THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 

 
 B. 0. BAKE* 
 LAWYER 
 
 IUJLUS,TUi 
 
SCIENTIFIC 
 
 SHORTHAND 
 
 A SYSTEM 
 
 BASED UPON THE PITMANIC ALPHABET, 
 
 WITH CONNECTIBLE AND DISCONNECT- 
 IBLE VOWEL STROKES 
 
 ITS CONSONANT OUTLINES ARE 
 CONSTRUCTED SO AS TO LOCATE 
 THE EXACT POSITION OF EVERY 
 SOUNDED VOWEL IN EVERY WORD 
 
 SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO PROFESSIONAL REPORTING 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE 
 
 CATON COLLEGE COMPANY, 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN. 
 
Copyrighted, 1900. 
 
 by 
 THOMAS JASPAR CATON. 
 
s 
 /? oo 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND constructs its consonant out- 
 lines so as to locate exactly the positions occupied by the 
 unrepresented vowel sounds. This is the distinctive feature 
 of the work, and justifies its publication, and ought to se- 
 cure its introduction into every shorthand school in the English- 
 speaking world ; providing, -the other essential features of a repor- 
 torial system of shorthand, namely, brevity, facileness, and ease of 
 acquisition have not been sacrificed, to secure the extreme legibil- 
 ity possessed solely by this work. That such sacrifice is not made 
 is shown by the following statement of facts. 
 
 THE PARENT SOURCE OF ALL STANDARD SYSTEMS. THEIR MERITS, 
 AND THEIR ONE GREAT DEFECT. 
 
 
 
 The only systems of shorthand that have proved adequate to 
 
 K the task of rapid verbatim reporting are those based upon the al- 
 
 ui phabet and principles of the Isaac Pitman system. A vast number 
 
 of such systems are now published over the names of various com- 
 
 pilers. The best known of such works are the Benn Pitman, the 
 
 Graham, the Munson, the Barnes, the IxHigley, the Osgoodby, and 
 
 the Day compilations. These systems do not differ materially 
 
 from one another, or from the parent source the works of Sir Isaac 
 
 Pitman. They all have been found capable of the highest neces- 
 
 * sary speed in reporting; they all have proved equally difficult to 
 
 acquire ; and they all are equally illegible. Their authors admit 
 
 their great defect, illegibility, but excuse the defect on the ground 
 
 ^ that it is impossible to secure greater legibility, and maintain bre- 
 
 vity and facileness sufficient to meet the demands required in rapid 
 
 P reporting. 
 
 COMPARATIVE BREVITY. 
 
 Scientific Shorthand claims the right to supplant all other sys- 
 tems, because its brevity in writing is equal to that of the briefest 
 of systems. In fact, fully nine -tenths of all words employ exactly 
 the same strokes and characters in this work, as are used by other 
 
 448346 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 standard systems. Of the remaining words, some are written more 
 briefly by Scientific Shorthand, and some not quite so briefly as by 
 the systems above named. However, on account of the simplicity 
 with which Position is utilized, all classes of words can be written 
 much more rapidly by Scientific Shorthand than by any other 
 system. 
 
 USES OF POSITION. COMPARATIVE SPEED. 
 
 Scientific Shorthand writes words beginning with consonant 
 strokes in Second Position, the initial stroke determining position 
 for the entire outline. Fully four- fifths of all words are written 
 upon the line, the most natural position in which to write them. 
 Words beginning with short vowel sounds are written in Third 
 Position ; and words beginning with long vowel sounds are written 
 in First Position, and the initial vowel definitely expressed. Such 
 uses of position enable the writer to begin the construction of his 
 outline as soon as the initial syllable of any word is uttered. It 
 enables him, also, to concentrate his entire mentality upon the 
 construction of the outline. Other systems require of the writer, 
 that he hear the entire word spoken, determine which one of its 
 vowels is the accented one, which one of its consonants is ex- 
 pressed by a perpendicular or inclined stroke, if any of them; and 
 then construct his outline with reference to the ruled line so that 
 the initial perpendicular or inclined stroke will fall in the position 
 to which the author of the work has assigned the accented vowel. 
 The mental analysis thus' required retards speed in writing at from 
 25 to 40 per cent, as compared with the time required by Scientific 
 Shorthand to locate each word in its proper position. In proof of 
 this contention, submit the following test: Pronounce any certain 
 number of words to any writer, and note the time required to write 
 them, when they are written with the initial stroke upon the ruled 
 line. Repronounce the same list of words, requesting the writer 
 to place each word in the position demanded by the technical and 
 difficult rules of the standard systems. The inevitable result is a 
 reduction in speed as above stated. 
 
 Scientific Shorthand utilizes Position to determine whether a 
 word begins with a consonant sound, with a long vowel sound, or 
 with a short vowel sound. All words must begin with either of 
 these three sounds. Therefore, three positions only are needed to 
 perform the great work of locating the initial vowel in every word 
 written, and to inform the reader whether such initial vowel begins 
 the word, or whether it occurs immediately after the initial conso- 
 nant sound, or sounds. The strokes and hooks that represent the 
 double and triple consonants, are constructed so as to indicate 
 such consonant coalescence; and the strokes that represent conso- 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 nants that cannot coalesce with the sounds expressed by the initial 
 hooks, are noted, and memorized by the writer. The strokes that 
 represent consonants that may or that may not coalesce with S, L,, 
 and R, are constructed so as to show a vowel sound immediately 
 after initial S, after the double aud triple consonants beginning 
 with S, between the sound of the stroke and the sound of the ini- 
 tial hook, and after the sound of both stroke and hook. 
 
 These simple changes in thePitmanic systems, changes so na- 
 turally and so simply executed, enable the writer to construct the 
 initial syllable of every word in the language so as to indicate the 
 exact order of the spelling of each word written. They give to the 
 initial syllables legibility simply incomparably greater than when 
 .written by any other system. 
 
 Scientific Shorthand was completed to this degree of perfection 
 more than ten years ago. The author published a work embodying 
 these important changes, and put the same to the severest test in 
 his school room. The results proved most gratifying, in ease of 
 acquisition, speed, and legibility. Three years later the work was 
 advanced so as to locate the final vowel in words, with the same 
 accuracy as the first edition located the initial vowel. The author 
 was deeply aware of the grand results sure to follow these simple 
 but highly important innovations. But one thing was still lacking 
 to give to the work the beauty, symmetry, and effectiveness of a 
 completed whole, and that lack was the inability to locate the exact 
 positions occupied by the unrepresented medial vowel sounds. 
 Both editions of his work had been copyrighted, and their use con- 
 fined as exclusively as practicable to his own school room. The 
 author believed that further study and research would enable him 
 to locate, from the construction of his consonant outlines, the ex- 
 act positions occupied by the medial vowel sounds. In such com- 
 pleted state, the author thought best to place the work before the 
 public. After some seven years of additional study and research, 
 the author hit upon a plan, strikingly simple, whereby every me- 
 dial vowel is located, though unrepresented by any visible sign. 
 His feelings on this simple discovery were somewhat akin to those 
 of the great astronomer, who, after many days of earnest waiting 
 and expectation, beheld the far off planet, Neptune, pass across 
 his telescopic vision. The author was keenly aware that fame and 
 fortune awaked him who should first give to thePitmanic systems, 
 with their marvelous swiftness and facileness, the perpetuity that 
 would surely be theirs, if a plan could be devised whereby their 
 brief outlines could be made to show exactly the positions occupied 
 by the unrepresented vowel sounds. 
 
VI SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 ILLEGIBILITY OF OTHER SYSTEMS, CAUSES, AND HOW REMEDIED. 
 
 The illegibility of other standard systems is due to the fact 
 that their consonant outlines do not give the reader the slightest 
 clue as to the positions occupied by the unrepresented vowel 
 sounds. The insertion of dots and dashes to represent vowel 
 sounds retards speed in writing to so great an extent as to make 
 their insertion, in rapid reporting, impossible; and, vowel repre- 
 sentation by position is far too indefinite and indeterminate to af- 
 ford the needed legibility. When the insertion of visible characters 
 to represent the vowels was found impossible in rapid writing, re- 
 sort was had to Position, in the vain hope that vowel representation 
 by visible characters might be dispensed with. But, three posi - 
 tions could not definitely give location to sixteen vowel sounds. 
 So, Position is now used theoretically to locate the accented vowels, 
 and it has most miserably failed in its purpose. If a word contain 
 but a single stroke, there is nothing in the outline expressing the 
 consonant sound in the word, to inform the reader whether it be- 
 gins with a vowel sound or with the consonant sound represented 
 by the stroke. There is no way of determining, by position, whe- 
 ther the accented vowel occurs before or after the stroke ; and no 
 way of knowing which one of many accented vowels may occur in 
 any word. If a word begins with any consonant stroke with which 
 the sound of S coalesces initially, as in words beginning with Sp, 
 spr, st, str, sk, skr, si, sm, sn, sw, squ, spl, there is nothing to 
 inform the reader whether a vowel occurs immediately after the 
 sound of S, after the sound of the double or triple -consonant com- 
 bination, or whether vowels occur in both places noted. There is 
 nothing in words employing initially the strokes pr, pi, br, bl, tr, 
 dr, cr, cl, gr, gl, fr, fl, thr, shr, to inform the reader whether 
 vowel sounds occur before these consonants, between them, after 
 them, before and between them, before and after them, or between 
 and after them, Thus, it is seen that Position, as employed in the 
 systems first named, and known as Standard Pitmanic systems, is 
 used to locate the accented vowel in words, and that such use of 
 position does not point out to the reader the place where such ac - 
 cented vowel occurs in any word, no matter how simple the word 
 may be; also, that such use of Position does not give to the reader 
 the slightest hint as to the location of any vowel in any written 
 word. Dots and dashes are inserted theoretically to express exact 
 vowels; but, practically, their insertion is demanded most to in; 
 dicate the exact positions vowels occupy. If the reader of any of the 
 standard Pitmanic systems could not interpret any of his outlines 
 beginning with any of above strokes representing double and 
 triple consonants, and he resorted to the unabridged dictionary in 
 search for the word possessing the consonants he had written, but 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. vii 
 
 which he could not interpret, he might search first through several 
 thousand words beginning with vowels ; then through all the words 
 beginning with the double and triple consonants; and, lastly, be- 
 fore finding the word, among those beginning with the stroke con- 
 sonant followed immediately by a vowel. 
 
 In such cases Scientific Shorthand constructs all its outlines in 
 a manner that enables the reader to turn almost to the very page in 
 the dictionary where his uninterpreted word must be found. This 
 is of the greatest advantage to the reader, and is possessed solely 
 by Scientific Shorthand. 
 
 METHOD FOR LOCATING MEDIAL VOWELS. 
 
 Scientific Shorthand never violates a rule. Medial final hooks, 
 as N in bench, F in deafness, are followed by consonants, never 
 immediately by vowels. Where N-hook cannot be employed, as 
 in the words penman, attainment, the stroke preceding N is 
 lengthened, and dotted upon N-hook side, to denote the addition 
 of N. Certain strokes, as T, D, Ray, Hay, N, upward L, upward 
 Sh, all coalescent strokes, and some others, always indicate a vow- 
 el following. These strokes are lengthened to denote two succes- 
 sive vowels following, as ia in diabetes; co in Cleopatra; io, final, in 
 braggadocio; io in Diogenes; ue, ewey, in Dewey; ae, ayee, \npayee, 
 etc. Other strokes are lengthened, where they are employed medi- 
 ally and finally, to indicate one vowel sound following. Thus, in 
 the word bricabrac, the reader knows that the word begins with 
 Br followed by a vowel, because the coalescent form for Br is 
 used. That a vowel follows Br, is known, first, by Position, and 
 secondly, because a vowel always follows coalescing consonants. 
 The stroke K is lengthened to indicate a vowel following. The 
 stroke for Br is repeated, followed by a normal length stroke K. 
 Therefore, the reader knows that the vowels are located exactly 
 where the dashes are inserted in br-k-br-k. 
 
 The words bark bark would be expressed by writing the non- 
 coalescent form b.r to the normal length K, and repeating such 
 outline; presenting to the reader words with consonants and vow- 
 els related as shown in b.rk b.rk. 
 
 In the word European, the stroke representing the long sound 
 of U, followed by stroke Ray, and lengthened stroke P with final N 
 hook, gives the outline Ur-p--n, as against Rp-n in any other system. 
 
 In writing the word Arboriculture we express the exact sounds, 
 and locate the omitted short vowel sounds, as shown in Arb.r.k I 
 ch.r. Other systems express only rbrklch.r. 
 
 In writing the word Cleopatra, Scientific Shorthand expresses 
 the consonants and vowels in the exact order shown in Cl--p-tr-, 
 as against klptr in any other system based upon Pitmanic principles. 
 
Viii SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Any writer or teacher of any of the Pitmanic systems will 
 readily grasp the few but deeply significant and exceedingly im- 
 portant changes that have been made in order to perfect the great 
 and grand scheme of this work, namely, to give the exact location 
 of every omitted vowel sound in every word, without regard to its 
 length, the number of its sounded vowels, or the manner in which 
 they occur within the word. 
 
 LEGIBILITY OF SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 In point of legibility, Scientific Shorthand is incomparably 
 superior to any other system. In fact, it is as legible as it is pos- 
 sible to write, unless the exact vowels are inserted. Every practi- 
 cal teacher and writer knows that it is beyond the range of possi- 
 bility to give visible expression to each of the vowel sounds, and 
 to each of the consonant sounds, at the rapidity with which speech 
 is uttered. Every practical teacher and writer knows, also, that it 
 is necessary to give visible expression to the consonant sounds of 
 words. In rapid reporting, then, the vowels must be omitted, at 
 least to a large extent. Such are the conclusions of all practical 
 writers and teachers. Those who have attempted to defy these 
 conclusions have seen the world pronounce their works impractic- 
 able. All standard systems give visible expression to the conso- 
 nants only, leaving to the context the work of supplying the inter- 
 pretation of the words so represented. Their consonant outlines 
 are not constructed by any definite and fixed rules from which the 
 reader may know the exact positions occupied by the initial, the 
 medial, or the final vowels, in any word. 
 
 Since it is found impossible to give visible expression to the 
 vowel sounds, the nearest approach to such completeness of out- 
 line, is the construction of consonant outlines of words so as to 
 point out to the reader the exact location of every unrepresented 
 vowel sound. This grand result is for the first time fully, simply, 
 and scientifically accomplished in the pages of this book. 
 
 RULES RENDERED WORTHLESS BY EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 No other system of shorthand gives a single rule governing the 
 uses of the final hooks that is not so extensively violated as to ren- 
 der the rule itself absolutely worthless. There is not a rule gov- 
 erning the uses of the upward and downward strokes for L, R, and 
 Sh, that is not violated. Thus, for illustration, the words army 
 and room employ downward R; the words urge and rage employ 
 upward R; the words Lena, lion, and I lion employ the N stroke; 
 the words deafness and defense employ the medial F hook. There- 
 fore, the rule that downward R, and L, used initially, indicate a 
 preceding vowel ; the rule that upward R, and upward L,, indicate 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. IX 
 
 an initial vowel following; the rule that medial hooks are not imme- 
 diately followed by vowel sounds, are one and all set at naught, and 
 rendered unreliable even to worthlessness to secure a facile outline. 
 
 DEMONSTRATION OF COMPARATIVE LEGIBILITY, BREVITY AND 
 FACILENESS. 
 
 That the reader may more fully note and understand the legi- 
 bility of Scientific Shorthand , we give below a large number of 
 words that illustrate its comparative legibility, facileness, and brev- 
 ity. In the first column, the words which are written in shorthand 
 are given. In the second column, the shorthand outline, and the 
 exact sounds expressed, as written by other Pitmanic systems, is 
 given. In the third column, we give the Scientific Shorthand out- 
 line for the same words, and immediatly to the right of the outline 
 we give the exact consonants visibly expressed, and insert dots 
 and dashes among the letters visibly expressed by strokes to indi- 
 cate the exact positions of the unrepresented vowel sounds. The 
 dot denotes the position occupied by a short vowel sound ; the 
 dashes denote the positions occupied by either a long or short 
 vowel sound. 
 
 The author asks a careful scrutiny of these comparative illus- 
 trations, and of what they definitely express. These words have 
 been selected, not because they are most favorable to an exposition 
 of this work, but because they illustrate practically all the points 
 of differentiation in the construction of our outlines as compared 
 with the outlines of the older Pitmanic systems. It will be noted 
 that words of as radically different sound, as Adam and dime, beat- 
 en and obtain, sip and spy, asthma and assume, elegy and lodge, 
 reside and residue, execrate and cascaret, receipt and rusty, action 
 and caution, army and room, lobe and Elba, lion and ulna, many 
 and amonia, are represented by the same outline, in every one of 
 the standard Pitmanic systems. Turning from this mass of illegi- 
 bility to an examination of the Scientific Shorthand outlines, we 
 find equal brevity, a logical and effective use of Position, and, on 
 account of the exact location of omitted vowels being pointed out 
 to the reader, a legibility that justifies our claim that Scientific 
 Shorthand is incomparably more legible than any other system of 
 shorthand. 
 
 You cannot read djns for Diogenes; mg for Omega; rmnn for 
 Armenian; w for Iowa; rm for roomy ; dbts for diabetes; dn for 
 Diana; rp for Europe; m for Amie; n for Ina; shn for ocean; but, 
 when your outlines show you exactly where to utter the unrepre- 
 sented vowel sounds, as, D--j-n-s, Om-g-, Arm-n--n, loa, r-m-, 
 d--b-t-s, D--n-, Ur-p,Am-, In-, osh-n, you can read your 
 shorthand outlines. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Following are the words and their outlines 
 
 as above stated: 
 
 Ruby 
 
 /\ -. 
 
 .Rb 
 
 A 
 
 R-by 
 
 
 Adam 
 
 u 
 
 .Dm 
 
 u 
 
 Ad-m 
 
 
 Dummy 
 
 1 
 
 Dm 
 
 1^ 
 
 D-my 
 
 Obtain 
 
 V 
 
 .Btn 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 bt-n 
 
 Bitten 
 
 ^ .... 
 
 .Btn 
 
 ^ 
 
 B-t.n 
 
 
 Elegy 
 
 n 
 
 -Lj 
 
 <7 
 
 t . 
 
 
 Allege . 
 
 n 
 
 .Li - 
 
 ^j 
 
 l.j . 
 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 
 Spy 
 
 
 -Sp 
 
 \ 
 
 Sp- 
 
 Sup 
 
 \ 
 
 -Sp 
 
 ^ 
 
 Sup 
 
 Dewey 
 
 1 
 
 .D 
 
 1 
 
 D-- 
 
 
 Payee 
 
 .... \ .... 
 
 .P 
 
 \ 
 
 .....P-- 
 
 
 Iowa 
 
 "^ 
 
 .W 
 
 ^< 
 
 I-a 
 
 Omega 
 
 ^_ 
 
 .Mg.. 
 
 1 
 
 ' Om-g- 
 
 
 
 
 L 
 
 
 Ocean 
 
 ^) 
 
 .Sh-n 
 
 \J 
 
 Oshun . . 
 
 A. B. Jones ... 
 
 ... MJ- 
 
 .A. B. Jns 
 
 ? 
 
 A. B. J-ns 
 
 Vienna.... 
 
 ^ 
 
 .Vn .. 
 
 ^ 
 
 . ....V--n- ... 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 xi 
 
 The comparative brevity and legibility of Scientific Shorthand 
 is best shown in writing sentence matter. Below we give the writ- 
 ing of the first paragraph of this Introduction, first in the Munson 
 system, and secondly, in Scientific Shorthand. The Munson 
 notes, with very few modifications, answer for the Graham, Pit- 
 man, lyongley, Barnes, Day and other systems compiled from the 
 works of Isaac Pitman. 
 
 First paragraph of this Introduction written in Munson short- 
 hand: 
 
 The same paragraph written in Scientific Shorthand : 
 
 A comparison of above notes, as to brevity of outline, gives to 
 neither system any decided advantage. Both systems employ about 
 the same number of strokes, and strokes of the same character or 
 facileness. But on account of the ease with which Scientific Short- 
 hand employs the use of Position, its outlines can be written much 
 more rapidly than the same outlines can be written in the Munson 
 system. This fact is set forth more fully on page two of this In- 
 troduction. 
 
Xll SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 In writing above matter, Scientific Shorthand employs strokes 
 that express accurate!}' thirteen vowel sounds. It requires the ex- 
 tra formation of eleven strokes and six dots to give visible expres- 
 sion to these same vowels in the Munson system. When they are 
 inserted, Scientific Shorthand possesses a decided advantage in 
 brevity. The Scientific Shorthand notes, by aid of position and 
 by construction, point out to the reader the exact location of ever}' 
 unrepresented vowel sound. The Munson outlines do not give to 
 the reader the slightest hint as to the positions occupied by the 
 unrepresented vowel sounds. To point out the location of such 
 unrepresented vowel sounds would require the extra formation of 
 78 dots and 55 dashes. When such dots and dashes are inserted, 
 the Munson outlines can not be written more than one -half as ra- 
 pidly as Scientific Shorthand outlines can be written. And if such 
 dots and dashes are not inserted, Scientific Shorthand is simply in- 
 comparably more legible than the Munson, Graham, Pitman out- 
 lines. Take either horn of this dilemma and progressive teachers are 
 forced to a recognition of the vast superiority of Scientific Short- 
 hand as compared with the Munson system, or any other system. 
 
 The Munson notes above written, including word -signs, ex- 
 press the following consonant sounds, and do not indicate the 
 exact location of a single vowel among such consonants, except 
 where shown by the hyphen : 
 
 Sntfk shrtnd constrks ts consnnt tins so as to Ikt ksktly the 
 ps-tions kpd b the nrprsnt-d vl snds. Ths is the dstngt-v ft-r of 
 the w-rk and jstfs ts pblksh-n and t to skr ts ntdksh-n nt vr 
 shrtnd ski n the nglsh spkng w-rld; prvdng the thr snshl ft-rs of 
 a rprtrl s-sttn of shrtnd, nml brvt, fslns and z of ks-tion have nt 
 b-n skrf-st to skr the kstrm Igblt ps-st si b ths w-rk. Th-t s-ch 
 skrfs is nt md is sh-n b the flng sttm-nt of fks. 
 
 The Scientific Shorthand notes above written express the fol- 
 lowing consonant and vowel sounds by visible characters, and in- 
 dicate to the reader that unrepresented short vowel sounds occupy 
 the exact positions shown 'by the dots, and that vowels that may 
 be either long or short occupy the exact positions shown by the 
 hyphens in the following paragraph. 
 
 Sint-f-k sh.rt-and constr-kts its cons-n-nt outl-nss- as to 
 1-kat ex-ktly the p-s-tions .k-p-d b- the unr-pr-s-nt-d vowl 
 sounds. Th-s is the d-st-ngt-v f-ch.r of the w-rk, and j-st-f-s 
 its p-bl-k-shun and aut to s-kur its introd-kshun int- .vr- sh.rt- 
 nd sk-1 in the .ngl-sh sp-k.ng w-rld; pr-v-d.ng the .th.r 
 .s-nsh.l f-ch.rs of a r-p.rt-r--l s st-m of sh.rt-nd, n-mly br-v-t-, 
 f-s-ln-s, and ez of .qu-s-tion have n-t b-n s.kr-f-st to s-kur the 
 extr-m 1-j-b.l-t- p-s.st sol- b- th-s w-rk. Th-t s.ch s.kr-f-s is 
 n-t m-d is sh-n b- the f.loing st-tm-nt of f-x. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. xiii 
 
 EASE OF ACQUISITION. 
 
 The legibility of Scientific Shorthand renders unnecessary a 
 vast amount of work required by other systems. Scientific Short- 
 hand has been put to a severe test in the Author's school -rooms, 
 and it has been found unnecessary to require students to spend any 
 considerable portion of their time in the practice of reading their 
 notes. Nearly all their time may be devoted to practice for 
 speed and accuracy in writing, the extreme legibility of the sys- 
 tem being relied upon to secure ready and accurate transcription. 
 
 Boards of Education will find it advisable to introduce this 
 work into the public and high schools. Its study and practice 
 will train and discipline the mind, enrich and greatly enhance the 
 value of public and high school training. 
 
 The public press will find it feasible, practicable and profitable 
 to publish a part of their news in Scientific Shorthand. The mani- 
 fold uses to which shorthand is put in the world scientific, busi- 
 ness, literary, historical, educative, justifies us, one and all, in 
 urging the introduction of this complete, scientific, rapid, legible, 
 and easily acquired system of shorthand into the curriculums of 
 the various seats of learning throughout the land. 
 
 CONCLUSIONS. 
 
 The author commends this work to the careful judgment of a 
 discriminating public. It is no experiment. In a less perfect form 
 it has been in daily use, during the last ten years, in the author's 
 school-rooms. Its writers number more than one thousand, in the 
 Northwest alone. Many of them are holding positions demanding 
 the utmost skill and facility. 
 
 Every advantage that can possibly be claimed for any Pitmanic 
 shorthand system, must unquestionably extend in still greater force 
 to this work. 
 
 That Scientific Shorthand will be found a work which has re- 
 moved the last great objection to the Pitmanic style of writing, 
 thereby giving perpetuity to that form of stenography with which 
 the large body of writers and teachers are most familiar, and which, 
 during the past half century, has been most praised because of its 
 inherent worth, is the fond hope and expectation of 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 July 4th, 1900. 
 
 To WRITERS AND TEACHERS OF SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND The Author 
 desires to call attention to Part II of this work, which gives his method of 
 teaching and studying the same. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 1. The Shorthand Alphabet is obtained from the horizontal, 
 perpendicular, right oblique, and left oblique diameters of a circle, 
 and certain quadrants of a circle, the diamster of which is about 
 one -half inch. 
 
 2. Each of these diameters is written one -half its length light, 
 and one T half its length heavy. The light line strokes represent 
 light sounds, and the shaded strokes represent heavy sounds, 
 likewise, the quadrants are written both light and heavy, and for 
 the same purpose. 
 
 3. In language, as in art, photography, music, day and night, 
 and many other things in Nature, we observe the power, and the 
 beauty in contrasts by light and shade. 
 
 4. Shorthand is written on ruled paper. The ruled line is 
 the greatest artificial aid to legibility any standard shorthand sys- 
 tem possesses. The Initial stroke determines the position of the 
 entire outline. Three principal positions are utilized: 
 
 5. Where the initial stroke is written about one -eighth of an 
 inch above the ruled line, the word which it represents, or of which 
 it forms a part, is in FIRST POSITION. Where the initial stroke 
 is written on the ruled line, the word is in SECOND POSITION. 
 And, where the initial stroke, if horizontal, is written just under 
 the ruled line; or, if perpendicular, or oblique, is written through 
 the ruled line, the word is in THIRD POSITION. 
 
 6. These three positions are employed to differentiate words 
 that begin with Vowel sounds from those that begin with Conso- 
 nant sounds ; and to distinguish between those words that begin 
 with Short vowel sounds, and those that begin with Long vowel 
 and diphthongal sounds. This differentiation is effected as follows : 
 
 7. Words beginning with Long vowel and diphthongal sounds 
 are written in First Position. Words beginning with Consonants, 
 except a few that begin with the letters C, S, W, Y, H, and L, are 
 written in Second Position. Words beginning with Short vowel 
 sounds, and with S, H, W, Y, and St, followed immediately by Short 
 vowel sound, are written in Third Position. Throughout this 
 work, we shall refer to vowels as being Long and Short. The Al- 
 phabetic names of the vowels a, e, i, o, u, and the diphthongs are 
 classed as long vowels, and all other vocal sounds are classed 
 as short vowels. 
 
 8. The right hand side of the strokes P, B, T, D, Cha, J, 
 the upper side of the strokes K and Gay, the left hand side of the 
 strokes Ray, X, and Hay, and the concave side of all curved strokes, 
 is termed the Regular side; and the opposite side of strokes 
 is termed the Irregular side. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON II. 
 
 9. At the foot of this page are illustrations showing the deri- 
 vation ef the shorthand alphabet from the half-inch circle and its 
 diameters, as set forth in preceding lesson. 
 
 10. From figure 1, we obtain four letters two cognate pairs 
 P and B, and Cha and J. From figure 2, we obtain four additional 
 letters two cognate pairs T and D, and K and Gay. Strokes K 
 and Gay are always written in a direction from left to right. 
 
 11. By super imposing figure 1 upon figure 2 , shown by figure 3, 
 the length, slant, and shading of above strokes is readily seen. Fig- 
 ure 4 gives an additional radius, which is employed to represent 
 the letter R followed by A vowel, and which is termed stroke Ray. 
 This stroke with small initial hook represents the letter H followed 
 by a vowel, and is termed stroke Hay. Stroke Ray written in 
 Third Position represents the letter X preceded by any short 
 vowel sound. 
 
 12. Stroke J represents the soft sound of G as heard in Ge- 
 neva, page, budge, as well as the letter J. Stroke Gay represents 
 the sound of G as heard in God, get, glow. Stroke Ch represents the 
 sound of Ch as heard in chew, each, church. Stroke K represents 
 the sound of Ch as heard in Christmas, chorus, as well as the let- 
 ter K. Thus, it is seen that shorthand writing expresses the 
 sounds in words, and not necessarily the exact letters composing 
 them. 
 
 13. From the quadrants obtained from dividing the circle by 
 figure 1, we secure strokes to represent the letters M, Mp-b, S, Z, 
 N, Ng, Th, as heard in thin, and Th as heard in them. (Figure 5.) 
 From the quadrants obtained from dividing the circle by figure 2, 
 we secure strokes to represent the letters L, W, Wh, R, Qu, Sh, 
 Zh, F, and V. (Figure 6.) 
 
 14. The horizontal strokes M, Mp-b, N, and Ng are written 
 from left to right. Strokes L, and Sh are written upward when 
 followed by vowels ; but when employed medially and finally they 
 may be written downward if followed by representatives of other 
 sounds which indicate a vowel following L and Sh. Strokes Land 
 Sh are written downward when not followed by vowels. In Se- 
 cond Position, stroke Sh may be written either upward or down- 
 ward; but, in Third Position, it must be written downward. 
 
 15. Stroke W, in Third Position, or employed medially and 
 finally, is dotted to distinguish it from stroke R. Stroke R, in Se- 
 cond Position is dotted to distinguish it from stroke W. 
 
 N^/Ch K IT, 
 AB 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON III. 
 
 16. The Complete Alphabet of strokes, representing all the 
 single consonants, and all the double and triple consonant combi- 
 nations with which words begin, is given on opposite page. 
 
 17. In connection with the letter names, printed just above 
 the representative strokes, the hyphen has been printed to indicate 
 the exact location of the initial vowels, where such vowels may be 
 either long or short; and the sign used for the period, a dot, has 
 been printed to indicate the exact location of short vowels. 
 
 18. The strokes derived from the circle, and its diameters, 
 are made the bases of all other strokes. 
 
 19. The letter R immediately preceded by another sounded 
 consonant is expressed by a small initial hook attached to preced- 
 ing consonant strokes ; and the letter I/ immediately preceded by 
 another sounded consonant, is expressed by a small initial hook 
 attached to the preceding consonant strokes. These hooks are 
 termed the Coalescent R, and the Coalescent L hooks. The letter 
 R coalesces with the consonants P, B, T, D, K, G, F,Th, and Sh, 
 only; and the letter I, coalesces with the consonants P, B, K, G, 
 F, and S, only. That Coalescent R hook may be written on left 
 hand side of all oblique strokes, the combinations Thr and Fr ap- 
 pear in negative form. The letter R not coalescing with W and S, 
 their representatives may be employed, in such modified form, for 
 Fr and Thr. The I, hook is written on the right hand side of the 
 respective strokes P, B, K, G, and F. SI takes the form given in 
 next paragraph. 
 
 20. The letter S coalesces with certain other consonants, and 
 forms the combinations Sp, Spr, St, Str, Sk, Skr, Sf, Sm, Sn, SI, 
 Sw, Squ, and Spl. Coalescent S, which is represented by a very 
 small circle, is always followed by a consonant, when employed 
 initially and medially ; and always preceded by a consonant when 
 employed finally. The Coalescent S strokes written in Third Po- 
 sition, represent words wherein a short vowel sound immediately 
 follows the sound of S, and a second vowel sound, long or short, 
 immediately follows the sound of the consonants expressed by the 
 strokes to which S circle is attached. Coalescent S circle may be 
 employed in connection with all the alphabetic strokes, when they 
 are written in Third Position. 
 
 21. The sound of S, in all words beginning with the sound 
 of S and a short vowel sound immediately following, but in which 
 a second vowel sound does not immediately follow the consonants 
 represented by the strokes to which S is attached, is represented 
 by the non-coalescent S circle a circle about double the diameter 
 of Coalescent S circle. Non-coalescent S circle, employed medi- 
 ally, as well as initially, is immediately followed by a vowel; em- 
 ployed finally, it is immediately preceded by a vowel. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 P- B- T- D- Ch- J- K- G- R- H- 
 
 F- V- Th- Th- S- Z- M- N- Sh- L- 
 
 R- W- Wh- Qu- Gw- Y- Tw- Dw- 
 
 3.^ .^ ^ .> .^ . .^. . P .P 
 
 .p .p- .b .b- .t .t- .d .d- .ch .ch- 
 
 *-\ \ , \ \ [ I | - I - / / 
 
 .j .j- .k .k- .g .g- .x .x- .f .f- 
 
 .v .v- .th .th- .1 .1- .m .m- .mp-b- .mp b 
 
 6 v v ( ( r ^ -^ - -^ - 
 
 .n .n- .ng .ng- .s .s- .z .z- .sh .sh- 
 
 .w- .r .r- .wh- .qu- -gw- .h- H.r .zh- 
 
 Pr- Br- Tr- Dr- Kr- Gr- Fr- Thr- Shr- 
 
 9% . A . 1 . 1 . _ . _ .^ . ) . ^ 
 
 .pr- .br- .tr- .dr- .kr- .gr- .fr- .thr- .shr- 
 
 * V *\ 1 1 _ - ' . -^ ")<* 
 
 PI- Bl- Kl- Gl- Fl- .pi- .bl- .kl- .gl- .fl- 
 \ C P 
 11 ,\ \ . , c . c , V. C . c . 
 
 Sp- Spr- St- Str- Sk- Skr- Sph- SI- Sm- 
 
 12 \\ ria_ CT _^r < r^ 
 
 Sn- Sw- Squ- Spl- S.p- S.b- S.t- S.d- S.ch- S.j- 
 
 CTX X. ^? 
 
 13 <^ ) 1\\ ^ P f// 
 
 \ \ I / . / ' 
 
 S.k- S.g- S.x- S.f- S.v- S.th- S.I- S.m- S.mp-b- 
 
 14 r / e c f'-s- 
 
 Q ^ V_v V C ' <r^ ' <f~^ 
 
 S.n- S.ng- S.r- S.qu- S.p S.b S.t S.d S.ch S.j 
 
 15 -<^s <i^s ^ ^ '\\'^ -P-P././0 
 
 S.k S.g S.f S.v S.I S.m S.n S.r S.sh S.x S.mp-b S.ng 
 
 . 
 
 Copyright, 1900, by Thomas Jasper Caton. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON IV. 
 
 22. The following words are written on opposite page. Each 
 paragraph of words is represented by the line of writing with which 
 it corresponds in number. Words below, separated by the comma, 
 are represented by the same shorthand outline. Write the initial 
 stroke in position demanded by rules given in paragraph 7, and 
 connect succeeding strokes without lifting the pen from the paper. 
 A straight stroke repeated, followed by another consonant stroke, 
 is dotted near the end of the stroke. 
 
 1. Pay, pie, poe, pew. Be, bee, by, buy, boy, bow. Tea, tie, 
 to, too, two. Day, do, die, dough. Chew. Joy, jew. Cow. Go. 
 Roe, rue. Hay, high. Ax, ox. Few. View. 
 
 2. They, thee, thou, though, thy. Lay, lie, law. Way, woo. 
 Why. She, show. Say, see, so, sue. May, me, my. No, know, 
 new, now. Yea, ye, yew. Up. Ebb. At, it, ought. Add, odd. 
 
 3. Etch. Edge. Egg, ago. Are, err, or. If, off. Of. 111. Am. 
 In, on. Away. Ask. Us, use. 
 
 4. Play, plow. Blow, blew, blue. Clue. Glue. Flee, fly, flow. 
 Apply. Ugly. Pray. Brew, brow. Try, tree, true. Drew, draw. 
 Cry, crew. w 
 
 5. Grew, grow. Free. Three, through. Shrew. Snow. Spray. 
 Stay, stew. Strew r . Sky. Slay, slew. Snow. Sway. 
 
 6. Splay. Sir. Settee. Soggy. Silly. Sappy. Sabbath. Sac- 
 rifice. Sallacious. Sunny. Suppress. 
 
 7. Supplies. Sacking. Sacrilege. Severity. Similarity. Sup- 
 pose. Casks. 
 
 8. Risks. Clasps. Grasps. Masks. Flasks. Prism. Wasps. 
 Whisks. 
 
 9. Receives. Deceives. Does. This, thus. Says, sees. Shows. 
 Knows, news. Lies. Was. Excess. Pipes. Babes. 
 
 10. Judge. Cake. Cooks, kicks. Gags. Pity, putty. Patch, 
 pouch. Page. Packs. 
 
 11. Pig. Perry, parry. Body. Berry, bury. Top. Tub. Batch. 
 Budge. Backs. Bag. 
 
 12. Tidy. Teach. Takes. Tugs. Tory, tarry. Deep. Daub. 
 Dutch, ditch. Dodge. Adage. Chaps. 
 
 13. Cherry. Jetty. Capes. Cubs. Katie. Carries. Choke. Job. 
 Chitty. 
 
 14. Hurry, hairy, Harry. Epoch. Aback. Puffy. Bush. 
 Bushy. Bell. Bully. 
 
 15. Aloof. Alive. Along. Needy. Nudge. Knave. Willie. 
 Washy. Shady. Shabby. 
 
 16. Shakes. Sherry. Shaves. Weedy. Waggy. Wiery. Wavy. 
 Winnie. Asthma. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 i Y V. 1. 
 
 .1. / / /. / / A 
 
 V 
 
 2 ( r ^ 
 
 - S l. J . ) . ~ J , x v 
 \ \' 
 
 I 
 
 3 - / / 
 
 ^^ ' i 
 
 . -) 
 
 4,\ A c_ 
 
 --: ^ \-^_.A A .1 :V. 
 
 e 
 
 s >- r^ . 5 
 
 . J. ^.\.4. i._.r^. 
 
 r^ 
 
 r- 
 
 I- 
 
 c \ e ~~\ ^~^- 
 
 ND x> 
 
 L A 4 yj 
 
 r 
 
 / 
 
 ,,v 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 Y^ 
 
 L 
 
 > 
 
 / 
 
 3 
 
 v 
 
 ; 
 
 < r 
 > v 
 
 15 
 
 r\- r\ r-- 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON V. 
 
 23. The strokes T, D, Ray, N, upward L, and V and F pre- 
 ceded by straight strokes, always indicate a vowel following. When 
 these strokes are employed without a vowel following, they must 
 be dotted, as shown in illustrations on opposite page. Strokes I, 
 and Ray employed medially are, generally, both preceded and fol- 
 lowed by vowels. Final S circle is continued across the stroke to 
 which it is joined to express a short vowel sound following. The 
 S circle carried across the stroke initially expresses the initial syl- 
 lables an, en, in, on, un, preceding the sound of S. Ous, final, 
 preceded by a vowel, is expressed by stroke S. Ray stroke doubled 
 is final. 
 
 1. Read. Ready. Wrought. Idiot. Donate. Abode. Body. Bar- 
 gain. Osseous. Pious. Radius. Furious. 
 
 2. Credulous. Furrier. Merrier. Carrier. Barriers. Pushing. 
 Dishing. Mashing. 
 
 3. Pose. Posy. Busy. Juicy. Rosy. Hazy. Fussy. Mussy. 
 Glossy. Brassy. Rosy's Posies. 
 
 4. Ancillary. Ensample. Enslaves. Unscrew. Unsettles. Un- 
 seemly. Inscribe. 
 
 5. Abolishes. Topic. Admonishes. Allopathic. Almightiness. 
 Amatory. Anatomy. 
 
 6. Copyright. Dignity. Demagogue. Dilemma. Dynamic. Whiz. 
 
 7. Emphatic. Famishes. Fanatic. Fatality. Felony. Futurity. 
 Holiday. 
 
 8. Manufactory. Marriages. Melodies. Military. Notoriety. 
 Parodies. 
 
 9. Phonetic. Pyrotechnics. Quackery. Queerer. Appellee. 
 Cholera. Ethically. 
 
 10. Duluth. James. Laura. Dora. Revenue. Thievish. Tiptoe. 
 Assembly. Geneva. 
 
 11. Armies. Error. Christmas. Heaviness. Justice. Malicious. 
 Baseness. Quickness. 
 
 12. Dizziness. Readiness. Richness. Savageness. Tameness. 
 Despise. Thomas. Willis. Ominous. 
 
 13. Pompous. Similes. Theories. Populace. Timorous. Props. 
 Preach. Approach. Prayers. 
 
 14. Primps. Bribes. Brady. Breeches. Bridges. Abridges. 
 Bribery. Brags. Bravo. Breath. Brooms. 
 
 15. Briny. Drudge. Drayer. Grudge. Greek. Gravy. Greeny. 
 Frills. Freely. Frog. 
 
 16. Practice. Pragmatic. Prairie. Prank. Pravity. Precarious. 
 Briers. True. 
 
*. 0. 
 
 LAWTFR 
 , TEX 
 
 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 A. A . A 
 c Y^ 
 
 LT 
 
 16 
 
10 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 24. Any stroke (except Mp-b, and Ng), given in Lesson III, 
 that represents single, double, or triple consonants, where they are 
 employed initially in Second and Third Positions and followed by 
 two successive vowel sounds, may be lengthened to indicate such 
 vowel succession. 
 
 Any coalescent L and R hook stroke (and the strokes T, D, 
 Ray, Hay, N, upward L, and upward Sh, undotted, and not pre- 
 ceded by a non- coalescent S circle, or by a brief W, Y, H, or St 
 circle), and the strokes F and V, preceded by straight strokes, in- 
 dicate a vowel sound following, unless they are followed by a final 
 coalescent S circle. Where two vowel sounds follow these strokes 
 they are lengthened. 
 
 The strokes P, B, Cha, J, K, Gay, Th, M, Qu, the strokes F 
 and V preceded by curved strokes, and all non -coalescent strokes 
 employed medially and finally do not indicate vowel sounds fol- 
 lowing. These strokes are lengthened to indicate a vowel sound 
 following, and they are super -lengthened to indicate two vowel 
 sounds following; but where these strokes are followed by a non- 
 coalescent circle, hook, loop, or stroke, the vowel following them 
 is located by such non-coalescent circle, hook, loop, or stroke, and 
 need not be lengthened to locate the vowel following, but the 
 strokes in such cases may be lengthened to denote two vowel 
 sounds following. 
 
 1. Payee. Pious, payees. Piano. Bang. Being. Diana. Vien- 
 na. Furious. Spurious. Blush. Bluish. 
 
 2. Bear. Buyer. Radius. Bail. Baal. Dial. Diogenes. Dia- 
 metric. Cleopatra. Trio. Gruel. Growl. 
 
 3. Friar. Flung. Flying. Bleer. Blower. Stair. Stayer, stew- 
 er. Duality. Noah. Leo. Moab. Joab. 
 
 4. Viol, vial. Theocracy. Theosophy. Sunny. Sinnue. Pe- 
 troleum. Braggadocio. Bricabrac. Corea. 
 
 5. Risk. Risky. Bug. Buggy. Bugs. Buggies. Acquiesce, 
 aqueous. Dum. Dummy. Carry. 
 
 6. Habeas. Hobbies. Happy. Pressage. Presto. Presumes. 
 Piimado ina. Primafacie. Progeny. Prolific. 
 
 7. Promissory. Priority. Prosody. Brackish. Brigadier. Tre- 
 mulous. Tramway. Trespass. Trestle. Readjust. 
 
 8. Crystallyze. Shrink. Shrubs. Enslaves. Ir.csnse. Splashes. 
 Supplies. Patriarch. Patrimony. Acrimonious. 
 
 9. Acropolis. Atrocious. Blacksmith. Lugubrious. Deploy. 
 Lustrous. Matrimony. Tracery. 
 
 10. Vacuum. Alluvial. Azoic. Blameless. Brewery. Ammo- 
 nia. Butchery Coalesce. 
 
 11. Cruelty. Create. Diabetes. Diagram. Dialectics. Diaph- 
 anous. Diary. Dialogue. 
 
 12. Diatribe. Factotum. Fallacious. Ferocious. Chronic. 
 Hone}'. Enigma. Saps. Suppress. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 11' 
 
 i. 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
12 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON VII. 
 
 25. In a large number of words, short vowel sounds inter- 
 vene between the letters L, and R and preceding consonants ; and 
 consonant sounds immediately follow L, and R where L, and R are 
 not final. In such words and syllables the letters L, and R are ex- 
 pressed by the non-coalescent L and R hooks. The non-coalescent 
 R hook written on strokes P, B, T, D, K, G, F, and Th, is a wide 
 hook, made so, to distinguish it from the coalescent R hook. On 
 all other strokes, however, the non-coalescent R hook is a small 
 hook. The non-coalescent L hook written on the strokes P, B, K, 
 G, and F, is a wide hook, made so, to distinguish it from the co- 
 alescent L, hook. On all other strokes, the Iy hook is a small ini- 
 tial hook; except on the strokes Ray, Sh, and Y, where the hook 
 is made wide to distinguish L, hook from W or R hook. These 
 hooks are not written on strokes H, Ng, Mp-b, and L,. It is not 
 necessary to widen the L, and R hooks, to indicate a vowel inter- 
 vening between the hook and the strokes Cha, J, V, Th, M, N, 
 and X, because a vowel sound, in all words, separates the conso- 
 nants expressed by the strokes from the letters I, and R expressed 
 by the hooks. 
 
 26. The non-coalescent strokes are employed in both Second 
 and Third Positions, medially and finally. Non-coalescent strokes 
 may be lengthened to indicate a vowel sound immediately follow- 
 ing. Stroke L, is shaded and written downward to add .r; stroke 
 mp-b is lengthened to add .r; and stroke Ng is lengthened to add 
 ker, ger, er; and stroke Qu is given the form of Wh to express 
 Qu.r. Stroke Y initial must be written upward. Stroke Y dotted 
 may be employed medially and finally. Strokes Y.r, and Y.I, must 
 be written upward. Strokes Sh.r and Sh.l must be written down- 
 ward. Strokes Shr- and Shi-, initial, must be written upward. 
 Strokes S.r and Z.r must be dotted to distinguish them from strokes 
 Thr- and Th.r. Stroke S.I must be dotted to distinguish it from 
 stroke Th.r. Stroke Z.I need not be dotted. Non-coalescent S 
 circle is written on N hook side of straight strokes where .r follows 
 the sound of the stroke to which the S circle is joined. Coalescent 
 S circle is written on R hook side of any straight stroke where r- 
 immediately follows the sound of the stroke to which said circle is 
 joined. Such strokes are written in Third Position where a short 
 vowel sound immediately follows the sound of S. 
 
 The hyphen and the dot printed in connection with the letter 
 names of the non-coalescent strokes on opposite page, indicate the 
 exact positions of the vowels in all words employing these strokes. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 13 
 
 P.I P.r B.I B.r T.I T.r D.I D.r 
 
 \ ^ <\ r. i r i 
 
 K.I K.r G.I G.r Ch.l Ch.r J.I J.r R.I 
 
 F.I V 1 Th.l Th.r Th.r S.r Z.r F.r V.r Qu.r 
 
 ^ C 9 ) 5 ") ^ ^ <> 
 
 L.r M.r M.I N.r N.I Sh.r Sh.l Zh r Zh.l Y.r 
 
 Y.I S.I Z.I .p.l .p.r .b.l .b.r .t.l .t.r 
 
 .9 9 . 
 
 .d.l .d.r .ch.l .ch.r .j.l .j.r .k.l .k.r .g.l .g.r 
 
 .x.l .x.r .n.x .f.l .v.l .th.l .l.r -th.r .th.r .s.r s.l 
 
 ' 
 
 o--> 
 
 .z.r .z.l .f.r .v.r .m.r .m.l .n.r .n.l .sh.r .zh.r 
 
 ) 
 
 S.p.r S.p.l S.b.r S.b.l S.t.r S.t.l S.d.r S.d.l S.ch.r S.ch.1 
 
 'A- \;.;-V.^ "T T' 1' f"/ / 
 
 S.j.r S.k.r S.k.l S.g.r S.g.l S.f.l S.v.l S.f.r S.v.r 
 
 - ro - - ro_- ^_- ^- -e^. o>^. 
 
 S.m.r S.n.r S p.r S t.r S k.r Sk.l Sm.r Sn.r Sl.r 
 
 -^^ ^ V *- ^ <- - r 
 
 Sp.l St.l S.p- S.p S.pr- S.p.r S.pl- S-p.1 Sp.l 
 
 A.- 
 
 Shr ' Sh ' r Shl ' Sh.l .sh.r Y.r Y.I 
 
 , ^ J. cJ. 
 
 j. J 
 
14 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON VIII. 
 
 27. The hyphen and the dot, printed in connection with the 
 letter names of the strokes given in lessons 3 and 7, show the exact 
 location of the vowels in relation to those consonant strokes. 
 Therefore, to write correctly any word embodying the said strokes 
 is simply a matter of joining the strokes together. Thus, the word 
 charm is represented by the stroke Ch.r joined with stroke M. 
 The word marvels is represented by the strokes M.r and V.ls. 
 The word Immorality is represented by the strokes .m.r and .l.t. 
 The greatest care must be exercised in writing the strokes with 
 coalescent L and R hooks so as to express the coalescence. 
 
 1. Chirps. Charms. Charles. Charlie. Beecher, butcher. Ar- 
 chers. Trudger. Fletcher. Stitchers. Snatcher. Perfumes. 
 
 2. Jerks. Germs. Germany. Parol. Barrel. Purls. Whirls. 
 Quarrel. Excels. 
 
 3. Rivers. Beavers. Favors. Bothers. Brother. Mothers. 
 Fathers. Rather. Honorable. Enriches. 
 
 4. Enrages. Banners. Manners. Finer. Spinner. Whiner. 
 Pusher. Masher. Thresher. 
 
 5. Lasher. Splasher. Paler. Prowler. Spiller. Mitchel. Beth- 
 el. Pommel. Camel. Kennel. 
 
 6. March. Marshes. Marvels. Morality. Immorality. Mort- 
 gages. Moreover. Ledger. 
 
 7. Pumper. Lumber. Slumber. Tinker. Finger. Pebbel. Peb- 
 bly. Ripple. Smuggler. 
 
 8. Anchor, anger. Angry. Telescope. Testimony. Tipler. 
 Tomorrow. Treasure. 
 
 9. Georgia. Florida. Alabama. New Jersey. Apparatus. Per- 
 fideous. Pernicious. Perplex. 
 
 10. Appellee. Apriori. Bookcase. Bothersome. Cholera. Cleo- 
 patra. Coffee-house. Perspire. Purchase. 
 
 11. Desultory. Disaffect. Disloyalty. Observatory. Succeed. 
 Supplies. Terminus. Varnishes. 
 
 12. Traduce. Embarrass. Enormous. Ascribe. Assembly. At- 
 mosphere. Acrimony. 
 
 13. Affable. Amature. Amatory. Amenable. Ampler. Ample. 
 Amply. Beginners. 
 
 14. Believer. Bespeaks. Bachelor. Book-keeper. Delicious. 
 Dilemma. Disqualify. 
 
 15. Dynamic. Deplorable. Depth. Electric. Elliptic. Expels. 
 Texture. Perverse. 
 
 16. Petroleum. Palpable. Parcels. Parley. Parsimony. Pas- 
 ture. Paternity. Pedestal. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 15 
 
 > 
 
 A 
 
 3/T> . 
 4.^ V. 
 
 n \ \ 
 
 > } 
 
 \ 
 
 -^ 
 
 % \ \ 
 
 7 > ^ 
 
 7 
 
 / 
 
 ;-Ql 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 ^ .vt 
 
 ^ V 
 
 >r 
 
 ^ur 
 
 -7* 
 
 \-\ 
 
 3 
 
 \- 
 
 > "\ A_ 
 
 YD r I 
 
 vV 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
16 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON IX. 
 
 28. The letters St- initial, and the sounds of the letters -st, 
 -zd, st, final, are expressed by a circle about double the diameter of 
 the non-coalescent S circle. The St circle dotted expresses the 
 syllables ses, sis, sus, ces. sez, zez, zes, zus. The St circle shaded 
 expresses the sounds of st.r. 
 
 The sound of L final, preceded by only one consonant stroke 
 and a long vowel sound, may be expressed by a small loop. 
 
 The L loop, the St, Ses, and Ster circles may be enlarged to add 
 T, D, .t, .d. They must be written on the Regular side of all 
 strokes. They may be continued across the stroke to which they 
 are attached, to express a short vowel sound following. Such 
 vowel representation may be shaded to add .r. 
 
 1. Past, paste, post, posed, pieced. Passes, poses, paces. Pas- 
 tor. Pasty. Possesses. Posters. Boasts. Toasts. Dusty. Chester. 
 
 2. Chooses. Jesus. Casts. Cases. Ghosts. Rusty. Rustier. 
 Hazes. Vast. Vases. 
 
 3. Vaster. Vestry. Lasts. Losses. Lusters. Most, must. Moses. 
 Master. Mastery. Nests. 
 
 4. Noses. Nasty. Nastier. Quizzes. Wheezes. Yeast. At- 
 tests. Addest. Effaced. Offices. 
 
 5. Honest. Honesty. Amasses, amuses. Access, excess, axes. 
 Illest. Placed. Plaster. Classed. Classes. 
 
 6. Clusters. Glosses, glazes. Presses. Braced. Traces. Trusty. 
 Trustier. Dresses. Thrusts. 
 
 7. Spiced. Stayest. Sliced. Sneezes. Sufficed. Pipest. Piti- 
 est. Pitchest. Pokest. Biggest. 
 
 8. Baxter. Texas. Fixed. Mixed. Taxed. Faddist. Thinnest. 
 Thickest. Trusted. 
 
 9. Rusted. Post. Posted. Dusted. Hoisted. Possessed. Sup- 
 pers. Suppress. Sadder. Sicker. Sacrifice. 
 
 10. Sacristy. Sanity. Salvage. Separable. Sorcery. Sorcerer. 
 Successor. Smithville. Piracy. 
 
 11. Pale, peel, pile, pole. Bail, boil. Tail, toil, towel, tall. Dale, 
 deal. Jail. Cold, called. Gold, galled. Riled, rolled, ruled. 
 
 12. Animosity. Atrocity. Ballast. Electricity. Fallacy. Fe- 
 blest. Felicity. Fatalism. Feudalism. 
 
 13. Hesitancy. Journal-box. Justice. Lunacy. Necessary. 
 Novelist. Policy. 
 
 14. Primacy. Regeneracy. Tallahassee. Tenacity. Despise. 
 Disguise. Exhaust. Duelist. 
 
 15. Ascertains. Puzzle. Muzzles. Hustles. Rustles. Exile, 
 exhale. Failed. Hold. Holder. 
 
 16. Unstung. Installs. Unstamped. Unstuffed. Unstitch. Un- 
 stacks. Instills. Unstrung. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 17 
 
 i 
 
 3. Vo 
 
 ' f f 
 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 6 
 
 
 I o J I 9 
 
 L_y 01 <J D ..y/i. 
 
 16. 
 
18 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 29. The sound of the letter N occurring medially or finally, 
 and not followed immediately by a vowel sound, is expressed by 
 a small hook, written on the irregular side of straight strokes, and 
 on the regular or concave side of curved strokes. Where two 
 distinct sounds of N occur medially, the first is expressed by N 
 hook and the second by N stroke. 
 
 30. The circles for St, Ses, Ster, may be written finally on the N 
 hook side of straight strokes to express the sounds they represent 
 immediately after the sound of N. The L, loop written finally, on 
 the N hook side of straight strokes, expresses the sounds of T.I 
 and D.I immediately after the sound of N. S circle must be writ- 
 ten within N hook, on curved strokes. The syllables T.r and D.r 
 occurring medially and finally, not followed immediately by a vow- 
 el sound, may be expressed by a hook larger than N hook. 
 
 1. Pan, pin, pun, pine. Plain, plan. Span, Spain, spin. Sprain. 
 Been, boon, bone. Blown. Brain, brawn. Train. Stain, stone. 
 Strain, strewn. Cain, keen. Clan. Crown. 
 
 2. Scan. Screen. Slain. Swain. Spleen. Fine. Flown. Frown. 
 Thin. Thrown. 
 
 3. Moan, mine, mean. None, noon, noun. Wine, win, won. 
 Queen. Attain. Again. Sadden. Satin. Alligns. Amen. Anon. 
 
 4. Pen. Penny. Bone. Bony. Tin. Tinny. Fun. Funny. 
 Men. Many, money. Rain. Rainy. 
 
 5. Pansy. Plains. Bones. Bjrains. Tense. Trains. Stains. 
 Strains. Chance. Joins. Coons. Gleans. 
 
 6. Clans. Grains. Runs. Hence. Fines. Men's. Wince. Quince. 
 L,ance. Pranced. Trounced. 
 
 7. Chanced. Glanced. Punster. Bounces. Kansas. Against. 
 Tenancy. Penance. Amanuensis. 
 
 8. Patter. Platters. Batterest. Tatters. Debtors. Chatterest. 
 Gaiters. Writers. Hatter. Broader. 
 
 9. Fighter. Voter. Letters. Matters. Theaters. Setter. Water. 
 Quitter. Spatter. Stutterest. Scatterest. 
 
 10. Smiter. Slighter. Sweeter. laterally. Batter. Battery. 
 Water. Watery. Teter. 
 
 11. Abandons. Americans. Carbon. Corn. Burn. Churns. 
 Adjourns. Dandy. Bundle. Tyndal. Candles. 
 
 12. Handles. Blandish. Chapters. Balderdash. Barters. Bur- 
 dens. Dragoons. French. Green. 
 
 13. Semi -weekly. Senate. Senatorial. Severally. Severity. 
 Signature. Simplicity. 
 
 14. Sinuous. Soggy. Sorghum. Semi -lunar. Sub -aqueous. 
 Subdue. Submerge. Subrogate. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 19 
 
 yWVvS l 1:1 
 
 c ~\ \ ^ ^ 
 _ ^ ^ .j.. _ 
 
 V_\ V, J L_ ^ 
 \ V \ J 3 I } 
 
 ^ ( 
 
 r i r- 
 
 J J 
 ~\ ^ 
 
 r \ 5 
 
 \ \ 
 
 w. r- ^ 
 
 r 7 
 
 11. 
 
 > 
 
 , 2 .x 
 
 d & 
 
 G J 
 f \ 
 
 s 
 
 ^ 
 
 X 7 X 7 \ 
 
 / ^ o 
 
 ef 
 
 "-cP 
 
 j 
 
 ") u 
 
 13.. 
 
 ^3 
 
 14.. 
 
 
 
 15.. 
 
 u u 
 
 TiV>l 
 
 16. /\ X\ 
 
20 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XI. 
 
 31. The sounds of the letters F and V occurring medially and 
 finally, and not followed immediately by a vowel sound, are ex- 
 pressed by a small hook, written on the regular side of straight 
 strokes. This hook is not written on curved strokes. The S cir- 
 cle must be written within this hook, to distinguish between S pre- 
 ceded by F or V, and S preceded by the sound of the stroke to 
 which S circle is joined. 
 
 32. The medial and final syllables tion, sion, dan, cion, tian, 
 pronounced "shun" , are expressed by a hook larger than the F, V 
 hook. These syllables following a curved stroke, must be ex- 
 pressed by the stroke Sh.n, or by writing stroke Sh through the 
 preceding part of the word. 
 
 1. Pave, puff. Proof, prove. Buff, beef. Bluff. Brave, brief. 
 Tough. Trough. Stave, staff, stiff. Strive. Chief, chaff. Jove. 
 
 2. Cliff, cleave. Give, gave. Grave, grieve. Glove. Rave, reef, 
 roof. Heave, hove. Fife. Move. Loves. 
 
 3. Paves. Briefs. Bluffs. Staves. Strives. Skiff. Grieves. 
 Aggrieves. Approves. Alive. 
 
 4. Deprave, deprive. Reproof, reprove. Pelf. Curves. Delve. 
 Roughly. Delving. Engraves. Retrieves. Derives. 
 
 5. Passions. Optionally. Caution. Actions. Rationally. Hes- 
 sians. Exertion. Abrasion. Ablution. Oppression. Apportion. 
 
 6. Motion. Fashion. Nations. Illusion. Visions. Motion. 
 Nations. Fashions. Provisions. Operation. 
 
 7. Accretion. Aggravation. Application. Cogitation. Duration. 
 Adoration. Exaction. Exultation. 
 
 8. Exhibition. Exceptional. Execution. Extradition. Frac- 
 tions. Foundations. Fiction. Rationalism. 
 
 9. Rationality. Elocution. Division. Provisions. Rotation. 
 Repression. Ambition. Abrogation. 
 
 10. Accidental. Alteration. Alliteration. Butterfly. Culpable. 
 Caterpillar. Colorado. Despondency. 
 
 11. Disbelieves. Discharge. Disclaim. Disgrace. Displeasure. 
 RiSker. Tasker. Dismiss. 
 
 12. Guiltiness. Hattie. Hottest. Heavy. Hopper. Hobble. 
 Handle. Henry. Hotter. 
 
 13. West. Wable. Weeper. Watcher. Wagers. Winner. Whi- 
 ner. Whaler. Wiggle. Wiley. 
 
 14. Suppers. Setters. Sodders. Suckers. Summary. Centuty. 
 Sunday. Sundry. Simply. Simple. 
 
 15. Mischief. Perceives. Motive. Dative. Natives. Operatives. 
 Abortive. Active. Caitiff. Opprobrious. Duteous. 
 
 16. Deafness. Defense. Devotee. Dovetail. Glorious. Radius. 
 Generous. Furious. Spurious. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 21 
 
 ,\ \ \ \ \ 
 
 3. \ \ ^ t 
 
 I S\ \ 
 
 <\/\> \. c- 
 
 [ 
 
 / / 
 
 L 
 
 A. 
 
 N--^V- 
 A V 
 
 ^ 
 
 o ^ ^ 
 
 V..V- 
 
 -A- 
 
 A>-X V *-X" - -/^ 
 
 k \ A 
 
 -/) -A^' (V- - \ 
 
 <* -v W 
 
 A ^V ^v 
 
 10- 
 
 11. 
 
 u 14 
 
 12. 
 
 13. 
 
 14. 
 
 0^1 < ^-^\ ' Cf~> 
 
 15. s- >> 
 
 i 
 
22 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XII. 
 
 33. Strokes K, Sh, Ray, and Hay may be lengthened to add 
 M. Any stroke may be lengthened to add sound of N, where it is 
 difficult or impossible to employ N hook. The L loop following 
 sound of N expresses t.l, d.l. Curved strokes are lengthened to 
 add N, where N is followed by sounds expressed by large circles, 
 hooks, and loops. Straight strokes may be lengthened to add 
 sound of N, where N is followed by sound of t.r, d.r, sh.n. 
 Strokes lengthened to add M or N are dotted on N hook side to 
 differentiate them from strokes lengthened to indicate one or two 
 vowel sounds following. The syllables t.r, d.r, following the 
 sound of N expressed by N hook, may be represented also by a 
 quarter -length B, D, or J stroke. The sound of sh.n, -sh.n follow- 
 ing the sound of the N or F hooks may be represented also by re- 
 peating the N or F-v hooks. 
 
 1. Pension. Apprehension. Tensions. Attention. Pander. Bin- 
 ders. Tender, tinder. Dander. Chanter. Joinder. Canter, candor. 
 
 2. Ganders. Renders. Hinder, hunter. Finder, fender. Ven- 
 dor. Thunder. Lender. Wonder. Quainter. 
 
 3. Mender, mounter. Sunder. Asunder. Attainder. Mention. 
 Buggy. Ruby. Leafy. Maggie. 
 
 4. Tense. Fences. Offenses. Manses. Lances. Winces. 
 Dances. Pansy. Quinces. Quince. Announces. 
 
 5. Fenced. Lanced. Bounced. Announced. Fondle. Fondled. 
 Mentally. Detrimental. 
 
 6. Gamester. Rhymesters. Rooming. Remedy. Shame. 
 Shamefaced. Shamefully. Example. Yams. 
 
 7. Dumb. Dummy. Comeliness. Permeably. Pigmy. Alimentary. 
 
 8. Penman. Attainment. Revenge. Labyrinth. Commentary. 
 Lime. Lima. Fumigation. 
 
 9. Common. Commentator. Exemplify. Examination. Exclam- 
 atory. Examine. 
 
 10. Expansionist. Extension. Feminine. Finances. Horribly. 
 Hereditary. 
 
 11. Preliminary. Preeminence. Permanence. Propagation. 
 Regimental. Fundamentally. 
 
 12. Detrimentally. Experimental. Experimentalist. Memoran- 
 dum. Sanitarium. 
 
 13. Subscription. Substance. Subtraction. Successful. Suffi- 
 ciency. Submission. Substantial. 
 
 14. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Sat- 
 urday. Sunday. Bundles. Roomy. 
 
 15. January. February. March. May. June. July. October. 
 November. December. 
 
 16. Minneapolis. Milwaukee. Chicago. Harrisburg. Helena. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 23 
 
 \ ' u J 
 
 \ 
 
 o> x^ 
 
 > 
 
 y 
 
 (, 
 
 
24 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 34. Any stroke, except Mp-b, and Ng, may be shortened to 
 add the sound of T and D, -t and -d. 
 
 35. The sounds of T and D, expressed by shortening strokes, 
 always precede the sounds of circles and loops joined to the short- 
 ened strokes; but follow the sounds expressed by the final hooks. 
 
 36. The syllables Ted, and Ded following T and D, are ex- 
 pressed by disjoined strokes T and D written half-length. 
 
 1. Pat, pate, peat, pied, pit, pot, put. Bat, beat, bit, bought. 
 Tight, tied, taught. Did, debt, doubt, date. Cheat, chat. Jet, jot, 
 jut. Cat, cut, could, caught. Get, got, good, God. Hat, heat, hit, 
 hot, hut, hate. Fat, fight, fit. Vote, viewed. Thought. That. Sat, 
 set, sit, sought. Let, light, lot, loot. 
 
 2. Wet, wit. White. Quit, quite. Mat, mad, met, mit. Not, 
 net, need. Shut, should. Plat. Prod. Bleat, bleed. Bread, bride, 
 broad, brood. Treat, tried, trod. Cried, creed, crowed. 
 
 3. Lord, lard. Flight, fleet, float. Freight, fright, fraught. 
 Threat, thread. Spite. Sprite, spread. State, staid. Straight, 
 street. Sled, slid, slight. Smite, Sweet. Squat. Split. Board, 
 bird, bard. Build. 
 
 4. Tilt, tilled. Chart. Chilled. Killed. Gilt. Felt, filled. Mart, 
 marred. Apt. Ebbed. Added. Etched. Edged. Act. Egged. 
 
 5. Ant. Acquit. Spurt. Start. Scarred. Snort. Smart. Spilt, 
 spilled. Apart. Aboard. Abroad. Uttered. Agreed. Honored. 
 
 6. Write. Replied. Paid. Abode. Abominate. Ride. Pit. 
 Pity. Mud. Muddy. Need. Needy. Applied. 
 
 7. Replied. Rebelled. Expert. Expelled. Dispelled. Rebelled. 
 Pats. Plats. Plants. Brides. Brand. Brands. 
 
 8. Tend. Tints. Trends. Ment, mend. Dement. Laments. 
 Payments. Agreements. Dismounts. Discounts. Lent, lend. Lends. 
 
 9. Ground, grind, grunt. Aground. Around. Amounts. Abounds. 
 Acquaints. Accounts. Recounts. Reft. Braves. Daft. Coughed. 
 
 10. Heft, heaved. Raved. Staved. Strived. Scoffed. Depraved. 
 Bereft. Reproved. Dated, dotted, doubted. Deeded. Redated. 
 Retreated. 
 
 11. Allowed. Annoyed. Poet. Receipt. Deceit. Proceed. Ex- 
 ceed. Midst. Battered. 
 
 12. Mattered. Motioned. Fashioned. Cautioned. Stilled, Stilt. 
 Skilled. Smelts, 
 
 13. Lingered. Fingered. Angered. Dumped. Thumped. Bumped. 
 Stamped. Primped. 
 
 14. Affectionate. Clergyman. Clerk. Appraisement. Assess- 
 ment. Doublebreasted. Dizziness. Zero. Ezra. Zenophon. 
 
 15. James. Charles. Peter. Jonathan. Rober. Bennett. Wash- 
 ington. Harrison. Sherman. Daniel. 
 
 16. Loudness. Loud. Libeler. Jericho. Populace. Plenteous. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 25 
 
 \ \ 
 
 V 
 
 \ \ X 
 
 fir 
 
 4. r ; 
 
 f\ 
 
 ,4 
 
 U/^s, 
 ( 
 
 v v 
 
 ;i\. A . 
 
 \ V \ 
 
 X> X3 O 
 
 - %- 
 
 10. 
 
 V 
 
 X i 
 I, li A 
 
 12. 
 
 L 
 
 14. _> 
 
26 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XIV. 
 
 37. The stroke Hay, Sta, W, and Y are employed when they 
 represent the only consonants in the words to be written ; when 
 they are followed by sounds represented by circles, hooks, and 
 loops; when they are the final consonants, followed by long vowel 
 sounds; when they are followed by other consonants, and suc- 
 ceeding vowel sounds. The initial hook, forming a part of the 
 stroke Hay, may be shaded to add the sound of .r. 
 
 38. Sta circle is employed initially where the consonant fol- 
 lowing St is final, and represented by a stroke; and where the 
 consonants following the stroke are represented by circles, hooks 
 and loops. Sta circle, initial, is written on the R hook side of 
 straight strokes to express the retention of the non-coalescent R. 
 Words beginning with Sta circle may be written in Second Position 
 to indicate a long vowel sound immediately following St ; and they 
 may be written in Third Position to indicate a short vowel sound 
 immediately following St. 
 
 1. High. Yea, ye, yew. Way, woo. Stay, sty, stew. Hays. 
 Hosts. Hisses. Hester's. Hessians. Hatters. Hones. 
 
 2. Hale, heel, whole, ?iowl. Hailed, howled. Ways. West, 
 waist. Wine, won. Water, Wail, weal. Wild, walled. Yeast. 
 
 3. By-way. Tally-ho. Bestow. Coffeehouse. Blackstone. 
 Boston. Restive. Behaves. 
 
 4. Happy. Hopper. Willy. Sticky. Steep. Stops. Steeper. 
 Stepper. States. Staid. Stitchest. Stitcher. 
 
 5. Stages. Stakes. Stacks. Staves. Steals. Steams. Stems. 
 Stings. Stars. Starry. 
 
 6. Habeas. Habiliment. Habitable. Handbill. Handbook. 
 Handicraft. Handcuffs. Handiwork. 
 
 7. Handkerchief. Handsome. Handspike. Handwriting. Hap- 
 hazard. Happening. Harangue. 
 
 8. Harbinger. Harbor. Hardy. Harm. Harmonious. Harmo- 
 nies. Harpoon. Harsh. Hard. 
 
 9. Harvest -home. Hatchway. Haunch. Haycock. Headboard. 
 Headache. Head -cheese. Headquarters. 
 
 10. Headspring. Headstrong. Headway. Headlong. Head- 
 stall. Hebraism. Hellenic. Hellish. 
 
 11. Hennery. Heresy. Hesperian. Hodge-podge. Heterodox. 
 
 12. Hobgoblin. Horizontal. Horologue. Horticulture. Ho- 
 sannah. Hospitality. Hypocrisy. 
 
 13. Hubbub. Huntsman. Hurrah. Hydraulics. Hygienic. 
 
 14. Hypothenuse. Hysteria. Hysterics. Hoboes. Husky. Husk. 
 Dusky. Dusk. 
 
 15. Risk. Risky. Knob. Nobby. Bug. Buggy. Leaf. Leafy. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 27 
 
28 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 39. The consonant W is expressed by either of two small 
 semi -circles opening to the right or to the left; the consonant Y is 
 expressed by either of two small semi -circles opening upwards or 
 downwards ; and the consonant H is expressed by either a quarter 
 length Ray, or Cha stroke. 
 
 40. These brief strokes are employed in the writing of words 
 beginning with H, W, and Y respectively, where the consonant 
 following is not succeeded by a vowel sound; or, in words, where 
 the consonant following them is, in turn, followed by vowel sounds 
 and other consonants represented by circles, hooks, and loops. 
 
 41. Brief W opening to the right is best joined to all strokes 
 except M, K, and Gay. Brief W is written in the form of a hook 
 on strokes L,, and Ray; and this hook may be shaded to add H. 
 
 42. Words beginning with brief H, W, and Y may be writ- 
 ten in Second Position where the initial vowel is long, and in 
 Third Position where the initial vowel is short. 
 
 1. Hopes. Hub. Head. Hate. Hitch. Hedge, huge. Her. 
 Awhile. Home. Hum. Hung. 
 
 2. Hill, hull. Weeps. Web. Waits. Wet. Wadest. Witches. 
 Wagest. Wakes. Waggest. Wars. Where. 
 
 3. Whereby. Whereat. Whereto. Whereunto. Wherein. Where- 
 of. Wherefore. Wheresoever. 
 
 4. Wail, weal. Well. Whales, whiles. Whaling. Waif, wife. 
 Weaves, wives. Withe. Wing. Wishes. Weepest. 
 
 5. Yap. Youngest. Yoke. Yachts. Yale. Hemorrhage. Wall. 
 
 6. Wades. Waffle. Wagers. Wanders. Wampum. Wallop. 
 Whelp. Warpaths. Warlike. Warder. Warbles. Warrants. 
 
 7. Waspish. Water-proof. Water-works. Waybill. Wayward. 
 Weak-minded. Wealth. Weather-cock. Well-being. 
 
 8. Well-mannered. Well-spring. Welter. Western. Westward. 
 Whereas. Whereupon. 
 
 9. Whirlwind. Whisky. Whitlings. Weds. Widow. Wish- 
 bone. Wishywashy. Witness. Witticism. Wizard. 
 
 10. Wizen. Wordly- minded. Worse. Swore. Swears. Sworn. 
 Worship. Worsted. Worry. 
 
 11. Wrong-doer. Wrinkle. Writhes. Xebec. Zebra. Zeal. 
 Zealous. Zenith. 
 
 12. Zephyr. Zigzag. Zodiac. Zootomy. Zouave. Yankee. 
 Yarn. Yawl. 
 
 13. Yearns. Yelk. Yelp. Yeoman. Yester. Yields. Yonder. Yes. 
 
 14. Aconite. Adventist. Aliquot. Aluminum. Backgammon. 
 
 15. Armada. Asbestos. Belladonna. Barouche. Basswood. 
 
 16. Bilious. Billiards. Buttercup. Butterfly. Bullhead. Bells. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 29 
 
 e/ e/ &/ 
 
 xi ^_) > 
 
 V 
 
 v^ V, V 
 
 ^ I 
 
 V 
 
30 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XVI. 
 
 43. The prefixes con, com, cog, initial, may be represented by 
 a dot; occurring medially, the dot is written on right hand side of 
 strokes, and on under side of M, and N. 
 
 44. The prefixes trans, Pr- and self, may be represented by 
 disjoined T stroke, and by Pr- and S-f strokes, respectively, con- 
 nected with or disconnected from the following part of the word. 
 Circum is expressed by S circle written near the center of, and be- 
 fore the initial stroke following. 
 
 45. 5". shun, C. shun, Z. shun, may be expressed by writing 
 S circle within sJnin hook. This form of hook may be used on 
 curved strokes also. 
 
 1. Comprise. Compose. Contains. Condition. Concussion. 
 Connection. Consideration. Comparable. Convocation. 
 
 2. Combustible. Companion. Company. Comparison. Com- 
 patriot. Compensate. Competitive. Competitor. 
 
 3. Complicity. Necessity. Necessary. Compulsion. Compul- 
 satory. Comptroller. Confirmative. Confiscate. 
 
 4. Confidant. Confederate. Confidential. Confluence. Confu- 
 sion. Congenial. Congestion. Confraternity. 
 
 5. Congressman. Congruous. Conjecture.' Nature. Feature. 
 Lecture. Picture. 
 
 6. Consummate. Consumption. Contagion. Contaminate. Con- 
 tentious. Contiguous. Continence. Continuous. 
 
 7. Continental. Contingency. Contradict. Controversial. Con- 
 vulsion. 
 
 8. Accommodation. Accompany. Accomplishment. Transpose. 
 Transport. Transfusion. Transgressed. 
 
 9. Transfers. Transalpine. Transatlantic. Transfixed. Transi- 
 tional. Transparency. Transpire. Transfiguration. Translation. 
 
 10. Recondite. Reconcile. Recompense. Discontinue. Discon- 
 nect. Misconduct. Reconsider. Recumbency. 
 
 11. Self -accomplished. Self -deceived. Self-control. Self-deny- 
 ing. Self-examination. Self-possessed. Self-sacrifice. 
 
 12. Circumstance. Circumnavigate. Circumvent. Circumcise. 
 Circumference. Circumflex. 
 
 13. Circumlocution. Circumspection. Circumstantial. Circum- 
 volution. Ascertains. Assertion. 
 
 14. Readjust. Reappear. Reassert. Reassure. Reelection. 
 Re-establish. 
 
 14. Preappoint. Prearrange. Preexists. Preengage. Pre- 
 suppose. Return. External. Paternal. Fraternal. 
 
 16. Positions. Opposition. Physician. Musicians. Causation 
 Acquisition. Recision. Decision. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 31 
 
 i.X 
 
 V 
 
 8 . 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 ; 
 
 I 
 
 
 L^ 
 
 K 
 
 IV- IV 
 
 
 V ^ 
 
 ) V. 
 
 u_ 
 
 / - 7 \ 
 
 ( / V 
 
32 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 46. The St and St.r circles, medial, are not used connectedly, 
 except where they can be written within the angle of straight 
 strokes, or in a manner the direct opposite of that in which the S 
 circles, medial, are written. Strokes following the sounds ex- 
 pressed by these circles may be written in a disconnected manner 
 shown below. 
 
 47. The suffixes ing, ingly, ings, -nguish, -nquish, tiveness, 
 lessness, bleness, ology, o logical -ly, fication -faction, graph -ic- al- 
 ly ', Dullness, tionable, tionably, tality -tility, bility, ship, larity, 
 -shun, tiation, sheashun, and self in pronouns, may be expressed 
 by the disconnected circle and dots, and by the strokes, as shown 
 in the illustrations following: 
 
 1. Doing. Doings. Saying. Sowing. Showing. Loving. Lov- 
 ingly. Knowingly. Failings, feelings, filings. Thrilling. Languish. 
 
 2. Anguish. Vanquish. Distinguish. Distinguished. Extin- 
 guish. Relinquishes. Positiveness. Relativeness. 
 
 3. Attentiveness. Definitiveness. Penetrativeness. Retentive - 
 ness. Heedlessness. Thanklessness. Carelessness. Harmlessness. 
 
 4. Boundlessness. Regardlessness. Thoughtlessness. Worth - 
 lessness. Nobleness. Geology. Apology. Sociology. Phrenology. 
 
 5. Theological. Meterological. Phraseological. Physiological. 
 Pacification. Edification. Modification. Qualification. Amplifi- 
 cation. 
 
 6. Ramification. Signification. Verification. Ratification. Sancti- 
 fication. Putrefaction. Biograph. Typograph. 
 
 7. Photographical. Paragraphs. Lithographic. Stenographically. 
 Biography. Typographically. Blissfulness. Mirthfulness. Truth- 
 fulness. 
 
 8. Myself. Herself. Itself. Thyself. Actionable. Exception - 
 ably. Fashionable. Optionable. Mortality. Immortality. Futility. 
 
 9. Rostrum. Nostrum. Pistol. Distill. Visionary. Contrary. 
 Luminary. Dictionary. Negative. Affirmative. 
 
 10. Nominative. Vocative. Co-operative. Similitude. Solitude. 
 Gratitude. Altitude. Longitude. Polarity. Regularity. 
 
 11. Multitude. Heedlessly. Ravenously. Vigorously. Need- 
 lessly. Jealously. Lifelessly. 
 
 12. Variously. Blamelessly. Expressly. Previously. Decla- 
 mation. Explanation. Dissemination. Abomination. 
 
 13. Culmination. Proclamation. Termination. Illumination. 
 Ruination. Donation. Nations. Nationally. 
 
 14. Estimation. Decoration. Mitigation. Allegation. Promul- 
 gation. Litigation. Navigation. Subjugation. 
 
 15. Prolongation. Supplication. Avocation. Suffocation. Pro- 
 vocation. Location. Education. Prevarication. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 33 
 
 i ! L > 
 
 3. 
 
 4 . 
 
 6 . 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
34 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XVIII. 
 
 48. The greater portion of the initial stroke in Third Position 
 is written above the ruled line where a vowel sound immediately 
 follows ; and the greater portion of such stroke is written below the 
 ruled line where a vowel sound does not immediately follow the 
 initial stroke. Horizontal strokes of the first class are written just 
 under the ruled line, and horizontal strokes of the second class are 
 written about one -eighth of an inch beneath the ruled line. Half- 
 length Third Position strokes are written under ruled line where 
 the stroke letter coalesces with added T or D. 
 
 49. T.r, d.r hook shaded represents ther. This hook is em- 
 ployed principally on strokes Ray, Hay, Ex, and L,. 
 
 50. The L, loop minuted represents /./, v.l. 
 
 1. Abdicate. Abjuration. Ablaze. Abnegate. Abolition. Ab- 
 lution. Aboriginal. Abortion. Abrasion. Collateral. 
 
 2. Abscision. Absolute. Absolve. Abstinent. Abstruse. Abu- 
 sive. Academic. Action. Accessory. College. 
 
 3. Expect. Accept. Acclaim. Accustom. Acephalous. Acetify. 
 Acoustics. Acrimonious. Commonplace. 
 
 4. Adjourn. Adjudicate. Adjutant. Adam. Admit. Admiral. 
 Adumbrage. Admonitory. Adorn. Advocacy. Co-operation. 
 
 5. Aggregate. Agriculture. Alchemist. Allege. Algebra. Alive. 
 Alva. Allegiance. Radiance. Criminal. 
 
 6. Experience. Allegory. Alteration. Alliteration. Allusive. 
 Fee -simple. Offspring. Alpine. Alto. Damage. 
 
 7. Amaranthine. Amalgam. Ambergris. Ambidextrous. Am- 
 monia. Analogous. Analyze. Dismissal. 
 
 8. Analysis. Anathema. Annoyance. Alliance. Apparition. 
 Appurtenance. Archaism. Dishonorable. 
 
 9. Archetype. Aristocrat. Arrange. Army. Assiduity. Aspect. 
 Enrage. Enrich. In reply. Dissipation. 
 
 10. In response. In regard. In respect. In return. Assume. 
 Asthma. Assuasive. Dispensation. Fumes. Famous. 
 
 11. Asterisk. Edify. Epidermic. Epistolary. Escapade. Es- 
 pouse. Essentially. Estrange. Etiquette. Excision. Eccentricity. 
 
 12. Execrate. Excrete. Exonerate. Extemporaneous. Opu- 
 lence. Apt. Ebbed. Abed. Oft, aft. Act. Extermination. 
 
 13. Lawfully. Rueful. Rainfall. Painful. Hovel. Skillful. 
 Rather. Hither. Lather. 
 
 14. Weather. Muffles. Drivel. Flake. Flicker. Flops. Flop- 
 per. Fluff. Fling. Flames. 
 
 15. Guam. Guano. Aguinaldo. Action. Occasion. Caution. 
 Carry. Corea. 
 
 16. Somewhere. Nowhere. Pity. Piety. Dullest. Duelist. 
 Twixt. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 35 
 
 5 - 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 r 
 
 1 . 
 
 L-Z 
 
 , s<v 
 
 V \ 
 
 . ^^> 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 ; . 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XIX. 
 
 51. Provision has already been made for the correct writ- 
 ing of all words beginning with consonants, and with the short 
 sounds of vowels, without employing First Position. All words 
 beginning with long vowel sounds are written in First Position ; 
 and the initial strokes, written in such position, are vowel strokes. 
 
 52. In First Position, the strokes F and L, represent A; stroke 
 K represents E ; strokes M and N Represent I ; stroke T represents 
 O; stroke P represents U; stroke Sh represents Oi, oy; strokes Th 
 and S represent Ou, ow; stroke Ch represents Oo; and stroke 
 Ray represents Au f aw. 
 
 53. Vowel strokes are shaded to add R, and shortened to add 
 T and D. A small initial hook (like coalescent R hook on conso- 
 nant strokes) written on vowel strokes A, E, I, O, U, Au, expres- 
 ->es coalescing N. A large initial hook on strokes A, E, O, U, 
 and Au, and a small initial hook on M form of I expresses coalesc- 
 i.ig M. Vowel strokes modified by initial M and N hooks may 
 represent both long and short vowel sounds. Vowel strokes length- 
 ened indicate a vowel sound following. Stroke Oo used initially 
 must be dotted. 
 
 1. Amy. Avery. Ague. Abram. Angel. Arts. Arthur. Hair. 
 
 2. Arranges. Ardor. Arbors. Arrives. Sane. Stair. Wear, 
 ware. Heart. Yard. Aces. 
 
 3. Even. Ether. Enoch. Ely. East. Easy. Era. Eagles. 
 
 4. Ina, I know. Ivy. Irish. Ireland. Icy. Ibex. Idle. 
 Idolatry. 
 
 5. Or. Organs. Stores. Owns. Owner. Oceans. Order. Oath. 
 Omega. Omaha. 
 
 6. Use. Ewer, your, you are. Yourself. Yourselves. Stewer. 
 Europe. Earth. Early. Earthenware. Iowa. I'll, I will. 
 
 7. Oils. Oily. Oilest. Soils. Oiled. Out. Our. Ourselves. 
 Onr'n, our own. Your own. Outer. Ouch. 
 
 8. Owls. Owly. Outbreak. Outride. Outgrown. Outbid. Out- 
 fit. Outward. Outlook. Outlive. 
 
 9. Outset. Outshine. Outrage. Outside. Outspoken. Outwit. 
 Awning. Sawn. Author. 
 
 10. Easiness. Icicles. Easement. Isaac. A. B. Smith. E. P. Ray. 
 
 11. Yore. Wore. Orland. Oranges. Erratic. Ethiopian. 
 Eucharist. Eulogist. 
 
 12. Euphony. Eureka. Evades. Event. Evenly. Eyelash. 
 
 13. Enclosure. Engineer. Enrages. Envelope. Entreats. En- 
 vious. Environ. 
 
 14. Impious. Imminent. Immigration. Imagine. Import. Im- 
 pose. Incur. Indicate. 
 
 15. Inferior. Infidel. Intelligence. Intemperate. Invalid. Invoice 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 37 
 
 1 T 
 
 2 . 
 
 u 
 
 6 . 
 
 Q 
 
 10 . 
 
 11 . 
 
 12 . 
 
 13 
 
 14 . 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 1 1 
 
 V 
 
 v 
 
 D 
 
 L 
 
 J . 
 
 S 
 
 C^ 
 
 448346 
 
38 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XX. 
 
 54. The vowel strokes maybe employed medially and finally, 
 and where so used, they are preceded by a large circle, the size of 
 the St circle, to distinguish them from the consonant strokes. 
 
 55. The vowel strokes, in detached form, may be written in- 
 to the consonant outlines of words. Detached vowel strokes are 
 made about one -quarter length. Unshaded, they express short 
 vowel sounds; shaded, they express long vowel sounds. Detached 
 vowels are written on the left hand, and the upper side of strokes 
 where the vowels they express occur before the consonants ; and 
 they are written on the right hand and the under side of strokes 
 where the vowel sounds, they express, occur after the consonants. 
 
 56. Vowel strokes in connected form, are but seldom used ; 
 the more convenient method being the employment of detached 
 vowel strokes. 
 
 1. Abominate. Buffalo. Absence. Accede. Addison. Admired. 
 Afar. Afford. Afoot. Groove. 
 
 2. Alliance. Alloy. Analyze. Annual. Aside. Assigned. As- 
 signable. Assignor. 
 
 3. Associate. Banjo. Bareness. Cashmere. Cauterize. Co-heir. 
 Bower. Dowered. Showers. Essay. 
 
 4. Drawee. Drayage. Lemonade. Score. Shore. Snore. Pow- 
 der-box. Respire. Retires. 
 
 5. Terrorize. Thaw. Accelerate. Accuser. Acquiesce. Actu- 
 ary. Acuteness. Adducing. Adored. Adulatory. 
 
 6. Alloy. Appall. Appeal. Appellee. Applaud. Apriori. As- 
 signed. Assignable. Assignor. Associate. Bailment. 
 
 7. Bareness. Boundless. Bundles. Boiler. Boils. Bracelet. 
 Bridal. t Broadside. Broadsword. Brother-in-law. By -street. 
 
 8. Bygone. Confucious. Connivance. Consignee. Counting- 
 house. Course. Deceit. A. B. Dickens. O. U. Rose. I. E. Down. 
 
 9. Defiles. Defraud. Desirability. Designer. Disloyalty. Dis- 
 guise. Essay. Espousal. Milwaukee. Bismarck. 
 
 10. Exile. Explore. Explores. Farm-house. Fee -simple. 
 Fireman. Fire-proof. Fire-engine. Forecast. 
 
 11. Foremost. Formal. Pierce. Laura. Daniel. James. Mary. 
 Polk. Elaine. Mexico. 
 
 12. Millionaire. Narrowest. Ossify. Paralyze. Partisan. Per- 
 petual. Piano. Pig-iron. 
 
 13. Piracy. Platform. Police. Powder-box. Prematurely. Pre- 
 cept. Precipice. Precipitate. Precision. Predominate. 
 
 14. Presently. Renown. Repute. Requirement. Resign. Re- 
 source.- Retirement. Retort. Richardson. 
 
 15. Rainfall. Secure. Shareholder. Shallow. Smart-money. 
 Suffocate. Superior. Superstructure. Swerves. Sweetoil. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 39 
 
 \ 
 
 7 V 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 A- 
 
 16 . 
 
 b 
 
 A 
 
 
 ^ Vv 
 
 cj : <jp. . 
 
 /A 
 
 i 
 
 P c \->r~- 
 
 .- c \- 
 
 X 
 
40 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXI. 
 
 57. The initial syllables an, en, in, on, un, preceding .X may 
 be represented by a large initial hook. 
 
 58. Shortened A stroke, and shortened and shaded E, I, U 
 strokes with initial N hooks express ante, anti; enter, endor; inter, 
 intro, indor; under, respectively. Stroke O shaded, with small 
 initial hook on regular side expresses the initial syllable over. 
 Stroke Au with small initial hook on regular side expresses the ini- 
 tial syllables for, fore. The initial N and M hooks on stroke C 
 expresses .n, -n, .m, -m after the sound expressed by C stroke. 
 
 59. The sound of C, sy, cy, initial, may be represented by the 
 Cha stroke, written in First Position. C stroke may be shaded to 
 add .r; it may be used medially and finally; but, where so em- 
 ployed, it is preceded by a small circle to distinguish it from stroke 
 Ch, or when shaded, from stroke J. Strokes Cha and J occuring 
 medially and finally, preceded by coalescent S circle, are dotted to 
 distinguish them from strokes C and C.r. The non- coalescent S 
 circle, joined initially to strokes written in Second Position, is fol- 
 lowed immediately by a long vowel sound, and the stroke is not 
 followed immediately by a vowel sound. Where a vowel follows 
 the stroke, the initial sound of S is expressed by the stroke C. 
 
 1. Annex. Annexation. Inexcusable. Inexhaustible. Inexist- 
 ent. Inexpedient. Inexpensive. Inexorable. 
 
 2. Inexperienced. Inexplicable. Inexplicit. Inexpressible. In- 
 extricable. Unexceptionable. 
 
 3. Unexpected. Interfere. Intermingle. Intermit. Interview. 
 Intermixed. Interdict. Interjection. 
 
 4. Intercept. International. Introduction. Introspection. In- 
 dorse. Indorsee. Indorsement. Indorser. Enterprise. 
 
 5. Entertainment. Endorse. Endorser. Endorsement. Under- 
 takes. Undergo. Underwriter. Underbrush. Underhand. Underlie. 
 
 6. Underground. Underlines. Undermine. Underneath. Un- 
 derpin. Underrate. Underscore. Understand. Undertone. 
 
 7. Contradict. Contraband. Contribution. Counteract. Count- 
 ermine. Countermarch. Counterfeit. Countermands. Confined. 
 
 8. Cession. Setter. Seals. Sieve. Seen. Sir. Surd. Serves. 
 Serpent. Server. Sorry. Civil. 
 
 9. Seedy. Seamy. Seavey. Seeley. Baser. Absurd. No Sir. 
 
 10. Placer. Spacer. Desertion. Deserters. Chaser. Racer. 
 
 11. Soap. Seed. Seedy. Soapy. Seat, sight, suit. Sage. Seek. 
 Safe. Saves. Sayeth, soweth, sueth. 
 
 12. Same, seem. Sane, seen, sign, sown. Saber. Cedar. Sage. 
 Sager. Seekers. Safer. Savior. 
 
 13. Spurgeon. Spermatic. Spark. Stark. Starlight. Starve. 
 
 14. Scar. Starch. Stormy. Storm. Skillful. Schoolmaster. 
 
 15. Scalds. Scalper. Sterling. Scolder. Scale. Sickly. Cycles. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 41 
 
 r..L .* V 
 
 9 . 
 
 10 
 
 > 
 
 O 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 C^_p 
 
 ( . * 
 
 r. 
 
 ( 
 
 Y 
 
 . t e. 
 
42 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXII. 
 
 60. The normal length strokes P, B, K, G, M, Th, followin; 
 F-v and N hooks indicate vowel sounds preceding the strokes or 
 following the hooks. 
 
 61. The syllables form final, m.tic, and ft.ct may be ex- 
 pressed by lengthened F, half-length M joined to K, and Fl loop 
 joined regularly or angularly to preceding strokes, respectively. 
 
 62 . Fer, ver, and ther may be represented by the respective 
 strokes F, V, and Th written through the preceding part of a word. 
 
 1. Antipathy. Antipodes. Antiquity. Ante -chamber. Anti- 
 slavery. Anti-type. Antiquate. Anniversary. 
 
 2. Anodyne. Anterior. Ante-diluvian. Ante -room. Anthra- 
 cite. Antic. Anti- christ. Antidote. Antonym. Enchains. 
 
 3. Encircle. Enclose. Enable. Enact. Enamor. Encore. 
 Encourage. 
 
 4. Encompass. Encomiast. Encroach. Encyclopaedia. En- 
 deavor. Endow. Enemy. 
 
 5. Energetic. Enfold. Engineer. Enigmatic. Enmity. En- 
 nobles. Enough. 
 
 6. Imagination. Immigrant. Imbark. Imbecile. Imbibe. Im- 
 bosom. Image. 
 
 7. Imbower. Imitate. Immature. Immense. Immerge. Imme- 
 thodical. Imminence. Immobility. 
 
 8. Immoderate. Immovable. Impale. Impare. Impartially. 
 Impassable. Impeach. 
 
 9. Imperative. Imperceivable. Imperishable. Impersonate. 
 Impertinent. Impetuous. 
 
 10. Impious. Implore. Imposture. Impromptu. Inactive, 
 Inaccuracy. Inaction. 
 
 11. Inability. Inadequate. Inapproachable. Inasmuch. Inat- 
 tentive. Inborn. Incendiary. Incest. 
 
 12. Incestuous. Incidental. Inconvenience. Incredible. In- 
 crustate. Unending. Undenied. 
 
 13. Panic. Runic. Defection. Unclose. Uncle. Unhorse. Un- 
 lace. Unlearn. Unlike. Forward. Forbid. 
 
 14. Forge. Forget. Forgives. Forsake. Forth. Fortitude. Fortify. 
 
 15. Overcast. Overtakes. Overcoat. Overturn. Perform. Con- 
 form. Reflect. Deflect. Conflict. 
 
 16. Pursue. Decease. Precise. Concise. Pursues. Ooze. 
 Civility. Chromatic. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 43 
 
 2 . 
 
 n 
 
 ."V-. Z 
 
 - 
 
 ^ 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 jr 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 -7 -1 "F 
 
 . ^l" yH 1 
 
 X>.vr> 
 
 L ( 
 
 . L. 
 
 b 
 
 \- 
 
 
44 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXIII. 
 
 63. The following lesson may be taken up by the student, if 
 his instructor deem it best, as soon as the first six lessons are 
 thoroughly mastered. 
 
 64. A few of the most frequently used words are represented 
 by a partial writing of the words, or by arbitrary characters. Such 
 partial outlines and arbitrary characters are termed WORD SIGNS. 
 
 65. Lines 1, 2, 3 and 4, below, give a list of words, the word 
 signs for which are the initial consonant strokes in the respective 
 words. lyines 5 and 6 give words represented by the final conso- 
 nants, or by arbitrary signs. 
 
 66. Second Position word signs may be joined to other word 
 signs, even where such phrasing, or joining, takes the word out 
 of Second Position: but, generally, in phrasing, First and Third 
 Position word signs must be initial. The comma separates words 
 represented by the same word sign. Hyphenated words, given be- 
 low, are phrased. To avoid repitition, words and phrases having 
 a common initial word, are separated by the comma. 
 
 1. Party. Appoint, opportunity. Because. Object. Defendant. 
 Advertise-d, had. Hope, happy, home. Can, fact. For-m. Ever-y. 
 Think, thing, thank -ed. 
 
 2. Them. Shall, wish. Issue. May be. Important, improve - 
 ed-ment. When. Question, require. Except. 
 
 3. Are, her. We, with. Were, whether. What, within. Would. 
 You. You. Ye, yet. Year. 
 
 4. Is, his. As, has. Is it, is to. That, without. Practical-ly. 
 Practice, property. From. 
 
 5. Which. L,arge, gentlemen. Advantage. There, their. Was. 
 Will. Unwilling. Acknowledge. I. Over. Your. Have, however. 
 
 6. In, any. Of. To. Of the. Of a-n. He, the. Should. 
 Who-m. A, an, and. But. As you. Before. 
 
 7. We-have, do, shall, think, be, wish, judge, had. I be, do, 
 think, shall -do, have. 
 
 8. With -this, them, which, that, the, whom, his. Were -they. 
 
 9. I -shall -do, shall -be, shall -know, shall -say, have -that, think. 
 
 10. What-is, do, had, say, can-be, can -have. Would-be, do. 
 
 11. Is -the, this, that -the, for -these. As -the, a, have, that. 
 
 12. Will -you -be, do, go, have, think -so, say -that, show, these. 
 
 13. It-is-the, would-be, would-have, will-be, will-do, is-so. 
 If -you -can -be -the. 
 
 14. Which -the, is -the, can-do, can -they, would -go, shall -take. 
 
 15. You-may, may-be, may-go, can-do-the, can -think -the. 
 
 16. There-is-the, can-be-the, fore, at, to, by, shall-be. Have- 
 you. For -you. Say -you. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 45 
 
 3 . 
 
 5 
 
 6 . 
 
 10 
 
 11 / 
 
 13 
 14 
 15 
 16 
 
 \ 
 
 ( J 
 
 J 
 
 > 
 
 x 
 
 u n 
 
 
 \ 
 
 ~7 
 
 / . / 
 
 \ ;./- 1 
 
 s 
 
 s . r 
 
 o 
 
 I 
 
 rv . 
 n 
 
 
4t> SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXIV. 
 
 67. The word sign for the may be joined to other words 
 by writing it in the direction of either the Ray or the Cha stroke, so 
 as to form an acute angle. A, an, and, may be joined to other 
 words by a short stroke, written in the direction of either the Kay 
 or the T stroke, so as to form an acute, or a right angle. The 
 sign that expresses a final vowel after a circle may be used to ex- 
 press the word the. S circle may be joined to the more frequently 
 used word signs to express as, has, is, his, and us. The words 
 pay, be, it, do, day, go, make, take, have, which, think, say, you, 
 the, a-n, show, and some others may be written entirely under the 
 ruled line to express the word to preceding. 
 
 1. By the. Do the. Which the. For the. Have the. May the. 
 Had the. After the. Shall the. Will the. 
 
 2. For a-n. Do a-n. Shall a-n. Go a-n. May a-n. Will a. 
 Can a. If a. There a. 
 
 3. Does, the. Knows the. Says the. Shows the. It is the. 
 There is the. Which is the. Where is the. Goes the. 
 
 4. To pay the. To be the. To day, to do. To which is the. To 
 think. To make. To say the. To it. To have these. To this. 
 
 5. At the time. At that time. On that day. This day. These 
 days. And do you. We think that is the. For that is the. You 
 may go. 
 
 6. By the way. For the way. On the way. If the way. In the 
 way. Do you go. Do you think. Which of us should go there now. 
 
 7. For a long time. However you may think. It is much less 
 now. Will you do this. What do you think you can do with this. 
 
 8. These parties are right. Do you object to it to -day. I beg to 
 say to you. Do you think he will do so. Do they know who he is. 
 
 9. Will they be here this day. This is the defendant in this case. 
 He is the party I saw there to-day. 
 
 10. Which will you have? Which of them will you take with 
 you? Take advantage of that time. It is a large box. 
 
 11. Do you think you have any advantage in this case. Can 
 they see us now? You can be there with them. 
 
 12. The fact is, that we can go with him. I hope that you will 
 go and see them in her new home. 
 
 13. I have the case for him. They are much too large. Was he 
 here at that time? 
 
 14. I know that it is wrong for me to do so. They may be here 
 with him this time. When will you come? 
 
 15. I do think that is the way from this place. You may ques- 
 tion him if they require it of you. 
 
 16. Am I in the way? Whom do you see there? Who may be 
 there? I shall do without them. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 47 
 
 I / V, 
 
 . o) 
 
 N I 
 
 t t 
 
 V 
 
 10 
 
 /.rv 
 
 uU 
 
 / 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 v 
 
 r 
 
 y 7 
 
 -6 . ex. 
 
 a 
 
 _ 
 
 / 
 
 /.v. 
 
 > - 
 
 < .u 
 
 t .L 
 
 . I. }/.'; 
 
 VI 
 
48 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 68. This lesson gives additional word signs and abbreviated 
 out-lines for a number of very frequently used words. They 
 should be thoroughly committed to memory and employed in all 
 future writing. 
 
 1. Usual -ly. Unusual -ly. Long, along, language. Objection. 
 Awhile. Aware, we are. Opinion. Remember-ed. Number-ed. 
 
 2. Belong. Believe. Behalf, behave. Behind. Behold, beheld. 
 Appear. Attract. During, dear. Large. Larger. Danger. Partic- 
 ular-ly. Dollar. Other, either. 
 
 3. Able. More, mere, Mr. Nor, near. Longer. Herein. Here- 
 after. Heretofore. General -ly. Bank. Bankruptcy. Bankrupt. 
 
 4. Establish -ed-ment. Astonish -ed-ment. Especial-ly. Rather. 
 Govern-ed. Government. Governmental. Ignorant. Ignorance. 
 
 5. Principle- pal -ly. Possibility, possibly -ble. People, compel. 
 Until, it will r at all. Angel. Difficult-y. Real-ly, rule. Avail, evil. 
 Only. Unless. Capable. 
 
 6. Consequent. Frequent. Consequence. Consequences. Con- 
 dition. Construct. Construction. Contain. Denominate -e r l-tion. 
 Generation. Regeneration. Degeneration. 
 
 7. Nevertheless. Remembrance. Religious. Superiority. Su- 
 perintend-ent. Set-off. Suggest-ed. Tuition. Value. Children. 
 Subject. 
 
 8. Subordinate-ed. Consider. Consideration. In consideration, 
 in the consideration. Represent -ed. Representative. Differ -ed- 
 ence-ent. Together. Pleasure. Beforehand. Somewhat. Sometime. 
 
 9. Ordinary. Between. Immediate -ly. Public. Publication. 
 Change. Exchange. Re-exchange. Purpose, perhaps. Enter, 
 entire. Peculiar-ly. Secure. 
 
 10. Forever. Formal. Former. Whoever. Whomsoever. How- 
 soever. Whichever. Whichsoever. 
 
 11. Influence. Spirit. Gentlemen. Agent. Toward. Certain -ly- 
 ty. Endeavor-ed. Necessity. Intelligent-ence. Intellect-ual. 
 
 12. System. Season. Utility. Perform. Performance. Appro- 
 priate. Accomplish. Accompany. Negotiable. Negotiability. 
 Negotiable paper. 
 
 12. Scripture. Sufficient. Sufficiency. Plaintiff. Revelation. 
 Revolution. Signature. Singular-ity. Notwithstanding. 
 
 14. Peculiar-ity. Business. Capable -bility. Conveyance. Con- 
 venience. Christian. Familiar-ity. 
 
 15. Magnificent -cence. Kingdom. Apostle. Epistle. Acquire- 
 ed. Inquire -d. Abbreviate. Accessible. 
 
 16. Accuracy. Accurate. Adjacent. Adjustment. Advisable. 
 Affidavit. Individual -ly-ality. Allowance. Advancement. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 49 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 V \ A 
 
 r 
 
 > 
 
 7 -^yo 
 
 A 
 
 l 
 
 t 
 
 C 
 
 10 
 
 U 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 *? 
 
 \ 
 
 I l.i. J J 
 
 \ 
 
 c ^ 
 i 
 
 ^ 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 ^ . 
 
 V, 
 
50 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 Downward R stroke initial, in Second Position, preceding M 
 and Mp-b, need not be dotted to distinguish it from stroke W; 
 because stroke W initial need never be used before strokes M, 
 Mp-b the brief W being employed exclusively in such cases. 
 
 L-loop joined either regularly or angularly may be used ini- 
 tially or medially where its use gives a more facile outline than the 
 stroke L gives. Words employing initial L loop may be written in 
 Second Position, where the initial vowel is long; and in Third Po- 
 sition, where the initial vowel is short. 
 
 Medial N and F-v hooks may be lengthened to indicate a vow- 
 el following, where such vowel is not indicated by the stroke fol- 
 lowing the hook, and where the use of the strokes N, F-V do not 
 give a facile outline. 
 
 Words may be written so as to suppress a medial unaccented 
 vowel sound where such suppression shortens the outline, or ren- 
 ders it more facile; and where it does not radically change the 
 pronunciation of the word. 
 
 Lines 8 and 9 give additional word signs and abbreviated out- 
 lines. 
 
 1. Roomy. Ramble. Ramify. Rampart. Ramrod. Ranch. Range. 
 Remainder. Remark. Re -marry. Reminiscence. 
 
 2. Remissible. Remission. Remonstrate. Remunerative. Ro- 
 man. Ruminate. Rummage. Icicle. Risible. Illusive. 
 
 3. Locate. Leagued. Log, lug, leg. Lake, leak, like. Lack, 
 lick, luck, look. Lame, lime, loom, loam. Limb. Lamp, lump, 
 limp. Lena, luna. Line. Leeway. Leaf. Loop. Lap, lip, lop. 
 
 4. Lobe. Late, light, loot. Laity. Lit. Laid, lead, lied. Lad, 
 led, lid. Liege. Lodge. Laugh. Lave, leave. Live, love. Loth, 
 lithe. Lathe, loathe. Lath. Lull. Lily- Leaper. Lopper. 
 
 5. Lighter. Leader. Ladder. Ledger. Leaker. Locker. Lag- 
 ger. Lumber. Linger, longer. Loafer. Lover. Definite. Defection. 
 
 6. Defend. Defecate. Deference. Deferential. Deficit. Deficient. 
 Defamation. Diffidence. Divinity. Divulge. Remediable. Reme- 
 diless. Inevitable. 
 
 7. Arable. Abbreviate. Inflict, inflect. Inflection. Deflect. Aus- 
 terity. Authentic. Authenticity. Auxiliary. Element. 
 
 8. One. All. Beyond. Yonder. Young, to you. As you. As 
 you are. As all. As will. The other. Opinion, open. A, agent, 
 again. Against. Able. Able to. 
 
 9. Each. Even. Eleemosynary. Brevity. Alleviate. Only. Two. 
 Already. Probably. Community. Responsibility -ies. Soon. Soon- 
 er. vSame. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 51 
 
 10 
 
 (o . 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 r. ^ .V \ 
 
 l . ir-i . J . 
 ^- 
 
 S 
 
 \ x I n 
 
52 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXVII. 
 
 1. The word not is expressed by N-hook on half length 
 word signs as shown in line 1. The word been is expressed by N- 
 hook on the word signs have and had. The word own is expressed 
 by N-hook on all personal pronouns, except those ending in S. 
 The N-hook on compound personal pronouns expresses an, and. 
 The N-hook on the word signs for, if, know, in, any, where, when, 
 may, be, do, can, will, see, was, shall, and some others, expresses 
 the word one. The words do, which, may, where, why, when, 
 there, so, for, if, and have may be shortened to add the word it. 
 The L-loop on the words pay, by, do, had, at, may, know, for, if, 
 have, where, can, why, shall, that, which, there, now, they, expres- 
 ses the word all. The L,-loop on the words it, which, that, they, 
 you, there, how, I, he, she, it, expresses the word will. The sy 
 ending on the words /, you, we, they, shall, can, will, may, now, 
 could, do, did, do not, did not, could not, expresses see. The F 
 hook on the words who, where, which, what, expresses the word 
 ever. The St-circle on the words why, when, where, nor, do, good, 
 great, for, few, far and some others expresses is it, as it, has it. 
 
 1. Do not. Will not. Can not. May not. Are not. We are not. 
 We will not. If not. Why not. But not. Or not. Be not. Have 
 not. Think not. Had not. Did not. Could not. 
 
 2. Have been. Had been. Has been. It has been. Which has 
 been. There has been. Who has been. Where has been. Her 
 own. Thy own. Our own. Your own. My own. Their own. 
 His own. Its own. 
 
 3. Myself an-d. Himself an-d. Yourself an-d. Herself an-d. 
 Itself an-d. For one. If one. In one. Know one. Any one. 
 Where one. When one. Why one. Will one. 
 
 4. Do one. Had one. Can one. So one. Was one. Shall one. 
 Do it. Which it. May it. Where it. Why it. When it. There it. 
 So it. For it. If it. Have it. 
 
 5. Pay all. Be -by all. Do all. Are all. Had all. At all. May 
 all. Know all. For all. If all. Where all. Can all. Why all. 
 Shall all. Have all. That all. 
 
 6. Which all. If all. There all. Know-now all. It will. Which 
 will. There will. How will. They will. That will. I will. He 
 will. She will. You will. We will. I see. They see. You see. 
 
 7. Will see. Now see. May see. Could see. Do see. Did see. 
 Did not see. Could not see. He sees the. Which sees. Which- 
 ever. Whatever. Whoever. Whereever. 
 
 8. When is it. Why is it. Where is it. Which is it. He has it. 
 Who has it. Nor is it. Do as it. And as it. Where is it. For as 
 it. As good as. As good as it is. As few as the. 
 
 9. As many as the. As many as it is. As many as there is. 
 As soon as. As long as. As long as it is. As long as they are. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 53 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
54 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 The words we, with, were, what, and would, represented by 
 brief W, each in its position, may be enlarged to add any one of 
 the other words mentioned, represented by brief W. The word- 
 sign for you opening upward is enlarged to add would; and the sign 
 for you opening downward is enlarged to add were. The word- 
 signs for with and were are enlarged and inclined upward to 
 add you; and the word -signs for what and would are enlarged and 
 inclined downward to add you. The word consideration, in phras- 
 es may be expressed by s.dation. The F-hook on signs for and, 
 all and which adds 0/and have. The L,-hook on and, of, and to 
 adds all. 
 
 Note the manner of writing of what, to what, all would, and 
 what, and would, all would, etc. The student should memorize 
 any abbreviated outlines and word -signs that may appear in any of 
 the advanced lessons. 
 
 1. We were, we would, with what. Were we. What we, what 
 were, what would. Would we. You would. You were. With you. 
 Were you. What you. Would you. All of, all have. And of, and 
 if. And all of. Of all. All will. All are, all our. To our, two or. 
 
 2. Consideration. No consideration. For consideration. That 
 consideration. This consideration. Their consideration. Which 
 consideration. These considerations. In consideration. Any con- 
 sideration. What consideration. Valuable consideration. Twelve. 
 One. Once. 
 
 3. He would be. He would do. Who would. All were. All 
 would. All would be. All would do. Of what. To what. And 
 what. And what is- his. And what is the. And would. And would 
 his. Two of. Two or, to our. 
 
 4. Two or more. Two or three. Three or four. Four or five. 
 Five or six. Six or seven. Seven or eight. Eight or nine. Nine 
 or ten. Ten or eleven. What is the. 
 
 5. More than. More than one. Better than. Greater than. 
 Memorandum of agreement. In what case. In such instance. On 
 the way. With us. 
 
 6. In relation. In referring the. It must be. It must not be. 
 Gentlemen of the jury. Over charge. As a matter of fact. Accord- 
 ing to the. If the court please. As near as. Cross examination. 
 
 7. Almighty God. Jesus Christ. Savior of the world. Son of 
 man. On the other hand. On the one hand. On either hand. 
 Holy Ghost. > 
 
 8. You were there were you. What we want is this. We will 
 be with you. You would go there with us. You would get it. We 
 would do all of that. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 55 
 
 CD 
 
 <^2 
 
 , i 
 
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 t I I 
 
 <^_g 
 
 V 
 
56 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 PRACTICE MATTER. 
 
 When a new enterprise is to be undertaken, or a new field of 
 labor to be entered upon, it should receive the careful considera- 
 tion of the person who proposes to engage in it. The eastern 
 farmer who goes into the far West to locate and improve a home- 
 stead for himself and family, knows full well that he must take 
 upon himself, and put upon those who accompany him, hardships 
 and self denials with which they were before un- acquainted. 
 
 Years of unceasing toil and unsatisfied desires must pass be- 
 fore the realization of his plans, in the comforts of a "well -tilled" 
 farm and good society, can be enjoyed. But all these sacrifices 
 are made cheerfully, because of the firm faith that the good time 
 hoped for will surely come. 
 
 In like manner, the young man who decides to follow one of 
 the v professions, soon discovers that, if he would become master 
 of it, and place himself at the head of his chosen calling, he must 
 first spend years of hard study in preparation. This he does in 
 the faith that ultimately he will reach the desired position. Thus 
 we see that it is an inexorable law that no great good can be se- 
 cured without earnest and persistent effort. 
 
 You are about to enter upon a course of study preparatory to 
 engaging in some active business enterprise. The very fact of 
 your putting yourself in the position of a pupil, is an admission on 
 your part that you are ignorant of certain things which you desire 
 to know. It is also an admission that your teacher is, or ought to 
 be, better qualified than yourself. 
 
 You have voluntarily taken upon yourself the duties and obli - 
 gations of a student, and there is now an implied contract between 
 yourself and your instructor that you will faithfully and earnestly 
 apply yourself to the work before you. Your success depends 
 mainly on your own efforts. No one has a right to do for you 
 what you should do for yourself. Self-help is the best possible 
 help in obtaining an education. 
 
 The province of your teacher should be to point out to you 
 the course you are to pursue, and to see that you do your work 
 honestly and well. It is no part of his duty to do your work for 
 you; indeed, if he should do so, he would do you a positive injury. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 57 
 
 \ 
 
 v~ 
 
 /. 
 
 \- -^ V \^"-l^> 
 
 '&*&> 
 
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58 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 You must do your own thinking, and the sooner you learn to 
 control your thoughts the better. To learn well requires a con- 
 centration of the mind upon the subject of study. To establish the 
 power of will over mind is a great achievement to the student, and 
 the faculty of so doing should be diligently cultivated. Unless you 
 can fix your thoughts upon your studies, and keep them there, you 
 will make but poor progress. When you come into the school- 
 room banish all thought of the outside world, and of surrounding 
 circumstances, and give your whole mind earnestly to the prose- 
 cution of your studies. 
 
 Be honest ; be independent ; do not try to steal your work from 
 the books of other pupils, for in so doing you only cheat yourself. 
 Begin with the determination that you will lean on no one but 
 yourself. 
 
 Look upon your teacher as your best friend, and receive his 
 suggestions with kindness. Do not be discouraged if you cannot 
 comprehend everything in one day, or in one week. It is an old 
 proverb that "it is darkest just before the dawn of day. " Take 
 courage, and let your courage be of a cheerful character. Faith is 
 a wonderful motive power, not less in temporal than in spiritual 
 things. If a young man makes up his mind that he will accom- 
 plish any laudable object, and bends his energies to the task, he is 
 almost sure to succeed. 
 
 The special course of study you are about to enter upon is not 
 what is termed a liberal education, nor is it all that one needs to 
 pursue, yet the advantages to be derived from it are almost incal- 
 culable to a business man. But the benefit you will derive from 
 it will depend in a great measure upon the thoroughness and ac- 
 curacy with which your daily progress is marked. System leads 
 to correct and rapid execution, and is an indispensable qualification 
 to a good business man. Simply to do a thing is not all that is 
 required, but to do it well. 
 
 The work that you are to perform is both mental and manual, 
 and your own ideas of how it should be done should not be con- 
 sidered as infallible. If your teacher is worthy of the position he 
 occupies, he is presumed to be better qualified than yourself to 
 judge of your execution and progress, and every suggestion com- 
 ing from him should be carefully considered and scrupulously 
 heeded. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 59 
 
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 C . 
 
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 c 
 
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 /-O 
 
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60 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 A faithful teacher takes real delight in the true progress of his 
 pupils. 
 
 There is probably no general rule that has not its exceptions, 
 but as a class it is an undeniable fact that professional teachers are 
 the most unselfish, noble-minded and open-hearted individuals in 
 the community. There is an over-ruling power, "which doeth all 
 things well," that leads the true teacher into his field of labor, and 
 kindly sustains him in the good work. 
 
 Certainly neither the love of wealth, nor any other merely 
 worldly ambition could induce a person to spend his life in a pro- 
 fession which is so poorly compensated, while there are thousands 
 of avenues to business pursuits which are less annoying and ten- 
 fold more lucrative. 
 
 It is written that "a faithful man abound with blessings; but 
 he that maketh haste to be rich shall not be innocent." The faith- 
 ful student and the efficient teacher will surely find their reward ; 
 if not in material prosperity, it will come in the acquisition of cul- 
 ture, the consciousness of duty well performed, and in the final 
 approbation and "well done of the great Master when their work 
 shall be ended." 
 
 There are some very important facts which have a direct bear- 
 ing upon the responsibilities of the student, and which may very 
 properly be mentioned in this connection, since the sooner they 
 are realized the better. Life, at its longest, is but short. What is 
 to be done you should do with earnestness. Time is precious. 
 Opportunities are limited. Money is valuable. You will not be 
 justified in squandering your money, neglecting your opportunities, 
 or wasting your time. 
 
 If you have no settled plans for the future, it would be well 
 for you, at least, to give the matter your careful consideration, and 
 if possible decide upon a course to pursue which shall be congenial 
 to your feelings and worthy of your best endeavors. Whatever 
 may be your choice of a business pursuit, it should be remembered 
 that the better you are qualified for it, the more likely will you be 
 to succeed in it. 
 
 It is a fact, which cannot have escaped the notice of anyone 
 who has given the matter any thought, that those who are best 
 educated for their business calling invariably take the highest po- 
 sitions. A business education has a wide range of usefulness, 
 and cannot fail to prove advantageous, even to the most humble 
 individual. 
 
 It should be understood that to acquire a good business educa- 
 tion requires many qualifications, and that these qualifications can- 
 not be obtained without close application and diligent study. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 61 
 
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 M 
 
 v 
 
 
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 V 
 
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62 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 The idea that the education in question can be secured with- 
 out much personal effort should not be entertained for a moment. 
 
 The least that is required of a business man in this age of the 
 world is, that his orthography be correct, his knowledge of gram- 
 mar and composition be acceptable ; that he be capable of accuracy 
 and rapidity in calculations, and be a good penman. These ac- 
 quirements with a thorough knowledge of accounts are indis- 
 pensible to the modern business man. 
 
 The acqusition of knowledge, although requiring close appli- 
 cation, and often laborious study, seldom fails to afford the student 
 real pleasure and substantial profit. Knowledge is varied, and is 
 not to be obtained wholly from books. 
 
 Much benefit may be derived from the study of human nature. 
 Much of our success in life depends upon the faculty of pleasing, 
 and of being pleased. A person with a gloomy, sullen disposition, 
 not only renders himself miserable, but makes all with whom he 
 associates uncomfortable; while in the case of a person who is ge- 
 nial and frank, his good nature becomes infectious, and secures for 
 him the warmest admiration and affection. 
 
 The amenities of life should be seduously cultivated. Polite- 
 ness is a cheap accomplishment, which possesses a magic power. 
 Gentlemanly conduct is always in place, and never more so than in 
 the school -room. Vulgar language and bad manners are always 
 out of place. They are the result of ignorance and ill -breeding, 
 and should be abandoned at once. 
 
 You are engaged in a good work, and are surrounded by those' 
 who take a sincere interest in your progress and welfare. If you 
 are true to yourself you will be diligent in your studies, remember- 
 ing that to reach the summit of a hill you must mount step by 
 step, and laboriously accomplish the whole ascent before you at- 
 tain the view point, where you gather in all the beauties and bene- 
 fits of your journey. 
 
 You are now toiling up the hill of science. L,et your progress 
 be marked by patient and persevering effort, even though difficul- 
 ties meet you at every step. Remember that "diligence is the 
 mother of good fortune." Overcome all obstacles until you reach 
 the view -point, where you shall be fitted in the best possible man- 
 ner for your life work, and you will have no reason to regret the 
 course you have pursued. 
 
 J. C. BRYANT. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 63 
 
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64 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 PRACTICE MATTER. 
 
 The eloquence of John Adams resembled his general 
 character, and formed, indeed, a part of it. It was bold, 
 manly and energetic, and such the crisis required. When 
 public bodies are to be addressed on momentous occasions, when 
 great interests are at stake, and strong passions excited, noth- 
 ing is valuable in speech, further than it is connected with high 
 intellectual and moral endowments. Clearness, force, and earnest- 
 ness are the qualities which produce conviction. True eloquence, 
 indeed, does not consist in speech. It cannot be brought from far. 
 Labor and learning may toil for it, but they will toil in vain. 
 Words and phrases may be marshalled in every way, but they can- 
 not compass it. It must exist in the man, in the subject, in the 
 occasion. Affected passion, intense expression, the pomp of dec- 
 lamation, all may aspire after it, they cannot reach it, It comes, 
 if it comes at all, like the outbreaking of a fountain from the earth, 
 or the bursting forth of volcanic fires, with spontaneous, original, 
 and native force. The graces taught in the schools, the costly 
 ornaments and studied contrivances of speech, shock and disgust 
 men when their own lives and the fate of their wives, their child- 
 ren, and their country hang on the decision of the hour. Then, 
 words have lost their power, rhetoric is vain, and all elaborate 
 oratory contemptible. Even genius itself, then, feels rebuked and 
 subdued as in the presence of higher qualities. Then, patriotism 
 is eloquent. Then, self-devotion is eloquent. The clear concep- 
 tion, outrunning the deductions of logic, the high purpose, the 
 firm resolve, the dauntless spirit, speaking on the tongue, beaming 
 from the eye, informing every feature, and urging the whole man 
 onward, right onward to his object, this, this is eloquence; or, 
 rather, it is something greater and higher than eloquence, it is 
 action, noble, sublime, and god-like action. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 65 
 
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 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
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PART II. 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 MY DEAR STUDENTS: 
 
 I congratulate you upon your decision to 
 
 master the interesting, educative, and practical science and art of 
 shorthand writing. The vast body of shorthand writers occupy a 
 most important position in the world of business and commerce ; 
 and their importance, and the demand upon their services is stead- 
 ily increasing. He who enters so important a field of labor should 
 dignify and ennoble it by bringing to it the highest degree of pro- 
 ficiency of which he is capable. 
 
 The Theory and Practice of shorthand is complete in every 
 detail within the pages of the Scientific Shorthand text book. The 
 principles of the work are fully, though briefly expressed, and the 
 illustrations are sufficient to command an understanding thereof. 
 
 A concise statement of principles does not burden the memory 
 with useless verbiage ; permits a hasty examination of the entire 
 work; and imposes upon the student a careful study of the mean- 
 ing of words, and the force of a few illustrations. Such a scien- 
 tific plan of presentation appeals to the scholar, and the critic. 
 But you, my dear students, may be assisted by a fuller exposition 
 of principles; by more copious illustrations; by repetitions in 
 abundance. It shall be my mission to thus guide and assist you. 
 
 Many years' experience in teaching all grades of students, 
 from the child to the matured man ; from the uneducated person 
 with small talents, to the graduated philosopher and philologist, 
 has afforded me an appreciation, somewhat at least, of the needs 
 of the class room. 
 
 You are beginning the study of the only system of shorthand 
 that can be regarded as a work of science. It differs from all other 
 systems in point of legibility, and ease of acquisition. In point of 
 brevity, it ranks with the standard Pitmanic systems the only 
 ones of the past that have proved equal to the demands of profes - 
 sional verbatim reporting. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 103 
 
 Scientific Shorthand differs from other systems in these part- 
 iculars: 
 
 Its shorthand outlines show the exact positions occupied by the 
 unrepresented vowel sounds. 
 
 Therefore, Scientific Shorthand outlines show what words be- 
 gin with a consonant sound, and what ones begin with a vowel 
 sound; what words begin with a short vowel sound, and what 
 ones begin with a long vowel sound, and the exact initial long 
 vowel sound; what words begin with a single consonant sound, 
 what ones with a double consonant sound, what ones with a triple 
 consonant sound, followed by a vowel sound, or by successive 
 vowel sounds; what words end in a consonant sound, and the ex- 
 act consonant sound ; what words end in a short vowel sound ; 
 what words end in a long vowel sound, and the exact vowel sound. 
 
 No other system of shorthand can compare, in legibility, with 
 this work. It is the system of the present and the future. 
 
 The legibility of the system makes it possible.. that it will al- 
 most entirely displace longhand writing. It will be taught in all 
 our public and high schools. Thus shorthand writing will be uni- 
 fied, generally written, and extensively employed in all lines of 
 correspondence. I predict that the mastery of Scientific Shorthand 
 before long will be considered an essential branch of common 
 school education. 
 
 In point of legibility, you will find Scientific Shorthand rival- 
 ing ordinary longhand. 
 
 We bid you "bon voyage," knowing that you are setting forth 
 upon the right sea. These instructions are to be your chart and 
 compass; the text book, the full rigged and manned vessel, direct- 
 ing and guiding you to the port "Success," both in writing and 
 in reading shorthand. 
 
 To reach this destination, you need industry, determination, a 
 good common school education, and a fair measure of intelligence. 
 
 I trust that here and now you each resolve to master this grand 
 work. 
 
 Are you so determined? 
 
 "We are." 
 
 Then you will succeed. "In the bright lexicon of youth, 
 which Fate reserved for a noble manhood, there is no such word as 
 can't." 
 
 " Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness, 
 for they shall be filled." Thus spoke the Holy one. Filled with 
 what? With righteousness. Likewise, the same law applies to 
 bless those who hunger and thirst after a mastery of shorthand, 
 and all other useful knowledge, for they shall be filled. Filled 
 
104 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 with a knowledge of the subjects for which they hunger and thirst. 
 It is the hungering and thirsting after any knowledge, any idea of 
 character, any position in life, that begets successes in that direc- 
 tion. We are created so that hungering and thirsting stimulates, 
 energizes, develops, clarifies the faculties of the mind through 
 which the immortal soul sees, as in a glass, clearly, the objects of 
 its love, its devotion, its hungering and thirsting. 
 
 Resolve this day to succeed. Labor for success. Then will 
 come the hungering and thirsting, the singleness of purpose, the 
 flood of light. ''When thine eye is single, thy whole body is 
 full of light." Then results success with its attendant joys, ele- 
 vation of character, eminence in life, discipline of mind, ability to 
 assist those we love. 
 
 I read in your countenances the unspoken but fully expressed 
 "I will succeed," and in that resolve I confidently await your 
 successes. 
 
 Language is composed of words in sentences. Words are com- 
 posed of letters and syllables ; letters are composed of elementary 
 sounds. 
 
 The elementary or fundamental sounds of the English lan- 
 guage are divided into vowel sounds, and consonant sounds. 
 
 The letters a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes w, and y, represent 
 the vowel sounds. W and Y, at the beginning of words, and where 
 they are followed by a vowel sound, are consonants. Y is a vowel 
 where it has the long or the short sound of I. W is a vowel where 
 it combines with o to form a diphthong, as in the words cow, now, 
 how, shower, etc. ; where it combines with a, as in law; with e, as 
 in dew, new; where it is silent, as in row to row a boat. 
 
 In our first lessons, we express consonant sounds only, and 
 show the exact positions occupied by the unrepresented vowel 
 sounds. Later lessons will teach a method for the exact expres- 
 sion of vowel sounds. We represent the positions of the vowel 
 sounds, but we do not exactly express them. 
 
 The consonant sounds are expressed by means of strokes, 
 hooks, loops, and circles. The positions occupied by the vowel 
 sounds are pointed out by the aid of Position, lengthening and 
 shortening of strokes, enlarging and minuting of loops and circles, 
 widening and narrowing of hooks ; and by a knowledge of what 
 consonants coalesce, as pi in play, reply, and what consonants do 
 not coalesce, as pi in pilfer, repel. 
 
 With these introductory remarks, you are prepared to take up 
 the study of Scientific Shorthand. 
 
INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 Open your books at page 2. Master Lesson I, and paragraphs 
 9, 10, 11, and 12, Lesson II. 
 
 I will now leave you to this study during the next thirty min- 
 utes. I shall then return and examine you upon your knowledge 
 of the lessons assigned. 
 
 Thirty minutes later. 
 
 James, you may tell us what you have learned. 
 
 "I have thoroughly memorized the straight strokes. They 
 are P, B, T, D, Ch, J, K, G, Ray, and Hay. They are all written 
 downward, except K, G, Ray, and Hay. K and G are written 
 from left to right; and Ray and Hay upward. We write on ruled 
 paper. We have three positions. They are determined by the 
 initial stroke, and the ruled line. Initial, means beginning; med- 
 ial, means within; final, means at the end. The strokes are about 
 one-sixth inch in length." 
 
 Mary, what additional knowledge have you gained? 
 
 "I have learned that all words beginning with long vowel 
 sounds, such as the sound of a in ape, Amy, aid; e in each, easy, 
 Ephraim; /in Inez, idea; o in owner, oath, Omaha; u in use, Eu- 
 rope; a^l in author; aw in awful; oo in ooze; oi, oy in oil, boil, 
 oyster; ou, ow in out, our, owl; and a in all, are written in First 
 Position: that is, they are written so that the initial stroke comes 
 above the ruled line." 
 
 Mary, why do you class oi, oy; ou, ow; au, aw; and a, as heard 
 in all, with long vowel sounds? 
 
 "The author so classifies them, for convenience in referring to 
 vowels as long or short. ' ' 
 
 Correct. Our first lessons do not present words beginning 
 with long vowel sounds; therefore, for some time, we shall not 
 consider First Position further. Let us pass to a consideration of 
 Second Position. 
 
 Laura, tell us what you have learned about Second Position. 
 
 ' ' I have learned that any word is in Second Position where 
 the initial stroke is written upon the ruled line ; that the initial 
 stroke determines position; that the second stroke is joined to the 
 
106 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 first stroke without lifting the pen from the paper ; that each stroke 
 must take its natural direction : that is, strokes T and D must always 
 be written downward; strokes Ray and Hay must always be writ- 
 ten upward; that medial and final strokes take the positions de- 
 manded by their direction and their connection with preceding 
 strokes." 
 
 The vowels at the beginning of words are only A, E, I, O, 
 and U. The remaining twenty -one letters of our alphabet are con- 
 sonants, at the beginning of words. Therefore, fully four- fifths of 
 our words are written in Second Position. 
 
 Henry, name the vowel sounds, as we have classified them. 
 
 "A, E, I, O, U, sounded just as we name them to a child, are 
 the long vowels; oi, oy, as heard in oil, boy; ou, ow, as heard in 
 now, shout, are diphthongs. They are classed with the long vowel 
 sounds in this work, that all the vowel sounds may be thrown into 
 the two divisions. The various sounds a, au, aw, as heard in 
 all, author, law; oo as heard in food, tool, are termed long vow- 
 els, for convenience's sake. The sound of a as heard in at, bat, 
 hat; of e in empty, engine, every; of i in it, in, imply; of o in on, 
 odd, rod; of u in under, up, pun; of oo in foot, root; of a in are, 
 far, are classed as short vowel sounds." 
 
 Let us practice sounding these short vowel sounds, omitting oo, 
 and a, as heard in took, and far. Let us place the sound of P after 
 them. Ready: pronounce aloud, ap, ep, ip, op, up. Repeat many 
 times. Now place B after them. Ready: ab, e&, ib, ob, ub. Re- 
 peat many times. Continue your practice, placing other conso- 
 nant sounds after the short vowel sounds. 
 
 Now, let us place short vowel sounds after the consonant 
 sounds. Ready: pa, pe, pi, po, pu; ba, be, bi, bo, bu; ta, te, ti, 
 to, tu, etc. 
 
 Now let us sound the vowels short, without the consonants. 
 Ready: a, e, i, o, u; a, e, i, o, u; a, e, i, o, n. Keep up this prac- 
 tice daily until you can articulate all the vowel sounds. 
 
 Open your books at page 5. In line 1, you see the strokes we 
 have memorized, written in Second Position. Above each stroke, 
 you find the letter -name followed by a hyphen. Paragraph 17, 
 page 4, tells us that this hyphen indicates the exact position of the 
 initial vowel. The dots under the strokes denote the ruled line. 
 The dots before the letter -names of strokes, however, denote the 
 position of a short vowel sound. Read paragraph 22, page 6. 
 Study illustrations, line 1, pages 6 and 7. 
 
 We will now write, in Second Position, the strokes memorized, 
 placing the respective vowel sounds after each stroke as we write it. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 107 
 
 First, let us write P stroke. Ready: Pay, pea, pie, poc, pew, 
 paw, poy, pow, poo, pa, pe, pi, po, pu. 
 
 How many times did you write P stroke? 
 
 !' Fourteen times, because you pronounced that number of 
 words and syllables, each of which commenced with P." 
 
 We will continue our practice, writing each of the other strokes. 
 
 Ready: Bay, be, bee, by, buy, bow, bew, boy, bow, baw, boo, 
 ba, be, bi, bo, bu; tay, tea, tie, toe, to, too, two, toy, tow, taw, ta, 
 te, ti, to, tu; day, dee, dye, die, doe, dew, due, do, dow, doy, daw, 
 da, de, di, do, du; chay, chee, chy, cho, chew, choy, chow, chaw, 
 cha, che, chi, cho, chu; jay, jee, jy, Joe, jew, joy, jow, jaw, ja, 
 je, ji, jo, ju; kay, key, ky, koe, cue, coy, cow, caw, ka, ke, ki, 
 ko, ku; gay, gee, guy, go, gew, goy, gow, gaw, ga, ge, gi, go, gu; 
 ray, ree, rye, roe, rue, roy, row, raw, ra, re, ri, ro, ru ; hay, he, 
 high, hie, hoe, hue, hew, Hugh, hoy, how, haw, ha, he, hi, ho, hu. 
 
 Any consonant standing alone in Second position is followed 
 by a long vowel sound; but, where a second consonant follows, the 
 intervening vowel may be either long or short. Therefore, it is 
 necessary for us to learn to articulate all the vowels. Then, by 
 knowing exactly where the unrepresented vowel sounds must oc- 
 cur in a word, we are able to pronounce readily all the words and 
 syllables any outline can represent. We are able, also, to turn to 
 the dictionary and find readily the words composed of consonants 
 and vowels after the order shown by any consonant outline. Abil- 
 ity to do this is a most decided advantage in reading shorthand. 
 Tt is an advantage possessed solely by Scientific Shorthand. 
 
 I see a hand raised. What is your question, William? 
 
 "Is there any way of determining which one of several words 
 any stroke represents ? ' ' 
 
 Not at present. Words composed of consonants and vowels 
 in the same order have a common outline, and must be differenti- 
 ated by vocalization. The method of doing this will be given later. 
 Of course, in a sentence, the context or sense of the sentence would 
 aid in rendering the word intended in each case, and is generally 
 the only aid needed. But if the context does not determine, then 
 the vowel sound must be exactly expressed. In the sentence, "We 
 will do this for you," we might read it, "We will dye this for 
 you." But by placing the I stroke after the D stroke, we obviate 
 the difficulty. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 You may now memorize the last sentence in paragraph 5, page 
 2, wherein Third Position is defined. Read the third sentence in 
 paragraph 7, page 2. 
 
108 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Before writing, in Third Position, the strokes we have memor- 
 ized, let me add something to the rule governing the uses of Third 
 Position : 
 
 All words beginning with a short vowel sound are written in 
 Third Position, to indicate a short vowel sound before the sound of 
 the stroke. But the sound of the stroke may be followed immedi- 
 ately by a second vowel sound, as in the words Adam, emery, emi- 
 grate, etc., or, it may not be followed by a second vowel, as in the 
 words tip, add, egg, admit. Therefore, we must provide a wav of 
 showing where a second vowel does immediately follow the sound 
 of the stroke, and a way of showing where a vowel docs not im- 
 mediately follow the sound of the stroke. The method is set forth 
 fully in paragraph 48, page 34, to which I now direct your atten- 
 tion. Illustrations of the application of this rule are shown in lines 
 4 to 8 inclusive, page 5. 
 
 We will now write the strokes P, B, T, D, Ch, and J in Third 
 Position, with the greater part of the stroke below the ruled line; 
 and we will write the strokes K and G in Third Position about one- 
 eighth inch below the ruled line. Thus written, they represent the 
 words and syllables which I now ask you to write. Ready: 
 
 Ap, ep, ip, op, up; ab, eb, ib, ob, ub; at, et, it, ot, ut; ad, 
 ed, id, od, ud; atch, etch, itch, otch, utch; adge, edge, idge, 
 odge, udge; ack, eck, ick, ock, uck; ag, eg, ig, og, ug. 
 
 The strokes Ray and Hay are never written in Third Position. 
 
 We will now write these strokes in Third Position with the 
 greater part of the perpendicular and inclined strokes above the 
 ruled line, and the horizontal strokes just under the ruled line. 
 They will then represent the words and syllables that I now pro- 
 nounce to you. Ready, write: 
 
 Appa, appe, appi, appo, appu; eppa, eppe, eppi, eppo, eppu; 
 ippa, ippe, ippi, ippo, ippu; oppa, oppe, oppi, oppo, oppu; uppa, 
 uppe, uppi, uppo, uppu; abba, abbe, abbi, abbo, abbu; ebba, ebbe, 
 ebbi, ebbo, ebbu; ibba, ibbe, ibbo, ibbu; obba, obbe, obbi, obbo, 
 obbu; atta, atte, atti, atto, attu; etta, ette, etti, etto, ettu ; itta, 
 itte, itti, itto, ittu; otta, otte, otti, otto, ottu- utta, utte. utti, utto, 
 uttu; adda, adde, addi, addo, addu; edda, edde, eddi, eddo, eddu ; 
 idda, idde, iddi, iddo, iddu; odda, odde, oddi, oddo, oddu; atcha, 
 atche, atchi, atcho, atchu; etcha, etche, etchi, etcho, etchu ; itcha, 
 itche, itchi, itcho, itchu; otcha, otche, otchi, otcho, otchu; utcha, 
 utche, utchi, utcho, utchu ; adja, adje, adji, adjo, adju ; edja, 
 edje, edji, edjo,-edju; idja, idje, idji, idjo, idju ; odja, odje, odji, 
 ocljo, odju ; udja, udje, udji, udjo, udju ; acka, acke, acki, acko, 
 acku ; ecka, ecke, ecki, ecko, ecku ; icka, icke, icki, icko, icku ; 
 ocka, ocke, ocki, ocko, ocku; ucka, ucke, ucki, ucko, ucku; agga, 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 109 
 
 agge, aggi, aggo, aggu; egga, egge, eggi, eggo, eggu; igga, igge, 
 iggi. iggo< iggu; ogga, ogge, oggi, oggo, oggu; ugga, ugge, uggi, 
 uggo, uggu. 
 
 You are now prepared to write words composed of two or more 
 of the consonant strokes. Read the last two sentences in paragraph 
 22. Study and write the illustrations given in lines 10, 11, 12 and 
 13, page 7. I shall return within thirty minutes to give further di- 
 rections. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 I now hand you a list of words composed of the consonants we 
 have learned, and I ask that you prepare a copy of your best work 
 for my inspection. I will criticize and return the same to you and 
 then we will practice writing the list from dictation, at least ten 
 times. 
 
 You will prepare your copy as follows: 
 
 Write out the words in longhand or on the machine, placing 
 the shorthand outline after all the words written, that have a com- 
 mon consonant outline. That is, you will place the shorthand out- 
 line where I have written the short row of dots or periods to indi- 
 cate the ruled line. Thus: 
 
 Pipe, peep, pope, pup, etc. ; p-t, pity, putty, 
 
 petty, etc ; p-ch, peach, poach, ; p-k, 
 
 pack, peck, etc 
 
 You will note that a vowel sound, generally the vowel sound 
 of Y, follows strokes T, D, Ray. These strokes indicate a vowel 
 sound following, whether they are used initially, medially or finally. 
 
 You will now proceed to write for my inspection the following 
 list of words and syllables: 
 
 WORD LIST NO. I. 
 
 P-P, peep, pipe, pope, pup; p-b, peb, pib, pub; p-t-, patty, 
 pity, putty; p-d-, payday, peedee, Paddy; p-ch, patch, pitch, 
 pouch; p-j, page, pudge; p-k, pack, peak, peck, pike, pick, poke, 
 puck; p-g, peg, pig, pug; b-b, babe, bub, bib, Bob; b-t-, Betty, 
 beauty; b-d-, body; b-tch, batch, botch; b-j, badge, budge; b-ck, 
 bake, back, beak, beck, bike, buck, book, bawk ; b-g, bag, beg, 
 big, bog, bug. 
 
 T-p, tape, tap, type, tip, top; t-b, tab, tub; t-t-, tattoo; t-d-, 
 tidy, toady; t-ch, teach, touch; t-k, take, tack, tick, tuck, took; 
 t-g, tag, tug; d-p, deep, dip, dupe; d-b, daub, dub; d-t-, duty, 
 dotty; d-d-, dido; d-ch, Dutch, ditch; d-j, dodge; d-k, deck, 
 dock, Dick, duck; d-g, dig, dog, dug. 
 
110 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Ch-p, chap, cheap, chip, chop; ch-b, chub; ch-t-, Chitty; 
 ch-k, cheek, check, chick, chuck; ch-g, chug: j-p, Jap, jip; j-b, 
 jab, jib, job; j-t-, jetty; j-j, judge; j-k, Jack, Jake, joke; j-g, 
 jog, jug. 
 
 K-p, cape, cap, keep, kip, cop, cup, coop; k-b, cab, cob, cub; 
 k-t-, Katie, kitty; k-k, cake, kick, cook; k-g, keg, cog; k-r-, 
 carry, curry; k-f-, coffee; k-l, kill, call; k-sh, cash; k-m, came, 
 come; k-n-, Kinney; g-p t gap; g-j, gage; g-g, gag, gig; g-r-, 
 gory; g-th t Goth; g-l, gull; g-l-, gully; g-m, gum; g-sh t gash, 
 gush. 
 
 R-p, rap, reap, ripe, rope; r-b, rib, rob, rub; r-d-, ready, 
 ruddy; r-ch, reach, roach; r-j, rage; r-r, rare, rear, rore; r-th, 
 wrath, wreath; r-th-, wreathe; r-l-, rally, ruly; r-sh, rush, rash; 
 r-n-y rainy; r-ng, rang, wrong. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 We will now return to Lesson II, page 3, and memorize the 
 remaining strokes of the alphabet, shown in figures 5 and 6. 
 
 When you have memorized the entire alphabet, you may study 
 and write the illustrations shown in lines 1, 2 and 3, page 7. 
 
 Let us now write each of the newly learned alphabet strokes in 
 both Second and Third Positions, according to instructions already 
 given in the use of the straight strokes. Ready, write: 
 
 Fay, fee, fie, foe, few, foy, fow, faw, fa, fe, fi, fo, fu; vay, vee, 
 vie, voe, view, vow, voy, vaw, voo, va, ve, vi, vo, vu; they, thee, 
 thy, though, thew, thoy, thou; lay, lee, lie, lye, low, lieu, loy, low, 
 law, la, le, li, lo, lu; may, me, my, moe, mew, moo, moy, mow, 
 maw, ma, me, mi, mo, mu; way, we, wi, woe, wu, woy, wow, 
 waw; whey, whee, why, who, whew; qua que, qui, quo, quoy; 
 shaj r , she, shy, show, shew, shoy, show, shaw; nay, knee, nigh, 
 no, know, new, knew, gnu, now, noy, gnaw, na, ne, ni, no, nu; 
 twa, twe, twy, two, twu; dway, dwee, dwy, dwo, dwu; gway, 
 gwee, gwy, gwo, gwew; yea, ye, yi, yo, yew, yoy, you, yaw. 
 
 Repeat writing this list at least twenty times. 
 
 We will now write the strokes in Third Position so as to show 
 a vowel sound immediately after the strokes. See paragraph 48, 
 page 34. Ready, write: 
 
 Af-, ef-, if-, of-, uf- ; av-, ev-, iv-, ov-, uv- ; ath-, eth-, 
 ith-, oth-, uth- ; al-, el-, il-, ol-, ul- ; aw-, ew-, iw-, ow-, uw- ; 
 aqu-, equ-, iqu-, oqu-, uqu- ; awh- ; ash-, esh-, ish-, osh-, ush- ; 
 an-, en-, in-, on-, un-; ang-, eng-, ing-, ong-, ung- ; amp-, 
 emp-, imp-, omp-, ump-. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. Ill 
 
 We will now write the strokes so that they do not show a 
 vowel after the stroke. Ready, write: 
 
 Af, ef, if, of, uf; av, ev, iv, ov, uv; ath, eth, ith, oth, nth; al, 
 el, il, ol, ul; am, em, im, om, urn; amp, emp, imp, omp, ump; ash, 
 esh, ish, osh, ush; an, en, in, on, un; ang, eng, ing, ong, ung; 
 ar, er, ir, or, ur. 
 
 You will now prepare a copy of the following list of words, for 
 my inspection and criticism, according to the instructions given in 
 the preparation of Word List No. I. When corrected and returned, 
 we will write the entire list from dictation at least ten times. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. II. 
 
 Puffy; bevy; path, pith; pulley; pale, pile, pole, pull; pomp, 
 pump; pang; push; Pasha; penny, pony, puny ; pare, peer, pore, 
 poor, pure; parry, Perry. Bury, berry; bare, beer, bore, burr; 
 beefy, bevy; bath, booth, both; bathe; bully; ball, bell; bump; 
 bash, bush; bushy; bony, bunny, bonnie; bang, bung. 
 
 Teeth, tooth; tally; tale, tile, toll, tool; tush; tame, teem, 
 time, tomb; tiny, tinny, tony; tongue; tare, tear, tire, tore, tower; 
 Dora; dare, deer, dire, door; dash, dish; dashy, dishy; Dame, 
 deem, dime, dome, doom; damp, dump; deny; ding, dong; death, 
 doth; Delia, duly; dale, dell, dull. 
 
 Chaffy; chilly; chill; charry; chair, cheer, chore; chime, 
 chum; chump; China; Java; jolly, jelly; jail; jam, Jim; jump; 
 josh; Jenny; wrath; wreathe; rally, ruly; rail, rule, roll; rash, 
 rush; rainy; rang, rung, wrong; heath, hath; hilly, holy; hash, 
 hush; hang, hung; hairy, hoary, hurry. Fop. Fob. Fetch. Fake. 
 Fag, fig, fog. Ferry, fury. Fife, fief. Five. Faith. Philo, folly, 
 follow. Fish. Fishy. Fame, fume. Funny. Fang. Fair, fear, fire, 
 four, fore, far. Vague. Very. Valley, villa. Vim. Vamp. Veer. 
 Vishu. Thatch. Thick. Thing. Thief. Thumb. Thump. Leap, 
 loop, lap, lip. Lottie. Lady, laddie. Latch. Ledge. Lake, like, 
 leek, look. Lag, leg, log, lug. Leary, Laura. Lief, loof, life, loaf. 
 Lave, leave, love, live. Lathe, loathe. Lath, loth. Lull, loll. Lash. 
 Lame, lamb, lime, loom. Lamp, limp, lump. Lena, luna. Long, 
 lung. Quip. Quake, quick, quack. Quarry. Quaff. Quell, quill. 
 Queer, quire. Qualm. Quash. Shape, sheep, ship, shop. Shady, 
 shadow. Shake, shack, shock. Map, mop. Mob. Mattie. Muddy. 
 Match. Make, meek, muck. Mug. Mary, merry, marry. Muff. 
 Move. Moth. Malay, mealy, mellow. Mollie. Mash, mush. Mushy. 
 Mare, mire, more, mar. Nape, nap, nip. Nab, knob. Natty, knotty, 
 naughty. Needy. Notch. Nudge. Knack, neck, knock, nook. 
 Nag. Narrow. Knife. Knave, naive. Neath. Nellie. Apathy. 
 Epoch. Epilogue. Aback. Ebony. Away. Attack. Atom. Adam. 
 Attire. Oddity. Adage. Occupy. Agony. Agog. Emery. 
 
112 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Study paragraph 19, page 4, and the illustrations given in lines 
 9, 10 and 11, page 5. 
 
 This paragraph must be thoroughly memorized and understood. 
 You must know that the consonants P, B, T, D, K, G, F, Th, and 
 Sh are the only ones that coalesce with R; that the consonants P, 
 B, K, G, and F are the only consonants that coalesce with L,; that 
 the R hook must be formed upon the left hand side of each of the 
 perpendicular and inclined strokes; that the strokes W, S and Z are 
 appropriated for F, Th and Th where the R hook is joined to ex- 
 press coalescing R this form of stroke permitting the hook on left 
 hand side; that these coalescing hooks must be made very small 
 and narrow ; that widening these hooks indicates the presence of a 
 short vowel sound between the sound of 1 the stroke and the sound 
 of the hook. 
 
 Later lessons will make use of similar hooks on other strokes 
 to express L and R; but, on other strokes, the sound of L and R is 
 separated, by a short vowel sound, from the sound of the stroke to 
 which the hook is initially joined, without regard to the small size 
 of the hook. 
 
 The nine strokes that coalesce with R, and the five strokes that 
 coalesce with L, are termed the coalescent R strokes, and the co- 
 alescent L, strokes. A vowel sound, long or short, always follows 
 each of these strokes, whether they be used initially, medially or 
 finally. Therefore, these coalescent strokes, in Third Position, 
 need not be written with the greater part of the stroke above the 
 ruled line, to indicate a vowel sound following. They show, by 
 their form, that a vowel sound follows. Bear this fact well in mind, 
 because it is very important in its effect upon the legibility of Sci- 
 entific Shorthand outlines. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Tell me what words and syllables stroke Pr, in Second Posi - 
 tion, represents. 
 
 "It represents all words and syllables that begin with Pr, fol- 
 lowed by a single vowel sound, as pray , Pry, prow, pro, and the 
 syllables pree, Prew, proy, proo, praw, par, pre, pri, pro, pru." 
 
 Would it represent the words pare or parry? 
 
 "No. In those words, the sounds of P and R do not coalesce. 
 The word pare must be written with the strokes P and downward, 
 or curved R; and the word parry, with P and Ray the Ray stroke 
 indicating the final vowel y." 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 113 
 
 And what would the coalescent stroke PI, in Third Position, 
 represent? 
 
 "It would represent words and syllables beginning with a short 
 vowel sound but containing a second vowel sound immediately 
 after coalescing//, as in the word apply." 
 
 Would it represent the word apple, or the first two syllables in 
 the word application^. 
 
 "It would represent the initial syllables in application, but it 
 would not represent the word apple, because a vowel sound occurs 
 between the sounds of P and L in apple. . ' ' 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Read paragraph 22, page 6. Study the illustrations in line 4, 
 and the first part of line 5, page 7. Then study lines 14, 15 and 16, 
 page 9. The small final circle found in these last illustrations ex- 
 presses the sound of S, or -z. 
 
 You will now write, for my inspection and criticism, a copy of 
 the list of words given in Word List No. III. Prepare this list of 
 words, and all future lists in accordance with the instructions given 
 you for the preparation of Word List No. I. When your work has 
 been criticized, and the criticisms understood, we will write the list 
 from dictation, at least ten times. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. III. 
 
 Pr- , pray, pree, pry, pro, prew, proy, prow, praw, proo, pra s 
 pre, pri, pro, pru. .pr-, apry, epry, ipry,opry, upry. Br-, bray, 
 bree, bry, bro, brew, broy, brow, brau, bra, bre, bri, bro, bru. 
 .br-, abry, ebry, ibry, obry, ubry. Tr-, tray, tree, try, tro, true, 
 troo, troy, trow, traw, tra, tre, tri, tro, tru. .tr-, atry, etry, itry, 
 otry, utry. Dr-, dray, dree, dry, dro, dru, droy, drow, draw, dra, 
 dre, dri, dro, dru. .dr-, aclry, edry, idry, odry, udry. Kr-, cray, 
 cree, cry, crow, crew, croy, crow, craw, croo, era, ere, cri, cro, 
 cru. .kr-, akry, ekry, ikry, okry, ukry. Gr-, giay, gree, gry, 
 grow, grew, groy, grow, graw, groo, gra, gre, gri, gro, gru. Pr-, 
 fray, free, fry, fro, fru, froy, frow, fraw, fra, fre, fri, fro, fru. 
 ./>-, afry, efry, ifry, ofry, ufry. Thr-, thra, three, thry, throw, 
 threw, throy, throw, thraw, thre, thri, thro, thru. Shr-, shray, 
 shree, shry, shroe, shrew, shroy, shrow, shra, shre, shri, shro, 
 shru. .shr-, ashry, eshry, ishry, oshry, ushry. 
 
 Prop. Pretty. Preach. Prick. Prig. Prairie. Primp. Bribe. 
 Brady Breech, brooch. Brake, break, broke, brook, brick. Brag, 
 brig. Bravo. Broth. Breathe. Broom, brim. Brainy, briny. Bring. 
 Brush. Tripe, troop, trap, trip. Tribe. Treaty. Trudge. Track, 
 
114 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 trek, trick, truck. Troth. Trolley, truly. Trash. Trashy. Tram, 
 trim. Tramp, trump. Drape, droop, drip, drop. Drab, drub. 
 Drudge. Drake. Drag, dreg, drug. Dreary. Dream, dram, drum. 
 Crape, creep, croup, crap, crop. Crab, crib. Crouch. Cream, 
 cram. Cramp, crimp. Cranny, crony. Crash, crush. Gripe, grope, 
 group, grip. Grab, grub. Greedy. Grudge. Greek. Grog. Gruff y. 
 Gravy. Growth. Growly, Greely. Grime, gram. Freak, frock. 
 Frog. Froth. Freely. Frame. Frowny. Fresh. Throb. Thrash. 
 Shrimp. Shrug. Shrink. Shrub. Shriek. 
 
 /*/-, play, plee, ply, ploe, plue, ploy, plow, plaw, ploo, pla, 
 pie, pli, plo, plu. .pi-, aply, eply, iply, oply, uply. BI-, blay, 
 blee, bly, blow, blew, bloy, blow, blaw, bloo, bla, ble, bli, bio, blu. 
 ./-, ably, ebly, ibly, obly, ubly. A7-, clay, clee, cly, cloe, clue, 
 cloy, clow, claw, cla, cle, cli, clo, clu. ./-, akly, eckly, ickly, 
 ockly, uckly. 67- , glay, glee, gly, glow, glue, gloy, glow, glaw, 
 gla, gle, gli, glo, glu. .gl-, aggly, eggly, iggly, oggly, uggly. 
 FI-, flay, flee, fly, flow, flew, floy, flow, flaw, fla, fle, fli, flo, flu. 
 .fl- affly, effly, iffly, offly, uffly. Pebbly. Nobly. Buckley. Cobra. 
 Debris. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Memorize the first two sentences in paragraph 20, page 4. 
 Memorize all the strokes that express the consonant combinations 
 that begin with the sound of S. Write these strokes until you can 
 form them correctly. Observe that initial sound of S is expressed by 
 a very small circle the smaller the better ; that the circle upon the 
 R hook side of the straight strokes destroys the form of the R hook, 
 but does not suppress the sound of R. 
 
 All words that commence with the sound of S begin with one 
 of these strokes, except a few words in which the initial sound of S 
 is the only consonant sound. Such words employ the stroke S in 
 Second Position. 
 
 Study the illustrations in lines 5 and 8, page 7. Read again 
 the second sentence in paragraph 20. Study the medial and final 
 circles shown in line 8, page 7. 
 
 I will now give you a list of words employing the coalescent 
 S strokes in Second Position. Write the list for my criticism, ac- 
 cording to directions already given. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. IV. 
 
 Spy. Spray, spry. Stay, stew, sty, stow. Stray, strew, straw. 
 Sky. Screw. Slay, slow, slew, slaw. Snow. Sway. Splay. Speedy. 
 Speech. Speak, spake, spoke, spook. Spoil, spill. Sprang, sprung. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 115 
 
 Strap, strip. Stretch. Streak, struck. Stream. String, strung. 
 Skip, scoop. Scab. Scurry. Skill. Scully. Skim. Scamp. Skinny. 
 Scrape, scrap. Scrub. Scratch. Scrawl. Scrawly. Scrimp. Sphere. 
 Slap, slip, slop, sloop. Slab. Sledge. Slack, slick, sleek, slake. 
 Sloth. Slim. Slump. Slang, slung. Slash. Slur. Smoke. Smug. 
 Smash. Small. Snap, snipe. Snub. Snatch. Snack, sneak. Snag. 
 Sheer. Sweep. Swab. Swim. Swing, swung. Squib. Squire. 
 Splash. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Memorize last two sentences in paragraph 20, page 4. Study 
 the illustrations in the latter half of line 13, all of line 14, and the 
 first part of line 15, page 5. 
 
 The perpendicular and inclined strokes, with initial S circle, 
 are written in Third Position, with the greater part of the stroke 
 above the ruled line, to indicate that a vowel sound follows the 
 sound of the stroke. All Third Position strokes have a short vowel 
 sound immediately before them. Therefore, the short vowel sound 
 must occur immediately after initial sound of S, expressed by the 
 small circle. Initial S circle is formed small, not to denote that the 
 sound of S coalesces with the sound of the stroke which it never 
 does, where strokes are in Third Position but, simply as a second- 
 ary aid in locating the second vowel sound. 
 
 Study the illustrations in lines 6 and 7, page 7. 
 
 The following list of words are written in Third Position, with 
 minuted S circle. The strokes must be written so that they show 
 a second vowel sound following them. The circle is minuted to 
 show this second vowel also. Our outlines, then, give a double 
 showing of the fact that a second vowel sound follows the stroke. 
 Prepare this list as you have prepared all previous ones. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. V. 
 
 Sappy. City. Soddy. Sedgy. Sally, silly, sully. Sammy. 
 Sunny. Sorry. Sacrifice. Sabbath. Sallacious. Suppress. Supplies. 
 Sacking. Sacrilege. Severity. Similarity. Suppose. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Memorize paragraph 21. Study the illustrations in line 16, 
 and the latter half of line 15, page 5. Observe that S circle is lar- 
 ger than the circle employed in our last lesson; that the strokes, in 
 Third Position, to which it is initially joined, are written with the 
 greater part of the perpendicular and inclined strokes below the 
 ruled line; that the horizontal strokes are written about one -eighth 
 inch below the ruled line. 
 
116 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 The strokes are written thus, as we have previously learned, 
 to show that a vowel sound does not immediately follow the sound 
 of the strokes. We now teach you that the circle is formed larger 
 than the S circle previously employed, to show, also, that a vowel 
 sound does not follow the stroke. Thus, our outlines show, in 
 two ways, that the strokes are not followed by a vowel sound. 
 This larger form of S circle, occurring medially, is pronounced s-, 
 cy, sy, etc., because it denotes a vowel sound immediately follow- 
 ing it; whereas, the smaller circle, employed medially, denotes 
 that the sound of S coalesces with the sound of the stroke following 
 the small medial circle. This larger S circle, employed finally, 
 denotes a vowel immediately preceding it, and the smaller S circle, 
 employed finally, denotes a consonant sound immediately preceding 
 it the consonant sound of the preceding stroke. 
 
 Study the position of the short vowel, shown by the dot in the 
 letter -names, in lines 15 and 16, page 5. 
 
 The following list of words employ the larger, or non-coales- 
 cent form of S circle, initially, medially, and finally. Prepare 
 your copy as previously instructed. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. VI. 
 
 Sap, sip, sop, sup. Sob. Sat, set, sit, sot, soot. Sad, sod. 
 Such. Sedge. Sack, sick, suck, sook. Sag. Sieve. Sill. Sam, sum. 
 Sun, sin. Sang, sung, song. Sash. Music. Residue. Beseech. Be- 
 siege. Besom. Subsidy. Pays. Does. Rise. Muse. Pose. Rise. 
 Hose. Face, foes. Views. This. These, those. Lays, laws, lies, 
 loss. Ways, woes, wooes. Quiz. Whiz. Knows, news. Bodies. 
 Peaches. Pages. Ponies. Babies. Botches. Budges. Teaches. 
 Dora's. Dashes. Rushes. Deceive. Deceives. Receive. Press. 
 Bruise. Tries. Draws. Crows. Grows. Freeze. Throws. Shrews. 
 Please, place. Blows, blues. Claws, close. Gloss, glaze. Flows, 
 flies, flaws. 
 
 The following list of words employ the small circle initially to 
 show coalescence, and the larger circle finally to show non- co- 
 alescence. Prepare copy for my examination. 
 
 Spies. Sprays. Stews, stays. Strews. Skies. Screws. Says. 
 Slays, slice, sluice. Smashes. Snows. Swiss, sways. Squeeze. 
 
 The following list of words employ the small circle initially, 
 to assist in locating second vowel sound that immediately follows 
 the sound of the stroke ; and they employ the larger circle finall}' 
 to show that final sound of S does not coalesce with the sound of 
 the stroke immediately preceding. 
 
 Prepare your work as previously instructed. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 117 
 
 Suppose. Cities. Sedges. Suffice. Sallies, sullies. Sammy's. 
 Sinews. 
 
 The following list of words employ the coalescent circle the 
 small circle : 
 
 Prepare your writing of the list as per previous instructions. 
 
 Pipes. Packs. Pegs. Paths. Pills. Pomps. Pangs. Pares. 
 Babes. Backs. Begs, bugs. Baths. Booms. Taps. Tubs. Takes. 
 Tugs. Tears. Tithes. Times. Dips. Daubs. Decks. Deaths. Dales. 
 Dimes. Dumps. Chaps. Chubs. Checks. Chimes. Chills. Chairs. 
 Jobs. Jokes. Jugs. Jeers. James. Jeers. Caps. Cubs. Cakes. 
 Kegs. Comes. Kings. Gibes. Gags. Goths. Gums. Gears. Raps. 
 Robs. Rakes. Rigs. Wreaths. Rings. Fops. Fakes. Fags. Fifes. 
 Fives. Faiths. Fumes. Fangs. Vags. Veers. Leaps. Lobes. Lacks. 
 Legs. Loathes. Limes. Lungs. Leers. Webs. Wicks. Wags. 
 Waves. Withs. Wings. Whips. Whacks. Whigs. Whiles. Quips. 
 Quicks. Quires. Ships. Shacks. Sheafs. Sheaves. Shears. Maps. 
 Mobs. Makes. Mugs. Mires. Miffs. Moves. Moths. Miles. Mame's, 
 maims. Nips. Knobs. Necks. Nags. Naives, knaves. Nails. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Take up the study of Lesson 3, pages 6 and 7. Give special 
 attention to the length, slant, shading, and position of each stroke; 
 to the size of the circles, and the hooks. Observe the positions of 
 the unrepresented vowel sounds. 
 
 Write this lesson at least ten times, and we will then write it 
 from dictation as many more times. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Take up the study of Lesson 4, pages 8 and 9, in accordance 
 with instructions given for previous lesson. Give special attention 
 to the initial -n curl, preceding the sound of S. It is advisable 
 that you open your school dictionaries to the words commencing 
 with ans, ens, ins, ons, uns, followed immediately by a consonant 
 stroke, and write, at least, the initial syllables of such words. 
 
 I see a hand raised. What is your question? 
 
 "Is it advisable that we write these lessons from dictation, so 
 early in our course?" 
 
 It is highly advisable. There is a training of the eye, and 
 another training of the ear. Training the eye, may make skilled 
 shorthand copyists, but training of the ear is absolutely necessary 
 to enable anyone to write rapidly from another's dictation. The 
 two leading highways to the soul are through the eye and the ear. 
 Many persons learn to read a foreign language, who never acquire 
 the ability to speak the language, or to understand it when it is 
 
118 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 spoken. Such failures are due to a failure to train the ear. Their 
 study has been confined to the printed form. Given the printed 
 word, and they readily interpret. Given the sound of the word, 
 and they fail to interpret, because of lack of ear training. 
 
 Experience unites with psychology in proclaiming that you 
 will become a skilled shorthand writer, readily or slowly, in pro- 
 portion to the amount of writing you perform from dictation. 
 Therefore, where you must study alone, pronounce your words 
 and sentences audibly, even though they be whispered. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 I shall now introduce, for your study and memorization, a few 
 word -signs. I introduce them at this time, because you are all 
 very careful and accurate writers of shorthand characters. Were 
 you not such writers, I should postpone the introduction of these 
 signs until you had advanced further in the theory. 
 
 A knowledge of a few of the simple word -signs will enable us, 
 thus early in our course, to dictate much sentence matter. 
 
 Open your books at pages 44 and 45. Memorize the word- 
 signs given in the first six lines. The small semi -circle opening 
 upward and downward expresses the consonant Y. And the semi- 
 circle opening to the right and to the left expresses the consonant 
 W. As word -signs, we employ them to represent a few of the 
 most common words commencing with those consonants. 
 
 You may take the rest of the day for the work assigned. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Class, have you mastered the word -signs? 
 
 "We have, and we have written the remainder of Lesson 
 XXIII, at least twenty times. We understand it well." 
 
 Then we will spend a pleasant half hour, writing the lesson 
 from dictation. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 I will give you the rest of the day to study Lesson XX I V. 
 I believe that by to-morrow morning we shall add another vic- 
 tory to our many successes. Come prepared to receive dictation 
 from this lesson. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Ah, I see by your happy looks that you are all ready to take 
 dictation. We will therefore dictate this lesson a number of times. 
 Do not attempt great speed in writing. Let accuracy be your aim 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 119 
 
 now. Speed will come in time. But speed without accuracy means 
 illegibility and inability to transcribe. We do not want such fail- 
 ures here. We will review this lesson daily. 
 
 I desire that each member of the class write twenty simple 
 sentences, composed of the simple words we are already able to 
 write correctly, and words represented by the word -signs we have 
 memorized. We will then dictate such prepared sentences many 
 times. I have prepared a list of such simple sentences to serve 
 you as models. Write them oat carefully in shorthand and sub- 
 mit your work to me for my inspection. We will then dictate them 
 daily many times. By so doing, we shall attain considerable speed 
 in writing a large number of the more common words. As we ad- 
 vance, we can enlarge our vocabulary. Within a short time, we 
 shall be masters of the entire work, and prepared to write from 
 miscellaneous dictation. My simple sentences for your daily prac- 
 tice are as follows: 
 
 What year is this? Were you going with them to the big city 
 of Chicago? This book came from Boston. Do you like it? Will 
 they go there yet? You should see Thomas, when you are ready 
 to buy this property. 
 
 The large gentleman was here to look over the property with 
 a view to buying it from us. We will issue another book soon. 
 This is an important task. 
 
 Advertise this place right away. Can you go with us at that 
 time? What is the fact in this case? For what purpose have you 
 come ? 
 
 We see James and Mary every day. When will you come to 
 see us. 
 
 We thank you for this book. They wish that we may be hap- 
 py. Within what time do you think you can do this for us? This 
 will be a great improvement in his home. Do you require all this 
 of us? We hope she may be happy in her new home. 
 
 They will know whether you or she can do this best. We 
 hope this may be practical. You should go without them. Take 
 advantage of your time now. They will question you about us. 
 You may say to them that we shall be there in due time. 
 
 He may be the right party. We may see them this day. What 
 opportunities will there be for you at that place? We shall go there 
 if you think it is best for us. 
 
 This is the defendant in the case. Take advantage of that 
 time. You may see the party. If he objects to it we may take it 
 away. 
 
 Why do you say you can see them at time? Because we know 
 he will be there on that day. 
 
120 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Memorize the first section of paragraph 24, page 10. Study 
 the illustrations in lines 1,2, and 3, page 11. You are now pre- 
 pared to write correctly the following list of words, employing the 
 single, double and triple consonants, in Second Position, leng- 
 thened. These strokes may be employed also in Third Position, 
 in words commencing with a short vowel sound, and containing 
 successive vowel sounds after the initial consonant or consonants. 
 
 Prepare the following list of words for criticism as per previous 
 instructions. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. VII. 
 
 Payee. Payees, pious. Boa, bouy. Dewey, Dio. Rio. Leo. 
 Noah. Trio. Piano. Diana. Vienna. Bluish. Buyer. Bias. Baal. 
 Trying. Tryer. Triumph. Trial. Drawer. Crying. Creole. Claw- 
 ing. Gruel. Grayish. Growing. Fleeing. Flower. Floweth. Freer. 
 Spying. Spraying. Staying. Stewer. Duality. Moab. Joab. Viol. 
 Vying. Theocracy. Theosophy. Diagram. Diabetes. Cruelty. Pri- 
 ority. Readjust. Reappear. Real. Reality. Hoeing. Creosote. 
 Brewer. Brewery. Coalesce. Create. Dialectics. Diaphanous. Diary. 
 Dialogue. Diatribes. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Read the first two sentences in paragraph 23, page 8. Mem- 
 orize the second section of paragraph 24, page 10. 
 
 This paragraph may present some difficulty. Therefore, we 
 will consider it seriatim. 
 
 Bear in mind that the initial vowel sound is located by Posi- 
 tion. Therefore, we do not need to give any attention to the con- 
 struction of our consonant strokes, to locate the initial vowel sound. 
 We locate a second vowel sound, in Third Position outlines, by writ- 
 ing the major part of the stroke above the ruled line. Third Position 
 strokes that express double or triple consonant sounds have a sec- 
 ond vowel sound immediately after the coalescing consonants. 
 
 We have learned that any stroke, except Mp-b and Ng, writ- 
 ten in Second Position, is followed by a vowel sound; and, where 
 such strokes are lengthened, they are followed by successive vowel 
 sounds. 
 
 Therefore, the instruction given in the second and third sec- 
 tions of paragraph 24 refers especially to the medial &\\& final uses 
 of the strokes mentioned. 
 
 Let us now analyze these sections: 
 
 "Any coalescent L and R hook stroke indicates a vowel sound 
 following. ' ' 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 121 
 
 Of course it does. Because Nature compels a vowel sound to 
 follow double or triple consonant sounds. 
 
 "The strokes T, D, Ray, Hay, N, etc., have a vowel sound 
 immediately after them." 
 
 This is an arbitrary rule. We have another way of expressing 
 the sound of T, D, Ray and N, where a vowel sound does not fol- 
 low. The method will be taught later. 
 
 "Upward Sh, and upward L, are followed by a vowel sound." 
 
 Yes, because we use downward Sh, and downward L, where a 
 vowel sound does not follow. Having established this rule, we are 
 able to differentiate the words bush and bushy; fish and fishy; 
 mail and Malay ; fool and folly. 
 
 We employ the Ray stroke where a vowel sound follows the 
 sound of R; and we employ downward, or curved R stroke where 
 a vowel sound does not follow the sound of R. Having this rule, 
 we can differentiate such words as cherry and cheer; bury and 
 bare; ferry and fare. 
 
 The words resolve, dissolve, absolve, muscle, whistle, etc., em- 
 ploy the upward L, stroke. The circle preceding L, is a non-coa- 
 lescent circle a large S circle. It indicates a vowel sound follow- 
 ing the sound of S. It denotes also, that a vowel sound does not 
 follow L,, except where the L, stroke is lengthened. We employ 
 the upward I, in this class of words, because the downward Ldoes 
 not join well. 
 
 I^ater lessons will explain the uses of brief W, Y, H; and the 
 St circle. 
 
 The sound of F or V, preceded by a straight stroke sound, is 
 represented by an F-V hook. Therefore, the use of F or V stroke 
 joined to a preceding straight stroke shows that the sound of F or 
 V is followed by a vowel sound. But, where F and V are pre- 
 ceded by a curved stroke they must be lengthened to show a vowel 
 sound following. In the words leaf, muff, sheaf, love, move, shove, 
 we use the regular length F and V strokes. But in the words leafy, 
 levy we use lengthened F and V strokes. In the words puff, 
 pave, ruff, rave, cough, gave, we do not use the F and V strokes at 
 all ; because the sounds of F and V are preceded by consonants ex- 
 pressed by straight strokes. But, in the words puffy, bevy, coffee, 
 we do use the F and V strokes, normal alphabetic length, because 
 F or V, followed by a vowel sound, must be expressed by the stroke. 
 
 I trust you comprehend, now, the first two sections of para- 
 graph 24. L,et us pass to the last section. The following list of 
 words illustrate the instructions just given. Prepare your work as 
 previously directed. 
 
122 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. VIII. 
 
 Depress. Repress. Re-appraise. Debris. Cobra. Deploy. Re- 
 ply. Pebbly. Reclaim. Re -flow. Bestow. Despise. Basking. Risk- 
 ing. Nobly. Doubly. Betray. Redress. Recross. Brushy. Bushy. 
 Bush. Dish. Dashy. Fishy. Fish. Mush. Mushy. Lash. Lashy. 
 Flash. Flashy. Puzzle. Muscle. Whistle. Resolve. Dissolve. 
 Whistling. Puffy. Bevy. Davy. Navy. Levy. Gruffy. Stuffy. 
 Wavy. Coffee. Gravy. Heavy. Brevity. Gravity. Depravity. Leaf. 
 Leafy. Muff. Love. Move. Shove. Five. Fife. Snuff. Sleeve. 
 Theosophy. Trashy. Splashes. Trespass. Trestle. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Second section of paragraph 24 states that the strokes T, D, 
 Ray, N, upward L, and upward Sh, and the strokes F and V, pre- 
 ceded by a straight stroke, do not indicate a vowel sound following 
 where a coalescing S circle small circle is joined finally. 
 
 Of course not. Because the coalescing S circle shows that the 
 sound of S, and the sound of the preceding stroke coalesce. There- 
 fore, a vowel sound can not intervene. 
 
 As before stated, any stroke in Second Position is followed oy 
 a vowel sound. The initial vowel is located by Position. We 
 have learned in a preceding lesson, that certain strokes denote a 
 vowel sound following, where such strokes occur medially and fi- 
 nally. We must now learn that certain other strokes do not indicate 
 a vowel sound following them, where such strokes occur medially 
 and finally. The strokes mentioned in the last section of paragraph 
 24, page 10, do not indicate a vowel sound following them. But, 
 they may be lengthened to indicate a vowel sound following them ; 
 and they may be super -lengthened to indicate successive vowel 
 sounds following them. Thus, we superlengthen stroke K in vacu- 
 um and vacuity. 
 
 The following words require that medial and final P, B, K, G, 
 F, V, Th, M, be lengthened, to show that a vowel sound follows 
 them. Prepare as previously directed. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. IX. 
 
 Ropy. Foppy. Mopy. Shoppy. Floppy. Sloppy. Snappy. 
 Scrappy. Ruby. Lub}*. Webby. Shabby. Nobby. Stubby. Beechy. 
 Screechy. Peachy. Pokey. Tacky. Decoy. Racky. Lackey. 
 Mucky. Dickey. Shacky. Streaky. Buggy. Doggie. Raggy. Fogy. 
 Logy. Snaggy. Pithy. Botha. Mathew. Leafy. Levy. Dummy. 
 Chummy. Limy. Slimy. Risky. Dusky. Musky. Bric-a-brac. 
 Progeny. Tremulous. Sirocco. Obligatory. Disparity. Alluvial. 
 Acropolis. Butchery. Braggadocio. Promissory. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 123 
 
 We have learned that a final non-coalescent S circle the larg- 
 er circle, denotes that a vowel sound precedes the sound of S. 
 Therefore, the strokes P, B, Ch, J, M, Th, and others mentioned 
 in third section of paragraph 24, need not be lengthened to show 
 a vowel sound following them, where the final non-coalescent S 
 circle is joined to them. Thus, the word ruby requires that the 
 stroke B be lengthened; but rubies does not so require, because 
 the final S circle, made large, shows a vowel sound preceding S. 
 Therefore, 1 a vowel follows B. You may now review Lesson VI 
 entire. Write each word in the lesson at least ten times. We will 
 then write it, from dictation, as many more times. The principles 
 set forth in this lesson must be mastered. They confer upon our 
 writing a great part of its exceptional legibility. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 During the next half hour you may study paragraph 25, and 
 accompanying illustrations, page 13. 
 
 Mary, tell us how the stroke P.I differs from the stroke P1-. 
 
 "The P.I stroke has the L, hook made wide to show that a 
 short vowel sound comes between the sound of P and 1 ; and the 
 PI- stroke has the hook made ver/ narrow to show that the vowel 
 sound follows the coalescing sounds of pi. ' ' 
 
 What other strokes with R hook, have the R hook made wide 
 to show that a short vowel sound occurs between the sounds of the 
 stroke and the hook? 
 
 "The strokes P, B, T, D, K, G, F, Sh, and Th are the only 
 consonants that coalesce with R. On these strokes, the small R 
 hook shows a coalescence, and a vowel sound following. This is 
 true, where these strokes are employed initially, medially and final- 
 ly. Therefore, to show that a short vowel sound comes in between 
 the sounds of P, B, T, D, K, G, F, Th, and the Rhook, we widen 
 the hook. But, on the Sh stroke, instead of widening the R hook, 
 we write the Sh.r stroke downward, and the coalescing Shr- stroke 
 upward. Then, since the coalescing shr- stroke is not needed 
 medially and finally, we employ its form, medially and finally, to 
 express Y.r, as in lawyer." 
 
 You show a mastery of the lesson, Mary. Now, James, you 
 may tell us about the strokes with L hooks. 
 
 "Lesson III taught us that only five strokes, P, B, K, G, and 
 F coalesce with the sound of L, ; that such coalescing sound of L is 
 expressed by a very narrow initial L, hook. Therefore, where the 
 sound of L does not coalesce with these five strokes, or rather, 
 where a short vowel sound occurs between the sound of each of 
 these five strokes and the sound of L, we must show the presence 
 of such vowel sound by widening the L hook." 
 
124 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Correct. You are intelligent and industrious students. I see 
 that you intend to master all the technical niceties of shorthand. 
 This is right. Whatever you undertake to do, you should do well. 
 Now, Henry, you may tell us what words and syllables each of 
 these non-coalescent L and R hook strokes represent. 
 
 "Stroke p.l expresses pal, pel, pil, pol, pul; b.l, bal, bel, bil, 
 bol, bul; k.l, cal, kel, kil, col, cul; g.l, gal, gel, gil, gol, gul; 
 f.l, fal, fel, fil, fol, ful." 
 
 "P.r, par, per, pir, por, pur; b.r, bar, ber, bir, bor, bur; t.r, 
 tar, ter, tir, tor, tur; d.r, dar, der, dir, dor, dur; k.r, car, ker, kir, 
 kor, kur; g.r, gar, ger, gir, gor, gur; f.r, far, fer, fir, for, fur; 
 th.r, thar, ther, thir, thor, thur; sh.r, shar, sher, shir, shor, shur." 
 
 In line I, page 13, you observe that the L hook, on strokes 
 T and D, is made very narrow, and yet a short vowel sound comes 
 between the sound of the stroke and hook. Who can explain why 
 this L hook is made small? 
 
 Well, I am much pleased to see every hand raised. Glad that 
 each member of the class has so thoroughly mastered this great 
 lesson. Laura, you may explain. 
 
 "We have already used the strokes T and D, with large initial 
 hook, on right-hand side, to express Tw- and Dw- respectively. 
 Therefore, we can not use the widened L hook on these strokes. 
 Nor is it necessary that we use a widened hook to show that a vow - 
 el sound occurs between the sound of T or D and a following L ; 
 because a vowel sound must occur between T or D and L- That 
 is, neither T nor D coalesces with L-" 
 
 "The same thing is true of some other strokes. Thus, the 
 sound of R does not coalesce with Ch, J, V, Th, as heard in them, 
 S, Z, and Y. Therefore, a small R hook may be employed in con- 
 nection with above strokes to express the sound of R, separated 
 from the sound of the stroke by a short vowel sound." 
 
 "Likewise, the sound of L may be expressed by a small hook 
 on strokes Ch, J, V, M and N; and, by knowing that a short vow- 
 el sound always occurs between these strokes and L, we can always 
 give the strokes their proper names." 
 
 Let us write wide L hooks on strokes P, B, K, G, and F. 
 What are they named, so written? 
 
 "Pal, pel, pil, pol, pul; bal, bel, bil, bol, bul; cal, kel, kil, 
 col, cul; gal, gel, gil, gol, gul; fal, fel, fil, fol, ful." 
 
 Now let us write a small L hook on strokes Ch, J, V, Th, M, 
 and N and name them. 
 
 "Chal, chel, chil, chol, chul; jal, jel, jil, jol, jul; val,vel,vil, 
 vol, vul; thai, thel, thil, thol, thul; mal, mel, mil, mol, mul; nal, 
 nel, nil, nol, mil." 
 
 I now call your attention to the form of the L hook on Ray 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 125 
 
 stroke; to the special forms for Qu-r, L-r, -x.r, and -x.l. The 
 strokes Ray and Hay, unmodified, are never used in Third Position. 
 But their forms, in said position, express .x, and .x-r. 
 
 We do not employ R hook on strokes .mp and .ng: but, we 
 use their forms, with R hook, for M.r and N.r respectively. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Take up the study of Lesson VIII, pages 14 and 15. Write 
 each word of this lesson at least ten times. Should you not thor- 
 oughly understand the construction of any outline, review the 
 preceding instructions, and the illustrations in first 8 lines, page 13. 
 When you have mastered this lesson as we herein direct, I will 
 dictate the same to you, at least ten times. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Memorize the last seven lines in paragraph 26. Study the il- 
 lustrations in lines 9 to 13 inclusive, page 13. 
 
 The non-coalescent or large S circle, employed initially, in 
 Third Position, on the R hook side of straight strokes, shows that 
 the stroke sound does not coalesce with the sound of R. Where 
 the small S circle is written within the large L, and R hooks, it shows 
 thatthe stroke does not coalesce with L, or R. A careful study of the 
 dots in the letter names of the strokes will enable you to master these 
 non-coalescent outlines readily. Observe, also, that the initial non- 
 coalescent S circle is written close down upon the ruled line, so 
 that the greater portion of the stroke may appear below the ruled 
 line. As previously taught, this form shows that a vowel sound 
 does not follow the sound of the R expressed by the closed R hook. 
 Observe the coalescent stroke form for the coalescing consonants 
 Shi-, as heard in Schley. See line 13. 
 
 You may now prepare for my criticism, as per previous direc- 
 tions, the following word list. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. X. 
 
 Brews, tries, cries, three, shrew, shrieks, thrice, pressure, 
 treasure, measure, pretty, preaches, prig, primp, primper, jumper, 
 thumper, bumper, lumber, thinker, tinker, linger, banker, brings. 
 Tracks, tramp, trampest, dropsy, drakes, drudges, drams, crabs, 
 cracks, crags, crashes, cramps, gropest, Greeks, growths, greenies, 
 freaks, frills, shrugs, throb, paper, tapir, deeper, cheaper, keeper, 
 taper, reapers, vapors, mopers, nippers, weepers, whippers, tabors, 
 robbers, faber, labor, neighbors, Webber, madder, wider, bigger, 
 baker, ticker, choker, raker, figure, maker, liquor, mother, father, 
 lather, bother, favor, fifer, puffer, pusher, masher, fisher, breaker, 
 bragger, trackers, trigger, dropper, dragger, creepers, pitcher, 
 
126 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Beecher, teacher, ditcher, matcher, ledger, major, reacher, catcher, 
 charter, badgers, preacher, trudger, eager, wager, jerks, germs, 
 German, vermin, verily, wagers, leisure, marks, martyr, murder, 
 roomer, dimmer, tamer, boomers, trimmer, charms, grammar, lamer, 
 banner, dinners, gunners, finer, thinner, manners, winners, whiner, 
 trimmer, framer, paler, dealers, tiller, bailor, duller, jailor, killer, 
 gullers, ruler, heeler, feeler, viler, mailer, nailer, wailer, frillers, 
 miller, growler, trillers, drillers, pumper, camper, timbers, canker, 
 vamper, thumper, whimper, drinkers. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Take up the study and practice of Lesson IX, pages 16 and 17, 
 writing each word at least ten times. We will then write the les- 
 son from dictation as many more times. 
 
 Observe that the final st circle expresses the endings sty, city, 
 sity, etc. We are now employing three size circles the coalescent 
 S circle, the smallest circle we can form; the non- coalescent S 
 circle, and the St circle. Form the St circle about four times as 
 large as the non -coalescent S circle, or about twice its diameter. 
 
 You may now prepare for my inspection and criticism the fol- 
 lowing word list. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. XI. 
 
 Paste, post, past. Opposed. Paces, pieces, poses, pauses. 
 Opposes. Paster, pastor. Pastes. Pastors. Placed. Priest, pressed. 
 Presses. Oppresses. Spaced, spiced. Supposed. Spaces, spices. 
 Supposes. Spliced. Splices. Suppressed. Baste, beast, boast, best. 
 Boasts, beasts. Ebbest. Basis, bosses. Abcess, abuses. Boaster. 
 Boasters. Blazed, blast, blest. Blazes, blesses. Bluster. Braced, 
 breast. Abreast. Breezes. Sobbest. Teased, toast, tossed, test. 
 Teases, tosses. Attests. Traced, trust. Dust. Addest, oddest. 
 Doses. Adduces. Dressed. Addressed. Dresses. Addresses. 
 Saddest, soddest. Chased, chest, chaste. Etchest. Chooses, chases, 
 cheeses. Jests. Edgest. Juices. Jesus. Cased, coast, cast, cost. 
 Accost. Cases, causes. Castors. Classed. Classes. Clusters. 
 Christ. Crest, crossed, crust, creased. Acrost. Creases, crosses. 
 Sackest. Raced, rest, roast, rust. Races, rises, roses. Arrests. 
 Hosts. Faced, feast, fast, fist. Officed, effaced. Sufficed. Suffices. 
 Vast, vest. Vases, voices. Laced, leased, loosed, last, lest, list, 
 lost, lust. Laces, leases, lasses, losses. Luster, lester. Illest. 
 Sliced. Sellest. Thesis. Mast, mussed, mist, most, must. Amassed, 
 amazed. Maces, messes. Amasses. Master. Waste, waist, west. 
 Wheezes. Arrests. Arises. Nests. Noses. Honest. Nestor. 
 Sneezes. Sunnest, sinnest. Singest. Songster. Pasty. Beasty. 
 Bestow. Testy, tasty. Dusty. Trusty. Atrocity. Crusty. Gusty. 
 Frosty. Blustery. Lusty. Rusty. Musty. Nasty. Nastier. Mus- 
 tier. Rustier. Trustier. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 127 
 
 LENGTHENING PRINCIPLE. 
 
 Payees. Sprayest. Playest. Prayest. Blowest. Truest. Driest. 
 Chewest. Jewest. Ruest. Hewest. Viewest. Lowest, lay est. Show- 
 iest. Readiest. Pokest. Biggest. Rulest. Heaviest. Gavest. Gam- 
 est. Keenest. Shakiest. Funniest. Blackest. Breakest. Streakest. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Take up the study and practice of Lesson X. Write each word 
 ten times. We will then dictate the lesson as many more times. 
 
 After you have mastered this lesson, you will prepare for my 
 inspection a copy of the following word list. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. XII. 
 
 Pain, pine, pawn, pan, pen, pin, pun. Pains, pines. Punster. 
 Plain, plan. Plains, plans. Prance, prince. Pranced. Prances, 
 princes. Spain, spine, spoon, spawn, span, spin, spun. Bean, bone, 
 boon, been. Beans, bones, bins. Blaine, blown. Brain, brine, 
 brown. Brains. Bounced. Bounces. Tone, tune, town, tan, ten, 
 tin, ton. Tones, tunes. Tenses. Attain, attune. Attains, attunes. 
 Twain. Train. Trains. Dane, dean, dine, down, dawn, Dan, den, 
 din, dun. Danes. Drain, drown, drawn. Sadden. Chain. Chains. 
 Chances. June, join. Joins. Kane, keen, kine. Coon, coin, can, 
 ken, kin. Skein, scan. Clean, clan, clown. Crowns. Gains, guns. 
 Glance, gleans. Glanced. Glances. Grains, greens, groans, groins. 
 Rain, Rhine, Rhone, ran, wren, run. Hone, hen. Fine, fan, fun. 
 Fines. Vane, vine. Veins, vines. Funny. Viney. Thane, thin. 
 Than, then. Thence. Lain, lean, line, loan, loin, lawn. Lanes, 
 loans. Lena. Lion. Ilion. Leonidas. Slain. Main, mean, mine, 
 moan, moon, man, men. Mines. Many, money. Ammonia. Sum- 
 mons. Wane, wean, wine, wan, win. Swains, swans. Whine. 
 Queens. Sheen, shine, shone. Shiny. Nine, none, noon, noun. 
 Anon. Pean. Bowen. Ruin. Moen. Pinch. Bench. Dandy. Mon- 
 day. Happen. Drench. French. Stench. Fringe. Cringe. Beauty. 
 
 We will now take up our daily review in writing the words 
 and sentences in Lessons XXIII and XXIV, and the simple sen- 
 tences we have composed for daily dictation. This daily drill must 
 never be neglected. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Master Lesson XI, pages 20 1. I do not deem it necessary 
 to add to the text of this lesson. When you have mastered it, and 
 have written it at least ten times, you will then prepare for my in- 
 spection, according to all previous directions, the following word 
 list: 
 
128 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 WORD LIST NO. XIII. 
 
 Pave, puff. Passion. Option. Oppression. Apportion. Opera- 
 tion. Deprave. Reproof. Beef. Above. Brave. Bluff. Tough, tiff. 
 Native. Dative. Vocative. Co-operative. Stave, stiff, stuff. Strife. 
 Achieve. Mischief. Gage. Given. Aggrieve. Move. Cough. Cof- 
 fee. Loves. Levies. Raves. Refuse. Delves. Engraves. Retrieves. 
 Caution. Action. Occasion. Fusion. Effusion. Accretion. Aggra- 
 vations. Exhibition. Exceptions. Executions. Extradition. Exul- 
 tations. Exertions. 
 
 Excels. Excellence. Excellency. Deception. Selection. Pro- 
 bation. Rendition. Petition. Edition. Section. Attraction. Direc- 
 tion. Inspection. Fiction. Affection. Reduction. Station. Retrac- 
 tion. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Master Lesson XII. Write each word at least ten times. Give 
 special attention to the methods of expressing the terminations 
 -nshun, -nder, -nter. Note that the lengthening of a stroke to 
 add N takes place where we can not well employ N hook. There- 
 fore, generally, a vowel sound does not follow N, expressed by 
 lengthening a stroke. Note that the L loop, where it follows the 
 sound of N expressed by lengthening a stroke, or by N expressed 
 by N hook, represents the syllables t.l, d.l. But where the L loop 
 is employed on normal N stroke, it expresses the sound of -1 only. 
 
 Write this lesson from dictation ten times. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Lesson XIII may be mastered from the regular text and illus- 
 trations. Write it at least ten times. We will then write it from 
 dictation as many more times 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Turn to Lesson XXV, pages 48 9, and memorize the word- 
 signs in first four lines. We are then prepared to write the follow- 
 ing sentences: 
 
 "They are usually too large. It is unusual for us to do so. 
 What language do you speak? It has been a long time since I saw 
 you. What objection do you have to this way? You may come 
 along with us. This way is unusually long. I saw them awhile 
 ago. We are about to go there with them. Are you aware of it? 
 What is his opinion about this matter? You are wrong in your 
 opinion. We remember that quite well. Can you give us the 
 number of his house? He is aware that there may be objections to 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 129 
 
 this way. Do they belong to you or to me? I believe you are right 
 about it. I am here for the goods. He will behave well, I believe. 
 I placed the book behind the table. We beheld them, when they 
 were far away. Does this appear right to you? It appears to at- 
 tract you. I shall be there during the rest of this week. He is a 
 dear friend of mine. The goods are large in bulk but light in 
 weight. I wish the larger book. There is much greater danger 
 there than here. I am very particular about this matter. I will 
 be pleased to give you a dollar for it. Give us the other map. I 
 will take either of them. He is a more able man than you may 
 think. His name is John. That was Mr. L,ee who just left when 
 you came. Do you wish a longer line? Herein, you will find 
 three dollars, for which you may send me, by express, a copy of 
 your atlas. It is generally known that the bank is solvent. The 
 firm went through bankruptcy last year. Did you tell me that this 
 man is now a bankrupt?" 
 
 Above sentences will serve you as models for your own com- 
 position. I now ask that you each prepare twenty sentences, em- 
 bodying word -sign words already memorized, in connection with 
 words that may be written according to the theory learned. We 
 will collect your respective work, grade it, and employ it in our 
 class dictation. We can not secure too much good practice with 
 our word -sign words. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 You may memorize the remaining word -signs in Lesson XXV. 
 Then you may write twenty sentences each, to be used in our dic- 
 tation classes, as above suggested. I submit the following senten- 
 ces for your daily dictation and writing drills: 
 
 They have established a good government. This is especially 
 true of this book. They were astonished at the news. An igno- 
 rant people can not prosper. I rather like this best. He is a most 
 capable man. Is it possible that this may be true? I really be- 
 lieve so. It will avail them nothing. It is evil and only evil. 
 They met with much difficulty here. I shall go unless he does 
 this. I may stay here until he comes. Can they compel the people 
 to do that? What is the condition of the bridge now? It is very 
 poor in its construction. This cask contains twenty gallons. He 
 is a member of our denomination. This generation appears much 
 more wise than the former one. The degeneration of the race 
 makes regeneration difficult. We shall consider it. Nevertheless, 
 I believe he is a superior superintendent. Do you offer a set-off 
 against this account? I suggest that you do this now. What is 
 the tuition for a course in shorthand and typewriting? What do 
 
130 . SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 you think he values this property at? The children are now at 
 home. This is subject to change at a moment's notice. In con- 
 sideration of this payment, we herein agree to pay the sum of thirty 
 dollars, July 1st, next. He represents a district in the senate of 
 Minnesota. Your book differs much from his. He has been a 
 most faithful representative to his people. We shall go there to- 
 gether. I shall take pleasure in assisting you in that case. He 
 was here some time ago. They differ somewhat. Is that the or- 
 dinary way to do it? He drove the wagon between the houses. 
 I shall go there immediately. This is public property. When 
 will the book be ready for publication? He says he will exchange 
 places with you. Perhaps they may learn our purpose in this mat- 
 ter. You may enter now. This is entirely different. It is a most 
 peculiar place. The lock is now secure. He has had a good in- 
 fluence over the boy. What is the spirit of the play? The gentle- 
 man you saw there is my agent. Look toward the setting sun ! 
 Are you certain about this? James is an intelligent man. The note 
 is negotiable. Shall I accompany you? What season of the year 
 is this? He handles negotiable paper. This is his signature. I 
 have sufficient money to take me there. . He is the plaintiff in the 
 case. The revolution may be a revelation to this people. This is 
 a peculiar business. Come to see us at your convenience. This 
 is a Christian nation. Are you familiar with the family? Behold 
 the magnificence of this view! The apostle is writing a second 
 epistle. You may abbreviate your writing. Give special attention 
 to accuracy, in your writing. Are you ready to make affidavit to 
 this? What is his allowance per week? You have made great ad- 
 vancement during the past week. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 We will spend a part of each day reviewing the word -signs, 
 and writing the sentences we have composed. The rest of our time 
 we shall devote to the study of the remaining lessons in the book. 
 Let us return now to Lesson XIV, page 26 7. We will master 
 this lesson, and each of the following ones, after this order: 
 
 Write each lesson at least ten times. Understand all the rules 
 and illustrations. Dictate each lesson at least ten times. The 
 members of the class may take turns in the work of dictating. We 
 shall endeavor to master a lesson each day. By so doing we shall 
 be able to take up miscellaneous dictation soon. Lessons XV, 
 XVI, XVII, XVIII, and XIX are very complete, both in instruc- 
 tion and illustrations. I do not see any need of further instructions 
 thereon. 
 
SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 131 
 
 The first paragraph of the following list of words employs the 
 vowel strokes, initially. There are but few words that begin with 
 a long vowel or diphthong sound. The list given here will suffice 
 to illustrate the uses of the vowel strokes initially. Of course, 
 such strokes must be written in First Position. The Au, Aw stroke 
 must be written upward. Prepare your copy as previously direc- 
 ted. 
 
 Acorn. Amiable. Apex. Aqua. Area. Auction. Audacious. 
 Audacity. Audible. Audience. Audiphone. Audit. Augment. 
 Augury. August. Auspice. Auspicious. Austere. Austral. Awful. 
 Awkward. Awning. Each. Eager. Eagle. Eaglet. Ear. Eaves. 
 Eden. Edict. Egoism. Egress. Eke. Equipoise. Era. Equable. 
 Ibex. Iceberg. Icicle. Idle. Oakum. Oil. Ointment. Oleomarga- 
 rine. Omega. Omen. Omit. Opacity. Opaque. Oolong. Open. 
 Orotund. Our. Outbalance. Outbreak. Outdoors. Outlast. Ova- 
 tion. Oval. Overalls. Overcharge. Overcome. Overdose. Overflow. 
 Overhaul. Oversee. Usury. Usurpation. Eucharist. Euphony. 
 Eulogy. Europe. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 The initial vowel is short, in the great majority of words that 
 begin with a vowel sound. Therefore, a large part of the words 
 commencing with a vowel are written in Third Position. Lesson 
 XIX teaches that our initial vowel strokes may be modified by an 
 initial M and N hook; that, when so modified, the initial vowel may 
 be either long or short. Where the initial vowel is followed by 
 sound of N, however, the vowel is generally short. A large por- 
 tion of the words that begin with A, and with E, commence with 
 the syllables an, am, an-, am-, en, em, en-, em-. Almost all the 
 words that begin with I and with U have in, in-, im, im~; un, 
 un-, um, urn- for their initial syllable. The sound of R, also, fol- 
 lows the initial vowel, in a large number of words. Therefore, the 
 initial N and M hooks, and the shading of the initial vowel stroke, 
 must be employed very frequently, and it is of the utmost import- 
 ance that the student be thoroughly drilled in the uses of the same. 
 It is better, generally, to employ the initial M and N hooks than 
 to write the initial M and N strokes in Third Position. This is 
 especially true of the strokes E, I, U, and Au. 
 
 The strokes M and N should be written in Third Position, 
 however, where they join better with the stroke following; or, the 
 vowel strokes, with final N hook, may be used. 
 
 The following list of words employ initial vowel strokes, mo- 
 dified by initial M and N hooks. Be sure to lengthen the strokes 
 where a second vowel sound immediately follows the initial syllable. 
 
132 SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND. 
 
 Generally, it is best to write the initial syllables am, am-, an, an-, 
 in Third Position. Prepare your work as previously directed. 
 
 Emanate. Embalm. Embarkation. Embassy Ember. Emblem. 
 Embolden. Embosom. Embrace. Embroider. Embroil. Embryo. 
 Emigrant. Empale. Emphasize. Employ. Empress. Empty. Emu- 
 lative. Enable. Enamel. Enchant. Enchase. Encompass. Enclose. 
 Encradle. Endear. Endure. Enfeeble. Enfold. Engender. Engineer. 
 Engrain. Engrave. Engross. Enhance. Enjoin. Enjoy. Enlist. 
 Enliven. Enmity. Entail. Enterprise. Entertain. Environ. Envoy. 
 
 Image. Imagine. Imbalm. Imbark. Imbibe. Imbitter. Imbo- 
 som. Imbue. Imitate. Immaculate. Immaterial. Immature. Im- 
 merge. Immigrant. Imminence. Immodest. Immunity. Impale. 
 Impassable. Impatient. Impeach. Impecunious. Impediment. 
 Imperial. Imperious. Impetus. Impious. Implant. Implement. 
 Implore. Impolitic. Importation. Impose. Impossible. Impotent. 
 Impress. Impromptu. Improve. Imprudence. Impulse. Impute. 
 Inability. Inaccuracy. Inaction. Inactive. Inadequate. Inadmis- 
 sible. Inattention. Inaudible. Inaugurate. Inauspicious. Incanta- 
 tion. Incapable. Inclemency. Inclination. Inclusive. Incompar- 
 able. Incomplete. Incongruity. Inconsistent. Inconvenient. In- 
 corporate. Incorrupt. Increase. Incredible. Incrust. Incubate. 
 Incumbency. Incur. Incursion. Indecorous. Indemnify. Index. 
 Indicative. Indigenous. Indigent. Indirect. Indispose. Indisposi- 
 tion. Indolence. Infant. Infect. Infelicitous. Inferior. Infernal. 
 Infidel. Infinitive. Inflame. Inform. Infranchise. Infuriate. Infuse. 
 Inglorious. Ingrate. Inhale. Inhibit. Initial. Inject. Injustice. 
 Inland. Inlist. Inmost. Inofficious. Inosculate. Intense. Intention. 
 Intimacy. Intolerable. Intone. Intrepid. Introduce. Intrusion. 
 Intrust. Intuition. Invade. Invalidate. Invasion. Invent. Invert. 
 Invest. Invidious. Inviolate. Inward. 
 
 Umber. Umbrage. Umbrella. Umbrage. Unclasp. Unclean. 
 Uncouth. Uncreated. Unconscious. Uncover. Undeceive. Undeni- 
 able. Undress. Unduly. Uneasy. Unequal. Uneven. Unfair. Unfit. 
 
 Advance. 
 
 Lesson XIX teaches that the vowel strokes may be shaded to 
 add the sound of R. Words beginning with ar, er, ir, or, ur, aur, 
 generally, should employ the shaded vowel strokes. The vowel 
 strokes are lengthened to show a second vowel sound immediately 
 after R. The Au stroke cannot well be shaded, and we may better 
 employ the shaded O stroke to express the sound of aur, as heard 
 in aureole, auricular, auriform, aurist, aurora, etc. The initial 
 syllables ar before K and G; and ur, ear, er before P and B can 
 be expressed best by downward R stroke, in Third Position. 
 
 UNIVERSITY 01 
 
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. 
 
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