STENOGRAPHIC I WORD LI ST BUCKELEW U LEWIS NEW YORK Isaac Pitman ^Sons 31 UNION SQUARE WEST THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES THE STENOGRAPHIC WORD LIST FOR LESSONS BASED ON THE ISAAC PITMAN SYSTEM OF PHONIC SHORTHAND BY SARAH F. BUCKELEW AND MARGARET VV. LEWIS OF Public School No. 49, Borough of Manhattan City of New York NEW YORK ISAAC PITxMAN & SONS The Phonographic Dept., 31 Union Square, West Copyright, 1904, by Sarah F. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis t t c , ct c t cc *■ c t c c t c c t c .t t * t ^ c , *■ t *■ ' V I * * « • « ff • t 1 fc t. *■ * * * * * » . «• * fc • Is >- ?5 CO kl 3 "What I desired and desire was not to teach the world any new art or science, for I know none, but to make more easy for the people at large the mastery of the points of commencement of all arts and sci- ences; ... to open the approaches to learning, which are the approaches to Immanity." Pestalozzi. In the educational world of to-day it is generally conceded that the study of Phonics should begin early in childhood. It is also well known that noth- ing equals this drill in Americanizing the tongue of the children and adults of other nationalities; for by this Phonic drill the ear is rendered acute to de- tect the elementary sounds of words, while the organs of speech become flexible and produce these sounds correctly. The lack of this early Phonic drill is the chief difficulty which confronts the beginner in Stenogra- 448634 Isaac Pithan & Sons. SHORTHAND & EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS, 31 Union Square West, ne:w YORK, May 13, 1904, Kisaea Sarah P. Buckelew and Margaret W. Lewis, Public Sohool No. 49, 237 E. 37th St., Kev/ York City. We have exaialned with care the shorthand con- tained in the "STENOGRAPHIC WORD LIST" given as a key to the correct pronunciation, and find that it is in ac- cordance with the twentieth century edition of the Isaac Pitman "Shorthand Instn'.tor." 8«- used in the Public Schools of New York. Wishing you evory success, we are, Yours yery truly. iV) ISAAC PITMAN & SONS. -^Vt^-m. ^tA-'— ^ INTRODUCTION. The following exercises have been prepared to aid students in Shorthand to spell and write according to sound. The words have been carefully selected from Buckelew and Lewis' "Phonic Word List," and in- clude the choicest and most frequently used mono- syllables of the English Language. The Shorthand Characters are from the pen of Dr. William Hope, President of the Harlem Commercial Institute, New York; of the Eastern Commercial Teachers' Association, and Dean of the National Association of Isaac Pitman Shorthand Teachers. He is a long acknowledged authority on Stenog- raphy, well known as a successful practitioner and instructor of Shorthand and all branches of a com- plete business education. Dr. Hope was a highly valued co-laborer with Sir Isaac Pitman, and he is the only person in the United States who holds a personal certificate grant- ed by that honored author of "The Isaac Pitman Sys- tem of Shorthand." This system, unequaled for brevity, legibility and a wide range of literature printed in Shorthand, is the standard upon which is based these lessons for all students who desire to obtain a thorough knowledge of Phonetic Shorthand. INTRODUCTION, Such students will surely form the habit of con- sulting a good dictionary, and strive to become thor- oughly familiar with accepted standards of correct pronunciation. As writers of shorthand, they should likewise be well acquainted with "Pitman's Shorthand Dictionary." The last edition of this invaluable book contains outlines for more than sixty thousand words and five thousand proper names. These outlines are recom- mended for general adoption, as the most facile that appear practicable. They conform fully to the rules and teachings of the "Isaac Pitman Shorthand In- structor," the ponular text-book of the system adopted for the public schools of Greater New York and other large cities. COXTEXTS. PAGE. Quotation from Pestalozzi 3 The Pitman Letter 4 Introduction 5 Shorthand and Kindred Terms .... 9 Directions for \\'ritin*i- Shortliaud .... 10 Consonants — Explanations and Alphabet . . 11 Joined Consonants 14 Vowels and Diplithongs 16 Sounds of A and Words 23 Sounds of E and Words 31 Sounds of I and Words 37 Sounds of and Words 42 Sounds of U and Words 47 Diphthongs Oi, 0\v and Words . . . . 51 Sentences. Grammalogues Explained ... 53 Consonant Grammalogues 54 Vowel Grammalogues 55 Sentences — Using Grammalogues .... 56 A Letter in Shorthand 57 Circles and Loops 58 Circle S Initial Words 60 Loop St Words 65 Sw, Str and Ses Words 67 Stroke S or Z and Words 68 Sentences — Using Circles and Loops ... 68 Circle and Loop Grammalogues .... 70 Words for Sliorthand Ecviow 71 7 CONTENTS The PI and Pr Hook Table . Double Consonants Explained PI Hook Words . . . Pr Hook Words . . . PI and Pr Graramalogues Sentences for Shorthand . Final Hook Consonant Table Final F or V Hook and Word Final N Hook and Words Sentences for Shorthand . Eeview — Hooked Consonants The -Tion Hook . . . Final Hook Grammalogues Additional Consonants and Words The Aspirate and Words . The Halving Principle, Table and Half-TA'ngth Grammalognes The Double-Length Principle and Words Vocalization of PI and Pr, and Words . W and Y Diphthongs, Table and Words Ith, Thee and Thr Words .... Dissyllabic Diphthongs, Table and Words Consonant Substitutes .... About Shorthand and Typewriting Proverbs and Quotations .... Words PAGE. T3 73 76 78 83 84 85 8G 89 86 95, 96 97 98 102 105 115 116 118 120 123 124 126 127 128 SHORTHAND, STENOGRAPHY, PHONOGRA- PHY, PHONETICS OR PHONICS, PHO- NETIC SHORTHAND. Shorthand is the English word for any system of writing that enables us to put down words by fewer muscular movements than are necessary to write the same in ordinary script or longhand. StenogRxVphy — from Greek steno, short, narrow — and graphy, writing — is any system which uses ar- bitrary signs or symbols. Phonography. Any system which uses signs (generally brief) for the consonants and vowels, each character representing a sound. This term was used by Isaac I'itman to describe the system of which he was the inventor. In this system strokes and curves represent the consonants, dots and dashes the vowels. Phonetics or Phonics — from the Greek phone, sound — , spelling by sound. We speak of the science of Phonetics and the art of Phonography. This book is intended to teach Phonetic Shorthand. For this purpose the word, its phonic form, and its shorthand characters are given to make the learner familiar with the method of spelling and writing by sound. DIRECTIONS FOR WRITING SHORTHAND The beginner should always use a pen and ruled paper in writing exercises, and in all practice work. The experienced writer may use either pen or pencil. The pen should be held as for longhand ; the elbow should be bent outward, so that the shorthand stroke for B may be written with ease. The forearm^ not the wrist, should rest on the desk or book. To write accurately and neatly, should be the first aim, so that what has been written may be easily read by the writer and others. This accomj^lished, the student may practice for speed. Each principle should be thoroughly mastered be- fore imdertaking new work. "Make haste slowlv" is a good motto to observe. Practicing a half hour every day will give better results than j^racticing a half day once a week. "No such word as fail," and "Patience and perse- verance overcome all difficulties," are two excellent mottoes for all who are educating the eye, ear, hand and brain, and becoming acquainted with the Eng- lish language, bv the studv of Stenographv. 10 CONSONANTS. Thn first sixteen of the consonants are in pairs, a light and a heavy stroke, to represent a light and a heavy sound ; p, b ; t, d. The learner must pronounce the phonetic name of the shorthand letters as it is written ; ch, is chay, not see-aitch. In reading, the sound, not the name of the letter, should be given. HOW \VRITTKN Consonant strokes should be about one-sixth of an inch in length. Horizontal letters are written from left to right on the line. Perpendicular letters are written down- ward, resting on the line. Sloping letters are writ- ten do^ynward to the line, except Lay, Ray, Way, Yea, and Hay. These five letters are written with an up- stroke. All downward letters are written at an angle of lorty-five degrees, except ch, j, and downward h, which are written at an angle of sixty degrees. Up- ward r, w, and y are written at an angle of thirty degrees. The letter I, when standing alone, is written up- ward, and sh, when alone, is written downward. Care should be taken in forming the curved thick letters when standing alone. They should be thick in the middle and taper at the ends, except when joined to a thick letter, as t; to ^ in vague. Note that stroke s is the curve on the right side of small script letter s. L and r form the left and right sides of an arch. 11 Consonants Straight Strokes Xame Sio-n For As in Pee \ P nip pen Bee \ 1 B nib bin Tee T knit tin Dee D bed din Chay / CH each chin Jay / J edge jay Kay K lake key Gay ~— G bag gay Sloping and IJpRiGnT Curves Name Sign For As in Ef V^ F safe fix Vee ^ / V save vex Ith ( TH both thin Thee ( TH with then Es ) S hiss seal Zee ) z his zeal Ish J SH dish she Zhee -> y ZH azure visio 1-^ (CONSONANTS Horizontal Curves, Etc. Kamo Sii>-n For Em "■ -^ M En N I"g ^^ NG Lay (^^ L Ar, Uay"^ / ' R Way <^ AV Yay ^ Y As in Hay, Aitcli ^/ H seem seen long fall far away ayah hack mate note anger life rate wade yell head ' Additional Consonant Signs ^ISI Name Kway C — Guay C— Wei ^ Whel C Ler (^ Rer "^ Emp, Emb ^ Whay (^ VVH For KAV GW WL WHL LR RR MP, MB As in 13 queen guava wail whale ruler parer tramp where equip gwan wool while paler darer ambush whisk JOINED CONSONANTS. The pen should not be lifted when joining conso- nants. The second stroke begins where the first ends, and so on. Consonants, except /, and sh, when joined are writ- ten in the same direction as when standing alone — down strokes downward, and up strokes upward; horizontal strokes from left to right. L and sli when joined to other consonants may be written upward or downward. Ch is written downward, r is written upward. When these letters stand alone ch slants from the per- pendicular, r, from the horizontal. When they are joined to other letters they are distinguished by the direction of the stroke. The amount of sloping is of little consequence. 1. The first of two descending strokes should rest on the line ; bt, t-ch, ft, ch-p, p-th, ptk, jkd. 2. When a straight stroke is doubled there should be no break between the two letters; pp, bb, ch-ch, td, dt, j-ch, kk, gg. 3. The first of two ascending letters begins on the line ; wk, 11, Ir, rl, wr, yr, hr, Ip, yip. 4. A horizontal letter followed by a descending stroke is written above the line, so that the down stroke may rest on the line ; kp, kd, kj, kf , nd, m-sh, m-th, ns, n-sh. 5. A horizontal stroke followed by an ascending stroke is written on the line; mr, ml, kl, kr, kw, nr, nlj, mlr. 14 Exercises 1. bd tp ft ch-p p-th ptk jkd 2. pp bb kk t(l 3. Ip Ir \vr , ^\K dt yi' gg eh-ch 11 yip 4. ki e;p k-ch m-ch ns nd n-sh n ^ V 7 ^ ^ y 5. kl kr ml kw nrj inlt G. mm sli-sh 11 ss rr ff nn 7. Im lin Ik S. pi Id If fl NT r\ 0. sh-m sh-f sh-1 l-sh 10. lb IJ. lb Vg 1-g r-th iw I'V il Ir jM- li 1- ng fl sh-th r-ch rp In dl v- sh-d rm tl \r nl sh-r rd rm rn Ir ' kr kr 15 THE LONG VOWELS. There are six simple long vowels in the English language as heard in the words, alms, ate, eve, all, ode, ooze. The order in which they are placed will be recalled by the words : "Pa, may we all go too ?" The first three long vowels are represented by a heavy dot, placed at the beginning, middle or end of a consonant. The last three are indicated by a heavy dash in the same three positions. Each vowel has its own place, at the beginning, middle or end of a consonant stroke. Those placed at the beginning are named first-place vowels ; at the middle, second-place vowels; at the end, ihircl-place vowels. The beginning of the consonant is always the posi- tion of a first-place vowel, whether the consonant be written upward or downward. The clots and dashes representing vowels must not touch the consonant strokes. A dash-vowel may be written at any angle that is distinct, but usually at a right angle. HOW READ. A vowel placed on the left of a perpendicular or sloping consonant, or above a horizontal consonant should always be read first. A vowel placed on the right of a perpendicular or sloping consonant, or after a horizontal consonant should be read last. THE SHORT VOWELS. There are six short vowels, represented by dots and dashes similar to these used by the long vowels but made light. They are named : at, et, it, ot, ut, oot. Their order may be remembered by the words: "That pen is not much good." IG Table of Vowels ^.. ^A. Naiiu> Sign Ah Eh Ee • Aw Oh - Oo - At Et It Ot Ut Got Description Tioni r Vmvols First phice lioavy dot. Second phic(5 lieavy dot. Thii'd phice heavy dot. First place heavy dash. Second phice heavy dash. Third ])hice heavy dash. Sliort Vowels First place light dot. Second ])lace light dot. Third place light dot. First place light dash. Second place light dash. Third place light dash. X LI For As in a Pa a may e we a all go too a That e pen 1 is not u much u good V- -^ c r r )- L 17 Position of Vowels Before a Consonant After a Consonant \ 2- 3 Vowels between Two Consonants A. /TTn Long Vowels First place and second place long vowels are wiitten after the first consonant. Third place long vowels are wi-itten before the second consonant. z 3 z 3 /i Short Vowels First place and third place short vowels take the same position as first and third place long vowels. Second place short vowels are written before the second consonant. 18 Rule roii Two Vowels. When two sin.iilo vowels, or a sin^^lo vowol nnd a (1i|ilitlHUi,i;-, coiiif lictwccii two ,-li-nkc (•oiisoiiiints, placf! racli. il' iinssililc. a,i;-ainst llir cniisdiiaiit, tn wliicli it belongs, as in such words as Louisa, diary, suet. POSITION OF WORDS Words are written ahove, on, or through the line, according as they have a first, second, or third ])laco vowel. See the Sliorthand Letter on page 5T. Suggestive Questions. What is meant by Shorthand? Stenography? Phonography? Phonetics, or Phonics? How are consonants represented in Shorthand? How are the horizontal letters written? The per- pendicular letters ? The sloping letters ? Which letters arc always written with an upstroke ? Which are sometimes written with an upstroke? At what angle are the downstrokes written? The up- strokes? How are I and sli written when standing alone? How are upward r and cli distinguished from each other? Give the rule for joining consonant letters. In what direction should they be written? How may I and sli be written when joined to other consonants ? Give the rule for joining two descending strokes; two ascending strokes. Give the rule for writing a horizontal stroke, followed by a descending stroke; for writing a horizontal, followed by an ascending stroke. Note. In the following pages, space can not be afforded for questions; the earnest student will find it profitable lo sup])lv this necessary omission. 19 DIPHTHONGS. Small acute angles are used to represent the diph- thongs or double vowels heard in the words ice, owl and boy; a very small semicircle stands for u in due ; and a very small right angle for the triphthong wi in wide. The signs for i, ow, and wi are written in the first, second or third place, as may be most convenient. The sign for oi is always written in the first place; and the sign for u in the third place. / and wi at the beginning of words should be Joined to the first consonant, whenever convenient; as in ice, ivy, idle; wife, white, Ow and oi may be joined initially to upward 1; owl, oil. Ow and the diphthong u may be joined finally to a downstroke; bough, few. After the consonant n the diphthong u may be joined as in new; the diphthong ow, as in now; and the diphthong i as in nigh. Diphthong i must not be confused with the short or second sound of i; diphthong u with the short sound of u; ou and ow with the sound of o. UPWARD AND DOWNWARD L AND R. L. Initial L is generally written upward; lame, live. Final L is generally written upward; folly, fully. E. Initial R is generally written downward when preceded by a vowel, and upward when followed by a vowel ; rail, rang, read ; oar, arm, early. Final R is written downward when it is the final sound, and upward when it is followed by a vowel; jeer, jury ; car, carry ; tare, tarry. 20 DlPHTnONGS Name Si^n Description ^:^ ^The V-like angle. For As in Ei Ow_ Oi_ js The A-like angle. ^ IlL WL u tie IV isle^/j^ ^ time ^-^^ owl ( out a' cow -^^ boy \ foil r _The first-place angle. _Tlie third-place curve. Triphthong _The right angle. Examples mew ''-^ cure ^ wife v_ ^^ wide I ^1 ivy "V: ^ new ^—^ —^ now ^-^ ^ — ^ nigh ^"""^ U r 1 1 ice ow cow oi, oy boy u Wl you wife .^ bite bit tube tub rout ^1 rot6/M )- sow sow "TV" < ^ -<] \ )- v*^ <: Y \r- ^ u V j!^i^ J^ j:x. SOUNDS OF A First Sound Long a as in mate, marked a ai in sail ay in may ei in feign au in gauge ea in great ey in they Second Sound Short a as in at, marked a ai in plaid ua in guaranty Third Sound Flat or Italian a as in arm, marked ii au in daimt ua in guard ea in heart Fourth Sound Broad or German a as in all, marked a au in cause eo in George in horn aw in paw oa in broad Fifth Sound a as in asli, marked a ou in sought staff pass task chant graft last gasp lance Sixth Sound a before r as in care, marked A ai in hair ei in their ea in bear e in where 32 AVoRDs Having the First Sound of A Second place heavy dot bay ba \ laid lad ^ bey ba N paid pad ^ day da I* raid rad ''^ fay fa ^ wade wad -^ gay gii _j_ weighed wad "^ hay ha /• shade shad aid ad 'I shake shak fade fad ^ ail al lade lad , '' I ale al t jay J a A vague vag lay la /^ age aj / may ma .^ gage gaj "y nay na ^_^ gauge gaj "7 neigh na v — . cage kaj "7 nee na v_^ P^ge paj X pay pa \ rage raj -^ ray ra -^ wage waj <^ re la ^ ache ak -^_ say sa )• bake bak \ way wa ^ cake kak -j — weigh wa V THE Second Sound of A place light dot hash hash <^ ^ ^ ^ r f 27 daw haw jaw caw law maw c;naw paw raw saw taw yaw cliaw sliaw pshaw thaw daub auk balk ,i!;awk hawk calk talk chalk Words Having the Fourth Sound First place heavy dash r ~ of a da ha j^ ka la ma na pa ra sa ta ya cha sha sha tha dab ak bnk gak hak kak tak chak /- I C r J- Zi z: all al awl al ball bal bawl bal fall fal gall gal Gaul Gal call kal caul kal mall ma I maul mal Paul Pal pall pal tall tal yawl yal sliawl shal gaum gam malm mam shawm sham awn an aught at ought at bought bat ghaut gat ^ V xn/ .7 // VoWKI.S I5EF0RE R purge peij ^^^^ ^^^ '""' l'<'il verge verj ark aik are ark bark bark \y^ barque bark \y^ lark laik mark mark marque uiai'k park paik kirk kerlc lurk lerk clerk klerk cork kark fork t'ark - )' r\ twirl tAverl ai-m arm (arm fiu'iii form farm fii-m fei-m harp harp arch arch larch larch march march parch parch torch tarcli inch lurch march maich marsh marsh /^ ) i rY i 4 (• ^ ~L^ ~y V 30 SOUNDS OF K First Sound Long c as in me, marked e oa in weak ey in key ei in seize i in pique eo in people ie in brief Second Sound Short e as in met, marked e a in any eo in leopard ai in said ie in friend ay in says ue in guess ea in dead n in l)nry ei in heifer Third Sound e before r as in lier, marked e e in ever i in bird e in fern i m sir 31 be bee Dee fee he gee key quay lee lea nie mi knee pea sea see si tea tee we wee ye .she the Words Havin Third \. \. I. / be be Be fe he je ke ke le le me me lie pe se se se te le we we ye 8h& the • ). J K.* /rt/ G THE First Sound of "E place heavy dot thee the v* feed fed L, heed hed lead led read red reed red weed wed leaf lef lief lef meal mel sheaf shef thief thef league leg liege lej tige tej eke ek beak bek leak lek leek lek meek mek peak pek peek pek pique pek reek rek V \ 32 Words Havin Third o THE First Sound place heavy dot OF E wreak teak cheek sheik eel beal deal feel keel leal meal kneel peal peel reel teal teil teel veal zeal beam deem deme leam ream rem reim rem teem tem team tem theme them e'en en deep dep heap hep keep kep leap lep neap nep peep pep reap rep weep wep cheap chep sheep shep ear er ere er beer ber bier ber deer der dear der fear fer gear ger k 33 jeer leer mere near peer pier i-ear tear tier veer yeai- eat beet beat eve leave thieve Vv'uiiDS Having the First Sound of E Third place heavy dot jer ler mer ner per. per rec ter ter ver yer et bet bet ev lev thev ease ez each ech beech bech beach bech leech lech leach lech peach pech reach rech teach tech leash lesh Vz-.n^^.lieath heth teeth teth sheath sheth wreathe reth teethe teth sheathe sheth shield sheld .) ./ •\ •K7 f 34 Words Havixo the Second Sound of E Second place light dot ebb eb web web fed fed head hed lead led led led red red read red wed wed shed shed feoflf fef egg eg beg beg keg keg leg leg peg peg edge ej hedge hej kedge kej ledge lej tedge tej wedge wej deck dek neck nek ^ ■A ) ^ peck reck wreck tek check cheque ell dell bell belle fell knell pell tell yell shell pek rek rek tek chek chek el del bel bel fel nel pel tel yel shel / dwell dwel berth berth VK erg erg birth berth M earl erl "V girth gerth -A perch perch N^ jiiirth merth •— ( 36 SOUNDS OF I First Sound Long i as in ice, marked i ai in aisle oi in choir ay in aye ui in guide ei in height eye in eye ie in pie ny in buy y in my ve in rve Skcoxu Sound Short i as in it. marked i a in village in women ai in captain oi in tortoise e in English u in l)usy ee in been ui in build ie in sieve y in hymn 448634 Words Having the First Sound Diphthong 1 ride rid tide tid chide chid fife fif life hf knife nif dike dik like lik pike pik isle il aisle il guile gil chyle kil mile mil Nile Ml pile pil tile til vile vil dime dim chyme kim lime lim rime rim rhyme rim time tim by bi \v bye bi V buy bi V 1 dye di Iv die di \v fie fi u hie hi 7v high hi ?v lie li /^ lye li /^^ my mi '""^ nigh ni V pie pi \v rye ri ^/v wry ri )v sigh si tie ti V vie vi ^- shy shi i (v thigh thi thy thi gibe jib < eyed id < hide hid 38 thjme tim chime chim pipe pip ripe rip type tip wipe wip ire ir dire dir fire fir gyre jir lyi-e lir mire mir p}Te pir tire tir- Tyre Tir Words Having the Firbt Sound of I Diphthong I v\ V 1 wire wir shire shir ice is eyes iz bite bit bight bit rite rit I'ight rit write rit Wright rit five fiv live liv lithe lith writhe rith ninth ninth ') ) ^^ % rV Words Having the Second Sound of 1 Third place light dot bib bib fib fib jib jib nib nib rib rib hid hid kid kid lid lid if if big big fig tig gig gig ~1 39 Words Having Third Jig Jig pig pig rig rig midge mij ridge rij kick kik lick lik nick nik pick pik tick tik chick chik thick thik ill il bill bil fill fil gill gil nil nil Jill jil gill Jil kill kil kiln kil mill mil pill pil rill ril THE Second Sound of I place light dot till til chill chil thill thil dim dim limb lim limn lim rim rim vim vim dip dip hip hip lip lip nip nip pip pip rip rip tip tip chip chip ship ship it it bit bit writ rit live liv itch ich ditch dich hitch hich 40 Words Having the Second Sound of I light dot niche pitch rich witch dish tish wish myth pith withe filch milch inch finch linch lynch pinch winch chinch width fifth lymph nymph king 11 SOUNDS OF First Sound Long as in no, marked 5 au in hautboy oa in boat eau in bean oe in lioe eo in Aeoman ou in «oul ew in sew ovv in ilow Second Sound Short as in ox, marked 6 a in was ou in hough a in what ow in knowledge 'j^'- Third Sound Long, slender o as in do, marked oT) oe in shoe 00 ■ in woo ou in soup 42 WoHDs Having the First Sound Seooiul place heavy dash bow bo beau bo do do doe fk) dough do foe fo go go ho ho hoe ho low mow no know row roe so sow sew toe tow woe show shew though lo nio no no ro ro so so so to to wo sho sho tho X v X )- i- lobe lob robe rob ode od code kod load lod rode rod road rod toad tod loaf lof I'ogue rog vogue vog oak ok joke jok coke kok poke pok yoke yok bowl bol boll bol bole bol dole dol goal gol coal kol mole mol knoll nol OF AX A. 43 Words Having the Second place First Sound heavy dash OF fore for four for core kor corps koi- lore lor more raor pore por pour por wore wor yore yoi- chore chor shore shor boat bot goat got wrote rot rote rot vote vot mauve mov coach koch poach poch oath oth both both loathe loth pork pork 44 Words IIaviiVg the Second Sound of First light dash bob bob fob fob job job cob kob mob mob knob nob I'ob rob odd od hod hod cod kod pod pod rod rod wad wod shod shod off of bog bog dog dog fog fog hog hog jog jog cog kog log log dodge doj lodge loj I I rC i_ <7 dock lock knock rock doll loll poll on hop mop knop pop dot got jot of was notch watch wash golf long wrong pomp dok lok nok rok dol lol pol on hop mop nop pop dot got jot ov woz noch woch wosh golf long rong pomp 11 t- /^(... '5rx 45 Words Having the Third place Third Sound of heavy dash doom dom I — J loom lorn 46 SOUNDS OF U First Sound Long u as in tune, marked u on in YOTi ui in juice eu in feud ieu in lieu ew in dew iew in view ue in blue eau in beauty Second Sound Short u as in us, marked ii in love oo in flood oe in does ou in touch Third Sound Short, slender, u as in full, marked u o in wolf 00 in book ou in could 47 Words Having the First Souxd Diplithong U OF U you yew ewe (lew due few fugh hew hue Hugh cue queue lieu mew new knew gnu pew sue view cube tube u u IL (hi (lu fu in hu hu hu ku ku lu mu nu nu nu pu su vu kub tub t 2. -<] 4. ^ feud fud hued hud Jude Jud fugue fug huge huj duke duk buhl bul mewl mul mule mul pule pul yule yul fume fum pume pun) dupe dup your ur cure kur lure lur pure pui- use us Ute Ut jute jut youth uth V 48 Words Having the Secoxd Sound of U Second light dash bub bub dub dub hub hub cub kub rub rub tub tub chub chub cud kud rudd rud thud thud hiff luf bug bug dug dug hug hug jug lug mug pug rug tug thug budge fudge judge jug lug mug pug rug tug thug buj juj }9 WoRt)8 Havikg the Second Soukd of U but butt jut rul love shove Dutch much touch gush hush iiuish rush tush doth month gulch bunch hunch lunch munch punch bulb us but but jut lUt luv shuv Duch much tuch gush hush mush rush tush duth munth gulch bunch hunch lunch munch punch bulb Second light dash -) o-v \ I .(TL . ^17 \ J 1 -O gulf hung lung gulf hung lung rung rung / ^?A wrung tongue bulge lunge . bulk bunk junk monk punk chunk culm gulp pulp bump dump gump jump lump mump pump rung tung bulj lunj bulk bungk jungk mungk j)ungk ehungk kulm gulp pulp bump dump gump jump lump mump pump 50 Words Having the Third Sound of U Third light, clash ugh u / nook luik "—' good gud J (Tt _ rook ruk ^ hood hud <5^ took tuk I \ could kud ~^ (TV _ shook shuk J_a wood wud "^ bull bul ^Z' would wud ^^- 3 full ful *v should shud ^ /rr^ ^ hoop imp ^ d'^\ book buk ■' \ — ! put put \ ^ hook huk Z_! bush bush \ cook kuk L push push X look luk / Words Having the Sound of 01 Diphthong 01 boy boi \ boil boil \/^" buoy boi N coil koil hoy hoi / foil foil joy joi / moil moil coy koi ::^ — roil roil soy soi ) toil toil toy toi 1 coir koir oil oil /^ doit doit 51 Words Having the Sound of OU Diphthong OW ow bow bough dow dhow how cow mow now row vow thou loud novvd gouge bouk gowk owl dowl OU bou bou dou dou hou kou mou nou lOU vou thou loud noud gouj bouk gouk oul doul A V I 'a /yt' A &v a ~7 V" tbul foul fowl foul jowl joul joule joul cowl kou I cowle koul OU)' OUl' hour OUl- giaour jour out out bout bout gout gout ouch ouch couch kouch pouch pouch vouch vouch zoutch zoucli mouth mouth 'y^ ^ tn^ /n/. "1 mouth mouth J^ 52 SENTENCES To Be Written in Shorthand. 1. Ma, may Madge bake cake? 2. Eiith may take poor Joe home. 3. Sarali bought pure milk. 4. Nellie may feed eight sheep. 5. Annie, we all like tea. G. lliish ! Watch Judge eat duck. 7. Paul King saw Kay fall. 8. Merry Harry ate peach pie. D. Pa, Dash sliook n li\(' ciilj. 10. Huge Luke knew Cowboy Jack. 11. See tall Tom catch fish! 12. Minnie, show how vou lauiih. GEAMMALOGUES AND LOGOGRAMS. In Shorthand, frequently occurring words are ex- pressed by one of their letters written on. above, or througJi the line, according as their principal vowel is first place, second place, or third place. Such al)l)rcvi>- ■^ . rh . \ . \ — V J^ _x. M: J^ \ -7 ^ ^ ^ -t .-r ~r -^<^ .^^ L ./ ■^ \ ^ \ J2<^ ,.^ V /\ 4=- c rzn 57 C'lIJCVLES S. SW AXD SES. LOOPS ST AXD STR. With the shorthand signs given in the alphabet of consonants and vowels, the Avords of the English lan- guage can be written much more speedily than with ordinary script. Much greater rapidity, however, is obtained for reporting and other purposes, by using various forms of contraction and principles of ab- breviation. These must be thoroughly learned, if a writer desires to be able to keep pace Avith a ready speaker. Among the most frequently used consonants of the language is /5', with its heavy sound Z. This letter is represented, not only by a stroke, but also by a small circle, named Iss, Avhich is made one-fourth the length of the stroke consonant. It is used initially, linally and medially. It forms an easy method of joining one consonant with another. Kule I. Circle S is written initially or linally on the right side of straight downstrokes; on the upper side of A' and g aud all straight upstrokes; on the inside of curves; and on the outside of angles. Eule II. Circle S is always read first when at the beginning of a word outline, and last when at the end. Rule III. All voAvels are written and read to the stroke consonant, never to circle 8. 58 ClKCLES AND LoOl'S. Note. Tlic three rules for circle S apply also to writiug and reading the following circles and loops. Circle Sw, named Sway. A circle double the size of circle S, used initially only, and representing the double consonantal sound sw heard in swarm, sweet, swim. Circle Ss or Zs, named Ses. A double circle used finally or medially. It represents the sound of seSj scz, zes, zez as in passes, pauses, necessity. Circle Ses includes the second place short vowel. When other vowels are in the word they must be written within the circle, as in exhaust, exist. S may be added to circle Ses by continuing the curve of the circle to the opposite side of the stroke to wliich it is attached, thus forming another small circle as in success. Loop St, named Stee, represents the closely blend- ed consonant sounds st initial, and st or zd final, heard in post, taste, massed, caused. This loop is a small loop, one-half the length of a stroke consonant. S may be added to it as for circle Ses; as in posts, masts. When a vowel occurs be- tween s and t, use circle s and stroke t, not loop Stee. Loop Str, named Ster, is loop St enlarged and lengthened. It is made two-thirds the length of the stroke to Avliieli it is attached. It is generally used finally, but in a few words it is employed medially; as in masterpiece, registering, upholsterer. It is never used initially. It takes a final s in the same manner as Ses and Stee, by continuing the curve of the loop across the stroke to form a circle. 59 Circles and Loops Table of Circles and Loops Sign Name For As in Circle S o Iss s or z spade Loop St Stee st or zd stage Circle Sw O Sway sw sweep Loop Ster O Ster ster master Circle Ss o Ses Note ses passes Sw is used initially only. Ster and Ses are used medially or finally. Iss and Stee are used initially, medially or finally. Circle Ss stands for ses, sez, zes or zez. Circle S Initial slay sla sleigh sla spade spad safe saf sage sag sake sak slake slak snake snak spake spak sail sal snail snal V- r r scale skal same sam sane san seine san scape skap save sav slave slav scathe skath spathe spath scare skar snare snar ci_. GO rii{(LE S Initial spare sliib spai- slab C\ small sawn OiRci.K S Initial sky ski a slow slo 6^ sly sli 6 snow sno *5— ^ spy spi ^v soak sok '^ — V, sighed sid v I smoke sinok spike spik \ v soul sol 6 smile smil 6 v^^ , sewn son *^-^ slime slim 6 soap sop /\ sign sin ^— ^ scope skoj) • \ sire sir v\ soar sor ' * spire spir J^-^ snore snor « ^ sight sit vi .sloth sloth ^ scythe sith vV sob sob ^X slid slid b] sod sod I skill skil ^P^ sol sol ^o skim skim Q — -—-^ sons; soni!- '^^^ slim slim 6 solve solv ^6 v skip skip V spool spol \/~ snip snip N soon son sit sit .1 soup sop sieve siv vL sloop slop ^ /^ p smith smith ( soot sot «l sling sling ^"^^ sooth soth > singe sinj ^/ smooth smoth ( silk silk 6 soothe soth v 62 CirvCLE S Initial g;3 sun son siicli slush sung slung sponge sulk sunk skunk spunk slunk sculp stulp sump slump soot soil spoil scow scowl sour scour slouch sun | skour *^~^ slouch ^^ basG raise neighs hipse thanks pahns psahiis gauze Circle S Final and Medial bas \? raz naz hips ^^ thangks pamz \^ samz (T-^ gaz false fals cheese chez seei's serz purse pers nice nis this this phiz fiz lynx lino-l snows snoz oaths othz c y^ tongs sluice youths A'iews tongz \^ SIOS (T^N uthz (^ YUZ (^. c bask bask chasm kasm spasm spazm casks kasks masks masks rasps rasps <'^\q gasps gasps '■ \o desks desks i—o risks risks y^ ^ schism sizm ^^-^ Hsps lisps /No mosque mosk wasps tusks musty chosen oxen visit tasty music unsafe dismay wasps tusks musti chozn oksen vizit tasti musik unsaf disma -Q ^ Hu l^ Gl Loop St Initial staid stage stake steak stale staiD stare stair state stave stab stag stack star starch stall stalk staff steed steal steel steam steep steer stad stag stak stak stal stan star star stat stav stab stag stak star starch stal stak staf sted stel stel stem step ster •/ r r °^ stead stem step stet stir stile style stiff stitch sting stone store storm stove stock stop stool stoop stub stuff stung stood sticks stoves sted stem step stet stir stil stil stif stich sting ston stor storm stov stok stop stol stop stub stuf stung stud stiks stovs i £~\ \ \ f r \ I 65 baste paste taste waste fast cast mast vast least yeast jest rest west zest chest next vexed wrist wist xyst schist twist toast cost Loop St Final and Medial bast past tast wast fast kast mast vast lest yest jest rest west zest chest nekst vekst rist wist zist shist twist tost kost b ^ / / J I-- V V Q just just /^ dust dust burst burst durst durst worst wurst moist moist ^ tastes tasts feasts fests guests gests posts posts rusts rusts joists joists (Zd) ) dazed dazd raised razd ^seized sezd caused kazd fused fuzd noised noizd roused rouzd (St medial) £P ^ vestry vestre t^' jesting jesting X_^ testing testing |)r^^ 4- X I -r ^ A QQ, Circle Sw, Loop Str, Circle Ses swage swathe suave swear swag swarm swarth sweep sweet suite swedge swell sweat swii'l swine swim switch swinge swish swing swore swan swoon swung swath * v swav vl 'vl swar M SAvao; ^ swarm ' ^ — - swarth 'CV^ swep swet swet swej swel swet swerl swin swim swich .P P. swinj swish swing Q_y swor ^^^ swon Cl_y swon Q-^ swung Q^ (Loop 8tr) master-ster pastor-ster faster-ster waster-stcr posters-sters ' ^ Zigzag joins 1^ i r GU Circle and Loop Grammalogues 1. Written above the Line o . O ^-g, as as IS. myself .. has. ^ . . . . . has his thyself ^ , O . ^T^ , '^^ as has ••.••• most . . ^ because . ' CJ / as his those. . .^ mistake ^^ — * ' • ■ • ■ • « • . - 2. Written on the Line is o this (o subject y his o must ^-^ liimself ^-^ his is O next ^^ Saviour C_ is as O yes <^ several v_ is his O house <^ respected ^\ first ^ expect \ yesterday ^ us so / special \ something rook bruk troy troi broil broil brow brou prow- prou crowd kroud pioud proud growl groul grouse grous crouch krouch drouth drouth Spr Hook spray stray scrape strange scrag scrap strap scratch sprang straw scrawl sprawl streak scream stream screech spread stress sti-etch strength spry scribe strike stripe spr a stra skrap stranj skrag skrap strap skrach sprang stra skrawl spral strek skrem strem I r skrech ,/ spred ^ stres \ strech stren spii skrib ^^ strik \_ strip ength L/ 1 V sprig strick scrim scrip strip spring strmg scringe springe strow strode stroke scroll stroll strop strong screw sprew strew spruce scrub scrunch sprung- strung sprig strik skrim skrip strip spring string skrinj sprinj stro strod strok skrol strol strop strong skro spro stro spr-os skrub skrunch sprung strung 1 88 Pl Grammalogles I. Written above the Line apply at all call 2. VV^ritten on the Line able \ deliver-ed I cqual-ly c glory <. delivery I glorify-ied o. Written through the Line till . r . belief, believe-d ...SL^.- ...evil, .. (^ Pr Grammalogues more. nor_ L Written above the Line Scripture .Doctor. 1 .remark-GtL oven ^ . larger. 7 X!hristian-ity. Jiberty_ \ for ^ from ^ dear care near chair sure_ true_ 1 7 3. 2. Written on the Line Mr, mere ^~n .r-x their, there ) ) they are ) pleasure J member 'X remember-ed \ W^ritten throuo'h the Line numbei'-ed ^ .principal-ly. very ever every other V truth 1 strength ] durin.^- | howevei' cheer. -y2 — threw, through-^) ') — principle 83 ^ SENTEATCES. TO BE WRITTEN IX SHOKTHAXD. Blanche Blake bought six bushels of large apples for two dollars, and Belle Black bought eight bushels of pears for four dollars. Ethel and Eliza Clyde are in Florida with Mabel Oakley. The people are pleased with them because they make candy for the boys' picnic. Claude Blair and Clare Clark are in the same class. They like ])lay too well to study lessons. The clock struck three. Bruce Jeffryes and Tracey Glover took their books home, ate some cake and an apple, and were at the ball match in time to play the game. Crows troiible the farmers, who make scarecrows to keep the pests away from their farms. The crows caw and caw, and fly away. Farmer Brewster has thirty large cherry trees. In summer, he sells the cherries to city grocers. In the fall he sells peaches, apples and pears to the same people. To other grocers he sells milk, eggs, butter, cheese and other produce from his farm. Frank Granger and his brother Fred broke off branches from the tree that grew by the brook. They crossed the strong bridge over the creek and saw three French boys on the road to Granby. All took a long trip through the woods to the lake to fish, sail and swim until sunset. "Home, home ! Sweet, sweet home ! Be it ever so humble. There's no place like home.'" —J. H. Payne. 8-i Final Hook Consonants F AND V Hook N Hook Name Sii^n Letters As in Name Sign Letters As in Pef \. Bef V) Tef I Def I Chef / Jef / Kef —3 Gev -^ Ref y Wef o^ Yef y Hef y Fen C Yen L Thin L Then C Sen ) Zen ) bf tf df ehf jf kf gv rf wf yf hf fn vn thn thn sn puff Pen \ buff Ben N tough Ten J deaf Den J chaff Chen J Jeff Jen J cuff Ken — ; Gen — Ren gave roof woof Wen pn bn tn dn chn j» kn gn in wn yaff Yen cr yn hoof Hen — ^ ngn zone Len f In 85 pun bun twine dine chain Jane cane gain run won yawn hone shine moon noon Bingen fallen THE FINAL F OK V HOOK. A small final hook named "Pef/' written on the circle s or right hand side of straight downstrokes, on the npper side of A; and g and upstrokes, repre- sents the final sound of F or V. The F or Y hooks cannot he added to curves. Cir- cle s may he added to this F or V hook ; it must he written inside the hook, and so that the hook may be clearly seen. Circle Ses and loops Stee and Ster are too large to he written inside of the n and / hooks. For this reason, nsez, nst, nster require the stroke u with the large circle or loop, when follomng a curved consonant: as in lances, fences, monster. The F or V hook may be used medially when it makes an easy and clear joining with the following stroke. When a final vowel follows a final f ov v sound use stroke / or v and not the hook. PEOVEEBS. No pains, no gains. No cross, no crown. He that would thrive, must rise at five. He that hath thriven may lie till seven. Small service is true service while it lasts. SENTENCES. Nathan Brown and John Green are full of grief. They drove fast to catch the half-past five train for Penn Grrove; they ran into an old stone fence and upset their team and their plans. 86 F OK V Hooks wait* waf t^'* cliafe chaf /• gave gav — i • cave kav • pave rave pav rav wave wav c^. waive wav ^ brave brav X grave grav • crave chaff krav chaf -y- calf kaf • cough kaf -> 1 r trough traf beef bef \- (leaf (lef I. reef ref ^' chief chef /. brief bref \. grief gref (V breve brev X. sleeve slev 6 V. I weave wev deaf def chef shef clef kief --r dive div ^ ^ hive hiv <^ drive driv tiff tif L cliff klif dove dov cove kov L I- rove rov -^ wove wov clove klov drove drov grove grov doffs dofs trough trof I'oofs rofs ^^ woof wof proof prof h 1^' ou \ Hooks bull" l)uf \) cuff kiiC -^ iniifis milt's I putt's j)ut's \s lutls lut's ^ rough iiil' Xf tougli tut' u grutt' glut' «^ bluH" blut' ^ tluti" tlut' doves (luvz b gloves gluvz strife strif (^^ strive striv l v strove sti'ov i z'dvi scart dwart sert suit tuit carve karv serve serv swerve swerv zait' V^ slvaif 9 /J dwarf ly^ serf serf terf ^ \> THE FINAL N HOOK. The N hook, named Pen, is a small final hook added to all letters, whether single, hooked, circled or looped, to represent the sound of final n. No vowel can be placed to or read after the 71 hook. The n hook is written on the left hand or r side of straight downstrokes (opposite the circle s side) ; on the under side of h and y and straight upstrokes; and on the inside of curves. Circle S, Ses, Stee and Ster may be added to the n hook by changing the hook into a small or a large circle, or into a small or a large loop; as in pains, trances, glanced, punster. In the n hook at the end of curves, circle s or z, can be written, but not Ses, Stee or Ster. The n hook may be used medially when it will make a good joining with the following letters ; as in finish, ransom. Between two consonants a small circle stands for s and cannot represent ns, which requires the hook and the circle. The stroke u and not the hook must be used when a final vowel that is sounded follows n; as in many, funny. After a curved consonant the stroke n and circle s must be used for anse, ense, inse, ance, ence, and ince. Exception : When I follows another consonant, — as in l)alance, — use the hook and circle. 8hn when written upward and In when written dowmward should never stand alone. They would be mistaken for sJir and irl respectively. 89 The N Hook bane deign feign fain fane gain jean cane lane lain mane main pain pane rain rein reioii vain vane wain wane chain ban dan fan foil fon gan jan kan Ian Ian man man pan pan ran ran ran van van wan wan chan J- brain di'ain gram crane train ban fan. khan man pan ran tan van than clan plan bran dawn fawn faiin lawn pawn bian dran gran kran tian ban fan kan man pan ran tan van than klan plan bran dan fan flm Ian pan 3- ^ • -> 1. J' s '. 3 J' J' c c 90 bean dean keen lean lien mean mien mesne ween wean glean clean green den fen hen ken men pen wren ten ben den ken len len men men men wen wen glen klen gren den fen hen ken men pen ren ten J. D n J • The N Hook dine din fine fin line lin mine min nine nin pine pin vine vin wine win twine twin thine thin shine shin brine brin bin bin pin pin tin tin win win chin chin shin shin thin thin grm grin J c V V 6 J. V J. / J bone bon >> 91 moan mown known tone zone slione shown drone groan grown crone prone throne thrown gone wan yon boon coon loon moon noon prune tune mon nion non ton zon shon shon dron gron gron kron pron thron thron gon won yon bon kon Ion mon non pron tun J. y L The N Hook bun dun fun gun none nun pun run tun ton won one shun down gown noun town clown brown drown frown crown join coin 9-3 J- J- bun dun fun gun nun nun pun run tun tun wun wun shun ^ splay spla x splayed splad ^ ^. splash splash ^ splice splis \o Spl Hook, Etc. spliced splist ^^ splotch sploch N splunge splunj ^-Ly splurge splurj \j>/ Grammalogues hish./^ while (7 . Above the Line 0, oh, owe -. tell I whether C/ well, will \ to-day to-morrow ^—^y, yesterday <^ Sunday ^^' Monday " \' Tuesday ^ Wednesday Time Wokds seasons J^^p minutes hourly ^ daily weekly monthly yearly century January l_^ February importance significance improve-d ^ improvement improvements September ^ — ^ October /\, November ^~"V December 1 — ^ 94 EK\ li:\V.— L. i;. \ AXI> F TTOOKS A HOOK MAY BK ADDED TO ALL .Straight stroke consonants and to some curved for "].'' Straiglit stroke consonants and to some curved for "r." Consonant strokes, whether straight or curved for '"n." Straight stroke consonants only, for "/ or v." Name Position The 1 hook Initial, medial or final. The r hook Initial, medial or final. The n hook Final or medial, only. The f or v hook Final or medial, only. (Fl, vL ihl. ilic-L fr. rr. thr. fhc-r. have two forms.) Whex S is Prefixed to Hook 1 — the circle must be shown within the hook, r — close the hook, thus making it a circle. Whex S is Added to Hook n — straight strokes — change the hook into a circle, n — curved strokes — write the circle within the hook, f or V — write the circle inside of the hook. Stee, Str and Ses can not he used with n or f hooks. Letters Xot Hooked for 1— S, Z, Zh, Xg, Lay, El, Ray. Ar, Way, Yay. Hay. r — S, Z, Lay, El, Ray, Ar, Way, Yay, Hay. n — (All consonants may be hooked for n.) f or V — All curved stroke consonants. Sentences for Shorthand Last summer Andrew Sherman read three books of travel. At Christmas, he gave them to !Milton Fletcher, to place in the village librarv in Stratton. 95 THE -TIOX HOOK. Rules for Writing -tion. The termination -tion, spelled tian, cian, sian, Gion, shion, is shown by a large final hook. When it fol- lows a curved letter it is written in the curve like the final 11 hook. It may be written on either side of a straight consonant. When it follows a simple straight consonant the hook is written opposite the last vowel. After a straight letter which has an initial hook, circle or loop, or which springs from a curve, the -Tion hook is written on the opposite side to keep the letter straight; as in attrition, repletion. After t, d, or j, not beginning with a hook, circle or loop, the -Tion hook is written on the right of the stroke without respect to the vowel. The -Tion hook may be used medially when it makes a good joining with the following letter; na- tionally, fashionable. When two distinct vowels occur immediately be- fore -Tion hook, write stroke sli and the n hook; as in tuition, situation, valuation. After circle s or ns, -Tion is shown by continuing the circle to the opposite side of the stroke forming a back hook; as in transition, possession. This may also be used medially. Circle S may be added by writing the circle within the -Tion hook; as in rations, stations. The back -Tion hook is vocalized by writing the third place vowel within or at the end of the hook, and the second place vowel outside of the hook; position ; posession. 96 GUAMMALOGUES AND CONTRACTIONS Final Hook Gkammalogues 1. Written above tlie Line Iiappen___^ ofteii__::l approve 2. Written on the Line upo n ^^ opinio n v, j> never. hnftn Ns lieaven L^ above N) fionn vl 2;eneral iL. iidvantaffe L — nnp ,y^ ofncriilly hem hem hoop hup <5"^ her her whoop hop c^\ hire hh hope hop <^^ hiss his •) hove hov 6\ horse hars ^^ hub hub c5^ hole hoi >^ huff huf <5<^ whole hoi '^'' huge huj cCv home horn >^-^ hush hush (^ horn harn ' o husk husk c5'<^ hose hoz "V (Tick H) whom horn >— ^ hail hal /^^ hulk hulk /^, liair har •^ humph humf haze haz •) hurl herl y A hark hark ^> — howl houl /''" harm harm ■ v— s hymn him ^ — ^' harp harp ^\^ huzza huzza v harsh harsh j (Dot H) ^,, hall hal A~ halve hav hear her ^ halves liavs '\o health helth /^ hath hath ( ( helm helm /--^^ handy hande ^. help help /''^ happiest happiest ' ^ 104 THE HALVING rUlNCU'LE Light consonant strokes are made half their usual length to indicate the addition of t. Heavy conso- nont strokes are made half their usual length to in- dicate the addition of d. Consonants with final hooks, when halved, add cither t or d; as fount, found; mount, mound. When a consonant precedes or follows, a halved letter adds eitlier ^ or cZ; rei)eated, beautiful. The four letters m, n, I and downward r are halved for t; as in met, net, let, art. They are halved and thickened to add cZ; as in made, need, old, hard. COM AND -ING The prefix com or con is expressed by a light dot written before the first consonant. The suffix -ing is generally shown by the stroke Ing, and -iiigs by the stroke Ing and circle s ; facing, facings; evening, evenings. When it is inconvenient to use the Ing stroke, -ing is expressed by placing a light dot at the end of the word, and -ings is shown by a light dash; hoping, tying, morning, mornings. QUOTATIONS TO BE WRITTEN IN SHORTHAND Lost time can never be found again. A green and sunny glade amid the woods. Eise with the lark, and with the lark to bed. ■ The clear, bright light of the old moon. They also serve who only stand and wait. Pride is as loud a beggar as want. 105 I (Jot. rsONANTI 3 VND D Ialyed FOR T . Name Sign, For As in Name Si^n For As in Pet X pt pat Fet t:- ft foot Bed N bd bad Ved Vl vd void Tet 1- tt tight Thet (• tht thought Ded 1- dd died Thed c- thd that Chet /. cht chat Set )• St east Jed / jd jade Zed ) zd zed Ket ... kt cat Shet J. sht shot Ged _ gd good Zhed J. zhd treasured Wet u: wt wit Rayt ■^ rt dart Yet <^ yt yet Hayt <^' ht height Light Half Curves Heavy Half Curves Met ^ mt mate Med 'TS md made ]^et v--* nt neat Ned ■^ nd ueed Let r It bolt Led c Id bold Art ^ rt hart Ard ^ rd hard N* \ , 1 /■ /• _ o^ <^ r ^ ^ \' J. J ^ ^ O ^ r 1 /• / # — o^ r^ •"-^ •^ k (-■ (; 106 TiiK IIalmncx Principle fate fat c feet fet O hale hat ^ peat pet \« pUitc plat ^ heat het (T* skate skat • cheat chet /. slate slat ^ sheet shet J • freight frat -T treat tret 1. crate krat • fleet flet O pi'ate prat -< pleat plet ^« strait strat V sleet slet r- trait trat 1« wheat hwet c^. fot fat C street stret 1. hat hat (T wet wet i^ cat kat • whet hwet Cy< pat pat fret fret "^ chat chat /• threat thret > flat flat e: fight fit ^^ plat plat < height hit cTv' plait plat ^ kite kit V slat slat ^ tight tit Iv sprat spi-at ^ flight flit e^^ fought I'at c plight plit ^. knight nit ^^ knit nit --^. note not ^ knot not /^-^ nut nut ^ newt nut ^-^ knout nout '^ ;. (md) /-^ made mad ^ maid mad t^ mead mod '^ • meed med ■^ • mad mad ^ mid mid ^ mode mod -t^ mood mod —s mud mud ^ (nd) w need ned ^ kneed ned "^ node nod >*- nod nod .*^ 109 The Halving Principle L 4ift aft act akt *~ haft haft ^r packed pakt >— raft raft ^ tact takt L waft waft <^ bract brakt \- shaft shaft -^-^ tract trakt L draft draft *' strict strikt L graft graft r^ duct dukt craft kraft r^ apt apt left left (^ rapt rapt weft weft ^ wrapped rapt theft theft \_ kept kept cleft kleft s^ wept wept gift gift -i slept slept lift lift r^ crept krept rift rift -^^ swept swept sift sift ^ crypt kript swift swift Q, script skript drift drift X- dipped dipt l^ thrift thrift / hast hast ^ oft oft ' haste hast *'' loft loft C^ hist hist -1 soft soft hissed hist .; tuft tuft ^~ host host "-* puffed j)uft ^^ hoaxed hokst /% 110 r 9 cr The Halving Principle hailed bald scald field waeld yield held weld mild wild gild guild willed old bold fold hold mold mould rolled soled tolled wold scold huld bald skald feld weld yeld held weld mild wild gild gild wild old bold fold hold mold mold rold soled told wold skold V V 111 T] fant [IE Halving Princip 'LE pint faint Ci pint ^^ quaint kwant ^ hint hint ^■ saint sant point point <> tent tent J- count kount y\ vent vent VS fount fount <^^ blent blent ^• mount mount A 113 The Halving Principle and and "' kind kind —3 band band S mind mind hand band o rind rind ^ sand sand i/ wind wind ^v stand stand S' . blind blind %^ bland bland s grind grind V gland gland ^ bond Ijond X s brand brand •s fond fond C gj'and grand e-9 pond pond strand strand r wand wond \ fiend fend c^- blonde^ blond < end end ex frond frond ^ bend bend S fund fund cr lend lend r bound bound V mend mend ^ found found k." rend rend ^ hound hound <^ tend tend \- mound mound wend wend (^ pound pound \>A spend spend % round round -^ blend blend S»' sound sound A friend frend ^' wound wound < trend trend 3- drowned dround Oa bind bind V crowned kround A find find O^ ground ground 113 lieart mart part tart chart smart start sort sorts snort quart thwart dirt girt liurt shirt skii't blurt spui-t squirt fort court port sport The Halving Principle I liart mart part tart chart smart start sart sorts 'o^ o^ snart ^^-^ kwart '^ — ^ thwart ^/^ (lert l^ t O^ 0-' ^ ^ geit hert shert skert blert spert skwert fort kort port sport X^ / bard bard liard hard card kard hird lard iiard uard l)aard pard sard sard chard chai-d cord kard chord kard beard berd bird berd gird gerd herd herd heard herd curd kerd surd serd sherd sherd -r^ board bord ^**C^ ford ford ^^ gourd gord hoard hord horde hord sword sord -s /J 114 TlAr-F-TjEN'OTH Consonant GnAMMALOGUES God. God's_ not art met- liamL tliat_ sent_ eart_ varcL 1 . Written above tlu? Line J ^ don't want .do not- ~^ liad not. cannot _ _thona"lit. .according- Q^ according t(L. gentleman. .liappened— J ^ particnlar. f\ ii: light- .after . .quite .short .guard . .chiUL- -tried .might- x'alletL r ^ J) /> •. \. Written on the ]Jne yet cared c- goods -X) gentlemen J secret cj- if it •^ opportunity f\ Avithout c THE DOUBLE-LENGTH PEINCTPLE. Curved consonants are made twice their usual length to indicate the addition of tr, dr or tltr; letter^ order, father. Straight consonants hooked finally or which fol- low another stroke, add only tr or dr when made double-length; j^ainter, rector, wonder, nectar. In a few common words a letter may be doubled for the addition of iure; feature, future, signature, picture. The double-length principle does not apply to ini- tial straight strokes, unless they end with a hook or the circle ns; as, batter, dodder, platter, crater, glider, bather, which require the hook tr, dr or tlir, and not the doubling of the initial consonant. When the double-length principle is used for the present tense of a verb, the past tense should be writ- ten according to the halving principle; tender, ten- dered; pamper, pampered. The double consonant mp or mh is doubled for mpr, mbr; jumper, chamber. Ng. is doubled for nghr or nggr; shrinkcr, longer. The hooked consonants nipr, mhr, ngl'v, nggr are generally used for verbs, because they are easily halved for the past tense; canker, cankered. When the double-length is used for the verb, the half-length is used for the past tense; slander, slan- dered. The final consonants tr, dr and thr, are not doubled when followed bv a vowel ; wintrv, sundrv, feathery. 116 TiiK Double-Length Principle psalter further builders \/ t grunters fliitters boarders shutters founders thunders features hiughter shrinker hamper hampered lumber lumbered canker ~ cankered finger fingered tampered wintered flattery psaltery ^^ cy^ n. 117 VOCALIZATION OF PL AND PE. When it is necessary to denote a vowel sound be- tween two consonants of the PI or Pr series, a small circle is placed before or above the consonant stroke to represent a long dot vowel, and after or under the consonant stroke for a short dot vowel. When it is not convenient to oljsorve this rule, the circle may be written on either side of the stroke for either a long or short vowel; regard, engineer. A stroke vowel or diphthong is struck through the consonant sign ; school, tincture. Single stroke words thus vocalized are halved for either t or d; court, gird. The first place dash vowels and diphthongs are written at the beginning of the consonant stroke. Third place dash vowels and diphthongs may be writ- ten at the end of the primary letter. It is seldom necessary to vocalize the pi and pr series for an unaccented vowel ; but when the vowel is accented the consonant mav be vocalized. SENTENCES. The kind German nurse took care of the little blind girl on the journey to Northwood. The child was glad to see her father and mother. When her brother Norman came home from school he led her into the garden and helped her to pick some Narcissus blos- soms. She was charmed with their sweet odor. Be- fore it was dark, a sharp northeasterly wind began to Ijlow, and the children went back to the house for shelter. 118 VOCAM/ATION OF Pl AND Pr verb ;^ vers d skol iiarth S chikl curl kerl tuil ferl curse kers '=-^ verse vers curve kerv ^-t-^ curt kert ch- cluirch chercli V •1° V ^ churl clierl foi'ge iarj coarse koi'S course kors bold bold cold kold gold gold told told court kort cf- record rekord regard regard veneer vener fixture tikstur torture tortur ''-^^ culture kultur figures figurz v~on nurture nertur "^^ 119 W AND Y DIPHTHONGS. W or Y followed by any simple vowel forms a diphthong, which is represented by a small semi- circle written in the same position as the simple vowel. The right and left halves of the circle are used for the iv diphthongs ; the upper and lower halves stand for the y diphthongs. The semi-circles may be made heavy or light according as the vowel is long or short, although in practice it is seldom necessary to make this distinction. The right semicircle, representing ivaw or wo, may be prefixed to a stroke consonant when it is conven- ient ; as in water, watcher, washer. The left semicircle is prefixed to downward I, and the right semicircle to k, g, m, mp, to represent w only; William, Wilson; wake, wig, woman, wampum. The w sign is always read first, therefore when a vowel precedes v) the stroke w must be written, and not the w diphthong sign ; awake, award, aware. SENTENCES. William Zwingle is the youngest boy in the class in the Ward School, 3-et he won the yearly premium for best woodwork. As Zachariah Young went to gather seaweed, he met twelve Zouaves a few yards beyond the railway station. The farmer sold twenty pounds of lamb's wool to a youth for two new folio volumes of pictures. 130 W AND Y DirilTIIONGS W with Long Vowels %vah I waw weh < ) woh wee tl-,woo W with Short Vowels Heavy Signs Long Vowels aw -oh -00 wa we AVI c wo ' wu ? woo wake wag wax walk week wig war ward warm warn warp woke Y with Long Vowels ah eh ee yah^ yeh ^ vee V yaw '^ yoh /^yoo Light Signs Short Vowels wak wag waks wak wek ■wig war ward warm warn warp wok a e i Y with Short Vowels O -U -00 Examples ^ ye - JO -yu work werk worm werm 'twas 'twoz wordy werde thwack thwak twinge twinj "^ .woman wuman >--^' zouave zwav ^ twenty twenti Li^ alien alyen C^ folio folyo ky^ yearly yerle "y^ 121 Ith and Thee Words To be written in Shorthand Initial Ith or tk soft thank thieve thin thought thwack thatch theft think thud thwart thaw thick thing thug thesis thief thigh thong thumb theses theme thill thorn thump thistle Final 1th or th soft faith teeth length width cloth wraith sheath earth fifth broth eighth wreath dearth filth froth hath death berth tilth ti'oth hearth saith birth plinth ruth wroth breath girth sixth booth swath health mirth oath tooth north wealth worth both truth swarth breadth ninth loath youth warmth stealth kith sloth sleuth bath tenth myth (juoth doth lath seventh pitli growth month path depth frith forth mouth wrath twelfth smith fourth south heath strength withe 122 moth drouth Initial Thee or th hard they the then thine those than thee thence this thus that them thy though thou Final Thee or th hard bathe swathe teethe scythe clothe hithe sheathe lithe writhe soothe scathe breathe tithe with smoothe spathe wreathe blithe Ther (th ; loathe soft) mouth third thread thrift throb thrust thirst threat throe throng anther thirty thresh thi'ow threw author thrash thrice throne through ether thrall thrive throat thrum heather three thrill throve Ther (th 1] thrush lard) panthei" their bather farther leather weather there bother gather other wither theirs brother hither rather whether thereby eithei" lather tither whither Sentence for SnouTHAND They thought that the thieves then thrust those thirty-three thistles through the thin thatch thereby to thwart the throng. 123 DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. Diphthong, according to the dictionaries, signifies the union of two vowel sounds in one syllable, as ou in out. Diphthongs are called proper, if both vowels are sounded; improper, when only one is vocalized. In Shorthand the word is used somewhat different- ly. The silent letter of an improper diphthong is disregarded, and the remaining vowel is treated as a simple vowel: thus, only o of the oa in boat is recog- nized and represented by an appropriate sign. The name, diphthong, is reserved to distinguish the four doul)le vowel sounds, i, ou\. oi, and w (i and u standing for ei and iu respectively) These four diphthongs are called monosyllabic or one-syllabled diphtliongs, l)ecause they are uttered in one syllable. In some words, a long vowel is followed by a short vowel, which is sounded but not accented, as: ea in real; oc in poet; id in fluid. Such vowel combina- tions are known in Shorthand as dissyllabic or two- syllabled diphthongs. They are represented by two small angles- — one open above to the right, the other open downward to the left. These signs are written in the places of the heavy dot and dash vowels, and •may be used for any long vowel, followed by any imaccented short vowel. When the short vowel is accented, as in lion, piazza, poetic, dewy, the dissyllabic diphthong must not be used. A sign of the yah series may be employed, or the separate vowels must be written; — as in the ex- amples given on the next page. 12-1 The Dissyllabic DipnTnoNGs ah T ic ISix Loiiij Vowels • • «■ eh ee • aw oh 00 ah-i ^ Dissyllabic Diphthongs V eh-i ^ ee-i ^ aw-i oh-i ^ oo-i ^ >-f Examples (ah-i) deity | (oo-i) soltaist^6 ^=3 seer fluid solfaing'6L^__^ real ^( jewel (eh-i) museum gayety n. (aw-i) laity r^ \ . flawy ^ clayey c___ drawer i^ mayor "^^^"^(oh-i) sayest J shower payer ^^^ stoics clayish ^ poets payable \ poetry (ee-i) blower theoiy Si ^<3ruel gruel ruins doing wooer shoer ^ (yah) lazier ^ "^ pianos ^' ^ ^ gluey reality meteor lineal- ly ^period V<^ sep. vow.) drawee ' • bower .-/ .•7 snowy <^_^ ideals f'^^ mowers ""^^^"^ Lewis cruet druid bluish truant ('^ poetic ^1 trial T U piety ^_ Lj; diadem 1^ 125 COXSOX A X T S I TiSTT'l'I ' TES TlitTL' aru no .■-ubslitiitef? for b, i], g, \\, (0 gh in laugh ph in splioro (i) g in gem ge in surgeon gi in region de in grandeur dg in edge di in soldier d\i in verdure ch in spinaeh (k) c in candy ch in chord cu in hiscuit gh in hough qu in conquer que in oblique eque in saeque quet in liouquet c in cent sc in scene sell in schism ps in psalm (t) d in forced g til in thyme s plith in phthisic si (v) f in of zi ph in Stephen (y) f^P i in onion che ia in valiant ci (z) ci c in suffice ci s in is ch X in Xerxes chs cz in czar psh tz in tzar s (ng) sch n in ink sci n in conch se n in anger si ngue in tongue ss (ch) ssi te in righteous ti ti in fustian ti tu in mixture ti teh in match xi 12G I, m, n, p, r, (zh) in rouge in treasure in fusion in azure in glazier (sh) m ocean in luncheon in social in gracious in ancient in chaise in fuchsia in pshaw in sugar in schist in conscious in nauseous in pension in issue in passion in martial in nation in cautious in noxious ABOUT SHORTHAND AND TYPK\'/RITING , X ^ 4 .-A ^ \ _. I c -r - J .2r "^ . . N^ U^ ^ -^}— ^ -^ r. ■^ fl Ji^ Jl_ \^ ^ / ^ Jk. V ^_ J? 13^ ^ J) ::> c j^ ri J? --4 - «^- I- > V. L U^ ^ .o- ^ . c r — / .Q.5, r _L A- ■?■ ^ .IL -3- .^-^ /7 j^ > '^ L^ O- - <\' ^ \ 1^1. ^ X / ^ ' 'W ^ "^ ^. - \ ^ U :::z y- V. '^ r- _!i ^- L f / !■ i; n <■ o N^ r^. ^ ^ - ~r ^ ^ J) C :^a ^ . / -o- ^-^=--4- ^ r -i) ^ 137 Write the following Proverbs and Quotations, care- fully, accurately and in your very best style of short- hand; show them to your teacher and when correct, practice writing them often for speed. rROVERBS AND QUOTATIONS. Every good might be better; Every better might be best. Rome was not built in a day. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. THE GLADNESS OF NATURE. There's a dance of leaves in that aspen bower; There's a titter of winds in that beechen tree; There's a smile on the fruit and a smile on the flower. And a laugh from the brook that runs to the sea. — Bryant. SONGS OF FREEDOM. Let music swell the breeze. And ring from all the trees, Sweet freedom's song; Let mortal tongues awake, Let all that breathe partake. Let rocks their silence break — The sound prolong. — S. F. Smith. Then conquer we must, when our cause it is Just, And this be our motto — "In God is our trust" ; And the Star-spangled Banner in triumph shall wave, O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave. — Francis Key. 138 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY "-^ULU-iiaa Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^^^o^'A^^'m- Form L9-25m-9,'47{A5618)444 UNIVERSITY ot CALIFOKJNIa AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY UC SOUTHERN RFGIONAl I IBRARY FACILITY AA 000 483 375 2 i if — s PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE THIS BOOK CARD ! ^l-LI^RARYQ^ ^mim-i^'^ University Research Library , ? .'•.I 5 )■■ m I