afterwards King Richard HL, and 88 City CJm7'ches. in this connection is familiar to all readers of Shakespeare ; and, although after many vicissitudes of fortune it has now been de- graded into a restaurant, its remains still stand to keep alive the name of the great citizen its founder. Upon an altar-tomb, the sides of which are adorned with shields emblazoned with the Crosby arms, are the life-sized re- cumbent effigies of Sir John and his lady. These figures are very skilfully executed, and have wonderfully escaped mutilation. Sir John has a fine face — the face of a man born to command. He wears a helmet and plate armour, and over his shoulder is thrown his alderman's mantle. In his belt is a dagger, and rings encircle the little finger of his right hand and the third and little fingers of his left. His feet rest upon a lion. Dame Agnes Crosby is clothed in a close-fitting cap, under which her hair is pulled back, a mantle, and a close-bodied gown with tight sleeves. Her head reclines on a cushion, supported by two angels, and at her feet are two little dogs. She was Sir John's first wife, and died in 1466. His second wife survived him. This handsome monument has been repaired by the Grocers' Company, of which Sir John Crosby was a member. In its immediate vicinity may be seen fastened to a pillar a piece of curiously carved woodwork, decorated with the city arms and the arms of Sir John Lawrence, Lord Mayor 1664, and culminating in the arms of Charles II., which are supported by two gilded angels, and surmounted by the royal crown. This interesting relic was originally attached to the pew occupied by the Lord Mayor when he attended service at St. Helen's, for the accommo- dation of the civic sword and mace, but on the removal of the pews it was transferred to its present position. In the Lady Chapel are the recumbent stone efifigies of John SL Hcleii s, BisJiopsgate, 89 Oteswich and his wife, dating from the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was concerned in the foundation of the church of St. Martin Outwich, as Stow tells us : "On the south part of which street (Threadneedle Street)? beginning at the east, by the well with two buckets, now turned to a pump, is the parish church of St. I^Iartin called Oteswich, of INIartin de Oteswich, Nicholas de Oteswich, William Oteswich, and John Oteswich, founders thereof," In that now demolished church John Oteswich and his wife were buried, says Stow, " under a fair monument on the south side." Their effigies were in 1874 transferred, with the re- mainder of the St. Martin Outwich monuments, to St. Helen's, and after having been thoroughly cleaned and put in order, were placed upon a plain table in the spot where we now see them. On a bracket attached to the wall of the same chapel rests a small statue of a woman seated and reading a book. Like so many other products of the sculptor's art, it was formerly disguised by copious applications of black paint. When these were removed, it was found to be composed of alabaster. It is apparently of Italian workmanship, and has been judged to be of a date anterior to the sixteenth century, but as to when it was first set up in the church, and how it was originally acquired, no evidence has ever been discovered. On the floors of the two chapels may be noticed seven brasses. The names are unknown of the subjects of two of these — a male and female figure dating from about 1400, and a lady of Henry VII. 's time in elaborate robes, probably a member of some religious order. The remaining five are to the respective memories of John Bricux, rector of St. Martin Outwich, 1459; 90 City Churches^ , Nicholas Wotton, rector of St. Martin Outwich, 1483 ; Thomas WiUiams, gentleman, and Margaret, his wife, 1495 ; John Leven- thorpe, Keeper of the Chamber to King Henry VII., 1510; and Robert Rochester, Sergeant of the Pantry to King Henry VIII., These brasses are all well executed, and have been much ad- mired, especially that of the unknown early sixteenth century lady, the intricacies of whose apparel are very clearly and minutely dis- played. Amongst those which are now lost, two are said to have been of considerable beauty ; they commemorated Joan (died 1420), daughter of Henry Seamer, and wife of Richard, son of Robert, Lord Poynings ; and Thomas Benolte (died 1534), Wind- sor Herald to King Henry VIII., and his two wives. On the wall of the south aisle, between the pulpit and the south porch, is a large monument with kneeling figures — one of those removed from St. Martin Outwich — to Alderman Richard Staper and his wife. His epitaph calls him " The Worshipful Richard Staper, elected Alderman of this Cittye ano 1594," and goes on to assert that " hee was the greatest merchant in his tyme, the chiefest actor in discovere of the trades of Turkey and East India." He died about 1608. To the west of the south porch is the monument of Sir John Spencer, Sheriff 1583, Lord Mayor 1594, commonly called, on account of his immense wealth, " Rich Spencer." He was a native of Waldingfield in Suffolk, and a member of the Cloth - workers' Company. He kept his mayoralty at Crosby Place, which he had purchased, and where, says Stow, he "made great reparations." At his death, in 1609, the whole of his vast fortune devolved on his only daughter Elizabeth and her husband William, second Lord Compton, created in 1618 Earl of Northampton. SL Helens, Bishopsgate. 91 Sir John Spencer's monument, which is composed of the purest alabaster, originally stood in the south transept, but during the repairs of 1865-6S it was removed to its present position by the late Marquis of Northampton, who likewise relieved the memo- rial of his ancestor from the oppression of several utterly super- fluous coatings of white paint. Upon the tomb are recumbent life-sized effigies of Sir John and Lady Spencer, with their daughter at their feet, kneeling as if in prayer, beneath a gorgeous arched canopy bedecked with pyramidal ornaments. The in- scription is engraved on two panels immediately above ihe figures. The left-hand panel contains the epitaph proper : •'Hie situs est Johannes Spencer Equis Auratus Civis & Senator Londinensis, Ejusdemq. Civitatis Praetor Anno Dm. MDXCIIII Qui ex Alicia Bromfeldia U.xore Unicam Reliquit Filiam Elizabeth Gulielmo Baroni Compton Enuptam. Obiit 3° Martii Die Anno Salutis MDCIX." That on the right merely records : " Socero Bene Merito Gulielmus Baro Compton Gener Posuit." On the south wall, close to the west door, is a tablet to the memory of Dame Abigail Lawrence, who died June 6th, 1682. She was the wife of Sir John Lawrence, who was Lord Mayor in the year of the Plague, and was conspicuous during the whole of that terrible visitation for his courage, his devotion to duty, and his benevolence. 92 City C J lurches. It having been discovered from the parish books of St. Helen's that in 1598 a William Shakespeare, who may have been the great dramatist, though this is not absolutely certain, was a resi- dent in the parish, Mr. Prentice, an American gentleman, has pre- sented a Shakespeare memorial window, which is situated on the north side, a little to the east of the site of Bancroft's tomb. At the west end of the north aisle is a window erected by public sub- scription, containing full-length figures of ten of the most pro- minent personages buried at St. Helen's, beginning with Sir John Crosby. Amongst other windows particularly noticeable — besides the one to Sir Thomas Gresham, already mentioned — are the re- presentation of the Crucifixion over the west door, in memory of Alderman William Taylor Copeland, Sheriff 1828, Lord Mayor [835, for nearly forty years Alderman of the Ward of Bishopsgate ; a window in the south wall of the nave, with figures of St. Alban, St. Michael, and St. Edmund, presented by Alderman Colonel Wilson ; and one in the same wall, further west, picturing the " In- vention of the Cross by St. Helena," erected in memory of his parents John and Susan Williams by the late Mr. William Meade Williams, a painstaking antiquary, who devoted much time and thought to the elucidation of the early history of the church and parish ; the east end chancel window, depicting the Ascension, and various incidents in the life of our Lord, the gift of Messrs. Kirkman Daniel and James Stewart Hodgson, in memory of their father, the late Mr. John Hodgson, who was buried in the church; a window in the north aisle over the tomb of Pemberton, of which the subject is Faith, Hope, and Charity, bestowed by Mr. John Macdougall in memory of his father, the late Mr. Alexander Macdougall, who was formerly lay improprietor of the tithes of St. Helen's, and acted towards the church with extreme liberality ; S^. Helens, Bishopsgate. 93 and another in the same wall, more to the east, " Christ healing the lame man," and " Christ receiving little children," inserted in memory of three of his children by the late Rev. J. E. Cox, D.D., for more than twenty years vicar of the parish previous to its incorpo- ration with that of St. Martin Outwich — to whose learning and industry we owe " The Annals of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, London," a most interesting and valuable work. There has recently been placed in the church a mural tablet to Dr. Cox, which was unveiled on December loth, 1894, in. presence of the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs, at a Masonic service, the reverend gentleman having been for nine years in succession Grand Chaplain of England. fKdtherineCree- In the eastern part of Leadenhall Street, on the north side of the way, stands St. Katherine Creechurch, i.e., Christchurch, so called from having been built in the precincts of the Priory of Holy Trinity Christ's Church, Aldgate, founded about the year 1108 by Matilda, (^ueen of Henry I. The parishioners had been accustomed to worship at an altar in the church of the priory, but this practice having been found inconvenient, the church of St. Katherine was erected, as the outcome of an agreement between the prior and convent and the parishioners, effected by Richard de Gravesend, Bishop of London from 1280 to 1303. The body of the church was rebuilt between the years 1 628-1 630, the first brick of the new structure being laid on the 23rd June of the former year by the Trained Band Captain Martin Bond, then Alderman's Deputy of Aldgate Ward, who also laid the first stone on the 28th July following. The steeple, however, which, as we learn from Stow, was not built till the beginning of the sixteenth century, was preserved, and is still standing. The church, having been completed, was consecrated by Laud, at that time Bishop of London, on January i6th, 1631, with a pro- fusion of elaborate and unwonted ceremonies, which drew upon By perviissioti of the London Stereoscoj>ic Co., Chea/>sidc. ST. KATIIKRINE CKKE. kSV. Katherine Cree. 95 him the sarcasms of Prynne, and tended to increase the suspicion and disUke with which he was already regarded. In fact, so deep an impression did he create by his genuflections and other obser- vances commonly reputed Popish, that his conduct on this occasion was cited against him at his trial nearly fourteen years later. It is said — though there is no conclusive evidence on the point — that St. Katherine Cree was designed by Inigo Jones. It is an extremely unconventional building, being a mixture of the Gothic and Classical styles — a bold experiment, which has in this case met with considerable success, as the church is decidedly pic- turesque, and its very irregularity possesses a certain attraction of its own. St. Katherine Cree contains two narrow aisles, divided from the nave by Corinthian columns and round arches, which support the clerestory. The ceilings both of the nave and aisles are groined, and on the roof of the nave are displayed the arms of the city and some of the city companies. The total length of the church is 94 feet, its breadth 51 feet, and the height to the ceiling of the nave 37 feet. It is larger than the original church by the inclusion of the space formerly occupied by a cloister, said to have been over seven feet broad, which was situated beyond the north wall of the old structure. At the south-west remains a solitary pillar of the former church, which was left in its original position when the fabric was rebuilt. Its height is said to have been 18 feet, but less than three feet of it now appear above ground, the remainder being beneath the floor, the level of which is thus clearly shown to be considerably higher than that of the ancient floor. The lowness of the floor of the whole church was, indeed, evident in the time of Stow, and did not escape the observation of that sharp-eyed old chronicler, who comments on it thus : g6 Cily Churches. " This church seemeth to be very old ; since the building whereof the high street hath been so often raised by pavements that now men are fain to descend into the said church by divers steps, seven in number." The east window of the chancel is very large. Its upper portion is constructed in the shape of St, Katherine's traditional emblem, the Katherine wheel, and is filled with brightly-stained glass, which is stated by an inscription to have been the gift of Sir Samuel Stainer, Lord Mayor 1713 ; the glass of the lower part of the window is of recent date. The clerestory and side aisles are lighted by flat-headed windows. The stained glass of the eastern- most window in the north wall was presented by Mrs. Pound, the mother of Mr. Alderman Pound, in memory of her deceased hus- band; and the same lady also provided funds for the enlargement of the organ, which stands in the west gallery. The well-carved pulpit and communion table are of cedar wood, and were both bestowed, as Strype mentions, by John Dyke, a merchant and parishioner. The pews have been reduced in size, but the churchwardens still have high-backed seats at the west; over the corporation seats, facing the chancel, are erected two sword- rests. The font is old, and is placed at the west end of the north aisle. Through a door in the north wall entrance is gained to the vestry, a considerable portion of which is occupied by a large and handsome table ornamented with carving, and having a brightly- polished top. Beyond the vestry, and openingoutof it, is a spacious room, known as St. Katherine's Hall, and used for parochial purposes. The steeple, which is built of stone, rises at the west end of the church ; it was heightened early in the eighteenth century by the SL Katherme Cree. 97 superposition upon the old tower of a Tuscan colonnade, support- ing a cupola, which is surmounted by a weather-vane. It reaches an altitude of 75 feet. On the south wall, which abuts on Leadenhall Street, may be discerned between two of the windows a curious old sundial. At the east end of the same wall was formerly a porch, " a very fair gate," Strype calls it, given by William Avenon, citizen and gold- smith, in 1 63 1. This interesting relic of the past stood till quite recently, but it has now been demolished. St. Katherine Cree is not rich in historical monuments, but it contains — preserved from the old church — the tomb of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, Chief Butler of England and one of the Chamberlains of the Exchequer, from whom Throgmorton Street takes its name. He was married to a daughter of that Sir Nicholas Carew who was beheaded for complicity in one of the Catholic plots against Henry VIH., and he was himself in imminent danger of experiencing a like fate owing to his connection with Lady Jane Grey ; but, although brought to trial on a charge of high treason, he succeeded in saving himself by his skilful defence. After serving Queen Elizabeth as her ambassador twice in France and twice in Scotland, this distinguished knight died on February 1 2th, 1570, at the age of fifty-seven. His tomb, surmounted by a canopy beneath which is a recumbent effigy, is placed on the south of the chancel. There is a tradition referred to by Strype that St. Katherine Cree received the remains of one who is now better remembered than Throckmorton : " I have been told that Hans Holbein, the great and inimitable painter in King Henry VHI.'s time, was buried in this church ; and that the Earl of Arundel, the great patron of learning and u 98 City Churches. arts, would have set up a monument to his memory here, had he but known whereabouts the corpse lay." Strype, however, does not record this as a fact, but merely as something which he had heard, and Stow, from whom one would have expected some information on the subject, says nothing about it at all. There seems no reason to place much reliance on the story ; at the same time there is nothing improbable in it, for Holbein died in the vicinity, and is as likely to have been buried here as anywhere else. Inserted in the floor in front of the communion table is a brass plate, which marks the site of the burial-place of Sir John Gayer, and was, as the inscription states, placed there in honour of his memory by Mr. Edmund Richard Gayer, of Lincoln's Inn, Bar- rister-at-law, and others of his descendants, in 1888. Sir John was Sheriff in 1635 and Lord Mayor in 1646. He adhered staunchly to King Charles I., and in consequence suffered im- prisonment at the hands of the Parliament. He was concerned in the trade with Turkey and the Levant, and once, when travelling in the Turkish dominions, he encountered in a desert a lion, which did not molest him. In order to show his thankfulness for this providential escape, he bequeathed at his death the sum of ;^2oo to the parish, partly for charitable objects and partly for the establishment of an annual sermon, called the " Lion Sermon," which is still preached every year on October 16th. There is a rather elegant monument on the south wall to Bartholomew Elmore, who died in 1636, and appears to have been one of the contributors towards the rebuilding of the church ; and a bas-relief at the west end to Samuel Thorpe, who died in 1791, demands notice as being by the hand of the elder Bacon ; but the remainder of the memorial tablets are not particularly interesting, Sf. Katherine Crce. 99 although they have been supplemented by several from St. James's, Duke's Place, Aldgate, brought hither when that church was pulled down in 1874, and the benefice united with that of St. Katherine Cree. At the dissolution of monasteries the patronage of St. Katherine Cree, together with the Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, was bestowed by King Henry VHI. on Sir Thomas Audley, whom he subsequently appointed Lord Chancellor and raised to the peerage under the title of Baron Audley of Walden. Stow tells us that Lord Audley "offered the great church of this priory to the parishioners of St. Katherine Christ Church, in exchange for their small parish church, minding to have pulled it down and to have built there towards the street;" but they refused the offer. He thereupon pulled down the priory, and built himself a house on the site, where he died in 1544. He bequeathed the advowson of St, Katherine Cree to the Master and Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge. The City Corporation, as patrons of St. James's, Duke's Place, now present to the rectory alternately with Magdalene College. St. Olave's, Hart Street, is situated at the corner of Hart Street and Seething Lane. It is dedicated to Olaf, an eleventh century Norwegian king, who received the honour of canonization on account of the zeal with which he propa- gated Christianity amongst his subjects. He was the son of that King Olaf, also a Chris- tian, whose history has been sung by Longfellow. In addition to St. Olave's, Hart Street, the churches of St. Olave, Southwark, St. Olave, Jewry, and St. Olave, Silver Street, the last two of which are no longer in existence, were also dedicated to this- Scandinavian saint. The period of the original foundation of St. Olave's, Hart Street, is unknown ; and no allusion to it has been found previous to the year 13 19, when an agreement was made between the rector and his neighbours, the brethren of the Crutched Friars. Neither can the precise date be fixed of the erection of the present edifice, although in all probability the greater part of it was constructed during the fifteenth century. Stow tells us that the "principal builders and benefactors" were "Richard and Robert Cely, fellmongers," whose monuments — now totally vanished — he mentions as standing in his time in the churchy without, however, assigning a date to them. L. u ■s^ t^ "s. ^ 6V. Olave, Hart Street. loi St. Olave's is not large, but is a handsome church in the Perpendicular style. It possesses a north and a south aisle, sepa- rated from the central portion by clustered columns of Purbeck marble and pointed arches, over which is a clerestory with small windows. Each aisle is terminated by a window at the east, and there is above the altar a large central east window, which con- tains stained glass representations of the Evangelists and Apostles inserted in 1823. This window, the east window of the north aisle, and the west window have heads more sharply pointed, and are apparently of an older date, than the windows in the north and south walls, and the east window of the south aisle. The church was extensively repaired by the parishioners early in the reign of Charles I. During the present century many alterations have been made, including the removal of the north and south galleries ; but the organ-gallery at the west has been spared, and the handsome organ-case, in this prominent position, is a decided ornament to the church. At the restoration of 1863, the brickwork, which had blocked up the base of the tower at the west end of the south aisle, was removed, and the opening thus gained was utiHzed by the formation of a baptistery, whither the finely-carved font was transferred from its former position at the east end of the north aisle. At the same time the oak roof was re-varnished, and the bosses, with which it is plentifully studded, were re-gilt, and there was erected a new reredos of Caen stone with five panels of alabaster, designed by the late Sir Gilbert Scott. During the years 1870-1 871, another reparation was carried out. The pews were then taken away and the chancel transformed. Some interesting relics were also introduced in the shape of carvings from the church of All Hallows Staining, the body of which had been pulled down in 1870, on the union of its 102 City CJm7'ches. parish with that of St. Olave ; and the handsome oak pulpit, ascribed to Gibbons, which had belonged to the church of St. Benet Gracechurch, demolished in 1868. The vestry is a charming little room, and is quite unique, with its ceiling beautifully moulded with angel figures, and its splendid mahogany mantelpiece, on which are depicted Faith, Hope, and Charity. In St. Olave's are to be seen many interesting monuments, the most ancient of which is a brass to the memory of Sir Richard Haddon, mercer, twice Lord Mayor — in the years 1506 and 15 12. It displays the figures of Sir Richard, his two wives, two sons, and three daughters, and although it has suffered considerably from the hand of time, it has fortunately been preserved, and is now affixed to the south wall just to the east of the vestry door. The altar-tomb of Sir John Radcliffe has perished, but the upper portion of his originally recumbent effigy, clothed in armour, still remains, and has been erected on the east wall of the north aisle, together with the tablet containing his inscription. Dame Anne, his wife, was represented as kneeling beside him on the tomb. Her efifigy, which is in a much more perfect condi- tion, now kneels at the south of the altar. Sir John's inscription is in Latin, and states that he was the son of Robert, Earl of Sussex, and died in 1568; Dame Anne, as the English epitaph below her effigy sets forth, survived till 1585. Another Elizabe- than worthy is commemorated by a brass plate at the east end of the north aisle, namely, Thomas Morley, clerk of the queen's household at Deptford, who died in 1566. On the east wall of the south aisle is a tablet, with Latin inscription, to William Turner, who appears to have divided his time between divinity and medicine, as he was at the same SL 0/az'e, Hart Stixet. 103 period Dean of Wells and physician to the Protector Somerset. Being a staunch Protestant, he found it expedient to quit the country during the reign of Mary, and travelled on the continent in pursuit of knowledge. At the accession of Elizabeth he returned to England, and was restored to his deanery. In the quiet years which he now enjoyed, he was enabled to prepare for the press the results of his botanical studies, and finally in 1568 he published a " Herbal," the earliest work of that nature in English, which he dedicated to the queen in an epistle dated from his house in Crutched Friars. He died in July of the same year. Immediately below is a small plate inscribed : " In God is my whole trust. — ^J. O. 1504. John Orgene and Ellyne, his Wife. As I was, so be ye, As I am, you shall be. What I gave, that I have, What I spent, that I had ; Thus I count all my cost, What I left, that I lost." Peter Turner, a physician who died in 1614, and son of Dr. William, has a monument with half-length effigy near that of his father. North of the chancel is a kneeling figure, clothed in armour, representing Peter Chapone, or Caponius, a Florentine gentleman, who died an exile in England in 1582; and two other foreigners, German students who, having come to England in search of knowledge, died here, one in 16 18, and the other in 1628, are commemorated by tablets with long Latin inscriptions. Immediately over the brass of Sir Richard Hadilon is an I04 City CJmrches. elaborate monument, with kneeling figures, to Sir James Deane, who died in 1608, and is described as a very charitable person. His inscription gives the names of his three wives, the second of whom was Elizabeth, daughter of Alderman Hugh Ofitiey. Conspicuously placed to the north of the altar are two well- executed kneeling figures, painted red, and draped in the alder- manic gown ; these represent two brothers, Paul and Andrew Bayning, both aldermen, of whom the elder, Paul, served the office of sheriff in 1593. Andrew Bayning died on December 2 1 St, 1 6 10, at the age of sixty-seven ; his brother survived him nearly six years, finally passing away, aged seventy-seven, on September 3rd, 161 6. Some quaint lines in honour of both brothers are inscribed on the monument of Paul Bayning : "If all great Cities prosperously confess That he, by whom their Traffick doth increase, Deserves well of them, then th'Adventure's worth Of these two, who were Brothers both by Birth And Office, prove that they have thankful bin For th'Honours which this City plac'd them in ; And dying old, they by a blest consent This Legacy bequeathed, their Monument. The happy summ and end of their Affairs Provided well both for their Souls and Heirs." Paul Bayning's son, Sir Paul Bayning, was created in 1627 Viscount Bayning of Sudbury. He died in 1629, and was buried in his father's tomb, above which was erected his coat-of-arms. He left one son, also named Paul, on whose death without male issue in 1638 the viscounty of Bayning of Sudbury became extinct. The advowson of St. Olave's is said to have anciently belonged SL Olavc, Hart Street. 105 to the Nevils, and afterwards to Richard and Robert Cely. At a later period it was possessed by the Windsor family, from whom it passed into the hands of Sir Andrew Riccard, who at his death bequeathed it to the parish, appointing five of the senior inhabi- tants as trustees. Sir Andrew Riccard, one of the most distinguished merchants of his age, served as sheriff in 165 1, and received the honour of knighthood from Charles II. in 1662. He was chairman of the East India Company, and for eighteen years perpetual chairman of the Turkey Company, who at their own expense, as is stated in the inscription, erected in St. Olave's a monument to their " Dictator." This monument, very happily described by Strype as " a stately statue of white marble," stands against the north vail. At the base are engraved two epitaphs, one Latin, the other English, both of which have much the same purport, though the English one is somewhat fuller. Sir Andrew died on Sep- tember 6th, 1672, at the age of sixty-eight, and was interred in front of the chancel. But the most interesting person connected with this church is Samuel Pepys, the Diarist, to whose picturesque and vivacious record we are indebted for so much invaluable information as to both public and private life in the years succeeding the Restora- tion. Residing in a house in Seething Lane adjoining the Navy Office, in which he held the position of Clerk of the Acts, Pepys was a parishioner of St. Olave's, and regularly attended service here, as he notes in his Diary, now and again criticising in his kindly humorous way the preaching of the then rector. Dr. Daniel Mills. In 1673 he was promoted to be Secretary to the Admiralty, and in the same year he was elected M.P. for Castle Rising. In 1684, and again in 1685, he occupied the distinguished position io5 City Churches. of President of the Royal Society, of which he had been a Fellow since 1665. In James II. 's only parliament he sat for Harwich, but lost his seat at the election for the Convention Parliament of 1688-89. The Revolution also brought about his retirement from official life. His long- standing and close connection with James II., for whom he entertained a warm personal affection, rendered him naturally unwilling to serve under the new dynasty, and he quitted the Admiralty, where he had worked so ably and conscientiously for over a quarter of a century, to spend the evening of his days in well-earned repose. In 1700 he was living in Buckingham Street, Strand, but for the benefit of his health he removed to Clapham, where he died on May 26th, 1703, at the age of seventy-one. His Diary he bequeathed to Magdalene College, Cambridge, at which he had received his education. It covers the period from January, 1660, to May, 1669, when he was obliged to relinquish his task owing to the increasing weak- ness of his eyes, Pepys's brother Tom died in 1664, and was buried at St. Olave's in the middle aisle, "just under my mother's pew," as he informs us. In 1669 he lost his wife. She was the daughter of Alexander Marchant, Sieur de St. Michel, a Huguenot belonging to a noble family of Anjou, who, having come over to England in the train of Henrietta Maria, married and settled down in his adopted country. To the memory of his wife Pepys erected a monument of white marble on the north side of the chancel above the tomb of the Baynings. She is said to have been very beautiful, and beautiful indeed is she represented by her exquisitely sculptured bust, than which it would be hard to find a memorial mcrj charming. Her epitaph is as follows : ■5/. Olave, Hart Street. 107 *'H. s. E. Cimas dedit Someisitia, Octob: 23, 1640 Patrem e praeclaia familia Matiem e nobili Stiipe de S*- Michel Cliffodorum Andegravia Cumbria Elizabetha Pepys, Samuelis Pepys (Classi Regiae ab Actis) Uxor, Quae in Caenobio primum, Aula dein educata Gallica, Utriusque una claruit vivtutibus, Forma, Artibus, Linguis, cultissima. Prolem enixa, quia parem non potuit, nullam, Huic demum placide cum valedixerat (Confecto per amoeniora fere Europae itinere) Potiorem abiit redux lustratura mundum. Obiit 10 Novembris, (Aetatis 29. Conjugii 15. Domini 1669." The remains of Pepys himself were interred in a vault of his. own making, side by side with those of his wife and brother, the funeral service being conducted by the celebrated Nonjuring Divine, Dr. George Hickes. No monument was erected to him ; but at length, in our own time, this omission has been supplied. Under the auspices of a committee, formed for this express pur- pose in 1882, and including amongst its members representatives of the various institutions with which Pepys had been associated, a memorial to the Diarist, designed by Sir A. Blomfield, the cost of which was defrayed by public subscription, was on March 18th, 1884, unveiled by the late James Russell Lowell, then American Minister in this country, in the unavoidable absence,, through official duties, of Lord Northbrook, who, as First Lord of the Admiralty, had been justly selected as the most appropriate person to perform the opening ceremony. io8 City Churches. This monument is placed on the south wall at the spot formerly- occupied by a small gallery reserved for the Navy Office, in which Pepys sat. A medallion of the Diarist — with whose personal appearance we are familiar from several still existing portraits — occupies a sort of shrine, which is beautifully moulded and richly ornamented. Beneath is inscribed : ' ' Samuel Pepys bom Feb^'y 23 1632 died May 26 1703." On a lower compartment are his family arms, and at the base of the whole are these words : " Erected by Public Subscription — 1883." At the south of the chancel is a tablet of black and white marble to Pepys's colleague — whom he often mentions in his Diary — Admiral Sir John Mennis, Comptroller of the Navy and Governor of Dover Castle. Sir John was also something of a poet, and the part-author of " Musarum Delicias." He died in 1670, To one of the pillars of the south aisle, at a considerable ■elevation from the ground, is affixed a very elegant half-length figure of Elizabeth Gore, who died in 1698 at the age of eighteen. Her father. Alderman Sir William Gore, was Sheriff in 1698, and Lord Mayor in 1701. Dr. Daniel Mills, who was for thirty-two years rector of the parish, and is frequently alluded to by Pepys, was buried at St. Olave's in 1689. The Plague committed great ravages amongst the parishioners. The names of those who succumbed to this terrible malady are distinguished in the parish registers by the addition of the letter '" P." Large numbers of them were buried in the churchyard, S^. 0/ave, Hart Street. 109 which is of considerable size, stretching some distance alongside Seething Lane, from which there is an entrance by means of a gateway quaintly decorated with skulls. Through this gateway, as one ascends Seething Lane, a good view is obtained of the brick tower, rising at the south-west end of the church, and con- spicuous with its projecting clock and surmounting weather-vane. Within the tower are hung six bells. In the parish register is entered the baptism in 1591 of Robert Devereux, third Earl of Essex, the commander of the Parlia- mentary forces at the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the son of the second earl, Elizabeth's ill-starred favourite, and it was not in the church, but in the mansion in Seething Lane, which Essex had inherited from his father-in-law, Walsingham, that the cere- mony was performed. Lancelot Andrewes — not yet a bishop— officiated on the occasion. Sixteen monuments were removed to St. Olave's from All Hallows Staining when that church was demolished. One of these is placed in the baptistery, and the remaining fifteen at the west end of the north aisle ; but no special interest attaches to any of them. The authorities of All Hallows do not seem to have always justly appreciated their duty towards ancient memorials of the dead, for Stow, after enumerating the celebrated persons in- terred in the church, informs us that the monument of " Sir Richard Tate, knight, ambassador to King Henry VHL, buried there 1554," " remaineth yet ; the rest being all pulled down, and swept out of the church, the church wardens were forced to make a large account, \2s. that year for brooms, besides the carriage away of stone and brass, of their own charge." The body of the church of All Hallows Staining dated from 1674-5, having been then erected in place of the former structure,. 1 1 o City Churches. which, though spared by the Fire, collapsed in 1671. But the tower, which belonged to the original building, has outlasted its more modern appendages, and now stands isolated in the midst of the remnant of the churchyard which has been preserved as a recreation ground. The situation of this garden, approached from Mark Lane by means of Star Alley, and from Fenchurch Street by a passage at the west side of the London Tavern, is quiet and secluded, though so near to the noise and bustle of densely-thronged thoroughfares, and the old tower with its time- worn battlements and venerable aspect forms a striking centre- piece. WREN'S CHURCHES. S[Aldan-W(]od5treet St. Alban's, Wood Street, the only church in the City proper dedicated to the Proto-martyr of Britain, is situated in the Ward of Cripplegate, and stands on the east side of Wood Street, a Httle to the south of Addle Street. Its history commences in very early times. King Offa, it is said, had a palace in Wood Street, and this church was originally his chapel ; at all events, it seems certain that he granted the parish to the Abbey of St. Alban's, which he founded in 793. Paul, the fourteenth Abbot of St. Alban's, exchanged it in 1077 for another advowson with the Abbot of Westminster, and the patronage was exercised till the latter half of the fifteenth cen- tury by the Master, Brethren, and Sisters of St. James's Hospital for Lepers in the parish of Westminster, which was "founded," says Stow, " by the citizens of London before any man's memory," and was finally surrendered to Henry VHL, who made his palace of St. James's there. The last presentation to the rectory of St. Alban's by the Hospital was in 1465, after which the advowson passed into the hands of the Provost and Fellows of Eton College, who first presented in 1477, and have ever since continued patrons. Sir John Cheke, the eminent Greek scholar and tutor of I 114 City Churches. Edward VI., who died in 1557, was buried at St. Alban's, Wood Street, where a monument was placed to his memory. The old church, which had become dangerously dilapidated, was pulled down " betwixt Easter and Midsummer," 1632, and re- built two years later. Inigo Jones is said to have been the archi- tect of the new church, but his work did not stand long, as the edifice was utterly consumed in the Great Fire. The church of St. Olave, Silver Street, which had also been destroyed in the Fire, was not rebuilt, and its rectory, which has from early times been in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, was united with that of St. Alban. It was situated on the south side of Silver Street, at the north-eastern end of Noble Street, and a portion of its churchyard still remains, and is laid out as a recreation ground. The present church of St. Alban, Wood Street, was built by Wren, who completed it in 1685. It is in the Tudor style of Gothic, having been constructed after the model of the church destroyed by the Fire. It measures 66 feet in length, 59 feet in breadth, and 33 feet in height, and contains two side-aisles, which are divided from the central portion by clustered columns and flat pointed arches. The north aisle is prolonged further to the west than the south aisle. The ceiling of the nave is groined. The church terminates at the east in an apse, whence it is lighted by three stained glass windows. There is a large window at the west over the entrance, which is quite plain, as are also the win- dows in the north and south walls, and the northern and southern windows of the east wall. St Alban's has been inordinately altered and modernized. The walls have been stripped of the wainscot of " Norway oak," with which they were panelled to a height of seven and a half feet, S^. Alb an, Wood Street. 115 although the bases of the columns still remain encased in wood : and the well-carved pulpit, which stands on the south side, is no longer overshadowed by its old sounding-board, described as *' a hexagon having round it a fine cornice adorned with cherubim and other embellishments." The old altar-piece surmounted by the royal arms is also gone, and the west gallery has been taken down, and the organ re-erected on the north of the chancel. But the most striking alteration is the formation of the apse above re- ferred to, and the consequent substitution of three smaller windows for the original large east window. In fact, no pains seem to have been spared to render a once interesting and dignified interior as commonplace as possible. Attached to the north wall are two large monuments of white marble, in memory of Benjamin Harvey, " Major to the Yellow Regiment of Trained Bands," the donor of the font, who died in 1684, and Richard Wynne, a merchant of London and benefactor to the poor of the parish, who died in 1688. The tower, which rises at the north-west, attains a height of eighty-five feet, and terminates in an open parapet. It is sur- mounted by eight pinnacles, each seven feet high, thus giving a total altitude of ninety-two feet. The original pinnacles, having be- come decayed, were replaced by new ones about fifteen years ago. The appearance presented by this tower is graceful and pleasing, and Wren has here evinced more care as to correctness of detail than was usual with him when he essayed to build in the Gothic style. To the north of the church is a small churchyard, which sepa- rates the sacred building from Little Love Lane. Between the churchyard rails on the west side, facing Wood Street, stands a granite fountain witli this simple inscription : "The gilt of A. M. Silber, 1875." ALL HALLOWS, LOMBARD STREET. The church of All Hallows, Lombard Street, stands slightly to the north of that thoroughfare, not far from its junction with Gracechurch Street, and just east of Ball Alley. Stow calls it All Hallows " Grasse Church ; " " for that the grass market " (still commemorated in the name of Gracechurch Street) " went down that way, when that street was far broader than now it is, being straitened by incroachments." All Hallows suffered very serious injury by the Great Fire. The parishioners appear to have hoped to be able to patch it up again, for they had the walls coped with straw and lime to arrest further decay, and as late as 1679 hung a bell in the steeple. But the old edifice was damaged beyond the possibility of reparation^ and they were compelled to have a new church built, which was completed by Wren in 1694 at a cost of ^8,058. The parish of All Hallows, Lombard Street, was one of the thirteen " Peculiars " of the Archbishop of Canterbury in the City of London. The advowson of the rectory was given in 1053 or 1054 by one Brihtmerus, a citizen of London, to the church of Canterbury, and the patronage remained in the prior and chapter till the dissolution of monasteries, when it was trans- ferred to the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury, who have ever since continued patrons. Alexander Barclay was instituted as rector in April, 1552, but All Hallows, Lombard Street. 117 died within two months afterwards. He had been a priest of Ottery St. Mary in Devonshire, and held at his death, in addition to the rectory of All Hallows, the vicarage of Much Badow in Essex. In his earlier life he was much given to poetry, his most celebrated composition being " The Shyp of Folys (Fools) of the Worlde," which is, however, based upon, and to a certain extent translated from the " Narrenschiff " of Sebastian Brandt, published at Bale in 1494. He was also the author of "The Castell of Labour," and " The Egloges," and achieved a translation of Sallust's "Jugurtha." The church of All Hallows is connected with Lombard Street by a passage which is entered through an archway between Nos. 48 and 49. Affixed to the wall on the west side of the passage is a handsomely carved gateway, with this inscription : " This ancient gateway was erected at the entrance in Lombard Street to All Hallows Church soon after the Great Fire of London, and was removed to this place when the Buildings adjoining in Lombard Street were rebuilt in 1S65." The tower, which is of stone and very simple, rises at the south-west. It is divided into three storeys, of which the lower- most displays at its south face a spacious doorway formed by Corinthian columns with entablature and pediment, while the second is pierced by a circular-headed window, and the third by square openings with louvres, each surmounted by a cornice. A cornice and parapet complete the tower, the height of which is about eighty-five feet. Through the doorway in the tower entrance is gained to the church by means of a porch and vestibule. The interior is con- 1 1 8 City Churches, structed on a simple rectangular plan, without aisles, having only one pillar, which rises at the centre of the west gallery between the church and the vestibule. Its length is 84 feet, and its breadth 52 feet, while the height from the pavement to the ceiling is 30 feet. The ceiling is coved at the sides, and is pierced at the centre by a skylight of oblong shape crossed by two bands, which was inserted during the repairs of 1880, as is recorded by an inscription over the churchwardens' seats at the west. There are five windows in the north wall, and four in the south wall, besides one at the west, but there is no east window, although two small windows may be observed in the north and south wall of the recess in which the altar-piece is placed. The deficiency of light at this extremity caused it to be considered advisable to illumine the church from the ceiling. All the windows are filled with stained glass, with the exception of the most western window of the north wall, which has merely a coloured border. The woodwork of All Hallows is abundant in quantity, and excellent in quality. The walls are panelled with oak to the height of nine feet. The carved oak altar-piece is extremely hand- some. It contains four fluted Corinthian columns with entablature and pediment, displays the figure of a pelican, and is surmounted by seven candlesticks, in allusion to the seven golden candlesticks, signifying the seven churches of Asia, which St. John saw in the Revelation. The total cost of this altar-piece is said to have amounted to ;^i86, and a tablet in the vestry-room records the names of the subscribers by whose liberality it was acquired. The pulpit and sounding-board, which are placed on the north side of the church, are well carved, and there are two fine oak door-cases, one at the north-west, and the other at the south- All Hallows, Lombard Street. 1 1 9 west. At the upper part of each of these door-cases is a very ingeniously carved representation of a curtain, extending partly across, so as to appear to conceal some of the ornamental open- work. Above the northern door-case stands a wooden figure of Death, about four feet high, and the southern door-case supports a similar figure of Time. The Corporation pew, which is situated at the south-east, and is dominated by two sword-rests, displays some good carving, as do likewise the high-backed seats of the churchwardens, the ends of which are also ornamented with the Lion and Unicorn. The organ, which is enclosed in a richly gilded case, is now located at the south-east. The marble font, which stands at the west, is beautifully sculptured with cherubim and floral wreaths, and possesses a finely carved cover. Attached to the wall in the vestibule is a frame containing shelves for loaves for distribution to the poor. Over the entrance at the south-west are placed the royal arms. The church of St. Benet Gracechurch, which stood at the corner of Gracechurch Street and Fenchurch Street, was pulled down in 1867, and its parish united with that of All Hallows, Lombard Street. The rectory had from time immemorial been in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. St. Benet Gracechurch was the work of Wren, having been rebuilt by him in 1685, after the destruction of the former church by the Great Fire. It measured 60 feet long by 30 feet wide, and the steeple, which rose at the north-west and consisted of a tower, cupola, and obelisk-shaped spire, attained the height of 149 feet. This church contained much good carving ; the pulpit, p.s has been already mentioned, was removed on its demolition to St. Olave's, Hart Sireet. 1 20 • City Cfnirches, The church of St. Leonard Eastcheap, which was situated on Fish Street Hill, was not rebuilt after the Great Fire, its parish being united with that of St. Benet Gracechurch. Stow speaks of it as " St. Leonard Milke Church, so termed of one William Melker, an especial builder thereof, but commonly called St. Leonard's in Eastcheape, because it standeth at East Cheape corner." St. Leonard's Eastcheap was one of the Archbishop of Can- terbury's thirteen " Peculiars," and in the patronage first of the Prior and Chapter, and afterwards of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury. Another " Peculiar " was St. Dionis Backchurch, dedicated to Dionysius the Areopagite, who was one of St. Paul's first converts at Athens, and who, under the name of St. Denis, became the patron saint of France. This church, which was situated at the south-west corner of Lime Street, was called " Backchurch " from Its position behind Fenchurch Street, in distinction to St. Gabriel Fenchurch, which, standing in the middle of the street, was some- times designated *'Forechurch." St. Dionis having been consumed by the Fire, the body of the church was rebuilt by Wren in 1674, and in 1684 he added the tower. The church was divided into a nave and two aisles by Ionic columns, and measured 72 feet in length by 63 feet 9 inches in breadth, while the height of the tower exceeded 100 feet. The east front was ornamented by an Ionic fagade. The pulpit was carved by Grinling Gibbons. St. Dionis was pulled down in 1878, and its parish united with that of All Hallows, Lombard Street, the church of which thus now serves for four parishes. The ten bells of St. Dionis, which were procured in 1727 at a cost of ;z^479 ^^-^-j ^^'^^^ rehung in the tower of All Hallows. All Hallows, Lombard Street. 1 2 1 Among the monuments removed from St. Dionis to All Hallows is an elaborate memorial with a laudatory Latin inscription to Dr. Edward Tyson, who died in 1708. He was a physician of some note and a Fellow of the Royal Society. Garth ridiculed him in " The Dispensary " under the name of Carus. Dr. Charles Burney, the author of the " History of Music " and the father of Madame D'Arblay, was appointed organist of St. Dionis Backchurch in 1749, being then twenty-three years old, .While here he began to make rapid progress in his profession, but failing health obliged him to quit the metropolis in 1751, and he spent the next nine years at Lynn Regis in Norfolk. There existed under St. Dionis Backchurch a crypt belonging to the fifteenth century building. This was discovered by Mr. Street, when inspecting the vaults, and is fully described by him in a very interesting letter to " The Builder " of July 24th, 1858. It was, he says, a parallelogram, measuring internally 9 feet 6 inches from north to south, and 13 feet from east to west, and was covered in with a quadripartite vault crossed by diagonal ribs. The height from the floor to the springing of the vault was four feet, and the vault itself rose a similar height. He could find no mark of a window, though there was an opening on the south side which had been walled up. But this he was inclined to believe to have been the original door, as the entrance by which he obtained in- gress to the crypt was evidently modern. He also perceived traces of the ancient staircase leading down from the church into the crypt. bt-The • :0£B The church of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe stands on the east side of St. Andrew's Hill, and its south front overlooks Queen Victoria Street. It is situated in the Ward of Castle Baynard, and derived its distin- guishing title from its proximity to the King's Great Wardrobe, a mansion built by Sir John Beauchamp, Constable of Dover and Warden of the Cinque Ports, and after his death in 1359 purchased from his executors by King Edward III., and used as an office for the keepers of the king's apparel. St. xA.ndrew's Hill was formerly Puddle Dock Hill, and has taken its present name from the church. It runs down into Queen Victoria Street to the west of St. Andrew's, immediately opposite Puddle Dock. The advowson of the rectory of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe was anciently in the possession of the Fitzwalters, who were here- ditary Constables of Baynard's Castle and Standard-bearers of the City of London. It was afterwards divided between the three daughters of Thomas, Lord Berkeley, whose descendants presented alternately. The Crown presented in 1615 and 1629, but in 1663 a presentation was made by the Earl of Leicester, Algernori Sidney's father, as a descendant of one of the former holders; after which the Crown again resumed the patronage. The rectory is now in the gift of the Mercers' Company. With the parish of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe was united Sf. Andrew by the Wardrobe. 123 after the Great Fire that of St. Anne, Blackfriars, of which Stow gives the following account : " There is a parish of St. Anne within the precinct of the Black Friars, which was pulled down with the Friar's Church by Sir Thomas Garden; but in the reign of Queen Mary, he being forced to find a church to the inhabitants, allowed them a lodging chamber above a stair, which since that time, to wit, in the year 1597, fell down, and was again, by collection therefore made, new built and enlarged in the same year, and was dedicated on the nth of December." A portion of the old burying-ground of St. Anne, Blackfriars, may still be seen in Ghurch Entry, Ireland Yard, but, as it is to be let on a building lease, it will not probably remain in existence much longer. William Faithorne, the engraver, who died on May 13th, 1 69 1, at his residence in Printing House Yard, Black- friars, was buried here. Vandyck was an inhabitant of St. Anne's parish, and died in it, but was buried in Old St. Paul's. His daughter, Justinian, is re- corded to have been baptized at St. Anne's on December 9th, 1641, the very day of her father's death. Sir Samuel Luke, from whom Butler is generally supposed to have drawn Hudibras, was also a parishioner. His marriage in 1624, and the baptisms of several of his children appear in the register. The church of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe was rebuilt after the Fire at a cost of over ;^ 7,000 by Wren, who completed it early in the year 1692. It measures 75 feet in length, 59 feet in breadth, and 38 feet in height, and contains two side-aisles, which are divided from the nave by square pillars encased in wood to the height of the top of the galleries, which they serve to support. The ceil n^ is divided by bands into panels ; the five central compartments 124 City CJmrches. contain wreaths of flowers, which produce a very fine effect, and over each column stands out boldly an angel figure. The walls are wainscotted to the height of seven and a half feet. The altar- piece is enclosed by four pilasters with entablature and circular pediment. Above it is a large stained glass window, but the remainder of the windows are plain. The pulpit, which stands on the south side, is well carved, but has been deprived of its sounding-board. The font is placed at the west, and above it the richly gilded case of the organ in the west gallery presents an im- posing appearance. The Corporation pews, which are the two easternmost of the central block, are adorned at their entrances by the Lion and Unicorn, each bearing a shield emblazoned with the Union Jack, and to a pillar above the north pew is attached a handsome sword-rest. At the west are high-backed seats for the churchwardens. The eastern portion of each aisle is separated from the chancel by tall iron rails with gate. The church is well lighted, and has a dignified aspect well in keeping with its sacred purpose. There are pyramidal monuments of white marble to three successive rectors — the Rev. William Romaine, the celebrated preacher, who was instituted in 1766, and died in 1795 ^'^ ^'^^ age of eighty-one; the Rev. William Goode, rector from 1795 till his death in i8i6j and the Rev. Isaac Saunders, who died on January ist, 1836, after holding the living almost twenty years. Romaine's monument, which is the work of the elder Bacon, stands at the eastern end of the north aisle. It is crowned with a well-executed bust, and on the pyramid is displayed an alle- gorical figure of Faith, holding on her arm an open Testament, while above her right shoulder is a telescope pointing upwards to S^. A}idrew by ike Wardi'obe. 125 a figure of the Saviour. The virtues of the revered divine are set forth in a long inscription beneath. The monuments to Goode and Saunders are situated at the eastern end of the south aisle. Goode's memorial is by the younger Bacon ; on it appears an angel, seated on a sarcophagus, and grasping a Testament, but there is no bust. Saunders's bust, however, like that of Romaine, dominates his pyramid, on which he is represented as being borne aloft by angels to a crown of glory which is sculptured above. Below the angels is displayed an open Bible, and beneath this is his epitaph. The monument was designed by Samuel Manning. Romaine's widow and Saunders's widow and daughter are also commemorated by tablets. Mrs. Saunders's tablet was erected by a subscription amongst the ladies of the parish. The exterior of St. x\ndre\v by the Wardrobe is of red brick with stone dressings. The tower rises at the south-west. It is square, and consists of four storeys. In the lowest of these storeys is a small window, and in the second are circular-headed windows ; while the third contains the clock, and the highest stage is orna- mented with long square-headed openings with louvres. The tower is completed by a cornice and balustrade, and is sur- mounted by four iron finials and vanes, springing from the summits of the piers, which are carried up the angles of the tower. Its height is about eighty-six feet. The formation of Queen Victoria Street has been conducive to the better displaying of the beauties of this edifice, which, standing above the level of that thoroughfare, now occupies a very prominent position. S Andrew- •HOLBORN- The church of St. Andre w, Holborn, stands between St. An- drew Street and Shoe Lane. Its situation about half-way up Holborn Hill must once have been a prominent one, but the elevation of the road, consequent upon the construction of Holborn Viaduct, has detracted considerably from the effect of the building. The foundation of this church is lost in the mists of antiquity. Its name occurs as early as the year 971 in a charter of King Edgar, defining the boundaries of the original parish of West- minster. One Gladerinus, a presbyter, appears to have been in possession of the advowson about the beginning of the fourteenth century, and to have bestowed it upon the abbot and monks of Bermondsey, whose property it remained till the dissolution of that convent by Henry VHI. St. Andrew's was rebuilt during the fifteenth century, but in less than two hundred years it had fallen into a state of dilapida- tion. The parishioners were already purposing to rebuild it in the reign of Charles L, but the work was long delayed, probably owing to the troubles of the Civil Wars, and it was not till 1686 that Wren, who was busily engaged in re-erecting the churches which had been consumed by the Great Fire, re-constructed this SL Anc/rezv, Holborn. 127 edifice, which, though it had escaped the flames, had wellnigh succumbed to the more gradual devastation wrought by the hand of time. Wren spared the tower, which was in a better condition than the body of the church, but subsequently, in 1704, he re- faced it with Portland stone. This tower, which displays some of the original Gothic arches, and rises to a height of no feet, constitutes the only existing relic of the old building, the re- mainder of the church being entirely due to Wren. It stands at the west end, and through a vestibule beneath it access is gained to the interior of the church. St. Andrew's consists of a nave, chancel, and two side-aisles; it measures 105 feet in length, 63 feet in width, and 43 feet in height from the pavement to the ceiling. The cost of its erection is stated to have been ;^9,ooo. The interior is richly decorated, and is much in the same style as, though inferior to, St. James's, Westminster, which Wren had built a few years earlier. The roof of the nave is divided into compartments, painted a soft blue- grey colour, which has a restful effect upon the eye, while the ceilings of the aisles are handsomely gilded. The walls are panelled below the windows, as are also the bases of the columns underneath the galleries. There is a fine altar-piece, and the east window above it is filled with richly stained glass, the work of Joshua Price, inserted in 17 18. This window contains two divisions, of which the upper represents the Resurrection of our Lord, and the lower the Last Supper. On either side of it are two large paintings in fresco, now somewhat faded, displaying St. Andrew and St. Peter, and two smaller panels, on which are depicted the Holy Family and the infant St. John. The stained window at the east end of the north gallery bears the date 16S7, and this inscription ; 128 City Churches. " Ex dono Thomae Hodgson de Bramwill in agro Eboracem Militis." It is emblazoned with the royal arms, and with those of Hodgson; The corresponding window at the end of the south gallery bears the arms of John Thavie, a member of the Armourers' Company^ from whom Thavies Inn, Holborn Circus, derives its name. He bequeathed at his death in 1348 some houses belonging to him in Holborn for the repairing of St. Andrew's Church, and this property is still in the possession of the parish. The pulpit is of oak, finely carved, and is a very prominent object, being elevated on a stone pedestal. The font is placed to the north of the chancel. The church was repaired in 1851, and again more extensively in 1872, when alterations were made in the churchyard, so as to bring it more into harmony with the changed condition of its surroundings produced by the formation of Holborn Viaduct. The same year (1872) witnessed the disappearance from St. Andrew's of its old organ, an instrument to which was attached an interesting history. The two great organ-builders, Renatus Harris and Father Smith, contended for the honour of supplying an organ for the Temple Church. Each of the rivals constructed an instrument on approval. Blow and Purcell played upon' Smith's organ, while Baptiste Draghi, Queen Catherine's organist, performed upon that of Harris. The benchers found the task of judging no easy one, for each builder had his own particular strong point, Harris excelling in reed stops, and Smith in diapasoa or foundation stops. At length, after they had remained in a state of indecision for nearly a year, they submitted the matter ta the arbitration of Judge Jeffreys, who decided in favour of Smith. Harris thereupon constructed two organs out of his rejected mstrument, one of which was taken to Dublin, and afterwards S^. Anc/rezc>, Holborn. 129 transferred to a church at Wolverhampton, while the other was set up at St. Andrew's in 1699. The new organ, the work of Messrs. Hill, is a very fine instrument. It occupies the old position in the west gallery, and possesses two sets of pipes, which are arranged one on each side of the entrance arch. The advowson of St. Andrew's, having come at the dissolution of monasteries into the hands of the crown, was bestowed by Henry VHI. in 1546 on Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southamp- ton and Lord Chancellor, whose remains were here interred in 1550, but subsequently removed to Titchfield. It was forfeited to the crown in 1601, when Henry, Earl of Southampton, Shake- speare's patron, shared the condemnation of his friend, the Earl of Essex. His life was, however, spared, and James I. restored him to all his honours and possessions, including the patronage of St. Andrew's. The male line of the Wriothesleys terminated in 1667 in the person of Thomas, Earl of Southampton, the father-in-law of Lord William Russell. The advowson passed to one of his daughters, and subsequently into the family of the Dukes of Buccleugh, in whose possession it still remains. At the outbreak of the Civil War the rector of St. Andrew's was John Hacket, a man of great coolness and resolution, who was afterwards elevated to the see of Lichfield, and is known as the biographer of Lord Keeper Williams. After the Restoration the living was for some time held by Edward Stillingfleet, who became Bishop of Worcester, and was reckoned one of the most eminent divines of his time. In 1713 the celebrated Dr. Henry Sacheverell received the rectory as a reward for the trial which he had undergone, and the important services which he had thereby rendered to the Tory party, mainly through the instrumentality of Swift, who interested Lord Bolingbroke on his behalf. Sacheverell K 130 City Churches. continued rector till his death in 1724, and was buried in the chancel ; the site of his grave was marked by a stone with a simple inscription. Robert Coke, of Mileham in Norfolk, a bencher of Lincoln's Inn, was buried at St. Andrew's in 1561, and had a monument in the chancel of the old church. He was the father of the eminent lawyer, Sir Edward Coke, who was here married in 1598 to the object of Bacon's ill-requited affection, Lady Elizabeth Hatton, granddaughter of Lord Treasurer Burleigh. St. Andrew's contains many other interesting associations. It is said, though this does not seem absolutely certain, that John Webster, the dramatist, author, besides other plays, of "The Dutchesse of Malfy " and " The White Devil," was clerk of the parish and was buried in the church. Nathaniel Tomkins was buried here ; he was brother-in-law of Edmund Waller, and was hanged at the Holborn end of Fetter Lane on July 5th, 1643, fo"* his complicity in Waller's plot against the Parliament, from the consequences of which the poet himself escaped by his servility and mean betrayal of his associates. The interment is recorded in 1720 of John Hughes, author of "The Siege of Damascus," one of the best of the minor poets of the Queen Anne period ; and fifty years later is an entry relating to another and a better remembered poet, Thomas Chatterton, " the marvellous boy. The sleepless soul that perished in his pride." He died by his own hand on August 25th, 1770, having not yet completed his eighteenth year, and his remains were consigned to the burying-ground of Shoe Lane Workhouse, the site of which is now occupied by Farringdon Market. S/. A?idrczij, Holborn. 131 There is in the church a monumental tablet to John Emery, the comedian, who died July 25th, 1S22. Of him the inscription states : " Each part he shone in, but excelled in none So well as husband, father, friend, and son." St. Andrew's was the scene of two other famous weddings, besides that of Sir Edward Coke. Here in 1638 John Hutchin- son, afterwards colonel in the Parliamentary army, and one of the judges of Charles I., was married to Lucy Apsley, whose "Memoirs" have thrown so much light on the stirring times in which her lot was cast; and here, on Sunday, May ist, 1808, William Hazlitt was married to Sarah Stoddart, Charles Lamb being best man, and Mary Lamb bridesmaid. To his experiences on this occasion Lamb alludes in a letter to Southey, bearing date August 9th, 181 5 : " I am going to stand godfather; I don't like the business. I cannot muster up decorum for these occasions ; I shall certainly disgrace the font. I was at Hazliit's marriage, and had like to have been turned out several times during the ceremony. Any- thing awful makes me laugh. I misbehaved once at a funeral. Yet I can read about these ceremonies with pious and proper feelings. The realities of life only seem the mockeries." At St. Andrew's on January iSih, 1697, was baptized Richard Savage, that unfortunate poet whose sad history has been so touchingly told by his friend, Dr. Johnson ; here also was bap- tized, June 30th, 1757, Henry Addington, Speaker of the House of Commons, and from 1801 to 1804 Prime Minister, on whom Canning has conferred an unenviable immortality : " Pitt is to Addington As London is to Paddington. 132 City Churches. But perhaps the most interesting entry in this connection is one of a somewhat later date : "Baptized July 31, 1817, Benjamin, said to be about twelve years old, son of Isaac and Maria Disraeli, King's Road, Gentle- man. A clergyman named Thimbleby performed the ceremony." The church of St. Anne and St Agnes stands towards the west end of Gresham Street on the north side of the way, in what was formerly known as St. Anne's Lane, between Aldersgate Street on the west and Noble Street on the east. St. Anne and St. Agnes, according to an old tradition, were two sisters who built the church at their own expense. The old edifice was very severely damaged by a conflagration in 1548, and having been reconstructed, perished in the Great Fire of 1666. The advowson of the rectory belonged originally to the Colle- giate Church of St. Martin-le-Grand, and passed with the other appurtenances of that foundation to the Abbot and Convent of 'Westminster in the reign of Henry VII. Queen Mary bestowed the patronage on the Bishop of London, and it has ever since remained in that see. The adjacent church of St. John Zachary was also consumed in the Fire, and, as it was not rebuilt, its parish was united with that of St. Anne and St. Agnes. A portion of its old burying-ground is still to be seen on the north side of Gresham Street at the south-east corner of Noble Street. The church was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, and took the name of a twelfth-century priest, its builder or holder, in order to distinguish it from St. John the Baptist upon Walbrook. The advowson of the rectory 134 C^fy CImrcIies. has been always in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. The present church of St. Anne and St. Agnes was completed by Wren in 1681. It is built of brick, and measures 53 feet square, while the height from the pavement to the centre of the ceiling is 35 feet. Within this area another square is formed by four Corin- thian columns, standing on high wood-covered bases, and a cruci- form appearance is thus produced. The ceiling is coloured a light blue, and is ornamented with fretwork, the effect of which is very pleasing. In the main part it is arched, but over the four quad- rangular recesses which are formed at the angles by the entabla- tures passing from the columns to pilasters attached to the walls, it is flat and of a lower elevation. Of these four quadrangular recesses the north-eastern is occupied by the organ, the south- eastern by a choir-vestry, that at the north-west by the font, and that at the south-west by the entrance door-case. The church is lighted by a window at the east, which is filled with richly stained glass, and by three windows in the north, and three corresponding windows in the south wall, the central ones being much larger than the others. The walls are panelled with oak to the height of eight and a half feet. The altar-piece, on which a good deal of gilding has been bestowed, contains two fluted pilasters wiih entablature and pediment. It was originally surmounted by the royal arms, which are now placed below the central window of the north wall. The pulpit stands on the south side. The Corporation seats — the north-easternmost of the central block — are distinguished by a graceful sword-rest. The tower, which rises at the west, measures 14 feet at the base, and supports a small wooden lantern culminating in a vane shaped like the letter A, The total height to the top of the vane is 95 feet. UGU5TINE On the north side of Wathng Street, at the eastern corner of Old Chansie, stands a church " dedicated," says Newcourt, " to the Memory, not of St. Augustine, Bishop of Hipj^o in Africa, that great and famous Father, called by some (and not unworthily) Doctor Doc- torum; but rather of St. Au- gustine the Monk, the first Archbishop of Canterbury." Stow calls St. Augustine's " a fair church," adding that it had been " lately well repaired." The church was partly rebuilt, and "in every part of it richly and very worthily beautified" in 1630- 31, at an expenditure by the parishioners of no less than ^1,200. It shared, however, in the general destruction of the Great Fire. Beneath the choir of Old St. Paul's, and traversed by three rows of massive pillars, was the parish church of St. Faith, therefore called St. Faith " in Cryptis," a title which became cor- rupted into St. Faith " in the Croudes." There had originally been a church of St. Faith above ground, but that having been pulled down about 1256, when the cathedral was extended towards the east, the parishioners had this subterranean place of worship assigned to them. Also under the choir of the cathedral, but more to the east, was the Jesus Chapel, and thither the parishioners were removed in 155 1, "as to a place," says Stow, " more sufficient 136 City Churches. for largeness and lightsomeness." The inhabitants of St. Faith's parish, he tells us, were " the stationers and others dwelling in Paule's Churchyard, Paternoster Row, and the places near ad- joining." During the Great Fire the booksellers and stationers conveyed their goods to St. Faith's as a place of safety, but their hopes were cruelly disappointed, for the flames penetrated here also and destroyed everything. Pepys was told by a kinsman of his book- seller, Kirton : "That the goods laid in the churchyard fired through the win- dows those in St. Fayth's Church ; and those coming to the ware- houses' doors fired them, and burned all the books and the pillars of the church, so as the roof falling down, broke quite down ; which it did not do in the other places of the church, which is alike pillared (which I knew not before) ; but being not burned, they stood still. He do believe there is above ;^i5o,ooo of books burned ; all the great booksellers almost undone : not only these, but their warehouses under their Hall and under Christ- church, and elsewhere being all burned." According to Dr. Taswell, then a boy at Westminster School, whose narrative is quoted by Dean Milman, the papers from the books in St. Faith's were carried with the wind as far as Eton. After the Fire the rectories of St. Augustine and St. Faith, both of which were in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, were united, and the church of St. Augustine, which was rebuilt by Wren, has since served for both parishes. A portion of the crypt of St. Paul's continued, however, to be used for the inter- ment, not only of the parishioners of St. Faith's, but also of those of St. Augustine's, which possessed no proper burying-ground of its own. S/. Augustine, Watliug Street. 137 The present church of St. Augustine was first opened for divine worship in September, 1683, but the steeple was not finished till 1695. The interior, which measures about 51 feet in length, 45 feet in breadth, and 30 feet in height, is divided into a nave and side-aisles by six Ionic columns and four pilasters. Two of the pilasters are placed against the east, and two against the west wall, and by this means the arches are continued to the extremities of the church. The columns are elevated on remarkably lofty bases. The ceiling of the nave is arched and is pierced by six skylights, three on each side, placed each in a separate panel, and filled with delicately tinted glass ; to the west of the skylights it is divided into small panels. The ceilings of the aisles are also arched. There are two windows at the west, and three in the south wall, the easternmost of which is, however, now concealed by the organ. The altar-piece displays four Corinthian columns with entablature and circular pediment. The pulpit, of carved oak, stands at the south-east ; the font is placed at the west end of the south aisle. A gallery on the north side still remains, but the west gallery, which formerly contained the organ, has been taken away. The walls were originally panelled to the height of eight feet, but the wainscot has since been considerably cut down. Over the door at the west end of the south aisle is a marble tablet surmounted by an urn, in memory of Judith, daughter of Robert Booth, citizen of London, the first wife of the eminent lawyer, William Cowper. She died on April 2nd, 1705, before her husband had obtained the Lord Chancellorship and an earldom. This monument was erected by the second Earl Cowper, the Lord Chancellor's son by his second wife, in pursuance of the directions of his father's will. The steeple of St. Augustine's rises at the south-west, and con- 138 City Churches. sists of a tower, lantern, and spire. The tower, which measures 20 feet square at the base, contains three storeys ; the lowermost possesses a large window on the western face, fronting Old Change, and a doorway on the southern face, fronting Watling Street ; the second is relieved by small circular windows, and the third by square openings with louvres. It is terminated by a rather elaborate cornice and pierced parapet, at the angles of which are placed four tall pinnacles. The lantern, which is very slender, is divided into two stages, and the spire, culminating in a ball, finial, and vane, completes the whole. The total altitude of the steeple is 140 feet. Dr. John Douglas, who vindicated the reputation of Milton from the calumnies of Lauder, and defended the genuineness of the New Testament miracles against the criticisms of Hume, was rector of St. Augustine and St. Faith from 1764 to 1787. He resigned the living on being advanced to the bishopric of Carlisle. He was translated to Salisbury in 1791, and died in his eighty- sixth year on May i8th, 1807. He was a nati\e of Fifeshire, and after leaving Oxford served for some time as an army chaplain, being present in that capacity at the battle of Fonteno}'. The Rev. Richard Harris Barham, the author of the " Ingoldsby Legends," was rector of St. Augustine and St, Faith from 1842 till his death, June 17th, 1845. He was extremely popular with his parishioners, and they were desirous of petitioning the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's that his son might be his successor. That gentleman, however, would not consent to their doing so. •Bb^etPaul^Wnauf The church of St. Benet, Paul's Whan, stands on Bennet's Hill, having its south front in Upper Thames Street, opposite Paul's Wharf The old church, described by Stow as " a proper parish church," contained monuments to Sir William Cheney, Chief Justice of the King's Bench, who died 1442 ; Doctor Richard Cald- m well. President of the College ot Physicians, who died in 1585 ; and Sir Gilbert Dethike, who was Garter King at Arms when Queen ISIary granted Derby House, the former residence of the Stanleys, to be the Heralds' College. But the most illustrious person here buried was Inigo Jones. The great architect died at Somerset House on June 21st, 1652, having almost completed his eightieth year, and on the 26th of that month his body was, in accordance with his instruc- tions, interred beneath the chancel of St. Benet's, hard by the grave in which his parents had been laid to rest over half a century before, A monument of white marble, for which he had set aside ;:^ 1 00, was erected to his memory by his executor, John Webb. It stood against the north wall, and bore a Latin inscrip- tion, which recorded that Jones was the king's architect, and that he built the Banqueting House at ^Vhitehall, and lestored St. Pauls Cathedral. This memorial perished in the Great Fire. 140 City Churches. *' I could wish," says Peter Cunningham, in his " Life of Inigo Jones," " that Wren, in rebuilding the church, had rebuilt the monument." The neighbouring church of St. Peter, Paul's Wharf, also called, on account of its small size, St. Peter Parva, was not rebuilt after the Fire, but its burying-ground may still be seen in Upper Thames Street at the bottom of Peter's Hill, and being tastefully planted and laid out, it forms an agreeable relief to the monotony of the warehouses. The parish of St. Peter was united with that of St. Benet. The present church of St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, was finished by Wren in 16S3. It is built of red brick, relieved by stone quoins, and by stone festoons over the windows, of which there are three on the north, three on the south, two at the east, and two at the west. The steeple, which attains a height of 115 feet, is placed at the north-west. It consists of a plain tower, measuring 16 feet square at the base, and completed by a cornice ; a lead-covered cupola, pierced with oval openings ; and a lantern, which supports a ball and vane. The heavy overhanging roof suits well with the rest of the building, and the whole appearance of St. Benet's is exceedingly picturesque. Placed as it is on the slope leading down to the river-side, it shows to great advantage from the higher ground of Queen Victoria Street. St. Benet's measures internally 54 feet in length by 50 feet in breadth, being thus almost square, and 36 feet in height. It possesses one aisle, on the north side, which is separated from the nave by two Corinthian columns elevated on lofty bases. The ceiling is divided into panels. There is a north gallery, and also a small west gallery containing the organ, inserted between the tower and the south wall. The walls are wainscotted to the S/'. Benet, PaiiVs Whai'f. 141 height of eight feet. The altar-piece is of oak, and is surmounted by a circular pediment. The pulpit stands on the south side, and the font is located at the north, beneath the gallery. Over the doorway at the north-west are affixed the royal arms. Owing to its contiguity to the College of Arms and Doctors' Commons, St. Benet's afforded a place of sepulture to a con- siderable number of heralds and dignitaries of the Ecclesiastical Courts. Amongst the monuments is one to John Charles Brooke, that unfortunate Somerset Herald, who met his death from the pressure of the crowd at the Haymarket Theatre on February 3rd, 1794. William Oldys, "Norroy," the learned author of the " British Librarian " and the " Life of Raleigh," was buried here in August, 1761. His grave is said to be situated at the eastern end of the north aisle, but no memorial marks its site. Mrs. Manley, the author of the " New Atlantis," who died on July nth, 1724, at Alderman Barber's house on Lambeth Hill, was interred at St. Benet's. It was in this church that Elias Ashmole, the antiquary, was married to his first wife in 1638. St. Benet's, the rectory of which was in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, has ceased to be parochial, its parish having been united with that of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey. It is now devoted to the spiritual needs of the Welsh residents in London, for whom two services are held each Sunday in their native tongue. \S3ridcrMStrcct: . The church of St. Bride, which is situated a little to the south of Fleet Street, slightly west of Ludgate Circus, is dedicated to St. Bridget (of which Bride is a corruption), a Scotch or Irish saint who flourished in the sixth century, and is said to have been buried in County Down in the same grave with St. Patrick and St. Columba. This is the only church in London dedicated to her. The date of the erection of St. 5?^". Bride's is not known, and no men- tion of it has been discovered prior to the year 1222, St. Bride's was situated within the ancient parish of West- minster, the abbot and convent of which possessed the advowson. The benefice was originally a rectory, but somewhere about the beginning of the sixteenth century it was converted into a vicarage, the rectory being appropriated by the Abbot and Con- vent of Westminster. After the dissolution of monasteries Henry VIII. granted the patronage of St. Bride's to the deanery of Westminster, which he had substituted for the convent. Sub- sequently he created a bishopric of Westminster, and transferred the patronage to the bishop. Edward VI. abolished the bishopric, and restored the deanery; and Queen Mary re-established the abbot and convent. After her death the abbey was formed by Queen Elizabeth into a collegiate church, and the presentation ■s ^ V '^ St. Bride, Fleet Street. 143 to the vicarage of St. Bride's has since that time continued to be vested in the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. St. Bride's, like so many other London churches, was repaired in the reign of Charles I., but was destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666. The only relics of the old church which now survive are the font, a white marble basin supported by a black marble shaft, displaying a sculptured shield which contains the donor's arms, and inscribed, " Deo et ecclesias ex Dono Henrici Hothersall A.D. 1615," which stands in the west part of the middle aisle of the present building ; and outside the church on the north the entry stone to the vault of the Holdens, which bears the date 1657- To this family belonged the Mr. Holden who, on June 27th, 1 66 1, supplied Pepys with a " bever," which cost him, as he has recorded, £a ss. The present church of St. Bride was built in 1680 by Wren, who added the steeple in 1701. The total cost of the work was not far short of ;;^i 2,000. The steeple of St. Bride's, one of Wren's greatest achieve- ments, rose originally to the height of 234 feet. In 1764 it was seriously damaged by lightning, and it became requisite to take down 85 feet of the spire. Sir William Staines, who conducted the repairs, reduced the elevation of the spire by eight feet, so that the total height of the steeple is now 226 feet. But, even in this lowered state, it is still the most lofty of all Wren's steeples {the towering pile of St. Paul's Cathedral of course excepted), being 4 feet 3 inches higher than its nearest rival, that of St. Mary-le-Bow. The height of the tower to the top of the parapet is 120 feet, and thence rises the spire in four octagonal storeys, of which the two lower are Tuscan, the third Ionic, and 144 City C/nirckes. the fourth Composite, culminating in an obelisk and vane. At the corners of the parapet surmounting the tower, and at the base of the obelisk, vases are introduced to soften the transitions, and the effect of the spire, as it tapers to the summit, after the manner of a pyramid, is exceedingly graceful. The view of this beautiful steeple from Fleet Street was formerly obstructed by intervening houses, but a fire having occurred in November, 1824, which made a clearance in front of the church, it was resolved to retain the opening thus created — an improve- ment which was accomplished by the formation in 1825 of St. Bride's Avenue, designed by Mr. J. B. Papworth. The parishioners subscribed liberally towards the expenses of this most desirable alteration, especially Mr. John Blades, of Ludgate Hill, who had served the office of sheriff in 181 2. This munificent citizen contributed ;^6,ooo, and laid the first stone of the new avenue on November 3rd, 1825. The interior of St. Bride's is generally considered one of the best specimens of Wren's workmanship. It is entered through a porch within the tower and a vestibule below the organ-gallery, and is divided into a nave and aisles by an arcade of doubled columns on either side. Attached to the columns are pilasters which support the galleries. The roof of the nave is arched, and is crossed by handsomely wrought bands connected at each extremity with the shields which embellish the tops of the columns. Five compartments are thus formed, containing square panels, and harmonizing with the oval windows with which the walls on either side are pierced. The ceilings of the aisles are groined. The length of the church is in feet, its breadth 57 feet, and the height from the pavement to the roof of the nave is 41 feet. S/. Bride', Fleet Street. 145 The chancel is highly decorated, and the two-storied altar- piece, which culminates in a circular-headed pediment, displays quite a wealth of ornamentation. It is, however, a comparatively recent addition, having been set up from the designs of Mr. Deykes in 1823, in which year the church was extensively re- paired. The large east window was formerly filled with a copy of Rubens's celebrated "Descent from the Cross," which hangs in Antwerp Cathedral, executed in 1825 in richly coloured glass by Mr. Muss, at a cost of about ^600. But, as it was found to darken the church, it has now been removed, and fresh stained glass of a lighter character inserted. We are still, however, reminded of the old window, as the " Descent from the Cross " has been made the subject of the central compartment of its successor. St. Bride's, with its panelled walls, its pews, and its galleries overhead, has a peaceful, old-world aspect, which is delightfully soothing when one passes from the turmoil of Fleet Street into the quietude of the sacred building. It is pervaded by an un- questionable charm — but a charm which is rather to be felt than to be described. The name of John Taylor, alias Cardmaker, vicar of St. Bride's, is included in the roll of Marian martyrs. The Rev. John Pridden, who was curate of St. Bride's from 1782 to 1797, was a most zealous antiquary, and devoted nearly the whole of his spare time for thirty years to the task of making an epitome of the earlier rolls of Parliament. He died in 1825, and is commemorated by a marble tablet on the north wall of the church. The vestry-room, which was built in 1797, is situated at the south-west, opening out of the vestibule. In it hangs, over the L 146 City ChiLrches. fireplace, a fine portrait of the Rev. Thomas Dale, who was presented to the vicarage in 1835 t»y the Crown, in the exercise of its prerogative, his predecessor, Dr. Joseph Allen, having been raised to the episcopal bench. Mr. Dale, finding St. Bride's Church too small for the needs of the parishioners, set himself strenuously to work to remedy this deficiency, and by his un- wearied exertions procured the erection of the district church of Holy Trinity, Gough Square, which stands at the junction of Great New Street and Pemberton Row. Mr. Dale was subsequently appointed to a canonry of St. Paul's, and to the deanery of Rochester. He was a man of considerable learning, and was Professor of the English Language and Litera- ture, first in London University, and afterwards in King's CoUege,^ London. He was also something of a poet, his best known pro- duction being the "Widow of Nain." He died in 1870 at the age of seventy-three. Wynkyn de Worde, the famous early sixteenth-century printer^ resided in Fleet Street, and was buried by his own instructions xxt St. Bride's Church, before the high-altar of St. Katherine, which probably stood in one of the side-chapels. Sir Richard Baker, the author of the "Chronicle of the Kings of England," which afforded so much pleasure and instruction to Sir Roger de Coverley, was buried in the south aisle of the old church of St. Bride on February 19th, 1645. He had been a man of affluence and high sheriff of Oxfordshire, but in his later years he fell into pecuniary embarrassments, and died a prisoner in the Fleet. Richard Lovelace, the cavalier poet, after having spent his whole fortune, and twice suffered imprisonment, in his sovereign's cause, died in extreme poverty in Gunpowder Alley, Shoe Lane, S/. Bride, Fleet Street. 147 in 1658. He is generally supposed to have been buried at the west end of St. Bride's, but this does not seem absolutely certain. St. Bride's is, in fact, rather rich in memories of the poets ; it was here that Sir John Denham, the bard of " Cooper's Hill," the " strength " of whose verse is praised by Pope, was married to his first wife in 1634; and here were interred the widow and son of Sir William Davenant, the dramatist. This son of Sir William was Dr. Charles Davenant, who enjoyed some celebrity as a political writer, and died in 17 14. At St. Bride's, likewise, was buried Robert Lloyd, the friend of Churchill, and himself a poet of great promise. Like Sir Richard Baker, he was thrown into the Fleet for debt, and died there, on December 15th, 1764, having survived Churchill less than si.x weeks. Samuel Richardson, the novelist, and friend of Dr. Johnson and Goldsmith, pursued his business as a printer in Salisbury Court, now Salisbury Square. He died in 1761, and was interred in the middle aisle of St. Bride's. The stone which marks his grave is partially concealed by one of the pews on the south side. A brass plate on the north wall commemorates the wife and children of John Nichols, who was from 1778 till his death in 1826 editor of the "Gentleman's Magazine." His " Anecdotes" and " Illustrations" contain many curious facts relating to English men of letters during the eighteenth century, and he was also the author of six volumes dealing with the progresses, processions, and festivities of Queen Elizabeth and James L, but the work by which he is best known is "The History and Antiquities of the County of Leicester." 148 City C/mrckcs. In the porch beneath the tower is a tablet to Alderman Waith.- man, with this inscription : "To the memory of Robert Waithman, Alderman of this Ward, and in five Parliaments one of the Representatives of this great Metropolis. The friend of Liberty in evil times, and of Parlia- mentary Reform in its adverse days ; it was at length his happiness to see that great cause triumphant, of which he had been the in- trepid advocate from youth to age." Waithman, who was elected Sheriff in 1820 and Lord Mayor in 1823, died at the age of sixty-nine in 1833, havinglived to become a member of the first reformed Parliament. He belonged to the Company of Framework Knitters, and resided at 103 and 104, Fleet Street, being one of the last eminent citizens to follow the ancient practice of living over his place of business. An obelisk, erected to his memory, stands in Ludgate Circus, opposite his house, and forms a fitting companion to the similar monument on the other side of the way, which was set up in 1775 in honour of John Wilkes, Lord Mayor in that year, who, like Waithman, was Alderman of the Ward of Farringdon Without. In the vestibule are tablets to Dr. James Molins, physician to Charles II. and James II., who died in 1686, and Isaac Romilly, a London merchant and uncle to Sir Samuel Romilly, who died in 1759- Milton, after his return from his travels, took up his abode in St. Bride's churchyard, as his nephew Edward Philips records : " Soon after his return, and visits paid to his father and other friends, he took him a lodging in St. Bride's churchyard, at the house of one Russell, a tailor, where he first undertook the educa- tion and instruction of his sister's two sons, the younger whereof had been wholly committed to his charge and care. . . . He made S/. Bride, Fleet Street. 149 no long stay in his lodgings in St. Bride's churchyard ; necessity of having a place to dispose his books in, and other goods fit for the furnishing of a good handsome house, hastening him to take one ; and accordingly a pretty garden-house he took in Aldersgate Street at the end of an entry, and therefore the fitter for his turn by the reason of the privacy ; besides that there are few streets in London more free from noise than that." The site of Russell the tailor's house in St. Bride's Churchyard is probably now covered by a portion of the " Punch " office. Hard by the church was formerly the well of St. Bride, the waters of which were popularly supposed to possess peculiar virtue. Its position is stated to have been identical with that of the pump in the eastern wall of the churchyard overhanging Bride Lane, which lane was, in Sirype's time, " of note for the many hatters there inhabiting." From this well is derived the name of Bride- well, which seems to have been a royal residence as early as tlie reign of Henry HL, was a frequent residence of Henry VHL, and was given by Edward VL to the citizens of London "to be a work- house for the poor and idle persons of the city," In Bridewell Place, which was built on the site of the old prison, is situated the present vicarage of St. Bride's, an elegant red-brick building designed by Mr. Basil Champneys. (^ti3t-(fe,attb Christ Church, New- gate Street; which stands a Httle to the north of Newgate Street, and adjoins Christ's Hospital, occupies a portion of the site of the ancient church of the Grey Friars, or Franciscans. Four brethren o that order, then recently established, arrived in London in 1224, and first hired a dwelling in Cornhill from John Travers, who was one of the sheriffs in 1223 and 1224. Their number, how- ever, increasing, and their popularity with the citizens being great, they soon removed to new quarters in the parish of St. Nicholas (wherein was the meat-market called St. Nicholas' Shambles), bestowed upon them by John Ewin, a mercer, who took a deep interest in their work, and himself became a lay brother of the order. A church and monastic buildings were here built for them by the munificence of various wealthy citizens. Before many years had elapsed a second and more magnificent church was erected for the Franciscans, the choir of which was commenced in 1306 by Queen Margaret, second wife of Edward I. and daughter of Philippe le Hardi, King of France, She contri- buted largely towards the expenses, and was herself buried in the choir in 1317. The body of the church was built by John, Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond, and donations were given by CJu'ist CJi2irch, Newgate Sti'eet. 151 many other distinguished persons, including Queen Isabella, ■daughter of Philippe le Bel, King of France, and wife of Edward II., and Philippa, Queen of Edward III. This church of the ■Grey Friars was consecrated in 1325, and was, when completed, one of the finest ecclesiastical edifices in London. It measured 300 feet in length, 8g feet \\\ breadth, and 64 feet 2 inches from the pavement to the roof. It was entirely paved with marble, and the columns were also of the same material. A library, 129 feet in length and 31 in breadth, was subsequently made for the friars by Richard Whittington, who also contributed ;^4oo towards •furnishing it with books. The church of the Grey Friars seems to have been a very favourite place of sepulture. Here, in addition to Queen Mar- garet, was buried Edward II.'s queen, Isabella, who died in 1358. In the same grave with her was deposited the heart of her hapless •husband ; and soon afterwards Joan, Queen of Scots, Edward and Isabella's eldest daughter, was laid beside her mother. She was called " Joan of the Tower," from having been born in the Tower of London, and was married to David Bruce, Robert Bruce's son and successor. Here, too, had been buried Queen Isabella's paramour, Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, who was hanged in 1330, when Edward III. assumed the reins of government. It was computed that altogether 663 "persons of quality " were interred in the Grey Friars' Church, but the monuments met with a sad fate at the dissolution of monasteries. " All these and five times so many more," says Stow, after enumerating a long catalogue of deceased worthies, "have been buried there, whose monuments are wholly defaced ; for there were nine tombs of alabaster and marble, environed with strikes of iron in the choir, and one tomb in the body of the church, 152 City Churches. also coped with iron, all pulled down, besides seven score grave- stones of marble, all sold for fifty pounds, or thereabouts, by Sir Martin Bowes, goldsmith and alderman of London." Elizabeth Barton, "the Holy Maid of Kent," who was executed at Tyburn in May, 1534, was buried in the church of the Grey Friars. In 1538 the convent surrendered to King Henry VHI. The church then remained shut up for some time; but in 1546 the citizens who had two years previously obtained St. Bartholo- mew's Hospital, procured from the king the Grey Friars' likewise. " The parishes of St. Nicholas and of St. Ewin, and so much of St. Sepulchre's parish as is within Newgate," says Stow, " were made one parish church in the Grey Friars' Church, and called Christ's Church, founded by Henry VHI." The conventual buildings were destined for charitable purposes. In 1552 Bishop Ridley preached a sermon on the subject ; Sir Richard Dobbes, the Lord Mayor, took the matter up warmly, and in this year " began the repairing of the Grey Friars' house for the poor fatherless children ; and in the month of November the children were taken into the same, to the number of almost four hundred." On the 26th June of the following year, on the same day on which he granted the charter of Bridewell, only ten days before his death, Edward VI. signed the charter of Christ's Hospital, which occupies the site of the old habitation of the Franciscan Friars. The old church of the Grey Friars, which had thus become parochial, remained standing till 1666, when it perished in the Great Fire. Dame Mary Ramsey, widow of Sir Thomas Ramsey, Lord Mayor 1577, was buried at Christ Church, Newgate Street^ in 1596. She was a very charitable woman, and a benefactress^ amongst other deserving institutions, to Christ's Hospital A Christ CJmrch, Newgate Street. 153 tablet, on which her good deeds are recorded, is to be seen affixed to the east part of the north wall of the present church. At Christ Church also was interred in 1633, Venetia, the dearly- loved wife of the eccentric, but learned and ingenious Sir Kenelm Digby, the son of Sir Everard Digby of Gunpowder Plot notoriety. Her monument was of black marble, with four inscriptions in copper-gilt, surmounted by her bust, also of copper-gilt. This memorial was destroyed in the Fire, but the bust is said to have been subsequently exposed in a shop in Newgate Street, and finally melted down. Sir Kenelm Digby died on June nth, 1665, and was interred in the same vault with his wife. The present church was built by Sir Christopher Wren in 1687, and in 1704 he added the steeple. "This new church," observes Strype, " stands but upon half the ground of the ancient monastical church." Nevertheless, it is an edifice of considerable size ; it measures 114 feet in length, and is the widest church in the City, being 81 feet in breadth. The height from the pavement to the roof is 46 feet 7 inches. Christ Church contains two side-aisles separated from the nave by slender Corinthian columns, the bases of which are encased in wainscot up to their junction with the side galleries. The roof is arched, and is traversed by ornamental bands, similar to those at St. Bride's, and springing like them from the summits of the columns. The spaces intervening between the bands are embellished with representations of flowers. The clerestory possesses twelve win- dows, six on each side, around which there is a good deal of deco- ration. The ceilings of the aisles are flat, and are also crossed by bands which stretch from the columns to the tops of pilasters affixed to the walls. The side-galleries are connected by a west gallery, which contains a fine organ in a handsome case. The 154 City CJmrches. central east window, which occupies a recess above the altar-piece, is filled with stained glass, representing our Lord blessing little children ; it is flanked on each side by a smaller window display- ing squares of stained glass of a mosaic pattern. The wall at the sides of these windows is ornamented in the same manner as the clerestory. Above the central window to the highest part of the eastern wall are attached the royal arms. The font, which stands at the west end of the south aisle, is of white marble bedecked with sculptured angels, flowers, and fruit ; its cover is surmounted by a gilt angel. The carvings on the panels of the pulpit, representing the Last Supper and the Four Evangelists, are well executed. At the east part of the church are attached, both to the north and south walls, shelves to contain loaves for distribution to the poor. At the side of the shelves on the south wall is a tablet thus inscribed : " The Bread given here Weekly to the Poor of St. Leonard's is from a Bequest of Sir John Trott and other Benefactors." A similar tablet on the north wall reads as follows : " The Bread here given to the Poor is from the Chmxh Rate and the Benefactions of Mr. Henry Needier, Mr. Roger Harris, and Mr. Thomas Stretchley." " This church," states an inscription on the front of the organ- gallery, "was repaired and beautified a.d. 1834. The chancel was repaired and beautified by the Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 1834." The Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital are patrons of the Christ Church, Neiugate Street. 155 vicarage of Christ Church, Newgate Street. After the Great Fire the church of St. Leonard, Foster Lane, was not rebuilt, and the parish was united to that of Christ Church. The incumbent is therefore vicar of Christ Church, Newgate Street, and rector of St. Leonard, Foster Lane. The presentation is made alternately by the Governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital for Christ Church, and by the Dean and Chapter of Westminster for St. Leonard's. The steeple of Christ Church attains a height of 153 feet. The base is open on three sides, thus forming a porch at the west of the church. Above the square tower is an octagon, and four arches support a dome, the total height of which is 15 feet. Over this is the lantern, the square colonnade of which rests partly on the dome and partly on the arches. The transitions are softened by vases, which are not, however, placed, as one would rather expect to see them, on the angles, but on the centres of the pedi- ments. Though it can hardly be reckoned one of Wren's finest productions, the steeple of Christ Church is undeniably possessed of considerable beauty. The two most conspicuous monuments in the church are those of the Rev. Samuel Crowther on the north, and the Rev. Michael Gibbs on the south of the communion table. Each of these monuments is surmounted by a bust of the deceased. Mr. Crowther, who was born in 1769, was a grandson of Samuel Richardson, the novelist. He was a Fellow of New College, Oxford, and was vicar and rector of the united benefice of Christ Church, Newgate Street, and St. Leonard, Foster Lane, from 1 800 till his death in 1829. Mr. Gibbs was for forty years vicar and rector. He died on January 19th, 1882, in his seventieth year. He was a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cam- bridge, and lies buried in the churchyard of Chesterton, Cam- 15*5 City Churches. bridgeshire. The monument in Christ Church was erected to his memory in October, 1882, by the parishioners amongst whom he had so long laboured. To the south of the chancel is a flat gravestone, on which a coat-of-arms is beautifully carved. The inscription is simple : " Here lie the remains of Peter Dore, Esq. Norroy King of Arms, F.A.S. Born 8 January, 1715, Died 27 September, 1781." There are also monuments to the Rev. Joseph Trapp, a trans- lator of Virgil, who died in 1747 after ministering here for twenty-six years; Sir John Bosworth, chamberlain of the City of London (died 1752), and Dame Hester, his wife (died 1749); and John Stock, a painter in the Royal Dockyards, who, at his death in 1781, bequeathed over ;j^i 3,000 to charitable purposes. Stock's tablet is on the east wall, to the north of Crowther's monument. In accordance with his precise instructions it sets forth the various items of his bequest. The celebrated Nonconformist divine, Richard Baxter, author of "The Saints' Everlasting Rest," and "A Call to the Uncon- verted," was buried in the church without any memorial in 1691. His wife had been buried here ten years previously "in the mines," as he himself says, " in her own mother's grave." Near the pulpit was interred, in 18 14, the Rev. James Boyer, head- master of Christ's Hospital during the school-days of Lamb and Coleridge, with regard to whom Coleridge remarked, " It was lucky the cherubim who took him to heaven were nothing but faces and wings, or he would infallibly have flogged them by the way." Christ Clnirch, Neivgate Sti'eet. 157 The galleries of Christ Church, Newgate Street, are reserved for the accommodation of the Bluec0.1t Boys. In this church is preached annually on Easter Tuesday the Spital Sermon, which is attended in state by the Lord Mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen. The Spital Sermons were originally preached at the pulpit cross in the " Spital," i.e. Spitalfields. This was destroyed during the Civil Wars, and when the sermons were re-established after the Restoration, they were preached at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, until in 1797 the scene was transferred to Christ Church. The Blue- coat Boys, for whom as early as 1594 a gallery was erected by the pulpit cross, have always been present at the Spital Sermon, and on the same day, in accordance with the old custom, pay a visit to the Lord Mayor at the Mansion House. Many interesting links with the past will be severed when the famous school is removed from its historic quarters, and nowhere will the disruption of old associations be more apparent than at Christ Church, Newgate Street. ST. CLEMENT. EASTCHEAP. The church of St. Clement, Eastcheap, stands on the east side of Clement's Lane. Prior to the dissolution of monasteries the advowson of the benefice was possessed by the abbot and con- vent of Westminster. Queen Mary, in the first year of her reign, granted it to the see of London, in whose gift the rectory has ever since remained. Stow says that in his time it was a small church, and contained no monuments, except those of Alderman Francis Barnham, sheriff in 1570, who died in 1575, and his son, Benedict Barnham, also an alderman, and sheriff in 1591, who died in 1598. Alderman Benedict Barnham's daughter, Alice, was married to Sir Francis Bacon at St. Marylebone Church on May loth, 1606. The idea that the possession of a title would be of assis- tance to him in his courtship of this lady was one of the reasons, which rendered the philosopher anxious to obtain the honour of knighthood, as he explained to his cousin, Robert Cecil, when he implored that statesman to use his influence with King James I. to procure him this coveted distinction. St. Clement's was destroyed in the Great Fire, when the body of the church of St. Martin Orgar, situated on the east side of Martin's Lane, was also mostly consumed. The rectory of St. Martin was then united with that of St. Clement, and St.. Clement's church, which was rebuilt by Wren, serves for both, parishes. i6o City CJmrches. St. Martin Orgar derives its name from one Ordgar, who appears to have founded it in the twelfth century, and gave the advowson to the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, who have from that time always kept possession of it. Here were buried, as Stow records. Sir William Hewit, Lord Mayor 1559, and "his lady and daughter, wife to Sir Edward Osborne." This is the Osborne who was himself elected to the chief magistracy of the city in 1583, and of whom the story is told that, while he was her father's apprentice, he saved his future wife from drowning by leaping into the river to her assistance from London Bridge. The ereat-grandson of Sir Edward Osborne and Anna Hewit was Thomas Osborne, created successively Viscount Latimer, Earl of Danby, Marquis of Caermarthen, and Duke of Leeds, the cele- brated minister of Charles H. and William HL The steeple of St. Martin Orgar, which had been repaired in 1630, escaped destruction in the Great Fire, as did also part of the nave, and these remnants of the old church were renovated, and utilized as a place of worship for French Protestants, who continued to meet there till 1820, when the building was pulled down with the exception of the tower. This last relic of the ancient church was, however, removed in 185 1, but a fresh tower, which, with its projecting clock, forms a conspicuous object as one descends Martin's Lane, has been erected to mark the site. The present church of St. Clement, Eastcheap, was built by Wren in 1686. It measures 64 feet in length, 40 feet in breadth, and 34 feet in height. It possesses one aisle on the south side, which is separated from the rest of the church by two columns on high bases. Above the entablature of the columns is a clerestory containing small windows. The ceiling, which is flat, is divided into compartments, the central panel being elaborately orna- S^. Clement, Eastchcap. i6i mented, and all around it runs a circle adorned with an outer line of fretwork. The walls are wainscotted to the height of 8^ feet, and the handsome oak pulpit and sounding-board, on the north side of the church, are very richly carved, as is also the cover of the marble font, which is placed at the west. The altar-piece is finely executed, and there is some good carving about the door- cases. The church, though small, is pleasing, but it was "re-arranged" in 1872, and has been rather too much modernized. The removal of the organ from its old position at the west to the south aisle, can hardly be considered an improvement. The west window is a memorial to Thomas Fuller, the church historian. Bishop Bryan Walton, and Bishop Pearson, and contains figures in stained glass of these three divines, that of Fuller occupying the central position. Fuller, on his return to London after the surrender of Exeter to the Parliament in 1646, held for a short time the position of lecturer at St. Clement's. Pearson was appointed lecturer at St. Clement's in 1650, and preached here a series of discourses on the Creed, which he afterwards incorporated in his renowned "Exposition," published in 1659, and dedicated to the parishioners of St. Clement's. In 1673, after the death of Wilkins, he suc- ceeded that prelate in the see of Chester, which he occupied till his death in 1686. Walton, the learned compiler of the " Poly- glot Bible," was for some time rector of St. Martin Orgar, but he was deprived of the living by the Parliament at the outbreak of the Civil War. At the Restoration he was reinstated, and towards the close of i66o he was created Bishop of Chester, but died in the following year. The large east window is flanked by two smaller windows, and M 1 62 City CJuirches. that on the southern side, the subject of which is Christ blessing little children, was filled with stained glass in 1872 by the Cloth- workers' Company in memory of Samuel Middlemore, clothworker, a parishioner of St. Martin Orgar, who died in 1628, leaving a charitable becjuest to the parish, for which he appointed the Com- pany trustees. Three brass tablets have been affixed, two to the north and one to the south wall, in commemoration of the connection with the united parishes of Pearson, Walton, and Fuller, and likewise of Henry Purcell and Jonathan Battishill, the celebrated musical composers, each of whom was organist at St. Clement's. The square tower, which rises at the south-west, is of brick with stone dressings, but has been faced with cement. It con- tains three storeys, above which is a cornice, and is surmounted by a graceful balustrade. The total height is 88 feet. pqSfciQsfeE^ The City of London possesses two churches dedicated to St. Dunstan, the great Saxon arch- bishop, who, in the words of Mr. Green, " stands first in the line of ecclesiastical statesmen who counted among them Lanfranc and Wolsey, and ended in Laud." These two churches are, from their respective positions at the extremities of the city, called St. Dunstan's in the East and St. Dunstan's in the West ; the former is situated between Tower Street and Lower Thames Street, at the convergence of St, Dunstan's Hill and Idol Lane, while the latter is placed on the north side of Fleet Street. The date of the original foundation of St. Dunstan's in the East is not recorded. It was enlarged in 1382, when a south aisle and porch were added at the expense of John, Lord Cobham, a distinguished nobleman and a friend of the poet Gower. He was the builder of Cowling Castle in Kent, and died in 1407. His granddaughter, Joan, married, for her fourth husband. Sir John Oldcastle, the leader of the Lollards. Stow describes St. Dunstan's as "a fair and large church of an ancient building, and within a large churchyard." It was very extensively repaired, and indeed almost rebuilt, in 1633, at an expenditure of ;j^2,4oo, but was practically destroyed by the Great Fire, as, although the outer walls remained for the most 164 City Churches. part standing, the tall lead-covered spire, which was its dis- tinguishing ornament, and the whole of the interior, with its numerous monuments, were utterly consumed. Amongst the memorials of the dead thus destroyed was that of Sir John Hawkins. This redoubtable seaman, one of the most illustrious of the gallant band of Elizabethan naval heroes, died on an expedition to the West Indies, and his body was committed to the deep ; but a monument was erected to his memory by his widow on the north side of the chancel of St. Dunstan's, of which he had for many years been a parishioner. At St. Dunstan's was buried Alderman James Bacon, fish- monger, sheriff in 1569, who died on June 5th, 1573. He was the third son of Robert Bacon, of Drinkston, in Suffolk, and youngest brother of Sir Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper, and consequently uncle to Francis Bacon. Here also was laid the corpse of Admiral Sir John Lawson, who was mortally wounded in the sea-fight with the Dutch off Lowestoft on June 3rd, 1665. The patronage of the rectory of St. Dunstan in the East be- longed originally to the Prior and Chapter of Canterbury, but was granted by them in 1365 to Archbishop Simon IsHp, a relative of whom was rector from 1374 to 1382, and has since that time been always retained by the Archbishops of Canterbury. This parish was one of the thirteen " Peculiars " of the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury in the city of London, i.e.^ parishes under the direct jurisdiction of the primate. But this ancient usage was abrogated in 1845, i" pursuance of the recommendations of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, by an order in council by which the " Peculiars" were placed under the authority of the Bishop of London. S/. Dimstan in the East. 165 The most famous amongst the rectors of St. Dunstan's in the East was John Morton, who held the living from 1472 till 1474. He became Master of the Rolls and Bishop of Ely under Edward IV., and was one of the executors of that sovereign's will ; subsequently, under Henry VH., who owed his crown in a great measure to the wise councils of this sagacious statesman, he was advanced to the archbishopric of Canterbury and the Lord Chancellorship, both which offices he retained till his death. He died on September 15th, 1500, at the advanced age of ninety, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral. In the work of re-erecting their church the parishioners were very materially assisted by the munificence of Dame Dyonis AVilliamson, of Hale's Hall, Norfolk, whose grandfather, Richard Hale, had been buried in the old church. She gave ^^4,000 towards the expenses of the rebuilding of St. Dunstan's in the East, and besides this act of liberality to a church with which •she was particularly connected, she bestowed ^2,620 — the largest individual subscription — for the rebuilding of St. Paul's Cathedral, and ^^2,000 for the rebuilding of the church of St. Mar)'.le-Bow. Wren was called in during 167 1, and the reconstruction of the church was carried on in accordance with his designs ; but the steeple, which is built of stone, and is placed at the west of the church, was not completed till 1699. The steeple of St. Dunstan's is one of Wren's most striking works. The tower, which measures 21 feet square at the base, contains four storeys, of which the lowest displays a doorway, the second and fourth windows, and the third the clock. It is surmounted by four tall pinnacles, one at each angle. From behind these pinnacles spring four arched ribs, which support the lantern and spire, the latter terminating 1 66 City CJmj'ches. in a ball and vane. The total altitude to the summit of the vane is 1 80 feet 4 inches. The appearance presented by this steeple is extremely elegant, and the employment of the four arched ribs to bear the spire renders it quite unique amongst all Sir Christopher's achievements. The steeples of St. Nicholas, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, St. Giles's, Edinburgh, and King's College, Old Aberdeen, are similarly con- structed, and from them Wren seems to have derived the plan of the steeple of St. Dunstan's, which, though on a smaller scale, bears a closer resemblance to that of St. Nicholas than to the Scottish examples of this method. There is a tradition that the idea of building a steeple of this kind was first suggested to the great architect by his only daughter, Jane, who did not long sur- vive its completion, dying unmarried at the early age of twenty-six, on December 29th, 1702. The steeple of St. Dunstan's com- bines the charms of melody with those of outward loveliness, for it possesses eight bells ; it can be contemplated to the best advan- tage from the lower ground at the bottom of St. Dunstan's Hill in Lower Thames Street, whence is obtained an uninterrupted view of this singularly picturesque and beautiful object. Although this steeple has an almost fragile appearance, it is in reality strongly and very scientifically constructed. When Sir Christopher was told that the terrible hurricane of November, 1703, had damaged all the steeples in London, he replied with calm confidence, " Not St. Dunstan's, I am sure;" and examina- tion proved that his opinion was quite correct. In reconstructing the church Wren made use of the remaining materials of the old building as far as he could. He did not, however, follow in the interior the Gothic style which he had adopted for the steeple, but divided it into nave and aisles by S^. Dwistan in the East. 1 6 7 means of Doric columns. By the year 1810 the fabric had become greatly decayed, and the walls were found to have been forced as much as seven inches out of the perpendicular by the pressure of the roof of the nave. As it was considered hopeless to attempt the reparation of so dilapidated an edifice, the church was pulled down, with the exception of the steeple, and a new church added, the first stone of which was laid by Archbishop Manners Sutton on November 26th, 181 7. It was first opened for service on January 14th, 1S21. The architect was Mr. David Laing, who a few years before had built the Custom House, and he was assisted by Mr. (afterwards Sir William) Tite, who more than twenty years later rebuilt the Royal Exchange after its destruction by fire. The present church of St. Dunstan in the East is composed of Portland stone, and is stated to have cost about ;!^36,ooo. The style is perpendicular Gothic, the object kept in view having been to erect a church in haimony with the steeple. St. Dunstan's measures 115 feet in length, 65 feet 6 inches in breadth, and 40 feet in height, and contains two side-aisles, divided from the central portion by slender clustered columns and pointed arches, above which is the clerestory. From the capitals of the columns rise single shafts to meet the roof of the nave, which is decorated with graceful fan groining, while the ceilings of the aisles are inter- sected by ribs forming square compartments. During the excavations which were started as a preliminary step towards the erection of the new building, several relics of the old church which was destroyed in the Great Fire were unearthed, amongst them being the fragments of an east window. These served as a model for the construction of the central east window of the present church, which was closely copied from them, with a 1 68 City Chtnxhes. view to the reproduction, both in size and characteristics, of the mediaeval window. It is divided into two compartments, in the glass of which are typically portrayed the Jewish and Christian dispensations. The Old Covenant, which is the subject of the lower division, is represented by figures of Moses and Aaron, together with the ark and other symbols of the Hebrew worship, while in the upper portion are displayed the figures of our Lord and the Four Evangelists. This happily conceived and executed picture in glass was the work of Mr. John Buckler. At the top of the window appear the royal arms and those of the city of London, and also the arms of Archbishop Manners Sutton, Archbishop Howley, Archbishop Sumner, and Bishop Blomfield. On each side of the central east window is a smaller window. That on the north contains a copy of Overbeck's painting of Christ blessing little children, and the southern window is filled with a copy of the Adoration of the Wise Men by Paul Veronese. Both were executed by Messrs. Baillie. To Messrs. Baillie also are due the coats-of-arms of benefactors to the church and parish, which are depicted in the tracery lights of the windows in the north and south walls, each coat-of-arms being accompanied by name and date, and also by a scroll in- scribed with an appropriate text of scripture. There are alto- gether nine windows, five in the south wall and four in the north — the place of a window at the eastern part of the north wall being usurped by the north-east porch, which has a well-groined ceiling — and each of these windows bears two coats-of-arms. The bene- factors thus suitably commemorated are : Sir Bartholomew James, 1481 ; William Sevenoaks, 1426; Matthew Ernest, alias Metyng- ham, 1505 ; Sir William Heriott, 1506; Henry Herdson, 1555. S^. DiLHstan in the East. 1 69 Sir Richard Champion, 1568; William Haynes, 1590; Mirabelle Bennett, 1632; John Fowke, 16S6; Gilbert Keate, 1657; Ber- nard Hyde, 1674; Viscountess Conway, 1637 ; Sir Thomas Hunt, 1615 ; William Bateman, 1648; Dame Dyonis Williamson, 1669; George Hanger, 1607; Sir John Moore, 1702; and Sir WiUiam Russell, 1705. The most eastern window in the south wall, which bears the coats-of-arms of Sir Bartholomew James and William Seven- oaks, has been filled with stained glass in memory of the Rev. Thomas Boyles Murray, who died on September 24th, i860, after having been rector of St. Dunstan's in the East for twenty-three years. He took a deep interest in the history and antiquities of the church, the "Chronicles" of which — a very lucid and pleasantly written book — he published the year before his death. The remainder of the side windows are plain, with the exception of the coats-of-arms in the tracery lights. Wren's church was embellished by several fine specimens of wood-carving by Grinling Gibbons, but these disappeared when the edifice was taken down, with one solitary exception — the arms of Archbishop Tenison, Primate from 1695 to 17 15, which are now placed over the mantelpiece in the vestry-room. This chamber, which is situated to the north-west of the church, is lighted by a window on the north, on which are emblazoned the arms of Archbishop Sumner. On an oak bracket to the south of the fireplace stands a beautifully executed model of the church as finished by Wren, carved in oak and chestnut. It is 2 feet 7 inches in length, by i foot 3 inches in breadth ; the height to the top of the spire is 4 feet, and the interior height to the centre of the ceiling is i foot 2 inches. The pulpit, reading-desk, and organ are movable, and with such exactitude has this minute 1 70 City CJmrches. work of art been completed that every door is fitted with metal hinges. In a glazed box beneath are kept fifty-seven pieces, mostly in pear-wood, on a larger scale than the complete model, which were apparently designed for another and a bigger model, which was, however, never accomplished. The name of the artist of this chef-cTccuvre is unknown. It was purchased at an auction sale some forty years back by a Mr. Leach, a parishioner, who presented it to the church. On the opposite wall hangs a lithograph of the City of London as it appeared in 1647, after Cornelius Danckers, in which the lofty steeple of the old church of St. Dunstan is a very prominent object. This interesting souvenir was presented in 1832 by Mr. Matthias Prime Lucas, Alderman of the Ward of Tower, in which the parish is situated. When Wren's church was demolished, St. Dunstan's lost, in addition to Gibbons's carvings, its oldorgan and marble font. The organ, which was built by Father Smith, and was a very fine in- strument, was removed to the abbey church of St. Alban's. It was replaced by a new organ, which stands in the west gallery. The font, however, was by a singular piece of good fortune recovered in 1845 — i" which year the sacred building was repaired — through the kindness of a Warwickshire clergyman, into whose hands it had fallen, and it now occupies a position at the extreme north-west of the church. St. Dunstan's in the East contains a considerable number of monuments, and although no person of extraordinary eminence is thus commemorated, they yet form on the whole a very interesting collection. On the north wall of the chancel is a monument to Sir John Moore, with the following inscription : SL Dtmstan in the East. 1 7 1 "In a vault near this place is deposited the body of Sir John Moore, Knight, sometime Lord Mayor of London, One of the Representatives of this City in Parliament, and President of Christ's Hospital, Who, for his great and exemplary loyalty to the Crown, was impowered by King Charles the Second to bear on a canton one of the Lions of England, as an augmentation to his Arms. Who, out of a Christian Zeal for good works, Founded and Endowed a Free School at Appleby, in Leicestershire, his native county, And was a good Benefactor to the Worshipful Company of Grocers, to the several Hospitals of this City, to his own relatives in general, and to this parish. He departed this life the 2d of June, 1702, aged 82." Above Sir John's monument is a tablet to his wife, Dame Mary Moore, who died at the age of fifty-eight, on May i6th, 1690, in the thirty-eighth year of their marriage. Both these memorials were cleaned and repaired in 1845 by the Grocers' Company. The I.ion of England with which Sir John Moore was privileged by Charles II. to augment his arms, appears on his monument. He was indeed of great service to that monarch, for he not only accommodated him with large sums of money, but also during his mayoralty, to which he was elected in 1681, directed his whole power and influence to further the policy of the Court. On this account he has been immortalized by Dryden under the name of Ziloah in the concluding lines of the second part of " Absalom and Achitophel " : " Tliis year did Ziloah rule Jerusalem, And boldly all sedition's syrtes stem, Howe'er encumber'd with a viler pair Than Ziph or Shimei, to assist the chair ; 172 City CImrchcs. Yet Ziloah's royal labours so prevailed, That faction at the next election failed ; When even the common cry did justice sound, And merit by the multitude was crowned ; With David then was Israel's peace restored, Crowds mourned their error, and obeyed their lord." Sir John Moore was the senior member for the City of London in the only parliament of James II. In addition to his political and municipal celebrity, he is also illustrious as a liberal benefactor to Christ's Hospital, the writing school of which, erected from the designs of Wren in 1694, and capable of holding 500 boys, was built at his sole charge, the cost amounting to ;^5,ooo. His statue in marble stands in front of this building, which owes its origin to his generosity, and his portrait is preserved in the Hospital. The largest monument in St. Dunstan'sis one on the south side of the chancel, to Sir William Russell, who died in 1705. It in- cludes a full-length figure of Sir William " in his habit as he lived," wearing a large wig. He is represented as reclinmg on his left side, and Strype commends the " effigies " as " well resembling him." His father, Robert Russell, Deputy of the Ward of Tower, who died in 1662, is commemorated by a large tablet on the north wall, erected in place of " y^ other demolished in y"^ late general conflagration." Another handsome tablet on the north wall was set up by the parishioners in memory of Richard Hale, whose monument had been destroyed in the Fire, as a mark of their gratitude to his granddaughter. Lady Williamson, for her bountiful assistance to them in the rebuilding of the church. The inscription is as follows : S^. Dtinstan in the East, 173 " Pietati et Charitati Sacrum. Hie juxta depositae sunt reliquiae Richardi Hale, Armigeri, in Spem Beatae Resurrectionis, qui decessit An. D. 1620 : Cujus e filio primogenito, Gulielmo, Neptis, Domina Dyonysia Williamson, de Hales-Hall in Comit. Norfolc — pro Summa pietate et munificentia, Ecclesiam banc incendio deletani, impensis MMMM libris, maxima ex parte restauravit. Exiguum hoc honoris et gratitudinis yivi]\iQ nothing certain is known with regard to Chaucer's parentage. It was at St. Mary Aldermary that Milton was married to his third wife, Elizabeth Minshull, on February 24th, 1663. Little more than a century after its erection the steeple had become " greatly decayed and perished ; " and two parishioners, William Rodoway and Richard Pierson, both of whom died in the year 1626, bequeathed respectively ;^3oo and 200 marks towards the expenses of its reconstruction. The new steeple was com- pleted three years afterwards at a cost of ;^i,ooo, and in 1632 the body of the church was extensively repaired by the parishioners. 6V. Mary Alder7nary. 253 In 1666 the church was destroyed by the Great Fire, with the exception of the tower, which escaped the ravages of the flames. The Great Fire also consumed the church of St. Thomas the Apostle in Knightrider Street, which was not rebuilt, its parish being united with that of St. IMary Aldermary. The advowson of the rectory of St. Mary Aldermary originally belonged to the prior and chapter of Canterbury, but Archbishop Arundel, in the year 1400, gave them the advowson of the living of Westwell, in Kent, in exchange for it ; and the patronage has ever since remained in the hands of the primate. One of the rectors of St. Mary Aldermary, Henry Gold, came to a tragic end, being executed at Tyburn in 1534, together with Elizabeth Barton, *' the Holy Maid of Kent," two monks, and two friars. He was buried in the church. The rectory of St. Thomas the Apostle has been from time immemorial in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. The present church of St. Mary Aldermary was built by "Wren in 1681 and 1682. A legacy of ;!{^5,ooo had been left by a Mr. Henry Rogers for the rebuilding of a church, and his widow and executrix consented to apply it for the reconstruction of St. Mary Aldermary ; she stipulated, however, that the new church should be an exact imitation of Keble's church, and the architect was thus compelled to follow a system widely differing from his ordinary methods, and although some of its details are somewhat incorrect, he has reproduced a handsome edifice in the Tudor style of architecture. St. Mary Aldermary consists of a nave, chancel, and two side- aisles, which are separated from the central portion by clustered columns and very slightly pointed arches. It measures 100 feet in length, 63 feet in breadth, and about 45 feet in height. The ceil- 2 34 ^'^^y Churches. ings both of the nave and aisles are conspicuous for their elabo- rate fan-groining, and the deeply-indented circular panels of the ceiling of the nave, each ornamented at its centre with a flower, are very happily designed and executed. The spandrels of the arches are adorned with foliage, and shields containing the arms of the archiepiscopal see of Canterbury, and those of Henry Rogers. The north side of the chancel is prolonged to a greater extent than the south side, which gives the church rather a curious appearance. The large east and west windows still retain the old stained glass, and in the former are emblazoned the arms of Henry Rogers. These windows are constructed in two heights, and divided into five lights. St. Mary Aldermary was very much restored in 1876-7, so that its present aspect is new rather than venerable. There is a new screen of carved oak at the west, dividing the church from the lobby ; there are new seats and new stalls ; the organ has been re- moved from its old western position and re-erected at the north of the chancel. A new pavement covers the floor, and new stained glass has been inserted in the side windows. A new reredos has likewise been substituted for the old altar-piece presented by Dame Jane Smith, widow of Alderman Sir John Smith, who was sheriff" in 1669, and was interred in the church in 1673. The old pulpit has, however, been preserved, and also the old font, placed in the lobby at the extreme north-west, which bears a Lathi in- scription stating it to have been given by Button Seaman, a parishioner, in 1682. The monuments are of no particular interest. On a black marble tablet over the west door is a Latin inscription recording the munificence of Henry Rogers. The tower, though not actually destroyed in the Fire, was so- S^. Mary Alderynary. 235 much injured that it required considerable repair, and the upper portion was entirely rebuilt about the year 1701. It contains four storeys, \Yith an open parapet above, and is surmounted by four pinnacles. The total height to the top of the pinnacles is 135 feet. This square stone tower has a most graceful appearance as seen from Queen Victoria Street, and forms an agreeable relief to the monotonous and uninteresting buildings which predo- minate in that thoroughfare. Like all other buildings, the church of St. Mary Aldermary has no doubt its faults, but, taking it as a whole, one cannot fail to concur in the opinion of Newcourt, that it was " very nobly rebuilt." In 1835, on the demolition of some houses in Watling Street, a crypt was discovered, 50 feet long by 10 feet wide, having five pointed arches on each side. In all probability this crypt be- longed to the church built by Keble. In 1874 the church of St. Antholin, which was situated at the south-west corner of Size Lane, at the junction of Watling Street and Budge Row, was pulled down, and the benefice, a rectory in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, was united with that of St. Mary Aldermary. After the Fire, the church of St. John the Baptist upon Walbrook, so called from its position on the bank of that stream, was not rebuilt, and the rectory was united with that of St. Antholin. The patronage of St. John the Baptist was originally in the hands of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, who about the year 1273 bestowed it upon the prioress and convent of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate. Since the dissolution of monasteries it has been retained by the Crown. Thus the church of St. Mary Aldermary now serves for four parishes, /.VVTnE- i^'^^^riJ^^*^* The church of St. Bartho- lomevv the Less, which in monastic times served as the chapel to the hospital, has since the dissolution of the priory been used as a parish church for the dwellers within the hospital precincts. The benefice is a vicarage in the gift of the governors of St. Bartholomew's Hospital. The old tower, which stands at the west, and is surmounted by a small turret, still remains, but the interior, which had become much dilapidated, was entirely remodelled on an octagonal plan by the younger Dance in 17S9. Dance's work, which w^as of timber, soon fell into decay, and the church was practically rebuilt in 1S23 by Thomas Hardwick, who adhered to Dance's plan, but substituted for the timber stone and iron. The church has since then been again restored, so that it now presents an extremely modern appearance, with the exception of the vestibule beneath the tower, which still displays traces of the old work. The area enclosed by the walls is almost square, but the octagonal shape is obtained by means of clustered columns and arches, above which is a clerestory, pierced with windows. The ceiling is groined. The organ is placed at the south of the chancel, and on the north is a handsome marble pulpit. 4i^ S^. BartholomeziJ the Less. 3 r 5 The old cliurch contained a large number of monuments, and a few of them have been preserved. The most ancient is a brass with male and female figures to William jSIarkeby, who died in 1439, and Alice, his wife; and there may also be observed a tablet erected by Sir Thomas Bodley, the founder of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, in memory of his wife, Anne, and a monument, displaying a kneeling figure, to Robert Balthrope, "Sergeant of the Chirurgeons" to Queen Elizabeth, who died in 1591. But we now look in vain for the memorial of John and Margaret Shirley, who are described by Stow as " having their pictures of brass, in the habit of pilgrims, on a fair flat stone." "This gentleman," continues Stow, "a great traveller in divers countries, amongst other his labours, painfully collected the works of Geffrey Chaucer, John Lidgate, and other learned writers, which works he wrote in sundry volumes to remain for posterity ; I have seen them, and partly do possess them." Sir Ralph Winwood, James I.'s ambassador to Holland, and Secretary of State, was buried at St. Bartholomew the Less, as was also James Heath, author of the " Flagellum, or the Life and Death of Oliver Cromwell, the late Usurper," characterized by Carlyle as a "mournful brown little book," and the "Chronicle of the Civil Wars," which the same historian considers as "little other than a tenebrific book." Inigo Jones was baptized here on July 19th, 1573 ST. BOTOLPH. ALDERSGATE. To St. Botolph, an East Anglian saint of the seventh century, who gave his name to Boston, i.e., Botolph's Town, in Lincolnshire, where he founded a celebrated monastery, were dedicated four churches in London, each of which stood by a gate of the city. One of these, St. Botolph's, Billingsgate, was not rebuilt after the Great Fire, but the other three, St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, St. Botolph's, Aldgate, and St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, are still in existence. St. Botolph's, Aldersgate, is situated opposite the General Post Office, at the corner of Little Britain. The benefice was anciently a rectory in the gift of the dean of St. Martin's-le-Grand, but Richard IL in the last year of his reign appropriated the rectory to that collegiate church, and St. Botolph's was afterwards served by a curate. The patronage passed to the abbot and convent of Westminster in the reign of Henry VIL, and their successors, the dean and chapter, now appoint the vicar. The church was repaired at a cost exceeding £,^00 by the parishioners in 1627, at which time a large portion of the steeple was rebuilt. It was but slightly damaged by the Great Fire, but in 1790, having become very dilapidated, it was pulled down, and a new church erected at an expenditure of about ;^io,ooo. The present church of St. Botolph, Aldersgate, is divided into a nave and side-aisles by Corinthian columns. There are galleries 3i8 Ci'y CJmrches. on the north, south, and west ; the last of which contains the organ. The ceiUng, which is arched, has four central compart- ments, and is pierced on each side by four semicircular windows. The north and south walls each possess two rows of stained glass windows. The recess at the east, in which the altar is placed, is lighted by a spacious window, flanked by two smaller ones. The glass of the central window represents angels ministering to oui Lord in the wilderness, and the side windows display figures oi St. Peter and St. John. The pulpit, which stands on the south side of the church, is imposing from its height, but not otherwise interesting ; on the opposite side a sword-rest is conspicuous. The oldest remaining monument is that of Dame Anne Pack- ington, a benefactress to the parish, who died on August 22nd 1563. She was the widow of Sir John Packington, described as "late Chirographer in the Court of the Common Pleas." There is a monument with bust to Elizabeth, daughter of Sii William Hewitt, of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, and wife of Sii Thomas Richardson, of Honingham, in Norfolk, who died in 1639 at the age of thirty-two ; and two seventeenth century medical prac- tioners, Sir John Micklethwait and Dr. Francis Bernard, have here memorials. Micklethwait was physician to Charles II., and President of the College of Physicians, and died in 1683 ; Bernard, who died in 1698, was held up to ridicule by Garth, in the " Dis- pensary," under the name of Horoscope. An ornamental tablet commemorates Richard Chiswell, one of the principal booksellers of his time, who was a benefactor to St. Botolph's parish, in which he was born. He died on May 3rd, 171 1, in his seventy-second year. The name of Elizabeth Smith, daughter of Philip and Elizabeth Smith, of this parish, who died, aged fifteen, in 1750, is perpetuated by a white marble bust, the work of RoubiHac ; and iSV. Botolph, Aider sgate. 319 fi tablet is inscribed to Daniel Wray, F.R.S., F.S.A., who died on December 29th, 1783, aged eighty-two. Wray was for thirty- seven years Deputy-Teller of the Exchequer, one of the original Trustees of the British Museum, and part-author of the "Athenian Letters ;" but he is especially noteworthy as the esteemed friend of the poets Dyer and Akenside. His widow, who long survived him, is commemorated by a smaller separate tablet. St. Botolph's is built of brick. The tower rises at the west, and is crowned by a very insignificant turret. The east front displays a facade, consisting of four Ionic columns, placed two on each side of the central window, and supporting a pediment, within which is a clock-face. This fagade did not form part of the original building, but was constructed in Roman cement in the year 1831, when the eastern limit of the church was curtailed, in order to widen the pavement. The rest of the exterior does not call for comment. The churchyard, which is of consideiable size, extends to the south and west of the church. It is beautifully laid out, and is open to the public during the summer months. \- ST. BOTOLPH. ALDGATE. The church of St. Botolph, Aldgate, is placed at the junction of Aldgate High Street and Houndsditch. It is said to have been originally founded about the reign of William the Conqueror, and belonged to the burgesses of the Knighten Guild, descendants of thirteen knights who had land on the east part of the city con- ferred upon them by King Edgar, and were formed into a guild, whose privileges were confirmed by Edward the Confessor, and subsequently by William Rufus. These burgesses in 1115 gave the church of St. Botolph to the Priory of the Holy Trinity, Aid- gate, then newly founded by Queen Matilda, and the cure con- tinued to be served by one of the canons till the priory was sur- rendered to Henry VHI. in 1531. Stow describes St. Botolph's as having been "lately new built at the special charges of the Priors of the Holy Trinity ; patrons thereof, as it appeareth by the arms of that house, engraven on the stone work." But he goes on to complain that "the parishioners of this parish being of late years mightily increased, the church is pestered with lofts and seats for them." The old church remained standing till 1741, when, having become ex- tremely dilapidated, it was pulled down, and replaced by the present church, which was designed by the elder Dance, the architect of the Mansion House, and completed in 1744 at an e.xpenditure of over ;;^5,5oo. 322 City CJmrches. St. Botolph's is built of brick, with stone dressings. The tower, which is surmounted by a small spire, stands at the south, facing Aldgate High Street. The altar is placed at the north. The in- terior includes two side-aisles, separated from the central portion by Tuscan columns, which support a flat ceiling. There are galleries at the east, west, and south, the last of which contains the organ. The church is well furnished with windows, there being two rows in each of the side walls, one above and one below the gallery. The window over the altar is divided into three compartments, and the eastern and western aisles are each terminated by a window at the northern extremity. All these windows are filled with stained glass. The altar-piece displays Corinthian columns brightly gilded, with entablature and circular pediment. The pulpit stands on the east, and on the same side of the church appears a handsome sword-rest ; the font is located at the south-east. The royal arms are placed in the vestibule at the south, over the doorway which leads into the church, and on the vestibule walls are some old paintings, which were originally placed above the altar, but were transferred to their present situa- tion in 1875, when St. Botolph's was repaired, and the heaviness of its former aspect considerably modified. The most interesting monument in St. Botolph's is a tomb of alabaster, overshadowed by a canopy, and bearing a well-sculp- tured recumbent figure in white marble, the lower parts of which are wrapped in a winding-sheet. It is inscribed to the memory of Thomas, Lord Darcy of the North, Sir Nicholas Carew, and various members of their families. Lord Darcy and Sir Nicholas Carew were concerned in the Catholic plots against Henry VHL, and were both beheaded on Tower Hill, the former in 1537, and the latter in 1538. Their S/. Botolph, Aldgate. 323 monument stood in the chancel of the old church over the family vault ; when the new church was built, the monument was placed in the vestibule, but at the restoration it was removed to the west gallery. There is also a tablet against the south-west wall to Sir Edward Darcy, a grandson of Lord Darcy of the North, who died in 1612. Robert Dowe, the charitable Merchant Taylor, who gave money for the ringing of the bell at St. Sepulchre's at the time of execu- tions, died, at the age of eighty-nine, in 161 2, and was buried at St. Botolph's. Besides various other acts of munificence, he was a benefactor to St. Botolph's parish, and to his own com- pany of the Merchant Taylors, who erected to his memory a monument with half-length effigy, in which he is represented in his gown and cap, with peaked beard, and resting his hand on a skull. Dowe's monument was affixed to a pillar in the chancel of the old church, and after the rebuilding was again set up in the chancel ; it has now, however, been removed to the east gallery. To the north of the church, and at the east and west sides, is a churchyard, which is well planted and laid out, and is daily open to the public. The right of presentation to St. Botolph's, which remained in the crown from the dissolution of the priory at Aldgate till the reign of Queen Elizabeth, passed afterwards through the hands of a number of private persons. The vicarage is now in the gift of the Bishop of London. White Kennett, the historian and anti-Jacobite preacher, was incumbent of St. Botolph's from 1700 till 1707, when, after ob- taining the deanery of Peterborough, he removed to St. ALary Aldermary, where, his parochial duties being less exacting, he was 324 ^iiy CJmrches, enabled to devote more time to study. He was raised to the bishopric of Peterborough in 17 18, and dying on December 19th, 1728, was buried in his cathedral, "a practical sermon," as his biographer informs us, " being preached at his funeral, as he him- self had also desired." iT-DOToUEfi; BlSflOF5G€« The church of St. Botolph, Bishops- gate, is situated in Bishopsgate Street Without, opposite Hounds- ditch. It is described by Stow as standing "in a fair churchyard, ad- joining to the town ditch, upon the very bank thereof, but of old time inclosed with a comely wall of brick, lately repaired by Sir William Allen, mayor in the year 157 1, because he was born in that parish, where also he was buried." Of the early history of the church scarcely any facts of mterest are recorded ; but in later times its annals become more interest- ing. Edward AUeyn, the actor and founder of Dulwich College, who was the son of an innkeeper in the parish, was baptized here in 1566 ; an infant son of Ben Jonson was buried here in 1600 ; and Archibald Campbell, the seventh Earl of Argyll, and father of the celebrated first marquis, was married here in 1609 to his second wife, Anne, daughter of Sir William Cornwallis. In 1 6 15 the city gave to the parishioners additional ground on the west for their burying-ground, which had become too small for their needs. At the west end of the burying-ground, occupying the site of the present New Broad Street, was " a quadrant called Petty France of Frenchmen dwelling there." The story of a curious interment not many years after the enlargement of the burying-ground is thus related by Anthony Munday : o 26 City Churches. "August ro, 1626. In Petty France out of Christian buriall was buried Hodges Shaughsware a Persian Merchant, who with his Sonne came over with the Persian Ambassadour, and was buried by his owne Son, who read certaine prayers, and used other ceremonies, according to the custome of their owne Country, morning and evening, for a whole month after the buriall; for whom is set up at the charge of his sonne a Tombe of stone with certain Persian characters thereon ; the exposition thus, ' This grave is made for Hodges Shaughsware, the chiefest Servant to the King of Persia, who came from the King of Persia and dyed in his service. If any Persian commeth out of that Country, let him read this and a prayer for him, the Lord receive his soule, for here lyeth Maghmote Shaughsware, who was borne in the Towne of Novoy in Persia." In the burying-ground in Petty France the remains of the in- trepid Puritan, John Lilburne, were interred in 1657. A great benefactor to the church and parish was Sir Paul Pindar, a portion of whose mansion in Bishopsgate Street With- out, afterwards the " Sir Paul Pindar's Head " public-house, re- mained standing till recently, but has now been entirely swept away in the extensions of the Liverpool Street Station. Sir Paul was one of the richest merchants of his time, and was sent ambas- sador to Turkey by James I. He was a munificent contributor towards the restoration of Old St. Paul's. Charles I. found in him a most faithful adherent, and enormous were the sums which he advanced to the king ; but, like many another loyal subject, " Whose fate has been through good and ill To love his Royal Master still," his devotion to the cause of his prince plunged him into poverty, and he died in very embarrassed circumstances. SL Botolphy Bishopsga(e. 327 He was buried at St. Botolph's, where a mor^ument was erected to his memory, with the following inscription : "Sir Paul Pindar, Kt. His Majesty's Ambassador to the Turkish Emperor Anno Dom. 1611, and Nine Years Resident. Faithful in Negotiations, Foreign and Domestick ; Eminent for Piety, Charity, Loyalty, and Prudence. An Inhabitant Twenty-six Years, and bountiful! Benefactor to this Parish He died the 22d of August, 1650, Aged 84 years." The old church, having become ruinous early in the eighteenth century, was taken down, and the first stone of the present structure was laid on April loth, 1725, by Edmund Gibson, the learned Bishop of London. The new church was completed in 1729 at an expense of over ;/^io,4oo. The architect is stated to have been James Gold. St. Botolph's is a spacious and imposing, though not lofty, building, and includes two aisles, which are separated from the main body by Composite columns. The steeple is placed at the east end, so as to dominate Bishopsgate Street, and in conse- quence the chancel is formed beneath the tower. The ceiling is arched, and embellished with ornamental panels. It is pierced in the centre with a lantern, which was introduced in 1820, to remedy the deficiency of light in the church. There are galleries at the north, south, and west. The east and west windows are richly stained, and the organ is divided, so as to allow the west window to be seen. In the north and south walls are two rows of windows, one above and one below the gallery. The lower rows, together with windows on the same level at the north-west and south-west, are filled with stained glass rejoresentations of SL Botolph, Bishopsgate. 329 scriptural subjects in memory of benefactors to the poor of the parish, and in front of each window is a marble tablet with names inscribed. The pulpit, which is of oak, and has a substantial appearance, is placed on the south side, and the font stands at the north-west. On the north side of the chancel is Sir Paul Pindar's monu- ment, and opposite to it is one to Andrew Willow, a benefactor to the parish, who died in 1700. There is also in the chancel a brass plate in memory of Sir William Blizard, President of the Royal College of Surgeons, who resided many years in the parish, and died in 1835 at the age of ninety-two. The steeple is built of stone. The lowest storey has a large arched window in the centre, flanked by Doric pilasters and sur- mounted by their entablature and pediment. At each side is a doorway, and over each doorway are two small windows, the higher ones being circular. The second storey is adorned at the angles with pilasters supporting a cornice, above which a clock- dial is inserted on each face, while the sides are ornamented with carved scrolls. The third stage displays Ionic pilasters and entablature, and is finished at each corner with a flaming urn ; and a small Composite temple, encircled at the base by a balus- trade, and surmounted by a flaming urn, completes the whole. The tower contains eight bells. The remainder of the exterior is of red brick with stone dressings. John Keats was baptized at St. Botolph's, Bishopsgate, on October 31st, 1795. The infant school stands in the churchyard, and harmonizes well with the church. On its south front, on each side of the door, are placed figures of a boy and girl in quaint old costume. Close by it is the large tomb of Sir William Rawlins, sheriff in 330 City CImrches. 1 80 1. He was an upholsterer, and Thomas Dibdin was at one lime his apprentice. He died in his eighty-sixth year on March 26th, 1838, and bequeathed ^1,000 to the parish school. Opposite the churchyard, but divided from it by the passage leading from Bishopsgate Street to New Broad Street, is an additional piece of ground which was bestowed on the parish by the Common Council in 1760. It has been prettily laid out, and is furnished with seats. The rectory of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, has been from ancient times in the gift of the Bishop of London. Stephen Gosson, rector from 1600 till his death in 1623, was the author, amongst other works, of " The Schoole of Abuse, conteining a Plesaunt Invective against Poets, Pipers, Plaiers, Jesters, and such like Catterpillers of a Commonwelth," published in 1579. Bishop Blomfield was appointed rector in 1819, and remained here till he was elevated to the see of Chester in 1824. The living, which is worth ;/^i,2oo a year, is the richest in the city of London. The church of St. Dunstan in the AVest, one of the most prominent landmarks on the north side of Fleet Street, is so called from its position almost at the extreme western boundary of the city, and in contradistinction to the fellow church of St. Dunstan in the East. This church seems to have origi- nally belonged to the monastery of Westminster, but in the year 1237 Richard de Barking, then abbot, granted it to King Henry III., who applied the profits to the maintenance of the asylum for converted Jews, an establish- ment subsequently transformed by Edward III. into the Rolls Court and Chapel. After the year 1 36 1 the rectory of St. Dunstan's was bestowed on the abbot and convent of Alnwick in Northum- berland, and the cure was served by one of their canons or by a priest of their nomination. About 1437 a vicarage was ordained and endowed, the patronage of which remained in the hands of the abbot and convent till they were dissolved by Henry VIII. Edward VI. gave the advowson of the vicarage to Tord Dudley, but it soon afterwards passed, together with the rectory, into the possession of the Sackvilles, Earls of Dorset, who retained the patronage for many years. The benefice is now a rectory, the advowson of which is held by the Simeon trustees. City Churches. William Tyndale, the translator of the New Testament, was a frequent preacher at St. Dunstan's in the West, where he attracted great attention by his unflinching advocacy of the reformed doc- trines. Dr. Thomas White, the founder of Sion College, was presented to the vicarage in 1575. He became a prebendary of St. Paul's in 1588, treasurer of the church of Salisbury in 1590, Canon of Christ Church in 1591, and Canon of Windsor in 1593. He died on March ist, 1623, and was buried in St. Dunstan's near the altar. He endowed a lecture at St. Dunstan's, and also a moral philosophy lecture at Oxford, of which university he was a graduate. His successor was Donne, the illustrious Dean of St. Paul's, who held the living till his death, March 31st, 1631. Coming down to a more recent epoch, William Romaine was appointed Lecturer at St. Dunstan's in 1749, and for some years drew large crowds to listen to his fervent and eloquent discourses. Ralph Bane, Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and Ogle- thorpe, Bishop of Carlisle, the prelate who officiated at the coronation of Queen Elizabeth, both of whom died in i559> were buried at St. Dunstan's. And here were baptized the great Earl of Strafford, born 1593, and Bulstrode Whitelocke, born 1605, the ambassador and author of the "Memorials of English Affairs." St. Dunstan's escaped the Great Fire of 1666, but only very narrowly, as the flames extended to within three doors of the sacred building. In 1671 a new clock was supplied by Thomas Harrys, of Water Lane, to whom the parish accorded in payment the old clock and the sum of j[^zS- To Harrys's clock were attached the two figures of giants with clubs to strike the hours and quarters, which became famous throughout London, and are noticed by many writers, as for example Cowper : Si. Dims tan in the West. 333 "\Mien labour and when dullness, club in hand, Like the two figures at St. Dunstan's stand, Beating alternately in measured time The clockwork tintinnabulum of rhyme, Exact and regular the sounds will be, But such mere quarter-strokes are not for me." In 1 701 the church was extensively repaired, and the old arched roof was removed, and a square roof, at a higher elevation, sub- stituted. In 1730 the edifice a second time was threatened by an adjacent fire, but fortunately again escaped injury. When Lud-gate was rebuilt in 15 So, its west side was adorned by a statue of Queen Elizabeth. In 1760 Lud-gate was finally demolished, as an obstruction to the traffic ; and the statue was presented by the City to Sir Francis Gosling. Sir Francis, who was alderman of the Ward of Farringdon Without, in which St, Dunstan's is situated, bestowed the statue on the church, and it was set up outside the east end, with a suitable inscription beneath. The old church, which displayed a picturesque medley of different styles of architecture added at various times, was taken down towards the close of 1829. The giants were purchased by the Marquis of Hertford, who re-erected them outside his villa in Regent's Park. The present church is set further back than its predecessor, which, projecting forward into the street, unduly narrowed the thoroughfare, and stands in what was formerly the churchyard. The first stone was laid on July 27th, 1831, and the building was consecrated on July 31st, 1833. The architect was John Shaw, who a few years previously had designed the new hall of Christ's Hospital. He died, before the church was quite completed, on July 30th, 1832, and the work was finished by his son. 334 ^^h' CJmrchcs, The body of St. Dunstan's is principally composed of brick, but the tower, which rises at the south, facing Fleet Street, is of yellow freestone. The lowest storey contains the entrance door- way, which is ornamented with heads of Tyndale and Donne. In the panels at the sides are carved the royal arms and the arms of the City of London. The second storey is relieved merely by narrow loop-holes ; the third, however, displays on each front a clock-face and large pointed opening. At each angle of the tower is placed a large pinnacle. Above the tower is a pierced octagonal lantern, having at the angles buttresses concluded by pinnacles, and the whole is terminated by a high, open parapet. The height of the tower is 90 feet, and the total height of the steeple 130 feet. The form, not a common one, is said to have been suggested to the architect by the steeples of St. Botolph's, Boston, and St. Helen's, York. The tower contains eight bells, which belonged to the old church. The statue of Queen Elizabeth now stands in a niche at the east end of the south front, over the door leading to the vestry- room and parochial schools. To the west of the main entrance, between the church rails, is placed a fountain, "The Gift of Sir James Duke, Bart, M.P., and Aid. of this Ward, i860." Access is gained to the church by means of a porch beneath the tower and a vestibule. The interior is octagonal in shape, and contains seven recesses, one on every side, except the en- trance, which are separated from each other by clustered columns and pointed arches, supporting a clerestory pierced with eight windows. The roof is groined, and is formed by eight beams of iron, which are united at the centre. The altar occupies the northern recess. The altar-piece is of oak, and elaborately 6V. Dimsian in the West. 335 carved. It is crowned by three carved canopies of Flemish workmanship. The organ is located in a gallery at the south, above the entrance door. The font, which is of stone, is adorned on its upper portion with angel figures. To the walls are affixed a large number of monuments belonging to the old church. The earliest consists of two brass kneeling figures, male and female, with labels protruding from their mouths. Beneath them is the following inscription : " Here lyeth buryed the body of Henry Dacres, Cetezen and Marchant Taylor and sumtyme Alderman of London, and Eliza- beth his Wyffe, the whych Henry decessed the — day of — the yere of our Lord God — and the said Elizabeth decessed the xxiii day of Apryll the yere of our Lord God md'= and xxx." A monument with male and female figures commemorates Gerard Legh, a member of the Inner Temple, who died in 1563, and his wife. The inscription is in Latin, but the greater part of it has become obliterated. Another monument of the Elizabethan period is a square tablet with a long Latin inscription to Sir Matthew Carew, Doctor of Law. An ornate monument, which displays a female figure kneeling at a desk, and three children kneeling below, is that of Elizabeth North, who died in 161 2. A kneeling male figure, the inscription beneath which is utterly illegible, appears to represent her husband, Roger North. Cuthbert Fetherstone, the king's doorkeeper, who died in 16 15, has a tablet with bust in frame, and there are several other seven- teenth-century monuments, including an oval tablet to Alexander Layton, "y*" famed Swordman," who died in 1679. " His Thrusts like Lij^ht'ing flew, more Sicilful Death Parr'd 'em all, and beat liim out of breath." 2,^6 City Churches. Among the later monuments are those of two Sir Richard Hoares, both Lord Mayors. The elder, who was elected to the chief magistracy of the city in 1712, died at the age of seventy in 1 7 18; the younger Sir Richard's term of office commenced in 1745, "in which alarming crisis he discharged the great trust reposed in him with honour and integrity, to the approbation of his sovereign and the universal satisfaction of his fellow-citizens." He died in October, 1754. Their descendants, the Brothers Hoare, were liberal benefactors to the new church, to which they presented the window over the altar and the carved canopies of the altar-piece. There is also a plain round tablet to an estimable professional man, thus inscribed : "To the Memory of Hobson Judkin Esq. late of Clifford's Inn » The Honest Solicitor ■who departed this Life June the 30 i8l2 This Tablet was erected by his Clients as a Token of Gratitude and Respect for his honest, faithful and friendly Conduct to them thro' Life. Go Reader and imitate Hobson Judkin." A tablet over the door of the vestibule records the dates of the foundation and consecration of the church, and the death of the architect, John Shaw. There are several memorial windows in the walls of the recesses, amongst them being one inserted in 1 88 1 in memory of the Rev. E. Auriol, who was rector of the parish for many years. On April 5th of the present year was unveiled a stained glass S^. Diuistan in the West. -XiTil window at the north-west in memory of Izaak Walton, the author of '• The Compleat Angler," who was a parishioner of St. Dunstan's. The centre of the window is occupied by a figure of Walton, and at the sides are half-length figures of his brother-in-law, Bishop Ken, and the subjects of his "Lives," Sir Henry Wotton, George Herbert, Donne, Hooker, and Dr. Robert Sanderson. To draw public attention to Walton's connection with the parish, and the insertion of this window in his honour, a tablet has been aftaxed to the south wall of the church, west of the doorway. OLYTRiNlTY^MiNORJEJ: The Minories derives its name from the Minoresses, or Nuns of the Order of St. Clare, for whom an abbey, situated on the east side of this street, was founded in 1293 by Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, the brother of Ed- ward I. The abbey was surren- dered to Henry VIII. in 1539, and Holy Trinity has since re- mained a parish church for the inhabitants of the old monastic precincts. It stands at the end of Church Street, the first turning out of the Minories on the left hand as one comes from Aldgate. The vicarage is in the gift of the Lord Chancellor. The church and steeple were repaired in 1618-20, and the interior ''well and very commendably beautified" in 1628. But, though it escaped the Great Fire, Holy Trinity had become very ruinous at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and was there- fore entirely rebuilt, as we now see it, in 1706. The cost of the erection of the new church was about ;£'joo, towards which a Mr. Daniel King subscribed ;^2oo, and Lady Pritchard, widow of Sir William Pritchard, who had been Lord Mayor in 1682, ;^ioo, while the remainder was paid by the parishioners. The present church is a very unpretending little structure, but contains at the west end some handsome carving from the old church, bearing the date 1620. There are monuments on the north side of the chancel to Colonel William Legge, Groom of Holy Trinity, Alinories. 339 the Bedchamber and Lieutenant-General of the Ordnance to Charles I., and subsequently to Charles II., who died on October 13th, 1672, and his son, George, the first Lord Dartmouth, Admiral of the Fleet, who died on October 25th, 1691. Hie Dartmouth family continued to be buried in the vaults beneath the church until their closure in 1S49. During the examination of the vaults in that year a very curious relic was brought to light, namel}-, a head, which is said to be that of Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, the father of Lady Jane Grey, who was beheaded on February 23rd, 1554, and to whom the abbey of the Minoresses had been granted by Edward VI. The head, having been cast into sawdust after being severed from the trunk, has been preserved from decay ; the skin has very much the a])pearance of leather, and the features are perfectly clear and distinct. At its first discovery the teeth were entire, but since then several have dropped or been pulled out. The hair on the top of the head has fallen off, but some of a reddish colour remains about the chin. The head is kept in the vestry-room, and is enclosed in a small glass case to protect it from damage. The exterior of Holy Trinitj-, Minories, is extremely plain. It has no proper tower, only a turret at the west end. A small square stone in front of the church is inscribed " 1745 ; " beneath it was deposited a box filled with bones brought from the field of CuUoden. This was the church attended by Sir Isaac Newton when Master of the Mint. &HE0NE-^IEMAN- HE church of St. Katherine Coleman is situated a little to the south of Fenchurch Street, d east of Mark Lane. Its me, says Stow, "was taken of great haw-yard or garden, of old time called Coleman haw." Anthony Munday considers at the south aisle of this church as rebuilt by William White, Lord Mayor 1489, giving his reasons as follows : "Mr. Wright, the learned Parson here, gave me his gentle furtherance, shewing mee a glasse window in the south ile of the church, where is figured the shape of an Alderman in Scarlet, kneeling on his knees, and the words set downe by him doe expresse his name to be William White, Maior of this honourable Citie : Whereby he is perswaded, and I am likewise of his opinion (by divers opinions thereto inducing) that all that ile was either of his building or (at least) repairing, it appeareth so novell to the res;." The church was repaired in 1620, and in 1624 a vestry was built, and "a gallery new made for the Poor of the Parish to sit in." In 1703 more repairs and adornments took place, but in 1734 the old structure was pulled down, and the present church erected from the designs of an architect named Home. It is. S/. Kathcrine Coleman. 341 built of brick with stone dressings, having a tower at the west, but presents no features of interest. The benefice of St. Katherine Coleman is a rectory, and was anciently in the gift of the Dean of St. Martin's-le-Grand, and afterwards in that of the abbot and convent of Westminster. The patronage now appertains to the see of London, to which the advowson was given by Queen Mary. ST. MARY WOOLNOTH. The church of St. Mary Woohioth is situated at the junction of Lombard Street and King WiUiam Street. The date of its original foundation is unknown, and but little is recorded of its early history. It was rebuilt, as Newcourt tells us, " from the very founda- tions, as it seems," about 1438, and consecrated in that year by an Irish bishop, acting under a commission from the Bishop of London. But the work was apparently not completed till con- siderably later, for we are informed by Stow that " Sir Hugh Brice, Goldsmith, Mayor in the first year of Henry VII., Keeper of the King's Exchange at London, and one of the Governors of the King's Mint in the Tower of London," who died in 1496, and was buried here, " built in this church a chapel called the Charnell, as also part of the body of the church and of the steeple, and gave money toward the finishing thereof, besides the stone which he had prepared." The advowson of the rectory of St. Mary Woolnoth, which had been among the possessions of the priory of St. Helen's, Bishops- gate, was, after the suppression of that establishment, granted by Henry VIII. to Sir Martin Bowes. Sir Martin, who was a gold- smith, and Lord Mayor in 1545, resided in Lombard Street, the site of his house being now occupied by the bank of Messrs. Glyn, Mills and Co. He died on August 4th, 1566, and was 344 City Churches. buried in the chancel together with his three wives. He left some charitable bequests to the parish, for the distribution of which he appointed his company trustees. The advowson, after remaining for several generations in the Bowes family, passed into the hands of the Goldsmiths' Company. Sir Thomas Ramsey, Lord Mayor in 1577, was buried here in 1590, and "a very goodly monument" in the chancel was erected over him and his first wife. His second wife, who sur- vived him, was Dame Mary Ramsey, the benefactress of Christ's Hospital. The church of St. Mary Woolchurch Haw stood close to the Stocks Market, which was held on the site now occupied by the Mansion House. It was "so called," says Stow, " of a beam placed in the churchyard, which was thereof called Woolchurch Haw, of the tronage, or weighing of wool there used." If this explanation be correct, the name of St. Mary Woolnoth, which has proved very difficult to account for, may also very probably contain an allusion to the wool trade. St. Mary Woolchurch was built, as we learn from Newcourt, subsequently to the Conquest, by Hubert de Ria, the father of Eudo, steward to Henry I. Eudo founded the abbey of St. John at Colchester, and bestowed upon it the patronage of this church of St. Mary, described as " Ecclesiam S. Marige de Westcheping, London, quae vocatur Niewechirche," and that of the neigh- bouring church of St. Stephen, Walbrook. The abbot and con- vent of Colchester continued patrons of St. Mary Woolchurch till the dissolution of monasteries, since which time the advow- son of the rectory has been retained by the Crown. St. Mary Woolchurch, which Stow considered " reasonable fair and large," was "new built by license granted in the 20th of SL Mary Woolnoth. 345 Henry VI. ; " but having been consumed by the Great Fire, it was not again erected, its parish being united with that of St. Mary Woolnoih. St. ]vlary Woolnoth, though damaged by the Fire, was not destroyed. The steeple remained standing, as did also part of the walls. Wren repaired it in 1677, entirely rebuilding the north side, facing Lombard Street, but constructing almost all tlie remainder upon the old walls. Sir Robert Vyner, Lord ]\rayor in 1674, contributed munificently towards the expenses of this restoration. He was a goldsmith, and had a mansion in Lombard Street, on the spot where the Branch Post Office and the Guardian Assuiance Office now stand, and in compliment to him vines were spread about the church on the side fronting his house, "insomuch," says Strype, "that the church was used to be called Sir Robert Vyner's church." The injuries which St. Mary Woolnoth had received from the Fire were, however, so severe that Wren's repairs proved of no avail to secure a prolonged existence for the shattered structure. During the reign of Queen Anne the building fell into an ex- tremely dangerous state, and the parishioners having obtained an Act of Parliament enabling the commissioners who had charge of the erection of fifty new churches under Queen Anne's Act to advance money for the rebuilding, the old church and steeple were pulled down in 17 16, and the present church commenced. It was first opened for divine worship on Easter Day, 1727. The architect was Nicholas Hawksmoor, Wren's pupil, and St. Mary Woolnoth is undoubtedly one of the finest of his works. The interior of St. Mary Woolnoth is almost square. It con- tains twelve handsome Corinthian columns, which are placed at the angles in groups of three, and support an entablature, whicli 'y 46 Ci'^y Churches. is prolonged to the walls by means of pilasters. Above the entablature is a clerestory, which is pierced on each of its four sides with a large semicircular window. There are also four small windows in the south wall, but none at the north. The clerestory windows are filled with stained glass, but those in the south wall are plain. The ceiling is flat, and is divided into panels and richly ornamented. The altar-piece, which occupies an arched recess at the east, is of oak, and displays two prominent twisted columns. The pulpit, likewise of oak, and a fine piece of work, stands on the north side, and is surmounted by a very large sounding-board. There were formerly highly-ornamented oak galleries at the north, south, and west, but in 1876, when the high pews were taken away, these were also removed, though there is still a diminutive gallery over the entrance doorway at the west, from which project the banners of the Goldsmiths' Company. The supports of the galleries, and the gallery fronts, however, which are very handsome, remain against the walls. The organ, which was built by Father Smith, and is enclosed in an imposing case, was transferred at the same time to the north of the chancel.^ To the north wall is affixed a white marble tablet in memory of Cowper's friend, John Newton, who was rector of the united parishes for twenty-eight years. It bears the epitaph which he had written for himself; "John Newton, Clerk, once an infidel and libertine, a servant of slaves in Africa, was, by the rich mercy of Our Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ, preserved, restored, pardoned, and ap- pointed to preach the faith he had long laboured to destroy." ^ The organ has been thoroughly renovated, and was reopened on Sunday, November nth, 1S94. S/. A/ary Woobioth. 347 Some curious old documents are appended to the south wall ; the most ancient, by which a small sum of money was bequeathed to the church, dates from about 1290, but the name of the donor does not appear to be known. St. Mary Woolnoth occupies one of the most conspicuous positions in the city, and its exterior is certainly striking, although too heavy to be entirely pleasing. The tower is placed at the west ; its basement storey contains the doorway, and over it a semicircular window; above the cornice is a pedestal, which supports Composite columns, and the summit is divided into two turrets surmounted by balustrades, which present a very original appearance. The north front is varied by three niches, each of which encloses two Ionic columns on pedestals ; but the south front is unadorned, for the reason that it was hidden from view by the adjacent buildings previously to the formation of King William Street. A projecting clock is attached by a bracket to the north wall towards the west end. St. Mary Woolnoth was threatened with destruction in 1863, but it was preserved by the exertions of some of the parishioners, including the then Lord Mayor, Alderman Rose, a parishioner in respect of his occupancy of the Mansion House. Again during the last year something has been heard of a scheme for puUinii; it down ; it has, however, found able defenders, and no effort will be spared to frustrate this barbarous design, and to guard from the wanton hand of the destroyer the beautiful and unique church of St. Mary Woolnoth. ST. PETER-LE-POER. The church of St. Peter-le-Poer is situated on the north side of Old Broad Street. The reason of its distinguishing title is not certainly known. Stow conjectured that it was " sometime perad- venture a poor parish," "but at this present," he adds, "there be many fair houses, possessed by rich merchants and other." As, however, the church is styled in ancient documents " Parvus," " Poer " may perhaps more probably be a corruption of that designation. The church was enlarged and very extensively repaired, both internally and externally, between the years 1615 and 1630. In the former year, additional space having been gained on the north side. Sir William Garaway. a wealthy merchant, built a new north aisle at his own expense. He died in 1625 at the advanced age of eighty-eight, and was buried in a vault at the east end of this aisle, and "a fair and comely monument" marked the site of his grave. The whole cost of the repairs and alterations is stated to have amounted to almost ^1,600, ;j^40o of which was paid by Garaway, and the rest by the parishioners. The rectory of St. Peter-le-Poer has been from time immemorial in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's. Dr. Richard Holdsworth, who was rector at the commencement of the Civil War, was sequestered, and for a time imprisoned, by the Long 5/. Peter-le-Pocr. 349 Parliament. "This most eminent and loyal person," as Newcourt calls him, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. He was Master of Emmanuel College, and several times Vice-Chancellor of the Univ^ersity, and he was also professor of divinity at Gresham College. Before the outbreak of the war he had declined the bishopric of Bristol, but in 1645 he accepted the deanery of Worcester. He attended on Charles I. during his confinement at Hampton Court and Caris- brooke, and did not long survive his sovereign, dying on August 22nd, 1649. He was buried in St. Peter-le-Poer, where a monu- ment was set up to his memory, which, after the demolition of the old church, lay for nearly a century hidden in the vaults and totally forgotten, but, having been accidentally discovered, has been brought above ground again, and erected against the wall above the stairway leading to the organ-gallery. Dr. Benjamin Hoadly, the famous Whig theologian and con- troversialist, became rector of St. Peter-le-Poer in 1704. In 17 15 he was raised to the see of Bangor, but continued to hold the rectory till 1720. In 172 1 he was translated to Hereford, in 1725 to Salisbury, and finally in 1734 to Winchester. He died, when considerably over eighty, on April 17th, 1761. The old church, having become much decayed, was taken down in 17S8, and the present church, which stands farther back than the old one, which was an obstruction to the thoroughfare, was erected in its stead from the designs of Jesse Gibson, and con- secrated, as is recorded by an inscription below the organ, by liishop Porteous on November 19th, 1792. It is by no means a beautiful edifice, is circular in shape, having a recess at the north for the altar, and is lighted by a large lantern with glass sides in the centre of the ceiling. There was originally a gallery running 350 City Churches. round the cliurch to the sides of the recess in which the altar is placed, but at the restoration in iS88 this was taken away, with the exception of a small portion at the south, which contains the organ. On the east side of the church may be observed a sword- rest, and at the south is a handsome marble font, with an inscrip- tion notifying that it was given by the present rector, the Rev. J. H. Coward, in memory of his wife. On the walls of the vestry- room, which is situated at the south-east, are hung engravings of the two churches, the old and the new, and also engravings of the old Navy and Excise Offices, besides plans of the church and parish. The steeple rises at the south, the only side on which the exterior is visible, the rest of it being concealed by the surround- ing buildings. The square tower supports a stone cupola domi- nated by a vane. The basement storey contains the entrance doorway, which is flanked on each side by two attached columns, and surmounted by an entablature and pediment. There are two windows, one on each side of the doorway. The church is rather a prominent object in Old Broad Street, but the outside is quite as commonplace as the interior. The church of St. Benet Fink in Threadneedle Street derived its title from its re-builder, Robert Finke, whose name is likewise perpetuated in Finch Lane, in which his mansion stood. The benefice was originally a rectory, and the advowson was in the possession of the Neville family. From them it appears to have passed to the adjacent Hospital of St. Anthony of Vienna, to which the church was appropriated in 1440. From this time it became a curacy, the curate being appointed by the master and brethren of the hospital. In 1474 Edward IV. annexed the hospital to St. George's, Windsor, and St. Benet Fink was thence- SL Peter-le-Poer. 3 5 1 forth served by one of the canons of Windsor or by a curate of their nomination. The church was repaired and beautified in 1633, but perished in the Great Fire. It was rebuilt by Wren between the years 1673-76 at a cost of over ;,{^4,ooo, towards which ^1,000 was contributed by a Mr. George Hohnan. The parishioners, as a mark of their gratitude, presented him with two pews and a vault, which were to be for him and his heirs for ever, and his arms were emblazoned on the east window. Wren's church was elliptical in shape, and measured 63 feet by 48. It was traversed by six Com- posite columns, which, with the arches connecting them, supported the roof. The steeple, which attained a total altitude of about no feet, consisted of a tower, lead-covered cupola, and lantern. Richard Baxter, the great Nonconformist divine, was married at St. Benet Fink to INIargaret Charlton on September loth, 1662 ; and the parish register records the burial, on August 12th, 1679, of Magdalen, the first wife of Alexander Pope the elder, and mother of Mrs. Racket, the poet's half-sister. St. Benet Fink was demolished between 1842 and 1844 on the erection of the present Royal Exchange, and its parish was united v\ith that of St. Peter-le-Poer. Im#\Jc) EPUDCHRE At the eastern end of Holborn Viaduct, on the north side of the way, and just to the west of Giltspur Street, stands the church of St. Sepulchre, the name of which carries us back to Crusading times. This church with its appurtenances was bestowed in the twelfth century by Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, on the prior and canons of St. Bartholomew, West Smithfield ; to whom it was confirmed by a charter of Henry III. in 1253, and in whose possession it continued till the dissolution of monasteries. Stow, who calls it St. Sepulchre's " in the Bayly, or by Cham- berlain gate " (an old name for Newgate), states that it was rebuilt about the reign of Henry VI. or Edward IV. " One of the Pophames," he adds, "was a great builder there, namely of one fair chapel on the south side of the choir, as appeareth by his arms and other monuments in the glass windows thereof, and also the fair porch of the same church towards the south ; his image, fair graven in stone, was fixed over the said porch, but defaced and S^. Sepulchre. beaten down; his title by offices was this, Chancellor of Nor- mandy, Captain of Vernoyle, Pearch, Susan, and Bayon, and treasurer of the King's household : he died rich, leaving great treasure of strange c:)ins, and was buried in the Charterhouse church by West Sinithfield." The south porch and the tower — considerably altered — are all that now remain of Pophame's building, as the main part of the church was destroyed by the Great Fire of 1666. It was rebuilt about 1670, some say under the direction of Sir Christopher Wren ; but others maintain that the parishioners were in too great a hurry to wait till he had leisure to undertake the work, and completed their church without his assistance. It is, in fact, quite uncertain whether Wren did, or did not, participate in the rebuilding ; neither is it a matter of much interest, for St. Sepulchre's has been so frequently restored that it now presents an extremely modern appearance. It was extensively repaired in 1738, and again in 1837, when a new roof was put on. More alterations took place in 1863 ; and in 1875 the pinnacles of the tower, which had received considerable repairs in Charles I.'s time, and again after the Fire, were rebuilt. The tower and porch, which latter contains three floors, were then refaced, and the tracery of their windows was renewed, while a new oriel was con- structed on the front of the porch at the spot once ornamented by Pophame's statue. Between 1878 and 1880 the body of the church was completely transformed both inside and out ; new windows were inserted, and fresh buttresses and battlements substituted. St. Sepulchre's in its present condition is an imposing church, consisting of a nave, chancel, and two side-aisles, and an adjunct on the north side called the chapel of St. Stephen. The church A A 354 City Churches. is entered through a vestibule, and its total length is 150 feet, the width, inclusive of the side chapel, being 81 feet. The height of the tower, to the top of the pinnacles, was before its restoration 152 feet 9 inches, but its altitude has been slightly reduced, and it now measures 149 feet 1 1 inches. It contains ten bells. The font, which is surmounted by a well-carved wooden cover bearing the date 1670, stands in the vestibule, having been removed to its present position from St. Stephen's Chapel, which was also formerly used for a Sunday School, in order to make room for the organ, by which the chapel is now occupied. This organ was built by Renatus Harris, and was considered to be one of his .finest productions. It has been many times repaired and altered since its first erection on the rebuilding of the church after the Fire. The case is very handsome, and is said to have been the .work of Grinling Gibbons, In St. Sepulchre's was buried Roger Ascham, the tutor of Queen Elizabeth, and author of "Toxophilus " and the " Schole- master," who died December 30th, 1568 ; but he has no memorial. Here also was interred the adventurous soldier. Captain John Smith, author of the " General History of Virginia." His monu- ment has perished, but its position, on the south wall just outside the chancel, is marked by a brass plate with a replica of the original inscription : •' To the living memory of his deceased Friend Captain John Smith Sometime Governour of Virginia And Admiral of New England Who departed this life the ai^t of Jmie 1631. Accordiamus, Vincere est Vivere. Here lyes one conquered that hath conquered Kings, Subtlu'd large Territories, and done Things, S^. Sepulchre. 355 Which to the World impossible would seem, But that the Truth is held in more Esteem. Shall I report his former Service done In honour of his God and Christendom? How that he did divide from Pagans three Their Heads and Lives, Types of his Chivaldry ; For which great Service in that Climate done, Brave Sigismundus, King of Hungarion, Did give him as a Coat of Arms to wear These Conquered Heads got by his Sword and Spear. Or shall I tell of his Adventures since, Done in Virginia, that large Continent ? How that he subdu'd Kings unto his Yoke, And made those Heathen flee, as Wind doth Smoke ; And made their Land, being of so large a Station An Habitation for our Christian Nation, Where God is glorify'd, their Wants supply'd ; Which else for Necessaries must have dy'd. But what avails his Conquests, now he lyes Interred in Earth, a Prey to Worms and Flyes? O ! May his Soul in sweet Elysium sleep. Until the Keeper, that all Souls doth keep, Return to Judgment : and that after thence. With Angels he may have his Recompence." The remains of Sir Robert Peake, a gallant cavalier .and dis- tinguished engraver, who died in 1667, were entombed at St. Sepulchre's, but no one else of importance appears to have been buried here, though there are several small monuments and tablets affixed to the walls. In 1605 Robert Dowe, citizen and merchant taylor, gave to the parish the sum of ^50, on condition that the parochial authorities should on the night before every execution day send to the neighbouring prison of Newgate a person who would take his stand in front of the window of the condemned prisoners' dungeon, and 3 5*5 City Churches. " give there twelve solemn towles with double strokes" with a hand- bell presented by Dowe for this purpose ; and having thus aroused their attention, would "deliver with a loud and audible voice " an ex- hortation intended to bring them to a proper sense of their condi- tion. Dowe also stipulated that the largest bell of St. Sepulchre's should toll on the mornings of the executions " in manner as the passing-bell is used," " to the end and purpose that all good people hearing this passing-bell may be moved to pray for those poor sinners going to execution." His donation has now been transferred from the parish into the hands of the Charity Commissioners. After the dissolution of the Priory of St. Bartholomew, the patronage of St. Sepulchre's was retained by the Crown till 1610, when James I. granted the advowson to Francis Philips; it sub- sequently came into the possession of the President and Fellows of St. John's College, Oxford, who still present to the vicarage. The greater part of the parish is situated within the city- boundaries in the Ward of Farringdon Without, but as a small portion, about a fifth, of it lies beyond the civic jurisdiction, twa sets of churchwardens, in accordance with the custom prevailing in such cases, are annually appointed. John Rogers, one of the first who suffered martyrdom at the stake in the reign of Queen Mary, was vicar of St. Sepulchre's. St. Sepulchre's churchyard was originally very extensive. In Stow's day it was " not so large as of old time, for the same is letten out for buildings and a garden plot ; " but it continued long afterwards to stretch on the south side some distance into the road, from which it was separated by a high wall. In 1760 the wall was pulled down, and the churchyard curtailed ; when the Holborn Viaduct was constructed, it was still further abridged,. SL Sepulchre. 357 and manv bodies were exhumed in 1871 and re-interred in the City Cemetery at Ilford. The small remnant of it still left has been planted with trees and flowers, and fitted with seats for the accommodation of the public, to whom it is open during the summer months. INDEX OF CHURCHES. St. Alban, Wood Street, S, 113-115. All Hallows Barking, 2, 5, 6, 8, 15-27. All Hallows, Bread Street, 10, 250, 251- All Hallows, Honey Lane, 3, 10, 244, 245. AH Hallows, Lombard Street, 8, 116- 121, 176. All Hallows on the Wall, 2, 9, 307- 309- All Hallows Staining, 6, 11, loi, 102, • 109, no. All Hallows the Great, Upper Thames Street, 2, 5, 7, 10, 206, 262-264, 282. All Hallows the Less, 2, 10, 262, St. Alphage, London Wall, 6, 9, 311- 313- St. Andrew Ly the Wardrobe, 8, 122 125. St. Andrew, Holborn, 3, 5, 8, 126-132, 303- St. Andrew Hubbard, 2, 10, 238, 239. St. Andrew Undershaft, 2, 5, 6, 8, 28- 36, 236. St. Anne and St. Agnes, Aldersgate, 8, 133, 134- St. Anne, Blackfriars, 10, 123. St. Antholin, Watling Street, 10, 235, ^36. St. Augustine, Watling Street, 8, 135- 138, 222. St. Bartholomew by the Exchange, 7, 10, 202, 207, 208, 211. St. Bartholomew the Great, West Smith- field, 6, 8, 37-51, 209. St. Bartholomew the Less, 6, 9, 314, 315- St. Benet Fink, 7, 10, 350, 351. St. Benet Gracechurch, 10, 102, 119, 120. St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 8, 9, 139- 141, 279. St. Benet Sherehog, 10, 245, 28S, 289. St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 9, 317-319. St. Botolph, Aldgate, 9, 317, 321-324. St. Botolph, Billingsgate, 10, 181, 317. St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 6, 9, 317, 325-330. St. Bride, Fleet Street, 4, 8, 142-149, 157, 215, 247. Christ Church, Newgate Street, 2, 4, 8, 136, 150-157, 199, 299. St. Christopher-le-Stocks, 7, 10, 206, 207, 211. St. Clement, Eastcheap, 8, 159-162. St. Uionis Backchurch, 10, 120, 121. 36o City CImrches. St. Dimstan in the East, 4, 8, 9, 163- 175, 246, 331. St. Dunstan in the West, 6, 9, 163, 331-337- St. Edmund the King and Martyr, 8, 176-179. St. Ethelburga, Bishopsgate Street, 6, 8, 52-54- St. Faith under St. Paul's, 10, 135, 136, 221, 222. St. Gabriel Fenchurch, 10, 120, 213. St. George, Botolph Lane, 8, 181, 182. St. Giles, Cripplegate, 5, 6, 8, 55-72. St. Gregory by St. Paul's, 10, 221, 222. St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 5, 6, 8, 73-93. St. James, Duke's Place, Aldgate, 6, II, 99. St. James, Garlickhithe, 8, 183-188. St. John the Baptist upon Walbrook, 10, 133, 235, 236, 237. St. John the Evangelist, 10, 250. St. John Zachary, 10, 133, 134. St. Katherine Coleman, 9, 340, 341, St. Katherine Cree, 2, 6, 8, 94-99. St. Lawrence Jewry, 8, 189-196, 229, 253- St. Lawrence Poultney, 2, 10, 223, 225, 226. St. Leonard, Eastcheap, 10, 120. St. Leonard, Foster Lane, 10, 154, 155. St. Magnus the Martyr, 4, 8, 197-204, 208. St. Margaret, Lothbury, 8, 205-211, 263, 282. St. Margaret Moses, 2, 10, 272. St. Margaret, New Fish Street, TO, 197, 198, 203. St. Margaret Pattens, 8, 212-215, 2S1, 282. St. Martin, Ludgate, 8, 216-222. St. Martin Orgar, 10, 159, 160, 161, 162. St. Martin Outwich, 6, ir, 76, 77, 79, 89. 90, 93- St. Martin Pomary, 10, 209, 211. St. Martin Vintry, 10, 261, 262. St. Mary Abchurch, i, 4, 8, 223-227. St. Mary, Aldermanbury, i, 8, 228- 231. St. Mary Aldermary, i, 8, 232-237, 242, 323- St. Mary-at-Hill, i, 8, 9, 238-241. St. Mary Bothaw, i, 10, 278, 295, 298. St. Mary Colechurch, i, 10, 211. St. Mary-le-Bow, i, 3, 4, 8, 143, 165, 215, 242-251. St. Mary Mounthaw, 2, 10, 278, 279. St. Mary Somerset, i, 4, 7, 11, 277, 278, 279. St. Mary Staining, i, 10, 266. St. Mary Woolchurch Haw, i, 10, 344, 345- St. Mary Woolnoth, i, 3, 6, 9, 343- 347- St. Mary Magdalene, Milk Street, 10, 191, 253. St. Mary Magdalene, Old Fish Street, 10, 220, 221, 222. St. Matthew, Friday Street, 11, 302, 303- St. Michael Bassishaw, 7, 8, 252, 253. Index of CImrchcs, 361 St. Michael, Cornhill, 8, 66, 254-258, I St. Olave, Silver Street, 10, loo, 1 14. 280. St. Michael, Crooked Lane, 7, 11, 203, 204. St. ]SIichael-le-Querne, 10, 301, 302. St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 4, 8, 259-264. St. Michael, Queenhithe, II, 187, 188. St. Michael, Wood Street, 8, 265-26S. St. Mildred, Bread Street, 4, 8, 269- 274. St. Mildred, Poultry, 11, 209, 210, 211. St. Nicholas Aeon, 10, 177, 178. St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, 9, 141, 275- 279. St. Nicholas Olave, 10, 275, 279. St. Olave, Hart Street, 5, 6, 8, 100- iio, 119. St. Olave Jewry, ll, loo, 208, 209, 211, 285. St. Pancras, Soper Lane, 3, 10, 244, 245- St. Peter, Cornhill, 5, 9, 280-284. St. Peter-le-Poer, 9, 348-351. St. Peter, Paul's Wharf, 10, 140, 279. St. Peter, Westcheap, 10, 303. St. Sepulchre, 3, 9, 152, 323, 252-357. St. Stephen, Coleman Street, 9, 285, 286. St. Stephen, Walbrook, 4, 9, 287-293, 344- St. Swithin by London Stone, 4, 9, 294-298. St. Thomas the Apostle, 10, 233, 235. Trinity, Holy, the Less, 10, iSS. Trinity, Holy, Minories, 9, 338, 339. St. Vedast, Foster Lane, 4, 9, 299-303. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. Abbis, Rev. John, rector of St. Bar- tholomew the Great, 41. Addington, Henry, baptized at St. An- drew's, Holborn, 131. Addison, Joseph, married at St. Ed- mund the King and Martyr, 179. Aelmund, gave advowson of St. Giles, Cripplegate, to Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, 55. Akenside, Mark, a friend of Daniel Wray, 319. Albany, Duchess of, at St. Bartholo- mew the Great, 49. Albemarle, Duke of, his monument in Westminster Abbey, 25. Alcock, John, afterwards Bishop of Ely, rector of St. Margaret, New Fish Street, 198. Alfune, founder of St. Giles, Cripple- gate, 55, 56. Allen, Joseph, afterwards Bishop of Bristol, vicar of St. Bride, Fleet Street, 146. Allen, Miss Mary, organist at St. An- drew Undershaft, 30. Allen, Sir William, repaired St. Bo- iolph, Bishopsgate, 325. Alleyn, Edward, memorial window to, at St. Giles, Cripplegate, 59, 60 ; baptized at St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 3=5- Alvvine, Nicholas, buried at St. Mary- le-Bow, 244. Alwyne, Bishop of Helmeham, con- veyed the remains of King Edmund to London, 73. Andrevves, Lancelot, afterwards Bishop of Winchester, vicar of St. Giles, Cripplegate, 61, 70 ; Earl of Essex baptized by, 109. Anne, Queen, 48, 258 ; screen said to have been presented by Hanse mer- chants to All Hallows the Great in her reign, 263 ; Act of, for building new churches, 345. Anne of Bohemia, queen of Richard II., monument to, in Westminster Abbey, 197- Annesley, Samuel, vicar of St. Giles, Cripplegate, 70. Anthony, St., St. Antholin's dedicated to, 236. Apsley, Lucy, married to John Hutchin- son at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 131. Argyll, Archibald, seventh Earl of, married at St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 325- Armer, William, monument to, in All Hallows Barking, 23. Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Can- terbury, obtained advowson of St. Mary Aldermary for his see, 233. Index of Proper Names. Arundel, Earl of, 85, 97. Ascliam, Roger, buried at St. Sepul- chre's, 354. Ashmole, Elias, married at St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 141. Asshfeld, Alice, prioress of the convent of St. Helen, 74. Audley, Lord, priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, and advowson of St. Ka- therine Cree bestowed on, by Henry vni., 99. Augustine, first Archbishop of Canter- bury, St. Augustine's Church dedi- cated to, 135. Auriol, Rev. E., memorial window to, at St. Dunstan's in the West, y^6. Avenon, Dame Alice, benefactress to St. Lawrence Jewry, 190, 191 ; me- morial window to, 193. Avenon, William, porch given by, to St. Katherine Cree, 97. Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans, death of, 85 ; his attachment to Lady Elizabeth Hatton, 130; his marriage, 159 ; one of his uncles an alderman, 164 ; edition of his " Letters and Speeches," by Birch, 214. Bacon, Alderman James, buried at St. Dunstan's in the East, 164. Bacon, John, brass to, at All Hallows Barking, 22. Bacon, John, sculptor, bust of Milton in St. Giles, Cripplegate, by, 65, 66 ; bas-relief in St. Katherine Cree by, 98 ; monument in St. Andrew by the Wardrobe by, 124, 125; monument in St. Edmund the King and Martyr by, 178. Bacon, John, junior, sculptor, monu- ment in St. Andrew by the Ward- robe by, 125. Baillie, Messrs., stained glass in St. Dunstan's in the East by, 16S. Bainton, Colonel Charles, monument to, in St. Mary le-Bow, 249. Baker, Sir Richard, buried at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 146, 147. Balthrope, Robert, monument to, at St. Bartholomew the Less, 315. Bancroft, Francis, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 79, 80, 92. Bane, Ralph, Bishop of Lichfield, buried at St. Dunstan's in the West, 332. Banks, Thomas, monument in St. Giles, Cripplegate, by, 67, 68 ; monument in St. Mary-le-Bow by, 249. Barber, Alderman, house of, on Lam- beth Hill, 141. Barclay, Alexander, rector of All Hal- lows, Lombard Street, 116; his poems, 117. Barham, Rev. Richard Harris, rector of St. Augustine and St. Faith, 138; buried at St. Mary Magdalene, Old Fish Street, 222. Barking, Richard de, abbot of West- minster, granted St. Dunstan's in the West to Henry HI., 331. Barnham, Alice, married Francis Bacon, 159. Barnham, Benedict, buried at St. Cle- ment, Eastcheap, 159. Barnham, Francis, buried at St. Cle- ment, Eastcheap, 159. Barratt, Lettice, married to Sir Francis 'M City CJnirches. Knollys at All Hallows on the Wall, 307- Barton, Elizabeth, the " Holy Maid of Kent," buried in the Grey Friars' Church, 152 ; 233. Basinge, William de, munificence of, to the priory of St. Helen, 74. Bastwick, John, set in the pillory, 302. Bateman, William, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 169. Bath, Marquis of, brass at All Hallows Barking restored by, 21. Battishill, Jonathan, organist at St. Clement, Eastcheap, 162. Baxter, Richard, buried at Christ Church, Newgate Street, 156; mar- ried at St. Benet Fink, 351. Baxter, Robert, first stone of St. Law- rence Jewry laid by, 196. Bayning, Andrew, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 10;, 106. Bayning, Paul, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 104, 106. Bayning, Sir Paul, first Viscount Bay- ning of Sudbury, buried in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 104. Beauchamp, Sir John, builder of the Great Wardrobe, 122. Becket, Thomas, Archbishop of Can- terbury, Hospital of St. Thomas of Aeon dedicated to, 211. Beckford, Alderman William, sword- rest inscribed to, in St. George, Botolph Lane, 182. Bedford, John, Duke of, patron of St. Stephen, Walbrook, 287." Behnes, William, bust in St. Stephen, Walbrook, by, 293. Beloe, Rev. William, tablet to, in All Hallows on the Wall, 308. Bence, Joan, monument to, in All Hallows on the Wall, 308. Bennett, Mirabelle, benefactress to St. Dunstan's in the East, 168, 169. Benolte, Thomas, brass to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, now lost, 90. Berkeley, Thomas, Lord, patron of St. Andrew by the Wartlrobe, 122. Bernard, Dr. Francis, monument to, in St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 318. Berry, Thomas, benefactor to St. Mary Magdalene, Old Fish Street, 220. Bertha, Queen, mother of St. Ethel- burga, 52. Bethell, Slingsby, buried at All Hal- lows Barking, 25; his sword-rest, 26. Beveridge, William, afterwards Bishop of St. Asaph, rector of St. Peter, Cornhill, 283, 284. Birch, Dr. Thomas, rector of St. Mar- garet Pattens, 214. Blades, John, his munificence, 144. Blizard, Sir William, brass plate to, in St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 329. Blomberg, Dr. Frederick William, tablet to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 68. Blomfield, Sir A., monument to Pepys designed by, 107. Blomfield, Charles James, Bishop of London, his arms in St. Dunstan's in the East, 168 ; rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 330. Blow, John, played for Father Smith, 128. Bodley, Dame Anne, tablet to, in St. Bartholomew the Less, 315. Index of Proper Names. 65 Eolingbroke, Viscount, appealed to by Swift on behalf of Sacheverell, 129 ; his ** Letters on the Study of His- tory," 215. Bolles, Sir George, patron of St. Swithin by London Stone, 294 ; buried there, 294, 295. Bolton, Prior, his work at St. Bar- tholomew the Great, 40, 46, 49. Bond, Martin, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 80, 81 ; first stone of St. Katherine Cree laid by, 94. Bond, William, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 81. Bosworth, Sir John, monument to, in Christ Church, Newgate Street, 156. Botolph, St., 317. Bourchier, Elizabeth, married to Oliver Cromwell at St. Giles, Cripplegate, 69. Bowes, Sir Martin, monuments in the Grey Friars' Church sold by, 152; patronage of St. Mary Woolnoth granted to, 343 ; buried there, 344. Boydell, John, buried at St. Olave Jewry, 209. Boyer, Rev. James, buried at Christ Church, Newgate Street, 156. Boyle, Robert, Life of, by Birch, 214. Brand, Rev, John, tablet to, in St. Mary-at-Hill, 240. Brandt, Sebastian, his " Narrenschiff," 117. Brice, Sir Hugh, benefactor to St. Mary Woolnoth, 343. Bridget, St., 142. Bridgewater, Earl of, Milton's " Co- mus " presented to, 69. Brieux, John, brass to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 89. Brihtmerus, patron of All Hallows, Lombard Street, 116. Brittany, John, Duke of, body of the Grey Friars' Church built by, 150. Brooke, John Charles, monument to, in St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 141. Browne, Sir Thomas, baptized at St. Michael-le-Querne, 302. Buckeridge, John, afterwards Bishop of Ely, vicarof St. Giles, Cripplegate, 70. Buckingham, Duke of, his monument in Westminster Abbey, 25. Buckler, John, window in St. Dunstan's in the East by, 168. Buggin, Sir George, tablet to, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 174. Bullen, Anne, queen of Henry VHL, great-granddaughter of Sir GeflVey Bullen, 190. Bullen, Sir GeiTrey, buried at St. Law- rence Jewry, 190 ; memorial window to, 192. Bullen, Richard, buried at St. Giles, Cripplegate, 62, 63. Bullen, Thomas, buried at St. Lawrence Jewry, 190. Bullen, William, buried at St. Giles, Cripplegate, 62, 63. Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury, Tillotson's funeral sermon preached by, 195. Burnet, Dr. Thomas, rector of St. James, Garlickhithe, 185. Burney, Dr. Charles, organist of St. Dionis Backchurch, 121. Burney, Admiral James, his daughter's wedding, 210. ;66 City Churches. Burton, Henry, rector of St. Matthew, Friday Street, 302. Burton, Simon, tablet to, in St, Andrew Undershaft, 34. Busby, Thomas, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 60, 67. Cutler, Samuel, his " Hudibras," 123. Byng, Alice, monument to, in St. Andrew Undershaft, 34, 35. Cade, Jack, at London Stone, 297. Ceesar, Sir Julius, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 85, 86. Cage, Robert, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 67. Calamy, Benjamin, buried at St. Law- rence Jewry, 229. Calamy, Edmund, minister of St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 228 ; buried there, 229. Calamy, Edmund, grandson, buried at St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 229. Caldwell, Dr. Richard, buried at St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 139. Camden, William, his opinion of the origin of London Stone, 297. Canning, George, Addington ridiculed by, 131- Canova, Antonio, his admiration of St. Stephen, Walbrook, 292. Garden, Sir Thomas, pulled down the Black Friars' church, 123. Carew, Sir Matthew, tablet to, in St, Dunstan in the West, 335. Carew, Sir Nicholas, father-in-law of Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, 97 ; executed, 322 ; monument to, in St. Botolph, Aldgate, 322, 323. Carlile, Rev. W., rector of St. Mary-at- Hill, 241. Carlyle, Thomas, his opinion of Heath's works, 315. Caroline, Queen, cause of, maintained by Sir Matthew Wood, 69 ; place o her death, 272. Cart, James, monument to, in St. Mary- le-Bow, 249. Catherine of Braganza, Queen, 12S; Queen Street, Clieapside, named after, 245. Cave, Dr, William, rector of All Hal- lows the Great, 264. Caxton, William, patronized by the Earl of Worcester, 16. Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, Bacon's request to him, 159. Cecil, William, Lord Burleigh, his pa- tronage of Fox, 62 ; grandfather of Lady Elizabeth Hatton, 130. Cely, Richard and Robert, benefactors to St. Olave, Hart Street, 100, 105. Challis, Alderman Thomas, his arms in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 69. Chamberlayne, Sir Robert, monument to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 45. 48- Champion, Sir Richard, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 168. Champneys, Basil, vicarage of St. Bride designed by, 149. Chandler, John and Richard, monu- ments to, in St. Mary, Alderman- bury, 230. Chaj^one, or Caponius, Peter, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 103. Charles L, King, conspiracy in favour Index of Proper Names. 0^7 of, 20 ; portrait of, in stained glass, at St. Andrew Undershart,29 ; statue of, at Charing Cross, 46; 67, 86, 98, loi, 126, 131, 143, 238; bust of, set up in Hammersmith Church, 271 ; 274, 275, 279, 288; fidehty of Sir Paul Pindar to, 326; 339 ; attended during his confinement by Holds- worth, 349; 353. Charles II., King, portrait of, in stained glass, at St. Andrew Undershaft, 29; 48, 67; arms of, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 88 ; Sir Andrew Riccard knighted by, 105; 148, 160; his obli- gations to Sir John Moore, 171; Restoration of, 229 ; Sir Nicholas Crispe created a baronet by, 271; 274 ; parishioners of St. Alphage touched for the king's evil by, 313; 318, 339- Charlton, Margaret, married to Baxter at St. Benet Fink, 351. Chatterton, Thomas, burial of, recorded in register of St. Andrew's, Holborn, 130; his Rowley poems, 178, 179. Chaucer, Geoffrey, earliest complete edition of his poems, 21 ; uncertainty as to his parentage, 232 ; his works collected by Shirley, 315. Chaucer, Richard, benefactor to St. Mary Aldermary, 232. Cheke, Sir John, buried at St. Alban's, Wood Street, 113, 114. Cheney, Sir William, buried at St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 139.. Cherr)', Sir Francis, buried at All Hal- lows Barking, 25. Chicheley, Robert, rebuilder of St. Stephen, Walbrook, 287, 288. Chiswell, Richard, tablet to, in St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 318. Chitty, Sir Thomas, sword-rest of, 26. Churchill, Charles, his friendship with Lloyd, 147. Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, his account of the executions of He wet and Slingsby, 222. Cleveland, John, buried at St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 260. Clitherow, Sir Christopher, monument to, in St. Andrew Undershaft, 34. Clitherow, James, benefactor to St. Michael, Cornhill, 255. Cobham, Lord, added to St. Dunstan's in the East, 163. Cockerell, Charles Robert, R.A., St. Bartholomew, Moor Lane, built by, 208. Coke, Sir Edward, married at St. An- drew's, Holborn, 130, 131. Coke, Robert, buried at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 130. Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, remark of, about Boyer, 156. Colet, Henry, benefactor to St. An- tholin's, 236. Colleton, Sir Peter, monument erected by, in All Hallows Barking, 25. Compton, William, Loni, married daughter of Sir John Spencer, 90 ; erected monument to him in St, Helen, Bishopsgate, 91. Condell, Henry, buried at St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 228. Conder, Alderman Edward, font in memory of, at St. Michael Pater- noster Royal, 261. 368 City Churches, Constantine, Emperor, said to have founded church of St. Helen, 73. Conway, Viscountess, benefactress to St. Dunstan's in the East, 169. Cooke, Edward, monument to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 46, 47. Copeland, Alderman William Taylor, memorial window to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 92. Copland, William, benefactor to St. Mary-le-Bow, 244. Cornvvallis, Anne, married to Earl of Argyll at St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 325- Cortona, Pietro Berretini di, copy of a painting of his, in All Hallows on the W^all, 308. Coverdale, Miles, Bishop of Exeter, rector of St. Magnus the Martyr, 198 ; his remains transferred to St. Magnus, 202 ; his monument there, 202, 203 ; buried at St. Bartholomew by the Exchange, 207 ; his monu- ment there destroyed by the Great Fire, 20S. Coward, Rev. J. H., font presented to St. Peter-le-Poer by, 350. Cowley, Abraham, his lament for the " matchless Orinda," 289. Cowper, John, memorial window to, at St. Lawrence Jewry, 193 ; an in- habitant of Cornhill, 257. Cowper, Judith, first wife of first Earl Cowper, monument to, in St. Augus- tine's, 137. Cowper, William, the poet, ancestry of, 257, 258; giants at St. Dunstan's in the W'est mentioned by, 332, 333 j his friend John Newton, 346. Cox, Dr. J. E., window at St. Helen, Bishopsgate, inserted by, 93 ; tablet to, 93. Cranmer, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, appointed Saunders to All Hallows, Bread Street, 250. Craven, Earl of, baptized at St. Andrew Undershaft, 35 ; 236. Craven, Sir William, buried at St. Andrew Undershaft, 35 ; benefactor to St. Antholin's, 236. Crispe, Ellis, sheriff, 269 ; bui ied in St. Mildred, Bread Street, 271. Crispe, Sir Nicholas, his loyalty, 271 ; his benefactions to St. Mildred, Bread Street, 272 ; 274. Crispe, Samuel, window presented to St. Mildred, Bread Street, by, 272. Crispe, Sir Thomas, tablet to, in St. Mildred, Bread Street, 274. Croke, John, tomb at All Hallows Barking conjectured to be his, 24. Croly, Dr. George, memorial windows to, at St. Stephen Walbrook, 291 ; monument to, 293. Cromwell, Oliver, married at St. Giles, Cripplegate, 69 ; his ancestry, 74, 289; brother-in-law of Wilkins, 194 ; account of, by Heath, 315. Crosby, Brass, churchwarden of A.l Hallows Barking, 27. Crosby, Sir John, hired ground front the priory of St. Helen, 74 ; his bequest to St. Helen's, 75 ; monu- ment to, in St. Helen's, 87, 88; figure of, in stained glass, 92. Crowley, Robert, vicar of St. Giles, Cri]5plegate, 62. Crowther, Rev. Samuel, monument to Index of Proper Names. 69 in Christ Church, Newgate Street, 155, 156. Cunningham, Peter, his " Life of Inigo Jones," 140. Cutler, Sir John, benefactor to St. Michael, Cornhill, 255. Dacres, Henry, monument to, in St. Dunstan in the West, 335. Dale, Rev. Thomas, afterwards Dean of Rochester, vicar of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 146. Dance, George, architect of St. Botolph, Aldgate, 321. Dance, George, the younger, architect of All Hallows on the Wall, 307 ; remodelled St. Bartholomew the Less, 314. Danckers, Cornelius, lithograph after, at St. Dunstan's in the East, 170. Darcy, Sir Edward, tablet to, in St. Botolph, Aldgate, 323. Darcy, Thomas, Lord, of the North, monument to, in St. Botolph, Aid- gate, 322, 323. Dashwood, Francis, font of St. Mary- le-Bow presented by, 248. Davenant, Dr. Charles, buried at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 147. Day, William, tablet to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 66. Deane, Sir James, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 103, 104. Deane, Sir John, brass to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 49. Defoe, Daniel, born in St. Giles, Cripplegate, parish, 70. Dehnu, Sir Peter, monument to, in St. Margaret Pattens, 215. Denham, Sir John, married at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 147. Dethike, Sir Gilbert, buried at St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 139. Deykes, — , altar-piece at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, designed by, 145. Dibdin, Thomas, apprenticed to Sir William Rawlins, 330. Dickson, INLirgaret, Stow's godmother, buried at St. Michael, Cornhill, 257. Digby, Sir Kenelm, buried at Christ Church, Newgate Street, 153. Digby, Venetia, buried at Christ Church, Newgate Street, 153. Dionysius the Areopagite, St. Dionis Backchurch dedicated to, 120. Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beacons- lield, baptized at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 132 ; his praise of Van- brugh, 293. Disraeli, Isaac, his account of Stow, 32. Dobbes, Sir Richard, interested himself in the establishment of Christ's Hos- pital, 152. Donne, John, Dean of St. Paul's, vicar of St. Dunstan in the West, 332 ; carved head of, 334 ; figure of, in stained glass, 337. Donne, John, benefactor to St. Mary- le-Bow, 244. Dore, Peter, gravestone of, in Christ Church, Newgate Street, 156. Dormer, Sir Michael, buried at St. Lawrence Jewry, 190 ; mcnioiial window to, 193. Douglas, Dr. John, afterwards Bishop of Salisbury, rector of St. Augustine and St. Faith, 138. U B 0/ o City Churches. Dowe, Robert, monument to, in St. Botolph, Aldgate, 323 ; his bequest to St. Sepulchre's, 355, 356. Downe, William, rector of St. Martin, Ludgate, 216. Draghi, Baptiste, played for Renatus Harris, 128. Drake, Sir f^rancis, Ferrar acquainted with, 289. Dryden, John, his "Absalom and Achitophel," 21 ; his monument in Westminster Abbey, 25 ; criticised by Milbourn, 54 ; his praise of Sir John Moore, 171, 172; married at St. Swithin by London Stone, 295. Duke, Sir James, fountain presented by, to St. Dunstan's in the West, 334- Duncombe, Sir Charles, clock and organ of St. Magnus presented by, 20I. Dtmstan, St., first ecclesiastical states- man, 163. Dyer, John, a friend of Daniel Wray, 319- Dyke, John, gifts by, to St. Katherine Cree, 96. Edgar, King, charter of, 126; land granted to thirteen knights by, 321. Edmund, King, the Martyr, remains of, deposited in St. Helen's, 73 ; his death, 176. Edward the Confessor, privileges of the Knighten guild confirmed by, 321. Edward I., King, benefactions of, to All Hallows Barking, 16 ; expulsion of the Jews by, 189 ; crosses erected by, in memory of his queen, Eleanor of Castile, 303. Edward H., King, his heart buried in the Grey Friars' Church, 151 ; 288. Edward IH., King, 2 ; his Great Ward- robe, 122 ; Abbey of Graces founded by, 207 ; 216 ; shed built beside Bow Church by, 247 ; asylum for converted Jews transformed into Rolls Court and Chapel by, 331. Edward IV., King, interested in All Hallows Barking, 16 ; his esteem for Sir John Crosby, 87 ; Morton pre- ferred by, 165 ; 262, 2S2, 285, 287 ; Rotherham made Lord Chancellor by, 301 ; annexed Hospital of St. Anthony of Vienna to St. George's, Windsor, 350 ; 352. Edward VI., King, 23, 28 ; portrait of, in stained glass, at St. Andrew Undershaft, 29 ; 62, 86 ; taught by Sir John Cheke, 1 14 ; bishopric of Westminster abolished by, 142 ; Bridewell given to the citizens of London by, 149 ; charter of Christ's Hospital signed by, 152; 184; Cover- dale made a bishop by, 198 ; College of Corpus Christi surrendered to, 223 ; 260 ; advowson of St. Martin in the Vintry granted to see of Worcester by, 262 ; privileges of Hanse mer- chantscurtailed by, 263 ; 266; advow- son of St. Matthew, Friday Street, granted to see of London by, 302 ; advowson of St. Dunstan in the West granted to Lord Dudley by, 331 ; Abbey of the Minoresses granted to Duke of Suffolk by, 339. Edward the Black Prince, labours of, against corruption, 183. Index of Proper N' antes. o/ I l.lizabeth, Queen, 2, 23 ; envoy sent to Russia by, 25 ; portrait of, in stained glass at St. Andrew Undershaft, 29 ; Sir Walter Mildmay, one of her statesmen, 43 ; 62 ; military dress in her time, 81 ; Cassar, Admiralty Judge under, 85 ; Pickering em- ployed by, ^6 ; and Throckmorton, 97; Turner's "Herbal" dedicated to, 103 ; 109 ; Westminster Abbey formed into a Collegiate Church by, 142 ; account of her progresses, etc., by Nichols, 147 ; great-great-grand- daughter of Sir Getfrey Bullen, 190; attitude of, towards Coverdale, 19S, 208; "Memoirs" of her reign by Birch, 214; advowson of St. Mary Abchurch granted to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, by, 223 ; 262 ; privileges of Hanse merchants abro- gated by, 263 ; 266 ; portrait of, in stained glass at St. Mildred, Bread Street, 272 ; advowson of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey granted to Reve and ■ Evelyn by, 279 ; 285, 315, 323 ; coro- ' nation of, 332 ; statue of, at St. Dunstan's in the West, 333, 334 ; 354. Elmore, Bartholomew, monument to, in St. Katherine Cree, 98. Elsing, William, hospital founded by, 22S, 311, 312. Emery, John, tablet in St. Andrew's, Hoi born, to, 1 31. Erasmus, copy of his " Paraphrase of tiie Books of the New Testament " ■ at St. Andrew Undershaft, 36. ErUenwald, Bishop of London, reputed founder of the convent of Barking, 15- Ernest, alias Mctyngham, Matthew, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 16S. Essex, Robert Devereux, second Earl of, his house in Seething Lane, 109 ; his condemnation, 129. Essex, Robert Deveicux, third Earl of, baptism of, 109. Ethelbert, King of Kent, father of St. Ethelburga, 52. Ethelburga, St., 52. Eudo, sewer to Henry I., gave to the monastery of Colchester advowson of St. Stejihen, Walbrook, 287 ; and that of St. Mary Wooklnirch Haw, 344- Evyngar, Andrew, brass to, in All Hallows Barking, 21. Ewin, John, co-operated with the Grey Friars, 150. Eyles, Sir John, swordrest of, 26. Fabian, Robert, the chronicler, buried at St. Michael, Cornhill, 256. Faithorne, William, buried at St. Anne, Blackfriars, 123. Fehon, George Matthew, tablet to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 68. Ferrar, Nicholas, the elder, benefac- tions of, to St. Benet Sherehog, 288 ; position of, in the city, 2S8, 289. Felherstone, Cuthbert, tablet to, in St. Dunstan in the West, 335. Fieldynge, Geffrey, buried at St. Law- rence Jewry, 190; memorial window to, 192. Finke, Robert, Si. Benet Fink named after, 350. 372 City Churches, Finiiis, Colonel John, monument to, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 174, 175. Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, temporarily interred at All Hallows Barking, 20. Fitzosliert, William, insurrection of, 243- Fitzlheobald, Agnes, sister of Thomas Becket, founded, with her husband, Thomas, Hospital of St. Thomas of Aeon, 211. Fitzwalter, Robert, patron of St. Mar- garet Moses, 272. Fitzwilliam, Canon, praised by Mac- aulay, 25. Fitzwilliams, William, his work at St. Andrew Undershaft, 29 ; ancestor of the Earls Fitzwilliam, 73, 74. Foliot, Gilbert, Bishop of London, ad- vowson of St. Nicholas Olave be- stowed on Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's by, 279. Fowke, John, benefactor to St. Dun- stan's in the East, 169. Fox, John, copies of his "Acts and Monuments " at St. Andrew Under- shaft, 36 ; monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 61, 62 ; his con- nection with that church, 62 ; tutor in ihe family of Sir Thomas Lucy, 63. French, Elizabeth, married Tillotson, 195- Freshwater, Elizabeth, monument to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 48. Frobisher, Sir Martin, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 63, 64. Fuller, Thomas, memorial to, in St. Clement, Eastcheap, 161, 162 ; his description of Old St. Paul's, 221. Fuller, William, vicar of St. Gilts^ Cripplegate, 70. Caraway, Sir William, benefactor to- St. Peter-le-Poer, 348. Garrard, or Garret, Thomas, rector of All Hallows, Honey Lane, martyr- dom of, 245. Garth, Sir Samuel, his "Dispensary,"' 121, 318. Gascoyne, Sir Crisp, ancestor of the Marquis of Salisluuy, 193. Gayer, Sir John, brass plate to, in St. Katherine Cree, 98 ; bequest o!, 98. Geddes, A., A. R.A., picture by, in St. James, Garlickhithe, 185. Gentilis, Albericus, tablet to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 81 ; account of,, 81,82. Gentilis, Matthew, father of Albericus,. accompanied him to England, 81 ;. buried in St. Helen's churchyard, 82. Gibbons, Grinling, carvings at All Hallows Barking ascribed to, 18 ;. pulpit at St. Giles, Cripplegate^ ascribed to, 58 ; pulpit at St. Olave's,. Hart Street, ascribed to, I02 ; pulpit at St. Dionis Backchurch carved by, 120 ; carvings at St. Dunstan's ia the East by, 169, 170; carvings at St. Michael, Queenhithe, attributed to, 1 88 ; font at St. Margaret, Loth- buiy, attributed to, 206 ; carvings at St. Mary Abchurch by, 225 ; carvings at St. Michael, Coinhill, ascribed to, 255 ; altar-piece at St. Michael Pater- noster Royal by, 260 ; carvings at St» Index of Proper Names. 0/ J "MiWred, Bread Street, attributed to, 273 ; altar-piece at St. Vedast's attri- buted to, 300 ; organ-case at St. Sepulchre's attributed to, 354. 'Gibbs, Rev. Michael, monument to, in Christ Church, Newgate Street, 155, 156. •Gibbs, — , windows in St. Stephen, Walbrook, by, 291. ■Gibson, Edmund, Bishop of London, first stone of St. Botolph, Bishops- gate, laid by, 327. Gibson, Jesse, architect of St. Peter-le- Poer, 349. •Gilbert, Rev. Philip Parker, tablet to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 68 ; por- trait of, 71. ■Gilbert, Thomas, brass to, in All Hal- lows Barking, 22. Giibourne, Percival, monument to, in St. Stephen, Walbrook, 292, 293. Gladerinus, patron of St. Andrew's, Holborn, 126. Glyn, Mills, and Co., Messrs., bank of, 343- Godart, or Goddard, Simon, patron of St. Bartholomew by the Exchange, 207. Godfrey, Michael, monument to, in St. Swithin by London Stone, 296. Godwin, Mary Wolstonecraft, married to Shelley at St. Mildred, Bread Street, 274. Godwinus, patron of St. Nicholas Aeon, 177. Gold, Henry, rector of St. MaryAlder- mary, execution of, 233. •Gold, James, architect of St. Botolph, Bibhopsgate, 327. Goldsmith, Oliver, 147. Goode, Rev. William, monument to, in St. Andrew by the Wardrobe, 124, 125. Gore, Elizabeth, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 108. Gore, Sir Paul, ancestor of the Earls of Arran, 193. Gosling, Sir Francis, statue of Queen Elizabeth presented to St. Dunstan's in the West by, 333. Gosson, Stephen, rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 330. Gower, John, the poet, 163. Gravesend, Richard de. Bishop of London, St. Katherine Cree built during his episcopate, 2, 94 ; vicar- age ordained at St. Lawrence Jewry by, 189. Green, Rev. John Richard, his account of St. Dunstan, 163. Gresham, Sir Richard, buried at St. 1 awrence Jewry, 190 ; memorial window to, 193 ; purchase of the Hospital of St. Thomas of .A.con by the Mercers' Company arranged by, 211. Gresham, Sir Thomas, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 82, 85 ; memorial window to, 82, 92 ; pro- mised to rebuild sfeepleof St. Helen's, 83 ; his parentage, 190 ; his house in Lombard Street, 201. Grey, Lord Thomas, buried at All Hallows Barking, 20. Grindal, Edmund, Bishop of London, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, presented Coverdale to rectory of St. Magnus, 198, 208. 374 City Churches. Gwilt, George, steeple of St. Mary-le- Bow repaired by, 247. Hacker, Colonel Francis, patron of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, 279. Hacket, John, afterwards Bishop of Lichfield, rector of St. Andrew's, Hol- born, 129. Haddon, Sir Richard, brass to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 102, 103. Hale, Richard, buried at St. Dunstan's in the East, 165 ; his monument, 172, 173- Hall, Edward, the chronicler, buried at St. Benet Sherehog, 2S9. Halliday, Sir William, monument to, in St. Lawrence Jewry, 194. Hammersley, Sir Hugh, monument to, in St. Andrew Undershaft, 33, 34. Hammond, Edmond, monument to, in All Hallows on the Wall, 308. Hand, Mrs., monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 67, 68. Hanger, George, benefactor to St. Dun- stan's in the East, 169. Hanson, Alderman Sir Reginald, Bart., M.P., reopening of St. Mary-at-Hill attended by, 241. Harding, Robert, benefactor to St. Mary-le-Bow, 243. Hardwick, Thomas, St. Bartholomew the Less repaired by, 314. Harris, Renatus, organ at All Hallows Barking by, 19 ; organ at St. Andrew Undershafl by, 30 ; organ at St. Giles, Cripplegate, by, 59 ; organ at St. Andrew's, Holborn, by, 128, 129; organ at St. Sepulchre's by. 354- Harris, Roger, benefactor to the poor of Christ Chuich, Newgate Street, 154^ Harrison, Edmund, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 67. Harrys, Thomas, maker of the clock with giants at St. Dunstan's in the West, 332. Hart, CJiarlotte, bequest of, to St» Bartholomew the Great, 41 ; me- morial to, 50. Hart, Sir John, purchased advowson of St. Swithin by London Stone, 294 j buried there, 294, 295. Hart, Philip, organist at St. Andrew Undershaft, 30. Harvey, Benjamin, monument in St.. Alban, Wood Street, to, 115. Harvist, Edward, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 66. Hatton, Lady Elizabeth, married to Sir Edward Coke at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 130. Hawkins, Sir John, monument to, in- St. Dunstan's in the East, destroyed by the Fire, 164 ; acquainted with Ferrar, 289. Hawksmoor, Nicholas, architect of St. Mary Woolnotli, 6, 345. Haynes, William, benefactor to St.. Dunstan's in the East, 168. Hayward, Sir Rowland, monument to,. in St. Alphage, 313. Hazlitt, William, married at St, An- drew's, Holborn, 131, 210. Heath, James, buried at St. Baitholo- mew the Less, 315. Helena, Empress, mother of Constan- tine, St. Helen's Church dedicated to,. 73- Index of Proper jVames. 375 lleminge, John, buried at St. Maiy, Aldermanbury, 228. Henry I., King, his interest in Rahere, 37 ; 55. 94. 191, 272,287, 344. Henry HI., King, 149, 209 ; charter granted to the Hanse merchants by, 263 ; St. Dunstan's in the West granted by Abbot of Westminster to, 331 ; St. Sepulchre's confirmed to Priory of St. Bartholomew by charter of, 352. Heniy VI., King, temporary restoration of, by Earl of Warwick, 16 ; 216, 2S5, 287, 345. 352- Henry VH., King, 89, 90, 133; his obligations to Morton, 165 ; Lord Stanley created Earl of Derby by, 183 ; 262, 269 ; Collegiate Church of St. Martin-le-Grand given to Abbey of Westminster by, 278, 3 1 1, 317; 343- Henry VHI., King, Church of the Grey Friars made parochial by, 2 ; advow- son of All Hallows Barking granted to see of Canterbury by, 16; 21, 22, 23 ; Holbein his painter, 35 ; disso- lution of Priory of St. Bartholomew by. 38 ; John Larke executed for denying the ecclesiastical supremacy of, 54; St. Helen's Piiory surren- dered to, 74 ; Pickering employed by, 86 ; 90 ; plot against, 97, 322 ; Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, and advowson of St. Katherine Cree granted to Lord Audley by, 99 ; 109 ; his palace of St. James's, 113; Con- vent of Bermondsey dissolved by, 126 ; advowson of St. Andrew's, Holborn, bestowed on Earl of Southampton b)', 129 ; advowson of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, granted to deanery of Westminster by, 142 ; frequently resided at Bridewell, 149 ; Christ Church, Newgate Street, founded by, 152; Priory of Butley dissolved by, 208 ; Hospital of St. Thomas of Aeon sold to the Mercers' Company by, 2il; 212; Elsing's Hospital surrendered to, 228, 31 1 ; Whittington's College dissolved by, 259 ; advowson of All Hallows the Great granted to see of Canterbury by, 262; 269, 289; advowson of St. Swithin by London Stone granted to Earl of Oxford by, 294 ; Leland com- missioned to search fcr records by, 301 ; advowson of St. Matthew, Friday Street, transferred to bishopric of Westminster by, 302 ; advowson of St. Peter, West Cheap, granted to Earl of Southampton by, 303 ; Priory of the Holy Trinity, Aldgate, surren- dered to, 321 ; Convent of Alnwick dissolved by, 331 ; Abbey of the Minoresses surrendered to, 338 ; ad- vowson of St. Mary Woolnoth granted to Sir Martin Bowes by, 343. Henry, Prince of Wales, Life of, by Birch, 214. Henslowe, Philip, Alleyn's partner, 60. Herbert, George, figure of, in stained glass, at St. Dunstan's in the West, 337- Herdson, Henry, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 168. Heriot, Alison, wife of "Jingling Geordie," buried at St. Gregory by St. Paul's, 221. 1^ City CJiurches. Heiiott, Sir William, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, i68. Heme, Sir Nathaniel, ancestor of the Earls of Jersey, 193. Ilerrick, Robert, baptized at St. Vedast's, 300. Hertford, Marquis of, giants at St. Dunstan's in the West purchased by, 333- Hewet, Dr. John, execution of, 221, 222. TIewit, Anna, wife of Sir Edward Os- borne, 160. Hewit, Sir William, buried at St. Martin Orgar, 160. Hickes, Dr. George, vicar of All Hallows Barking, 26; his Jacobitism, 27 ; read the burial service over Pepys, 107. Hicks, Sir Baptist, Viscount Campden, ancestor of the Earls of Gainsborough, 193- Hill, Messrs., organ at St. Andrew's, Holborn,by, 129; organ at St. Mary- at-Hill by, 239. Hilton, William, R.A., picture by, in St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 260. Hoadly, Benjamin, afterwards Bishop of Winchester, rector of St. Peter-le- Poer, 349. Hoare, Sir Richard, monument to, in St. Dunstan's in the West, T)!)^- Hoare, Sir Richard, the younger, monu- ment to, in St. Dunstan's in the West, 336. Hodges, Nathaniel, tablet to, in St. Stephen, Walbrook, 292. Hodgson, John, memorial window to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 92. Hodgson, Sir Thomas, window given by, to St. Andrew's, Holborn, 128. Hogarth, William, baptized at St. Bartholomew the Great, 50. Holbein, Hans, tablet to, in St. Andrew Undershaft, 35 ; said to have been buried at St. Katherine Cree, 97, 98. Holden, — , mentioned by Pepys, 143- I Holdsworth, Richard, rector of St. ! Peter-le-Poer, 348, 349. i Holinshed, Raphael, his chronicle, 21. Holland, Sir Nathaniel Dance, picture by, in All Hallows on the Wall, 308. Holleis, Dame Elizabeth, Sir Andrew Judde her executor, 84. Holleis, Sir William, buried at St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 84. Holman, George, munificence of, to St. Benet Fink, 351. Hooker, Richard, figure of, in stained glass, at St. Dunstan's in the West, 337. Home, — , architect of St. Katherine Coleman, 340. Hotham, Captain, buried at All Hal- lows Barking, 20. Hotham, Sir John, buried at All Hal- lows Barking, 20. Hothersall, Henry, font at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, presented by, 143. Howard, Lady Elizabeth, married to Dryden at St. Swithin by London Stone, 295. Howley, William, Archbishop ofCanter- buiy, his arms in St. Dunstan's in the East, 168. Hughes, John, the poet, burial of. Index of Proper Names. 77 recorded in register of St. Andrew's, Holborn, 130. Hume, David, criticisms of, answered by Douglas, 138. Hungerfoid, Dame Margaret, re-erected the Halliday monument, 194. Hunt, Sir Thomas, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 169. Hutchinson, Colonel John, married at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 131. Hyde, Sir Bernard, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 169 ; monu- ment erected by, 173. Inverness, Duchess of, 174. Ireland, John and Elizabeth, grand- parents of Sir Nicholas Crispe, buried in St. Mildred, Bread Street, 271. Ironside, Gilbert, Bishop of Hereford, buried at St. Mary Somerset, 278. Isabella, queen of Edward II., hired a house from Priory of St. Helen's, 74 ; buried in the Grey Friars' Church, 151. Islip, Simon, Archbishop of Canter- bury, patronage of St. Dunstan's in the East, granted to, 164. James I., King, portrait of, in stained glass, at St. Andrew Undershaft, 29; Stow's petition to, 32 ; 36, 67 ; Ceesar advanced by, 85 ; Earl of Southampton restored to his honours by, 129; account of his progresses, etc., by Nichols, 147 ; 159, 214, 221 ; Hugh Myddelton created a baronet ^y^ 3°3 ; 315; Sir Paul Pindar sent ambassador to Turkey by, 326 ; advowson of St. Sepulchre's granted to Francis Philips by, 356. James II., King, Hickes made a bishop by, 27 ; affection felt by Pepys for, 106; 148; Parliament of, 172; parishioners of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey touched for the king's evil by, 276 ; President and Fellows of Mag- dalene College, Oxford, ejected by, 278. James IV., King of Scotland, story told by Stow about the head ol, 265, 266. James, Sir Bartholomew, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 168, 169. James, Roger, brass to, at All Hallows Barking, 23. Jeffreys, Judge, decided in favour of Father Smith's organ, 128 ; buried at St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 231. Jeffreys, John, second Baron, buried at St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 231. Jennings, Sir Stephen, rebuilder of St. Andrew Undershaft, 29. Jewell, John, Bishop of Salisbuiy, book by, at St. Andrew Undershaft, 36. Joan of the Tower, Queen of Scots, buried in the Grey Friars' Church, 151- John, King, Priory of St. Helen founded in his reign, 73. John 01 Gaunt, parliament packed by, 183. ^ Johnes-Knight, Rev, Samuel, vicar of All Hallows Barking, 27. Johnson, Dr. Samuel, his "Life of Savage," 131 ; his friendsliip for Richardson, 147 ; his praise of Sir Nicholas Crispe, 271. 37^ City Churches. Jolles, Sir John, buried at All Hallows Barking, 25. Jones, Inigo, his work at St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 75, 76 ; said to have designed St, Katherine Cree, 95 ; said to have rebuilt St. Alban, Wood Street, 114 ; buried at St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 139, 140; pulled down part of St. Gregory by St. Paul's, 221 ; baptized at St. Bartholomew the Less, 315. Jonson, Ben, edition of his works by Whalley, 214 ; son of, buried at St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 325. Jordan, Abraham, organ of St. Magnus built by, 201 ; font presented to St. Michael Paternoster Royal by, 261. Jortin, Dr. John, rector of St. Dunstan's in the East, 173, 174. Judde, Sir Andrew, screen in memory of, at St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, 77 ; monument to, 83, 84. Judkin, Hobson, tablet to, in St. Dunstan's in the West, 336. Keate, Gilbert, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 169. Keats, John, baptized at St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 329. Keble, Sir Henry, St. Mary Aldermary rebuilt by, 232, 233, 235. Kemp, Thomas, Bishop of London, vicarage ordained at St. Stephen's, Coleman Street, by, 285. Kempthorne, Dame Joanna, monument to, at All Hallows Barking, 24. Ken, Thomas, Bishop of Bath and Wells, figure of, in stained glass, at St. Dunstan's in the West, 337. Kennett, White, afterwards Bishop of Peterborough, incumbent of St. Botolph, Aldgate, 323, 324. Kettlewell, John, monument to, in All Hallows Barking, 24, 25. King, Daniel, subscriber towards re- building Holy Trinity, Minories, 338. Kirton, — , Pepys's bookseller, 136. Kirwin, Benjamin, Magdalene, and William, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 80. Knight, Alderman Henry Edmund, arms of, in St. Giles, Cripplegaic, 69. Knollys, Sir Francis, married at All Hallows on the Wall, 307. Knowles, or Knoles, Thomas, rebuilder of St. Antholin's, buried there, 236 ; patron of All Hallows, Honey Lane, 245. Laing, David, architect of St. Dunstan's in the East, 167. Lake, John, ancestor of Oliver Crom- well, 2S9. Lamb, Charles, best man at Hazlitt's wedding, 131 ; school days of, at Christ's Hospital, 156; at St. Mil- dred's in the Poultry, 210. Lamb, Mary, bridesmaid at Hazlitt's wedding, 131. Lambarde, John, father of William, buried at St. Michael, Wood Street, 265. Lambarde, William, his account of Sevenoake, 216, 217; his work^, 265. Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of, f( unded Abbey of the Minoresses, 338. Index of Proper Names. 79 Langhani, Sir John, benefactor to St. Michael, Cornhill, 255. Langley, Charles, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 61, 67. Large, Robert, benefactor to St. Mar- garet, Lothbury, 205 ; buried at St. Olave Jewry, 208. Larke, John, rector of St. Ethelburga, Bishopsgate Street, 54. Latimer, Lord, condemned for defraud- ing the Treasury, 183. Laud, William, Archbishop of Canter- bury, temporarily interred at All Hallows Barking, 20; Snayth's affec- tion for, 23, 24 ; uncle of Layfield, 26; his consecration of St. Katherine Cree, 94, 95 ; last of the ecclesiastical statesmen, 163. Lauder, William, literary frauds of, de- tected by Douglas, 138. Lawrence, Dame Abigail, tablet to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 91. Lawrence, Sir John, arms of, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 88; Lord Mayor during the Plague, 91. Lawson, Sir John, buried at St. Dun- stan's in the East, 164. Layfield, Dr. Edward, vicar of All Hallows Barking, 26. Layton, Alexander, tablet to, in St. Dunstan's in the West, 335. Leach, — , model presented by, to St. Dunstan's in the East, 170. Lee, Lady Elizabeth, married to Young, the poet, at St. Mary-al-Hill, 240. Lee, Sir Richard, patron of St. Stephen, Walbrook, 287. Legge, George, first Lord Dartmouih, monument to, in Holy Trinity, Mino- lies, 339. Legge, Colonel William, monument to, in Holy Trinity, Minories, 338, 339. Legh, Gerard, monument to, in St. Dunstan's in the West, 335. Leicester, Earl of, patron of St. Andrew by the Wardrobe, 122. Leland, John, buried at St. Michael-le- Querne, 301, 302. Le Soeur, Hubert, monument at St. Bartholomew the Great ascribed to, 46. Leventhorpe, John, brass to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 90. Levison, Nicholas, brass to, in St. An- drew Undershaft, 34, 35. Lilbourn, John, monument to, in St. Stephen, Walbrook, 292. Lilburne, John, buried in the burying- ground in Petty France, 326. Lloyd, Robert, buried at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 147. Loftie, Rev. J. W. , his explanation of " Colechurch," 211 ; his conjecture as to "Cole Abbey," 275. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, King Olaf commemorated by, 100. Lovekin, John, buried at St. Michael, Crooked Lane, 203 ; Walworth ap- prenticed to, 204. Lovelace, Richartl, said to have been buried at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 146, 147, Lowell, James Russell, monument to Pepys unveiled by, 107. Lucas, Alderman Matthias Prime, litho- graph presented by, to St. Dunstan's in the East, 170. 38o City Churches. Lucie, Thomas, buried at St. Giles, Cripplegate, 63. Lucius, legendary King of Britain, St. Peter's, Cornhill, said to have been founded by, 280, 281, 283. Lucy, Margaret, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 63. Lucy, Sir Thomas, received Fox into his house, 63. Luke, Sir Samuel, a parishioner of St. Anne, Blackfriars, 123. Lydgate, John, his works collected by Shirley, 315. Lyons, Richard, buried at St. James, Garlickhithe, 183. Macaulay, Lord, his opinion of Kettle- well, 24, 25 ; lines by, quoted on Frobisher's monument, 64 ; his ac- count of Sherlock, 181. Macdougall, Alexander, memorial win- dow to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 92. Madden, Thomas, monument in St. Andrew Undershaft by, 33. Magnus, St., Newcourt's account of, 197. Maiden, Thomas, London Stone pre- served through the exertions of, 297. Maitland, William, story told about Stow's remains by, 32, 33. Man, Henry, Bishop of Man, buried at St. Andrew Undershaft, 35. Manley, Mrs., buried at St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 141. Manning, Samuel, monument in St. Andrew by the W^ardrobe by, 125. INlaratti, Carlo, picture in St. Margaret Pattens attributed to, 213. Margaret, queen of Edward L, com- menced choir of Grey Friars' Church, buried there, 150, 151. Margaret, The Lady, mother of Henry Vn., 183; her patronage of Oldham, 269. Markeby, William, brass in St. Bartho- lomew the Less to, 315. Marriott, Robert, monument to, in St. Stephen, Walbrook, 292. Martin, Messrs., bank of, 202. Mary, Queen, 23, 62, 85, 86, 103, 123; advowson of St. Anne and St. Agnes granted to see of London by, 133 . Derby House granted for Heralds' College by, 139, 1S4; abbot and convent of Westminster re-established by, 142 ; advowson of St. Clement, Eastcheap, granted to see of London by, 159 ; also that of St. James, Gar- lickhithe, 186 ; and those of St. Mag- nusandSt. Margaret, New Fish Street, 198 ; Coverdaledeprivedof hisbishop- ric by, 198, 207 ; 225, 250, 260 ; ad- vowson of St. Alphage granted to see of London by, 311 ; and that of St. Katherine Coleman, 341 ; 356. INLason, Roger, tablet to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 66. Master, Ann, tablet to, in St. Bartholo- mew the Great, 49. Master, Streynsham, gallant exploit of, 49- Masters, Dame Ann, monument to, in All Hallows Barking, 25. INIatilda, queen of Henry L, Priory of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, founded by, 2, 94, 321 ; Guild at St. Giles, Cripplegate, established by, 55. Index of Proper Names. 8i Maydenstone, Radulphus de, Bishop of Hereford, said to have purchased ad- vowson of St. Mary ISIounthaw, 278. Melker, William, builder of St. Leonard, Eastcheap, 120. Mendelssohn, Felix, played organ at St. Peter, Cornhill, 2S3. Mennis, Sir John, tablet to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, loS. Micklethwait, Sir John, monument to, in St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 318. Middlemore, Samuel, memorial to, in St. Clement, Eastcheap, 162. Milbourn, Luke, rector of St. Ethel- burga, Bishopsgate Street, 54. Mildmay, H. B., Sir Walter Mildmay's monument repaired by, 45. Mildmay, Sir Walter, monument to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 43, 45, 46, 47. Mildred, St., 209. Milles, Dr. Jeremiah, Dean of Exeter, rector of St. Edmund and St. Nicholas Aeon, monument to, in St. Edmund the King and Martyr, 178. Millet, Captain John, monument to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 47. Mills, Dr. Daniel, rector of St. Olave's, Hart Street, criticised by Pepys, 105 ; buried in the church, 108. Milman, Henry Hart, Dean of St. Paul's, narrative of the Great Fire quoted by, 136. Milton, John, buried in St. Giles, Crip- plegate, 65 ; monument to, 65, 66 ; his " Comus," 69; his houses in Aldersgate Street and the Barbican, 70; vindicated by Douglas, 138; his lodging in St. P^ride's Churciiyard, 148, 149 ; edition of his prose works by Birch, 214; married his second wife at St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 228 ; his third wife at St. Mary Aldermary, 232 ; editions of his poems by Bishop Newton, 249 ; baptized at All Hal- lows, Bread Street, 251. Milton, John, the elder, buried in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 65 ; mention of, on his son's monument, 66 ; place of his death, 70. Minshull, Elizabeth, married to Milton at St. Mary Aldermary, 232. Molins, Dr. James, tablet to, in St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 148. Monmouth, Duke of, his connection with Thomas Thynne referred to by Dryden, 21. Moore, Sir John, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 169 ; monu- ment to, 170, 171 ; writing school of Christ's Hospital built by, 172. Moore, Dame Mary, tablet to, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 171. More, Sir Thomas, execution of, 20 j John Larke his friend, 54. Morgan, Dr. John, organist at St. Andrew Undershaft, 30. Morley, Thomas, brass plate to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 102. Mortimer, Roger, Earl of March, buried in the Grey Friars' Church, 151. Morton, Joim, afterwards Arclil)ishop of Canterbury, rector of St. Dunstan's in the East, 165. Motteux, Peter Anthony, buried at St. Andrew Undershaft, 36. Mounson, Sir John, benefactor to St. Michael, Cornhill, 255. ;82 City Churches. Mountain, Thomas, rector of St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 260. Munday, Anthony, buried at St. Stephen, Coleman Street, 2S5, 286; story of a Persian interment told by, 325, 326 ; his account of St. Kathe- rine Coleman, 340. Murray, Rev. Thomas Boyles, memo- rial window to, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 169. Muss, — , window in St. Bride's, Fleet Street by, 145. Myddelton, Sir Hugh, buried at St. Matthew, Friday Street, 302, 303. Nares, Rev. Robert, rector of All Hallows on the Wall, 309. l^eedler, Henry, benefactor to the poor of Christ Church, Newgate Street, 154. -Nevvcourt, Richard, his account of St. Augustine, 135; of St. Magnus, 197; his opinion of St. Mary Aldermary; 235 ; his account of St. Stephen, Coleman Street, 285 ; of St. Mary Woolnoth, 343 ; of St. Maiy Wool- church Haw, 344; of Dr. Holdsvvorth, 349- Newton, Sir Isaac, at Holy Trinity, \ Minories, 339. Newton, Rev. John, tablet to, in St. Mary Woolnoth, 346. Newton, Thomas, Bishop of Bristol, monument to, in St. Mary-le-Bow, 249. Nichol, Mary, Boydell's monument erected by, 209. Nichols, John, brass plate in St. Bride's, Fleet Street, to wife and children of, 147. Norman, John, buried at All Hallows, Honey Lane, 245. North, Elizabeth, monument to, in St. Dunstan's in the West, 335. North, Roger, monument to, in St, Dunstan's in the West, 335. Northampton, Marquis of, monument of Sir John Spencer repaired by, 91. Offa, King, connected with St. Alban, Wood Street, 113. OiKley, Sir Thomas, monument to, in St. Andrew Undershaft, 33, 34. Oglethorpe, — , Bishop of Carlisle, buried at St. Dunstan's in the West, 332. Olaf, King of Norway, St. Olave's dedicated to, 100. Oldham, Hugh, afterwards Bishop of Exeter, rector of St. Mildred, Bread Street, 269. Oldys, William, buried at St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 141. Oliver, Alderman Richard, a champion of the liberty of the press, 27. Orgene, John, tablet to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 103. Osborne, Sir Edward, story of his rescue of Anna Hewit, 160; ancestor of the Dukes of Leeds, 160, 193. Osyth, St., St. Benet Sherehog origi- nally dedicated to, 2S8. Oteswich, John, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 88, 89. Overbeck, Friedrich, copy from paint- ing by, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 168. Oxford, Edward, Earl of, sold advowson of St. Swithin by London Stone to Sir John Hart, 294. Index of Proper N'anies. '3 Oxford, John, Earl of, advowson of St. Swithin by London Stone granted by Henry VIII. to, 294. Packington, Dame Anne, monument to, in St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 318. Palmer, Matthew, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 67. Pancras, St., martyrdom of, 244, 245. Papworth, J. B., St. Bride's Avenue designed by, 144. Paravicini, Sir Peter, daughter of, buried at St. Andrew Undershaft, 35 ; became bail for Pepys, 36 ; tablet to, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 173. Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Can- terbury, induced Elizabeth to give advowson of St. Maiy Abchurch to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 223. Patience, Joseph, monument to, in All Hallows on the Wall, 308. Paul, James, font of St. Michael, Cornhill, presented by, 255. Peake, Sir Robert, buried at St. Se- pulchre's, 355. Pearson, John, Bishop of Chester, me- morial to, at St. Clement, Eastcheap, 161, 162; rector of St. Christopher- le-Stocks, 207 ; Cleveland's funeral sermon preached by, 260. Pearson, John L., R.A., his work at St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 78. Peckard, Peter, Dean of Peterborough, his life of Nicholas Ferrar, 288. Pejk, Sir Henry, patron of St. Andrew Hubbard, 239. Pemberton, Hugh, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 79, 92. Penn, William, baptized at All Hallows Barking, 27. Pennant, Sir Samuel, monument to, in St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 261. Pepys, Elizabeth, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 106, 107. Pepys, Samuel, his account of the Great Fire, 17, 18, 136; Sir John Kempthorne mentioned by, 24 ; ac^ cused of treasonable correspondence with France, 36 ; details respecting, 105, 106 ; buried in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 107; monument to, 108; his "bever," 143; 173. Pej^ys, Tom, buried in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 106, 107. Perkins, William, volume of sermons by, at St. Andrew Undershaft, 36. Peverell, Ralph, patron of St. Martin in the Vintry, 262. Peyton, Sir John de, patron of St. Mary Somerset, 279. Philippa, queen of Edward III., bene- factress to the Grey Friars' Church, 151. Philips, Edward, his account of Milton, 148, 149. Philips, Katharine, the " matchless Orinda," buried at St. Benet Shere- hog, 289. Phillips, Rev. F. P., benefactions of, to St. Bartholomew the Great, 41. Pickering, Sir William, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 86, 87. Pickering, Sir William, the elder, tablet to, in St. Ile'.en, Bishopsgate, 87. 384 City CImrches. Pierson, Richard, bequest of, to £t, Mary Aldermary, 232. Pindar, Sir Paul, his loyalty and libe- rality, 326 ; monument to, in St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 327, 329. Pope, Alexander, references by, to Milbourn, 54 ; Denham praised by, 147 ; allusion of, to Buncombe, 201, Pope, Alexander, the elder, 351. Pope, Magdalen, buried at St. Benet Fink, 351. Pope, Sir Thomas, buried at St. Stephen, Walbrook, 288. Pophame, — , rebuilder of St. Sepul- chre's, 352, 353. Porteous, Beilby, Bishop of London, St. Peter-le-Poer consecrated by, 349. Potter, John, Archbishop of Canter- bury, father-in-law of Dr. Milles, 178. Poultney, Sir John, St. Lawrence Poultney named after, 2 ; his College of Corpus Christi, 223, 225 ; said to have built All Hallows the Less, 262. Pound, Mrs., benefactions of, to St. Katherine Cree, 96. Poynings, Joan, brass to, at St. Helen, Bishopsgate, now lost, 90. Prentice, — , window presented by, to St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 92. Price, Joshua, window by, in St. Andrew's, Holborn, 127. Pridden, Rev. John, tablet to, in St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 145. Prince of Wales at St. Bartholomew the Great, 41. Pritchard, Lady, subscriber towards rebuilding Holy Trinity, IMinories, 338 Prynne, 'William, Laud attacked by, 95 ; set in the pillory, 302. Pulteney, William, Earl of Bath, patron of Bishop Newton, 249. Purcell, Plenry, played for Father Smith, 128 ; organist at St. Clement, Eastchcap, 162. Purchas, Samuel, the writer of travels,. rector of St. Martin, Ludgate, 219,. 220. Purchas, Samuel, font of St. Peter,. Cornhill, presented by, 283. Purchase, William, buried at St. Law- rence Jewry, 190. Racket, Mrs., Pope's half-sister, 351. Radcliffe, Dame Anne, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 102. Radcliffe, Sir John, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 102. Rahere, founder of Priory and Hospital of St. Bartholomew, 37, 38, 39, 41 j his tomb, 43, 45 ; pictures of, by Hogarth, 50 ; Alfune said to have been his friend, 55. Raleigh, Sir Walter, copy of his " His- tory of the World" at St. Andrew Undershaft, 36 ; life of, by Oldys, 141 ; edition of his works by Birch^ 214; acquainted with Ferrar, 289. Ramsey, Dame Mary, benefactress to Christ's Hospital, 152; tablet to, in Christ Church, Newgate Street, 153 ; 344- Ramsey, Sir Thomas, husband of Dame Mary, 152 ; buried at St. Mary Wool- noth, 344. Rawlins, Sir William, tomb of, in. churchyard of St. Botolph, Bishops- Index of Proper Names. 385 gate, 329 ; charitable bequest of, 330- Rawson, Christopher, brass to, in All Hallows Barking, 22 ; his family, 22, 23. Reynolds, Edward, afterwards Bishop of Norwich, vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, 194. I\.ia, Hubert de, St. Mary Woolchurch Haw built by, 344. Riccard, Sir Andrew, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 105 ; bene- factor to St. Michael, Cornhill, 255. Rich, Sir Richard, bought Priory of St. Bartholomew from Heniy VHL, 38 ; created a peer and Lord Chan- cellor, 189, 190. Rich, Richard, buried at St. Lawrence Jewry, 189; memorial window to, 193. Richard I., King, benefactions of, to All Hallows Barking, 15 ; story about the burial of his heart, 15, 16. Richard II., King, new buildings of, at Westminster Hall, 197 ; 217, 272, 289 ; rectoiy of St. Botolph, Alders- gate, appropriated by, to St. Martin's- le-Grand, 317. Richard III., King, college of, at All Hallows Barking, 16 ; resided at Crosby Place, 87 ; 184 ; Rotherham imprisoned by, 301. l\ichardson, Dame Elizabeth, monu- ment to, in St. Botolph's, Alders- gate, 318. Richardson, John, gift by, to All Hallows Barking, 18. Richardson, Samuel, buried at St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 147 ; grand- father of Rev. Samuel Crowllicr, 155. Riculphus, patron of All Hallows Barking, 15. Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, preached in favour of the establish- ment of Christ's Hospital, 152. Rivers, James, monument to, in .St. Bartholomew the Great, 46. Robert of Gloucester, quoted by Weever, 216. Robinson, John, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 7S, 79. Rochester, Robert, brass to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 90. Rodoway, William, bequest of, to St. Mary Aldermary, 232. Roe, Sir William, buried at St. Law- rence Jewry, igo. Roger, Bishop of Salisbury, bestowed St. Sepulchre's on the Priory of St. Bartholomew, 352. Rogers, Henry, St. ^L'^17 AMermnry rebuilt from legacy left by, 233 ; memorials to, in the church, 234. Rogers, John, the martyr, rector of St. Margaret Moses, 272 ; vicar of St. Sepulchre's, 356. Rogers, Robert, gift by, to St. RLary, Aldermanbury, 231. Rogers, Thomas, carvings by, at St. Michael, Cornhill, 255. Rogers, W. Gibbs, carvings by, at St. Mary-at-Hill, 239. Romaine, Rev. William, monument to, in St. Andrew by tlie Wardrobe, 124, 125 ; lecturer at St. Dunstan's in the West, 332. Romilly, Isaac, tablet to, in St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 148. Rose, Alderman William Anderson, C i86 City CJmvches. protested against the destruction of St. Mary Woolnoth, 347. Rotherham, Thomas, afterwards Arch- bishop of York, rector of St. Vedast, 301. Rothing, Richard, said to have rebuilt St. James, Garlickhithe, 183. Roubiliac, Louis Francois, bust by, in St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 318. Roycroft, Samuel, benefactor to the parish of St. Bartholomew the Great, 48. Roycroft, Thomas, monument to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 47, 48. Rubens, Peter Paul, window copied from his " Descent from the Cross," formerly in St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 145. Rus, William, benefactor to St. Michael, Cornhill, 256. Rusche, John, brass to, in All Hallows Barking, 22. Russell, Robert, tablet to. in St. Dun- stan's in the East, 172. Russell, Sir William, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 169; monu- ment to, 172. Rykedon, Robert, patron of St. Mar- garet Pattens and St. Peter, Corn- hill, 281. Rysbraek, John Michael, monument by, ■ in St. Margaret Pattens, 215. Sacheverell, Dr. Henry, rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, 129, 130. St. Michel, Alexander Marchant, Sieur de, father of Mrs. Pepys, 106. Sancroft, William, Archbishop of Can- terbury, his recommendation of Hickes, 27. Sanderson, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, figure of, in stained glass, at St. Dunstan in the West, 337. Saunders, Rev. Isaac, monument to^ in St. Andrew by the Wardrobe, 124, 125. Saunders, Lawrence, rector of All Hal- lows, Bread Street, martyrdom of, 250. Savage, Richard, baptism of, recorded in register of St. Andrew's, Holborn,. 131- Scheemakers, Peter, monuments by, 25.. Scott, Sir Gilbert, reredos at St. Olave's, Hart Street, designed by, loi ; alterations at St. Michael,. Cornhill, by, 254. Scott, Sarah, monument to, in St. Law- rence Jewry, 196. Scott, Sir Walter, his description of the Earl of Oxford, 294. Scottow, Mary, benefactress to St. Michael, Cornhill, 255. Seaman, Dutton, font at St. Maiy Aldermary presented by, 234. Sevenoaks, or Sevenoake, William, benefactor to St. Dunstan's in the East, 168, 169 ; account of, by Lambarde, 216, 217 ; by Stow, 217. Seymour, Sir Thomas, commemorated at St. Lawrence Jewry, 193. Shadworth, Sir John, buried at St. Mildred, Bread Street, 269 ; com- memorated by a tablet, 273, 274. Shakespeare, William, monument of, in Westminster Abbey, 25 ; connec- tion of, with Sir Thomas Lucy, 63 x Index of Proper Names. o s; "Croshy I'lace mentioned by, 88 ; supposed to have been a parishioner of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 92 ; pat- ronized by Earl of Southampton, 129; criticism on, by Whalley, 214, 215 ; first edition of his plays, 228 ; London Stone noticed by, 297. Shaughsware, a Persian, account of the interment of, 326. Shaw, John, architect of St. Dunstan in the West, 333 ; tablet recording his death, 336. Slielley, Percy Bysshe, married Mary Wolstonecraft Godwin at St. Mil- dred, Bread Street, 274. Sherehog, Benedict, St. Benet Shere- hog named after, 288. Sherlock, William, Dean of St. Paul's, rector of St. George, Botolph Lane, 181 ; Benjamin Calamy's funeral sermon preached by, 229. Sherwood, Ed\Vard, monument to, in St. Mary Abchurch, 226. Shirley, John, buried at St. Bartholo- mew the Less, 315. Shorter, Sir John, ancestor of the Marquises of Hertford, 193. Shrewsbury, Earl of, mansion of Cold Harbour pulled down by, 262. Shute, John, buried at St. Edmund the King and Martyr, 176. Sidney, Sir Philip, esteem of, for Albericus Genlilis, 82. Silber, A. M., fountain given by, 1 15. Slingsby, Sir Harry, execution of, 222. Smallwood, George, rector of St. Mary- le-Bow, 246. Smalpace, Fercival, monument to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 46. Smethergill, — , organist at All Hal- lows Barking, 19. Smith, Elizabeth, monument to, in St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 318. Smith, Father, rival of Harris, 19 ; organ for the Temple built by, 128 ; organ of St. Dunstan in the East built by, 170 ; organ of St. James, Garlickhithe, built by, 185 ; organ of St. Peter, Cornhili, built by, 283 ; organ of St. Mai-y Woolnoth built by, 346. Smith, Gerard, organ of All Hallows Barking repaired by, 19. Smith, Dame Jane, altar-piece pre- sented by, to St. Mary Aldermary, 234. .Smith, Captain John, buried at St. Sepulchre's, 354 ; his epitaph, 354, 355- Smith, Lieutenant John, monument to, in St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 230, 231. Smith, Sir Jolm, buried at St. Mary Aldermary, 234. Smith, Robert, godfather of Stow, buried at St. Michael, Cornhili, 257. Snayth, George, brass plate to, in All Hallows Barking, 23, 24. Southampton, Thomas Wriolhesley, first Earl of, 70 ; advowson of St. Andrew, Holborn, granted by Henry VHL to, 129; also that of St. Peter, West Cheap, 303. Southey, Robert, letter of Lamb to, 131- Speed, John, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 64, 65. I Spencer, Sir John, screen in nicuiory 388 City CJmrchcs. of, at St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 77, 78 ; monument to, 90, 91. Spenser, Edmund, edition of his " Faery Queen," by Birch, 214. Stagg, Thomas, tablet to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 67. Stainer, Sir Samuel, gift of, to St. Katherine Cree, 96. Staines, John, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 68. Staines, Sir William, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 68 ; arms of, in the church, 69 ; engraving of, 71 ; St. Bride's steeple repaired by, 143; Bow steeple repaired by, 247 ; St. Alphage rebuilt by, 312. Staper, Richard, monument to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 90. Starling, Sir Samuel, arms of, on a window at All Hallows Barking, 18. Steele, Sir Richard, account of the service at St. James, Garlickhithe, by, 186, 187. Stillingfleet, Edward, afterwards Bishop of Worcester, rector of St. Andrew's, Holborn, 129. Stock, John, tablet to, in Christ Church, Newgate Street, 156. Stockton, Sir John, knighted by Ed- ward IV., 87. Stoddart, Sarah, married to Hazlitt at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 131. Stone, Nicholas, monument of Sir Julius Caesar by, 86. Stow, John, his account of the founda- tion of the Priory of the Holy Trinity, Aldgate, 2 ; his story about Richard I.'s heart, 15 ; his account of the rebuilding of St. Andrew Under- shaft, 28, 29 ; his monument there,- 30, 31 ; his history and great merit, 31, 32, 33 ; his account of Sir Thomas Offley's bequest, 34 ; his derivation of Cripplegate, 55 ; his- resemblance to Speed, 64, 65 ; his account of Garter House, 69, 70 ; of Crosby Place, 81, 90; of St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 83, 84 ; of St. Alartin Outwich, 89; of St. Katherine Cree, 94, 95 ; Holbein's burial-place not mentioned by, 98 ; his account of St. Olave's, Hart Street, 100; of All Hallows Staining, 109 ; of St. James's Hospital, 113 ; of All Hal- lows, Lombard Street, 116; of St. Leonard, Eastcheap, 120; of St. Anne, Blackfriars, 123 ; of St. Faith's, 135 ; of St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 139 ; of the Grey Friars' Church, 151 ; of Christ Church, Newgate Street, 152; of St. Clement, East- cheap, 159 ; of St. Dunstan's in the East, 163 ; of St. Edmund the King and Martyr, 176 ; of St. Nicholas Aeon, 177; of St. James, Garlick- hithe, 183 ; of St. Michael, Queen- hithe, 187 ; of Yeuele's monument, 197 ; of St. Margaret, Lotlibury, 205 ; of St. Olave Jewry, 208 ; of St. Martin Pomary, 209 ; of St. Mary Colechurch, 211 ; of the Hospital of St. Thomas of Aeon, 211 ; of St. Margaret Pattens, 212 ; of St. Mar- tin, Ludgate, 216 ; of William Seven- oake, 217; of St. Mary Aldermnry, 232 ; of St. Antholin's, 236 ; of St. Mary-le-Bow, 242-244 ; of Honey Lane, 245 ; of the shed by Bow Index of Proper Names, 89 Church, 247, 24S ; of St. Michael, Cornhill, 254 ; his opinion of Fa- bian's " Chronicle," 256 ; born in the parish of St. Michael, Cornhill, 256; his father, grandfather, and god- parents buried there, 256, 257 ; his account of St. Michael, Wood Street, 265 ; his story about James IV. 's head, 265, 266 ; his account of St. Mildred's, Bread Street, 269 ; of St. Mary Somerset, 277 ; of St. Mary Mounthaw, 278 ; of St. Peter, Corn- hill, 280, 281 ; of St. Stephen, Cole- man Street, 285 ; of St. Benet Shere- hog, 288 ; of London Stone, 297 ; of St. Vedast's, 299 ; of St. Alphage, 311, 312; of John Shirley, 315; of St. Botoiph, Aldgate, 321 ; of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 325 ; 'of St. Katherine Coleman, 340 ; of St. Mary Woolnoth, 343 ; of St. Mary AVoolchurch Haw, 344 ; of St. Peter- le-Poer, 348 ; of St. Sepulchre's, 352, 353. Strafford, Thomas Wen tworth, Earl of, baptized at St. Dunstan's in the West, 332. Strange, George, Lord, buried at St. James, Garlickhithe, 184. Street, George Edmund, R.A., crypt discovered by, at St. Dionis Back- church, 121. Stretchley, Thomas, benefactor to the poor of Christ Church, Newgate Street, 154. Strong, Edward, Wren's master-mason, 260. Strype, John, his reflections on Stow's treatment, 31 ; mentions cause of Stow's death, 32 ; his account of St. Giles, Cripplegate, 56, 57 ; of Crowder's Well, 72 ; of St. Katherine Cree, 96-98 ; of Sir Andrew Riccard's- monurnent, 105 ; of Bride Lane, 149 ; of Christ Church, Newgate Street, 153; of Sir William Russell's monu- ment, 172 ; of a monument in St. Mary Magdalene, Old Fish Street, 2;o ; of All Hallows, Bread Street, 250; of St. Mary Woolnoth, 345. Stubbs, Rev. Philip, rector of St. James, Garlickhithe, reading of, praised by Steele, 187. Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of, 20 ; at the monastery of Shene, 266 ; head at Holy Trinity, Minories, said to be his, 339. Sumner, John Bird, Archbishop of Canterbury, arms of, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 168, 169. Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, tem- porarily interred at All Hallows- Barking, 20. Sutton, Charles Manners, Archbishop- of Canterbury, first stone of new church of St. Dunstan in the East laid by, 167 ; his arms in the church, 168. Swift, Jonathan, advocated the claims of Sacheverell, 129. Taswell, Dr., his narrative of the Great Fire, 136. Tate, Sir Richard, buried at All Hal- lows Staining, 109. Taylor, alias Cardmaker, John, vicar of St. Bride's, Fleet Street, martyr- dom of, 145' Tenison, Thomas, Archbishop of Can- )90 City Churches. terbury, arms of, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 169. Thavie, John, bequest by, to St. Andrew's, Holborn, 128. Thesiger, Frederick, Lord Chelmsford, baptized at St. Dunstan's in the East, 175- Thimbleby, Rev. — , Benjamin Dis- raeli baptized by, 132. Thomas of St. Osytli, successor of Rahere, 39, 43. Thornhill, Sir James, figures of Moses and Aaron at St. Michael, Queen- hithe, retouched by, 188 ; vestry- room ceiling of St. Lawrence Jewry painted by, 192 ; cupola of St. Mary Abchurch painted by, 225. Thorpe, Samuel, monument to, in St. Katherine Cree, 98. Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, monument to, in St. Katherine Cree, 97. Thynne, William, brass to, in All Hallows Barking, 21 ; his edition of Chaucer, and family, 21. Tillotson, John, raised to the primacy, 181 ; monument to, at St. Lawrence Jewry, 195 ; life of, by Birch, 214 ; refused living of St. Mary, Alder- manbury, 229. Tite, Sir William, assistant architect of St. Dunstan's in the East, 167. Tombes, Henry, decorated St. Andrew Undershaft, 29. Tomkins, Nathaniel, buried at St. Andrew's, Holboi^n, 130. Torriano, Charles and Rebecca, brass plate to, in St. Andrew Undershaft, 35. Townley, Rev. G. S., tablet to, in St. Stephen, Walbrook, 293. Trapp, Rev. Joseph, monument to, in Christ Church, Newgate Street, 156. Travers, John, house hired by the Grey Friars from, 150. Trenchaunt, Lord, buried at St. Mil- dred, Bread Street, 269 ; commemo- rated by a tablet, 273, 274. Triclvct, Ralph, patron of St. Martin Pomary, 209. Trindle, Edmond, godfather of Stow, buried at St. Michael, Cornhill, 257. Trott, Sir John, benefactor to the poor of St. Leonard's, Foster Lane, 154. Turner, Peter, monument to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 103. Turner, Samuel, tablet to, in St. Dun- stan's in the East, 174. Turner, Thomas, tablet to, in St. Dun- stan's in the East, 174. Turner, William, Dean of Wells, tablet to, in St. Olave's, Hart Street, 102, 103. Tusser, Thomas, buried at St. Mildred in the Poultry, 210. Tyler, Wat, Lyons put to death by, 183 ; slain by Walworth, 204. Tyndale, William, preached at St. Dunstan's in the West, 332 ; carved head of, 334. Tyson, Dr. Edward, monument to, in All Hallows, Lombard Street, 121. Vanbrugh, Sir John, buried at St. Stephen, Walbrook, 293. Vandeput, Sir Peter, monument erected by, m St. Margaret Pattens, 215. Vandyck, Sir Anthony, a parishioner of St. Anne, Blackfriars, 123. Index of Pi^oper Names. 391 Vernon, Henry, monument to, in St. Stephen, Coleman Street, 286. Vernon, John, monument to, in St. Michael, Cornhill, 257. Veronese, Paul, copy of painting by, in St. Dunstan's in the East, 168. Victoria, Queen, fountain erected in St. Giles, Cripplegate, churchyard, in commemoration of jubilee of, 71. Vine, Rev. Marshall Hall, tablet to, in St. Mary-le-Bow, 249, 250. Virby, Thomas, brass to, in All Hallows Barking, 22. Vyner, Sir Robert, munificence of, towards St. Mary Woolnoth, 345. Wagstaffe, Thomas, memorial to, at St. Margaret Pattens, 214. Waithman, Alderman Robert, tablet to, in St. Bride's, Fleet Street, 148. Waller, Edmund, plot of, 130. Walsingham, Sir Francis, house of, in Seething Lane, log. Walton, Bryan, Bishop of Chester, memorial to, in St. Clement, East- cheap, 161, 162. Walton, Izaak, memorial window to, at St. Dunstan's in the West, 336, 337- Walworth, Sir William, first mayoralty of, 183 ; buried at St. Michael, Crooked Lane, 204. Ward, Sir Patience, monument to, in St. Mary Abchurch, 226. Ward, Seth, afterwards Bishop of Salis- bury, vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, 194. Warkenethby, Hugo de, last rector of St. Lawrence Jewry, 1S9. Warren, Sir Ralph, great-grandfather of Oliver Cromwell, buried at St. Benet Sherehog, 289. Warwick, Richard Nevil, Earl of, Henry VL temporarily restored by, 16 ; patron of All Hallows the Great, 262. Warwick, Countess of, married to- Addison at St. Edmund the King and Martyr, 179. Watkins, — , purchased advowson of St. Svvithin by London Stone, 294. Waugh, John, Bishop of Carlisle, rector of St. Petei, Cornhill, 2S3, 284. Webb, Aston, restoration of St. Bartho- lomew the Great conducted by, 40. Webster, John, said to have been buried at St. Andrew's, Holborn, 130. Weever, John, his account of St. Mar- tin, Ludgate, 216. Wesley, John and Charles, grandsons of Samuel Annesley, 70. West, Benjamin, picture by, in St. Stephen, Walbrook, 291. Weybridge, Rev. John, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 68. Whalley, Peter, rector of St. Margaret Pattens, 214, 215. Wharton, Dr. Thomas, tablet to, ia St. Michael Bassishaw, 252, 253. Wheeler, Daniel, tablet to, in St. Bar- tholomew the Great, 49, 50. Whichcote, Dr. Benjamin, vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, 195, 196. Whitbread, Samuel, bust of Milton set up by, 65, 66. White, Francis, afterwards Bishop of Ely, preacher at St. Benet Sherehog, 288, 2S9. o 92 City Churches. White, Dame Joan, great-grandmother of Oliver Cromwell, buried at St. Benet Sherehog, 289. White, Sir Thomas, founder of St. John's College, Oxford, 289. White, Thomas, afterwards Bishop of Peterborough, rector of All Hallows the Great, 264. White, Dr. Thomas, vicar of St. Dun- stan's in the West, 332. White, William, benefactor to St. Katherine Coleman, 340. Whitelocke, Sir Bulstrode, baptized at St. Dunstan's in the West, 332. Whiting, John and Margaret, tablet to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 48, 49. Whiting, John, jun., tablet to, in St. Bartholomew the Great, 48 ; schools founded by, 48, 49. Whitney, Constance, monument to, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 63, 67. Whittingham, Sir Robert, patron of St. Stephen, Walbrook, 287. Whittington, Sir Richard, library built for the Grey Friars by, 151 ; advow- son of St. Margaret Pattens given to the mayor and connnonalty of London by, 212 ; story of Bow Bells, 242 ; rebuilt St. Michael Paternoster Royal, and founded a college there, 259 ; buried there, 260 ; memorial window to, 261 ; advowson of St. Peter, Cornhill, given to the mayor and commonalty of London by, 281, 282. Whitwell, John, benefactor to St. Michael, Cornhill, 256. Wickenbroke, Hugo de, gave advowson of St. Lawrence Jewry to Balliol College, Oxford, 189. Wilkes, John, his defence of the freedom of the press, 27 ; obelisk to, in Lud- gate Circus, 148. Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester, pre- ceded Pearson, 16 1 ; vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, 194 ; buried there, 19s ; succeeded there by Whichcote, 196. Willement, — , window by, in St, Stephen, Walbrook, 291. William, the Conqueror, King, 242, 250, 262 ; St. Alphage confirmed to St. Martin-le-Grand by, 311 ; 321. William Rufus, King, privileges of the Knighten guild confirmed by, 321. William HL, King, 24, 160; Namur besieged by, 296. William, son of William the goldsmith. Priory of St. Helen founded by, 73- W^illiams, John, Archbishop of York, and Lord Keeper, life of, by Hacket, 129. Williams, Sir Richard, convent build- ings of St. Helen's bestowed by Henry VI IL on, 74. Williams, Thomas, brass to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 90. Williams, William Meade, memorial window presented to St. Helen, Bishopsgate, by, 92. Williamson, Dame Dyonis, munificence of, towards St. Dunstan's in the East, 165, 169 ; tablet to her grandfather set up by the parishioners, 172, 173 munificence of, to St. Mary-le-Bovv, 245, 246. Willow, Andrew, monument to, in St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, 329. Index of Proper Names. 393 Wilson, Alderman Colonel, window presented by, to St. Helen's, Bishops- gate, 92. Wilson, Dr. Thomas, picture presented to St. Stephen, Walbrook, by, 291 ; tablet to, 293. Winwood, Sir Ralph, buried at St. Bartholomew the Less, 315. Withers, H. T., organ-case presented to St. Bartholomew the Great by, 41. Wood, Sir Matthew, arms of, in St. Giles, Cripplegate, 69 ; portrait df, 71- Woodcocke, Katherine, married to Milton at St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 228. Woodthorpe, Edmund, Milton's ceno- taph designed by, 65. Worcester, John Tiptoft, Earl of, brotherhood established at All Hal- lows Barking by, 16. Worde, Wynkyn de, buried in vSt. Bride's, Fleet Street, 146. Wotton, Sir Henry, figure of, in stained glass, at St. Dunstan's in the West, 337. Wotton, Nicholas, brass to, in St. Helen, Bishopsgate, 90. Wray, Daniel, tablet to, in St. Botolph, Aldersgate, 319. Wren, Sir Christopher, the great re- builder of city cinirches, his genius, and method of work, 3-5; demolition of some of his churches, 7 ; catalogue of his churches, 8-1 1; rebuilt St. Alban, Wood Street, 113-115; All Hallows, Lombard Street, 116-121 ; St. Andrew by the Wardrobe, 122- 125 ; body of St. Andrew, Holborn, 126-132 ; St. Anne and St. Agnes, 133, 134; St. Augustine's, 135-138; St. Benet, Paul's Wharf, 139-141 ; St. Bride's, 142-149; Chiist Church, Newgate Street, 150-157; St. Cle- ment, Eastcheap, 159-162; St. Dunstan in the East, 163-175; de- signed writing school of Christ's Hospital, 172; rebuilt St. Edmund the King and Martyr, 176-179; St. George, Botolph Lane, 181, 182 ; St. James, Garlickhithe, 183-18S ; St. Michael, Queenhithe, 187, 188; St. Lawrence Jewry, 189-196; St. Magnus, 197-204 ; St. Michael, Crooked Lane, 204 ; St. Margaret, Lothbury, 205-211 ; St. Christopher- le- Stocks, 207 ; St. Bartholomew by the Exchange, 207 ; St. Olave Jewry, 209 ; St. Miklied in the Poultry, 210; St. Margaret Pattens, 212-215 ; St. Martin, Ludgate, 216-222; St. Mary Magdalene, Old Fish Street, 220-222 ; St. Mary Abchurch, 223- 227 ; St. Mary, Aldermanbury, 228- 231 ; St. Mary Aldermary, 232-237 ; St. Antholin's, 236 ; St. Mary-at- Hill, 23S-241 ; St. Mary-le-Bow, 242-251 ; AH Hallows, Bread Street, 250 ; St. Michael Bassishaw, 252, 253 ; St. Michael, Cornhili, 254-258 ; St. Michael Paternoster Royal, 259- 264; All ILallows the Great, 263; St. Michael, Wood Street, 265-268 ; St. Mildred, Bread Street, 269-274; St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, 275-279; St. Mary Somerset, 277, 278 ; St. Peter, Cornhili, 280-284; St. Stephen D D 194 City Churches. Coleman Street, 285, 286 ; St. Stephen, Walbrook, 287-293 ; St. Swithin by London Stone, 294-298 ; St. Vedast's, 299-303 ; St. Matthew, Friday Street, 302 ; repaired St. Mary Woolnoth, 345 ; rebuilt St. Benet Fink, 351 ; uncertain whether he rebuilt St. Sepulchre's, 353. Wren, Jane, daughterof Sir Christopher, 166." Wrench, Rev. Thomas Robert, monu- ment to, in St. Michael, Cornhill, 258. Wrench, Rev. Thomas William, tablet to, in St. Michael, Cornhill, 258. Wrenne, Geoffrey, rector of St. Mar- garet, New Fish Street, 198, 199. Wright, Robert, afterwards Bishop of Lichfield, rector of St. Katherine Coleman, 340. Wright, Samuel, monument to, in St. Alphage, 313. Wynne, Richard, monument to, in St. Alban, Wood Street, 115. Yeuele, or de Yeveley, Henry, buried at St. Magnus, 197. Young, Charles, organist at All Hallows Barking, 19. Young, Edward, the poet, married at St. Mary-at-Hill, 240. Young, Launcelot, said to have brought James IV. 's head from Shene to Wood Street, 266. CHtSWICK press: — CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO. TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON. m + 6 +2 52 AS \ ■^o< ■;.*=•*, v^>^ LONDON CITY CHURCHES. CHURCHES ANTERIon TO THE PIHE. 1 AU Hallows Btu-kiiig 2 St. Andrew Undoraliaft 8 St. Bartholomew the Great, West SraithfioIJ 4 8t. Ethelburga, Hishopsgate Street 5 St. Giles, Cripplegate 6 St. Helen. Bishopsgata 7 St. Katherine Crae 8 St. Olave, Hart Street WREN'S CHURCHES. AJban, Wood Street Hallows, Lombard Street Andrew by the Wardroba An drew. Holborri ,\jii](i and St. AgneH, Aldorggato AuKiiElino, Watling Street Henet, Paul's Wharf Bride, Fleet Street iflt Cliurcli. Newgate Street Clement, P:a£tcheap DuuHtan in the Ea&t Edniimd the King and Martyr George, Botolph Lane JaDie>i, Garlickhitbe Lawrence ■I«wry Mag>iiit> the Martyr Margaret, Lothbliry Margaret Pattens Martin, Lndgate Mary Abchurcli Mary, Aldormanbury Xiarv Aldtirniary MiLry-at-OJill Mary-Ie-Bow Micliiu^l HoKsisliaw Michael. Cornbill Michael J'ati-niodtor Royal klichael, Wood Street Mildred. Brnad Street Nicboloii Cole Abbey Peter. C'onihill Stephin, ('oleman Street Steplnn, Wftlbrook Swiihin l.y lA>ndon Stone YedaMt, Foster LoQu CHURCHES SUBSEQUENT TO WREN. 44 All Hallnwfi on the Wall 45 St. .Mithnne. Ixindon Wall 4fj St. Biirtliolomew the Less 47 St. Botoljth, Aldersgate 48 St. Botolph, Aldgatu 4y St. Botolph, Bishopsgate 50 St. Dunstan in the West 61 Holy Trinity, Miiioriei, 52 St, Katherine Cok^inan 53 St. Mary Woolnoth 54 St. Petcr-le-Poer 55 St. Sepulchre 9 St. Kl AU 11 St. 12 St. 13 St. U St. 15 .St. 16 St. 17 Chr 18 St. 19 St. M St. 21 St. 22 St. 23 St. 24 St. 25 St. 26 St. 27 St. 28 St. 39 St. 30 St. 31 ,St. 82, St. 331 St. 3-l/ St. 89 St. af> St. .17 St. 38 St. 39 St. 40 St. 41 St. 42 St. 43 St. Wren!5 Churches marked thus HI University of California •^ns n^"J"^"n ■"^°'°'^'^'- LIBRARY FACILITY ?OS AMPpTIc" ^A'''"9 '-°* ^^ • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to th^ library from which it wa. hnr.n...H 30m-8,'65(F6447s4)9482 iniv