KD >957 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME BY GEORGE ESDRAS BEVANS, M. A. Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Political Science Columbia University NEW YORK 1913 ' COPYRIGHT, 1913 BY GEORGE ESDRAS BEVANS. TO MY FATHER 282312 PREFACE ' I ^HIS investigation has been undertaken in order to determine * how workingmen spend their leisure hours. On the sugges- tion of Dr. Franklin H. Giddings, Professor of Sociology, Colum- bia University, the questionnaire method was adopted and a time schedule prepared. The investigation was begun in February, 1912. More than 4,000 schedules were distributed among working- men thru the agency of Labor Unions, Clubs and Churches; but altho much interest in the study was manifested, only 113 properly filled out schedules were returned, and these were considered too few in number to serve as a basis for any general conclusions. In the Fall of 1912 the Bureau of Social Service of the Home Mission Board of the Presbyterian Church became interested in the study and agreed to engage investigators to interview workingmen in order to secure a sufficient number willing to answer the questions. This investigation began on November 1st, 1912, and was completed on February 3rd, 1913. Schedules to the number of 868 were returned by the paid in- vestigators. In addition 31 schedules were obtained as the result of a Workingmen's Mass Meeting held November 12th, 1912, at the Labor Temple, 14th Street and 2nd Avenue, New York City. By February 3rd, 1913, 1,012 schedules had been secured from New York City, 10 from Rochester, N. Y., and 5 from Utica, N. Y. After the tabulation had been partly completed 43 schedules were received from other cities and were used in the closing part of the study relating to Expenditure of Money. Altogether, 1,070 schedules were returned, and these serve as a basis for the present study. The tabulation required nearly four months and was conducted by the author, with the help of the clerical staff of the Bureau of Social Service, the value of whose assistance is gratefully acknowl- edged. Mention should be made of Emil Frankel, who rendered valuable aid in the statistical treatment of the schedules, and Charles Stelzle, Superintendent of the Bureau of Social Service, whose advice and cooperation made possible the prosecution of the study. -xipuaddy UIOJJ 91UIJL 9 -reS jo 9Sf} 9iji o jo sanopj jo uopBp^ 9iji uiuj9Duoo r ' S9SOdjn J -I9tJ}Q PUB UOpB9J09^ JOJ A9UOp\[ JO 9Jn}IpU9dX3 9l{} O} 9B^V J UOUBp^ , 'S9SOdjn J J9q^Q P UB UOpB9J39^[ JOJ A9UO])\[ JO 9jn^ipu9dx3 9ij} o^ uopBdnooQ jo uoi^Bp^j 9i|jL *x jo jo uoi;B|9^ 9i|j^ 'XI -9SjnoDJ9;ui ppog puB s^i uiB}.i9;3 PUB sABQ uiB^J93 uo OQ A||Bnsj^ U9p\[ ^Bq^v 'I I A JO 9Sf} 9l|^ O^ 9B^\\ JO UOpBf9^ 9t[J^ *IA JO 9Sf^ 9^ 0} lIJBlIOUB^[ JO -3UJTX 9JBd JO 9Sf][ 9q^ O^ 9y J jo PUB jo 9]uig jo 9Sft 9^ o^ JoqBq josanon P tiopBp^j 9i|j^ 'HI JO 9SJ^ 91J} O^ UOpBnOOQ JO UOpBp^ 91JJ, 'II ............................. 9UJ ! JL jo asfi 9^ o^ aoqBq jo sanoj^ jo uopBp^[ 9i|x 'I JO iVd _ SXN3XNOO THE METHOD OF THE INVESTIGATION IN the preface to this study the origin and the object of the investi- gation have been set forth, as likewise the season of the year and the time consumed in securing the data. Before entering upon a detailed analysis of the reports an account is given of the method used, in order that a better understanding of the tables may be se- cured and that it may serve as a guide in any further research into the use of leisure time. THE SCHEDULE As mentioned above, the questionnaire plan was adopted. The practical trying out of some schedules with workingmen aided in the elimination of unnecessary ones. (Copies of the schedules used are given in the appendix). Trial schedules were endorsed by Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labor, by members of the Executive Committee of the New York Central Federated Union, and by offi- cials in the New York State Department of Labor. Permission was given to make use of their words of approval and appeal regarding the investigation on the front page of the schedule. It was felt that the endorsement of such labor leaders would greatly aid in winning the confidence and cooperation of workingmen. The following commendations were taken from letters received and printed on the schedules: "I have looked the questions over and I think they are excellent. I would like for the replies to be fully made by every man of labor. If I had the opportu- nity I would like personally to appeal to them to reply as fully as possible." SAMUEL GOMPERS, President American Federation of Labor "We heartily approve of this study as a help towards bringing about a uni- versal eight-hour day, and we earnestly appeal to every man of labor to answer the questions herein given." EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Central Federated Union. "The opportunity is here given for workingmen to better their hours of labor and hours apart from labor by cooperating in this much-needed scientific investigation. I believe that all broad-minded workingmen will see in this study a means for improving social conditions and be interested enough to help and be helped." JOHN S. WHALEN, Deputy Commissioner of Labor. Five thousand schedules were printed. Out of this number it was hoped that one thousand would be properly filled. 1 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME PROCESS OF GATHERING THE DATA A list of Trades Unions was secured from the State Depart- ment of Labor. Credentials were given to the chief investigator by the Executive Committee of the Central Federated Union enabling him to enter any Union with the study. On February 23, 1912, the first Labor Union was visited, and by March 21, 1912, over four thousand schedules had been distributed among forty-five unions. Varied were the experiences in visiting the different Unions. Cutters and Trimmers, Derrickmen and Riggers, Cigar Makers, Bartenders, Letter Carriers, Stone Masons, Longshoremen, Laundry- men, etc., all responded to the Credentials and gave closest attention and applause, after the purpose of the Study of Workingmen's Spare Time had been presented. Pointed questions were frequently asked as to, "Who is back of the study?" "What capitalistic scheme is this?" "Why not investigate the employers and see how they spend their spare time?" etc., and on several occasions fiery speeches were made by radical members. The majority of the Labor Unions visited, however, were most cordial and sympathetic to the study. It was explained that the method was a Benjamin Franklin idea of a daily diary and that after the schedule had been filled out each day for a week it was to be returned to the secretary of the Union, from whom it would be collected. Several weeks elapsed and close touch was kept with the different secretaries thru visits and correspondence, but their reply was almost invariably the same, "Very sorry, but none or only a few schedules have been returned." Then it became evident that because of indifference, forgetfulness, ignorance, misunder- standing, or suspicion the returns to be expected from these sources would be smalK Political Clubs, Settlements, and Churches were also visited in the interest of the study. Here, too, the returns were meager. In the Political Clubs the same difficulties arose as in the Labor Unions; the Settlements had mainly as their constituency boys under twenty-one years of age; the Churches, men who could not be taken as the average type of workingmen. In the end only one hundred and thirteen schedules, properly filled, were received from volunteers. While waiting for the returns from the above sources, schedules and letters of explanation were sent to two hundred Social Workers, Labor Leaders, and Professors thruout the country with the request that they fill out the fourth page of the schedule, viz., "What sug- METHOD OF THE INVESTIGATION 1 1 gestion can you offer for improving the use of Workingmen's Spare Time?" Their answers, while encouraging the study, had little definite value, emphasizing the fact that mere opinions and not sta- tistics are authority for judgments concerning the ways spare time is spent. Having only the one hundred and thirteen schedules filled, it appeared necessary, therefore, if a thousand questionnaires were to be obtained, to hire investigators, who should give their time to secure the desired information. At this juncture the Bureau of Social Ser- vice of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions agreed to finance the prosecution of the investigation. For every schedule properly filled out the agreement was made that fifteen cents should be paid. Five thousand schedules were again printed. INVESTIGATORS Special investigators were carefully chosen, largely from the Senior Class in Sociology of the College of the City of New York, and from Columbia University. In all there were thirty picked men as paid investigators, ten of whom did over three-fourths of the work. These men were chiefly persons who either possessed a per- sonal acquaintance with the class of men interviewed or who had had experience in similar social work. The following instructions were given to the investigators. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. Interview any grade of workingmen, the only exception being the man who does no work or who has retired. All nationalities are eligible, native or foreign. ^ , 2. Interview men who go to saloons and waste their timers well as those who use their time wisely. 3. Realize the value of the study you are making. It is pioneer work, for there are no statistics on how spare time is spent. 4. Before approaching a workingman, know what you are going to say in order not to receive the rebuff, that it is none of your business how he spends his spare time. 5. Make your own plan. The following is suggestive: a. State that there are wage statistics, insurance, rents and family budgets in large numbers, but no statistics as to how spare time is spent. b. That reforms come only thru a knowledge of facts and that this is a study of a thousand men, from which to draw scientific conclusions to arouse the State, City, Employer, and Church to provide more night schools, social centres, men's clubs, public lectures and concerts for the improved use of leisure hours. 1 2 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME c. You might state that President Gompers and noted Labor Leaders and Social Workers have given their hearty approval, and have appealed to workingmen to answer the questions, as no harm can possibly come to a man by so doing. 6. Clinch the argument by stating that the name is not wanted, hence the an- swers are purely impersonal. 7. You must secure the confidence and interest of the man before attempting to get him to answer the questions. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS 1. Fill the schedule out yourself, with pen, while talking to the workingman. 2. Turn to the third page first, without fail, as it is the most important and will make it easier to proceed with the rest of the schedule. 3. Remember that it is the Distribution of Time during the Past Seven Days. NOTE. The first three sections are easy to fill. The fourth and fifth are the most important. 4. Begin with the day and column on which you interview a man and ask him to recall the number of hours he has spent at the different social and other agencies enumerated. 5. Go over the list carefully with him for the past seven days and make careful note of the number of hours each day that he has spent in any one or more of the ways specified. 6. Leave space blank when he did not go to any of the places. 7. Only figures are of value for this study; do not write, "All I can," etc. 8. After making him think over the seven days just passed, ask him, if the items are not daily or weekly occurrences, to state how often they occur or how many hours are given to them per month. 9. Turn next to the first and second pages and make certain that you receive full and honest answers. 10. Get complete returns on Page 2, what he "usually" does with his spare time, as on Page 3 you have what he actually did during seven days. 11. Page 4 is for suggestions from workingmen if they have any to make. 12. Always reserve a space for yourself to indicate, after you have left the man, the type he represents, or some side lights on his personality which the questions do not bring out. NOTE. This will be exceedingly valuable, for you will become deeply in- terested in the man and will know more after your conversation with him than just what the schedule calls for. You might state how you think his spare time could be used to better advantage. 13. Do not leave the man until you feel that you have a complete picture of how he actually spends his time. 14. Give the street on which the workingman lives, but not his name. 15. Sign your own name as investigator, and your address. 16. Give date and city, and return without delay. 17. Remuneration, fifteen cents a copy for each schedule properly filled out. THE INVESTIGATORS' EXPERIENCES The relationship between the head investigator and those en- gaged in the work was most intimate in character. METHOD OF THE INVESTIGATION 13 The schedules returned were closely examined with the diff- erent investigators, and additional personal touches elicited re- garding the various men interviewed. From the reports given, the interviews with the workingmen averaged half an hour, although in many cases the same investigators would become deeply inter- ested in the men and talk for over an hour. Only in a few instances was the questionnaire considered to be too personal and informa- tion refused. The fact that the name was not required at once dis- armed the workingmen of unwillingness and suspicion, while the purpose of the inquiry enlisted their interest and support. THE MEN INTERVIEWED The men whom the investigators interviewed represent one hundred and sixty-four different Trades, ranging in salary from "Under $10.00" to "$35.00 and over" per week. Several of the in- vestigators could speak different languages, and the effort was made to secure an equal number of schedules from the leading nation- alities in different parts of the city. When the number of schedules for any one group was seen to be getting too large, the investigators were asked to seek other nationalities. In all, twenty-nine nation- ality groups were reported, but owing to race kinship and proximity of countries it was possible to classify the schedules under seven general nationality groupings for tabulation purposes. (See appen- dix) . Both single and married men over seventeen years of age were interviewed, but emphasis was placed upon securing married men between twenty-five and thirty-five years of age, as they were be- lieved to represent the normal type of workingmen. It was natural that in many cases the men interviewed were fathers, brothers, and friends of the investigators. Some of the investigators visited clubs where they had acquaintances, thru whom they met other members who were willing to give the desired information. The one thousand and sixty-five men whose leisure hours and expenditures of money for specified purposes (motion pictures, etc.,) are compared in the tables have been classified according to Hours of Labor, Occupa- tion, Single or Married, Age, Nationality and Wage Groups. THE PROBABLE ACCURACY OF THE RETURNS No infallibility is claimed for the accuracy of the hours and money expenditures made by the thousand men, tho the returns reveal much care on the part of the investigators and those inter- viewed. It would have been ideal and more valuable if a smaller 1 4 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME group of men had agreed to systematically keep an exact account of hours and expenditure of money during one week. But as was evidenced in the case of volunteers, such a plan was not feasible. The designation of places attended or activities engaged in was probably more accurate than the number of hours reported. The number of hours given must have been a rough guess or calculation of the average amount of time usually spent, since no stop-watch mechanism had registered the duration of any of the visits. Never- theless, altho some men overstated the amount of time, others no doubt understated it, so it is probable the exaggerations would have a tendency to counterbalance one another. Fortunately, the investigators interviewed workingmen who by their answers manifested good faith and represented a normal type; while in taking the schedules, singly or collectively, the por- traiture of a man's life is clearly indicated. The voluntary response from the Labor Unions probably came from the more educated workingmen, whereas the paid investiga- tors were able to interview not only such men, but also the unedu- cated and those who would not take time to write down answers for themselves. The difference between Schedules I and II was simply a matter of additional questions. But the questions added could be answered by "yes" or "no," with the exception of the questions which asked the amount of money contributed to the church and for life in- surance, and ways found most profitable to spend spare time. Hence, in tabulating "Yes" and "No" answers, only Schedule II was enumerated. In the selection of schedules for tabulation, as to the number of hours spent at the specified social and other agencies, 221 sched- ules were eliminated due to indefiniteness in answer to one or more questions, tho the number of hours for the other questions was given. To a question asking for hours such answers as "Some times," "All my spare time," "Whenever I get a chance," "Occa- sionally," would throw out of proportion the hours already given, making any true relation between them scientifically inaccurate. It is believed, however, that from the 800 men thus selected and grouped in certain significant classifications, striking indications may be made of the ways spare time is used. Further studies of this character with a larger number of men may corroborate or correct the facts here given. It is hoped that this investigation will aid those interested in improving the use of workingmen's spare time. METHOD OF THE INVESTIGATION 15 /. THE PROCESS OF TABULATION The total number of schedules received was 1,070, of which 1,012 were from New York City. The distribution of source is as follows : From New York Labor Unions and Volunteers 113 From Labor Temple Meeting 31 From Paid Agents 868 From Rochester and Utica, New York 15 Total 1,027 From other cities after the tabulation had begun 43 Total 1,070 From the total only 5 schedules were rejected as obviously inaccurate for any use whatsoever; 221 schedules were eliminated in the tabulation of hours spent at various social and other agencies owing to indefinite answers. Accordingly, 806 schedules were used in the comparison of men arranged respectively in their Occupa- tion, Hours of Labor, Single and Married Groups; 807 were used in the comparison of Age Groups ; 809 were used in the comparison of Nationality Groups; 805 were used in the comparison of Wage Groups. In the tabulation of expenditures of money for "motion pic- tures, theatres, beer, etc.," the 221 schedules eliminated from the comparison of hours spent at "labor unions, clubs, etc.," could be included; and this made the number 1,022 for use in the Expendi- ture tables. For tabulation of what the men usually did from "supper until bed time; on Saturday afternoon, etc.," the extra schedules that came in were added to the others already used, making a total of 1,065 for comparison in the final tables. The first step in the tabulation was to group the schedules into trades of a similar character and number them consecutively. 163 different trades were found, and they were classified under nine general Occupation Groups, following the classification used by the Thirteenth Census of the United States: "Professional and Public Service, Domestic and Personal Service, Clerical, Transportation, Merchants and Dealers, Building Trades, Metal Trades, Textile and Miscellaneous." Retaining the classification of the nine Occupation Groups thruout the study, the schedules were separated for each group into men working from 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11 hours and over, per day. 1 6 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Percentages for the number of hours of leisure, the number of men reporting ways of spending spare time, and the most popular means of spending spare time (see Statistical Method for obtaining per- centages) are given in the tables under the following headings. 1. Hour Groups. 2. Occupation Groups. 3. Single and Married Men Groups. 4. Age Groups. 5. Nationality Groups. 6. Wage Groups. II Percentages are given for the different ways in which men usually spend their time, from supper until bed time, on Saturday afternoons, on Sundays, on holidays, and ways thought most profitable for spending spare time. Ill Percentages are given for the answers received to the following questions: 1. Where do you eat at noon (restaurant, home, saloon, or place of work)? 2. Do you drink liquor before going to work? Do you drink liquor at the noon hour? 3. Do you have a vacation? 4. Do you take your recreation with or without your family? 5. Are you a member of a labor union? (Percentages given for Occupation Groups only) IV 1. Percentages are given for men answering "Yes" and "No" to the question, Are there Night Schools, Men's Clubs, Social Centres, or Public Lectures in your neighborhood? 2. Percentages are given for men answering "Yes" and "No" to the question, Is there a separate place provided in the shop where you may eat at noon? 3. Percentages are given for the men grouped according to the different Re- ligious Faiths. V Percentages are given for the expenditure of money for "motion pictures, beer, etc.," under the following headings: 1. Hour Groups. 2. Occupation Groups. 3. Wage Groups. VI The average weekly expenditure of money for "motion pictures, beer, etc.," is given for Hour Groups and Wage Groups. METHOD OF THE INVESTIGATION 17 IL THE STA TISTICAL METHOD In the statistical treatment of the reports of men received the object has been to show the relation which exists between Hours of Labor and Occupation on the one hand and the use of spare time and the expenditure of money for certain purposes on the other. To accomplish this object percentages of the returns have been calculated in all cases except two, where the average was taken of expenditures of money in certain hour groups and wage groups to bring out more fully specific comparisons. 1. The percentage of men was found in each case by taking the number reporting for any one item and getting its proportion to the total number of men in each group. 2. The percentage of the popularity of the different social and other agencies was calculated by comparing the number of times each agency was chosen with the total number of choices made. 3. The percentage of spare time was calculated by getting the proportion of the time spent at each of the social and other agencies to the total amount of time spent at all of the agencies. 4. The percentage of expenditure of money was calculated by comparing the proportion of money spent for each of the specified purposes to the total expenditure for all purposes. 5. The percentage of the popularity of the different items (motion pictures, beer, etc.,) in the expenditure of money was obtained by comparing the number of times each item was chosen with the total number of choices made. 6. The average weekly expenditure of money for motion pictures, beer, etc., was calculated by dividing the total expenditure for each specified purpose by the number of men in the different hour groups and the different wage groups. I THE RELATION OF HOURS OF LABOR TO THE USE OF SPARE TIME IN the study of leisure hours the percentages given in Tables 1 to 4 form a picture of the ways 806 men reported spending their spare time. The men were grouped according to their different hours of labor: 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11 hours and over, per day. Table 1 shows the comparison within the Hour Groups of the numbers of men reporting at the various, social and other agencies. Table 2 compares the popularity of the different social and other agencies according to the Hours of Labor, as determined by the number of visits or choices made by the men. Table 3 shows the percentage of time spent by men in the differ- ent Hour Groups at the specified social and other agencies. TABLE I - Percentage of men who report time spent for various purposes during one week ac- cording to specified Hours of Labor. 89 910 1011 11 and over Number of men 289 2C7 128 132 SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES % % % % Labor Union 39 4 24 8 16 4 8 3 58 1 44 7 35 9 26 5 Church or Synagogue 51 9 51 52 3 50 Public Lectures 32 2 26 4 16 4 5 3 Art Galleries. 8 7 7 7 3 9 7 Library 14 5 15 1 10 1 2 2 Private Study 16 3 14 3 14 8 3 Night School 6 2 10 8 9 4 3 Motion Pictures 55 63 64 57.5 Theatres 56 7 44 3 39 24 2 Dance 25 14 3 13 2 9.0 Saloon 31 1 31 1 32 8 28 7 Pool 14 9 10 1 13 2 8 3 Cards 37 30 7 36 7 44.6 With Family 82 76 2 78 1 81 Newspaper 96 2 93 3 92 1 78.7 Magazine 31 1 22 5 15 6 19 6 Books Friends 40.8 78.9 33.0 79.7 22.6 79.6 17.4 67.4 HOURS PER DAY In Table I it will be observed that the largest number of men reporting spare time spent at Labor Unions, Clubs and Lodges, Public Lectures, Art Galleries, Theatres, Dances, Newspapers, and Books, are in the 8-9 hour group. As the hours of labor increase, the percentage of men diminishes at these social and other agencies in a regular curve. Further, with Private Study, Pool, Family and Magazine, the highest percentage is likewise in the 8-9 hour group, the curve being slightly irregular as the number diminishes with the groups work- ing a greater number of hours. 19 20 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME On the contrary, at the Church and Synagogue, Motion Picture and Saloon, the 10-11 hour men lead in largest attendance; while at the Library, Night School, and Visiting Friends, the 9-10 hour men are the most studious and friendly. Men in the 11 hour and over group play Cards more than any other group, and, tho in numbers the 8-9 hour men are second, yet in the amount of spare time spent playing Cards, as in the case of the Saloon (see Table 3), the 8-9 hour group has the smallest percentage. TABLE 2 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time was used by men in each Hour Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies HOURS I >ER DAY SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES 89 910 1011 LI and over % % % % Labor Union 5.1 4.1 2.5 1.6 Clubs or Lodges 7 5 6 4 5 6 4.9 Church or Synagogue 6.7 7.2 8.1 9.3 Public Lectures . ... 4 1 3 8 2.5 1.0 Art Galleries 1 i 1 i 6 .1 Library 1 9 2 2 1.6 .4 Private Study . . 2.1 2.1 2.3 .6 Night School . . ... .8 1.6 1.4 .6 Motion Pictures 7 1 9 9 9 10.7 Theatre 7.3 6.4 6.0 4.5 Dance. . 3 2 2 1 2.1 1.7 Saloon. . . 4.0 4.5 5.1 5.4 Pool 1 9 1.5 2.0 1.6 Cards. 4 8 4 4 5 7 8.3 With Family . 10 6 10 9 12.1 15.1 Newspaper 12 4 13 4 14 3 14.7 Magazine 4 3.2 2.4 3.7 Books 5 3 4 7 3 5 3.2 Friends 10.1 11.4 12.3 12.6 In Table 2 each man's spare time was spent in more than one way. For example, a man would say that he spent 2 hours at the Labor Union, 1 hour at Public Lectures, and 2 hours at the Theatre during the week. In adding the number of men at these different places, one man would be counted several times. This table therefore shows the percentage of the choices and visits of the men at the specified social and other agencies and indi- cates their relative popularity. The total frequencies enlarged the base from which the percentage was derived and hence makes the curve more regular and the comparisons more interesting. The popularity of Motion Pictures and Cards is similar to that of the Saloon, having the highest attendance from the groups of men working the greatest number of hours. Tho in Table 1 the actual number of men stating that they go to Church is 51.9% in the 8-9 Of HOURS OF LABOR AND SPARE TIME 21 hour group and 50.0% in the 11 hour and over group, yet the fre- quency of attendance of the 1 1 hour and over group is greater, being 9.3%, as compared to 6.7% for the 8-9 hour group. In enumerating those agencies which are more popular in at- tendance on the part of 8-9 hour men in contrast to those working a greater number of hours, the following may be mentioned Clubs and Lodges, Theatres, Books, Labor Union, Public Lectures, Magazines, Dances, and Art Galleries. The popularity of the various ways of spending spare time for men working the same number of hours, aside from the three lead- ing items which are the same for all Hour Groups namely, News- paper, Family and Friends is indicated by the following six lead- ing agencies arranged for the different Hour Groups: Percentages by Daily Hours of Labor 8-9 9-10 10-11 11 and over 7.5 Club 7 3 Theatre. 9.0 Motion Pictures.. 7 2 Church 9.9 Motion Pictures 8 1 Church 10.7 Motion Pictures 9.3 Church 7 . 1 Motion Pictures . . 6 4 Club 6 . Theatre 8.3 Cards 6 7 Church. 6 4 Theatre 5 7 Cards . 5 4 Saloon 5.3 Books 4.7 Books 5.6 Club 4.9 Club 5 . 1 Labor Unions .... 4.5 Saloon 5.1 Saloon 4.5 Theatre It will be noticed that Books decrease and Cards and Saloon increase in popularity with men working the greatest number of hours. TABLE 3 Percentage of spare time spent for various purposes during one week by men working according to specified Hours of Labor SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES 89 910 1011 11 and over % % % % Labor Union 1 8 1 5 7 6 Clubs or Lodges 5 7 3 5 2 6 1 9 Church or Synagogue. . . ... ... 1 9 2 3 2 7 2 Public Lectures 1 4 1 4 9 4 Art Galleries 2 3 1 * Library 9 1 2 8 1 Private Study 2 1 2 2 2 9 2 Night School 9 1 9 1 8 6 Motion Pictures Theatres . 3.7 3 4 5.0 2 7 5.5 2 3 5.1 1 9 Dance 2.0 1.0 1.0 .4 Saloon 2 6 4 3 5 6 4 2 Pool 3 7 1 5 1 8 Cards 3 6 4 6 1 8.5 With Family 41 1 40 8 41 9 45 8 - Newspapers 15 3 15.0 13.8 16.7 Magazines.. . 2 1 1 3 1 1 6 Books. 3 5 3 3 2 2 2 Friends 7.0 7.6 6.8 6.0 HOURS PER DAY *Less than 1-10 of 1% 22 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Table 3 brings out more clearly the contrast between men work- ing according to different Hours of Labor. The amount of spare time spent per man varies with the Hours of Labor. Tho the number of men in the different Hour Groups may be the same for any one item (as in Table 1), yet the proportion of time spent by the differ- ent Groups varies. For example, the number of men reporting having attended the Saloon was the same in the 8-9 and 9-10 hour groups (see Table 1), yet the spare time spent by the 8-9 hour group is 2.6%, whereas the 9-10 hour men report 4.3% and the 10-11 hour men 5.6%. The smallest group of men in the 11 hour and over class spent more time at the Saloon than the 8-9 hour group, and so the actual number of hours spent by each man is still greater in pro- portion. Likewise, with Cards the number of men stating that they play cards was larger in the 8-9 hour group than in the 10-11 hour group, yet the amount of spare time spent playing Cards by the 8-9 hour men was less than all other Hour Groups, being 3.6% as compared to 6.1% for the 10-11 hour group and 8.5% for the 11 hour and over group. This indicates a more selective process with the 8-9 hour men a distribution of their spare time within a larger range of interests. Taking the total percentage within each Hour Group as 100%, more spare time is spent by the 8-9 hour men at Clubs and Lodges, Books, Theatres, Dances, Labor Unions and Public Lectures than that spent by men working a greater number of hours. As the hours of labor increase, more spare time is spent by men with Family, Cards, Saloon, Motion Pictures, Church, and Pool, The 11 hour and over men spend more spare time than the other Hour Groups with the Family, Newspaper, Cards. At the Saloon, the 1 1 hour and over men have a percentage of 4.2%, while the 8-9 hour men report 2.6%. II THE RELATION OF OCCUPATION TO THE USE OF SPARE TIME OUT of 806 men who reported time spent at various social and other agencies, this table shows the percentage of men, grouped according to specified Occupations. The following exam- ples are given of the way in which the table can be used. Public Lectures have the largest number of men from the Clerical Group, being 36.2%; Professionals are second, having 34.9%; Metal Trades third, reporting 26.3% of men. The smallest group, 6.6%, is that of Merchants and Dealers. TABLE 4 Percentage of men who report time spent for various purposes during one week in speci- fied Occupation Groups Professional and Public Service | Domestic and Personal Service j Transportation Merchants and Dealers Building Trades Metal Trades Textiles oo 1 Number of men 40 72 135 x no 76 113 757 SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES % % % % % % % % % Labor Union 10 5 5 1 6 16 6 60.9 46.0 45.1 28 Clubs or Lodges 47.4 16.6 54.8 30.5 33.3 57.2 57.8 58.4 35.6 Church or Synagogue . . . 32 4 49 9 44 4 45 8 66 6 56.3 63.1 60.1 45.8 Public Lectures 34 9 9 7 36 2 6 9 6 6 21 8 26 3 25 6 24 8 Art Galleries 14 9 2.7 10.3 3.3 6.3 2.6 8.8 5.7 Librarv 19 9 2 7 23 7 2 7 3 3 7 2 4 4 11 5 15 9 Private Study Night School 30.0 5 5.5 5 5 24.4 14 6.9 1 3 6.6 6 6 7.2 3 6 14.4 11 8 12.3 9 7 11.4 6 3 Motion Pictures 57.4 65.2 62.9 58.3 53.3 56.3 65.7 56.6 57.3 Theatres 50 31 9 65 9 36 1 43 3 42.7 46 46 37.5 Dance 19.9 12.4 31.1 19.4 3.3 15.4 10.5 11.5 16.5 Saloon 17 4 38 8 16 2 56 9 36 6 41.8 40 7 9.7 34.3 Pool 14 9 16 6 17 20 8 3 3 6 3 15 7 7 8 2 Cards 44 9 44 4 35 5 34 7 56 6 30.9 30 2 44.2 28.6 With Family 80 72 2 77 7 77 7 96 6 83 6 77 6 81 4 77 7 Newspaper 97 4 74 9 93 3 87 4 76.6 99.0 94.7 96.4 91.7 Magazine 27 4 19 4 38 5 18 16 6 21 8 23 6 11 5 28 Books 34 9 15 2 46.6 15.2 19.9 25.4 35.5 32.7 36.9 Friends 77.4 65.2 81.4 59.7 66.6 83.6 76.3 80.5 79.6 Night Schools also claim the largest number of men from the Clerical Group, being 14.0%; Metal Trades 11.8%; Textiles 9.7%; and Transportation, the lowest, 1.3%. Thus at a glance from right to left, the table shows which Oc- cupations report the greatest number of men for any of the speci- fied social and other agencies. 23 24 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME TABLE 5 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time was used by men in each Occupa- tion Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES Professional and Public Service Domestic and Personal Service || 13 Transportation Merchants and Dealers Building Trades Metal Trades H Miscellaneous % % % % % % % % % Labor Union . . 1.4 1.0 .2 2.8 8.4 6.2 6.4 4 Clubs or Lodges 6.6 3.0 7.1 4.9 5.6 7.9 7.7 8.2 5 Church or Synagogue Public Lecture 4.5 4.9 8.8 1.8 5.7 4.7 7.7 1.2 11.1 1.1 7.7 3.0 8.5 3.5 8.5 3.6 6 3 Art Galleries 2 1 .5 1.3 .6 .9 .4 1.3 Library 2.8 .5 3.1 .4 .6 1.0 1.1 1.6 2 Private Study 4.2 1.0 3.2 1.7 1.1 1.0 1.9 1.7 1 Night School .7 1.0 1.8 .2 1.1 .5 1.6 1.4 1 Motion Pictures 8.0 11.8 8.1 9.8 8.9 7.7 8.8 8.0 8 Theatre 7.0 5.8 8.5 6.0 7.2 5.9 6.2 6.5 5 Dance 2.8 2.3 4.0 3.2 .6 2.1 1.4 1.6 2 Saloon 2.4 7.0 2.0 9.6 6.1 5.7 5.4 1.4 5 Pool 2.1 3.0 2.2 3.5 .6 .9 2.1 1.0 1 Cards. 6.3 8.0 4.6 5.8 9.4 4.2 4.0 6.2 4 With Family ILU 13.0 10.0 13.0 16.1 11.5 10.3 11.5 11 Newspaper .... 13.6 13.5 12.0 14.7 12.8 13.6 12.7 13.6 13 Magazine 3 8 "3.5 5.0 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.2 1.6 4 Books Friends 4.9 10.8 2.7 11.8 6.0 10.5 2.5 10.0 3.3 11.0 3.5 11.5 4.8 10.2 4.6 11.3 5 11 By means of this table we are enabled to see more clearly the degree of popularity of the specified social and other agencies with the different Occupation Groups. One man might have visited during the week a half dozen of the specified places, while a second man only one place. Taking the total number of visits or choices reported by 806 men as 100%, the percentage for each specified item of this total gives the relative number of visits made to or popu- larity of the different social and other agencies. The popularity of the Church and Synagogue as determined by the number of visits made is greatest among the Merchants and Dealers Group, the percentage being 11.1%; with the Domestics 8.8%; Metal Trades and Textiles 8.5%. In the case of like attend- ance at Church and Synagogue of 8.5% in the Metal Trades and Textile Group, it is evident that some men in the Textile Group went more than once during the week, for in Table 4 the number of men reporting that they spent some spare time at Church and Syna- gogue was 60.1% in the Textile Group, while 63.1% reported in the Metal Trades. This shows that the Church and Synagogue is more popular with this Textile group of men than with the Metal Trade group. Further, the popularity of Motion Pictures among the different OCCUPATION AND SPARE TIME 25 Occupation Groups, according to the number of visits reported, is seen to be in the following order: Domestic 11.8%, Transportation 9.8%, Merchants and Dealers 8.9%, Metal Trades 8.8%, Miscell- aneous 8.5%, Clerical 8.1%, Professional and Textile 8.0%, with Building Trades 7.7%. Men in the Transportation Group went to the Motion Pictures more frequently than the Clerical Group of men, tho in Table 4 the actual number of men who reported that they spent spare time during one week at Motion Pictures was 58.3% for the Transportation Group, and 62.9% for the Clerical Group. Thus in Table 5 a glance at the different social and other agencies will show the relative popularity according to choices or visits of men in the specified Occupation Groups. In the comparison of the popularity of the specified social and other agencies within each Occupation Group, it can be observed that with the Clerical Group the order of popularity is the following : Newspaper 12.0%, Friends 10.5%, Family 10.0%, Theater 8.5%, Motion Pictures 8.1%, Club 7.1%, Book 6.0%, Church 5.7%, Mag- azine 5.0%, Public Lecture 4.7%, Cards 4.6%, Dance 4.0%, Private Study 3.2%, Library 3.1%, Pool 2.2%, Saloon 2.0%, Night School 1.8%, Art Galleries 1.3%, Labor Unions .2%. Within the Textile Group however the order of popularity differs: News- paper 13.6%, Family 11.5%, Friends 11.3%, Church 8.5%, Club 8.2%, Motion Picture 8.0%, Theatre 6.5%, Labor Union 6.4%, Cards 6.2%, Books 4.6%, Public Lectures 3.6%, Private Study 1.7%, Library 1.6%, Magazine 1.6%, Dance 1.6%, Saloon 1.4%, Night School 1.4%, Art Galleries 1.3%, Pool 1.0%. (See Table 6 on following page.) Table 6 gives the percentage of hours spent at the social and other agencies by 806 men in the specified Occupation Groups. Theatres have the following order based upon the percentage of hours spent by men in this form of amusement: Clerical 4.3%, Professional 3.6%, Transportation 2.7%, Building Trades 2.6%, Metal Trades 2.6%, Miscellaneous 2.4%, Domestic 2.3%, Textiles 2.3%, Merchants and Dealers 1.4%, It is interesting to note that tho the number of men who re- ported going to the Theatre (see Table 4) is the same 46% in the Metal Trades and Textile Groups, yet in the percentage of hours the Metal Trades are slightly higher, thus indicating more spare time spent at Theatres. The percentage for Metal Trades is 2.6%, whereas the Textile group reports 2.3%. 26 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME TABLE 6 v Percentage of spare time spent for various purposes during one week by men in specified Occupation Groups SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES Professional and Public Service Domestic and Personal Service Clerical Transportation Merchants and Dealers Building Trades % 1 3 B Textiles GO 3 ii % 1 % 1 % % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % % Labor Union 1.0 .2 .1 1.1 3.2 1.3 1.8 1.7 Clubs or Lodges Church or Synagogue 4.7 1.5 1.2 2.3 5.7 1.6 2.7 1.5 2.9 2.0 6.8 1.8 4.0 3.0 3.2 3.3 2.9 2.0 Public Lectures 1.6 8 1.6 3 .2 1.0 1.0 1 2 1.7 Art Galleries. . . . 7 1 3 * 1 1 3 3 Library 2.3 .3 1.2 * .1 .4 .4 .7 1.6 Private Study 6 7 7 3 3 1.3 1 8 6 1 5 1 5 2 3 Night School .6 1.2 2.4 .3 1.6 .5 1.8 1.5 1.1 Motion Pictures 3 8 5 8 4.3 6.3 3 2 4 2 5.3 4.2 4 3 Theatres 3 6 2 3 4 3 2 7 1 4 2 6 2 6 2 3 2 4 Dance .8 .3 2.8 1.7 .3 1.2 1.0 .9 1.2 Saloon 1 8 4 2 1 4 12 9 2 3 3 5 3 6 1 8 4 5 Pool 1 i 3 9 8 1 9 # 4 1 i 7 5 Cards. . . With Family 3.8 39 5 10.8 42 6 3.5 37 2 5.7 37 8 9.9 48 4.2 42 9 2.4 44 6 5.9 44 3 3.2 42 3 Newspaper . . . . 14.8 13.5 14.4 14 3 17 6 15 8 16 15 6 15 2 Magazine 2 1 1 4 2 5 1 6 1 5 1 2 1 4 9 1 8 Books 2.5 2.2 4.4 1.8 1.8 2 4 2.9 2.7 3.8 Friends 7.1 6.2 8.2 6.1 5.4 7.2 6.0 7.2 7.2 *Less than 1-10 of 1%. At the Saloon, the number of hours spent by the Transporta- tion Group is almost three times as great as for any of the other groups. The order of Occupations and time spent at the Saloon is the following: Transportation 12.9%, Miscellaneous 4.5%, Domes- tic 4.2%, Metal Trades 3.6%, Building Trades 3.5%, Merchants and Dealers 2.3%, Professional 1.8%, Textiles 1.8%, Clerical 1.4%. Comparison between the Domestic Group and the Building Trades Group is interesting. The Building Trades Group in Table 4 has 41.8% of men reporting attendance at the Saloon, while the Domestic Group reports only 38.8% ; but in numbers of hours spent in the Saloon the Domestic Group reverses the proportion, indicat- ing a greater popularity of the Saloon with them than with the Building Trades Group, the percentage of hours at Saloon being, Domestic 4.2%, Building Trades 3.5%. Further comparisons of Occupation Groups in the percentage of hours spent at the different social and other agencies is readily possible from this table. Ill THE RELATION OF HOURS OF LABOR TO THE USE OF SPARE TIME, GROUPING MEN AS SINGLE OR MARRIED; AND WAYS IN WHICH SINGLE AND MARRIED MEN DIFFER IN THEIR USE OF SPARE TIME I N the following tables 806 men are compared with reference to Single and Married groups and Hours of Labor. TABLE 7 TABLE 8 Percentage of Single Men who report time spent for various purposes during one week according to specified Hours of Labor Percentage of Married Men who report time spent for various purposes during one week according to specified Hours of Labor Number of men HOURS PER DAY HOURS PER DAY 8-9 9-10 10-11 11 and over 8-9 9-10 10-11 11 and over 116 98 ~% 49 3i 173 ISO 79 101 SOCIAL AND OTHER AGEN. % % % SOCIAL AND OTHER AGEN. % % % % Labor Union Clubs or Lodges 25.9 55.2 42.2 37.1 11.2 24.1 23.2 12.1 50.9 69.8 47.4 22.4 28.4 35.3 62.1 97.4 37.1 44.8 81.9 15.3 41.8 25.6 32.7 13.3 22.4 27.6 20.4 60.2 60.2 25.6 20.4 19.4 19.4 50.0 91.8 27.6 41.8 S2 . 7 10.0 38.7 32.6 26.5 8.1 22.4 26.5 20.4 69.3 55.1 22.4 24.4 20.4 28.5 48.9 97.9 18.3 34.6 79.5 9.6 29.0 35.4 12.9 3.2 3.2 6.4 12.9 70.9 35.4 9.6 25.8 9.6 35.4 32.2 64.5 22.5 25.8 64.5 Labor Union 48.6 60.1 58.4 28.9 6.9 8.1 11.6 2.3 57.8 48.0 9.8 37.0 5.8 38.2 95.4 95.4 11 .'2 38.2 76.9 36.4 46.5 62.8 22.6 4.4 10.6 6.2 5.3 63.0 34.5 5.3 37.7 4.4 37.7 92.4 94.3 19.4 27.6 77.9 20.2 34.1 64.5 10.1 1.0 2.5 7.5 2.5 60.7 29.1 7.5 37.9 8.8 41.7 96.2 88.6 13.9 14.1 79.7 7.9 25.7 54.4 2.9 2. '9 2.9 53 .'4 20.7 8.9 29.7 7.9 47.5 96.0 83.1 18.8 14.8 68.3 Clubs or Lodges Church or Synagogue. . . . _ Public Lectures "Art Galleries Church or Synagogue.. . . Public Lectures Art Galleries Library' Private Study Night School. Private Study Night School Motion Pictures Motion Pictures Theatres Theatres. Dance Dance Saloon Saloon Pool Pool Cards With Family Cards With Family Xew^paper Newspaper Magazine Magazine Books Books Friends Friends The percentages in Tables 7 and 8 are calculated from the base of the number of Single and Married men in the different Hour Groups. The rate of rise or fall in the numbers of men as the Hours of Labor increase is practically uniform for both the Single and the Married men. This influence of the Hours of Work has been indicated in previous tables and again will be noted in Tables 9, 10, 12, and 13. 27 28 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME TABLE 9 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time was used by Single men in each Hour Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies. SINGLE MEN TABLE 10 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time was used by Married men in each Hour Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies. MARRIED MEN SOCIAL AND OTHER AGEN. HOURS PER DAY SOCIAL AND OTHER AGEN. HOURS PER DAY 8-9 9-10 10-11 11 and over 8-9 9-10 10-11 11 and over % % % % % % % % Labor Union 3.2 6.8 5.2 4.6 1.4 3.0 2.9 1.5 6.3 8.6 5.9 2.8 3.5 4.4 7.7 12.0 4.6 5.5 10.1 2.2 5.9 4.2 4.7 1.9 3.2 3.9 2.9 8.5 8.5 4.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 7.1 13.0 3.9 5.9 11.7 1.5 5.6 4.7 3.8 1.2 3.2 3.8 3.0 10.1 8.0 3.2 3.5 3.0 4.1 7.1 14.0 3.6 5.0 11.6 1.9 5.7 7.0 2.5 .6 .6 1.3 2.5 13.9 7.0 1.9 5.1 1.9 7.0 6.3 12.7 4.4 5.0 12.7 Labor Union 6.4 8.0 7.7 3.8 .9 1.1 1.5 .3 7.7 6.4 1.3 4.9 .8 5.1 12.6 12.6 3.6 5.1 10.2 5.3 6.8 9.1 3.3 .6 1.5 .9 .7 9.4 5.0 .7 5.5 .6 5.5 13.4 13.6 2.8 4.0 11.3 3.3 5.5 10.3 1.6 .2 .4 1.2 .4 9.8 4.7 1.2 6.1 1.4 6.7 15.5 14.2 2.2 2.5 12.8 1.5 4.7 10.0 .5 ' '.'i .4 9. '8 3.8 1.6 5.5 1.5 8.7 17.6 15.3 3.5 2.7 12.5 Clubs or Lodges Church or Synagogue . . . Public Lecture Art Galleries Library Clubs and Lodges Church or Synagogue . . . Public Lecture Art Galleries Private Study Night School Motion Pictures Theatre Dance Private Study Night School Motion Pictures Theatre . . Dance Saloon Pool Saloon Pool Cards Cards With Family With Family Newspaper Newspaper Magazine Magazine Books. Books Friends Friends Table 9 represents the specified choices of spending spare time during one week made by 294 Single men. This table is in almost exact agreement with Table 2, wherein the 806 Single and Married men were combined. In comparing the Single men of Table 9 with the Married men of Table 10, the same general effect is seen to be produced by the shorter or longer workday. Use of Table 9 can be made by noting the social and other agencies which are the most popular with groups of men working the shorter number of hours and which have a regular or almost a regular decline in attendance as the working hours increase. This is the case, it will be observed, with Labor Unions, Clubs and Lodges, Public Lectures, Art Galleries, Private Study, Theatres, Dances, Pool, Family, Magazines, and Books. Men in the 11 hour and over group have the highest percentage at Church and Synagogue, Motion Pictures, Saloon, Cards and visiting Friends. In Table 10 with 512 Married men grouped according to speci- fied Hours of Labor, the highest degree of popularity of the follow- ing social and other agencies seems dependent upon the shorter working hours: Labor Unions, Clubs and Lodges, Public Lecture, Art Galleries, Private Study, Theatre, Magazine and Books; while the percentage of specified choices for Married men working the SINGLE AND MARRIED MEN AND SPARE TIME 29 greater numbers of hours is highest at Church, Motion Pictures, Dance, Saloon, Pool, Cards, with Family, reading Newspaper, and visiting Friends. TABLE II v- Combination of tables 9 and 10 showing the comparison between Single and Married Men. SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES 89 hours 910 hours 10 11 hours 11 hours and over V 1 a 2 i 1 w I | 1 35 1 1 % i % % % % 1 % % % Labor Union 3.2 6.8 5.2 4.6 1.4 3.0 2.9 1.5 6.3 8.6 5.9 2.8 3.5 4.4 7.7 12.0 4.6 5.5 10.1 6.4 8.0 7.7 3.8 .9 1.1 1.5 .3 7.7 6.4 1.3 4.9 .8 5.1 12.6 12.6 3.6 5.1 10.2 2.2 5.9 4.2 4.7 1.9 3.2 3.9 2.9 8.5 8.5 4.2 2.9 2.7 2.7 7.1 13.0 3.9 5.9 11.7 5.3 6.8 9.1 3.3 .6 1.5 .9 .7 9.4 5.0 .7 5.5 .6 5.5 13.4 13.6 2.8 4.0 11.3 1.5 5.6 4.7 3.8 1.2 3.2 3.8 3.0 10.1 8.0 3.2 3.5 3.0 4.1 7.1 14.0 3.6 5.0 11.6 3.3 5.5 10.3 1.6 .2 .4 1.2 .4 9.8 4.7 1.2 6.1 1.4 6.7 15.5 14.2 2.2 2.5 12.8 1.9 5.7 7.0 2.5 .6 .6 1.3 2.5 13.9 7.0 1.9 5.1 1.9 7.0 6.3 12.7 4.4 5.0 12.7 1.5 4.7 10.0 .5 Clubs or Lodges Church or Synagogue Public Lecture. Art Galleries Library .4 .4 9^8 3.8 1.6 5.5 1.5 8.7 17.6 15.3 3.5 2.7 12.5 Private Study Motion Pictures Theatre Dance Saloon Pool Cards With Family Newspaper Books Friends In this table comparison is made of Single and Married men grouped according to specified Hours of Labor. The percentages represent the number of visits to or choices of the different social and other agencies. It is noticeable that those social and other agen- cies which interest the Single men the most are, Public Lectures, Art Galleries, Library, Private Study, Night School, Motion Pic- tures (in the 10-11, 11 hour and over groups), Theatre, Dance, Pool, Magazines and Books; whereas the Married men have the highest percentage at Labor Unions, Clubs (in 8-9, 9-10 hour groups), Church, Motion Pictures (in 8-9, 9-10 hour groups), Saloon, Cards, Family, Newspaper, and visiting Friends. (See Tables 12 and 13 on following page.) Tables 12 and 13 give the percentages of the number of hours spent during one week at the specified social and other agencies by 294 Single men and 512 Married men. In these tables, as in pre- vious ones, the amount of time spent at the specified agencies is not in direct ratio with the number of men attending those agencies. The personal element affects the percentages of hours spent outside of work. Tho the number of men in a certain group attending any one of the social agencies may be much larger than in a second group, 30 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME yet this first group of men may spend a smaller number of hours at a specified agency than the men in the second group. For instance, at Private Study, the 10-11 hour group of Single men spend more spare time than all of the other groups ; yet a larger number of men in the 9-10 hour group reported Private Study as one way in which they spent spare time. (See Table 7.) TABLE 12 Percentage of spare time spent for vari- ous purposes during one week by Single men in specified Hour Groups. SINGLE MEN TABLE 13 Percentage of spare time spent for vari- ous purposes during one week by Married men in specified Hour Groups. MARRIED MEN SOCIAL AND OTHER AGEN. HOURS PER DAY SOCIAL AND OTHER AGEN. HOURS PER DAY 8-9 % 9-10 10-11 11 and over ~%~ 8-9 9-10 10-11 11 and over ~%~ % % % % % 1.3 7.0 2.0 2.3 .4 1.6 3.8 2.0 4.0 5.5 5.1 2.7 1.9 3.6 23.1 17.0 3.2 4.9 8.6 1.2 5.1 1.4 2.0 .6 1.8 4.8 4.6 6.0 4.6 2.6 3.7 1.4 3.0 23.8 15.8 1.8 5.0 10.8 .6 3.6 2.0 1.7 .3 1.3 6.2 4.5 7.8 4.6 2.8 4.2 2.5 4.7 23.3 14.1 1.7 3.6 10.5 1.1 4.6 2.6 .9 .'i .5 3.7 11.2 4.6 1.0 6.1 2.5 6.9 19.1 17.8 2.4 5.5 9.4 Labor Union 2.0 5.0 1.8 1.0 .2 .6 1.2 .3 3.6 2.3 .3 2.4 .2 3.5 50.8 14.4 1.5 2.8 6.1 1.7 2.7 2.8 1.1 .2 .8 .9 .5 4.6 1.8 .2 4.6 .3 4.4 49.3 14.6 1.0 2.4 6.1 .6 2.2 3.0 .6 .1 .5 1.3 .5 4.4 1.1 .2 6.4 1.0 6.7 50.9 13.6 .7 1.2 5.0 .4 1.4 1.9 .3 '!i .2 '4!6 1.4 .3 3.8 1.7 8.8 50.7 16.5 1.5 1.6 5.4 Clubs or Lodges Church or Synagogue . Public Lectures.. . . Art Galleries Clubs or Lodges Church or Synagogue . . . Public Lectures Art Galleries Library Private Study Night School Motion Pictures. . . . Theatres Dance Private Study Night School. Motion Pictures Theatres. Dance Saloon . . Pool Saloon Pool Cards With Family Newspapers Cards With Family. Newspapers Magazines Magazines Books Books Friends Friends From the case just cited, the perseverance of the various groups of men can probably be tested by the percentage of time spent at the specified social and other agencies. In Table 12, where the Single men are grouped according to their Hours of Labor, it will be seen that the 8-9 hour men spend the highest percentage of spare time at Labor Unions, Clubs and Lodges, Public Lectures, Theatres, Dance, and reading Magazines. The curve downward can be observed plainly at Public Lecture: 8-9 hour men 2.3%; 9-10 hour, 2.0%; 10-11 hour, 1.7%; 11 hour and over .9%. On the other hand, the upward rise in percentage of spare time spent as the working hours increase is noticeable in the case of the Saloon. The percentages of hours at the Saloon are with the 8-9 hour men 2.7%; 9-10 hour, 3.7%; 10-11 hour, 4.2%; 11 hour and over, 6.1%. Motion Pictures and Cards show the same upward tendency. SINGLE AND MARRIED MEN AND SPARE TIME 31 In Table 13, which gives the percentage of time spent by 512 Married men at the specified social and other agencies, the same tendency shown for Single men in Table 12 is seen to prevail when the hours of labor increase. The 10-11, 11 hour and over groups, spent more time than the 8-9, 9-10 hour groups at Church and Saloon (in the 10-11 hours group) Pool, Cards, Family, and Dread- ing Newspapers (in the 11 hour and over group). The comparison is easily made by looking for any specified agency and noting how the percentage varies with the different Hour Groups. TABLE 14 ^ Combination of tables 12 and 13 showing the comparison between Single and Married men. SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES 8 9 hours 9 10 hours 10 11 hours 11 hours and over .32 *bo 1 .1 C3 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 % % % % % % % % 1.3 7.0 2.0 2.3 .4 1.6 3.8 2.0 4.0 5.5 5.1 2.7 1.9 3.6 23.1 17.0 3.2 4.9 8.6 2.0 5.0 1.8 1.0 .2 .6 1.2 .3 3.6 2.3 .3 2.4 .2 . 3.5 50.8 14.4 1.5 2.8 6.1 1.2 5.1 1.4 2.0 .6 .1.8 4.8 4.6 6.0 4.6 2.6 3.7 1.4 3.0 23.8 15.8 1.8 5.0 10.8 1.7 2.7 2.8 1.1 .2 .8 .9 .5 4.6 1.8 .2 4.6 .3 4.4 49.3 14.6 1.0 2.4 6.1 .6 3.6 2.0 1.7 .3 1.3 6.2 4.5 7.8 4.6 2.8 4.2 2.5 4.7 23.3 14.1 1.7 3.6 10.5 .6 2.2 3.0 .6 .1 .5 1.3 .5 4.4 1.1 .2 6.4 1.0 6.7 50.9 13.6 .7 1.2 5.0 1.1 4.6 2.6 .9 .4 1.4 1.9 .3 Clubs or Lodges Church or Synagogue. Public Lecture Art Gallery .1 .5 3.7 11.2 4.6 1.0 6.1 2.5 6.9 19.1 17.8 2.4 5.5 9.4 .1 .2 4!6 1.4 .3 3.8 1.7 8.8 50.7 16.5 1.5 1.6 5.4 Private Study . Night School Motion Picture Theatre Dance Saloon. Pool Cards With Family Newspaper Magazine Books Friends Married life influences the use of spare time more than Hours of Labor. In this table, the contrast is most striking between Single and Married men grouped according to the same Hours of Labor. Again it must be remembered that in reckoning with the amount of time spent at any of the specified agencies the personal element predominates. It is evident that the home or family absorbs most of the Married men's spare time. In stating the number of hours spent at the specified social and other agencies, 512 Married men for all Hour Groups, report out of the 100% of spare time available that 50% and over was spent with their families. This is more than twice as much as the time which the Single men report spend- ing at their homes. 32 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME But in no other way in the above table do the Married men, in all Hour Groups, spend a larger percentage of time than the Single men. It is true that at Labor Unions the Married men lead in the 8-9 and 9-10 Hour Groups; likewise, at Church and Saloon they spend more spare time in the 9-10, 10-11 Hour Groups than the Single men; also they lead in playing Cards in the 9-10, 10-11, 11 hour and over groups. But with each of the fourteen remaining social and other agencies, the Single Men spend the largest percent- age of spare time. IV THE RELATION OF AGE TO THE USE OF SPARE TIME THIS table is one of the most interesting, indicating as it does the effect of increasing age on the use of leisure. With the greater vitality of youth, spare time is filled in seeking for amuse- ment and also for success by means of Library, Private Study, and Night School. The regularity of the curve as the percentage rises or falls is significant with almost every item. The figures give strik- ing support to the indications which were shown by the tables of Single and Married men. TABLE 15 Percentage of men who report time spent for various purposes during one week ac- cording to specified Age Group. 1724 years 2535 years 3645 years 46yrs. and over Number of men 207 331 187 82 SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES % % % % Labor Union 15 9 25 3 33 1 45 i Clubs or Lodges 48.3 40 1 44 9 51 2 Church or Synagogue 39 1 45 3 62 5 69 5 Public Lectures 28.0 26.5 17 1 14 6 Art Galleries 9 6 6 6 5 3 3 6 Library 20.7 11.7 3.7 7 3 Private Study 26 10 8 6 4 3 6 Night School 17 8 6 6 1 6 Motion Pictures 43 9 65 2 48 1 46 3 Theatres 63 2 45 9 31 28 Dance 37.6 16.3 6 4 1 2 Saloon 17 8 32 6 42 7 30 4 Pool 25 1 12 3 2 6 2 4 Cards. . 25 6 39 8 41 7 26 8 With Family 65 7 80 3 94 6 85 3 Newspapers 94 6 90 3 89 8 92 6 Magazines 29 9 23 2 21 9 18 2 Books 45 8 26 8 27 8 20 7 Friends 81.6 80.0 71.6 65.8 The percentages in Table 15 represent the proportion of 807 men who reported time spent during one week at the specified social and other agencies. The only agencies at which men in the 36-45, 46 and over Age Groups excel in numbers are Labor Unions, Clubs and Lodges in the 46 and over group, Church and Synagogue, Saloon in the 36-45 group, and with Family. All of the other fourteen social and other agencies show the highest percentage in the younger age groups with a marked decline in the older groups. A glance at the table will show this interesting fact. 33 34 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME TABLE 16 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time was used by men in each Age Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies. SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES 1724 years 2535 years 3645 years 46 years and over % % % % Labor Union 2 2 3 7 5 1 7 4 Clubs or Lodges 6.6 5.9 6.9 8.4 Church or Synagogue 5 3 6 6 9 6 11 2 Public Lectures 3 8 3 9 2 5 2 4 Art Gallery 1.3 .9 8 .6 Library 2 8 1 7 6 1 2 Private Study 3.5 1.6 1.0 .6 Night School . . 2 4 1 2 Motion Pictures 6 9 5 7 4 7 6 Theatres 8 6 6 7 4 7 4 6 Dances 5 1 2 4 1 2 Saloons 2.4 4 5 6.6 5.0 Pool . ... 3 4 1 8 4 4 Cards 3.5 5.8 6.4 4.2 With Family 8 8 11 7 14 5 13 9 Newspapers 12 9 13 2 13 6 15 1 Magazines 4 1 3 4 3 4 3 Books . . . 6 2 4 4 3 3 4 Friends 11.1 11.7 11.0 10.8 Table 16 gives the percentage of the number of visits to or choices of the different social and other agencies by 807 men accord- ing to specified Age Groups. The total for all of the visits made by the men was taken and the percentage for each agency then found. Upon a basis of 100%, the striking rise and fall in attendance at the specified agencies is in almost exact conformity to Table 15, showing that as men grow older, fewer are the social and other agencies that interest them. Labor Union, Clubs and Lodges, Church and Synagogue, Saloon and reading Newspapers have the greatest popularity among the older groups of men. It will be observed from the table that the interests of the younger men are more varied, over one- half of the agencies given in their case showing a higher percentage. (See Table 17 on following page.) In Table 17 the percentages are calculated from the number of hours spent at the various social and other agencies by 807 men in the specified Age Groups. It is evident that men in the 17-24 Age Group spent more hours at Motion Pictures than men in the 46 and over Age Group. But in Table 15 the number of men is larger in the 46 and over Age Group, who reported that Motion Pictures was one place where they spent spare time during the week. This indi- cates that the younger men as a group and as individuals spent more time than the older men at Motion Pictures. AGE AND SPARE TIME 35 TABLE 17 , Percentage of spare time spent for various purposes during one week by men in speci- fied Age Groups. SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES 1724 years 2535 years 3645 years 46 years and over % % % % Labor Union 9 1 3 1.5 2.3 Clubs or Lodges. 6 1 3 1 3 1 5 2 Church or Synagogue Public Lectures 1.7 1 9 1.9 1 3 2.2 9 3.8 6 Art Galleries Library Private Study- .3 1.4 4 5 .2 .8 1 6 .2 .6 1 1 .2 .8 3 Night School ... 3.4 1.1 .2 Motion Pictures 5 3 4 8 3 5 4 Theatres 4.8 2.8 1.6 1.7 Dances 3 8 1 2 .1 Saloons . . . 2.6 3.8 4.7 3.4 Pool... 1 8 1 l .4 .1 Cards 2 9 5 4 5 4 3 5 With Family 27.2 43.6 51.4 47.7 Newspapers 14 5 14 9 14 6 17 6 Magazines 2.6 1.6 1.4 1.2 Books 5 5 2 6 2 1 1 4 Friends 8.8 7.1 4.9 6.1 It is interesting to note that as the men grow older, more time, in a direct ratio, is spent at Labor Union, Church and Synagogue. The Saloon gets the largest number of hours from men in the 36-45 Age Group and the smallest number of hours from the 17-24 Age Group. This proportion of hours is in agreement with the number of men in Table 15 who reported that they visited the saloon during the week. Cards, likewise, have the most time devoted to them in the 25-35, 36-45 Age Groups and the least amount of time in the 17-24 Age Group. The older men spend more time with their Families and in reading the Newspapers, whereas the younger men devote more time to reading Magazines and Books and visiting their Friends. V THE RELATION OF NATIONALITY TO THE USE OF SPARE TIME AN insight is gained from this table into the ways in which men of various nationalities spend their spare time. New York being a cosmopolitan centre and having a foreign born population of 57.8%*, naturally brought the investigators in interviewing at random 809 workingmen into contact with many foreign-born men. About one fourth of them, or 194, were native born and 615 foreign born. TABLE 18 - Percentage of men who report time spent for various purposes during one week ac- cording to specified Nationality Groups. < Austria Hungarian *-* *tJ 1 OM ] c 1 d 1 s Number of men IQ4 176 85 79 79 174 22 SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES % % % %. % % % Labor Unions 24 7 16 4 38 8 45 5 18 9 32 7 13 6 Clubs and Lodges 45 8 40 3 47 49.3 40.5 52.8 9.0 Church or Synagogue 45 8 62 4 48 2 65 8 48 1 43 1 27.2 Public Lecture 26 2 19.3 18.8 29.1 11.3 31.6 18.1 Art Galleries 5 1 3 4 7 11 3 8 8 8 6 18.1 Library 13 9 9 11 7 5 6 3 18 3 9 Private Study 13 9 9 9 4 8 8 15 1 17.8 18.1 Night School 7 2 7 9 4 7 7 5 6 3 13 2 4 5 Motion Pictures Theatre 61.3 58 2 59.6 37 4 58.8 45 8 60.7 36 7 54.4 31 6 60.3 47 1 54.5 40 9 Dance 29 8 13 10 5 12 6 16 4 15 5 Saloon ... 26 2 26 7 57 6 49 3 30 3 20 6 18 1 Pool 20 1 11 9 17 6 6 3 12 6 4 Cards With Family. 32.9 74 2 50.5 84 35.2 85 8 27.8 86 37.9 82 2 28.1 79 8 54.5 68 1 Newspaper 94 3 89 2 91 7 91 1 92.4 91.9 90.9 Magazine. 29 8 23 2 27 27 8 20 2 22 9 4 5 Books 34 31 2 23 5 32 9 27 8 37 3 36 3 Friends 73.1 79.5 76.4 72.1 79.7 82.7 81.8 Besides the question "In what country were you born," another question was asked: "If born in America, what was the nationality of your father?" Out of the 194 native-born workingmen, 12 coun- tries represented the birth places of the fathers. The 615 foreign- born workingmen come from 27 different countries. (See appendix for detailed information) . The various countries were grouped under seven general heads, according to race affiliation or proximity of countries. *See page 113 Abstract of the Thirteenth U. S. Census. 37 38 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Table 18 represents the percentage of 809 men who reported spare time spent during one week at the various social and other agencies according to the specified Nationality Groups. By reading the table from left to right the nationalities which have the largest number of men attending the different social and other agencies may be observed. For example, at Church and Syna- gogue, the Germans lead, followed in order by the Austria-Hungar- ians, British, Italians, Americans, Russians, and Others. At the Saloon, most men report from Great Britain, with Germans second, Italians third, Austria-Hungarians fourth, Americans fifth, Russians sixth, and Others last. It will be noticed that in the percentage of men attending Mo- tion Pictures and Theatres the Americans report the highest num- ber; while the Germans stand highest as the "home men" and Americans and Others the lowest. The proportion of men for any of the agencies, according to Nationality Groups, can readily be observed from this table. TABLE 19 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time was used by men in each Nationality Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies. SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES a -COt-li IOJO >r-i '06 * id ico *' oq ioii 10 r-i -^ O 00 rHr-KNOl>CO r-KNO rH rH CO O OS U3 rH O CO rH CO O 00 iO^H 00 rHOO(NO>^OC^ CQ O IO O -2?c -Sf y. Sf USE OF CERTAIN DAYS AND HOURS 47 their relative order: Reading, attending Meetings (8-9 hour), Walking, Theatres, (8-9 hour) visiting Friends, Studying and on Excursions. The 10-11, 11 hour and over men have the highest percentage of time spent at Home, Work, Indoor Pleasures, and Saloon. The explanation of these facts is virtually a truism, namely that with the increasing longer workday the available amount of spare time for recreational purposes steadily decreases. 2. What men usually do on Saturday afternoons. Work is the chief occupation with a third of the 8-9 hour men and with nearly a half of the 9-10, 10-11 hour men, increasing to about three-fourths of the 11 hour and over men. After Work, staying at Home is the way the majority of men for all Hour Groups spend their time. Then follows in order the customary habits of the different groups of men influenced by their Hours of Labor. Men working the shorter number of hours en- gage in more varied ways of spending spare time, while the longer working groups move in a more and more restricted circle. The table readily conveys this impression. 3. What men usually do on Sundays. Sunday Work is seen to be the lot of but a small percentage of the 8-9 hour men, tho it increases regularly in numbers of men as the hours of labor increase. Visiting Friends, staying at Home, and Reading are the chief ways most men of all groups spend their Sun- days. Attending Theatres, which includes Motion Pictures, Con- certs, etc. (see list), and going to Church, are the next items of general popularity. The striking fact about this table is the uniformity of percent- ages for all Hour Groups. Aside from Work, which the 10-11 hour and 11 hour and over men are compelled to engage in and which reduces the available time for rest and recreation, a notable like- ness in the ways of spending Sundays with all groups of men stands out in bold relief. The principal ways of spending Sunday, their order and similarity in the percentages given, can be seen by looking at the table for these items: Visiting Friends, Home, Theatres, Church and Synagogue, Walking, Indoor Pleasures, Saloon, and Studying. No such closeness of percentages can be found in comparing ways of spending spare time during week days by the same Hour Groups. Decided curves of rise and fall as the number of Hours of Labor increased were noted in former tables. 48 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME 4. What men usually do on Holidays. Visiting Friends, staying Home, Reading and attending Thea- tres are the most popular ways of spending spare time on Holidays with all Hour Groups. The attendance at Church and Saloon in- creases regularly as the hours of work increase. The 8-9 Hour Group leads all others in attendance on Excursions, at Athletic Games and various Meetings. Indoor Pleasure and the Saloon are most popular with the 11 hour and over group. 5. What men consider most Profitable Ways of Spending Spare Time. It is interesting to note that with the 8-9, 9-10 Hour Groups Reading is considered the most profitable, while with the 10-11, 11 hour and over Groups, staying at Home, has first place. Visiting Friends and Theatres are the third and fourth choices with all Hour Groups; whereas, Work, Excursions, Church and Synagogue are considered the least profitable. (See Table 25 on following page.) Table 25 gives the percentages within each Hour Group of the different ways men usually spend their spare time on certain speci- fied days and occasions. As men have like wants and desires, the choices are the same for the various Hour Groups, tho differing in degree as to percent- ages given, due probably to effects produced by a shorter or longer workday. This relation was noted in the preceding table. In explanation of this table one of the Hour Groups will be taken as an example of the way the other Hour Groups can be con- sidered. Among the 8-9 hour men, it will be seen that Work has a per- centage of 33.5% for Saturday afternoon; 1.9% for Holidays; and 1.6% from Supper until Bed Time. Sunday is the day on which the highest number of visits are made with Friends, 18.5%; whereas Saturday afternoon is the time of the least visiting 7.2%. Saturday afternoon, however, is the Home abiding time, having the highest percentage of home reports in the 8-9 hour group at that time, being 15.3%. From Supper until Bed Time, more spare time is spent in Reading, attending Meetings, Walking, Studying, and at Saloons, than on any other of the specified days or occasions. Theatres and Excursions are the most popular on Holidays. USE OF CERTAIN DAYS AND HOURS 49 2 ln days and during cert ing to Hours of Labor. uooiua^jv amiX paa un jaddng "> g? CO O K5 t>- r-tO CNOr-t CO "l_ N " iO 1-1 00 1 O O aunx aJBdg Joj - sABpuns UOOtUaiJV atmx P^S un jaddng aunx 3-TBdS JQj arajx pag aunx 3 sXBpuns annx P^a n aaddns eooooco^iTjcoQ^H OS CO OS !M CO <** t g5 -H O * O (N CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 2? 00 OS * CM -H (N ^ TjJ (N CO Cq 00 O t^- CN ^ ^oOCNCO lO N CO CO * (N CO i ^ COt*lOOSC^r-l CNOJCOCOot 50 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Table 26 makes it possible to compare what 1,065 men usually do on certain days and during certain hours, grouped according to their Occupation. 1. What men usually do from Supper until Bed Time. It will be observed that the largest percentage of the reports for Work and staying Home are found in the Merchants and Dealers Group. The Building Trades Group visit Friends most frequently, and the Saloon has the greatest popularity among the Transportation men. The Professional Group has the highest percentage for Studying. The Clerical men lead in attending various Meetings and the Textile men lead in Walking. 2. What men usually do on Saturday afternoons. Saturday afternoon finds all of the Occupation Groups at Work. The smallest percentage of the reports come from the Textile Group and the Building Trades, while the Merchants and Dealers and Transportation Groups are scarcely able to report anything but Work. Since the Textile and Building Trades Groups work the smallest amount of time, and hence have more spare time to use, they have the largest percentage in reports of leisure time spent at Home, Reading, at Theatres, and Walking. The Domestic Group leads in the percentage of visits to the Saloon. 3. What men usually do on Sundays. Work is still a prominent factor with most of the Occupation Groups. Metal, Building Trades and the Clerical Groups have the smallest percentage working. Merchants and Dealers lead in Sun- day Work, as on Saturday afternoon. Visiting Friends has a strik- ing similarity in the percentages of the reports for all Occupation Groups. Men in the Building Trade and Textile Groups have the highest percentage for staying at Home, and Clerical men the lowest. The Saloon attracts more largely those in the Transportation and Domestic Groups, while the Church is most popular with the Mer- chants and Dealers and the Metal Trades USE OF CERTAIN DAYS AND HOURS TABLE 26 51 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time is usually spent by men in each Occupation Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies on certain days and during certain hours. SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES USUALLY DO FROM SUPPER UNTIL BEDTIME 1 ! 1 6 1 c 1 si II ES 3 1 w = $ I 1 3 1 1 1 % % % % % % % % % Work Friends 9.4 6.0 10.8 20.1 10.1 2.6 15.7 5.6 17.5 16.1 3.8 3.1 4 4 2.9 9.7 6.6 28.4 9.5 .7 5.2 8.1 18.5 24.9 2.9 7.5 6 23.7 8.5 18.6 16.9 6.8 1.7 1.6 11.0 14.5 31.9 2.8 2.8 .3 12.3 9.5 5.7 "7.'6 1.4 8.6 13.8 36.2 6.7 3.8 ' '4. '3 10.5 4.8 .9 "9. '6 .7 9.1 17.6 31.5 5.5 1.5 2.8 10.2 16.4 27.5 6.3 4.2 .2 11.1 7.9 4.6 .5 .2 8.1 Home Reading. Studying Saloon ... Church or Synagogue Meetings 13.4 12.1 7.4 1.3 10.0 13.1 13.5 9.8 6.0 1 l 3.5 12.1 6.3 3.4 5.1 11.9 4.4 8.1 8.4 .7 12.5 Theatres Indoor Pleasures Athletic Games Excursions. . .7 7.4 '9.4 'li.'s .6 9.8 3.4 Walking USUALLY DO SATURDAY AFTERNOONS % % % % 1 % % % % % Work 47.0 60.2 6.5 11.1 3.7 g 48.4 3.9 9.4 7.0 3 5 84.8 2.2 5.4 1.1 94.3 2.9 26.3 12.2 21.1 11.3 1.4 1.9 44.9 8.5 13.5 6.8 1.7 1.7 'i.7 8.5 1.7 5.9 1.7 3.4 21.9 14.7 17.0 10.2 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.7 10.7 4.5 3.6 45.1 6.7 11.5 9.1 2.8 1.8 .7 2.8 7.0 2.4 2.8 .7 6.6 Friends Home 10.9 3.6 4 8 Reading Studying Saloon 1.2 "2. '4 4.8 7.2 10.9 2.4 4.8 2.8 5.5 "3.'7 1.9 ".9 2.8 .4 .4 1.2 8.2 7.0 1.2 2.7 6.7 Church or Synagogue . Meetings 1.4 8.9 4.2 3.8 'Y.5 Theatres 2.8 Indoor Pleasures Athletic Games Excursions 3.3 1.1 2.1 Walking 8.9 USUALLY DO SUNDAYS % % % % 1 % % % % % Work 12.7 15.8 10.1 13.9 3.2 16.3 14.1 12.9 6.2 .6 3.9 11.2 1.7 12.9 11.2 .6 3.8 19.1 8.9 14.9 2.4 .8 8.9 8.3 11.3 7.6 4.6 2.6 6.8 12.0 18.0 13.7 10.9 .6 4.9 9.8 2.2 9.8 7.7 3.8 .6 6.0 26.7 17.4 12.8 9.3 'i4.6 1.2 7.0 2.3 1.2 "s.'i 1.9 18.2 17.6 15.5 .5 1.9 9.4 6.4 7.5 5.6 2.4 4.0 9.1 1.2 19.6 16.3 11.2 2.1 .8 12.5 3.8 12.9 5.0 4.6 2.1 7.9 17.5 19.4 17.5 12.4 1.8 1.1 3.3 1.8 12.4 6.6 4^8 8.0 19.0 14.5 10.9 .8 2.1 10.3 4.1 11.1 7.8 1.6 1.4 8.4 Friends Home Reading. Studying Saloon Church or Synagogue 5.7 4.4 10.1 8.9 5.1 1 9 Meetings Theatres Indoor Pleasures Athletic Games Excursions.. . . Walking 8.2 8.4 USUALLY DO ON HOLIDAYS % % % % % % % % % Work 9.2 18.4 15.3 10.2 5.1 3.1 3 i 18.6 14.0 10.9 3.9 "5. '4 10.9 1.3 17.3 10.1 15.3 2.3 .5 5.4 5.2 13.4 8.31 4.9 8.5 7.5 7.1 22.0 14.2 5.5 .8 4.7 11.0 3.2 12.6 7.9 4.7 3.1 3.2 2.3 17.0 10.2 8.0 ' 5. '7 17.0 1.1 11.4 14.8 2^3 10.2 16.7 17.4 13.4 2.2 2.5 5.8 4.7 9.8 4.7 4.4 10.1 8.3 1.1 17.9 18.4 8.4 2.6 2.6 6.3 2.1 13.7 4.2 4.8 12.1 5.8 18.1 16.9 8.5 2.7 1.6 15.8 1.9 14.6 6.9 1.9 1.9 9.2 3.5 19.8 16.3 11.8 1.3 3.0 9.4 3.7 12.6 4.5 2.1 5.6 6.4 Friends Home. . Reading Studing .... Saloon Church or Synagogue Meetings Theatres 12.2 7.1 4 1 11.6 12.4 Indoor Pleasures Athletic Games Excursions. . 5.1 7.1 2.3 10.0 Walking 52 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Taking the total number of ways in which spare time is usually spent by men in each Occupation Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies on certain days and during certain hours. SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES WAYS MOST PROFITABLE TO SPEND SPARE TIME 1 ' 1 B u M 1 1 1 I s '3 ! % I | % % % % % % % % % Work 4.7 11.3 17.0 12.3 12.3 1.9 4.6 11.1 22.2 18.5 3.7 1.9 .9 1.9 13.9 16.7 .7 12.5 10.6 23.7 13.2 .7 1.3 7.6 8.9 8.9 2.3 1 7 .8 15.1 18.2 15.9 4.6 9.1 .8 4.5 12.1 13.6 3.0 4.7 14.0 23.2 27.9 "2!3 "i.'7 16.3 "2.3 4.6 1.1 17.0 15.3 25.6 8.0 3.4 .6 5.7 9.7 4.5 1.7 2.9 4.5 1.8 16.7 21.0 14.9 15.8 2.6 "5.'3 12.3 4.4 2.6 "2. & 1.0 13.9 18.2 22.0 7.6 1.4 .5 6.7 12.0 10.5 .9 .5 4.8 .8 16.2 19.6 24.2 9.2 2.3 1.2 6.5 8.8 3.5 2.7 1.2 3.8 Friends .... Home. Reading Studying Saloon Church or Synagogue Meetings 7.5 12.2 10.4 2.8 1 9 Theatres Indoor Pleasures Athletic Games Excursions. . Walking 5.7 4.6 7.9 2.3 4. PT^a/ wew usually do on Holidays. In this table Work is of least consideration with most of the Occupation Groups, tho the Domestic Group has a very high per- centage so engaged. The percentage of visits with Friends is nearly the same for all Groups. The "Home men" and the Excursionists report the largest percentages from the Metal and Building Trades, while frequenters of the Saloon and participators of Indoor Pleasures take precedence among the Merchants and Dealers and Domestic Groups. 5. Ways men consider most Profitable for Spending Spare Time. Home and Reading lead in the choice of all Occupation Groups for being the most profitable ways of spending spare time. Mer- chants and Dealers give the highest vote in both cases. Visiting Friends is the third most profitable way of spending spare time, while the Church and Synagogue have the smallest vote of all the specified ways. The Transportation Group reflects its habit of life by voting from three to eight times as great in favor of the Saloon as any other Occupation Group. Theatres and Indoor Pleasures are general favorites with all Groups, while Work is emphasized by the energetic and ambitious Merchants and Dealers, Professional and Domestic Groups. USE OF CERTAIN DAYS AND HOURS 53 TABLE 27 Taking the total number of ways in which spare time is usually spent by men on certain days and during certain hours as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies according to Occupation Groups. PROFESSIONAL DOMESTIC SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES i || BS $< 1 1 CO K ll 1! 11 ll 3 IE 5s 1 1 3 & h II Number of men 51 97 % % % \ % % % % % % % Work 9.4 6 47.0 12.7 15.8 10.1 13.9 3.2 9.2 18.4 15.3 10.2 5.1 3.1 "s.i 12.2 7.1 4.1 5.1 7.1 4.7 11.3 17.0 12.3 12.3 1.9 "7!5 12.2 10.4 2.8 1.9 5.7 15.7 5.6 17.5 16.1 3.8 3.1 4.4 1.3 10.0 13.1 60.2 6.5 11.1 3.7 .9 2.8 5.5 16.3 14.1 12.9 6.2 .6 3.9 11.2 1.7 12.9 11.2 6 18.6 14.0 10.9 3.9 "5A 10.9 'iiie 12.4 4.6 11.1 22.2 18.5 3.7 1.9 .9 1.9 13.9 16.7 Home 10.8 20.1 10.1 2.6 16. 9 3.6 4.8 1.2 Studying. Saloon 5.7 4.4 10.1 8.9 5.1 1.9 8.2 Meetings . 13.4 12.1 7.4 2.4 4.8 7.2 10.9 2.4 4.8 Theatres 3.7 1.9 Indoor Pleasure .7 7.4 9 2.3 Walking 9.4 2.8 8.4 10.0 4.6 CLERICAL TRANSPORTATION Number of men 202 89 % % % 1 % % % % % 1 % % Work 2.9 9.7 6.6 28.4 9.5 .7 48.4 3.9 9.4 7.0 3.5 .4 4 1.3 17.3 10.1 15.3 2.3 .5 5 4 3.8 19.1 8.9 14.9 2.4 .8 8 9 12^5 10.6 23.7 13.2 .7 1 3 5.2 8.1 18.5 24.9 2.9 7.5 6 84.8 2.2 5.4 1.1 12.0 18.0 13.7 10.9 .6 4.9 9.8 2.2 9.8 7.7 3.8 .6 6.0 7.1 22.0 14.2 5.5 .8 4.7 11.0 3.2 12.6 7.9 4.7 3.1 3.2 .8 15.1 18.2 15.9 4.6 9.1 .8 4.5 12.1 13.6 3.0 "2i3 Friends Home Reading Studying Saloon Church or Synagogue. 13.5 9.8 6.0 1.1 1.2 8.2 7.0 1.2 2.7 6.7 5.2 13.4 8.3 4.9 8.5 7.5 8.3 11.3 7.6 4.6 2.6 6.8 7.6 8.9 8.9 2.3 1.7 7.9 3.5 12.1 6.3 "!e 9.8 Theatres . Indoor Pleasure "s.'s 1.1 2.1 Athletic Games Walking 11.8 MERCHANTS AND DEALERS BUILDING TRADES Number of men 35 138 % % % % % % % % % % Work. 23.7 8 5 94.3 26.7 17.4 12.8 9.3 2.3 17.0 10.2 8.0 "s^ 17.0 1 i 4.7 14.0 23.2 27.9 "2."3 1.6 11.0 14.5 31.9 2.8 2.8 .3 12.3 9.5 5.7 "7.'6 26.3 12.2 21.1 11.3 1.4 1.9 "i.'i 8.9 4.2 3.8 "7. '5 1.9 18.2 17.6 15.5 .5 1.9 9.4 6.4 7.5 5.6 2.4 4.0 9.1 16.7 17.4 13.4 2.2 2.5 5.8 4.7 9.8 4.7 4.4 10.1 8.3 1.1 17.0 15.3 25.6 8.0 3.4 .6 5.7 9.7 4.5 1.7 2.9 4.5 Friends Home 18.6 16 9 2.9 Reading Studying 6.8 1 7 Saloon. Church or Synagogue 14.6 1 2 Meetings 3 4 Theatres 5.1 11.9 2.8 7.0 2.3 1 2 11.4 14.8 4.7 16.3 2.3 4.6 Indoor Pleasures Athletic Games Excursions 2.3 10.2 Walking 3.4 8.1 METAL TRADES TEXTILES Number of men O6 126 % % % % % % % % % % Work. 1.4 8.6 13.8 36.2 6.7 3.8 "4.'3 44.9 8.5 13.5 6.8 1.7 1.7 "i.'7 1.2 19.6 16.3 11.2 2.1 .8 12.5 3.8 1.1 17.9 18.4 8.4 2.6 2.6 6.3 2.1 1.8 16.7 21.0 14.9 15.8 2.6 5.3 .7 9.1 17.6 31.5 5.5 1.5 " '4.' 4 21.9 14.7 17.0 10.2 1.8 1.8 2.2 2.7 17.5 19.4 17.5 12.4 1.8 1.1 3.3 1.8 18.1 16.9 8.5 2.7 1.6 15.8 1.9 1.0 13.9 18.2 22.0 7.6 1.4 .5 6.7 Friends Home Reading Studying Saloon. Church or Synagogue Meetings 54 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Taking the total number of ways in which spare time is usually spent by men on certain days and during certain hours as 100%, the table shows the percentage of visits to or choices of the specified social and other agencies according to Occupation Groups. IP CO SOCIAL AND OTHER AGENCIES i >, g jy ** 1 S 09 s 3s |i || 1 rt H *o g 03* P || 1 1 3 sa o ro w2 w< w <2 w2 c/S Percentage of men who get a vacation according to Occu- pation Groups. YES No % % Professional 48 9 51 1 Domestic 18 8 81 2 Clerical 59 3 40 7 Transportation 15 9 84 1 Merchants 30 3 69 7 Building Trades 19 4 80 6 Metal Trades . 17 1 82 9 Textiles 15 1 84 9 Miscellaneous 18 '.5 81.5 In Table 40, 860 men are grouped according to their Occupa- tion, and those trades are clearly manifest in which the men se- cure a vacation period. The Occupation Groups most favored are the Clerical Group, reporting 59.3% of the men having a vacation; Professional 48.9%; and Merchants and Dealers 30.3%. The re- maining six Occupation Groups average between 15% and 19% of the men who get a vacation. TABLE 41 Percentage of the total number of men who have a vacation. REPORTS MEN % Yes... 246 Oft ft No 614 nA 860 100% PERSONAL HABITS AND SOCIAL INTERCOURSE 61 Table 41 gives in condensed form, irrespective of Hours of Labor or Occupation, the proportion of 860 men as 28.6% who state that they have a vacation, while 71.4% receive no vacation. TABLE 42 Percentage of men who report taking recreation with their families according to Hours of Labor. rlOURS PE R DAY REPORTS 8-9 9-10 10-11 ll&over Number of men 265 214 103 104 % % % % Yes No 65.6 34 4 68.7 31 3 53.4 46 6 74.0 26.0 100% 100% 100% 100% In this table the percentages are given of the answers to the question "Do you take your recreation with or without your family?" by 686 men arranged according to Hours of Labor. The percent- ages show an increase in the numbers of me'n answering "With their families" as the hours of work increase, tho in the 10-11 hour group the number is smaller than in all others. TABLE 43 vX Percentage of the total number of men who take recreation with their families. REPORTS Men % Yes... 453 66 No 233 34.0 686 100% In Table 43, irrespective of Hours of Labor, the 686 men are combined, showing that 66% take their recreation with their family, while 34% do not. TABLE 44 Percentage of men who are members of labor unions ac- cording to Occupation Groups. YES No % % Professional 8 5 91 5 Domestic 23 5 76 5 Clerical 3 3 96 7 Transportation 14 5 85 5 Merchants 100 Building Trades 63 9 36 1 Metal Trades 50 7 49 3 Textiles 56 5 43 5 Miscellaneous 29.8 70.2 62 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Percentages for 876 men are given in this table indicating those Occupations most highly organized. The three groups having the highest percentage of men as members of Labor Unions are the Building Trades, 63.9% ; Textiles, 56.5% ; Metal Trades, 50.7% ; while the Merchants and Dealers have no Labor Union members, the Clerical 3.3%, and the Professional 8.5%. TABLE 45 Percentage of the total number of men who are members of labor unions. REPORTS MEN % Yes. 262 29 9 No 614 70 1 876 100% Table 45 shows that out of the 876 men interviewed 29.9% reported being members of some Labor Union, whereas 70.1% were not. TABLE 46 Percentage of men signifying whether or not there are Night Schools, Men's Clubs, Social Centres, or Public Lectures in their immediate communities. NIGHT SCHOOLS MEN'S CLUBS SOCIAL CENTRES Public Lectures Reports Men % Reports Men % Reports Men % Reports. Men % Yes.... No 794 60 93.0 7.0 Yes. ... No 649 179 78.4 21.6 Yes. ... No 582 229 71.7 28.3 Yes.. No 783 75 91.2 8.8 854 100% 828 100% 811 100% 858 100% In this table answers are given to the questions "Are their Night Schools, Men's Clubs, Social Centres, and Public Lectures in your neighborhood?" The interesting fact is brought out that from 71.7% to 93% of the men answer "Yes" to such questions, showing that they are familiar with such institutions, whether they attend them or not. Social Centers, the least known, had 71.7% of the men answer- ing "Yes," while Night Schools were the most popular from the affirmative answer of 93% of the men. PERSONAL HABITS AND SOCIAL INTERCOURSE TABLE 47 Percentage of the total number of men arranged accord- ing to Religious Faith. RELIGIOUS FAITH MEN % Protestant. 232 26 1 Catholic 268 30 2 Jewish . 351 39 5 Others 37 4 2 888 100% 63 Table 47 indicates the representative character of the investiga- tion as to Religious Faith. From the reports made by 888 men, the proportion is about a third for Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish Faiths. IX THE RELATION OF HOURS OF LABOR TO THE EXPENDITURE OF MONEY FOR RECREA- TION AND OTHER PURPOSES THE relation of Hours of Labor to the Expenditure of Money for recreation and other purposes is given in the following tables and comparisons of expenditures are made from the reports of 1,022 men. Tendencies will be shown, and tho they may not claim to be general laws, yet they give strong indications that are ex- ceedingly interesting and have not been thus summarized up to the present time. TABLE 48 Percentage of men who report expenditure of money for specified purposes during one week according to Hours of Labor. HOURS PER DA\ 89 910 1011 11 and over Number of men 402 313 I Si 156 ITEMS % % % % Motion Pictures 50.7 59.4 65 5 49 3 Theatres 47 3 41 2 27 8 21 1 Beer. 55 5 51 1 54 3 52 5 Wine 10 2 8 3 7 3 14 7 Whiskey 20 1 21 4 21 2 16 6 Chewing Tobacco 11 9 11 8 9 9 9 Smoking Tobacco 30 3 24 3 23 1 21 8 Cigars 36 5 23 9 15 9 23 7 Cigarettes 30 6 34 8 44 4 44 2 Personal Contribution to Church. 29 3 31 46 3 33 3 Family Contribution to Church 17 4 16 3 23 1 22 4 Self Life Insurance Family Life Insurance 32.6 16.9 31.0 11.8 27.1 18.5 22.4 22.4 Table 48 represents the percentage of 1,022 men who reported making expenditures of money during one week for certain given purposes according to groupings by Hours of Labor. The base taken in each case was the number of men found in the different groups according to their Hours of Labor, as noted in the table. While the rise and fall of the percentage of men according to the specified Hour Groups are not regular in all cases, yet the ten- dency is apparent. For example, the number of men who reported expenditures at Motion Pictures increases as the hours of labor increase, tho the 11 hour and over group makes an exception, having the smallest percentage. 65 66 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME At Theatres the decrease in numbers of men is strikingly reg- ular as the hours of work increase, the 8-9 hour group of men re- porting more than twice as many at Theatres as did the 11 hour and over group. Beer has the highest percentage of men from the 8-9 hour group. Wine from the 11 hour and over group of men, and Whiskey from the 9-10 hour group. Both Chewing and Smoking Tobacco decrease in use as the Hours of Labor increase. Cigars are smoked more largely by men in the shorter hour groups, while the opposite is true in the case of Cigarettes, 44.2% of men reporting expenditures for Cigarettes in the 1 1 hour and over group, against 30.6% in the 8-9 hour group. Personal and Family contributions to the Church and Syna- gogue are made by a larger number of men in the 10-11 hour and 11 hour and over groups than in the groups of men working a shorter number of hours. Self Life Insurance diminishes in numbers of men as the hours of work increase, while more men report paying for Family Life Insurance in the 10-11 hour and the 11 hour and over groups. TABLE 49 Taking the total number of ways in which money was spent by men in each Hour Group as 100%, the table shows the percentage of choices for each specified purpose. HOUR 5 PER DA^ f ITEMS 89 910 1011 1 1 and over % % % % Motion Pictures 13 16 2 17 1 14 Theatre. 12 1 11 3 7 2 6 Beer. . . 14 2 14 14 1 14 9 Wine . . 2 6 2 3 1 9 4 2 Whiskey 5 1 5 8 5 5 4 7 Chewing Tobacco 3 3 2 2 6 2 5 Smoking Tobacco 7 8 6 6 6 6 2 Cigars 9 9 6 5 4 1 6 7 Cigarettes. 7 8 9 5 11 5 12 5 Personal Contribution to Church. . . . 7 5 8 5 12 1 9 4 Family Contribution to Church 4 4 4.4 6 6 3 Self Life Insurance 8 3 8 5 7 1 6 3 Family Life Insurance 4.3 3.2 4.8 6.3 Table 49 gives the relative popularity or frequency of choice of the items for which money was expended by 1,022 men according to Hours of Labor. The percentages for each Hour Group were ob- tained by adding the number of men reporting expenditures for the specified purposes and getting the proportion of men for each item to the total. The fact is shown that men in the 11 hour and over group drink Beer more of ten than do men in the 8-9 and 10-11 hour groups; HOURS OF LABOR AND EXPENDITURE OF MONEY 67 for, tho in table 48, 55.5% of the men in the 8-9 hour group and 54.3% in the 10-11 hour group, reported that Beer was one item during the week for which they expended money, while only 52.5% of the men in the 11 hour and over group gave statement to the fact, yet the 11 hour and over men drank Beer more frequently than the men working shorter hours. The percentages of fre- quency, as shown in Table 49, are 14.9% for the 11 hour and over men, 14.2% for the 8-9 hour group and 14. 1 % for the 10-11 hour group. Likewise, the frequency of expenditures for Cigarettes in- creases with men working the greater number of hours and dimin- ishes as the hours of labor decrease. Tho in Table 48 the number of men reporting Cigarettes as one item of their expenditure during the week was 44.4% in the 10-11 hour group and 44.2% in the 11 hour and over group, the frequency of expenditures in Table 49 is 12.5% for the 11 hour and over group, and 11.5% for the 10-11 hour men. These examples indicate that the smaller group of men working the greatest number of hours per day drink more Beer and smoke more Cigarettes as a group and as individuals than do those men in the shorter hour group. Family Contribution to the Church is also more frequent with the 11 hour and over group of men than with any others. (Compare Table 48 with Table 49). TABLE 50 ^ Combination of percentages in Table 49 by Hours of Labor. HOURS PER DAY ITEMS 89 910 1011 1 1 and over % % % % Motion Pictures and Theatres 25 1 27 5 24 3 20.0 Beer Wine and Whiskey- 21 9 22 1 21 5 23 8 Chewing and Smoking Tobaccco Cigars and Cigarettes. 10.8 17 7 9.8 16 8.6 15 6 8.7 19.2 Personal and Family Contributions to Church Self and Family Life Insurance 11.9 12.6 12.9 11.7 18.1 11.9 15.7 12.6 This Table gives the combination of frequencies of expendi- ture of money for items of a similar character arranged according to specified Hours of Labor. To compare only the 8-9 hour with the 1 1 hour and over group of men, the amount of money spent at Motion Pictures, for Chewing and Smoking Tobacco is largest with the 8-9 hour group ; while for Beer, Wine, and Whiskey, for Cigars and Cigarettes, and for Personal and Family Contribution to the Church, the 11 hour and over group of men have the highest frequency of expenditure. 68 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME TABLE 51 Percentage of expenditure of money for specified purposes during one week by grouped according to Hours of Labor. HOURS PER DAY ITEMS 89 910 1011 1 1 and over % % % % Motion Pictures.. . ... 5 9 8 8 9 8 7 Theatres 21 8 17 9 11 2 10 5 Beer 19 3 22 7 26 8 21 9 Wine.. 5 7 4 2 3 9 3 Whiskey . 7.2 6 8 6 6 7 9 Chewing Tobacco g 1 4 1 2 9 Smoking Tobacco . . . 3.3 4.4 3 1 2 6 Cigars 10 9 8 3 3 8 8 6 Cigarettes. 7 2 9 7 14 9 14 6 Personal Contribution to Church .... 3.0 3 8 5 9 3 9 Family Contribution to Church 2.0 2.3 2.8 3 4 Self Life Insurance 9.1 7 4 8 4 5 Family Life Insurance 3.8 2.5 4.4 3.2 In this table will be found the most striking comparison of 1,022 men grouped according to their Hours of Labor. Here is the heart of the study as to the Expenditure of Money for pleasure. The percentages for each Hour Group were obtained by dividing the amount of money spent for each item into the total expenditure for all items. It will be noticed that more money is spent for Motion Pictures by men working the greater number of hours per day, whereas the expenditure for Theatre is highest among the 8-9 hour group of men and decreases in a regular curve as the hours of labor increase. The 8-9 hour group of men spend less money for Beer than any other group, tho more men drink Beer in the 8-9 hour group than in any other. (See Table 48.) Men in the 10-11 hour group were most extravagant in money spent for Beer, and tho the frequency of expenditure for Beer was highest in the 1 1 hour and over group (see Table 49), yet the total amount spent by the 10-11 hour group exceeded all others. The 11 hour and over group spent the most money for Wine, Whiskey, and in Family Contribution to the Church ; while the 8-9 hour men led in expenditure at Theatre, for Cigars and Self Life Insurance. TABLE 52 v Combination of percentages in Table 51. HOURS PER DAY ITEMS 89 9 10 1011 11 and over % % % % Motion Pictures and Theatres . . . 27.7 26 7 20 2 19 2 Beer, Wine and Whiskey . 32 2 33 5 35 7 39 1 Chewing and Smoking Tobacco Cigars and Cigarettes. 4.1 18 1 5.8 18 4.3 18 7 3.5 23 2 Personal and Family Contributions to Church Self and Family Life Insurance 5.0 12.9 6.1 9.9 8.7 12.4 7.3 7.7 HOURS OF LABOR AND EXPENDITURE OF MONEY 69 Table 52 gives a more notable comparison of the same percent- ages in Table 51 by combining expenditures for like purposes. The curves tell an interesting tale, indicating that with the increasing number of hours of labor per day the money spent at Motion Pictures and Theatres regularly decreases; while given the same conditions, the expenditure of money for Beer, Wine and Whiskey steadily increases as the hours increase; further, the expenditure for Cigarettes and Cigars likewise increases, with the exception of a slight variation in the 9-10 hour group. For Self and Family Life Insurance the 8-9 hour group of men spent the most money. X THE RELATION OF OCCUPATION TO THE EX- PENDITURE OF MONEY FOR RECREATION AND OTHER PURPOSES EACH item for which money was expended is very interesting when the percentages for Occupation Groups are given as in Table 53. It is seen at once that the Merchants and Dealers and the Professional Groups are the least concerned about Motion Pic- tures ; while, on the contrary, the Domestic and Textile Groups have the highest expenditure for this form of recreation. TABLE 53 Percentage of expenditure of money for specified purposes during one week by men in various Occupation Groups. ITEMS Professional Domestic Clerical Transportation Merchants and Dealers 68 C a) S-S 32 mn 1 3 V Textiles Miscellaneous % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 % % \ % % Motion Pictures Theatre 4.8 26.1 7.0 12.3 7.7 .2 2.1 18.6 6.4 2.6 1.9 7.3 3.0 9.2 11.2 25.2 9.6 2.9 1.0 2.8 6.3 14.7 3.4 5.2 4.0 4.5 7.2 26.1 12.2 5.9 3.4 .2 4.6 12.5 9.3 3.8 3.0 7.9 3.9 8.9 13.2 33.8 2.5 8.3 2.4 3.6 5.4 10.5 2.2 1.2 5.2 2.8 4.7 7.7 14.0 6.3 10.3 '".9 6.6 17.5 12.1 6.3 8.7 4.9 7.8 13.5 27.8 2.7 10.1 2.1 4.3 6.2 8.4 1.9 1.1 11.6 2.5 8.1 15.1 25.7 2.5 9.4 2.4 4.4 6.0 6.8 4.2 3.1 8.7 3.6 9.2 17.1 15.6 4.0 10.0 .3 2.3 7.2 15.1 4.7 1.0 10.2 3.3 7.2 17.7 29.0 5.3 5.6 .9 3.5 9.2 8.0 2.6 1.9 5.8 3.3 Beer Wine . . . Whiskey Chewing Tobacco .... Smoking Tobacco Cigars Cigarettes Personal Contribution to Church Family Contribution to Church Self Life Insurance Family Life Insurance The groups which spent the most money for Theatres are the Professional, Clerical, Miscellaneous, and Textiles, with the Mer- chants and Dealers last. Expenditures of money for Beer has the largest amounts from the Transportation, the Miscellaneous, the Building and Metal Trades and the Domestic Groups. The least expenditure for Beer is made by the Professional Group. But for Wine the Professional and Domestic Groups far ex- ceeded all others, while the Transportation and Metal Trades were the lowest. For Whiskey, most money was spent by the Merchants and Dealers and Building Trade Groups, with the Domestic Group reporting the least. 72 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Cigars were most popular with the Professional and Clerical Groups, whereas Cigarettes led with the Merchants and Dealers, the Textile and Domestic Groups. The greatest contribution to the Church, both personal and family, was made by the Merchants and Dealers Group. Self Life Insurance was highest with the Building Trades and Family Life Insurance highest with Merchants and Dealers. XI THE RELATION OF WAGE TO THE EXPENDI- TURE OF MONEY FOR RECREATION AND OTHER PURPOSES PHIS table represents the number of men who reported that 1 during one week they made at least one expenditure of money for certain specified purposes according to various Wage Groups. TABLE 54 ^ Percentage of men who report expenditure of money for specified purposes during one week according to Wage Groups. Number of men Under $10 $10 $14.99 $15 $19.99 $20 $24.99 $25 $29.99 $30 $34.99 $35 over go 236 365 147 79 5/ 54 ITEMS % % % % % % % Motion Pictures. 54.4 23.3 48.8 3.3 13.3 7.7 14.4 6.6 43.3 31.1 16.6 14.4 7.7 51.2 27.9 52.9 6.3 13.9 7.6 31.3 22.4 38.1 33.0 18.2 23.7 16.1 58.9 39.7 57.0 10.4 24.1 14.2 27.6 24.6 38.0 31.2 16.1 33.1 16.1 48.9 42.8 55.1 10.2 21.7 14.2 26.5 36.0 34.0 21.7 14.2 27.2 14.2 53.1 54.4 58.2 2.5 26.5 11.3 29.1 37.9 24.0 32.9 18.9 35.4 16.4 62.7 47.0 56.8 21.5 19.6 9.8 25.4 45.0 27.4 35.2 29.4 33.3 19.6 31.4 59.2 25.9 31.4 18.5 3.7 7.4 51.8 31.4 51 8 42.5 53.7 33.3 Theatres. . Beer.. Wine Whiskey or other Liquors Chewing Tobacco Smoking Tobacco Cigars Cigarettes Personal Contribution to Church Family Contribution to Church Self Life Insurance Family Life Insurance The two Wage Groups having the largest number of men making expenditures for Motion Pictures are the "$30-$34.99" group and the "$15. -$19. 99" group; the smallest number of men is in the highest paid group, "$35 and Over." It will be observed that the number of men who made expendi- tures of money for Theatre, Beer, Wine, Cigars, Personal Contribu- tion to the Church and Synagogue, Self Life Insurance and Family Life Insurance, increased in the majority of Wage Groups as the wage increased. On the other hand, a diminishing number of men reported expenditures for Cigarettes as the wage increased. (See Table 55 on following page.) The relation of Wages to expenditure of money for recreation and other purposes is as forcibly brought out in Table 55 as was the relation of Hours of Labor in Table 51. Comment upon the indications presented is intensified by comparison with Table 54, which gave the number of men reporting expenditures for the various purposes. 73 74 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME TABLE 55 Percentage of expenditure of money for certain purposes during one week by men in specified Wage Groups. ITEMS Under $10. $10 $14.99 $15 $19.99 $20 $24.99 $25 $29.99 $30 $34.99 $35 over % % % % % % % Motion Pictures . 7.8 10.6 39.9 1.2 5.4 2.0 2.7 1.1 16.4 3.4 2.9 4.5 2.1 8.3 12.2 29.3 4.1 4.4 .9 4.9 6.5 11.7 3.9 4.0 6.4 3.4 9.0 16.4 21.5 5.0 6.6 1.5 4.0 6.9 12.3 3.3 1.8 7.7 4.0 7.6 19.1 23.5 3.9 10.3 1.1 3.0 9.8 10.1 1.9 1.3 5.8 2.6 7.2 21.5 19.1 1.1 7.8 .8 4.3 11.4 5.1 3.5 1.5 14.2 2.5 7.8 22.4 18.7 10.2 5.0 1.6 3.9 11.7 6.4 3.4 2.0 4.9 2.0 3.2 23.1 7.6 11.4 8.9 .1 .4 15.2 5.8 6.1 3.6 9.7 4.9 Theatres Beer Wine Whiskey Chewing Tobacco Smoking Tobacco Cigars Cigarettes Personal Contribution to Church Family Contribution to Church Self Life Insurance Family Life Insurance For instance, the percentage of the number of men who re- ported spending money at Motion Pictures was 62.7% in the "$30- $34.99" group; 58.9% in the "$15-$19.99" group; and 51.2% in the "$10-$14.99" group. But in Table 55 the money expenditure at Motion Pictures by these three groups reverses the order just given, showing that the lower Wage Groups, tho less in number of men, yet have an expenditure of money for Motion Pictures much greater than the larger number of men in the higher Wage Groups. This is evidenced by the following percentages: 9.0% in the "$15-$19.99" group; 8.3% in the "$10-$14.99" group; with 7.8% among the larger number of men reporting in the "$30-34.99" group. The indication is that men who receive the lower wage patronize Motion Pictures more than men receiving a higher wage. Quite the contrary is the order of expenditure of money for Theatres. Both the number of men and the amount of money spent by each group for Theatres increase with the increase in Wage Groups. Expenditure for Beer shows a steady and almost regular de- cline among the higher Wage Groups. Tho the number of men in the groups "Under $10" and "$10-$14.99" (See Table 54) are much smaller than the four higher Wage Groups, yet they greatly excel in the expenditure of money for Beer, the lowest paid group sur- passing all others. Wine has an almost constant rise in expenditure with the higher Wage Groups ; while Whiskey reaches its maximum expendi- ture among men in the "$20-$24.99" group. WAGE AND EXPENDITURE OF MONEY 75 Cigars present figures as would be expected namely, that with the lowest Wage Groups less money is expended, but that as the income increases a steady rise in money spent for Cigars increases. The more expensive smoking is evidently made possible by the higher wage. For Cigarettes the curve is just the reverse for that of Cigars, showing that nearly three times as much money was spent for Cigar- ettes by men in the "Under $10" group as by men in the "$35 and Over" group. Expenditures for Chewing Tobacco are highest with the group of men "Under $10" and highest for Smoking Tobacco in the "$10- $14.99" group. TABLE 56 Average weekly expenditure of money for specified purposes during one week by men grouped according to Hours of Labor. HOURS PER DAY 89 910 1011 1 1 and over Motion Pictures $ 14 $ 16 $ 17 $ 17 Theatres 53 33 21 21 Beer 47 .42 50 43 Wine 14 07 04 18 Whiskey and liquors 17 12 12 15 Chewing Tobacco . . . . 02 03 02 02 Smoking Tobacco 08 08 06 05 Cigars .26 .15 07 17 Cigarettes. . . 17 18 27 29 Personal Contribution to Church 07 06 11 08 Family Contribution to Church 04 .04 05 07 Self Life Insurance . ... 21 14 15 09 Family Life Insurance .09 .05 .08 06 Total $2.39 $1.83 $1.85 $1.97 This table gives the average weekly expenditure of money for specified purposes by 1,022 men grouped according to their Hours of Labor. The average amounts of money spent by men in the 10-11 and 11 hour and over groups are higher for the following purposes than with the 8-9, 9-10 hour men: Motion Pictures, Beer (in the 10-11 hour group), Wine (in the 11 hour group), Cigarettes, Personal and Family Contribution to the Church. The total average ex- penditure during the week for the specified purposes amounted to $2.39 for the 8-9 hour group; $1.97 for 11 hour and over group; $1.85 for the 10-11 hour group; and $1.83 for men in the 9-10 hour group. (See Table 57 on following page.) In combining the average weekly expenditures for like pur- poses Table 57 presents an interesting comparison of the different Hour Groups. It is noticeable that the amount of money spent at 76 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Motion Pictures and Theatres is largest among the 8-9 hour men and smallest among the 10-11 and 11 hour and over men. The 8-9 hour men lead in the expenditure for Beer, Wine, and Whiskey and for Self and Family Life Insurance. TABLE 57 Combination of the average weekly expenditure of money in table 56 by Hours of Labor. HOURS PER DAY Total ITEMS 89 910 1011 1 1 and over $ 67 $ 49 $ 38 $ 38 $1 92 Beer, Wine and Whiskey .78 10 .61 11 .66 08 .76 07 2.81 36 Cigars and Cigarettes . .43 .33 .34 .46 1.56 Personal and Family contributions to Church Self and Family Life Insurance .11 .30 .10 .19 .16 .23 .15 .15 .52 .87 Total $2.39 $1.83 $1.85 $1.97 The total average weekly expenditure of all Groups is highest for Beer, Wine, and Whiskey, being $2.81; Motion Pictures and Theatres, $1.92; Cigars and Cigarettes, $1.56; Self and Family Life Insurance, $.87; Personal and Family Contribution to Church, $.52; Chewing and Smoking Tobacco, $.36. TABLE 58 Percentage of the average weekly total expenditure of money in table 57 by Hours of Labor. ITEMS 89 910 1011 1 1 and over % % % % Motion Pictures and Theatres . 28.0 26.7 20.6 19 2 Beer Wine and Whiskey 32 6 33 4 35 6 38 6 Chewing and Smoking Tobacco Cigars and Cigarettes 4.2 18.0 6.0 18.1 4.3 18.4 3.6 23.4 Personal and Family Contributions to Church Self and Family Life Insurance 4.6 12.6 5.5 10.3 8.6 12.5 7.6 7.6 HOURS PER DAY In Table 58 the combined percentages are given for the differ- ent Hour Groups of .the average weekly expenditure of money for the specified purposes. A regular decline in the percentages for Motion Pictures and Theatres is noticeable as the Hours of Labor increase. The opposite is true for Beer, Wine, and Whiskey: the percentages steadily rise among the longer worked groups of men, being 32.6% for the 8-9 hour men and 38.6% for the 11 hour and over group. Cigars and Cigarettes likewise have a constant increase in the percentage of expenditure among men as the workday lengthens. WAGE AND EXPENDITURE OF MONEY 77 Personal and Family Contribution to Church have the highest percentage among the 10-11, 11 hour and over groups. TABLE 59 Average weekly expenditure of money for specified purposes during one week by men grouped according to Wage Groups. Number of men. Under $10 $10 $14.99 si 5 $19.99 $20 S2 1 . 90 $25 $29.99 $30 $34.99 $35 & over 90 236 365 147 70 5i 54 ITEMS Motion Pictures Theatres $ .08 .12 .45 .01 .06 .02 .03 .01 .18 .04 .03 05 .02 $ .13 .19 .45 .06 .07 .01 .07 .10 .18 .06 .06 .10 .05 $ .16 .30 .39 .09 .12 .02 .07 .12 .22 .06 .03 .14 .07 $ .16 .42 .51 .08 .22 .02 .07 .21 .22 .04 .03 .13 .06 $ .22 .63 .56 .03 .23 .02 .12 .33 .15 .10 .04 .42 .07 $ .22 .65 .54 .30 .14 .04 .11 .34 .18 .10 .06 .15 .06 $ .18 1.29 .42 .64 .50 .01 . .02 .85 .32 .34 .20 .54 .28 Beer. . . Wine. . Whiskey and other Liquors Chewing Tobacco Smoking Tobacco Cigars Cigarettes Personal Contribution to Church Family Contribution to Church Weekly Self Life Insurance Weekly Family Life Insurance Total $1.10 $1.53 $1.79 $2.17 $2.92 $2.89 $5.59 This table gives the average amount of money spent by 1,022 men during one week for specified purposes according to Wage Groups. The first observation is one that would be expected namely, that only with increasing wage does increasing expenditure take place. The total expenditure for the highest paid group is over five times as much as the total expenditure for the lowest paid group, but with a number of the items the expenditure for several of the Wage Groups is the same, while in a few cases the amount of money spent by some of the higher paid groups is even smaller than with some of the lower paid groups. Yet despite the exceptions, the rule holds that as the Wage increases, so likewise does the expenditure of money for recreation and other purposes. Theatre and Beer are the two items for which the largest ex- penditure is made by all of the Wage Groups. The smallest expen- diture of money is for Family Contribution to the Church. The average weekly expenditure for Self Life Insurance is twice as much as that paid for Family Life Insurance. Cigarettes are more uniformly bought by all Wage Groups than Cigars, while Chewing Tobacco is in no group as much a favorite as Smoking Tobacco. Whiskey is seen to be more popular than Wine. 78 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME TABLE 60 Combination of the average weekly expenditure of money in table 59, by Wage Groups. ITEMS Under $10 $10 $14.99 $15 $19.99 $20 $24.99 $25 $29.99 $30 $34.99 $35 & over Totals Motion Pictures and Theatres Beer Wine and Whiskey $ .20 .52 .24 .07 .07 $ .32 .58 .36 .12 .15 $ .46 .60 .43 .09 .21 $ .58 .81 .52 .07 .19 $ .85 .82 .62 .14 .49 $ .87 .98 .67 .16 .21 $1.47 1.56 1.20 .54 .82 $4.75 5.87 4.04 1.19 2.14 Chewing and Smoking Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes Self and Family Contribution to Ch. . Self and Family Life Insurance Total.. $1.53| $1.79| $2.17| $2.92| $2.89| $5.59| Table 60 presents a combination of items of a similar character which makes it easier for comparison of the averages to be seen. The constant rise of the average weekly expenditure is notice- able for nearly all of the items as the Wage increases. By adding all Wage Groups together, the total expenditure for Beer, Wine, and Whiskey is seen to be the highest, being $5.87; the second highest is $4.75 for Motion Pictures and Theatres; third, Chewing and Smoking Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes, $4.04; fourth, Self and Family Life Insurance, $2.14; Self and Family Contribution to Church, $1.19. TABLE 61 Percentage of the average weekly total expenditure of money in table 60 by Wage Groups. ITEMS Under $10 $10 $14.99 $15 $19.99 $20 $24.99 $25 $29.99 $30 $34.99 $35 & over % % % % % % % Motion Pictures and Theatres Beer, Wine and Whiskey 18.2 47.3 21.9 6.3 6.3 20.9 37.9 23.6 7.8 9.8 25.5 33.4 24.0 5.0 12.1 26.7 37.6 23.8 3.2 8.7 29.2 28.0 21.3 4.8 16.7 30.1 33.8 23.1 5.5 7.5 26.2 28.0 21.4 9.7 14.7 Chewing and Smoking Tobacco, Cigars and Cigarettes Self and Family Contribution to Church .... Self and Family Life Insurance Total | 100.01 100.01 100. 0| 100. 0| 100. 0| 100. 0| 100. Q The percentages of the average weekly expenditure are given in Table 61. It will be observed that the percentage increases for Motion Pictures and Theatres as the Wage increases, while a de- crease in the percentage of the average weekly expenditure for Beer, Wine, and Whiskey is apparent as the Wage increases. The highest percentage for Cigars and Cigarettes is in the "$15-$19.99" and the "$20-$24.99" groups, whereas the two highest and the two lowest Wage Groups give the largest percentage for Self and Family Con- tribution to the Church. GENERAL SUMMARY OCCUPATIONS HHERE is correlation between the daily occupation of any group 1 of workingmen and the ways in which they spend their spare time. This is proved in Chapter II, where tables are given of the reports of men, grouped according to their occupation, who spent spare time during one week at specified social and other agencies. The Professional and Public Service Group vary as widely in their use of leisure hours from the Transportation Group as do the Textiles from the Merchants and Dealers. When thinking of the following groups, the highest percentages of leisure hours given show these indications: that men in the Pro- fessional and Public Service Group are more interested than other Groups in Private Study, Libraries, Art Galleries, and Public Lec- tures (same percentage as the Clerical Group). The Transporta- tion Group leads in the time spent at the Saloon and Motion Pic- tures ; the group of Building Trades spent more time than other Occupation Groups at Labor Unions, Clubs and Lodges; the Domes- tic and Personal Service Group, in Playing Pool and Cards; the Clerical Group, at Night Schools, Theatres, Dances, reading Maga- zines, Books, visiting Friends, and Public Lectures (same percentage in the Professional Group) ; the Merchants and Dealers Group spent the greatest amount of spare time with Family and reading News- papers; the Textiles, in attendance at Church; and the Miscel- laneous, in reading Books. (See Table 6). SINGLE AND MARRIED MEN In the reports given by these two groups of men, one factor seems to determine the use of leisure hours more than the length of working days. The larger interests of the Home with the Married men circumscribe their recreation to quieter and more domestic activities. Over 50% of the spare time spent by the Married men was reported spent with the family. The other agencies which ap- pealed more to Married men than Single men were Cards, Labor Unions, the Church and Saloons. Naturally, it would be expected that Single men, with their independence and greater freedom from family responsibilities, would use their spare time in a different manner from Married men. The percentages given in Tables 11 and 14 verify this impression. The Single men spent more leisure hours than the Married men in a 79 80 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME wider range of activities; for example, at Clubs and Lodges, Public Lectures, Art Galleries, Libraries, Private Study, Night Schools, Motion Pictures, Theatres, Dances, Pool, reading Newspapers, Magazines, Books, and visiting Friends. AGE In the study made of the spare time spent by men grouped according to Age striking similarity appears in the reports of men under 35 years of age and those of the Single men and in the re- ports of men over 35 years of age and the Married men. The effect of Age on the ways men use their leisure hours is so regular in the rise and fall of the percentages as to indicate obedi- ence to a general law. What has just been stated about the Single and Married men in the amount of spare time spent at the specified social and other agencies applies in practically every case to the reports given by the younger and older men. The energy and am- bition of the younger men lead them to use their leisure hours in ways more diversified and active than the older men. On the other hand, as men grow older the inevitable effect of increasing years determines the use of spare time along more peaceful and easy-going channels. (See Table 17). NATIONALITY Comparison of the ways men in different Nationality Groups spend their spare time gives an indication of certain national char- acteristics. The Austria-Hungarians spent the most spare time playing Cards; the British, at the Saloon and Labor Unions; the Germans, with Family; the Italians, reading Books; the Russians, attending Public Lectures, Libraries and Night Schools; the Mis- cellaneous Group, in Private Study and reading Newspapers; while the Americans have the highest percentage of time spent at Clubs and Lodges, Motion Pictures, Theatres, Dance, playing Pool and visiting Friends, with the smallest percentage of hours spent with Family. From the reports of the Americans, it would seem that evidence is given of the influence which American insti- tutions exert over the use of leisure time. (See Table 20). WAGE The amount of money which a workingman receives as his weekly wage is directly related to his use of spare time. The wage is closely connected with the hours of labor per day. In Table 23 Labor Unions had most spare time given to them from men in the GENERAL SUMMARY 81 "$25-$29.99" Group. The lowest Wage Groups spent more leisure hours than the highest Wage Groups, in Private Study, at Night Schools, Dance, Saloon, reading Books and visiting Friends. The highest Wage Groups reported the greater percentage of time at Clubs and Lodges, Labor Unions, Art Galleries, playing Cards, reading Newspapers and Magazines, and with Family. It is evident that men in the lowest Wage Groups endeavor to equip themselves for a higher wage thru Private Study, attendance at Night Schools, and reading Books. As opposed to this effort for self-improvement, the fact however is strongly emphasized that men in the lowest Wage Groups spent a greater number of hours at the Saloon than men receiving higher wages. Many explanations have been offered; one workingman, himself a frequenter of the Saloon, volunteered the information that "men who get small wages and are in uncertain employment become easily discouraged when they think of the needs at home, shoes for the children and food for their hunger, and realizing the insufficiency of the money they have re- ceived to meet those needs, they go to the saloon to drown their despondency and trouble." EXPENDITURE OF MONEY FOR RECREATION AND OTHER PURPOSES The amount of money spent for recreation and other pur- poses by men grouped according to their Hours of Labor, Occupa- tion, and Wage is of noteworthy significance. (See Tables 52, 53, 55.) 1. Expenditure of Money by Men in Different Hour Groups. The relation of hours of labor to the expenditure of money for Motion Pictures and Theatres is strikingly regular, the rate of ex- penditure steadily decreasing as the hours per day increase. For Beer, Wine and Whiskey the percentages of expenditure of money steadily increase with the increase in hours of labor. The amount of money spent for Cigars and Cigarettes, for Personal and Family Contribution to Church, is also much larger with the 10-11 and 11 hour and over groups of men than with the 8-9, and 9-10 hour groups. 2. Expenditure of Money by Men in Different Occupation Groups. Evidences of Occupational characteristics present themselves in the amount of money spent for recreation and other purposes by men working in different trades. 82 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME The Domestic and Textiles Groups spent nearly twice as much money for Motion Pictures as the Professional Group. On the other hand, men in the Professional and Clerical Groups spent over three times the amount of money for Theatre as the Merchant Group. The Transportation Group had the highest percentage of money spent during one week for Beer; the Professional Group, for Wine and Cigars; the Metal Trades and Transportation Groups for Chewing Tobacco; the Merchants and Dealers, for Whiskey, Cigarettes, Personal and Family Contribution to Church, and Family Life Insurance; the Textiles, for Self-Life Insurance. 3. Expenditure of Money by Men in Different Wage Groups. The relation of Wage to the expenditure of money is generally acknowledged, for with an increase in wage more money is spent for recreation and other purposes. The one purpose for which money was spent in almost similar proportion by all Wage Groups was for Motion Pictures. The different Wage Groups which expended the most money for the following purposes, are: "Under "$10", Beer and Cigarettes; "$10- $14.99," Smoking Tobacco; "$15-$19.99," Motion Pictures; "$20- $24.99," Whiskey; "$25-$29.99," Self Life Insurance; "$35 and over," Theatres, Wine, Cigars, Personal Contribution to Church and Family Life Insurance. CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING THE RELATION OF HOURS OF LABOR AND THE USE OF SPARE TIME FROM the data secured it would seem conclusive that the num- ber of hours which a group of men work per day is directly related to the ways in which leisure time is used. The greatest con- trast is apparent between the spare time spent by men in the 8-9 hour group and men in the 11 hour and over group. The 8-9 hour men engage in more social and cultural pastimes, whereas the 11 hour and over men spend most of their spare time in ways which are cheaper and more convenient. Between these two extremes the gradation of the 9-10 and 10-11 hour groups is an indication that the longer the working day the less social and educational development. Students of the liquor problem have often referred to the Sa- loon as the poor man's club. Justification of this is found in that, altho the actual percentage of men attending the saloon in the 11 hour and over group is smaller than that in the shorter-hour groups, yet the number of hours spent, the number of visits made, and the amount of money expended by these men at the Saloon are far greater than for men working a lesser number of hours. The Tables 1 to 3 prove untrue the oft-repeated statement that shorter working hours afford too much leisure time for men to dis- sipate and make themselves less fit for labor. It is evident from a comparison of the Hour Groups that men working the lesser number of hours per day use their spare time more wisely and more uniformly than do men in the longer- hour groups. It seems probable that the explanation of this is to be found in the ever-narrowing margin of available spare time as the work day lengthens; in the consequent increase of fatigue with more labor; in the withering of ambition and of in- terest in pleasure; and, finally, in decreasing wages. Men who work the greatest number of hours per day seek, in the use of their spare time, first for rest and then for recreation that comes cheaply and easily. The answer to the objection that if a 11 hour and over group of men were placed at 8-9 hour work they would continue to spend their spare time in the same manner is in the striking uniformity of the ways 1065 men usually spend their time on Sundays, the one general leisure day. (See Table 24.) Aside from the disturbing ele- ment of work, which determines 23% of the reports from the 11 hour and over group and which is also quite an appreciable factor 83 84 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME in the 10-11 hour group, the many ways of spending Sundays are approximate in degree of choice for men working different Hours of Labor. The table would rather indicate that to give workingmen an equal number of hours of leisure would tend to establish a uniform standard for spending spare time. SUGGESTIONS FROM WORKINGMEN What Suggestions Can You Offer for Improving the Use of Workingmen's Spare Time ? American Carpenter; Age 41; Married: "Shorter hours of labor and provide more social centers where free public lectures can be given on industrial, social, and municipal political questions. In- stead of the few big parks in cities there should be numerous small parks, at least two in every square mile, every one a social center, music as often as possible. Seven nights a week is noc too much. Public-controlled dance halls at every center, every night, winter and summer. We are becoming too seclusive. Get us in the habit of mixing. Teach us to talk to our unintroduced fellow passenger on the trolley." English Carpenter; Age 48; Single: "I believe in outdoor sports for the young men such as base-ball and tennis and all sports of that order, that give men plenty of fresh air and exercise. I also think a workingman can improve his condition by studying the conditions and working to better them not only for his own good but for those who come after him. I note with pride the change in conditions of my craft: Twenty-five years ago in this city we worked 59 hours per week with a wage scale from $2.00 to $2.50 per day; at the present time we work 44 hours per week with a wage scale of $3.82 per day. If it were not for the good Union we would be working under the same conditions as we were 25 years ago. "I believe that education will bring about a great change in the workingman if you only give him a chance, but you must shorten his working hours so that he has a chance to study. No man should work more than eight hours per day." German Stationary Engineer: Age 38; Married: "Reduce hours of labor, then the workingman will have spare time and in addition will not be tired out by long hours of toil, but will have a clear mind to accept education and not seek stimulants of some kind or another. "All the efforts of science, all money of the nation spent on army and navy, should be used for the purpose of creating a system of educational entertain- ments, the teaching of art, of history and science, the building of dance halls, bowling alleys, and gymnasiums under the management of men with high moral conception of their duties and not under the influence of politicians." German Letter Carrier ; Age 42 ; Married : "Greater use of our public halls for public lectures on art, manufactures, and science illustrated by up-to-date moving pictures that will be of benefit to old and young. Something that will displace those senseless photo plays that are on all the bulletins of the motion picture places. "An orderly and comprehensive system of working shops, where inventions can be developed and perfected, embracing carpentry, pattern making, machinist work, die casting, etc., superintended by masters of the various lines. To be maintained by a moderate fee and a certain percentage on all the successful in- 85 86 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME ventions that have been developed by this institution so that it will be self-sup- porting. This in my estimation would be of a more practical value to the country at large than the Carnegie Library. It helps the poor by giving them the use of tools and facilities that they could not buy, making them useful citizens and directing their minds from the idle and vicious trend that is so prevalent in our cities, especially New York. "The average workingman wants to be amused in his spare time and you cannot blame him, so any scheme that will amuse him and educate him at the same time will be in order." Irish Printer; Age 45; Married: "Clean, open, and aboveboard licensed moving picture theatres. "Theatres where artistic performances of moral plays may be rendered to conform to the purpose of the toiler. No cheap or tawdry performance or perfor- mer. "If men will drink, to encourage and point out to them the advantage of beers, ales, light wines, etc., in preference to alcoholic drinks, which must be avoided as much as possible. "Civic centres, social reform clubs where people of culture, wealth, and educa- tion can "mix" with the "hoi polloi," without regarding each other as monkeys, etc. And this has been the fault of a good number of well-meaning reformers who should know better. "People can never know or understand one another until they "get together" or "mix." Where honesty of purpose is shown by both, and reasonable allowance is made for the poor argument of uneducated workingmen, a mutual respect follows that must be beneficial to the community. "If a workman is unable to save money or has made no provision for illness, he should join at least one fraternal society that provides sick benefits, and pay premiums or insurance in some reliable insurance company. Fraternal societies meet often, and very often recreation is provided at the meetings. "The Board of Education Lecture Course is excellent, and should receive every encouragement." Irish Electrician; Age 29; Married: "I beg to offer as suggestions for the workingmen's spare time, more recre- ation centers and open places in this large city of ours, wherein the workingman could derive more outdoor exercise, which is an absolute necessity to a man con- fined indoors during the day (at labor). If such was done a man could play his favorite game or sport on a holiday or Sunday, and would be a means of keeping men out of Saloons, Pool Parlors, Dives, and Gambling Dens. "Further permit me to say: why cannot our public buildings, as the Schools and Libraries of this city, be thrown open to the workingmen between the hours of 7.30 and 10.00 P. M.? The same as is done in the State of Wisconsin, where men can assemble, form clubs, non-sectarian and non-political organizations. Debate on current topics, for the good and welfare of the community at large." Irish Stationary Engineer; Age 36; Married: "In regard to the subject of improving workingmen's spare time I have this to say. It is necessary to first get the workingmen some spare time, before any- SUGGESTIONS FROM WORKINGMEN 87 thing can be done towards improving it. The majority of the men of my acquain- tance have very little spare time. I work eight hours myself, but I consider myself very lucky. There are some trades that have eight hours as a standard day's work, and they got it through the efforts of their union; but there is the most deadly animosity against the union by the employers. 1 1 seems to be next to impossible to get an employer to consent to an 8 or even a 9 or 10 hour day if he can escape it ; nothing less than 12 hours seems to be satisfactory. It is possible to help a large percentage of workingmen by means of schools of instruction, but through long hours and heavy work it is a severe test for a man to get out to night school and study, and continue the study required of a pupil who is a constant attendant thereat. Now, for instance, in the craft to which I belong a very large majority of the men employed work twelve hours per day, and that under the most trying conditions, where the surrounding temperature is very often 125 to 140 degrees. A man who works 12 hours a day under the conditions as these men work is in no way fit to study when night comes. The first and most necessary thing to do is to improve conditions for men to work under; that is more pressing than to think of improving his spare time. The question may be raised, why don't the unions do it, but the employer generally resents in the most antagonistic manner any interference by the union, and he is pretty well sustained by the Courts and powers higher up, and so far as I in my humble way can see through it, I do not think that the system is tending toward the uplift of any strata of society." Italian Printer; Age 18; Single: "Have the public schools open at night, so that the working people could meet there, dance, read, and have lectures on 'How to run a sanitary Home,' 'On Politics,' 'On the Dance,' and 'Moving Pictures.' Let them understand more about how the country is run. Don't have lectures about travels and animals. Have more bath houses and play grounds and more parks. Have library and give popular books (novels). The reason why people do not go to libraries is because they have to wait too long to get a new book, and most of the time they do not get it. Have a big meeting place so you can hear from the working people what the conditions are at work and at home. Have a Theatre on both the east and west side, downtown, so that the people could give plays; I mean plays acted by themselves, and written also. Charge little or no admission." Italian Stone-Mason ; Age 35 ; Married : "My work is very wearing; lifting heavy stones and piling them up as fast as possible makes the muscles and brain too overworked and sore to make me use any more energy on thoughts of improving conditions of any kind. Soul and body are worn out." Russian Laborer ; Age 22 ; Single : "By establishing free evening schools where each workingman should be able to derive a higher education or prepare himself for the admission to any college. By establishing free evening trade schools where a number of different skillful trades should be taught to all those who wish to learn a good trade." 88 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME Russian Tailor; Age 24; Single: "I would suggest that a workman should not work such long hours. I be- lieve eight hours is sufficient for any man to work. A law ought to be passed to that effect. You take a man today that works for a private concern, he spends 10 hours doing physical or mental labor, then add one hour in the morning to get to the place of business and then one hour in the evening to get home, often hang- ing on straps in the elevated trains or subway, here you have 12 hours spent each day merely for the sake of making a living and then what is left of his time for recreation, reading, studying, enjoyment, a mere trifle, gentlemen, just a trifle. "Give a workman more leisure time for himself and family and you will not only benefit him but the community at large." APPENDIX NATIONALITY OF FATHER Son born in "America." NUMBER OF MEN. ACCORDING TO HOURS OF LABOR 8-9 | 9-10 | 10-11 | 11-over American 11 6 6 5 Austria Hungarian. . 10 12 1 3 British. 31 12 5 4 Chinese 1 Colored . . 1 1 Cuban 1 1 French 1 German. 22 7 5 4 Italian 5 5 1 Japanese 1 Roumanian . . .. 1 1 1 Russian. 8 3 3 4 Scandinavian 1 1 Unspecified 4 3 1 1 Total 93 54 25 22 IN WHAT COUNTRY BORN Austria- Hungary and Balkan States 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-over Armenia 2 Austria-H ungary 19 29 23 14 Bulgaria 5 Greece. 2 1 11 23 Rou mania 5 7 2 2 Syria 1 2 5 10 Turkey 5 4 3 Unspecified. . ... .... 1 Total 32 44 41 59 IN WHAT COUNTRY BORN 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-over Great Britain and Ireland 40 28 g 5 Canada 3 Australia 1 Total 44 28 8 5 Germany . 17 14 1 4 Netherlands 1 Scandinavia 25 7 4 6 Total 43 21 5 10 Italy 23 30 7 10 Portugal Spain 6 ' "2 1 Total .... . . . 29 32 8 10 Finland 7 1 1 Lithuania 3 1 1 Russia (Poland) 37 68 37 18 Total 44 72 39 19 Others" Belgium. . 1 China 1 Cuba . 1 France 4 6 1 2 India 2 1 Japan. ... . . 2 1 Total 5 9 2 6 89 SCHEDULE ONE THE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKINGMEN'S TIME We are seeking by means of this personal appeal to find how workingmen spend their time. Will you kindly answer the questions on the following pages in order that your experience may help to secure better educational and recreational means for improving the use of spare time? It will not do you any harm, but your assistance will prove of the greatest value. Do not sign your name unless you de- sire to do so. "I have looked the questions over and I think they are excellent. I would like for the replies to be fully made by every man of labor. If I had the opportu- nity I WOULD LIKE PERSONALLY TO APPEAL TO THEM TO REPLY AS FULLY AS POSSIBLE." SAMUEL GOMPERS, President American Federation of Labor. "We heartily approve of this study as a help towards bringing about a UNIVERSAL EIGHT-HOUR DAY, and we earnestly appeal to every man of labor to answer the questions herein given." EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, Central Federated Union. "The opportunity is here given for workingmen to better their hours of labor and hours apart from labor by co-operating in this much-needed scientific investigation. I believe that all broad-minded workingmen will see in this study a means for improving social conditions and be interested enough to help and be helped." JOHN S. WHALEN, Deputy Commissioner of Labor. 90 APPENDIX 91 DAILY DISTRIBUTION OF TIME DURING ONE WEEK DIRECTIONS: Please fill in for EACH DAY the EXACT HOUR or the EXACT NUMBER of HOURS which the question asks for. Where you cannot give the exact time, show with a cross mark X on what days you do what the questions ask. SAT. SUN. MON. TUB. WED. THU. FRI. I. At What Hour Each Day: 2. Do you go to bed' 3. Do you leave home to go to work? . . 5 Do you return home from work?. II. How Many Hours Do You Work? III. At What Hour: 1. Do you eat breakfast?. 3 Do you eat supper? IV. How Many Hours Do You Spend: 1. At labor union? 2. At clubs or lodges? 3 At church or synagogue?. . 4. At public lectures? 5. At art galleries? 6. At motion pictures? 7 At theatres?. 8. At dance? 9. At saloon? 10 Number of times you go to saloon?. 11 Playing pool? 12. Playing cards? V. How Many Hours Do You Spend: 2 Reading newspaper? . 3 Reading magazines? 4. Reading bocks? 5 Visiting your friends? 92 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME GENERAL INFORMATION What is your age? In what country were you born? How long have you been in the United States? If born in America, what is the nationality of your father? Are you of the Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish faith? How many times a month do you go to the church or the synagogue? What is your trade or work? What is your pay each day? How much did you make last week? How much do you usually make a week? About how many days.weeks, or months were you out of work on account of being laid off during the last 12 months? About how many days, weeks, or months were you out of work on account of being sick during the last 12 months? Are you married? How many children have you? How many of your children are working? How many other persons do you support (as wife, parents, etc.)? Where do you eat at noon (as restaurant, home, saloon, or place where you work)? How much did you spend for motion pictures during the past week? During the past month? How much did you spend for theatres during the past week? During the past month? How much did you spend during the past week for beer? For wines? For whiskey or other liquors? How much did you spend during the past week for chewing tobacco? For smoking tobacco ? For cigars? For cigarettes? What do you usually do after supper until bedtime? What do you usually do Saturday afternoons? . What do you usually do Sundays?. Where do you usually go on trips, excursions, or other outings?. What holidays do you usually get each year? . What do you do on these holidays? . APPENDIX 93 SUGGESTIONS What suggestions can you offer for improving the use of workingmen's spare time? Return to GEORGE E. BEVANS, Hartley Hall, Columbia University, NEW YORK 94 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME SCHEDULE TWO THE DISTRIBUTION OF WORKWOMEN'S TIME We are seeking by means of this personal appeal to find how workingmen spend their time. Will you kindly answer the questions on the following pages in order that your experience may help to secure better educational and recreational means for improving the use of spare time? It will not do you any harm, but your assistance will prove of the greatest value. Do not sign your name unless you de- sire to do so. GENERAL INFORMATION What is your age? In what country were you born? How long have you been in the United States? If born in America, what is the nationality of your father? Are you of the Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish faith? How many times a month do you go to the church or the synagogue? What is your trade or work? What is your pay each day? Are you employed on piece work, or do you work by the day? How much did you make last week? How much do you usually make a week? Are you a member of a labor union? About how many days, weeks, or months were you outlof work on account of being laid off during the last 12 months? About how many days, weeks, or months were you out of work on account of being sick during the last 12 months? Are you married? How many children have you? How many of your children are working? How many of your children are working at home for money (making garments, flowers, etc)? How much do they usually earn a week? How many of your children are employed outside the home? How much do they usually earn a week? Does your wife take in outside work at home (as sewing, washing, etc.)? What does she usually earn a week? Does your wife work in a store or factory? How many hours a day? What pay a day? How many other persons do you support (as wife, parents, etc.)? Where do you eat at noon (restaurant, home, saloon, or place where you work)? Is there a separate place provided in the shop where you may eat at noon? How much did you spend for motion pictures during the past week? During the past month? How much did you spend for theatres during the past week? During the past month? How much did you spend during the past week for beer? For wine? For whiskey or other liquors? Do you drink liquor before going to work? At the noon hour? How much did you spend during the past week for chewing tobacco? For smoking tobacco? . . APPENDIX 95 For cigars? For cigarettes? . What do you usually do after supper until bedtime? How much do you contribute per week to the support of the church? What is the total contribution per week of the members of your family who are not wage-earners toward the support of the church? How much do you spend per month for life insurance? For yourself? For your family? What do you usually do Saturday afternoons? What do you usually do Sundays?. Where do you usually go on trips, excursions, or other outings?. How much time do you spend trolley-riding for pleasure ? . What holidays do you usually get each year? What do you do on these holidays?. Do you have a vacation? How do you spend it?. Do you take your recreation with or without your family? How much time do you usually take to eat breakfast? Dinner? Supper?. How much time do you spend per week on odd jobs at home? Are there night schools in your neighborhood? Are there men's clubs ? Are there social centers? Are there public lectures? Are recreational facilities provided by the company for which you work? What is the nature of these recreational features? How are they regarded by the men? Do they resent welfare work or do they approve of it? . In what way have you found it most profitable to spend your spare time? . Why?. 96 HOW WORKINGMEN SPEND THEIR SPARE TIME DISTRIBUTION OF TIME DURING SEVEN DAYS DIRECTIONS: Please fill in for EACH DAY the EXACT HOUR or the EXACT NUMBER of HOURS which the question asks for. Where you cannot give the exact time, show with a cross mark X on what days you do what the questions ask. SAT. SUN. MON. TUE. WED. THU. FRI. 1. At What Hour Each Day: 2 How Many Hours Do You Work? 3. At What Hour: *Dis- 4. How Many Hours Do You Spend: tance from your home At public lectures? . ... At art galleries? At library? At night school? At theatres? At dance?. .... At base-ball? Playing cards? 5. How Many Hours Do You Spend: With your family? Reading newspapers?. . ... Visiting your friends? If any of the items in 4 or 5 are not daily or weekly occurrences, state how often they occur, or how many hours is given to them per month. *Enter after each question in 4, extra column, the distance in squares or blocks from ydur home (as, Labor Union Hall, 6) means hall is six blocks or squares from your home. APPENDIX . . /. ." . . " ,\ 97 SUGGESTIONS' What suggestions can you offer for improving the use of workingmen's spare time? Return to BUREAU OF SOCIAL SERVICE 156 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK Name Date. City or Town State. f'.f i \: .'"'.'I' * > i , , VITA George Esdras Bevans was born in Pocomoke City, Maryland, July 15, 1886. He completed the high-school course at Pocomoke City, Maryland, in 1903. He received the degree of B.A. from Western Maryland College, 1906; B.D. from Westminster Theo- logical Seminary, 1908; M.A. from Yale University, 1910; B.D. from Union Theological Seminary, 1911. In the fall of 1910 he matriculated in Columbia University and devoted two full academic years and one summer session to special work in the Department of Political Science under Professors Franklin H. Giddings, Samuel M. Lindsay, Edward T. Devine, Henry R. Seager, and Robert E. Chaddock. ', ^> 4 USE U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIE!