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 CRdnp'5 
 
 Battle S 
 Modern 
 Steam & 
 
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 Parsoi 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 edo Vessels, all with 
 
 ounts, .suitable for any 
 
 srs and all equipments 
 Machinery, Hydraulic 
 nace Blower Engines, 
 7 device or appliance 
 
 ailway 
 /hite Brass 
 
 "S 
 
 Of Plant - Thirty-two acres. Area covered by buildings, fifteen acres. 
 Delaware River front, 1,543 feet - 
 
 and most powerful Floating Derrick in the World; capacity 130 tons, 
 with 60 feet hc^st and 36 feet out-hang of boom. Number of men 
 employed, about 6,000 in all departments. 
 
 At OnCGy the greatest and most complete Ship and Engine Building establishment, 
 and the best appointed Naval and Military Arsenal,, in the Western 
 Hemisphere. 
 
PR ESEN TE D 
 
 THE COMPLIMENTS OF 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA 
 MARITIME EXCHANGE. 
 
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FOUNDED A. D. 1818 
 
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 POWERS 
 
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 |\/|anufacturing 
 Chemists 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 JACOB G. NEAFIE 
 President 
 
 HATHIAS SEDDINQER 
 Vice=President 
 
 CHAS. HALYBURTON 
 Sec'y and Treas. 
 
 Tie Neafie & Levy snip am Engine SuiWing 
 
 Penn Works 
 
 Iron and Steel Ship and Engine Builders of every Description 
 
 Beach and Palmer Streets 
 
 Steamship Repairs a Specialty 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
INDEX OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 Launch of the S. S. St. Louis . 3 
 
 The Delaware River From Source to the Sea 5 
 
 First Exploration .............. 5 
 
 Dutch and Swedish Colonists ............ 6 
 
 First Organized Government 8 
 
 Capture of Fort Christina 8 
 
 The Holland Patent, Old Swedish Churches 8 
 
 Philadelphia Planned 9 
 
 Penn's Treaty . .11 
 
 Philadelphia the National Capital, A great Industrial Metropolis, Birthplace of 
 
 Steam Navigation 13 
 
 Historic Landmarks, Battle of Red Bank, Siege of Fort Mifflin 18 
 
 Philadelphia's Water Front . . . . 15 
 
 Advantages for Manufacturers 17 
 
 Removal of the Islands, New Railroad Bridge, State Quarantine Station . . 18 
 
 National Quarantine . . . . -23 
 
 Breakwater Station 24 
 
 Reedy Island Station 29 
 
 The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange 37 
 
 Reporting Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . -59 
 
 Life-Saving Service 62 
 
 Pilot Boats, City Ice Boats 67 
 
 Lights of the Delaware . . 69 
 
 Ship Building 73 
 
 Delaware River Defences, The Great Navy Yard of the Future 77 
 
 Removal of Obstructions below Philadelphia . . . . . . . .81 
 
 Harbor and River Improvment, Delaware Avenue Improvement . . . -83 
 
 Chester, Wilmington and other Ports 85 
 
 School Ship Saratoga 87 
 
 Naval Reserves, Distances ............ 89 
 
 Value of Exports and Imports 89 
 
 Commerce of the Port of Philadelphia for Ten Years . . . . . -9 
 
 Arrivals at Delaware Breakwater in 1894, Coast Line Distances . . . . 91 
 
 Survey Charts of the Delaware Bay and River, Shipping Terms, Nautical Measures . 92 
 Directory of Commercial and Maritime Associations in Philadelphia, Public Offices 93 
 Foreign Consuls .............. 94 
 
 New Offices, Directors and Committees of the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange . 96 
 
HoMOQiwn' 
 KTE WHISKEY 
 
 Carstairs, McCall & Co. 
 
 222 5. Front St. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 i State Street 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 to a steadily increasing demand from private par- 
 ties for our well known brand of Whiskey . 
 
 CARSTAIRS' MONOGRAM 
 
 We are now putting it up in cases, and 
 request you will give it a trial. 
 
 We guarantee these goods to be the 
 oldest and finest Rye Whiskey cased . Price , 
 $18.00 per case of 12 bottles each. 
 
 For sale by the following well known houses: 
 
 E. J. CRIPPEN & CO. 8HOWELL & FRYER 
 
 MITCHELL, FLETCHER & CO, LELAR & COMPANY 
 
LIST OF ADVERTISERS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 American Dredging Co. ... 27 
 
 Atlantic Refining Company, The 12 
 
 Baizley.John 19 
 
 Baldwin locomotive Works 30 
 
 Barney & Co., Charles D 4 
 
 Bartram, The . . 35 
 
 Berwind-White Coal Mining Co 30 
 
 Branson Machine Co 17 
 
 Brill Company, J. G 43 
 
 British and Foreign Marine Insurance Co. , Ltd. 41 
 
 Brockie & Welsh 5 
 
 Brown Brothers & Co 41 
 
 Carnahan & Ennis 39 
 
 Carstairs, McCall & Co c 
 
 Chandler & Co., Alfred N 8 
 
 Chapman Derrick and Wrecking Co 48 
 
 Clyde Steamship Co., The 24 
 
 Cramp's Ship Yard .... Second Page of Cover 
 
 Cresson Co., Geo. V a 
 
 Crew, Levick & Co 47 
 
 Delaware Insurance Co., The 29 
 
 Earn Line Steamship Company, The n 
 
 Electro Phototype Co., The 17 
 
 Evans, Louis P 32 
 
 Fall River Line 20 
 
 Felton, Sibley & Co 21 
 
 Flanagan, S. & Jas. M .42 
 
 Franklin Sugar Refining Co., The 25 
 
 Garrett & Sons, W. E 32 
 
 Gas Engine and Power Co 48 
 
 Gillingham, Garrison & Co., Limited 39 
 
 Girard Point Storage Company 44 
 
 Godley's Storage Warehouses 33 
 
 Graham-Meyer Torch and Liquid Light Co. ,Inc. 22 
 Guarantors Liability Indemnity Company of 
 
 Pennsylvania, The 16 
 
 Hagan & Co., Peter 5 
 
 Hagar & Co., W. F 40 
 
 Hale& KilburnMfg. Co., The 46 
 
 Halyburton, Jr., C . . . 39 
 
 Hampton, Jr., & Co., J. W 21 
 
 Hannis Distilling Co., The 39 
 
 Harlan & Hollingsworth Company, The ... 19 
 
 Hempstead & Son, O. G 20 
 
 Hibbs, E. A 2 i 
 
 Hillman Ship and Eng. Bldg. Co., The Chas. . 2 
 
 Hoopes & Townsend 18 
 
 Horstmann Company, Wm. H 8 
 
 Insurance Company of North America . 14-15 
 International Navigation Company. .... 13 
 Janney & Co., O. S 46 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Johnson & Higgtns 21 
 
 Keen, Sutterle Co 37 
 
 Kensington Engine Works, Limited 3 
 
 Keystone Detective Agency 39 
 
 Lesley & Trinkle 32 
 
 Levis & Co., Henry . . 44 
 
 Maritime Exchange Reporting Station, The . 34 
 
 Mather & Co 45 
 
 McCahan Sugar Refining Co., The W. J. . . . 26 
 
 McDonough & Co.,M. F. ... 29 
 
 Moore & Sinnott 31 
 
 Moore & Sons Co. , Enoch 29 
 
 Morris, Tasker & Co. (Inc.) 10 
 
 Morse, Williams & Co 46 
 
 Neafie & Levy Ship and Eng. Bldg. Co., The . b 
 
 Newhall Engineering Co., Geo. M., Limited. . 23 
 
 Newport News Ship Bldg. and Dry Dock Co. . 6 
 
 Pain's Fireworks Co. . . 40 
 
 Palace Steamer Republic 9 
 
 Parr & Son, I. M., Limited 17 
 
 Pennsylvania Railroad Co. . Third Page of Cover 
 
 Penna. Warehousing and Safe Deposit Co. . . 7 
 
 Philadelphia Engineering Works, Limited . . 4 
 
 Philadelphia Grain Elevator Co., The 9 
 
 Philadelphia Shipping Company 6 
 
 Plumb, Fayette R 22 
 
 Powers & Weightman b 
 
 Pusey & Jones Co., The 33 
 
 Quaker City Cooperage Co 20 
 
 Red Star Tugs. . 28 
 
 Robert Hare Powel Co 39 
 
 Samuel, Frank 45 
 
 Scott, George W 8 
 
 Seaboard Oil Works 44 
 
 Segal, A 46 
 
 Sellers & Co., Wm. (Inc.) i 
 
 Sheppard & Co., Isaac A 28 
 
 Shinn & Co 42 
 
 Smithers & Co.,W. H 23 
 
 Southwark Foundry and Machine Co 7 
 
 Spreckels Sugar Refining Company 3 
 
 Sterling Coal Co 2 
 
 Stetson Co., John B 4 
 
 Strawbridge fit Clothier 5 
 
 Taylor's Sons, Chas. M. 9 
 
 Upper Delaware River Transportation Co. . . 36 
 
 Wetherill Company, The S. P 19 
 
 White Dental Mfg. Co., The S.S d 
 
 Williamson & Cassedy 40 
 
 Wilmington & Northern R. R 38 
 
The S. S. White Dental ]Wfg. Go 
 
 Chestnut Street, Cor. Twelfth, Philadelphia 
 
 BRANCHES: 
 
 New York Boston Chicago Brooklyn Atlanta 
 
 n 
 
 anufacturers of every article used by the Dental Profession, 
 either in the office or laboratory. 
 
 Established in 1844, this house has rounded out 
 its full half century of successful progress without a 
 check, and without vanity it can claim the application 
 of this quotation : 
 
 " Leadership means superiority. Continued leadership implies progress. 
 Tacitly acknowledged leadership over many competitors shows undeniable 
 merit. Enduring success must be founded on intrinsic worth. Reputation 
 does not long survive the qualities upon which it was founded." 
 
THE HAND BOOK 
 
 OF THE 
 
 L 
 
 ower 
 
 Del 
 
 aware 
 
 Ri 
 
 iver 
 
 PORTS, TIDES, PILOTS, QUARANTINE STATIONS, 
 .HT-HOUSE SERVICE, IJFE-SAVfNG AND MARITIME REPORTING STATIONS 
 
 ISSUED UNDER DIRECTION OF 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA MARITIME EXCHANGE 
 
 PREPARED AND ILLUSTRATED BY 
 
 H. 
 
 GEO. S. HARRIS & SONS, PRINTERS 
 
 718 ARCH STREET, PHILADA. 
 
 1895 
 
HE si 
 
 s - 
 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1895 
 BY THE PHILADELPHIA MARITIME EXCHANGE 
 
251021 
 
The Delaware Raver. 
 
 From Source to the Sea. 
 
 THE sources of the Delaware River are found under the western shadows 
 of the Catskill Mountains in the State of New York. Its east and 
 west branches, flowing thence upon either side of a lateral range oi 
 highlands, are united near Port Deposit, and upon its course to the 
 sea the stream forms the partial boundary line of four populous States. The 
 upper reaches of the Delaware for two hundred or more miles present a con- 
 tinuous series of beautiful vistas 
 much loved by the landscape artist 
 and favored by the angler, where 
 long and placid intervals between 
 lofty promontories are broken by 
 swi ft rapids as the river gathers vol- 
 ume on its way. Its principal trib- 
 utary is the equally picturesque 
 Lehigh River, meeting it at Easton, 
 and the outflow below this point 
 drains a territory of 11,000 square 
 miles. The Delaware River first 
 lends itself to the uses of navigation 
 at Trenton, N. J., to which point 
 river steamers regularly ply, the 
 ('epth of the channel varying from 
 seven feet near Bordentown to thirty- 
 nine feet at the mouth of Frankford 
 Creek. In front of Philadelphia, 
 
 and from this city to the sea, a distance of 103 miles, the depth is sufficient 
 for the largest sea going ships at the load line. From the last of its 
 rapid shallows the bed of the river is that of an alluvial tidal estuary, 
 broadened by the erosion of ages and flowing with the influx and retreat 
 of each day's tides between shores fringed with groves, bordered by broad 
 farms, embellished by splendid country seats and emphasized by vast and 
 infinitely varied industries. It is one of the great marine highways of the 
 world . 
 
 THK UPPER 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 First Exploration 1611. 
 
 When Thomas West, L,ord de la Ware, was sailing southward in 1611 
 along the mysterious coast of New Jersey upon his way to assume the duties 
 of Governor of the young colony of Virginia, then four years old, he was 
 
 5 
 
driven l?y sjtress p v weather inp the wide water between the capes at the jaws 
 of tlie.tiveJvStrt<J* a"SQsr}<|mg jt^autiously with lead line, he found upon the 
 site of Philadelphia the Indian Settlement of Coquannock, "the grove of 
 long pine trees," a capital town of the aggressive nation called the Lenni 
 Lenapes, and whose great chief was Tamanend, whence the present name of 
 " Tafnmany." 
 
 There were several names for the river in the Indian nomenclature of the 
 region. The people of the capital town called it the " L,enape Wihituck." 
 
 When a Swedish expedition came, the Bay Indians told them it was 
 called the " Pantoxet ; " a deed to William Penn refers to it as the Mackeris- 
 kickon. In another early document it is the ' ' Tunikoway ; " some tribes 
 called it the "Kitbanue," or " Main Stream," and to others again it was 
 known as the " Lamasepose," or "Fish River," because of its plentiful 
 salmon. 
 
 Colonized by the Dutch West India Company 1630. 
 
 An ancient document exists in Amsterdam, Holland, under which 
 patent, bearing date of July i, 1630, Samuel Godwin and Samuel Blommaert 
 secured title to the "Bay of the South River," otherwise the Delaware. 
 There was a lively scramble in the old Dutch town among the members of 
 the West India Company for large grants along the coast, including the 
 Hudson and Delaware Rivers, and colonization was promptly begun. 
 
 The ship "Walvis," sent by Captain DeViries, arrived at the Capes 
 early in 1631, with colonists who settled near the site of Lewiston, or Lewes, 
 Delaware, upon a small stream called the Horekill, and also took possession 
 of all the land in the vicinity of the Cape now called " May," in honor of 
 the Dutch captain and explorer, Captain Cornelius Jacobsen May, for whom, 
 also, New York Bay was long called " Port May." 
 
 The little settlement thus founded was doomed to an early extinction, 
 for upon the following year the settlers were all massacred as the finale of 
 a misunderstanding with the Indians. 
 
 In 1633 a Dutch Commissary, Arendt Corssen, bought a tract of land 
 upon the Schuylkill River, establishing there a trading post. Soon after 
 certain English colonists from Virginia undertook to effect a lodgment upon 
 the Delaware, but were captured and sent back whence they came. 
 
 Swedish Colonists 1638. 
 
 The spring of 1638 witnessed the arrival upon the Delaware or (South) 
 River of a new element in the form of an expedition sent out by the Swedish 
 West India Company, and piloted by Peter Minuit, a former director of the 
 Dutch Company. Their two ships, the " Key of Calmar ' ' and the ' ' Griffin, ' ' 
 
 6 
 
sailed up the river as far as the site of the City of Wilmington, bestowing 
 upon the stream at that point, called by the Dutch the " Minqua's Kill," 
 the name of their Queen, " Christina," since corrupted to " Christiana." 
 
 Having made a treaty with the Indians and built their fort, called also 
 Christina, they were in nominal control of the west shore of the river from 
 Cape Henlopen to the falls at the site of Trenton, although Fort Nassau, a 
 Dutch stronghold, was located about four miles below the site oT the city 
 built by Penn half a century later upon the New Jersey shore.* Neverthe- 
 less, the two peoples dwelt together with but little friction and prospered. 
 
 OLD SWEDKS CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 The Swedes had at this time also established a settlement at " Wicaco," 
 now a densely populated section of the City ol Philadelphia. 
 
 Early in 1641, an English colony from New Haven, Connecticut, 
 under Robert Cogswell, came to the South River and founded a town on 
 Varcken's Kill, now Salem Creek, and another upon the Schuylkill. f 
 Against these interlopers the Dutch and Swedes joined forces, and drove 
 them back to Yankee land. 
 
 * Fort Nassau was built upon the New Jersey shore, near the mouth of Timber Creek, not far from 
 Gloucester, and Fort Beversrede was located upon the west bank of the Schuylkill, near the famous 
 Bartra m's Garden, now one ot the parks of the City of Philadelphia. Its site was upon a point of rocks 
 near the deep cut of the P. W. & B. R. R. The Swedes afterwards neutralized the value of this fort by 
 building another and a stronger one at the mouth of the Schuylkill, which, with that of New Gottenburg 
 at Tinicum Island, Fort Christina at Christina Creek, and Fort Klfsborg at Salem Creek, gave them con- 
 trol over New Sweden, which extended from the head of navigation, near Trenton, to Cape Henlopen. 
 
 f A Dutch word meaning " Hidden Creek." 
 
First Organized Government within Limits of Pennsylvania 
 
 Tinicum 1643. 
 
 1643 brought to the colony of the Swedes that ponderous character 
 Lieutenant John Printz, as Governor for the Crown, backed by the war ships 
 " Swan " and " Charitas," as well as a shipload of new colonists. Printz 
 selected the island of " Tenacong," now "Tinicum," as his capital, and 
 built there his fort, "New Gottenburg," and his mansion of state, which 
 has come down in the romance of the time as " Printz Hall." The old 
 Quarantine and the club houses at Tinicum are near the site of this, the first 
 capital of organized government in the limits of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 The waters of the river have long ago swallowed up the exact site of the 
 Swedish buildings of state, but it is said that ancient bricks are occasionally 
 found along the shores at low tide which once had a place in their walls. 
 
 Capture of Fort Christina by Stuyvesant 1655. 
 
 Against the aggressive, and often insolent, nature of Governor John 
 Printz, the quiet-loving Dutchmen could not long prevail or remain at peace 
 with their neighbors. Appealing, therefore, to the greater and stronger 
 Dutch colony upon Manhattan Island, they were gladdened, in 1651, by a 
 visit from Peter Stuyvesant, from New Amsterdam, who having thus in- 
 formed himself of the situation, proceeded, in leisurely Dutch fashion, to 
 checkmate John Printz. It was the son-in-law and successor of Governor 
 Printz, however, John Pappegoya, who saw the fleet of Stuyvesant, seven 
 bulky ships, with over six hundred determined men, whose " Dutch was 
 up," come sailing up the river, in September, 1655, to invest and capture 
 Fort Christina, and forever dispel the dream of a new Sweden in America. 
 
 The Holland Patent- New Castle as the Capital. 
 
 From the time of that expedition the Dutch flag floated long un- 
 challenged upon the shores of the river. A portion of the lands of the 
 Dutch West India Company were sold to discharge a heavy debt to the City 
 of Amsterdam, this transaction covering the shore of the river from Christina 
 Creek to Bombay Hook. This ' ' colony of the city ' ' was called Nieuwer 
 Amstel, from a suburb of the Dutch metropolis, and as a capital " Casimir" 
 (now New Castle) was founded. Fort Christina became " Altona," and the 
 Swedish capital was changed to " Island Kattenburg." 
 
 Old Swedish Churches. 
 
 Many of the Swedish agriculturists remained contentedly upon the 
 river, leaving as monuments of their time which endure to the present day 
 
 8 
 
two substantial and picturesque churches, the " Old Swedes " of Wilming- 
 ton, and the "Old Swedes" of Philadelphia, in the district of " South- 
 wark " or " Wicaco," in whose little graveyards rest the dust of many a 
 gallant man and woman, pioneers upon whose foundations the Anglo-Saxon 
 came and built the great empire of the West. 
 
 Philadelphia Planned by William Penn 1681 Rapid Growth 
 
 of the Young City Penn's Second Visit and 
 
 Subsequent Misfortunes. 
 
 The Dutch authorities at Manhattan surrendered to the English in 
 1664, upon which the town was rechristened " New York ; " and in October 
 of the same year a fleet, under Sir Robert Carre, invested and captured by 
 assault Fort Trinity, at Christina, and held the balance of power upon the 
 Delaware thereafter ; except for a brief period preceding the cession of all 
 their American possessions by the Hollanders to the English, in 1674. 
 
 William Penn, already a proprietor of a portion of the Province of New 
 Jersey, now gained, through the influence of his father, Admiral William 
 Penn, the Charter of Pennsylvania from Charles II, which was given, with 
 ample powers, upon March 4, 1681, at Westminster. Penn's cousin, Cap- 
 tain William Markham, of the British army, was dispatched to inaugurate 
 the new order of things. He was followed by three Commis- 
 sioners, William Crispin,* John Bezar, and Nathaniel Allen, to 
 lay out a city to be called Philadelphia ; and with the help of 
 Thomas Fairman, an English surveyor, who lived 
 in Shackamaxon, north of the proposed town, it 
 was duly laid out. Three counties, Philadelphia, 
 Bucks and Chester, were created upon the arrival 
 of the proprietor, in person, in October, 1682. Hav- 
 ing, after nearly two years of effort, established a 
 healthy impetus and order in his new city, Penn 
 returned to England to meet troublous times. 
 King Charles having died, James II, his successor, 
 a monarch under Romanist influences, required much 
 conciliation ; the after result of which was to cause 
 the proprietor, in the reign of William and Mary, 
 much loss and long imprisonment. His province 
 was taken from him, but restored in 1694, but it was 
 not until 1699 that he once more set eyes upon his 
 beloved Philadelphia. In the interim of his absence, 
 
 PENN'S SEAL. 
 
 * The first-named commissioner was a brother-in-law of Admiral Penn, and himself a distin- 
 guished naval officer, descended from an old French family. Silas Crispin, his son, came to Philadelphia 
 m 1682, and married the daughter of Thomas Holmes, his father's successor. His second wife was the 
 daughter of Richard Stockton, of New Jersey. Numerous descendants are now among our local popu- 
 lation. 
 
i 
 
 
 tr 
 
upwards of seven hundred houses 
 had been built , with streets , shops , 
 warehouses, meeting houses and 
 wharves, with a population of 
 4,500 souls. Further complica- 
 tions in England called the pro- 
 prietor home in October, 1701. 
 
 William Penn became an inSOl- OLD BLUE ANCHOR TAVERN. 
 
 vent debtor despite his vast possessions, and in 1708 was confined in the 
 Fleet Prison, under the cruel debtor laws of the time. Soon afterward his 
 health failed, and he died in 1718. The government of Pennsylvania was 
 vested in the Penn family until the War of the Revolution, which put an 
 end to all authority emanating from the British Crown. 
 
 Penn's Treaty. 
 
 Not far from the group of vast iron-clads gathered at the splendid 
 Cramp's shipyard, is the little water-side Park marking the scene of the 
 historic landing of William Penn and of his highly successful ' ' dicker " with 
 the sons of the forest. The old Treaty Tree, as seen in the painting at the 
 rooms of the Historical Society, was a wide-spreading elm, which finally 
 succumbed to the elements in 1810, and the location of which was marked 
 by a long-neglected monument, erected in 1827. In October, 1893, the 
 Bramble Club, of Kensington, a very lively and patriotic organization, cele- 
 brated the 2 nth anniversary of the event by a realistic "landing," which 
 has been described by that graphic writer, Mr. Joel Cook, of the Ledger, as 
 follows : 
 
 " The landing and treaty were all acted out to the letter. The good ship ' Welcome ' 
 sailed briskly up the river, with wind and tide favoring, and rounding-to, dropped 
 anchor off the Park. The Indians were in force on the shore, with their tents and camp- 
 fires. Penn and his companions landed. There was Penn, in broad brimmed hat and long 
 coat, wearing a bright blue sash ; Markham, in brilliant scarlet coat, cocked hat and 
 epaulettes, and the Swede L,asse Cock, the interpreter, in leather breeches and fur coat, 
 who is described in history as 'speaking an indescribable mixture of Swedish, Dutch, 
 English and Indian.' Their party brought large chests with them, while the Indians 
 stood stolidly gazing in a group about the great Tamanend, in his long, flowing white 
 hair. The interpreter, after some trouble, brought them together, and they squatted in a 
 semicircle around the fire and smoked the pipe of peace. Then Penn gave them gifts 
 out of the chests, whereat they marvelled much, and they made their treaty, in imitation 
 of the famous compact of Shackamaxon, an alliance of peace and friendship ; the only 
 treaty, said Voltaire, which was ' never sworn to and never broken.' 
 
 " Penn, before his arrival, in his instruction to ' be tender of offending the Indians,' 
 had further written : ' To soften them to me and the people, let them know you are 
 come to sit down lovingly beside them. Let my letter and conditions with my pur- 
 chasers, about just dealing with them, be read in their tongue, that they may see we 
 
 ii 
 
I 
 
 I 
 
 : fi 
 
 ** 
 
have their good in our eye, equal with our own interest, and after reading my letter and 
 the said conditions, then present their kings with what I send them, and make a friend- 
 ship and league with them, according to these conditions, which carefully observe and 
 get them to comply with. From time to time, in my name and for my use buy land of 
 them. Thus careful was the founder in his original dealings with the Indians, so that it 
 is not surprising after he saw Philadelphia he was so much pleased that he wrote : 'As 
 to outward things we are satisfied, the land good, the air clear and sweet, the springs 
 plentiful, and provision good and easy to come at, an innumerable quantity of wild 
 fowl and fish ; in fine, here is what an Abraham, Isaac and Jacob would be well con- 
 tented with, and service enough for God, for the fields here are white for harvest. Oh, 
 how sweet is the quiet of these parts, freed from the anxious and troublesome solici- 
 tations, hurries and perplexities of woeful Europe.' ' 
 
 Philadelphia the National Capital. 
 
 The century following Penn's second visit witnessed the development 
 of his " greene country towne," beside the Delaware, into the capitol of a 
 young nation, and its constant growth in importance until at the commence- 
 ment of the nineteenth century it held a population of 67,811 persons, with 
 a tributary country filled with a thrifty agricultural people composed of 
 descendants of all the elements which had once contended for the mastery 
 of the rich land we still call " Pennsylvania," and the neighboring States. 
 
 A Great Industrial Metropolis. 
 
 It has remained for the genius of the century now nearly closed, to 
 create from the good beginning thus outlined, a great industrial metropolis 
 of more than a million souls, the abode of prosperity, comfort, learning, 
 invention and " brotherly love," for which the peaceful Delaware River is 
 the gateway to all the world beyond the seas. 
 
 Birth=Place of Steam Navigation. 
 
 It is to the everlasting glory of the Delaware River that the problem of 
 steam navigation was first tried and brought to a successful result upon her 
 waters. John Fitch experimented, upon July 20, 1786, with a small boat 
 operated with a steam engine, and upon August 22, 1787, he moved a boat 
 forty feet long, by steam, with paddle wheels. In 1788, a steamboat ran 
 from Philadelphia to Burlington, N. J., at the rate of four miles an hour, 
 and the following year the speed was doubled, the boat making a distance of 
 3,000 miles during the season. A steamboat was finished with a stern wheel 
 by Oliver Evans, in 1804, which made sixteen miles per hour; and in 
 1807-8-9, the walking-beam steamer John C. Stevens ran regularly between 
 Philadelphia and Burlington, N. J. 
 
 13 
 
Historic Landmarks. 
 
 There are to-day, along the river shores, many places and features of 
 deep historic interest. Starting at Tacony, there is the old wharf where, 
 in the palmy days of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, the New York 
 passengers were brought by steamer for transfer to the train, prior to the 
 completion of the great Trenton bridge and the railroad via Bristol. 
 
 Over upon the Jersey side is the ' ' Pea Shore ' ' and the little Tammany 
 Fish House, famous for its punch. 
 
 A mile below Cramp's Ship Yard is moored the School Ship " Saratoga, " 
 an old-time frigate, the floating acadamy of young tars, Philadelphia boys, 
 many of whom could take a merchantman safely across the Atlantic, or handle 
 a gun's crew like veterans in a sea fight. At Race Street Wharf the old war- 
 ship "St. Louis" is moored as the armory for the Naval Reserves of this 
 port, an influential and enthusiastic body of young men.* 
 
 The old Navy Yard, established in 1801, near the foot of Washington 
 avenue, where many a great wooden wall was launched, and where workers 
 swarmed like bees during the Civil War, has long since disappeared in favor of 
 League Island. 
 
 Battle of Red Bank. 
 
 Before bidding adieu to historical topics, some allusion should be made 
 to the battle of Red Bank and the naval attack upon Fort Mimin, events 
 connected with the British occupation of Philadelphia during the war of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 In October, 1777, the British were in full possession of the city, while the 
 Continental troops held the country roundabout and had also closed the 
 navigation of the Delaware River by heavy obstructions, which were pro- 
 tected by Mud Fort, now Fort Mimin, and the fort at Red Bank. To effect 
 a junction of their army and naval fleet it was necessary for the invaders 
 to capture these works. Upon October 2ist Count Donop, a young colonel 
 of Hessians, with his grenadiers and chasseurs, crossed the river in boats 
 and marched to the attack of the Red Bank Fort, which was held by Rhode 
 Islanders. Although the enemy outnumbered the defenders about eight to 
 one, they were defeated with the loss of their commander and four hundred 
 killed and wounded. Count Donop was buried on the field, the spot being 
 still marked. The battlefield is now a national reservation. 
 
 Siege of Fort Mifflin. 
 
 Upon the following day the naval fight began, with the loss of the 
 frigates " Augusta" and "Merlin," which burned and exploded. The 
 British then erected batteries upon the Schuylkill shore, commanding the 
 
 * See articles upon School Ship and Naval Reserves. 
 
 14 
 
rear and flank of the fort upon Mud Island. From September 2yth to 
 October i6th, the little garrison of about three hundred men held out against 
 half-a-dozen frigates, aggregating two hundred and forty guns, besides float- 
 ing batteries, armed barges and shore batteries. At the end of this time 
 there were but forty men left who were able to retreat to the shelter of Red 
 Bank, after one of the most gallant episodes in the history of warfare. 
 
 Philadelphia's Water Front. 
 
 The water front of the City of Philadelphia, extending along the Dela- 
 ware River and upon both shores of the Schuylkill River, as far as the dam 
 at the Fairmount Water Works, has an extent for shipping and naval pur- 
 poses of thirty-four miles. That portion of the Schuylkill above Walnut 
 Street bridge being accessible only to barges and tugs. To this ample space 
 should be added the wharfage room of the opposite City of Camden, N. J., 
 amounting to six miles. Less than half this distance is now occupied 
 by the improvements incident to the present volume of commerce and extent 
 of manufactures abutting upon the water front. The gradual utilization of 
 all of this priceless shore line is the constant concern of The Philadelphia 
 Maritime Exchange, and other commercial bodies, whose united efforts and 
 intelligent foresight must do much to hasten the natural growth and im- 
 provement of this source of the city's wealth and greatness. Attention is 
 also directed to the fact that for a distance of many miles north of the 
 northern limits of this city there is a depth at low w r ater of not less than 
 fifteen feet. 
 
 The great institutions and industries ranged along the Delaware River 
 front of Philadelphia almost continuously for twelve miles. include : The House 
 
 15 
 
READING KAII.ROAI) COAL TKRMIXAL AT 
 
 of Correction, at Holmesburg ; the Disston Saw Works, Tacony ; the 
 Tacony Iron and Metal Works, where the great statue of William Penn was 
 cast ; the United States Arsenal , at Bridesburg ; the grain elevators and 
 Reading Railroad coal terminal, at Port Richmond ; the great ship building 
 plant of William Cramp & Sons, at Kensington ; the ship building and 
 marine engine establishment of Neafie & Levy, at Kensington ; the many 
 wharves and warehouses of the foreign and coastwise steamship and sailing 
 vessel lines ranged in front of the old city proper ; the terminals for trans- 
 shipment of freight of the several great railroad corporations ; the ferries 
 to the New Jersey shore ; the towering sugar refineries ; large chemical 
 works; coal piers of the Pennsylvania Railroad, at Greenwich Point; and 
 at League Island, the United States Navy Yard, destined, from its many 
 natural advantages, to become the greatest Government naval rendezvous 
 for constructing and repair work, recruiting and other necessities of the 
 navy of the future, upon either the Atlantic or Pacific seaboard.* 
 
 The annual report of Commodore George W. Melville, Chief of the 
 Bureau of Steam Engineering, issued October, 1894, contains the following 
 emphatic sentence in regard to League Island Navy Yard : ' ' Too much 
 cannot be urged in favor of completing this yard in compliance with the 
 recommendations in the very excellent report of the board composed of 
 Captains Potter, Farquhar and Whitehead, and Civil Engineers Kndicott 
 and Peary, United States Navy, who went over the whole matter exhaust- 
 ively, and prepared plans that, if carried out, give the United States a naval 
 station second to none in the world. The advantages of location and sur- 
 roundings are too well known to need repetition. In short, there is every 
 good reason why this should be the principal naval station for building, 
 repairing and laying up modern ships, and not one against it." 
 
 *See article and map regarding I y eague Island. 
 
 16 
 
Upon the Schuylkill borders of the city is located, at Girard Point, a 
 group of large grain elevators, and two miles above, at Point Breeze, is the 
 immense oil refining industry and oil shipping terminal, around which are 
 always clustered a forest of masts of ships awaiting foreign and coastwise 
 cargoes of this Pennsylvania commodity. Still further up the Schuylkill 
 are the wharves of numerous chemical works, abattoirs, marble and granite 
 works, cement, tile and brick and mortar works, with various other large 
 interests. 
 
 Upon the Camden side of the river are the ship yards at Cooper's Point 
 and Kaighn's Point, and the several terminals of the railroads to the seashore. 
 Opposite Greenwich Point, and just above Gloucester, N. J., is the extensive 
 plant of the Gloucester Manufacturing Company. 
 
 Advantages for Manufacturers. 
 
 Much space might be devoted profitably to the presentation of the many 
 advantages to be gained by manufacturers of nearly all kinds ol goods in 
 building their factories at or near the still unoccupied river margins already 
 referred to within the limits of Philadelphia. The project of a continuous 
 Belt Line Railway for freight, completely encircling the city and connecting 
 at convenient points with all of the railroad lines entering the city, is already 
 partially realized. The abundance of coal within the limits of Pennsylvania ; 
 a great and permanent population of skilled workers, largely owning their 
 homes ; local rapid transit to all sections of the city ; the lesser distance, as 
 compared with New York and the New England factory centres, to all large 
 Western cities ; the economy of shipment by water to this port of the almost 
 untouched forest and mining wealth of the South ; the banking facilities ; 
 the healthful latitude of the region these are valid claims upon the atten- 
 tion of the far-sighted investor, and especially to one who hopes for a lodge- 
 ment in the foreign market for his goods. 
 
 Nearly forty per cent, of the entire population of the United States is 
 found within a radius of three hundred miles of Philadelphia, and a circle 
 drawn around the city at that distance includes or enters fourteen States. 
 
 In the past the commerce of the city has been vastly aided by a number 
 of canals linking the waters of the Delaware with other navigable estuaries 
 of the seaboard. The Delaware and Raritan canal extends from Bordentown, 
 N. J., upon the Delaware River, to New Brunswick, N. J., upon the Raritan 
 River, a distance of forty-four miles ; and the Chesapeake and Delaware 
 Canal connects the two bays of the name by a ten-foot channel, fourteen 
 miles long. Although these channels in their present condition are far from 
 adequate to the requirements of the enlarged dimensions of modern marine 
 carriers, it has been recently demonstrated that light draught war vessels of 
 the gunboat type may be rapidly taken through them when required. 
 
 17 
 
Removal of the Islands. 
 
 The most important work in progress at the present time, is the removal 
 of the islands, which formerly occupied much space, immediately opposite 
 the heart of the city ; an undertaking now well advanced by the American 
 Dredging Company, under their contract with the general government. 
 This operation includes the removal of Smith's and Windmill Islands, and a 
 part of Petty 's Island and adjacent shoals. The work is under the super- 
 vision of Maj. C. W. Raymond, of the Corps of U. S. Engineers, whose 
 district also includes the channels of the Delaware to the sea, which it is 
 confidently expected will be further deepened and increased in width at an 
 early time.* 
 
 The Pennsylvania and New Jersey Railroad Company's Bridge 
 Across the Delaware River. 
 
 Work upon this great undertaking, designed to give direct railroad 
 service between Philadelphia and points in central and southern New Jersey, 
 has been commenced according to the plans adopted by the Government. 
 It will span the Delaware River between the suburb of Bridesburg, at Rox- 
 borough Street, and Fisher's Point, Camden, N. J. The length between 
 shore piers is 1,950 feet, with a draw of 300 feet width. The elevation 
 above high water line is 50 feet. A determined effort has been made by 
 public organizations in Philadelphia to secure a greater elevation than that 
 fixed upon, but Congress has failed to take such action as would result in 
 the desired modification. 
 
 Description of the Quarantine Station of the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Quarantine Station of the State of Pennsylvania is located at 
 Essington, Delaware County, about ten miles southwest of Philadelphia. It 
 is conveniently reached by the B. & O. R. R., from Twenty-fourth and 
 Chestnut streets to Essington, and the P. R. R. from Broad street Station 
 to Moore's, a quarter of a mile and two miles respectively from the gates of 
 the Quarantine Station. 
 
 The Station comprises altogether sixteen acres of land ; of these six 
 belong to the United States Government, but have for many years been used 
 in conjunction with the adjoining ten acres which constitute the grounds 
 of the Quarantine Station proper. 
 
 On the Quarantine Station proper, the aforesaid ten acres, are located a 
 number of buildings. The Main, or Administration Building, is 50 feet 
 square, built of brick in the year 1798, very solidly constructed, and 
 altogether a very handsome building. It contains twelve rooms, each 20 by 
 
 *See Annual Report of the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange for 1894, Appendix R. Also Reports 
 of U. S. Engineer in charge, and the chapter upon another page regarding harbor improvements. 
 
 18 
 
24 feet, and ceilings 10 feet high ; bath, water-closets, store-rooms, three 
 large attics and two large kitchens. This building is heated throughout by 
 steam, and is occupied by the Superintendent of the Station and his family. 
 
 Adjoining the Main Building on either side are wings 65 feet by 26 feet 
 wide, two-and-one-half stories high, each containing six rooms, each room 
 22 by 27 feet, ceilings 10 feet high. Each wing is provided with bath-rooms 
 and water-closets. The plumbing fixtures are all of the most approved 
 modern sanitary kind. At the end of each wing is a kitchen. In front, 
 and on either side of the Main Building, 120 feet distant therefrom, are 
 located smaller substantially built brick buildings, the one to the west being 
 at present occupied by one of the Deputy Quarantine Physicians as a dwell- 
 ing, and the one to the east is temporarily occupied by the crew of the 
 boarding tug. These houses are 48 feet by 24 feet, two-and-one-half stories 
 high, have seven rooms and two attics each, and have ceilings n feet high. 
 They are provided with bath and water-closet appliances of the most 
 approved sanitary plumbing. 
 
 The Hospital proper is located northwest of the Main Building, about 
 300 feet distant therefrom. It is 72 feet long by 24 feet wide, two stories in 
 height, contains two wards on the first floor, each 22 by 22 feet, ceilings 10 
 feet high, and these are exactly duplicated on the second floor, which also 
 contains a Nurse's room, Dispensary, Bath-room, and Water-closet, all of the 
 best modern plumbing work. Adjoining, on the west side of the Hospital 
 Building, is a Kitchen, 16 by 24 feet, and on the east a similar building, 
 which is used as a dead-room or Morgue. 
 
 A Stable and Carriage-house, 70 by 40 feet, is situated to the northwest 
 of the main building, about 100 feet distant therefrom. On the grounds are 
 also a Laundry and Wash-house, 30 by 12 feet ; a Store-house for disinfect- 
 ants, 1 6 feet square; a substantially built Power-house over an artesian 
 well, 12 feet square, and an Ice-house, 30 feet square. 
 
 Upon the Government property adjoining is a Barrack built of stone, 
 150 feet long by 40 feet wide, two-and-one-half stories high, each floor 
 divided into two main rooms, 74 by 28 feet each. The large room to the 
 east has been subdivided into three, two equal -sized rooms having been 
 fitted up as large bath-rooms, each bath-room containing twelve tubs abund- 
 antly supplied with hot and cold water, and heated by steam. 
 
 Projecting southward from the Government property is a pier, which 
 was in a very dilapidated condition at the time that the State Quarantine 
 Board leased the plant. Recently the Board has expended about $900 on this 
 pier and the dock adjoining to the east. On this wharf are located a steam 
 disinfectant plant, 15 feet square, a Power-house adjoining the same, and 
 which contains a twenty-five horse-power upright boiler of recent make. 
 The disinfecting house proper is a frame building, and although erected as 
 a temporary structure, is well constructed and well braced. It is built of 
 two thicknesses of yellow pine siding with felt between, and is lined 
 
 19 
 
throughout with the best quality of tin, all joints being soldered. In this 
 building a temperature of between 215 and 220 degrees Fahrenheit has 
 frequently been obtained for a period of four hours without intermission. 
 On this pier are also located large coal bins, which, at the time of this 
 writing, are charged with 300 tons of pea coal. The Station is equipped 
 with cots, bedding, bed clothing, etc., sufficient for the immediate accom- 
 modation of 500 persons, and the unoccupied portions of the land are ample 
 to accommodate 200 suspects. There are also about 100 wall tents and 
 floors in good condition and immediately available. 
 
 The entire property is thoroughly underdrained. There is not a well 
 or cesspool of any description on the place, the drainage being carried out to 
 the river below low water mark through a sewer constructed at great expense. 
 All dejections and discharges from patients, before being emptied into the 
 sewer, are thoroughly disinfected. 
 
 The water supply is clean and pure, and is obtained from an artesian 
 well, 300 feet deep, the water being pumped out by a hot-air engine into a 
 tank (3,000 gallons capacity) in the Main Building, and thence it is distrib- 
 uted throughout the entire place. 
 
 On the first floor of the east wing of the Main Building there is an 
 apparatus for the disinfection of mail. It consists of a sheet iron box 
 with double walls and double doors. Within the chamber are a number of 
 iron wire trays. The inside measurements are 3^ by 3 by 2^ feet. It is 
 heated by alcohol , and a temperature of between 300 and 400 degrees dry 
 heat can be maintained for an indefinite time. All letters treated in this 
 chamber are marked "sterilized," and forwarded. 
 
 The facilities for anchorage of vessels is good. In the channel between 
 Little Tinicum Island and the Station there is from 20 to 26 feet of water, 
 but the width of the channel is not sufficient to allow large vessels to swing 
 at cable, but smaller vessels can safely be anchored therein. In the main 
 channel between Little Tinicum Island and the New Jersey shore there is 
 excellent anchorage for the largest vessels that come to this port. 
 
 Attached to the Quarantine Station is a boarding tug, the ' ' Lizzie 
 Crawford," which is manned by five men: captain, engineer, fireman, 
 steward and deck-hand, who are all neatly uniformed. A feature of this 
 boarding tug is two shelves or platforms, built at the suggestion of Dr. 
 Boenning, the Quarantine Physician. These shelves are each 20 feet long 
 by 2^ feet wide ; they project from the sides of the upper deck of the tug. 
 They are strongly braced and immensely facilitate the work of boarding a 
 vessel in stream, and at the same time materially contribute to the safety of 
 the boarding officials. 
 
 The mail facilities are good, there being one delivery at the Station every 
 day from Moore's or the post-office at Essington. 
 
 The Quarantine Station is supplied with a very efficient Telephone Ser- 
 vice, costing the Board $i ,250 per year. It consists of a metallic circuit from 
 
 20 
 
the Station to the Telephone Exchange at Fourth and Market Streets, and 
 connects with any instrument of the general system or any long-distance in- 
 strument at any point. The office of the Quarantine Physician is supplied 
 with a similar instrument, and also the office of the State Quarantine Board, 
 thereby insuring a most satisfactory means of communication between the 
 Quarantine Station and the city at all times. There is also in the office 
 building at the Quarantine Station a telegraph apparatus, which, however, 
 at present is detached. 
 
 The personnel of the Quarantine Station consists of Dr. Boenning, 
 Quarantine Physician, who is the Executive Officer under the law; two 
 Deputy Quarantine Physicians, appointed by the Quarantine Physician, Drs. 
 William Shinier and Alfred M. Seymour ; the Superintendent, Mr. H. L. 
 McL,aughlin, and a number of employes, among whom are nurses and 
 laborers. All of the foregoing, except the Quarantine Physician himself, 
 reside at the Quarantine Station permanently. 
 
 The State Quarantine Service is conducted under the law of the State 
 of Pennsylvania of June 5 , 1 893 , and is also in harmony with the United 
 States Quarantine Laws. All Quarantine regulations are vigorously carried 
 out, both in letter and spirit. It has been the aim of the Quarantine Physi- 
 cian not to afflict the commerce of the port by any undue detention. 
 
 The Quarantine Service of the State is in force throughout the year. 
 
 The only vessels exempt from the inspection of the Quarantine officials 
 are those from United States ports north of Cape Henry. If, however, 
 it is deemed advisable by the Quarantine Physician to board any vessel from 
 any port he is empowered under the statute so to do. 
 
 The inspection of a vessel consists in the careful examination of the 
 crew and passengers ; inspection of the water supply, water-closets, and the 
 general sanitary condition of the ship. The treatment of a vessel in Quar- 
 antine is in accordance with the Rules and Regulations of the Board, and 
 as the Quarantine Physician directs. 
 
 Communication with vessels in Quarantine is by means of the Quar- 
 antine Physician and his Deputies by the boarding tug. No inter-commu- 
 nication is allowed between vessels in quarantine. 
 
 Any vessel infected with Cholera, Yellow Fever, or Small Pox, will be 
 energetically dealt with and as directed with the Rules and Regulations of 
 the Board and the Treasury Department, and supplemented by any special 
 directions which may, in the judgment of the Quarantine Physician, be 
 necessary thoroughly to meet all conditions that may arise. 
 
 A perfect series of records are kept, in compliance with the Act of 
 Assembly, of June 5, 1893. 
 
 The Health Officer of the City of Philadelphia collects the following 
 fees : Any steamship arriving from a foreign port pays a fee of ten dollars ; 
 all sailing vessels arriving from a foreign port pay a fee of five dollars ; all 
 coasting vessels, sail or steam, arriving from a port of the United States, 
 
 21 
 
south of the St. Mary River, Florida, pay a fee of two dollars and fifty 
 cents. There are no fees or expenses of any kind incurred by vessels in 
 quarantine, all of the expense of maintenance, disinfection, etc., being borne 
 by the State. 
 
 During the year ending June 30, 1894, J 57 8 vessels were inspected and 
 passed at this Quarantine. The commerce of the port is of the most varied 
 character. 
 
 The Quarantine Service of the State of Pennsylvania is under the direc- 
 tion of a Board of seven members. 
 
 The State Quarantine Station may be reached by rail from Twenty - 
 fourth and Chestnut Streets Depot, over the Chester branch of the Reading 
 Railroad, in about a half hour. 
 
 22 
 
r 
 
 i tti - ^..^.* ..**: K i I Hill 
 
 IRON PIER AT CAPE HENLOPEN. 
 
 Inauguration of the National Quarantine System upon the Delaware. 
 
 Imported pestilence and contagion brought in ships from the ports of 
 the South, have, in years gone by, found but a slight barrier upon the Dela- 
 ware River to resist their lodgment among the people along its shores. The 
 long- established quarantine station at Tinicum, known as the " Lazaretto," 
 has no doubt contributed largely to the prevention of a repetition of the dread 
 scenes in Philadelphia incident to the yellow fever epidemics in 1802 and 
 1820, or the cholera ravages of 1832. This establishment, maintained by the 
 State of Pennsylvania, and continued under the new law of July, 1893, 
 co-operates effectively with the new station, completed and conducted by the 
 general government, which is located at Reedy Island, forty-five miles 
 below Philadelphia, and the quarantine at Cape Henlopen. 
 
 Recognizing the fact that the average citizen is usually entirely unin- 
 formed regarding the costly and elaborate preparations made for his safety in 
 anticipation of epidemic years, and that even business men engaged in mar- 
 itime matters are often but inadequately posted in regard to the subject, we 
 give liberal space to a full description of the two ' ' plants ' ' now in operation 
 under the care of medical sentinels, faithful to their duty as guards set at 
 our outer portals. It is believed that the Delaware River quarantine is now 
 the most complete existing in the United States. 
 
 Conceding the valuable aid and co-operation of the commercial bodies of 
 Philadelphia in securing this splendid result, it may be safely claimed that 
 the credit is chiefly due, for the new order of things as detailed in the fol- 
 lowing pages, to The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange ; firstly, in urging 
 upon the people and the authorities the danger of a repetition of the visit of 
 cholera to our shores as in 1892, and, secondly, in aiding the government 
 officer in immediate charge of the work, Surgeon- General Walter Wyman, 
 of the Marine Hospital Service, by every means in its power, entailing upon 
 the officers and committees of the Exchange a large amount of personal 
 attention, which has been cheerfully given whenever required. 
 
DELAWARE BREAKWATER QUARANTINE STATION EXECUTIVE BUILDING AND SURGEON'S QUARTERS. 
 
 United States Quarantine System on the Delaware Bay and River. 
 
 Delaware Breakwater Station. 
 
 The Delaware Breakwater Quarantine Station, at the mouth of the 
 Delaware Bay, was established by the national government in 1884, and was 
 opened on the ist of August of that year. It was established upon the 
 recommendation of the then senior Senator of Delaware, and by request 
 of the authorities of Philadelphia, Pa., and Wilmington and Lewes, Del., 
 and, until the passage of the Act of February 15, 1893, was operated in aid 
 of the local quarantines on the Delaware Bay and River. 
 
 The reservation has a water front of 1,500 feet and a depth of 1,200 
 feet, and is situated one-half a mile distant from the tip of Cape Henlopen, 
 between the cape and the town of Lewes. Of this reservation, the greater 
 portion 900 feet on the sea front running back 1,090 feet is surrounded 
 by a board fence eight feet in height, enclosing all the quarantine buildings 
 except the surgeon's quarters and boat house. About 900 feet from the 
 western boundary of the reservation is an iron pier 1,701 feet in length, 
 with a width at the shore end of 21 feet, while the outer 546 feet have a 
 width of 42 feet. This was erected by the Engineer Department of the 
 army at a total cost of about $368,500. Provisional transfer of the pier was 
 made to the Marine Hospital Service by Congress in 1890. The depth of 
 water at the end of this pier is 25 feet. 
 
 24 
 
DKI.AWARE BREAKWATER QUARANTINE STATION BARRACKS, BATH HOUSE, LAVATORIES 
 AND SMALLER HOSPITAL. 
 
 The surgeon's quarters, as stated above, are without the quarantine 
 enclosure, and are two stories in height and built of brick. They contain 
 the administration offices also. The whole building is well finished and 
 comfortably fitted up throughout, and contains fifteen rooms. 
 
 The boat house, 48x18 feet, is a short distance from the surgeon's 
 quarters, nearer the shore line. 
 
 Within the enclosure are the two hospitals, steward's quarters, barracks 
 for detained immigrants, dining rooms and kitchen for same, bath house, dis- 
 infecting chamber, laundry, boiler house and artesian well. 
 
 The hospitals, two in number and some 600 feet apart, are both situated 
 on the sea front, and the larger one, 60x30 feet, two stories in height, in- 
 cludes an addition just completed, increasing the quarters for the hospital 
 steward on duty at the quarantine station. This hospital has a capacity 
 of about twenty beds, while the smaller one, 50 x 30 feet, can afford accom- 
 modation for about twelve patients. 
 
 The immigrant bath house is 86 x 16 feet, with an addition 24 x 16 feet 
 on each end. The bath house contains twenty shower baths and one bath 
 tub, with hot and cold water connections to each bath. The additions con- 
 tain disrobing and dressing rooms. The boiler house and laundry, twenty 
 feet distant from the bath house, is 61 feet 6 inches in length by 21 feet in 
 breadth, and is divided into two rooms. The one next the bath house con- 
 tains the steam disinfecting chamber, constructed by the Kensington Engine 
 Works after designs furnished by Passed Assistant Surgeon J. J. Kinyoun, 
 M. H. S. The steam chamber is intended only for the disinfection of wear- 
 ing apparel of immigrants detained for observation and sickness. It is 4 feet 
 4 inches by 5 feet 4 inches by 9 feet 6 inches in dimensions, and has two 
 cars which support wire screens upon which the articles to be disinfected 
 are spread before being run into the chamber. The cars run on an iron 
 track, a section of which, sufficient in length to support the car, is itself 
 movable, and can be brought either to join the track entering the chamber, 
 or to the one running alongside. The boiler house also contains the boiler 
 for generating steam to be used for disinfecting and for running a small 
 engine and pump. The other half of the building, the laundry, contains 
 
 25 
 
DELAWARE BREAKWATER QUARANTINE STATION KITCHEN. 
 
 DELAWARE BREAKWATER QUARANTINE STATION STEAM DISINFECTING CHAMBER. 
 
DELAWARE BREAKWATER QUARANTINE STATION BOILER HOUSE AND LAUNDRY, BATH HOUSE, 
 AND ONE WING OF BARRACKS (LOOKING NORTH). 
 
 twenty-four stationary wash tubs and drying apparatus for the use of the 
 detained immigrants. These two buildings were erected in 1893. 
 
 The barracks, which are the next buildings to those just described, con- 
 sist of two structures, each 300 x 24 feet, and of a clear height of 12 feet. 
 One runs nearly north and south and the other nearly east and west. 
 They are each divided by five partitions into compartments of equal size, 
 and contain accommodations for from 800 to 1000 immigrants. The 
 bunks are arranged in tiers, three in number, and are similar in arrangement 
 to those in the steerage of a vessel carrying immigrants. Each barrack has 
 an addition, 15 x 44 feet in dimensions, containing rooms for nurses and 
 storerooms for sheets, pillows, etc. The barracks are not connected, 
 but in the interval between them is the building containing the dining room 
 for immigrants, kitchen and storerooms. This building is 48 feet square, 
 with an addition 18 x 45 feet. The kitchen contains apparatus for cooking 
 by steam, and all the most modern appliances for the speedy preparation of 
 food for large numbers of people. 
 
 In the rear of the barracks are found the latrines, 30 x 10 feet, with a 
 height of 9 feet. Water is supplied to all these buildings by an artesian 
 well situated within the enclosure, and driven to a depth of 394 feet. With 
 the use of a pump the daily output of this well per day of twenty-four 
 hours is from 18,000 to 21,000 gallons, a quantity sufficient for all purposes 
 required. The water is carried by overhead piping to the buildings, and to 
 two large tanks situated near the bath house, and which can be seen in the 
 photograph of same. 
 
 All the buildings within the enclosure are constructed of wood, and are 
 connected with one another and with the surgeon's quarters by boardwalks. 
 
 As will be observed by the above description of Delaware Breakwater 
 Quarantine, it is fitted up as a place of detention for suspects, and for those 
 actually suffering from some quarantinable disease ; but as yet nothing has 
 been said about the treatment of the vessel that may have brought such 
 suspects or ill immigrants. Before the summer of 1893, the only vessels 
 
 27 
 
required to stop for inspection at Delaware Breakwater were those coming 
 from an infected port, or having at time of arrival a disease of a quarantinable 
 character on board. All other vessels were treated at the Philadelphia local 
 quarantine. Disinfection of vessels at the Breakwater was practiced by in- 
 troducing the disinfectant, sulphur, usually, from a disinfecting tug laid 
 alongside. But the threatened invasion of cholera during the summer of 
 1892 made it necessary for all vessels from foreign ports to be rigidly in- 
 spected at the Breakwater, and it was found that the carrying out of this 
 order entailed great hardship on all concerned. The anchorage at the 
 Breakwater is almost in the open sea, and in rough weather it is sometimes 
 impossible to board a vessel for the purpose of inspection ; and, of course, 
 the inspection, and disinfection if necessary, was frequently delayed for some 
 time, perhaps for some days. Furthermore, a vessel arriving at Delaware 
 Breakwater Quarantine at sundown was necessarily detained there until next 
 morning to permit a daylight inspection, and this delay entailed considerable 
 expense and inconvenience, as it was almost impossible for the vessel in that 
 case to discharge her passengers in Philadelphia the same day. It became 
 evident, for these reasons, that an additional station for inspection and disin- 
 fection of vessels was necessary, and it was moreover evident that such 
 station should be nearer Philadelphia. Such action was urged by The Phila- 
 delphia Maritime Exchange, and also by a joint committee representing the 
 States of Pennsylvania and Delaware, who further considered the location of 
 the Philadelphia local quarantine, so near the City of Philadelphia, as a 
 menace to that city. The Director of Public Safety of Philadelphia and a 
 committee of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and others interested, called 
 upon Surgeon-General Wyman to learn what plans he had conceived to 
 meet the exigency of the situation, and the plans since carried into successful 
 execution were laid before them. 
 
 Reedy Island Station. 
 
 The attention of the Surgeon -General had been, in the meantime, directed 
 to Reedy Island as the most suitable place by an officer of the service, after 
 consultation with an engineer officer of the army in charge of improvements 
 in the Delaware River. Situated nearly at the junction of the Delaware Bay 
 and River, the Government already owned the fifty acres at the northern 
 extremity of the island, and this was turned over to the Treasury Depart- 
 ment for quarantine purposes. The establishment of this station was urged 
 most strongly also by the Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania, a copy 
 of whose resolutions, forwarded by the Governor, is as follows : 
 
 Joint Resolution of Pennsylvania Legislature. 
 
 IN THE SENATE, Feb. 28, 1893. 
 
 Whereas, The President of the United States will shortly have the 
 disposition of nearly half a million dollars for quarantine purposes ; 
 
 29 
 
REEDY ISLAND QUARANTINE STATION DISINFECTING CHAMBERS AND CARS. 
 
 REEDY ISLAND QUARANTINE STATION DISINFECTING MACHINERY, STEAM CHAMBERS 
 AND SULPHUR FURNACE. 
 
And Whereas, The Legislature of Pennsylvania is informed that 
 Walter Wyman, Surgeon -General of the Marine Hospital Service, U. S. A., 
 has strongly recommended to the Secretary of War "the extension and im- 
 provement of the quarantine service at the port of Philadelphia, by estab- 
 lishing a boarding and disinfecting station on Reedy Island, in the Delaware 
 River, which shall be subsidiary to the United States Marine Hospital Service 
 at Lewes, Delaware ; 
 
 And Whereas, The speedy perfection ot the Federal quarantine 
 service at the port of Philadelphia is of vital importance not only to the 
 States bordering on the Delaware Bay and River, but to every State in the 
 Union, inasmuch as a large majority of the immigrants landing at the port 
 are transferred direct to other sections of the country, and the danger from 
 the admission of contagious and infectious diseases is great ; therefore be it 
 
 Resolved (If the House concur), That we, while standing ready to 
 assist and cooperate with the Federal authorities in preventing the entrance 
 of the threatened cholera scourge, and being determined to leave nothing 
 undone to establish a thorough and vigilant quarantine guard at the port of 
 Philadelphia, respectfully request the President of the United States to see 
 to it that prompt and sufficient measures are taken to put into effect the 
 plans of the United States Marine Hospital Service for the improvement of 
 the quarantine system in the Delaware Bay and River ; and be it further 
 
 Resolved, That the Governor of this Commonwealth be respectfully 
 requested to communicate these resolutions to the President of the United 
 States. 
 
 E. W. SMILEY, 
 
 Concurred in March i, 1893. chief cierk of the senate. 
 
 CHARLES E. VOORHEES, 
 
 Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives. 
 
 Approved, this 6th day of March, A. D. 1893. 
 
 ROBT. E. PATTISON. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE COMMONWEALTH. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, ss. : HARRISBURG, March io, A. D., 1893. 
 
 I do Hereby Certify, That the foregoing and 
 annexed is a full, true and correct copy of the 
 
 seal of secretary's Original Resolution of the General Assembly of 
 
 office, Pennsylvania. the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, approved 
 
 March 6, 1893, as the same remains on file in this 
 office. 
 
 In Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused 
 the Seal of the Secretary's Office to be affixed the day and year above written. 
 
 A. L. TILDEN, 
 
 Deputy Secretary of the Commonwealth. 
 31 
 
The 
 
 The site is favorable, being just above Dan Baker Shoal, so that after 
 inspection or disinfection it is not necessary for vessels to wait for the tide 
 to cover this bar. 
 
 An allotment was secured from the epidemic fund for the purpose of 
 constructing and equipping this station in March, 1893, and work on the 
 pier was begun at once ; the station was opened on July i, 1893, and at the 
 present date is completed. The surgeon's quarters, men's quarters, cottage 
 hospital and boat house located on Reedy Island have been constructed 
 under contract during the past year, 
 
 The main structure of the Reedy Island Quarantine Station is the 
 pier head and disinfecting shed. This pier, situated directly in the 
 channel, is 200 feet long by 40 feet broad, and has a depth of water off its 
 eastern or channel side of 30 feet at low tide. It is built of heavy piling 
 driven down to hard bottom and firmly bolted together, and having at 
 each end a double row of piling 50 feet long, and a triangular ice break 
 constructed of heavy piling and timbers extending out from this double row 
 of piling 50 feet. The depth of water off the pier allows of the mooring of 
 a vessel directly to the pier during the process of disinfection. On this pier 
 is the shed for the disinfecting machinery, warehouse and observatory tower, 
 as well as quarters for attendants. The total length of the building is 196 feet ; 
 the 90 feet at the southern end being 36 feet broad, and the northern 106 feet 
 being 23 feet broad. This latter portion is divided into warehouses and 
 contains one large wooden tank of a capacity of 15,000 gallons. The 
 southern portion, 90 x 36 feet, is divided into two parts, one 16 x 36 feet and 
 one 74 x 36 feet, which contains the following disinfecting machinery : two 
 steam chambers of the same make and pattern as the one at the Delaware 
 Breakwater Quarantine Station already described, but larger, viz., each 15 
 feet long, 5 feet 4 inches high, 4 feet 4 inches in width, placed side by 
 side, with trucks and railway. This machinery, like that at the Breakwater 
 Quarantine Station, was designed and built by the Kensington Engine 
 Works, Limited, of Philadelphia. The shed also contains a sulphur fur- 
 nace of the Valk & Murdoch, Charleston, type, catch cylinder, exhaust fan 
 and engine (three horse-power), to run the same, and rubber piping to con- 
 duct the fumes of SO 2 from the furnace to the vessel. A fifty horse-power 
 boiler supplies steam for the disinfecting chambers, and in addition there 
 is an air pump, a fire and tank pump, and another pump for the purpose 
 of filling the bichloride tank (capacity, 3,000 gallons) which is placed on the 
 roof. In this shed is also a tank with a capacity of 3,000 gallons. 
 
 During the past winter connection has been made between the station 
 and the Western Union Telegraph Company lines, and to effect this a cable 
 was laid from Port Penn across Reedy Island to the pier head. The cable is 
 4,800 feet in length and was laid at a cost of $1,325. An observatory has 
 been erected on the roof of the southern end of the pier, in size, 15 feet 9 
 
 33 
 
inches by 17 feet 3 inches, and fitted with telegraph instruments, so that 
 direct telegraphic communication can now be maintained with the station. 
 
 The new buildings located on Reedy Island comprise a cottage hospital 
 58 x 29 feet, with a wing 19x14 feet ; attendants' quarters, 67 feet 6 inches 
 by 24 feet, with a veranda 67 feet 6 inches by 7 feet ; and surgeon's quarters, 
 41 feet 2 inches by 41 feet 2 inches, with a veranda 8 feet wide all around it. 
 These buildings are erected on piling on the island, so as to be above high 
 water in winter and spring, and are connected by gangways. From these 
 buildings a gangway extends 300 feet to the water, where a boat house, 
 49 x 28 feet, is erected on piling. 
 
 The steamer ' ' Louis Pasteur " is used as a boarding boat at the station. 
 She is 87 feet in length, 16 feet beam, and draws 6 feet of water. Vessels 
 are inspected at the station between sunrise and sunset ; and the distance from 
 Philadelphia is such that a steamer inspected at Reedy Island in the morning 
 reaches Philadelphia in time to enter and discharge passengers the same day, 
 thus saving both time and money. 
 
 Infected vessels are, of course, as heretofore, inspected at the Break- 
 water, and persons exposed to infection taken off and held for observation at 
 the Quarantine Station there, while the vessel is sent to Reedy Island for 
 disinfection. If a vessel with quarantinable disease fails to stop at the 
 Breakwater, as ordered to do, on inspection at Reedy Island she will be 
 remanded to the Breakwater, if necessary ; so that the contagious cases and 
 suspected immigrants may be taken off, and she return to Reedy Island 
 for disinfection. To quote from the report of the Secretary of the Treasury 
 for 1893: 
 
 " With this plant at Reedy Island, and the accommodation for immigrants 
 near the Delaware Breakwater, an efficient quarantine guard has been estab- 
 lished for the City of Philadelphia and the other cities on the Delaware River 
 and Bay." 
 
 Taking the station at the Breakwater and the station at Reedy Island 
 together, there is no quarantine plant in existence superior to this. It is to 
 be hoped that no cholera-laden vessel will arrive at the mouth of Delaware 
 Bay, but should such a vessel appear, carrying immigrants, for example, the 
 care and treatment of both the vessel and the immigrants would be a matter 
 of easy and scientific administration. Those actually sick would be immedi- 
 ately removed to the hospital, the remaining immigrants would be immediately 
 marched through the single gate of the inclosure to the bath house, where 
 they would be obliged to disrobe and be given a thorough bathing, their 
 clothing in the meantime being passed into the steam disinfecting chamber, 
 near by. Having completed their bath, they would be given fresh clothing 
 from the large supply of new material constantly on hand, and they would 
 then be passed into the barracks and kept under close observation, being 
 
 34 
 

 divided into groups for this purpose. Should cholera appear in any one 
 group, the patient would be removed immediately to hospital, and the five 
 days' detention of that group would begin from the date of the removal of 
 the patient. The danger of the spread of the disease among the detained 
 immigrants would be reduced to a minimum by reason of this grouping. 
 The water supply is from an artesian well, which cannot by any possibility 
 become infected. 
 
 During the season of 1893, when there was an expectation of the arrival 
 of such a vessel at the Breakwater, an arrangement was made by the Surgeon- 
 General with the Chief of the Revenue Cutter Service, by which between 
 forty and fiity enlisted men would be sent from the several vessels of that 
 service stationed in Boston, New York, Baltimore and Philadelphia, for 
 immediate duty as guards under the command of commissioned officers. 
 
 The patients and the ' ' suspects ' ' being thus provided for, the vessel 
 itself would be immediately sent to Reedy Island, where, with the perfect 
 facilities provided, the vessel would be disinfected by fumes of sulphur 
 thrown into its hold, the several apartments washed down with a solution 
 of bichloride of mercury, and the dunnage of the crew and all textile 
 fabrics disinfected by steam in the steam chambers. 
 
 No better place could be found for the detention of a large number of 
 suspected immigrants than at the Delaware Breakwater. The high fence and 
 the guard of the Revenue Cutter Service would effectually hold the immi- 
 grants within the enclosure, and the very fact of the remoteness of the location 
 adds to its desirability ; for it goes without saying that people affected with 
 cholera, or suspected of being infected, cannot be too far removed from 
 populous centres. Practically, however, the arrival of a cholera-laden ship 
 would be a very exceptional circumstance, and the ordinary work of quar- 
 antine, namely, the inspection of vessels to find out whether they are free 
 from disease or not, is carried on with great facility at Reedy Island. The 
 pier, which is the boarding station, is in the direct track of vessels bound 
 for Philadelphia, and the inspection, so far as time is concerned, is reduced 
 to a minimum. 
 
 A still further guard in this scheme of National Quarantine on the 
 Delaware River is the presence in Philadelphia of an experienced medical 
 officer, Surgeon George Purviance, who is ready at any time to act as the 
 quarantine agent of the Marine Hospital Bureau in the city. The Surgeon- 
 General is thoroughly impressed , not only with the necessity of keeping out 
 epidemic diseases, but also with the necessity of doing so with the least 
 possible hampering of commerce. His policy has been constantly to so 
 administer the regulations as to avoid all unnecessary delays or embarrass- 
 ment of vessels. The transactions at these two stations during the ten 
 months ended November i, 1894, were as follows : 
 
 35 
 
DELAWARE BREAKWATER QUARANTINE. 
 
 Vessels inspected and passed 94 
 
 Vessels inspected and ordered to Reedy Island for disin- 
 fection 7 
 
 REEDY ISLAND QUARANTINE. 
 
 Vessels inspected and passed 955 
 
 Vessels disinfected 7 
 
 Vessels spoken and passed 27 
 
 Total number of passengers inspected during the fiscal 
 
 year 1894 100,000 
 
 Passed Assistant Surgeon A. H. Glennan, Marine Hospital Service, is 
 in charge of the Reedy Island Quarantine Station, and is assisted by Sani- 
 tary Inspector A. B. McDowell ; while the Delaware Breakwater Quarantine 
 Station is under the charge of Passed Assistant Surgeon C. P. Wertenbaker, 
 M . H . S . , who was assisted during the quarantine season by Acting Assist- 
 ant Surgeon W. P. Orr, since resigned. 
 
 Cost of Construction of the Stations. 
 
 THE DELAWARE BREAKWATER QUARANTINE. 
 
 Surgeon's quarters, executive offices, etc $16,237 oo 
 
 Barracks 11,971 oo 
 
 Fence 1,940 oo 
 
 Bath house 2,500 oo 
 
 Boiler house and laundry 2,500 oo 
 
 Boilers, etc 2,100 oo 
 
 Water tanks, etc 245 oo 
 
 Steam chambers 2,115 oo 
 
 Installation of same 1,423 oo 
 
 Drain pipe 187 oo 
 
 Artesian well 2,403 oo 
 
 Pump and water distribution 2,185 oo 
 
 Addition to Surgeon's quarters 1,427 oo 
 
 $47,233 oo 
 
 REEDY ISLAND QUARANTINE. 
 
 Pier, with warehouse, observatory tower, disinfecting 
 
 machinery, etc $46,422 oo 
 
 Cable 1,325 oo 
 
 Surgeon's quarters, cottage hospital, attendants' quar- 
 ters, gangway and sewerage 19,125 oo 
 
 $66,872 oo 
 36 
 
OLD MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE BUILDING, NOW OCCUPIED BY THE PHILADELPHIA MARITIME 
 EXCHANGE, THIRD AND WALNUT STREETS. . 
 
 The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange and Its Work. 
 
 THIS representative organization was formed in March, 1875, its objects 
 being, as defined in the charter, "to provide and regulate a suitable 
 room or rooms for a Maritime Exchange, to acquire, preserve and 
 disseminate all maritime and other business information, and to do such 
 other and lawful acts as will tend to promote and encourage the commerce 
 of the Port of Philadelphia." 
 
 Mr. William Brockie, the first President, served continuously sixteeen 
 years. 
 
 The death of Mr. Brockie, which occurred suddenly upon September 
 12, 1890, while upon his way to his office, was deeply mourned by not only 
 this organization, but thousands of business men and many other commer- 
 cial bodies with which he was identified. Mr. Brockie was born in Edin- 
 
 37 
 
burgh, in 1834, and long represented the Allan Line of steamships in this 
 city. His portrait, a splendid work in oil, purchased by popular subscrip- 
 tion, adorns the eastern wall of The Maritime Exchange rotunda. 
 
 In 1891 Mr. A. C. Ferguson was elected to the Presidency, and re-elected 
 in 1892. Mr. George E. Earnshaw was elected President in 1893, all( i i- s m 
 office at the present time, having also been re-elected. 
 
 The following are the officers and committees for 1894 and 1895 : 
 
 President, 
 GEO. E. EARNSHAW. 
 
 Jreasurer, 
 DAVID S. STETSON. 
 
 Secretary, 
 E. R. SHARWOOD. 
 
 Vice-President, 
 THOMAS WINSMORE. 
 
 Honor ary Vice-President, 
 PHILIP FITZPATRICK. 
 
 Assistant Secretary, 
 ELISHA CROWELL. 
 
 Solicitor, 
 JOHN F. LEWIS. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 Until March 31, 1897. Until March 31, 1896. 
 
 CHAS E MATHER, SAML. T. KERR, 
 
 EDWIN S. CRAMP, J. N. WALLEM, 
 
 F. A. VON BOYNEBURGK, J. S. W. HOLTON, 
 JOSIAH MONROE, GEO. H. HIGBEE, 
 
 JOSEPH A. BALL, L. Y. SCHERMERHORN, 
 
 GEO. HARRISS, JR. CHAS. F. GILDER, 
 
 JOHN H. THOMPSON. 
 
 Until March 31, 1895. 
 
 DAVID S. STETSON, 
 
 s. B. MACDONNELL, 
 
 FRANK L. NEALL, 
 THOMAS WINSMORE, 
 GEO. E. EARNSHAW, 
 F. A. CHURCHMAN, 
 
 Finance. 
 
 JOSIAH MONROE, 
 JOHN H. THOMPSON, 
 JOSEPH A. BALL. 
 
 COMMITTEES 
 
 Floor and Library. 
 J. S. W. HOLTON, 
 SAML. T. KERR, 
 GEO. HARRISS, JR. 
 
 Membership. 
 CHAS. E. MATHER, 
 J. N. WALLEM, 
 F. A. VON BOYNEBURGK. 
 
 Harbor, Pilotage and 
 Station. 
 
 FRANK L. NEALL, 
 DAVID S. STETSON, - 
 
 EDWIN S. CRAMP, 
 
 J. S. W. HOLTON, 
 
 L. Y. SCHERMERHORN. 
 
 Commerce and Trans- 
 portation. 
 THOMAS WINSMORE, 
 
 s. B. MACDONNELL, 
 
 F. A. CHURCHMAN, 
 GEO. H. HIGBEE, 
 CHAS. F. GILLER. 
 
 38 
 
 " Executive. 
 
 GEO. E. EARNSHAW, 
 THOMAS WINSMORE, 
 FRANK L. NEALL, 
 J. S. W. HOLTON, 
 CHAS. E. MATHER, 
 JOSIAH MONROE. 
 
The rooms of The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange are located in the 
 old Merchants' Exchange Building, at Walnut, Third and Dock streets, 
 within a short distance of the Delaware River and in the heart of the com- 
 mercial district of the city. This building was once the great rallying place 
 of the solid business men of the city, and even in this day of colossal archi- 
 tecture has few superiors in the beauty of its design. 
 
 The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange quarters occupy the greater por- 
 tion of the second floor, including the office of the Secretary ; upon the 
 floor above a well-furnished committee room is maintained. Strangers in 
 the city desiring to visit the rooms are always made welcome. The staff of 
 the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange is as follows : 
 
 E. R. SHARWOOD, Secretary. JAMES T. KERNAN, Telephone Attendant. 
 
 ELISHA CROWELL, Assistant Secretary. FRANK A. CAREY, Messenger. 
 CLARENCE N. LUTZ, Chief Clerk. WILLIAM BOYER, Messenger. 
 
 JOHN H. WILLAR, Marine Reporter. THOMAS S. HARRIS, Usher. 
 FRANK W. SHOEMAKER, Stenographer. 
 
 The following Floor Regulations of The Maritime Exchange will be 
 found interesting to ship owners, captains, and business men identified with 
 our Merchant Marine : 
 
 Cards of Admission. 
 
 Upon each Certificate of Membership one card of admission shall be 
 issued by the Secretary, which shall entitle the member to admission to the 
 rooms of the Exchange, and privileges and benefits thereof; but corporations 
 and firms shall designate one person in whose name the card of admission 
 is to be issued ; such person shall be an officer of the corporation, or a mem- 
 ber of the firm designating him and shall become thereby the duly accredited 
 representative thereof, and entitled to vote for it at the meetings of the 
 Exchange, and be subject in all respects to the By-Laws and Rules and 
 Regulations. 
 
 Cards of admission must be shown at the door upon request. 
 
 Pilots' Tickets. 
 
 If the manager of any Pennsylvania or Delaware pilot boat is an active 
 member of the Exchange in good standing, cards of admission may be 
 issued, at the discretion of the Floor and Library Committee, to every other 
 pilot attached to the same boat. Such cards shall state the name of the 
 pilot and of the boat to which he is attached, and shall become void if he 
 ceases to be attached to that boat. 
 
 Shipmasters' Tickets. 
 
 Cards of admission to the floor, good for ten days, may be issued at 
 discretion of the Floor and Library Committee, to masters in actual com- 
 mand of vessels in service. 
 
 39 
 
Visitors' Tickets. 
 
 Non-resident visitors to the Exchange must be introduced by a mem- 
 ber in good standing, and their names shall be registered in a book provided 
 for that purpose. A visitor so introduced may receive a card of admission 
 good for six consecutive days, and the same can be renewed at discre- 
 tion of the Floor and Library Committee. Should such visitor violate the 
 By-Laws or Regulations by the transaction of business on the floor, or in 
 any other manner whatsoever, the member introducing him shall be held 
 responsible for such violation. 
 
 Unauthorized use of Tickets. 
 
 The door-keeper shall take up any card of admission presented by a 
 person not authorized under the By-Laws or Regulations of the Exchange 
 to use the same, and shall refuse admission to such person. 
 
 Temporary Tickets. 
 
 A temporary card of admission, good until the day of the next suc- 
 ceeding regular meeting of the Board of Directors, may be issued at the 
 discretion of the Floor and Library Committee, upon the recommendation 
 of the Membership Committee, to any candidate for membership. 
 
 Substitute Tickets. 
 
 During the temporary absence of a member from the city, or during his 
 illness confining him to his house, a substitute card of admission, good for 
 not exceeding thirty days, may be issued at the discretion of the Floor and 
 Library Committee, upon written request therefor. 
 
 The same right shall be enjoyed by the duly accredited representative 
 of a corporation or firm. 
 
 Complimentary Tickets. 
 
 Complimentary cards of admission may be issued as authorized by the 
 Board of Directors from time to time ; such cards to be signed by the Presi- 
 dent and attested by the Secretary. 
 
 Lost Tickets. 
 
 Duplicates may be issued in place of lost cards of admission by the same 
 authority and in the same manner that the originals were granted. 
 
 Special Service. 
 
 Telephone and Messenger Service. 
 
 All maritime information in possession of the main office of the Exchange 
 can be obtained by any member promptly and without charge, on application 
 personally at the rooms, or by telephone, messenger or letter. For example, 
 if a member wishes to know the position of a certain vessel, he is entitled 
 to and will receive at once all the information in possession of the office at 
 the time inquiry is made. 
 
 40 
 
On the other hand, if a member requests in advance that he shall be 
 kept advised either by telephone, messenger, or letter, of all movements or 
 information in regard to a particular vessel, or vessels, or cargoes, such 
 request involves extra service, which must be paid for at special rates. 
 
 Rates. 
 
 Single request in advance for telephone, messenger, or letter report, of 
 the sailing, arrival, or passing a reporting point, or any one item of informa- 
 tion in regard to any particular vessel or cargo, ten cents, payable when 
 request therefor is made, or monthly, or as may be arranged for by the 
 Floor and Library Committee. 
 
 Special service by telephone, messenger or letter, of the sailing, arrival 
 or passing a reporting point, of a particular line of vessels, or a particular 
 ownership, or a number of vessels, or the continued movements of a single 
 vessel, can be arranged for with the Floor and Library Committee. 
 
 Direct News from Stations. 
 
 Superintendents of Reporting Stations and of the Lewes Branch Office 
 are instructed to answer inquiries received direct from members, as to 
 questions of fact within their own knowledge, such answers to be sent 
 through the Exchange when practicable. A charge of fifty cents will be 
 made for each answer, exclusive of telegraph tolls, if any. 
 
 Business Hours. 
 
 The business hours of the Exchange shall be as follows : 
 
 Week-days (Saturdays excepted), from 8 A. M. until 6 P. M. 
 
 Saturdays, from 8 A. M. until 4 p. M., except between June i5th and 
 September i5th, when the Exchange will close at noon. 
 
 Legal holidays, from 9 to 10 A. M. 
 
 All of which are subject to the discretion of the Floor and Library 
 Committee. 
 
 Records and Bulletins on File in The Maritime Exchange. 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL AND STATE LEGISLATIVE RECORDS. 
 
 DELAWARE BAY AND RIVER NEWS. Embracing the movements of all 
 
 classes of vessels as observed from the stations of the Exchange in the 
 
 Bay and River Delaware. 
 ARRIVALS FOREIGN AND COASTWISE. Comprising all arrivals of vessels 
 
 at Philadelphia from foreign and coastwise ports. 
 
CLEARANCES FOREIGN AND COASTWISE. Comprising all clearances of 
 vessels from Philadelphia to foreign and coastwise ports. 
 
 IMPORTS. A complete record of manifests of cargoes of all vessels from 
 foreign ports. 
 
 EXPORTS. A complete record of all manifests of cargoes of vessels leaving 
 Philadelphia for foreign ports. 
 
 FOREIGN CABLE SHIPPING NEWS. The movements of vessels in the Ameri- 
 can trade at foreign ports, as received by cable. 
 
 DOMESTIC SHIPPING NEWS. The movements of vessels at American ports, 
 other than Philadelphia. 
 
 DISASTERS AND MISCELLANEOUS. The earliest intelligence procurable 
 respecting disasters, detentions and maritime items of general interest, 
 from all parts of the world. 
 
 CHARTER BOOK. Record of charters made at and from American ports. 
 
 MAIL STEAMERS. The names of steamers and hour for closing outward 
 mails at Philadelphia and New York ; the hour of sighting inward mail 
 steamers, with the time their mails will be ready for delivery ; changes, 
 detentions, etc. 
 
 FINANCIAL REPORTS. Daily quotations of exchange in European monetary 
 centres, the fluctuations of bonds, stocks, consols, rentes, etc., on the 
 London Stock Exchange and Paris Bourse, embracing " Governments" 
 and general securities, silver quotations, Paris Exchange on London, 
 specie statements of the Bank of England, Bank of France and the 
 Imperial Bank of Germany, with their current rates of discount; also, 
 similar intelligence from the principal monetary centres of the United 
 States, including fluctuations in the principal bonds, railroad stocks 
 and mining securities, notice of dividends declared, and Clearing House 
 statements from Boston to San Francisco. 
 
 MARKET REPORTS. Embracing the quotations for the day in all the principal 
 trade centres of grain, petroleum, cotton, provisions, and, in fact, all 
 staples for both immediate and future delivery ; together with the tone 
 and special features of the markets and rates of freight by rail, steam 
 and sail, both inland and ocean. 
 
 CABLE QUOTATIONS from the principal cities of England, France, Germany 
 and other European markets for grain, petroleum, provisions, cotton* 
 coffee, etc., in detail; also, foreign specialties and freight in various 
 directions, the coffee market at Rio Janeiro and Cuba sugar market. 
 
 STATISTICS relating to the export and import trade of the United States. 
 
 DISTINGUISHING DAY MARKS AND NIGHT SIGNALS of the different steam- 
 ship lines. 
 
 LIGHT- HOUSE NOTICES, with the latest changes in lights, buoys, etc. 
 
 CONSULAR REPORTS from abroad to the Government at Washington. 
 
 WEATHER REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU. This is 
 received daily, at about 10.30 A. M. It consists of a detailed statement 
 
 42 
 
of the barometer, thermometer, direction and velocity of the wind, and 
 other phenomena as observed at 7. A. M., 75th meridian time, at about 
 eighty stations of the Signal Service. This data is entered on an out- 
 line map of the United States, and isobare and isothermal lines are 
 drawn, showing at a glance the meteorological conditions of the whole 
 country. The weather indications of the twenty-four hours commencing 
 at 3 P. M. of the day on which the map is posted, are also given. A 
 Coast Bulletin is prepared daily at the Exchange, showing the direc- 
 tion and velocity of the wind and the state of the weather at eighteen 
 stations on the Atlantic Coast, from Kastport, Maine, to Key West, 
 Florida, and including the principal Ports in the Gulf of Mexico. In 
 addition to the regular reports, special bulletins received at the United 
 States Weather Bureau in this city are promptly posted. These include 
 Cold Wave warnings, Frost warnings, movements of approaching 
 storms, and other items of interest. 
 
 UYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. The United States Branch Hydrographic Office, 
 under the charge of an officer of the Navy, is located at the Exchange 
 rooms, affording masters of vessels free information in a practical form. 
 
 GENERAL NEWS. Embracing items of miscellaneous character, such as 
 Business Failures, Fires, Quarantine and other official notices ; import- 
 ant legal decisions in Admiralty, and Press dispatches from all parts of 
 the world. 
 
 LIST OF VESSELS IN PORT. Showing Nationality, rig, tonnage, location, 
 employment, name of master and agent. 
 
 LOGS. Abstracts from logs of incoming steamers, showing the character 
 of the weather, etc., experienced during the voyage. 
 
 COMMERCIAL CIRCULARS in great variety, from the principal ports of the 
 world, domestic and foreign, showing the actual state of trade in detail, 
 by latest mail advices. 
 
 CODE BOOKS. Watkins, Scott, A i, Commercial, A. B. C., and Hunter & 
 Patten. 
 
 BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Centmy Dictionary, Webster's Unabridged Dic- 
 tionary, Atlases (foreign and domestic), London Post Office Directory, 
 Directories of Principal American Cities, United States Revised Statutes, 
 Laws of Pennsylvania, Ordinances of City of Philadelphia, Shipping 
 Records (American and foreign), Port Charges of the World, Gazetteer 
 of the World, Congressional Record, Philadelphia and New York Secu- 
 rities, Reports of United States Engineers on the Harbors of the United 
 States, Navigation Laws of the United States, Customs Regulations of 
 the United States, Reports of Maritime and Commercial Bodies, and an 
 extensive Library of other Commercial Works of Reference. 
 
 43 
 
Tide Table for the Port of Philadelphia and Delaware River and Bay. 
 
 Showing the difference between the time of High Water at Philadelphia 
 (Walnut Street Wharf, Delaware River) and the following places. 
 
 The hours and minutes standing against the place in this table are to 
 be added or subtracted from the time of High Water at Philadelphia on 
 any given day, which will give (nearly) the time of High Water at the 
 following points : 
 
 (4- signifies ADD ; signifies SUBTRACT.) 
 
 DISTANCES. 
 
 Distance from Walnut Street Wharf, Philadelphia, in Nautical 
 ) to the following Places, and the Difference in 
 Time of High Water at Each Point. 
 
 H. M. 
 
 miles. Port Richmond Elevator, Philadelphia -f - 8 
 
 Cooper's Point, New Jersey -j- .11 
 
 o Walnut Street Wharf, Philadelphia 
 
 Kaighn's Point, New Jersey .10 
 
 3 r 3 s Greenwich Point, Philadelphia - - .18 
 
 7 Girard Point, (Schuylkill River) .30 
 
 Point Breeze Oil Works (Schuylkill River) .35 
 
 Gibson's Point (Schuylkill River) .37 
 
 Chestnut St. Wharf (Schuylkill River) - - .40 
 
 Pennsylvania State Quarantine Station .45 
 
 Chester, Pennsylvania .57 
 
 Schooner Ledge, Delaware River .05 
 
 Marcus Hook Reporting Station .14 
 
 Cherry Island Flats, Delaware River .40 
 
 Wilmington, Delaware (mouth of Christiana Creek) .45 
 
 26 Deep Water Point, New Jersey .42 
 
 New Castle Reporting Station .51 
 
 33^ Fort Delaware 2.02 
 
 Reedy Island Reporting Station 2.14 
 
 44 Liston's Point 3. 15 
 
 48 Bombay Hook 3.27 
 
 Cross Ledge Lighthouse 4-40 
 
 Brandvwine Lighthouse 5-37 
 
 82^ Cape May 5.20 
 
 89 Delaware Breakwater Reporting Station 542 
 
 Five Fathom Bank Lightship 
 
 N. N. E. H B. Magnetic from the Five Fathom Bank Lightship 
 is located the Northeast End Lightship 
 
 AVERAGE DURATION OF TIDES. 
 
 RISE. FALL. 
 
 h. m. h. m. 
 
 Philadelphia 5.06 7.19 
 
 New Castle 5.24 7.01 
 
 Delaware Breakwater 6.17 6.08 
 
 SPRING TIDES. NEAP TIDES. AVERAGE TIDES. 
 
 At Philadelphia 6 2 feet. 4.5 feet. 5.4 feet. 
 
 At New Castle 6.9 " 4.4 " 5.7 
 
 At Delaware Breakwater 4.5 " 3.0 " 3.5 " 
 
 Compass Variation at Philadelphia, 6 Westerly. 
 
 44 
 
Brief Outline of the Work of the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange 
 since its Organization, in 1875. 
 
 COMPILED BY THE SECRETARY. 
 
 -1875- 
 
 Demurrage and Lay-day Scale for grain and pretroleum vessels adopted. 
 Charter-parties for grain, fruit, and coal adopted. 
 
 1876 
 
 Congress memorialized regarding a bill (H. R. 654) to amend the United 
 States Shipping Act of June, 1872. 
 
 Congress memorialized to pass the ' ' Hale Bill ' ' to repeal compulsory 
 pilotage on coastwise vessels. 
 
 Congress petitioned to make an appropriation for the United States 
 
 Hydrographic Office. 
 
 1877 
 
 The petition of the Board of Wardens for the extension of the Warden's 
 line endorsed. 
 
 Resolutions adopted relative to the presentation and collection of claims 
 growing out of the Pittsburg riots. 
 
 Resolutions adopted commending the appointment of Hon. John Welsh 
 as United States Minister to the Court of St. James. 
 
 1878 
 
 Special Committee appointed to urge upon Congress the need of an 
 appropriation for the improvement of the Delaware Harbor and River. 
 
 Resolutions adopted opposing the transfer of the United States Life- 
 Saving Service from the Treasury to the Navy Department. 
 
 An improvement in the Postal facilities between Philadelphia and Lewes, 
 Del., advocated. 
 
 The removal of the United States Signal Station from Lewes, Del., to 
 Delaware Breakwater suggested. 
 
 The proposed abolition by City Councils of the Board of Wardens for 
 the Port of Philadelphia opposed. 
 
 -1879 
 
 Resolutions forwarded to City Councils suggesting the presentation by 
 the commercial bodies of Philadelphia of the names of gentlemen qualified 
 to fulfil the duties of Port Wardens. 
 
 Congress memorialized to appropriate $5.000 to establish a Signal 
 Station on the Delaware Breakwater. 
 
 45 
 
FIRST GOVERNMENT 
 HOUSE, SWEDISH. TINICUM., 
 
 1643 
 
 WILMINGTON 
 
 FORT CHRIST 
 
 SWEDISH. 1638. 
 DUTCHXI655 
 
 NATIONA QUARANTINE STATION 
 it. [.REORTING STATION 
 
 NEW CASTLE I MI.E. REPORTING STATION 
 DUTCH r.fiP^T /PENNSVILLE 
 165 
 
 Liston's Point 
 
 Bombay Hook LigM^ 
 BOMBAY HOOK 
 
 MAP OF THE DELAWARE RIVER, BELOW PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 4 6 
 
Congress memorialized in favor of the passage of Senate Bill, 1561, 
 providing for the interchange of subsidiary silver coins and United States 
 notes. 
 
 Bankruptcy Bill prepared by the Philadelphia Board of Trade, endorsed 
 by the Exchange. 
 
 Physical examination of seamen before shipment, as suggested by the 
 Secretary of the Treasury and the Surgeon- General of the Marine Hospital 
 Service, approved. 
 
 Delegation sent to Washington to favor an appropriation for the 
 improvement of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. 
 
 1880 
 
 Congress memorialized in opposition to the law requiring the payment 
 of three months' extra wages to seamen discharged in foreign ports. 
 
 Resolutions adopted opposing any division of the Organization of the 
 United States Signal Service. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring an annual appropriation by Councils of a 
 sufficient amount of money necessary to maintain a proper depth of water 
 in the docks along the river front to accommodate large vessels. 
 
 Delegation appointed to attend Shipping Convention at Boston. 
 
 Building and equipment of Reporting Station at Cape Henlopen. 
 
 1881 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the discontinuance of ' ' Spout Service ' ' 
 charges at Girard Point Elevators. 
 
 Delegation sent to Harrisburg on " Pilotage Reform." 
 
 Defining the limits of the Port of Philadelphia. 
 
 Resolutions adopted commending the services of Commodore Geo. B. 
 White, U. S. N., while Inspector of the Fourth Light-house District. 
 
 Resolutions adopted on the death of President Garfield. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring National legislation to correct abuses 
 arising from the payment of advance wages to seamen. 
 
 " Protective Fund " for vessels inaugurated. 
 
 Resolutions adopted in testimony of the continued and increasing use- 
 fulness of the Signal Service of the United States. 
 
 Action by the Exchange relative to the infringement of regulations by 
 reason of vessels anchoring within the range of the " Range Lights." 
 
 Change made in the ' ' Lay-day Scale ' ' for vessels loading petroleum , 
 to conform to the charges enforced at the Port of New York. 
 
 Resolutions favoring the principles of differential rates of freight, 
 founded upon the difference in the service rendered to and from the west and 
 the cities of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. 
 
 48 
 
_i882 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the introduction by the Government of the 
 ' ' Pintsch ' ' system of lighting buoys for use on the coast and navigable 
 waters. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the early completion of the new Post 
 Office Building at Philadelphia. 
 
 Delegation sent to Washington to urge the claims of the Port of Phila- 
 delphia for a liberal appropriation for the improvement of the Delaware 
 River and Bay. 
 
 Committee appointed to prepare a paper, to be submitted to the United 
 States Advisory Commission appointed to hear arguments upon differential 
 rates of freight from the west to the seaboard. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the permanent organization of the 
 United States Signal Service. 
 
 Resolutions adopted in opposition to the proposed bridge across the 
 Delaware between Philadelphia and Camden, N. J. 
 
 Exchange incorporated. 
 
 Resolutions adopted protesting against the extension of the patents to 
 the inventors of ' k Steam Grain Shovels." 
 
 Bi -centennial Anniversary of the Commonwealth oi Pennsylvania 
 endorsed. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the passage of the bill reported by Senator 
 Frye for the disposition of the French Spoliation Claims. 
 
 Endorsement of the Master Stevedores' Protective Association of the 
 Port of Philadelphia. 
 
 Committee appointed to co-operate with a committee of the New York 
 Maritime Association in an inquiry into the causes of the decline in American 
 shipping. 
 
 -1883 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the retention of the United States 
 Shipping Commissioner's Office. 
 
 Congress memorialized in opposition to the proposed transfer of the 
 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, the United States Revenue Marine, 
 the United States Marine Hospital Service and the United States Signal 
 Service from the Departments they are now connected with. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the establishment of a Light-ship off 
 the Capes of Virginia. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the reduction of the duty on molasses 
 to the same ratio as that upon the lower grades of sugar. 
 
 Memorial sent to the Committee on Commerce of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives at Washington, urging the appropriation of $50,000 from the 
 River and Harbor Appropriation for the improvement of the Delaware River 
 in the vicinity of Petty 's Island. 
 
 49 
 
United States Senate Committee on Commerce memorialized in favor of 
 the passage of the measure known as the " Dingley " Shipping Bill. 
 (H. R. 7061.) 
 
 Legislature of the State of Pennsylvania memorialized in favor of the 
 passage of a bill looking to the improvement of the stevedore service at the 
 Port of Philadelphia. 
 
 Committee appointed to act with a committee of the Tow Boat Owners' 
 Association as a joint Arbitration Committee. 
 
 Finance Committee of Councils memorialized to appropriate the sum of 
 $10,000 for the purpose of dredging the docks into which the city sewers 
 empty. 
 
 Committee appointed to co-operate with other commercial bodies in 
 asking Congress to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of the 
 Delaware River and Bay. 
 
 Committee appointed on improvement of American shipping. 
 
 1884 
 
 Delegates appointed to attend "Bankruptcy Bill " Convention at Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the application, by the Schuylkill River 
 Hast Side Railroad Company, to the Board of Wardens for the Port of 
 Philadelphia, for a license to erect a bridge across the Schuylkill River. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring an appropriation by Congress for the 
 supply to American Consuls, in foreign ports, of copies of " Port Charges of 
 the World." 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the establishment on a firm basis of the 
 United States Hydrographic Office, and an appropriation for the continuance 
 of Branch Hydrographic Offices at the principal seaboard cities of the United 
 States. 
 
 Resolutions adopted urging the Pennsylvania delegates in Congress to 
 support the " Dingley Pilotage Bill." 
 
 Rates of wharfage at petroleum wharves approved by the Exchange. 
 
 -1885 
 
 Appropriations urged at Washington for the improvement of the Dela- 
 ware River and Bay. 
 
 Resolutions adopted endorsing the application of the New York Maritime 
 Association, and others, for the establishment of an United States Marine 
 Hospital at the Port of New York. 
 
 Delegates appointed to a Joint Committee of Commercial Bodies for the 
 purpose of formulating an International Bill of leading. 
 
 Committee appointed to urge upon the Legislature of the State of 
 Pennsylvania the passage of a bill having for its purpose the correction of 
 discriminations in freight rates by Railroad Companies. 
 
 50 
 
City Councils memorialized in favor of an appropriation for the estab- 
 lishment of a Nautical Schoolship at Philadelphia. 
 
 1886 
 
 Resolution adopted favoring the establishment by the United States 
 Signal Service of a Signal and Reporting Station at Jupiter Inlet, Florida. 
 
 Resolution adopted protesting against the reduction of the duty on 
 sugars 20 per cent., and leaving the duty on molasses as at present, as 
 contemplated in the Morrison Tariff Bill (H. R. 5576). 
 
 Congress memorialized in connection with the testing of anchors and 
 chains of vessels. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring an appeal to the public for contributions in 
 behalf of the families of members of the Barnegat, N. J., Life-Saving Crew, 
 who lost their lives in the line of duty on February n, 1886. 
 
 The "Lowell" Bankruptcy Bill, as amended by the United States 
 Senate, endorsed. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the abrogation by Congress of the 
 Hawaiian Reciprocity Treaty. 
 
 Congress memorialized to appoint a Commission to suggest amendments 
 to the Navigation Laws, more particularly relating to passenger vessels. 
 
 1887 
 
 Committee appointed to attend Shipping Convention at Washington. 
 
 Congress memorialized to appropriate $25,000 for the purpose of making 
 a preliminary survey to determine the feasibility of removing Smith and 
 Windmill Islands. 
 
 " Maritime Rules " for the Port of Philadelphia adopted. 
 
 Legislature of Pennsylvania memorialized in opposition to House Bill 
 No. 6, relating to the erection of wharves and the collection of wharfage 
 thereon, unless a proviso be attached preventing interference with the powers 
 of the Board of Wardens of Philadelphia, in their supervision of wharves 
 and piers in the Delaware. 
 
 "Strike Clause" adopted for insertion in "Maritime Rules" for the 
 Port of Philadelphia. 
 
 Board of Wardens memorialized to withhold their sanction to pilots 
 taking upon their boats any more apprentices until the number of pilots 
 already licensed more nearly approaches the requirements of commerce. 
 
 President of the United States memorialized in favor of an International 
 Marine Conference. 
 
 -1888 
 
 Congress memorialized to establish a permanent light on Swan Point 
 Bar, Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Resolutions adopted protesting against a proposed unjust discrimination 
 in the Mills Tariff Bill (H. R. 9051) as being injurious to Philadelphia 
 industries and its maritime interests. 
 
Congress memorialized in favor of an appropriation for the maintenance 
 of Branch Hydrographic offices. 
 
 Resolutions adopted endorsing the efforts of the Philadelphia members 
 of Congress to obtain recognition from Congress for the permanent improve- 
 ment of the League Island Navy Yard. 
 
 Resolutions adopted welcoming the proposed elevated branch of the 
 Philadelphia & Reading Railroad into the city. 
 
 -1889 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the establishment of a Naval Reserve. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the passage of a bill (S. 2851) to 
 amend the Interstate Commerce Act. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the passage of an Ordinance by City 
 Councils granting to the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad Co. the terminal 
 privileges desired, under proper and just restrictions. 
 
 Resolutions adopted advocating the establishment of a Belt Line Rail- 
 road. 
 
 Resolutions adopted in opposition to House bill No. 52, known as the 
 ' ' Grade Crossing ' ' Bill. 
 
 Committee appointed to solicit subscriptions for the families of pilots lost 
 with the pilot boat "Enoch Turley." 
 
 Committee appointed to solicit subscriptions in money, etc., in aid of 
 those left destitute by the Johnstown floods. 
 
 Resolutions adopted commending the services of the employes of the 
 Maritime Exchange and of the Light-Houses on the Delaware Breakwater in 
 connection with the rescue of the Captain and crew of the Norwegian Bark 
 " Patriot," wrecked at that point May 23, 1889. 
 
 Resolutions adopted looking to the removal by the Government of 
 wrecked coal barges sunk in the Delaware Bay, in positions dangerous to 
 navigation, during the storm of September 3 to 12, 1889. 
 
 City Councils memorialized to appropriate $200,000 for acquiring the 
 title to the islands in the Delaware River opposite the City of Philadelphia. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the proposed transfer of the United 
 States Revenue Marine Service from the Treasury to the Navy Department, 
 as recited in the Chandler Bill (S. 3924). 
 
 -1890- 
 
 Delegate appointed to attend the convention of the Industrial Shipping 
 League at Washington. 
 
 "Torrey" Bankruptcy Bill endorsed. 
 
 Congress Memorialized to establish a Department of Commerce. 
 
 Congress memorialized to appoint a Board of Engineers to examine and 
 report upon a National Harbor of Refuge near the mouth of the Delaware 
 Bay, suitable for deep draught vessels. 
 
 52 
 
Congress memorialized in favor of the payment of a pension to the 
 widow of the late Commodore George B. White, U. S. N. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of an appropriation for a new light-ship 
 on Fenwicks Island Shoal, and the retention of the light-ship at present on 
 that shoal as a Relief light- vessel for the Fourth Light-house District. 
 
 Report of the American Delegates to the International Marine Confer- 
 ence endorsed. 
 
 A proposed proportionate increase in the rates of wharfage on vessels 
 loading petroleum at Philadelphia endorsed. 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury memorialized in favor of an increase in the 
 number of weighers and gangers at Philadelphia. 
 
 Committee appointed to urge upon Congress a liberal appropriation for 
 the improvement of the Schuylkill River. 
 
 Committee appointed to urge upon Congress an appropriation of $50,000 
 for the reopening of the League Island Navy Yard. 
 
 Memorial resolutions adopted on the death of Mr. William Brockie, late 
 President of the Exchange. 
 
 Congress memorialized to pass a Joint Resolution, requiring the several 
 Departments of the Government to examine and report upon the recommen- 
 dations of the American Delegates to the International Marine Conference, 
 with a view to obtaining legislation thereon. 
 
 -1891- 
 
 Protest forwarded to Congress against the passage of the Free Silver 
 Coinage Bill. 
 
 The Legislature of Pennsylvania memorialized against the removal of 
 the Quarantine Station from its present location at the Lazaretto. 
 
 Committee appointed to represent the Exchange on a Joint Committee 
 of Commercial Bodies, to consider all matters relating to the improvement of 
 the Harbor of Philadelphia. 
 
 Legislature of Pennsylvania memorialized against the passage of the 
 Direct Tax Bill (H. R. 210). 
 
 Delegation sent to Harrisburg to protest against the passage of the Bill 
 providing for the removal of the Quarantine Station from the Lazaretto. 
 
 United States Engineers petitioned to dredge a cut through Bulkhead 
 Shoals, to allow the passage of deep draught vessels. 
 
 Action of Exchange in inducing Masters of Line Steamers to accept 
 the first Pilot offering his services. 
 
 Charges adopted regulating the discharge of sugar cargoes at the Port 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 Minute adopted relative to the death of Mr. William G. Boulton, late 
 Vice- President of the Exchange. 
 
 Prizes awarded by the Exchange to the graduates of the Pennsylvania 
 Nautical Schoolship ' ' Saratoga . ' ' 
 
 53 
 
i 
 
 
 -*: 
 
 I j I 
 
 H I >" 
 
Resolutions adopted favoring the transfer of the United States Revenue 
 Marine Service from the Treasury to the Navy Department. 
 
 1892 
 
 Congress memorialized in opposition to the measure establishing Load 
 Lines for vessels (S. 1226). 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring an increase in the present Steamship 
 Service facilities between Philadelphia and Savannah. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of a bill (S. 3017) providing for a new 
 Revenue Boarding Cutter for the Port of Philadelphia. 
 
 Committee appointed to confer with the Board of Health relative to 
 unnecessary detention of vessels in quarantine. 
 
 Resolutions adopted expressive of the appreciation of the Exchange of 
 the labor of Mr. Spencer C. McCorkel, Assistant to the United States Coast 
 and Geodetic Survey stationed at Philadelphia, and regret at his retirement. 
 
 Committee appointed to represent the Exchange on a joint committee 
 for the consideration of the subject of a Philadelphia Transportation Bureau. 
 
 Committee appointed to co-operate with the local United States Engineer 
 in an endeavor to put a stop to the practice of dumping mud in the channels 
 of the Delaware River, as being detrimental to the best interests of the Port. 
 
 Arrangements made with the General Superintendent of the Life-Saving 
 Service at Washington to connect the telephone lines of the Life-Saving 
 Service between Cape Henlopen and Cape Charles, with the Branch Office of 
 the Exchange at Lewes, Del. 
 
 City Councils memorialized in favor of the establishment on Little 
 Tinicum Island of a temporary disinfecting plant. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring a National Quarantine Law. 
 
 -1893- 
 
 Congress memorialized to pass a law to legalize and make effective the 
 provisions of the "New York Produce Exchange Bill of Lading." 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the construction and early completion 
 of the Nicaragua Canal. 
 
 Minute adopted relative to the death of Mr. Lars. Westergaard, late 
 Treasurer of the Exchange. 
 
 Resolutions adopted commending the work done by the City Ice Boats. 
 
 Committee appointed to consider ' * Load Line ' ' Rules adopted by the 
 British Board of Trade. 
 
 Delegation sent to Harrisburg to favor the passage of the ' ' Bliss ' ' Quar- 
 antine Bill. 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury addressed relative to the vessels loading at 
 Marcus Hook Oil Piers being required to clear from the Wilmington Custom 
 House instead of from Philadelphia, as heretofore. 
 
 Ocean Steamship Bill of Lading adopted by the Exchange. 
 
 55 
 
Grain Charter-parties (steam) " direct port " and " for orders " adopted 
 by the Exchange. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the passage of a Joint Resolution 
 authorizing the President of the United States to make with other govern- 
 ments an International Agreement providing for the reporting, marking, 
 and removal of dangerous wrecks, derelicts, and other menaces to navigation 
 in the North Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the passage of a law by Congress : 
 
 First. Requiring the Navy Department to remove or destroy wrecks that are 
 not salvable. 
 
 Second. Defining mode of procedure in reporting, marking and removing 
 wrecks and derelicts. 
 
 Third. Providing for the construction, equipment, and maintenance on the 
 Atlantic Coast, and waters bordering thereon, of one or more seagoing steamers, 
 specially adapted for removing and destroying wrecks and derelicts. 
 
 Fourth. Requiring the Light-House Board to mark and light wrecks and 
 obstructions. 
 
 Fifth. Amending the Act of September 19, 1890, so as to authorize the War 
 Department to remove obstructions in a shorter period than two months. 
 
 Consideration by the Board of the subject of "heat and light" on 
 board vessels loading petroleum at oil wharves in the Port of Philadelphia. 
 
 Proposed change by the Light-House Board in the character of lights at 
 present displayed at the mouth of the Christiana River, Delaware, approved. 
 
 An oil painting of the late Mr. William Brockie, first president of the 
 Maritime Exchange, placed in the Exchange rooms by subscription of 
 members. 
 
 Cable laid at Reedy Island, connecting the Quaratine Station at that 
 point with Philadelphia by telegraph. 
 
 The Government of the Netherlands, through the Minister at Washing- 
 ton, requested by the Exchange to establish a Vice-Consulate at Philadelphia. 
 
 Spanish Consul at Philadelphia communicated with, relative to the 
 different conditions under which ' ' Certificates of Origin ' ' are issued at this 
 port, as compared with other ports. 
 
 Congress memorialized to enact Senate Bill 869, and Bill H. R. 2795, 
 providing for the maintenance in active service of Life-saving Stations upon 
 the sea and gulf coasts of the United States for ten months in the year. 
 
 President of the United States memorialized to make prompt use of the 
 powers conferred upon him by the Joint Resolution of Congress, authorizing 
 him to make an International Agreement providing for the marking, report- 
 ing and removal of wrecks and derelicts. 
 
 An agent of the Exchange established at the National Quarantine 
 Station at Reedy Island, as a Marine observer and telegraph operator. 
 
 Secretary of War memorialized in favor of the early completion of the 
 work of filling in the Gap-Way between Delaware Breakwater proper and 
 the Ice Breaker. 
 
 56 
 
-i8 9 4- 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the passage of Bill H. R. 4606, 
 modifying the penalty for the crime of Barratry. 
 
 Proposed publication by the United States Hydrographic Office of a 
 pilot chart of the North Pacific Ocean commended as an important addi- 
 tional aid to navigation. 
 
 Resolutions adopted favoring the passage of the Bill S. 1435 (an amend- 
 ment to Section 2880 of the Revised Statutes), fixing the time allowed for 
 vessels to unlade. 
 
 Revision of the By-Laws and Floor Regulations of the Exchange. 
 
 Delegation sent to Washington to urge an appropriation by Congress 
 for completing the closing of the Gap-Way at the Delaware Breakwater, 
 and for the further improvement of the Schuylkill River. 
 
 Congress memorialized to make a liberal appropriation for the continu- 
 ance of the work in connection with the improvement of the Delaware 
 River. 
 
 Minute adopted relative to the death of Mr. George W. Childs. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the early completion of the Sandy 
 Bay Breakwater and Harbor of Refuge, at Cape Ann, Mass. 
 
 Congress memorialized to amend the bill under consideration relating to 
 the employment of engineers, etc., on steam vessels, so that it shall not apply 
 to vessels of 150 tons and under. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the prompt construction of the 
 Nicaragua Canal under American control. 
 
 Minute adopted relative to the death of Mr. Spencer C. McCorkle, 
 Assistant United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 
 
 Congress memorialized against the passage of certain bills introduced to 
 amend the Navigation Laws, to-wit : H. R. 5501, 5502, 5503, 5504, 5505, 
 5506, and 5603, known as the " Maguire " Bills. 
 
 Committee appointed to prepare and issue a " Hand- Book of the Lower 
 Delaware," of which a special feature shall be a description of the National 
 Quarantine Stations at Delaware Breakwater and Reedy Island. 
 
 Gas-lighted Buoy placed on the "Elbow of Cross Ledge," Delaware 
 River, at the solicitation of the Exchange. 
 
 Congress memorialized in favor of the retention of the United States 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey in the Treasury Department. 
 
 Communication addressed to the Superintendent of the United States 
 Coast and Geodetic Survey at Washington, calling his attention to the filling 
 up of the Harbor of the Delaware Breakwater, and asking that a survey be 
 made of that harbor at as early a date as possible. [Note. Survey made 
 November, 1894.] 
 
 Collector of Customs at Philadelphia advised as to the nature and extent 
 of taxes imposed on shipping in Ports of the United States, in answer to an 
 inquiry made by him. 
 
 57 
 
President of the Bxchange appeared before the Committee on Merchant 
 Marine and Fisheries of the House of Representatives, at Washington, in 
 company with representatives from the Maritime Association of the Port of 
 New York, in opposition to bills amending the Navigation Laws, introduced 
 by Mr. Maguire, of California. 
 
 Congress memorialized against the passage of Bill H. R. 7295, prohibiting 
 the payment of advance wages to seamen. 
 
 City Councils memorialized to appropriate $500,000 for the improvement 
 of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers. 
 
 Light-House Board petitioned to replace the Nun Buoy at Dan Baker 
 with a Gas Buoy. 
 
 Committee appointed to consider the subject of " Quarantine " on the 
 Delaware River and Bay. 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury petitioned to have established and maintained 
 at the National Quarantine Station, Reedy Island, a tidal indicator, to advise 
 vessels of the depth of water over ' * Dan Baker Shoals ' ' and ' ' Duck Creek 
 Flats." 
 
 Tidal gauges ordered by the Exchange to be located at points on the 
 Delaware River, to aid vessels in passing over the shoals at " Fort Mifflin," 
 "Schooner Ledge," " Cherry Island," and " Bulkhead." 
 
 -1895 
 
 (TO FEBRUARY 25TH.) 
 
 Senators from Pennsylvania urged to have inserted in the Sundry Civil 
 Bill an item for an appropriation for a light- vessel to be placed on ' ' Over- 
 falls Shoals," entrance to Delaware Bay. 
 
 Governor of Pennsylvania memorialized to require familiarity with 
 shipping, experience, energy, and tact as special qualifications in his appointee 
 for Harbor Master of the Port of Philadelphia. 
 
 Committee appointed to urge upon the Legislature of Pennsylvania the 
 need of an appropriation by the State for the improvement of the|Delaware 
 and Schuylkill Rivers. 
 
 President of the United States memorialized in favor of Consular Reform. 
 
 Senate of the United States memorialized against the passage of Bill 
 (H. R. 4609) known as the " Bailey " Bankruptcy Bill, and in favor of the 
 "Torrey" Bill. 
 
 Committee appointed to recommend to the Secretary of the Treasury 
 suitable bearings or ranges to define the lines dividing the high seas from 
 rivers, harbors and inland waters. 
 
LIGHT-HOUSE AND MARITIME EXCHANGE REPORTING STATION, BREAKWATER. 
 
 The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange Reporting Stations. 
 
 One of the most important functions of The Philadelphia Maritime 
 Exchange is the telegraphic reporting of incoming and outgoing vessels from 
 its chain of stations along the river and bay. These reporting stations are 
 located at Delaware Breakwater, Lewes, Del., Reedy Island (National quar- 
 antine station), New Castle, Del., and Marcus Hook, Pa. The lower sta- 
 tion upon the storm-beaten Breakwater is connected with the mainland by a 
 telegraph cable, which, from its frequent breakage by vessels anchoring^in 
 its vicinity, is one of the largest items of expense connected with this 
 invaluable service. In addition to the instantaneous reporting and bulletin- 
 ing of all vessels, communication by telephone is maintained at the branch 
 office, at Lewes, Del., with all of the near-by life saving stations, and all 
 wrecks or other marine casualties are promptly reported for the public 
 information. 
 
 The lower Reporting Station is a w r eather-stained but staunch little 
 building upon the western end of the Breakwater. The Breakwater itself 
 is half a mile long, and rises about twelve feet above the sea level. It is 
 simply a mass of rocks dumped into the sea by prodigious labor until the 
 required rampart was completed. The survey of the work was commenced 
 about 1825. Running at right angles with it, and at a distance of about 
 400 yards, is another stone pile. The intermediate gap is filled up to low 
 water surface. 
 
 The signal station is a one-floor frame house, clamped and chained to 
 
 59 
 
heavy beams anchored into the rocks. Just beyond it is the tower of the 
 " front " light of the Breakwater. At the eastern end of the Breakwater is 
 another light. Boats hang from davits upon the exterior of the signal sta- 
 tion, by which the three men on duty may in turn go to and from the 
 shore. The station contains four rooms : the general room, in which are 
 the telegraph instrument, signal flags, telescope, etc.; a kitchen, and 
 two bed-rooms. Outside is the flagstaff, from which the signal flags 
 flutter. 
 
 Every ship passing up the bay reports her name by means of the Inter- 
 national Signal Code, and such other facts as may be of value or interest to 
 her consignees or owners. By the same method orders are communicated to 
 tugs. Storm and weather signals are also displayed. The worst storm ever 
 known at the Breakwater occurred September 7 to n, 1889, when thirty-two 
 vessels were driven ashore, all of which, except seven, were afterwards 
 floated. Occasionally a storm drives a ship upon the solid mass of the 
 Breakwater, as in the case of the " Morro Castle," November 27, 1888, from 
 which, happily, the entire crew were heroically rescued by the inmates 
 of the signal station and the light-house. Another ship, the Norwegian 
 bark " Patriot," was wrecked here in May, 1889, and again the crew were 
 saved. 
 
 The population of the little town of Lewes finds occupation in the 
 employ of the Government, the Maritime Exchange, and the wrecking con- 
 cerns, piloting, and other business of the sea ; and life in such a community, 
 although in the main monotonous, is often punctuated by the most stirring 
 excitements when, as in the case of great shipwrecks, such as are an inevi- 
 table part of seafaring enterprises, half drowned strangers are cast among 
 them, the care of whom is accepted as a matter of course by the humblest 
 cottager upon the sands. That Lewes has its memories and romances 
 may be well imagined. Local tradition tells of British men-of-war that 
 plagued its people in the Revolution and the War of 1812, and sent their 
 shot through the gray little cabins. Here, during her early life, resided 
 the famous litigant, Myra Clark Gaines, and Caesar Rodney, one of the 
 signers of the Declaration of Independence, lived here. In the cemetery of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church are the graves of many a staunch pilot, 
 many a stranger whose life was ended by the waves upon this desolate 
 coast. 
 
 Recently a survey has been made by Government engineers for a much 
 larger breakwater, or National harbor of refuge, located at a greater distance 
 from the shore, which when built will accommodate the largest modern 
 vessels, and provide far greater safety by the increased sea room and depth 
 of water than that now in existence. 
 
 The employes stationed at the Breakwater Reporting Station are : John 
 H. Richards, Superintendent ; W. A. Johnson, Assistant Superintendent and 
 Boatman ; Frank Fuss, Assistant and Telegraph Operator. 
 
 60 
 
Upon the mainland, at L,ewes, the Maritime Exchange has a branch 
 station in charge of F. H. Brewer, Agent; Antoinette Brewer, Assistant; 
 John T. Johnson, Messenger. 
 
 Reedy Island Reporting Station. 
 
 The building of the quarantine structures at Reedy 
 Island afforded an opportunity for the Maritime Exchange 
 to locate a Reporting Station forming a tower-like enclosure 
 at the southern end of the Government structure, com- 
 manding a view of the approach from both up and down 
 the river. This office is in charge of Harry Hehl, under 
 the supervision of the officer in command. 
 
 New Castle, Delaware, Reporting Station. 
 
 The office at this point is located in a two-story 
 building facing the principal wharf. It is in charge of 
 Hugh Duffy, as agent. 
 
 MARITIME EXCHANGE REPORTING STATION AT NEW CASTLE. 
 
 Marcus Hook Reporting Station. 
 
 This station is placed above the outer end of the extensive oil shipping 
 sheds of the Bear Creek Refining Company. It is in charge of George J. 
 Carter, as superintendent. 
 
 An interchange of news with kindred institutions at other ports keeps 
 members posted in all matters of interest, and disseminates the news from 
 the stations as well as that gathered along the docks and wharves of the city 
 by the Exchange reporters. 
 
 61 
 
MARITIME EXCHANGE REPORTING STATION AT MARCUS HOOK. 
 
 Life-Saving Service at the Capes of the Delaware. 
 
 In response to a request from the Philadelphia Maritime Exchange, the 
 Superintendent of the United States Life- Saving Service has supplied the 
 folio wing i interesting information : 
 
 TREASURY DEPARTMENT, 
 
 OFFICE OF THE GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT, 
 
 LIFE-SAVING SERVICE. 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C., November 24, 1894. 
 
 SIR : I transmit herewith, in the form of a tabular statement, the only 
 information of the kind that it is practicable to give. From the nature of 
 things, the number of lives the Service saves cannot be even approximately 
 stated. It would not be true to say that all who escaped death from wrecked 
 vessels, at which life-saving crews were present, were saved by the Service, or 
 even that all who were brought ashore by the Station boats and apparatus 
 would otherwise have perished, because history has shown that on most 
 occasions of shipwreck, where life-saving crews have not been present, a 
 greater or less number of the shipwrecked have escaped. 
 
 On the other hand, the number of persons brought ashore by the life- 
 saving boats and apparatus does not by any means represent the full number 
 of lives saved, because many are saved upon stranded vessels which are got 
 off and floated by the life-saving crews. 
 
 62 
 
LIFE-SAVING STATION, CAPE MAY. 
 
 Again, the service annually, by the danger signals ot its patrolmen, 
 warns off a great number of vessels running into danger of stranding, saving 
 most of them from damage or total loss. There were 244 such instances last 
 year, and for many years past the number has never been less than 200. 
 How many persons are preserved from death by this means can, of course, 
 never be told. 
 
 In view of these and other considerations, the reports of the Service do 
 not undertake to say how many lives the Life-Saving Service saves. The 
 number of persons on board the vessels that meet with misfortune within 
 the field of Station operations is known, and the number of these who are 
 lost from such vessels is also known. In making up the wreck statistics, 
 therefore, these numbers are stated. 
 
 You will understand, also, that the Life-Saving Service does not claim to 
 have saved all the property under the caption of ' ' amount of property 
 saved," in the table. It is a fact, however, that the sendee, directly and 
 indirectly, saves a vast amount, much more than the cost of maintaining the 
 service. Respectfully yours, 
 
 S. J. KIMBALL, 
 General Superintendent. 
 
 NOTK For the use of this and the illustrations of Cape May Light and Ufe-Saving-Scenes the com- 
 piler is indebted to Mr. John M. Rogers, printer, of Wilmington, Del. 
 
THli BEACH PATKOL. 
 
 STATEMENT 
 
 Showing the number of casualties to vessels, property involved, property saved, persons 
 on board and lives lost, which have occurred within the scope of the operations of 
 the Life-Saving Service, from and including the Atlantic City Station, coast of 
 New Jersey, to and including the Wallops Beach Station (south side of Chincoteague 
 Inlet), coast of Virginia, for a period of ten fiscal years : 
 
 Years. 
 
 Number of 
 Casualties. 
 
 Property Involved. 
 
 Property Saved. 
 
 Persons on 
 Board. 
 
 Ivives Lost. 
 
 1885 
 
 35 
 
 $453 775 
 
 $377 77C 
 
 181 
 
 
 1886 
 
 * 
 
 46 
 
 6lO,275 
 
 c;i6 I^e; 
 
 2Q5 
 
 
 1887 
 
 52 
 
 534,705 
 
 324 135 
 
 32O 
 
 
 1888 
 1880 
 
 6 4 
 
 ^7 
 
 1,111,950 
 288 04=; 
 
 830,265 
 191 82O 
 
 < 
 
 408 
 
 187 
 
 5 
 
 1890 
 1891 
 1892 
 
 1893 
 1894 
 
 66 
 
 37 
 32 
 
 % 
 
 909,630 
 249.945 
 276,655 
 724,465 
 875 700 
 
 620,835 
 207,270 
 8l,I50 
 
 697,985 
 
 7A7 A7O 
 
 415 
 
 1 66 
 214 
 213 
 
 072 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 7 2 
 
 
 Aggregate . . 
 
 447 
 
 $6,135,325 
 
 |4,594,86o 
 
 2,671 
 
 17 
 
 64 
 
FOURTH DISTRICT 
 
FIFTH DISTRICT 
 E-SAVING SERVICE 
 
 66 
 
 
Delaware River Pilot Boats. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA SERVICE. 
 
 No. i Wm. W. Ker ; No. 2 E. C. Knight ; No. 3 J. Henry Edmunds ; 
 No. 4 John G. Whilldin. 
 
 Pennsylvania boats are distinguished by the abbreviation-" Pa ." upon 
 the foresail. 
 
 DELAWARE SERVICE. 
 
 No. i Henry Cope; No. 2 Thos. F. Bayard; No. 3 Thomas 
 Howard ; No. 4 E. W. Tunnell. 
 
 City Ice Boats. 
 
 The City of Philadelphia owns and operates three Ice Boats (side-wheel 
 steamers) of power and equipment scarcely second to any in the world. 
 Their office is to keep the channels of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers 
 navigable in the severest winter weather, and the original intention was that 
 they should be used solely for that purpose ; but in time of emergency, 
 when Tow Boats are not at hand and navigation is rendered very difficult, 
 if not impracticable, except in their wake, they accept tows at rates which, 
 though apparently high, pay but a small portion of their operating expenses. 
 
 Rates of Towage. 
 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 SCAIvE OF DISTANCES. 
 
 U.S. 
 Survey. 
 
 70 tO 200 
 
 and 
 under 
 
 70. 
 
 200 
 
 to 
 
 500. 
 
 500 
 to 
 
 800. 
 
 800 
 to 
 
 IIOO. 
 
 IIOO 
 
 to 
 
 1300. 
 
 1300 
 and 
 up- 
 wards. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA TO OR FROM 
 
 
 Cents 
 per ton. 
 
 Cents 
 per ton. 
 
 Cents 
 per ton. 
 
 Cents 
 per ton. 
 
 Cents 
 per ton. 
 
 Cents 
 per ton. 
 
 Chester . . .... 
 
 I6 1 / 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 j j 
 
 IO 
 
 Q 
 
 8 
 
 Marcus Hook. 
 
 2O 
 
 JQ 
 
 I 3 
 
 12 
 
 j i 
 
 IO 
 
 
 Grubb's Landing . . 
 
 24 
 
 2O 
 
 14 
 
 I 3 
 
 12 
 
 J J 
 
 IO 
 
 \Vilmington Creek 
 
 28 ^ 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 I ~\ 
 
 12 
 
 1 1 
 
 New Castle 
 
 -i-\y~ 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 Delaware City 
 
 40 
 
 S- 
 
 IQ 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 J C 
 
 14 
 
 Reedy Island Light-house 
 
 46 
 
 2Q 
 
 2O 
 
 IQ 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 1C 
 
 Morris Liston's (Half Way) 
 
 5 2 
 
 2 | 
 
 21 
 
 2O 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 Duck Creek Light-house . . 
 
 S6 1 / 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 IQ 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 
 O^/z 
 
 61 
 
 -\A 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 IQ 
 
 18 
 
 Buoy of" Middle 
 
 71 
 
 3Q 
 
 26 
 
 OC 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 L/edge 1/ight-boat . . 
 
 77 
 
 jy 
 
 AT 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 21 
 
 Buoy on the Fourteen-foot Bank 
 Brandy wine Light-boat 
 
 8 4 
 QO 
 
 44 
 
 An 
 
 30 
 
 22 
 
 28 
 3O 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 23 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 Buoy on the Brown 
 
 Q4 
 
 48 
 
 3-i 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 Breakwater 
 
 IO3 
 
 C2 
 
 36 
 
 -2-2 
 
 3O 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 Light-boat on the Five Fathom Bank . . . 
 
 128 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 67 
 
/ 
 
 A DELAWARE RIVER PILOT BOAT. 
 
 TFrom a Painting by Geo. 
 
Lights of the Delaware. 
 
 The finest type of light-ship upon the Atlantic coast is the new vessel at 
 Fen wick's Island Shoal, off the Capes of the Delaware. This admirable 
 craft iwas built at Bay City, Michigan, towed down the great lakes, the 
 St. Lawrence River, and along the tempestuous Northern seas to Edgemoor 
 Station, [in the Delaware, where she was fitted out in September, 1892. The 
 
 FENWICK ISLAND SHOALS LIGHTSHIP, NO. 52 
 
 new vessel is 118 feet 10 inches long, 26^ feet beam, and 14^ feet hold. 
 The principal novelty is the fact that No. 52 is provided with compound 
 engines, steam whistles, steam windlasses and propeller, thus enabling her 
 crew to not only ease up the strain of her anchor cables, but to take good 
 care of herself in case of going adrift, as did the former light-ship on this 
 shoal in the Winter of '91-2. 
 
 FIVE FATHOM HANK LIGHT VKSHKL. 
 
 6 9 
 
Another sentinel of the Delaware River is the lonely light-ship at 
 Five Fathom Shoal, a schooner-rigged craft, bearing red hoop-iron day 
 marks at each mast-head, hull straw color, and containing the words " Five 
 Fathom Bank" and "No. 40" upon either quarter. It is located south 
 of east of Cape May Light 18^ miles. 
 
 Having left this astern, the pilot is guided through the broad space 
 between Capes May and Henlopen, up the bay and river, by forty^eight lights, 
 varying in magnitude from two of the first-class at the Capes to the small 
 lens and tubular lanterns. Eight trumpets and bells warn him in foggy 
 
 weather. The course of 
 the channel is defined by a 
 series of tangents or ranges. 
 The breadth of the water 
 between the two Capes is 1 2 
 statute miles, and the 
 greatest breadth of Delaware 
 Bay is 25 miles. The Bay 
 practically ceases opposite 
 Bombay Hook, where the 
 breadth between the Dela- 
 ware and New Jersey shores 
 is 4 miles. Below Wilming- 
 ton the river is i mile wide, 
 
 v v -^ '^~~' e ~~^.^ -*-*^^^~=^jf^__^ t ^& = ~~' ' ="" ~~~^~~ = 
 
 and i below Philadelphia it 
 has an average width of a 
 half mile. 
 Cape May Light-tower, at Cape May Point, carries a light of the first 
 
 BRANDYWINE SHOAL LIGHT. 
 
 order, and is 159 feet in height. It is distant i 
 Light, and iSfo miles from Five Fathom Bank 
 Light- vessel . It was established in 1823. 
 
 A light is maintained upon each end of 
 Delaware Breakwater, that upon the western 
 end being called the " Front Light." 
 
 Upon the seaward side of Cape Henlopen, 
 crowning a high sand hill, is the tower and 
 dwelling of Cape Henlopen Light. The light is 
 of the first order, and is 128 feet above sea level. 
 
 In the open reaches of Delaware Bay are 
 Brandy wine Shoal Light, Four teen -foot Bank 
 Light and Cross Ledge Light. Near Bombay 
 Hook is Ship John Shoal Light. Mispillion 
 Creek Light, Mahon River Light, and Duck 
 Creek Lights are upon the Delaware shore. 
 Maurice River Light, Egg Island Point Light, 
 
 71 
 
 miles from Cape Henlopen 
 
 r 
 
 FOURTEEN-FOOT BANK LIGHT. 
 
and Cohansey Light are upon the New Jersey side of the Bay. The con- 
 tracted channel above Dan Baker Shoal is indicated by groups of Range 
 Lights. 
 
 SHIP JOHN SHOAL LIGHT. 
 
 FRONT LIGHT BREAKWATER. 
 
 MARITIME EXCHANGE REPORTING 
 STATION, CAPE HENLOPEN. 
 
 CROSS LEDGE LIGHT 
 
 CAPE HENLOPEN LIGHT. 
 
 7 2 
 
Ship Building. 
 
 The Delaware River has long been famous as the center of the ship 
 building industry in America. 
 
 The busy era of wooden vessels, when the cheerful sound of the caulk- 
 ing mallet was heard along the water-side, has given place to the age of iron, 
 and Philadelphia has made good use of her peculiar advantages resulting 
 from this evolution. While vessels of oaken material are still made at a 
 number of yards upon both sides of the river, the extensive concerns ot 
 William Cramp & Sons, Neafie & Levy, and John Roach & Sons, have 
 devoted their energies chiefly to the production of great commercial and war 
 ships of iron and. steel, examples of which are found in a large proportion 
 of our new navy, and in many splendid transatlantic and coastwise carriers 
 of the first class. 
 
 The Charles Hillman Ship and Engine Building Company also include 
 iron and steel vessels in the varied work turned out at their large establish- 
 ment. 
 
 In the vast yards of The William Cramp & Sons Ship and Engine 
 Building Company, Philadelphia has the leading plant in the United States. 
 
 Founded by a young mechanic, William Cramp, at the age of twenty- 
 three years, in the year 1830, it has developed into an establishment now 
 occupying more than thirty-one acres, and employing an average force of 
 nearly six thousand men. 
 
 The number of vessels of all kinds constructed to date is but a few 
 under three hundred, and within the past six months two of the largest 
 
 73 
 
? 
 
 m 
 
passenger ships in the world , the " St. Louis " and "St. Paul," have, been 
 launched with attendant ceremonies of an impressive character, rising to the 
 dignity of national events. 
 
 The Atlas Floating Derrick, owned by this concern, is the largest 
 appliance of the kind in the world. The company has gone extensively 
 into the manufacture of ordnance, both for ship and fortress use. 
 
 It is believed that the facilities for the further extension of the ship 
 building industry upon the Delaware River, due to the proximity of coal 
 and iron, and the presence of an abundance of skilled labor, are so unrivalled 
 elsewhere, as to secure the perpetuation of the present supremacy in this 
 field of enterprise. 
 
 Delaware River Defenses. 
 
 The engineers of the Government have perfected an elaborate system 
 of defensive works, upon a scale commensurate with the importance of the 
 ports of the river and the great Navy Yard at League Island, which is to be 
 the central rendezvous and rallying point of our sea fighters of the future. 
 
 Fort Mifflin, just below the city, is in the condition which is found at 
 many of the old fashioned defenses of by-gone days, and Fort Delaware has 
 been chiefly valuable as a picturesque accessory of a somewhat monotonous 
 waterscape. This valuable coign of vantage, however, is now in process 
 of rejuvenation. 
 
 The site of Fort Delaware was ceded to the Government about one 
 hundred years ago. The present fort was completed in 1850. The island 
 upon which it is placed contains one hundred and twenty-five acres. Fort 
 Delaware is an irregular pentagon, three tiers high, with bastions at the 
 corners. It is armed with nearly or quite one hundred smooth bore 1 2-inch 
 muzzle-loading cannons, on old-fashioned carriages. 
 
 This fort is chiefly famous as a prison camp for Confederates, many 
 thousands having been kept in durance here, pending the great struggle of 
 the Civil war. 
 
 The amount appropriated for work upon the fort is $600,000, which is 
 to be expended within five years. The purpose of the Government is said 
 to be to convert it into a modern fort for long-range guns and a torpedo 
 practice station, for which it is admirably adapted. 
 
 The Great Navy Yard of the Future. 
 
 The site of League Island Navy Yard was purchased by the city of 
 Philadelphia in 1863, out of an appropriation of $430,000, and tendered as 
 a free gift to the United States, and upon December 3, 1868, the Secretary of 
 the Navy, under authority of Congress, formally accepted the property. Up 
 to 1889 the general government had expended only about $1,700,000 upon 
 its League Island property, and it had been used only for limited construction 
 work and repairs to small vessels. For construction purposes it had been 
 
 77 
 
closed from August, 1882. Closely following a report of a naval board (of 
 which the following matter includes the leading features), Congressman A. C. 
 Harmer introduced a bill for the reopening and development of the yard 
 (March, 1890). 
 
 The Board of Naval Officers appointed to examine League Island and 
 report plans for its permanent improvement submitted their report to the 
 Secretary of the Navy in October, 1889, and since that time much prelimi- 
 nary work has been done looking toward the great results foreshadowed in 
 their conclusions. The report says, " League Island is situated at the 
 junction of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers; has an area of 923 acres, 
 which is greater than the combined acreage of the dockyards of Great Britain 
 and any continental power of Europe. The island is formed of alluvial 
 deposits resting upon a bed of gravel. It is separated from the mainland by 
 a sheet of water known as the Back Channel, and connected at the foot of 
 Broad street by a causeway with a short bridge in the centre. It is over 
 90 miles from the sea, and the rise of tide is usually about 6.2 feet. Salt 
 water never reaches it. 
 
 " As a strategic naval point it is, unquestionably, the most important 
 upon the Atlantic coast. 
 
 " It is believed that, in the event of hostilities, the ports of the Atlantic 
 coast could be put under contribution by fleets within a few weeks after the 
 declaration of war. Philadelphia alone is the exception, for its position 
 makes it practically impregnable to naval attack, and in addition its blockade 
 would be extremely difficult, if not actually impossible. Now, should 
 League Island be made what the Board proposes it shall be, there will be room 
 in its^basins for all the armored vessels we may possess, as well as an indefi- 
 nite number of cruisers, torpedo, and other vessels of war. 
 
 " It is the opinion of the Board that this navy yard should possess all 
 the facilities for building, equipping, and repairing all kinds of naval vessels, 
 including torpedo vessels. 
 
 "It is also the opinion of the Board that this is a proper place to 
 establish a plant for the manufacture of great and small guns. It is 
 proposed that the portion of the Back Channel east of the causeway should 
 be filled in and used as a rifle range, and in connection therewith grounds 
 for proving great guns. 
 
 " A most important point in connection with this station is the fact that 
 all vessels stored here would depart with clean bottoms, as the water is fresh. 
 The fact of this station being in such close proximity to the coal and iron 
 mines, and in the neighborhood of so many works of different kinds 
 connected with ship building and supplies, is seen in a much stronger light 
 now than when attention was first called to it. 
 
 ' ' In this plan it is proposed that ships shall be stored in such a state of 
 readiness that they can be under way within thirty-six hours from the time 
 an order to that effect is received. 
 
 79 
 
' ' The detailed description of the entire work to be done is as follows : 
 
 ' ' i . The conversion of that portion of the Back Channel lying west of 
 Broad street into a deep and spacious reserve basin. 
 
 ' ' 2 . The construction of a smaller but still spacious building and 
 repair basin, opening into the reserve basin and communicating with the 
 Delaware channel in front of the island by a canal. 
 
 "3. The location of dry docks and building slips on the space lying 
 between the building and repair basin and the Delaware front, the dry docks 
 opening into the basin and the slips fronting the Delaware, the plate and 
 bending shops being between the two. 
 
 "4. The concentration of all the other shops and structures pertaining 
 to ship construction, fitting, repair and armament in the central space enclosed 
 by the building and repair basin, dry docks and building slips on the west, 
 Broad street, the main avenue of the yard, on the east, the Delaware river 
 on the south and the reserve basin on the north. 
 
 "5. The utilization of the strip of Government property north of the 
 Back Channel for storehouses for the reserve ships and for coal sheds. 
 
 "6. The location of all quarters on the Delaware front of the yard 
 east of Broad street. 
 
 " 7 . The filling in of that portion of the Back Channel lying east of 
 Broad street, and utilizing it for a rifle range and proving ground. 
 
 "8. The construction of a permanent retaining wall along the entire 
 Delaware and Schuylkill front of the Government property. 
 
 ' ' The capacity of the yard completed upon the above lines will be equal 
 to that of the largest of foreign dockyards, and greater than all of our navy 
 yards combined, owing largely to its compactness, economy and convenience 
 of arrangement and the extent of water front and basin area." 
 
 The detailed estimate of the cost of the completed plan thus recommended 
 is $14,565,480.50. The report was promptly endorsed by Captain George B. 
 White, Chief of the Bureau of Yards and Docks, Navy Department, with 
 full concurrence in all of the conclusions reached and the urgent recommen- 
 dation to Congress to appropriate a sum sufficient to begin the work. The 
 aggregate of the appropriations thus far made for the purpose since the pre- 
 sentation of the report is shown in the following table, and with the rapid 
 increase of our naval list of ships it would seem inevitable that in the early 
 future the yard should and will be put into condition to meet the full 
 requirements of the largest naval demands. 
 
 Special appropriations for improvements for United States Navy Yard , 
 League Island, Pa., coming under the cognizance of the Bureau of Yards 
 and Docks, Navy Department : 
 
 ACT SEPTEMBER 7, 1888. 
 
 For one timber dry dock $550,000 oo 
 
 For repairs and improvement of grounds and construction of 
 
 protection wall 75,oo oo 
 
 80 
 
ACT MARCH 2, 1889. 
 
 For landing wharf, Fifteenth street $26,416 40 
 
 For dredging and filling in 75>ooo oo 
 
 ACT JUNE 30, 1890. 
 
 For rebuilding Broad street wharf 6o,oco oo 
 
 For officers' quarters 10,000 oo 
 
 For dredging and filling in and paving, etc 25,000 oo 
 
 For extending permanent sea wall 25,000 oo 
 
 For construction of light retaining wall 25,000 oo 
 
 ACT MARCH 2, 1891. 
 
 For west dry dock pier 87,441 62 
 
 For rip rap for protection wall 9, 150 oo 
 
 For continuing light retaining wall 25,000 oo 
 
 For sewers and flushing tank 5>685 oo 
 
 ACT JULY 19, 1892. 
 
 For extension of protection wall 20,000 oo 
 
 For light retaining wall I5>oo 
 
 For rip rap, Broad street wharf 6,500 oo 
 
 For branch sewer 2,100 oo 
 
 ACT MARCH 3, 1893. 
 
 For continuation of sea wall 20,000 oo 
 
 For one pair shear legs 18,000 oo 
 
 For East dry dock pier 40,000 oo 
 
 ACT JULY 26, 1894. 
 
 For continuation of sea wall 20,000 oo 
 
 For completion of shear legs 1 1 ,900 oo 
 
 For electric light plant 10,000 oo 
 
 For completing east dry dock pier 40,000 o& 
 
 Removal of Obstructions below Philadelphia. 
 
 There are six obstructions for large ships between Philadelphia and the 
 open sea Mifflin Bar, Schooner Ledge, Cherry Island Flats, Bulkhead Bar, 
 Dan Baker Shoal and Duck Creek Flats. The channels over these bars at 
 mean low water range from 20 to 24 feet in depth. They must be increased 
 throughout to 26 feet, according to the Government plan. Unless this be 
 done the great work in progress by the general Government, in improving 
 the Harbor at Philadelphia, will have been in vain. To aid in this vital 
 work, the City of Philadelphia has appropriated $225,000, and, responding 
 to the representations of influential bodies of citizens from Philadelphia, the 
 Pennsylvania Legislature has recently voted $500,000 for the same purpose, 
 realizing the fact that the Delaware River is a great natural outlet for the 
 commerce and products of the whole State. *- Note] . 
 
 ' ' The freight movements to and from the port of Philadelphia amount to 
 13,000,000 to 14,000,000 tons per annum, nearly one-half of which consists 
 of the two Keystone State products of coal and petroleum oil. Nearly nine- 
 tenths of the exports from Philadelphia are produced in the State outside of 
 this city."* 
 
 "Editorial Public Ledger. 
 
 XOTK. At the date of this publication, this appropriation has been passed by the Senate, but is still 
 pending in the House. Editor. 
 
Harbor and River Improvement. 
 
 The plan which is now in progress for the improvement of Philadelphia 
 Harbor proposes the removal of all islands and shoals in the Delaware 
 River between Kaighn's Point on the south, and Fisher's Point on the north 
 a distance of about six miles which interfere with a channel about 
 2,000 feet wide, and of ample depth to meet the future requirements of the 
 port of Philadelphia. 
 
 This channel is so located as to permit the widening of Delaware 
 avenue, which fronts directly upon the harbor, from its present width of 50 
 feet to that of 150 feet, and the extension, from this widened avenue, of 
 wharves from 550 to 700 feet in length. In connection with the extension 
 of these new wharves, it is proposed to revise their previous arrangement, 
 so as to provide docks from 150 to 250 feet in width. The widened Delaware 
 avenue will be provided with a stone bulkhead along its river face, and the 
 necessary railroad tracks connecting with the wharves, leaving ample space 
 for sidewalk and wheel ways. 
 
 The work of removing the islands and shoals is undertaken by the 
 general Government, while the widening of Delaware avenue and the exten- 
 sion of the wharves will be done by the city of Philadelphia and by private 
 and corporate interests. 
 
 The work to be done by the Government involves the removal by 
 dredging of about 22,000,000 cubic yards of material, at an estimated cost of 
 $3,500,000. This work has been in progress two years, and during that 
 time about 9,000,000 cubic yards of material have been removed. Under 
 adequate appropriations this work can be completed in three years. 
 
 The plans for the work to be undertaken by the city are well advanced, 
 and at an early date it is anticipated that a number of wharves will be 
 advanced to their new position. 
 
 The progress which has been made upon the development of the 
 Harbor of Philadelphia has given an added incentive to the improvement of 
 the river between Philadelphia and the sea, whereby it is anticipated that in 
 the near future a channel 600 feet wide and 32 feet deep, at high water, will 
 be obtained through the few shoal areas, which at present carry a lesser 
 depth. 
 
 With the harbor and river improvements realized, the port of Philadel- 
 phia will quickly assume her proper place among the leading seaports of the 
 Atlantic coast, with ample facilities to meet all requirements as the entre- 
 port of a large foreign commerce for the whole country. 
 
 Delaware Avenue Improvement. 
 
 In March of the present year an ordinance was passed by Councils of 
 Philadelphia, placing upon the city plan the outlines of an extension of 
 Delaware Avenue from Fairmount Avenue to Cumberland Street, which 
 
 83 
 
r^~ 
 /5= 
 
 RACE ST ' P[l_-_ 
 
 "ilrf 
 
 L i; u, 
 
 |H 
 
 ARCH ST. ' H 
 
 | 
 
 i 
 
 =^u 
 
 j 
 
 i 
 
 ; 
 
 It 
 
 llf^ 
 MARKET ST J > 
 
 ( 
 
 . ^ 
 
 : 2 
 
 ; -J 
 
 CHESTNUT r 
 
 ^- 
 
 ; I 
 
 j 
 
 ^ 
 
 j 
 
 WALNUT Sir; 
 
 DOCK sr:~ 
 
 SPRUCE STL^^ 
 
 E 
 
 rr < 
 
 ,=buj 
 
 ^z 
 
 t|2 
 
 dl 5 
 
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 ^ 
 
 n 
 
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 ; uj 
 
 i a 
 
 ;t: i 
 
 ^ 
 
 j 
 
 CALLOWHILLST. 
 
 LOMBARD "S 
 
 VINE ST 
 
 together with the eventual construction of 
 piers to the new Port Warden's Line, per- 
 mitting the broadening of Delaware Avenue 
 to 1 50 feet upon the eastern or river side by 
 setting the bulkheads out and its thorough 
 repaving, will result in giving the city a 
 magnificent water front, capable of accom- 
 modating the largest ships afloat, and any 
 volume of business which the future may 
 bring to our doors. 
 
 The maps produced herewith, obtained 
 by courtesy of the Public Ledger, afford 
 an excellent idea of the nature of this forth- 
 coming change. It will be observed that 
 by this plan the present warehouses and 
 buildings now abutting upon the river 
 along Delaware Avenue will remain undis- 
 turbed. It is estimated that the entire cost 
 will be about $10,000,000, which will be 
 more than offset in the increased value of 
 properties in the vicinity, leaving out of 
 consideration the incalculable benefits to our 
 trade by sea at home and abroad . 
 
 With this great result in view, it is 
 proposed to proceed systematically from 
 year to year, applying such funds as the 
 city may spare in order that the burden may 
 be contemporary with corresponding benefits. 
 
 84 
 
In a message upon the subject sent by Mayor Stuart to Councils, tie 
 urged the appropriation of $1,500,000 to commence the work, and to espe- 
 cially permit of the lengthening of the four city piers between Vine and 
 South Streets to the new government line. 
 
 There is also available at the present time $600,000, in the hands of the 
 City Trust, being the accumulated interest of a fund willed by Stephen 
 Girard for the improvement of our river front. 
 
 Chester, Wilmington and Other Ports. 
 
 The principal ports of the River below Philadelphia are : Chester, 
 miles ; Wilmington, 2434 miles ; New Castle, 29^ miles, and Delaware 
 City, 34 miles. There are also numerous landings and refuges for small 
 vessels upon either shore, with many small streams navigable for a consid- 
 erable distance inland, and affording an outlet to market for large areas of 
 highly productive lands and considerable manufacturing industries. Exten- 
 sive oyster beds are worked at Maurice River Cove, N. J., and in the spring- 
 time the shad fishing of the river supplies Philadelphians with an abundance 
 of this fish, which has long been famous for its excellence. 
 
 Railroads touch the river at Chester, Wilmington, New Castle, Delaware 
 City, Bombay Hook and Lewes, upon the Pennsylvania and Delaware shore, 
 and at Penn's Grove, Bay Side (opposite Bombay Hook), Port Norris (upon 
 Maurice River), and Cape May, upon the New Jersey shore. 
 
 The Delaware River provides an important means of recreation to the 
 masses of the people of Philadelphia. The splendid excursion steamer 
 ' ' Republic ' ' makes highly popular daily excursions from the city to Cape 
 May Point and return. Upon the New Jersey side of the river, a few miles 
 below the city, is Lincoln Park. 
 
 The Sanitarium, at Red Bank, N. J., is one of Philadelphia's most 
 noble charities ; steamboats especially built for the purpose, a gift to the 
 association by a liberal citizen, carry many thousands of children of the poor 
 classes to this pleasant retreat each summer, where they are provided with 
 food and medical service. 
 
 Large industrial concerns are scattered along the Pennsylvania and 
 Delaware shores, enjoying both railroad and wharfage facilities. Notable 
 among these are the Kddystone Print Works, Edge Moor Iron Works, 
 Ship building plant of Messrs. John Roach & Sons, Wellman Steel 
 Works, Penn Steel Casting Co. and Machine Works, Gartside & Sons Mills, 
 Vulcan Iron Works, Chester Pipe and Tube Works, Tidewater Steel 
 Works, and Seaboard Oil Company's plant, all at or near Chester ; the 
 Jackson & Sharpe Car Co., Pusey & Jones Ship Building Co., Harlan & 
 Hollingsworth Co., ship and engine builders, at Wilmington, The Delaware 
 Iron Co., at New Castle, Del., and the large plant of the Bear Creek 
 Refining Co., Limited, and the Crescent Oil Co., Limited, at Marcus Hook. 
 
The following information of the magnitude of the oil refining and 
 shipping business conducted at this point may prove interesting : 
 
 Marcus Hook, Pa., is the terminal of the Crescent Pipe Line Co. Here 
 are also located the works of the Bear Creek Refining Co., Limited, and the 
 Crescent Oil Co., Limited. 
 
 THE CRESENT PIPE LINE. Extending from Gregg Station fMcDonald 
 Oil Field), Alleghany County, Pa., to Marcus Hook, Pa., on the Delaware 
 River near Philadelphia, one single line of 5 and 6 inch pipe, 265 miles ; 
 branch lines, 16.80 miles ; total mileage, 281.80. 
 
 W. L- MELLON PIPE LINES Main line of 5 inch pipe extending from 
 Gregg Station (McDonald Oil Field) southwest to Sisterville, Tyler County, 
 W. Va., 86 miles; branches and feeds, 2 inches, 3 inches, and 4 inches; 
 in oil fields of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Monroe County, Ohio, 201 
 miles ; total, 287 miles. 
 
 Total mileage of pipe lines 568 
 
 Main line Mellon Line 86 
 
 Main line Crescent Line 265 
 
 35i 
 PUMP STATIONS : 
 
 Mellon Line 17 
 
 Crescent Line 7 
 
 24 
 TELEGRAPH SYSTEM : 
 
 The Crescent Pipe Line, miles . . . 420 . 
 W. L. Melon Pipe Lines, " . . . 205 
 
 625 miles. 
 
 Total tankage for storage of oil . . . 1,318,076 barrels. 
 Total capacity of pipe lines, 8,000 to 10,000 bbls. per day. 
 
 Total number of tank cars in use 200. 
 
 Refining capacity 6,300,000 gallons per month. 
 
 Shipments from the oil dock at Marcus Hook, Pa., for the year 1894: 
 Bear Creek Refining Co. , Limited, gallons, 36,494,97 1 
 The Cresent Oil Co., Limited, gallons . . 47,281,973.73 
 
 83>776, 944-73 
 
 This is equal to 243,103 tons of petroleum. 
 
 This required the loading of 66 steamships, 6 ships, 15 barks, 3 
 schooners, 39 barges. 
 
 Schoolship ' Saratoga." 
 
 One of the most picturesque incidents of harbor life is the periodical 
 departure of the old United States frigate " Saratoga " as schoolship of this 
 port, filled with embryonic young tars ambitious for glory and adventure. 
 To the fortunate youngsters who are enrolled upon the " Saratoga's " school 
 
list what boyhood's dreams are realized as they joyfully trip the anchor and 
 sail away to strange seas and foreign ports ; and with what delight do they 
 come back to tell their fond relatives and envious home companions of their 
 experiences. 
 
 But it is not all fun on board of the " Saratoga," nor, indeed any large 
 part of the time. The object of the Pennsylvania Nautical School is to 
 make practical sailors men who can be depended upon to help build up 
 our commerce in peace and man our battleships in war time. 
 
 The " Saratoga," an old warship of honorable record, was loaned by 
 the Government to the State of Penns)4vania in 1889. She is under the 
 charge of a Board of Directors. The candidates for instruction must be of 
 good character and physique, between sixteen and nineteen years of age, and 
 of parents who are citizens of the State. They are selected for their good 
 records, intelligence and bearing. 
 
 The clothing and general "kit" is paid for by the boy. The tuition 
 lasts two years and, together with subsistence, is free. The instructors and 
 navigators are distinguished naval officers. 
 
 The ' ' Saratoga ' ' has recently returned from her ninth voyage in her 
 present capacity, having in the period since assignment to this service sailed 
 more than 80,000 miles, two voyages being made annually. 
 
 The following is the route of the voyage just concluded : The " Sara- 
 toga " left Philadelphia on January 8th. Her first stop was at Bridgetown, 
 in the Barbadoes, a very pretty town of 10,000 inhabitants, garrisoned by 
 British troops. Leaving there on January 29th, a sail of 310 miles to the 
 island of St. Kitts allowed a stop at Basse Terre, a village of 4000 inhab- 
 itants, noted for its extensive sugar plantations. The " Saratoga " left St. 
 Kitts February 2yth and reached St. Thomas on March 2d, to spend a week. 
 From St. Thomas to Kingston, Jamaica, the last stop of the cruise, is nearly 
 700 miles, and required a sail of 5 days, arriving on March i_|.th. Another 
 week was spent at Kingston, when the "Saratoga" sailed for home on 
 March 2ist, arriving at the Delaware Breakwater on April 4th. The cruise 
 required 86 days, 43 under sail and 43 in port. In the summer months the 
 cruises include stops at Fayal, in the Azores; Southampton, England; 
 Lisbon, Portugal ; Barcelona, Spain ; Gibraltar, and Funchal, Madeira ; so 
 that it may readily be seen that the boys have abundant opportunity to see many 
 countries and study their people. Seventy-two boys were included in this trip. 
 
 The " Saratoga " has the following officers: Commander E. T. Strong, 
 U. S. N., the superintendent, has entire supervision of affairs on board. The 
 executive officer is Lieut. E. M. Hughes, U. S. N., who is also instructor in 
 seamanship, and the other naval officers on board are Lieut. J. F. Luby, 
 instructor in arithmetic; Lieut. W. B. Fletcher, instructor in navigation, 
 and Past Assistant Surgeon V. C. B. Means, instructor in geography, and 
 physician . 
 
 Lieutenants Luby and Fletcher are soon to be detached for other service. 
 
 88 
 
Naval Reserves. 
 
 The Philadelphia contingent of this organization has its headquarters 
 upon the old U. S. S. "St. Louis," which has been brought up from League 
 Island and moored at Race Street wharf for the purpose. The command is 
 composed of an excellent class of young men and is officered as follows : 
 
 R. K. Wright, Jr., Commander; George Breed, Lieutenant-~Commander; 
 and ex-officer Courtlandt K. Bolles, Navigator ; Bromley Wharton, Pay- 
 master, and John H. W. Rhein, Surgeon. 
 
 Distances from Philadelphia to other Ports in the United States, 
 Canada, West Indies and Mexico. 
 
 Halifax 735 miles. 
 
 Boston 501 " 
 
 New York 262 ' ' 
 
 Cape Henry 246 " 
 
 Baltimore 412 " 
 
 Washington 432 " 
 
 Norfolk 279 ' ' 
 
 Richmond 375 miles. 
 
 Charleston 597 (< 
 
 Savannah 673 " 
 
 Key West 1096 " 
 
 New Orleans 1669 " 
 
 Havana 1 141 ' ' 
 
 Vera Cruz 1945 " 
 
 Value of Exports and Imports at Philadelphia for the past 
 
 Years. Exports. Imports. 
 
 1845 $3,574,3 6 3 $8,159,227 
 
 1846 4,751,005 7,989,39 6 
 
 1847 8,544,391 9,587,516 
 
 1848 5,732,333 11,147,584 
 
 1849 5,343,421 10,645,500 
 
 1850 4,501,606 12,066,154 
 
 1851 5,356,039 14,168,751 
 
 1852 5,828,571 14,785,917 
 
 1853 6,527,996 18,834,410 
 
 1854 10,104,416 21,359,306 
 
 1855 5,274,338 15,309,935 
 
 1856 7,144,488 16,585,685 
 
 1857 7,135,256 17,890,369 
 
 1858 5,947,241 12,890,369 
 
 1859 5,298,095 15,603,769 
 
 iS6o 7,839,286 14,531,352 
 
 1861 10,277,938 8,004,161 
 
 1862 11,518,970 8,327,976 
 
 1863 10,628,968 6,269,530 
 
 1864 13,664,862 9,135,685 
 
 1865 12,582,162 5,645,755 
 
 1866 17,867,716 7,331,261 
 
 1867 14,442,398 14,071,765 
 
 1868 15,706,445 14,218,365 
 
 1869 15,872,249 16,414,535 
 
 Years. Exports. 
 
 1870 $16,694,478 
 
 1871 28,688,551 
 
 1872 20,484,803 
 
 1873 29,683,186 
 
 1874 29,878,911 
 
 1875 3 1 .836,727 
 
 1876 59,539,450 
 
 1877 37*823,356 
 
 1878 48,362,116 
 
 1879 50,685,838 
 
 1880 46,589,584 
 
 1881 41,162,957 
 
 1882 34,529,459 
 
 1883 38,662,434 
 
 1884 36,891,605 
 
 1885 37,281,739 
 
 1886 33,607,386 
 
 1887. 33,813,024 
 
 1888 28,012,879 
 
 1889 29,183,468 
 
 1890 36,478,554 
 
 1891 42,845,724 
 
 1892 60,274,024 
 
 1893 43,416,955 
 
 1894 37,441,000 
 
 Fifty Years. 
 
 Imports. 
 $14,952,371 
 20,820,374 
 26,824,333 
 29,186,925 
 25,004,785 
 24,011,014 
 2I,OOO,OOO 
 20,126,032 
 31,048,197 
 27,224,549 
 38,933,832 
 29,764,278 
 37,666,489 
 32,811,045 
 3 J, 990>309 
 
 33,365,242 
 37,997,005 
 39,570,687 
 45,020,132 
 50,996,802 
 56,057,013 
 62,438,219 
 63,277,781 
 58,870,186 
 
 51,553,704 
 
 89 
 
Commerce of the Port of Philadelphia for the Past Ten Years, 
 American Vessels entered from Foreign Ports. 
 
 
 CARGO. 
 
 BAI,I,AST. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 I88 5 
 
 433 210,023 
 
 4 3,56o 
 
 1886 
 
 417 127,518 
 
 4 i ,070 
 
 1887 
 
 3 2 3 169,747 
 
 7 9,356 
 
 1888 
 
 348 187,734 
 
 4 1,789 
 
 1889 
 
 385 223,873 
 
 TO 13,686 
 
 1890 
 
 354 210,474 
 
 4 3,134 
 
 1891 
 
 353 221,401 
 
 5 4,3 2 9 
 
 1892 
 
 389 263,490 
 
 12 I2,2l8 
 
 I3 9 3 
 
 285 211,654 
 
 9 7,713 
 
 I8 94 
 
 296 245,999 
 
 I 85 
 
 
 Foreign Vessels Entered from Foreign 
 
 Ports. 
 
 
 CARGO. 
 
 BAI^AST. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 I88 5 
 
 743 770,958 
 
 107 92,634 
 
 1886 
 
 862 943,350 
 
 59 62,150 
 
 1887 
 
 I,O2I 1,091,562 
 
 26 3 T >34I 
 
 1888 
 
 Sio 829,175 
 
 37 42,359 
 
 1889 
 
 814 884,787 
 
 91 117,065 
 
 1890 
 
 935 1,052,562 
 
 136 189,531 
 
 1891 
 
 844 959>9i7 
 
 172 266,736 
 
 1892 
 
 914 i, 044, 240 
 
 303 465,305 
 
 1893 - 
 
 757 931,558 
 
 235 391,624 
 
 1894.... 
 
 .'. 654 826,798 
 
 209 356,669 
 
 
 American Vessels Cleared for Foreign 
 
 Ports. 
 
 
 CARGO. 
 
 BAUAST. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 I88 5 
 
 269 153,764 
 
 18 6,359 
 
 1886 
 
 243 143,810 
 
 13 4,340 
 
 1887 . . . . 
 
 218 148,894 
 
 10 3,710 
 
 J888.... 
 
 232 137,768 
 
 15 4,842 
 
 1889 
 
 251 178,681 
 
 6 2,005 
 
 1890 
 
 210 144,942 
 
 19 7,745 
 
 1891 
 
 313 224,179 
 
 17 7,830 
 
 1892 
 
 322 243,449 
 
 ii 6,988 
 
 l8 93 
 
 245 210,631 
 
 12 4,966 
 
 1894 
 
 243 235,238 
 
 24 19,132 
 
 
 Foreign Vessels Cleared for Foreign 1 
 
 >orts. 
 
 
 CARGO. 
 
 BAU.AST. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 Vessels. Tons. 
 
 1885 
 
 763 771,997 
 
 25 23,241 
 
 1886 
 
 >..- 695 725,587 
 
 32 I7,4l8 
 
 1887 
 
 762 782,682 
 
 65 39,8n 
 
 1888 
 
 61 1 642,874 
 
 104 63,523 
 
 1889 
 
 615 673,252 
 
 82 55,794 
 
 1890 
 
 772 910,736 
 
 104 97,644 
 
 1891 
 
 677 820,683 
 
 95 62,876 
 
 1892 
 
 946 1,255,259 
 
 151 90,069 
 
 1893 
 
 727 1,018,734 
 
 148 95,724 
 
 1894 
 
 556 892,337 
 
 219 134,393 
 
 
 90 
 
 
Vessels Arriving Coastwise. 
 
 Years.: 
 
 Steamers. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Barks. 
 
 Brigs. 
 
 Schooners. 
 
 Total. 
 
 1885 
 
 ,633 
 
 25 
 
 42 
 
 20 
 
 3,008 
 
 4,728 
 
 1886 
 
 ,610 
 
 19 
 
 53 
 
 25 
 
 2,518 
 
 4,531 
 
 1887 
 
 ,539 
 
 19 
 
 77 
 
 52 
 
 2,727 
 
 4,414 
 
 1888 
 
 ,517 
 
 18 
 
 34 
 
 22 
 
 2,396 
 
 3,987 
 
 1889 
 
 ,443 
 
 ii 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 2,509 
 
 3,746 
 
 1890 
 
 ,376 
 
 8 
 
 80 
 
 19 
 
 2,361 
 
 3,844 
 
 1891 
 
 ,474 
 
 16 
 
 44 
 
 8 
 
 2,706 
 
 4,248 
 
 1892 
 
 ,472 
 
 12 
 
 49 
 
 5 
 
 2,153 
 
 4,051 
 
 1893 
 
 ,471 
 
 II 
 
 71 
 
 7 
 
 2,555 
 
 4,115 
 
 1894 
 
 ,444 
 
 17 
 
 79 
 
 10 
 
 2,832 
 
 4,382 
 
 
 Vessels Sailing 
 
 Coastwise. 
 
 Years. 
 
 Steamers. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Barks. 
 
 Brigs. 
 
 Schooners. 
 
 Total. 
 
 I88 5 
 
 1,707 
 
 9 
 
 58 
 
 4 8 
 
 2,914 
 
 4,736 
 
 1886 
 
 1,841 
 
 2 
 
 71 
 
 50 
 
 2,705 
 
 4,669 
 
 1887 
 
 1,819 
 
 8 
 
 89 
 
 69 
 
 2,820 
 
 4,805 
 
 1888 
 
 1,597 
 
 7 
 
 73 
 
 49 
 
 2,564 
 
 4,290 
 
 1889 
 
 1,647 
 
 '9 
 
 69 
 
 29 
 
 2,389 
 
 4,143 
 
 1890 
 
 1,563 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 37 
 
 2,453 
 
 4,165 
 
 189! 
 
 1,684 
 
 ii 
 
 88 
 
 27 
 
 2,742 
 
 4,552 
 
 1892 
 
 1,551 
 
 14 
 
 70 
 
 30 
 
 2,548 
 
 4,213 
 
 1893 
 
 1,554 
 
 6 
 
 77 
 
 15 
 
 2,669 
 
 4,321 
 
 1894 
 
 1,564 
 
 i 
 
 51 
 
 24 
 
 2,804 
 
 4,444 
 
 Arrivals 
 
 at the Delaware Breakwater During 
 
 1894- 
 
 
 
 Steamers. 
 
 Ships. 
 
 Barks. 
 
 Brigs. 
 
 Schooners. 
 
 Total. 
 
 For orders 
 
 42 
 
 9 
 
 74 
 
 20 
 
 I2 3 
 
 268 
 
 For harbor 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 2,333 
 
 2,369 
 
 In distress 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 i 
 
 5 
 
 
 53 
 
 13 
 
 92 
 
 27 
 
 2,457 
 
 2,642 
 
 Coast Line Distances from Five Fathom Bank (or Delaware Light-ship). 
 
 NORTHWARD. 
 
 To NortheastlEnd Light-ship. io)4 miles. 
 
 To Absecom Light 39X " 
 
 To Egg Harbor Light 40^ " 
 
 To Barnegat Light 6i*/ 2 
 
 To Highlands Light 103^ 
 
 To Sandy Hook Light m^ " 
 
 To The Narrows Light 123 " 
 
 NOTE. The Maritime Rules and Customs of the Port may be had in full from Mr. 
 E. R. Sharwood, Secretary of the Maritime Exchange, Third and Walnut streets, upon 
 application. 
 
 SOUTHWARD. 
 
 To Feuwick's Island Light-ship. 33^ miles. 
 To Winter Quarter Light-ship .. 65)4 " 
 To Chincoteague Light-house . . 
 To Hog Island Light-house . . . . 1 
 To Cape Charles Light-house 
 
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey Charts of the Delaware 
 
 Bay and River. 
 
 No. 124 Delaware Bay Entrance. 
 " 125 Delaware River, Cross Ledge to Penn's Neck. 
 " 162 Delaware River, Penn's Neck to Philadelphia, with subsketch, 
 
 I2 6 Bridesburg to Trenton. 
 
 " 379 Cape Henlopen and Delaware Breakwater. 
 " 380 Delaware River, Philadelphia Waterfront. 
 " 381 Schuylkill River, Philadelphia Waterfront. 
 " 376 Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. 
 
 Shipping Terms. 
 
 AD VALOREM According to value. 
 
 AGIO The premium carried by money above an inferior sort. 
 
 BARRATRY A fraudulent act upon the part of a captain or crew against the 
 
 interest of a ship's owners. 
 BILL OP HEALTH The certificate issued by Consuls and Customs Officers as 
 
 to health of a port. 
 BILL OF LADING A master's acknowledgement as to the receipt of and 
 
 undertaking as to delivery of a cargo. 
 BROKERAGE Commissions charged for securing and transacting business 
 
 for ships. 
 CHARTER PARTY Contract with the owner, agent or master of a vessel 
 
 for its service. 
 LETTER OF CREDIT A letter empowering the bearer to obtain money from 
 
 the party addressed. 
 
 DEBENTURE Acknowledgement of a debt. 
 
 DERELICT Goods cast away or abandoned on account of wreck or other cause. 
 DRAWBACK An allowance by the government under which duties paid are 
 
 returnable wholly or in part. 
 
 EMBARGO Goverment prohibition against the sailing of a ship from port. 
 FLOTSAM Goods floating from a wreck. 
 INVOICE A description of goods consigned. 
 JETSAM Goods sunk. 
 JETTISON To throw overboard goods. 
 
 LAY DAYS Days allowed by charter for discharging or loading a cargo. 
 MANIFEST The specification of a cargo furnished by the master of a ship. 
 
 Nautical Measures. 
 
 Six feet one fathom. 
 Three nautical miles one league. 
 
 Nautical mile, one-sixtieth of a degree of latitude, but defined by the 
 United States Coast Survey as 6,080.27 feet constant length. 
 
 92 
 

 Cable's length one-tenth of a nautical mile, or about 100 fathoms. 
 
 A knot, a measure of speed which, as now defined by the United States 
 Coast Survey, is equal to the nautical mile of 6,080.27 feet. 
 
 Soundings - upon United States charts the depths are given in fathoms ; 
 in open water and in shaded spaces they are indicated in feet. 
 
 Directory of Commercial and flaritime Associations of Philadelphia. 
 
 THE PHILADELPHIA MARITIME EXCHANGE, Third and Walnut streets. GEORGE 
 
 E. EARNSHAW, President ; E. R. SHARWOOD, Secretary. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA BOARD OF TRADE, Drexel Building. FREDERICK FRAI,EY, Presi- 
 dent ; WM. R. TUCKER, Secretary. 
 COMMERCIAL EXCHANGE OF PHILADELPHIA, Chamber of Commerce. E. L. 
 
 ROGERS, President; C. ROSS SMITH, Secretary. 
 VESSEL OWNERS' AND CAPTAINS' ASSOCIATION, No. 205^ Walnut street. 
 
 JOHN L. NICHOLSON, President ; JAMES F. WALLACE, Secretary. 
 BOARD OF WARDENS FOR THE PORT OF PHILADELPHIA, Merchants' Exchange. 
 
 JOEI, COOK, President ; GEORGE F. SPROUI,E, Secretary ; CHRISTIAN K. Ross, 
 
 Master Warden. 
 TRADES LEAGUE OF PHILADELPHIA, 421 Chestnut street. W. W. FOUI.KROD, 
 
 President ; J. N. FITZGERALD, Secretary. 
 GROCERS' AND IMPORTERS' EXCHANGE OF PHILADELPHIA, N. W. Corner 
 
 Front and Chestnut streets. JOHN W. COOPER, President; Jos. F. HAEGELE, 
 
 Secretary. 
 PHILADELPHIA DRUG EXCHANGE, No. 17 South Third street. JOHN LUCAS, 
 
 President ; WM. GULAGER, Secretary. 
 PHILADELPHIA PRODUCE EXCHANGE. WM. F. EMLEY, President ; HOWARD 
 
 AUSTIN, Secretary. 
 
 Public Offices in Philadelphia. 
 
 UNITED STATES CUSTOM HOUSE, Chestnut street below Fifth. JOHN R. READ, 
 
 Collector ; J. F. CRILI/Y, Special Deputy Collector. 
 UNITED STATES ENGINEERS, Fifteenth and Arch streets. MAJOR C. W. RAYMOND, 
 
 U. S. A., Officer in Charge. 
 UNITED STATES LIGHTHOUSE INSPECTOR, FOURTH DISTRICT, Rooms 20 
 
 and 30, Fourth Floor, Post Office Building. COMMANDER GEORGE C. REITER, 
 
 U. S. N., Inspector. 
 UNITED STATES BRANCH HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, Maritime Exchange, Third 
 
 and Walnut streets. LIEUTENANT-COMMANDER JAMES R. SELFRIDGE, U. S. N., 
 
 Officer in Charge. 
 UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, Room 5, Fourth Floor, Post 
 
 Office Building. R. M. BACHE, Assistant in Charge. 
 UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU, Fourth Floor, Post Office Building. L. M. 
 
 DEY, Local Forecast Official. 
 UNITED STATES MARINE HOSPITAL SERVICE, No. 410 Chestnut Street. GEORGE 
 
 PURVIANCE, M. D., Surgeon in Charge Medical Inspection of Immigrants ; G. T. 
 
 VAUGHAN, M. D., Past Assistant Surgeon in charge Marine Hospital. 
 UNITED STATES NAVY YARD, League Island. CAPTAIN NORMAN H. FARQUHAR, 
 
 U. S. N., Commandant ; WM. J. MANNING, Commandant's Secretary. 
 UNITED STATES NAVY PAY OFFICE, Room 21, Post Office Building. HENRY M. 
 
 DENNISTON, U. S. N., Purchasing and Disbursing Paymaster. 
 
 9 3 
 
UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER OF IMMIGRATION, Room 4, No. 1224 Chestnut 
 
 street. JOHN J. S. RODGERS, Commissioner. 
 HARBOR MASTER OF PHILADELPHIA, Southeast Corner Walnut and Dock streets. 
 
 JOSEPH H. KLEMMER, Harbor Master ; W. G. RUTHERFORD, Chief Deputy. 
 UNITED STATES SHIPPING COMMISSIONER, No. 500 South Delaware avenue. 
 
 JAMES J. KING, Commissioner. 
 POST OFFICE, Ninth and Chestnut streets. WM. WILKINS CARR, Postmaster ; 
 
 JOSEPH C. BOGGS, Assistant Postmaster. 
 INTERNAL REVENUE, Room 22, Second Floor, Post Office Building. WILLIAM H. 
 
 DOYLE, Collector ; FRANCIS B. BROCKEN, Chief Deputy. 
 UNITED STATES MINT, Chestnut and Juniper streets. DR. EUGENE TOWNSEND, 
 
 Superintendent ; GENERAL GEORGE R. SNOWDEN, Chief Clerk. 
 UNITED STATES SUB-TREASURY, Custom House, Chestnut street below Fifth. 
 
 WILLIAM H. BiGLER, Assistant Treasurer ; BARNET EARLEY, Chief Clerk and 
 
 Cashier. 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL HOME, Gray's Ferry Road. CAPTAIN J. CRITTENDEN 
 
 WATSON, U. S. N., Governor; COMMANDER J. M. FORSYTH, U. S. N., Executive 
 
 Officer. 
 UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITAL, Gray's Ferry Road. DAVID KINDLEBERGER, 
 
 U. S. N. , Medical Director. 
 CITY BOARD OF HEALTH, Room 610, City Hall. WM. H. FORD, M. D., President; 
 
 A. A. HIRST, Secretary ; JOHN J. McCAY, Chief Clerk. 
 
 STATE QUARANTINE BOARD, 604 Sansom street. R. A. CLEEMAN, M. D., Pres- 
 ident; BENJ. LEE, M. D., Secretary; THOS. WINSMORE, HENRY M. DuBois, 
 
 ERNEST LA PLACE, M. D. ; THEODORE B. STULB, Health Officer ; H. C. BOENNING, 
 
 M. D., Quarantine Physician. 
 
 QUARANTINE OFFICE, 604 Sansom street. THEODORE B. STULB, Health Officer. 
 
 Office Hours : 9 A. M. to 5 p. M. Sundays and Holidays excepted. 
 Health Certificate to be presented (or, when State Quarantine Service is suspended, 
 affidavit to be made) within twenty-four hours after vessel's arrival at port of entry. Fees 
 to be paid at same time and a receipt or health ticket to be furnished thereupon by the 
 officer in charge. 
 
 FEES. 
 
 Any Steam Vessel arriving from a foreign port . . . . . . .$1000 
 
 " Sailing " " " " " 5 oo 
 
 " Coasting Vessel, Sail or Steam, arriving from a port South of 
 
 St. Mary River 2 50 
 
 Section 6 of the Act approved June 5, 1893, provides that no fees shall be collected 
 from vessels other than above specified. 
 
 Foreign Consuls at Philadelphia. 
 
 ARGENTINE REPUBLIC EDWARD SHIPPEN, No. 532 Walnut street. 
 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY ALFRED J. OSTHEIMER, Consul, No. 831 Arch street ; ARNOLD 
 
 KATZ, Vice-Consul, No. 128 Walnut street. 
 BELGIUM HENRY PHILLIPS, JR., No. 524 Walnut street. 
 BRAZIL JOHN MASON, JR., No. 319 Walnut street. 
 CHILI EDWARD SHIPPEN, No. 532 Walnut street. 
 COREA DR. R. H. DAVIS, No. 204 Franklin street. 
 DENMARK J. N. WALLEM, Vice-Consul, No. 122 South Second street. 
 ECUADOR EDWARD SHIPPEN, No. 532 Walnut street. 
 
 94 
 
FRANCE Louis VOSSION, No. 524 Walnut street. 
 
 GERMAN EMPIRE C. H. MEYER, Consul ; FREDERICK D^viG^F.,Anc^^Co^iii; N>. 227 
 Chestnut street. 
 
 GREAT BRITAIN ROBT. CHARLES CLIPPERTON, Consul; C. CLIPPERTON, Vice-Consul, 
 No 708 Washington square. 
 
 GREECE S. EDWIN MEGARGEE (Acting), No. 502 Walnut street. 
 
 HAWAII DR. R. H. DAVIS, No. 204 Franklin street. 
 
 HAYTI Vacant. 
 
 HONDURAS SOLOMON FOSTER, JR., Pottsville, Pa. 
 
 ITALY A. G. SLAVIZ (Acting), No. 259 S. Fourth street. 
 
 LIBERIA THOMAS J. HUNT, No. 623 Walnut street. 
 
 MEXICO Vacant. 
 
 NETHERLANDS ARNOLD KATZ, Vice-Consul, No. 128 Walnut street. 
 
 NICARAGUA HEVRY C. POTTER, No. 40 S. Delaware avenue. 
 
 NORWAY J. N. WALLEM, Vice-Consul, No. 122 S. Second street. 
 
 PORTUGAL JOHN MASON, Jr., No. 319 Walnut street. 
 
 RUSSIA S. EDWIN MEGARGEE, Acting Vice-Consul, No. 502 Walnut street. 
 
 SPAIN JOSE CONGOSTO, No. 222 S. Third street ; EDUARDO FORNIAS, Acting Vice- 
 Consul, No. 711 Pine street. 
 
 ST. DOMINGO THOMAS B. WANAMAKER, Thirteenth and Market streets. 
 
 SWEDEN J. N. WALLEM, Vice-Consul, No. 122 S. Second street. 
 
 SWITZERLAND RUDOLPH KORADI, Consul, No. 314 York avenue; WERNER ITSCHNER, 
 Vice- Consul, No. 712 Market street. 
 
 TURKEY Vacant. 
 
 URAGUAY EDUARDO FORNIAS, No. 711 Pine street. 
 
 VENEZUELA RUFINO B. FOMBONA, No. 952 N. Seventh street. 
 
 95 
 
PHILADELPHIA MARITIME EXCHANGE 
 
 1895=1896 
 
 During the preparation of this book the following officers and committees have 
 been elected for the terms specified. 
 
 Election on April 18, 1895 
 
 GEO. K. EARNSHAW, President. 
 
 THOMAS WINSMORE, Vice-President. 
 
 PHILIP FITZPATRICK, Honorary Vice-President. 
 J. S. W. HOLTON, Treasurer. 
 
 E. R. SHARWOOD, Secretary. 
 
 ELISHA CROWELL, Assistant Secretary. 
 
 JOHN F. LEWIS, Solicitor. 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 Until April, 1896 
 
 SAMUEL T. KERR 
 
 J. N. WALLEM 
 
 J. S. W. HOLTON 
 
 GEO. H. HIGBEE 
 
 L. Y. SCHERMERHORN 
 
 CHAS. F. GILLER 
 
 JOHN H. THOMPSON 
 
 Until April, 1897 
 
 CHARLES E. MATHER 
 
 EDWIN S. CRAMP 
 
 F. A. VON BOYNEBURGK 
 
 JOSIAH MONROE 
 
 JOSEPH A. BALL 
 
 GEO. HARRISS, JR. 
 
 Until April, 1898 
 FRANK L. NEALL 
 THOMAS WINSMORE 
 GEO. E. EARNSHAW 
 WM. C. BUTLER 
 GEO. D. ALI 
 B. HUMBURG 
 
 COnniTTEES 
 
 Finance 
 
 JOSIAH MONROE 
 JOHN H. THOMPSON 
 JOSEPH A. BALL 
 
 COnniTTEES (Continued) 
 Harbor, Pilotage and Station 
 
 FRANK L. NEALL 
 EDWIN S. CRAMP 
 J. S. W. HOLTON 
 GEO. H. HIGBEE 
 CHAS. F. GILLER 
 
 Floor and library 
 
 J. S. W. HOLTON 
 SAMUEL T. KERR 
 GEO. HARRISS, JR. 
 
 Commerce and Transportation 
 THOMAS WINSMORE 
 L. Y. SCHERMERHORN 
 WM. C. BUTLER 
 GEO. D. ALI 
 B. HUMBURG 
 
 Membership 
 
 CHARLES E. MATHER 
 
 J. N. WALLEM 
 
 F. A. VON BOYNEBURGK 
 
 Executive 
 
 GEO. E. EARNSHAW 
 THOMAS WINSMORE 
 FRANK L. NEALL 
 J. S. W. HOLTON 
 CHARLES E. MATHER 
 JOSIAH MONROE 
 
 96 
 
WM. SELLERS & CO. 
 
 (INCORPORATED) 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF. 
 
 For Working Iron and Steel 
 
 CRANES 
 
 Traveling Cranes 
 Jib Cranes 
 Dock Cranes, Etc. 
 
 INJECTORS 
 
 for Locomotive, Marine and Stationary Boilers 
 
 SHAFTING 
 
 and all its Appurtenances for Transmitting Power 
 
 TURNTABLES 
 
 for Locomotives, Cars, Etc. 
 
 MECHANICAL STOKERS 
 
 for Automatically Feeding Fuel to Boilers 
 
The CHARLES HILLMAN 
 
 Ship and Engine Building Company 
 
 Machinists, Boiler Makers, Blacksmiths, Pattern 
 Makers, Ship Joiners, Painters, Iron and Brass 
 Founders, and Makers of Propeller Wheels = - 
 
 Builders of Iron, Steel and Wood Vessels, Tugs 
 and Yachts, Engines, Boilers, Tanks, &c., &c., &c. 
 
 Facilities lor Repairing Vessels and Engines with Economy and Dispatch 
 
 MARINE RAILWAY 
 
 Office and Works, Beach above Palmer Street 
 PHILADELPHIA, PEINNA. 
 
 STERLING COAL COMPANY 
 
 ROW ELTON COALS 
 
 GENERAL OFFICES: GENERAL EUROPEAN AGENTS: 
 
 419 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Hull, Blyth & Co., l Fenchurch Ave., 
 
 29 Broadway, New York. London, E. C., England. 
 
 5 Custom House St., Boston, Mass. Cable Address : " Vapor," London. 
 
 CABLE ADDRESS: 
 
 Powelton," Philad'a, New York City and Boston. "National," Baltimore, Md. 
 
 ," Savannah, Ga. 
 
 The attention en steamship owners is particularly invited to THESE CELEBRATED COALS as 
 
 A FUEL FOR STEANlSrilP SERVICE. 
 
 THE POWELTON COALS are comparatively free from sulphur and other impurities, burn freely, 
 and make steam quickly. Their CALORIFIC POWER is very high ; economical in consumption ; small 
 percentage of ash. 
 
 The Analyses of the Powelton Coals have been made by the highest chemical authorities in the 
 United States and England. 
 
 THE POWELTON COALS contain fully 95.54 per cent, of steam generating properties, which is 
 most conclusive proof of their desirability as a 
 
 STEAM GENERATOR. 
 
 Orders received by cable or from captains of steamers will receive most prompt attention. 
 
 ii 
 
, Ci/nited 
 FRANCIS BROS. 
 
 1-Fl 
 
 BUCKEYE AUTOMATIC ENGINES 
 
 KENSINGTON FEED HEATERS 
 
 AND SPECIALTIES FOR STEAM AND POWER PLANTS COMPLETE 
 
 BEACH and VIENNA STS. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 City Office, 704 Arch St. 
 
 SPRECKELS 
 SUGAR REFINING 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 REFINED SUGARS AND SYRUP 
 
 REFINERY OFFICE 
 
 Foot of Reed Street Stock Exchange Place 
 
PHILADELPHIA CORLISS ENGINES 
 
 BUILT BY 
 
 PHILADELPHIA ENGINEERING WORKS, LIMITED, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 CHARLES D. BARNEY & CO. 
 
 Bankers and Brokers 
 
 No. 122 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia 
 
 Investment Securities. Stocks and Bonds Bought and Sold on Commission 
 and Carried on Favorable Terms 
 
 Deposits Received on Interest, Subject to Check at Sight 
 
 he Man on the Look=0ut 
 
 For Hats that wear well and look well, should buy 
 
 T 
 
 STETSON HATS 
 
 Standards for Quality, Style, Finish and Durability. Ask your Hatter for 
 them and see that "JOHN B. STETSON CO." is stamped on the sweat leather. 
 
 JOHN B. STETSON CO. 
 
 Retail Department, 1108 Chestnut St. PHILADELPHIA 
 
MEN'S SHIRTS To ORDER 
 
 Skilled cutters and competent finishers employed in a factor}' fitted 
 with every modern appliance for prompt and accurate work, coupled 
 with the use of only the best qualities of Linens and Muslins, have 
 placed the Shirts we "make in the very front rank of excellence. 
 
 These are the chief reasons for the marked success of our business in 
 custom-made shirts. They have attained a reputation foiLfit, workman- 
 ship and wearing qualities that is unsurpassed in the shirt-making* world. 
 
 Prices are the lowest possible for such high-class work. 
 
 Self-measurement blanks sent when desired. 
 
 Strawbridge & Clothier, Philadelphia 
 
 PETER HAGAN 
 
 JOHN J. HAGAN 
 
 PETER HAGAN & CO. 
 
 LIGHTERflGE and TH0NSPORTHTION 
 
 No. 218 Walnut Street 
 
 Barges from 100 to 1200 tons for lightering, and steam tugs for towing. Also, tugs with wrecking pumps 
 furnished at short notice. Telephone call, 3309. 
 
 BROCKIE & WELSH 
 
 -^^^^ 1fuc anb flftariuc ^naurance 
 
 DEALKRS IN 
 
 WHITE OAK AND YELLOW PINE RAILROAD TIES 
 AND GENERAL SHIPPING AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS 
 
 Telephone NO. 316 S. E. Cor. 4th and Walnut Sts., Phila. 
 
PHILADELPHIA SHIPPING COMPANY 
 
 Atlantic-Transport Johnston-Trident Line 
 
 Direct Weekly Service between Philadelphia and London and Swansea 
 
 Loading and'Diseharging Piers at Philadelphia and London 
 
 PHILADELPHIA Washington Avenue, Delaware River 
 LONDON . West India Docks and Victoria Docks 
 
 FOR RATES OF FREIGHT AND OTHER INFORMATION APPLY TO 
 
 P. F. YOUNG, General Manager 
 
 303 WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company 
 
 WORKS AT NEWPORT NEWS, VA. (ON HAMPTON ROADS) 
 
 For estimates and further particulars, address 
 
 C. B. ORCUTT, President No. i Broadway, New York 
 
 vi 
 

 Pennsylvania Warehousing and Safe Deposit Go. 
 
 CAPITAL ISSUED (Full Paid), $500,000 
 
 SURPLUS 500,000 
 
 UNDIVIDED PROFITS, . . 200,000 
 
 
 Banking ^Department, 1 13 and n 5 s. Third st. 
 
 Receives money on deposit, subject to check, allowing -interest at the 
 rate of TWO per cent, per annum. 
 
 Makes cash advances at moderate rates of interest upon every kind of 
 staple merchandise in store or in transit. Markets and negotiates 
 loans on stocks and bonds of corporations, railroads, etc. 
 
 Storage Department 
 
 Receives merchandise, bonded and free, on storage, in its own United 
 States bonded and free warehouses, and offers wharfage facilities for 
 loading and discharging steamers and sailing vessels of the largest 
 class, together with railroad connections with all lines entering 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 GEORGE H. EARLE, JR., President. RICHARD Y. COOK, Vice-President. 
 
 E. B. GRIFFITHS, Treasurer. C. WILLIAM FUNK, Secretary. 
 
 CHARLES LONGSTRETH, General Sup't Storage Dep't 
 
 DIRECTORS 
 
 John H. Catherwood John M. Shrigley Charles Longstreth 
 
 Richard Y. Cook Joseph Moore, Jr. Edgar B. Griffiths 
 
 Edward Longstreth 
 George H. Earle, Jr. 
 
 Aaron Fries 
 
 George H. Stephenson 
 
 SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY AND MACHINE COMPANY 
 
 FOUNDED 1836 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 BUILDERS OF SPECIAL AiND HEAVY MACHINERY 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 STEAM ENGINES, BLOWING ENGINES, PUMPING PLANTS, BOILERS, TANKS, 
 
 ETC. 
 
GEORGE W. SCOTT 
 
 COOPERAGE STOCK 
 
 OFFICE, 119 ALMOND STREET 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 XVM. H. HORSTMANN COMPANY 
 
 Successor to 
 HORSTMANN BROTHERS & CO. 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 FLAGS, BURGEES AND SIGNALS 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 
 
 International Code Signals, Flags of all Nations, Etc. 
 
 STH AND CHERRY STREETS PHILADELPHIA 
 
 ALFRED N. CHANDLER & CO. 
 
 HIGH GRADE ELECTRIC RAILWAY BONDS 
 141 South Fourth Street Philadelphia 
 
 Quotations and information furnished on low priced dividend earning 
 Electric Railway Stocks that promise a material appreciation in value. 
 An experience of many years affords the advantage of intelligent 
 counsel in the making of investments. 
 Attention given to the organization and financing of corporations 
 
palace Steamer RF17URI 1C 
 
 FOR 
 
 Leaves Race St. Wharf 7.30 A. M., Daily, Returning Early in the Evening 
 
 DANCING, THEATRICALS, CONCERTS 
 
 DINING ROOMS, CAFES AND REFRESHMENT STANDS 
 
 A DELIGHTFUL WAY OF VIEWING THE WATERS OF 
 THE DELAWARE RIVER AND BAY 
 
 $1.00 AROUND TRIP -- =$1.00 
 THE PHILADELPHIA CRAIN ELEVATOR COMPANY 
 
 Office, No. 18 MERCHANTS' EXCHANGE 
 
 ELEVATORS STORAGE CAPACITY UNLOADING CAPACITY 
 
 PORT RICHMOND" (EXPORT) 1,000,000 BUSHELS 350 CARS PER DAY 
 
 400,000 BUSHELS 100 CARS PER DAY 
 
 THE "WILLIAMS STREET STATION" WITH STORAGE CAPACITY 10,000 TONS, AND 
 
 FOUR LOADING BERTHS FOR STEAMERS OF LARGEST DRAFT. 
 
 Operating: via PHILADELPHIA & READING RAILROAD and its connections. 
 
 CHAS. M. TAYLOR'S SONS 
 
 Nos. l? and 18 Merchants' Exchange 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Steamship figeots and Ship Brokers 
 
 Cargo HMers NOS. 24 AND 25 NORTH WHARVES. 
 utwarfc Cargo HMere WHJ.IAMS STREET PIER, PORT RICHMOND. 
 
 ix 
 
I 
 ESTABLISHED 1821. 
 
 ANDREW WHEELER, PRESIDENT. WM. R. MclLVAIN, TREASURER. 
 
 JONATHAN ROWLAND, VICE-PRESIDENT. H. C. VANSANT, SECRETARY. 
 
 STEPHEN P. M. TASKER, CONSULTING ENGINEER. 
 
 MORRIS, TASKER & Co 
 
 INCORPORATED 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 Boiler Tubes, Oil Well Tubing and Casing 
 
 Wrought Iron and Steel Pipe and Fittings 
 
 Iron and Steel Electric Light 
 
 and Street Railway Poles 
 
 Special Gun Metal Castings for Power Plants 
 
 MILLS 
 
 Delaware Iron Company Pascal Iron Works 
 
 NEW CASTLE, DEL. PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CITY OFFICE 
 
 224 South Third Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 x 
 
THE EARN LINE $t EAUSHIP (ONIONY 
 
 S. S. EARNWELL, PIONEER STEAMER OF THE EARN LINE. 
 
 I HE general office of the Earn Line Steamship Company is at the 
 Southwest Corner of Third and Walnut Streets. The line was 
 ^ established ten years ago by Alfred Earnshaw. In 1887 it became 
 The Earn Line S. S. Co., Limited, and in 1892 was reincorporated 
 under the laws of New Jersey as The Earn Line S. S. Co. The President 
 is Mr. Alfred Earnshaw ; and Secretary and Treasurer, Mr. George E. 
 Earnshaw. The latter is President of the Maritime Exchange at this time. 
 The business of the line is strictly freightage, largely from the ports 
 of Philadelphia and Baltimore to the West Indian ports. The outward car- 
 goes are usually steaming coal. The Clearfield coal is now largely replacing 
 English coal at West Indian points of supply, a movement in which this line 
 has been an important factor. The steamers of the line bring return cargoes 
 of Bessemer ore from Santiago de Cuba, and, in the season, load with sugar 
 from the north-side ports of Cuba, carrying to Boston, Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore refineries. 
 
 The regular fleet of the line is com- 
 posed of the 
 
 Earnwell, 3,000 tons Earnford, 3,500 tons 
 
 Earndale, 3,500 " Earnwood, 3,500 " 
 
 and Mameluke, 4,000 tons. 
 
 The tonnage is reinforced by charter 
 of other vessels, as business may 
 require. 
 
 Since the establishment of the line, 
 nearly one thousand voyages have been 
 made by its ships. 
 
 The house flag of the line is a white 
 burgee, having a blue border forming 
 the initial " E." 
 
 EARN LINE HOUSE FLAG. 
 
THE 
 
 REFINERS OF 
 
 Petroleum and Its Products 
 
 FOR EXPORT AND DOMESTIC USE 
 
 GENERAL OFFICES 
 
 S. L Corner Chestnut and Fourth Streets 
 
 DOHESTIC TRADE DEPARTMENT 
 125 ARCH STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
International Navigation Company's 
 
 TRANSATLANTIC LINES 
 
 
 AMERICAN LINE 
 
 NEW YORK SOUTHAMPTON 
 
 LONDON 
 
 Every Wednesday from Pier 14, North River, New York 
 
 No tidal delays. No transfer by tender 
 
 Shortest and most convenient route to London. Special trains dispatched on 
 arrival at Southampton 
 
 Close connection at Southampton for Havre and Paris, by special fast twin- 
 screw Channel Steamers 
 
 PHILADELPHIA-QUEENSTOWN LIVERPOOL SERVICE 
 
 Every Saturday from Pier 54 South Wharves, Philadelphia. Special accom- 
 modation for Second Cabin. Steerage at Low Rates 
 
 RED STAR LINE 
 
 Every Wednesday from Pier 14, North River, New York 
 
 Every alternate Wednesday from Pier 55 South Wharves, Philadelphia 
 
 Short route to Antwerp, Paris and Continental Points 
 
 FOR RATES AND OTHER INFORMATION, APPLY TO 
 
 International Navigation Company 
 
 305 and 30t WALNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 NEW YORK CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 xiii 
 
or 
 
 NORTH 
 
 No. 232 Walnut Street 
 
 FOUNDED A. D. 1792 
 
 Fire, Marine and 
 
 Inland Insurance 
 
 ASSETS, JANUARY I, 1895, $9,562,599.92 
 
 CHARTER PERPETUAL 
 
 LIABILITIES 
 
 Capital Stock $3,000,000 oo 
 
 Reserve for Reinsurance 3.858,193 16 
 
 Reserve for Losses 372,904 34 
 
 All other Liabilities 87,233 32 
 
 Surplus over all Liabilities 2,244,269 10 
 
 $9,562,599 92 
 
 Net Surplus $2, 244, 269 10 
 
 xiv 
 
is Company issues Certificates of Unsurance, 
 payable, in case of loss, at tbe option of tbe 
 assurefc, in Xon&on, Paris, Hntwerp, 
 Bremen, IbamburQ or Hmsterbairu 
 
 CHARLES PL ATT, President 
 WILLIAM A. PLATT, Vice- President 
 EUGENE L. ELLISON, Second Vice-President 
 GREVILLE E. FRYER, Secretary and Treasurer 
 JOHN H. AT WOOD, Assistant Secretary 
 T. HOUARD WRIGHT, Marine Secretary 
 
 13IRKCTORS 
 
 Charles Platt 
 Francis R. Cope 
 Edward S. Clarke 
 Clemeut A. Griscom 
 William H. Trotter 
 Thomas McKean 
 John A. Brown 
 
 Edward S. Buckley 
 Robert M. Lewis 
 Edward H. Coates 
 John S. Jenks 
 Edward Hopkinson 
 Emanuel Straus 
 George H. McFadden 
 
 William D. Winsor 
 Charles W. Henry 
 James May Duane 
 Henry W. Biddle 
 G. Assheton Carson 
 C. Hartman Kuhn 
 
President, THOS. V. COOPER Vice=President, JOHN L. WILSON 
 
 Treasurer, JARED DARLINGTON Secretary, WM. H. KNORR 
 
 General Manager, RICHARD F. LOPER 
 
 ") 
 
 lABILlTY'lNDEMNITYCOMPJWY- 
 
 Head Office: 713 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 
 
 RICHARD F. LOPER, General Manager 
 
 Cash Capital, full paid, $250,000 00 
 
 Surplus to Policy-holders, over 400,000 00 
 
 Cash Deposited with State Insurance Commissioners, .... 261,000 00 
 
 Plainest and Most Liberal Contracts Covering 
 
 Employers' Liability 
 
 Public Liability and Vehicle Risk 
 
 Common Carriers' Liability 
 
 Workmen's Benefit Insurance 
 
 Steam Boiler and Elevator Inspection and Insurance 
 Machinery Damage and Breakage 
 Automatic Sprinkler Insurance (loss by water) 
 
 The Perfection Blanket Policy of (MOfattic) combines in one Contract 
 the best features of Liability Insurance. 
 
 Full information and rates upon application to 
 
 RICHARD F. LOPER, 
 
 HEAD OFFICE: General Manager 
 
 No. 713 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 
 
I. M. PARR & SON 
 
 (LIMITED) 
 
 (jrain jyierchants 
 
 12, Chamber of Commerce 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 JAMES L. BRANSON, President EDWIN R. BRANSON, Sec. and Treas. 
 
 BRANSON MACHINE CO. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF THE inPROVED "BRANSON" 
 
 IVnittino; iViachines 
 
 AUTOMATIC RIBBE1RS 
 
 OR DOUBLE FEED 
 
 SPECIAL MACHINERY TO ORDER 
 
 506 St. John Street, Philadelphia 
 
 Most of the Illustrations in this Book were made by . 
 
 THE 
 
 Electro Phototype Co. 
 
 Engravers by Every Knoudn M?fhod 
 
 35 South Sixth Street 
 
 F. E. MANNING PHILADELPHIA 
 
Hoopes &, Townsend 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 COLD-PUNCHED 
 SQUARE AND HEXAGON NUTS 
 
 CHAMFERED AND TRIMMED, WITH DRILLED HOLES, 
 WASHERS, SPLIT AND SINGLE KEYS 
 
 PUNCHED 
 CHAIN LINKS 
 
 ELEVATOR AND CARRIER CHAINS 
 
 MACHINE AND CAR BOLTS 
 Plow and Button Head Bolts 
 
 Railroad Track Bolts 
 BRIDGE RODS AND BOLTS 
 
 WITH ENLARGED OR UPSET ENDS 
 
 Boiler Patch Bolts 
 
 Wood or Lag Screws 
 Gimlet-Pointed Coach Screws 
 
 Builders' Iron Work. Pipe and Arm Swivels or Turn- 
 buckles. Straps and Irons for Buildings. Car Irons 
 and Truck Sides. Wharf Spikes. 
 
 Iron and Steel 
 
 Boiler, Bridge, 
 
 Ship, Car, Tank, and 
 
 Coopers' 
 
 Rivets 
 
J. TAYLOR CAUSE, President 
 
 H. T. GAUSK, Vice-President 
 
 S. K. SMITH, Treasurer 
 
 CABLE ADDRESSES 
 
 Rodadura, London 
 
 Harlan, Wilmington, Delaware 
 
 ESTABLISHED 1836 
 
 ...THE... 
 
 Company 
 
 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE, U. S. A. 
 
 Ship and Engine Builders 
 
 Repairs and Docking Vessels 
 a Specialty 
 
 WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 
 
 London Office, Dashwood House, Old Broad St. 
 New York Office, Boreel Building, 115 Broadway 
 
 *" S. P. WETHERILL 
 
 Dry Paints and Minerals 
 
 FIRST HANDS IN 
 
 USED IN THE MANUFACTURES AND ARTS 
 
 Penn Mutual Life Building, 925 Chestnut St., Philada. 
 
 45 CEDAR STREET, NEW YORK 
 
 Builders' Iron Work 
 All kinds Steam Boilers 
 All kinds Tanks 
 Fire Escapes 
 Steam Engine Builder 
 
 Boiler Maker, Blacksmith, Machinist 
 
 Repairs to Iron Ships and Steamboats 
 
 Marine Engineering and Boiler Making 
 
 Light and Heavy Forgings (under Steam Hammer) 
 
 Hoisting Machines for Builders and Contractors 
 
 Wood and Iron Tackle Blocks for Builders and Contractors 
 
 Hoisting Engines for sale and hire 
 
 Steam Pumping Plants for sale and hire 
 
 Contractor for all kinds of Iron Work 
 
 Ice Making and Refrigerating Machinery 
 
 Filters for Cities, Towns and Dwellings 
 
 Repairs promptly attended to 
 
 Specifications and Estimates furnished 
 
 Cylinders of Steam Engines, Pumps, Compressors, &c.. rebored without removing from their present position 
 
 Telephone No. 1729 
 
 Gear Cutting 
 Friction Pulleys 
 Steam Yacht Builder 
 Pattern Making 
 Pipe Fitting 
 Contractors' Supplies 
 Pipes, Coils and Bends. 
 
 IRON WORKS 
 
 Office, 510 S. Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia 
 
 xix 
 
WM. O PENNYPACKER, Jr., 8. A. PENNYPACKER, GEO. E. BARRETT, 
 
 President Vice-President Treasurer 
 
 Quaker City Cooperage Co. 
 
 Slack Barrels 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 Twenty-Third and Washington Ave. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 FA I I PIVFD I INF BETWEEN 
 
 I /\l L I\l LI\ LIIIL NEW YORK AND BOSTON 
 
 The Fall River I,ine long since took place among the foremost transportation systems of the country, 
 and has for many years been recognized as the peer of any of its class by all sorts and conditions of 
 people. The business of this line is continuous throughout the year, all facilities, accommodations, com- 
 forts and appliances being equally desirable and perfect in Winter as in Summer. In the course of time 
 these facts have become generally known, until the great majority of the public well understands that at 
 all seasons of the year the steamboats of this line are the same great floating hotels ; making safe, rapid, 
 sure and satisfactory trips and unfailing connections throughout every period. Its quintette of steam- 
 boats, the PRISCILLA, PURITAN, PLYMOUTH, PILGRIM and PROVIDENCE, are unequalled in the 
 world elsewhere by similar enterprise ; and this vast and restless agency is, indeed, one of the wonders 
 of the century. Music, and all features for the satisfaction or delighting of patrons, are unvarying the 
 whole year round. 
 
 FROfl NEW YORK Steamers leave pier zS (old number), North River, foot of Murray Street, at 
 5.00 P. M. 
 
 FRO/1 BOSTON Trains connecting with steamers at Fall River (49 miles) leave Park Square Station 
 (N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R. Old Colony System) at 6.00 P. M. 
 
 : ui day trips are omitted during January, February and March. 
 
 Tickets by this route are on sale at all of the principal ticket offices in the United States and Canada. 
 J. R. KENDRICK, President, Boston. S. A. GARDNER, Superintendent, New York. 
 
 GEO. L. CONNOR, Pass. Traf. Mgr., New Haven. 0. H. TAYLOR, Gen'l Pass. Agt., New York. 
 
 O. G. H em P s tead & S on 
 
 Snipping eon QomissiOD Jfleronams 
 
 and STEAMSHIP AGENTS. 
 
 Agents of HAMBURG-AMERICAN PACKET CO. 
 
 SEMI-MONTHLY SERVICE BETWEEN 
 
 PHILADELPHIA and HAMBURG 
 
 425 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 CABLE ADDRESS : HEMPSTEAD. Watkins', Scott's and A. B. C. Codes used. 
 
JOM/NSO/N & MIGGINS 
 
 AND 
 
 NEW YORK, 56 Beaver Street SAN FRANCISCO, 315 California Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 224 Walnut Street BALTIMORE, 413 Water Street 
 BOSTON, 92 State Street NEW ORLEANS, 64 Baronne Street. 
 
 Cable Address, " GOURLIE," Philadelphia 
 
 J. W. Hampton, Jr., & Co. 
 
 Customs Brokers 
 General Forwarders 
 Foreign Express Service 
 
 41 BROADWAY, NEW YORK 
 420 LIBRARY ST., PHILADELPHIA 
 
 SIBIvEY & CO. 
 
 of Varnishes and Paints 
 
 136, 138, 140 North Fourth St., Philadelphia 
 
 TELEPHONE No. 207 f J% l-l I R R ^ ESTABLISHED 1874 
 
 TANKS 
 
 BREAD JLND QUAFlFtY STREETS 
 
 Above Arch, between Second and Third Sts. 
 
 P H 1 1_ A D El L. P H I A 
 
 Bath Boilers, Stacks and Heavy Sheet Iron Work 
 
- - - .. 
 
 SOMETHING RELIABLE 
 
 IF YOU WANT A 
 
 HAMMER or HATCHET 
 
 Ask For 
 
 [TRADE MARK] 
 
 Hatchet Always Sharp Hammer Will Draw the Smallest Brad 
 FAYETTE R. PLUMB, Manufacturer 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 GBilHEYEB TORCH RID HID LIGHT CO. 
 
 (Incorporated) 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 Torches and Liquids for Lights of Various Colors 
 
 For Signal Lights and Illuminations of all Kinds, Blue Flash Lights a Specialty 
 
 Our Patented Torch is now on the market, and we call the atten- 
 tion of all masters of vessels to its efficiency as a flare-up or flash light. 
 It can be used with Kerosene, Spirits of Turpentine, or any available 
 ignitible fluid. Its superiority over all other kinds of Torches is that 
 it is indestructible ; being filled with Asbestos, it will last for years and 
 is ready for use at any moment. It gives a white flame three to five 
 feet high, burns less liquid than any ordinary torch of the same size or 
 larger. The combustion is so perfect that very little smoke is made, 
 and the flame is therefore much brighter. For fishermen's use in sig- 
 nalling, or dressing fish, it has never been equalled, and, we believe, 
 cannot be improved upon. At night you can wig-wag with the Torch 
 and give any signal you wish. Yachtsmen will find our Copper Torch 
 of great value in signalling. 
 
 Rain or Spray will not extinguish it, and the stronger the wind 
 the better it burns. We have also a 
 
 BLUE, GREEN and RED BURNING LIQUID 
 
 so as to enable you to make any code of signals you may require. 
 
 Office of Corporation, 89 Fulton Street, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Philadelphia, 217 Lodge St., John Reese, Agt. Lewes, Del., R. W. Burbage, Agt. 
 
GEO. M. NEWHALL ENGINEERING Co., Ltd. 
 
 136 SOUTH FOURTH ST., PHILADELPHIA 
 
 EXAMINATION 
 
 OP 
 
 BUILDINGS 
 
 AND 
 
 REPORTS 
 
 ON 
 
 CARRYING 
 CAPACITY 
 
 OF 
 
 FLOORS, Etc. 
 
 IPS 
 
 ENGINEERS 
 
 MECHANICAL 
 
 OUTFITS 
 
 PURCHASED 
 
 FOR 
 
 Account of 
 
 Clients and 
 Installed under 
 Our Supervision 
 
 ARCHITECTS 
 
 FOR 
 
 COMPLETE MANUFACTURING PLANTS 
 Deluding BUILDINGS, MACHINERY AND APPARATUS 
 
 W. 
 
 Builders of the Celebrated m '. r <CLAYTON, JEFFERSON CO., N. Y. 
 
 THOUSAND ISLANDS ROWING and SAILING SKIFFS 
 
 The finest type of pleasure and fishing boat in the world. Suitable for either fresh or salt water. 
 Also, Square Stern Boats, Yacht Tenders, Fishermen's Dories, Canoes, Batteaus, 
 
 Yachts, Steam Launches and Fittings. 
 Agents for the SINTZ GAS ENGINE, for Launches. 
 
 New York Agent, H. C. SQUIRES, 20 Cortlandt Street 
 
 Boats shipped, securely packed, to any part of the world. Send for Illustrated Catalogue. 
 
 xxiii 
 
Clyde Steamship Co. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 5 Bowling Green ~^^f^^^^^^m^^^^ . 
 
 rass*^ -^e*> Avenue 
 
 BETWEEN 
 
 New York and Charleston, S. C. Philadelphia and Charleston, S. C. 
 
 " Jacksonville, Fla. " " Jacksonville, Fl a. 
 
 M Wilmington, N. C. " " Richmond, Va. 
 
 " Hayti and San Domingo " " Norfolk, Va. 
 
 44 " " Turk's Island " Washington, D. C. 
 
 and Alexandria. 
 " Georgetown, S. C. " u Troy and Albany. 
 
 UNSURPASSED PASSENGER SERVICE TO FLORIDA 
 
 ONLY DIRECT LINE TO 
 
 Jacksonville, Florida, from New York 
 
 NEW AND ELEGANT STEAMERS 
 
 rates ot ffreigbt anfc passage to all points 
 in fflorifca anfc all cities of tbe Soutb anfc Soutbwest. 
 Direct connections witb all leaDins IRailroaDs ano 
 "Mater OLines. 
 
 Wm. P. Clyde & Co. 
 
 (general Hgents 
 
 5 Bowling Green, New York :: 12 S. Delaware Ave., Phila. 
 
 xxiv 
 
THE FRANKLIN 
 
 SUCAR 
 
 Co 
 
 Manufacturers of the Highest Grade 
 
 ugars 
 
 Etc 
 
 OFFICE 
 
 N. E. Cor. Stock Exctiange Place and Hudson St. 
 
 Refinery: Front aqd Bainbridge Streets 
 
THE W. J. McCAHAN 
 
 SUGAR REFINING Co. 
 
 No. 147 S. Front St., Philadelphia 
 
 The lofty buildings of the plant in use by the W. J. McCahan Sugar Refining Co. are situated at the foot 
 of Tasker Street, Philadelphia, and form a leading feature in the scene along the river front in the lower 
 portion of the city. The Company has about seven acres of ground with ample water frontage, where two 
 wharves are available for the simultaneous discharge of a number of cargoes. Both the Pennsylvania and 
 Baltimore & Ohio Railroads have terminals here, their cars being loaded at the Refinery doors. 
 
 The buildings are the Melter House, Filter House, Pan House, two large Warehouses, Tank House, 
 Boiler House, and extensive sheds. The Company also has a large Molasses House situated about a quarter 
 of a mile distant. Molasses is now imported in bulk by means of tank steamers and pumped directly from 
 the holds to the Tank House, where they have a tank capacity of over 2,000,000 gallons. 
 
 The W. J. McCahan Sugar Refining Co. is operated independently of the combination controlling 
 nearly all the similar works in the United States. It is equipped throughout with the most modern appli- 
 ances for the thorough and economical refining of the raw material into the various high grades demanded 
 by the American trade. 
 
 The Officers of the Company are 
 
 President, W. J. McCAHAN. 
 Secretary, W. J. MCCAHAN, JR. 
 
 Treasurer, R. S. POMEROY. 
 Manager, JAS. M. MCCAHAN. 
 
 The offices of the Company are located at Nos. 147 and 149 South Front Street. 
 
 xxvi 
 
American Dredging Co. 
 
 236 WALNUT STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 ONTRACTORS 
 
 FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF 
 
 Philadelphia Harbor 
 
 L. Y. SCHERMERHORN, JAMES N. KNIPE, 
 
 President Sec. and Treas. 
 
 WM. J. BRADLEY, 
 
 Gen'l 5up't 
 
RED * STKR * TUGS 
 
 RHIL-KDBL-RHI7* 
 
 ARGUS 50O Horse Power 
 
 Signal, 
 
 BATTL.ER 4OO Horse Power 
 
 Signal, 
 
 JUNO 175 Horse Power 
 
 Signal, 
 
 NEW CASTL.E 150 Horse Power 
 
 Signal, 
 
 -* GENERAL. DELSOR I PTION fc- 
 
 
 length 
 
 Br'dth 
 
 Engines 
 
 W pT^ g !Suct< n s 
 
 Suction 
 Hose 
 
 Fire Hose 
 
 No. of Fire 
 Streams 
 
 Argus .... 
 
 I2O ft 
 
 22 ft 
 
 
 
 1 50 ft 6 in 
 
 300 ft 2% in 
 
 8 
 
 Battler 
 Juno 
 New Castle . . 
 
 120 ft. 
 
 8 5 ft. 
 
 Soft. 
 
 22ft. 
 
 i8ft. 
 1 7 ft. 
 
 20-36 x 28 
 
 15-26 X 20 
 20 X 20 
 
 i6x 10x12 i 6 in. 
 :6x IDX 12 i 6in. 
 i6xiox 12 i 6 in. 
 
 100 ft 6 in. 
 100 ft. 6 in. 
 Soft. 6 in. 
 
 300 ft. 2% in. 
 300 ft. 2^ in. 
 300 ft. 2^ in. 
 
 6 
 6 
 6 
 
 These powerful tow boats are equipped with wrecking and fire apparatus, electric plants, and im- 
 proved appliances for towing or assisting vessels in distress. Tug Argus has a search light of 6000 
 candle power (located immediately forward on pilot house) and also two arc lights of 2000 candle power 
 each. By means of waterproof wire the arc lights can be fixed upon any object 1000 feet distant from tug. 
 
 The captains of the Red Star Tugs are thoroughly competent pilots, and special attention is given to 
 transporting vessels of deep draught in Schuylkill River, to or from the Point Breeze oil wharves and 
 Cirard Point grain elevators. 
 
 SEA AND HARBOR TOWING PROMPTLY AND EFFICIENTLY ATTENDED TO 
 
 STATIONS Red Star Dock, foot of Washington Ave., Delaware River ; Point Breeze Oil Wharves, Schuyl- 
 kill River ; Delaware Breakwater. 
 
 PETER WRIGHT & SONS, General Agents, Offices, 3O! Walnut Street 
 < . E. Davis, Jr., Manager Geo. \V. Bellevou, Marine Superintendent 
 
 Heat Your House 
 
 FURNACE 
 
 The first cost is far less, the management far more easy, and the expense and annoyance of repairs a 
 mere trifle as compared with heating by steam or hot water. 
 
 A GOOD Hot-Air Furnace is perfectly healthful. There are some that are NOT good. 
 
 Paragon Furnaces Are Good 
 
 WRITE TO THE MANUFACTURERS 
 
 ISAAC A. SHEPPARD & CO., 1801 N. Fourth St., Phila. 
 
 For their Furnace Book, "HINTS ABOUT HEATING." 
 xxviii 
 
FOUNDED 1835 
 
 THE DELAWARE 
 
 INSURANCE Co 
 
 OF 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 S. E. Cor. 3d and Walnut Sts. 
 
 E 
 
 OF THE FINEST QUALITY 
 
 
 
 lanceioi & Co.'s BUI Dig 
 
 A Magnificent Rich Wine 
 
 M. F. McDONOUGH &, CO. 
 
 IMPORTERS AND WINE MERCHANTS 
 223 and 225 South Front Street Philadelphia 
 
 ENOCH MOORE & SONS CO. 
 Ship Builders and Marine Railway 
 
 Foot of Commerce Street 
 ^ WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 
 
Established 1831 
 
 Annual Capacity, 1,000 
 
 BALDWIN LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 
 
 SINGLE EXPANSION AND COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVES 
 
 Broad and Narrow Gauge Locomotives, Steam Cars and Tramway Locomotives, Mine and 
 Furnace Locomotives, Plantation Locomotives, Compressed Air Locomotives, 
 
 Oil-Burning Locomotives 
 
 Adapted to every variety of service, and built accurately to gauges aiid templates after standard 
 designs or to railroad companies' drawings. Like parts of different engines of same class perfectly inter- 
 changeable. Electric Locomotives and Electric Car Trucks with Approved Motors. 
 
 BURSHAM, WILLIAMS & CO., Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A. 
 
 Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. 
 
 Colliery Proprietors 
 Miners and Shippers of 
 
 Room 305, Betz Building 
 
 Broad St. and South Penn Square 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 XXX 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
ANDREW M.MOORE 
 
 JOSEPH E SINNOTT. 
 
 PROPRIETORS K. SUCCESSORS TO 
 
 ESTABLISHED 
 1837 
 
 
 DISTILLERS 
 
 OF FINE WHISKEY; 
 
 OUR DISTILLERY AT GIBSONTON, 
 
 On the Monongahela River, with its Extensive Kilns and Malt Houses, gives us 
 unequalled facilities for distilling 
 
 PURE MONONGAHELA RYE, WHEAT and MALT 
 
 WHISKIES 
 
 Of Superior Quality, from Kiln-Dried Grain and Barley Malt 
 
 WK HAVE ON HAND 
 
 THE LARGEST AND BEST STOCK OF CHOICE OLD WHISKIES IN THE 
 UNITED STATES, all of which are highly improved by age 
 
 Storage Capacity in Heated Bonded Warehouses, 100,000 Bbls. 
 
 232 and 234 South Front Street, PHILADELPHIA 
 
 NEW YORK, BOSTON, NEW ORLEANS, SAN FRANCISCO, 
 
 60 Broad St. 160 State St. 102 Poydras St. 314 Sacramento St. 
 
 SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
LOUIS P. EVANS 
 
 Successor to COFRODE & EVANS 
 
 Engineer and Contractor 
 
 S. E. Corner Fourth and Walnut Streets 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 WAREHOUSES 
 
 & 
 
 Successors to J. CAMPBELL HARRIS & CO. 
 
 Portland and Rosendale Cements 
 
 PLASTER AND BUILDING MATERIAL 
 KAIRMOUNT AVENUE WHARF 
 
 W. E. GARRETT & SONS 
 
 Ocotch Onuff JVLanufacturers 
 
 224 South Front Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
CHAS. W. PUSEY, President WII^IAM W. PUSEY, Treasurer 
 
 THOMAS H. SAVERY, Vice-Prest. SAM% C. BIDDI^E, Secretary 
 
 Long Distance Telephone, No. Ill 
 Cable Address, " Pusey, Wilmington " 
 
 POSEY & JONES QOMPRNY 
 
 BUILDERS OF 
 
 Iron Vessels, Steam Engines Machinery for Paper and 
 
 and Boilers . . . Sugar Mills . . . 
 
 And Heavy Machinery Generally 
 
 Established 1848 
 
 , DELAWARE, U. S. A. 
 
 XXXlll 
 
DELAWARE BREAKWATER 
 
 AND LEWES, DELAWARE 
 
 OF 
 
 TUB PWelpHia Wantiim Exclpge 
 
 For the convenience of Consignees of Vessels and Cargoes using the 
 Delaware Breakwater as a Port of Call, a Prompt and Confidential Deliv= 
 ery Service is maintained by The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange from its 
 Station on the Delaware Breakwater as well as from its Branch Office at 
 Lewes, Delaware. All Betters, Telegrams and Cables should be addressed 
 "In care Maritime Exchange, Lewes, Del.," whence a direct wire runs to 
 the Delaware Breakwater. 
 
 The Station on the Delaware Breakwater is open day and night for the 
 signalling and reporting of vessels, and experienced boatmen are always in 
 attendance, thereby avoiding unnecessary delay. In order to do away with 
 the miscellaneous charges, to vessels in various forms not usually noted at 
 first sight, the Exchange has adopted the following tariff of delivery charges : 
 
 TO VESSELS ANCHORED IN HARBOR TO EASTWARD OF ICE BREAKER, $1 00 
 
 " " " WESTWARD " 2 00 
 
 OUTSIDE OF BREAKWATER AND " 3 00 
 
 Masters of vessels are invited to make use of the Breakwater Station, 
 and of the Branch office of the Exchange at Lewes, Delaware, which are 
 kept supplied with the Daily Newspapers, Records of Shipping, Port 
 Charges, Hydrographic and Weather Bulletins, etc., etc. 
 
 The Cautionary and Storm Signals of the United States Weather Bu- 
 reau are displayed from the Breakwater Station. 
 
 Special Telegrams, announcing the arrival or the passing in or out of any 
 particular vessel, will be sent from the Breakwater Station to any person 
 desiring the same upon application, the charge for which service being One 
 Dollar, exclusive of telegraph and cable tolls. 
 
 NOTE : Cable orders for vessels in Harbor or to arrive, should be ad- 
 dressed ' Del break," Lewes, Delaware. 
 
PERCIVAL ROBERTS, President 
 PERCIVAI, ROBERTS, JR., Vice-President 
 
 P. W. ROBERTS, Treasurer 
 FREDERICK SNARE, Secretary 
 
 PENCOYD 
 IRON WORKS 
 
 Works 
 PENCOYD, PA. 
 
 Office 
 
 261 S. Fourth Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Tyianufacturers of 
 
 OPEN-HEARTH STEEL BARS 
 AND STRUCTURAL SHAPES 
 CAR AND ENGINE AXLES *. 
 
 J\esigners and Builders of 
 
 BRIDGES -^ VIADUCTS 
 TRAIN SHEDS v. ^ v. 
 ELEVATED RAILROADS AND 
 ALL STEEL STRUCTURES ** 
 
 A. & P. ROBERTS 
 COMPANY 
 
ANDREW BOLGER 
 
 TEAMSTER ^RIGGER 
 
 Heavy and Light Hauling 
 
 OF EVERY DESCRIPTION 
 
 13 SOUTH FOURTH STRECKT 
 
 Telephone 126 Philadelphia 
 
 Geo. S- H apt9 ' s & S n ^y/) 
 *** 
 
 718-724 ARCH STREET 
 
 , Fa. 
 
 (ithogpapheps (jfENERAL 
 
 JOB PRINTERS 
 
 ADVERTISING NOVELTIES 
 
 A SPECIALTY 
 
 PHILADELPHIA SAN FRANCISCO 
 
 NEW YORK BOSTON 
 
 CHICAGO CINCINNATI 
 
 xxxivd 
 
2-BARTRAM 
 
 ...A First-class Apartment House 
 
 
 LOCATION 
 
 MEALS 
 
 Will O p EN September 1, 1895 
 
 For Inspection June 15 
 
 TRANSIT 
 FACILITIES. 
 
 CON- 
 VENIENCES . . , 
 
 TELEPHONES. . 
 OBSERVATORY 
 
 At the intersection of Chestnut Street, Woodland Avenue and 
 
 Thirty-third Street. 
 One square from Drexel Institute and the New Franklin 
 
 Athletic Field. 
 Within five minutes' walk of Schools and Churches of all 
 
 denominations. 
 
 Afforded by this location consist of two-track trolley line 
 
 on Chestnut Street. 
 
 Double line on Woodland Avenue, with a terminus at Chester. 
 Thirty-third Street direct to Fairmount Park, trolley road 
 
 in operation. 
 
 Market Street cable within one square. 
 South Street Station, P. R. R., five minutes. 
 Poweltown Avenue Station, Main Line, seven minutes. 
 
 Will be served table-d'hote, the excellence of which will be 
 assured by the service of an experienced chef and a 
 perfectly equipped cuisine. 
 
 Arrangements may also be made for private dinners or en- 
 tertainments of any kind. 
 
 Our own plant for steam heat and electric lights. 
 
 Good elevator service. 
 
 Bell Boys and janitor for legitimate house service. 
 
 Connecting all suites with main office. 
 On roof for use of guests. 
 
 For details, address 
 
 General Manager 
 
UPPER DELAWARE RIVER TRANSPORTATION CO. 
 
 Steamers COLUMBIA, JOHN, A. WARNER, TWILIGHT and TRENTON 
 
 Leave Chestnut Street Wharf, PHILADELPHIA, daily for Bristol, stopping at Bridesburg, Tacony, Riverton, 
 Torresdale, Beverly and Burlington, connecting at Bristol with the new steel steamer "TRENTON," for 
 Trenton, N. J. ; a most delightful excursion to the head of navigation and return. Summer schedule in 
 effect June ist to September i5th. See times of leaving in Philadelphia papers. A full orchestra accom- 
 panies the steamer " COLUMBIA " daily on her 2 p. m. trip. Excursion to Bristol, 40 cts. ; Trenton, 50 cts. 
 
 Member of American Warehousemen's Association. 
 
 Qodley's . 
 
 Storage 
 Warehouses 
 
 Bonded and Free Storage 
 Negotiable Receipts Issued 
 
 Telephone 3246 
 
 Granite Street U. S. Bonded Stores 
 Argyle Stores 
 Queen Street Stores 
 
 Pllllip 
 
 Established 1855. 
 
 
 Office, Cor. Dock and Granite Sts. 
 
 Proprietor 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
KEEN, SUTTERLE CO. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA NEW YORK BOSTON 
 
 41T-427 N. 3d St. 86;Gold;st. 23T Congress'St. 
 
 IMPORTERS, EXPORTERS, COMMISSIONERS 
 
 WILL EXECUTE ORDERS FOR 
 
 COTTON QOOD5, PETROLEUM, COTTON SEED OIL, OILS, FLOUR, 
 
 GRAIN, PROVISIONS, LUMBER, STORES, MACHINERY, 
 
 ROLLING STOCK, RAILWAY SUPPLIES, ETC. 
 
 Will make firm offers for cargo and part cargo 
 to all parts of the world. Will purchase and sell 
 on commission in any part of the world. Advan- 
 ces made on consignment. Correspondence 
 solicited 
 
 CABLE ADDRESS 
 
 Migbest Xonfcon anfc IRew Korfe TReferences 
 
 Coatkeen Members N. Y. Produce Exchange 
 
 BRANCH HOUSES AND AGENTS 
 
 Europe 
 
 Tendon Manchester Bradford Dublin Paris Marseilles 
 
 Hamburg Amsterdam Moscow Batouni Madrid 
 
 Palermo Barcelona Seville Milan Florence Genoa 
 
 Ancona Trieste Constantinople Salonica Smyrna 
 
 South Hmertca 
 
 Buenos Ayres Pieura Pernambuco Mossoro 
 
 fllortb Hfrica 
 
 Tangier Rabat Oran Mazagan Mogadore 
 Casablanca Saffi Tripoli Algiers 
 
 South Hfrica 
 
 Cape Town Port Elizabeth King Williams Town Durban 
 
 British Unfcia 
 
 Calcutta Bombay Madras 
 
 Hrabia 
 
 Aden Hodeidah Jeddah Gunfittah 
 
 West flnfcies 
 
 Kingston Port au Prince St. Thomas etc., etc. 
 
WILMINGTON & NORTHERN RAILROAD 
 
 Direct SHORT LINE 
 between Wilmington and 
 West Chester, Coatesville, 
 Birdsboro, Reading, In- 
 terior Pennsylvania and 
 New York State. 
 
 Direct track connec- 
 tion by float with Edge 
 Moor Bridge Works, Edge 
 Moor, Del.; Delaware Iron 
 Co., Newcastle, Delaware ; 
 Delaware River Railroad, 
 Pennsgrove, N. J. Also to 
 all points on Delaware 
 River and tributaries by 
 float or barge. 
 
 Tidewater terminus on 
 Delaware River at Dela- 
 ware River pier. 
 
 Through freight service 
 to all points in Interior 
 Pennsylvania, New York 
 State, New England, Can- 
 ada, the West, Northwest, 
 South and Southwest, via 
 Philadelphia Si Reading, 
 Baltimore & Ohio, Central 
 of New Jersey, Lehigh 
 Valley, Delaware, I v acka- 
 wanna & Western, Fall 
 Brook, West Shore, New 
 York Central and connect- 
 ing railroads. 
 
 (/ RAILROAD 
 
 AND CONNECTIONS. 
 
 A. G, McCADSLABD, Superintendent BOWNESS BRIGGS, General Freight Agent 
 
 WILMINGTON, DEL. 
 
 WILMINGTON, DEL 
 
PARNAHAN & NNIS 
 
 latest JEnciltsb IRovelties 
 
 in Suitings anfc trouserings 
 always on banfc 
 
 ENGLISH RIDING TROUSERS, BREECHES AND 
 LEGGINGS A SPECIALTY. LIVERIES OF 
 EVERY DESCRIPTION MADE TO ORDER AT 
 REASONABLE PRICES. @ @ @ 
 
 N. E. Cor. loth and Walnut Sts. 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Tailors 
 
 GEORGE H. JARDEN, EUGENE Z. KIENZLE, 
 
 PRESIDENT 4 TREASURER SECRETARY 
 
 The Hannis Distilling Co. 
 
 ^^Fine Whiskies 
 
 218 South Front St., and 143 Dock St., Philadelphia 
 
 Hannisville. Martinsburg, West Virginia Mount Yernon, Baltimore, Maryland 
 
 Legitimate Detective Work in all its Branches 
 at Reasonable Rates 
 
 No. 532 WALNUT STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 C. HALYBDRTON, JR., 217 Walnut St., Philadelphia 
 
 STEAMSHIP AND ENGINEER SUPPLIES 
 
 Ship Chandlery High Grade Oils // the Marine Trade 
 
 JOS. E. Gl LLINGH AM DAVID R. GARRISON GCO. WARNER COURTLAND Y. WHITE 
 
 GILLINGHAM, GARRISON & CO., Limited 
 
 Steam Saw Mills, Lumber Yard f Planing Mills 
 
 Oregon Pine, Yellow Pine, White Pine, Ship Timber and Decking 
 
 943 RICHMOND STREET, 
 
 THE ROBERT HARE POWEL CO. 
 
 MINERS AND SHIPPERS OF 
 
 EL MORA SEMI-BITUMINOUS COALS^^* 
 
 421 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia 
 
W. F. HAGAR J. H. THOMPSON 
 
 W. F. HAGAR & CO. 
 
 Ship Brokers and Commission Merchants 
 
 N. E. Cor. Walnut and 3d Sts., Philadelphia 
 
 Agents New Bedford Copper Co. 
 
 CABLE ADDRESS, "HAGAR" USE "WATKINS CODE" 
 
 c 
 
 STEAM SH 
 
 526 MARKET STREET PHILADELPHIA, PA 
 
 Fireworks 
 
 Government Contractors, also to 
 
 EVERY \** i* /^TT T f\ 1* I T O the P rinci P al Steamship Compan- 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF 1"^ 111 \\l I li X. ies and Yacht Clubs of the world. 
 
 For Marine PurpOSeS MANUFACTURED 
 
 
 SOLE PYROTECHNISTS AT 
 MANHATTAN BEACH AND AT 
 WORLD'S FAIR, CHICAGO 
 
 FIREW2RK5 C2. 
 
 102 WILLIAMS ST., NEW YORK 
 
 Price Lists and Catalogues on application AND AT LONDON AND LIVERPOOL 
 
5R!W BR2THERJ & Co. 
 
 . 
 
 S. E. Cor. 4th and Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia 
 
 Wall Street, New York ALEX. BROWN & SONS 
 
 50 State Street, Boston Baltimore and Calvert Sts., Baltimore 
 
 Members of the Stock Exchanges of New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore 
 
 Buy and Sell Bonds and Stocks on Commission 
 
 First-Class Investment Securities a Specialty 
 
 Money Received on Deposit and Interest Allowed 
 
 Buy and Sell Bills of Exchange 
 
 And Cable Transfers of Money 
 
 On Great Britain and Ireland, France, Germany, Belgium, 
 Holland, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Aus- 
 tralia. 
 
 Issue Commercial and Travelers' Credits 
 
 In Sterling, available in any part of the world. In Francs, 
 for use in Martinique and Guadaloupe ; and in Dollars, for 
 use in this country, Canada, Mexico, the West Indies and 
 South America. 
 
 Make Collections of Drafts 
 
 Drawn abroad on all points in the United States and Canada, 
 and of Drafts drawn in the United States on foreign countries. 
 
 Their London House, Messrs. BROWN, SHIPLEY & CO., receive accounts of 
 American banks, firms and individuals, upon favorable terms 
 
 xli 
 
S. a JAS. 1. FLANAGAN 
 
 REAL ESTATE ... 
 
 STEAHBOATS . . . . 
 
 STEAfl TUQS ____ 
 
 DirriDc With Wrecking and Submarine 
 
 KU1 IK^. . . appurtenances. 
 
 Walnut Street, Philadelphia 
 
 Londoodeppy. . . 
 
 .LiTHiA SPRING WATER 
 
 STILL and SPflRKLING 
 
 ...pOR 
 
 Rheumatism, Dyspepsia, Gout, THE BEST TABLE WATER 
 
 Gravel Malaria, Brights and In th Market to . day 
 
 all Kidney Diseases 
 
 ALL DEALERS, OR 
 
 Shinn & Company 
 
 .PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
xliii 
 
Pirard Point Storage Company :. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 EXPORT GRAIN ELEVATORS 
 
 Elevator A, Girard Point, Capacity - - 800,000 bushels. 
 Elevator B, Girard Point, 1,250,000 " 
 
 Elevator C, Washington Ave., " 450,000 " 
 
 GIRARD POINT 
 
 Situated at one of the principal termini of the 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD 
 
 Has ample dock facilities for the largest class of ocean vessels. 
 Storage for Merchandise Cargoes and Iron Ore. 
 
 Two Ore Vessels expeditiously discharged at one time, directly into rail- 
 road cars. 
 
 C. B. ROWLEY, flanager 
 Room 200 , 305 Walnut Street 
 
 HENRY LEVIS & Co. 
 
 Iron and Steel 
 
 New Steel Rails, Splice Bars, Spikes 
 Old Rails, Scrap Iron, Etc. 
 
 26 South Fifteenth Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 xliv 
 
MARINE INSURANCE 
 
 Briton and Foreign Mariqe Insurance Co,, Ltd. 
 
 LIVERPOOL 
 
 ASSETS, $7,750,000 
 
 MATHER & CO., Attorneys 
 
 229 and 231 Walnut Street 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 PRANK SAMUEL 
 
 Ores Iron ^ Manganiferous 
 
 STEEIt, SCtyiP flflD FINISHED 
 
 IRON 
 
 Export Trade a Specialty Cable Address, " Samrak 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 xlv 
 
O. S. JANKTEY <5c CO. 
 
 IMPORTERS OF 
 
 INDIGO, CDTCH, GAMBIER, SICILY SUMAC, Ac. 
 
 AND DKAIyRRS IN 
 
 DYESTUFFS, EXTRACTS and CHEMICALS 
 
 7O KILBY STREET 
 
 BOSTON 
 
 8 and 10 LETITIA STREET 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 EXCLUSIVE DESIGNS IN 
 
 Fine Furniture, Draperies and 
 Interior Decorations 
 
 * 
 
 CO 
 
 Makers of Improved 
 
 FOLDING BED of Unique Designs 
 Commercial Furniture and Fixtures 
 
 We Want the Delaware River Deepened 
 
 SO WE CAN SEND OUR 
 
 PASSENGER and FREIGHT 
 
 ELEVAIORS 
 
 to all parts of the world 
 in ships sailing from this 
 port, instead of sending 
 them from New YorK as 
 we are compelled to do 
 
 MORSE, WILLIAMS & CO. 
 
 Works: Frankford Ave., Wildey and Shackamaxon Sts. 
 
ONLY 
 
 L/WNCI1 
 
 UNIVEESITY OF CALIFOENIA LIBEAEY, 
 BEEKELEY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 Books not returned on time are subject to a fine of 
 50c per volume after the third day overdue, increasing 
 to fl.OO per volume after the sixth day. Books not in 
 demand may be renewed if application is made before 
 expiration of loan period. 
 
 o 
 
 VER 2,000 in succ 
 Light-House, Cu$ 
 and reliable. De 
 SEND 10 CENT ST/ 
 
 GAS El\ 
 
 Contractors for 
 
 Office always open, day and nic 
 
 flffo*) 
 
 rantine, 
 speedy 
 
 CITY 
 
 d "709' 
 
 50m-7,'29 
 
 Wrecking Propellers "Wm. E. Chapman," "Hustler" and others, equipped with large 
 Anchors and Cables, Submarine Divers, Portable and Steam Pumps and Boilers, and all 
 other necessary wrecking appliances for floating stranded vessels, and assisting others in 
 distress. 
 
 New Submergable Pneumatic Pontoons for raising sunken vessels, also adapted 
 for use in floating stranded vessels. 
 
ivania RaiW Go. 
 
 FREIGHT CARRIERS TO AND FROM ALL POINTS IN THE 
 UNITED STATES/^ ND CANADA 
 
 Wharves in PhJK 
 from and deliver^ 
 
 251021 
 
 Wash- ^ 
 
 iich freight can be received 
 Foreign vessels : 
 
 Reed Street 
 
 Point House 
 
 Point Breeze 
 
 Tacony 
 
 Stations in Philadelphia at which freight is received 
 and forwarded: 
 
 Dock Street 
 Walnut Street Wharf 
 Washington Avenue 
 Reed Street 
 Federal Street 
 Christian Street 
 Vine Street 
 
 Shackamaxon 
 
 Commerce Street 
 
 Kensington 
 
 i?th and Market Sts. 
 
 Broad and Washington Are. 
 
 26th and Washington Ave. 
 
 West Philadelphia