Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/elementsofkatolaOOgoddrich UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 1 1, No. I, pp. 1-176, pis. 1-45 October 31, 1912 ELEMENTS OF THE KATO LANGUAGE Br PLINY EARLE GODDARD UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY UNIVERSITY OF OAUFOENIA PUBLICATIONS DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY The following publications dealing with archaeological and ethnological subjects issued mder the direction of the Department of Anthropology are sent in exchange for the publi- cations of anthropological departments and museums, and for journals devoted to general anthropology or to archaeology and ethnology. They are for sale at the prices stated, which include postage or express charges. Exchanges should be directed to The Exchange Depart- ment, University Library, Berkeley, California, U. S. A. All orders and remittances should be addressed to the University Press. European agent for the series in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Classical Phil- ology, Education, Modem Philology, Philosophy, and Semitic Philology, Otto Harrassowitz, Leipzig. For the series in Botany, Geology, Pathology, Physiology, Zoology and also Amer- ican Archaeology and Ethnology, R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Berlin. AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.— A. L. Kroeber, Editor. Price per volume $3.50 (Vol. I, $4.25). Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn. Price Vol. 1. 1. Life and Culture of the Hupa, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 1-88; plates 1-30. September, 1903 $1.25 2. Hupa Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 89-368. March, 1904 _. 3.00 Index, pp. 369-378. VoL 2. 1. The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 1-27; plates 1-14. April, 1904 .., „ 40 2. The Languages of the Coast of California South of San Francisco, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 29-80, with a map. June, 1904 60 S. Types of Indian Culture in California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 81-103. June, 1904 26 4. Basket Designs of the Indians of Northwestern California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 105-164; plates 15-21. January, 1905 ..._ 75 5. The Yokuts Language of South Central California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 165-377. January, 1907 2.25 Index, pp. 379-392. Vol. S. The Morphology of the Hupa Language, by Pliny Earle Goddard. 344 pp. June, 1905 3.50 Vol. 4. 1. The Earliest Historical Relations between Mexico and Japan, from original documents preserved in Spain and Japan, by Zelia Nuttall. Pp. 1-47. April, 1906 50 » 2. Contribution to the Physical Anthropology of California, based on col- lections in the Department of Anthropology of the University of California, and in the U. S. National Museum, by Ales Hrdlicka. Pp. 49-64, with 5 tables; plates 1-10, and map. June, 1906 75 3. The Shoshonean Dialects of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 65-166. February, 1907 _ 1.50 4. Indian Mjrths from South Central California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 167-250. May, 1907 75 5. The Washo Language of East Central California and Nevada, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 251-318. September, 1907 76 6. The Religion of the Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 319- 856. September, 1907 60 Index, pp. 357-374. Vol. 6. 1. The Phonology of the Hupa Language; Part I, The Individual Sounds, by Pliny Earle Goddard, Pp. 1-20, plates 1-8. March, 1907 35 2. Navaho Myths, Prayers and Songs, with Texts and Translations, by Washington Matthews, edited by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 21-63. September, 1907 _... .75 3. Kato Texts, by Pliny Earle Goddard. Pp. 65-238, plate 9. December, 1909 2.50 4. The Material Culture of the Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians of Northeastern California and Southern Oregon, by S. A. Barrett. Pp. 239-292, plates 10-25. June, 1910 75 5. The Chimariko Indians and Language, by Roland B. Dixon. Pp. 293- 380. August, 1910 , 1.00 Index, pp. 381-384. Vol. 6. 1. The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians, by Sam- uel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 1-332, maps 1-2. February, 1908 3.26 2. The Geography and Dialects of the Miwok Indians, by Samuel Alfred Barrett. Pp. 333-368, map 3. 3. On the Evidence of the Occupation of Certain Regions by the Miwok Indians, by A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 369-380. Nos. 2 and 3 in oae cover. February, 1908 ~ .50 Index, pp. 381-400. Vol. 7. 1. The Emeryville Shellmound, by Max Uhle. Pp. 1-106, plates 1-12, with 38 text figures. June, 1907 _ 1.26 2. Recent Investigations bearing upon the Question of the Occurrence of Neocene Man in the Auriferous Gravels of California, by William J. Sinclair. Pp. 107-130, plates 13-14. February, 1908 86 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY VOLUME II A. L. KROEBER EDITOR UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY 1911-1916 \s w Cited as Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn. 6076 CONTENTS Number 1. — Elements of the Kato Language, Pliny Earle Goddard, pages 1-176. Number 2. — Phonetic Elements of the Diegiieno Language, A. L. Kroeber and J, P. Harrington, pages 177-188. Number 3. — Sarsi Texts, Pliny Earle Goddard, pages 179-277. Number 4. — Serian, Tequistlatecan, and Hokan, A. L. Kroeber, pages 279- 290. Number 5. — Dichotomous Social Organization in South Central California, Edward Winslow . Giff ord, pages 291-296. Number 6. — The Delineation of the Day-Signs in the Aztec Manuscripts, T. T. Waterman, pages 297-398. Number 7. — The Mutsun Dialect of Costanoan Based on the Vocabulary of De La Cuesta, J. Alden Mason, pages 399-472. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 1-176, pis. 1-45 October 31, 1912 ELEMENTS OF THE KATO LANGUAGE BY PLINY EAELE GODDAED CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 3 Phonology 4 Individual Sounds 4 Vowels 4 Semi- Vowels 5 Continuants 5 Liquids 5 Nasals 6 Spirants 7 Stops 9 Labial 9 Dentals 9 Palatals 11 Velar 12 Glottal 12 Affricatives 13 Table of Sounds 13 Comparison of Kato and Hupa Sounds 14 Assimilation of Sounds 17 Modification of Syllables 17 Morphology 19 Nouns 19 Simple, Monosyllabic 19 With Possessive Prefixes 21 Parts of the Body 21 Clothing 23 Eelatives 23 Nouns with SuflBLxes 23 Plural and Class Suffixes 24 Locative Suffixes 24 Suffix with Instrumental Meaning 26 8 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11 PAGE Suffixes of Temporal-Modal Force 26 Suffixes of Size, Shape, and Color 26 Nouns compounded with Nouns 27 First Noun qualifies the Second 27 With Possessive Prefix for Second Component 27 With Second Component modifying the First 27 Nouns compounded with Adjectives 28 Nouns compounded with Verbs 29 Adjectives and Verbs used as Nouns 29 Verbs with Instrumental Prefix used as Nouns 31 PolysyUabie Nouns Unanalyzed 31 Pronouns 32 Personal 32 Personal Demonstratives 33 Demonstratives 34 Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns 34 Adjectives 35 Pronominal Adjectives 35 Numerals 36 Cardinals 36 Multiplicatives 36 Distributives 36 Directional Words 37 Adverbs 38 Place 38 Time 38 Manner and Degree 39 Postpositions 39 Particles and Interjections 41 Verbs 42 Prefixes 42 First Position 42 Adverbial 43 Deictic 49 Objective 51 First Modal 52 Second Modal 53 Subjective 55 Third Modals 57 Stems 59 Suffixes 80 Source of Information 80 Modal 81 Temporal 83 Tenses and Modes 84 Table of Analyzed Verbs 85 Interpretation of Tracings 86 Explanation of Plates _ 88 1912] Goddard: Elements of the Kato Language INTRODUCTION In general structure all the Athapascan languages have great uniformity. The nouns, when not monosyllabic, are built upon monosyllables by suffixes, or are sentence verbs used as substan- tives. The verbs have adverbial prefixes expressing spatial rela- tions, subjective and objective prefixes expressing syntactical relations, stems which often indicate the character and number of the subject or object, and suffixes with temporal, modal, and conjunctional force. This general structure has been rather fully discussed in the treatment of the Hupa dialect.^ As has been said in another place,^ the Kato dialect differs from Hupa sufficiently to make them mutually unintelligible. "While this is due chiefly to phonetic changes, in a lesser degree it is due to differences in vocabulary, particularly nouns of descriptive meaning. The suffixes of the verbs also differ considerably. The elements which compose the words of each dialect are nearly all identical except for the phonetic changes which exist. It has been thought sufficient, considering the treatment already given the Hupa language, to provide descriptions of the individual sounds occurring in Kato, illustrated as fully as pos- sible with tracings; and to list the morphological elements, accompanying each with a few examples. This has been done with the expectation that the chief use made of the work would be comparative. The material employed is chiefly that contained in Kato Texts,^ to the pages and lines of which the numerals after the examples refer. The tracings* used were selected from about one thousand made in the spring and fall of 1908 by Bill Ray, from whom the texts also were obtained. 1 Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn., m, 1905. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 40, 87-158, 1910. 2 Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn., v, 56, 1909, 8 Univ. Calif. Publ. Am. Arch. Ethn., v, 65-238, 1909. * For a description of the apparatus and methods consult Amer. Anthrop., n.s. VII, 613-619; and v, 1-4, of this series. 4 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn, [Vol. 11 PHONOLOGY INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS VOWELS The vowels occurring in Kato are a, g,, e, §, e, i, I, 6, u, and u. Of these, ^, §, are evident modifications of a and e; and i is not at all common. a in quality is the wide-mid-baek in English father. It has a very uniform length of .17 seconds. g, is narrow-mid-back much like the vowel in English what. It occurs only in closed syllables, the same morphological element when rendered open having unmodified a, e.g., -kw^ii, -kwang,n. The converse, however, is not true that a becomes §, in closed syllables. The stem of verbs often has ^ in the present and a in the past: tc'nnoLt'^s, "cut them""; tc'n ne sIl t'ats, "I cut it. up." It is probable that the stem is more strongly stressed in the latter case. The duration is usually less than that of a, being about .11 seconds. e is open in quality as in English net. It is of frequent occur- rence and stable in its character. In a few cases only does it become narrowed to § as in English err. Its duration is very uniform, being about .17 seconds. In less stressed syllables it is morphologically equivalent to Hupa e of the same quality. i always has the closed, continental sound as in English pique. When stressed it is the morphological equivalent of Hupa e. i, the open sound in English in, is but rarely heard. It is extremely short in duration and is detected with some difficulty. It has been uniformly written in tc'in, "he said." That it was as uniformly uttered is not certain. 6 with the close quality in English note is of frequent occur- rence, and is fairly constant in its character, with a duration of .17 seconds. It has frequently been written in place of ti as a possessive prefix, when its duration is only about .1 second. u has the sound of u in English hut. It is always short in duration, about .067 seconds. It corresponds in its use in 1912] Goddard: Elements of the Kato Language 5 morphological elements with i in Hupa; Kato Lut, Hupa Lit, * ' smoke. ' ' u, close in quality as in rule, occurs as a possessive prefix where one might suspect its origin to be connected with yo and yl, the demonstrative. That it is not a vowel originally inde- pendent of 6 seems probable. The closeness of quality may be due to neighboring semi-vowels. Even in this prefix it is often heard as o. Its duration is usually short, about .1 second. SEMI-VOWELS y initially seems to begin as a surd and to pass very quickly into a sonant glide. It adds very little if any duration to syllables. "When final it is written i and seems in some cases to have belonged to a separate syllable. w seems to have developed in most instances from completely sonant g under the influence of back vowels. In a few morpho- logical elements w does appear without such influences, but in certain Athapascan dialects g appears even in these. "When the w-like glide after k is not followed by a vowel it is surd and written w. CONTINUANTS Liquids The only sonant liquid is the lateral one, 1. Initially in the word and after a surd spirant the first half of the 1 is surd and the latter half sonant. The first portion of the tracings (pi. 1, figs. 1, 2) shows the effect of a single flap of the tongue followed by a distinct rise of the tracing point, probably due to a greater opening of the passage. In form, the tracing resembles that for the surd spirant l (pi. 1, fig. 9) but is much smaller. Between vowels (pi. 1, fig. 4; pi. 3, fig. 3; pi. 7, fig. 9) and fimal in the syllable (pi. 1, figs. 3, 5; pi. 9, figs. 1, 7) the sonaney is uninterrupted. When 1 is followed by a glottal stop the sonaney and apparently the duration of the sound itself are much shortened. The sound under this condition makes but little impression upon the English ear, and it is often heard as a surd. The tracings in plate 1, figures 7-9, do show a degree of 6 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol, 11 sonaney. These interrupted sonants seem to be the representa- tives of Hupa final L.^ The duration of 1 is about .18 seconds. Nasals m, — The bilabial nasal seems to occur only where b has been assimilated to a dental or palatal nasal. Examples of such assimilation are plainly seen in cases where the initial sound of a verb-stem is b. Whenever it is preceded by n or ii, b becomes m and usually the preceding nasal becomes m (pi. 6, figs. 6, 8). The postposition bi^ when it follows a nasal becomes mi« (pi. 4, fig. 9). There is one word with an initial m which is unex- plained, main, ''weasel" (pi. 6, fig. 5). The duration of this sound is about .1 second. In common with several Athapascan dialects, Kato has b, apparently preserved, where Hupa and other dialects have m. Perhaps the change toward m began with these words where assimilation took place and afterwards was carried through the language by analogy. Syllabic n. — In many words in Kato n stands by itself in a syllable (pi. 4, figs. 2, 3), particularly when it is the first modal prefix of verbs and adjectives, and the second personal posses- sive prefix before a consonant. Under these circumstances Hupa has a vowel i preceding the n. Such a vowel was imagined to exist in Kato and was at first written. This n, unlike the con- sonant, has no sound accompanying the release. Its duration is about .12 second. n. — The dental consonantal n when initial usually has the sonaney beginning about .05 seconds before the release of the tongue (pi. 1, fig. 8; pi. 2, fig. 3; pi. 3, figs. 5, 6). In some instances the sonaney seems to follow the release in about .01 second (pi. 4, fig. 7), in this respect agreeing with g and d when initial. "When n occurs within a word it is sonant throughout (pi. 4, figs. 6, 7). Its duration is about .1 second. The final nasal seems usually to be palatal rather than dental, B Present series, v, pi. 6, fig. 9. 1912] Goddard: Elements of the Kato Language 7 but it becomes dental when another syllable beginning with a vowel is suffixed. In that case the n is often heard doubled as the final and initial sounds of the adjoining syllables. This is revealed in the tracings of plate 3, figure 1 of which shows a more complete closure of the mouth passage for the second n. Figure 6 of the same plate shows a decided increase in the amplitude of the vibrations of the nasal tracing, apparently due to the lower pitch of the final syllable, which happens to be favored by the tambour in use. fi. — The palatal nasal seems to be characterized by an incom- plete closure of the mouth passage, or by its closure sometime after the lowering of the velum. This results in a nasalized sonant, palatal spirant, or a nasalized vowel, according to the degree of elevation of the back of the tongue, but since the earlier part of the vowel and the latter part of nasal are pure, the mixed character is not particularly noticeable to the ear. Final g also has a similar incompleteness of contact. Often the palatal n is followed by a glottal stop (pi. 3, figs. 3-5), The sound is somewhat obscured in that case and at first the glottal stop was supposed to precede the nasal. None of the tracings reveal such an order. The glottis seems to open and the velum to fall at the same instant, causing a simultaneous raising of both tracing points. Kato seems to differ from Hupa as to the order of the glottal stop and nasal, as appears from plate 5 of volume 5 in this series. Spirants The spirants of Kato are four in number, s, c, l, and h, all of them normally voiceless. In a few instances the initial por- tion is voiced at a low pitch, probably due to the gradual separa- tion of the vocal chords. This low-pitched voicing of the initial portion impressed the hearer, in some cases, rather than the middle and last surd portion, and the sound was accordingly, recorded as a sonant. In a number of cases intervocalic h appears with low pitch vibrations of great amplitude continuing throughout its duration. If it be true that the glottal spirant is caused by the friction of the air current as it passes the true 8 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11 vocal chords, there may well be degrees of their retraction and relaxation. s. — When initial, the tracing of s is usually a regular para- bolic curve (pi. 5, fig. 1; pi. 6, fig. 7), showing a duration for the sound of about .22 second. In an intervocalic position (pi. 1, fig. 7) it may appear as a straight line or as an upward curve according to the elevation of the adjoining vowel tracing. Final in the syllable, which is a frequent position because of its occur- rence as a suffix, it usually appears as a regular descending parabolic curve (pi. 3, figs. 5, 6; pi. 5, fig. 2; pi. 8, figs. 2, 8; pi. 10, figs. 1, 4, 7) of from .16 to .25 of a second in length. When final in the word, s is sometimes quite prolonged (.33 second) and shows a depression followed by a regular elevation. The form of the curve is due to variation in breath pressure con- trolled in the last analysis by the size of the opening between the tongue and the palate, and possibly, though not probably, to increase in the lung pressure. c. — When initial before a consonant c (sh) seems to be syllabic (pi. 5, fig. 4; pi. 11, fig. 5). It is distinguished from s with difficulty by ear and its tracings closely resemble those of that sound. In other situations in the syllable and word the remarks above concerning s apply to c. In Hupa the corresponding sound is hiy (-w).^ L. — The position for this sound seems identical with that for 1. The tracings of it (pi. 2, figs. 1, 2, 4; pi. 11, fig. 3) usually show evidence of a single flap or movement of the tongue and sometimes (pi. 42, fig. 12) the slighter movements which may represent the spirant character. In a few eases (pi. 10, fig. 2; pi. 8, fig. 1) the sonancy of the preceding vowel continues into the 1, but in all other respects it is surd. The sound is of the same character as that found in Hupa.'' The average length is a little less than .2 of a second. h, '. — Tracings of this sound in the initial, medial, and final (' ) positions are to be seen in plate 5, figures 7-9. In duration 6 Work cited, v, 10. t lUd., pi. 6, figs. 2, 4, 5, 6. 1912] Goddard: Elements of the Kato Language 9 it is comparable to s and c. As has been remarked above, when medial it often has low-pitched vocal chord vibrations. G. — A sonant spirant in the postpalatal position occurs be- tween vowels and finally. It has probably resulted from a stop, the closure being incomplete. STOPS Six positions and three kinds of stops may be distinguished in Kato. The positions are bilabial, dental, prepalatal, post- palatal, velar, and glottal. The dental and palatal ones occur as sonants or intermediates, aspirated surds, and surds accompanied by glottal action. Labial b. — In the bilabial position only one kind is found, which from its resemblance to the corresponding members of other series may be called a sonant. The sonancy, however, does not occur until after the separation of the lips (pi. 5, fig. 3) ; the impulse for their separation and for the approximation of the vocal chords seeming to be synchronous. In regard to the tracings it should be observed that the lips, being tightly confined within the speak- ing funnel, often compress the air and elevate the recording point during the closure, obscuring the effect of the release, a result quite different from that produced by the other stops. When b is preceded by a nasal it is assimilated to m. It does not occur in the final position of the syllable. Its duration averages about .18 seconds. Dentals d. — The sonancy of d occurs about .04 seconds after the with- drawal of the tip of the tongue from the sockets of the teeth. Perhaps that interval is required for the adjustment of the chords after the nervous impulse is received (pi. 7, fig. 1). It will be observed that laryngeal adjustment of some sort is synchronous with the initial adjustment of the tongue marked by the first vertical lines in figures 1, 2, 3 of plate 7. Since only the latter third of the sound is sonant, and since its strength of enunciation does not differ from the surd so much as is usual in European 10 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11 languages, it is heard by many as a surd. The sound is not found in the final position of the syllable, nor could it be expected since in that situation the sonant portion, the end glide, is wanting. t. — In the sound represented by t, the final glide is surd breath resulting in an aspiration perhaps a little stronger than in accented English syllables (pi. 7, figs. 4-6). In several cases t by itself composes a syllable (pi. 6, fig. 3; pi. 7, fig. 2). In similar situations Hupa has d if the sound be initial, and t if it be final, with a weak vowel if necessary. Where t and d occur in the same word t appears as a higher tracing, indicating its somewhat stronger character. In duration the closure is about .1 second and the glide about as long. t'. — The third member of the dental series is one of those peculiar American sounds often called fortes or exploded. The upper larynx line (pi. 7, figs. 7-9) shows a rather marked depres- sion beginning as the tongue reaches the position of closure, culminating an instant after its release, and gradually returning during the glide, the latter portion of which is sonant. In figure 9 both t' and t occur, with a definite depression for t' but none for t, although it is nearly twice as high in the lower breath tracing. The initial sound also has the depression for tc', of the same character as the sound under discussion. It will be noticed that the recording point does not ascend so high as for d even, and immediately returns to the line marked by the preceding closure or even below it. It seems probable that the larynx tracing records a bodily movement of that organ which normally occurs when the glottis is closed by the depres- sion of the epiglottis. The glottal stop (pi. 7, fig. 7) has a similar depression. It seems that while the tongue is against the teeth closing the passage through the mouth the velum is raised, closing the nasal passages, and the glottis is closed by the epiglottis. The mouth and throat form at that time a closed chamber filled with com- pressed air which escapes as the tongue is withdrawn, causing the moderate elevation of the tracing point. Immediately after the release of the tongue, while the glottis is at least partly closed, some movement, perhaps the lowering again of the larynx, causes 1912] Goddard: Elements of the Kato Language 11 a degree of suction. These sounds have a characteristic harsh effect on the ear. Examples of this sound in the final position may perhaps be seen in plate 11, figures 5 and 6, In the lower, breath, line of the latter the tongue release may be seen about 4 mm. after the last vertical line and a second one, probably the glottal release, 10 mm. after the first one. That the laryngeal movement is synchronous with, not posterior to, the dental stop, appears from the depression in the larynx line of figure 5 of this plate. Palatals The palatal stops seem mostly to be in the postpalatal position, the prepalatal stops apparently having become affricatives. In many cases it is rather difficult to be sure whether tc is uttered or a prepalatal k with, perhaps, a glide. There are three sorts of the postpalatal stops of the same general character as those of the dental series, and in addition considerable variation in the sonant depending upon the position in the syllable. g. — Initially the sonancy of g begins, as in d, about .02 seconds after the release of the tongue (pi. 8, fig. 1). Between vowels, and in some cases even between vowel and consonant, the sonancy is continuous, and the contact slight and of short duration (pi. 8, figs. 2, 3) . If an o or ii follows, it is often heard as w. In Hupa, in both the initial and medial positions, w occurs in all vowel settings. Finally in a word and before a surd spirant the contact is incomplete and a sonant continuant is heard (pi. 8, fig. 9) written g.'^* k. — The aspiration of the palatal surd is more noticeable than in the case of the corresponding dental. The duration of this aspiration, between the release of the tongue and the beginning of the vowel, averages .08 seconds (pi. 9, figs. 1-3). In numbers of cases this consonant is syllabic, representing the pronoun of the third person either as a possessive prefixed to a noun or the object prefixed to the verb. In this case and in some others the aspiration sounds as a surd w. A sound of this 'k.w sort occurs finally and between a vowel and consonant (pi. 11, fig. 1). It is 7a It now seems certain that two g's have been confused: one, not very frequent, is intermediate; the other is fully sonant, corresponding to w in Hupa. 12 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11 quite probable that the w-tinge is imparted by the remains of an o or ti vowel. It appears that the ordinary aspirated k when final usually loses its third or aspirated portion and resembles an unaspirated k. Hupa has a surd palatal continuant (x) as the corresponding sound in all situations. k'. — The third member of the series is of the same character as t'. Its tracings show the same depression in the larynx line and a similar reduction in the height attained by the breath tracing with the following retraction. It has a harsh, cracking sound, still more noticeable than that of t'. A k of this sort fol- lowed by w is also found (pi. 9, fig. 9). When final it is rather hard to be sure which k should be written, but it almost certainly occurs in plate 11, figure 8, and perhaps in many other words. It corresponds to the only k of Hupa, in which language the palatal sonants seem to have become w, and the aspirated surd palatal stops the surd palatal spirant x. Velar q. — A few words have a sound clearly different from the palatal sounds discussed above. This difference seems to be one of position. The sound appears to be a velar, unaspirated and intermediate as to sonancy (pi, 8, figs. 7, 8). Glottal That the glottal stop («) occurs in the initial position in a word is not certain. It is initial in the verbal stems -^a, -«ai, and -fan, but these stems of course are never the first syllable of words. When intervocalic (pi. 11, fig. 9) the stop is usually heard as a short pause between the two sounds, and is likely to be over- looked as insignificant or not even noticed until attention is called to it. When it is final (pi. 1, figs. 2, 6) it is much more promi- nent, for in that situation its release is plainly heard as an aspiration. Its duration in this situation is much longer. Its presence may also be detected by its effect upon the vowel or consonant which it follows (pi. 11, fig. 3). It has the result of reducing the duration of a preceding sonant (vowel, liquid, or nasal) to be about one-half of the usual length. 1912] Goddard: Elements of the Kato Language 13 APFRICATIVES The classification of the affricatives (stops plus spirants) is rather difficult in Kato. A sonant dj occurs in a number of syllables (pi. 10, figs. 1, 4), but there is usually some question as to the sonancy and also the position; dj, g, tc, and ky at first having been written for the same sound. An unmistakable surd tc also occurs with aspiration which takes place through the sh (c) position (pi. 10, figs. 2, 5). A surd with glottal accompaniment (tc') is frequent (pi. 10, figs. 3, 4, 6, 9) ; a deictic prefix of this sort being present in a large number of verbs. It is often syllabic. It is rather doubtful if ts occurs in any large number of cases. The diminutive suffix, of very frequent use in Kato, often sounds as much like ts as it does like tc. This is probably due to the fact that the second part of the sound is formed in a position or in a manner between s and sh as heard in English. L. — In some cases a lateral surd consonant of an 1 character seems to be accompanied by the same sort of glottal or epiglottal action which affects the surd stops and the affricative tc'. This is especially plain in the tracing plate 2, figure 7. The effect, as in the other sounds of this character, is to reduce the energy of the breath, as is uniformly shown by the height of the tracings, and at the same time to impart a harshness which is strikingly noticeable. TABLE OF SOUNDS stops Continuants P -a ll P.0O < Oit|02 s E CO 10 11 O u COitl < !>.&• ^ j^ ^ ^- .S ^ -^ - § -,- ^- _• S „• a; _• ^ „• p,_- - „• „• >,„• 2 „• ^ „• 5 ^- ^ „■ =2 „. S „. o ___. i£!.f.£l.-«^£5i*'^-2'^ 53"^ S*^ '»'=^ 3Ph-3PU.^«3^^^ Plfi. ^pLH^dn ojOh a>Pu SdA^ ^- . — . OT p r- O ^ » . o S be t)CgP.S^S3P_3rtf3o % ^ Id OQ Ifl w l> Q rt ^ J TO 1 a tA < ^ < g b *-S O o ." QQ n > M ^ Ja ;? « c8 ,g -2 « ,2 ""a, «d « c3 .£; S -s M to M M 86 University of California Publications in Am. Arch, and Ethn. [Vol. 11 INTEEPEETATION OF TRACINGS Plates 3 and 4 have nasal tracings for the upper line. These are made as follows : a glass bulb open at each end is inserted in one nostril, from the outer end of which a rubber tube passes to a tambour having a rubber membrane rather tightly stretched. To this rubber membrane a straw lever ending in a horn tracing point is attached. As long as the posterior orifices of the nostrils are closed by the velum the line will be straight, but as soon as the velum falls the tracing point rises. The tracings show that the vibrations are recorded both in the nasal consonants and nasalized vowels, when the breath passes through the nose, and in the pure vowels, when the nasal passage is closed. In the latter case the vibrations must be transmitted through the soft and hard palate. In plates 1, 2, and 5-11 the upper line is from the larynx. A metal tube ends in a cup-shaped termination over which a sheet of thin rubber is stretched. This is applied to one side or the front of the larynx. In these tracings the attachment was in most cases to the front near the notch of the Adam's apple. The subject's neck was soft and flabby, the larynx projecting but slightly. The connection and tambour were the same as those used for nasal tracings. In both cases the points of the tracing levers were so adjusted that vertical lines drawn with the instrument cut the two trac- ings at synchronous points. The error due to irregularities of the drum does not exceed a millimeter (about .02 second). The lower line in the above mentioned plates and the tracings in the remainder of the plates are made by the air column of the breath taken from the lips by a metal mouthpiece fitting closely and transmitted by a small rubber tube to a Marey tam- bour. All the tracings were, with one or two exceptions, made with the same tambour with no material change in its adjustment. Vowels and semi-vowels result in more or less elevation of the tracing point which inscribes the vibrations; these are in most cases the fundamentals not the partials of the sounds. The liquid 1 has vibrations similar to those of the vowels, but usually shows one or more deep notches at its beginning. The nasals result in straight horizontal lines at the lowest level, since no breath issues 1912] Goddard: Elements of the Kato Language 87 from the mouth during the articulation. The spirants are smooth upward curves showing only the varying strength of the air- column, which is controlled by the size of the opening of the mouth passage and the lung pressure. The instrument is not delicate enough to record the agitation of the air produced by the rubbing against the opening which gives the spirants their characteristic sounds. The stops are shown by horizontal lines of the lowest level during the period of closure, and by nearly or quite vertical lines caused by the sudden release of air at the moment of explosion. If the stop be a sonant the point immediately falls and traces the vibrations. If an aspirated surd is spoken the point continues to rise or falls slowly without marking regular vibrations. If the stop is accompanied by glottal action the points fall sharply to or below the level marked by the tracer during the closure, the vibrations beginning as it recovers from this descent. By observing the points where the vertical lines cut the horizontal ones in plates 1-11, the exact beginning and end of sonancy and nasalization can be ascertained as regards the move- ments within the mouth indicated by the breath tracing. The straight horizontal line is drawn mechanically while the paper is on the drum and constitutes a time line extremely accurate, with 50 mm. equal to one second. The duration of words, syllables, individual sounds, and often their component parts may be quickly determined. Varying elevations of the tracings of the same sound in the same word indicate changing stress. It is probable that vowels being but slightly impeded in the passage through the mouth regardless of their quality show stress. The amplitude of the vibrations in the tracings varies with both stress and pitch, since the natural period of the membrane and lever favors a certain rate of vibration which its rendered more strongly. The pitch can often be determined, relatively at least, by counting the number of vibrations in a given length of base line. Little can be determined as to the quality of the vowels by tracings such as these. Transmitted March 1, 1911. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1 LATERAL SONANT AND SPIRANT Upper line larynx, lower line breath. Fig. 1. — la^ nes, raccoon. 112-5. Fig. 2. — Fa ei^, buckeye. 94-6. Fig. 3. — tc' gul kut, he swallowed. 109-7. Fig. 4. — 61%n, you get (imp.), 133-14. Fig. 5. — kowunsul, it was becoming hot. 172-14. Fig. 6. — te'usli^, he caught in a noose. 108-4. Fig. 7. ka si deV, we came up. 141-2. Fig. 8. — na dil^, sugar-pine. 89-17. Fig. 9. — tc'n neL yil*, she eats up. 180-9. [88] EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2 LATERAL SPIRANT Upper line larynx, lower line breath. Fig. 1. — Lon te ge nes, ' ' rodent ears long, ' ' a mouse. Fig. 2. — naL teos, she put a blanket. 180-7. Fig. 3.— naL^gi, dog. 91-9. Fig. 4. — tea kwoL gel^, very dark. 74-8. Fig. 5. — tc' qaL ya^ ni, he was walking they say. 93-12. Fig. 6. — L^ guc, rattlesnake. 91-17. Fig. 7. — tc' Loi un gi, she is making basket. Fig. 8. — L6' L tso, grass blue. 76-6. [90] GC H ■^^■^^■H tr" I ^^^H Oi 1 ^^^^^H CfJ 1 H Ci 1 ■H 1 Hi EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3 NASALS Upper line from bulb in nostril, lower line breath. Fig. 1. — et ci ne kw^n n^n, it had turned black. 94-7. Fig. 2. — kwiiL fin ya* ni, they told him they say. 125-2. Fig. 3.— n dul «in*, let us look. 168-1. Fig. 4.— 6 te'^n*^, to him. 79-9. Fig. 5. — naslin*, he became. 107-8. Fig. 6. — nas dul lin ne, we have got back. 95-12. Fig. 7. — oLk'an, make a fire (plu. imp.). 103-7. [92] 1 T ■ a 1 1 ^ 1 1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4 NASALS Upper line from bulb in nostril, lower line breath. Fig. 1. — ya' bi^ un*, sky in. 81-2. Fig. 2. — wo^ntca', teeth large. 86-5. Fig. 3. — n gun do^, it became none. 76-12. Fig. 4. — ya*n ya^ ni, they said they say. 82-11. Fig. 5.— kw6n«, fire. 81-3. Fig. 6. — ca'na*, creek. 79-3. Fig. 7. — ne^iino*, behind the hill. 164-16. Fig. 8.— k'ffif, juneberry. 133-3. Fig. 9. — watc'ami^, hole in. 156-12. [94] o EXPLANATION OF PLATE 5 SPIRANTS Upper line larynx, lower line breath. rig. 1. — se, stone. 71-3. Pig. 2. — tc' nes tin, he lay down. 175-11. Fig. 3. — wos, leg. 79-10. Fig. 4. — ctci*, my heart. 101-5. Fig. 5.— bee ^aiS I will try it. 109-9. Fig. 6. — tc'5g^c, let him chew it. rig. 7. — hakw dun*, that time. 71-2. rig. 8. — nehinno'si*, our heads. 129-10. Fig. 9.— yoS scoter (?), a bird. 122-6. [96] EXPLANATION OF PLATE 6 LABIAL STOP AND NASAL Upper line of figs, 1-4, 7, larynx, of figs. 5, 6, 8, from bulb in nostril, lower line breath. Fig. 1. — beco'los, take me up (plu.), 147-6. Fig. 2. — be ne siL git di, I am afraid of. 130-15. Fig. 3. — t boc, it is round. 80-1. Fig. 4. — da bes ya*, he climbed up. 180-6. Fig. 5. — main, weasel. 74-2. Fig. 6.— de mun«, it is full. 129-13. Fig. 7. — bi^ sta, he was sitting in. 132-3. Fig. 8. — tatc'iimmuL, cook mush (imp. sing.). 163-14. [98] I EXPLANATION OF PLATE 7 DENTAL STOPS Upper line larynx, lower line breath. Fig. 1.— do, not. 137-2. Fig. 2. — de t gun *^, he put in the fire. 168-17. Fig. 3. — da' n die ge*, I will pick you up. 141-4. Fig. 4. — to, water. 71-1. Fig. 5. — te' no dug ge^, we wiU put in water. 139-9. Fig. 6. — n5 tc'iin to*, water came so far. 75-1. Fig. 7.— t'a% feather. 105-14. Fig. 8.— a t'a, her blanket fold. 181-9. Fig. 9. — tc'ie t'a te le, I will feather arrows. 156-5. [100] o EXPLANATION OF PLATE 8 SONANT PALATAL STOPS Upper line larynx, lower line breath. Fig. 1. — guLtuk, it burst. 182-5. Fig. 2. — tc't te gus tci^, it was about to dawn. Fig. 3.— Ltsogun, fox. 73-3. Fig. 4. — tue ge^, I will carry. 135-4. Fig. 5. — na wo' nie, you (plu.) played. 134-17. Fig. 6. — uc tci Ge, I cried. 140-6. Fig. 7. — qo, worm. Fig. 8. — tc'us qot, he speared it. 128-13. Fig. 9. — kw na taG ha*, without his knowledge. [102] 1 5= ^n^^^^^^^^^^^H 1