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DOCUMENTS 
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF OCCUPATIONS 
 
 SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE 
 UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE 
 
 BY THE 
 
 UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1918 
 

 
 
 Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2007 with funding from 
 
 IVIicrosoft Corporation 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/descslaughtercOOunitrich 
 
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF OCCUPATIONS 
 
 SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT PACKING 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE 
 
 UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE 
 
 BY THE 
 
 UNITED STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 
 
 If 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMEPn" PRINTING OFFICE 
 
 1918 
 

 DOCUMENTS 
 DEPT. 
 
T^ 
 
 Page 
 
 INDEX 
 
 A 
 
 All-round man, cattle-killing department. {See Utility man, 
 
 cattle-killing department.) 
 All-round man, fresh-pork department. {See Utility man, 
 
 fresh-pork department.) 
 All-round man, sheep-killing department. {See Utility man, 
 
 sheep-killing department.) 
 Average man. {See Grader, cured-meat department.) 
 
 B 
 
 Backer. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Back puller. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Bacon-carton inspector. {See Inspector, meat-canning de- 
 partment.) 
 Bacon stringer. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Batcher-up and inspector for leakers. {See Inspector, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 Bladder tier. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Blocker. {See Laborer, fresh-pork department.) 
 Block tender. {See Laborer, fresh-pork department.) 
 Blower. {See Inspector, casing department.) 
 Blower and tier, weasands and bladders. {See Casing worker, 
 
 casing department.) 
 Boner. {See Cutter, fresh-beef department.) 
 Box maker. {See Packer, sausage department.) 
 Box maker, paper. {See General worker, meat-canning de- 
 partment.) 
 Bex strapper. {See Packer for shipment, meat-canning de- 
 partment.) 
 Breast or brisket puller. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Breast or brisket sawyer. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Breast or brisket splitter. {See Sheep-kiUing gang.) 
 Bruise trimmer, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing 
 
 gang.) 
 Bruise trimmer, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killmg 
 
 gang.) 
 Bung dropper, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing 
 
 gang.) 
 Bung dropper, hog-killino: department. {See Hog-killing ^ang.) 
 Bung dropper, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing 
 ganp;.) 
 
 Butcher, cured-meat department. __- 38 
 
 3 
 
4 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Butcher, fresh-beef department. (See Cutter, fresh-be^f 
 department.) 
 
 Butcher^ general, cattle-kilhng department 19 
 
 Butcher, general, sheep-killing department 24 
 
 Butcher's assistant. {See Utility man, cured-meat depart- 
 - ment.) 
 Butt puller. (See Cutter, fresh-pork department.) 
 
 Calf skinner. 31 
 
 Can carrier. (See Laborer, meat-canning department.) 
 Can filler. (See Stuffer or packer, meat, meat-canning de- 
 partment.) 
 Can inspector. (See Inspector, meat-canning department.) 
 Can steamer. (See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Capper 40 
 
 Cap setter. (See General worker, meat-canning department.) 
 Cap stamper. (See Capper.) 
 Car s tower. (See Packer or lugger, fresh beef.) 
 Carton folder. (See General worker, meat-canning depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Casing cleaner ._ _ 30 
 
 Casing puller 30 
 
 Casing worker, casing department 30 
 
 Casing worker, sausage department 35 
 
 Cattle-killing gang 19 
 
 Caul dresser. (See Dresser, sheep-killing department.) 
 Caul puller, cattle-killing department. (See Cattle-killing 
 
 gang.) 
 Caul-puller, sheep-killing department. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Checker. (See Trimmer, offal department.) ' 
 Cheek-meat trimmer. (See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 Chiseler. (See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 
 Chopper, fresh-pork department 32 
 
 Chopper, sausage department. (See Cutter, sausage depart- 
 ment.) 
 Chuck splitter. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Chute feeder. (See General worker, meat-canning depart- 
 ment.) 
 Chute man. (See Grader, cured-meat department.) 
 Clarifier. (See Melter, lard and oleo department.) 
 Cleaner, floors. (See Laborer, lard and oleo department.) 
 Cleaner or squilgeer, cattle-killing department. (See Cattle- 
 killing gang.) 
 Cleaner or squilgeer, hog-killing department. (See Hog-killing 
 
 gang.) 
 Cleaner-up. (See Laborer, sausage department.) 
 Cod puncher. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Cooker and smoker, sausage department 36 
 
 Cooker, lard and oleo department. (See Melter, lard and oleo 
 department.) 
 
INDEX O 
 
 Page 
 
 Cooker, meat-canning department. 40 
 
 Cook's helper. {See Laborer, sausage department.) 
 
 Counter. (See Laborer, fresh-pork department.) 
 
 Coverer, cans. {See Laborer, lard ana oleo department.) 
 
 Crimping-machme operator. {See Capper.) 
 
 Crotch or aitch-bone breaker, cattle-killing department. {See 
 
 Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Crotch or aitch-bone breaker, hog-killing department. {See 
 Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 Curer 38 
 
 Cutter, casings. {See Casing worker, sausage department.) 
 Cutter down. {See Laborer, fresh-pork department.) 
 
 Cutter, fresh-beef department 31 
 
 Cutter, fresh-pork department 33 
 
 Cutter-off, hams. {See Cutter, fresh-pork department.) 
 Cutter-off, heads. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Cutter-off, toes or feet. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Cutter, sausage department 36 
 
 Cutter, Viennas for stuffing. {See Machine tender, meat-can- 
 ning department.) 
 
 D 
 
 Dresser 24 
 
 Driver, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Driver, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Driver, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Dropper, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Dropper, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Duck:er or pole man. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Dumper, meat into stuffing machines. {See Machine tender, 
 meat-canning department.) 
 
 F 
 
 Facer- 25 
 
 Fatter, casing department. {See Casing cleaner.) 
 
 Fatter, sausage department. {See Casing worker, sausage de- 
 partment.) 
 
 Feeder, bacon to shcing machine. {See Machine tender, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 
 Feeder, dried beef to. chipping machine. {See Machine tender, 
 meat-canning department.) 
 
 Feeder, sausage department. {See Cutter, sausage depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Fell cutter. {See Cattle-kilHng gang.) 
 
 Fell puller and beater. {See Cattle-kilUng gang.) 
 
 Filler, barrels, cans, pails, and tierces. {See Laborer, lard and 
 oleo department.) 
 
 Filterer. {See Pumper and refiner, lard and oleo depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Floater. {See Capper.) 
 
 Floor cleaner. {See Laborer, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Floorman. (-See General worker, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Floorman, cattle-killing department 20 
 
 Foot skinner. {See Cattle-killing ga-ic;.) 
 
6 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Foreman's assistant, cured-meat department. {See Utility 
 man, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Foreman's assistant, fresh-beef department. {See Utility 
 man, fresh-beef department.) 
 
 Foreman's assistant, fresh-pork department. {See Utility 
 man, fresh-pork department.) 
 
 Foreman's assistant, sausage department. {See Utility man, 
 sausage department.) 
 
 Forker. {See Laborer, sausage department.) 
 
 Freezer man or temperature man. {See Packer or lugger, 
 fresh beef department.) 
 
 Full-can inspector. {See Inspector, meat-canning depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 G 
 
 Gam cutter. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 General worker, meat-canning department _ 41 
 
 General worker, sausage department 36 
 
 Glass-washing machine operator. {See General worker, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 Grader, casing department. {See Inspector, casing depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Grader, cured-meat department _ 38 
 
 Grader, fresh-beef department __ 31 
 
 Grader, hide department. {See Inspector and grader, hide 
 
 department.) 
 Grader, offal department. {See Inspector, offal department.) 
 Grader's helper, cured-meat department. {See Laborer, 
 
 cured-meat department.) 
 Grinder. {See Cutter, sausage department.) 
 Gullet raiser. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Gutter, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-kiUing gang.) 
 Gutter, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Gutter, sheep-kiUing department. {See Sheep-kUling gang.) 
 
 H 
 
 Ham boner. {See Cutter, fresh-pork department.) 
 
 Ham facer, hog-killing department 22 
 
 Ham facer and marker, fresh-beef department. {See Cutter, 
 
 fresh-beef department.) 
 Ham passer, cured-meat department. {See Laborer, cured- 
 meat department.) 
 Ham passer, sausage department. {See Laborer, sausage 
 
 department.) 
 Ham sawyer. {See Sawyer, fresh-pork department.) 
 Ham stringer. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Ham stripper. {See Cutter, fresh-beef department.) 
 Ham trimmer. {See Cutter, fresh-pork department.) 
 Handy man, cattle-killing department. {See Utility man, 
 
 cattle-killing department.) 
 Handy man, fresh-beef department. {See Utility man, fresh- 
 bcof department.) 
 
INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Handy man. meat-canning department. (See General worker, 
 
 meat-canning department.) 
 Handy man, sausage department. {See Utility man, sausage 
 
 department.) 
 Handy man, sheep-kDling department. {See Utility man, 
 
 sheep-kUling department.) 
 Hanger. (^See Laborer, sausage department; Linker, sausage 
 
 department.) 
 Hanger-off or feeder. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Hanger-up, racks. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Hauler to vats. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Header, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 Header, hog-killing department 22 
 
 Header, sheep-kdhng department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Head holder. {See Cattle-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Head or turbinated-bone grinder. {See Machine operator, 
 
 offal department.) 
 Heart trimmer. {See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 Helper. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Hide dropper. {See Cattle-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Hog-killing gang . 22 
 
 Hoister. (-See. Cattle-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Hoist man. {See General worker, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Holder, hog-kUUng department. {See Hog-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Holder, sheep-kiUing department. {See Sheep-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Hooker-off. {See Hog-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Hooker-on, hog-kiUing department. {See Hog-kUling gang.) 
 
 Hooker-on, sheep-kUling department. {See Sheep-kilUn^ 
 
 gang.) 
 Hooker-up. {See Sheep-kiUing gang.) 
 
 ig 
 
 Inspector and grader, hide department 29 
 
 Inspector, casing department 30 
 
 Inspector, cured-meat department. {See Grader, cured-meat 
 
 department.) 
 Inspector, fresh-beef department. {See Grader, fresh-beef 
 diBpartment.) 
 
 Inspector, meat-canning department ._ 41 
 
 Inspector, offal department 27 
 
 Inspector, sausage department. {See Packer, sausage de- 
 partment.) 
 Inspector's helper, cured-meat department. {See Laborer, 
 cured-meat department.) 
 
 J 
 
 Jawbone puUer. {See Machine operator, offal department.) 
 Jaw skinner. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Joint breaker. {See Sheep-kiUing gang.) 
 
 K. 
 
 Kettle man. {See Melter, lard and oleo department.) 
 Kettle tender. {See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 
 88851°— 18 2 
 
8 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Kidney puller. {See Hogrkilling gang.) 
 
 Knife man. {See Butcher, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Knocker, cattle-killing department 20 
 
 Knocker-out or grinder-out, teeth. {See Machine operator, 
 offal department.) 
 
 L 
 
 Labeler, meat-canning department. {See General worker, 
 
 meat-canning department.) 
 Label-machine operator. {See General worker, meat-canning 
 
 department.) 
 
 Laborer, casing department 30 
 
 Laborer, cattle-kilfing department. {See Cattle-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Laborer, cured-meat department 38 
 
 Laborer, fresh-beef department- _ _ 31 
 
 Laborer, fresh-pork department 33 
 
 Laborer, hide department 29 
 
 Laborer, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 Laborer, lard and oleo department 34 
 
 Laborer, meat-canning department _ _ 41 
 
 Laborer, offal department _ 27 
 
 Laborer, sausage department. _ 36 
 
 Laborer, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Leaf -lard puller. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 Leaf-lard scraper. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 Leak patcher. {See Capper.) 
 
 Leg breaker. {See Cattle-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Leg crosser. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Legger. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Leg roller, (^e^ Sheep-kilUng gang.) 
 
 Litter. {See Packer or lugger, fresh-beef department.) 
 
 Linker, sausage department 36 
 
 Liver trimmer. {See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 Loin puUer. {See Cutter, fresh-pork department.) 
 
 M 
 
 Machine cleaner. {See Laborer, meat-canning department.) 
 Machine operator, offal department 27 
 
 Machine tender, fresh-pork department. {See Laborer, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 Machine tender, meat-canning department 42 
 
 Machine tender, sausage department. {See Cutter, sausage 
 
 department.) 
 Marrow blower. {See Machine operator, offal department.) 
 Measurer. {See Casing worker, sausage department.) 
 Measurer and buncher. {See Casing worker, casing depart- 
 ment.) 
 Meat carrier. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Meat hanger. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Meat inspector. {See Inspector, meat-canning department.) 
 Meat passer. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 (« 
 
INDEX 9 
 
 Page 
 
 Meat runner. (See Packer or lugger, fresh-beef department.) 
 Meat scraper. (See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Meat shover. (See Laborer, meat-canning department.) 
 Meat soaker. (See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Meat stirrer. (See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 Meat stringer. (See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Meat tosser. (See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Meat washer. (See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Meat wiper. (See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Melter, lard and oleo department 34 
 
 Mixer. (See Cutter, sausage department.) 
 
 N 
 
 Nailer, meat-canning department, (See Packer for shipment, 
 meat-canning department.) 
 
 Nailer, sausage department. (See Packer, sausage depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Neck trimmer. (See Sheep-kiUing gang.) 
 
 O 
 
 Oleo maker. (See Melter, lard and oleo department.) 
 
 Opener, leakers. (See General worker, meat-canning depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Order filler. (See Utility man, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Order man, cured-meat department. (See Utility man, cured- 
 meat department.) 
 
 Order man, fresh-beef department. (See Packer or lugger, 
 fresh-beef department.) 
 
 Oven man. (See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Overhauler. (See Curer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 P 
 
 Packer and nailer. (See Packer for shipment, meat-canning 
 
 department.) 
 Packer, cans in boxes. (See Packer for shipment, meat-can- 
 ning department.) 
 Packer, cured-meat department. (See Curer.) 
 
 Packer for shipment, meat-canning department 42 
 
 Packer, meat. (See Stuffer or packer, meat, meat-canning 
 department.) 
 
 Packer or lugger, fresh-beef department _ 32 
 
 Packer, sausage department 37 
 
 Packer, shavings around cans. (See Laborer, lard and oleo 
 
 department.) 
 Packer's helper. (See Packer, sausage department.) 
 Paper-cap machine operator. (See General worker, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 Paperer, cans. (See General worker, meat-canning depart- 
 ment.) 
 Passer and piler, cans and jars. (/See General worker, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 
10 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Passer, empties to fillers. {See Laborer, lard and oleo depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Passer to packer. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Passer to pumper. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Passer to salter. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Paunch and tripe trimmer, ripper open, and dumper. {See 
 Trimmer, offal department.) 
 
 Peck trimmer, ripper open, and dumper. {See Trimmer, offal 
 department.) 
 
 Pelt dropper. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Penner, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 Penner, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Pickle maker. {See Curer.) 
 
 Pickle maker's helper. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Pickler. (^'^e Curer.) 
 
 Pig's feet cleaner, offal department 27 
 
 Pig's feet finisher, offal department _ 28 
 
 Piler. {See Curer.) 
 
 Pluck trimmer or separator. {See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 
 Pressman, lard and oleo department 34 
 
 Process man, meat-canning department. {See Cooker, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 
 Pritcher-up. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 Process-tank tender. {See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Puller. {See Curer.) 
 
 Pumper. {See Curer.) 
 
 Pumper and refiner, lard and oleo department 35 
 
 Pumper's helper, cured-meat department. {See Laborer, 
 cured-meat department.) 
 
 Putter. {See Facer, sheep-killing department.) 
 
 R 
 
 Raiser and tier of weasands. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Raisin picker. {See General worker, meat-canning depart- 
 ment.) 
 Relief girl. {See General worker, meat-canning department.) 
 Retort man. {See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 Retrimmer. {See Casing worker, sausage department.) 
 Ribber, fresh-beef department. {See Cutter, fresh-beef depart- 
 ment.) 
 Ribber, fresh-pork department. {See Cutter, fresh-pork depart- 
 ment.) 
 Rib chopper. {See Chopper, fresh-pork department.) 
 Rib sawyer or Boston cutter. {See Dresser.) 
 Ripper open, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing 
 
 gang.) 
 Ripper open, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Ripper open, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing 
 
 gang.) 
 Roller, barrels. {See Laborer, lard and oleo department.) 
 
 Roller man. lard and oleo department _. 35 
 
 Roller oiler. {See Cattle-killmg gang.) 
 
INDEX 11 
 
 Page 
 
 Roller, tierces. {See Laborer, lard and oleo department.) 
 
 Eoper. {See Linker, sausage department.) 
 
 Roimd trimmer. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 Roustabout, casing department. (See Laborer, casing de- 
 partment.) 
 
 Roustabout, cured-meat department. {See Laborer, cured- 
 meat department.) 
 
 Roustabout, fresh-pork department. {See Laborer, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 
 Roustabout, hide department. {See Laborer, hide depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Roustabout, lard and oleo department. {See Laborer, lard 
 and oleo department.) 
 
 Roustabout, meat-canning department. {See Laborer, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 
 Roustabout, sausage department. {See Laborer, sausage 
 department.) 
 
 Rubber. {See Curer.) 
 
 Rumper, cattle-killing department _ 20 
 
 Rumper, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 S 
 
 Salter and packer, casing department. {See Casing worker, 
 casing department.) 
 
 Salter, cured-meat department. {See Curer.) 
 
 Salter, hide department. {See Laborer, hide department.) 
 
 Sausage canner, meat-canning department. {See Stuffer or 
 packer, meat, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Sausage cutter, meat-canning department. {See General 
 worker, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Sawyer, fresh-pork department 33 
 
 Sawyer-off , feet, fresh-pork department. {See Laborer, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 
 Sawyer-off, horns, offal department. {See Machine operator, 
 offal department.) 
 
 Sawyer, power, fresh-beef department. {See Utility man, 
 fresh-beef department.) 
 
 Sawyer, shanks or shin bones, offal department. {See Machine 
 operator, offal department.) 
 
 Scalder, hog-killing department 23 
 
 Scaler, meat-canning department _ — 42 
 
 Scaler or weigher and packer, sausage department. {See 
 Packer, sausage department.) 
 
 Scalper. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Scraper, seeding trucks, lard and oleo department. {See La- 
 borer, lard and oleo department.) 
 
 Scraper, pig's feet, offal department. {See Pig's feet cleaner, 
 offal department.) 
 
 Scribe sawyer, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing 
 gang.) 
 
 Scribe sawyer, fresh-pork department. {See Sawyer, fresh-pork 
 department.) 
 
12 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Server, meat, meat-canning department. {See General work- 
 er, meat canning department.) 
 Setter, lard and oleo department. {See Melter, lard and oleo 
 
 department.) 
 Setter, or Boston setter, sheep-killing department. {See Dress- 
 er.) 
 Sewer. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Shackler, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Shackler, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Shackler or slinger, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle- 
 killing gang.) 
 Shank pinner, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing 
 
 Shank skinner, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing 
 gang.) 
 
 Shaver or scraper, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing 
 gang.) 
 
 Shaver, pig's feet, offal department. {See Pig's feet cleaner, 
 offal department.) 
 
 Sheep-killing gang 26 
 
 Shipper, fresh-beef department. {See Packer or lugger, fresh- 
 beef department.) 
 
 Shipper, sausage department. {See Packer, sausage depart- 
 ment.) 
 
 Shoulder boner, fresh-pork department. {See Cutter, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 
 Shoulder chopper, fresh-pork department. {See Chopper, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 
 Shoulder puncher, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-kill- 
 ing gang.) 
 
 Shoulder sawyer, fresh-pork department. {See Sawyer, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 
 Shoulder trimmer, fresh-pork department. {See Cutter, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 
 Shover, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 Shover, fresh-pork department. {See Laborer, fresh-pork 
 department.) 
 
 Shover, meat-canning department. {See Laborer, meat-can- 
 ning department.) 
 
 Shover, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Sider. {See Floorman, cattle-killing department.) 
 
 Singer, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 Singer, pig's feet, offal department. {See Pig's feet cleaner, 
 offal department.) 
 
 Sizer. {See Grader, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Skewer-up. {See Cattle-kilUng gang.) 
 
 Skin bundler. {See Laborer, tresh-pork department.) 
 
 Skinner. {See Melter, lard and oleo department.) 
 
 Skirt trimmer. {See Cattle-kiUing gang.) 
 
 Skull spUtter or chopper. {See Machine operator, offal de- 
 partment.) 
 
 Slimer. {See Casing cleaner, casing department.) 
 
 Small-order man. {See Utility man, fresh-pork department.) 
 
Page 
 
 Smoker, cured-meat department. {See Curer.) 
 
 Smoker, sausage department 37 
 
 Smoker's helper, cured-meat department. {See Laborer, cured- 
 meat department.) 
 Smoker's helper, sausage department. {See Laborer, sausage 
 
 department.) 
 Snout puller. {See Machine operator, offal department.) 
 Solderer. {See Capper, meat-canning department.) 
 Sorter. (See Grader, cured-meat department.) 
 Sorter's helper. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Soup man. {See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 Spacer. {See Laborer, fresh-pork department.) 
 Speller, fresh-beef department. {See Utility man, fresh-beef 
 
 department.) 
 Speller, sheep-killing department. {See Utility man, sheep- 
 killing department.) 
 
 Splitter, cattle-killing department. _ 21 
 
 Splitter, hog-killing department 23 
 
 Splitter, pig's feet. {See Pig's feet cleaner, offal department.) 
 Spotter. {See Grader, cured-meat department.) 
 Spreader. {See Laborer, hide department.) 
 Squilgeer. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Steamer. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Steam man. {See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 Sterilizer or cleaner, cans. {See General worker, meat-canning 
 department.) 
 
 Sticker, cattle-killing department 21 
 
 Sticker, hog-killing department _ 23 
 
 Sticker, sheep-killing department. _ 26 
 
 Stower. {See Packer or lugger, fresh-beef department.) 
 
 Strapper, {See Packer, meat-canning department.) 
 
 Straw boss, cattle-killing department. {See Utility man, 
 
 cattle-killing department.) 
 Straw boss, cured-meat department. {See Utility man, 
 
 cured-meat department.) 
 Straw boss, fresh-beef department. {See Utility man, fresh- 
 beef department.) 
 Straw boss, fresh-pork department. {See Utility man, fresh- 
 pork department.) 
 Straw boss, sausage department. {See Utility man, sausage 
 
 department.) 
 Stripper. {See Casing cleaner, casing department.) 
 
 Stuffer or packer, meat, meat-canning aepartment. 43 
 
 Subforeman. {See Utility man, sausage aepartment.) 
 
 Stuffer sausage department 37 
 
 Subforeman. {See Utility man, sausage department.) 
 Sweeper. {See Laborer, meat-canning department.) 
 Sweetbread trimmer. {See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 
 T 
 
 Tagger. {See Packer, sausage department.) 
 Tail ripper and puller. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
14 INDEX 
 
 Page 
 
 Tail sawyer. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 Tail trimmer. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 Taker-away and piler, barrels and tierces. {See Laborer, 
 
 lard and oleo department.) 
 Taker from pumpers. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Taker-up, hides. {See Laborer, hide department.) 
 Tally girls. {See General worker, meat-canning department.) 
 Tank man. {See Melter, lard and oleo department.) 
 Temperature or cooler man. {See Laborer, fresh-pork depart- 
 ment.) 
 Templer. {See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 Tier, cured-meat department. {See Laborer, cured-meat de- 
 partment.) 
 Tier, sausage department. {See Casing worker; Linker ; Packer, 
 
 sausage department.) 
 Toe puller. {See Pig's feet cleaner, offal department.) 
 Tonguer or cutter out, tongues. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Tongue trimmer. {See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 Tray carrier. {See General worker, meat-canning department.) 
 Trimmer, casing department. {See Casing worker, casing de- 
 partment.) 
 Trimmer, cured-meat department. {See Butcher, cured-meat 
 department.) 
 
 Trimmer, fresh-beef department _ 32 
 
 Trimmer, hide department _ 29 
 
 Trimmer, offal department 28 
 
 Trimmer, general. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Trimmer, meat. {See Cutter, fresh-pork department.) 
 Trimmer, pig's feet. {See pig's feet cleaner, offal depart- 
 ment.) 
 Trimmer, trimmings. {See Cutter, fresh-pork department.) 
 
 Tripe cooker, offal department 28 
 
 Tripe scraper and finisher, offal department 28 
 
 Tripe washer, offal department. {See Laborer, offal depart- 
 ment.) 
 Trucker, casing department. {See Laborer, casing depart- 
 ment.) 
 Trucker, cattle-killing department. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 Tracker, fresh-beef department. {See Laborer, fresh-beef 
 
 department.) 
 Trucker, fresh-pork department. {See Laborer, fresh-pork 
 
 department.) 
 Trucker, hide department. {See Laborer, hide department.) 
 Trucker, hog-killmg department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 Trucker, lard and oleo department. (/See Laborer, lard and 
 
 oleo department.) 
 Trucker, meat-canning department. {See Laborer, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 Trucker, offal department. {See Laborer, offal department.) 
 Trucker, sausage department. {See Laborer, sausage depart- 
 ment.) 
 Trucker, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 Truck loader and unloaaer. {See Laborer, lard and oleo de- 
 partment.) 
 
INDEX 15 
 
 Page 
 
 Truck washer. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 
 Tubman. {See Scalder, hog-killing department.) 
 
 TiKner, casing department. {See Casmg cleaner, casing de- 
 partment.) 
 
 Turner, sausage department. {See Casing worker, sausage de- 
 partment.) 
 
 Twister. {See Linker, sausage department.) 
 
 U 
 
 Utility man, cattle-killing department. 21 
 
 Utility man, cured-meat department _ 40 
 
 Utility man, fresh-beef department _ _._- 32 
 
 Utility man, fresh-pork department. _ 34 
 
 Utility man, hog-killing department _ _ . 24 
 
 Utility man, meat-cleaning department. {See General worker, 
 meat-cleaning department.) 
 
 Utility man, sausage department 37 
 
 Utility man, sheep-killing department 26 
 
 V 
 
 Vacuum operator. {See Capper.) 
 
 Vacuum tender. '{See Capper.) 
 
 Varnisher, barrels and tierces. {See Laborer, lard and oleo 
 
 department.) 
 Vat tender. {See Cooker, meat-canning department.) 
 Vat washer. {See Laborer, cured-meat department.) 
 Vent inspector. {See Inspector, meat-canning department.) 
 
 W 
 
 Washer and wiper. {See Cattle-killing gang^) 
 
 Washer, ham cylinders. {See Laborer, sausage department.) 
 
 Washer, hog-killing department. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 Washer, offal department. {See Laborer, offal department.) 
 
 Washer or scrubber. {See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 Washer, sausage department. {See Casing worker, sausage 
 
 department.) 
 Washer, seeding trucks. {See Laborer, lard and oleo depart- 
 ment.) 
 Weasand trimmer. {See Trimmer, offal department.) 
 Weigher. {See Scaler, meat-canning department.) 
 Wheelman. {See Pressman, lard and oleo department.) 
 Wiper, sheep-killing department. {See Sheep-killing §ang.) 
 Wiper, filled cans. {See General worker, meat-canning de- 
 partment.) 
 Wrapper, fresh-pork department. {See Laborer, fresh-pork. 
 
 department.) * 
 
 Wrapper, sausage department. {See Packer, sausage depart- 
 ment.) 
 Wrapper, cartons. {See General worker, meat-canning de- 
 partment.) 
 Wrppping-machine operator. {See General worker, meat- 
 canning department.) 
 
 88851°— 18 3 
 
CODE WORDS 
 
 Code word 
 
 Page 
 
 Code word 
 
 Page 
 
 Back 
 
 19 
 24 
 38 
 19 
 30 
 30 
 30 
 31 
 31 
 32 
 33 
 35 
 36 
 36 
 38 
 40 
 40 
 24 
 20 
 25 
 31 
 36 
 41 
 38 
 22 
 22 
 22 
 27 
 29 
 30 
 41 
 20 
 27 
 29 
 30 
 31 
 33 
 34 
 36 
 
 Lad V - 
 
 36 
 
 Bacon 
 
 Lag 
 
 38 
 
 Bade 
 
 Laid 
 
 41 
 
 Cab 
 
 Mace - - 
 
 27 
 
 Cabin _ _ 
 
 Mad _ 
 
 34 
 
 Cable 
 
 Madam _ _ 
 
 42 
 
 Cache 
 
 Paca.__ __ 
 
 27 
 
 Cad 
 
 Pace __ _ __ 
 
 28 
 
 Caddy _ 
 
 Paced 
 
 32 
 
 Cadet- - 
 
 Pacer . _ _ _ _ 
 
 34 
 
 Cage _ •_- 
 
 Pack. 
 
 35 
 
 Cake 
 
 Pact... 
 
 37 
 
 Calf 
 
 Pad 
 
 42 
 
 Calk . 
 
 Rabbi 
 
 20 
 
 Call :... 
 
 Rabid 
 
 35 
 
 CaJla 
 
 Saber 
 
 21 
 
 Calml . _ _ 
 
 Sable . _ - _ 
 
 23 
 
 Dade-._ 
 
 Sabot 
 
 23 
 
 Fable 
 
 Sack 
 
 23 
 
 Face 
 
 Sad ... 
 
 26 
 
 Gable _ . _ 
 
 Sadly 
 
 26 
 
 Gaff 
 
 Safe 
 
 33 
 
 Gain 
 
 Sage.. 
 
 37 
 
 Gayly .. 
 
 Sago - _ _ 
 
 42 
 
 Habit . . . 
 
 Said 
 
 43 
 
 Hack. 
 
 Sheer. _ 
 
 21 
 
 Had 
 
 Spade 
 
 37 
 
 Ibex 
 
 Tab. - 
 
 28 
 
 Ibid 
 
 Tabby 
 
 32 
 
 Ibis 
 
 Table 
 
 28 
 
 Ice _ _ 
 
 Tabor 
 
 28 
 
 Kale _ . 
 
 Tack 
 
 29 
 
 Label-- _ 
 
 Ugly 
 
 21 
 
 Labor __ 
 
 Ukase _ _ . . 
 
 24 
 
 Lace 
 
 Ulcer 
 
 26 
 
 Laced . 
 
 Ultra 
 
 33 
 
 Lack __ 
 
 Umbra 
 
 34 
 
 Lad 
 
 Unapt 
 
 37 
 
 Ladle 
 
 Unbar 
 
 40 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
DESCRIPTIONS OF OCCUPATIONS: SLAUGHTERING AND MEAT 
 
 PACKING 
 
 PREPARED FOR THE UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE BY THE UNITED 
 STATES BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 
 
 These descriptions of occupations are based on investigations, in- 
 cluding private interviews and correspondence, extending over prac- 
 tically the entire United States. 
 
 The outstanding fact developed by these investigations is that 
 there are few standard or generally accepted departments. It has 
 been necessary, therefore, for the Bureau of Labor Statistics to divide 
 the industry into departments according to kind and character of 
 work done, to define certain occupational terms and classifications, 
 and to assume the acceptance of these definitions by those using the 
 descriptions. The bureau is fully aware of the fact that in some 
 cases subdivisions may have been carried too far. This fault can be 
 corrected only by means of suggestions and criticisms arising from 
 the use of the descriptions in filling positions. 
 
 The users of these descriptions are urged to send to the Bureau 
 of Labor Statistics all suggestions and criticisms as they arise, so 
 that eventually there may be developed a national standard of occu- 
 pational descriptions. 
 
 Acknowledgment 
 
 The Bureau of Labor Statistics wishes to thank all those who have 
 contributed to the compilation of these descriptions. So many in- 
 dividuals and representatives of various organizations have been 
 consulted that it is impossible to make special mention of such 
 services. 
 
 17 
 
PREFATORY STATEMENT 
 IMPORTANT 
 
 The objects of these descriptions are to furnish definitions of the various 
 occupations, so that specifications for help may be made uniform, and to fur- 
 nish a means by which the prospective employee may be informed as to the 
 nature of the work he will be expected to do. 
 
 Each occupation has been described under the most generally accepted title. 
 The descriptions have been carefully prepared with the view of stating clearly 
 and briefly what each occupation requires in the way of performance and quali- 
 fications, so that a foreman or employment manager can readily specify the help 
 wanted and can pick the worker best fitted to fill the position. 
 
 Without such standard definitions advertisements and appeals from the 
 various government departments or from a central employment agency would 
 lose their effectiveness, especially when the recruiting is Nation wide. 
 
 The statement of actual requirements under the heading of " Schooling " 
 does not have reference to those already working, but should be interpreted 
 to mean that no one should enter the specified position at the present time 
 without having the equivalent of the stated schooling. " Common school " 
 signifies the completion of the common-school course. 
 
 Directions for Using Descriptions and Code Words 
 
 INDEX: In order to find any given occupational description use the index. 
 
 CODE WORDS: Each description has a code word which, when communi- 
 cated to any person who has access to these descriptions of occupations, will 
 enable him to ascertain exactly what is called for by referring to the description 
 indicated by the code word. (See Code words.) 
 
 If an employee is wanted who has training sufficient to do work in any two 
 or more occupations described, the code words of these descriptions should be 
 combined to indicate the combination of qualifications; for example: The code 
 word designating a HAM FACER and a HEADER (see page 22) would be HABIT- 
 HACK. 
 
 18 
 
CATTLE-KILLING DEPARTMENT 
 
 ALL-ROTIND MAN. (See Utility man.) 
 
 BACKER. (>S'ee Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 BLADDER TIER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 BREAST OR BRISKET SAWYER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 BRUISE TRIMMER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 BUNG DROPPER. (See Cattle-kilUng gang.) 
 
 BUTCHER, GENERAL BACK 
 
 Kindred Occupations: Like occupations in hog and sheep-killing depart- 
 ments. 
 Description: The general butcher does all the operations necessary in the 
 slaughtering and dressing of cattle. This employee, as a rule, is found 
 only in small establishments, or establishments that are primarily engaged 
 in the slaughtering of hogs. •< 
 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. Must have had a wide experience in the slaughtering and dress- 
 ing of cattle. 
 
 CATTLE-KILLING GANG • CAB 
 
 As follows: Backer; Bladder tier; Breast or brisket sawyer; Bruise trim- 
 mer; Bung dropper; Caul puller; Chuck splitter; Cleaner or squilgeer ; 
 Crotch or aitch-bone breaker ; Driver ; Dropper ; Fell cutter ; Fell puller 
 and beater ; Foot skinner ; Gullet raiser ; Gutter ; Header ; Head .holder ; 
 Hide dropper ; Hoister ; Laborer ; Leg breaker ; Pritcher-up ; Ripper open ; 
 Roller oiler ; Round trimmer ; Scribe sawyer ; Shackler or slinger ; Shank 
 skinner; Shover ; Skewer-up (necks and loins); Skirt trimmer; Tail 
 ripper and puller; Tail sawyer; Tail trimmer; Tonguer or cutter-out, 
 tongues ; Trimmer, general ; Trucker ; Washer and wiper. 
 
 Description: The group of the cattle-killing gang given here performs all 
 the necessary operations incident to the slaughtering and dressing of 
 cattle except those done by the knocker, sticker, floorsman, rumper, and 
 splitter, as indicated by the respective occupational names. 
 
 Qualifications: Good health and physique. 
 
 CAUL PULLER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 CHUCK SPLITTER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 CLEANER OR SQUILGEER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 CROTCH OR AITCH-BONE BREAKER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 DRITER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 DROPPER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 FELL CUTTER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 FELL PULLER AND BEATER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 19 
 
20 CATTLE-KILLING DEPARTMENT 
 
 FLOORMAN FABLE 
 
 Description: The floorman or sider removes the hide from the beast or 
 brisket, belly, inside the hind legs and around the crotch, and from the 
 sides. This is one of the most important operations on the killing floor, 
 and requires long experience, skill, speed, care, and dexterity and 
 accuracy in handling and using a skinning knife. It is the operation that 
 the laborer, dropper, pritcher-up, foot skinner, and leg breaker hope to 
 be able to perform. The order of promotion is as a rule in the order here 
 given. 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. 
 
 FOOT SKINNER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 GULLET RAISER. (iSfee Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 GUTTER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 HANDY MAN. (See Utility man.) 
 
 HEADER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 HEAD HOLDER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 HIDE DROPPER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 HOISTER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 KNOCKER KALE 
 
 Description: The knocker walks on boards at the top and over the edge of 
 the knocking pen, strikes the cattle in the forehead with a hammer weigh- 
 ing about 4 pounds, pulls the rope attached to the hoisting machinery, 
 and dumps the cattle to the killing floor. When the knocker is assisted, 
 the assistant, who is a laborer, pulls the rope. 
 
 Qualifications: This occupation requires strength, agility, and accuracy in 
 judging distance. 
 
 LABORER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 LEG BREAKER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 PRITCHER-UP. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 RIPPER OPEN. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 ROLLER OILER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 ROUND TRIMMER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 RUMPER RABBI 
 
 Description: The rumper skins the hide from around the rump and top of 
 the hips. This is a very important operation as the hide on that part 
 of the animal adheres very closely to the meat or carcass, making it 
 extremely difficult to remove it without cutting or scoring it or cutting 
 through the membrane that covers the outer surface of the meat or 
 carcass. A cut or score in the hide decreases its value. A cut through 
 the membrane mars the appearance of the meat or carcass. 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. 
 
 SCRIBE SAWYER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
CATTLE-KILLING DEPARTMENT 21 
 
 SHACKLER OR SLINGER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 SHANK SKINNER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 SHOVER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 SIDER. (See Floorman.) 
 SKEWER-UP. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 SKIRT TRIMMER. {See Cattle-kilUng gang.) 
 
 SPLITTER SABER 
 
 Description: The splitter splits through the center of the backbone or 
 vertebrie from a point opposite the hip joint to the neck. A long, heavy, 
 sharp cleaver is used in this operation. The occupation is one of the 
 most important on the killing floor, and requires strength, skill, long 
 experience, steady hands, and accurate eye. It is the operation that the 
 tail sawyer and chuck splitter hope, to be able to perform. 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. 
 
 STICKER SHEER 
 
 Description: The sticker sticks the cattle in the neck with a knife, cutting 
 
 the arteries running from the heart to the neck. 
 Qualifications: The duties of the sticker require accuracy, judgment, and 
 
 speed. Experience is necessary in order to perform this task with skill 
 
 and dexterity. 
 
 STRAW BOSS. {See Utility man.) 
 
 TAIL RIPPER AND PULLER. (See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 TAIL SAWYER. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 TAIL TRIMMER. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 TONGUER OR CUTTER-OUT, TONGUES. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 TRIMMER, GENERAL. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 TRUCKER. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
 UTILITY MAN UGLY 
 
 Kindred Occupations: Like occupations in sheep and hog killing depart- 
 ments. 
 Description: The utility man is an experienced, all-round, handy employee 
 who is shifted from one kind of work to another as needed and fills in 
 temporarily for employees who are absent from duty. 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. He must have had a wide experience in performing the different 
 operations in the department. 
 
 WASHER AND WIPER. {See Cattle-killing gang.) 
 
22 HOG-KILLING DEPARTMENT 
 
 HOG-KILLING DEPARTMENT 
 BRUISE TRIMMER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 BUNG DROPPER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 CLEANER OR SQUILGEER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 CROTCH OR AITCH-BONE BRllAKER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 CUTTER-OFF, HEADS. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 DRIVER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 DROPPER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 DUCKER OR POLE MAN. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 GAM CUTTER, (^'ee Hog-killing gang.) 
 GUTTER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 HAM FACER HABIT 
 
 Description: The ham facer trims or cuts the surplus fat from the face or 
 
 inside of the ham. This is done to improve the appearance of the ham 
 
 and to show as much lean as possible. 
 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 
 house. This occupation requires dexterity in handling and using a knife. 
 
 HANGER-OFF OR FEEDER. (iSfee Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 HEADER HACK 
 
 Description: The header cuts the head from the carcass, unjointing it at 
 the first joint of the vertebrae immediately back of the head, leaving the 
 head hanging by a small part of the skin and jowl. The head is so left 
 on the carcass that the Government inspector may cut into the glands 
 of the head for signs of tuberculosis or other disease. 
 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. This occupation requires care and dexterity in handling and 
 using a knife. 
 
 HOG-EILLING GANG HAD 
 
 As follows: Bruise trimmer; Bung dropper; Cleaner or squilgeer; Crotch 
 or aitch-bone breaker ; Cutter-off, heads ; Driver ; Dropper ; Ducker or 
 pole man ; Gam cutter ; Gutter ; Hanger-off or feeder ; Holder ; Hooker- 
 off; Hooker-on; Kidney puller; Laborer; Leaf-lard puller; Leaf-lard 
 scraper ; Penner ; Ripper-open ; Shackler ; Shaver or scraper ; Singer ; 
 Steamer; Trucker; Washer. 
 
 Description: The group of the hog-killing gang given here performs the 
 various operations of slaughtering and dressing hogs, except those done 
 by the sticker, scalder or tubman, header, ham facer, and splitter, as 
 indicated by the occupational names. 
 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. 
 
 Schooling: The penner must be able to read and write and keep a record 
 of the " lots " of hogs received for slaughter. 
 
 HOLDER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 HOOKER-OFF. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
HOG-KILLING DEPARTMENT 23 
 
 HOOKER-ON. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 KIDNEY PULLER. {See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 LABORER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 LEAF-LARD PULLER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 LEAF-LARD SCRAPER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 PENNER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 RIPPER-OPEN. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 SCALDER SABLE 
 
 Description: The scalder regulates the temperature of the water in the 
 scalding vats or tubs ; keeps the water at the required temperature ; 
 tests the scalding of the hogs while in the vats, using a pole with a 
 small scraper or hook on one end to determine whether the scalding is 
 sufficient. This operation is very important, as time and work necessary 
 to do the scraping or shaving are increased or decreased by poor or good 
 scalding. 
 Qualifications: Good health and a willingness to work in a meat-packing 
 house. This occupation requires close and careful attention. 
 
 SHACKLER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 SHAVER OR SCRAPER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 SINGER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 SPLITTER SABOT 
 
 Description: The splitter separates the hog or carcass into halves by 
 cutting through the center of the backbone from the tail to the head. 
 In some establishments the splitting is done by cutting the ribs from 
 the backbone, thereby taking the backbone out whole. A heavy, sharp 
 cleaver is used in this operation. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. This operation requires skill and strength. 
 
 STEAMER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 STICKER SACK 
 
 Description: The sticker sticks the hogs in the neck, penetrating the neck 
 to the hollow, cutting the arteries running from the heart to the head. 
 In some establishments the sticker is assisted by a laborer or apprentice 
 helper, who catches and holds the hog as it comes to him over the rail 
 leading from the wheel, and who often substitutes for the sticker, being 
 paid approximately the sticker's rate of wage. 
 Qualifications: Exceptional strength and willingness to perfoim a gruesome 
 task. Experience is necessary in order to perform this task with skill 
 and dexterity. 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 TUBMAN. (See Scalder.) 
 
24 HOG-KILLIKG DEPARTMENT 
 
 UTILITY MAN TTKASE 
 
 Kindred Occupations: Like duties in cattle and sheep-killing departments. 
 Description: The utility man is an all-round, efficient, handy man, who is 
 shifted from one kind of work to another, as needed, filling in for regular 
 employees who are temporarily absent from duty. 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. The utility man must have had a wide experience in per- 
 forming various operations in the department. 
 
 WASHER. (See Hog-killing gang.) 
 
 SHEEP-KILLING DEPARTMENT 
 
 ALL-ROUND MAN. (See UtiJity man.) 
 
 BACK PULLER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 BREAST OR BRISKET PULLER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 BREAST OR BRISKET SPLITTER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 BUNG DROPPER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 BUTCHER, GENERAL BACON 
 
 Kindred Occupations: Like occupations In cattle and hog-killing depart- 
 ments. 
 Description: The general butcher dresses sheep and calves, doing all the 
 operations necessary in slaughtering and dressing the animals. This 
 employee is usually found in establishments where only .a small number 
 of animals are slaughtered from day to day. In most establishments 
 he does other work, 
 ftualifications : Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. The general butcher should have had a wide experience 
 covering all the different operations incident to the slaughtering and 
 dressing of animals. 
 
 CAUL DRESSER. (See Dresser.) 
 
 CAUL PULLER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 COD PUNCHER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 CUTTER-OFF, TOES OR FEET. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 DRESSER DADE 
 
 Description : There are many methods of dressing sheep, due to the demands 
 of the trade in different sections of the country and in different cities 
 in the same section; also, to the age and size of the animals. A few of 
 the methods most used are as follows : 
 
 The caul dresser takes the caul fat and drapes or hangs it around the 
 hind legs and over the kidneys, and, in some establishments, fastens it 
 to the legs with small wooden skewers. 
 
 The rib sawyer, or Boston cutter, saws across the ribs inside the car- 
 cass about midway between the backbone and belly, using a small scribe 
 saw, and bends the brisket and ribs outward. 
 
 The setter, or Boston setter, places stay sticks insido the carcass to 
 hold the ribs to the position in which they were placed by the sawyer or 
 cutter. 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to duties and 
 surroundings. Dressing requires skill and experience. 
 
SHEEP-KILLING DEPARTMENT 25 
 
 DRIVER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 FACER FACE 
 
 Description: The facer rips open the pelt from the crotch to the breast or 
 brisket, and removes or skins it from the belly, crotch, and part of the 
 sides, by holding the pelt with one hand and punching it loose from the 
 carcass with the fist of the other hand. In some establishments, em- 
 ployees who do this work are called " putters." 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to duties and 
 surroundings. This operation requires speed and skill in using a knife. 
 
 GUTTER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 HANDY MAN. (See Utility man.) 
 
 HANGER-UP, RACKS. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 HEADER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 HOLDER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 HOOKER-ON. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 HOOKER-UP. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 JAW SKINNER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 JOINT BREAKER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 LABORER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 LEG CROSSER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 LEGGER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 LEG ROLLER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 NECK TRIMMER (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 PELT DROPPER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 PENNER. (See Sheep-killing gangi) 
 
 PUTTER. (See Facer.) 
 
 RAISER AND TIER OF WEASANDS. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 RIB SAWYER OR BOSTON CUTTER. (See Dresser.) 
 
 RIPPER-OPEN. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 RUMPER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 SCALPER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 SETTER OR BOSTON SETTER. (See Dresser.) 
 
 SHACKLER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 SHANK PINNER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
26 SHEEP-KILLING DEPARTMENT 
 
 SHEEP-KILLING GANG SAD 
 
 As follows: Back puller ; Breast or brisket puller ; Breast or brisket splitter ; 
 Bung dropper ; Caul puller ; Cod puncher ; Cutter-off, toes or feet ; Driver ; 
 Gutter; Hanger-up, racks; Header; Holder; Hooker-on; Hooker-up; 
 Jaw skinner ; Joint breaker ; Laborer ; Leg crosser ; Legger ; Leg roller ; 
 Neck trimmer^ Pelt dropper; Penner; Raiser and tier of weasands; 
 Ripper-open ; Rumper ; Scalper ; Shackler ; Shank pinner ; Shoulder 
 puncher; Shover; Squilgeer ; Trucker; Washer or scrubber; Wiper. 
 
 Kindred Occupations: Like occupations in cattle and hog killing depart- 
 ments. 
 
 Description: The group of the sheep-killing gang here given performs the 
 various operations incident to the slaughtering and dressing of sheep, 
 except those done by the sticker, facer or pelter, and dresser, as indi- 
 cated by their respective occupational names. 
 
 ftualijacations : Average physical strength and adaptability to duties and 
 surroundings. 
 
 Schooling: The penner should be able to read and write and keep a record 
 of the sheep received for slaughter by lot and lot numbers. 
 
 SHOULDER PUNCHER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 SHOVER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 SPELLER. (See Utility man.) 
 
 SQUILGEER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 STICKER SADLY 
 
 Kindred Occupations: Like occupations in cattle and hog-killing depart- 
 ment. 
 
 Description: The sticker pulls the sheep along the rail to which they are 
 automatically dropped from the revolving hoisting wheel, sticks a knife 
 into the neck near the back of the jaw, and draws the knife across the 
 throat, cutting the jugular vein. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to duties and 
 surroundings. The operation requires speed and experience and skill in 
 using the knife. 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
 UTILITY MAN ULCER 
 
 Description: The utility man in the sheep-killing department is an efficient, 
 
 all-round man who can be shifted from one occupation to another in the 
 
 department, filling in for employees who are temporarily absent from 
 
 duty. 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to duties and 
 
 surroundings. Must have had a wide experience in performing the 
 
 different operations in the department. 
 
 WASHER OR SCRUBBER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 WIPER. (See Sheep-killing gang.) 
 
OFFAL OTHER THAN HIDES AND CASINGS 27 
 
 OFFAL OTHER THAN HIDES AND CASINGS 
 
 CHEEKER. (See Trimmer.) 
 
 CHEEK-MEAT TRIMMER. {See Trimmer.) 
 
 CHISELER. (See Trimmer.) 
 
 GRADER. (See Inspector.) 
 
 HEAD OR TTTRBINATED-BONE GRINDER. (See Machine operator.) 
 
 HEART TRIMMER. (See Trimmer.) 
 
 INSPECTOR IBEX 
 
 Description : The inspector examines or inspects offal trimmings to see that 
 the work has been properly done, that they are clean and ready for the 
 cooler, and to grade them as to quality. 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. The inspector or grader mftst have had experience in 
 handling offal so that he may be able to judge as to cleanliness and 
 quality. 
 
 JAWBONE PULLER. (See Machine operator.) 
 
 KNOCKER-OUT OR GRINDER-OUT, TEETH. (See Machine operator.) 
 
 LABORER LABEL 
 
 Description : The laborer does the various kinds of roustabout or unskilled 
 work in this department. He washes or cleans beef paunches after they 
 have been ripped open and the contents dumped out, trucks offal into, 
 about, and out of the departments, and washes offal before and after it 
 has been trimmed. 
 
 ftualifications : Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. 
 
 LIVER TRIMMER. (See Trimmer.) 
 
 MACHINE OPERATOR MACE 
 
 Description: These employees operate machines that are used to split 
 heads, pull jawbones, knock or grind out teeth, remove lard or grease 
 from head bones, saw off horns, saw shanks or shin bones, pull snout 
 skins, or blow marrow from bones. They not only operate the machines, 
 but handle the heads or bones, placing them in or on the machines in 
 the necessary or required positions. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. 
 
 MARROW BLOWER. (See Machine operator.) 
 
 PAUNCH AND TRIPE TRIMMER, RIPPER OPEN, AND DUMPER. (See Trim- 
 mer.) 
 
 PECK TRIMMER, RIPPER OPEN, AND DUMPER. (See Trimmer.) 
 
 PIG'S FEET CLEANER PACA 
 
 Description: The pig's-feet cleaner cleans, scrapes, shaves, singes, splits, 
 pulls toes or hoofs, and trims and prepares feet for vinegar pickle. In 
 some establishments one employee does all the work, while in others he 
 does one operation. 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. 
 
28 OFFAL OTHEE THAN HIDES AND CASINGS 
 
 PIG'S FEET FINISHER PACE 
 
 Description: The finisher inspects the cleaning of pig's feet, does the final 
 
 trimming, packs them in tierces, and fills the tierces with vinegar pickle. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 
 and duties. 
 
 PLUCK TRIMMER OR SEPARATOR. (See Trimmer.) 
 
 SAWYER-OFF, HORNS. {See Machine operator.) 
 
 SAWYER, SHANKS OR SHIN BONES. {See Machine operator.) 
 
 SCRAPER, PIG'S FEET. {See Pig's feet cleaner.) 
 
 SHAVER, PIG'S FEET. {See Pig's feet cleaner.) 
 
 SINGER, PIG'S FEET. {See Pig's feet cleaner.) 
 
 SKTTLL SPLITTER OR CHOPPJIR. {See Machine operator.) 
 
 SNOUT PULLER. {See Machine operator.) 
 
 SPLITTER, PIG'S FEET. {See Pig's feet cleaner.) 
 
 SWEETBREAD TRIMMER. {See Trimmer.) 
 
 TEMPLER. (^ee Trimmer.) 
 
 TOE PULLER. {See Pig's feet cleaner.) 
 
 TONGUE TRIMMER. {See Trimmer.) 
 
 TRIMMER TAB 
 
 Description: The trimmer is a knife or chisel worker. He cuts or chisels 
 meat from the various kinds of offal and trims it, cutting off meat skins, 
 gristle, glands, and membranes, and separates the fat from the lean. 
 In many establishments the trimmer does the various kinds of work 
 necessary to save, trim, and prepare offal for the cooler, while in other 
 establishments each employee has a special or specific operation to 
 perform. 
 
 TRIMMER, PIG'S FEET. {See Pig's feet cleaner.) 
 
 TRIPE COOKER TABLE 
 
 Description : The tripe cooker or scalder cooks or scalds beef paunches after 
 
 they have been thoroughly cleaned. 
 Qualifications: The cooking or scalding of beef paunches or tripe requires 
 
 experience and care, as it is necessary that the water in the cooking or 
 
 scalding vats be kept at the proper temperature. 
 
 TRIPE SCRAPER AND FINISHER ' TABOR 
 
 Description: The tripe scraper and finisher scrapes the inside or mucous 
 lining out of the beef paunch after it has been cooked or scalded, and 
 finishes the cleaning by scraping all fat and the membrane from the out- 
 side, leaving only the muscular tissue of the paunch, and also does the 
 trimming. The paunch or tripe is now ready for packing in casks or 
 tierces filled with vinegar. 
 
OFFAL OTHER THAN HIDES AND CASINGS 29 
 
 TRIPE WASHER. {See Laborer.) 
 TRUCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 WASHER. (See Laborer.) 
 WEASAND TRIMMER. (See Trimmer.) 
 
 HIDE DEPARTMENT 
 GRADER. (See Inspector and grader.) 
 
 INSPECTOR AND GRADER IBID 
 
 Description: The inspector examines green hides for cuts and scores. The 
 grader carefully examines them before they are salted down on packs 
 and after they are cured and taken from the packs, grading them as to 
 quality. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to duties and 
 surroundings. The work done by the inspector and tlie grader is very 
 important and requires experience. 
 
 LABORER LABOR 
 
 Description: The laborer pulls the green hides from the bottom of the 
 chute leading from the killing floor to the hide cellar, trucks them from 
 the chute to the hide packs, spreads them on the packs, hair side down, 
 and covers the flesh side with a layer of salt ; pulls them from the pack 
 after they are cured, shakes out the salt, sweeps, rolls, ties, packs, and 
 ships them from the establishment; and does general roustabout work. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to duties and 
 surroundings. 
 
 ROTJSTABOITT. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SALTER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SPREADER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TAKER-TTP, HIDES. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TRIMMER TACK 
 
 Description : The trimmer splits the ears so they will lie evenly on the pack 
 when the hide is salted down, cuts off the tail or switch, and cuts off 
 loose or hanging particles of the hide at the edges and surplus meat that 
 was left on the hide when it was skinned from the carcass. 
 Qualifications: Average physical ability and adaptability to duties and sur- 
 roundings. The trimmer requires experience in the use of the knife and 
 in trimming hides. 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
30 CASING DEPAKTMENT 
 
 CASING DEPARTMENT 
 BLOWER. (See Inspector.) 
 BLOWER AND TIER, WEASANDS AND BLADDERS. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 CASING CLEANER CABIN 
 
 Description: The cleaner takes the bung and the round and middle guts 
 or casings after they have been cut from the set and strips the contents, 
 from them; operates machines that remove the fat from the outside 
 surface and the slime or mucous lining from the inside surface; and 
 turns the casings inside out. In some establishments the sliming is 
 done by hand both before and after the casings are turned. In some 
 the fatting is done by one machine and the sliming by another. In 
 some, general workers do all the operations, being shifted from one kind 
 of work to another as needed. 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. 
 
 CASING PULLER CABLE 
 
 Description: The puller or runner pulls and cuts the bung and the round 
 and middle guts or intestines out of each casing set, separating them 
 from the ruffle fat. A casing set consists of the intestines and the ruffle 
 fat. A cut through the intestines causes it to purge and contaminate it 
 and the fat, and results in the loss of the set for food, as it is then con- 
 demned and sent to the inedible tank and converted into inedible grease 
 and fertilizer. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength and adaptability to surroundings 
 and duties. This work requires speed, skill, and dexterity in the use of 
 a knife. 
 
 CASING WORKER CACHE 
 
 Description: The measurer and buncher measures round and middle in- 
 testines by length and makes bunches of approximately 100 feet in each 
 bunch of rounds and 60 feet in each bunch of middles ; the Salter and 
 packer places the bunches of casings into boxes, covers them with a suf- 
 ficient quantity of salt, takes them out the next day and packs them in 
 tierces ; the trimmer cuts off fat ends before they are cleaned and knots 
 or warts after they have been cleaned and turned, trims bladders and 
 weasands, and skins bungs and weasands; the blower and tier of blad- 
 ders and weasands ties the neck of the bladder and the end of the 
 weasand with cord after filling them with air by the use of a compressed- 
 air machine. 
 
 FATTER. {See Casing cleaner.) 
 
 GRADER. (See Inspector.) 
 
 INSPECTOR IBIS 
 
 Description: Casings are inspected and graded by forcing water through 
 them or by blowing and filling them with air by compressed-air machines. 
 This is done to find leaks or defects and for separating them into grades 
 (narrows, wides, and middles). 
 
 LABORER LACE 
 
 Description: The laborer does the various kinds of unskilled work in this 
 department. 
 
CASING DEPARTMENT 31 
 
 MEASURER AND BUNCHER. {See Casing worker.) 
 
 ROUSTABOUT. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SALTER AND PACKER. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 SLIMER. (See Casing cleaner.) ' 
 
 STRIPPER. (See Casing cleaner.) 
 
 TRIMMER. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TURNER. (See Casing cleaner.) 
 
 FRESH-BEEF DEPARTMENT 
 
 BONER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 BUTCHER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 CALF SKINNER CAS 
 
 Description: The calf skinner skins calves in the cooler. Calves are fre- 
 quently dressed with the hides on and are sent to the cooler in that 
 condition. After the carcass is cold the calf skinner removes the hide. 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 The work done by the calf skinner requires skill and experience. 
 
 CAR STOWER. (See Packer or lugger.) 
 
 CUTTER CADDY 
 
 Description: The cutter and boner does the various cutting and boning 
 operations, separating the carcass into quarters and cuts, and removing 
 the bones from cuts. 
 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 The work done by the cutter and boner requires skill and experience. 
 
 FOREMAN'S ASSISTANT. (See Utility man.) 
 
 FREEZER MAN OR TEMPERATURE MAN. (See Packer or lugger.) 
 
 GRADER GABLE 
 
 Description: The grader examines and inspects cuts of meat and meat 
 trimmings, and grades them as to weight and quality. 
 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 The work done by the grader requires exi)erience. 
 
 HAM FACER AND MARKER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 HAM STRIPPER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 HANDY MAN. (See Utility man.) 
 
 INSPECTOR. (iS'ee Grader.) 
 
 LABORER LACED 
 
 Description: The laborer does the various kinds of unskilled work in this 
 
 department. 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 
3.2": FBESH-BEEP DEPARTMENT. 
 
 LIFTER. (See Packer or lugger.) 
 
 MEAT RUNNER. {See Packer or lugger.) 
 
 ORDER MAN. (See Packer or lugger.) 
 
 PACKER OR LUGGER PACED 
 
 Description: The packer packs meat in boxes for shipment from the estab- 
 lishment, stows or packs it in refrigerator cars, or stores it in the 
 freezer. The lugger carries or lugs quarters of beef into and about the 
 cutting room. 
 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 The work done by the packer requires skill and experience. The work 
 done by the lugger requires strength. 
 
 RIBBER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 SAWYER, POWER. (See Utility man.) 
 
 SHIPPER. (See Packer or lugger.) 
 
 SPELLER. (See Utility man.) 
 
 STOWER. (See Packer or lugger.) 
 
 STRAW BOSS. (See Utility man.) 
 
 TRIMMER TABBY 
 
 Description: The trimmer trims cuts of meat and also trims the meat 
 
 trimmings, separating the lean from the fat. 
 Qualifications: Average ability; exceptional health and good physique. 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 UTILITY MAN ULTRA 
 
 Description: The utility man is an efficient, all-round handy man who 
 
 fills in wherever and whenever needed, performing various operations. 
 
 The power sawyer operates the saw part time and also does other work. 
 
 Qualifications: Average ability; exceptional health and good physique. 
 
 The work done by the utility man requires skill and experience. 
 
 FRESH-PORK DEPARTMENT 
 ALL-ROUND MAN. (See Utility man.) 
 BLOCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 BLOCK TENDER. (See Laborer.) 
 BUTT PULLER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 CHOPPER CADET 
 
 Description: The chopper chops the shoulder from the half carcass of the 
 hog, using a large, heavy, sharp cleaver, or chops the neck bones or ribs 
 with a small cleaver or hatchet. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength; skill, speed, and dexterity in 
 the use of a cleaver. 
 
 COUNTER. (See Laborer.) 
 
FRESH-PORK DEPARTMENT. 33 
 
 CUTTER ^ CAGE 
 
 Description: The cutter does the various operations necessary In separating 
 the carcass of the hog into cuts, in trimming the cuts, and in trimming 
 trimmings of meat cuts. 
 
 Qualifications: Average physical strength; skill, speed, and dexterity in the 
 use of a knife. Some experience is required. 
 
 CUTTER DOWN, (fifee laborer.) 
 CUTTER-OFF, HAMS. {See Cutter.) 
 FOREMAN'S ASSISTANT. (See Utility man.) 
 HAM BONER. {See Cutter.) 
 HAM SAWYER. {See Sawyer.) 
 HAM TRIMMER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 LABORER XACK 
 
 Description: The laborer does the various kinds of work in this department 
 
 that require little or no skill. 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 
 lOIN PULLER. {See Cutter.) 
 
 MACHINE TENDER. {See Laborer.) 
 
 RIBBER. {See Cutter.) 
 
 RIB CHOPPER. {See Chopper.) 
 
 ROUSTABOUT. {See Laborer.) 
 
 SAWYER SAFE 
 
 Description: The ham sa\\Ter saws through the hip bone at the point where 
 the ham is to be separated from the middling (the cut between the ham 
 and shoulder), using a small hand meat saw; the shoulder sawyer 
 separates the shoulder into the butt and prime, using or operating a 
 small band saw, and the scribe sawyer saws through the ribs with a 
 small scribe saw, the cut being made about 8 inches from the backbone. 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 
 SAWYER-OFF, FEET. {See Laborer.) 
 
 SCRIBE SAWYER. {See Sawyer.) 
 
 SHOULDER BONER. {See Cutter.) 
 
 SHOULDER CHOPPER. {See Chopper.) 
 
 SHOULDER SAWYER. {See Sawyer.) 
 
 SHOULDER TRIMMER. {See Cutter.) 
 
 SHOVER. {See Laborer.) 
 
 SKIN BUNDLER. {See Laborer.) 
 
 SMALL-ORDER MAN. (See UtiUty man.) 
 
 SPACER. {See Laborer.) 
 
 STRAW BOSS. {See Utility man.) 
 
34 FKESH-POKK DEPARTMENT. 
 
 TEMPERATURE OR COOLER MAN. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TRIMMER, MEAT. (See Cutter.) 
 
 TRIMMER, TRIMMINGS. (See Cutter.) 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 UTILITY MAN UMBRA 
 
 Description: The utility man is skilled, experienced, and efficient, and able 
 
 to do various operations in tlie department, filling in wherever and 
 
 whenever needed. 
 Qualifications: Average ability, exceptional health, and good physique. 
 
 The utility man must have skill and experience. 
 
 WRAPPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 URD AND OLEO DEPARTMENT 
 CLARIFIER. (See Melter.) 
 CLEANER, FLOORS. (See Laborer.) 
 COOKER. (See Melter.) 
 COVERER, CANS. (See Laborer.) 
 
 FILLER, BARRELS, CANS, PAILS, AND TIERCES. (See J.aborer.) 
 FILTERER. (See Pumper and refiner.) 
 KETTLE MAN. (See Melter.) 
 
 LABORER LAD 
 
 Description: The laborer does the various kinds of unskilled work in this 
 department, as indicated by the respective occupational names. In 
 many establishments employees are shifted from one kind of work to 
 another and are called general workers. 
 
 MELTER MAD 
 
 Kindred Occupations: The melter looks after the fat while it is in the 
 
 kettles, sees that the melting or cooking is properly done and that the 
 
 melted fat is clarified, settled, and skimmed. In some establishments 
 
 the work is done by foremen. 
 
 Qualifications: Some experience is necessary. 
 
 OLEO MAKER. (See Melter.) 
 
 PACKER, SHAVINGS AROUND CANS. (See Laborer.) 
 
 PASSER, EMPTIES TO FILLERS. (See Laborer.) 
 
 PRESSMAN PACER 
 
 Description: The pressman or wheelman presses oil from lard or oleo 
 stock. He fills cloths with lard or oleo stock, folds the form sides or 
 edges of each cloth over the lard or stock, places the filled and folded 
 cloths in or on the press, drops steel press plates on each layer of three 
 or four cloths, repeating the operation until the press is built up or filled, 
 and then turns on the power and operates the press. The oil runs 
 through the cloths and from the press into tanks, leaving stearine in 
 the cloths. The pressman then pulls down the press and shakes out the 
 stearine. He is called a wheelman because he works at a revolving table. 
 
LARD Al^D OLEO DEPARTMENT. 35 
 
 PUMPER AND REFINER PACK 
 
 Bescription: The pumper operates pumps or machinery that pumps lard 
 from tanks into vats or kettles or through filter processes. The refiner 
 operates pumps or machinery that pumps lard from tanks to bleaching- 
 room tanks, mixes the necessary amount of fuller's earth or clay with 
 it to bleach it, and pumps it through the filter presses, which remove the 
 earth or clay from the lard. 
 Qualifications: The work done by the pumper and refiner requires ex- 
 perience. 
 
 ROLLER, BARRELS. {See Laborer.) 
 
 ROLLER MAN RABID 
 
 Description: The roller man operates the cooler-roller machinery. The 
 roller is hollow and filled with brine. As it revolves it comes in contact 
 with and cools lard, which runs into curved basins or shallow curved 
 tanks at the bottom of the roller machinery. In some establishments the 
 roller man also operates the agitator, which mixes ingredients used in 
 making compound lard. 
 Qualifications : The work done by the roller man requires experience. 
 
 ROLLER, TIERCES. (See Laborer.) 
 
 ROUSTABOUT. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SCRAPER, SEEDING TRUCKS. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SETTER. (See Melter.) 
 
 SKINNER. (See Melter.) 
 
 TAKER-AWAY AND PILER, BARRELS AND TIERCES. (See L«».borer.) 
 
 TANK MAN. (See Melter.) 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TRUCK LOADER AND UNLOADER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 VARNISHER, BARRELS AND TIERCES. (See Laborer.) 
 
 WASHER, SEEDING TRUCKS. (See Laborer.) 
 
 WHEELMAN. (See Pressman.) 
 
 SAUSAGE DEPARTMENT 
 BOX MAKER. (S^ee Packer.) 
 
 CASING WORKER CAKE 
 
 Description: The casing worker in this department rewashes, re-turns, 
 
 measures, and cuts casings to lengths, and ties one end of each length 
 
 with cord. Also cuts fat from hog bungs. About 75 per cent of this 
 
 work is done by female employees. 
 
 CHOPPER. (See Cutter.) 
 CLEANER-UP. (See Laborer.) 
 
36 SAUSAGE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 COOKER AND SMOKER CALF 
 
 Description: The cooker and smoker cooks sausage, regulates the tem- 
 perature of the water in the cooking vats, puts the sausage into vats, 
 cooks it the required time, regulates the fires and smoke in the smoke- 
 house, and sees that the meats are properly smoked. Practically all 
 cooks and smokers are male employees. 
 Qualifications: Experience is necessary. 
 
 COOK'S HELPER. (See laborer.) 
 
 CUTTER CALK 
 
 Description: The cutter operates :ind feeds the various kinds of machines 
 used in chopping, grinding, and mixing sausage meat. This work is 
 usually done by male employees. 
 
 CTTTTER, CASINGS. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 FATTER. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 FEEDER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 FOREMAN'S ASSISTANT. (See Utility man.) 
 
 FORKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 GENERAL WORKER GAFF 
 
 Description: The general worker has no special occupation, being shifted 
 from one kind of work to another as his services are needed. Practically 
 all of these employees are women. 
 
 GRINDER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 HAM PASSER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 HANDY MAN. (See Utility man.) 
 
 HANGER. (See Laborer; also Linker.) 
 
 INSPECTOR. (See Packer.) 
 
 LABORER lADLE 
 
 Description: The laborer trucks meat and casings into and about the 
 department, and sausage from the department ; forks sausage meat into 
 chopping and grinding machines, and does other work as indicated by the 
 respective occupational names. Male employees do this work. 
 
 LINKER LADY 
 
 Description: The linker ties the open end of the filled casing with cord, 
 
 twists or turns the casing, making links; hangs the sausage on trucks 
 
 or trees; also wraps or ropes dry-cured sausage with cord. About 90 
 
 per cent of these employees are women. 
 
 MACHINE TENDER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 MEASURER. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 MIXER. (See Cutter.) 
 
 NAILER. (See Packer.) 
 
SAUSAGE DEPARTMENT^' :37 
 
 PACKER PACT 
 
 Description: The male packer weighs and packs sausage In boxes for ship- 
 ment from the establishment. . - . 
 
 The female packer wraps sausage in paper, ties packages, attaches 
 tags to packages, sets up paper boxes or cartons, assists the packer, and 
 inspects the wrapping, labeling, and tagging of packages. More than 50 
 per cent of the packers are women. 
 
 PACKER'S HELPER. (iSfee Packer.) 
 
 RETRIMMER. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 ROPER. (See Linker.) 
 
 ROTTSTABOTTT. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SCALER OR WEIGHER AND PACKER. (See Packer.) 
 
 SHIPPER. (See Packer.) 
 
 SMOKER SPADE 
 
 Description: The smoker keeps up the fires in the smokehouse for the 
 
 smoking of sausages and meats. 
 Qualifications: The smoker must know how to build and keep the fires 
 so as to produce a sufficient amount of smoke for the proper smoking of 
 the meats, and be able to tell the length of time required for their 
 proper smoking. 
 
 SMOKER'S HELPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 STRAW BOSS. (See Utility man.) 
 
 STTIFFER SAGE 
 
 Description: The stuffer operates a stuffing machine. He fills the machine 
 with meat, attaches the untied end of the casing to the machine, turns 
 on the power, which forces the meat from the machine into the casing, 
 and drops the filled casing from the machine to the table at which 
 linkers, tiers, and hangers work. About 90 per cent of the stuffers 
 are men. 
 
 SITBFOREMAN. (See Utility man.) 
 
 TAGGER. (See Packer.) 
 
 TIER. (See Casing worker; Linker; Packer.) 
 
 TRUCKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TURNER. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 TWISTER. (See Linker.) 
 
 UTILITY MAN UNAPT 
 
 Description: The utility man does various kinds of work in the department. 
 
 He is one of the most efficient and experienced employees, being shifted 
 
 from one occupation to another as needed. 
 
 Qualifications: The utility man should have had a wide experience in the 
 
 work of the department, covering all the different occupations. 
 
 WASHER. (See Casing worker.) 
 
 WASHER, HAM CYLINDERS. (See Laborer.) 
 
 WRAPPER. (See Packer.) 
 
38 CURED-MEAT DEPARTMENT. 
 
 CURED-MEAT DEPARTMENT 
 
 AVERAGE MAN. (See Grader.) 
 BACON STRINGER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 BTTTCHER BADE 
 
 Description: The butcher in this department does all the necessary trim- 
 ming of meat cuts. 
 
 Qualifications: The work done by the butcher requires skill and experi- 
 ence in the use of the knife and in trimming different meat cuts. 
 
 BUTCHER'S ASSISTANT. {See Utility man.) 
 CHUTE MAN. (See Grader.) 
 
 CURER CALL 
 
 Description: The curer does all the operations necessary in curing meat. 
 He makes the pickle and packs the meat in casks or vats and in tierces. 
 He pours pickle into the receptacles into which meat has been packed ; over- 
 hauls the casks or vats by transferring the meat from one to another; 
 rolls the tierces while the cure is being made; pulls the meat from the 
 tierce or vat after the cure is made, and smokes it; or, he puts the 
 meat down in salt and takes it up after it has been salted the required 
 time and smokes it. 
 
 Qualifications: The work done by the curer requires experience. 
 
 FOREMAN'S ASSISTANT. (See Utility man.) 
 
 GRADER GAYLY 
 
 Description: The grader or inspector receives the cuts of meat as they come 
 to the department, grades and sorts them according to size and quality, 
 and inspects them while in the process of cure to see that cure is being 
 made, and to detect bruises, spots, or bone sour, etc. 
 
 Qualifications: The work done by the grader or inspector requires experi- 
 ence in the handling of meat while in the process of cure. 
 
 GRADER'S HELPER. {See Laborer.) 
 HAM PASSER. (See Laborer.) 
 HAM STRINGER. (See Laborer.) 
 HAULER TO VATS. (See Laborer.) 
 HELPER. (See Laborer.) 
 INSPECTOR. (See Grader.) 
 INSPECTOR'S HELPER. (See Laborer.) 
 KNIFE MAN. (See Butcher.) 
 
 LABORER LAG 
 
 Description: The laborer does the various kinds of unskilled work in the 
 department, as indicated by the respective occupational names. 
 
 MEAT CARRIER. (See Laborer.) 
 MEAT HANGER. (See Laborer.) 
 
CUBED-MEAT DEPARTMENT, 39 
 
 MEAT PASSER. (See laborer.) 
 
 MEAT SCRAPEK. (See Laborer.) 
 
 MEAT SOAKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 MEAT STRINGER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 MEAT TOSSER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 MEAT WASHER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 MEAT WIPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 ORDER FILLER. (See Utility man.) 
 
 ORDER MAN. (See Ttility man.) 
 
 OVERHATTLER. (See Curer.) 
 
 PACKER, (See Curer.) 
 
 PASSER TO PACKER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 PASSER TO PUMPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 PASSER TO SALTER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 PICKLE MAKER. (See Curer.) 
 
 PICKLE MAKER'S HELPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 PICKLER. (See Curer.) 
 
 PILER. (See Curer.) 
 
 PULLER. (See Curer.) 
 
 PUMPER. (See Curer.) 
 
 PUMPER'S HELPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 ROUSTABOUT. (See Laborer.) 
 
 RUBBER. (See Curer.) 
 
 SALTER. (See Curer.) 
 
 SEWER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SIZER. (See Grader.) 
 
 SMOKER. (See Curer.) 
 
 SMOKER'S HELPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SORTER. (See Grader.) 
 
 SORTER'S HELPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 SPOTTER. (See Grader.) 
 
 STRAW BOSS. (See Utility man.) 
 
 TAKER FROM PUMPERS. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TIER. (See Laborer.) 
 
40 OURED-MEAT DEPARTMENT. 
 
 TRIMMER. (See Butcher.) 
 
 TRUCK WASHER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 UTILITY MAN TJNBAR 
 
 Description: The utility man does general work of the highest grade iu the 
 
 department, filling in whenever and wherever needed, being shifted from 
 
 one kind of work to another. 
 
 Qualifications: The utility man requires experience in all the different 
 
 operations incident to the cutting of meat. 
 
 VAT WASHER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 MEAT-CANNING DEPARTMENT 
 
 BACON-CARTON INSPECTOR. (See Inspector.) 
 
 BATCHER-UP AND INSPECTOR FOR LEAKERS. (See Inspector.) 
 
 BOX MAKER, PAPER. (See General worker.) 
 
 BOX STRAPPER. (See Packer.) 
 
 CAN CARRIER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 CAN FILLER. (See Stuflfer or packer, meat.) 
 
 CAN INSPECTOR. (See Inspector.) 
 
 CAN STEAMER. (See Cooker.) 
 
 CAPPER CALLA 
 
 Description: The capper completes the closing of the cans and glass jars, 
 
 after they have been stuffed or packed, by operating various machines or 
 
 devices. 
 
 Qualifications: The work done by the capper requires some mechanical 
 
 ability, good judgment, and experience. 
 
 CAP SETTER. (See General worker.) 
 
 CAP STAMPER. (See Capper.) 
 
 CARTON FOLDER. (See General worker.) 
 
 CHUTE FEEDER. (See General worker.) 
 
 COOKER CALM 
 
 Description: The cooker cooks meat and tongues for canning, regulates the 
 quantity and temperature of water in the cooking kettles or vats, the 
 temperature of the oven, and the length of cooking; regulates the tem- 
 perature of retorts in which meats, after canning, are subjected to fur- 
 ther cooking or process ; watches steam gauges, and regulates the length 
 of the processes. 
 Qualifications: The work done by the cooker requires experience and apti- 
 tude; that done by the steam tender is very important, requiring experi- 
 ence, constant care, and attention, as the success of the canning depends 
 upon the proper " processing." 
 
 CRIMPING-MACHINE OPERATOR. (See Capper.) 
 
 CUTTER, VIENNAS FOR STUFFING. (See Machine tender.) 
 
MEAT-CANNING DEPARTMENT. 41 
 
 DUMPER, iff EAT INTO STUFFING MACHINES. {See Machine tender.) 
 
 FEEDER, BACON TO SLICING MACHINE. {See Machine tender.) 
 
 FEEDER, DRIED BEEF TO CHIPPING MACHINE. {See Machine tender.) 
 
 FLOATER. {See Capper.) 
 
 FLOOR CLEANER. {See Laborer.) 
 
 FLOORMAN. {See General worker.) 
 
 FULL-CAN INSPECTOR. {See Inspector.) 
 
 GENERAL WORKER GAIN 
 
 Description: No one general worker does all the various kinds of work in 
 the department, but most of them are shifted from one kind of work to 
 another as the product changes and as the conditions demand ; but in 
 some establishments some of the employees who are included in the 
 above group work regularly at one occupation, but as there are but few 
 such cases they are not placed in a group alone. 
 
 GLASS- WASHING MACHINE OPERATOR. {See General worker.) 
 
 HANDY MAN. {See General worker.) 
 
 HOIST MAN. {See General worker.) 
 
 INSPECTOR ICE 
 
 Description: The work done by the inspector begins with the cooking and 
 trinuuing of meat and tongues and ends with the packed boxes ready 
 for shipment from the establishment. The inspection covers the washing 
 and wiping of empty cans ; the stuffing or packing of meat or sausage in 
 cans, jars, and cartons ; the weighing of filled cans ; the crimping and 
 soldering of caps ; the soldering of vents ; the washing of filled cans ; 
 and the packing of filled cans in boxes. Much of the inspection is done 
 by female employees. The final inspection of the capping and vent 
 soldering is done by experienced male employees. 
 Qualifications: An inspector should be familiar with all the work in the 
 department, that he may be able to judge when the work is properly done. 
 
 KETTLE TENDER. {See Cooker.) 
 
 LABELER. {Sec General worker.) 
 
 LABEL-MACHINE OPERATOR. {See General worker.) 
 
 LABORER LAID 
 
 Description: The laborer does the various kinds of unskilled work about 
 the department, as indicated by the respective occupational uames. 
 In some establishments employees are shifted from one kind of work 
 to another and therefore have no specific duty or occupation. They are 
 called " general workers " and are not included in this classification. 
 
 LEAK PATCEER. {See Capper.) 
 
 MACHINE CLEANER. {See Laborer.) 
 
42 MEAT-CANNING DEPARTMENT. 
 
 MACHINE TENDER MADAM 
 
 Description: The machine tender feeds machines that trim dried-beef hams 
 for the chipping machine, chips dried beef, slices bacon, cuts sausage to 
 proper lengths for canning, stuffs meat into cans, and controls all the 
 operations of the lye-washing and painting machines. 
 Qualifications: The work done by the machine tender requires consider- 
 able experience and care. 
 
 MEAT INSPECTOR. (Sec Inspector.) 
 
 MEAT SHOVER. {See laborer.) 
 
 MEAT STIRRER. {See Cooker.) 
 
 NAILER. {See Packer for shipment.) 
 
 OPENER, LEAKERS. {See General worker.) 
 
 OVEN MAN. {See Cooker.) 
 
 PACKER AND NAILER. {See Packer for shipment.) 
 
 PACKER, CANS IN BOXES. {See Packer for shipment.) 
 
 PACKER FOR SHIPMENT PAD 
 
 Description: The packer packs cans, jars, and cartons in boxes for shipment 
 from the establishment, nails the covers or tops on the boxes, and straps 
 boxes with wire or small metal bands. 
 
 PACKER, MEAT. {See Stuff er or packer, meat.) 
 
 PAPER-CAP MACHINE OPERATOR. {See General worker.) 
 
 PAPERER, CANS. {See General worker.) 
 
 PASSER AND PILER, CANS AND JARS. {See General worker.) 
 
 PROCESS MAN. {See Cooker.) 
 
 PROCESS-TANK TENDER. {See Cooker.) 
 
 RAISIN PICKER. {See General worker.) 
 
 RELIEF GIRL. {See General worker.) 
 
 RETORT MAN. {See Cooker.) 
 
 ROUSTABOUT. (/See Laborer.) 
 
 SAUSAGE CANNER. {See Stuffer or packer, meat.) 
 
 SAUSAGE CUTTER. {See fireneral worker.) 
 
 SCALER SAGO 
 
 Description: The weigher weighs the filled cans and adds to or removes 
 from them a sufficient quantity of the contents to bring them to the 
 proper weight. 
 
 SERVER, MEAT. {See General worker.) 
 SHOVER. {See ^aborer.) 
 SOLDERER. {See Capper.) 
 
MEAT-CANNING DEPARTMENT. 43 
 
 SOUP MAN. (See Cooker.) 
 
 STEAM MAN. (See Cooker.) 
 
 STERILIZER OR CLEANER, CANS. (See General worker.) 
 
 STRAPPER. (See Packer for shipment.) 
 
 STUFFER OR PACKER, MEAT SAID 
 
 Description: The stuffer fills cans with meat, tongues, and sausage, by 
 
 • hand, and the packer fills cans, glass jars, and cartons with chipped beef 
 
 or sliced bacon, by hand. Both male and female employees do this 
 
 work. 
 
 SWEEPER. (See Laborer.) 
 
 TALLY GIRL. (See General worker.) 
 
 TRAY CARRIER. (See General worker.) 
 
 TRUCKER [See Laborer.) 
 
 UTILITY MAN. (See General worker.) 
 
 VACUUM OPERATOR.' (See Capper.) 
 
 VACUUM TENDER. (See Capper.) 
 
 VAT TENDER, (^ee Cooker.) 
 
 VENT INSPECTOR. (See Inspector.) 
 
 WEIGHER. (See Scaler.) 
 
 WIPER, FILLED CANS. (See General worker.) 
 
 WRAPPER, CARTONS, (See General worker.) 
 
 WRAPPING-MACHINE OPERATOR. (See General worker.) 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS 
 
 WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN 
 THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY 
 WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH 
 DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY 
 OVERDUE. 
 
 StP2 6 200l 
 
 m 26 1934 
 
 APR 2 7 If H 
 
 JUN 1 2003 
 
 JU W '9 19?t 
 
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 ^»Q 15 194 ^ 
 
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 MAY 2 1997 
 
 CIRCULATION 
 
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 LD21-100i«-7,'33 
 
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 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
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