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WHERE THE SUNLIGHT CANNOT COME, THE DOCTOR MUST." 
 
 THE 
 
 WEST EWING 
 
 IMPROVEMENT 
 
 ASSOCIATION 
 
 YOU HAVE DECIDEDLY TO LOOK TO YOUR WELLS." 
 
 PRICE, 50 CENTS. 
 
rp ORGANIZED 
 
 iHE OCT 
 
 1878. 
 
 WEST EWING 
 
 IMPROVEMENT 
 
 Proceedings of Anni- 
 versary Meeting, held in 
 Ewing Church, Sept. 2d, 
 1880, and other valuable 
 matter. 
 
 ASSOCIATION. 
 
 TRENTON, N. J. ! 
 MACCKELLISH & QUIGLEY, STEAM POWER PRINTERS. 
 
Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1880, by the 
 WEST EWING IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION, 
 
 P. O. Address, Greensburg, Mercer Co., N. J., 
 in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 
 ADDRESS OP THE PRESIDENT. 
 
 ADDRESS OF HON. B. G. NORTHROP, OF CONNECTICUT. 
 ADDRESS OF COL. GEORGE E. WARING, JR., OF RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 REPORT ON THE SANITARY CONDITION OF THE WESTERN PART OF EWING 
 TOWNSHIP, BY COL. GEORGE E. WARING, JR., OF NEWPORT, RHODE 
 ISLAND. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF SUCH LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY AS CONCERN 
 A RURAL COMMUNITY. 
 
 CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 
 INDEX. 
 
 COMMUNICATIONS, IN REGARD TO 
 THE WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION, 
 MAY BE ADDRESSED TO 
 
 HARVEY Bow. FISK, 
 GREENSBURO, 
 
 MERCER Co., N. J., 
 OR, P. O. Box 235, 
 NEW YORK, N, Y. 
 
 _84665 
 
OUR MOTTO. 
 "One for All and All for One.' 
 
 OUR PRIZES. 
 
 I. This Association offers to the resident of Ewing Town- 
 ship who shall set out and maintain the longest and best 
 row of trees along the public highway, in conformity with 
 By-Law II, or the recommendations of Mr. Northrop's 
 address, a PRIZE OP TWENTY-FIVE DOLLARS, pay- 
 able September 1st, 1881. 
 
 II. This Association offers to the Board of School Trustees 
 of either the Scudder's Falls, Biimingham or Brookville 
 District, which shall effect the greatest material improve- 
 ment in or about the school-house of their district, before 
 July 1st, 1881, a PRIZE OF TWENTY-FIVE DOLLARS, 
 payable on that date, and to be used by the Trustees receiv- 
 ing it for further improvements of an sesthetic nature. 
 
 See, also, By-Law I. 
 
THE 
 
 WEST EWING IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION. 
 
 ANNIVERSARY MEETING. 
 
 PHONOGRAPHICALLY REPORTED BY GEORGE E. MILES. 
 
 The proceedings were opened with prayer by the Rev. S. T. 
 Lowrie, D.D., after which it was moved that the reading of the 
 minutes of the last meeting be dispensed with. The motion 
 was adopted. 
 
 The Treasurer, Mr. Charles J. Fisk, then presented his report, 
 which was adopted. 
 
 The Committee on Election of Officers then reported, through 
 its chairman, the following names for officers of the Association 
 for the ensuing year : 
 
 President A. B. GREEN. 
 
 Vice-Presidents WM. A. HOUGH, JOHN H. SCUDDER. 
 
 Secretary JOHN V. GREEN. 
 
 Treasurer CHAS. J. FISK. 
 
 The report was accepted and the officers named were declared 
 elected. 
 
 The President, Mr. A. B. Green, in introducing the first 
 speaker, spoke as follows : 
 
 It may be well to state that the object of this meeting is to 
 further the cause we are engaged in as an association. The 
 object for which the Association was established two years ago 
 is well known, probably, to all. It is to beautify our homes in 
 
6 
 
 the neighborhood, and make this township a more pleasant and 
 desirable place to live in. We have accomplished something in 
 these last two years. Through our direct influence about two 
 hundred shade trees have been set out along the roads and side- 
 walks. We have made a piece of road which we think is a 
 pattern for the whole county a road which formerly bore the 
 reputation of being the worst in the place. We have found, in 
 conferring together, that much yet remains to be done, but we 
 are assured that, by co-operation, we can do still more. The 
 setting out of these two hundred trees has beeri done with great 
 cheerfulness, mostly by people owning the property on which 
 the trees are planted, and as the work proceeds I suppose 
 greater interest will be excited. The road I mentioned a 
 moment ago has cost the township nothing, having been made 
 by voluntary labor and subscription. It is true that prejudices 
 have existed in our community, as I suppose they exist in all. 
 These are a great hindrance to our progress ; but we can over- 
 come them by union among ourselves and interchange of views 
 and plans. We are, of course, very tenacious of our own opin- 
 ions, and think we know a great deal about how this, that and 
 the other thing ought to be done ; but, after all, we must admit 
 that our own wisdom cannot be compared to the long experi- 
 ence of those who have carefully studied and scientifically 
 investigated the matter. We find ourselves, by frequent com- 
 parison of views, more and more of a like opinion ; we establish 
 and improve our social intercourse. One gentleman will be 
 found to know better than another how to plant a tree, or how 
 to trim one; another knows better how to plant or trim a 
 hedge ; some lady possesses a rare flower, or knows precisely 
 how to raise one, and through our monthly meetings we gain 
 this varied knowledge and profit by it. 
 
 We could name instances where the conditions of health 
 have been improved, but, inasmuch as we have others with us 
 who can instruct us on these important topics, we will listen to 
 them, and we hope, through the dissemination of such ideas, to 
 see more unite with us, until it becomes the interest and busi- 
 ness of the entire neighborhood. 
 
 I have the honor to introduce to you the Hon. B. G. Nor- 
 throp, Secretary of the Connecticut State Board of Education. 
 
Address of Hon. B. G. Northrop. 
 
 MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN It seems to me very 
 fitting that the gentlemen who served so successfully during 
 the past year should be unanimously re-elected ; and if you 
 will only tell us how it is that such nicely-made roads as those 
 you have been completing the past year could be made for four 
 dollars out of the treasury, we would like to carry the art into 
 Connecticut, for it certainly costs us a great deal more. I have 
 been delighted first, in seeing what the plan is, as stated in 
 the village improvement paper, and then in driving about the 
 town this afternoon and observing what has actually been 
 accomplished. I congratulate you on your complete success in 
 driving out of Ewing the " placard " nuisance, or advertising 
 fiend ; for I have not seen a single one of those abominations 
 which in Connecticut are prohibited by law under severe 
 penalties on any fence, or barn, or board, anywhere in the drive 
 which it has been my privilege to take. I am very glad to see 
 that already you have planted so extensively the fine Osage 
 orange hedge [See Note] perhaps, for this climate, one of the 
 very best, and one which in future will be a great adornment to 
 the place ; and that you are starting so grandly in the planting of 
 trees ; and I am pleased, also, with the statement just made that 
 nearly all the trees planted have been set out by the farmers who 
 owned the adjoining land. You are indeed to be congratulated 
 that such a forward step has been taken in the very important 
 matter of roads. [See Note.] The road has been, in all ages, the 
 index of the civilization of any country or community. If we had 
 no other remains of the civilization and intelligence of the ancient 
 Roman Empire, its grand, old roads, as they still stand, would 
 tell us the story ; for they show the highest of all ancient 
 civilization. If there is progress in any community, the roads 
 will indicate the fact. I have been glad to see, as at Scudder'^ 
 Falls, so much improvement made around the school-house by 
 the introduction of that neat hedge of American arbor vita?. It 
 was cheering to notice that on the lawn at the left side as you 
 come out (which the children had been requested not to tread 
 upon), not a foot- fall, or a trace of one, was impressed on that 
 ground reserved for turf. 
 
 I noticed, on the way up from New York City, very beautiful 
 adornments around many of the railway stations on the line of 
 
8 
 
 the Jersey Central. That is one of the improvements which, I 
 have no doubt, you will incite the railway managers to apply 
 here. You are doing so much for yourselves that it will be a 
 very little thing for you to ask the corporation to appropriate 
 a section of land here and there, at a station which is to become 
 so important in the future, for the purpose of a park. I was 
 delighted the other day, traveling along on the Shore line, to 
 find a beautiful little park at the railway station of Brockton, 
 New York, on the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Road. I 
 said to the depot agent, "How is this?" He replied, "The 
 superintendent desires us to improve our grounds." " How 
 does he communicate that desire to you?" "Well," said the 
 depot agent, "he sends out a printed circular." I afterward 
 secured one of these circulars, and it read as follows : " The 
 depot master is required to occupy his leisure, and the leisure 
 of the hands, in adorning the grounds, and to see that there is 
 no rubbish or disfigurement anywhere around the railway 
 station." As a result, this depot agent had developed that beau- 
 tiful little park. I counted there two hundred and forty-six 
 flowers of different kinds, besides some thirty different varieties 
 of trees. It was a gem. Other railways are beginning to do the 
 same thing. North Conway and Plymouth, in New Hampshire ; 
 Stonington and Pomfret, in Connecticut ; Auburn and Kingston, 
 in Rhode Island, are good illustrations. The Pennsylvania 
 Central is setting a good example all along "the line for forty 
 miles west of Philadelphia ; and a little persuasion on the part 
 of this Association will carry the point with the" railway mana- 
 gers at this depot. 
 
 On conference with friends here, I think it better to have 
 an off-hand talk with you, and, therefore, throw aside the 
 written lecture which I had arranged to deliver. 
 
 The question has been asked, What has been done in the way 
 of rural improvement elsewhere? and I say "rural," rather 
 than " village " improvement. I discard the word " village," 
 for in towns where I am working, I want to carry out the idea 
 that this business concerns everybody in the township, and we 
 cannot bring about the best results unless we benefit all sections 
 and all classes, and thus secure the co-operation of every 
 citizen. I want every one, however distant, to feel that he has 
 
some, however remote, concern in this rural improvement. 
 What is the history of these associations ? 
 
 1. The first rural improvement association, so far as I know, 
 was formed in New Haven, in 1799, under the lead of James 
 Hillhouse, the leading subscriber and manager. He called it 
 the Village Green Association, and secured a subscription of 
 $1,500. One man, in the generosity of his great heart, subscribed 
 five gallons of rum as good as gold, according to the theory of 
 that day. You may be sure it was not benzine, as you cannot, 
 what you get now. What has been the result of that grand 
 enterprise? Why, all the majestic elms, nearly, of New Haven 
 were planted then; and it is due to that Association, started at 
 that time, that New Haven is known throughout the land and 
 over the world as the "Elm City," while its beauty, acquired 
 through these magnificent trees, has attracted great numbers of 
 wealthy citizens, so that the annual taxes on the property 
 there attracted by the existence of the great elms exceed by far 
 all that the elms ever cost. 
 
 As far as I can learn, the next volunteer association was 
 founded about fifty years ago, in Heidelberg. Suffice it to say, 
 the efforts of that association in rebuilding the old castle, and 
 repairing the magnificent drive-way up to it, is the secret, 
 together with the planting their beautiful avenues and parks 
 with fine trees, of the fact that you find, on an average, eight 
 hundred English residents there, to say nothing of the hundreds 
 that flock there from other sources. To name two or three other 
 European illustrations many of you have seen how attractive 
 Baden-Baden and Wiesbaden, in Germany, and Interlaken, in 
 Switzerland, have been made by similar rural adornments. The 
 Swiss understand making their homes attractive. Out of 485,000 
 households, about 465,000 in Switzerland are householders. You 
 cannot match that in America; and there are no people on the 
 face of this globe, unless it be the Japanese, who love their 
 country more, and are more devoted to its interests, than are 
 the Swiss. 
 
 More than a century ago, a grand work was accomplished 
 (though not by a rural improvement association) in a town in 
 Connecticut, which was a subject of conversation at the dinner- 
 table to-day, and thus was brought to my mind. It was the 
 
10 
 
 town of Stratford. Dr. Samuel Johnson, once rector at Stratford 
 and afterwards president of Kings College (since the Revolution, 
 Columbia College), New York City, visiting England and the 
 estate of Alexander Pope, at Twickenham, was struck with the 
 beauty of the Syrian willow growing there. The tradition is, 
 that about a hundred and fifty years ago, an English merchant 
 doing business in Aleppo and Smyrna, brought the poet a 
 package of figs incased in a basket of unpeeled osiers. Noticing 
 that one of the scions penetrating into the moist figs was 
 budding, Pope carefully planted it. Thence grew the famous 
 Twickenham willow that became a favorite with the poet, and 
 finally with the English people. President Johnson brought 
 scions to Stratford, whence it was widely spread through New 
 England and New York. This incident intensified the interest 
 of the Johnson family in tree planting, who took the lead in 
 this grand work in Stratford. No town of its size on the Shore 
 Line, between New York and Boston, is adorned with so many 
 stately, ancient trees as this. Much as this willow was admired 
 for private grounds, with its long, drooping pendants, it was not 
 deemed best for public streets, for which the elm, maple, plane, 
 and other natives were wisely preferred. Now there is nothing 
 but its broad avenues adorned with noble trees, especially to 
 distinguish Stratford from any other of a dozen places along the 
 Shore Line ; but, notwithstanding the nuisance of mosquitoes 
 (bred in the adjoining salt marshes), Stratford has attracted 
 many wealthy men, through the exceeding beauty of its streets 
 and avenues. No one goes there without offering up a sentiment 
 of thanksgiving to old Dr. Johnson for the controlling influence 
 he exerted in the beautifying of the town. 
 
 But of more recent improvement associations, Stockbridge, 
 Massachusetts, was the pioneer, and that one was started by 
 Mary Hopkins, the niece of President Mark Hopkins, of Wil- 
 liams College. There was no general law of incorporation at 
 that time, but a special act was passed, and that has been in 
 operation some twenty-eight years, and what has been the result? 
 When the association began its work, Stockbridge was a wild, 
 rugged place. I remember it when, in my boyhood, I traveled 
 through the Housatonic valley. Now it is, by far, the most 
 beautiful town in all New England. When Miss Hopkins, now 
 
11 
 
 Mrs. J. C. Goodrich, inaugurated this association, (and it may be 
 a good hint to continue this plan of having an annual festival,) 
 the idea was adopted of having, on the fourth Wednesday in 
 August, a gathering of the people from all parts of the town, on 
 a common platform, without reference to party or denomination, 
 and that idea has been carried out and kept up to this day. They 
 claim that nature has always smiled upon them, as she does 
 upon you this afternoon, and that they have sunny heavens 
 above them on anniversary day. They have had poems, addresses 
 and post-prandial speeches, and the re-unions have done them 
 good, and stirred them to new enterprise and energy. 
 
 One of the grandest results of these associations, as it should 
 ever be, is the promotion of fraternal feeling. In man) 7 country 
 towns there is needless strife. Such alienations destroy the 
 charm of country homes. Everything should be done to bind 
 the people together in the ties of a common interest, and you can 
 do that in no way so well as by bringing them to work together, 
 as you are working for yourselves. The beautiful decorations 
 of this church to-day are profuse beyond what I have ever seen. 
 1 perceive in each of the slips two or three bouquets, besides the 
 ferns and other flowers, and these fitting. symbols of the sheaf 
 of wheat. I say this does you good. It has benefited the ladies 
 whose labors have accomplished this result. The interests, the 
 sympathies, the friendly feelings of this whole community, have 
 been drawn out, and they will be more likely to co-operate in 
 the good work for improvement; and I feel sure -that this sacred 
 place, instead of being desecrated, is hallowed by its occupa- 
 tion at this time, for a purpose so entirely in unison with all the 
 sacred designs of the church. 
 
 I happened to be called upon to give the anniversary address 
 at the quarter-centennial at Stockbridge, and as the Treasurer 
 read his report, after giving certain details he said : " Every 
 acre of land and every homestead in Stockbridge has appreci- 
 ated by reason of the work of this association." As many of 
 you know, wealthy men have been attracted thither from far 
 and near. Meeting a wealthy New York merchant, known to 
 many of you, up there, one day, I said : " What brought you 
 here?" "Well, "said he, "I happened to be passing through 
 Stockbridge, one Summer, and I noticed how neat the streets 
 
12 
 
 were, and how the grounds and surroundings of the hoases 
 were adorned, and I thought a home here would have increased 
 attractions and a higher value." And so he put up his elegant 
 mansion there, and the same has been done by many others, 
 and Stockbridge is full of the homes of wealthy people. 
 
 What has their improvement association done there ? They 
 first looked out for the planting of trees, and after all the streets 
 were amply supplied, they turned their attention to the side- 
 walks. Every one agreed there to look out for his own frontage. 
 I remember driving around the place on one occasion, with the 
 lady who founded the association, and if anywhere, three, four, 
 five or six miles away from the center, she found weeds growing 
 in the road-way, she jogged the memory of the farmer, and the 
 road was cleaned by those who owned the adjoining property. 
 That will be the result in Ewing. I noticed, in driving along 
 to-day, that in a number of roads where you have put out lines 
 of trees, there are some ugly weeds growing alongside the fence, 
 It will be a very easy matter to have those cut down once or 
 twice or thrice a season, and it will add greatly to the beauty of 
 the place. They look out for that at Stockbridge, and, as one 
 thing led to another, there soon came along a former son of 
 Stockbridge, and, seeing what had been done, he said: "I must 
 have a hand in this," and so he gave them $20,000 for a library. 
 Another man said, " I will join in this good work, and give them 
 a library building." So they have there a beautiful library and 
 reading-room, and keep it in operation. It all springs from the 
 interest awakened among the whole people, by a village improve- 
 ment association. I have no time for further details regarding 
 the work of this enterprising organization. I have talked at 
 their anniversaries many times. I have found them all aglow 
 with enthusiasm. 
 
 Ten years ago, visiting New Milford, Connecticut, I met there 
 two young ladies, to whom I said: " You ought to start a rural 
 improvement association here." They decided to do so, and set 
 to work. I gave them the plans. They got up a fair that netted 
 $800, and what has been the result? From a rough, rugged 
 town, New Milford has been made the most beautiful town in 
 the State of Connecticut. No town in the country, in the same 
 limits of time, has made such a complete transformation. There 
 
13 
 
 was a wide street, but the carts, crossing in all directions, had 
 cut the road up. In wet weather a brook ran through the 
 center; in dry times there was an unseemly line of mud. They 
 ran a sewer through the whole, leveled the ground, enclosed it, 
 made concrete sidewalks, and a little ribbon of lawn between 
 the fences and the sidewalk and between the sidewalk and 
 gutter. Then came the drive-way on each side, and a parallel- 
 ogram was formed, and adorned with flowers and trees. I was 
 in New Milford the other day, and a prominent gentleman 
 said: "Well, we spend money pretty freely, but nobody grum- 
 bles." It has not been done from taxation at all ; all is volun- 
 tary; but no one would go back to the barbaric condition that 
 existed ten years ago, even were it necessary to spend ten-fold 
 more. As at Stockbridge, they are appreciating the results in 
 the rise of real estate and the increased demand for homes and 
 lands in the town. 
 
 Many of you know of the present beauty of Litchfield. Per- 
 haps some of you saw an article in the New York papers some 
 time ago, about the beauty of Litchfield. The place was living 
 on the laurels of the last century, and was going into decay, and 
 everything was neglected ; but seven years ago they started an 
 association of this kind. I met, while there, a wealthy gentle- 
 man from one of our cities. " What led you to come up here," 
 said I. " Well," said he, " you would not have got me to come 
 up here if the old fogy spirit prevailed as it did ten years ago ; 
 but I found there was a new life and interest here, and it was 
 worth while to have a Summer home here." And he erected 
 his stately mansion there, and luxuriates in his delightful home 
 every Summer. Their boarding-houses and hotels are not 
 ample enough to accommodate the parties that desire to go 
 there. Not having the advantage of such sanitary wisdom as 
 Col. Waring would have given them, the place was desolated, 
 needlessly, by a terrible fever, a few years ago, simply through 
 the neglect of drainage. It was the place of all others that 
 ought to be the healthiest; but those very country towns, where 
 there is every opportunity of securing the purest water and best 
 air, sometimes are needlessly ravaged by diphtheria and typhoid 
 fever and other kindred troubles, which proper care and fore- 
 sight would prevent. 
 
14 
 
 I have in mind a little town in Connecticut Middlebury 
 with less than eight hundred population, and very scanty 
 means. I suppose that whole township has not one-tenth of 
 the valuation of Ewing ; and yet, by getting everybody enlisted 
 in the cause, and thus, by co-operation, they have improved the 
 village green, and the farmers have taken hold of the matter, 
 and said, " We will have no rubbish, no weeds, nothing to dis- 
 figure our homesteads." You will sometimes go to a village 
 and find everything neat, in the main, and yet the homes of 
 some neglectful men will be disfigured by broken cart-wheels, 
 or piles of lumber or chips, or decaying rubbish of one sort or 
 another. Everything of that kind is cleared away from that 
 little village, and, with only a few farmers along the road, they 
 have agreed to keep it in good condition. I might give many 
 other details, but have not time for that. 
 
 The question asked me since coming here is, how to raise the 
 funds ? Probably you know better how to answer that question 
 than I can tell you, because you have among you liberal men 
 who have already contributed generously to these grand results, 
 and because the detailed plans must always be determined by 
 local conditions; but I say, in general 
 
 1. Enlist the ladies. Many of our most successful associations 
 have been started by ladies, and all need their sympathy and 
 efficient co-operation. I always feel sure of success in any town 
 where two or three earnest ladies take hold of this matter. This 
 is woman's special sphere. 
 
 2. Interest the youth of the town in this goo'd work. Give 
 the children something to do in improving the grounds and 
 surroundings of their homes, if not the road-sides. The New 
 York " Evening Post " well says : " They, more readily than 
 anybody else, become interested in such matters, and they may 
 easily be induced to bring trees from the forest, and to plant 
 them where they are needed, without cost to anybody, and 
 without other than willing and eager work. How great the 
 good is that boys and girls derive from their own active interest in 
 such things, every attentive observer of youth knows. The edu- 
 cational effect of such employments and interests, the refining 
 influence, the aesthetic improvement wrought, the enlargement 
 of heart and mind which grow, directly and indirectly, out of 
 
15 
 
 work of this kind, done by united effort by the boys and girls of 
 a town, under the stimulus of public approval, are not to be set 
 down in words or expressed in figures. In any town, where 
 juvenile enthusiasm is awakened in public improvement, the 
 schools will accomplish better results, the library will be more 
 freely and profitably used, there will be less idleness, less 
 wrong-doing, habits will be better, aspirations higher, the tone 
 of life stronger. Every such town must improve in intelligence, 
 taste, public spirit and morality, which is decency of life reduced 
 to principle, quite as positively as it grows in external beauty. 
 
 3. Get subscriptions from the more willing or wealthy resi- 
 dents. 
 
 4. Invite the co-operation of non-resident sons of the town, 
 whom fortune has favored, who are often glad to gratefully 
 remember the mother soil that bore them, and thus build a 
 monument, each for himself, and be henceforth gratefully 
 recognized as the benefactor of his townsmen and of future 
 generations. A beautiful village of tasteful, happy homes^ 
 would be a proud monument for any man. There is a rare 
 luxury in witnessing the fruits of one's benefactions, giving while 
 living and able to enjoy the rich results, rather than leaving lega- 
 cies to be lessened or lost in the wrangles of contending heirs. 
 
 5. Money may be raised by the annual payment of member- 
 ship fees, or by life memberships. 
 
 6. In some towns, fairs are held to raise money for this 
 purpose. 
 
 7. In some instances, prizes have been offered for tree planting 
 giving, for example, $75, $50. $40 and $30 for the longest and 
 best rows of trees by any road-side. Two hundred dollars, 
 offered in this way, in one town, stimulated an extraordinary 
 interest in tree planting. 
 
 As I have intimated, one of the prime ends which we keep in 
 view in the fifty or sixty associations which we have in Con- 
 necticut, is to cultivate public spirit, and foster town pride. 
 These are sentiments of great influence and great value, and the 
 want of them is greatly to be deplored, for it indicates a serious 
 detect of character. The man who does not love to honor and 
 cherish the town that gave him birth, has no heart in his bosom. 
 I have in mind a railway king, a millionaire, who never visits 
 
16 
 
 the town where he first saw the light, but leaves his old home- 
 stead to decay, and neglect, and slight ; and his character cor- 
 responds with his actions. The cold, selfish, sinister soul is 
 sterile in heroic virtues, but the sentiment which honors one's 
 homestead and one's town, is noble and ennobling. It is a 
 prime element of true manhood, and has ever characterized the 
 greatest and best of men. 
 
 I need not say a word on the prospective influence of this 
 association in promoting public health, when you have secured 
 the services of a gentleman so thoroughly competent to discuss 
 this subject. Some of our country towns, naturally favorable 
 to health and longevity, have suffered fearfully and needlessly 
 from the ravages of diseases, evidently caused by neglect of 
 hygienic laws. In many towns, great improvement has been 
 made in the matter of drainage, removal of waste, and guarding 
 wells and water supplies from impurities. 
 
 Your association, starting so vigorously, will, I am confident, 
 accomplish grand results in improving the roads and road-sides 
 and planting trees, not only within your own limits, but in 
 creating a healthy public sentiment which will extend the good 
 work through all the approaches to the town. I would like to 
 have you give an invitation to Trenton to meet you at your 
 boundary line with a continuous line of trees on every road 
 that runs towards Trenton; and I believe that, under the 
 influence of my esteemed friend, the friend and superintendent 
 of the public schools, Hon. E. A. Apgar, Trenton would accept 
 the challenge. There are many pretty towns* that give such 
 challenges, one to another, and carry them out, too. It is easy 
 enough to accomplish, if you can succeed once in arousing 
 ambition. 
 
 Many of the roads in England and France are made enchant- 
 ing by these continuous lines of trees. You remember the 
 story of the two men who laid a wager that each could tell the 
 prettiest region in England, and they chose an umpire, and 
 paid him the money. Then each wrote his decision, and, on 
 handing them over to the umpire, it was found that the choice 
 of one was the road from Kenilworth to Coventry, and the 
 other's selection was the road from Coventry to Kenilworth; 
 and the main attraction of this road was the magnificent trees 
 
17 
 
 that shaded the route. Among those trees, some of you will 
 remember that grand old tree, the Cedar of Lebanon. It is not 
 of very rapid growth, but it is worth trying, and your children 
 and children's children will thank you for it. I have no doubt 
 it may be grown here. It thrives in Philadelphia. My friend 
 at my right was educated at East Hartford, and he remembers 
 the grand old avenues of elms there. I can hardly tell you 
 how magnificent those triple rows of trees are. When the 
 French forces under Rochambeau were stationed at East Hart- 
 ford, for their Winter quarters, Rochambeau, according to the 
 traditions of that day, said: "Now, boys, let's give them a 
 specimen of French taste." Just at that time MpHHB had 
 been in the habit of planting trees on the way -sides in France 
 for hundreds of miles. So the boys set to work and planted 
 those magnificent elms, which occur at short intervals from 
 Windsor down through East Hartford to Glastenbury. Grander 
 ones it would be hard to find. Thanks to Rochambeau. 
 
 One of the aims of village improvement should be the making 
 of sidewalks. There is room for much to be done in that direc- 
 tion here. Perhaps the gravel is not at hand. The ordinary 
 coal ashes spread along, the coarser below and the finer on top, 
 make a very good substitute, and it can very easily and cheaply 
 be accomplished. [See Note.] 
 
 To quicken the intellectual life of the people, is one aim of these 
 associations. The founding of libraries is an important aid in 
 this direction. The supply of good books increases the demand. 
 A taste for books has been awakened in many towns by a 
 well-selected library, where the improvement has been as 
 marked in the quality as in the quantity of the books read. 
 Such a library naturally becomes the pride and treasure of a 
 town, rendering it a more desirable place of residence and 
 adding attractions to every intelligent home within its limits. 
 
 The formation of book clubs favors the intellectual improvement 
 of a community. A score or more associate together and agree 
 each to pay from one to five dollars a year for the purchase of 
 a sort of circulating library. Sometimes they meet once a 
 month to discuss and vote upon the books to be purchased, 
 thus promoting social improvement as well as mental culture. 
 The books are circulated among the members in rotation, the 
 2 
 
18 
 
 members retaining volumes each a fortnight. At the end of 
 the year, these books are sold at a low rate, and often to the 
 members, and the avails used for the purchase of other books. 
 The books usually selected are- travels, histories, biographies, 
 popular treatises on science and philosophy, and sometimes 
 books of choice poetry and romance. Good fellowship, as 
 well as intellectual improvement, are sometimes promoted by 
 organizing reading circles. Selections in prose and poetry, often 
 a play of Shakespeare, the several parts having been previously 
 assigned, are the subjects of careful study and drill. The social 
 influence of these weekly circles is sometimes extended by a 
 reheaMrtWBf -more public character. The support of a village 
 reading-room, supplied with the leading journals of the day 
 daily, weekly, monthly or bi-monthly is a good result 
 accomplished in many towns. A course of lyceum lectures is 
 sustained by many rural improvement associations, the profits 
 of which is their " benefit," while the social opportunities thus 
 opened are clear gain. 
 
 An annual festival under the direction of the rural improve- 
 ment association, tends to deepen public interest in this work, 
 and to fraternize the whole people of a town. In some towns, 
 literary exercises, addresses and music fill the programme, and 
 occasionally, though not commonly, a collation and post-prandial 
 speeches become another bond of union and fellowship. In the 
 rigid, and sometimes frigid, state of rural life too often found 
 among us, we need more heartily to cultivate the social amenities 
 and learn the art of " turning work into play." The supposed 
 monotony and dullness of country life drive many to the city., 
 It is wise for our farmers to multiply occasions for social 
 enjoyment. The arbor-day festival may help to counteract the 
 tendency of rural life to isolation and seclusion, lifting out of 
 the ruts of a plodding monotony, promoting neighborly feeling 
 and strengthening social ties. The rural laborers in Switzerland 
 and Germany socialize far more than American farmers. Their 
 festive spirit is a strongly-marked feature of their character. It 
 is manifested in the family, in neighborhood greetings and 
 meetings, in schools, in rifle feasts, in processions, and various 
 social gatherings. They have a passion for nature, and love to 
 frequent their beautiful groves and gardens. This genial spirit 
 
19 
 
 is everywhere fostered by music, both vocal and instrumental. 
 As a result, there is an inexpressible something in the German 
 character that carries mirthful and happy childhood into old 
 age, giving an added charm to social life, and lightness and 
 cheer to sober work. 
 
 Among the minor aims of these associations is the providing 
 of rustic seats under the shades for the comfort of pedestrians. 
 In the beautiful drive in West Ewing along the Delaware, how 
 pleasantly would such simple seats suggest neighborly kindness 
 and courtesy. Also, setting up watering-troughs for horses, at 
 convenient points, where, from, adjacent hill-sides, never-failing 
 springs facilitate this improvement; furnishing plans for rural 
 architecture, and for gates and fences ; in securing hedge-rows 
 in room of fences; or, better still, in villages, combining to 
 remove all fences, so that the private grounds seem to unite 
 with the wayside in one large lawn ; the suggestion of neutral 
 tints for dwellings and out-houses, in place of the glaring white 
 formerly so common; arrest of stray cattle, for strolling cattle 
 usually are, and always ought to be, outlawed; preventing 
 nuisances one of these is the tearing up the turf fronting a 
 dwelling-house, by inconsiderate road menders. Painting or 
 posting advertisements on the rocks or fences by the myriad 
 nostrum makers is a nuisance in my State prohibited by law,* 
 and it should be everywhere forbidden. The same may be 
 said of the encroachments made upon the highway every time 
 the stone wall or fence boundary is rebuilt. The whole township 
 should show an interest in preventing such curtailment of its 
 roadways. A rural improvement association can develop a 
 public sentiment which will of itself correct these evils without 
 occasioning any neighborhood strifes or alienations. In this 
 matter, the interest of one is the interest of all. The motto of the 
 Swiss Confederacy, " One for all, and all for one," is the true motto 
 for the several districts, and for all the people of a township. 
 
 Reading associations increase the influence of an organization 
 of this kind very widely, and lectures as well. Its educational 
 bearing is of the very highest consequence. The taste should 
 early be cultivated. It should be held to be a religious duty to 
 love the beautiful in nature, the beautiful in art, still more the 
 
 *Heai carefully the law of the State of New Jersey on this matter. ED. 
 
20 
 
 beautiful in character ; for all the beauties, utilities and grand- 
 eurs of nature culminate in the formation of character. In the 
 very structure of our being, God rebukes the ignorance or indo- 
 lence that so often dwarfs that noble faculty the love of the 
 beautiful designed to be an ally of virtue and religion. Your 
 association here will develop in the minds of your children a 
 love of flowers, vines, shrubs and trees, all the stronger because 
 they have helped in planting and cultivating them. In regard 
 to the superior educational influences of rural scenes and 
 scenery and occupations, Dr. Bushnell was wont to say : " In 
 all my reading of history, I do not recollect the name of a truly 
 great man who spent his early life in a great city." Some one 
 said to me the other day, "What about Franklin?" To which 
 I replied : " Franklin grew up in a small village called 
 Boston." It was but a village at that time; and was not 
 incorporated as a city till one hundred and eighteen years after 
 Franklin was born; but would he have been equal to the 
 achievements which the world has admired, if he had been 
 reared in a great city like Paris? Would Washington have 
 been prepared to become the " Father of his Country " if he 
 had been dandled in the lap of affluence in a great city like 
 London? 
 
 Nature is the great educator; birds, flowers, insects and all 
 animals are our practical primary teachers. Facts and objects 
 as best seen in the country are the earliest instruments for devel- 
 oping the juvenile faculties. In all our history, the country has 
 proved the great school of mind. Here dwell, and for wise 
 reasons here God intended should dwell, the great majority of 
 mankind. 
 
 The country sends far more than its proportion of gifted men 
 to the great centers of influence. It is thus continually enriching 
 the cities, for towards them are flowing, like their streams, the 
 material and mental treasures which have their origin in the 
 mountain springs, and without which the cities would die out. 
 A writer in one of our popular monthlies disparages farmers 
 and farming, saying : ' 1 can pick out the farmer and farmer's 
 boys in any assemblage by their manifest boorishness of looks 
 and action. Your farmer's boy is awkward and jagged, like the 
 oak growing in the open lot, while your city youth is trim and 
 
21 
 
 graceful like the pine in the forest." After reading that article, I 
 took a trip to Cape Cod, where a fearful storm had just swept the 
 coast and where were to be seen many a pine made the sport of 
 the tempest, but never an oak stirred from its moorings. So 
 your farmer's boy, trained to industry, to economy of time as 
 well as money, will breast a thousand storms, any one of which 
 would upset your tenderly-reared city youth. " It is not in the 
 great cities, nor in the confined shops of trade, but principally 
 in agriculture, that the best stock or staple of men is grown. 
 It is in the open air in communion with the sky, the earth and 
 all living things that the largest inspiration is drunk in and 
 the vital energies of a real man constructed." I often advise the 
 wealthy in our cities to secure Summer homes in the country, 
 or to send their children, for at least one entire year, to the 
 country, with its freer sports and wider range for rambles, and, 
 better still, to give one season to hard work on the farm or in 
 the shop. The practical skill thus gained in adapting means to 
 ends, in observing common objects and animals, may compen- 
 sate for some loss of book learning, and lead one afterward to 
 pursue text-books with greater zest. 
 
 It is the interest of the farmers, of all people on the globe, to 
 co-operate in the work of rural improvement. In no other 
 way can you farmers so surely counteract this excessive mania 
 for the attractions and distractions of city life. We need to 
 enforce in the school, as well as in the family, the necessity and 
 dignity of labor, and its vital connection with all human growth 
 and progress and welfare. The theory that labor is menial, 
 that the tools of the farm or a trade are badges of servility, 
 ought to be refuted in our schools. The Hebrews, acting under 
 divine inspiration, trained up their youth to thoroughly learn 
 some handicraft. When proclaiming the gospel for all the 
 world, Paul could, if need be, earn his livelihood by his 
 trade; and his associates did not dream that they were demean- 
 ing themselves or their sacred office by resuming their old 
 business of fishing. Why was it that the Great Teacher, whose 
 life was designed to be the perfect standard of duty to all men 
 in all ages, sought out yes, sought out the humble cottage of 
 the carpenter, and toiled at the carpenter's bench, except that 
 He might reprobate before the eyes of the world this heathenish 
 
22 
 
 notion that labor is servile ? It will do for the Chinese mandarin , 
 who lets his nails grow longer than his fingers, to prove that he 
 does not work because he cannot. I say more should be done 
 to dignify farm work ; and how can the farmer do this better 
 than by interesting his boys and girls in the adornment of the 
 home and the village? 
 
 While I feel a grateful pride in the fact that something in the 
 line of rural adornment has lately been accomplished in all the 
 towns of Connecticut, especially around the homes and grounds 
 of our citizens, I do not mean to slacken my efforts till an effi- 
 cient association is formed in every township. Though this is 
 no part of my prescribed duties, but only a volunteer avocation 
 in addition to my proper vocation, my interest in the work 
 grows with years and results. It is my ambition to do my 
 utmost to improve the homes and home life of our people, and 
 help them to realize that the highest privilege and central duty 
 of life is the creation of happy homes. The multiplied minis- 
 tries of nature, providence and religion, center in the main- 
 tenance of happy homes. The higher aim of the industries of 
 life, whether agricultural, manufacturing or commercial, and 
 the great end for which government itself is worthy to be sus- 
 tained, is, that men may live in happy homes. " The hope of 
 America is the homes of America." You improve the schools 
 by improving the homes, as truly as you improve the homes by 
 improving the schools. 
 
 It was a very fit thing that, in opening .this meeting, w r e 
 should unite in a prayer of thanksgiving to God for our happy 
 homes, and a fit thing to pray, as we did most fervently and 
 heartily, that we might co-operate in the embellishment of our 
 homes ; and let me commend to you, my friends, the spirit of 
 that very appropriate prayer. The hope of Ewing is the 
 homes of Ewing, and when every citizen is induced to look 
 out for his own frontage, and his own grounds, this result is, in 
 the highest degree, secured. 
 
 It is a grand fact that modern civilization relates to the 
 homes of the people, especially to their health, thrift, comfort, 
 and their intellectual and moral advancement. In former 
 times, and other lands, men were counted only in the aggregate, 
 and valued only as they helped to swell the revenues and 
 
23 
 
 retinues of kings and nobles. The government was the unit ? 
 and each individual only added one to the roll of serfs or 
 soldiers, but with us the individual is the unit, and the govern- 
 ment is of the people, for the people, and by the people. Every 
 influence should, therefore, be employed with us to foster home 
 attachments. On Cape Cod, the other day, I met a widow, who 
 said to me : " I have not heard from my boy for twelve 
 months, but I know he hain't spoke ship," and she pointed to 
 the flowers and shrubs that her boy had helped to plant; and 
 I knew he had not spoken a ship, for a boy of that kind would 
 not let an opportunity pass, wherever he might be, to cheer her 
 with tidings of his safety. Said a man thirty-five years presi- 
 dent of a New England college : " I never knew a boy go far 
 astray who devotedly cherished his mother and truly reverenced 
 his father." 
 
 Now, fathers and mothers, i you want to improve your boys, 
 and make them reverence you, keep your homesteads clean, 
 and teach the children to cultivate a love for flowers. I think 
 we have an instance in point in that wonderful people, the Jap- 
 anese. There are no people on the earth who love flowers as 
 they do ; no people who cultivate them so universally. Every 
 one must have flowers in his front yard must, not by imperial 
 edict, but by what is better, universal public sentiment. If, 
 possibly, the local conditions in a narrow street do not permit 
 a plat of flowers, they will then have potted flowers, and the 
 arrangements in the rear for flowers are ample. Was it not a 
 striking fact, at the Centennial Exhibition, that the only foreign 
 bazaar adorned with native flowers and shrubs was the Jap- 
 anese? and, however the commissioners mourned that they had 
 suffered greatly by the long passage, they were exquisitely 
 beautiful, as you well remember. My home has been fragrant, 
 much of the time the last few years, with bouquets sent by 
 Japanese students, which is their way of expressing gratitude 
 for some little favor given. Then, again, the love of flowers is 
 largely, in my mind, the secret of the wonderful politeness of 
 the Japanese. No people on the face of this globe, in the 
 family or in the school, so thoroughly teach the ethics and 
 aesthetics of etiquette as do the Japanese. The French are also 
 one of the politest peoples in the world, and the love of flowers 
 is one of their characteristics. 
 
24 
 
 I have been requested to say a word as to what trees to plant. 
 Your printed programme specifies a list of trees. I would like 
 to add one or two, while admitting the excellence of those 
 named. I would add the linden, a magnificent tree and very 
 hardy, and the common hemlock. Another noble tree which 
 you have sought to grow is the tulip, and you have failed 
 because you planted it too large. It has a deep root, and 
 should be taken from the nursery young. It is a great mistake 
 to think you are going to gain by planting big trees. If you 
 plant them large, you must crop them, and a tree never recovers 
 thoroughly from the beheading process. There will grow up, 
 perhaps, two limbs and spread out, and then, in a tempest, the 
 tree splits, and never develops its full beauty. I want to urge, 
 also, as a very beautiful tree, which you will find growing across 
 the river in Pennsylvania, at various points, the hickory and 
 the black walnut. They both need to be planted young, and 
 with care, the hickory especially. Let me drop a word of 
 caution not to plant big trees in little yards. While I advo- 
 cate tree planting most thoroughly, I want to reiterate the old 
 motto : " Where the sunlight cannot come, the doctor must" Don't 
 let the old Norway spruce stand so near as to shut out all 
 sunlight. Your list of trees, recommended for the roadside, justly 
 includes the elm, which unites the two elements of grace and 
 grandeur more than any other tree. Michaux calls it " the 
 most magnificent vegetable of the temperate zone." No doubt 
 its roots extend further into the adjoining fields than those of 
 any other tree. On this account the hickory, white ash, Norway 
 maple, mountain ash, and especially the tulip, with its straight 
 stem, that may be trimmed high, if need be, should be favorites 
 with the farmers, for the road-side. The tulip is a rapid 
 grower, and attains large size, and is unsurpassed in the beauty 
 of its form and foliage. 
 
 Of all exotics, I recommend the European larch. You can 
 get it from Douglas & Sons, at Waukegan, Illinois, for $8 or $9 a 
 thousand. It is very hardy, has a perfect root, and probably 
 990 out of every 1,000 will live. They come in perfect condi- 
 tion. The tree unites three characteristics rapidity of growth, 
 symmetry of form, and durability of the timber. We are plant- 
 ing it, in Massachusetts and Connecticut, for economical pur- 
 
25 
 
 poses, as well as for adornment, I find there is no need here 
 of reclaiming barren lands, as in a town so fertile you have no 
 sand banks. Further South, I should have dropped a hint 
 about reclaiming sand barrens by planting the trees appropriate 
 for that purpose. The larch is the great timber tree, as well as 
 ornamental tree, at the present time in Europe. 
 
 But I notice that I have overrun my time, and, therefore, I 
 stop abruptly ; for I would not deprive you of the privilege and 
 pleasure you have of learning the results of the sanitary survey 
 of this place, made by so competent a gentleman as Col. Waring. 
 May I congratulate you on your good fortune in securing such 
 a survey. If any one has doubted the wisdom of it hitherto, I 
 think ten years hence he will be thankful to this Association 
 for this step. I have been surprised again and again, in going 
 into our country towns, to find in the homes of men who 
 thought they had everything in perfection, that the sanitary 
 conditions were imperfect and bad ; that the waste-pipe from 
 the kitchen sink, for instance, emptied into a cesspool within 
 six or eight feet of the well, and from it conduits formed in the 
 course of years, so that the water was contaminated ; and the 
 most frightful diseases have, within my knowledge, come from 
 drinking water rendered impure by the sink cesspools, which 
 people think little of as injuring the health of the home. But 
 I stop abruptly. 
 
 The President then introduced Col. George E. Waring, Jr., of 
 Newport, R. I. 
 
 Address of Col. George B. Waring. 
 
 MR. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN : I find myself labor- 
 ing under a very unaccustomed embarrassment in appearing 
 before you to-day. It is my misfortune to have been compelled 
 to practice the gloomy profession of a Sanitary Engineer. I am 
 seldom called to perform any service except where my labors 
 are sorely needed. If I am sent for to visit a house, it is more 
 than likely that the undertaker has been there before me. When 
 I received the letter of your enthusiastic Mr. Fisk, inviting 
 me to make a sanitary survey of West Ewing, my first thought 
 was: "One more unfortunate!" I fully anticipated, judging 
 from my previous experiences, finding matters so very serious 
 
26 
 
 here, and, perhaps, life grown so uncertain, that something 
 would have to be done immediately, at least to maintain the 
 price of your lands. I accordingly sent my assistant here to 
 ferret out the sources of evil in all your houses, and I came yes- 
 terday myself to drive through your pestilential marshes, and 
 to investigate your filthy drains. I find, quite to my surprise, 
 that you have sent for the wrong man. It is no such place. 
 In more than one respect this is fortunate, because the hour is 
 getting late, and I shall say very little, for the reason that I 
 have very little to say. 
 
 I have no doubt that in what Mr. Northrop has said, and in 
 some things that I may say, there may be the suggestion of an 
 inquiry concerning sanitary matters, which may lead you to 
 desire further information on that subject. If so, I shall be glad 
 to answer any inquiries you may make, and to enlighten ) 7 ou, 
 if I can, on certain points. I beg you to disregard one require- 
 ment of the programme, which is that you shall put your ques- 
 tions in writing. I think it altogether unfair that you should 
 be restricted in your method of inquiry, while I shall enjoy 
 the more rapid one of answering your questions directly. 
 
 I say, frankly, after looking over so much of your town as is 
 embraced in the province of your Association, that I have found 
 only one serious source of trouble. A more beautiful and 
 generally healthy looking section of country than this which 
 surrounds your church here, I have rarely seen. There are 
 certain bays at the side of the canal and some of the ditches 
 running north and south between the canal and the river, that 
 might be improved, although none of them are so serious as to 
 require much professional advice. The saw-mill pond, on the 
 other hand, is in every respect as bad as it could be. It would 
 take too long for me to enter into a discussion regarding the 
 causes of malaria, and what it is, at least according to our imper- 
 fect theories ; but any one who has investigated the condition 
 of malarious regions must see that there are, toward the upper 
 end of that pond, conditions of soil such as may be surely 
 depended upon to produce malaria, if they occur in a country 
 where malaria exists at all. From what I see of the sources of 
 supply of that pond, it is evident that when the mill is used the 
 water must be drawn down very rapidly, and a considerable 
 
27 
 
 area of wet bank must be left exposed to the sun and air before 
 the water again rises to its level. This is one of the most serious 
 features of the problem. I state the case thus distinctly, because, 
 fortunately, a short time before I came here, Dr. Lowrie took the 
 pains to investigate the condition of the whole population within 
 the immediate neighborhood of that pond. If I remember his 
 figures correctly, he examined into the condition of the occu- 
 pants of twenty-three houses, and found only two of those houses 
 free from cases of chills and fever. While he does not know the 
 total of population, he says he found fifty-eight cases of chills 
 and fever. From the examination that my assistant has made 
 of the rest of the territory, I should say there were, altogether, 
 not ten cases in the whole remainder of the district. Now the 
 correction of this difficulty is very simple, if means are provided 
 for it; but it is absolutely essential, before that land can be 
 drained and made wholesome, so that the poor people who live 
 in the neighborhood may escape their chills and fever, that the 
 dam should be taken down, the mill-right extinguished, and that 
 land made as sound, in a sanitary sense, as that lying above or 
 below it. I am informed that there are legal steps which may 
 be taken, by virtue of recent action of the Legislature, by the 
 Town Committee as a Board of Health, to remedy defects of this 
 description ; but that is, of course, the last resort among neigh- 
 bors, who have associated themselves together, as you have, 
 in friendly union ; and it happens to be a case, if one can judge 
 by the appearance of manufacturing establishments, where the 
 entire value of the mill-right to its owner might be contributed 
 by the members of the Association, or the inhabitants of the 
 town, and thus the problem solved by other than extreme legal 
 measures. 
 
 This, as I have said, is the only thing I have seen in the whole 
 district covered by this Association, that is worthy of serious 
 comment. We have examined between forty and fifty houses, 
 and have found in no one of them gross defects such as we too 
 often find in cities, and which are so marked in their unhealthy 
 influence, and so much written about in the newspapers. But 
 it is to be remembered that, if the defects of the country are 
 not so gross as those of the city, they are sometimes more subtle- 
 The sanitary rule has never been better formulated than it was 
 
28 
 
 by Hippocrates when he prescribed " Pure Air, Pure Water, and 
 a Pure Soil." I think, if you look about your houses, even here, 
 you will find that you do not, in all cases, live quite up to the 
 requirements of this prescription. We have, all of us, more or 
 less, inherited certain habits of life from our ancestors, who, if 
 they lived healthily, did so rather through good luck than by 
 good management, and who developed some habits which it 
 would be well for their descendants to forget. They had also some 
 advantages which the weather-strip man, and the carpenter, and 
 the stove-maker have taken away from us. In the old houses, 
 however impure the water and soil may have been, there was 
 abundant opportunity, with the help of the open fire-places and 
 the broad cracks, to obtain fresh air. 
 
 I find that in every house here, but no more than elsewhere, 
 there is a disregard of the more simple requirements concerning 
 pure air, pure water, and pure soil. For example, your house- 
 holders are very largely chargeable with ignorance of, or indiffer- 
 ance to, the maxim that Mr. Northrop aptly quoted, " Where the 
 sunlight cannot come, the doctor must." Your trees seem to 
 me to be too large, too near to the houses, and too close together, 
 and I sometimes wondered, as I was passing along, whether 
 there does not run in your veins a strong infusion of the old 
 New York Dutch blood, which leads to the closing of all your 
 front shutters from Saturday until Saturday. At all events, if the 
 population are still in their own homes, they are certainly living with 
 less direct, pure sunlight than they need and might have by a proper 
 opening of their windows and shutters. 
 
 The cellars of your houses we have found to be generally in 
 good condition, but, from their construction, and from the char- 
 acter of their windows and the uses to which they are put, the 
 idea seems to suggest itself that they are not in such good condi- 
 tion in Winter time. Your cellars are used, to a considerable 
 extent, for storing vegetables, and I imagine that in the Winter 
 time they are a good deal like farm-houses in other States, tightly 
 closed, pretty musty, not always absolutely dry, and generally 
 separated from the living rooms by only the board floor, with 
 no plastering or ceiling underneath. 
 
 One habit prevails here, more, I will say, than in New England, 
 and that is the making use of the back yard as a kitchen sink. 
 
29 
 
 Now, if this is done consistently, and faithfully, and intelli- 
 gently, it is a very good thing. If the house-maid will take 
 pains, each time, to flirt her water on a new place, so as to let 
 the old place dry, under the action of the sun and air, it is 
 certainly as wholesome (though not as tidy) a way of getting 
 rid of kitchen water as can be devised; but this care is very 
 seldom taken, and in many places we have noticed that the 
 water is cast on the same place, and that the land is foul, often 
 very foul, and leading to the greater or less tainting of the well, 
 according to its nearness. / should say, that in so far as your 
 circumstances are suspicious, you have decidedly to look to your wells. 
 We have seen a good many that are more than suspicious. I would 
 venture to say, without having made a chemical analysis of the water, 
 or a microscopical examination of its contents, that it must, in many 
 cases, be impure, unsafe, and only to be used with risk. There is one 
 house, for example, in this town, where the well is in the cellar, 
 and where, outside of it, only thirty feet away, there is a vault, 
 eight feet deep, full pretty nearly to the top, and located in 
 soil which I believe would transmit impurities for a consider- 
 ably greater distance than thirty feet. That is the most extreme 
 case that we have found, although we have seen a good many 
 others where the distance is far within the danger line. Now, it 
 is quite true that you and your ancestors have lived (those who 
 have lived) under these conditions, and have, nevertheless, had a 
 lower death rate than many other places, not so favorably situ- 
 ated as regards soil and exposure. 
 
 At this point the speaker was interrupted by the following 
 question from one of his audience : 
 
 Q. Please define what passes beyond the danger line between 
 the vault and the well? 
 
 To which the speaker replied : 
 
 That depends entirely upon the means of communication 
 between them whether the soil is composed of clay, of gravel, or 
 of rock, with seams running from one to the other. It can only be 
 determined by using some test, such, for instance, as to put salt 
 water in the vault and to examine for salt in the well ; but I 
 should say that there certainly ought to be an interval of more 
 
30 
 
 than a hundred feet in such soil as this. It is natural for you 
 to think that the idea that there is danger in such a case is all 
 nonsense, and mere theory and "book-farming," for you have 
 drunk water out of that well ; and you know there isn't a better 
 well in the State of New Jersey ; your grandfather said there 
 wasn't a better well anywhere round about. Now, such wells 
 wells held in just as high estimation have, unfortunately, done 
 great mischief in the world. One of the greatest outbreaks of 
 cholera in London was traced entirely to the impurity of a pub- 
 lic well. The degree of danger is very well illustrated by a 
 remark made by Mr. Clark, Engineer of the Improve Sewerage 
 of Boston, who said : " The risk is very slight, but it is a risk 
 of a terrible danger." I have recently been reading the report of 
 the Massachusetts Board of Health, which has just appeared, 
 and in which there is an article on typhoid fever, by a physician 
 of Massachusetts, where again and again there came, from the 
 immediate tainting of a farm-house well, an outbreak of the 
 fever, taking down nearly every person in the house, and result- 
 ing in one or two or three deaths in each case. The wells had 
 been in as good condition as yours, but the moment came 
 when they were in a state to receive and multiply the infection, 
 and every man drinking the water fell more or less under the 
 influence of the disease. 
 
 Our examination shows, in a few cases, that there are furnaces 
 in the cellars of the houses for heating your rooms, which take 
 their cold air from the cellar. It ought not. to be necessary to 
 go into any long argument to prove that a cellar, used as the 
 cellar of any ordinary country-house is, for the storage of pro- 
 visions, which has very little circulation of air, which is full 
 of dust and impurities, which is more or less the home of rats 
 and mice and cats and dogs, does not contain exactly the sort 
 of atmosphere that you want to warm and bring into your living 
 rooms for your children to breathe during the Winter. I think 
 any one who has had the experience of such cases, or who has 
 investigated the effect of furnace-heated houses upon the health 
 of families, will agree that the fresh air should always be taken 
 entirely from the outside of the house. It is better still, that it 
 should not be taken from near the surface of the ground, the 
 pipe being turned up a few feet to take in a purer air. We 
 
31 
 
 have found two, and I think three, cases where drains leading 
 from the kitchen, emptied into the ground. In one case, where 
 there were the ordinary plumbing arrangements, the waste of 
 the whole house passed out through such a drain. We found 
 such cases where the drains passed within a very few feet of the 
 wells, being carried by vitrified pipe, with cemented joints, and 
 supposed to be safe on that account. Now, if the vitrified pipe 
 is sound, which it generally is, and has good joints, which it 
 generally has not, it is safe enough. It has been a part of my 
 work, for many years, to lay these pipes with cement joints, 
 and I have come to the conclusion, that the one great difficulty 
 in draining is, to make a tight joint where you are cementing two 
 pipes together. I have almost given it up in despair. There were 
 pipes taken up at Memphis the other day, which I had sup- 
 posed were absolutely perfect, but my assistant informed me 
 that there was a little stream of water running through in every 
 case. It was very slight, but if it was passing along through the 
 ground near a well, the constant dropping into the soil, not 
 enough perhaps, to go into the well in a stream, but saturating 
 the soil around it, so that when there is a heavy down-pour of 
 rain it might be washed in, it would constitute a dangerous con- 
 dition. The best remedy is, of course, to lay the pipe to some 
 distance beyond the well, of iron with leaded joints ; but where 
 the drain already exists, it is a very easy matter to surround 
 it entirely by a coating of cement concrete that will make it 
 practically tight. Wherever a drain must pass near a well, I 
 strongly advise that course of treatment. 
 
 I find another memorandum of a house where the vault is 
 fifteen feet away from the well, is eight feet deep, and is not 
 emptied until nearly full; the well itself being twenty-three feet 
 deep. That case, I think, is very serious. In any community of 
 farmers it would, perhaps, hardly do for a local committee, even 
 if they were so disposed, to treat the hog-pen question as it is 
 treated in cities. We all know that it is absolutely necessary to 
 economical farming and country house-keeping to keep a pig, 
 but it is really not absolutely necessary to keep pigs quite in the 
 condition in which some few are kept in this town. I do not 
 believe the pig is naturally a nasty animal. I don't think he is 
 particularly fond of wallowing in dirty water if he has any other 
 
32 
 
 way of cooling himself. I have seen swine kept in a different 
 way, and I would modestly commend to the farmers and house- 
 keepers of this town the suggestion that they learn how pigs may 
 be kept in such a manner that their presence will not be noticed 
 from the house or from the road. 
 
 Now, I believe I have stated the chief faults I have been able 
 to find in an examination of nearly every house within this 
 district; and, as you see, I have almost got a harvest of nothing, 
 with the exception of the malarious condition about the mill- 
 pond, due, I believe, entirely to the presence of that pond. 
 With that exception, there is nothing here that is really a justi- 
 fication of my presence in West Ewing. 
 
 I shall now be very glad, if any members of my audience 
 choose to ask questions on any sanitary subjects, to answer them 
 to the best of my ability. 
 
 Mr. Edward Fisk. I believe the Secretary has a letter from 
 Prof. Schanck, of Princeton, stating a number of questions, 
 which are quite comprehensive. 
 
 Col. Waring. I will read the letter : 
 
 LENOX, MASS., Aug. 25th, 1880. 
 
 MY DEAR SIR : I have not forgotten your request, and only 
 regret that I cannot be present and contribute questions sug- 
 gested by the occasion and circumstances. I should seek infor- 
 mation upon arrangement of grounds, shrubbery, fences, &c., 
 and upon water-closet sewerage and cesspool, &c. Thus : 
 
 1. What mixture of grass seed is best for lawns ? 
 
 2. How often should they be mown ? 
 
 3. Are door-yard fences needful in a village ? 
 
 4. Which is the best village hedge material Arbor Vitas, 
 Hemlock, &c? 
 
 5. For a village without public sewers, which is to be pre- 
 ferred, outside privies, or inside earth closets or water closets ? 
 
 6. If the latter, how can the efflux be safely disposed of? 
 
 7. If a cesspool is uncemented, will it not in time poison the 
 wells? 
 
 8. If cemented, will it not fill every few weeks or months, and 
 be a constant nuisance ? 
 
 9. How should it be trapped and ventilated ? 
 
33 
 
 10. What should be done with kitchen slops? 
 
 11. Is the Lenox sewerage system applicable to single country 
 houses? 
 
 12. In this case, what length of two-inch distributing pipe 
 suffices for each person ? 
 
 13. May this not freeze up in Winter so as to check distribu- 
 tion? 
 
 14. Typhoid fever and kindred diseases are often clearly 
 referable to human excrement, especially when moist and damp. 
 Is the poison introduced through water by stomach, or through 
 air by lungs ? 
 
 15. What disinfectant is the best for ordinary family use ? 
 
 16. Relative merits in this respect of air and light, of chlorine, 
 of carbolic acid and of sulphate of iron, also of dry clay. 
 
 These are hints and suggestions only, from which you can 
 frame questions and call out information. 
 Yours very truly, 
 
 J. S. SCHANCK. 
 
 Col. Waring (quoting from letter.) " What mixture of grass 
 seed is best for lawns?" [See Notes.] 
 
 I would respectfully call on my associate. 
 
 Mr. Northrop. You are familiar with it. 
 
 Col. Waring. Not as familiar as you are. We use Rhode 
 Island bent grass and white clover, introducing a little blue 
 grass seed. I think our best lawns have much white clover. 
 
 (Reading again from Prof. Schanck's letter.) "How often 
 should they be mown?" 
 
 My answer to that would be, as often as possible. 
 
 (Reading again) " Are door-yard fences needful in a village?" 
 
 Mr. Northrop. No. 
 
 Col. Waring. Are they desirable? 
 
 Mr. Northrop. If you can bring the community to agree, I 
 think they are undesirable. Nothing is more beautiful in a 
 large village, than the absence of fences, and in a farming com- 
 munity like this, where you have the matter entirely under con- 
 trol, it seems to me to promote a sentiment of sociality to have 
 the fences taken away. At Williamstown, Mass., and that 
 model^ manufacturing village, Cheney ville, at South Manches- 
 3 
 
34 
 
 ter, Conn., and the St. Johnsbury factory, in Vermont, and in 
 places where the grounds are thrown together, it adds very 
 much to the general satisfaction. 
 
 Col. Waring. Which is the best village hedge material? 
 
 Mr. Northrop. That depends altogether upon the climate. 
 You cannot give any general direction. There are some places 
 where the osage orange will not grow. It grows here, and very 
 beautifully, if properly cut. [See Notes.] 
 
 Col. Waring (reading from the letter.) " For a village without 
 public sewers, which is to be preferred, outside or inside earth 
 closets, or water closets?" 
 
 I should say, where there is land enough about the house 
 to dispose of liquid waste, and where there is water that can 
 be pumped to a supply cistern in the house, that a water closet 
 is much more cleanly and certain of being in good order with- 
 out extra care, and, therefore, to be preferred. The earth closet 
 is a possible remedy for all evils ; but an in-door closet requires, 
 on the part of every person using it, the most constant watch- 
 fulness and care, or it becomes offensive. I had to do with 
 the introduction of that improvement in this country, and was 
 its strongest advocate for a very long time. I have no other 
 conveniences in my own house, but I have come slowly to the 
 belief that it is, after all, but a stepping-stone between the old- 
 fashioned arrangement and the well-constructed and well- 
 arranged water closet. 
 
 Question by one of the audience : 
 
 Dr. Lowrie. What is the least distance from the house that 
 kitchen and other drainage may properly be disposed of? 
 
 Col. Waring. I will read Prof. Schanck's question on the same 
 subject, in conjunction with this: "How can the efflux be 
 safely disposed of?" 
 
 If these matters are to be disposed of by discharging them 
 into cesspools, I should want to put the cesspool to the far- 
 thest possible distance the back field of the farm rather than 
 nearer, for the reason that however well made, and however 
 tightly secured against escape into drinking-water wells, it is 
 really a vast retort filled with foul matter and dangerous gases, 
 which too often find no other means of escape than through the 
 
35 
 
 drain to the house. I believe it would be really much better, as 
 a question of health, if the drainage from the house was deliv- 
 ered directly upon the surface of the ground within twenty feet 
 of its back door, bad as this would be, than to have a cesspool at 
 that point. It would not look so well, but I think it would be 
 less dangerous. Fortunately, it is not necessary that either one 
 of these evils should be chosen. A system applicable to every- 
 
 PURE(?) WELL WATER, DEFILED BY DRAINAGE FROM THE KITCHEN 
 
 SINK AND THE CESSPOOL. 
 (Prom "The Sanitary Engineer.") 
 
36 
 
 thing of a liquid character, growing out of an invention made 
 by the inventor of an earth closet in 1868, and since developed 
 by a long experience in England and this country, seems to 
 offer everything that one may desire, if there is a little land 
 around the house. Dr. Lowrie asks within what distance the 
 disposal may take place/ I say, always get as far away as you 
 conveniently can. All the liquid waste of my own house is 
 disposed of on a tract of land the first edge of which is about 
 fifteen feet from my piazza, where we spend the Summer. If I 
 had more land, I should go farther away ; but with no more land 
 at my disposal I should not hesitate to repeat the same experi- 
 ment. This system is in use now in a large number of houses in 
 New England and New Jersey, particularly in Orange and in 
 the village of Lenox, from which Prof. Schanck writes, and still 
 more extensively at the Women's prison, at Sherborn, Mass., 
 where there is a very large consumption of water. Its principle 
 is this: That if foul matters are absorbed by the surface soil 
 within reach of the roots of vegetation, and within reach of the 
 atmosphere, the oxygen of which exists in that soil in a state of 
 condensation, they will be acted upon immediately, and will be 
 in a short time completely destroyed ; so that if the interval of a 
 day be left between one wetting and another, the action of the 
 roots and of the air will keep the soil always perfectly clean. 
 Suppose we have a drain running down the length of this aisle, 
 made of ordinary drain tiles, and loosely laid at the joints. 
 You attempt to run fifty gallons of sewage, through that, and, 
 if the soil is at all porous, and there is a slight leak at every 
 joint, by the time it gets to the other end it has nearly or quite 
 all settled into the ground. Its tendency is to follow the laws 
 of gravitation and descend in the ground, the soil acting as a 
 filter and holding all the impurities behind. Immediately there 
 comes the fresh air, which changes its character or entirely 
 destroys it and consumes the foul matters left there. Now, if it 
 is a question of draining a single house, you have your pipe (we 
 will say a length of twenty-five to fifty feet, according to the 
 character of the soil and slope of the ground,) for each member 
 of the household. It may be one line, or a number of lines 
 branching out from each other, according to the character of the 
 soil. The liquid is delivered into a Field's Flush Tank. When 
 
37 
 
 that becomes full, it discharges its whole contents rapidly into 
 the drain. Your tank is arranged to become full once in about 
 two days, so that in every two days there is a rush of water 
 through the drain ; its foul waters sink into the soil well filtered, 
 and, by reason of the cleansing action of the air and the roots, the 
 soil is made ready to receive the next accession. In the case 
 of a village, the tank, instead of holding enough for a family 
 for a couple of days, should hold enough for a village a couple 
 of days. In Lenox, the tank holds three thousand gallons, about, 
 and the pipes that receive its discharge are about ten thousand 
 feet in aggregate length. At the prison, the tanks discharge 
 fifteen thousand gallons at a time, and they discharge alternately 
 into two sets of drains of ten thousand feet each; but always 
 working on the same principle, as if you put the water of a single 
 house into a single straight pipe, from which it leaks out into the 
 ground of a door-yard. 
 
 Now, as to the result, I can only say that I have never heard 
 of any suspicion of an odor from the surface of the ground 
 under which this operation is taking place. I have never heard 
 of a case of sickness being ascribed to it. I have dug down 
 close to the joints of my own drains, within half an inch of a 
 wide opening which evidently had been receiving copious dis- 
 charges, and it was impossible to tell, by smell or sight, any 
 difference between that earth and earth taken ten feet away. At 
 the prison, in Massachusetts, our disposal is into artificial drain- 
 ing ground. The whole tract is drained five feet under ground 
 with drains twenty feet apart. The water that is discharged 
 there from the purification of this very foul, black sewage is 
 simply pure water, which I would compare with the well water 
 of any farm-house ; at any rate, any village well water, where 
 villages are conducted as they ordinarily are. By chemical 
 analysis it is shown to have a little more organic matter than it 
 ought to have, but it is in such a condition that it is impossible 
 to detect it by anything except a chemical analysis. It is per- 
 fectly sweet and clear. 
 
 Question. What you stated as the greatest evil in this town, 
 in a sanitary point of view, was the existence of this mill- 
 dam. I would like to inquire, first, whether the conditions of 
 mill-dams generally are such as to generate this miasma or 
 
38 
 
 malaria ; and, secondly, whether there is anything special, and 
 what it is, in the condition of this mill-dam which generates dis- 
 ease ? You observed that, as a matter of course, it would pro- 
 duce these malarious effects. 
 
 Col. Waring. There is no disadvantage in having a mill-dam, 
 as a mill-dam, if it is simply a reservoir of pure, deep water. 
 If it has steep sides, a change up and down in its elevation can 
 do very little harm ; but if, as in this case, the banks are in 
 many places very sloping, and the land is saturated with water 
 for a considerable distance back from its edges, and if, when it 
 is drawn down, a great width of saturated earth is exposed to 
 the sun, or if in parts it is so shallow that the sun's heat will 
 have an effect on the bottom, then the existing conditions are 
 considered to be dangerous, and I have never known them to 
 exist in a country where malaria had a foothold at all, without 
 causing or increasing it. 
 
 Question. If there are, then, pools of standing water which 
 become dried up by drouth, there are similar tendencies ? 
 
 Col. Waring. During the time it is passing from the wet to 
 the dry condition. After the ground is dried to a considerable 
 depth, I do not suppose that harm continues ; but one of the 
 greatest factors in the generation of malaria is the alternate 
 wetting and drying of land that is subject to malarial poison. 
 Prof. Schanck asks : 
 
 u If a cesspool is uncemented, will it not in time poison 
 wells?" 
 
 It certainly will, in the cases of wells near enough to it to 
 receive its contents unpurified. 
 
 " If cemented, will it not in a few months become a nuisance?'* 
 
 Yes, if the cement is tight. I imagine that many cesspools 
 get rid of a large quantity of foul water through the imperfection 
 of their work. 
 
 " How should it be trapped and ventilated ?" 
 
 I think, if you have a cesspool, it had better be ventilated as 
 little as possible. If you have a great seething mass, and give it 
 ventilation anywhere within the reach of grounds where you 
 live, there will be great offence from it. I have tried several 
 times to ventilate a cesspool, but I have been compelled to shut 
 it off again. I should rather run drain pipes off through the 
 
39 
 
 ground, so that if there were any pressure of air it would work 
 up through the soil, purified in its passage. 
 
 Question. Would you ventilate a cesspool by a chimney? 
 
 Col. Waring. No. Most of the time, if you have a strong 
 upward draft, it is all right ; but I never knew a house with 
 such an arrangement that did not at some time have an offensive 
 smell. I believe in ventilating the soil pipe most thoroughly, 
 but not in making it a vent for a foul cesspool. I always run a 
 soil pipe through the roof of the house, and am very careful to 
 place it much lower than any chimney near it. 
 
 Question. In case you had no ventilation to the cesspool, 
 what would you depend upon to prevent the circulation of air 
 to the house? 
 
 Col. Waring. I would have a strong trap in the drain leading 
 to the cesspool ; then have air pipes leading from the cesspool 
 out into the soil, so that pressure would be relieved that way. 
 
 Question. What do you think of running a ventilator 
 directly into a chimney that is constantly used for a fire a 
 kitchen chimney? 
 
 Col. Waring. I do not like it. The fire is not constantly 
 burning. It is not burning at night, and I don't think it is 
 trustworthy. Of course it is better than running into any other 
 chimney. 
 
 Question. What do you think would be the result from that 
 that the gas might go through from the chimney to the house ? 
 
 Col. Waring. I have frequently gone through houses ventilated 
 in that way, which had been unoccupied for two or three days, 
 and the stench from the cesspool was all through the house. 
 Then, frequently, I have found an odor in an upper room 
 through which the chimney passed, which I could trace from 
 no other source than the movement of air through the brick 
 work. 
 
 Question. Suppose you run the ventilator right out across 
 the roof to the chimney ? 
 
 Col. Waring. Then you would have danger from the down 
 draft when your kitchen is cold. 
 
 Question. The trap in the closet would not prevent that draft 
 coming in the house? 
 
 Col. Waring. You are ventilating outside of your trap. 
 
40 
 
 Question. That is what I said. You said it would be a down 
 draft into the house. How could it be? 
 
 Col Waring. It would be a down draft through the chimney 
 and out through the stove or fire-place. 
 
 Question. What is the width of the lot where you distribute 
 the waste from the house ? 
 
 Col. Waring. The main drain is about sixty feet long, and 
 there are nine drains about eighteen or twenty feet each. I 
 have had it in use just ten years. It was put in ten years ago 
 in November. 
 
 Question. Your pipes average about fourteen inches from the 
 surface ? 
 
 Col. Waring. Not more than ten or eleven. 
 
 Question. Suppose you have a level surface to distribute it 
 over, where there is scarcely any fall ? 
 
 Col. Waring. You need scarcely any. Two inches in a hun- 
 dred feet is enough, and you can always get that. Within the 
 range at which you can place these pipes, you can always get 
 the fall you need even if you have to put the pipes a little 
 higher at one end than at the other. 
 
 Question. Can it be worked without a flush tank ? 
 
 Col. Waring. It can be ; but the trouble is, you always keep 
 the ground about the upper end of the pipes saturated, and you 
 have to depend upon the rank vegetation that grows from that 
 excessive moisture. 
 
 Question. You say you have had these drains in use ten 
 years and have not discovered any unpleasant "odor arising from 
 the surface ? 
 
 Col. Waring. Yes. 
 
 Question. Would that probably be the case ten years hence ? 
 
 Col. Waring. I don't think there is the least change in the 
 character of that ground. I think it is exactly the same as it 
 was before I began to use it. I think the oxidization has 
 destroyed all the matter. It may have become a little deeper in 
 color, but, practically, I think it is the same. And the action 
 of this material is so very slight in its reach that while my 
 drains are six feet apart, fully four feet of the space between 
 them shows no effect of the sewerage at all. 
 
 Question. What effect has the frost ? 
 
41 
 
 Col. Waring. I think it has no effect at all. I have had the 
 ground frozen three and one-half feet down, and there was no 
 trouble in my pipes. They have never had any trouble in 
 Lenox. One great point about it is that it is so cheap and sim- 
 ple, and so entirely within the hands of any one who wishes to 
 use it. -If these poor cottagers down by the canal had these 
 pipes, all they would need would be some place to throw in a 
 bucket of dirty water and that would be their flush tank. [See 
 Col. Waring's Report, on page 42, for further details.] 
 
 Col. Waring (reading from letter) " What disinfectant is the 
 best for ordinary family use ?" 
 
 Fresh air. 
 
 The hour had become too late to discuss all the questions of 
 Prof. Schanck's letter, and, on motion, the meeting was here 
 declared adjourned. 
 
THE 
 
 WEST EWING IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION. 
 
 REPORT ON THE SANITARY CONDITION 
 
 OF THE WESTERN PART OF 
 
 EWING TOWNSHIP. 
 
 BY COL. GEORGE E. WARING, JR., NEWPORT, R. I. 
 
 The examination upon which this report is based, includes 
 an investigation into the character and condition of between 
 forty and fifty dwelling-houses, including the disposal of house- 
 hold wastes and the water supply. No good purpose would be 
 served by detailing in a public report the enumeration of defects 
 of private property. Sufficient notes have been taken concern- 
 ing each place, and notification is given to the respective owners 
 that on their application, any information which may be desired 
 beyond that of a general character not included in this report, 
 will be cheerfully furnished free of charge. 
 
 As a whole, the houses average certainly better than is usual 
 in an agricultural and quarrying district. There is no one of 
 them which might not be very considerably improved by a 
 sufficient expenditure. But I am satisfied that in so far as they 
 or any of them are in a less healthful condition than similar 
 houses in other parts of the country, their defects are chiefly 
 due to two causes: 
 
 (1) An improper disposal of liquid and solid household filth 
 including feecal matter with its attendant fouling of the air, 
 and its contamination of the water supply, and in some cases of 
 the cellars of the houses. In some instances^the same difficulty 
 results from the accumulation of the manure of domestic 
 animals in too close proximity to wells or dwellings. 
 
43 
 
 (2) A malarious condition of the site in certain parts of the 
 town, caused by stagnant bays at the side of the canal; by 
 standing water in the quarries; and especially by the damming 
 back of the natural drainage by the dam at Keeler's saw-mill; 
 this latter being far more important, in my judgment, than all 
 other defects combined. 
 
 It is not worth while, in making recommendations for the 
 practical improvement of country-houses like those under con- 
 sideration, to advise the introduction of modern improvements 
 in the way of water supply and drainage, which it would be in 
 some cases beyond the means, and in nearly all cases beyond 
 the inclinations, of the proprietors to adopt. It seems better to 
 confine ourselves to a few simple, practical improvements within 
 easy reach of all, which will constitute in every case a simple 
 and radical improvement over the present conditions, and which 
 will be as much in the way, at present, as it can reasonably be 
 hoped to secure. 
 
 The improvement of the ventilation, cleanliness, and, where 
 necessary, of the draining of 
 
 CELLARS, 
 
 Is certainly very important, and it needs no instruction from 
 me to teach all householders what they already perfectly well 
 understand. It must be evident to all that a wet, close, rnusty 
 cellar, with no access for fresh air during the Winter time, with 
 accumulations of decaying vegetables and rubbish, is not a 
 good accompaniment of any inhabited house. It is by no 
 means necessary tha,t cellars should be so open to cold winds 
 as to lead to the discomfort of those who live in the rooms 
 above them. But there should certainly be, at all times of 
 the year, a sufficient opportunity for the supply of fresh air 
 to create a sufficient circulation to remove dampness and to 
 carry away the products of the slight inevitable decomposition 
 of what it is necessary to keep in them. A few of the houses 
 within the district are heated by 
 
 FURNACES. 
 
 These, I believe, with hardly an exception, take their air sup- 
 ply from the cellar. No matter how well ventilated and how 
 
44 
 
 clean a cellar may be, its atmosphere is never fit to be heated 
 by the furnace and distributed through the house. It is a very 
 simple, and most important, matter to connect the air supply of 
 the furnace with the outer air by means of a tight wooden box 
 which shall exclude the atmosphere of the cellar from the heated 
 flues. 
 
 A CESSPOOL LEACHING INTO A WELL. 
 (From "The Sanitary Engineer" of July 15, 1879.) 
 
 What is not so well understood, or, if understood, is not acted 
 upon, is the absolute importance of 
 
 SUNLIGHT AND FRESH AIR. 
 
 Let the sun have free access to the outside of the ivhole house at some 
 time during the day, and keep shutters and blinds and windows open 
 except when it is necessary to exclude it. Never mind faded carpets; 
 they are not so bad as faded cheeks, and these cannot be avoided except 
 by fresh air and ample daylight. 
 
45 
 
 THE DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD WASTES 
 
 Is hardly less simple, but it is much less generally under- 
 stood; and I believe it is safe to say that in nearly every 
 instance where my examinations have been made, the system 
 now adopted is particularly bad. There are very few cases 
 where the well water is not subject to dangerous contamination 
 by the leachings from privy vaults or cesspools or hog-pens or 
 barn-yards, or by the settling into the ground of the drainage 
 from the kitchen sink. 
 
 It will be easy, in the matter of hog-pens and barn-yards, to 
 prevent the leachings of their manure from draining toward the 
 well, or from sinking into the ground near the well ; and this 
 certainly should be secured, even at the expense of selecting a 
 new site for such deposits, and, so far as possible, by protecting 
 manure from drenching rains. Such protection will be amply 
 repaid by the saving of fertilizing matter which it will secure. 
 
 The specific recommendation that I make is, that in every 
 case, whether it be a well-appointed farm-house or simply a 
 laborer's tenement, some means be adopted which will secure 
 an entire abandonment of privy vaults, and a safe disposal of 
 liquid household wasts. These are two distinct items of the 
 work, which may be carried out more or less elaborately accord- 
 ing to the means and inclinations of the proprietor. I propose to 
 recommend, in this case, only the simplest and cheapest avail- 
 able methods. 
 
 THE PRIVY 
 
 Should be removed from its foundation, its vault should 
 be entirely cleaned out, its foundation walls should be removed 
 and the excavation should be continued until clean earth 
 is exposed at every point. It should then be filled to the sur- 
 face of the ground with clean earth, and, if it is necessary to use 
 the same site in future, this should be so rammed in the fill- 
 ing as to prevent future settling. It will be better, in all cases, 
 to remove the building at least far enough to secure a sound 
 foundation. The building should then be set on posts or piers 
 so that the lower side of its sill shall be at least eighteen inches 
 above the surface of the ground; suitable steps being constructed 
 for its approach. Lay on the ground, with cross-stays to hold 
 
46 
 
 EARTH-CLOSET PRIVY. 
 
 SECTION 
 
 SCALE )&> 
 
 IDRY EARTH 
 
 EARTH BOX 
 
 JDISJ 
 
 :ARTH BOX wm 
 OUT 
 
47 
 
 them in position, two joists extending at least from the front of 
 the seat to two feet outside of the building, at the rear. 
 
 Make a box of stout planks to rest upon these joists, large 
 enough to reach well under the seat and high enough barely to 
 pass the sill easily. Secure a stout handle to this box by which 
 it may be drawn out over the joists outside when necessary for 
 emptying. The inside of the box should be well rendered with 
 hot coal tar quite to the top. This is the receptacle for fsecal 
 matter. Its bottom should be covered at least to the depth of 
 one inch with dry earth or ashes. In the house there should be 
 a second box containing dry earth or screened ashes, and a hand 
 scoop should be furnished with which to throw it into the box 
 below. After each use of the privy, rather more than a pint of 
 this material should be thrown down to cover the dejections and 
 and to absorb the urine. From time to time it will be necessary 
 to rake down or level off the accumulations, and when the box 
 becomes full it should be drawn out and emptied, its contents 
 being used as manure. This constitutes the cheapest form of 
 earth closet; and it secures, if care is given to the uniform 
 covering of the deposits, a perfect suppression of odor, and 
 entire prevention of injurious decomposition, and a perfectly 
 healthy and satisfactory condition. The value of the manure 
 will be quite sufficient to compensate for the slight additional 
 trouble; and the avoiding of the horrible stench of the usual 
 country privy will secure the great difference between a brutal 
 filthiness and civilized decency. Those who desire something 
 more elaborate and more convenient in its operation, may 
 address " Earth Closet Company, Hartford, Conn.," for the 
 mechanical apparatus by which the deposit of earth is made 
 automatic. 
 
 THE DISPOSAL OF KITCHEN SINK WASTE, 
 
 Chamber slops and laundry water, is a question which has 
 engaged the study and ingenuity of the world for many years. I 
 believe that, so far as isolated country-houses are concerned, it has 
 been perfectly accomplished by the system known as "sub-sur- 
 face irrigation," This system is susceptible of much elaboration, 
 and may be carried out in an expensive manner; but its essential 
 results may be secured with an expense so trifling that not even 
 in the smallest tenement-house need its cost be an obstacle to 
 
48 
 
49 
 
 its adoption. It is based on the fact that the surface soil 
 which is within the reach of the roots of grass or other plants, 
 and of the action of the atmosphere, is a very active destroyer 
 of organic matter. A cotton rag buried a few inches under the 
 surface is very soon entirely consumed by this action ; and all 
 decomposable matter so placed is destroyed by oxidation or 
 slow combustion as completely, though less rapidly, as when it 
 is thrown into the fire. In order to make this process continu- 
 ous, it is necessary that there should be free access of air into the 
 pores of the soil. In the case of liquid wastes, it is necessary 
 that the discharge be intermittent, for when a constant small 
 stream runs into the ground, saturating a small area, the entrance 
 of the air is prevented and the oxidizing action is retarded. 
 With even a few hours' interval between the two discharges, the 
 water settles away into the ground, which acts as a filter, holding 
 back all of its impurities, and its descent is followed by the 
 entrance of fresh air, which immediately attacks and destroys 
 the retained organic matter. If the liquid is thrown on the 
 top of the ground, it produces in a short time a fuddled condi- 
 tion of the surface which prevents the free entrance of air. It 
 is, therefore, desirable to introduce it into the soil below the 
 surface, allowing it to soak away in so gradual a manner that 
 no fuddling of the earth can take place. This introduction into 
 the earth is by the use of common agricultural drain tiles with 
 open joints, laid not more than ten inches below the surface. 
 The intermittent action is secured by delivering liquid wastes 
 into these tiles, not constantly, but from time to time. 
 
 In the case of a small tenement-house, where only two or 
 three pailfuls of waste liquid are produced in the course of the 
 day, this absorption drain need not be more than forty feet 
 long. It may be one continuous line of pipe, or it may be 
 several shorter pipes branching from one main line, according 
 to the space devoted to the use. It may lie under the grass near a 
 row of currant bushes, under a grape-vine trellis, under a grass 
 plat, or elsewhere. Opening into it, there should be a box [See 
 cut on page 48] large enough to hold a pailful of water; and the 
 joints of this box, as well as the space around the pipe leading 
 from it, should be made tight. It may be covered in Winter, as 
 a protection against frost; but in Summer it will be better that 
 4 
 
50 
 
 it should have a full exposure to the air. A wire cloth or other 
 screen should be provided at its top to act as a strainer to hold 
 back coarse matters which might obstruct the pipe. From time 
 to time, this strainer, which should be movable, can be emptied 
 into the swill barrel, or its contents may be thrown upon the 
 manure heap, or buried in the ground. The liquid which passes 
 the strainer will enter the pipe, leach out into the ground and 
 be purified. The arrangement described will be quite sufficient 
 to receive the contents of one or two wash tubs ; but it should 
 not be connected with the kitchen sink delivering only a small 
 flow. Whatever is thrown into it should go with a rush, so as to 
 reach as far as possible through the whole length of the drains. 
 For houses of larger size, producing a greater amount of waste, 
 the length of drain should be from one hundred and fifty to 
 three hundred feet, including all branches, according to the size 
 of the family and the freedom with which water is used. A 
 uniform distribution through this length of pipe cannot be 
 secured by throwing into it a pailful at a time. Some arrange- 
 ment should be adopted which will retain water to the amount 
 of a barrelful or more, and which will, when 
 the tank becomes full, deliver the whole con- 
 tents suddenly. The apparatus best adapted 
 for this use is known as " Field's Flush Tank," 
 which is made of cast iron, and which is sold 
 for about thirty dollars, by A. G. Myers, 94 
 Beekman street, New York,. A much cheaper 
 arrangement can be made at home, which, 
 while not having the advantage of the Field 
 automatic siphon, will secure the same result, 
 if attention is given to opening and closing its 
 outlet by hand. The construction of this tank 
 is shown on page 48. It is made of plank, and 
 is separated by a grease-catcher, which will pre- 
 vent congealed grease, floating substances and 
 heavy matters from passing into the discharging 
 chamber. It also has a spatter-board, to prevent the disturbance 
 of the sediment, and a screen to hold back coarse matters. It 
 is, in fact, a flushing tank with a grease-trap intervening between 
 it and the source of supply. This interposition of a grease-trap 
 
 
 FIELD'S PATENT 
 ANNULAR SIPHON 
 
51 
 
 is covered by a patent of my own ; but permission is hereby 
 given to any member of the West Ewing Improvement Associ- 
 ation to use it, without charge. The size of tank indicated in 
 the sketch is sufficient for three hundred feet of drain. The 
 capacity of its second or discharging chamber may be propor- 
 tionately reduced or increased as the length of drain is made 
 greater or less. The grease-trap may be attached to any waste- 
 pipe from the house, or it may be filled by pouring into it the 
 
 contents of chamber pails, wash tubs, slop pails, &c. The 
 grease-trap serves to hold back all obstructing matters. The 
 outlet of the discharging chamber is closed by a plug of wood, 
 
 DESCRIPTION or FIELD'S FLUSH TANK. It is intended to be placed immediately out- 
 side of the walls of the house, and to receive all of its liquid wastes. It is made 
 entirely of earthenware or of cast iron. The liquids pass through the grating of the 
 pan (B), and are discharged through a trap which prevents the contained air of the 
 tank from escaping. (C) is a socket for a ventilating pipe to carry this contained air to 
 the top of the house. The tank holds about 20 or 30 gallons. This has no outlet 
 save through the siphon (D). The outer end of the siphon enters a discharging 
 trough (F), which is made to turn to the right or left, so that its mouth may be directed 
 as required to connect the tank with the line of outlet pipes. This trough is of a pecu- 
 liar shape which assists small quantities of liquid in bringing the siphon into action, 
 
52 
 
 or by an India rubber ball; the stopper being attachtd to a 
 chain, by which it may be lifted whenever the discharging 
 chamber becomes full. After the chamber has discharged itself, 
 this outlet should be tightly closed. To make this arrangement 
 automatic in its working, it is only necessary to substitute for 
 the plug, the Field's Patent Siphon shown on page 50. 
 
 A little judgment will be necessary in adjusting this apparatus 
 to the lay of the land. If the absorption ground is to be placed 
 at some distance from the house and it should never be nearer 
 than fifteen feet to any well from which drinking water is taken 
 it may be connected with the flush tank by a vitrified pipe 
 with very securely-cemented joints. These joints should first 
 be packed with oakum, or with rags, to prevent cement from 
 running to the inside of the pipe and making rough points 
 to arrest foreign substances passing through to them, and 
 they should be covered with a good band of the very best 
 hydraulic cement the joints not being covered with earth until 
 it is quite certain that they are absolutely tight. This precau- 
 tion is especially necessary in passing near a well. The absorp- 
 tion tiles should be two inches in diameter, and only one foot 
 long, in order that the joints may be frequent. Their form is 
 not of much importance, but the best material for the use is 
 the round pipes with gutter tiles to lay them in, and caps to 
 
 instead of merely dribbling over the siphon without charging it as they otherwise 
 would do, and has a cover which can be removed to give access for cleaning. 
 
 When the tank is entirely filled, the pouring in of a fw extra quarts of water, 
 which is sure to occur at some time during the day, brings the siphon into action, and 
 it flows copiously until the tank is emptied to the depth below which solid matters 
 are permitted to accumulate, to be occasionally cleared out on removing the pan (B). 
 
 As the sink pipe discharges over the grating of the trapped inlet (B) outside the 
 house, the connection between the drains and the house is completely broken, and 
 any entry of foul air from the drain is rendered impossible. The top of the tank is 
 perfectly closed by means of the water joint around the cover, and the cover is readily 
 removed when required. The inlet, moreover, forms a basin, which may be used for 
 throwing down slops outside the house. 
 
 When used for the disposal of house slops where no regular system of sewerage exists, 
 the flush tank enables all house refuse to be removed inoffensively the bed-room 
 slops being thrown down the basin at the top of the tank outside the house and thus 
 where earth or other dry closets are used for the excreta, this apparatus supplies a 
 complete sanitary system of draimige. The concentration of the flow of the sewage 
 effected by the sudden dischar^< j of the tanks, forces the liquid rapidly along the 
 pipes, and prevents their being choked. The liquid can thus be distributed over a 
 sufficient area of ground to give full opportunity for the soil to purify it. The tanks 
 are ordinarily made to contain 20 or 30 gallons in addition to space for deposit. 
 
53 
 
 keep the dirt from entering the joints from above, manufactured 
 by C. W. Boynton, Woodbridge, N. J. The joints must not be 
 too tight. If the gutters are not used, the tiles should be laid 
 on strips of board, for it is now and then necessary to remove 
 some portion of the drain to clear out accumulations, and either 
 the gutters or the strips are desirable to secure their being relaid 
 on the proper grade. The grade or pitch of these drains should 
 not be too rapid, lest the water flow too much to the far end 
 
 PIPES RESTING ON THEIR SHOULDERS. 
 
 THE IMPROPER WAY TO LAY THE VITRIFIED PIPE. 
 
 and force its way up to the surface of the ground. It has been 
 found in practice that four inches fall, or, at the utmost, six 
 inches fall in one hundred feet, is better than anything steeper. 
 If the land slopes more than this, the tiles should be laid 
 obliquely across the slope. If the yard or garden where the 
 disposal is to be made is on the same level with the house, the 
 tank will have to be built considerably out of ground. If the 
 ground about the house is higher than that used for disposal, it 
 
 PIPES RESTING ON THEIR FULL LENGTH. 
 
 THE PROPER WAY TO LAY THE VITRIFIED PIPE. 
 
 may be built entirely in the ground. In this latter case, the 
 cemented pipe will be enough below the surface to prevent its 
 disturbance by frost. If these joints must be within eighteen 
 inches or less of the surface of the ground, the course of the 
 tight part of the drain should be covered with litter during the 
 Winter season ; and in this case, as well as in that of the one 
 referred to above, the tank itself should be protected against 
 
54 
 
 frost. Its contents will be so warm that a little covering will be 
 sufficient. 
 
 I repeat that I am disposed to confine my general recommen- 
 dations to these two general improvements. If their general 
 adoption can be secured, the Association will have accomplished 
 a result which cannot fail to have the most advantageous influ- 
 ence upon the health of the community, and, I am disposed to 
 say, upon the self-respect and comfort of its members. 
 
 RATS AND THE TALE THEY TELL. 
 (From "The Sanitary Engineer" of July 15, 1879.) 
 
 THE BAYS AT THE SIDE OF THE CANAL 
 
 Or feeder are in many places too shallow. Wherever malaria 
 has gained a foot-hold, as it certainly has in this vicinity, shal- 
 low, stagnant water should be avoided. Every pond or bay 
 should be deep enough to be sufficiently beyond the influence 
 of the sun's heat to prevent vegetation at the bottom. The 
 banks of these bays and of all ponds should be steep, and they 
 should be grassed to the waters edge. If there is any material 
 
55 
 
 variation in the level of water in the canal, by which its edges 
 are made alternately wet and dry, this condition must be over- 
 come, or the people must accept the fact that they live in the 
 presence of a source of malaria which they cannot remove. 
 It may be a great source of malaria or it may be slight. It 
 certainly is incomparably less than the difficulty caused by 
 
 KEELER'S MILL-DAM. 
 
 This dam I consider by far the most serious factor, so far as 
 malaria is concerned, with which we have to deal. Its bad 
 influence is felt all the way from the mill up to the rear of the 
 River Bend estate, and as much farther as the wind is capable 
 of bearing the malarial influence. 
 
 The whole question of malaria is imperfectly understood, 
 and we can reason about it only from ascertained general prin- 
 ciples ; but some of these are so well demonstrated that no 
 sanitarian would presume to disregard them. Two different 
 conditions are acknowledged to be of the very worst character. 
 They are : 
 
 (1) The complete saturation of the ground within a short 
 distance of the surface, that surface being exposed to the action 
 of the sun. 
 
 (2) The raising and lowering of the levels of bodies of water 
 so that their shores are alternately wet and dry. 
 
 Both of these conditions are secured in the most complete 
 manner in the case in question. Much of the land bordering 
 the brook and its enlargements, which constitute Keeler's mill- 
 pond, and which extend for nearly a mile along the west side 
 of the canal, is so low as to be completely saturated by the 
 water of that brook. The supplies of this stream are so insig- 
 nificant in amount that they can count as very little against the 
 draft upon the pond when the mill is in operation. The water 
 is drawn off much more rapidly than it flows in, and it exposes 
 wide stretches of bank to the action of the sun. 
 
 No doubt some difficulty comes from the stagnation of water 
 in the quarries, and still more, perhaps, from the leaking of the 
 canal. It is possible, too, that the draining between Keeler's 
 poncl and the water-power is less effective than it should be. 
 But all these may be overcome if the dam is removed; and all 
 
56 
 
 combined are insignificant as compared with the pond, which, 
 in my opinion, constitutes a nuisance of such magnitude that 
 the community cannot safely permit it to continue. 
 
 That there results from the sources that I have indicated, a 
 very serious malarial condition which is producing a disastrous 
 effect upon the people who live in this vicinity, is fully demon- 
 strated by an investigation recently made by Rev. Dr. Lowrie. 
 
 MILK AND PROVISION ROOM WITH UNTRAPPED SINK. 
 (From "The Sanitary Engineer.") 
 
 This investigation relates to twenty-three families, being all 
 the households beginning with his own and proceeding up the 
 Greensburg road, and at the quarries immediately about the 
 Greensburg railroad station. The inquiries related to chills and 
 fever during the Spring and Summer up to the middle of July. 
 At this latter date there were only three households in which 
 the disease did not exist at the time, and one of these three had 
 had it in the Spring. The total number of cases was fifty-one. 
 
57 
 
 Dr. Lowrie very truly says : " Fifty-one cases of chills and fever 
 in a total of twenty-three families is the expression of no small 
 amount of misery." 
 
 Obviously there are no means by which the difficulty caused 
 by the overflowing and saturation of the land by the mill-dam 
 can be obviated without injury to the water-power. Therefore 
 the simplest way to overcome it is the best way. The first step 
 to be taken is to extinguish the mill right, and to remove the 
 dam entirely, giving the brook for its whole length up to and 
 through Mr. Fisk's estate a deep, clean and permanent channel. 
 It would be better even that, wherever practicable, its bed 
 should be at least four feet below the level of its immediate 
 banks ; the banks having a slope of two horizontal to one per- 
 pendicular, and being grassed. 
 
 I have been asked to give plans and estimates of the cost of 
 this work, but I find that it would be impossible to do so even 
 approximately, without a more careful survey of the ground 
 than I have been able to make. Certainly the cost need not be 
 considerable, and it can bear no comparison to the value of the 
 result to be secured. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 The Proper Treatment of Deciduous Hedges, and in partic- 
 ular of the Maclura or Osage Orange. 
 
 I. PREPARATION OF THE HEDGE ROW. 
 
 The ground should be in good condition, i. e., dry enough 
 and mellow enough to raise a good crop of corn. Spouty lands 
 should be drained ; low, wet places may be filled up by ditching, 
 on either or both sides, raising an embankment, which should 
 be fully eight feet wide; This may be done by. the plow alone, 
 or by using the scraper also, where horses can be worked, other- 
 wise the spade must be resorted to. 
 
 Have your line surveyed before preparing it; find exactly 
 where you want the hedge to stand, put a tall stake at each end, 
 and perhaps several between, if it is a long line; plow first out 
 from the row on both sides [See Fig. 1], then finish by back furrow - 
 
 FIG. 1. 
 
 ing, so as to leave the row a trifle higher than the surrounding 
 surface, to throw off standing water. Harrow and roll the ground 
 well, and set stakes in a straight line with those at the ends, every 
 five rods. Stretch a line of cotton cord, six inches to one side 
 of these stakes, for a guide in setting the plants. 
 
 II. SETTING THE PLANTS. 
 
 This should be done in the Spring. Prepare the plant for 
 setting, by thinning off all side roots, and cutting back the main 
 root to about eight inches in length. The plants may be set in 
 various ways, either by the use of the spade, dibble or trowel. 
 The plan recommended by Warder, in his " Hedges and Ever- 
 greens," as being most sure of success and most rapid, is " to stretch 
 
59 
 
 a line upon the course of the future hedge, on the mellow and 
 well-prepared soil ; then a clean spade is pressed deeply into the 
 ground, the blade being in a vertical direction and close to the 
 line ; pushing the handle from you, a crack is opened to the 
 depth of the instrument; into this the little plant is inserted 
 with the left hand, and retained in its position while the spade 
 is withdrawn, and until it is turned with its face toward the 
 operator and again inserted, at a distance of three inches from 
 the first cut, in such a direction that, when pressed home, the 
 edge shall reach the point of the first cut, near the place occu- 
 pied by the root of the plant, where it is to be drawn firmly 
 toward the operator, to fix the plant in its place. This operation 
 
 FIG. 2. SHOWING THE YOUNG PLANT SET IN THE ROW. 
 
 is rapid and very simple ; in its first introduction, the blade is to 
 be perpendicular or vertical, with its back toward you ; in the 
 second, the handle is to be upright, and the cavity of the blade 
 should be held toward the digger. The distance may be regu- 
 lated by the eye, and a little practice will give sufficient accu- 
 racy." 
 
 Avoid two serious errors, viz. : (1) Crowding the row too near 
 a fence, and (2) setting the plants too close in the row. Five 
 feet is the least distance which the row should be planted from 
 a fence, and the plants should not be set closer together than 
 twelve, and, preferably, eighteen inches. 
 
 III. CULTURE DURING THE FIRST YEAR. 
 
 For the first year or two the main object is to make good 
 roots. To that end do not trim the hedge any the first year. 
 Keep the hedge row clean by frequent cultivation, just as you 
 would a row of corn, and late in the Fall plow two rather heavy 
 furrows to the row, forming a ridge about it to protect the roots; 
 for if the tops be frozen, it is no matter, as they are to be cut 
 off the following Spring. 
 
60 
 
61 
 
 IV. CULTURE DURING THE SECOND AND SUCCEEDING YEARS. 
 
 A most important duty in the second Spring is to replace all 
 dead or sickly plants with new, strong plants, cutting off the 
 tops of the replants as they are set out. 
 
 The culture of the hedge the second season should be care- 
 fully attended to and the ground frequently stirred with the 
 plow or cultivator, followed by the hoe when necessary. The 
 following directions for trimming should be closely followed : 
 
 In the Spring of the second year, the whole of the wood is to 
 be removed, by cutting off at the ground, with the scythe or 
 mowing machine. 
 
 In June of the same year, or so soon as the multitude of 
 shoots that will have made their appearance have become suffi- 
 ciently woody to bear the knife, they are to be cut off at four 
 inches from the ground (See Fig. 3). This will reduce the hedge 
 to a low level, although the horizontal branches may spread 
 over one or two feet, or more in width. No disturbance of the 
 lateral shoots should be allowed, as they are wanted to give 
 breadth to the future hedge; and unless the bottom is provided at 
 first, it can never be afterward supplied. 
 
 The line d in the illustration shows the place for the cut to be 
 made in trimming with the scythe in the Spring of the third 
 year. The Summer pruning should be again performed in June, 
 and should follow the lines ef and e g of the illustration, for 
 now we must begin to give the hedge its proper form. The end 
 view of a properly trimmed hedge should present the appear- 
 ance of letter A. This shape secures to every leaf and twig the 
 benefit of all the sunshine, air, rain or dew, that it is possible 
 for it to receive. 
 
 Again, in August, the hedge should be trimmed, being careful 
 to preserve the pyramidal form. These trimmings need not be 
 so close as when we were forming the base. Six inches will do 
 very well. 
 
 The trimming of subsequent years should be kept up on the 
 same principle, being careful to preserve the slope of the sides 
 which will gradually become more precipitous as years go by, 
 but which must never be allowed to assume the perpendicular 
 form. \_Condensed from Warder's "Hedges and Evergreens " pub- 
 lished by the Orange Judd Company, 245 Broadway, New York. 
 
62 
 
 Sidewalks and Roadways. How to Make Them and How 
 to Take Care of Them. 
 
 I. SIDEWALKS. 
 
 No one thing has more to do with the comfort of those living 
 in the country, than sidewalks which are good at ail seasons of 
 the year. 
 
 To overcome occasional sloppiness where the difficulty is not 
 deep-seated, there is no cheaper nor hetter device than to dress 
 the surface with coal ashes. Indeed, if these are used to a suffi- 
 cient thickness, they are practically as good as concrete or the 
 best gravel. When first applied, they are dusty and unpleasant; 
 hut the first wetting lays the dust, and they soon settle to a firm 
 
 consistency and make a very pleasant walk, with the great 
 advantage of being entirely barren, and preventing the growth 
 of weeds and grass. 
 
 It is a common impression, that all thoro'ughly good foot- 
 paths must be dug out to a considerable depth, filled with loose 
 stones, and dressed at the top with some good finishing material ; 
 but this is not necessary even for the best work. The great 
 point is to secure a thorough draining of the sub-stratum, so 
 that there shall be no rising of ooze-water from below, and so 
 that the ground shall be free from such saturation as to cause 
 heaving during frost. This condition may be secured by a suit- 
 able draining of the ground immediately under the walk, and 
 by the use of a well-compacted and tightly-bound surface cov- 
 ering of such form as to shed or turn away rain water. Figure 
 1 shows the cross-section of a foot-path six feet wide, on slightly 
 sloping ground, where we have to apprehend an oozing of subsoil 
 
63 
 
 water from the land at the highest side. The center of the walk 
 is slightly crowning, say one inch higher than the sides, so 
 that rain falling upon it will flow readily toward the grass border 
 at either side. To prevent the ponding of water at the sides 
 when the ground is frozen, the surface of the walk at its edges 
 should be well above the level of the adjoining ground; but it 
 may be necessary under some circumstances to furnish, here 
 and there, a channel or surface gutter across the walk, to allow 
 the accumulation at the higher side to escape. Rarely will deep 
 gutters at the sides be necessary or desirable. We will assume 
 that the path in question is to be made over a tenacious clay 
 soil, with a considerable oozing from the hill-side, the most 
 unfavorable condition that can be found, especially in cold cli- 
 mates. The first thing to be secured is the cutting off of the 
 subsoil water from the hill. This may be done by digging a 
 trench as narrow as possible six inches will be better than 
 more, as requiring less filling material to a depth of three feet. 
 In the bottom of this drain lay a common land-tile drain, with 
 collars at the joints, if these can be procured, and, if not, with a 
 bit of paper laid over the joints to prevent the entrance of loose 
 material, and to hold the pipes in place during construction. 
 The ditch should then be filled with cinders, gravel, or coarse 
 sand. If stones are to be used, they should be broken to a 
 small size not more than one inch in diameter and the loose 
 bits should be mixed with them in the filling. Very small 
 interstices will be sufficient to allow water to pass freely through, 
 while if large stones are used, with large interstices, there will 
 be danger of a washing in of earth sufficient in time to obstruct 
 both the stone work and the tile. The smaller the tile, so long 
 as it is sufficient for its purpose, the better ; for lengths of five 
 hundred feet or less, an interior diameter of an inch and a 
 quarter will be sufficient ; from this to one thousand feet, use 
 an inch and a half bore. If possible, before exceeding this 
 length, secure an outlet for the water in the road-side gutter or 
 some other channel of exit. The tile drain, at a depth of three 
 feet, will remove all subsoil water from under the walk and all 
 that may be delivered into the loosely-filled trench at its side. 
 The loose filling of the trench should not be carried nearer than 
 within six inches of the surface of the ground, and should be 
 
64 
 
 covered with fine and well-packed earth to prevent the entrance 
 of surface water which would soon carry in silt enough to stop 
 its action. Whatever covering is adopted for the walk itself, it 
 must be of such a character as to prevent anything like a free 
 admission of surface water. Concrete will do this perfectly; 
 and either ashes, or gravel dressed at the top with ashes, if well 
 raked and rolled at the outset to a smooth surface, will soon 
 become so bound together as to shed pretty nearly all rain fall- 
 ing upon it. The difference in cost between a walk made in 
 this way, and one dug out for its whole width to a depth of two 
 feet, and filled first with stone and then with gravel and a suit- 
 able surface dressing, will be very important ; and it is safe to 
 say that the cheaper will be at least as good and durable as the 
 more expensive method. 
 
 II. KOADWAYS. 
 
 The great expense of macadamizing or telfordizing puts these 
 systems almost out of the reach of small communities. Wher- 
 ever the original expense can be borne, the subsequent cost of 
 maintenance will be so slight, and the result generally will be 
 so satisfactory, as to make it always a good investment. The 
 circumstances under which these costly forms of construction 
 may be adopted will be greatly extended if we can overcome the 
 prevalent American prejudice in favor of wide roadways. 
 
 Under most circumstances twenty feet -of roadway will be 
 ample. This will allow the moving of three vehicles side by 
 side, and will give a leeway of six feet between two vehicles 
 passing each other. 
 
 On both sides of this roadway, except for the necessary side- 
 walks, the whole space to the fences should be in well-kept grass, 
 which is the cheapest to secure, the most economical to maintain, 
 and the most agreeable to see, of all ground covering. 
 
 In considering the width to be given to roadways, it should 
 be understood that every form of road is more or less costly 
 to make and keep in order, and that the cost of both items is in 
 direct proportion to the width. If to the cost of making and 
 grading an ordinary roadway sixty feet wide, we add the capital 
 sum whose interest would be necessary to keep this width in 
 good repair, we shall have an amount that would go far toward 
 
65 
 
 the construction and maintenance of a road of the very best 
 quality only thirty feet wide. Furthermore, while it is impos- 
 sible to estimate such items exactly, and while the amount thus 
 saved cannot be controlled for the road-making account, the 
 saving in the wear and tear of vehicles, and in the team force 
 needed to move heavy loads, constitutes an important argument 
 in favor of the best construction. The amount thus saved in 
 the short streets of villages, where the principal traffic is over 
 rough country roads, would not be very great, but it would 
 enable the road authorities of the township to realize the advan- 
 tage of first-rate roads and the degree to which the narrowing 
 of the roadAvay cheapens construction. As a result, there would 
 soon be an extension of the improvement over the more import- 
 ant highways into the country, where a well-metalled width of 
 twelve feet would accommodate nearly the whole traffic, and 
 where the proper application of a cheap system of under- 
 drainage would make well-metalled roads extremely cheap to 
 maintain. 
 
 In the island of Jersey, there are many excellent roads only 
 six feet wide. These are provided with frequent little bays or 
 turn-outs to allow teams to pass each other. Although such 
 extremely narrow roads are not to be recommended, the differ- 
 ence in comfort and economy of team-power between these and 
 the average American dirt road is enormously in their favor. 
 The widest roads in Jersey, leading from a busy town of thirty 
 thousand inhabitants into a thickly-settled farming region where 
 business and pleasure travel is very active, and where " excur- 
 sion cars" carrying thirty or forty persons are constantly passing, 
 are only twenty-four feet wide; often only of this width between 
 the hedge-rows, the road itself being an excellent foot-path for 
 its whole width. Nowhere else in the world is the rural charm 
 more perfectly developed than in Jersey, and no element of its 
 great beauty is so conspicuous and so constantly satisfactory as 
 its narrow and embowered lanes and roadways. 
 
 The great enemy of all roads is excessive moisture ; and the 
 chief purpose of all methods of improvement is to get rid of this, 
 or to counteract its effect. As in the case of foot-paths, wher- 
 ever the porous character of the subsoil, and the absence of 
 higher-lying wet lands, is such that no accumulation of water 
 5 
 
66 
 
 upon or under the roadway need be feared, the greatest diffi- 
 culty is at once set aside. 
 
 Where such natural drainage is secured, no artificial under- 
 drainage will be needed. In many more instances, all that 
 will be required in the way of draining will be to lead away the 
 sources of wet-weather springs, which break through the road- 
 bed and cause deep sloughs. Where incomplete or partial artifi- 
 cial under-draining is needed, the need is absolute ; and whether 
 ~we consider the durability of the road, or the degree to which 
 its traffic is interfered with by its wet condition, we may be 
 confident that every dollar spent in well-directed under-drain- 
 ing will be invested to the very best advantage. 
 
 If the trouble is local, here and there in spots, and is obviously 
 caused by the breaking- up of springs from the road-bed, such 
 partial work may be adopted as will tap the sources of these 
 springs, and lead their water harmlessly away. Gisborne, one 
 of the best agricultural writers of England, put the case tersely 
 and well when objecting to the system of circumventing 
 springs he said " Hit him straight in the eye, is as good a maxim 
 in draining as in pugilism." It is best not- to pass up at the 
 side of a spring, and so creep around behind it to head off its 
 water ; but to drive the drain straight -through it, and far enough 
 beyond it to tap and lead away at a lower level the water which 
 causes it. These drains, as well as all others intended simply to 
 remove subsoil water, and not to cut off a weeping stream, are 
 best made with common drain-tiles laid as before directed, and 
 covered immediately with well-packed earth." Water enters an 
 under-drain, not from above, but from below ; that is to say, as 
 water, from whatever source, fills the subsoil, it rises therein 
 until it reaches the floor of the drain, when it enters and is led 
 away, just as water falling into a cask which stands on end 
 flows off at the under side of the bung-hole when it reaches its 
 level. Even if the cask be filled to the top with earth, the rain 
 falling upon it will descend perpendicularly to the bottom, and 
 will flow off at the bung only when the soil to that level has 
 become saturated. It will descend through the soil by the 
 straightest course, and will raise the general level. It will not 
 violate the laws of gravitation, and run diagonally toward the 
 point of outlet, as seems to be the general supposition when the 
 
67 
 
 perplexing question, "How does water get into the drain?" is 
 first considered. When we drive a drain through a spring and 
 into the water-bearing stratum which feeds it, we simply make 
 it easier for the water to escape by the drain than to keep on at 
 the higher level, and break out at the surface of the ground. 
 
 As in the case of the sidewalks illustrated in Figure 1, in cut- 
 ting off a continuous weeping or ooze from higher land, it is 
 best to introduce a vertical filling of porous material through 
 which the water will descend and enter the drain ; but, except- 
 ing this single instance, all that we need to do, so 
 for as subterranean work is concerned, is to fur- 
 nish an easy and sufficient channel for the removal 
 of subsoil water. 
 
 What constitutes a sufficient drain is something 
 very much less than what is generally supposed. 
 In ordinary agricultural drainage, where the lines 
 of tiles are forty feet apart, a well-laid tile an inch 
 and a quarter in diameter is sufficient for a length 
 of one thousand feet that is, it is sufficient to re- 
 move the water of filtration from an acre of land. 
 If laid with only an inclination of six inches in 
 one hundred feet, its delivery will be so rapid as 
 to amount to more than a heavy, continuous rain- 
 fall upon this area. In road drainage, the same 
 rule would hold true; but, as the soil offers a cer- 
 tain resistance to the rapid descent of water, it is 
 best to give a means of outlet at smaller inter- 
 vals ; and for the best work in roads thirty feet 
 wide or more, three drains could be used with 
 advantage. In no case, however, need the size of 
 pipes be larger than above indicated, if the form 
 of the tiles is true, and if they are. well joined 
 together at their ends. 
 
 Figure 2 shows the cross-section of a country 
 road thirty feet wide, with three lines of tile-drain 
 laid at a depth of about three feet below it. Ex- 
 cept in case of necessity, these drains should have 
 an inclination of not less than six inches in one 
 hundred feet. There is no objection to their hav- 
 
68 
 
 ing more than this wherever the lay of the land permits or 
 requires it. They mav^ often have considerably less in case of 
 need; but, the smaller the rate^of inclination, the greater the 
 care needed in securing a true grade. The water of these drains 
 should be collected into a single drain, and led away at inter- 
 vals of from five hundred to one thousand feet. It may be 
 delivered into a road-side gutter, or into a collecting under- 
 drain, according to the requirements of the situation. 
 
 The removal of excessive subsoil moisture being secured, 
 attention should next be given to the surface of the road, which 
 should be finished with the firmest material at hand with 
 the common earth of the subsoil where nothing better can be 
 afforded and which should be brought to a true grade, with 
 a very slight slope from the center to the edge. For a road 
 thirty feet wide, the elevation of the center above the level of 
 the edges should not be more than four or six inches, and the 
 grade should be made on a straight fine rather than on a curve. 
 If the road is made as flat as the turning-off of surface-water 
 will permit, it will be traveled upon in all its parts; while if 
 it is crowned to a high arch, as is often the case, it will soon be 
 found that the best place to drive is in the middle of the road, 
 and foot-tracks and wheel-tracks will soon form slight channels 
 or ruts which will lead water lengthwise along the road, and 
 which will cause an undue amount of wear and washing. A 
 road may be actually flat to the eye, and equally convenient 
 for travel at every part of its width, and stiU have enough lat- 
 eral slope to cause water to run off from it. 
 
 It is especially desirable that no surface-water flowing from 
 the road-side (above all, when frost is coming out of the ground 
 in the Spring) be permitted to run on to the road. This should 
 be effectively prevented by the formation of sufficient gutters, 
 with such outlets as will prevent ponding at the sides of the 
 road. When it is necessary to carry the water of the gutters 
 from one side of the road to the other, culverts should be pro- 
 vided; and wherever the slope of the road is sufficient to cause 
 water to flow along it lengthwise that is, wherever the inclina- 
 tion is more than about one in fifty there should be frequent 
 slight depressions from the center diagonally toward the gutters to 
 
69 
 
 carry the flow away before it can accumulate sufficiently to form 
 a washing current. 
 
 If it can be done without hauling additional material, it is 
 always well to raise the road-bed somewhat above the level of 
 the adjoining land, and this may usually be accomplished by 
 throwing upon it the subsoil of the gutters. In no case should 
 surface-soil, sods, or fine road-mud be used for repairs. The most 
 serious objection to the absurd system of road mending so common in this 
 country lies in the fact that the annual repairing is little more than 
 the ploughing up and throwing back upon the roadway of the soft and 
 unsuitable material which has been washed into the gutters. 
 
 It is easy, in the country, to have the grades of all roadways 
 so regulated as to shed rain-water falling upon them, and to 
 have them so furnished with side gutters as to prevent water 
 from the road-side from running on to them. The simplest way 
 to effect this, and the neatest way, too, is to make gutters outside 
 of the line of the road, say six inches deep and eight feet wide, 
 these being at once sodded or sown with grass and grain to give 
 an early protection against washing ; made on such a shallow 
 curve, they will afford no obstruction to any system of mowing 
 that may be adopted, while their great width will give them 
 sufficient capacity to carry away the water of considerable storms. 
 
 The work of construction having been duly attended to, it is no 
 less important to provide for regular and constant care. Any 
 rutting that comes of heavy traffic in bad weather should be 
 obliterated either by raking, or, better still, by filling the ruts 
 with gravel or ashes. If such work is attended to immediately on 
 the occasion for it arising, the amount of labor required will be very 
 slight; for it is especially true with reference to roads, that " a stitch in 
 time saves nine." If the filling of ruts and wheel-tracks be done 
 in time, the serious damage that comes from guttering flows of 
 water lengthwise along the road may be almost entirely avoided. 
 [Extracts, with permission, from Waring's " Village Improvements 
 and Farm Villages" published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston, 
 Mass. See, also, Gillespie's Roads and Railroads. 
 
70 
 
 Lawns Best Mixtures of Grass Seeds. 
 
 Charles L. Flint, in nis book entitled " Grasses and Forage 
 Plants," recommends the following mixtures : 
 
 He says : " If the object be to make a permanent lawn, as is 
 frequently desirable, around or in sight of the farm-house, some- 
 thing like the following mixture will generally be found to give 
 satisfactory results : 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Meadow Foxtail 2 
 
 Sweet-scented Vernal Grasses 1 
 
 Redtop 2 
 
 Hard Fescue 3 
 
 Sheep's Fescue ..... 1 
 
 Meadow Fescue 4 
 
 Red Fescue , 2 
 
 Italian Rye Grass 3 
 
 Perennial Rye Grass 6 
 
 Timothy 3 
 
 June Grass 4 
 
 Rough-stalked Meadow Grass 2 
 
 Yellow Oat Grass 1 
 
 Perennial Clover 2 
 
 Red Clover 2 
 
 WhiteClover 6 
 
 Total 44 
 
 This mixture will resist the effects of our severe droughts 
 better than those commonly used for lawns. If anything is 
 omitted from it, the red and perennial clovers, the yellow oat 
 grass, and a part of the rye grass could best be spared. Red 
 clover, like other coarse and large-leaved plants, rather mars 
 the beauty of fine lawns ; though, as it disappears mostly after 
 the second year, it may be of service in protecting the finer 
 grasses. Lawns kept frequently mown are of most use as fur- 
 nishing food for calves and sheep, and are less adapted to sup- 
 ply the wants of larger animals. 
 
 Another mixture for lawns and pleasure grounds, which are 
 to be often mown or kept short, is recommended by Parnell, as 
 follows : 
 
71 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Crested Dog's-tail 11 
 
 Yellow Oat Grass 8 
 
 Hard Fescue 5 
 
 Wood Meadow 4 
 
 June Grass 2 
 
 Rough-stalked Meadow 2 
 
 Redtop 4 
 
 Whitetop 4 
 
 Total 40 
 
 Lawns furnished with suitable grasses become much finer 
 and more velvety, from frequent mowing, than they otherwise 
 would be. The Lawson's mixture, for lawns frequently mown, 
 consists mainly of the same species, but in different proportions. 
 It is as follows : 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Crested Dog's-tail 10 
 
 Hard Fescue 4 
 
 Slender Fescue , 2 
 
 Perennial Rye Grass 10 
 
 Wood Meadow Grass , 2 
 
 Rough-stalked Meadow 1 
 
 Yellow Oat Grass , 1 
 
 June Grass 8 
 
 White Clover 8 
 
 Total 46 
 
 A mixture for permanent lawn pastures, or pastures lying in 
 the vicinity of dwellings or public highways, where the owner 
 has some regard to fineness and beauty of herbage, should, I 
 think, be composed of a still larger number of species. 
 
 The following is suggested as most likely to secure the end 
 desired : 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Meadow Foxtail 3 
 
 Sweet-scented Vernal 2 
 
 Orchard Grass 3 
 
 Hard Fescue , 2 
 
 Sheep's Fescue 2 
 
 Meadow Fescue 2 
 
72 
 
 POUNDS. 
 
 Italian Rye Grass 3 
 
 Perennial Rye Grass 4 
 
 Timothy 3 
 
 Redtop 3 
 
 June Grass 4 
 
 Rough-stalked Meadow 3 
 
 Yellow Oat Grass 1 
 
 Red Clover 2 
 
 Perennial Red Clover 2 
 
 White Clover 4 
 
 Total 43 
 
 In all such mixtures the early Spring and the late Autumn 
 growth, as well as the general luxuriance of the Summer herb- 
 age, are to be regarded. Grasses, therefore, which are charac- 
 terized by their early and late growth, become of great value 
 and importance in the mixture, even though their nutritive 
 qualities are slight, and though they may be comparatively 
 valueless as field grasses to be mown for hay." 
 
 Factory Adornment. 
 
 An important work of rural improvement in many towns, 
 would be the betterment of the surroundings of their factories. 
 Too frequently these grounds are disfigured with rubbish, and 
 made unsightly by neglect. Keep a man in a pig-sty, and he 
 would become swinish in his habits, but reverse these condi- 
 tions, and you reverse the results. The influence of flowers, 
 shrubbery, or neat and cultivated grounds, upon operatives, in 
 refining their taste and promoting their happiness, I contend is 
 too often ignored. There is, however, a goodly number of our 
 most successful manufacturers, who show their, interest in their 
 hands by making their factory buildings and tenement-houses 
 inviting, comfortable and healthful, and adorning the surround- 
 ing grounds. 
 
73 
 
 The two model manufacturing villages of America, and, so far 
 as I have been able to observe, of the world the Cheney Silk 
 Factory, in South Manchester, Connecticut, and the Fairbanks 
 Scale Works, in St. Johnsbury, Vermont happily illustrate the 
 desirableness and results of better provisions for the taste and 
 comfort of operatives. I do not assume that all factories can 
 fully adopt the high standard of these remarkable establish- 
 ments, which are exceptional in their opportunities. There are 
 serious embarrassments in large manufacturing towns, especially 
 where the factories are controlled by non-resident owners, more 
 anxious for dividends than for the comfort and improvement of 
 their workmen. 
 
 In the factories above named, there has evidently been mutual 
 sympathy and interest between employers and employed. The 
 senior Governor Fairbanks used to say to his men, " You should 
 always come to me as to a father." He maintained relations 
 of kindness with them, visiting the sick, helping the needy, 
 counseling the erring, encouraging their thrift and enjoining 
 habits of economy. He taught them that it was their interest 
 and duty "to lay up something every month." He was a con- 
 spicuous example at once of strict economy and princely liber- 
 ality. The fact that so many of the workmen here are " fore- 
 handed," besides owning their homesteads, is due to his teaching 
 and example. The worth and dignity of work he illustrated in 
 theory and practice. His sons worked in the shop and thor- 
 oughly learned the trade. Of course there is here the happiest 
 conciliation between labor and capital. It is not strange that 
 the workmen "hold on." Many have worked in this factory 
 from twenty to forty years. The liberal provisions for the educa- 
 tion, improvement, happiness and prosperity of the hands, 
 explain the absence of discontent, and the uniform good feeling 
 and harmony which prevail. How to harmonize labor and cap- 
 ital, is now one of the great questions of the age. Many mil- 
 lions of money have been lately lost in this country and in Eng- 
 land, by needless antagonisms between those who should be 
 partners. 
 
 B. G. NORTHROP. 
 
fl A 
 
 74 
 
 The Lenox System of Sewage, as described by Col. Waring-, 
 in his "Village Improvements." 
 
 " The third system the distribution of sewage through irri- 
 gation pipes laid at the depth of ten or twelve inches below the 
 surface of the ground has its efficiency attested by numerous 
 instances in private grounds. I have adopted this system for 
 disposing of the sewage of the village of Lenox, Mass., where 
 there was no other means available short of cutting an outlet, 
 at great expense, through a considerable elevation. This method 
 is an extremely simple one, and is available in every instance 
 where even a small area of land lying slightly below the level 
 of the outlet is to be commanded. The arrangement of the sub- 
 irrigation pipes is easily made: Suppose that in land having an 
 inclination of about one in two hundred, occupied by grass or 
 other growth, a trench be dug twelve inches deep, that there be 
 laid upon the bottom of this trench a narrow strip of plank to 
 insure a uniform grade, and that upon this plank is laid a line 
 of common agricultural land-drain tiles, say two inches in diam- 
 eter. However carefully these tiles may be placed, there will 
 be at their joints a sufficient space for the leaking out of any 
 liquid they may contain; the tiles being laid either with collars 
 around the joints, or with bits of paper laid over them, to pre- 
 vent the rattling in of loose earth during the filling. The exca- 
 vated earth is to be returned to its place, well compacted, and 
 covered with its sod. Suppose this drain to have a cross-section 
 equal to three square inches, and a length of <yne hundred feet, 
 its capacity will equal about sixteen gallons, or a half-barrel. 
 If this amount of liquid be rapidly discharged into the drain, 
 the inclination being slight, it will at once be filled or nearly 
 filled for its whole length, and the liquid will leak away in tol- 
 erably uniform proportion at every joint along the line, and will 
 saturate the surrounding earth. The plan adopted at Lenox, and 
 recommended for all small villages which cannot secure a better 
 outlet, is simply a multiplication of these drains to a sufficient 
 extent. 
 
 A description of the manner in which the Lenox work is 
 arranged will illustrate the adaptation of the system to its cir- 
 cumstances. As circumstances vary, the adaptation must be 
 modified. (See Diagram.) 
 
75 
 
76 
 
 The main outlet sewer delivers at a distance of about one-half 
 mile from the last junction with a branch sewer. It is a six- 
 inch pipe five feet below the surface of the ground, and it 
 delivers into a flush-tank like that shown on page 51, but having 
 a capacity of about five hundred cubic feet. This tank stands 
 at the upper side of a field having an inclination of seven in one 
 hundred. There is a branch from the main sewer, above the 
 tank, supplied with a stop-cock, by which, in case of need, the 
 sewage may be carried on down the hill without going into the 
 tank. The outlet from the chamber below the siphon leads off 
 in another direction down the hill, and has a stop-cock and a 
 branch which will allow its flow to be diverted. The discharge 
 of this diverted stream and the discharge through the branch of 
 the main above the tank, both deliver into a horizontal surface 
 gutter to be well grassed, and lying at the top of the land to be 
 irrigated. By this arrangement, should repairs become neces- 
 sary in the tank, the flow may be turned into the gutter; or, 
 should it be desired for any reason to use the outflow of the 
 tank for surface irrigation, the second branch outlet will deliver 
 it into the same gutter, where, the outflow being uniform along 
 the whole length of five hundred feet, the stream will pass in a 
 thin sheet off on the descending ground. The hill-side imme- 
 diately below the gutter, is brought to a true grade and covered 
 with grass. As its inclination is much greater than would be 
 admissible for sub-irrigation drains, these are laid obliquely in 
 parallel lines at intervals of six feet from one end to the other 
 over the whole graded slope. These drains "are connected at 
 their upper ends with the direct outlet-pipe leading from the 
 siphon chamber. They have an aggregate length of about ten 
 thousand feet. The method of operation is as follows: 
 
 The capacity of the tank is supposed to equal about two days' 
 discharge, or about thirty-five hundred gallons ; and the whole 
 capacity of the drains is about half that of the tank, so that the 
 rapid emptying of the whole volume into them will insure their 
 being pretty thoroughly filled from end to end. This arrange- 
 ment will provide for the saturation of the soil about once in 
 two days, and will leave a sufficient interval between the periods 
 of saturation for the thorough dispersal and aeration of the filth. 
 
 The extent to which this system will be interfered with by frost, 
 it is impossible to say. This will probably be less than would 
 
77 
 
 be supposed, for the reason that the ground would often be 
 covered with snow, and that the sewage will have sufficient 
 warmth to exert considerable thawing influence. Whenever 
 the discharge of the liquid through irrigation pipes is shown to 
 have become obstructed by freezing, it will only be necessary to 
 divert the flow, and turn it into the surface gutter to be distrib- 
 uted over the ground. 
 
 It is possible that in this case, as in the one which has been 
 under my observation for six years past, there will be no inter- 
 ruption of the working because of cold ; but, should the inter- 
 ruption become serious, I shall propose the planting of ever- 
 green trees in parallel rows midway between the drains. The 
 protection that would thus be afforded, both by the trees and 
 by the drifting snow which they would gather, would probably 
 keep the ground free throughout the Winter. Incidentally to 
 the chief advantage of this system, there will be, so long as the 
 land is in grass, quite an addition to its product." 
 
 For further information, see Col. Waring^s Report, in the preceding 
 pages. 
 
 Drainage for Health. 
 
 Col. Waring discusses fully the subject of the disposal of 
 house wastes and protection of wells. The object of this note 
 is to impress a not less important point, viz., the duty of secur- 
 ing such subsoil drainage as will insure dryness of the site of 
 foundation walls and of the cellar. 
 
 Lord Bacon has said : " He who builds a fair house upon an 
 ill seat, committeth himself to prison." 
 
 As a rule, the dry soils, sand and gravel, are the healthiest. 
 Coarse gravel is also the safest soil to build upon, as it is almost 
 incompressible and makes a firm foundation. 
 
 While typhoid fever and diphtheria are conceded to be. gen- 
 erated and their virulence increased by impure air and water, 
 two other prevalent scourges, consumption and fever and ague, are 
 caused by the influence of stagnant water and excessive wetness 
 of the soil ; and they may be much alleviated by the simple 
 
78 
 
 removal of the drainage water, through exactly the same pro- 
 cess that is employed in farm drainage. 
 We will consider first the mode to be adopted to secure 
 
 DRYNESS OF SITE. 
 
 As our space is limited, we must ask the reader to be content, 
 on many points, with simple rules and directions, without dis- 
 cussion of reasons. 
 
 To drain a tract, large or small, find an outlet low enough to 
 give the necessary fall one foot in one hundred is sufficient, 
 and drains will work well with but one-quarter of that fall. If 
 the fall is slight, the greater care will be necessary in laying out 
 and performing the work. 
 
 The work should be all laid out before breaking ground. 
 Usually a single main drain should run through the lowest part 
 of the tract, and it is not important that the main should be 
 straight as to line, but there must be no inequality in the grade. 
 Having laid out the main, lay side drains running into it, hav- 
 ing in view two principles : First, to run each drain up and 
 down the slope of the land, rather than across; and, second, to 
 have them parallel to each other. Like most principles, we 
 shall be compelled often to compromise them. The depth 
 should be four feet or more, and the distance apart, with this 
 
 depth, may be from thirty to fifty 
 feet. 
 
 To open them, begin at the outlet, 
 so that the water 'may run off as the 
 work proceeds, and with a common 
 spade and pick, cut a trench by a 
 line, eighteen inches wide at the sur- 
 face, narrowing to four inches, or the 
 width of a laborer's boot, at the bot- 
 tom. To finish the bottom, a spade 
 four inches wide is necessary, and 
 may be made by getting a black- 
 smith to cut down a common long- 
 handled shovel to that width, no 
 wider at the heel than the point. Common drain tiles are 
 recommended, and the directions given are specially adapted to 
 their use. 
 
 FIG. 1. PROPER SHAPE FOR A 
 TRENCH. 
 
79 
 
 The drains being thus opened, we begin to lay the tiles at the 
 upper end. Lay the first tile (usually of two-inch size) with a 
 brick or flat stone over the upper end, to close it entirely, and 
 the next end to end with it, and so on to the main, keeping 
 always an inclination, however slight, for if any depression is 
 made, the silt will lodge in it and obstruct the work. 
 
 Here let this idea be fully impressed : In this system of 
 drainage no water is to be anywhere admitted except by perco- 
 lation through the soil. There is to be no opening to the sur- 
 face, or into any ditch, or to receive sink-water, or anything but 
 clear water creeping underground. 
 
 But how does the water get in? Chiefly at the joints, which 
 are as close as two rough bricks laid end to end would be. 
 Nothing short of cementing the joints can keep the water out. 
 The great difficulty is to keep out silt or fine sand. 
 
 Having laid two or three tiles on the bare earth, if hard (and 
 on pieces of laths or other thin wood, if soft), cover each joint 
 half or more round the tiles with a piece of tarred paper as large 
 as a common letter envelope, and, holding the whole firmly, 
 place soil or gravel over it and on both sides of the tiles, press- 
 ing it enough to keep them in place. However tempted to do 
 so, put no stones nor straw nor shavings into the drain. Cover 
 and fill up with anything at hand except soft clay, fine sand or 
 sods, which should not be placed in contact with the tiles. 
 
 When we approach the junction of the minor drain with the 
 main, a curve should be made, so as not to bring in the side 
 stream at right angles. Branch tiles may be found made for 
 the purpose of junction, and these are much better than any 
 home contrivances. The last few feet of the main should be of 
 vitrified pipe, with cemented joints. 
 
 Having thus connected the drains in one system with only 
 one outlet, this should be so secured by a wire grating that no 
 frog or other creeping thing can explore it, and it should be 
 built up solid with stone, so as to be permanent, and should 
 have a clean fall of a few inches upon a flat stone, that it may 
 not be obstructed by back-water and mud. 
 
 The above instructions, if followed, will insure a dry site, 
 but in the case of particularly springy ground, or where a house 
 is situated on a side hill, it may be well to drain the cellar itself. 
 
80 
 
 This may be done by digging a trench as above directed, in the 
 cellar, as close to the wall as it can safely be dug, and to a 
 depth six inches below the bottom of the foundation. The bot- 
 tom of this trench should have a slight but regular fall toward 
 the point where the pipe can most conveniently be carried 
 under the foundation to an outlet built as above directed, and 
 
 FIG. 2. OUTLET. 
 
 the last few feet will be best constructed of vitrified pipe, with 
 tightly cemented joints, in order to make a lasting job. 
 
 Under no circumstances should these pipes be connected with 
 the sewer pipes or cesspools. ;'? 
 
 By this simple method damp walls and cellars may be 
 entirely cured at a small expense for material and about a 
 day's labor of a couple of careful men. 
 
 The directions given above for laying the pipes and filling 
 the trench should be exactly followed. 
 
 It has been scientifically demonstrated that damp sites, and 
 particularly damp cellars aggravate and to a large extent pro- 
 duce consumption and malarial disorders. It is a fact that 
 where the drainage of building sites and of cellars has been 
 attended to, deaths from consumption have fallen off fifty per 
 cent. 
 
 Which are of greater value , the few dollars it will cost to 
 
81 
 
 make our homes healthy, or the life and health of our wives 
 and little ones? 
 
 Which will cost less, to spend a few dollars in prevention, or 
 many dollars in the cure or attempt to cure disease? 
 
 [Condensed from the Fourth Annual Report of the State Board of 
 Health of Massachusetts. 
 
 Filtering- Cisterns. 
 
 As there may be some of our members who propose con- 
 structing cisterns for retaining their supply of drinking water, 
 the following description and illustration from " The Sanitary 
 Engineer " for November 1st, 1880, are given : 
 
 "The best material for rain water cisterns is brick, laid in 
 hydraulic cement and plastered inside. No lime should be 
 used for the plastering, but a mortar made of equal parts of 
 cement and good, clean, sharp sand. This is rarely found clean 
 enough to be used without first washing it. After the plaster- 
 ing is hard, it should be washed twice with a grout of cement 
 and water,without sand, applied with a white-wash brush. If 
 the ground is firm, and stands plumb without caving in, one 
 layer of brick laid directly against the side of the pit is enough. 
 In this case the form of the pit should be carefully trimmed to 
 a true circle, and the walls trimmed plumb. Then the brick 
 work can be laid directly against it, filling all small cavities 
 between the brick and ground with cement, and not with earth. 
 If the ground is not firm enough to stand in this way, a thicker 
 wall will be needed, say eight inches. The earth that is filled 
 around it should be puddled in with plenty of water, to ensure 
 a solid packing. Ramming the earth without puddling is not 
 so good, and will not be likely to prevent the cistern from burst- 
 ing when first filled with water. A very small crack will spoil 
 it. The floor can be laid after the walls are plastered, so as to 
 avoid stepping on it much after laying it. The floor should be 
 dished like a saucer, to facilitate cleaning out. 
 6 
 
82 
 
 " For filtering, build a partition in the cistern by which any 
 portion, say one-fourth, of its contents can be separated from 
 the remainder. Insert the suction pipe or pump within this 
 chamber, and allow the inlets to discharge outside of it in the 
 larger part of the cistern. If the partition is built of one thick- 
 
 ness of soft, porous brick 5 the water will soak through it ; but 
 this brick partition should be domed over against the side walls 
 to prevent any pollution of the filtered water by dust or spat- 
 terings from above. If the water is quite foul, the pores of the 
 bricks will be choked in time, and refuse to pass more water. 
 In that case the partition must be renewed, or holes made near 
 the bottom, in which sponges, broken charcoal or sand can be 
 placed to do the work ; and these can be renewed when found 
 necessary. 
 
 " If gravel and charcoal are used, they are deposited in layers, 
 charcoal at bottom, and a few inches of gravel on top, each side 
 the filtering wall at A A [see cut], and confined by dwarf walls 
 on each side. Holes are left in the base of the filtering wall by 
 omitting alternate bricks in the bottom course. The water is 
 then filtered by passing down through one bed of charcoal and 
 up through the other. The gravel is chiefly useful to put on 
 top of the charcoal to protect it from wash. 
 
 "This charcoal will need frequent renewal if there is much 
 solid matter in the water. Hence two cisterns are convenient." 
 
83 
 
 Two other illustrations are given, showing a somewhat differ- 
 ent construction. These are taken from "Wood's Household 
 
 Practice," a valuable work on hygiene. They explain them- 
 selves sufficiently without need of description. 
 
 Heating and Ventilation. 
 
 The object of this note is to explain in a simple way how we 
 may keep our houses comfortably warm in Winter, and yet not 
 compel ourselves to breathe over and over again air which has 
 become dirty and foul from washing out our lungs and contact 
 with our bodies. 
 
 Col. Waring has entered a plea for " a pure soil " and " pure 
 water;" now, pray heed Hippocrates once more, and be sure 
 you have an ample supply of pure, life-giving air in your 
 dwellings. 
 
 Dr. Hamilton Osgood, in his admirable little book on " Win- 
 ter and its Dangers," says : " Human beings, as well as fish, live, 
 move and have their being in a fluid. That in which we find 
 fish is visible, and its slightest impurity noticeable. Not so the 
 fluid in which we live. It is invisible, and, in a general sense, 
 
84 
 
 so are its impurities. Eyes being of no use here, the sense of 
 smell, if properly regarded, will be our protector. When the 
 air of our rooms is foul, when drains are imperfect, when any 
 impure thing taints the atmosphere, the sense of smell gives us 
 warnings which should be religiously regarded and never neg- 
 lected. 
 
 " The air in which we live, and which we inhale, is composed, 
 when normally pure, of eighty parts nitrogen, about twenty 
 parts of oxygen, and a small quantity of carbonic acid, say 
 about four-hundredths of one per cent. When absolutely pure, 
 the air, of course, is absolutely free from this poisonous element. 
 Our health depends upon keeping up the twenty per cent, of 
 oxygen and keeping down the carbonic acid to its lowest possi- 
 ble minimum. An increase of this gas to five or ten per cent, 
 would be fatal to life. 
 
 "When the blood leaves the lungs, it is in the condition called 
 arterial that is, it has been purified by the air, or aerified. 
 And the name artery originated in the fact that, until the time 
 of Galen, in the second century of our era, the blood-vessels 
 leading from the lungs and heart were supposed to convey air 
 directly from the windpipe, and air only, because after death 
 they are always found empty. It was thought that the veins, 
 the vessels which bring the blood back to the heart and lungs, 
 were the only channels of the blood, for after death they were 
 always found full. 
 
 "The blood carries myriads of small bodies. called blood-cor- 
 puscles, which, with the exception of a few white ones, existing 
 in the proportion of about four to one thousand of the red, have 
 a color which is bright red when the blood is pure or arterial, 
 purplish or dark crimson when the blood is impure or venus. 
 These bodies have aptly been compared to boats. When the 
 blood leaves the lungs, these boats carry a mixed cargo, an 
 important portion of which is oxygen. This they discharge as 
 they pass through the canals of the body, some stopping here, 
 some there ; but they always exchange it for an equal load of 
 carbonic acid. This carbonic acid changes the color of these 
 dainty boats from dark to bright red. When they reach the 
 lungs again, they expect to find a new cargo of oxygen, and 
 likewise to become purified and restored to their original 
 
85 
 
 brightness. Consequently, when the air inhaled by the lungs 
 is once in the air-cells, which cluster about the finer bronchial 
 tubes like grapes upon their stems, the pure air finds a quantity 
 of carbonic acid which has been brought by the boats that have 
 just arrived from the rivers and canals of the body. 
 
 " By a wonderful process of which gases are capable, the car- 
 bonic acid from the boats and the oxygen from the inspired air 
 both pass through two exquisitely delicate walls which separate 
 the blood in the vessels from the air in the air-cells of the lungs, 
 and exchange places the air in the lungs take the carbonic 
 acid from the impure blood, and becoming itself impure; the 
 blood-corpuscles, or the boats, taking the oxygen from the pure 
 air (if only it be pure), and thus becoming purified. Where this 
 latter takes place, the air-cells lie in a perfect mesh of the most 
 delicate vessels conceivable. The walls of each are so exceed- 
 ingly thin that the transfusion or passage through them of the 
 two gases is made possible. But for this delicacy of construction? 
 the exchange could not take place. The freshly-laden boats now 
 start on a new trip, their places being instantly taken by others. 
 The impure air is exhaled, and the new inspiration sends fresh 
 air to the air-cells and the waiting boats. And so this wonder- 
 ful process of exchange goes on day and night, whether we are. 
 sleeping or waking." /> 
 
 " It is undoubted," says the same author, " that affections of 
 the lungs, notably consumption, find their origin in inhaled air 
 which is laden with organic vapors and particles arising from 
 the human body." He also attributes bronchial aifections, 
 " colds," lassitude, head-aches and general dibility largely to 
 the breathing of impure air. 
 
 " Think, too," he continues " of the air of church, theater 
 and crowded parlor. Go into such from the fresh air an hour 
 after the company has assembled. How heavy the air with 
 personal effluvia and rebreathed breath. Pah ! these delicate 
 women have no thought of what they are doing. Offer such an 
 one a cup of ditch water ; would she drink it ? Would she 
 drink it if it contained even a speck ? No. And yet think of 
 it: in unventilated rooms and crowded assemblies, we inhale 
 dirty air air which has washed out other lungs than ours, some 
 of them probably in a state of disease ! Such air contains per- 
 
86 
 
 sonal impurities, particles from the lungs, uncleanly odors. 
 Such air drawn into sensitive lungs lungs which are only 
 waiting to spring into inflamed conditions creates disease." 
 * * * * Q O( J gi ves us p ure a i rt i s it not a sin and a shame 
 that we do not keep it pure? Think, too, of the sick, of the 
 delicate, of the children who are confined to the house. They 
 are mainly helpless. For their pure air they are dependent 
 upon the foresight of others, and it is just as cruel to keep it 
 from them as it would be to deny them food, and almost as dan- 
 gerous. Their lives depend upon it. They die for want of it" 
 
 One other quotation, and then we are done : " It is a very 
 common belief that night air is unhealthful ; but, as Florence 
 Nightingale sensibly remarks, ' we must breathe night air at 
 night;' and she might have added: if pure night air is shut 
 out, then we breathe foul night air." * * * * " Statistics show 
 that where war has slain its thousands, bad night air has slain 
 its tens of thousands ; then do not fear, but welcome the pure 
 air of night." 
 
 " Better is it," says a wise writer, " to spend money on a sup- 
 ply of pure air than on carven work and orations." 
 
 How to obtain this supply of pure air in the Winter months, 
 without producing draughts and without causing an undue 
 waste of fuel, I now propose to state in a few plain words. 
 Those who desire to study the subject more fully, I refer to the 
 series of articles on the subject in " The Sanitary Engineer," by 
 Dr. John S. Billings, U. S. A. 
 
 Most country-houses and to those, these rem'arks are intended 
 more particularly to apply are provided with ample fire-places. 
 Let the first step taken be to open these, substituting for the 
 tight fire-board either such screens as are used in windows in 
 the Summer time ; or, better yet, let the andirons be polished 
 and placed on the hearth as in " ye olden time." You now 
 have provided a means of escape for the foul air which is con- 
 stantly entering the room from lungs and lamps and emanations 
 from your bodies. 
 
 Now, it is necessary to replace this bad air which you have 
 sent up the chimney, with " good, pure country air." This may 
 be done, of course, by opening windows or doors, but we all 
 know that in the cold Winter time this would be, to say the 
 
87 
 
 least, very uncomfortable. The cheapest and simplest way to 
 introduce pure air without causing draughts, is to provide sev- 
 eral strips of wood one-third of an inch thick, of various widths, 
 from two to six inches, and long enough to fit the window-frame 
 under the lower sash. The latter is then raised, and the strip 
 inserted under it, thus closing the aperture. There will, in this 
 way, be left between the upper and lower sash a space where 
 air can enter, which may vary in size with the weather, accord- 
 ing to the thickness of the strip used. The air coming through 
 this space is deflected toward the ceiling by the lower sash, and 
 thus enters the room without any danger of causing a draught 
 or otherwise annoying the occupants. [Fig, 1.] 
 
 \ 
 
 FTG. 1. 
 
 The method just described will be useful at all seasons, when 
 it is necessary to keep windows and doors closed, especially in 
 stormy weather in Spring, Summer and Fall, and in the cool, 
 Fall evenings before the fire is started. 
 
 The following suggestions from an article by Rev. Daniel C. 
 Jacokes, in " Carpentry and Building," for November, 1880, are 
 admirably adapted for houses mostly heated by stoves and not 
 provided with open fire-places : 
 
 " During cold weather, ventilation should be produced by the 
 aid of heat. The following rules should be carefully observed 
 in heating and ventilating : 
 
88 
 
 " 1. Conduct, in some convenient manner, out-door air against 
 a heated surface. 
 
 " 2. Conduct the in-door air from the floor into a heated flue. 
 In this manner a complete circulation of air may be had, and 
 an abundant supply of pure warm air may be secured ; pro- 
 
 FIG. 2. 
 
 vided, first, that the ducts be sufficiently large; and, second, 
 that the dust in the air be not burned by a red-hot surface. If 
 these rules are observed, the heating and ventilating will be 
 very economical and satisfactory. Most of the buildings, pub- 
 
89 
 
 lie and private, for human use are constructed without any 
 reference to ventilation; indeed, most of them seem to have 
 been planned to prevent the possibility of either the light of 
 the sun or the pure air of heaven entering them. There is, con- 
 sequently, much difficulty in properly heating or ventilating 
 them. Those who prefer health to the sight of the changes 
 necessary in each case to secure such an end, must not object 
 to see an additional pipe to convey foul air out of the room, and, 
 also, a pipe to convey the pure outdoor air into it. 
 
 " There are many buildings heated by a furnace. In these 
 the pure outdoor air is properly heated ; but where there is no 
 preparation for ventilation, this may be secured in the same 
 manner as when heated by a stove. 
 
 " The great majority of houses are heated by stoves. The out- 
 door air in such cases must be conducted to the surface of the 
 stove, as illustrated by the following diagrams. These stoves 
 have various shapes ; whatever they may be, the principles will 
 here be explained, so that any person may modify the method 
 so as to secure the result desired. Fig. 2 shows how a sheet-iron 
 jacket may be fitted to the back of a stove for heating the out- 
 door air brought within the jacket against the stove. The jacket 
 is seen at the top of the stove, and is represented by the line 
 marked D. The jacket should never be more than 4? inches 
 from the back of the stove, and. should always be closed at the 
 bottom, so that the air in the room will never be reheated and 
 breathed over and over again. This should be remembered, 
 whatever kind or form of jacket is used. 
 
 " Fig. 3 illustrates the manner of conducting the outdoor air to 
 the stove within the jacket for heating. 
 
 "A wood stove may be jacketed in the same manner as a coal 
 stove. In this case the jacket may be fitted to the sides of the 
 stove very nicely, covering the back of the stove in the same 
 manner as the coal stove, so that the sheet-iron jacket will be 
 at an average distance of 4? inches from the back; never more 
 than this. 
 
 "Outdoor air may" also be heated by conducting it within a 
 jacket around the stove-pipe of a wood or coal stove, as shown 
 in section in Fig. 4. 
 
 " In school-houses, where box stoves are mostly used, a sheet- 
 
90 
 
 iron jacket may inclose the stove excepting the front, which 
 should be left open for the escape of the heated air. The space 
 between the stove and jacket should be 4 inches not more on 
 the sides and top ; on the back the jacket may be as wide as the 
 hole in the floor 6 inches. An opening should be made 
 through the floor at the back end of the stove near the jacket, 
 6 by 16 inches, if the jacket is wide enough to cover it. A pipe, 
 
 FIG. 3. 
 
 the shape of the hole, should be fitted so as to reach a little 
 above the bottom of the stove, that the air may reach the heated 
 surface at once. Fig. 3 snows this arrangement. 
 
 "Ventilation, according to rule second, should always convey 
 the indoor air from the floor into a heated flue. If the chimney 
 is properly constructed, this may be done with little expense or 
 trouble. Usually, however, this is not the case. The general 
 rule is to build chimneys very small mostly 4 by 12 or 16 
 
91 
 
 
 
 inches on the inside. This narrow space will soon be more or 
 less filled with soot. In such cases ventilation will be difficult, 
 if not impossible. If the chimney has been constructed with 
 an apartment for ventilation, it will be sufficient to make an 
 opening into it at the floor that is, the bottom of the opening 
 
 FIG. 4. 
 
 must in all cases be exactly even with the top of the floor, 
 otherwise the ventilation will be imperfect ; this will give good 
 ventilation. All chimneys should be constructed with an apart- 
 ment for each story, as shown in Fig, 5, and should be plastered 
 smooth ; the partition should be made of brick, and built single 
 
92 
 
 width, so that it will be four inches thick. This wall will be 
 constantly heated to keep a continual draft in the ventilating 
 flue. 
 
 " If a chimney is sufficiently large, a 7 or 8-inch stove-pipe 
 or larger, if possible may be let down inside of the chimney 
 and turned into the room at the floor by an elbow ; this will 
 make an efficient ventilator. If there is not sufficient room, or 
 if for any other cause, as a crooked chimney, this cannot be 
 done, ventilation may be effected as illustrated in Fig. 6. Take 
 a pipe one inch smaller in diameter than the supply pipe which 
 is to conduct the outdoor air to the stove, and carry it into the 
 chimney if possible, below the entrance of the smoke-pipe. 
 This plan can be adopted more frequently and at less cost than 
 any other, as chimneys are generally constructed. 
 
 FIG. 5. CONSTRUCTION OP CHIMNEY FOR BOTH SMOKE AND VENTILATION. 
 D, SMOKE FLUE. A, VENTILATION FLUE FOR FIRST STORY. B, VENTILA- 
 TION FLUE FOR SECOND STORY. C, VENTILATION FLUE*FOR THIRD STORY. 
 
 " In many houses the chimney is so constructed or situated 
 that the ventilation would not be equal to the work required. 
 Such an instance would be when the chimney is short, the bot- 
 tom being near the ceiling in the upper story, with a stove in 
 each story connected with it. In such cases ventilation would 
 be hardly possible. To remedy this the following plan may be 
 adopted : The stove-pipe in the second story may be surrounded 
 by a much larger pipe ; a 6-inch pipe may be surrounded by a 
 10-inch pipe; a 7-inch by a 12-inch jacket pipe, and the ventil- 
 ator may be connected with this surrounding jacket. The stove- 
 pipe and the jacket are both to be carried into the chimney as 
 
93 
 
 one pipe ; the stove-pipe within will so heat the surrounding air 
 that a strong ventilation will be the result. The ventilator 
 should enter the jacket at or near its bottom, as seen in Fig. 7. 
 
 " This plan, as well as the others recommended, will secure 
 good heating and ventilation at a very moderate cost. I have 
 
 FIG. 6. A METHOD OF VENTILATION WHERE PROPER FLUES HAVE NOT BEEN , 
 PROVIDED. S, STOVE PIPE. V, VENTILATOR PIPE, 6 INCHES DIAMETER, 
 AND OPEN NEAR FLOOR. B, SUPPLY OF OUTDOOR AIR. P, SUPPLY PIPE 
 
 (OVAL IN SECTIONS). J, JACKET OF STOVE. 
 
FIG. 7. METHOD OF VENTILATION WHERE FLUE OPENING IS IN SECOND 
 STORY. B, SUPPLY OF OUTSIDE AIR. V, VENTILATING PIPE. S, STOVE 
 PIPE. J, JACKET TO STOVE. D, DRUM, LOCATED IN SECOND STORY. X, 
 JACKET TO STOVE-PIPE, BY WHICH THE AIR WITHDRAWN FROM LOWER 
 ROOM IS SOMEWHAT HEATED BEFORE ENTERING CHIMNEY FLUE. 
 
95 
 
 known it to cost from ten shillings in the simpler forms to ten 
 dollars by the more complicated forms ; so that healthy and 
 comfortable homes may be enjoyed by the poor as well as by 
 the more favored of our fellow-citizens. 
 
 " The ventilation of churches, schools and other public build- 
 ings where large numbers of persons assemble, is of the highest 
 importance. The general practice is to construct very small 
 chimneys, which renders it difficult to secure efficient ventila- 
 tion. In all these cases it would be better to reconstruct them, 
 making them, say, 16 by 36 inches inside, dividing the space 
 into two or more apartments, if there is one story to be warmed, 
 or into three if two stories one for the smoke, the others for 
 ventilation with an opening into each ventilating flue, always 
 at the floor. One church has a chimney 16 by 36 inches inside, 
 divided by putting a 16-inch pipe of heavy sheet iron so as to 
 make the side flues of equal size ; the pipe is fitted close to the 
 brick wall to secure it to its place. This is the smoke-pipe, and 
 it warms the air almost instantly in the foul-air flues at its sides, 
 making a very powerful ventilator. This church has a base- 
 ment story, and needs two flues, one for each room. If this 
 pipe should ever be destroyed, another can be slipped inside of 
 it and thus renewed. In public buildings which are heated at 
 intervals this sheet-iron pipe is the best, as it heats the air on 
 each side at once. In a building constantly heated the best 
 way would be to build the partitions in the chimney with 
 brick. The flues should always be plastered smooth. When 
 this cannot be done, the ventilation must be made in the same 
 manner as for dwelling-houses, the ventilating pipes being cor- 
 respondingly large. 
 
 " In another church a jacket pipe 16 inches in diameter was 
 put around a stove-pipe 7 inches in diameter, connected with a 
 stove all in the room below and carried into the chimney. 
 The end of the jacket opposite to the chimney was turned up 
 through the floor by an elbow to receive the foul air of the room 
 above and discharge it into the chimney. The 7-inch pipe 
 enters the 16-inch pipe about four feet from the end furthest 
 from the chimney, and passes through it to the chimney. A 
 fire in the stove below will warm the foul air in the large pipe, 
 and thus carry it away into the chimney. This fire must be 
 
96 
 
 made as soon as that made in the furnace or other heating 
 apparatus, and continued as long. This church is finely heated 
 and ventilated. [See Fig. 8.] 
 
 "Another church, which is heated by a furnace, is ventilated 
 in the following manner: It has a chimney 16 by 36 inches 
 inside ; to secure good ventilation a hole is made through the 
 floor near the chimney 16 by 20 inches inside ; a tube is fitted 
 into this, and reaches down into the room below, near an open- 
 ing made into the chimney ; an elbow connects the tube with 
 
 PIG. 8. A METHOD OP VENTILATING CHURCHES. THE PIPE OF A STOVE IN 
 THE BASEMENT IS JACKETED THROUGHOUT ITS HORIZONTAL LENGTH, THUS 
 INDUCING A DRAFT FROM THE OPENING IN THE FLOOR ABOVE CONNECTED 
 WITH IT. S, STOVE-PIPE. J, JACKET AROUND STOVE-PIPE. 
 
 the chimney ; the foul air from the room above passes through 
 this tube into the chimney below, and this ventilates the 
 church, giving it pure warm air. The opening into the chimney 
 is made below the entrance of the smoke-pipe from the fur- 
 nace, so that the smoke does not enter the ventilating tube. 
 [See Fig. 9.] 
 
 " In all these illustrations the two rules given have been 
 observed, and may be applied in many other forms : First, con- 
 
97 
 
 duct the outdoor air against a heated surface ; second, conduct 
 the foul air in the room from the floor into a heated flue, and 
 good heating and ventilating will be secured." 
 
 The introduction of fresh air and removal of foul air simul- 
 taneously is Accomplished in an almost perfect manner by the 
 stove illustrated in Fig. 10. It has a large drum above the fire, sur- 
 rounded by a jacket, so arranged that a constant supply of fresh 
 air may be brought into contact with greatly -expanded surfaces, 
 which absorb the maximum quantity of heat, and impart it 
 
 FIG. 9. VENTILATING A CHURCH BY CONNECTING AN OPENING IN THE FLOOR 
 WITH THE MAIN CHIMNEY FLUE, MAKING THE CONNECTION BELOW THE 
 ENTRANCE OF THE FURNACE-PIPE. A, CHIMNEY FLUE. B, VENTILATION 
 TUBE. C, POSITION OF FURNACE-PIPE. 
 
 rapidly to the in-flowing currents thus preventing over-heat- 
 ing, and at the same time supplying the room with an abundant, 
 genial and invigorating atmosphere. It will be observed that 
 two distinct currents pass through the stove. One enters beneath 
 the grate, ascends to the chamber above, passes over the dia- 
 phragm therein, and thence goes to the chimney, furnishing the 
 draft. The other enters under the stove, and becomes heated 
 by contact with the hot surfaces, and rises through the jacket, 
 thus compelling a constant circulation through the latter. The 
 7 
 
98 
 
 fire is entirely open, so that a large supply of additional heat is 
 radiated therefrom. The construction, evidently, is such that 
 
 FIG. 10. 
 
 there is no opportunity for leakage of the deadly carbonic acid 
 gas; nor is there any contact of highly-heated plates with^the 
 air of the room to generate carbonic oxide. 
 
99 
 
 By its use the entire atmosphere of any room may be replaced 
 every fifteen or twenty minutes, with a supply of invigorating, 
 refreshing out-door air, moderately warmed, and not dried, 
 parched and devitalized; and the air supplied for breathing 
 may be rendered as pure and refreshing as the outdoor Summer 
 air. 
 
 And now that we are on the subject of heating, it will be in 
 place to warn householders against too great heat and too dry 
 heat. Too much cannot be said to impress on all householders 
 the great value of keeping all parts of the house halls, and 
 best rooms, and bed-rooms as well as the kitchen and living 
 rooms, comfortably warm. Many a doctor's bill, many a bad 
 cold, might be entirely prevented by attention to this matter. 
 It should be safe for the children to go anywhere in the house 
 without danger of catching cold. If our houses were moder- 
 ately heated throughout and thoroughly ventilated, how much 
 better it would be for all concerned, than to overheat one or 
 two rooms in the house and religiously exclude from them 
 God's pure air. 
 
 " Immoderate use of heat during the Winter is the cause of 
 much illness. The effect upon the general vigor of many hours 
 daily spent in overwarm rooms is like that of heat upon a figure 
 in wax. It droops, loses its firmness, and, little by little, will 
 show absolute outward change. Moreover, one of the positive 
 results of hot air is, that it paralyzes the action of the heart. 
 Suppose you were to put your arm in a sling, and make no use 
 of it for three months; at the end of that time, what would be 
 its condition ? It would be weak, shrunken, almost powerless ; 
 only by a system of careful exercise of weeks in duration could 
 its original vigor be restored. 
 
 " Now, when a person indulges in too much artificial heat, this 
 is what happens to the skin, and, through its collapse, also hap- 
 pens to the system at large. A person leads a sedentary life in 
 hot rooms. As Winter deepens, the cold grows more forbid- 
 ding, the fire more seductive. Fresh air is shut out, the skin 
 becomes less and less able to resist changes of temperature. 
 When this person does go out of doors, no matter how much 
 clothing he may wear, he suffers ; and a cold is almost sure to 
 result." 
 
100 
 
 The danger from overheating will be greatly lessened if a large 
 pan of water is kept continually evaporating over the stove or 
 in the air-chamber of the furnace. It is a well-known fact that, 
 as air becomes heated, its capacity to absorb moisture is greatly 
 increased; and this moisture, which is naturally supplied in 
 Summer, it is necessary for us to artificially supply to the arti- 
 ficial Summer we create within our houses in Winter. 
 
 A safe rule w r ould be to wear warmer clothing in Winter, and 
 keep the temperature of the rooms we live in not higher than 
 68 Fahrenheit. 
 
 In all that has been said above, the requirements of ordinary 
 country farm houses have been kept in view, and nothing sug- 
 gested which cannot be effected by a little care and forethought 
 by the head of the household. 
 
 Those who can afford furnaces, or hot water, or steam, I refer 
 to other and larger treatises, only let me add one word of advice 
 to those having these apparatuses in use or contemplating their 
 use, viz. : Be sure the furnace is (1) large enough not to over- 
 heat the air, in order to properly warm the house ; (2) be sure 
 there is a large supply of outdoor air to the air-chamber ; (3) be 
 sure there is an evaporating pan constantly filled in the air- 
 chamber. 
 
 Those having the ventilation and heating of the 
 
 SCHOOL- HOUSE 
 
 and the church in charge, have a grave responsibility resting on 
 their shoulders. To them is committed the cdre of others' lives 
 and health. The school trustees should make it their duty to 
 often visit the school-house and see that the supply of fresh air 
 is adequate to the wants of the scholars. In the ordinary 
 school-houses in Ewing, the air should be changed at least every 
 nine minutes. This can be easily and safely accomplished by 
 making in the ceiling at least three apertures one foot wide and 
 two feet long, carried through the roof, and a foot or two above 
 it, and fitted with an Emerson Ventilating Cowl, which is 
 intended to prevent a back draught. These openings are to 
 remove the foul air. The fresh air can then be supplied by 
 any of the means mentioned above for houses. The surest 
 way, however, would be by the use of the open stove with a 
 
101 
 
 fresh air inlet, as illustrated above. Whatever stove is used, it 
 should be so placed that the children need not sit close to it, as 
 the effect, particularly of sitting with the back to a hot stove, is 
 very prejudicial to health, resulting often in congestion of the 
 kidneys and other disorders, 
 
 It would be better to have two stoves, with a moderate fire in 
 each, than one large stove overheated. Where there is a cellar 
 beneath the building, it would be better to place these stoves in 
 it, supplying fresh air to them by ducts, and then make as 
 many as five openings in the floor, one foot by two, through 
 
 EMERSON VENTILATING COWL. 
 
 which the warmed air will rise into the room. The cellar in this 
 case should be used for no other purpose (some other place 
 being provided for the coal and wood), and be kept scrupulously 
 clean ; and, where wet, made dry by drainage, as shown in the 
 note on " Drainage for Health." Whatever method is used, the 
 school-room should be provided with thermometers, say one in 
 each corner, which the teacher should often consult to see that 
 the temperature is never above 68 nor below 64. 
 
 It should be made the duty of the janitor to see that the 
 room is thoroughly aired, by having every window and door 
 opened immediately after the school is closed; and this airing 
 should continue at least an hour. It should be equally the 
 duty of the janitor to have the room warm and all the shut- 
 
102 
 
 ters open, the sun streaming in, for an hour before bchool 
 assembles. 
 
 The above remarks have been written with a special view to 
 country district school-houses, and particularly those of Ewing 
 township, which consist of but one room with accommodations 
 for about fifty pupils, and an average attendance of a somewhat 
 less number. 
 
 The editor will be glad, at any time, to furnish, free of charge, 
 to any similar schools in New Jersey, plans and suggestions for 
 heating and ventilating, where he is given the size of the school- 
 room (width and depth), and height of ceiling, the average 
 number of the pupils, and the exposure. These suggestions will 
 be submitted to the best authorities on the subject, in order that 
 the result desired may be obtained at the least expense and in 
 the very best way for the particular case in point. 
 
 Let me impress on teachers that the health of the children 
 committed to their care is of vastly greater concern than the 
 knowledge they may be able to give them. " Ordinary attention 
 to these matters, if systematic and constant, will do much 
 toward lessening the * murder of the innocents,' who so frequently 
 are the victims of their thoughtless elders." [Revised by Carl 
 Pfeiffer, Arch. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF SUCH LAWS OF THE STATE 
 
 OF NEW JERSEY AS CONCERN A 
 
 RURAL COMMUNITY, 
 
 COMPILED BY A. G. RICHEY, ESQ. 
 
 Mode of Laying- out Public Roads. 
 
 When ten or more persons, being freeholders, shall think a 
 public road necessary in any part of the county, they may 
 apply to the Court of Common Pleas of the county for the 
 appointment of six surveyors of the highways to lay out such 
 road. 
 
 Ten days' notice of such application must be first given. 
 
 The surveyors of the highway are to meet, at such time and 
 place as the court shall direct, for the purpose of laying out said 
 road. 
 
 Notice shall be given by advertisement of the time and place 
 of such meeting. 
 
 The surveyors of the highway, when met as aforesaid, shall 
 view the premises, and may, if they think necessary, lay out 
 such public road ; and they shall lay the same as it appears to 
 them to be most for the public and private convenience having 
 a regard to the best ground for a road and the shortest distance 
 in such a manner as to do the least injury to private property. 
 
 And they shall make a return thereof, with a map of the same, 
 with the courses and distances, with the time when the overseers 
 of the highway shall open the same for public use. 
 
 The said surveyors shall also make an assessment of the dam- 
 ages, if any, the owner of any land (other than an applicant for 
 such road) shall sustain by laying out the same, above the 
 advantages that will accrue to the owner, which assessment they 
 must affix to their return, which return, with the assessments, 
 
104 
 
 shall be delivered to the clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of 
 the county, who is required to record the said return, together 
 with the map thereof, in a book to be kept for that purpose ; 
 and every road so laid out and recorded as aforesaid shall be a 
 lawful highway from the time appointed for opening the same. 
 
 That the clerk of any Court of Common Pleas shall not record 
 the return of the surveyors of the highway until the expiration 
 of fifteen days after he shall have received the same, so that 
 any person being aggrieved thereby may, within that time, enter 
 a caveat with the said clerk against recording the said return, 
 which shall operate as a supersedeas to further proceedings till 
 the next court. 
 
 At the next court, the persons who have filed the caveat, 
 may make application to the court for the appointment of six 
 of the chosen freeholders of the county in which the road shall 
 have been laid out. 
 
 And the court will appoint them and designate the time and 
 place for their meeting. 
 
 Notice of such meeting to be given. 
 
 And the chosen freeholders so appointed shall proceed to 
 view the road so laid out. 
 
 And if they or a majority of them shall believe such laying 
 necessary and useful, they shall certify the same to the court the 
 term next succeeding their appointment ; and the court there- 
 upon shall cause the proceedings to be recorded; and their 
 proceedings shall be binding and conclusive in all cases; but 
 if they shall believe such laying out to be unnecessary and 
 injurious, they shall certify the same to the court as aforesaid, 
 and the proceedings of the surveyors shall then be null and 
 void. 
 
 Law to Prevent the Spread of Canada Thistle. 
 
 If any person or persons owning or having the care of any 
 lands, enclosed or unenclosed, in this State, shall knowingly 
 permit any Canada thistle to grow up thereon, and suffer the 
 same to stand until its seeds get ripe, he or they shall, for every 
 stalk or bunch thereof so suffered to grow up, forfeit and pay a 
 fine of twenty-five cents; to be sued for and recovered, with 
 costs, by any person, in his name, before any court of competent 
 jurisdiction. 
 
105 
 
 The Law as to the Construction of Sidewalks. 
 
 That it shall be lawful for the inhabitants of any township in 
 this State, at their annual meeting, to provide for the construc- 
 tion of sidewalks on the public highway, not exceeding in width 
 one-fifth on each side of the road of the width thereof, and also 
 to place posts or railings by the side thereof, which sidewalks 
 shall be constructed out of any money raised for the repairs of 
 highways; and the amount so to be expended, and the road or 
 place where the sidewalks shall be made, shall be determined 
 by such meeting or by the township committee ; provided, that 
 this provision shall not apply to any public highway, which 
 hath been or which shall be hereafter laid out, of a less width 
 than three rods, except in such place or places where it shall 
 pass through a city, town, or village. 
 
 And it shall be lawful for any person owning or occupying 
 lands adjoining a public road or highway in any township, city, 
 or ward, to construct sidewalks on said highway in the manner 
 hereinbefore provided, contiguous and along the line of said land. 
 
 That when a sidewalk shall have been constructed as afore- 
 said, every person who shall ride or drive a horse or team 
 thereon, except for the purpose of crossing the same, when 
 necessary so to do, shall forfeit and pay the sum of five dollars 
 to the use of the township, to be sued for and recovered by any 
 person who shall sue for the same. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO THE FOREGOING ACT. 
 
 That the provisions of the act to which this is a supplement, 
 shall not authorize the construction of sidewalks of a greater 
 width than five feet on each side of any public road or highway 
 in this State, which hath been or which shall hereafter be laid 
 out of a less width than three rods, except in such place or 
 places where they pass through the cities, towns, or villages of 
 this State. 
 
 As to Working and Maintaining Public Roads. 
 
 The township committee who shall be hereafter chosen agree- 
 abty to law, in the respective townships of this State, or a 
 majority of such committee, are hereby authorized and directed 
 to assign and appoint, in writing, to the overseers of the high- 
 
106 
 
 ways, respectively, their several limits and divisions of the 
 highways within such township, for opening, clearing out, 
 working, amendment and repair, and the said overseers are 
 hereby commanded to observe and conform themselves to such 
 assignment. 
 
 That it shall be the duty of the said overseers to hire labor- 
 ers, and also horses, oxen, wagons, ploughs, carts and other 
 implements to open, clear out, make, work, amend, repair and 
 keep in good order the highways within their respective limits 
 and divisions, to make causeways, and to erect such bridges as 
 can be built by common laborers, and to procure whatever 
 materials they shall deem necessary to effect the purposes 
 specified in this section. 
 
 That the moneys necessary for defraying the costs, charges 
 and expenses of opening, clearing out, making, working, amend- 
 ing, repairing and keeping in good order the highways, and 
 procuring materials for the same, and also the compensation 
 allowed for the services of the overseers thereof, shall be granted, 
 assessed, collected and raised in the manner prescribed by the 
 act entitled "An act incorporating the inhabitants of townships, 
 designating their powers and regulating their meetings"; and 
 it is hereby enjoined upon the said townships, that they be 
 careful to have money in hand ready to advance sufficient for 
 the objects and purposes specified in this act. 
 
 Law as to Cutting Down Trees Along- Highways. 
 
 That no overseer of the highways or other person, except the 
 owner or owners thereof, shall cut down, willfully injure, or 
 destroy any fruit, shade or ornamental tree which may have 
 been or which shall be planted or set out by the owner or pos- 
 sessor of lands adjoining any highway in this State, and which 
 shall not extend more than seven feet out from the line of the 
 road towards the center of the same, unless the township com- 
 mittee of the township in which such road is situate, or a 
 majority of such committee, shall first order the cutting down 
 or destroying of the same. 
 
 That if any overseer of the highway or other person shall 
 offend against the provisions of the preceding section, he, she 
 or they so offending shall forfeit and pay the sum of fifty dol- 
 
107 
 
 lars for each and every such offence, to be recovered in an action 
 of debt, with costs of suit, in any court having cognizance 
 thereof, by any person who may prosecute for the same, within 
 six months after such offence shall have been committed, pro- 
 vided that this act shall not prevent any overseer from clearing 
 out any highways to their full width where they pass through 
 any wood or forest. 
 
 Law Against Girdling Trees Along Highways. 
 
 That no tree shall be girdled or killed on the highways, under 
 the penalty of two dollars, to be recovered by action of debt, 
 with costs, by the overseer of the highways, in any court of 
 record having cognizance of that sum, and applied to the work- 
 ing and repair of the highways ; and if any such tree shall be 
 girdled or killed in the manner aforesaid, it shall be the duty of 
 the said overseer forthwith to cut down such tree so girdled or 
 killed. 
 
 That if any person shall girdle or kill any tree standing within 
 two rods of such highway, the owner or possessor of the land 
 where the same stands shall, within two years after such girdling 
 or killing, cut down the said tree; or, on failure thereof, shall 
 forfeit and pay two dollars, to be recovered and applied in the 
 manner above set forth. 
 
 The Law as to Wheel Carriages. 
 
 That all wagons and other wheel carriages of any kind or 
 description whatever, drawn by one or more horse or horses, 
 oxen, or other cattle, made and constructed, and all axle-trees 
 made or repaired from and after the first day of October, A.D. 
 1874, traveling or passing on or through the roads or highways 
 within this State, belonging to persons resident therein, shall 
 run or track on the ground, from center to center of the felloes, 
 not less than four feet and ten inches, under the penalty of five 
 dollars, to be recovered from the owner or owners, proprietor or 
 proprietors of such wagon or other wheel carriage, for each and 
 every offence, before any one justice of the peace of this State, 
 where the fact shall be committed, upon the oath or affirmation 
 of one or more witness or witnesses. Which said fine, when 
 recovered, shall be paid, one moiety thereof to the overseers of 
 
108 
 
 the highways for the township, division, or precinct where the 
 fact was committed, to be applied toward the repair of the 
 highways within the same ; and the other moiety to be paid to 
 the person or persons prosecuting the same to effect ; and the 
 said overseers are hereby made accountable for all moneys they 
 may receive in virtue of this act, in the same manner and form 
 as they are for other fines and forfeitures ; provided, always, 
 that the above fines shall not be set or levied more than once 
 upon one journey, and that every information relative to any 
 breach of this act be made within twenty days after the offence 
 is committed. 
 
 Respecting Railroads and Canals. 
 
 Every incorporated company that hath been or hereafter may 
 be authorized to construct any railroad in this State, shall cause 
 to be placed on some part of every locomotive engine used by 
 any such company, a bell of a weight of not less than thirty 
 pounds, or steam whistle which can be heard distinctly at a 
 distance of at least three hundred yards from the place where 
 any such railroad crosses a turnpike road or highway upon the 
 same level with the said railroad, and such bell shall be kept 
 ringing, or such whistle shall continue to be blown, until the 
 engine has crossed such turnpike or highway, or has stopped. 
 
 And any railroad company which shall construct any railroad 
 by virtue of powers granted in their charter by this State, may, 
 in crossing any public highway, for the purpose of making such 
 highway cross over or under such railroad at an* easy and suit- 
 able grade, alter the location of such highway at their own 
 expense, so far as shall be necessary to make such highway pass 
 over or under said railroad at such grade, and such alteration 
 shall be valid and of the same effect as if made by surveyors of 
 the highway according to law. And all alterations heretofore 
 made in any public highway in this State, by any such railroad 
 company, for the purpose and in the manner aforesaid, are 
 hereby confirmed and made valid as if the same had been made 
 by the surveyors of the highway according to law. 
 
 If any person shall be injured by a locomotive engine, car or 
 cars while walking, standing or playing on any railroad in this 
 State, or by jumping on or off a car while in motion, such per- 
 
109 
 
 son shall be deemed to have contributed to the injury sustained, 
 and shall not recover any damages therefor from the company 
 owning or operating the said railroad ; provided, however, that 
 this section shall not apply to any person or persons crossing a 
 railroad at any lawful public or private crossing. 
 
 Every railroad company shall cause a board with this inscrip- 
 tion, " Look out for the locomotive," to be erected and main- 
 tained wherever the road of such company may be crossed by 
 any turnpike road or public highway, so as to be easily seen by 
 travelers. 
 
 If any such company shall refuse or neglect to comply with 
 the foregoing provisions, they shall forfeit for every such refusal 
 or neglect, the sum of one hundred dollars, to be sued for by 
 the clerk of any township in which such refusal or neglect shall 
 occur, for the use of said township, and to be recovered, with 
 costs, in action of debt in any court having cognizance thereof; 
 provided, that all complaints of any refusal or neglect to com- 
 ply with said provisions shall have been made within ten days 
 thereafter; and, provided further, that nothing herein contained 
 shall be construed to take away from any individual or individ- 
 uals any right he, she or they may have to recover damages for 
 any injury which may be incurred by any refusal or neglect to 
 comply with the requirements of this act. 
 
 If any person shall willfully obliterate, destroy or injure any 
 such board so as aforesaid erected, he, she or they so offending 
 shall forfeit for every such offence the sum of twenty dollars, to 
 be recovered, with costs, by any such railroad company, in an 
 action of debt before any court having cognizance thereof, for 
 the use of said company. 
 
 The Law as to the Width of Public Roads. 
 
 That every public road or highway which shall be hereafter 
 laid out shall not be more than four rods wide, unless a greater 
 width shall be specified in the notices and applications for the 
 same ; nor shall any such road be less than two rods wide, unless 
 the same be laid out in a village, borough or city, and where, 
 by reason of buildings or other permanent erections, such road 
 cannot be, conveniently, laid out of such width. 
 
110 
 
 That every private road which shall be hereafter laid out shall 
 not be more than thirty feet in width, but may be less, at the 
 discretion of the surveyors. 
 
 The Law to Prevent the Defacement of Natural Scenery. 
 
 That without the previous consent of the owner, all persons 
 are hereafter prohibited from advertising their wares or occupa- 
 tion, by printed notices of the same, on fences or other private 
 property, or upon cliffs or rocks or other natural objects. 
 
 And all persons violating the provisions of the above para- 
 graph shall be punished by a fine of ten dollars for each offence, 
 to be recovered before a justice of the peace; the action to be 
 brought in debt, in the corporate name of the township, borough 
 or city in which such offence shall be committed ; one-half of 
 which said fine shall be for the use of the informer or prosecutor 
 of such action, the other half to the overseer of the poor of the 
 township, borough or city in which such offence shall have 
 been committed. 
 
 Malicious Mischief. 
 
 Whosoever shall unlawfully and maliciously pull, or throw 
 down, or in anywise destroy any bridge, whether over any 
 stream of water or otherwise, under which bridge any highway, 
 railway or canal shall pass, or do any injury with intent, and 
 so as thereby to render such bridge, viaduct, or the highway, 
 railway or canal passing over or under the same, or any part 
 thereof, dangerous or impassable, shall be guilty of a misde- 
 meanor, and shall be liable to imprisonment at hard labor, not 
 over one year, or fine, not over two hundred dollars, or both. 
 
 As to Certain Crimes. 
 
 Whoever shall unlawfully and maliciously destroy or damage 
 any statue, bust or vase, or any other article or thing kept for 
 the purpose of art, science or literature, or as an object of curi- 
 osity in any museum, gallery, cabinet, library or other reposi- 
 tory, which museum, gallery, cabinet, library or other repository 
 is open for the admission of the public, or of any considerable 
 number of persons, to view the same, either by permission of 
 the proprietor thereof, or by the payment of money before 
 entering the same; or any picture, statue, monument, or other 
 
Ill 
 
 memorial of the dead, or other ornament in any church or other 
 place of divine worship, or in any building, or in any church- 
 yard, burial ground, or public garden or ground, or any orna- 
 ment, railing or fence surrounding such statue or monument, 
 shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, being convicted thereof, 
 shall be liable to be imprisoned for any term not exceeding six 
 months, or fined two hundred dollars. 
 
 Whosoever shall steal or cut, break, root up, or otherwise 
 destroy or damage, with intent to steal, the whole or any part 
 of any tree, sapling or shrub, or any underwood or plant, root, 
 fruit or vegetable production, wheresoever the same may be 
 growing, or shall steal, or shall cut, break or throw down, with 
 intent to steal, any fence or any wooden post, pale, wire or rail 
 set up or used as a fence, or any stile or gate, or any part 
 thereof, respectively, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, 
 on conviction thereof, shall be liable to be punished as in case 
 of larceny. 
 
 As to Disorderly Persons. 
 
 Any person who shall enter the buildings or go upon the 
 lands belonging to any public school district of this State, or 
 used and occupied for school purposes, by any public school in 
 this State, and shall break, injure or deface such building, or 
 any part thereof, or the fences or out-houses belonging to or 
 connected with such building or lands, or shall disturb the 
 exercises of such public school, or molest or give annoyance to 
 the children attending such school, or any teacher therein, shall 
 be deemed and adjudged to be a disorderly person, and may be 
 apprehended in the manner hereinafter described in this act, 
 and taken before any justice of the peace of the county where 
 such person may be apprehended. And it shall be the duty of 
 the said justice to commit such disorderly person, when con- 
 victed before him by the confession of the offender or by the 
 oath or affirmation of one or more witnesses, to the county jail 
 of such county, there to be kept at hard labor for any term not 
 exceeding thirty days. 
 
 An Act to Define and Suppress Tramps. 
 That the following described persons are hereby declared to 
 be tramps : All persons who shall come from any place with- 
 
112 
 
 out this State, or from any city, county, township, borough or 
 place in this State, and have no legal settlement in the places 
 in which they are found, and live idly and without employment, 
 and refuse to work for the usual and common wages given to 
 other persons for like work in the place where they then are, or 
 shall be found going about from door to door, or placing them- 
 selves in the streets, highways or roads to beg or gather alms, 
 and can give no reasonable account of themselves or their 
 business in such places. 
 
 That if any person shall be found offending in any county, 
 city, township, borough or district in this State, against this 
 act, it shall and may be lawful for any constable or police 
 officer of such place, and he is hereby enjoined and required, 
 on notice thereof to him given by any of the inhabitants 
 thereof, or without such notice, on his own view,, to apprehend 
 and convey, or cause to be conveyed, such person to a justice of 
 the peace or other magistrate of such place, who shall examine 
 such person, and shall commit him or her, being thereof legally 
 convicted before him, on his own view, or by the confession of 
 such offenders, or by the oath or affirmation of one or more 
 credible witnesses, to labor upon any county farm or upon the 
 streets, roads and highways of any city, township or borough, 
 or in any house of correction, poor-house, work-house or com- 
 mon jail, for a term not exceeding six months, and shall forth- 
 with commit him or her to the custody of the steward, keeper 
 or superintendent of such county farm, house of correction, 
 poor-house, work-house or common jail, or to the supervisors or 
 overseers of the highways, street commissioners, or other officer 
 or officers having in charge the repairs of any street, road or 
 highway, or overseers of the poor of the respective township, 
 borough, county or city wherein such person shall be found, as 
 in their judgment shall be deemed most expedient. 
 
 An Act to Prevent Trespassing with Guns. 
 
 If any person or persons shall carry any gun on any land not 
 his own, and for which the owner pays taxes, or is in his lawful 
 possession, unless he hath license or permission in writing from 
 the owner or owners or legal possessor, every such person so 
 offending, and convicted thereof, either upon the view of any 
 
113 
 
 justice of the peace within this State, or by the oath or Affirma- 
 tion of one or more witnesses, before any justice of the peace 
 within this State, or by the oath or affirmation of one or more 
 witnesses, before any justice of the peace of either of the coun- 
 ties, cities or towns corporate, of this State, in which the offender 
 may be taken or reside, he shall, for every such offence, forfeit 
 and pay to the owner of the soil, or bis tenant in possession, the 
 sum of five dollars, with costs of suit ; which forfeiture may and 
 shall be sued for and recovered by the owner of the soil or ten- 
 ant in possession, before any justice of the peace in this State, 
 for the use of such owner or tenant in possession. 
 
 Law to Prevent the Adulteration of Milk. 
 
 If any person shall knowingly sell any impure or unwhole- 
 some milk, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and 
 on conviction thereof, he shall be punished by a fine of not less 
 than fifty dollars for each and every offence. 
 
 And if any person shall adulterate milk with a view of offer- 
 ing the same for sale, he shall be deemed guilty of a misde- 
 meanor, and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine 
 of not less than fifty dollars for each and every offence. 
 
 The addition of water to milk is hereby declared to be an 
 adulteration thereof. 
 
 Law for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. 
 
 That any person who shall overdrive, overload, overwork, 
 cruelly beat or otherwise abuse any living animal, and any per- 
 son having the charge of any living animal, who inflicts unnec- 
 essary cruelty upon the same, or fails to provide the same with 
 proper food, drink or shelter, or protection from the weather, 
 shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and for every such 
 offence, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished, by fine not 
 exceeding two hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the 
 county jail not exceeding six months, or both, in the discretion 
 of the court. 
 
 And any person who shall keep or use any place for the pur- 
 pose of fighting or baiting any bull, bear, dog, cock, or other 
 living animal or creature, and every person who shall be pres- 
 ent ard witness, encourage, aid or assist therein, shall be 
 
114 
 
 deeme(} guilty of a misdemeanor, and for every such offence, 
 shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceeding 
 one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment at hard labor not 
 exceeding two years, or both, at the discretion of the court. 
 
 And any person who shall use any dog or dogs for the pur- 
 pose of drawing any cart or other vehicle for business or other 
 purposes, shall forfeit and pay a fine of one dollar for the first 
 offence and ten dollars for each subsequent offence such 
 offender, together with the dog, cart or other vehicle shall be 
 taken before a justice of the peace or police magistrate, who, 
 upon being satisfied, shall impose said fine, which said fine, as 
 soon as imposed, shall have the force and effect of a judgment, 
 and execution may be immediately issued thereon, and the 
 articles so seized levied upon and sold to pay and satisfy the 
 said fine, together with the costs. 
 
 That if a maimed, sick, infirm or disabled animal shall be 
 abandoned to die, by any person, in any public place, such per- 
 son shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction 
 thereof shall be punished as provided for in the beginning of 
 this article. That any person who shall overdrive, overwork, 
 torture, deprive of necessary sustenance, or cruelly beat or oth- 
 erwise abuse or kill, any living animal or creature, and every 
 person who shall be present, and witness, encourage or assist 
 therein, shall forfeit and pay such sum, not exceeding one hun- 
 dred dollars, as the court shall determine, to be sued for and 
 recovered in an action of debt, with costs of suit, by any person, 
 in the name of " The New Jersey Society for the Prevention of 
 Cruelty to Animals." 
 
 An Act for the Preservation of Sheep. 
 
 When any person shall sustain damage or injury by reason 
 of his or her sheep or lambs being killed or wounded by a dog 
 or dogs, wolf or wolves, it shall be lawful for such person to 
 take two respectable freeholders of the township wherein such 
 damage was done, who are in nowise akin to the party so call- 
 ing them, to view the sheep or lambs so killed or wounded, and 
 if it shall appear to their satisfaction that the said sheep or 
 lambs were killed or wounded by a dog or dogs, wolf or wolves, 
 then the said freeholders shall make a return or certificate 
 
115 
 
 thereof in writing, stating the amount of damages such person 
 may have sustained, which shall in no case exceed five dollars 
 for one sheep or lamb so killed or wounded, which said certifi- 
 cate shall entitle the person so injured to the sum stated therein 
 as the damage sustained, to be paid by the township committee, 
 in conformity to the provisions made therefor in the fifth sec- 
 tion of this act. And in case the damage so certified shall 
 appear to the town committee to be excessive, it shall and may 
 be lawful for said committee to require the facts stated and the 
 claim exhibited, to be investigated before them on oath or 
 affirmation, and shall award payment accordingly. Provided 
 always, that nothing herein contained shall extend to cases 
 wherein a recovery of damages can be obtained of the owner or 
 owners of such dog or dogs as shall have committed the injury. 
 
 Protection Against Mad Dogs. 
 
 The mayor of any incorporated town in this State, by the 
 advice and consent of the common council of the town, and the 
 township clerk of any township in this State, by the advice of 
 the township committee, are authorized, whenever, in their 
 opinion, the public safety may require, to issue his proclama- 
 tion authorizing the destruction of all dogs, male and female, 
 found running at large within the limits of the town, except 
 such as shall be properly muzzled with a wire muzzle about the 
 nose, securely fastened, after one day's public notice by written 
 or printed hand-bills ; provided, that nothing in said proclama- 
 tion shall apply to a dog or dogs of a non-resident passing 
 through the town accompanied by the owner or owners of such 
 dog or dogs. 
 
 An Act to Prevent Spread of Contagious Diseases Amongst 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 The town committee of each township of this State, upon 
 notice of the existence of any disease among cattle in their 
 township, are authorized personally to examine the cases, and if 
 the symptoms which characterize contagious diseases are exhib- 
 ited, they shall cause such sick animals to be immediately 
 removed and kept separate from all other cattle ; and the 
 remaining cattle of said owner shall be kept isolated from the 
 
116 
 
 sick ones, and both they and the sick animals shall be kept dis- 
 tant at least four hundred feet from the public road, and the 
 same distance from the premises of all neighbors. 
 
 The town committee are also authorized to prohibit the 
 importation of cattle from other places into or through their 
 respective township ; and if any one shall import or drive any 
 cattle into or through any township after the same shall have 
 been publicly prohibited by the town committee, he shall pay a 
 fine of one hundred dollars for every bull, ox, steer, cow, heifer 
 or calf so driven into a township. Any person who shall dis- 
 pose of any cattle or stock, knowing it to be subject to any con- 
 tagious disease, shall pay a fine of one hundred dollars for any 
 such animal sold within the township. 
 
 The persons qualified to vote at town meetings are authorized 
 at their annual meetings to make such provision and allow such 
 rewards for the destruction of wolves, wild-cats, foxes, crows, 
 black-birds, and other noxious wild animals and birds, as they 
 so assembled shall deem necessary or proper. 
 
 Destruction of Insectiverous, Small and Harmless Birds. 
 
 That it shall not be lawful for any person to wantonly shoot, 
 entrap for the purpose of killing, or in any other manner destroy 
 any upland birds whose principal food is insects, comprised in 
 the families of swallows, fly-catchers, finches, larks, wood-peck- 
 ers and other species and varieties of land birds of every 
 description regarded as harmless in their habits, and whose 
 flesh is unfit for food, excepting the eagle," raven, crow, all 
 hawks and owls which prey upon other birds, and that it shall 
 not be lawful for any person to take or destroy the eggs or 
 young of any of the species of birds which are intended to be 
 protected by this act. 
 
 And if complaint is made, under oath, before any justice of 
 the peace of this State, of any violation of the foregoing provi- 
 sions, it shall be the duty of such justice to forthwith issue, 
 under his hand and seal, a warrant against the person or per- 
 sons so offending, and the proceedings before the justice shall 
 be regulated according to the provisions of the act entitled "An 
 act constituting courts for the trial of small causes." 
 
117 
 
 And every person offending against the provisions of this act, 
 shall, on conviction, be fined in any sum not less than ten or 
 more than twenty dollars, with costs of suit, in the discretion of 
 the court before whom such conviction shall be had. 
 
 As the school law is published in full in pamphlet form, it 
 has not been thought worth while to make any extracts there- 
 from ; but the editor would call attention to that provision of 
 the law which authorizes the State Superintendent to pay to 
 any school, which shall raise twenty dollars by subscription for 
 a library or for philosophical apparatus, a like sum to be used 
 for the same purpose. Furthermore, so long, after the first year, 
 as a school raises ten dollars a year for the above purpose, the 
 State will add a like sum. 
 
The following clipping, from the "Princeton Press 11 of /September llth, 
 1880, is respectfully 
 
 DEDICATED TO THE LADIES. 
 
 " The second annual meeting of this Association was held in 
 the Ewing Church, Thursday afternoon. There was a large 
 attendance, evincing interest in the Association's work. But that 
 which showed the deepest interest in the meeting was the evident 
 labor bestowed on the decoration of the edifice. The audience- 
 room has a very pleasing appearance of itself, and, as decorated, 
 it was perfectly beautiful. Crossed sheaves of 'golden grain' 
 placed against the closed inside blinds, were in the center of each 
 window, crowned with the national colors ; large vases on each 
 window-sill were filled with plants and flowers; a spray of 
 evergreen relieved each side bracket; the book-rack in each 
 pew was banked with green, interspersed with bouquets and cut 
 flowers, while a wreath of the same fragrance and beauty was 
 carried along the top of the dividing line between the rows of 
 pews. The platform was graced with a variety of rare plants, 
 and the initials of the Association, in evergreen, formed a back- 
 ground for the whole. Altogether it has not been our pleasure 
 to have ever seen more tasteful decorations. 
 
 " Hon. A. B. Green, President, presided. Rev. Dr. Lowrie, 
 pastor of the church, and a member of the society, offered 
 prayer. Musical selections from Auber, Liszt, Meyerbeer, and 
 Mendelssohn were played on the piano and organ, of course in 
 a masterly way, by Prof. Allmuth and Mr. Van Kuren." 
 
CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 WEST EWING IMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION. 
 
 We, the residents of the township of Ewing, county of Mercer 
 and State of New Jersey, in order to form an Association to 
 improve and ornament the public roads and grounds, do ordain 
 and establish this Constitution for said Association. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 This Association shall be called " THE WEST EWING IMPROVE- 
 MENT ASSOCIATION." 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 The object of this Association shall be to improve and orna- 
 ment the public roads and grounds of the township, by plant- 
 ing and cultivating trees, establishing and maintaining walks, 
 grading and draining the roadways, providing public drinking 
 troughs, breaking out paths through the snow, lighting canal 
 bridges, and generally doing whatever may tend to the improve- 
 ment of the township as a place of residence. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 The officers of this Association shall be a President, two Vice- 
 Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who shall constitute the 
 Executive Committee. 
 
 The officers shall be elected at the annual meeting, (except 
 for the first election, which shall take place October 8th, 1878,) 
 and shall hold their offices until their successors have been 
 elected. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the President, and, in his absence, of 
 the senior Vice-President, to preside at all meetfngs of the 
 
120 
 
 Association, and to carry out all orders of the Executive Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the Secretary to keep a correct and 
 careful record of all proceedings of the Association and of the 
 Executive Committee, in a book suitable for their preservation ; 
 to give notice of all meetings of the Association and of the 
 Executive Committee; to make all publications, and to give all 
 public and private notices ordered by the Executive Committee, 
 and to attend to all correspondence of the Association. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the .Treasurer to keep the funds of the 
 Association, and to make such disbursements as may be ordered 
 by the Executive Committee. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to employ 
 all laborers, make all contracts, expend all moneys, and gener- 
 ally to direct and superintend all improvements which, in their 
 discretion, and with the means at their command, will best 
 serve the public interest. 
 
 The Executive Committee shall hold a meeting at least once 
 a month, and as much oftener as they may deem expedient. 
 
 The Executive Committee shall have power to institute pre- 
 miums to be awarded for planting and protecting ornamental 
 trees, and for doing such other acts as may seem t*o them worthy 
 of such encouragement. They shall also encourage frequent 
 public meetings of the Association, and of citizens generally, 
 both with a view to maintain an interest in their work, and for 
 the general encouragement of meeting together for discussion 
 and amusement. 
 
 It shall be the duty of the Executive Committee to obtain the 
 preparation of papers on topics directly bearing on the work of 
 the Association, which shall be read at the social meetings. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. 
 
 Auxiliary to the Executive Committee there shall be sub- 
 committees of an advisory nature, whose duty it shall be to pro- 
 
121 
 
 mote the objects of the Association in their district, by interest- 
 ing all members of the community in the work, and suggesting 
 improvements most needed in their immediate neighborhoods. 
 
 These committees shall be especially charged with preserving 
 and carefully providing for the safety of trees planted, and 
 other improvements effected in their districts. They shall be 
 composed of two ladies and one gentleman, and shall offer their 
 suggestions at the social meetings. 
 
 These committees shall be appointed by the President of the 
 Association. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 Three members of the Executive Committee, present at any 
 meeting, shall constitute a quorum for transacting business, and 
 a vote of the majority of those present shall be binding on the 
 Association. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 No debt shall be contracted by the Executive Committee 
 beyond the amount of available funds within their control to 
 pay it ; and no member of the Association shall be liable for 
 any debt of the Association beyond the amount of his or her 
 subscription. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 Every person over fourteen years of age, who shall plant a 
 tree under the direction of the Executive Committee, and 
 obligate himself or herself to protect it for three years, or who 
 shall pay the sum of one dollar annually, shall be a member of 
 this Association, and every child under fourteen years of age, 
 who shall pay the sum of twenty-five cents annually, shall be 
 a member of this Association. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 The payment of ten dollars annually for three years, or twenty- 
 five dollars in one sum, shall constitute a person a member of 
 this Association for life. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 
 The autograph signatures of all members of the Association 
 shall be preserved in a book suitable for that purpose. 
 
122 
 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 An annual meeting of the Association shall be held at such a 
 place as the Executive Committee may direct, on the fourth 
 Wednesday of August, at two o'clock P.M. Notice of such 
 meeting shall be posted at the five most public places in the 
 district, at least seven days prior to the time of holding said 
 meeting, and a written notice shall be sent to all non-resident 
 members. Other meetings of the Association may be called by 
 the Executive Committee, on due notice being given. 
 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 At the annual meeting, the Executive Committee shall report 
 the amount of money received during the year, and the source 
 from which it has been received; the amount of money 
 expended during the year, and the objects for which it has been 
 expended ; the number of trees planted at the cost of the Asso- 
 ciation ; the number planted by individuals, with the location, 
 the kind of tree and the name of the planter, and generally all 
 of the acts of the committee. This report shall be entered on 
 the record of the Association. 
 
 ARTICLE XVI. 
 
 Any person who shall plant a tree under the direction of the 
 Executive Committee, and shall protect it for five years, shall 
 be entitled to have such tree known forever by his or her name. 
 
 ARTICLE XVII. 
 
 This Constitution may be amended by the Executive Com- 
 mittee, with the approval of the majority of the members 
 present, at any annual meeting of the Association, or at any 
 special meeting, the notice of which shall have been accompanied 
 by a copy of the proposed amendment, with the statement that 
 the amendment is to be voted on at such meeting. 
 
BY-LAWS. 
 
 I. The Executive Committee shall grant a certificate of merit, 
 of an artistic design, to such of the school children as shall be 
 certified by their teachers to have shown special zeal in keeping 
 the surroundings of the school-houses neat and clean, or in 
 beautifying them in any way. These certificates to be pre- 
 sented by the President the committee, or some of them, being 
 present on the first Wednesday in June, at the morning ses- 
 sion for Scudder's Falls, and afternoon session for Birmingham 
 and Brookville. 
 
 II. RULES FOR TREE PLANTING. 
 
 1. Trees shall be planted on the road side of the line, and at a 
 distance of four feet therefrom, except in the case of roads two 
 rods wide and under, when the permission of the property- 
 holder shall be obtained, to set them one foot from the line, in 
 the field. 
 
 2. The trees shall be set apart a distance of 150 feet, the 
 opposite rows alternating. 
 
 3. The following trees are recommended as best for road 
 planting, viz. : Sugar Maple, Norway Maple, Elm, White Ash, 
 Linden, Horse Chestnut, Water Birch, Mountain Ash, and 
 occasionally a fruit tree. 
 
 III. The members of this Association shall, as a body and as 
 individuals, use their influence to prevent the erection of adver- 
 tising placards of any description, and to this end mutually 
 agree to remove or cause to be removed, within ten days from 
 June 1st, 1879, any such signs on the property of any of them, 
 whether painted on barns, fences or stones, or nailed or pasted 
 on trees or fences, or otherwise constructed, except legal notices 
 and the usual advertisements of church festivals, which latter 
 shall be allowed to stand for ten days before the date of the 
 festival. 
 
124 
 
 IV. Hereafter any person, upon compliance with Article XI 
 of the Constitution, may be elected a member of this Associa- 
 tion, on the nomination of any member whose dues are paid, 
 and a vote of two-thirds of the members whose dues are paid. 
 
 V. No charge shall be made for the patent road-scraper for 
 private use, by members of the Association. To all others, and 
 for work on the public roads, the charge shall be five dollars 
 per day, the Association furnishing a man to work the machine 
 (whom the Executive Committee shall pay a sum not to exceed 
 one dollar and a quarter), but no team. In all cases the consent 
 of the Executive Committee must first be obtained. 
 
LIST OF BOOKS 
 
 Which will be found valuable to those interested in Rural and Sanitary 
 Improvement Associations. 
 
 Air and Its Relations to Life, by W. N. Hartley. $1.50. 
 
 A Pictorial Guide to Domestic Sanitary Defects, by T. Pridgin Teale, 
 M.A., Surgeon to the General Infirmary at Leeds. With 55 litho- 
 graphs. 8vo. $4. 
 
 A Treatise on Ventilation, by Lewis W. Leeds. $2.50. 
 
 Drainage for Profit and Draining for Health, by George E. Waring, 
 Jr. $1.50. 
 
 Frankland's Water Analysis for Sanitary Purposes. $1. 
 
 HasselFs Food and Its Adulterations. 
 
 Health and Comfort in House Building, by J. Drysdale, M.D., and 
 J. W. Hayward, M.D. Second Edition. $3. 
 
 Healthy Houses, by Wm. Eassie. $L 
 
 Healthy Houses, by Fleming Jenkin, F.R.S., adapted to American 
 Conditions by George E. Waring, Jr. Harpers' Half- Hour Series. 25 
 cents. 
 
 Heat, as applied to the Useful Arts, for the Use of Engineers, Archi- 
 tects, etc., by Thomas Box. $5, 
 
 House Drainage and Water Service, by James C. Bayles. $3. 
 
 Lecture on Water Supply, Sewage and Sewage Utilization, by W. H. 
 Corfield, M.A. 50 cents. 
 
 Parkes' Hygiene, edited by De Chaumont. $6. 
 
 Sanitary Engineering, by Baldwin Latham. 
 
 Sanitary Engineering, by J. Bailey Denton. 
 
 Sanitary Work in Towns and Villages, by Charles Slagg. 
 
 The House and Its Surroundings. 40 cents. 
 
 The Sanitary Drainage of Houses and Towns, by George E. Waring, 
 Jr. $2. 
 
 Villages and Village Life, by Rev. N. H. Eggleston. $1.75. 
 
 Village Improvements and Farm Villages, by Col. George E. War- 
 ing, Jr. 75 cents. 
 
 Wanklyn and Chapman's Water Analysis. $2.50. 
 
 Wilson's Hand-Book of Hygiene. $3. 
 
 Any of the above books may be obtained at the office of THE SANI- 
 TARY ENGINEER, 140 William Street, New York. P. 0. Box 3037. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Anniversary Meeting 1 
 
 Address of President 1 
 
 " " Hon. B. G. Northrop 7 
 
 " " Col. Geo. E. Waring 25 
 
 Constitution and By-Laws 119 
 
 Drainage for Health 77 
 
 Factory Adornment 72 
 
 Hedges 58 
 
 Heating and Ventilation 83 
 
 Laws of New Jersey 103 
 
 Lawns 70 
 
 Lenox System 74 
 
 Keport of Col. Geo. E. Waring 42 
 
 Cellars 42 
 
 Furnace 42 
 
 Sunlight and Fresh Air 43 
 
 The Privy 45 
 
 Disposal of Kitchen Sink Waste 47 
 
 Bays at the Side of the Canal 54. 
 
 Keeler's Mill-dam 55 
 
 Roadways 64 
 
 Sidewalks... 62 
 
MYERS' SANITARY DEPOT, 
 
 Formerly JENNINGS' SANITARY DEPOT, 
 
 94 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 BURKES' STONE LAUNDRY TUBS. 
 
 A LOST ART RESTORED. The manufacture of vessels from Cement, after the manner 
 and style of the ancient Romans, has been successfully accomplished in these Laundry Tubs. 
 We guarantee them; the longer they are in use the more durable they become. 
 
 Send for descriptive circulars of these,, and many other Plumbers' Supplies having for hi? 
 special object the exclusion of 
 
 SEWER QA.S. 
 
 A. G. MYERS, 94 BEEKMAN STREET, NEW YORK. 
 
 TO. THE THOUGHTFUL READER I 
 
 Every man of education should be interested in sanitary science. 
 
 Every good citizen ought to care for questions of public health. 
 
 Lastly, every householder and man of family should be concerned about the 
 health of those around him. i 
 
 All these subjects are fully discussed in THE SANITARY ENGINEER, not in a 
 superficial and temporary way, but by the most competent writers- all experts in 
 tne several departments of drainage, heating, lighting, ventilatiQn, public and per- 
 sona] hygiene, which this journal treats. 
 
 Among its regular contributors', are Col. Geo. E. Waring, Jr., C,E., of Newport, R. I.; Edw. 
 S. Philbrick, C.E., of Boston; Wm. E. Worthen. C.E., and J. J. R. Croes, C.E., of New York, who 
 write upon Sanitary Engineering subjects. Prof, Henry Morton, President of Stevens Institute, 
 treats topics connected with physics and chemistry, and during the past year has very fully dis- 
 cussed the Electric Light, Water Gas and Food Adulteration; while other chemical topics are 
 treated by Prof. C. F. 'Chandler, of New York, and Prof. E. S. Wood, of Cambridge, Robert 
 Brings, C*E., of Philadelphia, anil John S, Billings, Surgeon, U. S. A., have in charge Ventilating 
 and Heating topics. ''School Hygiene" is the specialty of Dr. D. F. Lincoln, of Boston, and Hon. 
 John D. Philbrick, LL.D., U. S. Commissioner at Vienna and Paris Exhibitions. Prof. Ed w. S. 
 Wood, of the Harvard Medical School, has discussed Arsenical Poisoning. Dr. Chas. Smart, 
 U.S.A., has written upon Water Analysis, and E. G. Love, Ph.D., of the School of Mines, upon Gas 
 Topics. Tenement-House Reform has been treated by Chas. L. Brace and others. In short, alt 
 subjects are discussed by specialists. 
 
 In addition to these contributors, arrangements have recently been made to receive addi- 
 tional communications from the following gentlemen upon subjects within their special province, 
 viz.: W. n. Lindley, M. Inst.. C.E.. Frankfort-on-the-Main ; Prof. Henry Robinson, M. Inst, C.E., 
 London. Eng; Rtigers Field. }[. fast.. C.E.. London, Eng.; R. P. Spice, M. Inst. r C.E., London. 
 Eng. ; G. W. Wignpr, F.C.S.. London. Eng.; W. Ea<ie, C.E., London, Eng.; George Wilson, M.A., 
 M.D.. F.C.S., Leamington. Eng.; Neil Carmichael, 31. D., Glasgow. Scotland, and others. 
 
 The demand for the First and Second Volumes has s<> reduced the number of copies, that 
 the price for First Volume, bound, is now $12; Second Volume, bound, 7; Second Volume, 
 unbound. So. 
 
 p.uestions are solicited from persons seeking information on any of the subjects treated 
 by this journal, and will be answered through its columns, WITHOUT CHARGE, when they are of 
 general interest. 
 
 Issued on the 1st and loth of each month. Subscription price, $2 per year; $1 for six 
 months. Published at HO William Street, New York. P. O. Box :3W. 
 Specimen copies will be sent free on application, if applicants will state their occupation or profession.