UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA SERIES ON CALIFORNIA CROPS AND PRICES ORANGES H. R. WELLMAN and E. W. BRAUN BULLETIN 457 AUGUST, 1928 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTING OFFICE BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1928 CONTENTS PAGE Summary 1 Acreage 5 United States acreage of oranges 5 Orange acreage by counties in California 7 Production 10 Commercial production of oranges, United States 10 Orange production in California and Florida 11 Probable future production 12 Fluctuations in production from year to year 14 California shipments by varieties 14 Seasonal Movement of Orange Shipments 16 Seasonal variation in total shipments, United States 16 Seasonal variation in California and Florida shipments 17 Seasonal variation in Navel and Valencia shipments 19 Seasonal movement of other fresh fruits 22 Monthly shipments of oranges by counties, California 25 Important Orange Markets in the United States 25 Wide distribution of oranges 25 Main markets for oranges in the United States 27 Consumption of Oranges 27 Prices and Purchasing Power 30 Relative prices of oranges compared with the general price level 30 Purchasing power of all oranges 31 Purchasing power of Valencias 32 Purchasing power of Navels 34 Prices by size 37 Seasonal variation in prices 40 United States Foreign Trade in Oranges 41 Imports 41 Exports 41 Main foreign markets for oranges 44 Foreign Orange Production 45 Spain 47 Italy 49 Palestine 50 Union of South Africa 50 Australia 51 Japan 51 Acknowledgments 52 Appendix of tables 53 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of California, Davis Libraries http://www.archive.org/details/oranges457well ORANGES H. R. WELLMANi and E. W. BRAUN? SUMMARY Practically the entire national supply of oranges is produced in two states, California and Florida. At the present time California contributes about two-thirds and Florida about one-third of this supply. Less than 1 per cent of the total commercial crop is produced in the other states of the Union. A small quantity of oranges is received from Porto Rico. Both California and Florida have experienced a substantial increase in orange production during the past twenty years. Pro- duction in Florida, however, has increased relatively faster than in California. Between 1908-1912 and 1923-1927 the percentage increase in Florida production amounted to 150 per cent, in California to 67 per cent, The total increase in the United States production during this period amounted to 87 per cent. Foreign markets have provided an outlet for only a small part of the increase in orange production ; nearly 90 per cent of it has been consumed in this country. Our consumption of oranges has increased much faster than the population. From 1908 to 1912 the average annual per-capita consumption amounted to 35 oranges ; during the past five years it has amounted to 51 oranges. This is an increase of 46 per cent. It is particularly significant that the increase in the per-capita consumption of oranges has occurred without a corresponding decline in their relative prices. In fact the prices of oranges are higher as compared with the prices of other commodities now than they were before the war. People are not only eating more oranges but they are paying more for them. Many factors have contributed to this increase in the demand for oranges. Among the more important ones are improvement in quality of pack, wider distribution, extension of the marketing season, development of new outlets, extensive adver- tising, and the active participation of nutrition workers in advocating the wider use of oranges. Some of these factors have been the result of fortunate circumstances, others the result of wisely directed action on the part of the leaders in the industry; all have had a part in maintaining the orange industry in the relatively favorable position which it has occupied during recent years. 1 Extension Specialist in Agricultural Economics. 2 Extension Specialist in Agricultural Economics. 2 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Beginning with the 1924-25 season, and including the 1927-28 season, California Navel orange growers have enjoyed four years of high prices. On the average the prices of Navel oranges were 125 per cent above the pre-war level. On the other hand, the prices of all commodities averaged only 55 per cent above their pre-war levels. This means that there has been a substantial increase in the purchas- ing power of Navel oranges. Navel orange growers can now buy more of other commodities with the money they receive for a box of their oranges than they could ten, fifteen, or twenty years ago. From the standpoint of purchasing power the last four years have been the most prosperous four-year period in twenty years, and probably the most prosperous in the history of the industry. It does not appear likely, however, that the present high price level of Navel oranges can be maintained during the coming years. Florida oranges compete directly with California Navels in the con- suming markets, and indications point to an enormous increase in orange production in Florida during the next few years. The shipping season of California Navels is normally from November to May. This is also the period when the bulk of the Florida oranges are shipped. During the four months of November to February, Florida normally ships even more oranges than Cali- fornia, It is evident, therefore, that there are heavy supplies of Florida oranges on the markets during practically the entire Navel season. Because of this close competition the prices received for Cali- fornia Navels are materially affected by the size of the Florida crop. The relatively high prices of Navel oranges during the past four years were largely a result of the low production in Florida. The crops of 1924-25 and 1925-26 were materially reduced as a result of neglect arising out of the real estate boom. The 1926-27 crop was injured by frost and hurricane, and the 1927-28 crop by frost and drought. It should not be assumed, however, that the factors which caused four successive low crops will continue. Under normal con- ditions, such as existed between 1919 and 1924, the yield per acre is well above that of the past four years. Hence we may reasonably expect that the future orange crops in Florida will be substantially larger. In addition to the resumption of normal yields per acre it is expected that the bearing acreage will be materially larger. Approxi- mately 40 per cent of the total orange acreage in Florida in 1927 was not yet in bearing. As this acreage comes into bearing, production will be increased. Taking into consideration these two factors — the normal yield per acre and larger bearing acreage — it is entirely Bul. 457] ORANGES 3 possible for Florida to produce twice as many oranges within the next five years as was produced on the average during the past four years. This will mean a net increase of approximately 50 per cent in the national suppty of oranges to be marketed between November and May. There is also likely to be some increase in orange production in Texas. As yet Texas has not been an important factor in orange production, but she is likely to become one very shortly. Since the shipping season in Texas is during the winter months, this increase in production will add further to the competition of our Navels. On the other hand the production of Navels in California is not likely to be much larger during the next few years than it is at present, but neither is it likely to be much smaller. The present non- bearing acreage is just about sufficient to offset the bearing acreage that will normally be taken out. There is no immediate prospect that the probable increase in the supply of oranges to be marketed in competition with our Navels can be absorbed at the present high level of prices. There has been, it is true, a substantial increase in the demand for oranges during the winter and spring months, and we can probably expect a further increase in the future. But it is extremely doubtful if the demand can be increased as fast during the next five years as production is likely to increase. Consequently the prices of Navels are likely to average lower during the coming years. The prices of California Valencias are not likely to be materially affected by the probable increase in Florida production except during April and May. The shipping season of Valencias in California normally begins in April and extends through October. After May both Florida oranges and California Navels are practically out of the market. During most of their season, therefore, Valencias have the orange market to themselves. There are, however, large quantities of other fresh fruits offered to consumers in competition with Valencia oranges, and the shipments of these fruits have increased substantially during recent years. As compared with the pre-war conditions, California Valencia growers have been in a less favorable position than Navel growers. lU'tween 1910 and 1920 the trend of purchasing power of Valencias was downward. The most important cause for that downward trend was the rapid increase in shipments, which rose from 2,400,000 boxes in 1912 to 7,300,000 boxes in 1920. Consumers would not buy this greatly increased quantity except at relatively lower prices. Since 1920 the rate of increase in Valencia shipments has not been nearly 4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION so rapid as before. The demand has increased even faster than the shipments, although the latter reached the total of 12,140,000 boxes in 1927. Consequently the trend of purchasing power has been upward. This recent upward trend in purchasing power should not be expected to continue, however. The shipments of Valencias will probably be considerably larger during the next few years, since approximately 14 per cent of the Valencia acreage in this state is not yet in bearing, and an even larger proportion has not reached the age of full bearing. In addition, there is likely to be a further increase in the supplies of other fresh fruits on the markets during the Valencia season. On the other hand, the present level of prices of midseason and late Valencia oranges in California can probably be maintained, provided plantings are not materially increased. The demand for Valencia oranges has increased steadily, and there are as yet no indications that the saturation point has been reached. Approximately 8 per cent of the oranges produced in the United States during the past five years have been exported. Canada, which is our most important foreign market for oranges, took about 85 per cent of the total exports. Exports from the United States to Canada have increased steadily in the past, and we can probably expect a further increase in the future. But on account of the relatively small population, it is not likely that Canada will provide an outlet for more than a small part of our increase in production. During the past two years we have secured a foothold in the British market. It is doubtful, however, if Great Britain or any of the other European countries will provide an outlet for greatly increased exports of oranges from the United States. The tendency is toward increasing competition in all of the European markets. Therefore, if the United States orange growers are going to compete successfully in those markets, they will have to ship only good quality oranges which are carefully graded and packed. Even then it must be expected that the foreign outlet for our oranges will be limited. From the standpoint of the individual orange grower the possibility of obtaining increased returns in the future lies largely in more efficient production. New planting should be made only in localities having favorable climatic and soil conditions, and where high yields of good quality fruit can be obtained. From the standpoint of the industry much progress has already been made in developing new outlets, increasing demand, and improving the quality and pack. With increased production more effort along these lines will be needed. Bul. 457] ORANGES ACREAGE United States Acreage of Oranges. — The estimated bearing acreage of oranges in the several orange-producing states of the Union since 1919 is shown in table 1. Between 1919 and 1924 the total bearing acreage of oranges in the United States increased approximately 44 per cent. Since 1924 there has been a further substantial increase. In 1924, which is the last year that estimates of acreage in all of the states are available, there were 290,000 acres of oranges in bearing in this country. Of this amount 61 per cent was in California and 36 per cent in Florida. TABLE 1 Estimated Bearing Acreage; of Oranges by States, 1919-1928 Year California Florida Texas Alabama Louisiana Arizona Missis- sippi 1919 acres 145,000 162,000 171,928 175,415 176,820 177,978 181,341 184,060 185,543 187,281 acres 52,600 57,500 64,600 73,200 86,100 104,400 108,600 122,100 128,200 acres 200 acres 2,000 4,700 5,100 11,500 13,100 2,100 2,300 acres 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,400 ' 1,500 1,600 acres 600 700 700 800 900 1,000 acres 230 1920 250 1921 250 1922 400 1923 2,100 2,400 2,700 450 1924 300* 1925 300 1926 400 1927 1928 * 1924 data for Mississippi, writers' estimate. Sources of data: California from California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service (revised figures). Other states from U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Market prospects for citrus fruits, 1927-28, p. 2, 1927 (mimeo.) ; except as follows: 1927 data for Florida from Nathan Mayo, Commissioner of Agriculture, Florida, in letter dated Feb. 11, 1928. All data except for California given in number of trees. Number of trees per acre in various states as estimated by Prof. Robert W. Hodgson, Division of Subtropical Horticulture, University of California, are as follows: Florida and Texas, 70; Arizona, 75; Louisiana, 100; Alabama and Mississippi, 130. Data not available where omitted. In California estimates of bearing acreage are available for each year since 1914. These data are shown graphically in figure 1. It will be noted that the period of greatest expansion in the orange industry in this state during the past fifteen years occurred between 1916 and 1921. During these five years the bearing acreage was increased by 58,200 acres, or 51 per cent. Since 1921 the bearing acreage has increased steadily but more slowly than before. At the present time the bearing acreage amounts to 187,281 acres, 15,353 acres more than in 1921, an increase of 9 per cent. 6 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION In the five most important orange-producing 1 counties in California, which together contain 91 per cent of the total bearing acreage in the state, there are 84,590 acres of Navels, 83,825 acres of ValenciavS, and 2,537 acres of miscellaneous varieties (table 2). Bearing Acreage of Oranges in California, 1914-1928 CO o © o u t~ to ^ O O O rH r-» CO r-4 t- 00 3 200 150 100 50 ■I o> o> o> o> O rH CM CM CM CM O* Oi o> to Qi Oi Oi Fig. 1. — There has been a substantial and continuous growth in the orange industry in California during the past fourteen years. (Data from the California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service.) TABLE 2 Estimated Acreage of Oranges by Varieties in Five Counties in California, 1928 Bearing acres Non-bearing acres * Total bearing County Navels Valen- cias Miscel- laneous Total Navels Valen- cias Miscel- laneous Total and non- bearing 16,054 982 12,093 29,196 26,265 23,700 37,938 3,182 9,433 9,572 673 83 489 823 469 40,427 39,003 15,764 39,452 36,306 549 9 222 411 192 2,699 10,046 50 248 24 8 3,256 10,055 272 659 268 43,683 49,058 16,036 40,111 Tulare 52 36,574 Total five counties ... 84,590 83,825 2,537 170,952 1,383 13,067 60 14,510 185,462 * 1927 plantings are not included. Source of data: Compiled by N. I. Nielsen, Fruit Statistician, California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service. BuL.457] ORANGES 7 The present non-bearing acreage of oranges in California, including 3,197 acres planted in 1927, amounts to 22,519 acres. This indicates that there will be a further increase in bearing acreage during the next few years. The largest proportion of this increase will be Valencias. Of the 14,510 acres, exclusive of 1927 planting, not in bearing in the five most important orange-producing counties in the state, 90 per cent were Valencias and only 10 per cent Navels. The orange industry in Florida has experienced a phenomenal expansion during the past decade. Between 1919 and 1927 the increase in the bearing acreage amounted to 75,600 acres, or 143 per cent. In 1927 the total orange acreage in Florida amounted to 208,476 acres, which is only 336 acres less than the total orange acreage in California at the present time. Of the 208,476 acres in Florida in 1927, 80,246 acres, or 38.5 per cent, were not yet in bearing. It is probable, therefore, that there will be a very large increase in bearing acreage in Florida during the next few years. Within the past five years there has been considerable activity in the planting of oranges in Texas. According to the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agri- culture, there were over 17,000 acres of oranges in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in 1927, of which less than one-third were considered in bearing. 3 In the Laredo — Winter-Garden — Pearsall section there are approximately 1,200 acres, practically all of which has been planted in the last three years. Orange Acreage by Counties in California. — The production of oranges in California is not widely distributed throughout the state. Although oranges are grown on a commercial basis in twenty-three of the fifty-eight counties, the large producing areas are confined to a comparatively few counties. The main orange-producing counties are Orange, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, Ventura, and San Diego in southern California; Tulare, Fresno, and Kern in central California; and Butte, Sacramento, and Glenn in northern California. The relative importance of the main orange-producing counties from the standpoint of bearing acreage is shown in figure 2. The five counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, Tulare, and Riverside contain over 90 per cent of the total bearing acreage in the state. 3 U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Market prospects for citrus fruits 1927-28. pp. 8-9. Dec. 6, 1927 (mimeo.). UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Percentage of California's Bearing Orange Acreage in Main Orange- producing Counties, 1928 County Los Angeles San Bernardino Orange Tulare Riverside Fresno Ventura San Diego Butte Sacramento Kern Glenn Others Total 187,281 100.0 Fig. 2. — Approximately 83 per cent of the bearing orange acreage in California is in the four counties of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Orange, and Tulare. (Data from table 21.) Absolute Increase or Decrease in Bearing Acreage of Oranges in Main Orange-producing Counties in California from 1921 to 1928 Deorease Aores 500 Increase 1000 1500 2000 County 1 1 I I I I I I Orange 7,503 I M 4KM 7503 San Bernardino 1,937 Ventura Riverside Tulare Fresno Los Angeles San Diego Kern Glenn Sacramento Butte Fig. 3. — Almost one-half of the total increase in bearing acreage since 1921 has occurred in Orange County. (Data compiled from table 21.) Bul. 457] ORANGES Figure 3 shows the absolute changes in bearing acreage between 1921 and 1928 in the twelve most important orange-producing coun- ties. Ten of the twelve counties show an increase, two a decrease. The increase in bearing acreage in Orange County has been very large, amounting to 7,503 acres, which is almost one-half of the total increase in the state. In Ventura County almost as many bearing acres of oranges have been added since 1921 as in San Bernardino County, and the percentage increase has been very much greater. Of all the important orange-producing counties, Ventura has experi- enced the largest percentage increase in bearing acreage during the past seven years. In Riverside County the peak in bearing acres was reached in 1926 ; and during the past two years there has been a decrease of over 1,400 acres. The two principal orange-producing counties in northern California, Butte and Sacramento, show a loss of 560 and 107 acres respectively between 1921 and 1928. Percentage of California's Non-bearing Orange Acreage in Main Orange-producing Counties, 1928 County Orange Los Angeles Ventura San Diego San Bernardino Riverside Tulare Fresno Others Total Acres 10,055 52 317 1.6 19,322 100.0 Fig. 4. — During recent years large plantings of oranges have been made in Orange, Los Angeles, and Ventura counties. (Data from table 21.) Figure 4, which gives the non-bearing acreage by counties in 1928, shows the location of recent plantings of oranges. Of the 19,322 acres of oranges not in bearing in California, exclusive of 1927 plantings, 10,055 acres were in Orange County, 3,256 acres in Los Angeles County, and 2,842 acres in Ventura County. These three counties contained 83.6 per cent of the total non-bearing acreage in the state, and Orange County alone contained 52 per cent of the total. 10 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION PRODUCTION Commercial Production of Oranges, United States. — The average commercial production of oranges in the United States during the past five years has amounted to 31,756,000 boxes. Of this amount California contributed 67 per cent and Florida 32 per cent. The production in California, therefore, was approximately twice as large as that in Florida. Some of the other states, principally Alabama, Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas also produce oranges on a com- mercial basis. The amount produced in each of these states, however, is relatively small. Their combined production during these five years amounted to only 163,000 boxes on the average, which was less than 1 per cent of the total United States production. Estimated Commercial Production of Oranges, United States, 1908-1927 to to tOlOtO t-CMr-ttOrHlD Oi lt> tO CO t* t»- too OCOCMO>0<0 3 b rf t- <£> O t- CM t»« tO t-i <0 t-i tO tO O* O O* ■<& t> i-t tfi ^iHrlr-i «H iH fH CM CM CM CM r-4 CM CM CM CM CM tO CM tO IO 40 30 20 10 n / \ ^ £ 1 ^ >1 /■ X ^ ^ / \ 7 \&~- \ / ^ ^ ^ ^ *** 1 \ / CO o> o O O »H & O* Oi CO CJ> O t-H CM n ^ to (D •H r-« CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 0>0)0>CnO> Oi Oi Oi Ch Oi o> Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 5. — There has been a pronounced upward trend in orange production in the United States since 1908. (Data from table 22.) The changes in the United States orange production between 1908 and 1927 4 are shown in figure 5. During this period there was a 4 Unless otherwise noted, crop years are used rather than calendar years for data pertaining to the United States. In California the crop year begins in November and extends through October of the following year, and in Florida it begins about the first of October and usually extends into June. Where a single date is used to designate a crop year, it is the one in which the crop year ends; for example, the period 1923-1927 refers to the crop years from 1922-23 ito 1926-27. Bul. 457] ORANGES 11 pronounced upward trend in production, which is indicated by the hollow line. The average production during the first five years of this twenty-year period amounted to 17,006,000 boxes, whereas the average production during the last five years amounted to 31,756,000 boxes. This is an increase of 14,750,000 boxes, or 87 per cent. During the same time the population of the United States increased only 25 per cent. Kelative Changes in the Commercial Production of Oranges in California and Florida, 1908-1927 Calif, Fla, © o ^ w o o> o e- o - 5 a to f-t to CO o m CM in in to CO o CO CM t-4 rr> CO in o> to o m o> i-t O to ** CO CO tf> CD CO •*« o t»- c- to CO t- cn in o> CO Ol •> m t- in in o t- c- CO •H CM o> rH to CM in r-A rH r-t CVJ r* rH CM t-\ rH CM i-t CM CM o •* o tO rH U> CM tO rH CO C- CO o o o o t- o o o o p to t» 20 «H 10 I CALIFC 1 )RNIA X ^-= ^ £ / / \ 7 t ' ,' _-^ • \ +< 7? ORIC >A 1 s2 \ / ^J \ \ \ i / / / r N i»« r \ f % 8 o> o> CM CM o> o> Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 6. — Both California and Florida have experienced a substantial increase in orange production during the past twenty years. The percentage increase in Florida, however, has been over twice as large as in California. (Data from table 22.) Orange Production in California and Florida. — Of the total increase of 14,750,000 boxes in the national orange crop between 1908-1912 and 1923-1927 California contributed 8,473,000 boxes, or 57 per cent, and Florida 6,116,000 boxes, or 42 per cent. California, therefore, was responsible for a larger proportion of the total increase than Florida. Although the absolute increase in orange production during the past twenty years was less in Florida than in California, the per- centage increase was greater. This is accounted for by the fact that 12 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION the total production at the beginning of the period was considerably larger in California than in Florida. A comparison of the percentage changes in the orange production of the two states between 1908 and 1927 is shown in figure 6. It will be noted that both states have experienced a rapid increase in production. In Florida, however, production has increased at an even faster rate than in California. Commercial Production and Bearing Acreage of Oranges in Florida, 1919-20 to 1926-27, and Forecast of Trend of Bearing Acreage, 1928-29 to 1932-33 200 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 26,600 160 120 80 40 FORFCAST OF TREND OF BEA RING ACREA GE ^i BEAR ING , kCREA / GE-^ i S ^V^ * •»*■ ^^g. * s PRODUCTION — ' 21,280 15,960 % o 8 10,640 5 O i 5,320 Fig. 7. — The bearing acreage of oranges in Florida is likely to increase substantially during the next five years. With favorable climatic conditions production will probably be very much larger than it was this past year. (Data from tables 1 and 22.) Between 1908-1912 and 1923-1927 the percentage increase in pro- duction in Florida amounted to 150 per cent, and in California to 65 per cent. It is evident that Florida has become an increasingly important competitor of California. During the five years from 1908 to 1912, Florida contributed only 24 per cent of the total United States production; now Florida contributes 32 per cent. Probable Future Production. — The trends of production in both California and Florida are likely to continue upward during the next few years. It has already been pointed out that some increase in bearing acreage in California may be expected. In addition there may be some increase in the average yield per acre, since a considerable proportion of the trees have not yet reached the age of full bearing. Bui* 457] ORANGES 13 Indications point to an enormous increase in orange production in Florida during the next few years. Figure 7 was prepared to help visualize the amount of this probable increase. The solid line in figure 7 represents the bearing acreage in Florida between 1919 and 1927. The extension of this line represents the probable trend of bearing acreage during the next five years. This forecast is based upon the non-bearing acreage in 1927, which amounted to approxi- mately 80,000 acres. An orange tree in Florida comes into bearing in five years. By 1932, therefore, even the youngest of the present non- bearing trees will be in bearing. This does not mean, of course, that there will be a net increase of 80,000 acres in the bearing acreage by 1932. Some of the present non-bearing acreage may not reach the age of bearing, and in addition some of the bearing acreage will probably be taken out. To take care of this mortality, an allowance of 20 per cent of the present non-bearing acreage was made. This leaves a net increase in bearing acreage of 64,000 acres during the next five years. The production of oranges in Florida is represented by the broken line. The scale of production is adjusted to that of bearing acreage on the basis of the average yield per acre between 1920 and 1924. Conditions in Florida with respect to yield per acre appear to have been normal during these five years. During this period the curves of bearing acreage and production moved closely together, with the curve of production fluctuating above and below the curve of bearing acreage. This is exactly the situation that we would expect under normal conditions. Conditions during the four years from 1924-25 to 1927-28, how- ever, have been considerably below normal. Consequently production has not kept pace with the rapid increase in bearing acreage. The small crops of 1924-25 and 1925-26 were largely the result of neglect arising out of the recent real-estate boom. During the boom large acreages of oranges were sub-divided. They were not properly cared for and in particular no fertilizer was applied. Consequently the yields were greatly reduced. The small crop in 1926-27 was the result of a combination of events : a severe freeze, a hurricane, and a drought. The 1927-28 crop was also small. The drought which affected the 1926-27 crop continued. In addition there was another severe freeze in Florida the latter part of 1927. The factors which caused four successive low crops cannot nor- mally be expected to continue, however. The real-estate boom has subsided, and the neglected orchards have been largely brought back into production. The freezes in 1927 were the most severe since 1917, 14 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION and the drought was the most severe that has occurred in a half century. It seems reasonable to believe, therefore, that conditions in Florida will be much more favorable for orange production during the next few years than they have in the past four years. With favorable conditions it is likely that the production of oranges will again resume a position with respect to bearing acreage similar to that which it occupied between 1920 and 1924. Fluctuations in Production from Year to Year. — Orange produc- tion fluctuates widely from year to year. The fluctuations are caused in the main by variations in climatic conditions. The principal climatic factors which affect the yield of oranges are frost, wind, and heat. The influence of the first two of these three factors can be partially controlled : frost damage by orchard heating ; and wind damage by the planting of windbreaks. Protection against heat, however, cannot be economically secured. Fortunately, periods of extreme heat are exceedingly rare. The direction and extent of the fluctuations in orange production in California and Florida are shown in figure 6. It will be noted that the fluctuations in the two states are generally, although not always, in the same direction. The tendency for large and small crops to occur at the same time in the two states is probably due largely to coincidence. Nevertheless, it has had an important effect upon the marketing of oranges in that it has accentuated rather than diminished the fluctuations in the total United States production. The extent of the fluctuations in production in the two states during the past twenty years has been about equal on the average. Each state has experienced a number of disastrous seasons. In Cali- fornia the crops of 1913 and 1922 were severely damaged by frost, and the 1918 crop by heat. In Florida severe freezes occurred in 1911, 1917, and 1927. California Shipments by Varieties. — The Navel and Valencia are the principal varieties of oranges grown in California. Approximately 98 per cent of the total orange shipments at the present time are of these two varieties. The remaining 2 per cent of the shipments are made up of a number of miscellaneous varieties such as Mediterranean Sweets, Bloods, St. Michaels, Seedlings, and Tangerines. The annual shipments of Navels and Valencias for the past sixteen years are shown in figure 8, Navel shipments being represented by the solid line and Valencia shipments by the broken line. It is at once apparent that Valencia shipments have increased very much faster than Navel shipments, both absolutely and relatively. Between the Bul. 457J ORANGES 15 two 3-year periods of 1912-14 and 1925-27 the increase in Valencia shipments amounted to 7,053,000 boxes, or 249 per cent; whereas the increase in Navel shipments amounted to only 1,527,000 boxes, or 17 per cent. Of the total increase in orange shipments between these two periods 82 per cent were Valencias and only 18 per cent were Navels. Shipments of Navel and Valencia Oranges, California, 1912-1927 2 § 8 8 O O 8 o o CO to co i-t 3 & Navel eo 8 CO CM in r-t e- CM •* m in co o> •* CM «H OJ to CM CO c- o r-i i-i l-t ^ o 8 O o 8 o in ■* in CM CO Valenci 18 O o in o o to to CM to CM o to to * * CM r-t •# to in in •# t- c- en 12 r* \ ^NAVELS A A — \ / /> rr // ft K / / \ t s / \ t VALENCIAS-^ ' 4 s. S * > /] / V ' / * w / ■ *^ t cm to «f in O r-t CM to ^< in o » « n G i» < ft < 7> c n c n c A » C > r> 0> Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 8. — During the past sixteen years Valencia shipments have increased greatly; Navel shipments, only slightly. (Data for years 1917-1927 from California Fruit Growers Exchange; yeai-s 1912-1916 estimates by the writers.) Before 1918 the Navel was the predominant variety of oranges grown in California. Between 1912 and 1917 the average annual ship- ments of Navels were 2.7 times as large as those of Valencias. In 1918, however, the Navel crop was greatly reduced, principally because of the unprecedented period of extreme heat in June, 1917. As a result the shipments of Navels fell below those of Valencias. This situation was, of course, only temporary. For each of the following seven years the Navel shipments Avere again the larger of the two, although the difference between them was not as great as before 1918. But during the past two years Valencias have been more important than Navels, and this situation is of a permanent nature as contrasted with the temporary situation in 1918. 16 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION It is also likely that the bulk of the increase in orange production during the next few years will be Valencias. Approximately 90 per cent of the present non-bearing acreage of oranges in the state are Valencias and only 10 per cent are Navels. The peak of Navel pro- duction in California seems to have been reached. It will be noted in figure 8 that the total yearly shipments of California Navels and Valencias have tended to fluctuate in the same direction. The reason for this situation is that the climatic conditions throughout most of the orange-producing areas south of the Tehachapi are generally similar. Although the main producing districts of Navels and Valencias are fairly distinct, they are not widely separated. In addition a considerable portion of the two varieties are produced in the same districts. The production north of the Tehachapi, which is largely Navels, is relatively small, and, therefore, does not exert a pronounced effect upon the direction of the fluctuation in the total shipments. It sometimes happens, of course, that the shipments of Navels and Valencias fluctuate in opposite directions. For example, in 1916 and 1920 there was an increase in Valencia shipments and a decrease in Navel shipments. The decline in Navel shipments in these two years was chiefly due to June drop, which is usually a more serious problem with Navels than with Valencias. SEASONAL MOVEMENT OF ORANGE SHIPMENTS Seasonal Variation in Total Shipments, United States. — Oranges are an all-year-round product. Carlot shipments of oranges in con- siderable numbers reach the consuming markets every month of the year. The heaviest shipments, however, occur during the winter and early spring months (fig. 9). On the average, two-thirds of the United States orange crop is shipped during the six months from November to April. December is usually the month of heaviest ship- ments. From May to July shipments decline rapidly and remain at a relatively low point during August, September, and October. The percentage of the total crop shipped each month varies, of course, from year to year. The greatest variation is usually in November, which is largely accounted for by early and late seasons. When the season is early a larger proportion of the crop is shipped in November than when it is late. After November the proportion shipped during each of the remaining months is remarkably uniform from year to year, as illustrated by the close correspondence between the five-year-average curve and the 1926-27 curve in figure 9. Bul. 457] ORANGES 17 Seasonal Variation in California and Florida Shipments. — Figure 10 shows the average monthly carlot shipments of oranges from Cali- fornia and Florida. The chief difference between the seasonal move- ment of oranges from these two states is at once apparent. California ships oranges every month in the year. Florida ships oranges during only a part of the year. The new-crop Florida oranges start to market in October, the month which practically marks the end of the Percentage or Total Carlot Shipments of United States Oranges Shipped by Months, 1926-27, and Average, 1922-23 to 1926-27 Ave 1923 rage -192 1926-27 27 £ 2 2 10 l \ • — -._, "' .'^ - 1926 -27 / k "V / / AVERAGE ' 1922-23 TO 1926-27 ^^ N. ^ "■ s Fig. 9. — Oranges move to market every month in the year, shipments, however, are during the winter and spring months. (Data compiled from table 24.) The heaviest California Valencia season. During the next two months, shipments from Florida increase rapidly. The peak of shipments is usually in December. Approximately 20 per cent of the crop is shipped during that one month. January and February are likewise months of heavy shipments, although somewhat smaller than December. During each of the four months of November to February, Florida normally ships more oranges than California. By the end of February approxi- mately 70 per cent of the Florida crop has been shipped. From March on, shipments decline rapidly, and by June they are practically negligible. In the future, shipments in February, March, and April may be larger as compared with the other months than they are now, 18 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION because the bulk of the recent plantings in Florida are Valencias, which mature late in the season. Shipments of new-crop California oranges begin in November and continue actively throughout the year. The heaviest shipping period is during the four months of March to June, when approximately 55 per cent of the total orange crop in the state moves to market. April is usually the month of heaviest shipments, with May a close second. After May shipments decline, reaching a low point in October. The tendency has been for the movement of oranges from this state to become more uniform throughout the season because of the rapid increase in Valencia production. And since a large part of the present non-bearing orange acreage in the state is Valencias, it is likely that the seasonal movement will become even more uniform during the next few years than it is now. The fact that California oranges are shipped to market every month of the year is of great value to the industry. It enables the consumption of oranges to be spread out over a long period. If all of the oranges produced in this state had to be consumed within five or six months, the returns would undoubtedly be much lower. Again, a continuous supply of oranges enables the sales organizations to operate more efficiently. An orange-shipping season which extends throughout the entire year is made possible in California by a number of conditions : ( 1 ) Oranges are grown in different climatic zones in which the normal season of maturity is different, (2) The two most important varieties of oranges grown in California mature at different periods of the year. Navels mature early, Valencias late. Furthermore, both varieties are grown in each of the climatic zones. This gives a succession of ripening periods throughout the year. (3) After oranges are mature, they can generally be held on the trees for a considerable period. This makes it possible to distribute them more evenly between the normal periods of ripening of the two varieties. According to Professor Robert W. Hodgson, Division of Sub- tropical Horticulture, University of California, the chief reason why the shipping season in Florida is so much shorter than in California is that the oranges in the several producing districts in Florida mature at about the same time. Florida does not have such distinct climatic zones as exist in California. There is seldom over two or three weeks difference in the time of maturity between the earliest and the latest district in Florida. The other main factors which affect the length of the shipping season are somewhat similar in the Bul. 457] ORANGES 11) two states. Florida has early and late varieties, although their ripen- ing periods are not as far apart as in California. And, with the exception of the Pineapple variety, oranges can be held on the trees nearly as long in Florida as they can in any given district in California. Monthly Carlot Shipments of Oranges, California and Florida, Average 1922-23 to 1926-27 H CO t- 60 s CO to California CM o CO s CO IO CO o CM IO IO to IO IO co CO CO o> en CO to to to to IO IO IO ■* to CM CM i-» o i o> <* to to H CM o C- «H IO o Florida o oo to o> co o> CM CM IO to CM s • to •«* ■<* to to CM iH 8000 6000 4000 2000 I F.'g. 10. — Florida oranges compete most severely with California oranges during the five months of November to March. (Data compiled from table 24.) Seasonal Variation in Navel and Valencia Shipments. — The average monthly shipments of Navel and Valencia oranges from California are shown in figure 11. The shipping periods of these two varieties are fairly distinct. They largely supplement each other rather than compete with each other. Thus during the period from November to March, when the shipments of Navels are heaviest, practically no Valencias are shipped. And as Valencia shipments increase, Navel shipments decline. By the time Valencia shipments have reached the peak, the entire Navel crop is gone. It is only during April and May 20 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION that Navels and Valencias compete to any considerable extent with each other in the consuming market. By referring to figures 10 and 11 it will be seen that Florida oranges compete most severely with California Navels. Heavy ship- ments of Florida oranges reach the markets during practically the entire Navel season. Since orange production in Florida has been increasing rapidly the California Navel grower has been subjected to keener and keener competition. Furthermore, it is likely that this competition will continue to increase for some time. Monthly Shipments of Navel and Valencia Oranges, California, Average 1923-24 to 1926-27 Navels Valencias 2 rH CM .H 2,500 I Fig. 11. — California Navel and Valencia oranges do not compete seriously with each other. Navels, however, meet with keen competition from Florida oranges; while Valencias meet with keen competition from other fresh fruits. (Data compiled from records of the California Fruit Growers Exchange.) California Valencias, on the other hand, practically have the orange market to themselves. During the peak of the Valencia season both Florida oranges and California Navels are out of the market. There are, however, large quantities of fresh fruits available on the market during the entire Valencia season. Bul. 457] ORANGES 21 SCCO • isr p p X.g 2 ?3 p J ' .a a. ~» » •f « fa a ■S § 1 C3 e. ■ 3 a ■ a ccg f° cc 2. ■5-0 fcfig -.re o t to 4» 3. ■ «» sTb ff >" ° » 5 2 t E 3 £§§«^ si So S' - 2- w p p o a S^p a-2- a re 2.2- §515. 8 re cro, p ^ai 5* g-3 re » £coo _, » 5"S 5 _ re *» re a ^,re < -• Woo re p 2p o- to" S* 5 to |_,0 n " 2 p 3 gcc| 2, re c p "O "OS- 2,2 o- ^1 jb ? 3 3 re a> Cl ^22 3" a ss| t»& ( 1 H P \ P X I » a 6 B 7 2 - 3 p 3 0- 3 3 = re t r 3 SB = \ \ 3 I - i Oranges Grapefruits OS OS ►— to en CO H- cars 7,645 2,647 749 77 p a Cn en co 00 CO cars 7,460 2,585 657 239 re a* oo 00 O oo -g co Mar. cars 8,335 2,846 1,021 418 O C5 cars 8,025 2,442 1,180 2,378 > t3 a cars 6,471 1,719 1,884 8,918 2,228 P •< to 00 CO co cars 4,791 405 1,902 3,621 9,977 3,366 1,479 a a re cars 3,477 206 1,435 293 8,135 13,014 2,751 3,864 11,256 1,400 5,353 9,742 3,556 6,324 10,875 3,000 cars 2,860 69 993 e 2,395 6,130 2,781 5,599 8,969 3,800 cars 2,683 173 611 DQ re 593 2,807 9,078 4,200 N> cars 2,654 1,421 670 O re 106 502 7,766 cars 7,257 2,577 521 2 O 31 176 7,033 cars 8,876 1,860 619 re a to 8 4- en BO M ba re 2, CO to to ■*» to CO s CO * H o p_ 1 22 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Monthly Carlot Shipments of Certain Fresh Fruits, United States, Average 1923-1927 5- PEARS Ega 5- TABLE GRAPES IfltitA tmmm LEMONS nrm nrrrm vxa/a 1*7771 YY7/\ K^SiVJ ic*/wm„ Fig. 12. — Most of the fresh fruits are marketed during the summer and fall months. Thus they compete more severely with Valencia oranges than with Navel oranges. (Data from table 3.) Seasonal Movement of Other Fresh Fruits. — Figure 12 shows the shipping seasons of a number of the important fresh fruits which compete with oranges in the consuming markets. It will be noted that the bulk of them come on the market at the same time as Valencia oranges. Strawberry shipments are heaviest in May, cantaloupe ship- Bul. 457 ORANGES 23 ments in June and July, peach shipments in July and August, pear shipments in August and September, and table-grape shipments in September and October. Apples, lemons, and bananas are also important competitors of Valencia oranges. In the summer, early apples such as Gravensteins are available, and in the fall the main apple crop is harvested. 5 The principal competition between lemons and oranges is in the preparation of soft drinks, which are used most extensively during the summer months. Although lemon shipments continue actively throughout the year, the heaviest shipping period is during May, June, and July. These are also the months of largest lemon imports. The imports of bananas are also heaviest during the Valencia season. During the past three years 59 per cent of the total annual imports have come in between May and October as against 41 per cent between November and April. TABLE 4 Annual Caklot Shipments of Certain Fresh Fruits in the United States, Average 1920-1921 and 1926-1927 Average 1920-1921 Average 1926-1927 Increase from 1920-1921 to 1926-1927 Apples cars 103,635 87,783 23,215 24,384 9,032 10,803 11,839 5,383 14,540 cans 115,482 123,610 36,750 28,934 15,474 13,413 17,701 6,484 21,359 cars 11,847 35,827 13,535 4,550 6,442 2,610 5,862 1,101 6,819 per cent 11 4 40 8 Peaches 58.3 18 7 71 3 24 2 49.5 20 5 46.9 Total 290,614 379,207 88,593 30 5 Sources of data: U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Crops and Markets, except as follows: Peach ship- ments have been corrected for dried and canned outputs in California. Banana shipments are net imports converted to cars on the basis of 450 bunches per car. The import figures are from U. S. Dept. Commerce, Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States, monthly issues. California Navel oranges do not entirely escape from the com- petition of other fresh fruits, Large quantities of storage apples are available during the winter and spring months. It is probable that apples compete even more with Navel than with Valencia oranges. The imports of bananas during the Navel season, while not as large as during the Valencia season, are of sufficient volume to affect the 5 The monthly shipments of apples are not shown in figure 12 because they do not represent the movement into consumption, since a large part of the crop is stored. 24 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION CI < H O fe K o w > 03 -«! ^. W * Oh H cc s si < u >* i-) H r" fe O S4 CM CO CI OS oo lO CM «s 03 CO O) 00 ■* OO M * O 00 CM ~< gj » M CM rH « N g* as ■«f CO o H » O) m 00 — < so co go O 00 O Oi i-l CO co -<*• r- ^ ©d 1 •* n ci o 00 Oi ~H o ■«*< O CM <-~ 00 O u ** ~~ ^" a 0) M <* U3 00 » c *o : Oi iti CO bb V. O O W5 CO CO : "to i^ 3 r^ co ^h ^m • *o GO «l o -< • ®** «?< >> ^H O ^H lO CM O : Oi CM c Cl OO H O rt lO CO 3 00 " ~* : *~- i-H CS> ►-5 1-1 ,-H : (3 ^' go" >> c3 oo co ■<*< co a> as : Oi CD «5 1 ■* M ■* N CN W : >o> ^ O O! m ■* x i-i _ B 00 O0 •**< OO CO CO CM Ol y-l O >o O oo r~ t-i t-i >o a> a CM ">* t~- •* ^H O CO * OS CO : f^ co C O : co co as Oi a h "« -* : c ^" eel ra n in io co » CO <^. t^ oo ©* fl i Ol CO O CD ■* CO © >o i-H 00 S3 03 CO »o o >-> CM BtJ »-s v> •- 1 GO GO t. ^H O 00 CO CO CM ': c-. oo t^ o* o : 05 c CD lO <* 00 PN : >d t~- CM «i o CM : ^t- CM CM C31 fe o cm" oj" (0 .2 3 O o T3 S3 : _ -r i- S< 2 c3« Q £ <0 oo CC 43 oo s3 > (3 C C "2 O «h •-" s3 S3 4 g -1 O ti o§ oo > o -s g o £ e c Z BUL.457] ORANGES 25 sale of oranges. The shipping season of grapefruits, as shown in figure 12, practically coincides with that of Navels. In addition to apples, bananas, and grapefruits, late shipments of grapes and storage pears are available for consumption during the early part of the Navel season, and strawberries appear in the markets during the latter part of the season. The facts just presented indicate that consumers are offered large quantities of other fruits in competition with oranges. This compe- tition has become more intense during recent years. Table 4 shows the changes between 1920-1921 and 1926-1927 in the carlot shipments of nine of the important fresh fruits which compete more or less with oranges. It will be noted that there has been a substantial increase in the shipments of every one of them. The percentage increases ranged from 11.4 per cent in the case of apples to 71.3 per cent in the case of strawberries. The total increase in the shipments of these nine fruits amounted to 88,593 cars, or 30.5 per cent. Monthly Shipments of Oranges by Counties, California. — Table 5 gives the average monthly shipments of oranges from the principal orange-producing counties in California for the period from November, 1921, to October, 1926. The average of the monthly shipments gives a reliable indication of the normal movement of oranges from the different counties. It will be noted that each of the main orange- producing counties in the southern district ships oranges every month of the year. The distribution of the shipments throughout the year from the different counties, however, is not the same. For example, the bulk of the oranges produced in Riverside County are shipped during the first half of the season, those in Orange County during the last half of the season. The principal reason for this is that Riverside County produces mostly Navel oranges, while Orange County produces mostly Valencias. IMPORTANT ORANGE MARKETS IN THE UNITED STATES Wide Distribution of Oranges. — Sufficient data are not available to make a thorough analysis of the distribution of the United States orange shipments. The data we have, however, clearly indicate that oranges are widely distributed. According to figures collected by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Florida oranges in carlots were shipped to 542 cities located in 38 different states of the Union and to 12 cities in Canada during the 1926-27 season. California oranges are even more 26 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 50 1* CI m OS iH a Q 5 525 -t :i CO OS H fe M o < 61 s iO-H>«'*-C6^*>OUS! i co co ■* cm -^ >-i 3l-*!DC»OOtOM'*NrtiJ(lDi CO CO -H ■:iccmm»^o* CO i-l rt r-l Tfl •")! O N ' rt CO IN IN ■* -h rt CilTflNNNaiiClrt^iJlrHCtiOCOtONWiOCCNOrt' COcOOiCOCTJCOCMCO C33 CM CO O CO>OTf< Oit^OO ■ -<*< CO CM CO >— I Oi CO lO i— I i-H CM CM CM r-l r-H l CO CM O 00 CM 03t-hOOOOCO'^-hCM'^<32cOCOcOCOCO( . to oo en co cm i llOlHrHCOlOCONCDlHCC^I 'C30M'*U5000iO(NrHrtNCDO'*N (NiOOJCOaCNCNN'^'HIN'^iHrtiol 2 c c aS m fi.5 •? c - r- c3- S-Sta.g -HNM^mcOl p iiiris|iitiii^piii^iiii 2"« £•- 3 eg 3 3 in,*- p ^ lOlO-CNM^lOSCI BlJL. 457] ORANGES 27 widely distributed. The California Fruit Growers Exchange reports carlot sales in over 700 cities in the United States in 1927. During the three years of 1924-1926, 65.1 per cent of Florida shipments were unloaded in 32 of the 34 cities outside of California for which unload figures are available (table 6). On the other hand, only 57.7 per cent of California shipments were unloaded in the entire 34 cities. New York City alone received 21 per cent of Florida total shipments, but only 14 per cent of California total shipments. Main Markets for Oranges in the United States. — The location and relative importance of the principal markets for oranges in the United States are shown in figure 13. The majority of these markets are located in the midwestern and eastern states. New York City, Chicago, Boston, and Philadelphia are the largest orange-consuming markets. During the three years of 1924-1926, 35 per cent of the total carlot shipments were unloaded in these four markets, and 18 per cent were unloaded in New York City alone. The black portion of the circles in figure 13 represents the unloads from California, the shaded portion, those from Florida, and the white portion, the imports. In the markets west of St. Louis, Cali- fornia oranges meet with practically no competition, but in those east of St. Louis they meet with intense competition from Florida oranges. As one goes east and south from St. Louis there is a decided tendency for California to supply a smaller proportion and for Florida to supply a larger proportion of the oranges. The cities in the southeastern states receive the bulk of their oranges from Florida, California oranges go into these cities only during the season when Florida oranges are out of market. CONSUMPTION OF ORANGES The average consumption of oranges in the United States during the past five years amounted to 29,556,000 boxes annually, which is equivalent to 51 oranges for every person in the country. This amount is considerably larger than was ever consumed before. The trend of per-capita consumption as shown in figure 14 has been upward. Between 1908-1912 and 1923-1927 the increase in the per-capita consumption amounted to 16 oranges, or 46 per cent. A fact of great importance to the orange industry is that this large increase in consumption has taken place without a corresponding decline in the price. In fact prices have increased during this period. 28 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION ▼ W Bul. 457] ORANGES 29 People are not only eating more oranges now than before the war, but they are paying more for them. There has been a substantial increase in the demand for oranges. This increase in demand which is manifested in both increased consumption and higher prices was a result of many factors. No attempt is made here to measure the influence of each of them. The more important ones, however, are discussed briefly : 1. Workers in nutrition, such as doctors, dieticians, nurses, home- economics teachers, home demonstration agents, and social-service workers, are constantly urging people to eat more oranges because the orange contains valuable food properties in an attractive and available form. These people have done much to promote the con- sumption of oranges, and they have done it largely without cost to the orange grower. Pek-Capita Consumption of Oranges, United States, 1908-1927 Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 14. — People are eating nearly 50 per cent more oranges now than they did twenty years ago. (Data from table 23.) 2. Another powerful stimulus to the increased consumption of oranges is the advertising done by the California Fruit Growers Exchange. That organization has consistently carried on a policy of national advertising for twenty years. It has tied in its adver- tising efforts with the recommendations of the nutrition workers, thus keeping constantly before the consumers the healthful qualities of the orange. In connection with the advertising program, comprehensive dealer-service activities have been carried on, the main purposes of which are the promotion with the trade of adequate displays, reason- able margins, and rapid turnover. 30 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION 3. The widening of the market areas and the extension of the marketing season have contributed to the increased consumption of oranges. Formerly oranges were available only in the larger cities; now they are available in practically all sections»of the United States. Before the large increase in Valencia orange production in California, oranges were generally available only between October and May ; now they are available throughout the year. 4. Within the past five years an important outlet for oranges has been developed, namely, commercial orangeade. The development of this outlet has been largely due to the efforts of the California Fruit Growers Exchange. That organization has sold over 45,000 Sunkist electrical juice extractors at cost to fountains, hotels, restaurants, clubs, and hospitals. Orange juice is now considered to be the most important single use for oranges. 5. The development of a uniformly dependable product has gone far towards increasing the demand for oranges. Consumers can now buy California oranges with the assurance that they are getting a quality product. Standardization of grades and improvement in the methods of handling have been largely responsible for the uniform high-quality oranges now shipped from this state. PRICES AND PURCHASING POWER Relative Prices of Oranges Compared with the General Price Level. — The solid line in figure 15 shows the annual prices of all oranges f.o.b. California expressed as percentages of the 1910-1914 average price. During the eight-year period from 1910 to 1917 no definite upward or downward trend in prices is apparent. In 1918 prices rose to an unprecedented height and remained at approximately that height for three years. It is misleading, however, to assume that growers were as much more prosperous during these three years than before 1918 as is indicated by the rise in orange prices, because the prices of practically everything were higher. The broken line represents the general price level of all commodities, 6 and it will be noted that in 1919 and 1920 it was at approximately the same height as the price of oranges. Although the orange grower received over twice as many dollars for a box of oranges in 1919 and 1920 as he did before the war, each dollar would buy less than half as much of all commodities. In other words, the rise in the general price level just 6 The Bureau of Labor Statistics all-commodity index of wholesale prices in the United States is used to measure the changes in the general price level. Bul. 457] ORANGES 31 about offset the rise in the price of oranges. Consequently growers could not buy any more of other commodities with the money they received for a box of oranges than they could before 1914. In order to obtain an accurate picture of the influence of changing prices upon the prosperity of the growers, it is necessary, therefore, to make an allowance for the changes in the general price level. In the case of oranges this was done by dividing their price by the Bureau of Labor Statistics all-commodity index number of wholesale prices in the United States. The figure thus obtained is commonly called pur- chasing power. Relative Prices of Oranges and the All-Commodity Index, 1910-1927 (Average 1910-14 = 100) Oranges o> to to t~ to *# to uranges o> o> o> cm co o> ih All * commodities S 250 8 o o CM r-l CM CM tO CM to tO (O o> O to •H rH CM CM •H lO CO W «* 10 <* <* CM rH «H CM CM lO O rH CM CM 200 150 g> 100 u 50 i 1 1 1 ORANGE* 1 >: f / \ ^ i / .>* i I -~. ^ s /. LL COI> /MO DITI E S J Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 15. — As compared with their pre-war levels orange prices have been considerably higher during the past three years than the prices of 'all com- modities.' (Data from table 25.) Purchasing Power of All Oranges. — The purchasing power of all oranges f.o.b. California is shown in figure 16. Between 1910 and 1924 there was no significant change in the level of purchasing power. The yearly values fluctuated about the pre-war level but never stayed either far above or far below it for more than one year. During the past three years, however, the situation has been much different. 32 UNIVERSITY OP CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION The purchasing power has been maintained at a substantially higher level. Considered from the standpoint of purchasing power, the period from 1925 to 1927 was apparently the most prosperous three- year period which the industry has had in twenty years. Purchasing Power of All Oranges, F. O. B. California, 1910-1927 (Average 1910-14 = 100) Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 16. — Between 1910 and 1924 no definite upward or downward trend in the purchasing power of all oranges occurred. Since 1924 the purchasing power has been maintained at a new high level. (Data from table 25.) A comparison of the purchasing power of oranges with that of other farm products brings out striking differences. Producers of staple commodities such as wheat, corn, and the livestock products, were relatively more prosperous than orange growers during and immediately after the war. Since 1920, however, the situation has been reversed. The post-war depression, which had such a disastrous effect upon most of the great agricultural industries, was scarcely felt by the orange grower. Purchasing Potver of Valencias. — The purchasing power of Valencia oranges f.o.b. California between 1910 and 1927 is shown by the solid line in figure 17. The variations in purchasing power from year to year have generally been in the opposite direction from the variations in shipments which are shown by the broken line. Throughout the entire sixteen-year period from 1912 to 1927, with the exception of two years, purchasing power varied inversely with ship- ments. Large shipments were accompanied by low purchasing power, small shipments by high purchasing power. Other factors such as Bul. 457] ORANGES 33 weather conditions in the consuming markets, quality and sizes of the oranges, and the competition of other fruits also affect the vari- ations in purchasing power from year to year. For example, the failure of the purchasing power of Valencias to decline with the increase in shipments in 1927 is largely explained by the fact that the volume of other fruits marketed in competition with them was much smaller in 1927 than in 1926. California Valencia Oranges: Purchasing Power, 1910-1927* Shipments, 1912-1927 Purchasing o> t- to o> «* o> t- t«- cousrH t- Pnwer ^ ^ o> .-i t- o> o> »© o> cm t- o> to o> ih rawer ,-« ^ _, _, _, Shipments l 1000 boxes ' 125 100 8 8 IO CM to o cvj to ~ 75 |8 PL, 'I 50 3 25 / s, PURCHASING POWER \< ? /P \ y »« / 4 ■«■•«■ V > / / -' \ \ \ / / t \ / f 1 1 \ > / HIP \ > WEN TS- 5 1 1 \ \ 1 1 ) 12.5 10.0 7.5 2.5 o iH CVJ to «<*• u> (O t- CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM o> o> a> o> a> o> o> a> Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 17.— Between 1910 and 1920 the trend of purchasing power of Valencia oranges was downward; since 1920 it has been upward. (Data on shipments from figure 8, on purchasing power from table 25.) In figure 17 it will be noted that a significant change in the trend of purchasing power of Valencias has occurred. Between 1910 and 1920 the trend was downward; since 1920 it has been upward. One important cause for the downward trend was the large increase in shipments. The decline in purchasing power, however, was much less than the increase in shipments. This indicates that the demand for Valencias was substantially increased. During recent years the trends of both purchasing power and shipments have been upward. The relative increase in shipments, 34 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION however, has not been as large as before. The demand for Valencias has increased even more than the increase in shipments. Conse- quently purchasing power has tended to rise. During the past three years it has averaged 17 per cent above the pre-war level. This recent upward trend in purchasing power, however, should not be expected to continue. Indications are that the probable increase in shipments during the next few years will be sufficient to supply any reasonable increase in demand. On the other hand, the present level of values can probably be maintained. Purchasing Power of California Navel Oranges, 1910-1927, and Combined Shipments of California Navel and Florida Oranges, 1912-1927 Purchasing m .-» Power °> 2 Shipments i i 1000 boxes ! 300 250 200 150 •H O o oo m D in ** ** CO to 0> «j* O CO r H r -t < M i H iH rH i-t t-t ( u < VI r -4 SHIPME :nt< % v N • \ _,' i »w *x 1 1 / \ ; y'' "*-* S 1 > 1_ v i I 1 A \ 1 \ j / \j VJ / \ jr\ rV 1 / 1 V 1 / s v \ f l\ / PURCHASING POWER-\ 1 \ / I 1 1 1 1 \ r 30 25 a 20 © 8 .o 415 <* a o 10 - O rH CJ CM in en Crop year (ending in the year given) Fig. 18. — Since 1924-25 the purchasing power of Navel oranges has averaged almost 50 per cent above the pre-war level. The variations in purchasing power from year to year are caused mainly by fluctuations in shipments. (Data on shipments from figure 8, on purchasing power from table 25.) Purchasing Power of Navels. — The purchasing power of Navel oranges f .o.b. California is shown by the solid line in figure 18. The combined shipments of California Navels and Florida oranges are shown by the broken line. The changes in the purchasing power from year to year are closely related to the changes in shipments. With only one exception an increase in shipments was accompanied by a decline in purchasing power, and conversely, a decrease in ship- ments was accompanied by an increase in purchasing power. Bul. 457] ORANGES 35 The shipments of Florida oranges were combined with those of California Navels in measuring the effect of shipments upon prices. The fact that the volume of Florida oranges on the market has an important effect upon the prices received for California Navels is clearly shown in figure 19. The weekly average prices of California oranges on the New York auction market during the 1925-26 Navel season, the number of boxes of California oranges sold, and the total number of boxes sold are given in this figure. It will be noted that the price of California oranges is more closely correlated with the total boxes sold than with the boxes from California alone. Prices of California Oranges and Volume of California and Florida Oranges Sold on the New York Auction Market by Weeks, December 4, 1925, to April 23, 1926 140 120 100 a g 80 o 60 40 20 v_ V*< V / V <~~\ V MM V BOXES FROM CALIFORNIA & FLORIDA z^. V y N. %0- 1 V BOXES FROM CALIFORNIA 5 i i i i i i L^ 7 6 5 ♦I u 3 u. December January February March April Fig. 19. — The volume of Florida oranges affects the price of California Navels. (Data from table 7.) There has been a substantial increase in the demand for oranges during the Navel season, particularly since the war. A fairly definite idea of the extent of the increase may be obtained by comparing the average shipments and purchasing power for the three years 1919 to 1921 with the past three years. Between these two three-year periods shipments increased 25 per cent, and purchasing power, 41 per cent. Consumers not only bought more oranges, but they paid more for them as well. The trend of purchasing power of Navels has been somewhat different from that of Valencias. It will be recalled that the trend of Valencia purchasing power was downward between 1910 and 1920. Navels did not experience a similar decline. For the fifteen years before 1925 the trend of Navel purchasing power was maintained at 36 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION approximately the pre-war level, with the yearly values fluctuating above and below it. During the past three years, however, a new high level of purchasing power has been established, which has averaged 47 per cent above the pre-war level. And the present indications are that the purchasing power of the 1927-28 Navel crop will be even higher. TABLE 7 Prices of California Oranges and Sales of California and Florida Oranges, New York Auction Market, December 4, 1925, to April 23, 1926 Price of California oranges Sales of oranges from California Florida Total Dec. 4 dollars per box 4.79 4.46 4.57 4.45 4.40 3.80 3.91 4.93 4.60 4.29 4.50 4.82 4.64 4.68 4.55 4.49 4 97 4.88 5.38 6.02 5 42 boxes 55,174 43,639 56,014 32,755 36,782 47,881 32,932 27,217 . 41,731 45,545 26,044 36,345 48,374 39,834 43,579 54,603 47,526 50,115 36,521 45,652 57,067 boxes 63,893 54,575 43,357 32,306 27,622 37,436 45,376 50,482 54,379 52,477 46,561 54,066 59,567 58,316 62,974 53,766 56,396 56,711 44,492 60,169 71,031 boxes 119,067 11 98,214 18 99,371 25 65,061 64,404 8 85,317 15 78,308 22 77,699 29 96,110 Feb. 5 98,022 •12 72,605 19 90,411 26 107,941 98,150 12 106,553 19 108,369 26 103,922 Apr. 2 .' 106,826 9 81,013 16 105,821 23 128,098 Source of data: Bureau of Railway Economics. Oranges, commodity prices in their relation to transportation costs. Bureau of Railway Economics Bui. 22: 14, 1927. It should not be assumed, however, that the present high level of purchasing power of Navel oranges can be maintained during the coming years. It has already been pointed out that there will prob- ably be an enormous increase in orange production in Florida within the next few years. As a result, the supply of oranges available for consumption between November and April is likely to increase faster than demand has ever increased in the past or than it may reasonably be expected to increase in the future. Bul. 457] ORANGES 37 Prices by Size. — It is well known that the various sizes of oranges generally sell for different prices per box. Sometimes large oranges bring more than small oranges; at other times they bring less. The solid line on the left in figure 20 shows the average prices per box for the different sizes of Valencia oranges between 1924 and 1927. The price of each size is expressed as a percentage of the average price of 176 's, 200 's, and 216 's. It will be noted that during the four-year period the sizes from 126 's to 200 's, inclusive, brought the highest prices on the average. Each size larger than 126 's and smaller than 200 's brought a lower price than the preceding size. Thus the price of 80 's was lower than that of 100 's, and the price of 252 's was lower than that of 216's. Kelative Prices of Various Sizes of Valencia Oranges, Average 1924-27 Annual 1926 and 1927; and Percentage of Each Size Shipped 1926 and 1927 PRICE BY SIZE [AV. 176s - 2165= IOO /.) PERCENTAGE OF EACH SIZE SHIPPED * L 19 26 > 4 fl V \ / z • \ 1 \ \ • \ / / • 927 \ 4 \ \ • v « 4 / i > A r — r o o tf> o •* <\i ■«< to 1926-27 .p^J 0000 oooo»Ocj»o a © 1924-25 o to o> o o » o cm o o to ■* U r4 CO rH o to © C- to i-» co in w «o o> o> CO cm CO Tf H to to CT> O) <0 CO o GO CM c- (0 U> 3 4 3 2 H r -t H -1 r-( i H <-< i-l CM f-H CM CM rH CM C 1 Year ending October 31 Fig. 22. — During the past twenty years there lias been a pronounced upward 1 rend in the exports of oranges from the United States. ( Data from table 12.) TABLE 11 United States Exports of Oranges by Months, November 1922 to October 1927 Month 1922-23 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27 Average 1922-23 to 1926-27 November 1,000 boxes 86 215 171 173 234 193 260 215 206 155 117 113 1,000 boxes 90 368 172 227 245 300 264 335 209 164 130 116 1,000 boxes 140 262 221 140 239 193 197 186 142 127 76 55 1,000 boxes 113 291 171 189 279 265 278 254 219 236 205 128 / ,000 boxes 148 321 233 232 333 389 446 450 376 298 217 177 / ,000 boxes 115 291 194 192 266 268 289 288 231 196 149 118 per cent 4 4 December 11 2 January 7.5 February 7.4 March 10 2 April .... 10 3 May 11 2 June 11 1 July 8 9 August 7 6 September October 3 7 4 5 Total 2,138 2,620 1,978 2,628 3,620 2,597 100 Source of data: U. S. Dept. Commerce Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States. Monthly issues. 44 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Main Foreign Markets for Oranges. — Canada is our main foreign market for oranges. Of our total average exports of 2,597,000 boxes during the past five years, 2,211,000 boxes, or 85 per cent, were to Canada. Exports to Canada have increased substantially in the past 15 years. Between 1913-1917 and 1923-1927 the increase amounted to 707,000 boxes, or 47 per cent (table 12). In 1927 exports to that country amounted to 2,707,000 boxes, which is 16.5 per cent larger than in any previous year, and 22.4 per cent larger than the 1923- 1927 average. TABLE 12 United States Exports of Oranges by Countries of Destination 1913-1927 Country of destination Year ending October 31 Canada United Kingdom Others Total 1913 1,000 boxes 835 1,754 1,500 1,589 1,841 898 1,513 1,477 1,984 1,323 1,971 2,323 1,812 2,240 2,707 1 ,000 boxes 13 32 36 28 16 3 48 13 40 3 39 114 42 218 605 1,000 boxes 32 37 47 74 94 37 73 101 150 67 127 182 124 170 309 1,000 boxes 880 1914 1,824 1915... 1,584 1916 1,691 1917 1,951 1918 938 1919 1,634 1920 1,591 1921 2,174 1922 1,393 1923 2,138 1924 2,620 1925 1,978 1926 2,628 1927... 3,620 Source of data: Compiled from U. S. Dept. Commerce, Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States, monthly issues. United States oranges meet with practically no competition in the Canadian market from those grown in other countries. In the year ending March 31, 1927, almost 95 per cent of the total orange imports into Canada were from the United States (table 13). Japan was the next most important source of Canadian supplies. Practically all of the Japanese exports to Canada are mandarins. Only a very limited quantity of European oranges are imported into Canada. The United Kingdom is our second most important foreign market for oranges. Our shipments to the United Kingdom, however, are very small as compared with those to Canada. For many years before 1926, they averaged around 40,000 boxes annually. In 1926 they Bul. 457] ORANGES 45 amounted to 218,000 boxes, and in 1927 to 605,000 boxes. These large increases indicate that we have secured a foothold in the British market. An important reason why we were able to sell so many oranges in Great Britain during the past two years was that the Spanish oranges were damaged by frost in 1925 and by frost and wind in 1926. During the 1925-26 crop season large quantities of frost-damaged oranges were exported from Spain. Many of these reached the British markets in poor condition and thus brought dis- credit to them. The poor quality of the Spanish oranges in that season undoubtedly contributed to large purchases of our oranges. TABLE 13 Canadian Imports of Oranges by Countries of Origin 1924-1927 Year ending March 31 Country of origin Value* Quantity 1924 1925 1926 1926 1927 1,000 dollars 5,530 276 14 19 33 1,000 dollars 6,196 167 9 11 27 1,000 dollars 7,087 221 7 25 66 1,000 boxes 1,617 81 3 5 24 1,000 boxes 2,144 Japan Italy United Kingdom 94 t t 25 Total 5,872 6,410 7,406 1,730 2,263 * Prior to 1926 Canadian imports of oranges were reported by value only. t Included in others. Sources of data: Years 1924-26, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets 14: 254, 1927. Year 1927, U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. The Canadian market for citrus fruits. F. S. CF-43. 1927. When the Spanish oranges were again damaged by frost in December, 1926, the Spanish government immediately took steps to prevent the shipment of damaged fruit. In addition to frost damage, the 1926-27 crop was further reduced by a violent wind and rain storm. Although figures are not yet available on the amount of oranges actually exported from Spain in 1927, the opinion of Consul Clements S. Edwards in January, 1927, was that exports would fall considerably below the levels of the past five seasons. 7 So far the United States has furnished only a very small part of the orange supplies of Great Britain (table 14). Even in 1926, when 7 U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Agr. Econ. Spanish orange crop seriously injured. F. S. CF-39, p. 1. 1927. 46 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION we shipped more oranges to Great Britain than in any previous year, our shipments amounted to only 2 per cent of total British imports. Spain has always been the principal source of the British supply of oranges. Of the average yearly imports of 12,339,000 boxes between 1923 and 1926, Spain contributed 80 per cent ; Palestine, 11 per cent ; Union of South Africa, 4 per cent; and other countries, 5 per cent. Shipments of oranges from Palestine and the Union of South Africa have increased rapidly during recent years, and as a result Spanish oranges are meeting with considerably more competition in the British markets. TABLE 14 Imports of Oranges into the United Kingdom by Countries of Origin 1909-1926 (Boxes of 70 pounds net) Calen- d.r year Spain Italy United States Palestine British West Indies Union of South Africa Others Total 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1909 8,790 209 71 * 198 * 656 9,924 1910 7,709 168 53 * 206 * 615 8,751 1911 7,236 301 69 * 148 * 701 8,455 1912 7,928 133 70 * 135 * 633 8,899 1913 8,035 183 39 * 119 * 892 9,268 1914 6,870 243 39 * 80 * 941 8,173 1915 9,177 123 54 * 72 * 184 9,610 1916 9,065 166 33 * 56 * 80 9,400 1917 4,336 141 10 * 16 * 6 4,509 1918 3,705 490 1 * 11 * 18 4,225 1919 7,627 276 56 * 123 58 182 8,322 1920 6,273 259 13 * 92 127 279 7,043 1921 8,335 165 46 393 113 219 101 9,372 1922 9,799 107 6 756 103 276 125 11,172 1923 10,359 101 47 1,105 117 334 139 12,202 1924 9,833 90 128 1,288 96 433 163 12,031 1925 9,617 93 45 1,560 112 668 271 12,366 1926 9,753 87 249 1,606 138 603 321 12,757 * Included in "Others." Source of data: Annual Statement of the Trade of the United Kingdom, annual numbers. FOREIGN ORANGE PRODUCTION The principal orange-producing countries in the world other than the United States are Spain, Italy, Japan, China, Palestine, Union of South Africa, Australia, British West Indies, Cuba, Mexico, Portd Rico, Brazil, Algeria, and Greece. Detailed information on the orange situation in all of these countries is not available at the present time. The available data on production in the various countries are given in table 15 and on exports in table 16. Bul. 457] ORANGES 47 Spain. — Spain ranks next to the United States in the world pro- duction of oranges. During the three years of 1923-24, 1925-26, and 1926-27 the average annual production in Spain was 32,771,000 boxes, while the average annual production in the United States was 33,649,000 boxes. It is expected that there will be a substantial increase in orange production in Spain during the next few years. Large numbers of trees have been planted in the past six years. The commercial acreage in 1925-26 was placed at 127,175 acres. Approximately 60 per cent of the Spanish oranges are exported. Exports of oranges from Spain have increased substantially during recent years. In 1926 exports amounted to 22,585,000 boxes as against an average of 13,607,000 boxes between 1921 and 1923 and 15,918,000 boxes between 1909 and 1913. TABLE 15 Orange Production in Certain Foreign Countries (Boxes of 70 pounds net) Spain Italy Palestine Japan Australia Algeria Mexico ending in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1916 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 8,844 9,477 9,566 9,571 8,995 9,483 10,213 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 8,073 4,090 5,836 7,057 7,708 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1917 1918 1919 1920 1,550 1,769 1,961 1,985 1,932 2,098 1921 807 1,199 1,327 1,544 2,085 1,468 2,429 1922 7,143 7,823 7,351 7,326 9,802 1,927 2,236 340 1923 360 1924 25,741 9,001 9,168 1925 1926 38,674 33,898 1927 Sources of data: Col. 1.— Year 1924: U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets 14: 240. 1927. Years 1926, 1927. Moriarity, D. J. Spanish foreign trade in fresh fruits. Citrus Leaves 8 (2): 3. 1928. Col. 2.— U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets 14: 242. 1927. Includes production in six provinces which produce approximately 98 per cent of the total Italian crop. Mandarin production, which amounts to about 10 per cent of the total, is included. Col. 3.— U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets 14: 247. 1927. Cases converted to boxes on the basis of 68 pounds per case. Col. 4.— Japan. Statistical Abstract of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 1926: 9. 1927. Dots not include bitter oranges, the production of which varies from one to two million boxes. Col. 5.— Years 1920-1924. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets. 14: 249 1927. Year 1925. Commonwealth of Australia, Official Year Book 1926: 669. 1927. Data given in British bushels, which were converted to boxes on the basis of 1.46 bushels per box. Col. 6.— U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets. 14: 246. 1927. Includes mandarins, which amounted to 989,000 boxes in 1922, and 1,130,000 boxes in 1923. The acreage of all oranges in Algeria in 1923 was 18,000 acres. Col. 7.— Mexico. Dept. de la Estadistica National— Exposicion Numerica Sabre Censo. p. 19. 1924. 48 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION The principal markets for Spanish oranges are Great Britain, Germany, Holland, and Belgium (table 17). Before the war France ranked next to Great Britain as a market for Spanish oranges, but since 1922 the French imports from Spain have been very small. On the other hand, Holland and Belgium are now buying almost twice as many Spanish oranges as they did before the war. Although exports from Spain to Great Britain have increased, they have not increased as rapidly as the total exports. Between 1909-1913 and 1924-1926 the increase in total Spanish exports amounted to over 6,000,000 boxes ; the increase in exports to Great Britain amounted to only 1,630,000. The United Kingdom, therefore, furnished an outlet for only one-fourth of the increase in Spanish exports. The remaining three-fourths found outlets in other European countries. TABLE 16 Exports of Oranges from Certain Foreign Countries (Boxes of 70 pounds net) Calendar year Spain Italy Union of South Africa Brazil Japan Cuba 1 2 3 4 5 6 Average 1909-13 1,000 boxes 15,918 8,121 13,668 12,633 14,521 21,129 22,511 22,585 1,000 boxes 3,772 2,565 3,495 2,741 2,565 3,878 4,530 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1920 127 219 276 334 433 668 603 100 87 178 331 365 406 210 1921 1922 1923 412 309 422 422 1924 305 1925 364 1926 1927 Sources of data: Col. 1.— Years 1909-1913, 1920, 1921, Moriarity, D. J. International trade in citrus fruits. U. S. Com- merce Reports. 28: 746. 1925. Years 1922-1926. Moriarity, D. J. Spanish foreign trade in fresh fruits. Citrus Leaves 8 (2): 3. 1928. Col. 2.— Years 1909-1913, 1920-1922, Moriarity, D. J. International trade in citrus fruits. U. S. Com- merce Reports 28: 746. 1925. Years 1923-1925. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets. 14: 243. 1927. Col. 3. — Imports into the United Kingdom from the Union of South Africa (table 14). Practically all of the South Africa exports go to the United Kingdom. Col. 4.— Brazil. Directoria de Estatistica Commercial. Commercio Exterior de Brazil. Annual numbers. Numbers of oranges converted to boxes on the basis of 200 oranges per box. Col. 5— U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook of Agriculture 1926: 907. 1927. Col. 6.— Cuba. Importacion y Exportacion de la Republica de Cuba. 1924, 1926. The shipping season for oranges in Spain extends from November to June. The bulk of them, however, move during the three months of January to March. According to Edwin Smith, "there is not much Bul. 457] ORANGES 49 to be seen in southern Spain that would lead to the conclusion that oranges are to be produced for shipment during the summer months. ' ' 8 Italy. — Italy is the third largest orange-producing country in the world. From 1916 to 1925 there was no definite upward or downward trend in Italian orange production. The average production during that period amounted to 9,368,000 boxes. Approximately 37 per cent of the oranges produced in Italy between 1920 and 1925 were exported. During the three years of 1920, 1922, and 1923, exports were a third smaller than before the war. In 1924, however, exports were about equal to the pre-war average, and in 1925 they were one-fifth larger. TABLE 17 Exports of Oranges from Spain by Countries of Destination Average 1909-13. Annual 1923-24 to 1925-26 (Boxes of 70 pounds net) Country of destination Average 1909-13 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 Great Britain France Germany Holland Belgium 1,000 boxes 7,322 3,343 3,024 956 796 1,000 boxes 8,320 102 1,997 2,005 1,511 1,000 boxes 9,646 49 3,523 1,952 1,512 1,000 boxes 8,891 25 2,775 1,603 1,540 Sources of data: Years 1909-1913. Moriarity, D. J. International trade in citrus fruits. U. S. Commerce Reports 28: 746. 1925. Years 1923-24 to 1925-26. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets. 14:240. 1927. The principal markets for Italian oranges in 1925 were Germany, Australia, Switzerland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia. These five countries took 84 per cent of the Italian exports, and Germany alone took 49.5 per cent. Only 1.5 per cent was exported to Great Britain. The important changes which have taken place in the distribution of Italian exports are shown in table 18. It will be noted that between 1923 and 1925 Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Jugo- slavia greatly increased their imports of oranges from Italy. On the other hand, Italian exports to France and Great Britain declined. In 1925 Germany, France, and Switzerland w r ere much more import- ant markets for Italian oranges than before the war, while the four countries of Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Jugoslavia which formerly made up the old Austria-Hungary Empire, were less import- ant markets, as were also Great Britain and Russia. 8 U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Agr. Econ. The Spanish orange industry. F. S. CF-12, p. 11. 1925. 50 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION Palestine. — The production of oranges in Palestine has increased substantially during recent years. The 1926-27 orange crop was estimated at 2,429,000 boxes. This is 17 per cent larger than the record crop of 1924-25 and 60 per cent larger than the average pro- duction between 1921-22 and 1925-26. TABLE 18 Exports of Oranges from Italy by Countries of Destination Average 1909-1913. Annual 1923-1925 (Boxes of 70 pounds net) Country of destination Average 1909-1913 1923 1924 1925 1,000 boxes 1,963 1,000 boxes 303 131 2 91 789 531 78 1,000 boxes 505 169 65 99 219 1,907 74 1,000 boxes 744 222 271 111 30 665 206 433 109 367 120 2,244 66 369 262 373 467 327 425 Total 3,773 2,556 3,878 4,530 * Austria-Hungary. The territory of the old Austria-Hungary Empire roughly approximated what is now Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Jugoslavia. Source of data: U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Foreign Crops and Markets. 14: 243, 1927. Indications are that the production of oranges will be further increased. According to Consul Oscar S. Heizer at Jerusalem ''the consensus of opinion is that orange growing is the most profitable business for those farmers who have sufficient capital to purchase land for orange groves and who can afford to wait six years until the trees begin profitable bearing. During the year 1925 about 1,000 acres of land were purchased for the planting of new orange groves. ' ' At the present time there are more than 8,000 acres of oranges in full bearing. Exports of oranges from Palestine have also increased. The best oranges produced in Palestine go to the United Kingdom, where they are evidently meeting with considerable favor. Union of South Africa. — Exports of oranges from the Union of South Africa to the United Kingdom for the years from 1920 to 1926 are shown in table 16. Since the United Kingdom takes practically all of the South African orange exports, these data serve to indicate the substantial increase in shipments from that country during the past six years. Bul. 457] ORANGES 51 During the next few years there is likely to be an even greater increase in shipments. Table 19 shows the number of trees of dif- ferent ages in 1927. Of the 3,050,528 trees, only 678,035 were eight years of age or over. This means that only one-fourth of the trees in 1927 were in commercial bearing, and that three-fourths were not in bearing. With such a large acreage still to come into bearing, it is evident that the production of oranges in the Union of South Africa during the next few years might easily be three or four times as large as it is now. TABLE 19 Number of Orange Trees in the Union of South Africa by Varieties and Age Groups, 1927 Age-group Navels Valencias Other varieties* Total* trees 408,730 393,663 411,501 334,464 trees 402,090 296,026 192,094 90,018 trees 138,089 72,226 52,074 253,553 trees 948,909 761,915 661,669 8 years and over ^ 678,035 Total 1,548,358 986,228 515,942 3,050,528 * Includes small numbers of tangerine and lemon trees. Source of data: U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. South African Citrus fruit industry shows expan- sion. F. S. CF-47. 1927. The shipping season for oranges in South Africa is the summer and fall months. Hence they do not meet with serious competition from oranges produced in countries other than the United States. Australia. — The production of oranges in Australia in 1924-^5 amounted to 2,098,000 boxes as against 1,550,000 boxes in 1919-20. Most of the oranges produced in Australia are consumed there. Exports in 1924-25 amounted to only 90,000 boxes, or less than 5 per cent of the total production. New Zealand is the main market for Australian exports. So far exports from Australia to the United Kingdom have been almost negligible., In 1925 there were 32,400 acres of oranges in bearing in Australia and 14,100 acres not in bearing. Japan. — Of the 9,802,000 boxes of oranges, other than bitter oranges, produced in Japan in 1926, 88 per cent were mandarins, 4.6 per cent Navels, and 7.4 per cent miscellaneous varieties. The number of orange trees in Japan between 1916 and 1926 are given in table 20. Exports of oranges from Japan have ranged between 309,000 and 422,000 boxes. The bulk of the exports are mandarins. 52 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 20 Number of Orange Trees in Japan, 1916-1926 Year Mandarins Navels Bitter oranges Other kinds Total 1916 1,000 trees 17,273 17,180 17,454 18,448 18,830 6,478 18,060 18,247 18,589 19,977 19,795 1,000 trees 1,715 1,849 1,726 1,746 1,659 783 1,525 1,445 1,389 1,384 1,391 1,000 trees 4,034 4,102 3,915 5,085 3,713 3,224 3,471 3,465 3,281 3,319 3,402 1,000 trees 2,959 2,791 2,700 2,655 2,568 1,113 2,409 2,277 2,179 2,204 2,274 1,000 trees 25,981 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 25,922 25,795 27,934 26,770 11,598 25,465 25,434 25,438 26,884 26,862 Source of data: Japan. Statistical Abstract of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry 1926: 1927. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors of this bulletin wish to express their thanks and indebtedness to the following- organizations which have generously contributed from their data and their time : California Fruit Growers Exchange ; California Cooperative Crop Reporting Service ; Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture ; Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, United States Depart- ment of Commerce ; California Farm Bureau Federation ; California Agricultural Legislative Committee ; and the Division of Agricultural Economics, University of California. Professor Robert W. Hodgson, Division of Subtropical Horticulture, University of California, Mr. Warren R. Schoonover, Extension Specialist in Citriculture, and the farm advisors in the important orange-producing counties have also furnished much valuable information. Bul. 457] ORANGES f)3 APPENDIX OF TABLES TABLE 21 California Orange Acreage by Counties; Bearing Acreage 1921-1928, and Non-Bearing Acreage 1928 County Bearing acreage Non- 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 acreage 1928* Northern dist Butte 4,951 2,100 55 684 315 1,532 85 110 20 50 40,242 3,600 1,167 38 49 94 35,294 126,735 5,064 2,100 20 697 275 1,530 90 115 17 220 40,685 3,700 1,167 35 52 68 35,663 129,666 5,033 2,100 20 707 275 1,530 90 66 25 220 40,826 3,800 1,196 20 52 83 35,675 130,961 4,755 1,850 20 717 275 1,530 90 18 35 220 40,966 3,900 1,225 5 52 98 35,686 132,257 4,475 1,750 20 720 235 1,525 95 18 17 95 41,693 4,000 1,281 7 52 114 36,239 135,173 4,051 1,534 24 778 235 1,410 14 20 17 19 42,192 4,459 1,239 9 130 116 36,239 137,817 3,902 1,460 19 708 235 1,410 14 20 17 19 42,380 4,500 1,317 16 130 136 36,281 139,609 57 40,233 38,141 16,500 39,459 1,558 145 3,516 185,891 4,074 1,540 48 730 235 1,425 14 22 17 43 42,538 4,550 1,399 17 130 136 36,306 140,669 57 40,427 39,003 15,764 39,452 1,676 165 4,125 187,281 33 23 4 4 Yolo 2 Yuba Central dist 585 150 75 90 San Joaquin Stanislaus Tulare 1 1 268 Southern dist Imperial 18,704 42 Los Angeles Orange 39,987 31,500 14,000 37,515 1,411 71 2,251 171,928 39,825 32,000 15,000 38,415 1,411 95 2,920 175,415 39,825 32,500 15,500 38,587 1,411 112 3,026 176,820 39,825 33,000 16,000 38,759 1,411 130 3,132 177,978 39,879 33,923 17,000 39,615 1.411 135 3,210 181,341 39,971 35,846 17,184 39,968 1,411 145 3,292 184,060 3,256 10,055 Riverside SanBernardino San Diego Santa Barbara 272 659 1,503 75 2,842 State 19,322 * Does not include 3,197 acres planted in 1927. Source of data: Revised figures compiled by N. Crop Reporting Service. '.. Nielsen, Fruit Statistician, California Cooperative 54 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 22 Estimated Commercial Production of Oranges, United States by States, 1908-1927 (Thousands of boxes, i.e., 000 omitted) California Florida Others Total 1 2 3 4 1903 8,095 10,247 10,226 8,973 10,291 10,743 13,449 11,188 15,645 13,681 6,347 17,986 15,858 15,490 20,035 7,702 17,755 16,395 21,813 12,708 19,930 21,546 16,962 22,661 25,969 1,465 1,951 2,363 2,961 2,899 * 3,793 4,279 4,853 3,749 3,648 5,761 6,230 7,314 6,150 6,933 3,500 5,700 7,000 8,100 7,300 9,700 12,400 11,000 8,200 9,600 9,560 1904 12,198 1905 12,589 1906 11,934 1907 13,190 1908 14,536 1909 17,728 1910 16,041 1911 19,394 1912 17,329 1913 12,108 1914 24,216 1915 23,172 1916 21,640 1917 26,968 1918. . 11,202 1919 23,455 1920 23,395 1921 29,913 1922 1923 1924 89 222 285 21 180 106 20,097 29,852 34,231 1925 27,983 1926 31,041 1927 35,675 Sources of data: Col. 1. — Compiled by the California Fruit Growers Exchange. The figures are based upon railroad reports of carload shipments at points of passing. Numbers of cars have been converted to boxes on the basis of the California Fruit Growers Exchange average load, which has varied from 374 to 467 boxes per car. Before 1917 grapefruit is included with oranges. The volume of grapefruit at that time was very small, however. The crop year extends from November of the previous year to October of the year shown. Col. 2. — Year 1903-1908 from California State Board of Agriculture, annual statistical report, 1919 : 163. Years 1909-1915 estimates by the writers. Years 1916-1918 from California State Board of Agri- culture, annual statistical report, 1921: 237. Years 1919-1927 from U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Market prospects for citrus fruits 1927-28, p. 8. Dec. 6, 1927 (mimeo.). These figures include fruit to move by rail and boat. The crop year extends from October of the previous year to June of the year shown. Col. 3.— Carlot shipment figures as reported to the Bureau of Agricultural Economics converted to boxes on the basis of 400 boxes per car. No data available before 1922. Bul. 457] ORANGES 55 TABLE 23 United States Production, Imports, Exports, and Per-Capita Consumption of Oranges United States Imports from Domestic Supply available Per-capita Crop year production Porto Rico* exports for consumption consumption ending in 1 2 3 4 5 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes 1,000 boxes Oranges 1908 14,536 300 676 14,160 31.8 1909 17,728 209 938 16,999 37.5 1910 16,041 278 911 15,408 33.4 1911 19,394 378 1,260 18,512 39.5 1912 17,329 243 1,253 16,319 34.3 1913 12,108 375 880 11,603 24.0 1914 24,216 319 1,824 22,711 46.4 1915 23,172 248 1,584 21,836 44 1916 21,640 467 1,691 20,416 40 .5 1917 26,968 465 1,951 25,482 49.9 1918 11,202 557 938 10,821 20.9 1919 23,455 385 1,634 22,206 42.3 1920 23,395 328 1,591 22,132 41.6 1921 29,913 167 2,174 27,906 51.5 1922 20,097 508 1,393 19,212 34.9 1923 29,852 615 2,138 28,329 50 7 1924 34,231 218 2,620 31,829 56.0 1925 27,983 370 1,978 26,375 45 7 1926 31,041 416 2,628 28,829 49.2 1927 35,675 365 3,620 32,420 54 6 * Imports for November 1907, 1922, 1923 and December, 1907 estimated. Source of data: Col. 1— Table 22. Columns 2 and 3.— U. S. Dept. Commerce Monthly Summary of Foreign Commerce of the United States, monthly issues. Column 4. —Production plus imports from Porto Rico minus domestic exports. Col. 5. — Supply available for consumption converted to number of oranges on the basis of 200 oranges per box and divided by United States population. 56 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION linOlCONh- <— I CO CO © © if CO ■**< OS CM CM CO ^H -*l l« CO *< a> •*< co ->*i to OOOtDNON »-l CM CM i-l CO CO CM OS t^ t>- CM CD rHCNNrMMCO CO i—l -*t< OS CO O CO CM in CM CO t- lOOHOHO OMNOOOffl OOCOINHOi CM lO lO CO ■* ■* CO ■* ■* ^ r-( CO CO < CO CO CM ->*l OS CO i-H CO I CM 0> 00 t^OO CO CM lO (^ CM r* cOOOcMcMCOOO I 1(5 >0 C<5 U) N I i-l t*i r-H CM CM I t^ 00 CO -HC<5 iflCC*>OCO IN-^COON "cM>0 cm" cm" cm" NMthNOOO COMINNCON t^ CO CO CO CM CO lOTtlCOO^CO rtioiOCXliHO r^oo co cm t^ o CM CO -lC!D OOO r-l rt CO •* CO I CM CM CO -*l CM CM •^mcoioox CM CM ^H rt . CM CO ■«*< >o CO r^ CM CO CMcMcMcMcMcM'JcMcMcNi: IN gN( OifflUJDO NNONNifl CM 1(5 CO O CO CM 00 CO f-H 00 CM OO coiomiOrto 1 CO CM r* CO CO l CM CM i-l CO CO NNNOOiJl i-l OS »H -»tl »H OO MOJNNMCO »-( CM CM i— I CO CO NitlNiHCO* CO CO CO CO CO 00 IflOlHOrtO i"* CO CO CN ^ ^ CM OS OS CO CO CO OCONTtHNrt CM l« lO CO •**< »0 lO 00 CO 00 OO »-l CO l~- CO if U5 t^ OONOtOO -* CO -H OS if OS CM CO O0 »C CO ■— I if t^ OS >C 00 OS rtlNiHlONCO CM if OS CO lO CO O if CM © O © HCOCPCONN iOh-t-c»ioa i(lrtOliO»cO ■* oo oo co m t— uo if co c© © if © r^ co os if co !Di)HONCOO> r-" oo" os oo t--" as" l CM CO 00 IC oo woo . CO if OS 00 CO CO CMC i^WCON «flJ i 5CO'a>'HcMCOifU5< " ■ CM CM CM CM CM < ^ CM CO if »0 CO ^ -h N CO * ifj CO OS OS OS OS OS OS E~' CM CM CM CM CM . _-HCMCo4<»rtCO^; — CMCO^lCCO CMcMcMCMCMcM O CM CM CM CM CM CM CUCMCMcMcMcMcM nj CM CM CM CM CM CM ^QSOSOSOSOSOsNOSOSO^OSOSOS t -]OSOSOSOSOSOS. faJ OSOSOSOSOSOS Bul. 457] ORANGES 57 CI ■*»< >o c* CM >o CJ CD '-T CO - ae CI >C o> 005030CSO^H0'x*> -5 *? +J co-^e^cMocMooi^o^HOico^r^-H-Hcooi o 6 _ .^^h,-,^,-,,-,^,^^,-,^,^^,-,^,-, £ o s 5 o uOiOOOCMO©t^C005C01>-00'»tlOCO©b-.0> ©0>CT>©©0-hcOOOOCOCOt»*< M a> a ►•s *- '-3 si ^ 10M*WMMH01WMO)^NIXINHO^ cs_a ^ OS OOaiCMOOOiOCO^HOOiOcOOiOiiOCOT*! «s& Ph 3 a CO 9 01 ' £ a> 2 £ u OlWMNn^OOMOOM'fHlOOOMNlO OiaOlNOOfflHrtNHMlOTlliO^iJlOH 03 ■£ 00 "as a ^H -h-hcMCMCM<-ICM^H'HCMCM d < X .1.2 Ph 35 a t~r^.COCM'*ICD©CftOOCOrtOOCMl^CDCM"5»- HHHNHHNHM«^N*INf)T(l«M l~ e* v a 5| B to e«Ni£)ONir)0!T(iaNsceiflH©oN c3_a ^ 01HO>HNO)01lO»NN01«hO)Mfl)H 31* Ph a 1 a > « -U u 0J(00)N0!0)HOSNT(l{qNI»»0>H*ICO-** a >- 53 fe •5§S iflrttOMONHOOOJNin^MllOOtlNinO oJ,a * CO 0100>NOOOOOtONrtOO!NOX'C'<|(iO — n O JS " a Ph a a v 0) +3 u OtO't l '>l | !OS> a o u OHNnitiintBNodoie'HMnvineN HHrtMWHHrtiHrtNNNNNNNN oOHNn*intoN»oortNn*ioii 0-<-h-h-h-h-h-h-h^h-hCN £ H Jl^ J 2 60 U „ a as S cu J3 ° co *o cp T3 ** K.3 co a >> ffl U (<' £ T3 <=> n a 2 a« —i CM OO OS 'a 6 o if-* 00 . 35 ^ D > 0) 1 o o 1 < Ph '• i i a O CM t~- 00 Ol h § i •& "5 CD - - O CM CO — 5 § a a a i- u 03 03 ^ 6 S S a >"■ >< ° "o "3 "o "o • h- g O O O O 58 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION TABLE 26 Monthly Prices Received for Oranges F. O. B. California by the California Fruit Growers Exchange November 1922 to October 1927 Month November. December.. January February... March April May June July August September October 1922-23 dollars per box 2.40 2.91 2.39 2.76 2.50 2.82 2.68 2 71 2.65 2 19 3 03 3 26 1923-24 dollars per box 3.69 2.23 1.94 2.07 1 96 2.41 1.98 2.80 2.50 3.52 3.74 3.89 1924-25 dollars per box 3 80 2.90 3.33 3 31 2.83 4.12 4.74 5.38 4.79 4.79 5 74 6 18 1925-26 dollars per box 5.83 3 32 3 14 3.37 3 43 3.94 3.04 2.94 3 50 3.21 3.78 4.88 1926-27 dollars 4. 3. per box 80 70 Source of data: California Fruit Growers Exchange. TABLE 27 Carlot Shipments of Oranges by Districts anb Counties, California 1922-23 to 1926-27 Crop Year (November to October) 1922-23 1923-24 1924-25 1925-26 1926-27* Southern district: Los Angeles Orange Riverside San Bernardino cars 14,970 9,884 4,388 9,988 264 1,167 9 40,670 7,350 321 cars 9,968 10,448 5,193 10,108 228 1,324 cars 9,553 6,360 2,922 6,094 200 1,262 10 26,401 7,554 483 cars 9,356 12,577 4,853 9,928 252 1,442 29 38,437 8,226 354 cars 13,195 13,542 6,329 10,225 300 1,778 Others 5 Total southern district 37,269 7,009 627 46,374 7,702 498 48,S4l 44,905 34,438 47,017 53,574 * Subject to revision. Sources of data: Years 1922-23 to 1925-26. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. Unpublished data (revised). Year 1926-27 from Yeoman, Opal V. Summary of carlot shipments of important fruits and vege- tables in California, Arizona and Nevada, 1927. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Agr. Econ. mimeographed circular, STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION BULLETINS No. No. 253. Irrigation and Soil Conditions in the 389 Sierra Nevada Foothills, California. 390, 262. Citrus Diseases of Florida and Cuba Compared with those of California. 391, 263. Size Grades for Ripe Olives. 268. Growing and Grafting Olive Seedlings. 392. 277. Sudan Grass. 393, 278. Grain Sorghums. 394. 279. Irrigation of Rice in California. 283. The Olive Insects of California. 304. A Study of the Effects of Freezes on 395. Citrus in California. 310. Plum Pollination. 396. 313. Pruning Young Deciduous Fruit Trees. 397. 324. Storage of Perishable Fruits at Freez- ing Temperatures. 398. 328. Prune Growing in California. 400. 331. Phylloxera-resistant Stocks. 402. 335. Cocoanut Meal as a Feed for Dairy 404. Cows and Other Livestock. 405. 340. Control of the Pocket Gopher in 406. California. 407. 343. Cheese Pests and Their Control. 344. Cold Storage as an Aid to the Mar- keting of Plums, a Progress Report. 4 08. 347. The Control of Red Spiders in Decid- 409. uous Orchards. 348. Pruning Young Olive Trees. 349. A Study of Sidedraft and Tractor Hitches. 410. 350. Agriculture in Cut-Over Redwood Lands. 353. Bovine Infectious Abortion, and As- 411. sociated Diseases of Cattle and New- born Calves. 412. 354. Results of Rice Experiments in 1922. 357. A Self-Mixing Dusting Machine for Applying Dry Insecticides and Fun- 414. gicides. 358. Black Measles, Water Berries, and 415. Related Vine Troubles. 416. 361. Preliminary Yield Tables for Second- Growth Redwood. 417. 362. Dust and the Tractor Engine. 363. The Pruning of Citrus Trees in Cali- 418. fornia. 364. Fungicidal Dusts for the Control of 419. Bunt. 366. Turkish Tobacco Culture, Curing, 420. and Marketing. 367. Methods of Harvesting and Irrigation 421. in Relation to Moldy Walnuts. 422. 368. Bacterial Decomposition of Olives During Pickling. 423. 369. Comparison of Woods for Butter Boxes. 424. 370. Factors Influencing the Development of Internal Browning of the Yellow 425. Newton Apple. 426. 371. The Relative Cost of Yarding Small and Large Timber. 427. 373. Pear Pollination. 374. A Survey of Orchard Practices in 428. the Citrus Industry of Southern California. 375. Results of Rice Experiments at Cor- 429. tena, 1923, and Progress in Experi- 430. ments in Water Grass Control at the 431. Biggs Rice Field Station, 1922-23. 377. The Cold Storage of Pears. 432. 380. Growth of Eucalyptus in California Plantations. 433. 382. Pumping for Draininge in the San Joaquin Valley, California. 434. 385. Pollination of the Sweet Cherry. 386. Pruning Bearing Deciduous Fruit 435. Trees. 387. Fig Smut. 388. The Principles and Practice of Sun- Drying Fruit. Berseem or Egyptian Clover. Harvesting and Packing Grapes in California. Machines for Coating Seed Wheat with Copper Carbonate Dust. Fruit Juice Concentrates. Crop Sequences at Davis. I. Cereal Hay Production in Cali- fornia. II. Feeding Trials with Cereal Hays. Bark Diseases of Citrus Trees in Cali- fornia. The Mat Bean, Phaseolus Aconitifo- lius. Manufacture of Roquefort Type Cheese from Goat's Milk. Orchard Heating in California. The Utilization of Surplus Plums. The Codling Moth in Walnuts. The Dehydration of Prunes. Citrus Culture in Central California. Stationary Spray Plants in California. Yield, Stand, and Volume Tables for White Fir in the California Pine Region. Alternaria Rot of Lemons. The Digestibility of Certain Fruit By- products as Determined for Rumi- nants. Part I. Dried Orange Pulp and Raisin Pulp. Factors Influencing the .Quality of Fresh Asparagus after It is Har- vested. Paradichlorobenzene as a Soil Fumi- gant. A Study of the Relative Value of Cer- tain Root Crops and Salmon Oil as Sources of Vitamin A for Poultry. Planting and Thinning Distances for Deciduous Fruit Trees. The Tractor on California Farms. Culture of the Oriental Persimmon in California. Poultry Feeding: Principles and Prac- tice. A Study of Various Rations for Fin- ishing Range Calves as Baby Beeves. Economic Aspects of the Cantaloupe Industry. Rice and Rice By-Products as Feeds for Fattening Swine. Beef Cattle Feeding Trials, 1921-24. Cost of Producing Almonds in Cali- fornia: a Progress Report. Apricots (Series on California Crops and Prices). The Relation of Rate of Maturity to Egg Production. Apple Growing in California. Apple Pollination Studies fornia. The Value of Orange Pulp for Milk Production. The Relation of Maturity of fornia Plums to Shipping Dessert Quality. Economic Status of the Grape Industry. Range Grasses of California. Raisin By-Products and Bean Screen- ings as Feeds for Fattening Lambs. Some Economic Problems Involved in the Pooling of Fruit. Power Requirements of Electrically Driven Manufacturing Equipment. Investigations on the Use of Fruits in Ice Cream and Ices. The Problem of Securing Closer Relationship Between Agricultural Development and Irrigation Con- struction. Cali- Cali- and bulletins- no. 436. I. The Kadota Fig. II. Kadota Fig Products. 437. Economic Aspects of the Dairy In- dustry. 438. Grafting Affinities with Special Refer- ence to Plums. 439. The Digestibility of Certain Fruit By- products as Determined for Rumi- nants. Part II. Dried Pineapple Pulp, Dried Lemon Pulp, and Dried Olive Pulp. 440. The Feeding Value of Raisins and Dairy By-Products for Growing and Fattening Swine. 441. The Electric Brooder. 442. Laboratory Tests of Orchard Heaters. 443. Standardization and Improvement of California Butter. 444. Series on California Crops and Prices: Beans. ■(Continued) No. 445. Economic Aspects of the Apple In- dustry. 446. The Asparagus Industry in California. 447. The Method of Determining the Clean Weights of Individual Fleeces of Wool. 448. Farmers' Purchase Agreement for Deep Well Pumps. 449. Economic Aspects of the Watermelon Industry. 450. Irrigation Investigations with Field Crops at Davis, and at Delhi, Cali- fornia. 451. Studies Preliminary to the Establish- ment of a Series of Fertilizer Trials in a Bearing Citrus Grove. 452. Economic Aspects of the Pear In- dustry. CIRCULARS No. No. 87. Alfalfa. 265. 117. The selection and Cost of a Small 266. Pumping Plant. 127. House Fumigation. 267. 129. The control of Citrus Insects. 136. Melilotus Indica as a Green-Manure 269. Crop for California. 270. 144. Oidium or Powdery Mildew of the 273. Vine. 276. 157. Control of Pear Scab. 277. 164. Small Fruit Culture in California. 166. The County Farm Bureau. 278. 178. The Packing of Apples in California. 202. County Organization for Rural Fire 279. Control. 203. Peat as a Manure Substitute. 281. 209. The Function of the Farm Bureau. 212. Salvaging Rain-Damaged Prunes. 215. Feeding Dairy Cows in California. 282. 230. Testing Milk, Cream, and Skim Milk for Butterfat. 284. 231. The Home Vineyard. 286. 232. Harvesting and Handling California 287. Cherries for Eastern Shipment. 288. 234. Winter Injury to Young Walnut 289. Trees During 1921-1922. 290. 238. The Apricot in California. 292. 239. Harvesting and Handling Apricots 293. and Plums for Eastern Shipment. 294. 240. Harvesting and Handling California 296. Pears for Eastern Shipment. 241. Harvesting and Handling California 298. Peaches for Eastern Shipment. 243. Marmalade Juice and Jelly Juice 300. from Citrus Fruits. 301. 244. Central Wire Bracing for Fruit Trees. 302. 245. Vine Pruning Systems. 304. 248. Some Common Errors in Vine Prun- 305. ing and Their Remedies. 307. 249. Replacing Missing Vines. 308. 250. Measurement of Irrigation Water on 309. the Farm. 310. 252. Support for Vines. 253. Vineyard Plans. 311. 255. Leguminous Plants as Organic Fer- 312. tilizers in California Agriculture. 257. The Small-Seeded Horse Bean (Vicia faba var. minor). 258. Thinning Deciduous Fruits. 259. Pear By-Products. 261. Sewing Grain Sacks. Plant Disease and Pest Control. Analyzing the Citrus Orchard b> Means of Simple Tree Records. The Tendency of Tractors to Rise in Front; Causes and Remedies. An Orchard Brush Burner. A Farm Septic Tank. Saving the Gophered Citrus Tree. Home Canning. Head, Cane and Cordon Pruning of Vines. Olive Pickling in Mediterranean Countries. The Preparation and Refining of Olive Oil in Southern Europe. The Results of a Survey to Deter- mine the Cost of Producing Beef in California. Prevention of Insect Attack on Stored Grain. The Almond in California. Milk Houses for California Dairies. Potato Production in California. Phylloxera Resistant Vineyards. Oak Fungus in Orchard Trees. The Tangier Pea. Alkali Soils. The Basis of Grape Standardization. Propagation of Deciduous Fruits. Control of the California Ground Squirrel. Possibilities and Limitations of Coop- erative Marketing. Coccidiosis of Chickens. Buckeye Poisoning of the Honey Bee. The Sugar Beet in California. Drainage on the Farm. Liming the Soil. American Foulbrood and Its Control. Cantaloupe Production in California. Fruit Tree and Orchard Judging. The Operation of the Bacteriological Laboratory for Dairy Plants. The Improvement of Quality in Figs. Principles Governing the Choice, Op- eration and Care of Small Irrigation Pumping Plants. The publications listed above may be had by addressing College of Agriculture, University of California, 25m-8,'28 Berkeley, California.