Donated to 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 DAVIS 
 
BULLETIN No. 3. 
 
 TUB UNIVERSITY OF MAIM: 
 
 DKPARTM i;XT< )F NATURAL, HIST< )1^\ 
 
 A LIST OF THE 
 
 KIIJDS OF MAINE 
 
 / miller I fit' HUSJH'--' 
 
 BY 
 
 OKA W. KNIGHT, B. S., 
 
 '////"/ ///-> 
 
BULLETIN No. 3. 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MAINE 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
 
 A LIST OF THE 
 
 BIRDS OF MAINE 
 
 Showing their Distribution by Counties 
 
 And their Status in Each County. 
 
 7V. //am/ utnlcr the auspices of the United Ornithologist* of Maine 
 
 BY 
 
 OKA W. KNIGHT, B, S., 
 
 Assistant in Natural ///././//. 
 
 AUGUSTA 
 
 KEXXEBEC JOURNAL PRINT 
 1897 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 T TT->(^kTXTT A 
 
STATE OF MAINE. 
 
 ORONO, ME., March 28, 1897. 
 President A. W. Harris: 
 
 I take pleasure in submitting herewith, Bulletin No. 3, from the 
 Laboratory of Natural History. This Bulletin, prepared by Mr. O. 
 W. Knight of the Class of 1895, and until recently assistant in this 
 department, is a valuable contribution to the Ornithology of Maine, 
 and will be an honor both to the editor and to the institution. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 FRANCIS L. HARVEY, 
 Professor of Natural History. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 As all the previous lists of Maine birds are inaccessible to the 
 majority of Ornithologists, it has seemed desirable to publish one 
 in which our present knowledge of the distribution and status of 
 the birds of the state may be given. Many records taken from the 
 various Ornithological publications have been incorporated in the list. 
 
 While it has seemed desirable to make this an annotated list, 
 the chief aim of the notes is to point out the distribution and status 
 of each species in the various counties of the state. Remarks 
 regarding the habits, songs and migration dates of many birds are 
 also included. 
 
 No record has been admitted except upon the best of evidence as 
 to its authenticity. The distribution and relative abundance of 
 each species have been reported on by one or more observers from 
 each county, except Lincoln which is represented only by a few 
 records taken from material which has already been published. 
 The members of the United Ornithologists of Maine have rendered 
 aid by furnishing many notes of interest, and their efforts have 
 been heartily seconded by many other prominent Ornithologists of 
 the state. 
 
 The classification and nomenclature of The American Ornitholo- 
 gists' Union have been followed. A summary of the status and 
 abundance of each species is followed by the county records. The 
 counties are arranged in alphabetical order, and following each is 
 a brief statement of the bird's status in that county, and the name 
 of the observer who is responsible for the statement. 
 
 All remarks regarding the habits, abundance, migration dates, 
 etc., of individual species apply only to this state, unless expressly 
 stated otherwise in the text. 
 
 Maine is of great Ornithological interest owing to its being the 
 most eastern meeting point of the Canadian and Alleghanian faunae. 
 
b BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Many birds belonging to warmer regions straggle across our 
 southern and western boundaries, while many northern birds like- 
 wise occur in the northern and eastern counties. 
 
 A partial bibliography has been appended, but notices regarding 
 many of the publications cited have been taken from other publica- 
 tions, and consequently the author is not responsible for any errors 
 in titles which may occur. 
 
 Species which have been reported in previous lists upon insuffi- 
 cient evidence, those which have been taken near our boundaries, 
 and those which may reasonably be expected to be detected in the 
 state at some future date are given in a hypothetical list. 
 
 A supplement to the list will be issued as soon as enough addi- 
 tional information to warrant it has been secured, and all persons 
 having knowledge of the occurrence in the state of any species not 
 cited are requested to send notice of the same to the author. It is 
 also hoped that any mistakes which may occur will be pointed 
 out for correction. 
 
 Below is given a list of the counties of the state with the names 
 of the observers from each county* 
 
 Androscoggin : E. E. Johnson lists 167 species taken or seen 
 near Lewiston ; A. R. Pike reports on 66 of the rarer birds from 
 the same locality ; Prof. A. B. Call has furnished notes on 105 
 species likewise observed near Lewiston ; these notes are supple- 
 mented by records from "The Birds of Androscoggin County," and 
 information received from Prof. J. Y. Stanton of Bates College. 
 
 Aroostook : The majority of the records from this county are 
 credited to Mr. Chas. F. Batchelder, and were taken from a series 
 of articles entitled "Notes on the Summer Birds of the Upper St. 
 John" which were published in early numbers of the Bulletin of the 
 Nuttall Ornithological Club ; notes on certain species observed by 
 O. W. Knight at Sherman, Fort Fairfield, Houlton, Caribou, Lime- 
 stone and Presque Isle, have also been used. 
 
 Cumberland : J. C. Mead lists 147 species from the northern 
 part of the county ; these are supplemented by notes from A. H. 
 Norton and Dr. H. H. Brock, and extracts from Brown's "Cata- 
 logue of the Birds of Portland." 
 
 Franklin : J. Merton Swain has given information regarding 130 
 species from the southern part of the county, and F. M. Richards 
 reports on 147 from the same section; these are supplemented by 
 
INTRODUCTION. 7 
 
 a few extracts from notes furnished by W. A. Lee & W. E. 
 McLain, and information received from E. F. Cobb, regarding 
 birds found at New Vineyard and Rangeley respectively. 
 
 Hancock : E. F. Murch lists 70 species found in the vicinity of 
 P^lls worth, and A. G. Dorr of Bucksport reports 103 from his local- 
 ity ; (). A\ r . Knight gives notes regarding many of the seabirds 
 which are found breeding among the islands along the coast. 
 
 Kenuebec : The Gardiner Branch of the United Ornithologists of 
 Maine has reported on the birds of this county ; the records of the 
 rarer species are credited to the individuals responsible for them, 
 while the others are credited to the Branch ; the members of which 
 are, William L. Powers, Clara M. Burleigh, Sadie M. Jewett, 
 Mallian Reed, Lillian Holmes, Martha Webster, Lizzie Church, 
 Austin P. Larrubee, Homer Dill, Maurice Royal, Fred Dill, Ralph 
 Hunt, George Royal, Harold Peacock, Lincoln Harlow, Harold 
 (iiddiugs, Ralph Harden, Charles Austin, George Dow, Edmund 
 Welch, Eben Haley, L. M. Sanborn and L. W. Robbins ; addi- 
 tional records are taken from Prof. Hamlin's "List of the Birds of 
 Waterville." 
 
 Knox : Fred Rackliff of Spruce Head lists 205 species from the 
 county, and A. H. Norton adds 10 more ; it is probable that some 
 of the former's notes regarding the presence of certain sandpipers 
 and allied birds in summer, refer to their return from the north in 
 late July and early August, and do not imply that they are present 
 throughout the entire summer. 
 
 Lincoln : This county is represented by a few records taken from 
 various publications, no observer having been found who was will- 
 ing to furnish a county list. We may safely say that the birds of 
 this small county are identical with those found in Knox on the 
 east and Sagadahoc on the west. 
 
 Oxford : J. Waldo Nash of Norway lists 164 species, and E. E. 
 Johnson reports on 89 found near East Hebron ; a few notes from 
 Maynard's "List of the Birds of Coos County, New Hampshire, and 
 Oxford County, Maine," are used as are some from Verrill's "List 
 of the Birds of Norway," (Maine). 
 
 Penobscot : O. W. Knight gives an annotated list of 155 species 
 found in the southern part of the county, and Manly Hardy adds 
 notes on 24 of the rarer birds ; Granville Gray of Oldtown adds 
 4 species to the list. 
 
8 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Piscataquis : Wallace Homer submits a fully annotated list of 
 116 species, and Charles Whitman reports on 56. 
 
 Sagadahoc : Herbert L. Spinney has found 180 species here and 
 his list is copiously annotated ; C. C. Spratt of North Bridgton, 
 lists 79 species. 
 
 Somerset : C. H. Morrell presents a fully annotated list of 145 
 species from the southern part of the county, while Prof. F. L. 
 Harvey and O. W. Knight add a few notes from Jackman in the 
 in the northern part. 
 
 Waldo : C. C. Spratt gives a list of 80 species ; O. W. Knight 
 supplements this by notes on many of the birds observed by him 
 within the county. 
 
 Washington : George A. Boardman of Calais has observed and 
 taken 257 species within Washington County. His list is copiously 
 annotated and is the result of long years of careful observation. 
 York : Stephen J. Adams submits a list embracing 102 species 
 which he has observed near the towns of Hiram, Oxford County, 
 Cornish, York County, and Baldwin, Cumberland County ; his 
 notes are thus referable to three counties although in the list they 
 have been credited as noted here : Charles S. Butters has given 
 notes regarding a few seabirds taken at Biddeford Pool. 
 
 Other matters being equal, the first notes received have been 
 used to set forth the county status of a given species, and subse- 
 quent notes on the same species from observers in the same county 
 have not been used unless the conclusions set forth are somewhat 
 different. In some cases the notes of different observers in a given 
 county have been used when they indicate a difference in the status 
 or abundance of a species in the different parts of the county 
 reported on by the observers. 
 
 Thanks are due to the University of Maine and to Professor F. 
 L. Harvey for allowing me free access to its collections and library ; 
 to William Brewster of Cambridge, Mass., for identifying speci- 
 mens submitted to him ; to Harry Merrill of Bangor for the loan 
 of various publications germain to the list; to J. C. Mead of North 
 Bridgton, Arthur H. Norton of Westbrook, and Prof. William L. 
 Powers of Gardiner for the aid they have rendered ; to these and 
 many others who have helped on the work in hand cordial thanks 
 are extended. 
 
 ORA W. KNIGHT. 
 
 BANGOR, March 28, 1897. 
 
LAWS OF THE STATE OF MAINE WHICH RELATE 
 ESPECIALLY TO ORNITHOLOGY OR OOLOGY. 
 
 (Taken from the Fish ami Game Laws.) 
 
 1895, c. 125, 21. Whoever kills or has in his possession, 
 except alive, or exposes for sale, any wood duck, dusky duck, com- 
 monly called black duck, teal or grey duck, between the first days 
 of May and September, or kills, sells, or has in his possession, 
 except alive, any ruffed grouse, commonly called partridge, 
 between the first days of December and September 20th, or wood- 
 cock, between the first days of December and September following ; 
 or kills, sells or has in his possession, except alive, any quail 
 between the first day of December and the first day of October fol- 
 lowing, or pinnated grouse, commonly called prairie chicken, 
 between the first days of January and September, or plover between 
 the first days of May and August, forfeits not less than $5 nor 
 more than $10, for each bird so killed, had in possession or exposed 
 for sale. And no person shall at any one time, kill, expose for 
 sale, or have in possession, except alive, more than 30 of each 
 variety of birds above named, during the respective open seasons, 
 nor shall any person at any time kill, expose for sale, or have in 
 possession, except alive, any of the above named varieties of birds 
 except for consumption within this state, under a penalty of $5 for 
 each bird so unlawfully killed, exposed for sale or in possession ; 
 nor shall any person or corporation carry or transport from place 
 to place in open season any of the above mentioned birds unless 
 open to view, tagged and plainly labeled with the owner's name, 
 and accompanied by him, under the same penalty ; any person, not 
 the actual owner of such birds, who, to aid another in such trans- 
 portation falsely represents himself to be the owner thereof, shall 
 be liable to the same penalty ; nor shall any person or corporation 
 carry or transport at any one time more than 15 of any one variety 
 of birds above named, as the property of one man under the same 
 penalty ; nothing in this section shall prevent any marketman or 
 
10 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 provision dealer having an established place of business in this 
 state, from purchasing at his place of business, any bird lawfully 
 caught, killed or destroyed, or any part thereof, and selling the 
 same in open season at retail to his local customers. 
 
 1889, c. 248 22. Whoever, at any time or in any place, with 
 any trap, net, snare, device or contrivance, other than the usual 
 method of sporting with fire-arms, takes wild duck of any variety, 
 quail, grouse, partridge or woodcock, forfeits five dollars for each 
 bird so taken. 
 
 1889, c. 249, 23. Whoever, kills or has in his possession, 
 except alive, any birds commonly known as larks, robins, swallows, 
 sparrows or orioles, or other insectivorous birds, crows, English 
 sparrows, and hawks excepted, forfeits not less than one dollar, 
 nor more than five dollars, for each such bird killed, and the posses- 
 sion by any person of such dead bird, is prim a facie evidence that 
 he killed such bird. 
 
 R. S., c. 30, 24. Whoever at any time wantonly takes or 
 destroys the nest, eggs, or unfledged young of any wild bird except 
 crows, hawks and owls, or takes any eggs or young from such 
 nests, except for the purpose of preserving the same as specimens, 
 or of rearing said young alive, forfeits not less than one dollar nor 
 more than ten dollars for each nest, egg, or young so taken or 
 destroyed. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION. 
 
 R. S., c. 30, 25. Whoever carries or transports from place to 
 place, any of the birds named herein, during the period in which 
 the killing of such bird is prohibited, forfeits five dollars for each 
 bird so carried or transported. 
 
 PROTECTION OF CAPERCAILIZE AND OTHER BIRDS. 
 
 1895, c. 149, 1. It shall be unlawful for a term of five years 
 to hunt for, take, catch, kill or destroy any of the following named 
 birds under a penalty of fifty dollars for the offense, and twenty- 
 five dollars for every bird so taken, caught, killed or destroyed. 
 The capercailzie, or cock of the woods, so called, black game, so 
 called, or any species of the pheasant, except the partridge, so 
 called. 
 
 SECT. 2. All fines and penalties under this act, shall be enforced 
 in the same manner, as for the violation of laws relating to the 
 illegal killing of game. 
 
LAWS RKLATIX<J TO OHM TIH M.OGY. 11 
 
 EVEKY >rXlAY IS CLOSE TI.MK. 
 
 R. S., c. 30, 27. Sunday is a close time, on which it is not 
 lawful to hunt, kill or destroy game or birds of any kind, under 
 the penalties imposed therefor during other close times ; but the 
 penalties already imposed for violation of the Sun- lay laws are not 
 repealed or diminished. 
 
 TAXIDERMIST. 
 
 l.s ( .5, c. 50, 1. The commissioners of inland fisheries and 
 game may, upon application, issue a license to such persons as 
 taxidermists, who, in their judgment, are skilled in that art, of 
 good reputation and friendly to the fish and game laws of this 
 state. For such license the applicant shall pay into the state 
 treasury the sum of $5, to be credited as additional to the funds 
 appropriated by the state to inland fisheries and game, and be in 
 force for three years from the date of its issue, unless sooner 
 revoked. Such licensee may at all times have in his possession at 
 his place of business, fish and game, or parts thereof, lawfully 
 caught or killed in open time for the sole purpose of preparing for, 
 and mounting the same ; and such fish and game or parts thereof 
 may be transported to such licensee and retained by him for the 
 purposes aforesaid, under such rules, restrictions and limitations 
 as shall, from time to time be made by said commissioners and 
 stated in such original license and additions made thereto from 
 time to time by said commissioners. 
 
 SECT. 2. Such licenses may be revoked by said commissioners 
 at any time after notice and an opportunity for a hearing ; and 
 every licensee and carrier violating any of the provisions of this act, 
 or of the rules, restrictions or limitations set out in said license and 
 additions thereto, shall, on complaint before any trial justice or 
 municipal or police court, be fined not less than $20 nor more than 
 $50. 
 
 CERTAIN PKRsnxs AUTHORIZED TO TAKE BIRDS AXD THEIR NESTS 
 AXD EGGS FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSES. 
 
 1885, c. 333, 1. Upon the request and recommendation of 
 the fish and game commissioners, the governor, with the advice 
 and consent of the council may commission persons to take, kill, 
 capture and have in possession any species of bird other than domes- 
 
12 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 tic, and the iiests and eggs thereof for scientific purposes ; but the 
 number of commissions in force shall not exceed ten at any time. 
 SECT. 2. No person to whom such commission may be granted, 
 shall sell, offer for sale, or take any compensation for specimens of 
 birds, nests or eggs, nor dispose of the same by gift or otherwise, 
 to be taken from the State, except by exchange of specimens for 
 scientific purposes ; and for any violation of any of the provisions 
 of this section, such person shall be subject to a fine of not less 
 than ten nor more than fifty dollars, to be recovered by complaint 
 before any trial justice or municipal judge. 
 
THE BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Order PYGOPODES. Diving Birds. 
 Suborder PODICIPEDES. Grebes. 
 Family PODICIPID^E. Grebes. 
 Genus COLYMBUS. Linnaeus. 
 
 Subgenus COLYMBUS. 
 
 1. (2).* Colymbus ho\\)ce\\\\ (Rein/i.). Holbcell's Grebe. 
 Occurs along the coast as a winter resident in limited numbers, 
 September to late April. There are no records from the interior 
 counties of the state. It breeds north of our limits. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rather uncommon winter resident 7 ' 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 36) ; Kuox, "migrant" (Norton) ; Sag- 
 adahoc, "not common, few in winter" (Spinney) ; Washington, "com- 
 mon"' (Boardman) ; York, (Butters). 
 
 Submenus BYTES Kaup. 
 2. (3). Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned Grebe. 
 
 Common as a migrant along the coast and to a less extent in the 
 interior ; a few are also found in winter along the coast. It is a 
 rare summer resident in our northeastern counties. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; "rather common in 
 migrations, a few probably winter" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 
 36) ; Hancock, "common migrant" (Dorr) ; Knox, "migrant" (Norton) ; 
 Oxford, "very rare" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "one shot at East Orrington" 
 (Hardy) ; Piscataquis. "rare" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common December 
 to April" (Spinney) ; Washington, "common, a few breed" (Boardman) ; 
 York, (Butters). 
 
 * The numbers at the left are the Maine numbers and those in parenthesis are 
 the A. O. U. numbers of the species. 
 
14 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus PODILYMBUS Lesson. 
 
 3. (6). Podilymbus podiceps (Linn.). Pied -billed Grebe. 
 
 Commonest in migrations, but also quite a common summer resi- 
 dent on various bodies of fresh water throughout the state. In 
 migrations it is commoner along the coast than in the interior. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "rare, breeds" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 
 7, p. 152) ; Cumberland, "common" (Mead) ; Franklin, "I am informed 
 by Mr. Elmer Cobb that he has taken eggs at Rangeley Lake" (Knight) ; 
 Hancock, "common" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "rare summer resident" (Rob- 
 bins) ; Knox, (Rackliff) ; Peuobscot, "summer resident" (Knight) ; Sag- 
 adahoc, "not common, seen only in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common 
 summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "common, few breed" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Suborder CEPPHI. Loons and Auks. 
 Family URINATORID^E. Loons. 
 Genus URINATOR Cuvier. 
 
 4. (7). Urinator imber (Gunn.). Loon. 
 
 A resident along the coast, a common summer resident and 
 breeder on the ponds and lakes of the interior. It does not breed 
 on the seacoast, although birds may be seen there all summer. 
 These are probably immature or sterile individuals. 
 
 County Records. Androscog^in, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Cumberland, "summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common 
 summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common resident" (Dorr) ; Ken- 
 nebec, "rare summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox "resident" 
 (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "summer 
 resident, not so common as formerly" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, 
 breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "not very common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Wash- 
 ington, "common, breeds" (Boardmau) ; York, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Adams). 
 
 5. (11). Urinator luinme (Gnnn.). Red-throated Loon. 
 
 Quite a common fall and spring migrant along the coast and on 
 the ponds and lakes. It is also a winter resident coastwise. It 
 breeds in high latitudes. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 15 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "common in migration" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 36) ; Keunebec, "accidental" (Dill) ; Knox, "mi- 
 grant" (Racklift") ; Peuobscot, "immature birds often" (Hardy) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "from lat* fall to spring" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "Mr. C. W. Savage, 
 the postmaster at Flagstaff, has a bird which from the description and 
 nirasureineuts must be this species, and which was shot at Flagstaff pond 
 in the fall of 1896" (Knight) ; Washington, "common" (Boardnfau) ; 
 York, (Butters). 
 
 Family ALC1DJE. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. 
 Subfamily FRATERCULIN^E. Puffins. 
 Genus LUND A Pallas. 
 
 6. (12). Lunda cirrhata Pall. Tufted Puffin. 
 
 This is a Pacific coast bird which is of accidental occurrence on 
 our coast, and of which there is only one specimen recorded. (Cf 
 Allen, The Auk, Vol. 2, p. 388). This record is based upon the 
 authority of Audubon, who has stated that one of this species was 
 taken at the mouth of the Kennebec River in the winter of 1831-'32. 
 
 Genus FRATERCULA Brisson. 
 
 7. (13). Fratercula arctica (Linn.). Puffin. 
 
 Occurs commonly as a winter visitor to our coast, but is said to 
 have nested in limited numbers on Seal Island as late as 1888, and 
 it is reported that some six pairs of these birds nested on Matinicus 
 Rock as late as the summer of 1896. It is only a question of a 
 year or so when this species will cease to nest along our coast. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "not common winter visitant"(Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 36) ; Hancock, "winter visitor" (Dorr) ; Knox, 
 "resident"* (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, "only in winter, quite scarce" (Spin- 
 ney) ; Washington, "winter visitant ; a few breed at Grand Meuan, X. B." 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Subfamily PHALERIX^. Auklets, Murrelets, Guillemots. 
 Genus CEPPHUS Pallas. 
 
 8. (27). Cepphus grylle (Linn.). Black Guillemot. 
 
 A common resident and breeder along the coast from Knox County 
 eastward, while elsewhere it occurs only as a winter visitant. 
 
 *Only a very few of these birds remain through the summer although the fact 
 that some do remain would justify its being cited as a rare resident (Editor). 
 
16 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, u not uncommon winter visitant" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Poitlaud, p. 36) ; Franklin, "accidental" 
 (Richards) ; Hancock, "very common resident about the outer islands" 
 (Knight) ; Knox, "resident" (Rackliff) ; Penobscot, "taken in Brewer in 
 winter" (Hardy) ; Sagadahoc, "plenty in winter" (Spinney) ; Washing- 
 ton, "resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Subfamily ALCIN^E. Auks and Murres. 
 Genus URIA Brisson. 
 
 9. (30). Uria troile (Linn. ) . Murre. 
 
 Winter visitor in limited numbers along the coast. In most 
 cases where this species has been reported a careful investigation 
 has brought out the fact that the reports should have referred to 
 the succeeding species. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare winter visitor" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 36) ; Knox, "rare winter visitant" (Rackliff) ; 
 Washington, (Boardman). 
 
 10. (31). Uria lomvia (Linn.). Briinnich's Murre. 
 
 A quite common winter visitor along the coast, especially on the 
 outer islands. It is reported by Mr. Boardman as breeding on 
 the islands near Grand Menan, New Brunswick, in limited num- 
 bers and in company with the preceding species. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "not uncommon winter visitant" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 36) ; Hancock, "winter visitor" 
 (Knight) ; Knox, "winter visitor" (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, "common in 
 winter" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "found one dead on the ice, near Pitts- 
 field, December 31, 1896" (Morrell) ; Washington, (Boardman). 
 
 Genus ALCA Linnaeus. 
 
 11. (32). Alca torda (Linn.). Razor-billed Auk. 
 
 Quite a common winter visitor to the outer islands of the coast. 
 Mr. Boardman reports that a few still breed at Grand Menan, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "a winter visitor of quite frequent 
 occurrence" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 36) ; Kuox. "winter 
 visitor" (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, "common in winter" (Spinney) ; Wash- 
 ington, "winter" (Boardman). 
 
1URDS OK MAINE. 17 
 
 Genus Plautus Briinuich. 
 
 12. (33). Plautus impeunis (Linn.}. Great Auk. 
 
 This species has become extinct through the agency of man, 
 during the present century. It was probably found along the 
 entire coast of Maine, in winter at least. Evidences of this birds 
 having once occurred at Gouldsborough, Hancock County, are 
 recorded in the Report of the Maine Board of Agriculture for 1877, 
 p. 261. 
 
 Subfamily ALLIN^E. Dovekies. 
 Genus ALLE Link. 
 
 13. (34). Alle alle (Linn.}. Dovekie. 
 
 A not uncommon visitor some winters along the coast ; some- 
 times driven inland by severe storms. It breeds in high latitudes. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, u rather irregular winter visitor" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 36) ; Knox, "winter visitor" (Raek- 
 liff) ;. Penobscot, u have seen several taken near Brewer" (Hardy) ; Sag- 
 a<l;ihoc, "in winter, not plenty" (Spinney) ; Washington, "in winter 
 only" (Boardman). 
 
 Order LONGIPENN-ES. Long-winged Swimmers. 
 
 Family STERCORARIID^E. Skuas and Jaegers. 
 
 Genus STERCORARIUS Brisson. 
 
 14. (36). Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.). Pomarine 
 Jaeger. 
 
 Of quite regular occurrence in spring and fall ; casual in summer. 
 Nests in the far north. 
 
 Count v Ilrcords. Cumberland, (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 35) ; 
 Knox. "have seen it in summer" (Norton) ; Sagadahoc, (Spinney) ; Wash- 
 ington, "not common" (Boardman) ; York, U I have a specimen from the 
 town of York" (Xorton"). 
 
 15. (37). Stercorarius parasiticus (Linn.}. Parasitic Jaeger. 
 finite common off shore in spring and fall; nests in the far 
 
 north. 
 
 County Keconls. Cumberland, "said to be not uncommon oft' shore" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 35) ; Knox, "migrant" (Racklift) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "not com rvty near shore" (Spinney); Washington, "rare" 
 (Boardmau). 
 
18 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 16. (38). Stercorarius longicaudus Vieill. Long-tailed 
 Jaeger. 
 
 This bird occurs in a manner precisely the same as the two pre- 
 ceding species. It is, however, seemingly not so abundant as it 
 is not reported from as many counties as the other two are. 
 
 County Records. Sagadahoc, "not common'' (Spinney) ; Washington, 
 "common in fall" (Boardmau). 
 
 Family LARID^E. Gulls and Terns. 
 Subfamily LARIN^E. Gulls. 
 Genus RISSA Stephens. 
 
 17. (40). Rissa tridactyla (Linn.). Kittiwake. 
 
 Common winter visitor along the coast ; breeds in Arctic regions. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, ''common winter resident" (Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 34) ; Hancock, "rare in winter" (Dorr) ; Kuox, 
 "winter visitor" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "one in October, 1890, on Lovewell's 
 Pond" (Nash) ; Sagadahoc, "plenty from November to April" (Spinney) ; 
 Washington, "abundant fall migrant" (Boardmau); York, (Butters). 
 
 Genus LARUS Linnaeus. 
 
 18. (42). Larus glaucus Brunn. Glaucous Gull. 
 
 A rare winter visitor to our coast ; breeds in Arctic regions. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "a specimen was shot at Peake's 
 Island, April 27, 1883" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 37) ; Hancock, 
 "rare in winter" (Dorr) ; Knox, "winter" (Rackliff') ; Washington, "rare, 
 winter only" (Boardmau). 
 
 19. (43). Larus leucopterus Faber. Iceland Gull. 
 
 This species is probably of much commoner occurrence along 
 the coast in winter than one would imagine from the paucity of 
 reports concerning it. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "Audubon found it in Portland Harbor" 
 (Orn. Biog. Ill, p. 553) ; Hancock, "West Sullivan" (Brewster, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 8, p. 251) ; Washington, "winter only"(Boardman). 
 
 20. (47). Larus marinus Linn. Great Black-backed Gull. 
 Of common occurrence along the coast in spring, autumn and 
 
 winter, September to March. A few stragglers are- occasionally 
 seen in summer, but it is not known io breed in the state. Mr. 
 Boardman states that a few breed about Urand Menan, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
MIHHS 01 M.VIXK. 19 
 
 County Records. Cumberlaud, "common winter resident" (Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 34) ; Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Knox, "winter 
 visitor'' (Rackliff); Sagadahoc, "few in summer, plenty hi winter" 
 (Spinney ) ; Washington, "winter" (Boardmau). 
 
 21. (51). Larus argentatus Briinit. Herring Gull. 
 
 An accidental visitor to our coast, but one specimen known. 
 
 Mr. Fred Rackliff of Spruce Head, Knox County, has a Gull 
 
 taken in that county which is unquestionably referable to this 
 species. This record is verified by Mr. A. H. Norton. 
 
 22. (51a). Larus argentatus smithsonianus Coues. American 
 Herring Gull. 
 
 A very common resident along the seacoast, and quite a common 
 summer resident on the larger lakes of the interior. A large colony 
 of these birds nest on an island of Moosehead Lake. In summer the 
 eggs of the species form a staple article of food among the fisher- 
 men along the coast, and, in consequence of their being constantly 
 robbed, fresh eggs are often found late in August. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 An>n-took. (.uimnon on lakes and breeds" (Batchelder in Bull. Xutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 152) ; Cumberland; "common spring visitor near 
 Bridgtou" (Mead), "resident throughout the year" (Brown's Cat. Birds 
 of Portland, p. 34) ; Franklin, "rare, accidental" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "common resident" (Knight) ; Keuuebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; 
 KDOX, "resident" (Rr.cklift) ; Oxford, (given in Maynard's List, p. 30;; 
 Penobscot, "seen near Bangor in fall and early spring" (Knight); Pis- 
 cataquis, "breeds on the lakes" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "few in summer, 
 common in winter" (Spinney;) Somerset, "frequent visitor spring to 
 fall" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "regular visitor throughout the year, does not 
 breed within the county to my knowledge" (Knight) ; Washington, 
 "common resident" ^Boardman) ; York, (Butters). 
 
 23. (54). Larus delawarensis Orel. Ring-billed Gull. 
 
 Not very common as a spring and autumn migrant, but it is 
 probably of more general occurrence than the meager county 
 records would indicate. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "quite common transient" (Brown's 
 Cat. of Birds of Portland, p. 34) ; Hancock, "have one from near Bucks- 
 port" (Knight) ; Knox, "migrant" (Xortou) ; Washington, "common in 
 migration" (Boardman.) 
 
 24. (58). Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull. 
 
 This species is of rare or irregular occurrence along the coast. 
 It has been known to breed on the islands of Casco Bay. 
 
20 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Eecords. Cumberland, "quite common summer resident, 
 breeding on the outer islands of Casco Bay" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Port- 
 land, p. 34) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Washington, "few about the 
 islands in summer" (Boardmau). 
 
 25. (60). Lams Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. 
 This species is very common along the coast in the migrations, 
 
 and a few remain through the winter. It also occurs, though less 
 commonly, on the larger lakes of the interior, but does not breed 
 within the state. It is commonest from early August to Novem- 
 ber and from April to June. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, (Pike); Cumberland, "not rare 
 straggler" (Mead), "abundant during migrations" (Brown's Cat. Birds 
 of Portland, p. 34) ; Hancock, "common in fall" (Dorr) ; Knox, 
 "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "very rare" (Nash) ; Piscataquis, "not 
 uncommon migrant on the larger lakes" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "plenty 
 from Nov. until April" (Spinney ^ ; Washington, "very abundant, none 
 breed" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus XEMA Leach. 
 
 26. (62). Xema sabinii (Sab.). Sabine's Gull. 
 
 Of accidental occurrence within the state. One specimen is 
 recorded in Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, and this same speci- 
 men is again recorded in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological 
 Club, Vol. 3, page 195. Mr. Boardman took a specimen near 
 Eastport, on Indian Island, New Brunswick, in May, 1878. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "one taken in Scarborough on May 
 31st, 1877" (for this record see Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, page 205, 
 under Smith's List of the Birds of Maine). 
 
 Subfamily STERNIN^E. Terns. 
 Genus GELOCHELIDON Brehm. 
 27. (63). Gelochelidon nilotica (Hasselq.). Gull-billed Tern. 
 
 This species has occurred as an accidental visitor from the south, 
 several specimens having been taken at different times. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "three taken in Sept. 1868, and birds 
 also seen on May 21st, 1881" (Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, Forest 
 and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 205) ; Washington, "accidental" (Boardman.) 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 21 
 
 Genus STERNA Linmeus. 
 Subgenus THALASSEUS Boie. 
 
 28. (64). Sterna tschegrava Lepech. Caspian Tern. 
 
 A rare but quite regular migrant along the coast. It is not 
 known to breed within our limits. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "a bird of the year taken at Richmond's 
 Island in 1895" (Cf. Norton, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Histr., Apr. 1, 1897, 
 p. 104); Knox, "very rare'' (Racklift); Sagadahoc, "Aug. and Sept., 
 not plenty" (Spinney) ; Washington, "seen in migrations, rare" (Board- 
 man). 
 
 Subgenus STERNA Linuteus. 
 
 29. (70). Sterna hirundo Linn. Common Tern. 
 
 A very common summer resident along our coast, breeding in 
 colonies on the various grassy islands, often in company with Sterna 
 paradiswa. The eggs of both species are collected and eaten by 
 the fishermen. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 land, "abundant summer resident" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 
 34) ; Franklin, "migrant" (Richards) ; Hancock, "breeds commonly on 
 many of the islands" (Knight); Kuox, "summer" (Racklift); Oxford, 
 "very rare" (Xash) ; Penobscot, (Hardy); Sagadahoc, "breeds" (Spin- 
 ney); Washington, "abundant" (Boardmau) ; York, (Butters). 
 
 30. (71). Sterna paradissea Brtinn. Arctic Tern. 
 
 Summer resident along the coast. It is associated in the breed- 
 ing season with the preceding species by which it is exceeded in 
 
 point of numbers. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "summer resident" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 34) ; Hancock, "summer resident, not common" 
 (Knight) ; Knox, "summer" (Racklift') ; Piscataquis, "migrant about the 
 lakes" (Homer); Sagadahoc, "breeds" (Spinney); Washington, "abund- 
 ant" ( I>oardman). 
 
 31. (72). Sterna dougalli Montag. Roseate Tern. 
 Formerly a rare summer visitor to our southern coast, but has 
 
 not been recorded of late years. Breeds sparingly on Sable Island, 
 Nova Scotia, which is its northern limit. (Cf. Dwight, Memoirs 
 of the Nutt. Ora. Club, No. II, "The Ipswich Sparrow," p. 16). 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "seen at Green Islands, Casco Bay" 
 (Brewster, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 4, p. 15) ; Knox, "formerly in 
 summer, now exterminated" (Norton). 
 
22 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Subgenus STERNULA Boie. 
 
 32. (74). Sterna antillarum (Less.). Least Tern. 
 
 Formerly of quite regular occurrence on the Green Islands in 
 Casco Bay. It is reported by Mr. Boardman as being accidental 
 at Grand Menan, New Brunswick. There are no recent records. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "formerly occurred every year at Green 
 Islands, but none seen for a number of years"' (Brown's Cat. Birds of 
 Portland, p. 35 j. 
 
 Subgenus HALIPLANA Wagler. 
 
 33. (75). Sterna fuligiuosa Gmel. Sooty Tern. 
 
 There is only one specimen recorded from the state, and this 
 was taken at Parkman in Piscataquis County, October 5, 1878. It 
 is recorded by Ruthven Deane in the Bulletin of the Nuttall Orni- 
 thological Club, Vol. 5, page 64. 
 
 Genus HYDROCHELIDON Boie. 
 
 34. (77). Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis (Gmel.). 
 
 Black Tern. 
 
 This species is of rare or casual occurrence in the migrations. 
 It is reported by Mr. Boardman as accidental at Grand Menan, 
 New Brunswick. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "transient in autumn, uncommon" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 35) ; York, "occurs at Wells Beach" 
 (Brown in Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 190). 
 
 Family RYNCHOPIDJE. Skimmers. 
 Genus RYNCHOPS Linnaeus. 
 
 35. (80). Rynchops nigra Linn. Black Skimmer. 
 
 An accidental visitor from the south. Several specimens have 
 been taken at various times. 
 
 County Records. Knox, "Matinicus Island" (recorded in Smith's List 
 of Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 205) ; Washington, 
 "accidental" (Boardman) ; York, "taken at Wells Bay" (recorded in 
 Smith's List as above). 
 
I'.IKDS (>F MAINK. 
 
 23 
 
 Order TUBINARES. Tube-nosed Swimmers. 
 
 Family PROCELLARIID.*:. Fulmars and Shearwaters. 
 Subfamily PROCELLARIIN^E. Fulmars. 
 Genus PUFFINUS Brisson. 
 
 36. (89). Puffinus gravis ( O'Reilly) . Greater Shearwater. 
 The Shearwaters are birds of the open sea, but as they occur off 
 
 our coast they can be given a place in the list, although it is doubt- 
 ful if they ever occur within the three mile limit of the coast. As 
 their occurrence off our coast has been satisfactorily demonstrated, 
 this species and the succeeding one are accordingly given a place 
 in the list. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, given in Brown's Catalogue of the 
 Birds of Portland as "being said to be rather common by fishermen"; 
 Washington, "common at sea" (Boardman). 
 
 37. (94). Pufiinus stricklandi Ridcjw. Sooty Shearwater. 
 The notes on the preceding species will apply equally well here. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rarely seen except long distances 
 from land, there apparently common" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, 
 }>. :;.") ; Washington, --rare at sea" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus DAFITON Stephens. 
 
 38. (102). Daption capensis (Linn.). Pintado Petrel. 
 
 A specimen is recorded by Mr. H. A. Purdie in Steam's 4k New 
 England Bird Life," p. 387. In view of recent information from 
 Mr. Purdie, the locality given in the above as Harpswell would 
 now seem to be erroneous. In a recent letter under the date of 
 March 2d, he writes: "I happened to be in Worcester yesterday 
 on business. I went to the Natural History Rooms and saw my 
 bird still labeled Manx Shearwater, Lewiston, Me., June, 1875, and 
 this was the date and place that a Mr. Dickinson of the Worcester 
 Natural History Society purchased the bird with three or four 
 others of one Levi Woolev, who I understand then called it Manx 
 Shearwater and so it has stood ever since. Said Wooley now lives 
 in Waltham, and it seems has lately been to see the bird and 
 swears it is the bird he sold Dickinson in 1875, and I presume still 
 believes it to be as first identified by him. It is not unlikely that 
 the locality named, Harpswell, is wrong. At any rate Mr. Wooley 
 
24 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 now declares that the bird was shot by Mr. C. F. Nason at Lake 
 Mooseluckmeguntic in September, 1872. Nasou, Wooley and two 
 other men were of the party at the lake. Wooley saved and 
 brought it home with him. Some of the other skins that Dickinson 
 got of him may have been shot at Harpswell, so by some misunder- 
 standing the locality of the bird in question got mixed." 
 
 From the foregoing it would seem that this bird is undeniably 
 entitled to a place in our list as an accidental visitor. 
 
 Genus OCEANODROMA Reicheubach. 
 
 39. (106). Oceanodroma leucorhoa (ViettL). Leach's Petrel. 
 
 This Petrel is the only breeding representative of its order along 
 our coast. It nests abundantly on many of the extreme outer 
 islands of the coast. Especially large colonies nest annually on 
 Seal, Big Spoon, Little Duck and Green Islands. A burrow from 
 one to three feet in length is excavated in the soft loamy soil of the 
 island selected for a breeding place, and at the end of this hole a 
 small quantity of dry grass, leaves, rootlets or other accessible 
 material is rudely shaped into some resemblance to a nest. Here 
 the parent bird may be found, incubating its single white egg which 
 in most cases is spotted or wreathed with various obscure reddish 
 or lavender markings about the larger end. The eggs are deposited 
 in late June or July, and the parent remains on the nest until 
 removed by hand in case some person digs out a burrow. When 
 taken in the hand they spit forth a quantity of clear, yellow- 
 ish, musky smelling liquid. When this falls on one's clothes the 
 odor is perceptible for a long time, and the eggs of this species 
 retain the characteristic smell for years. Birds are not often seen 
 in the day time on the islands where they breed, unless one opens 
 the nesting place and forcibly removes the parent. On being 
 turned loose in such cases, the bird seems dazed and stumbles about 
 in a semi-drunken manner or stupidly thrusts its head into the 
 nearest cavity. If tossed into the air it heads straight out to sea. 
 It is noteworthy that in cases where the nest contains its egg only 
 one bird will be found incubating, its mate being far out to sea. 
 In cases where the nest is still in the process of construction, both 
 birds are usually found occupying it. At night the islands where 
 these birds nest become full of manifestations of life. The sitting 
 birds leave their nests and go to feed, while their mates who have 
 
BIKDS Ol MAINK. 25 
 
 passed the day at sea relieve them on the nests. This Petrel is 
 resident off the coast, but in winter is usually found far out at sea. 
 It is often blown inland by severe storms. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "one taken at Lake Auburn aud now 
 in the collection of Prof. Stauton" (Staiitou in epist.) ; Cumberland, 
 "breeds on Green Islands, Casco Bay, common" (Brown in Bull. Xutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 2, p. 28) ; Hancock, "nests on many of the outer islands" 
 (Knight); Knox, "summer" (Rackliff); Oxford, "one 8hot on Lake 
 Peuuesseewassee, Oct. 21st, IS'.MI, by Will Gary" (Oxford Co. Advertiser 
 of that date or thereabouts) ; Penobscot, "accidental, four specimens 
 have been taken to my knowledge" (KuightJ ; Sagadahoc, "common 
 July and Aug." (Spinney) ; Washingtou, "common, breeds ou the 
 islands" (Boardman). 
 
 Subfamily OCEANITIN^. 
 Genus OCEANITES Keyserling and Blasius. 
 
 40. (109). Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl). Wilson's Petrel. 
 
 This species is a summer visitor off our coast and is then of 
 uncommon occurrence at sea. It nests on Kergueleu Island, off the 
 coast of Africa, in February, and consequently its proper rating on 
 our list is as a casual visitor. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "appears uncommon" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 35) ; Sagadahoc, "rare" (Spinney) ; Washington, 
 
 "rare, seen only in suimm'r" (I><>ardmau). 
 
 Order STEGANOPODES. Totipalmate Swimmers. 
 Family SULID^E. Gannets. 
 Genus SULA Brissou. 
 
 Subgeuus DYSPORUS Illiger. 
 
 41. (117). Sula bassaua (Linn.). Ganuet. 
 
 An irregular migrant and winter resident along the coast, but 
 seemingly never abundant. It nests north of the state, being for- 
 merly common on the Gannet Rocks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "winter resident, apparently common" 
 (Brown's Cat. of Birds of Portland, p. 33) ; Keuuebec, "accidental, one 
 specimen" (Ilainliifs List of Birds of Kenuebec Co., p. 173 of the 10th 
 Annual Report Sec'y Me. Bd. Agr.) ; Knox, "very rare" (Racklift) ; Saga- 
 dahoc. "common spring and fall" (Spinney) ; Washington, "common down 
 the bay" (Boardmau). 
 
26 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Family PHALACROCORACID^E. Cormorants. 
 Genus PHALACROCORAX Brisson. 
 Subgcnus PHALACROCORAX. 
 
 42. (119). Phalacrocorax carbo (Linn.). Cormorant. 
 
 A common winter visitor along the coast but to my knowledge 
 it certainly does not breed in the state. It departs for the north 
 in late April or early May. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "apparently a common winter resident" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 33) ; Knox, "winter" (Rackliff) ; 
 Penobscot, "accidental, one shot at Chemo Pond in October, 1896, by Mr. 
 Mudgett of Orono" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "a few from fall to spring" 
 (Spinney); Washington, "not abundant" (Boardman). 
 
 43. (120). Phalacrocorax dilophus (Swain.). Double- 
 crested Cormorant. 
 
 This species is commonest coastwise in migrations, but it is also 
 a rare resident along the coast. A few pairs nest annually on 
 Black Horse Ledge near Isle au Haut. It is, however, seemingly 
 not found in winter, save in these counties near or within the Alle- 
 ghanian Fauna. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "apparently an uncommon winter 
 resident" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 33) ; Hancock, "rare sum- 
 mer resident on coast, breeds, much commoner as a migrant" (Knight) ; 
 Knox, "migrant" (RacklhT) ; Penobscot, "one was shot at Kingman 
 about Nov. 18th, 1805. by Rev. J. W. Hatch, it is now in the Uni- 
 versity of Maine collection" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "a few from fall to 
 spring" (Spinney); Washington, "common in migration" (Boardman). 
 
 Family PELECANID^E. Pelicans. 
 
 Genus PELECANUS Linnseus. 
 Subgenus CRYTOPEL1CANUS Reichenbach. 
 
 44. (125). Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmel. American 
 White Pelican. 
 
 Of accidental occurrence in the state where two specimens have 
 been captured. 
 
 County Records. Penobscot, "one shot on Passadumkeag Stream, 
 near Saponic Lake, May 28th, 1892, b$ Peter Sibley, it is now in my 
 collection (Hardy) ; Washington, "one seen at Calais, it was afterward 
 shot over the line in New Brunswick" (Boardman). 
 
l-.IIIDS Ol MAIN?.. 27 
 
 Order ANSERES. Lamellirostral Swimmers. 
 
 Family ANATID^K. Ducks, Geese, ami Swans. 
 Subfamily MERGIN.K. Mergansers. 
 Genus MERGANSER Brisson. 
 
 45. (129.) Merganser americauus (Cans.). American Mer- 
 ganser. 
 
 While this species is to be found in the state throughout the 
 year, it is by no means a resident of one particular locality for this 
 time. It is a fairly common migrant and winter resident along the 
 coast, while in the interior it is a summer resident and breeder on 
 some of the lakes in the northern part of the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "abundant migrant'' (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common transient" (Mead), "common" (Brock); Frank, 
 lin, "common summer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "winter"(Knight) ; 
 Keunebec, "rare" (Dill) ; Kiiox, "winter resident'' (Rackliff) ; Oxford, 
 "common migrant" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "quite rare migrant'' 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "quite 
 plenty from fall to spring" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not very common, 
 apparently only migrant" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "winter resident, seemingly 
 not very common'' (Knight) ; Washington, "not rare, breeds" (Board- 
 man) ; York, "rare migrant" (Adams). 
 
 46. (130). Merganser serrator (Linn.). Red-breasted Mer- 
 ganser. 
 
 This species is quite a common resident along such parts of the 
 coast as belong to the Canadian Fauna, and also occurs as a sum- 
 mer resident on some of the interior lakes. In the Alleghanian 
 Fauna it occurs as a migrant, or winter resident. For notes on 
 the breeding of this species along the coast see Knight, The Auk, 
 Vol. 12, p. 387. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "common, breeding near Houlton" (Batchelder Bull.Xutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 152) ; Cumberland, "common" (Brook) ; Frank- 
 lin, "rare migrant" (Richards) ; Hancock, "breeds quite commonly 
 among the islands, rare in winter" (Knight) ; Kennebec, (Dill) ; Knox, 
 "resident" (Racklift) ; Oxford, "quite common" (Xash) ; Penobscot, 
 "nests" (Hardy) ; Piscataquis, "quite common summer resident" (Whit- 
 man) ; Sagadtihoc, "quite plenty from fall to spring" (Spinuey) ; Waldo, 
 "not very common, I do not believe it nests within the county" (Knight) ; 
 Washington, "not rare" (Boardman) ; York, (Butters). 
 
28 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus LOPHODYTES Reichenbach. 
 
 47. (131). Lophodytes cucullatus (Linn.). Hooded Mer- 
 ganser. 
 
 While this species is quite generally distributed throughout the 
 state in the migrations, it cannot be said to be common anywhere. 
 It breeds on some of our ponds and lakes. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common migrant" (John- 
 son) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead), "common" (Brock) ; Franklin, "rare 
 migrant" (Richards) ; Hancock, "rare migrant" (Dorr) ; Kenuebec, 
 "very rare" (Dill) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 at Lake Umbagog" (Maynard's List of Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and 
 Oxford Co., Me., p. 30) ; Penobscot, "rare migrant" (Knight) ; Piscata- 
 quis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "very few from fall to 
 spring" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare migrant" (Morrell) ; Washington, 
 "not rare, breeds" (Boardraan). 
 
 Subfamily ANATINJE. River Ducks. 
 Genus ANAS Linnaeus. 
 
 48. (132). Anas bofchsis Linn . Mallard. 
 
 Th,e Mallard may be classed as a rare migrant throughout the 
 state, and an occasional winter resident along the coast. 
 
 County Records. Aiidroscoggiu, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 land, "rare" (Mead), "uncommon, chiefly transient, occasionally occur- 
 ring in winter" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 30) ; Hancock, "rare" 
 (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "very scarce" (Dill) ; Knox, "rare in winter" (Rack- 
 liff) ; Oxford, "very rare" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "I shot one last year" 
 (Hardy) ; Sagadahoc, "very few, fall to spring" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "accidental, one shot Nov. 7th, 1893" (Morrell) ; Washington, "acciden- 
 tal" (Boardmau). 
 
 49. (133). Anas obscura Gfmel. Black Duck. 
 
 A very common summer resident on many of our streams and 
 lakes. Along the coast it is resident although much rarer in win- 
 ter than at other seasons. 
 
 County Records Audroscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "breeds" (Batchelder in Bull. Nut. Oru. Club, Vol. 7, 
 p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Franklin, "common summer 
 resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common resident" (Dorr) ; Kenuebec 
 (Dill) ; Knox, "resident" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Nash) ; Penob- 
 scot, "breeds commonly along secluded streams and ponds" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "plenty, a few 
 in summer" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, "breeds to some extent" (Knight); AVashingtou, "common" 
 (Boardman) ; York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 29 
 
 Submenus CHAULELASMUS Bonaparte. 
 
 50. (135). Anas strepera Linn. Gadwall. 
 
 An accidental visitor to the state which has only been recorded 
 from two counties. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "two specimens, April 20, 1879'' 
 (Smith's List of Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 125) ; 
 Washington, "accidental" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus MARECA Stephens. 
 
 51. (137). Anas americana Gmel. Baldpate. 
 
 A not uncommon migrant along the coast, rarer in the interior. 
 Breeds north of our limits. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumberland, 
 "often common" (Brock) ; Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Oxford, "very rare" 
 (Nash) ; Penobscot, "one shot at Monument Brook" (Hardy) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "very few spring and fall" (Spinney) ; Washington "very rare" 
 (Boardmau). 
 
 Subgenus NETTION Kaup. 
 
 52. (139). Anas carolinensis Gmel. Green-winged Teal. 
 
 A quite common migrant throughout the state, occurs in greater 
 numbers in the fall. It is not known to nest in the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common" (Brock); Hancock, "rare" (Dorr); Kennebec 
 (Dill) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliflf) ; Oxford, "common" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "rare in migrations" (Lord) ; Sagadahoc, "very few spring 
 and fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not common migrant" (Morrell) ; 
 Washington, "not common" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus QUERQUEDULA Stephens. 
 
 53. (140). Anas discors Linn. Blue-winged Teal. 
 
 This little Duck occurs chiefly as a migrant, and is quite com- 
 mon in the spring and fall. A few remain to nest in the extreme 
 northern and eastern counties. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Franklin, "rare migrant" (Richards) ; 
 Hancock, (Dorr) ; Kenuebec, (Dill) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; 
 Oxford, "quite common" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "seemingly a quite rare 
 migrant" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon spring and fail" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common migrant" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Washington, "common, breeds" (Boardman). 
 
30 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Gemis SPATULA Boie. 
 
 54. (142). Spatula clypeata (Linn.). Shoveller. 
 
 A rare migrant along our coast ; most of the specimens recorded 
 seem to be from Cumberland County. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare" (Brock) ; "six specimens are 
 recorded from this couuty" (for these records see Smith's List of Birds 
 of Maine in Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 125) ; Sagadahoc, "rare spring 
 and fall" (Spinney) ; Washington, "accidental" (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus DAFILA Stephens. 
 
 55. (143). Dafila acuta (Linn.). Pintail. 
 
 A rare migrant throughout the state, but somewhat commoner 
 along the coast than in the interior. So infrequent is this species 
 in occurrence in some parts of the state that it has been recorded 
 recorded as accidental by one of our best observers. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber 
 land, "fairly common" (Brock) ; Franklin, "rare migrant" (Richards) ; 
 Kennebec, (Dill) ; Kuox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "very rare" 
 (Nash) ; Sagadahoc, "rare spring and fall"' (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare, 
 two specimens in fall of '95" (Morrell) ; Washington, "accidental" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Genus A IX Boie. 
 
 56. (144). Aix sponsa (Linn.). Wood Duck. 
 
 A common summer resident in unsettled localities along streams, 
 ponds, and lakes throughout the state. It is now less common 
 than of former years. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "breeds" (Batchelder in Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 
 151) ; Cumberland, "common" (Mead) ; "rather common transient, a 
 few remain through summer" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 31) ; 
 Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "summer resi- 
 dent" (March) ; Kennebec, "common" (Dill) ; Knox, "summer" (Rack- 
 liff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "summer resi- 
 dent but not so common as in former years" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "quite common in fall" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare summer resident, common migrant 1 " (Mor- 
 rell) ; Washington, "common" (Boardman) ; York, "migrant, possibly a 
 few breed" (Adams) . 
 
BIRDS OF .MAIM.. 31 
 
 Subfamily FULIGULIN.K. Sea Ducks. 
 
 Genus AYTHYA Boie. 
 
 r>7. (146). Aythya ainericaua (Eyt.). Redhead. 
 A rare migrant through the greater part of the state. It is 
 reported as breeding in Washington County. 
 
 <'c>unty IJeconls. ( 'um!>rrl;m<i. "fairly common" (Brock); Keuuebec, 
 (Dill); Kuox, 'Tare migrant" (I'sicklift) ; Oxford, "not very common" 
 < \:ish) ; Peuobscot, "one shot at Levant, October 26, 1896, and now in 
 
 the collection of the University of Maine' 1 (Knight) ; Washington, u r;itv, 
 breeds" (Boardman). 
 
 58. (147). Aythya vallisneria ( Wtlx.). Canvas-back. 
 
 As there are but two seemingly authentic records for the' state, 
 this species may be classed as a casual visitor without much doubt. 
 There have been other specimens reported, but on investigation 
 they have proved to be the preceding species. The specimen of 
 Redhead recorded from Penobscot County was at first reported as a 
 Canvas-back, but after investigation was found not to be this 
 species. A number of cases reported, where the report was not 
 substantiated by the production of the specimen for identification, 
 have therefore been deemed not worthy of recording. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "taken in Casco Bay and at Cape 
 Kli/abeth" (Smith's List of Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, 
 p. 184). 
 
 Subgenus FULIGULA Stephens. 
 
 59. (148). Aythya marila uearctica Stejn. American Scaup 
 Duck. 
 
 Common coastwise in migrations, and also occurs some winters. 
 Usually found in large flocks. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, (Johnson) ; Cumberland, "common" 
 (Brock) ; Hancock, "a specimen from this county in my collection" 
 (Knight); Kuox, "winter*' (Rackliff); Sagadahoc, "quite common in 
 fall" (Spinney); Washington, "not common'' (Boardman). 
 
 60. (149). Aythya affinis (Eyt.). Lesser Scaup Duck. 
 
 A rare migrant along the coast, wintering chiefly in the south 
 and breeding north of the state. From its close resemblance to 
 the preceding species it is likely to escape observation except by 
 persons well acquainted with the species. 
 
32 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Kecords. Cumberland, "rare" (Brock); Knox, "rare in win- 
 ter" (Rackliff ) : Washington, "not common" (Boardman). 
 
 61. (150). Aythya collaris (Donov.). Ring-necked Duck. 
 
 A rare migrant of somewhat local occurrence along the coast. 
 It is reported as breeding in Washington County. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare, has occurred between March 
 31st and May 1st" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 32) ; Washington, 
 "not common, breeds" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus CLANGULA Leach. 
 
 62. (151). Clangula clangula americana (Bonap.). American 
 Golden-eye. 
 
 Of quite general distribution in the migrations, and also found 
 throughout the winter along the coast. It breeds on some of the 
 ponds and lakes of the northern part of the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common migrant" (Johnson) ; Cum- 
 berland, "common" (Brock) ; Hancock, "common in winter" (Dorr) ; 
 Kennebec (Dill) ; Knox, "winter" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds" (May- 
 nard's List of Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Me., p. 29) ; 
 Penobscot. "common migrant, have seen it on the ponds as late as the 
 middle of May so it may possibly nest in the county" (Knight) ; Piscata- 
 quis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "quite common in winter" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common migrant, a male seen June 23, 1896" 
 (Morrell) ; Washington, "common resident" (Boardman). 
 
 63. (152). Clangula islandica (GmeL). Barrow's Golden- 
 eye. 
 
 A rare winter visitor to our coast, but on account of its general 
 resemblance to the preceding it would be likely to escape detection 
 except by persons well acquainted with our birds. 
 
 County Records. Hancock, "rare winter resident'' (Dorr) ; Knox, 
 "winter" (Norton); Washington, "common in winter" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus CHARITONETTA Stejueger. 
 
 64. (153). Charitonetta albeola (Linn.). Buffle-head. 
 
 A very common migrant in most parts of the state. It winters 
 along the coast in the southern part of the state, and is reported 
 as breeding in the northeastern part. 
 
 Count}' Records. Androscoggin, "common migrant" (Johnson); 
 Cumberland, "rare" (Mead), "common" (Brock); Franklin, "common 
 migrant" (Richards) ; Kiiox, "winter" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common 
 
OF MAINE. 33 
 
 visitant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "have seen specimens taken in the county" 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common migrant" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 'for- 
 merly plenty, now scarce" (Spinney) ; Washington, "common spring and 
 fall, breeds'' (Boardman). 
 
 Genus HARELDA Stephens. 
 
 65. (154). Harelda hyemalis (Linn.). Old-squaw. 
 
 Very common along the coast in autumn, winter and spring ; 
 also of rare occurrence in summer, but does not breed within the 
 state. Birds seen in summer are probably crippled or barren 
 individuals which have not accompanied their relatives to the breed- 
 ing grounds in the far north. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, '-migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumberland, 
 "normally a winter resident, many individuals supposed to be crippled 
 remain all summer" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 32); Hancock, 
 "common in winter" (Dorr) ; Kuox, "winter" (Rackliff; ; Oxford, "rare 
 visitant" (Nash); Penobscot, "one shot at East Eddington" (Hardy); 
 Piscataquis, "rare migrant" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common in winter, 
 have also seen it here in summer" (Spinney) ; Washington, "abundant" 
 (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus HISTRIONICUS Lesson. 
 
 66. (155). Histrionicus histriouicus (Linn.). Harlequin 
 Duck. 
 
 Formerly quite a common winter resident along the coast, but 
 now occurs in greatly diminished numbers. At present it is to be 
 found in numbers only on the eastern half of the coast, and even 
 here it is not very common. The habits and occurrence of this 
 species along our coast form the subject of an admirable article by 
 Mr. A. H. Norton (Cf. Norton, The Auk, Vol. 13, pp. 229-234). 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare winter visitant" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 32) ; Hancock, "the 'Lord and Lady Ducks' are 
 reported by gunners as fairly common in winter in the vicinity of various 
 small islands near Isle au Haut" (Knight) ; Knox, "winter" (Racklift) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "rare in winter, formerly plenty" (Spinney) ; Washington, 
 among the islands in fall and winter" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus SOMATERIA Leach. 
 Subgenus SOMATERIA. 
 
 67. (159). Somateria mollissima borealis A. E. Brelim. 
 Northern Eider. 
 
34 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 This is a rare winter visitor along our coast, but still it is doubt- 
 less much commoner than would be supposed from the meager 
 records presented. Breeds in the far north, and south as far as 
 Labrador. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland (Brock) ; Knox, "rare in winter" 
 (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, "one specimen, a male" (Spinney). 
 
 68. (160). Somateria dresser! Sharpe. American Eider. 
 
 Of general occurrence as a winter visitor along the entire coast. 
 It is a rare summer resident from Isle au Haut eastwerd, breeding 
 on some of the smaller islands in colonies of two to four pairs of 
 birds or by single pairs. It used to be much commoner than it is 
 now, and its ultimate extinction as a breeding bird is only a ques- 
 tion of a few years. The fishermen know of every "Sea Duck's" 
 (this is the name they have for the bird) nest in the neighborhood, 
 and promptly rob the nests of their eggs for culinary use, or to 
 hatch and rear them with their domestic fowls. (Cf. Knight, The 
 Auk, Vol. 12, p. 388). 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "fairly common" (Brock) ; Hancock, 
 "in 1896 about seven pair of these birds nested on various small islands 
 between Little Duck and Isle an Haut, while the previous year at least 
 ten pair of the birds were found in the same locality; their numbers are 
 decreasing yearly" (Knight) ; Knox, "resident" (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "common in winter, arrives in November" (Spinney) ; Washington, 
 "abundant in winter" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus ERIONETTA Coues. 
 
 69. (162). Somateria spectabilis (Linn.). King Eider. 
 
 A regular winter resident along the coast, where it sometimes 
 occurs quite commonly, but is usually rare. It breeds in the 
 Arctic regions. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "fairly common" (Brock) ; Knox, 
 "winter" (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, "three specimens in ten years") Spin- 
 ney) ; Washington, "not rare in winter" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus OIDEMIA Fleming. 
 Subgenus OIDEMIA. 
 
 70. (103). Oidemia americana Sw. and Rich. American Scoter. 
 A resident along the coast, but commonest in the migrations and 
 
 in winter. It is of rare occurrence inland on the ponds and lakes. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 35 
 
 The birds seen in summer have probably been wounded so as to be 
 unable to migrate northward with their relatives, or are possibly 
 barren individuals who have no desire to do so. At any events birds 
 taken in the summer, which seem perfectly strong and able to fly 
 well, have on dissection shown no indications of breeding. It cer- 
 tainly has never been detected breeding within the state, and in 
 Labrador and other northern countries where it is known to breed, 
 it is said to resort to the ponds and streams away from the sea- 
 coast for this purpose. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Hancock, "common in winter, rare in 
 summer" (Knight); Knox, "resident" (Rackliff) ; Penobscot (Hardy); 
 Bagadahoc, "seen the year around" (Spinney) ; Waldo, (Knight) ; Wash- 
 ington, "common" (Boardman) ; York, (Butters). 
 
 Subgenus MELANITTA Boie. 
 
 71. (165). Oidemia deglandi Bonap. White-winged Scoter. 
 
 The remarks made under the preceding species will all apply 
 equally well here. It does not breed in the state. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 hind, "common" (Brock); Hancock, "common in fall, winter, and 
 spring, fairly common in summer" (Knight) ; Knox, "resident" (Rack- 
 litt); Penobscot, "a small flock seen near the mouth of Pushaw Pond 
 late in April. 1896" (Knight); Sagadahoc, "seen the year around" (Spin- 
 ney); Waldo, (Knight) ; Washington, "common" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus PELIONETTA Kaup. 
 
 72. (166). Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.). Surf Scoter. 
 
 Occurs under the same conditions as the American Scoter does, 
 and likewise does not nest in the state. Seemingly not so com- 
 mon in summer as the other two species, or at least this is the case 
 in Hancock County. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "common" 
 (Brock) ; Franklin, "rare migrant" (Richards) ; Hancock, "common in 
 winter" (Knight); Knox, "resident" (Rackliff); Oxford, "visitant" 
 (Xash) ; Peuobscot, (Hardy) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Horner) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "seen the year around" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "flock of nine seen in 
 September 1895, one shot by H. H. Johnson" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Knight) ; 
 Washington, "common" (Boardman). 
 
36 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus ERISMATURA Bonaparte. 
 
 73. (167). Erismatura jamaicensis (GmeL). Ruddy Duck. 
 
 Chiefly occurs as a migrant throughout the state and is never 
 especially common. It breeds in limited numbers in the north- 
 eastern part of the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "migrant" (Johuson) ; Cumberland, 
 "common" (Brock) ; Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Knox, "transient visitor" 
 (Norton) ; Penobscot, "occasional" (Hardy) ; Sagadahoc, "few fall and 
 spring" (Spinney) ; Washington, "not rare, breeds" (Boardman) ; York, 
 "I have a specimen from the town of York" (Norton). 
 
 Subfamily ANSERINE. Geese. 
 Genus CHEN Boie. 
 
 74. (169). Chen hyperborea (Pall.). Lesser Snow Goose. 
 Of rare occurrence in migrations when they are quite likely to be 
 
 taken in almost any part of the state where there are fair- sized 
 bodies of water. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "taken in December, 1880" (Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 30) ; Hancock, "very rare, one taken at Toddy 
 Pond, October 4th, 1893, which I sold to Mr. Brewster" (Dorr) ; Keuue- 
 bec, "taken at Hallowell on November 25th, 1881" (Smith's List of the 
 Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 125) ; Oxford, in the Auk 
 lor April, 1897, p. 207, Mr. Brewster records a specimen taken at Lake 
 Umbagog, Maine, October 2, 1896, by Mr. Charles Douglass; Penobscot, 
 "have one shot at Pushaw and saw one shot at ^Nicatous" (Hardy). 
 
 75. (169a). Chen hyperborea nivalis (Forst.). Greater Snow 
 Goose. 
 
 An accidental visitor in the migrations. I have been able to 
 find only one authentic New England record of the species. In 
 view of this I will quote from a recent letter from the owner of the 
 specimen, Mr. Chas. F. Batchelder, of Cambridge, Mass. He 
 says : "In reply to yours of the 14th inst., in regard to my note in 
 The Auk (Vol. 7, p. 284), entitled The Snow Goose (Chen hyper- 
 borea nivalis) on the Coast of Maine, I will say that I there 
 recorded a specimen of this bird which I received in the flesh and 
 which was shot on Heron Island at the mouth of the Kennebec 
 River, April 7th, 1890. It was a female and had been seen about 
 here for three days before it was shot. ... It is now in my 
 collection." 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 37 
 
 Genus BRANTA Scopoli. 
 
 76. (172). Brauta canadensis (Linn.). Canada Goose. 
 
 Generally distributed as a migrant throughout the state, and the 
 v-shaped flocks of these birds, led by some old gander, are a com- 
 mon sight in fall and spring. They breed in the north. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common migrant" (Rich- 
 ards) ; Hancock, "migrant" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "migrant" (Gardiner 
 Branch) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common migrant" 
 (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "flocks flying overhead are a com.mon sight in the 
 spr'ui": and fall migrations" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "migrant" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "common in migration" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not common 
 migrant" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "migrant" (Spratt) ; Washington, "com- 
 mon" (Boardman) ; York, "rare migrant" (Adams). 
 
 77. (172 a). Brauta canadensis hutchinsii (Rich.). Hutch- 
 in's Goose. 
 
 While the evidence at hand will allow us to rank the species as 
 accidental only it is highly probable that these birds may occur 
 quite regularly in the migrations. This species is cited by Smith 
 as having been shot in Maine. (Cf . Smith, Forest and Stream, 
 Vol. 20, p. 125). Fortunately I have later and more positive evi- 
 dence of its occurrence, for in a recent letter Dr. Brock of Port- 
 land writes : "I can give you the most positive information regard- 
 ing the Hutchin's Goose, as I have the specimen myself. It is an\ 
 adult male and was taken at Cape Elizabeth, November 13, 1894. 
 I have seen a specimen said to have been shot in the Rangeley 
 region." 
 
 78. (173). Branta bernicla (Linn.). Brant. 
 
 A common migrant along the coast and of rare occurrence in 
 the interior. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare" (Brock) ; Hancock, "spring 
 migrant" (Dorr) ; Kennebec (given in Hamlin's List of Birds of Water- 
 ville, Rep. Sec'y Me. Bd. Agr., 1865, p. 172); Knox, "migrant" 
 (Rackliff); Oxford (Maynard's List of Birds of Coos Co., N. H. and 
 Oxford Co., Me., p. 29) ; Sagadahoc, "common in migrations" (Spinney) ; 
 Washington, "common" (Boardman). 
 
38 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Order HERODIONES. Herons, Storks, Ibises, etc. 
 Suborder CICONI^E. Storks, etc. 
 
 Family CICONIID^E. Storks and Wood Ibises. 
 Subfamily TANTALIN.E. Wood Ibises. 
 Genus TANTALUS Linnams. 
 
 78. 1 (188). Tantalus loculator Linn. Wood Ibis. 
 
 Rut one specimen is known to have been taken in New England. 
 This was shot in Berwick, York County, Maine, July 16th, 1896, 
 by H. M. Brackett, and is now in the collection of Prof. J. Y. 
 Stanton of Lewiston. 
 
 Suborder HERODII. Herons, Egrets, Bitterns, etc. 
 
 Family ARDEID^E. Herons, Bitterns, etc. 
 
 Subfamily BOTAURIN^E. Bitterns. 
 
 Genus BOTAURUS Hermann. 
 
 79. (190). Botaurus lentiginosus (Montag.). American Bit- 
 tern. 
 
 A common summer resident, breeds in the vicinity of ponds, 
 meadows along streams, and cat-tail swamps, throughout the 
 state. It is known to the average individual under the elegant 
 names of Shite-poke, Stake Driver, Bog Hen, Thunder Pump and 
 Indian Hen. Usually only one pair of birds will be found in a given 
 locality, while perhaps half or quarter of a mile away another pair 
 will likewise lay claim to that territory. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common" (Batchelder iu Bull. Nutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 
 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident" (Lee & McLain) ; Hancock, "summer resi- 
 dent" (Murch) ; Kennebec, (given in Hamliu's List of the Birds of 
 Waterville, Rep. Sec'y Me. Bd. Agr., 1865, p. 172) ; Knox. "sum- 
 mer" (Rackliff(; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash); Penobscot, 
 "breeds in suitable localities throughout the county" (Knight) ; Piscata- 
 quis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; 
 Washington, "very common in summer" (Boardmpn) ; York, "breeds" 
 (Adams). 
 
 Genus ARDETTA Gray. 
 
 80. (191). Ardetta exilis (Gmel.). Least Bittern. 
 
 Formerly quite a common summer resident of those parts of the 
 state belonging to the Alleghaniau fauna, but of late years it has 
 been rare. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 39 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "found breeding at Falraouth in 1863" (Smith's List of the 
 Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 105); Knox, "rare 
 migrant" (RacklifT) ; Sagadahoc, "rare, two specimens" (Spinney) ; 
 Wellington, "rare" (Boardman). 
 
 Subfamily ARDEIN^. Herons and Egrets. 
 
 Genus ARDEA Linnaeus. 
 
 Subgenus ARDEA. 
 
 81. (194). Ardea herodias Linn. Great Blue Heron. 
 
 A very common summer resident throughout the state. Col- 
 onies of from three to one hundred pairs of birds may still 
 be found nesting in isolated localities about ponds and lakes. 
 In such places they seem to prefer to place their nests in tall rock 
 maplp or beech trees, and as many as six nests are often seen in 
 one tree. Many small colonies also breed on the numerous wooded 
 islands along the seacoast, and here the nests are almost invariably 
 placed in spruce trees, or at least this is the case among the 
 islands of Penobscot Bay. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "common" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club. Vol. 
 7. p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "breeds commonly on 
 three or four islands of Penobscot Bay and about the ponds of the 
 interior" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "common summer resident" (Gardiner 
 Branch); Knox, "summer" (Racklift); Oxford, "breeds commonly' 
 * Nu<h) ; Peuobscot, "I know of at least two heroneries occupied yearly, 
 and perhaps there are fifty or sixty pair of birds at the two places" 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mou fall and spring" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" 
 (Morrell) ; Waldo, "summer resident" (Knight) ; Washington, "common" 
 (Boardman); York, (Adams). 
 
 Subgenus HERODIAS Boie. 
 
 82. (196). Ardea egretta Gmel. American Egret. 
 
 An accidental visitor from the south ; four specimens have been 
 taken within the state, while Mr. Boardman has also taken one at 
 Grand Menan. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "one taken August 22nd, 1853" (Smith's 
 List of the Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 104), "one at 
 Scarborough in April, 1875" (Rod and Gun, Vol. 6, p. 65) ; Hancock, "one 
 shot at Cranberry Island on April 7th, 1891, byElwood Richardson" (E. 
 Smith) ; Kennebec, "one shot by Will Libby on Pleasant Pond, between 
 Richmond and West Gardiner, August 20th, 1896, this was in company 
 with another of the same species" (Powers). 
 
40 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Subgenus Florida Baird. 
 
 83. (200). Ardea caerulea Linn. Little Blue Heron. 
 
 An accidental visitor from the south, of which only one speci- 
 men is recorded. This was taken at Scarborough, Cumberland 
 County, September, 1881, and is recorded by Brown in the Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 123. 
 
 Subgenus BUTORIDES Blyth. 
 
 84. (201). Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron. 
 
 A rare summer resident in the southwestern part of the state, 
 and of accidental occurrence in the eastern part. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin. "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "uncommon summer resident near Portland" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 24) ; Franklin, "rare" (Richards) ; Kennebec, "very 
 rare" (Robbins) ; Knox, "summer" (Racklift) ; Oxford, "very rare" 
 (Nash) ; Penobscot, "have seen one taken here" (Hardy) ; Sagadahoe, 
 "common summer resident, breeds" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "quite com- 
 mon, apparently only migrant" (Morrell) ; Washington, "rare" (Board- 
 man). 
 
 Genus NYCTICORAX Stephens. 
 Subgenus NYCTICORAX. 
 
 85. (202). Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.). Black- 
 crowned Night Heron. 
 
 A common summer resident along the coast, where it breeds in 
 colonies on some of the wooded islands. Not so common in the 
 interior about the ponds and lakes where it probably aJso nests. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "not common at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; 
 Franklin, "accidental" (Swain) ; Hancock, "know of two fairly large 
 colonies nesting on islands in Penobscot Bay" (Knight) ; Kennebec 
 (given in Hamlin's List of the Birds of Waterville, Rep. Sec'y Me. 
 Bd. Agr., 1865, p. 172) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Lincoln, "1895, 
 one" (Norton) ; Oxford, "rare visitant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "plenty" 
 (Hardy) ; Piscataquis, "not an uncommon visitor" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "accidental, two specimens 
 on Aug. 9th, 1896" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Knight) ; Washington, "rare" 
 (Boardman). 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 41 
 
 Order PALUDICOL^. Cranes, Rails, etc. 
 
 Suborder RALLI. Rails, Gallinules, Coots, etc. 
 
 Family RALLID^E. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. 
 Subfamily RALLIN^E. Rails. 
 Genus RALLUS Linnaeus. 
 86. (208). Rallus elegans And. King Rail. 
 An accidental visitor to the state. Only two specimens recorded 
 up to date. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "taken at Scarborough" (Brown in 
 Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 60), "one shot at Falmouth by Walter 
 Rich, Sept. 19th, 1895" (Brock in the Auk, Vol. 13, p. 79). 
 
 *7. (211). Rallus crepitans Gmel. Clapper Rail. 
 An accidental visitor from the south which has only been taken 
 in the extreme southern part of the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "one taken at Sabattus Pond, in 
 1874. by C. F. Nason" (Smith's List of Birds of Maine, Forest and 
 Stream, Vol. 20, p. 124) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Brown's Cat. Birds of 
 Portland, p. 30) ; York, (Brown in Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 4, p. 108). 
 
 88. (212). Rallus virginianus Linn. Virginia Rail. 
 
 A rare summer resident in most parts of the state, and probably 
 breeds wherever found in the summer. It frequents meadows 
 and marshes near the various ponds, and sluggish streams running 
 therefrom. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "rare summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer 
 resident" (Swain) ; Kennebec, "W. R. Guilford has a specimen shot at 
 Waterville" (Morrell) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "found 
 young in down at Fryeburg in August. 1883" (Mead) ; Peuobscot, "rare" 
 (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "common in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "found 
 a nest with five newly hatched young and two sterile eggs at Hart- 
 land on August 5, 1896" (Knight) ; Washington, "common" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus PORZANA Vieillot. 
 Subgenus PORZANA. 
 
 89. (214). Porzana Carolina (Linn.). Sora. 
 
 This species is of quite general distribution throughout the state, 
 and while of rare or local occurrence in some counties it is quite 
 common in others. 
 
42 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fairfleld" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
 Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Knox, "migrant" 
 (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, "not common summer resident at Norway" (Ver- 
 rill's Birds of Norway, in the Proceedings of the Essex Institute, Vol. 3, 
 p. 136 et seq.) ; Penobscot, "it has been reported to me as occurring, by 
 good authorities, but I cannot say from my own experience that it actually 
 does" (Knight) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Wash- 
 ington, "abundant" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus COTURNICOPS Bonaparte. 
 
 90. (215). Porzana noveboracensis (GmeL). Yellow Rail. 
 
 This is probably of rare occurrence throughout the state, 
 although up to the present it has only been recorded from near the 
 coast. Owing to the very secretive habits of this bird it might be 
 very common in a given locality and still not be observed. Mr. 
 Boardman has found its nest and eggs near Calais. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "quite common" (Brock) ; Knox, "very 
 rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Washington, "rare, breeds" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus CREX Bechstein. 
 
 91. (217). Crex crex (Linn.). Corn Crake. 
 
 An accidental visitor from Europe One specimen has been 
 taken at Dyke Marsh near Falmouth, Cumberland County, October 
 4, 1889, by John Whitney, and is recorded by Dr Brock in The 
 Auk, Vol. 13, p. 173. 
 
 Subfamily GALLINULIN^E. Gallinules. 
 Genus IONORNIS Reichenbach. 
 
 92. (218). lonornis martinica (Linn.). Purple Gallinule. 
 An accidental visitor from the south, only four specimens 
 
 recorded. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin," one taken Apr. 11, 1897, at South 
 Lewiston, by John Turner" (C. D. Farrar) ; Knox, (Rackliff) ; Lincoln, 
 "one taken at Boothbay" (Purdie in Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 5, p. 
 173); Washington, "accidental" (Boardman). 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 43 
 
 Genus GALLINULA Brisson. 
 
 93. (219). Gallinula galeata (Licht.). Florida Gallinule. 
 
 A rare migrant in this state. It might almost be classed as a 
 straggler were it not for the fact that there are several records 
 from different parts of the state at different times. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 land, "taken at Falmouth" (Brock in The Auk, Vol. 13, p. 255) ; Han- 
 cock, "one taken at East Sullivan, May 5th, 1883. by M. Uran" (record 
 from E. Smith) ; Penobscot, (Hardy) ; Washington, "several" (Board- 
 man). 
 
 Subfamily FULICIBME. Coots. 
 
 Genus FULICA Linnaeus. 
 i 
 
 94. (221). Fulica americaua Gmel. American Coot. 
 
 A somewhat rare migrant in most parts of the state, where it is 
 seemingly noticed of tenest in the autumn. It does not breed in the 
 state, which seems somewhat odd, as this species nests commonly 
 from southern California to Illinois, and parts of Canada, thus not 
 being the inhabitant of any definite faunal area. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumberland, 
 "rare" (Mead) ; Hancock, "migrant" (Murch) ; Keunebec, (Dill) ; Knox, 
 "rare migrant" (Racklift) ; Oxford, "visitant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 "seemingly not rare in fall, have seen a number of specimens shot here" 
 (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "common in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare 
 migrant'' (Morrell) ; Washington, "not uncommon" (Boardman). 
 
 Order LIMICOL^E. Shore Birds. 
 
 Family PHALAROPODID^E. Phalaropes. 
 Genus CRYMOPHILUS Vieillot. 
 
 95. (222). Crymophilus fulicarius (Linn.). Red Phalarope. 
 
 An uncommon migrant along the coast and of still rarer occur- 
 rence in the interior. Mr. Boardman writes : "I have twice found 
 it breeding here," meaning near Calais. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare, only in migration" (Brock) ; 
 Peuobscot, "I know of a pair being taken at Hermon Pond" (Hardy) : 
 Somerset, "accidental, one shot Oct. 17th, 1893" (Morrell) ; Washington, 
 "not uncommon, a few are summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
44 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus PHALAROPUS Brisson. 
 Subgenus PHALAROPUS. 
 
 96. (223). Phalaropus lobatus (Linn.). Northern Phalarope. 
 Quite common as a migrant along the coast and of accidental 
 
 occurrence in the interior. It nests north of our limits. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare" (Brock) ; Franklin, "acciden- 
 tal" (Richards) ; Hancock, (Dorr) ; Knox, "migrant" (Norton) ; Penob- 
 scot, u one taken by Mr. Fuller of Newport" (Hardy) ; Piscataquis, "one 
 shot on the Sebec River, near Milo, May 3, 1897, and sent me in the flesh 
 by William Cooper" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "common" (Spinney) ; Wash- 
 ington, "plenty spring and fall" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus STEGANOPUS Vieillot. 
 
 97. (224). Steganopus tricolor Vieill. Wilson's Phalarope. 
 An accidental visitor to this state. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare, three taken near Scarborough T 
 on June 9th, 1891" (Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, Forest and 
 Stream, Vol. 20, p. 124). 
 
 Family RECURVIROSTRID.E. Avocets and Stilts. 
 Genus RECURVIROSTRA Linnaeus. 
 
 98. (225). Recurvirostra americana Gmel. American Avocet. 
 An accidental visitor from the west of which there is one record. 
 
 Mr. Boardman has taken it near Calais but in New Brunswick. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "one killed on Cape Elizabeth, Novem- 
 ber 5th, 1878" (Brown, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 4, p. 108). 
 
 Family SCOLOPACID^E. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. 
 Genus PHILOHELA Gray. 
 
 99. (228). Philohela minor (Gmel.}. American Woodcock. 
 A common summer resident throughout the state. It arrives in 
 
 late March or early April. In the fall individuals are occasionally 
 seen as late as the middle of November. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fairfield and Houlton" Batch- 
 elder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Swain); Hancock, "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "sum- 
 mer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" (Racklift) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "breeds commonly in suitable 
 localities" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "quite common 
 migrant, rare summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washing- 
 ton, "plenty, breeds early" (Boardman) ; York, "rare breeder" (Adams). 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 45 
 
 Genus GALLINAGO Leach. 
 
 100. (230). Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson's Snipe. 
 
 A common migrant in fall and spring, and a rare summer resi- 
 dent in some parts of the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common migrant" (Johusou) ; Cum- 
 berland, "rare near Bridgtou" (Mead), "common" (Brock); Franklin, 
 o >mmon migrant" (Richards) ; Hancock, "migrant, quite common on the 
 salt marshes" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "common" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "migrant" (Racklifl) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely, found a nest in June, 1881, 
 near Cold River" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "quite a common migrant, have 
 seen birds along Pushaw Stream in June so it is a rare summer 
 resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common migrant" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "rare in spring, common in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common 
 migrant, rare summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "plenty, some 
 breed" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus MACRORHAMPHUS Leach. 
 
 101. (231). Macrorhamphus griseus (Gmel.). Dowitcher. 
 Quite common along the coast in migrations. They breed in the 
 
 far north, and begin the migration southward so as to appear on 
 our coast in late July or early August. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Knox, "summer* 
 (Rackliff); Washington, "rare" (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus MICROPALAMA Baird. 
 
 102. (233). Micropalama himautopus (Bonap.). Stilt Sand- 
 piper. 
 
 A rare migrant along the coast, and seemingly occurs only in 
 autumn. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "transient in autumn only, rather 
 uncommon" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p 26) ; Washington, "rare" 
 (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus TR1NGA Linnaeus. 
 Subgenus TRINGA. 
 
 103. (234). Tringa eauutus Linn. Knot. 
 
 A quite common migrant cpastwise ; in the fall migrations it 
 appears in early August. Nests in Arctic regions. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Hancock, "found 
 it common at Saddleback Ledge, Aug. 19th, 1896" (Knight) ; Knox, 
 "migrant" (Norton) ; Sagadahoc, "very rare" (Spinney) ; Washington, 
 "rare" (Boardman). 
 
46 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 104. (235). Tringa maritima Brunn. Purple Sandpiper. 
 
 A quite common late fall and winter resident among the islands 
 of the coast. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "fairly common in winter" (Brock) ; 
 Knox, "winter" (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, "common in winter" (Spinney) ; 
 Washington, "abundant in winter" (Boardman). 
 
 105. (239). Tringa maculata Vieill. Pectoral Sandpiper. 
 
 A common fall migrant in many parts of the state, but of rare 
 occurrence in the spring. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Knox, (Racklift) ; 
 Oxford, "not common at Norway in autumn" (Verrill's List of the Birds 
 of Norway) ; Piscataquis, "rare migrant" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "quite common migrant" (Morrell) ; 
 Washington, "common in fall" (Boardman). 
 
 106. (240). Tringa fuscicollis Vieill. White-rumped Sand- 
 piper. 
 
 A quite rare migrant along the coast and of casual occurrence in 
 the interior. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "occasional" (Brock) ; Knox, "migrant" 
 (Rackliff) ; Oxford, (reported from this county in Smith's List of the 
 Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 66) ; Penobscot, "taken 
 at Bangor, October 23, 1881" (Merrill, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 
 191); Washington, "rare" (Boardman). 
 
 107. (241). Tringa bairdii ( Coues) . Baird's Sandpiper. 
 
 A rare migrant along the coast and of accidental occurrence in 
 the interior. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare" (Brock) ; Knox, "rare visitant" 
 (Norton) ; Oxford, "taken near Upton" (Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 1, p. 191). 
 
 108. (242). Tringa minutilla Vieill. Least Sandpiper. 
 
 A very common migrant along the coast and of fairly common 
 occurrence in the interior. A few birds are seen in midsummer 
 along the coast, but it does not breed in the state. The southward 
 migration begins in July and the birds are common through Septem- 
 ber. They arrive from the south in May. 
 
 County Records Androscoggin, "common migrant" (Johnson) ; Cum- 
 berland, "common" (Brock) ; Hancock, "migrant" (Knight) ; Kennebec, 
 (Dill); Knox, "summer" (Rackliff); Penobscot, (Hardy) ; Piscataquis, 
 "migrant" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common in summer" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "quite common migrant 1 " (Morrell) ; Washington, "abundant 
 in summer" (Boardman). 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 47 
 
 Submenus PELIDXA Cuvier. 
 
 109. (243a). Tringa alpina pacifica (Cones}. Red-backed 
 Sandpiper. 
 
 A common autumn migrant along some parts of the coast, while 
 on other parts it has not been met with by experienced observers. 
 It is seemingly of rare occurrence in spring. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Knox, "migrant" 
 (Kaeklift); Washington, "rare" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus ANCYLOCHEILUS Kaup. 
 
 110. (244). Tringa ferruginea Brunn. Curlew Sandpiper. 
 Of accidental occurrence in the state, a specimen being killed at 
 
 Pine Point, Cumberland County, on September 15, 1881, by Charles 
 H. Chandler. (Cf. Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 124). 
 It has also been taken over the boundary at Grand Menan, New 
 Brunswick, by Mr. Boardman. 
 
 Genus EREUNETES Illiger. 
 
 111. (246). Ereunetes pusillus (Linn.). Semipalmated 
 Sandpiper. 
 
 A very common migrant along the coast and somewhat rare in the 
 interior. This species and the Least Sandpiper, with which it is 
 often found associated, are the commonest species of the order, 
 being found almost anywhere along the coast in the migrations. A 
 few birds are sometimes seen in late July and by August they are 
 common. It does not nest in the state. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare near Bridgton" (Mead) ; "com- 
 mon" (Brock) ; Hancock, "abundant along the coast in migration" 
 (Knight) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Penobscot, (Hardy) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "common in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "quite common migrant" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Washington, "common" (Boaraman). 
 
 Genus CALIDRIS Cuvier. 
 
 112. (248). Calidris arenaria (Linn.). Sanderling. 
 
 Common along the coast in the fall migration, and of somewhat 
 rarer occurrence in the spring. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Knox, "migrant" 
 (Racklift) ; Penobscot, "a specimen was killed at High Head, near Ban- 
 gor, some years ago" (Crosby) ; Sagadahoc, "common in fall" (Spinney) ; 
 Washington, "common" (Bo'i-adman). 
 
48 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus LIMOSA Brisson. 
 
 113. (249). Limosa fedoa (Linn.}. Marbled Godwit. 
 
 Owing to the absence of any more definite evidence of the occur- 
 rence of this species as a regular visitor, it will have to be ranked 
 as accidental. A specimen was taken at Scarborough Marsh, 
 Cumberland County, in May, 1884, and is recorded by Brown in 
 The Auk, Vol. 2, p. 385. 
 
 114. (251). Limosa hsemastica (Linn.). Hudsouiau Godwit. 
 
 A rare autumn migrant along the coast where it is seemingly of 
 somewhat local occurrence. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, ''transient in autumn, generally rare" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 28) ; Washington, "rare" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus TOTANUS Bechstein. 
 
 115. (254). Totanus melanoleucus (Gmel.). Greater Yellow- 
 legs. 
 
 A common migrant throughout the state, breeds in the north. 
 It appears from the north early in August. Some years birds have 
 been observed in July, but they are not known to have nested in 
 the state. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin. "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "rare near Bridgton" (Mead), "common" (Brock); Frank- 
 lin, "rare migrant'" (Richards) ; Hancock, "common migrant" (Dorr) ; 
 Kennebec, "they have been shot here in abundance" (Powers) ; Kuox, 
 "summer" (Racklift ) ; Oxford, "migrant" (Nash); Penobscot, "occurs 
 in fall and spring" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "migrant" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common migrant, birds 
 were seen during the summer mouths of 1895" (Morrell) ; Washington, 
 "common spring and fall" (Boardman). 
 
 116. (255). Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-legs. 
 
 A common autumn and rare spring migrant throughout the state. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, (Pike); Cumberland, "common" 
 (Brock) ; Kuox, (Racklift) ; Oxford, "not common at Norway" )Verrill's 
 List of the Birds of Norway) ; Peuobscot, (Hardy) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon in fall" (Spiuney) ; Somerset, "migrant" (Morrell) ; Washington, 
 "common only in fall" (Boardman). 
 
BIKDS OF MAINE. 49 
 
 Subgenus HELODROMAS Kaup. 
 
 117. (256). Totanus solitarius ( Wils.). Solitary Sandpiper. 
 A common migrant throughout the state. A few individuals 
 
 remain through the summer in the northern counties, and while 
 they doubtless breed I cannot positively state that such is the case. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "common migrant" (Johnson); 
 Cumberland, "common" (Brock); Franklin, "common migrant" (Rich- 
 ards) ; Kennebec, "quite common" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" 
 (Rackliff); Oxford, "not common at Norway" (Verrill's List of the 
 Birds of Norway) ; Penobscot, "common migrant, several individuals 
 were seen on Pushaw Stream, June 8, 1894, and also seen in the same 
 localities in summers of 1895 and 1896" (Knight) ; Pjscataquis, "rare" 
 Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "not plenty, a few in oarly fall" (Spinney) ; Som- 
 enet, "common migrant"(Morrell) ; Washington, "common" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus SYMPHEMIA Rafinesque. 
 
 118. (258). Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel). Willet. 
 
 A rare migrant along the coast, chiefly occurring in late summer 
 and autumn. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare" (Brock) ; Kuox, "rare in sum- 
 mer" (Racklift') ; Sagadahoc, "quite rare, one taken October 25, 1896" 
 (Spinney); Washington, "rare" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus PAVONCELLA Leach. 
 
 119. (260). Pavoncella pugnax (Linn.). Ruff. 
 
 An accidental visitor from Europe, of which two specimens have 
 been taken in the state, and a third one just over the boundary 
 at Grand Menan, by Mr. Boardman. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "Scarborough, April 10, 1870" (Smith's 
 List of the Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 85) ; Oxford, 
 "one taken September 8, 1874, at Upton" (Brewster, Bull. Xutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 1, p. 19). 
 
 Genus BARTRAMIA Lesson. 
 
 120. (261). Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramian 
 Sandpiper. 
 
 A common migrant throughout the state and quite a common 
 summer resident in the interior counties. 
 
50 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Kennebec, "rare" (Robbing) ; 
 Knox, "rare visitant" (Norton) ; Oxford, "common, breeds" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "common migrant, rare summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscata- 
 quis. "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "a few in early fall" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "quite common summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Washington, "accidental" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus TRYNGITES Cabanis. 
 
 121. (262). Tryngites subruficollis (VieilL). Buff-breasted 
 Sandpiper. 
 
 Accidental along the coast. In the Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, 
 p. 85, Mr. Smith records a specimen taken at Scarborough, Cum- 
 berland County. He has recently given information regarding a 
 specimen which was taken at Cape Elizabeth in the above county, 
 on September 13, 1887. 
 
 Genus ACTITIS Illiger. 
 
 122. (263). Actitis macularia (Linn.). Spotted Sandpiper. 
 A very common summer resident throughout the state. It 
 
 breeds both on the outer islands of the coast and along the ponds 
 and streams of the interior, the eggs being laid in late May and 
 early June. When flushed it utters a "peet-weet, peet-weet" and 
 flies out over the water, and then in a semi-circular course back to 
 the shore again. If followed up it will do this for a number of 
 times, but finally instead of being driven further along the shore it 
 will circle for a short distance back toward the place it was first 
 driven from and again seek the shore. When on land it seems 
 very uneasy and is constantly tipping, bowing, and tetering. 
 From this habit it is locally known as Teter-up, Tip-tail, Tip-up, etc. 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "Fort Fairfield and Houltou, common" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Han- 
 cock, "breeds commonly on the islands along the coast" (Knight) ; Ken- 
 nebec, "common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" 
 (Rackliff) ; Lincoln, "common, breeding on the islands" (Norton) ; 
 Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "very common sum- 
 mer resident" (Knight); Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer); 
 Sagadahoc, "common breeder" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common" (Knight) ; Washington, 
 "abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, "common summer 
 resident" (Adams). 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 51 
 
 Genus NUMENIUS Brisson. 
 
 123. (264). Numenius longirostris WHs. Long-billed Cur- 
 lew. 
 
 A casual visitor in spring and late summer. 
 
 Count}' Records. Cumberland, "one at Scarborough, May 2nd, 1866" 
 (Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream. Vol. 20, p. 85) ; 
 Knox. "rare visitant in summer" (Norton); Sagadahoc, "very rare in 
 August" (Spinney); Washington, "very rare" (Boardman). 
 
 124. (265). Numenius hudsonicus Lath. Hudsonian Curlew. 
 A quite rare migrant along the coast in spring and autumn, 
 
 breeding in the far north. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Knox, "migrant" 
 (Rackliff) ; Washington, "very rare" (Boardman). 
 
 125. (266). Numenius borealis (Forst.). Eskimo Curlew. 
 
 A migrant of varying abundance, chiefly occurring along the 
 coast and less commonly in the interior of the state. In other 
 parts of the country it is said to be far commoner in the interior 
 
 than it is coastwise. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, (Pike); Cumberland, "common'' 
 (Brock); Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff); Piscataquis, "rare visitor" 
 (Homer); Sauailahoc, "very few in Aug." (Spinney); Washington, 
 
 very rare'' (Boardman). 
 
 Family CHARADRIID^E. Plovers. 
 Genus SQUATAROLA Cuvier. 
 
 126. (270). Squatarola squatarola (Linn.). Black-bellied 
 Plover. 
 
 Common along" the coast in migrations and of rare occurrence in 
 the interior. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "common" 
 (Brock) ; Hancock, "migrant" (Dorr) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; 
 Lincoln, "as seen on Western Egg Rock, June 24, 1895" (Norton) ; 
 Peuobscot, "a specimen killed on Sunkhaze Stream is in the Univer- 
 sity of Maine collection" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "common fall and spring" 
 (Spinney) ; Washington, "not very common" (Boardman). 
 
 'Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus. 
 
 127. (272). Charadrius dominicus Midi. American Golden 
 Plover. 
 
52 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 A common autumn migrant throughout the state but seemingly 
 not occurring in the spring. This absence of the species in spring 
 is due to their seeking their northern breeding grounds by a differ- 
 ent route from that pursued in their journey southward. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common" (Brock); Kennebec, Dill); Knox, (Rackliff ); 
 Oxford, (given in Verrill's List of the Birds of Norway) ; Penobscot, 
 "common some falls and rare others" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "migrant" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "rare in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "two speci- 
 mens shot by H. H. Johnson, September 10, 1894" (Morrell); Washing- 
 ton, "not very common" (Boardman) ; York, (Butters). 
 
 Genus ^EGIALITIS Boie. 
 Subgenus OXYECHUS Reichenbach. 
 
 128. (273). ^Egialitis vocif era (Linn. ) . Killdeer. 
 
 A very rare migrant throughout the state, but still of such com- 
 paratively frequent occurrence as to prevent its being called 
 accidental. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "rare' 
 (Brock) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (RacklhY) ; Penobscot, "used to occur 
 here forty years ago" (Hardy) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "very scarce in fall" (Spinney) ; Washington, "accidental" (Board- 
 man). 
 
 Subgenus ^Egialitis Boie. 
 
 129. (274). ^Egialitis semipalmata Bonap. Semipalmated 
 Plover. 
 
 A very common migrant along the coast and of fairly common 
 occurrence in the interior. A few individuals remain all summer 
 along the coast but they do not breed in the state. They are com- 
 monly called Ring Necks by hunters. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common" (Brock) ; Hancock, "common in migrations, I 
 saw a flock of four individuals at Saddleback Ledge on June 22d, 1896" 
 (Knight); Kennebec, (Dill); Knox, "summer" (Rackliff); Oxford, 
 u occurs at Lake Umbagog" (Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 5, p. 
 60) ; Penobscot, "taken at Stillwater by John Lord" (Knight) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common in August" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "one shot August 10th, 
 1894" (Morrell) ; Washington, "common in summer" (Boardman). 
 
 130. (277). ^Egialitis meloda (Ord). Piping Plover. 
 Formerly a rare summer resident along our coast, probably still 
 
 occurs in limited numbers. Its rarity is proved by the fact that 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 53 
 
 several good observers have failed to detect this species of late 
 years. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "rare summer resident" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 25) ; Sagadahoc, "very scarce in August," (Spin- 
 ney) ; Washington, "rare, said to breed on the islands 1 ' (Boardman). 
 
 131. (277a). ^Egialitis meloda circumcincta Ridgw. Belted 
 Piping Plover. 
 
 Of accidental occurrence along the coast in migrations. Only 
 one specimen has been recorded from the state, this being taken at 
 Scarborough, Cumberland County. (Cf. Allen, Auk, Vol. 3, p. 82). 
 
 Family APHRIZID^E. Surf Birds and Turnstones. 
 
 Subfamily ARENARIIN^E. Turnstones. 
 
 Genus ARENARIA Brisson. 
 
 132. (283). Arenaria iuterpres (Linn.). Turnstone. 
 Common along the coast in the migrations, occurring in May, 
 
 late July, August, and September. 
 
 Counfy Records. Cumberland, "common"' (Brock) ; Hancock, "found 
 it common among the islands in August, 1896" (Knight) ; Knox, "sum- 
 mer" (Rackliff) ; Penobscot, "I am informed by Mr. Fred Colby, who is 
 well informed regarding our birds, that he shot a specimen of this bird at 
 Hermon Pond, its occurrence there being accidental" (Knight) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common in August" (Spinney) ; Washington, "fall, not rare" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Order GALLIN^E. Gallinaceous Birds. 
 
 Suborder PHASIANI. Pheasants, Grouse, Partridges, 
 Quails, etc. 
 
 Family TETRAONIDJE. Grouse, Partridges, etc. 
 Subfamily PERDICIN^E. Partridges. 
 
 Genus COLINUS Lesson. 
 
 133. (289). Colinus virginianus (Linn.). Bob-white. 
 Formerly a permanent resident of the southern part of the state, 
 and while it still occurs, it is very rare. Under the date of July 
 12th, 1897, Mr. J. C. Mead of North Bridgton, Cumberland 
 County, writes : "We have had a Bob-white with us now for nearly 
 a month. Every now and then it comes into the pasture in the 
 
54 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 rear of my house and near the lake, and calls by the hour. Mrs. 
 Mead and I had an excellent opportunity to watch it through the 
 "glasses" at short range for a long time." This is the most recent 
 record for the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare" (Johnson) ; Cumberland, 
 "occasional" (Brock), "within past few years sportsmen have attempted 
 to add it to our local game birds" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 38) ; 
 Franklin, "very rare, not seen since 1890, and then only two seen" 
 (Swain) ; Penobscot, "introduced to the county, some birds were let 
 loose near Hermon, in 1894, by George Abbott, and these are reported to 
 have bred in 1895 and 1896" (Knight). 
 
 Subfamily TETRAONIN^. Grouse. 
 
 Genus DENDRAGAPUS Elliot. 
 Subgenus CANACHITES Stejneger. 
 
 134. (298). Dendragapus canadensis (Linn.). Canada 
 Grouse. 
 
 This species is a very rare resident of the counties included in 
 the Canadian fauna and probably breeds wherever found. In hab- 
 its it is a tame and unsuspecting bird and can be easily shot or 
 even knocked on the head with a club. 
 
 County Records. Aroostook, "found at Houlton" (Batchelder in Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Franklin, "rare resident" (Richards) ; 
 Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Knox, "rare" (Racklift) ; Oxford, '^breeds 
 rarely" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "very rare resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "resident, not common" (Homer) ; Somerset, "resident in northern part 
 of county" (Morrell) ; Washington, "common resident" (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus BONASA Stephens. 
 
 135. (300 a). Bonasa umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian 
 Ruffed Grouse. 
 
 While all the general and county lists of this state which 
 have been published unite in calling our bird bonasa 
 umbellus (Linn.), there seems to be much doubt that the typical 
 Ruffed Grouse has ever been taken in the state. (Cf. Norton, 
 Maine Sportsman, Vol. 4, No. 38, p. 6). Nevertheless Mr. 
 Norton thinks that birds referable to umbellus will ultimately be 
 taken in our southern counties. During the fall of 1896, hundreds 
 of Grouse were examined in the Bangor markets by the editor, and 
 specimens approaching umbellus were purchased and preserved for 
 
BIRDS OF MAINK. 55 
 
 determination. Later these birds together with a series from Cum- 
 berland County, which were kindly furnished by Mr. J. C. Mead, 
 were sent to Mr. William Brewster for identification, and he 
 referred all to the race togata. Evidence bearing on the matter 
 has been solicited from Ornithologists throughout the state, and 
 nearly all have pronounced the birds of their locality to belong to 
 this latter race. In view of this evidence, it has been deemed 
 advisable to place the true Ruffed Grouse in our hypothetical list 
 until its presence has been satisfactorily demonstrated 
 by the production of specimens taken within our limits. The 
 ''Partridge" is a common resident throughout the state, breeding 
 from early May to the middle of June. Perhaps the eggs may be 
 deposited at an earlier date in some localities, but when fresh eggs 
 are found at a later date than June 15th it is reasonably fair to 
 assume that they are a second set, and doubtless due to the bird 
 having been robbed of her first laying. The drumming of the 
 cock bird is a sound well known to nearly every inhabitant of the 
 state. While during the breeding season it probably serves to 
 attract the female, yet it cannot be used exclusively for this pur- 
 pose, as I have heard birds drumming in the late fall and even in 
 midwinter. However, it is a fact that the birds drum most fre- 
 quently in the spring and early summer. This drumming and the 
 attitude assumed while doing so are admirably described by Mr. J. 
 C. Mead in the Maine Sportsman for June, 1896, p. 6, and also 
 by "Penobscot" in the September issue of the same on p. 6. The 
 editor has examined birds from Aroostook, Cumberland, Frank- 
 lin, Hancock, Penobscot, and Waldo Counties, and found all to be 
 referable to togata. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, ''common resident" (Call) ; Aroos- 
 took, "reported as common" (Knight) ; Cumberland, "common resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common resident" (Lee and McLain) ; Hancock, 
 "common resident both inland and on many of the wooded islands along 
 the coast" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "common resident" (Powers) ; Knox, 
 "resident" (Raekliff) ; Oxford, "breeds common" (Nash); Penobscot, 
 "common resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common resident" (Homer) ; 
 Bagadahoc, "nests" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common" (Morrell) ; Waldo, 
 "common" (Knight) ; Washington, "common" (Boardman) ; York, 
 "would be common if spoilsmen would let them alone" (Adams). 
 
56 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus LAGOPU8 Brisson. 
 
 136. (301). Lagopus lagopus (Linn.). Willow Ptarmigan. 
 Of accidental occurrence at Kenduskeag, Penobscot County, 
 
 where a specimen was shot on April 23, 1892. (Of. Merrill, Auk 
 Vol. 9, p. 300). 
 
 Family PHASIANID^E. Pheasants, etc. 
 
 Subfamily MELEAGRIN^E. Turkeys. 
 Genus MELEAGRIS Linnaeus. 
 
 137. (310). Meleagris gallopavo Linn. Wild Turkey. 
 
 This species is recorded as having formerly been found in southern 
 Maine. (Cf. Allen, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 1, p. 55). 
 Evidences of its having formerly occurred on Mount Desert Island, 
 Hancock County, are also given by Mr. Townsend. (Cf. Townsend, 
 ibid. p. 60). There are no records of the occurrence of the Wild 
 Turkey in recent years so we may rate it as long ago extinct 
 within our limits. In some of the southern and western states it 
 still occurs in comparative abundance, but as soon as a given region 
 becomes settled up the Turkeys disappear, owing to the destructive 
 proclivities of man. 
 
 Order COLUMB^E. Pigeons. 
 
 Family COLUMBID^. Pigeons. 
 
 Genus ECTOPISTES Swainson. 
 
 138. (315). Ectopistes migratorius (Linn.). Passenger 
 Pigeon. 
 
 Formerly an abundant migrant throughout the state, now nearly 
 extinct. A few straggling individuals are seen semi-occasionally, 
 but the great flights of Pigeons which formerly occurred are now 
 things of the past. Mr. C. M. Hoxie, the well known Foxcroft 
 taxidermist, writes : "Replying to your favor of recent date in 
 regard to the Passenger Pigeon, I will say that one was shot about 
 one-half mile from Dexter by a Mr. Frank Rogers, on August 16th, 
 1896. It was evidently a stray bird." This is the most recent 
 record I have been able to obtain of this species which formerly 
 was abundant and bred in favored localities. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 57 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 land, "none in ten years" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare migrant" (Richards) ; 
 Hancock, "I am informed by old hunters that this species formerly 
 occurred abundantly in this county, and also that they nested in great 
 numbers, none have been seen for ten years" (Knight) ; Kennebec, (given 
 in Ilamlin's List of the Birds of Waterville, Report of the Secretary of 
 Maine Board of Agriculture for 1865, pp. 168-173) ; Knox, "rare in sum- 
 m-r" (Rncklift) ; Oxford, "rare migrant, specimens observed by different 
 persons in the fall of 1891" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "formerly abundant, 
 no records of late" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare, last seen in 1884" 
 (Homer) ; Washington, "not uncommon formerly, all gone now" (Board- 
 man) ; York, "last seen in September, 1885" (Adams). 
 
 Genus ZENAIDURA Bonaparte. 
 
 139. (316). Zenaidura macroura (Linn.). Mourning Dove. 
 
 A very rare summer resident of the southern counties of the 
 state, but there are, to my knowledge, no records of the species 
 having been observed nesting within our limits. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "probably a 
 rare summer resident'' (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 23); Knox, 
 "rare in summer" (Racklift) ; Penobscot, "it has occurred on the Maine 
 State College campus in late summer" (Prof. F. L. Harvey) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "scattering, spring and fall*' (Spinney) ; Washington, "accidental" 
 (Boardmau). 
 
 Order RAFFORES. Birds of Prey. 
 
 Suborder SACORHAMPHI. American Vultures. 
 
 Family CATHARTIDyE. American Vultures. 
 
 Genus CATHARTES Illiger. 
 
 140. (325). Cathartes aura (Linn.). Turkey Vulture. 
 An accidental visitor to the state, of which four specimens have 
 been taken. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "one at Standish in summer of 1874'* 
 (Smith, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 26) : Oxford, "one at East Frye- 
 burg" (R. A. Gushee, Forest and Stream for 1883, p. 245) ; Penobscot, 
 "one seen near Baugor, at Whitney's Hill, he sat a long time with his 
 wings stretched up above his head, as the Eagle is represented on the 
 "buzzard dollar" ; I have seen hundreds of them so there is not a shade 
 of doubt as to the identity" (Hardy) ; Washington, "very rare, one speci- 
 men" (Boardman) ; York, "one killed in Buxton, in December, 1876" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 23). 
 
58 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus CATH ARISTA Vieillot. 
 
 141. (326). Catharista atrata (Bartr.). Black Vulture. 
 This, like the preceding, occurs as an accidental visitor from the 
 
 south. 
 
 County Records. Oxford, "one at East Fryeburg" (Smith, Forest and 
 Stream, Vol. 20, p. 285) ; Washington, "not uncommon some seasons" 
 (Boardman) ; "Eastport" (Of. Deane, Bull. STutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 5, p. 63) ; 
 "Calais" (Cf. Brewster, Auk, Vol. 10, p. 82). 
 
 Suborder FALCONES, Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, Buzzards, 
 Eagles, Kites, Harriers, etc. 
 
 Family FALCONID^E. Vultures, Falcons, Hawks, Eagles, etc. 
 Subfamily ACCIPITRIN^. Kites, Buzzards, Hawks, Goshawks, 
 
 Eagles, etc. 
 Genus CIRCUS Lace"pede. 
 
 142. (331). Circus hudsonius (Linn.). Marsh Hawk. 
 
 A common summer resident of marshes and meadows. The nest 
 is placed on the ground in such localities. The birds are common 
 everywhere during the migrations, but during the breeding season 
 they are only to be sought for near their favorite meadow or marsh. 
 They will often return to the same locality for many successive 
 seasons. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "seen at Houltou and Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 50) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Han- 
 cock, "summer resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; 
 Kuox, "summer" (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "quite common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common migrant, rare summer resident" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Washington, "abundant, summer resident" (Boardman) ; Waldo, 
 (Spratt) ; York, "breeds" (Adams). 
 
 Genus ACCIPITER Brisson. 
 Subgenus ACCIPITER. 
 
 143. (332). Accipiter velox -(Wils.). Sharp-shinned Hawk. 
 A common summer resident throughout the state, but owing to 
 
 the difficulty of finding the nests, which are usually placed in ever- 
 

 BIRDS OF MAINE. 59 
 
 green trees, the eggs of this species continue to be objects of desid- 
 erutn to collectors. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "Houlton, not common" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Orti. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer 
 resident" (Dorr) ; Kenuebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "sum- 
 mer" (Raekliir) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash); Penobscot, 
 "breeds quite commonly" (Knight); Piscataquis, "common, breeds" 
 (Homer) : Sagadahoc, "common spring and fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "not common summer resident" (Morrell), "saw a flock of over a hun- 
 dred migrating at Jackmau, in August, 1895" (Harvey and Knight) ; 
 Waldo, "breeds quite commonly" (Knight) ; Washington, "abundant 
 summer resident" (Boardmau) ; York, (Adams). 
 
 144. (333). Accipiter cooperii (Bonap.). Cooper's Hawk. 
 
 Of quite general occurrence as a summer resident throughout 
 the state, but at the same time the species is by no means to be 
 called common. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "rare" 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Penobscot, "seemingly quite a rare summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "not uncommon" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common migrant" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare summer resident'' (Morrell) ; Washington, 
 "not common, one of our rarest Hawks" (Boardman) ; York, (Adams). 
 
 Subgenus ASTUR Lace*pede. 
 
 145. (334). Accipiter atricapillus (Wils.). American Gos- 
 hawk. 
 
 Occurs commonly as a winter resident throughout the state, and 
 less commonly as a resident of the portions within the Canadian 
 fauna. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common migrant'' (Johnson) ; Cum- 
 berland, "common, have taken its eggs here" (Mead), "uncommon Octo- 
 ber to May" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 22) ; Franklin, "rare 
 summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "winter resident" (Dorr) ; Kenne- 
 bec, (Gardiner Branch); Knox, ik wiuter" (Rackliff); Oxford, "breeds 
 rarely" (Xash) ; Peuobscot, "common winter and quite rare summer resi- 
 dent, has been known to breed in several instances" (Knight) ; Piscata- 
 quis, "common resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "scattering, fall and 
 spring" tSpiuney); Somerset, "rare visitant" (Morrell) ; Washington, 
 "not uncommon, breeds" (Boardman) ; York, (Adams). 
 
60 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus BUTEO Cuvier. 
 
 146. (337). Buteo borealis (GmeL). Red- tailed Hawk. 
 
 Of quite general occurrence throughout the state in spring, sum- 
 mer, and autumn. A few are said to remain in the southern coun- 
 ties through the winter, but the majority retire southwards at the 
 approach of cold weather. 
 
 County Kecords. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident, common 
 migrant" (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "common at Houlton" (Batehelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "common resident'* 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "summer resident" (Dorr) ; Kenuebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "migrant'' (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "a not 
 uncommon summer resident" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "scattering, fall, 
 winter, and spring" (Spinney) ; Waldo, "summer resident" (Spratt) ; 
 Washington, "not uncommon summer resident, (Boardman) ; York, 
 (Adams). 
 
 147. (339). Buteo lineatus (GmeL). Red-shouldered Hawk. 
 This species is a fairly common summer resident, through most 
 
 parts of the state. It has not been reported as wintering here. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son") ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 (Dorr); Kennebec, "common" (Powers); Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff); 
 Oxford, "breeds rarely" (Nash i ; Peuobscot, "a not uncommon summer 
 resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common 
 migrant spring and fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Morrell;) Waldo, CSpratt) ; Washington, "not uncommon summer 
 resident" (Boardman); York, "breeds" (Adams . 
 
 Subgenus TACHYTRIORCHIS Kaup. 
 
 148. (342). Buteo swainsoni Bonap. Swainson's Hawk. 
 An accidental visitor from the west, of which a number of speci- 
 mens have been taken, all being melanistic. 
 
 County Records. Hancock, "one taken at Gouldsborough September 
 15, 1886" (Cf. Brewster, Auk, Vol. 5, p. 424) ; Penobscot, "one at Glen- 
 burn, May 19, 1888" (Cf. Brewster, Ibid, Vol. 5, p. 424), "have seen at 
 least two taken here, both melanistic" (Hardy) ; Washington, "taken at 
 Calais, about October 8, 1892" (Cf. Brewster, Auk, Vol. 10, p. 82). 
 
 149. (343). Buteo latissimus ( Wils.). Broad- winged Hawk. 
 A quite common summer resident in most portions of the state. 
 

 BIRDS OF MAINE. 61 
 
 It arrives from the south early in April, and the eggs are usually 
 deposited by the second or third week of May. 
 
 < diinty Records. Audroscoggin, "fairly common summer n-sid'tit" 
 (Johnson); Aroostook, "breeding at Houlton" (Cf. Batcht-Ider, Bull. 
 Xutt. Orn. Club. Vol. 7, p. 151); Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain) ; Hauo.rk. 
 "summer resident" (Dorr) ; Kennehec, Royal) ; Knox, "migrant" (Hack- 
 liff ) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Sash); I'euobscot, "breeds quite 
 commonly, and is apparently the commonest of our larger Ha\\k<" 
 (Knight); Piseataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer); BagMlahoc, "com- 
 mon spring and fall" (Spinney); Somerset, "not common summer resi- 
 dent" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant SUIIUIUM- 
 resident" i Boardmau) ; York. (Adams . 
 
 Genus ARCHIBUTEO Brehm. 
 
 150. (347 a). Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis (Gmel.). 
 American Rough-legged Hawk. 
 
 This species is of quite common occurrence as a winter visitor 
 from the north. It does not breed in the state, all previous records 
 stating to the contrary notwithstanding. In Bendire's Life His- 
 tories of North American Birds he states that it is not known to 
 breed in the United States, save in Alaska. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "fairly common winter resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Cumberland, "rare winter visitant" (Brown's Cat. Birds of 
 Portland, p. 22 ; Franklin, "rare" (Richards); Knox, "winter" (Hai-k- 
 lift) Oxford, "common at Xorway in winter" (VerriU's List of the Birds 
 of Xorway, Proc. Essex Institute, Vol. 3, pp. 136 et seq. ; Penobscot, 
 "rare winter visitor" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "a few in fall and early winter" (Spinney) ; Washington, "very rare 
 winter resident" (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus AQUILA Brisson. 
 
 151. (349). Aquila chrysaetos (Linn.). Golden Eagle. 
 
 Occasionally observed and taken here, but at present the evi- 
 dence points to its occurrence only as a straggler. While it has 
 been observed here in summer under circumstances that would hint 
 that it might possibly nest in the wild, mountainous parts of the 
 state, there has unfortunately been no positive proof brought forth 
 to substantiate this belief. AVhile at Jackman, in August, 1895, 
 Prof. F. L. Harvey and myself saw what we are positive was one 
 of these birds on Sandy Bay Mountain. This bird was seemingly 
 
62 BIKDS OF MAINE. 
 
 uneasy at our presence and flew very near us uttering its shrill cry. 
 The cry was answered from a steep cliff on the side of the moun- 
 tain, so the bird either had a mate or young in the immediate 
 vicinity. While the bird repeatedly approached near enough to us 
 to render us certain in our own minds of its identity, we unfortu- 
 nately had no gun with us, and so could not secure the bird to 
 render its identity absolutely certain, as is demanded by modern 
 science. Again, not seeing the bird which answered its cries we 
 cannot state whether it was a mate to the one we saw or its young. 
 In this connection see Knight, The Auk, Vol. 13, p. 82. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "taken at Peak's 
 Island" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 22), "specimens are also 
 recorded by Dr. Brock" (Cf. Brock, Auk, Vol. 13, p. 256) ; Franklin, 
 "rare" (Richards) ; Somerset, "while positive that we saw one at Sandy 
 Bay Mountain, in August, 1895, the specimen was not killed so as to 
 establish a record beyond doubt" (Harvey and Knight); Washington, 
 "very rare, shot in summer" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus HALI^EETUS Savigny. 
 
 152. (352). Haliseetus leucocephalus (Linn.). Bald Eagle. 
 Resident throughout the year along the coast, where it is fairly 
 
 common. It is also quite common as a summer resident through- 
 out the interior, where it frequents the vicinity of ponds and lakes. 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "not common at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 151) ; Cumberland, "summer resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "resi- 
 dent along the coast, often seen about Isle au Haut, breeds" (Knight) ; 
 "Kennebec, very rare" (Powers) ; Knox, "resident" (Rackliif) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds rarely" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "a pair nest near Pushaw Pond 
 every year, and they are of quite common occurrence in the vicinity of 
 ponds and lakes throughout the county" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "not 
 uncommon, breeds" (Homer); Sagadahoc, "common and breeds" (Spin- 
 ney) ; Somerset, "occasional visitant" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "rare" (Spratt ; 
 Washington, "common, breeds" (Boardman). 
 
 Subfamily FALCONING. Falcons. 
 
 Genus FALCO Linnaeus. 
 Subgeuus HIEROFALCO Cuvier. 
 
 153. (353). Falco islandus Briinn. White Gyrfalcon. 
 
 An accidental winter visitor from the north, there is but one state 
 record of its occurrence. This specimen is recorded by Mr. Brew- 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 63 
 
 ster, who says: "Not long since Mr. George A. Boardman wrote 
 me that he had heard of the capture, in eastern Maine, of a very 
 light-colored Gyrfalcou. Upon my expressing a lively interest in 
 the matter he very kindly put me in correspondence with Mr. John 
 Clayton of Lincoln, Maine, who mounted the specimen, and from 
 whom I have just purchased it. Although too dark-colored to be 
 typical of that form it is, nevertheless, an unmistakable example 
 of F. i*lan(ln*i Briton. It was shot in South Wiiin, about October 
 8, 1893, by a young man named Wymun, who found it perched on 
 a telegraph pole." (Cf. Brewster, The Auk, Vol. 12, p. 180). 
 This Peuobscot County specimen is unique in Maine, and even the 
 United States, as is in fact stated by Mr. Brewster in the article 
 above quoted. 
 
 154. (354). Falco rusticolus Linn. Gray Gyrfalcon. 
 
 A specimen taken at Cape Elizabeth, October, 13th, 1877, and 
 recorded by Mr. Brown under the name of Hierofalco gyrf&lco 
 islandicus, is the only New England example of this bird known to 
 exist. It is at present in the collection of Prof. J. Y. Stauton of 
 Lewiston. The record will be found in Brown's Catalogue of the 
 Birds of Portland, p. 21. In Minot's Laud and Game Birds of 
 New England, 2nd edition, page 479, Mr. Brewster in speaking 
 of this specimen says : "I have not yet seen it, but if it has been 
 correctly identified it is the only New England example of 
 i-nxHwlus of which I have any present knowledge." Mr. Boardman 
 writes me that he has at least two specimens of this bird, but 
 unfortunately they were both taken on Canadian soil, and though 
 taken near our boundary they are not Maine specimens. 
 
 155. (354a). Falco rusticolus gyrfalco (Linn.). Gyrfalcon. 
 But one instance of its occurrence in the state is known to me. 
 
 A specimen is recorded under the name of Falco gyrjalco sacer 
 (Forst.) as being taken at Ktaadn Iron Works, Piscataquis County, 
 December, 1876. (Cf. Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 4, p. 
 188). After correspondence with Mr. Purdie who is positive of 
 the correctness of his identification, I have added the species to 
 our list as a casual winter visitor. 
 
 156. (354b). Falco rusticolus obsoletus (GmeL). Black 
 Gyrfalcon. 
 
 Like others of its near relatives it ranks as a rare winter visitor, 
 though more abundant than the other Gyrfalcons. 
 
64 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "Mr. E. P. Carman of Bridgton has a 
 specimen which was shot between Cape Elizabeth and Lewiston about 
 the middle of September, 1887"' (information regarding this received 
 from Prof. Stanton and Mr. Mead, the latter having kindly obtained 
 the complete particulars regarding it) ; Kuox, "one is recorded by Mr. 
 Brewster as being taken near Rocklaud in November, 1836" (Cf. Bre xy- 
 ster, The Auk, Vol. 4. p. 75), and as Mr. Rackliff of Spruce Head took 
 a Gyrfalcon on the day before Thanksgiving at about that year, and 
 sent it to F. B. Webster of whom Mr. B. secured his bird, it would seem 
 assured that these birds are one and the same"; "in a recent letter 
 from Mr. Brewster he informs me that he has another of these birds 
 secured at Eagla Island, about March 22, 1888" (Cf . Brewster, Mitiot's 
 Land and Game Birds of New England, 2nd Ed., p. 480, for the record of 
 this specimen) ; Oxford, "one shot in 1892 or 1893" (Nash ; Washington, 
 "winter visitant, three specimens" (Boardmau). 
 
 Subgenus RHYNCHODON Nitzsch. 
 
 157. (356). Falco peregrinus anatum (Bonap.). Duck Hawk. 
 
 A quite rare summer resident of the isolated mountainous por- 
 tions of the state and there found breeding. In migrations it is 
 somewhat commoner, though still quite rare. It is quite likely to 
 be found in winter in the southern parts of the state although not 
 yet so reported. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "very rare 
 transient" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 21) ; Oxford, "rare, 
 breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite rare, may possibly breed" (Knight) ; 
 Washington, not uncommon, breeds" (Boardman)." 
 
 Subgenus ^ESALON Kaup. 
 
 158. (357). Falco columbarius Linn. Pigeon Hawk. 
 
 Quite common everywhere in migrations, and a rare summer resi- 
 dent within the Canadian fauna. While the species occurs in sum- 
 mer I have not been able to ascertain that any nests or eggs have 
 been found within our boundaries. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "summer" (Johnson); Cumberland, 
 "not common" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident, a specimen 
 was shot here in June" (Sw r aiu) ; Kenuebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; 
 Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "rare summer resident" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "common in spring and fall" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "not 
 uncommon" (Homer) ; Washington, k% uot uncommon summer resident'" 
 (Boardman); York, (Adams). 
 
BIRDS OK MAIM . 65 
 
 Subgenus TINNUNCULUS Vieillot. 
 
 159. (360). Falco sparverius Linn. American Sparrow Hawk. 
 Of quite general distribution as a summer resident throughout 
 
 the interior of the state, but seemingly commonest during the 
 migrations. It is not characteristic of any one faunal region, being 
 found breeding from Florida to Hudson I lay. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common summer resident'' 
 (Johusou) ; Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 15) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead), "have informa- 
 ion of its breeding in Windham" (Norton); Franklin, "summer resi- 
 dent" (Richards) ; Hancock, "summer resident" (Murch) ; Keunebec, 
 "rare" (Gardiner Branch); Knox, "migrant" (Racklift) ; Oxford, "com- 
 mon, breeds" ( Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite common in migration, the eggs 
 have been taken near Bangor" (Knight); Piscataquis, "common, breeds" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common spring and fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "not common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "not uncommon 
 summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, (Adams). 
 
 Subfamily PANDIONINJE. Ospreys. 
 Genus PANDION Savigny. 
 
 160. (364). Pandion haliaetus caroliuensis (Gmel.). Ameri- 
 can Osprey. 
 
 The Fish Hawk is a common summer resident along the coast, 
 and also quite common about the ponds and lakes of the interior. 
 On the coast the nests are usually placed low down in the stunted 
 trees that grow on the islands, and in many cases the ground itself 
 serves as foundation. I have seen at least six nests placed thus, 
 usually being situated on some rocky point of an island. The nests 
 in trees, while usually near the shore of the islands, are quite often 
 placed some distance inland. In such localities the birds are some- 
 what social, and two or three nests are often placed within a radius 
 of one hundred yards. About the interior ponds and lakes the 
 birds are not so social, it being unusual to notice more than one 
 pair of birds about a given body of water. They are also more 
 wary in their selection of a nesting site, invariably choosing the 
 tallest tree in the vicinity. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common" (Johnson ; Cumberland, 
 "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" 
 (Swain) : Hancock, "very common summer resident" (Knight) ; Kenne- 
 
 5 
 
66 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 bee, "rare" (Royal) ; Knox, "summer" (Baekliff ) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 rarely" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "fairly common summer resident, middle of 
 April to September" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "not uncommon, breeds" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident'' (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "common, probably summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common 
 summer resident" (Knight) ; Washington, "abundant summer resident" 
 (Boardman) ; York, (Adams). 
 
 Suborder STRIGES Owls. 
 
 Family BUBONIDJE. Horned Owls, etc. 
 
 Genus ASIO Brisson. 
 
 161. (366). Asio wilsonianus (Less.). American Long- 
 eared Owl. 
 
 A resident throughout the state, but still seemingly more numerous 
 in fall than at other times. Perhaps this reported greater abundance 
 in fall is due to the fact that people seek the haunts of this bird to 
 hunt at this season, and consequently the birds are more likely to 
 come under observation. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "not rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common resident" (Rich- 
 ards ; Hancock, "resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "given in Hamlin's List 
 of the Birds of Waterville" (See Report of Sec'y Me. Board of Agriculture, 
 1865, pp. 168-173) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely'' 
 (Nash) ; Penobscot, "somewhat rare, oftenest seen in fall" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "not uncommon, breeds" (Homer; ; Sagadahoc, "common 
 spring and fall" (Spinney) ; Washington, "not uncommon resident" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 162. (367). Asio accipitrinus (Pall.). Short-eared Owl. 
 Resident in limited numbers, but oftenest occurring in fall or 
 
 spring when it is common, especially along the coast, where it fre- 
 quents the grassy salt marshes. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "moderately common resident" (Brown's Cat. Birds of 
 Portland, p. 20) ; Franklin, "rare resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "resi- 
 dent" (Dorr) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "rare" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "of rare occurrence in the fall" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon spring and fall" (Spinney) ; Washington, "not uncommon resident" 
 (Boardmau) ; York, (Butters). 
 
 Genus SYRNIUM Savigny. 
 
 163. (368). Syrnium nebulosum (Forst.). Barred Owl. 
 This is the commonest of our larger Owls, being resident In 
 
 wooded districts throughout the state. Like our other species it is 
 most frequently observed in fall and winter. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINK. 67 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common resident'" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "occurs at Fort Fairfield and Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Xmt. Orn. club, Vol. 7, p. 50) ; Cumberland, "resident, rare in sum- 
 mer" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 20) ; Franklin, "common 
 resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "common resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, 
 "common" (Powers) ; Knox, winti-r" Kacklin".) ; Oxford, "breeds com- 
 monly" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "resident, commonest iu fall" (Knight) ; 
 I'Nc.'itaquis, "abundant, breeds" Homer ; Sagadahoc, "common spring 
 and fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not common resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Washington, "abundant resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus SCOTIAPTEX Swainson. 
 
 164. (870). Scotiaptex cinerea ( Gmel. ) . Great Gray Owl. 
 An irregular winter visitor from the north. It does not occur 
 
 some seasons, and again it may be found fairly common at others, 
 but still, even when at its greatest abundance, it is a comparatively 
 rare bird. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "six specimens 
 known additional to those recorded iu Smith's List" (record from E. 
 Smith) ; Franklin, "very rare" (Swain) ; Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Ken- 
 nebec, "one at Augusta in December, 1887" (E. Smith) ; Knox, "winter" 
 (Racklift) ; Oxford, "rare visitant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "Mr. S. L. Crosby 
 informs me that these birds were quite common here one winter iu the 
 early '90V (Knight); Piscataquis, "rare winter .visitor" (Homer); 
 Washington, "rare, winter only" (Boardman) ; York, "one taken at Bid- 
 drfonl. March 2d, 1890" (E. Smith). 
 
 Genus NYCTALA Brehm. 
 
 165. (371). Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonap.). Rich- 
 ardson's Owl. 
 
 A somewhat irregular winter visitor, but still often not uncommon 
 locally at this season. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common winter visitant" 
 (Johnson) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare winter resi- 
 dent" (Swain); Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) : Kennebec, "very rare" (Dill); 
 Knox, "rare in winter" (Racklift) ; Lincoln, "taken at Waldoborough" 
 (Smith, Forest and Stream, Vol. 20, p. 285) ; Oxford, "rare" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "a quite rare and irregular winter visitor" (Knight) ; Piscat- 
 aquis, "rare winter visitor" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "taken at Bath" (C. 
 H Greenleaf to E. Smith) ; Washington, "not uncommon in winter" 
 (Boardmau). 
 
68 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 166. (372). Nyctala acadica (Gmel.}. Saw-whet Owl. 
 Resident throughout the state, but on account of its frequenting 
 
 somewhat low swampy woods in summer it is less often noticed at 
 this season. In fall and winter it is quite common. The nests 
 and eggs seem to have been taken more often in Franklin County 
 than in any other part of the state. It is known to many as the 
 Acadian Owl. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare resident" (Johnson) ; Aroos- 
 took, "common at Fort Fairfield and Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common resident" (Richards) ; Kennebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; 
 Knox, "resident" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "I 
 have observed it only in fall and winter, but am of the opinion that it 
 must occur in summer also" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common resident, 
 breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc , "spring, fall and winter" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "com- 
 mon resident" (Boardman) ; York, "breeds" (Adams). 
 
 Genus MEGASCOPS Kaup. 
 
 167. (373). Megascops asio (Linn.). Screech Owl. 
 
 A rare resident of those counties in the Canadian fauna, some- 
 what commoner in those 6f the Alleghanian. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "rare"" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare resident" (Richards) ; 
 Hancock, "rare resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "very rare" (Gardiner 
 Branch) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliflf) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Nash) ; Penob- 
 scot, "rare" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "one 
 specimen in late fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "very rare" (Boardmau) ; York, "breeds" 
 (Adams). t 
 
 Genus BUBO Dumeril. 
 
 168. (375). Bubo virginianus ( Gmel. ) . Great Horned Owl. 
 A common resident of wooded districts throughout the state, but 
 
 like others of this Suborder it is most often noticed in fall and win- 
 ter. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common at Houlton and Fqrt Fairfield" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common 
 resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "resi- 
 dent" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 69 
 
 'fairly common resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, u common resident" 
 (Homer); Sagadahoe, "common, nests" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not com- 
 mon resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Knight) ; Washington, "common 
 resident" (Boardman) ; York, "breeds" (Adams). 
 
 169. (375b). Bubo virginianus arcticus (Swains.). Arctic 
 Horned Owl. 
 
 A specimen of this subspecies is at present in the collection of 
 the Portland Society of Natural History where I have recently had 
 the pleasure of examining it. This is recorded in the proceedings 
 of the above society for April 1st, 1897 by Mr. A. H. Norton who 
 writes as follows: "The collection of the Portland Society of 
 Natural History contains an Owl strongly characteristic of this 
 subspecies which was given to the society alive by Mr. Sewall 
 Cloudman, December 6th, 1869. The only locality recorded is 
 Maine." A second specimen is reported to me by Mr. J. Waldo 
 Nash of Norway who writes : "I mounted an Arctic Horned Owl 
 in 1886 that was shot in Brownfield." Its occurrence is probably 
 casual or accidental. I have recently seen in the collection of Mr. 
 Geo. A. Boardman of Calais a typical example of this subspecies 
 which was taken just over the line in New Brunswick. 
 
 170. (375c). Bubo virginianus saturatus Ridgw. Dusky 
 Horned Owl. 
 
 Admitted to the list upon the strength of a specimen in the col- 
 lection of the Portland Society of Natural History, recorded 
 ly Mr. A. H. Norton who writes: "The collection contains a 
 Dusky Horned Owl in which the characteristics of the race are 
 strongly marked. It was given by Dr. Benjamin F. Fogg, March 
 12th, 1870, when it was recorded as a fresh specimen. Though 
 the locality is recorded as Maine there are reasons for the belief 
 that this and the specimen of arcticus were taken near Portland." 
 (Cf. Norton, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., Apr. 1st, 1897, p. 103). 
 I have recently had the privilege of viewing this specimen also at 
 the Society's rooms in Portland. The evidence now at hand leads 
 me to believe that this species occurs casually in the state. 
 
 Genus NYCTEA Stephens. 
 
 171. (376). Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). Snowy Owl. 
 
 A regular winter visitor to the state and, while usually rare, it 
 sporadically occurs in comparative abundance. Although of very 
 
70 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 general occurrence throughout the state, it is apt to be found in 
 greater numbers along the coast. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare winter visitor" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare \\inter visitor" (Swain) 
 Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "very rare" (Powers) ; Knox, 
 "winter" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "very rare" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "rare, 
 one seen in January, 1895" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare winter visitor" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "irregularly common winter visitor" (Spinney) ; 
 Washington, "uncertain, some winters common" (Boardman) ; York, 
 (Adams). 
 
 Genus SURNIA Dumeril. 
 
 172. (377a). Surnia ulula caparoch (Mull.). American 
 Hawk Owl. 
 
 Occurs as an irregularly common winter visitor of quite general 
 distribution. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare winter visitor" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "occurs at Houlton" (Cf. Brewer, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
 Vol. 2, p. 78) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare" (Rich- 
 ards) ; Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "very rare" (Royal) ; Knox, 
 "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "rare" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite com- 
 mon some seasons in late fall and winter" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "some 
 winters common" (Homer) ; Washington, "some winters common" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Order COCCYGES. Cuckoos, etc. 
 
 Suborder CUCULI. Cuckoos, etc. 
 
 Family CUCULID^E. Cuckoos, Auis, etc. 
 
 Subfamily COCCYGIN^E. American Cuckoos. 
 Genus COCCYZUS Vieillot. 
 
 173. (387). Coccyzus arnericanus (Linn.). Yellow-billed 
 Cuckoo. 
 
 A very rare summer resident of those counties within the Alle- 
 ghanian fauna, while elsewhere it must be ranked as accidental or 
 casual. 
 
 Bounty Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Stanton) ; 
 yumberland, "rare summer resident" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, 
 p. 20) ; Hancock, "one taken at Bar Harbor by E. Gordon" (Smith) ; 
 Oxford, "visitant" (Nash); Washington, "accidental" (Boardman). 
 
 174. (388). Coccyzus erythropthalmus (Wils.). Black- 
 billed Cuckoo. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 71 
 
 A common summer resident, but on account of its somewhat retir- 
 ing habits it is a bird more often heard than seen. Feeding to a 
 large extent upon the larva* of the "Tent Moth" and other injurious 
 catapillars, it is one of the most beneficial of our birds. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "occurs at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 150;) Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common summer resident'' (Swain); Hancock, "summer 
 resident" (Dorr) ; Keunebec, "common summer resident'" (Royal) ; Knox, 
 "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds common" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 "common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "common summer resident" (Morrell); Waldo, (Spratt); Washington, 
 "common" (Boardman) ; York, "abundant breeder" (Adams). 
 
 Suborder ALCYONES. Kingfishers. 
 Family ALCEDINID^E. Kingfishers. 
 
 Genus CERYLE Boie. 
 Subgenus STREPTOCERYLE Bonaparte. 
 175. (390). Ceryle alcyon (Linn.). Belted Kingfisher. 
 A common summer resident, and while it is usually found in the 
 vicinity of water, I have found nests situated at least a mile from 
 the nearest stream or brook. The nest is always situated in a 
 burrow dug in the perpendicular face of a sand bank, and the exca- 
 vation varies in length from three to twelve feet. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fairtield" (Batcheld^r, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150); Cumberland, 'common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (LeeandMcLain) ; 
 Hancock, "summer resident" (Murch), "breeds on Deer Isle" (Knight) ; 
 Kenuebec, "common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "sum- 
 mer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common, breeds" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "breeds 
 commonly along the Peuobscot River and elsewhere throughout the 
 county" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer 
 resident" (Morrell); Waldo, "summer resident" (Knight); Washington, 
 "abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, "common on Saco 
 River" (Adams). 
 
72 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Order PICI. Woodpeckers, Wrynecks, etc. 
 Family PICID.E. Woodpeckers. 
 Genus DRYOBATES Boie. 
 
 176. (393). Dryobates villosus (Linn.}. Hairy Woodpecker. 
 
 One of the commonest of its family throughout the state, being 
 exceeded in numbers only by the Flicker and Downy Woodpecker. 
 It is resident wherever found within our limits, in summer retir- 
 ing to the solitudes of the country to nest, while in winter it is com- 
 mon in the trees and orchards of our city gardens. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common resident" (Lee and McLain) ; Hancock, "resident" 
 (Murch) ; Kennebec, "common resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "resident" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common, breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 "breeds quite commonly, especially common in winter when it may be 
 observed almost daily in the heart of the city of Bangor" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "common resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common, nests" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; 
 Washington, "abundant" (Boardrnan) ; York, "quite common" (Axlams). 
 
 177. (394c). Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swains.). 
 Downy Woodpecker. 
 
 According to Mr. Brewster (Cf. Brewster, Auk, Vol. 14, p. 82) 
 our northern Downy Woodpecker is subspecifically separable from 
 the southern bird, and ad the type of D. pubescens came from the 
 south, our northern bird will become a subspecies for which Dryo- 
 bates pubescens medianus (Swains.), will become the first available 
 name, according to the rule of priority in nomenclature. As the 
 assigned habitat of this race is "Middle and northern parts of 
 eastern United States and northward" all records of our Maine 
 Downy Woodpecker will refer to this subspecies. It is a common 
 resident throughout the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common resident" (Johnson); 
 Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common resident" (Mead) ; Frank- 
 lin, "common resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common resident, nests 
 very commonly on the wooded islands along the coast" (Kuight) ; Keune- 
 bec, "abundant resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox,"resident" (Rackliff) ; 
 Oxford, "common, breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "next to the Flicker it 
 is our commonest Woodpecker here, and it is the commonest resident 
 
BIRDS OF MAINK. 73 
 
 species" (Kuight) ; Pisc.it.iquU, "common resident" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common fall and spring" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common resi- 
 dent" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, abundant" Board- 
 man) ; York, "quite common" (Adams). 
 
 Genus PICOIDES Lacepede. 
 
 ITS. (400). Picoides arcticus (Swains.). Arctic Three-toed 
 Woodpecker. 
 
 A rare summer resident of the extreme northern and eastern 
 counties, while it is a fairly common winter visitant throughout 
 nearly the entire state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare winter visitor" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
 Vol. 7, p. 150); Cumberland, "rare winter visitant" (Mead); Franklin, 
 "rare" (Richards) ; Hancock, "in winter" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "very 
 rare" (Powers); Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely' 
 (N;ish); Peuobscot, "not uncommon in late fall and winter" (Knight); 
 Piacataquis, "commoo in winter" (Homer); Somerset, "one specimen 
 taken February '.. 1M.V (Morrell); Waldo, "rare" (Spratt); Washing- 
 ton, "not uncommon in \\ inter, rare summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 179. (401). Picoides americanus Brehml American Three- 
 toed Woodpecker. 
 
 An exceedingly rare resident of the Canadian fauna, and a rare 
 winter visitant elsewhere in the state. Reported as resident in two 
 counties only. 
 
 County Records Franklin, "rare resident" (Richards) ; Kennebec, 
 "very rare" (Powers) ; Oxford, "winter visitant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 "very rare" (Hardy); Piscataquis, "rare winter visitor" (Homer); Sag- 
 adahoc, "rare, two specimens only" (Spinney) ; Washington, "not uncom- 
 mon, rare summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird. 
 
 180. (402). Sphyrapicus varius (Linn.). Yellow-bellied 
 Sapsucker. 
 
 A common summer resident of most parts of the state. It is 
 found from late March and early April to late in September. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common summer resident'' 
 (Johnson); Aroostook, "commonest Woodpecker at Fort Fairfield" 
 (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Mead); Franklin, "common summer resident'' 
 (Swain) ; Hancock, "common summer resident" (Knight) ; Kennebec, 
 
74 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 "common summer resident" (Sanborn) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; 
 Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite common sum- 
 mer resident, very common migrant" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "abundant 
 summer resident" (Whitman) ; Sagadahoc, "common migrant" (Spin- 
 ney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "rare" 
 (Spratt) ; Washington, "common summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus CEOPHLCEUS Cabanis. 
 
 181. (405). Ceophloeus pileatus (Linn.). Pileated Wood- 
 pecker. 
 
 Formerly quite common, but now its center of abundance is 
 coincident with the heavily timbered and unsettled portions. It is 
 resident, and breeds wherever found throughout the wilder parts 
 of the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare resident" (Johnson) ; Aroos- 
 took, "common at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, 
 p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare resi- 
 dent" (Swain); Hancock, "resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "very -rare 
 resident" (Dill) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely (Nash) ; Penobscot, "fairly 
 common resident in the unsettled parts of the county" (Knight) ; Piscat- 
 aquis, "common resident" (Homer) ; Somerset, "rare resident" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Waldo, "rare" (Spratt) ; Washington, "not uncommon resident" 
 (Boardman) ; York, "a few seen yearly" (Adams). 
 
 Genus MELANERPES Swainson. 
 Subgenus MELANERPES. 
 
 182. (406). Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linn.). Red- 
 headed Woodpecker. 
 
 A rare summer resident of some parts of the state, more common 
 in the autumn migration than at any other season, and even then 
 it is quite rare. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, (Pike) ; Cumberland, "rare, irregu- 
 lar transient" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 19) ; Franklin, "rare" 
 (Richards) ; Kennebec, (Larrabee) ; Knox, "occasional visitant" (Rack- 
 lift) ; Oxford, "visitant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "very rare, has been 
 taken in July" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "rare, only three specimens, all in fall" (Spinney) ; Washington, "very 
 rare" (Boardraau) ; York, "breeds sparingly" (Adams). 
 
BIRDS OF MA INK. 75 
 
 Genus COLAPTES Swainson. 
 
 183. (412). Colaptes auratus (Linn.). Flicker. 
 
 The "Yellow-hammer" is the most abundant of our Woodpeckers 
 throughout the state, where it is a summer resident, occurring from 
 the last of April to late October. They are especially fond of a 
 large species of black ant which occurs here, and may often be 
 seen on the ground near an ant hill, feeding upon the occupants 
 thereof. Cherries and other small fruits are also welcome additions 
 to their bill of fare. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, ''abundant summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "common summer resident" (Murch), "I have found this bird to be very 
 common in summer on the various wooded islands of the coast" (Knight) ; 
 Krnnebec, "quite common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "siimnn-r resident" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common, breeds" (Nash); 
 Penobscot, "breeds commonly and is the most abundant of our wood- 
 peckers" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common summer resident" (Knight) ; Wash- 
 ington, "abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, "not common, 
 formerly abundant" (Adams). 
 
 Order MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, etc. 
 Suborder CAPRIMULGI. Goatsuckers, etc. 
 
 Family CAPRIMULGID^E. Goatsuckers, etc. 
 Genus ANTROSTOMUS Gould. 
 
 184. (417). Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.). Whip-poor-will. 
 A fairly common summer resident throughout the state and in 
 
 some parts it is very abundant. On account of its retiring habits 
 during the day time it is a bird more often heard than seen, but 
 its cry of "whip-poor-will, whip-poor-will," which one may hear on 
 the quiet evenings of late May and June, is a very good proof of 
 its presence in any locality. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "found at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common summer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "summer 
 resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "rare summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; 
 
76 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; 
 Penobseot, "common near the Maine State College, where on calm 
 June evenings I have heard six or eight of these birds calling as I sat 
 studying, and I have often been awakened during the night by one hold- 
 ing forth on the roof of the house over my head" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "very rare" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not 
 common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, 
 "not uncommon summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Genus CHORDEILES Swainson. 
 
 185. (420). Chordeiles virginianus ( Gmel. ) . Nighthawk. 
 
 A common summer resident, breeding throughout the entire state. 
 It arrives from the south about the middle or last of May and 
 departs in late August, usually migrating in large bands. A few 
 stragglers are found up to the middle of September. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "quite common summer resi- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer resident" (Racklift) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobseot, "common summer resident, 
 I have found it breeding on flat gravelled roofs of buildings in the 
 heart of the city of Bangor" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common 
 summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant 
 summer resident" (Boardmau) ; York, "common summer resident" 
 (Adams). 
 
 Suborder CYPSELI. Swifts. 
 
 Family MICROPODID7E. Swifts. 
 
 Subfamily CH^ETURINJE. Spine-tailed Swifts. 
 
 Genus CHJETURA Stephens. 
 
 186. (423). Chaetura pelagica (Linn.). Chimney Swift. 
 
 A common summer resident throughout the state, usually plac- 
 ing its nests in the disused chimneys of some house. Near Bucks- 
 port there is a large, disused chimney of a storehouse where fully 
 100 of these birds make their home in summer, as I am informed 
 by Mr. Dorr of that town. Usually only one or two pair of birds 
 are found inhabiting a single chimney, but I have personally seen 
 one containing ten nests with eggs, and see no reason why they 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 77 
 
 should not be more numerous in a given chimney under favorable 
 circumstances. This species also attaches its nests to the inner 
 walls of barns and other buildings when no chimney is convenient, 
 and I suspect that in isolated parts of the state the ancient custom, 
 in vogue before the advent of civilization, of placing the nest 
 against the inner wall of a hollow tree, is still adhered to. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "abundant summer resident" (John- 
 son); Aroostook. "seen at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 150) ; Cumberland, k> eommon summer resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, ''common summer resident" (Swain); Hancock, "summer 
 resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "abundant summer resident" (Gardiner 
 Branch); Knox, summer resident" (Rackliff); Oxford, "breeds com- 
 monly" (Xash) ; Peuobscot, "abundant in the settled parts of the county" 
 (Knight); Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Whitman); Saga- 
 dahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common 
 summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common summer resident" 
 (Knight): Washington, "abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; 
 York, "common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Suborder TROCHILI. Hummingbirds. 
 
 Family TROCHILID^E. Hummingbirds. 
 
 Genus TROCHILUS Linnaeus. 
 
 Subgenus TROCHILUS. 
 
 187. (428). Trochilus colubris Linn. Ruby-throated Hum- 
 mingbird. 
 
 Common summer resident everywhere through the state, but per- 
 haps occurring in slightly greater abundance in the southern part. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 150); Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead); Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Hancock, 
 "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kenuebec, "common summer resident" 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer resident" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "fairly common summer resi- 
 dent" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "quite common summer 
 resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant summer 
 resident" (Boardman); York, "summer resident" (Adams). 
 
78 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Order PASSERES. Perching birds. 
 
 Suborder CLAMATORES. Songless Perching Birds. 
 Family TYRANNID^E. Tyrant Flycatchers. 
 Genus TYRANNUS Cuvier. 
 
 188. (444). Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird. 
 
 Everywhere a common summer resident, but nevertheless this 
 species prefers to make its summer home in the immediate vicinity 
 of some dwelling house when possible. The nest is often placed in 
 an apple tree, although where I found this bird nesting away from 
 the vicinity of houses it often placed its domicile in some elm or 
 maple. They also nest in dead trees overhanging the water. 
 It is regarded with disfavor by bee keepers on account of its liking 
 for bees, but probably a large part of these insects which fall vic- 
 tims to its appetite are drones and consequently of no value to the 
 apiarist. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident-' (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common summer resident*' (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer 
 resident" (Murch) ; Keimebec, "abundant summer resident" (Gardiner 
 Branch) ; Knox, "summer resident" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "breeds commonly" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "common" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, "common summer resident" (Knight) ; Washington, "very 
 abundant" (Boardman) ; York, "quite common summer resident" 
 (Adams). 
 
 189. (447). Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Kingbird. 
 A single specimen has been taken at Elliot, Y~ork County, so this 
 
 species is entitled to a place in our fauna as a purely accidental 
 visitor. (Cf . Purdie, Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 
 Vol. 1, p. 73). 
 
 Genus MYIARCHUS Cabanis. 
 
 190. (452). Myiarchus crinitns (Linn.). Crested Flycatcher. 
 A summer resident in the southern part of the state, and uncom- 
 mon within the limits of the Canadian fauna. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 79 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident'' 
 (Johnson); Cumberland, "uncommon summer resident" (Brown's Cat. 
 Bird 8 of Portland, p. 17) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain); 
 Kennebec, "summer resident" (Dill) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "rare summer resident, usually only two or three individuals 
 observed in the course of a season" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "not uncom- 
 mon, breeds" (Homer) ; Somerset, "quite common summer resident*' 
 fMonvll); \Valdo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "very rare" (Boardmau) ; 
 York, "rare suimm-r resident "(Adams). 
 
 SAYORNIS Bonaparte. 
 
 191. (456). Sayornis phoebe (Lath.). Phnebe. 
 
 A common summer resident which is locally known as "Bridge 
 Pewee" from its propensity for placing its nest under bridges, 
 where the beams overhead serve as a foundation for the domicile. 
 The names Phoebe and Pewee are given the bird on account of its 
 notes which resemble these words. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident'' (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fail field and Houlton'' (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Xutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Han- 
 cock, "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "visitant" (Norton) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "common summer resident" (Knight); 
 Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer 
 
 iident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo. (Spratt): Washington, "rare" (Boardman) ; York, "not com- 
 
 >n summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Genus CONTOPUS Cabanis. 
 Subgenus NUTTALLORNIS Ridgw. 
 
 192. (459). Contopus borealis (Sivains.). Olive-sided Fly- 
 ;atcher. 
 
 A summer resident chiefly confined to the Canadian fauna, else- 
 where it occurs quite commonly in the migrations. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "has been seen here" (Walters, The 
 Birds of Audroscoggin Co., p. 23 j ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort 
 Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumber- 
 land, "rare" (Mead); Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain); Ken- 
 nebec, "rare summer resident" (Dill) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliff ) ; 
 >xford, "breeds rarely" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "tolerably common summer 
 
 jident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Washing- 
 ton, "not uncommon summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
80 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Subgenus CONTOPUS Cabanis. 
 
 193. (461). Contopus virens (Linn.}. Wood Pe wee. 
 Common summer resident throughout the state, frequenting the 
 
 trees of both woodland and city. The characteristic, drawling 
 note "pe-wee-a-a-" is one of the best evidences of its presence, 
 even when the bird is not seen. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "not uncommon at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (Mead); Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Han- 
 cock, "summer resident" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "quite common summer 
 resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "rare in summer" (Rackliff) ; Ox- 
 ford, "common, breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "common throughout the 
 summer" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer 
 resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "not uncommon 
 summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus EMPIDONAX Cabanis. 
 
 194. (463). Empidonax flaviventris Baird. Yellow-bellied 
 Flycatcher. 
 
 A somewhat rare summer resident of those counties within the 
 Canadian fauna, while in other parts of the state it occurs as a rare 
 migrant. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu. (Walter's Birds of Androscoggin 
 County, p. 23) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fairfield, breeds" 
 (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "quite 
 rare transient" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 18) ; Franklin, "rare 
 summer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "rare summer resident" 
 (Knight); Kennebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer resi- 
 dent" (Norton) ; Oxford, "breeds at Richaulson Lake" (Cf. Osborue, 
 Bull. Nutt Orn. Club, Vol. 4, p. 240); Peuobscot, "quite common 
 summer resident" (Knight) ; Somerset, "not common migrant" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "not uncommon summer resi- 
 dent" (Boardman). 
 
 195. (466a). Empidouax traillii alnorum Brewst. Alder 
 Flycatcher. 
 
 A fairly common summer resident in most parts of the state, 
 but owing to its frequenting alder thickets and other low bushy 
 areas and being rarely met with outside of its favorite habitat, this 
 species has not been reported from many localities where it 
 
UIKDs OF MAIXK. 81 
 
 undoubtedly occurs. This is the TrailFs Flycatcher of previous 
 lists, but as pointed out by Mr. Brewster in The Auk, Vol. 12, p. 
 161, Audubon's type of traiUii was from the west, and our eastern 
 bird being subspecifically distinct, this name is given it by him. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "seen at Houlton" (Purdie, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 1, p. 76); Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 18) ; Franklin, "common summer resident'' 
 (Swain) ; Hancock, "quite common summer resident" (Knight) ; Kenne- 
 bec, "rare summer resident" (Robbins) ; Knox, "summer" (Racklift) ; 
 Oxford, "rare breeder" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite a common summer 
 resident, but not met with except in alder thickets" (Knight) ; Piscata- 
 quis. "common summer resident" (Whitman) ; Sagadahoc, "rare sum- 
 mer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Waldo, (Knight); Washington, "not uncommon summer resident" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 196. (467). Empidonax minimus Baird. Least Flycatcher. 
 
 Common summer resident throughout the state. This species 
 can always be distinguished from all the other Flycatchers found 
 here by its cry of "che-bec, che'-bec." The bird in hand when com- 
 pared with the Alder Flycatcher resembles it very closely, but the 
 wing of the latter is over 2.60 inches in length while the wing of 
 the Least Flycatcher is under 2.60, and there is also a slight dif- 
 ference in the color of the wing coverts. The notes of the two 
 species are altogether different, as are the nests and eggs, and 
 the habitats of the birds, the Least Flycatcher always frequenting 
 open woods, orchards, or the trees of our towns and cities, while 
 ulii'H'tim is always confined to alder growths. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "summer resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "common summer resident" 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Oxford, "common breeder" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 "very common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, 
 breeds'' (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Morrell) ; AValdo, (Spratt) ; Washington, 
 "abundant summer resident" (Boardmau) ; York, "common summer 
 resident" (Adams). 
 
82 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Suborder OSCINES. Song Birds. 
 Family ALAUDID^. Larks. 
 Genus OTOCORIS Bonaparte. 
 
 197. (474). Otocoris alpestris (Linn.). Horned Lark. 
 Occurs only as a winter resident and then is subject to periods of 
 
 variable abundance. It is of somewhat local occurrence, being 
 met with commonly in some places, while not occurring at all in 
 others. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 land, "gregarious winter resident of variable abundance'' (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 17) ; Knox, "winter" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "occurs 
 in winter at Norway" (Verriirs List of Birds of Norway) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common" (Homer) ; Washington, "very rare" (Boardman). 
 
 198. (474b). Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. Prairie 
 Horned Lark. 
 
 The published records of this subspecies and the preceding 
 species have been inextricably mixed, and consequently I have 
 been obliged to ignore all previous records of either and only admit 
 records which are made on the basis of specimens actually in exis- 
 tence. The first published record of the occurrence of praticola in 
 Maine will be found in the Maine Sportsman for April, 1897, 
 page 6. Mr. J. C. Mead of North Bridgton, the author of the 
 above cited article writes me as follows : "On March 13th, 1897, 
 my attention was called to a flock of about 25 birds feeding busily 
 in the street near the outskirts of our village (North Bridgton, 
 Cumberland Co.). I secured four specimens. Measurements and 
 descriptions led me to believe that I had secured the Prairie Horned 
 Lark. Mr. A. H. Norton who has examined all the skins pro- 
 nounces them typical of this variety." Mr. Norton writes that two 
 of these are males by dissection, one a male by proportions and 
 markings, and the remaining one a female by dissection. A pair 
 of these birds in the collection of the University of Maine are 
 typical specimens. They were killed at Bucksport, Hancock Co. 
 about '86 or '87, in the winter, by Alvah G. Dorr. Mr. Harry 
 Merrill has a typical male which was killed at Bangor, Peuobscot 
 Co., March 30th, 1887. Mr. Wallace Homer of Monson, Piscata- 
 quis Co., has a fairly typical example which is a male according to 
 appearances. Prof. A. L. Lane of Waterville, Keunebec County, 
 
I-.I1MX <>K MAINK. 83 
 
 has a specimen, seemingly a male, which was taken at that city in 
 the spring of '92 or '93. Mr. C. H. Morrell of Pittsfield, Somerset 
 County, lias a male taken there March 29th, 1892, one taken March 
 27th, 1*9."). ami a female taken March 22ud, 1894. Mr. C. D. 
 Farrar of Lewiston, Androscoggin County, took a specimen from a 
 flock of 8 or 10/Febraary i^'.th, 1897. Part of these have been veri- 
 fied ly Mr.Brewster,and the identification of the remainder rests upon 
 the author. With the foregoing evidence we may safely say that the 
 Prairie Horned Lark is a regular migrant in many parts of the 
 state, and it is not improbable that it may ultimately be found 
 breeding within our limits. 
 
 Family CORVID^E. Crows, Jays, Ma-pies, etc. 
 
 Subfamily GARRULIX.K. Magpies and Jays, 
 
 Genus CYANOCITTA Strickland. 
 
 199. (477). Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). Blue Jay. 
 
 A tolerably common resident of general distribution, usually 
 frequenting dense woods in this state, and rarely venturing within 
 the limits of our villages and towns. In Illinois, Kansas, and 
 other western states this bird is quite different in its habits, ven- 
 turing freely and boldly into the towns and villages, and construct- 
 ing its nest in trees in the very dooryards. I was much surprised 
 to find our Maine Blue Jays so shy and unsociable, being quite 
 the opposite of the tame, fearless Jays I had known in the west. 
 
 < ounty Records. Audroscoggin, "common resident"' (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt . 
 O'rn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "common resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common resident" (Swaiu) ; Hancock, "common resident'? 
 (Dorr); Kenuebec, "quite common resident" (Sanborn); Knox, "sum- 
 nirr" (Hackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash); Penobscot, "resi- 
 dent, commonest in fall, in summer this species retires to the most iso- 
 lated localities to uest and in such places it is not uncommon" (Knight) ; 
 I'Ucat.-iqiiis, "common resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common resi- 
 dent" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not very common resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "common resident"' (Boardman) ; York, 
 "all too common" (Adams). 
 
 Genus PERISOREUS Bonaparte. 
 
 200. (484). Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.). Canada Jay. 
 
 A typical bird of the Canadian fauna and resident within its 
 limits. Elsewhere in the state it occurs only as a straggler. About 
 
84 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 the lumber camps of northern Maine it is one of the commonest 
 and most familiar of birds, and here it is known as the Moose Bird 
 or Whiskey Jack. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare visitant" (Johnson) ; Aroos- 
 took, "very common at Houltou" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. On. Club, 
 Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "very rare" 
 (Swain) ; Hancock, "rare" (Dorr) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; 
 Oxford, "breeds rarely" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "common in northern part 
 of the county, quite rare in the southern part" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common resident" (Homer); Somerset, "found near Jackman" (Harvey 
 and Knight) ; Washington, "common resident" (Boardman) ; York, "a 
 few seen" (Adams). 
 
 Subfamily CORVINE. Crows. 
 Genus CORVUS Linnaeus- 
 
 201. (486a). Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. Northern 
 Raven. 
 
 A quite common resident along the coast and of rare occurrence 
 in the interior. On May 16, 1896, 1 observed a nest of this spe- 
 cies containing nearly fledged young, on an island in Penobscot 
 Bay. A colony of Black-crowned Night Herons were breeding on 
 the same island, but no eggs were found in any of the nests save 
 two. Under the nests were dozens of the eggs with "bill holes" in 
 them which clearly demonstrated the use they had been put to by 
 the Ravens. In June 1 again visited the island and found the 
 young Ravens flying about, while the Herons had been driven from 
 the place by the constant prosecutions they had been subjected to. 
 
 County Records. Aroostook, "rare at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "very rare winter visitor" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 17) ; Franklin, "rare or accidental" 
 (Richards) ; Hancock, "resident and nests on many of the islands along 
 the coast" (Knight) ; Knox, "resident" (Rackliff) ; Lincoln, "seen in 
 June, 1897" (Norton) ; Oxford, "visitant" (Xash) ; Penobscot, (Hardy) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "common, nests" (Spinney); Washington, "not common, 
 breeds" (Boardman). 
 
 202. (488.). Corvus americanus And. American Crow. 
 
 A common resident along the coast, a common summer resident 
 throughout the state, and of rare occurrence in winter in the inte- 
 rior. The Crow is a much maligned bird and undoubtedly does far 
 more good than harm. The small amounts of corn and grain 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 85 
 
 which are eaten are more than paid for by the great numbers of 
 injurious insects which are devoured. Along the coast Crows may 
 be seen at low tide, feeding on the various forms of marine animals 
 which are exposed by the receding waters. I have very good evi- 
 dence that this species also visits the outer islands and feeds on the 
 eggs of the Black Guillemots and Terns. I have seen them leave 
 islands where these birds nested, and on landing found fresh frag- 
 ments of partly devoured eggs with "bill holes" in them. It is a 
 mystery how they manage to get the eggs of the Guillemots, 
 as they are always deposited far under piles of rocks, and the 
 ingenuity of a collector is taxed to find them. On the whole I 
 believe the Crow is rather more beneficial than injurious to the 
 farmer. 
 
 Couuty Record. Androscoggin, "abundant .summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149); Cumberland, "common resident'' (Mead); 
 Franklin, "common resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common resident" 
 (Knight) ; Kennebec, "quite common summer resident, rarely resident" 
 (.(Janliner Branch); Knox, "resident" (Rackliff) ; Lincoln, "common" 
 (Norton); Oxford, "common, breeds" (Xash) ; IN-nobscot, "abundant 
 summer resident, rare in winter" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "summer resi- 
 dent" (Homer): Sagadahoc, "common" (Spinney); Somerset, "common 
 summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common resident along the coast, 
 probably common summer resident in interior" (Knight) ; Washington, 
 "common resident" (Boardman) ; York, "common" (Adams). 
 
 Family STURNID^E. Starlings. 
 Genus STURNUS Linnaeus. 
 
 203. (493). Sturnus vulgaris Linn. Starling. 
 
 Mr. George A. Boardman informs me that it is accidental at 
 Calais, a specimen having been shot by a Mr. Nichols, on May 4, 
 1889. 
 
 Family ICTERID^E. Blackbirds, Orioles, etc. 
 Genus DOLICHONYX Swainson. 
 
 204. (494). Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). Bobolink. 
 
 A common summer resident wherever there are grassy meadows 
 and fields throughout the state. The male is well known by 
 his wild, happy, rollicking song. The dull-colored female is 
 less apt to be noticed, and fewer people are acquainted with 
 
86 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 the quaker wife of one of our best songsters. In fall the 
 males take on a dull-colored plumage and their sole cry be- 
 comes a low chirp or chink. In early September they leave for the 
 rice marshes of the south and here they are known as Rice Birds. 
 In New York restaurants they are served to epicures under the 
 name of Reed Birds, although the despised English Sparrow is now 
 being brought into their place under the same name. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, " not rare at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Orn. CJub, Vol. 7, p. 149) Cumberland, "common summer resident'' 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "sum- 
 mer resident" (Murch) ; Kenuebec, "common summer resident" (Gardi- 
 ner Branch) ; Kuox, "summer" (RacklhT) ; Oxford, "common, breeds" 
 (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "very common breeder" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, 
 (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant summer resident" (Boardmau) ; 
 York, "rarely breeds" (Adams). 
 
 Genus MOLOTHRUS Swaiuson. 
 
 205. (495). Molothrus ater (Bodd.). Cowbird. 
 
 A common summer resident in most parts of the state and of 
 very general distribution. This species makes no nest of its own, 
 but instead deposits its eggs in the nests of smaller birds, usually 
 laying only one egg in a nest though as many as four eggs of 
 the Cowbird have been found in one nest, these probably being the 
 product of as many different females.. The nests of our Warblers 
 are perhaps thus imposed on most often, though the Chipping Spar- 
 row, Red-eyed Vireo, and other small birds are also forced to 
 receive the intruding egg into their nests. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 'summer 1 resident" (Dorr) ; 
 Kennebec, "quite common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, 
 "a common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "not common" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, 
 "rare summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus XANTHOCEPHALUS Bonaparte. 
 
 206. (497). Xauthocephalus xauthocephalus (Bonap.}. Yel- 
 low-headed Blackbird. 
 
1UKDS OK MAINK. 87 
 
 Of purely accidental occurrence, only one specimen having been 
 taken in the state. This was taken by Mr. Rackliff, at Spruce 
 Head, Knox County, on August 17, 1882. (Cf. Norton, The 
 Auk, Vol. 11, pp. 78-79, and also in the same connection Cf. 
 Ridgway, The Auk, Vol. 4, p. 256 ; the notes by Mr. Norton 
 give more details of this bird and also corrections regarding the 
 date of capture). 
 
 Genus AGELAIUS Vieillot. 
 
 207. (498). Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.). Red-winged Black- 
 bird. 
 
 Common everywhere in migrations, while in summer it is locally 
 abundant wherever marshes and cat-tail swamps furnish an abiding 
 place. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "abundant summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "quite common on Eel River" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "breeds" (Murch) ; Kenuebec, "common summer resident" (Gardiner 
 Branch) ; Knox,"surnmer" (Rackliff) ; Lincoln, (Norton) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 commonly" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "common summer resident in suitable 
 localities"(Kuight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resi- 
 deut"(Morrell) ; Washington, "abundant summer resident*' (Boardman) ; 
 York, "common summer resident (Adams). 
 
 Genus STURNELLA Vieillot. 
 
 208. (501). Sturnella magna (Linn.). Meadow Lark. 
 
 A rare summer resident of local occurrence. Its scarcity in parts 
 of the state is partly due to the lack of suitable expanses of meadow 
 and grass land which this species loves to frequent, and partly to its 
 being a typical Alleghanian species. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 land, "rare summer resident, oftenest seen in migration" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 16) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain) ; 
 Kennebec, (Larrabee) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds rarely" (Nash) ; Penobscot, u a pair of these birds frequented 
 the same field in the summers of 1894 and 1895, and their nest was found 
 by some small boys the first season ; outside of this pair of birds I have 
 never seen more than three other individuals in the county" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "rare, one specimen" (Spin- 
 ney) ; Somerset, "rare summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "acci- 
 dental" (Boardmau). 
 
88 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus ICTERUS Brisson. 
 Subgenus PENDULINUS Vieillot. 
 
 209. (506). Icterus spurius (Linn.}. Orchard Oriole. 
 Accidental within the state, only three instances of its occurrence 
 
 being known, these all based upon the capture of specimens. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "have one taken near Auburn" 
 (Pike) ; Knox, "a specimen was taken at Thomaston by Chas. A. 
 Creightou" (E. Smith) ; Washington, "accidental, a male taken here in 
 the sixties" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus YPHANTES Vieillot. 
 
 210. (507). Icterus galbula (Linn.). Baltimore Oriole. 
 
 A summer resident of the southern and western part of the state, 
 where it is quite common, while in the eastern and northern parts 
 it occurs only as a straggler. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" (Murch) ; 
 Kennebec, "quite common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 "common summer resident of the southern part of the county while in 
 the northern part it does not occur to my knowledge" (Knight) ; Piscat- 
 aquis, "not common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "rare, three speci- 
 mens" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "straggler" (Boardmau) ; York, "quite 
 common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 211. (508). Icterus bullocki (Swains.). Bullock's Oriole. 
 This western bird is entitled to a place in the list upon the 
 
 strength of a specimen taken at Sorrento, Hancock County, and 
 now in the collection of Mr. Manly Hardy of Brewer. What is 
 undoubtedly this same specimen is recorded by Mr. Brewster in 
 The Auk, Vol. 7, p. 92, although he erroneously gives the locality as 
 "near Bangor." 
 
 Genus SCOLECOPHAGUS Swainson. 
 
 212. (509). Scolecophagus carolinus (Mull.). Rusty Black- 
 bird. 
 
 A common migrant of general occurrence, while in the extreme 
 northern counties of the Canadian fauna it breeds to some extent. 
 It has been reported as nesting in the Magalloway region. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 89 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, ''fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare sunmn'r iv>i<lent, speci- 
 mens shot late in June" (Swain) ; Kennebec, (Larrabee) ; Kuox, 
 'migrant' 1 (Racklift); Oxford, (Xash) ; Peuobseot, "common migrant" 
 (Knight); Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common migrant" (Spinney); Somerset, "common migrant'' 
 (Monvll : Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "common migrant and rare 
 summer resident" (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus QUISCALUS Vieillot. 
 Subgenus QUISCALUS. 
 
 213. (51 Ib). Quiscalus quiscula ameus (Ridgw.). Bronzed 
 Grackle. 
 
 This is the Purple Grackle of previous lists, although it is well 
 to emphasize the point that the true Purple Grackle has never been 
 taken in the state. Previous to the pointing out of the distinctive 
 characteristics of the Bronzed Grackle, all these birds were included 
 under the above named species, and for this reason it has been 
 given in previous lists as Purple Grackle. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 149); Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Han- 
 cock, "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "rare summer resident" 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 rarely" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "common summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "rare, 
 three specimens" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident*' 
 (Morrell) ; Washington, "very abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; 
 York, (Adams). 
 
 Family FRINGILLID^E. Finches, Sparrows, etc. 
 
 Genus COCCOTHRAUSTES Brisson. 
 Subgenus HESPERIPHONA Bonaparte. 
 
 214. (514). Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.). Evening 
 Grosbeak. 
 
 A casual visitor from the west which was recorded from a 
 number of the eastern states during the winter of 1889-90, when 
 an extensive eastern movement of these birds took place. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "a male taken on the Bates College 
 campus, January 10th, 1890" (Walter, The Birds of Androscoggin County, 
 p. 14); Oxford, "I mounted one taken at Fryeburg" (Xash); 
 
90 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Penobscot, u Mr. S. L. Crosby has seen a specimen of this bird, shot in 
 Brewer in the winter of 1889-90, while Geo. P. Shepheid records another 
 specimen from Bangor, taken March 18, 1890, while a companion which 
 it had escaped." (For this last Cf. Shepherd, The Oologist, May 1890, 
 p. 86). 
 
 Genus PINICOLA Vieillot. 
 
 215. (515). Pinicola enucleator (Linn.). Pine Grosbeak. 
 This is a fairly regular winter visitor of varyindg abundance. 
 
 During the winters of 1895-96 and 1896-97 it was very abundant. 
 In 1893-94 none of these birds were seen near Bangor, and they 
 were seemingly equally rare throughout the state. In captivity 
 these birds make interesting and affectionate pets, and the song 
 (both sexes sing though the males sing more frequently) is, 
 according to my opinion, far sweeter in tone than that of the 
 Canary. It is interesting to note that while in nature the adult 
 males are adorned with carmine crown, breast, back, and upper 
 tail coverts, this color changes to a pale orange at the first moult 
 which takes place in captivity. Young males, which are like the 
 females in general appearance during the first year, also take on 
 this orange color in captivity, instead of assuming the carmine 
 garb when they reach maturity. For an account of the habits of 
 this bird in captivity see Knight, The Auk, Vol. 13, pp. 21-24. It 
 is a rare summer resident in the northern and eastern counties of 
 the Canadian fauna. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common winter visitant" (John- 
 son) ; Cumberland, "common winter migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "com- 
 mon winter resident'' (Swain) ; Hancock, "irregular winter migrant"' 
 (Murch) ; Keuuebec, "common winter visitor" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "winter" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common in winter, rare in summer" 
 (Nash) ; Penobscot, "usually common in winter, and especially so for 
 the last two seasons, '96-'97" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common winter 
 visitor" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "irregularly common winter visitor" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "irregularly common winter resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "common in winter, rare summer resi- 
 dent" (Boardman) ; York, "regular winter visitant" (Adams). 
 
 Genus CARPODACUS Kaup. 
 
 216. (517). Carpodacus purpureus (GmeL). Purple Pinch. 
 A common summer and rare winter resident in most parts of the 
 
 state. While this species seems to prefer to frequent the neigh- 
 
BIRDS OF .MA INK. 91 
 
 borhoocl of houses in the settled parts of the state, yet in the back- 
 woods I have seen it far from any dwelling, and in as great 
 abundance as it occurs elsewhere. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggln, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairtield" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 147) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead), "a few of these birds wintered about Westbrook and Gorham 
 through *!)l-'92" (Xortou) ;Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swiu) ; 
 Hancock, "summer resident'' (Murch) ; Keunebec, "rare resident" (Gar- 
 diiit-r Branch); Kuox, "summer"' (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds com- 
 monly" (Xash) ; Peuobscot, "common summer and rare winter resident" 
 (Knight); I'Ucataquis, "breeds, resident in mild winters" (Homer); 
 Sngadahoc, "common except in midwinter" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "quite 
 common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, 
 "abundant, breeds" (Boardman) ; York, "common migrant, may breed'' 
 (Adams). 
 
 Genus LOXIA Linmeus. 
 
 217. (521). Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). American 
 Crossbill. 
 
 A resident species but not found in any one place in 
 numbers through the season. The Crossbills are among the 
 most irregular and eccentric of birds, breeding at almost 
 any season of the year and in any part of the state where the 
 impulse to do so comes to them. They have been reported breed - 
 11112; in February in other states. At Jackman in the latter part of 
 August, 1895, Prof. F. L. Harvey and myself observed old birds 
 feeding their young, evidently not long from the nest, and also saw 
 paired birds flying about. (Cf. Knight, The Auk, Vol. 12, pp. 
 390-91). Mr. Manly Hardy of Brewer also informs me that his 
 sou found a nest in June, some years ago, a short distance back of 
 his residence in the above named city. It was situated in a juniper 
 tree and was taken with the female parent. The eggs were unfort- 
 unately broken. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common winter visitor" 
 (Johnson); Cumberland, "common winter migrant" (Mead); Franklin, 
 "common resident" (Kichards) ; Hancock, "common in winter and I 
 have observed it on Pickering's Island in May and also June" (Knight) ; 
 Keuuebec, "very rare resident" (Powers) ; Knox, "winter" (Rackliff) ; 
 Oxford, "breeds" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "irregularly abundant, I have 
 seen the species every month of the year" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "com- 
 mon in winter" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "irregularly common winter visi- 
 
92 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 tor 7 ' (Spinney) ; Somerset, "irregular winter visitant" (Morrell) ; Waldo, 
 "seen in May" (Knight) ; Washington, "uncertain, some winters abun- 
 dant, breeds in winter" (Boardman) ; York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
 218. (522). Loxia leuooptera Gmel. White-winged Cross- 
 bill. 
 
 A resident species of much rarer occurrence than the preceding 
 and more liable to occur in winter. It seemingly nests exclusively 
 in winter, as it has not been reported breeding in summer like the 
 American Crossbill. Much still remains unknown regarding the 
 life histories of our Crossbills. The two species often occur in the 
 same flock though leucoptera always occurs least abundantly. Said 
 to be common all the year, about the lumber camps with the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare winter visitor" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "rare winter migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common winter 
 resident" (Richards) ; Kennebec, "very rare resident" (Powers) ; Knox, 
 (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "usually very 
 rare but often sporadically common, has been taken in late April' 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "winter visitor, some winters common" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "not common" (Spinney) ; Washington, uncertain, some 
 winters common, breeds in winter" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus ACANTHIS Bechstein. 
 
 219. (527a). Acanthis hornemannii exilipes (Coues). Hoary 
 Redpoll. 
 
 Dr. Brewer referred this species to eastern Maine (Cf. Brewer, 
 Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. 17, 1875, p. 441), but no evi- 
 dence is there adduced to prove its occurrence. Verrill also men- 
 tions it in his list, but without citation of the grounds upon which 
 he admits it to the list. The first authentic record of this bird 
 having been taken in the state is given in the Proceedings of the 
 Portland Society of Natural History for April 1, 1897, by Mr. A. 
 H. Norton who writes : "A specimen of this rare bird was taken 
 at Westbrook, Maine, January 26, 1896. It was in a flock com- 
 posed chiefly of common Redpolls and Pine Siskins, with a few 
 Greater Redpolls intermingled. It is a female, apparently not fully 
 mature." While it is quite probable that the species in question is 
 
 NOTE Amadina rubronigra, an African species of Finch, has once been taken 
 in Maine though it was beyond doubt an escaped cage bird. (Cf. Allen, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 5, p. 120). Not knowing its proper place in the classification 
 I give it here. 
 
I'.IKDS OF MAINK. 93 
 
 of regular occurrence ID winter, we have at present no evidence 
 that such is the case. 
 
 220. (528). Acauthis linaria (Linn.). Redpoll. 
 
 A winter resident of irregular abundance throughout the stair, 
 and also a rare summer resident near Calais. Flocks of from 10 
 to 300 individuals may often be seen feeding on the seeds of alders, 
 junipers, or various weeds by the roadsides and in the fields. 
 Probably all four of the varieties sometimes occur in one flock. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common winter visitor" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common winter migrant* 7 (Mead) ; Frankliu, "irregularly 
 abundant winter visitor" (Lee and McLain) ; Hancock, "winter resident" 
 (Dorr); Kenuebec, "quite common winter visitor" (Powers); Kuox, 
 "winter" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "visitant" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "irregu- 
 larly abundant winter resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common winter 
 visitor" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common spring and fall" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "common winter resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Wash- 
 ington, "common winters, also summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, 
 "migrant" (Adams). 
 
 -I'll. (528 a). Acanthis linaria holbcellii (Brehm). Holboell's 
 Redpoll. 
 
 The first Maine and fifth eastern example of this bird is a male 
 which was taken at North Bridgton, Cumberland County, on 
 November 25, 1878, by Mr. J. C. Mead, who reports that it 'was 
 in company with a flock of A. linaria. Mr. Mead sent the speci- 
 men to me along with a number of A. linaria for identification, 
 and upon submitting it to Messrs. Brewster and Ridgway they 
 agreed in referring it to this race. Mr. Mead has since very gen- 
 erously presented the specimen to me, and it now occupies a prom- 
 inent place in my cabinet. The only other eastern examples 
 recorded are one from Quebec (Ridgway), and three from Massa- 
 chusetts (Brewster), but it may occur far more regularly than 
 these records would indicate. 
 
 2-2-2. (528b). Acanthis linaria rostrata (Cones). Greater 
 Redpoll. 
 
 The first published record of the occurrence of this species in the 
 state is given by Prof. Wm. L. Powers in the Maine Sportsman 
 for February, 1897, p. 9. This relates to a specimen shot by him 
 at Gardiner, Keunebec County, on December 30, 1896. Mr. Fred 
 Rackliff of Spruce Head has in his possession a specimen taken in 
 
94 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Knox County. It remained for Mr. A. PI. Norton to show that this 
 subspecies occurred abundantly near Westbrook in 189j|f. In the 
 proceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History for April 
 1897, p. 104, he writes: "This large dark form was abundant in 
 Westbrook during the months of January and February, 189^. 
 It was first observed January 26, when it was less numerous than 
 true linaria with which it was constantly associated. Its numbers 
 were augmented by new arrivals, and on February 2nd it was the 
 prevailing form. On the 8th of the month no Redpolls could be 
 found. A return movement was soon noticed with constant increase 
 in numbers until March loth. Rostrata, was not observed after 
 February 27th." From this we may safely say that this race is 
 likely to occur commonly in winter. 
 
 Genus SPINUS Koch. 
 
 223. (529). Spinus tristis (Linn.). American Goldfinch. 
 
 A common summer resident throughout the state and also of not 
 infrequent occurrence in winter. This species is commonly known 
 as Yellow Bird, Wild Canary, and Thistle Bird. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 147) ; Cumberland, "common resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common summer resident, sometimes in winter" (Lee and 
 McLain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "common 
 resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, 
 "common, breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "common in summer and rare 
 winters" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, often resident" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common 
 resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant, breeds' * 
 (Boardman) ; York, "breeds" (Adams). 
 
 224. (533). Spinus pinus ( Wils.). Pine Siskin. 
 
 A common migrant in the fall, often sporadically abundant, and 
 somewhat rarer in winter. It is a resident species in those parts of 
 the state which are within the Canadian fauna. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare winter visitor" (Call) ; Aroos- 
 took, "seen at Sherman in June" (Knight) ; Cumberland, "common 
 migrant, one nest taken" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common resident" 
 (Swain) ; Hancock, "migrant" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "very rare" 
 (Dill) ; Knox, "winter visitant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Nash) ; 
 Penobscot, "common in fall, rare in winter and summer" (Knight) ; Pis- 
 cataquis, "rare summer resident" (Whitman), "common winter resident" 
 
P.IKP8 OF MAINE. 95 
 
 V 
 
 (Homer); Somerset, "very irregular, sometimes summer r->idMit" 
 Waldo, "rare" (Spratt); Washington, "winter visitant, 
 summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Genus PLECTROPHENAX Stejneger. 
 225. (534). Plectropheuax nivalis (Linn.). Snowflake. 
 
 Winter resident, everywhere abundant. These birds may be 
 found in flocks running along the country roads, seeking for the 
 undigested seeds in horse droppings. They also feed on various 
 seeds in the fields and meadows, and are especially likely to be 
 found about manure heaps in the rear of barns, when the snow has 
 covered all other sources of food. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common winter visitor" (Johnson) ; 
 < umberland, "common winter visitor" (Mead); Franklin, "winter vis- 
 itor" (Swain) ; Hancock, "winter resident" (Dorr) ; Kennebec, "common 
 winter resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "winter" (Rackliff); Oxford, 
 "visitant" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "common November to April and often 
 very abundant" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common winter visitor" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common fall, spring and winter" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "common winter resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Wash- 
 ington, "winter visitant" (Boardman) ; York, "common" (Adams). 
 
 Genus CALCARIUS Bechstein. 
 
 220. (536). Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Long- 
 spur. 
 
 An irregular and rare winter visitor from the north. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "very rare winter resident" (Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 13) ; Knox, "I have a specimen taken at St. 
 George" (Norton) ; Oxford, "visitant" (Xash) ; Piscataquis, "rare" 
 (Homer) ; Washington, a ver} r rare" (Boardman). 
 
 227. (538). Calcarius ornatus (Towns.). Chestnut-collared 
 Longspur. 
 
 A straggler from the west and of purely accidental occurrence. 
 specimen was taken at Scarborough. Cumberland County., 
 LUgust 13, 1886. (Cf. Goodale, The Auk, Vol. 4, p. 77). 
 
 Genus POOC^ETES Baird. 
 
 J2.S. (540). Poocsetes gramiueiis (Gmel.). Vesper Sparrow. 
 
 This bird is commonly known to rural observers as Grass Finch. 
 [t is common as a summer resident of fields and grassy meadows 
 :hroughout the state. 
 
96 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 148); Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "abundant summer resident" 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common 
 summer resident" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "common summer resident" 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Spinney); Somerset, "quite common summer 
 resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant summer 
 resident" (Boardman) ; York, "abundant summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Genus AMMODRAMUS Swainson. 
 Subgenus PASSERCULUS Bonaparte. 
 
 229. (541). Ammodramus princeps (Mayn.). Ipswich Spar- 
 row. 
 
 A somewhat rare migrant along the coast. This bird has at 
 present only been known to breed on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 
 while elsewhere it occurs as a migrant or in winter. Its habits, 
 nest, eggs, etc., are very minutely described by Dr. Dwight. (Cf. 
 D wight, The Ipswich Sparrow and Its Summer Home, Memoirs 
 of the Nutt. Orn. Club, No. 2). 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "transient, rare in spring, common in 
 autumn, confined to the seashore" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p- 
 13) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Sagadahoc, "one specimen in 
 spring" (Spinney). 
 
 230. (542 a). Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). 
 Savanna Sparrow. 
 
 A common summer resident of most parts of the state. I have 
 found it especially abundant on many of the grassy islands along 
 the coast. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 148) ; Cumberland, "rare near Bridgton" 
 (Mead), "abundant summer resident" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, 
 p. 13) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, 
 "common summer resident especially on the islands" (Knight); Kenne- 
 bec, "abundant summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer'' 
 (Rackliff) ; Lincoln, "common on the islands" (Xorton) ; Oxford, 
 "fairly common summer resident" (Johnson) ; Peuobscot, "common 
 summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; 
 
HIKDS OK MAINE. '.1 7 
 
 :-i.-r. % v>>in;n<Mi siimmcr ivsHfiit" ( Morrell) ; Waldo, "common 
 PuniinM % rc-i'lMit" (Knight); Washington, ''abundant -UIIIIIKT resident*' 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus COTURNICULUS Bonaparte. 
 
 2:51. (.Vli 1 .). Aimno'lramus savannannn passeriuus (Wit*.). 
 Grasshopper Sparrow. 
 
 An accidental visitor from the south of which there is only one 
 record for the state. Mr. Boardman reports it as very rare or acci- 
 dental at Calais, Washington County. (Cf. Boardman, Proc. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 9, p. 126). 
 
 Subgenus AMMODKAMUS. 
 
 232. (549.) Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmel.). Sharp- 
 tailed Sparrow. 
 
 A summer resident along the southern coast. Nathan Clifford 
 Brown fouud this species at Scarboro late in October, 1876. (Cf . 
 Brown, Bull. Niitt. Orn. Club, Vol. 2. p. 27 ; Vol. 3, p. 98). During 
 1879 he found them there in the summer and apparently breeding. 
 (Cf. Brown, Bull. Nut. Orn. Club, Vol. 5, p. 52). In a recent paper 
 on "The Sharp-tailed Finches of Maine," A. H. Norton says: 
 ''Though search has now been made, it has not been found farther 
 to the north than Scarboro, Maine, and the physical features of 
 the coast are such as to suggest the improbability of the normal 
 range extending beyond this town." (Cf. Norton, Proc. Port. 
 Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 2, March 15, 1897, p. 99). It has been 
 recorded from Cumberland County only. 
 
 233. (549a). Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen. Nel- 
 son's Sparrow. Admitted on Mr. Norton's excellent authority as 
 follows: "This bird, an inhabitant during the breeding season of 
 the valleys of the Preat Lakes, Upper Mississippi, Red River of 
 the North, and portions of Missouri, is now added to the fauna of 
 Maine on the strength of two specimens taken at Scarboro, 
 October 16th, 1894. It is likely to be found in numbers all along 
 the Maine coast." (Cf. Norton, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
 L897, p. 99). He also says that specimens have been taken within 
 the habitat of natylawitu* near the breeding season, but there is no 
 proof they were breeding. 
 
98 BIRDS OP MAINE. 
 
 234. (549b). Ammodramus caudacutus stibvirgatus Divight. 
 Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow. 
 
 First taken in the state at Scarboro, Cumberland County in 
 October, 1879. (Cf. Dwight, The Auk, Vol. 4, p. 237). I will 
 here again quote from Mr. Norton's paper, cited previously, which is 
 authoritative on the status of these Finches in the state. He 
 says: "It therefor gives me much pleasure to have the privilege 
 of introducing this bird as a summer resident on our coast, breed- 
 ing in fair numbers as far to the southwestward as Small Point, 
 Sagadahoc County. Here I observed them August 7, 1896, at 
 which date they were still engaged in their domestic duties. The 
 males were in full song, and in particular spots were to be heard 
 quite constantly, a fact that I found to be of much importance in 
 finding them, even while in their very midst." (Cf. Norton, ibid, 
 p. 100). I regret that lack of space forbids me citing more of 
 this extremely interesting paper. Mr. Boardmau writes me that 
 he has taken a Sharp-tailed Sparrow near Calais, Washington 
 County. It is probably referable to this subspecies which un- 
 doubtedly occurs along our entire eastern coast as a summer resi- 
 dent. 
 
 235. (550). Ammodramus maritimus (Wils.). Seaside 
 Sparrow. 
 
 Of purely accidental occurrence as a straggler from the south, 
 a specimen having been taken at Shark Island. (Cf. Smith, 
 Forest and Stream, December 18, 1884, p. 405). 
 
 Genus ZONOTRICHIA Swainson. 
 
 236. (554). Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). White- 
 crowned Sparrow. 
 
 A fairly common migrant of quite general distribution. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly eoramou migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare migrant" 
 (Richards); Hancock, "rare'" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "rare migrant" (Lar- 
 rabee) ; Kuox (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, "visitant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "fairly 
 rare migrant" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common migrant" (Homer) ; 
 Somerset, "rare migrant" (Morrell) ; Washington, "very rare" (Board- 
 man) ; York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
 237. (558). Zouotrichia albicollis ( Gmel. ) . White- throated 
 Sparrow. 
 
r,mi>s <>i .MAINK. 99 
 
 A common summer resident of those counties within the Cana- 
 dian fauna, while in the migrations it is abundant everywhere. 
 It is commonly known as Peabody Bird from its well known spring 
 cull which sounds as if it were whistling ''come, come, sow }*our 
 pea, sow your pea, sow your pea." 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "abundant at Fort Fairfield, nests" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 148) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (M>ad) : Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Han- 
 cock, "summer resident, common on the wooded islauds"(Kuight) ; Keuue- 
 bec, "quite common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Kuox, "sum- 
 mer'' (Rackliff); Oxford, "common breeder" (Nash); Penobscot, 
 "abundant migrant, common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common migrant" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Knight) ; Washington, "abundant summer resident" 
 (Boardmau) ; York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
 Genus SPIZELLA Bonaparte. 
 
 238. (559). Spizella monticola (Gmel). Tree Sparrow. 
 
 A common migrant in fall and spring, while it is not rare to find 
 specimens of this bird wintering in suitable localities throughout 
 the state. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "common migrant" (Johnson) ; Cum- 
 berland, "common migrant" (Mead), "rather common winter resident" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 14) ; Franklin, "common winter 
 resident'' (Richards); Hancock, "migrant" (Murch) ; Keunebec, 
 "quite common" (Gardiner Branch); Kuox, "winter" (Racklift); 
 Oxford, (Xash); Penobscot, "common migrant, have taken specimens iu 
 January" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "winter visitor" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 
 (Sprutt) ; Somerset, "common winter resident, most abundant in fall 
 and spring" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "only in migra- 
 tions" (Boardman) ; York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
 239. (560). Spizella socialis ( Wils. ). Chipping Sparrow. 
 
 A common and in some localities abundant summer resident. It 
 was rightly named socicdis, as it seems to prefer to frequent the 
 neighborhood of dwellings when it is possible to do so, although I 
 have found the species nesting quite a distance from any house. 
 It is commonly known as Chippy and Hair Bird, this latter name 
 being due to the fact that it almost invariably lines its nest with 
 hair. 
 
100 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "abundant summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 148) ; Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "quite common summer resi- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch); Knox, "summer" (Rackliff); Oxford, "com- 
 mon breeder" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "abundant summer resident" 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" 
 (Morrell) ; Waldo. (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant summer 
 resident" (Boardman) ; York, "abundant" (Adams). 
 
 240. (563) . Spizella pusilla ( Wils.). Field Sparrow. 
 
 Occurs as an uncommon summer resident of the Alleghanian 
 fauna, while in the counties of the Canadian it is very rare or acci- 
 dental. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Call) ; Cumberland, "uncommon summer resident" (Brown's Cat. Birds 
 of Portland, p. 14), "not common" (Mead); Franklin, "rare summer 
 resident" (Swain) ; Kennebec, "summer resident" (Larrabee) ; Knox, 
 "summer" (Norton) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Nash) ; Sagadahoc, "rare" 
 (Spratt) ; York, "not common summer resident" (Adams.) 
 
 Genus JUNCO Wagler. 
 
 241. (567). Junco hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored Junco. 
 A common summer resident within the Canadian fauna, while 
 
 elsewhere it is of common occurrence as a migrant, and also to a 
 limited extent as a winter resident. Known to many under the 
 name of Black Snowbird. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "abundant migrant, rare summer 
 resident" (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairlield" (Batchel- 
 der, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 148) ; Cumberland, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Mead), "abundant transient, uncommon summer resident, 
 occasionally found throughout the winter" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Port- 
 land, p. 14) ; Franklin, "common resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer 
 resident" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "abundant" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "resident" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common breeder" (Nash); Penobscot, 
 "abundant migrant, not uncommon resident" (Knight); Piscataquis, 
 "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, (Spratt) ; Somerset, "common 
 migrant, possibly summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "summer resi- 
 dent" (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant summer resident" (Board- 
 man) ; York, "common migrant, a aest found in '82" (Adams). 
 
BIRDS OF MAIM:. 
 
 101 
 
 Genus MELOSPIZA Baird. 
 
 '2 -['2. (581). Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). Song Sparrow. 
 
 An abundant summer resident everywhere, both on the islands 
 of the coast and throughout the interior. Specimens have been 
 taken in winter, but it is doubtful if the species is a regular winter 
 resident, even in the extreme southern counties. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "abundant summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, u common at Sherman" (Knight) ; Cumberland, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" 
 (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident, common on the islands" (Knight) ; 
 Kennebec, "quite common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Kuox, 
 "summer resident" (Racklift); Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash); 
 Penobscot, "common in summer, have seen it in February" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common sunnm-i 
 resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, "summer resident" (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant sum- 
 mer resident" (Boardman) ; York, "common summer resident" (Adam*) . 
 
 243. (583). Melospiza lincoluii (And.). Lincoln's Sparrow. 
 A rare spring and fall migrant which probably occurs throughout 
 
 the state. Owing to its resemblance to the Song Sparrow, it is 
 liable to escape detection by being mistaken for this species. A 
 female specimen was shot at Westbrook, Cumberland County, Sep- 
 tember 20, 1896, by Arthur H. Norton. Mr. Boardmau gives it 
 as rare for Washington County and occurring in spring only. 
 
 244. (584). Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). Swamp Sparrow. 
 A fairly common summer resident of quite general distribution, 
 
 but very likely to escape observation on account of its general 
 resemblance to the other Sparrows. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "not common at Houltou" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Xutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 148) ; Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "quite common summer resident" (Lee and 
 McLaiu) ; Kennebec, "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; Kuox, "summer" 
 (Racklift) ; Oxford, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, 
 "summer resident, commoner than one would believe from the very few 
 specimens taken" (Knight) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" 
 (Morrell) : Washington, "not uncommon summer resident" (Boardman) ; 
 York, "not common migrant" (Adams). 
 
102 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Genus PASSERELLA Swainson. 
 
 245. (585). Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow. 
 
 Of quite general and common occurrence as a fall and spring 
 migrant. This is the handsomest of our Sparrows and bears a not 
 distant superficial resemblance to the Thrushes. At first glance 
 I have often mistaken one of these birds for a Thrush, and it needed 
 the second look to convince me of my mistake. They greatly love to 
 scratch about among dead leaves and other fallen rubbish, while 
 the noise thus produced is worthy of a larger bird. While hunting 
 in the fall I have often mistaken the scratching of this bird among 
 the leaves for a Grouse running along, and my gun would leap to 
 my shoulder before the mistake in the identity of the noise pro- 
 ducer was discovered. 
 
 County Eecords. Androscoggin, "common migrant" (Johnson) ; Cum- 
 berland, "common migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare migrant" (Swain) ; 
 Kennebec, "very rare migrant" (Powers) ; Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; 
 Oxford, "migrant, very common" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "common 
 migrant" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common migrant" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common spring migrant" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common migrant" 
 (Morrell) ; Washington, "fall and spring" (Boardman) ; York, "not 
 very common migrant" (Adams). 
 
 Genus PIPILO Vieillot. 
 
 246. (587). Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). Towhee. 
 
 A somewhat common summer resident of those countries within 
 Alleghaniau fauna, while elsewhere in the state it is of rare or 
 casual occurrence. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Sag- 
 adahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; York, "very abundant" 
 (Adams). 
 
 Genus CARDINALIS Bonaparte. 
 
 247. (593). Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.). Cardinal. 
 
 It is highly probable that all of this species which have been 
 taken in the state are escaped cage birds, but at the same time the 
 fact that Cardinals have been taken in a state of freedom entitles 
 them to be represented in the list. Prof. Powers of Gardiner 
 writes that one of these birds was shot from a flock of three, in that 
 vicinity, in 1896. In response to further queries on my part, he 
 
r.IRDS OF MAIXK. 103 
 
 positively states that the specimen showed no signs of having been 
 a caged bird. Smith's List also gives this species a place as a 
 straggler or escaped cage bird. Whatever the manner of its occur- 
 rence, it must rank as an accidental visitor to the state, being 
 purely a bird of the Carolinian fauna. 
 
 Genus ZAMELODIA Cones. 
 
 :MS. (595). Zamelodia ludoviciaua (Linn.). Rose-breasted 
 Grosbeak. 
 
 A rare summer resident of the eastern parts of the state, while 
 elsewhere it is common, or even quite abundant in some localities. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 148) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 ivsMi-iit" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident'' (Richards); 
 Hancock, "rare*" (Dorr) ; Keuuebec, "common summer resident'' (Gar- 
 diner Branch); Knox, "rare migrant" d'acklift'); Oxford, "common 
 breeder" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "regular but rare summer resident" 
 (Knight); Piscataquis, "not uncommon, breeds" (Homer); Sagadahoc, 
 "tivo specimens" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not common summer resident" 
 (Morn-ID: Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "rare summer resident" 
 (IJoardman) ; York, "quite abundant" (Adams). 
 
 PASSERINA Vieillot. 
 249. (598). Passerina cyanea (Linn.). Indigo Bunting. 
 A not uncommon summer resident of quite general distribution 
 within our limits. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Frank- 
 lin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 (Dorr) ; Keunebec, "common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; 
 Knox. "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "fairly common summer resi- 
 dent" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "not very common summer resident" 
 ( Knight) ; Piscataquis. "summer resident, not common" (Homer) ; Sag- 
 adahoc, "not common, seen in June" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare sum- 
 mer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "not uncommon summer resident" 
 (Boardmau) ; York, "quite abundant, breeds" (Adams). 
 
 Genus SPIZA Bonaparte. 
 
 2.~>0. (604). Spiza americana (GmeL). Dickcissel. 
 Of purely accidental occurrence as a straggler from the south. 
 A specimen taken October 10, 1888, is recorded from Westbrook, 
 
104 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Cumberland County, by Mr. Norton. (Cf. Norton, The Auk, Vol. 
 10, p. 302, and also ibid. Vol. 11, pp. 78-79). Mr. Rackliff 
 reports taking a specimen in Knox Count} 7 . A third example has 
 been taken on Job's Island, Penobscot Bay. (Cf. Townsend, The 
 Auk, Vol. 2, p. 106). 
 
 Family TANAGRID^E. Tanagers. 
 Genus PIRANGA Vieillot. 
 
 251. (607). Piranga ludoviciaua ( Wils. ) . Louisiana Tauager. 
 Accidental, a specimen having been taken near Baugor about 
 
 October 1, 1889, and sent to Mr. S. L. Crosby, the well known 
 Bangor taxidermist. Regarding this same bird Mr. Manly Hardy 
 writes: "I saw the remains of that Louisiana Tanager you ask 
 about. It was an adult male and was brought in the flesh but too 
 far gone to mount. It was a Louisiana Tanager without any ques- 
 tion as I compared it with mine." The fact that this was com- 
 pared with named specimens by such a reliable and careful 
 observer as Mr. Hardy is a sufficient voucher for the reliability of 
 this record. 
 
 252. (608). Pirauga erythromelas Vieill. Scarlet Tanager. 
 
 A rare summer resident of quite general distribution within our 
 limits. The handsome scarlet males, with black wings and tail, 
 are easily identified by any persons having the slightest knowledge 
 of Ornithology, but the duller colored females, while easily identi- 
 fied, have not the prominent colors of their mates. 
 
 County Records. Androseoggin, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Aroos- 
 took, "rare at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 
 Ill); Cumberland, "rare" (Mead); Franklin, "rare summer resident" 
 (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" (Dorr) ; Keuuebec, "very rare 
 summer resident" (Robbins) ; Knox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "rare, not seen or reported since 1891" 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "four 
 specimens in spring" (Spinney) ; Waldo, "rare" (Spratt) ; Washington, 
 "rare summer resident" (Boardmau) ; York, "rare, sometimes breeds'' 
 (Adams). 
 
 253. (610). Piranga rubra (Linn.). Summer Tanager. 
 There is seemingly but one record for the state, this specimen 
 
 being taken at Wiscasset, Lincoln County, and recorded in Smith's 
 List in the Forest and Stream. Mr. Boardman has taken it in 
 New Brunswick. 
 
i;n:i OK MAIM.. 
 
 105 
 
 Family HERUNDINHXE. Swallows. 
 
 Genus PROGNE Boie. 
 
 254. (611). Progne subis (Lin n.). Purple Martin. 
 A common summer resident in the vicinity of dwellings where 
 martin houses have been erected for their accommodation. They 
 seemingly return to the same house every year, and usually have a 
 hard light to regain possession of it, as during their absence the 
 Knglish Sparrows have usually taken possession. However, in 
 such fights the Martins usually prove victorious, and the intruding 
 t j,,,ii''xtirux is forced to seek a new home. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "abundant summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "seen at Fort Fail-field and lloultou" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "common throughout the summer" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "very rare sum- 
 mer resident" (Larrabee) ; Kuox, "summer" (Uacklifl) ; Oxford, "com- 
 mon breeder" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "common in the cities, somewhat rarer 
 in the country, but occur wherever houses have been provided for their 
 benefit" (Knight); Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer); Sagadahoc 
 (Spratt) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo 
 (Spratt) ; Washington, "common summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, 
 "common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Genus PETROCHELIDON Cabanis. 
 
 255. (612). Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow. 
 
 A very common summer resident of general distribution. These 
 birds arc commonly called Eave Swallows from their habit of build- 
 ing their large flask-shaped nests of mud beneath the eaves of 
 buildings. They are also called Republicans, presumably because 
 they nest in colonies. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 m) ; Aroostook, "abundant at Fort Fail-field*' (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 110); Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "com- 
 mon on the inhabited islands along the coast and also in the interior, 
 breeds, (Knight) ; Keunebec, "very common summer resident"' (Gar- 
 diner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliflf) ; Oxford, "common, breeds" 
 (Nash) ; Penobscot, "abundant summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" 
 (Spinney); Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell); Waldo 
 (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant summer resident" (Boardmau) ; 
 York, "-common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
106 BIRDS OF MAIN?:. 
 
 Genus CHELIDON Forster. 
 
 256 . (613). Clielidon erythrogastra (Bodd. ) . Barn Swallow. 
 A common summer resident throughout the state. These birds 
 
 nearly always nest in colonies, placing their nests of mud within 
 barns and unoccupied houses, and attaching them to the side or 
 placing them on top of some beam. They are very common on 
 some of the islands along our coast, and in July, 1893, I found two 
 pair nesting in an unoccupied hut on Seal Island which is situated 
 far out to sea. 
 
 County Records Androscoggiu, ''abundant summer resident'' (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fail-field'' (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident"' 
 (Mead); Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Hancock, 
 "breeds on many of the inhabited islands and in the interior" (Knight) ; 
 Keunebec, "quite common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, 
 "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penob.scot, 
 "abundant summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, 
 "very abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Genus TACHYCINETA Cabanis. 
 
 257. (614). Tachycineta bicolor (VieilL}. Tree Swallow. 
 A common summer resident both in the vicinity of houses and in 
 
 the wilderness. Near civilization it prefers to place its nest in 
 some hole or crevice of a building or in an unoccupied martin 
 house, while in other localities it nests in holes in trees. I have 
 found these birds especially common along our rivers and about 
 our ponds and lakes, in such places placing their nests in deserted 
 woodpecker or other holes, in stumps near to the water. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "tolerably common summer resi- 
 dent" (Johnson); Aroostook, "abundant at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; 
 Hancock, "common summer resident" (Knight) ; Keuuebec, "common 
 summer resident" (Gardiner Branch); Knox, "summer" (Rackliff); 
 Oxford, "common, breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "breeds commonly" 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" 
 (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant summer 
 resident" (Boardman); York, "common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
I'.IKDS OF MAINK. l'7 
 
 CLIVICOLA Forster. 
 
 258. (610). Clivicolti riparia ( Linn. ). Hunk Swallow. 
 
 Common summer resident in localities where the sand banks 
 afford perpendicular walls in which these birds can excavate their 
 nesting burrows. These are often dug to a depth of three feet, 
 although the average in places where the birds are not disturbed 
 by small boys is about a foot and a half. At the end of these, the 
 four to seven white eggs are deposited in a rudely made nest of 
 dry grass or straw, which is often lined with feathers. 
 
 County Records. Aiidroscoggin, "abundant summer resident" (Johu- 
 son) ; Aroostook. "common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead;: Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swsiiu) ; Hancock, U I 
 have found this species nesting abundantly along the shores of many 
 islands along the coast" (Knight); Kennebec, "common summer nM- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch); Knox, "summer" (Rackliil); Lincoln, 
 "briM-iU at Damariscotta" (II. E. Berry, The Oologist, December, 1888, 
 p. 175); Oxford, "common breeder" (Nash); Penobscot, "abundant 
 breeder" (Knight ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds"' (Homer); Sagada- 
 he. "common summer resident" (Spinney); Somerset, "i-om- 
 mon summer resident (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common summer 
 resident" (Knight); Washington, "very abundant summer resident" 
 (Boardman) ; York, "common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Family AMPELIDJE. Waxwings etc. 
 Subfamily A^I PKLI X^K. Waxwings. 
 
 Genus AMPELIS Linnaeus. 
 
 2-Vj. (618). Ampelis garrulus Linn. Bohemian Waxwing. 
 An irregular winter visitor from the north which probably occurs 
 throughout the entire state, although it has only been recorded 
 from two counties. 
 
 Countv Records. Kennebec, given in Hamliu's list of "Birds of Water- 
 ville,'' Report of Secretary Maine Board of Agriculture, 1865, pp. 168-173) ; 
 Washington, "rare, some winters occurs in large flocks" (Boardman). 
 
 260. (619.). Ampelis cedrorum ( Vieitt. ). Cedar Waxwiug. 
 
 A common summer resident and of rare occurrence in winter. 
 Commonly known as Cherry Bird on account of their fondness for 
 this fruit. Upon their arrival in the spring 1 have often observed them 
 mgaged in pecking at apple blossoms, and seemingly eating 
 
 irts of the same, though I have never shot one at this period, so 
 
108 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 engaged, and cannot say what part of the blossom, if any, is actu- 
 ally eaten. At this time of the year the farmers call them Apple Birds 
 and this term applies until the advent of ripe cherries brings a change 
 in their diet and name. They are certainly insectivorous to a 
 large extent, and undoubtedly devour enough injurious insects to 
 more than pay for the limited quantities of fruit they take as toll. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 7, 
 p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 (Murch) ; Kennebec, "common" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" 
 (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common breeder" (Tv r ash) ; Penobscot, "common 
 summer resident, rarely seen in winter" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "com- 
 mon, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spin- 
 ney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; 
 Washington, "common summer resident, some in winter" (Boardmau) ; 
 York, "common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Family LANIID^E. Shrikes. 
 Genus Lanius Linnaeus. 
 
 261. (621). Lanius borealis Vieill. Northern Shrike. 
 
 Of quite common occurrence as a winter resident. This species 
 does not breed in the state, all published records to the contrary 
 notwithstanding. All statements that this species has been found 
 nesting in the state are made by incompetent observers, and upon 
 investigation will be found to refer to the succeeding species. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common winter resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Cumberland, "common winter migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "rare winter resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, (Dorr) ; Keunebec, "rare" 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "winter" (Racklift*) ; Oxford, "fairly com- 
 mon migrant" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "quite common in late fall, winter 
 and early spring" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "com- 
 mon in winter" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not common winter visitant" 
 (Morrell) ; Washington, "common fall and winter" (Boardmau) ; York, 
 "rare migrant" (Adams). 
 
 262. (622). Lanius ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike. 
 
 Summer resident in many localities where the conditions are 
 favorable, while in other places the species has not been reported. 
 In common with the preceding it is called Butcher Bird, and I have 
 heard the name Joree also applied to it, this latter coming from an 
 attempt to syllabize the cry of the bird. Our Maine birds are 
 
r,n;i' <>F MAIM.. 
 
 109 
 
 intermediate between the Loggerhead and White-ramped varieties, 
 but on the whole they approach nearest to the former, and have 
 been assigned to it whenever specimens have been sent to authori- 
 ties for identification. The A. O. U. Check-List also gives New 
 England as part of its habitat. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "rare summer resident* 1 (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, u of regular occurrence, it has come to my notice only dur- 
 ing April and August, in Westbrook, Gorham, etc." (Norton) ; Franklin, 
 "rare summer resident"' (Richards); Hancock, summer resident'' 
 (Muivhi: Kcnncbrc. "rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; Oxford, "rare summer 
 resident" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "common summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Whitman) ; Somerset, "(mite 
 common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "rare summer resi- 
 dent" (Boardmau) ; York, "rare migrant" (Adams). 
 
 Family V1REONIDJE. Vireos. 
 
 Genus VIREO Vieillot. 
 Subgenus VIREOSYLVA Bonaparte. 
 
 263. (624). Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). Red-eyed Vireo. 
 
 The commonest species of its family with us, and of very gen- 
 eral distribution as a summer resident within our limits. It is a 
 bird of both woodland and shady city streets, its presence during 
 the breeding season being evidenced by its ever constant song. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfleld" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. Ill) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 M'-ad); Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Hancock, 
 "summer resident" (Murch) ; Kennebec, "common summer resident" 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 commonly" (Nash); Penobscot, "common breeder" (Knight); Piscata- 
 quis, "common, breeds" (Homer); Sagadahoe, "common summer resi- 
 st" (Spinney); Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell); 
 r aldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant summer resident" 
 toardman) ; York, "common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 264. (626). Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). Philadelphia 
 Vireo. 
 
 A summer resident of the Canadian fauna, while elsewhere in 
 state it is of somewhat rare occurrence as a migrant, according 
 to the data now at hand. It is very probable that this species has 
 been overlooked by many Ornithologists, owing to its resemblance 
 
 the Warbling species, while its song is almost indistinguishable 
 from that of the Red-eyed Vireo. 
 
110 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Franklin, "rare migrant" (Richards) ; Keuuebec, 
 "occurs at Waterville" (Deane, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 1, p. 74) 
 Oxford, "at the 1896 Congress of the A. O. U. Mr. Brewster spoke of 
 this bird being observed at Upton in the breeding season and that it was 
 fairly common"; Washington, "rare"' (Boardman). 
 
 265. (627). Vireo gilvus (VieilL). Warbling Vireo. 
 
 A fairly common summer resident of many favored localities 
 within the state, and seemingly showing a marked partiality for 
 the various shade trees which line the streets of our cities and 
 towns. It is rightly named Warbling Vireo as its rolling warbling 
 song may be heard wherever it occurs during the breeding season. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resi- 
 dent" (Swain); Hancock, "summer resident" (Dorr); Kenuebec, "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Oxford, "occurs at Norway" 
 (Purdie, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 2, p. 15); Penobscot, "rare 
 summer resident within City of Bangor along the shaded streets" 
 (Knight) ; Somerset, "not common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Wash- 
 ington, "not plenty, summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus LANIVIREO Baird. 
 
 266. (628). Vireo flavifrons Vieill. Yellow-throated Vireo. 
 This is seemingly the rarest of our Vireos, with the possible 
 
 exception of V. philadelphicus, and like the rest of its family it is 
 a summer resident within our boundaries. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "rare, two specimens, taken in May and on July 31, 1878, 
 near Bridgton" (Mead), "I know of but one specimen which was taken 
 May 21, 1881" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 10) ; Franklin, "rare 
 summer resident" (Swain) ; Kennebec, (Robbins) ; Sagadahoc, "rare'' 
 (Spratt). 
 
 267. (629). Vireo solitarius ( Wils.). Blue-headed Vireo. 
 
 Of quite rare and somewhat local distribution during the breed- 
 ing season, while in some places it is of fairly common occurrence 
 as a migrant. It is to be looked for in the depths of the woods, 
 hence the name Solitary Vireo which is often applied to it. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "common at Houlton, not common at Fort Fairfleld" 
 (Batchelder). (Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. Ill); Cumberland, 
 "common migrant" (Mead) ; "rather rare summer resident" (Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 10); Franklin, "rare summer resident" 
 (Swain) ; Keunebec, "very rare" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer 
 
 
I'.fKDS OF MAIM.. Ill 
 
 resident" (Norton); Oxford, "occurs at I'pton" (Brewstor Bull. Nutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 'J. p. 116) ; Peuobseot, u rare summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataiuis. "ran-** (Homer); Sagadahoc, (Spratt ' : Somerset, 4 'not 
 common migrant" (Morrell); Waldo. (Spratt; : Washington, 4 'uot com- 
 mon summer resident" (Boardman.) 
 
 Family MNIOTILTIDJE. Wood Warblers. 
 
 Genus MNIOTILTA Vieillot. 
 
 268. (636). Mniotilta variti (Linn.). Black and White 
 Warbler. 
 
 Of quite general occurrence as a summer resident and common 
 during the migrations. This bird much resembles the Creepers in 
 habits, creeping up and down tree trunks in search of food, hang- 
 ing head down or in other seemingly impossible positions, and 
 acting entirely different from the other Warblers. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson); Aroostook, "observed at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 X ut t. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109); Cumberland, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident*' (Swain) ; Han- 
 cock, "quite common summer resident" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "quite 
 common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Kiiox, "summer resident" 
 (Norton) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "common 
 migrant and fairly common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "ommiou summer resident" (Whitman) ; Sagadahoc, "common migrant" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, 
 (Spratt) ; Washington, "common summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, 
 "very common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Genus PROTON OTARI A Baird. 
 
 26D. (637). Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). Prothonotary 
 Warbler. 
 
 Accidental, a single individual having been taken at Calais, 
 Washington County, October 30th, 1862, by Mr. Boardman. 
 (Cf. Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 3, p. 153). 
 
 Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Ridgway. 
 
 270. (645). Helmintb.oph.ila rubricapilla (Wils.). Nashville 
 Warbler. 
 
 A very common migrant and fairly common summer resident of 
 lost portions of the state. 
 
112 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County .Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "observed at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common migrant" (Mead), "com- 
 mon summer resident" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 6) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 (Knight) ; Kennebec, "common summer resident" (Larrabee) ; Knox, 
 "summer" (Racklift) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite com- 
 mon summer resident, abundant in migrations" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "not common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, (Spratt) ; Somerset, "quite 
 common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "common summer 
 resident" (Boardman). 
 
 271. (647). Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). Tennessee 
 Warbler. 
 
 A qnite rare summer resident within the Canadian fauna and of 
 occurrence elsewhere chiefly as a migrant. Owing to its close 
 resemblance to the Nashville Warbler, this bird has probably been 
 overlooked by many observers. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Franklin, "rare migrant" (Richards) ; Kenuebec, (Larrabee) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds at Upton" (Mayard's List of Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and 
 Oxford Co., Maine, p. 7) ; Penobscot, "very rare summer resident" 
 (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "rare summer resident" (Whitman) ; Somerset, 
 "one shot out of a flock of six or eight, May 15, 1896" (Morrell) ; 
 Washington, "common summer resident" (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus COMPSOTHLYPIS Cabanis. 
 
 272. (648a). Compsothlypis americana usneai Brewster. 
 Northern Parula Warbler. 
 
 This new described subspecies of the Parula or Blue-Yellow- 
 backed Warbler is a fairly common summer resident of many por- 
 tions of the state. The nest is seemingly always placed in a clus- 
 ter of the tisnea lichen, ( Usnea longissima) and usually at no 
 great distance from the ground. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare summer resident" (Johnson); 
 Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead); Franklin, "rare sum- 
 mer resident" (Swain) ; Kennebec, "common summer resident" (Gar- 
 diner Branch) ; Knox, "summer resident" (Norton) ; Oxford, "Breeds at 
 Upton" (Mayard's List of Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford, Co., 
 Maine, p. 6) ; Penobscot, "quite common summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis. "common" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resi- 
 *dent" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common migrant, apparently not a sum- 
 mer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "not uncommon summer resident' 
 (Boardman). 
 
BIRDS Otf MAINE. 113 
 
 Genus DENDROICA Gray. 
 Subgenus PERISSOGLOSSA Baird. 
 
 273. (050). Dendroica tigrina (GmeL). Cape May Warbler. 
 
 A somewhat uncommon summer resident of the Canadian fauna, 
 elsewhere of quite rare occurrence in migrations. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare migrant"* (Johnson); Aroos- 
 took, u a male shot at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
 Vol. 7, p. 110); Cumberland, "common migrant" (Mead); Franklin, 
 rare migrant" (Richards); Kennebec, (Gardiner Branch); Oxford, 
 "probably breeds" (Given in Mayanl's List of Birds of Coos Co., X. H., 
 and Oxford Co., Maine, p. 13) ; Piscataquis, "rare" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 
 fan'" spratt) ; Somerset, "rare, one specimen taken August 22, 1893" 
 (Mon-fll); Washington, "summer resident of variable abundance"' 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Subgenus DENDROICA Gray. 
 
 2 74 . ( 652 ) . Dendroica tustiva ( GmeL ) . Yellow Warbler. 
 
 The Summer Yellow-bird is one of our commonest Warblers, 
 being a very common summer resident of general distribution. It 
 is characteristic of no particular faunal area, being found through- 
 out all temperate North America, except in the extreme southwest 
 and northwest where its subspecies occur. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "occurs at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder. Bull. Nutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mi-ad); Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Hancock, 
 suiniiKT resident" (Murch) ; Keunebec, "abundant summer resident'' 
 (Gardiner Branch) ; Kuox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "abundant at 
 Norway" (Verrill's List of the Birds of Norway, Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. 
 3, p. 136 et seq.) ; Penobscot, "very common summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 PUcataquis, "rare summer resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc "common 
 summer resident" (Spinney); Somerset, "summer resident'' (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; 
 York, ijuite common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 275. (654). Dendroica c;t>rulescens (Gmel.). Black-throated 
 Blue Warbler. 
 
 A somewhat common summer resident in some sections of the 
 state, and of very general occurrence as a migrant. The males 
 being of a general grayish-blue color above, the sides of their head 
 and the throat black, and their breast and belly white, together 
 
 8 
 
114 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 with the white spot on the wing at the end of the primary wing 
 coverts, they are easily identified. The females are more sober in 
 coloration, though equally easily recognized by persons acquainted 
 with the species. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "-rather common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common migrant" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "rare summer resident"' (Swain) ; Kennebec, "summer resi- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch); Kiiox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff); Oxford, 
 "common and breeding at Upton" (Maynard's List of Birds of Coos Co., 
 N. H., and Oxford Co., Me., p. 8) ; Penobscot, "common migrant 
 and summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "three specimens, all in fall" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare 
 summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "not abundant summer resi- 
 dent" (Boardmau) ; York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
 276. (655). Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrtle Warbler. 
 
 Of very general distribution and everywhere common in the 
 migrations, being known to many persons as the Yellow Bumped 
 Warbler. It is also a common summer resident in the northern 
 and eastern parts of the state, growing less abundant at this season 
 as one enters the counties of the Alleghanian fauna. It is primarily 
 a bird whose distribution in the breeding season is limited by the 
 southern boundaries of the Canadian fauna, although a few strag- 
 glers remain to nest south of this limit. It is the first Warbler to 
 appear in spring and the last to leave in fall. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "abundant transient near 
 Portland, six individuals were seen at Pine Point on January 1, 1885, 
 and two of them secured" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, pp. 7 and 38) ; 
 "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common summer resident, occurs at this 
 season on many of the wooded islands along the coast" (Knight) ; Ken- 
 nebec, "common summer resident" (Larrabee) ; Kuox, "summer" (Rack- 
 liff) ; Oxford, "common at Upton in the breeding season'' (Maynard'a 
 List of Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Me., p. S) ; Penobscot, 
 "common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" 
 ^Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "rare summer resident, common migrant" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common 
 summer resident" (Knight) ; Washington, "abundant summer resident" 
 (Boardmau); York, "quite common*' (Adams). 
 
BIRDS OF MA INK. 115 
 
 277. (657). Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.}. Magnolia Warbler. 
 Known to many as the Black and Yellow Warbler, this species is 
 
 a quite common summer resident of general distribution. While 
 seemingly most abundant within the Canadian fauna, it slightly 
 overlaps into the Alleghanian during the breeding season, though 
 not common therein. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Call) ; Aroostook, "occurs at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 7) ; "not rare migrant" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Kennebec, "common 
 summer resident" (Gardiner Branch); Knox, "summer" (Kacklift); 
 Oxford, "breeds commonly" ; Xash) ; Peuobscot, "quite common sum- 
 mer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, (Spratt) : Somerset, "quite common summer resident" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Waldo, "summer resident" (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant 
 summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 278. (659). Dendroica pensylvauica (Linn.). Chestnut- 
 sided Warbler. 
 
 < Juite common as a summer resident of very general distribution. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "common at Fort Fairfield," (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. 
 Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 .M-;i(l); Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Keuuebec, 
 'rare summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" (RacklifT) ; 
 Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common, breeds" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, 
 "rare, two spring specimens" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer 
 resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "not uncommon 
 summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, "quite common" (Adams). 
 
 279. (660). Dendroica castauea (Wils.). Bay-breasted 
 Warbler. 
 
 As a summer resident this species is strictly confined to the 
 Canadian fauna, and here it is not at all common except locally. 
 As a migrant it probably occurs throughout the state, but it may 
 be ranked as of rare occurrence in most places. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare migrant" (Johnson) ; Cumber- 
 laud, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare migrant*' (Richards) ; Knox, 
 "rare in summer" (Racklifi) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Maynard's List of Birds 
 of Coos County, X. II., and Oxford County, Me., p. 9) ; Penobscot, "very 
 rare even as a migrant, a nest and one egg taken near Orono, are in the 
 University of Maine collection" (Knight) ; Piscataquis. "migrant, not 
 
116 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 uncommon*' (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, ''one specimen in spring" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "rare migrant'' (Morrell) ; Washington, "not uncommon sum- 
 mer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 280. (661). Dendroica striata (Forst.). Black-poll Warbler. 
 
 Quite common in migrations, also quite abundant as a summer 
 resident of the Canadian fauna. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common migrant'' (Johnson) ; 
 Cumberland, "common transient near Portland" (Brown's Cat. Birds of 
 Portland, p. 8) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain) ; Kennebec, 
 "migrant" (Larrabee) ; Knox, "often common" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, 
 "migrant" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite common migrant, have seen it in 
 late May" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common migrant" (Homer) ; Sagada- 
 hoc, "common migrant" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "rare migrant" (Morrell) ; 
 Washington, "not uncommon summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 281. (662). Dendroica blackburnise. (GmeL). Blackbur- 
 nian Warbler. 
 
 Usually quite rare but often locally abundant, both as a summer 
 resident and also in migrations. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "seldom seen at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "not very common summer resident" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 8), "common migrant" (Mead); 
 Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 (Murch) ; Keuuebec, "very rare summer resident" (Powers) ; Knox, 
 "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds verj^ rarely" (Nash) ; Penob- 
 scot, "some years quite common in migrations while other seasons it 
 is not observed, rare as a summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common migrant" (Homer) Sagadahoc, "rare, two specimens in spring" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "not uncommon summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Washington, "not uncommon summer resident" (Boardman). 
 
 282. (667). Dendroica virens (GmeL). Black-throated Green 
 Warbler. 
 
 Very common in migrations, also a common summer resident in 
 most localities. In the summer it should be sought in the tops of 
 the taller evergreen trees and here it places its nest. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (Mead); Franklin, "common summer resident" ( Swain) ; Han- 
 cock, "summer resident" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch) ; Kuox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 commonly" (Nash); Penobscot, "common summer resident" (Knight); 
 
BIRDS 01 MAIM.. 117 
 
 Pisi-ataqiiis, "common, breeds'' (Homer); Sagadahoc, "common summer 
 resident" (Spinney); Somerset, "quite common summer resident" 
 (Mm-rell); Washington, "abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; 
 York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
 283. (671). Deudroica vigorsii (Aud.). Pine Warbler. 
 The Pine-creeping Warbler is quite a common summer resident 
 
 of most portions of the state, although being inclined to occur 
 locally and, as its name would indicate, in pine forests. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (..Johnson) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident, one nest" M 
 Franklin, -rare migrant" (Richards); Kennebec, "very rare summer 
 resident" (Powers) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "quite 
 rare summer resident" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, "common migrant" 
 (Spinney); Washington, "very rare, one specimen" (Boardmau) ; York, 
 "common migrant" (Adams). 
 
 284. (G72 a). Deudroica palmarum hypochrysea Riilyn-. 
 Yellow Palm Warbler. 
 
 One of our commonest Warblers during the migrations. Its 
 chestnut poll, yellow breast streaked with dusky, flycatcher-like 
 actions, and its constant habit of twitching its tail render it one of 
 the most easily identified of our Warblers. It is one of the first 
 Warblers to arrive from the south, being on hand by the last of 
 April or sometimes as early as the 20th, while in the fall it does 
 not depart till late October. The fact that this species nests on 
 the ground makes its nest comparatively difficult to discover, and 
 it is only within the past four years that it has been ascertained 
 to be quite a common breeder of local distribution, within a few 
 counties of the Canadian fauna. Bangor is the southernmost local- 
 ity where it occurs at all commonly in the breeding season, and 
 here its abundance is limited to the precincts of a large juniper bog, 
 locally known as Orono Bog. Mr. Chas. H. Whitman of Baugor 
 first found a nest with young of this bird at the above locality. 
 Since then I have had the pleasure of taking two sets of their eggs, 
 both in early June, and examining a number of nests with young. 
 I have found nests with young on Memorial Day. (For records 
 Cf. Knight, The Oologist, February, 1893, p. 54, and The Nidol- 
 ogist, June, 1895, p. 140). The number of birds breeding here 
 varies from year to year, but even when they are rarest a person 
 cannot walk one-fourth inile in this bog without seeing one or more 
 of them. As it is nearly seven miles long, though interrupted by 
 
118 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 occasional high land, and averages half a mile in width, the num- 
 ber of birds breeding there must be considerable. A set of eggs 
 with the parent bird was taken near Pittsfield, on June 13th, 1894, 
 by Mr. H. H. Johnson. (Cf. Johnson, The Nidologist, June, 
 1895, p. 140). The late Mr. Anson Allen of Orono is said to have 
 taken a nest and eggs near that place some years ago, but I am not 
 aware that they were ever recorded. Wherever open juniper bogs 
 occur, within the Canadian fauna, this bird may confidently be 
 expected to occur as a summer resident, although it is not exclu- 
 sively confined to boggy localities. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common migrant" (Johnson) ; Cum- 
 berland, "common migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare migrant" (Rich- 
 ards) ; Hancock, "occurs, status unknown" (Knight) ; Keunebec, "rare 
 migrant" (Powers) ; Knox, "transient" (Norton) ; Oxford, "fairly com- 
 mon migrant" (Johnson) ; Penobscot, "locally common summer resi- 
 dent" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, (Spratt) ; Somerset, "common migrant, 
 rare summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "very abundant summer 
 resident" (Boardman) ; York, "vernal migrant" (Adams). 
 
 Genus SEIURUS Swaiuson. 
 
 285. (674). Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). Oven-bird. 
 
 A common summer resident of general occurrence, resorting to 
 the solitudes of the woods. Here its song of "Teacher, teacher, 
 teacher" may be heard during the nesting season. Its roofed, 
 oven-like nest is placed on the ground, usually at the base of 
 some small shrub, and is difficult to find unless the parent bird is 
 flushed from it. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson) ; Aroostook, "rather common at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, 
 Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer 
 resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Han- 
 cock, "summer resident" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "quite common summer 
 resident" (Powers); Knox, "summer" (Racklift); Oxford, "common, 
 breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite common summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common 
 summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common summer resident" 
 (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "very abundant summer 
 resident" (Boardman) ; York, "quite common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 286. (675). Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.) . Water-Thrush. 
 Migrant in southern Maine, while in the counties of the Canadian 
 
 fauna it occurs as a summer resident of somewhat local distribu- 
 tion and variable abundance. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 119 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare summer resident"' (Call) ; 
 Aroostook, "breeding at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Orn. 
 chili, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "quite rare" (Mead); Franklin, (Lee 
 & McLaiu) ; Keimebec, "very rare summer resident'" (Dill) ; Kuox, 
 "transient" (Norton) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Maynard's List of Birds of Coos 
 Co., X. H., and Oxford Co., M<>., p. 3) ; Peuobscot, "rare summer resi- 
 dent" (Knight); Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Homer); 
 Sagadahoc, "not commou migrant"' (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common 
 summer resident'" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "rare" (Spratt) ; Washington, 
 "common summer resident"' (Boardman). 
 
 287. (676). Seiurus motacilla (Vieill.). Louisiana Water- 
 Thrush. 
 
 Of accidental occurrence as a straggler from the south. Speci- 
 mens taken at Norway, Oxford County, in 1865, by Mr. Irving 
 Frost, and at Wtiterville, Kennebec County, by Prof. Hamlin dur- 
 ing the same year, are recorded by Stearns. (Cf. Stearns' "New 
 England Bird Life," p. 159). 
 
 Genus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. 
 Subgenus OPORORN1S Baird. 
 
 288. (678). Geothlypis agilis (Wils.). Connecticut Warbler, 
 
 The records of this bird are very meager, but it probably occurs 
 as a regular though rare fall migrant. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "one taken August 30, 1878" (Brown's 
 Oat. Birds of Portland, p. 9), "one taken at Westbrook, September 20, 
 1896" (Norton) ; York, "one at Saco in September, 1885, one September 
 8th and another September 15, 1886" (Cf. Goodale, The Auk, Vol. 4, p. 
 
 77). 
 
 Subgenus GEOTHLYPIS Cabanis. 
 
 289. (679). Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). Mourning 
 Warbler. 
 
 Occurs as a rare transient in the southern counties, and a rare 
 summer resident of the Canadian fauna. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "rare migrant'' (Johnson) ; Aroos- 
 t",,k, "common at Fort Fail-field*' (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Oru. Club, 
 Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer 
 ivMdent" (Swain) ; Keuuebec, (Royal) ; Oxford, "occurs at L'ptou'' 
 (Brewster, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 3, p. 61) ; Sagadahoc, "not uncom- 
 mon migrant" (Spinney) ; Washington, "very rare" (Boardman). 
 
120 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 290. (681). Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). Maryland Yellow- 
 throat. 
 
 A common summer resident, frequenting grassy, bush-inter- 
 spersed meadows, low, bushy clearings and similar localities. Its 
 song resembles the syllables "peachity, peachity, peachity," while 
 the alarm note is a harsh "chit." It prefers to skip about in the 
 low bushes, keeping fairly well concealed from observation, but 
 always making its presence known by uttering its alarm note when 
 its precincts are intruded upon. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "common summer resident' 1 (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "Fort Fail-field, common"' (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, 
 "common summer resident, noted on Deer Isle 7 ' (Knight) ; Kennebec. 
 "quite common summer resident 1 " (Powers) ; Knox, "summer" (Rack- 
 riff) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common summer resident" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington ; 
 "abundant summer resident" (Boardman); York, "common summer 
 resident" (Adams). 
 
 Genus ICTERIA Vieillot. 
 
 291. (683). Icteria virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted Chat. 
 
 An accidental visitor from the south of which only three speci- 
 mens have come to my knowledge. Two of these are Cumberland 
 County specimens, one a male, being taken at North Bridgtou, 
 June 6th, 1880, by Mr. J. C. Mead, while the other is from Port- 
 laud, being recorded by Brown. (Cf. Brown, The Auk, Vol. 11, 
 p. 331). A specimen taken at Elliot, York County, is given in 
 Smith's List of the Birds of Maine. 
 
 Genus SYLVANIA Nuttall. 
 
 292. (685). Sylvania pusilla (Wils.). Wilson's Warbler. 
 
 A rare summer resident of the Canadian fauna, rare as a migrant 
 elsewhere in the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "sometimes rear their .young in this 
 county" (Walter's "Birds of Androscoggiu County, p. 9) ; Aroostook, 
 "breeds at Fort Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. On. Club, Vol. 7, p. 
 110) ; Cumberland, "uncommon transient" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Port- 
 land, p. 9), "I have record of its occurrence in Westbrook, September 
 
HIRDS OF MA INK. 121 
 
 11. l^'.i.V i Xorton) ; Fraukliu, "rare migrant" (Swain); Kenuebec. (Rob- 
 bius) ; Peuobscot, "rare" (Knight) ; Piseataijuis. "rare summer resident" 
 (Whitman); Sairadahoe, "not uncommon migrant" (Spinnev); Somer- 
 set, "rare summer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "not common 
 summer resident" (Boardmau). 
 
 21)3. (G8G). Sylvania canaclensis (Linn.). Canadian Warb- 
 ler. 
 
 A quite common summer resident of general occurrence, but 
 more generally distributed as such within the Canadian fauna. 
 
 Count}' Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "common at Fort Fail-field" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Orn. 
 Club. Vol. 3. p. 61); Cumberland, "rather common summer resident" 
 (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 10) ; Franklin, "common summer 
 resident" (Richards) ; Keunebec, "rare summer resident" (Larrabee) ; 
 Knox, ''summer" (Racklift); Oxford, "occurs at Upton" (Brewster, 
 Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 3, p. 61) ; Peuobscot, "quite common sum- 
 mer resident" (Knight) ; PiscataijuU. ;< uot common" (Homer); Sagada- 
 hoc, "not uncommon migrant" (Spinney); Somerset, "quite common 
 Bammer resident" (Morrell) ; Washington, "common summer resident" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 Genus SETOPHAGA Swainson. 
 
 _ >( .l. (G87). Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). American Redstart. 
 
 Common summer resident everywhere, irrespective of fauual 
 areas, within the state. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "common" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, 
 p. 110) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident'* (Swain) ; Hancock, ''summer resident" 
 (Murch:: Kenuebec. "abundant summer resident*' (Sauborn; ; Kuox, 
 "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "common" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "very 
 common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common summer 
 resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident'' (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "rare" (Spratt) ; 
 Washington, "very abundant summer resident" (Boardmau). 
 
 Genus AXTHUS Bechstein. 
 
 Subgenus ANTHUS. 
 
 295. (697). Anthus peusilvanicus (Lath.). American Pipit. 
 A migrant of irregular abundance, often common in autumn and 
 isually rare in spring. 
 
122 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fall migrant" (Walter's Birds of 
 Androscoggin County, p. 6) ; Cumberland, "irregularly abundant in the 
 inland towns in autumn, a flock of two dozen was observed in Westbrook, 
 May 15, 1889" (Norton) ; Franklin, "not common" (Lee & McLain) ; 
 Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff) ; Peuobscot, "common some falls, rare 
 others" (Knight); Piscataquis, "common migrant" (Homer); Somerset, 
 "common migrant" (Morrell) ; Washington, "common migrant" (Board- 
 man). 
 
 Family TROGLODYTID^E. Wrens, Thrashers, etc. 
 
 Subfamily MIMIN^E. Thrashers. 
 
 Germs MIMUS Boie. 
 
 296. (703). Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). Mockingbird. 
 
 Although many Mockingbirds have been taken in the state, still 
 it seems very evident that they must have all originally been cage- 
 birds which escaped from captivity. While reliable observers have 
 reported seeing these birds at liberty, and, even in midwinter, 
 observed the same individuals for many successive days or weeks, 
 still the very fact that such a southern bird should be here in winter 
 shows that its presence is due primarily to human agency. While 
 specimens have been taken which show no signs of ever being in 
 captivity, still we would not expect such indications of former 
 days of captivity to persist in case they had been free for several 
 weeks. In The Auk for April, 1897, Mr. N. C. Brown records a 
 specimen which was seen at Portland, January 19, and at intervals 
 until February 15, while four days later one of Mr. Brown's neigh- 
 bors saw it. This was beyond a doubt an escaped cage-bird, 
 although Mr. Brown states that it showed no evidences of former 
 captivity. Such evidences would be difficult to detect in a living 
 bird at some distance from the observer. I have been at great 
 difficulty to detect proofs of former captivity in skins of escaped 
 birds when actually in my hands. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, "have one, an escaped cage bird, taken 
 at Gorham, August 12, 1890" (Norton), "one seen at Portland, January 
 19 February 19, 1897" (Cf. Brown, Auk, April 1897, p 225) ; Kuox, 
 "one taken in February (Rackliff), "have one shot at Vinalhaveu, Febru- 
 ary 1891, an escaped cage bird" (Norton); Oxford, (Nash) ; Piscataquis, 
 "one shot in Mouson, October 20th,, 1884, did not seem to have been a 
 caged bird" (Homer) ; Washington, "one observed near Calais in 1870" 
 (Boardmau). 
 
BIRDS OK MAINE. 123 
 
 Genus GALEOSCOPTES Cabanis. 
 
 2'.' 7. (704). Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). Catbird. 
 A summer resident of general distribution, but growing less 
 abundant as the northern and eastern counties are approached. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, ''common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "very rare at Houltou, nests" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. 
 Oru. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, ''common summer resident" 
 (Mead : Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain); Hancock, 
 "summer resident'' (Murch) ; Kenuebec, "quite common summer resi- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "summer" (Racklift) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite common summer resident but far 
 less abundant than in former years" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "summer 
 resident, not common" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" 
 (Spinney); Somerset, "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, 
 (Spratt : Washington, "not very abundant summer resident" (Board- 
 man) ; York, "common" (Adams). 
 
 Genus HARPORHYNCHUS Cabanis. 
 Subgenus METHRIOPTERUS Reichenbach. 
 
 298. (705). Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.). Brown Thrasher. 
 One of the best test species of the Alleghanian fauna which we 
 
 have. A common summer resident within its limits while else- 
 where it is of rare or casual occurrence. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Cumberland, "common in some parts of the county but not so near 
 Portland" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 4), "rare summer resi- 
 dent" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident'' (Richards) ; Kennebec, 
 "common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Kuox, "summer" (Rack- 
 lift ) ; Oxford, "breeds" (Xash) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" 
 (Spinney); York, "quite common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 Subfamily TROGLODYTIN^E. Wrens. 
 
 Genus THRYOTHORUS Vieillot. 
 
 Subgenus THRYOTHORUS. 
 
 299. (718). Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.). Carolina 
 Wren. 
 
 There is in the collection of birds made by Prof. Chas. Hamlin, 
 and at present the property of Colby University, a specimen of 
 lis bird taken at Waterville. Upon this evidence we may admit 
 ic species to the list as accidental. Mr. J. Waldo Xash of Nor- 
 
124 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 way, Me., writes me that he has seen two of these birds there, but 
 unfortunately he did not procure either of them so as to positively 
 verify the record. 
 
 Genus TROGLODYTES Vieillot. 
 Subgenus TROGLODYTES. 
 
 300. (721). Troglodytes aedon Vieill. House Wren. 
 Formerly quite common in many places where it does not now 
 
 occur. Being a typical bird of the Alleghauian fauna, we need 
 only look for it within these limits, and here it was formerly locally 
 abundant. It was formerly common in Penobscot County, near 
 Bangor, but has not been observed there for ten years. In other 
 portions of the state this species seems likewise to be con- 
 tracting its northern range. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggiu, "tolerably common summer resident'' 
 (Call) ; Cumberland, "not seen in many years, formerly occurred'' 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "some 
 years ago a pair built in a bird house in my yard" (Dorr) ; Kennebec 
 (Given in Hamlin's List of the Birds of Waterville, Report of Maine 
 Board of Agriculture, 1865, pp. 168-173) ; Knox, "formerly occasional 
 visitant" (Norton) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, 
 "formerly nested in Bangor, not reported for ten years" (Knight) ; Som- 
 erset "rare summer resident" (Morrell). 
 
 Subgeuus ANORTHURA Rennie. 
 
 301. (722). Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill. Winter Wren. 
 
 A good test species of the Canadian fauna, and quite a common 
 summer resident within its limits, while elsewhere it is a common 
 migrant. A few individuals may remain through winter in the 
 southern counties. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "breeds at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 
 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "rare migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare sum- 
 mer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "summer resident" (Knight) ; 
 Kenuebec, "rare migrant" (Larrabee) ; Knox, "winter" (Rackliff ) ; 
 Oxford, "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite common summer 
 resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Homer) ; 
 Somerset, "quite common summer Tesident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "sum- 
 mer resident" (Spratt) ; Washington, "summer resident, not abundant' 
 (Boardmau) ; York, "migrant" (Adams). 
 
K MAIXK. 125 
 
 Family CERTHIID^E. Creepers. 
 Genus CERTHIA Linna?us. 
 
 302. (726). Certbia familiaris americana (Bonat).). Brown 
 Creeper. 
 
 Common in migrations, quite common summer resident of the 
 Canadian fauna, and some winters it also occurs. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "'common migrant" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "breeds at Houlton and Fort Fairfield'' (Batchelder, Bull. 
 Xutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common migrant" 
 (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare summer resident" (Swain) ; Keuuebec, "quite 
 common resident" (Powers); Knox, "migrant" (Rackliff); Oxford, 
 "common, breeds" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "summer resident and have seen 
 it also in February" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "some years resident" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common migrant" (Spinney) ; Somerset, "com- 
 mon resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "not very 
 common, breeds'' (Boardman) ; York, fairly common vernal migrant" 
 (Adams). 
 
 Family PARID^K. Nuthatches and Tits. 
 
 Subfamily SITTING. Nuthatches. 
 
 Genus SITTA Linnaeus. 
 
 303. (727). Sitta carolineiisis Lath. White-breasted Nut- 
 hatch. 
 
 Common and of general occurrence in migrations, also less 
 abundant as a permanent resident. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "fairly common resident" (Call) ; 
 Aroostook, "occurs at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
 Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common resident" (Mead) ; "uncommon 
 in migrations and winter" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 5) ; 
 Franklin, "common resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 (Murch) ; Kennebec, "quite common resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; 
 Kuox, "rare migrant" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds"' (Xash) ; Peuobscot, 
 MTV common migrant, rare in summer and exceedingly so in winter" 
 (Knight); Piscataquis, "common resident" (Homer); Sagadahoc, 
 f Spratt) ; Somerset, "not common resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; 
 Washington, "rare, breeds*' (Boardman) ; York, "not very common'' 
 (Adams). 
 
 304. (728). Sitta canadensis Linn. Red-breasted Nuthatch. 
 
 Resident within the Canadian fauna, slightly more abundant in 
 summer. Elsewhere chiefly occurs as a migrant and winter resi- 
 dent, common. 
 
126 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "rare summer resident*' (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumber- 
 land, "common winter migrant'" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common resident'' 
 (Richards) ; Hancock, "breeds on the wooded islands of Penobscot Bay, 
 and also common inland" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "quite common summer 
 resident*' (Gardiner Branch) ; Knox, "resident'' (Rackliff ) ; Oxford, 
 "common resident, breeds" (Nash) ; Peuobscot, "resident, breeds com- 
 monly" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common summer resident" (Homer) ; 
 Sagadahoc, "common winter resident, one pair remained one summer*' 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common, not common summer resident" (Mor- 
 rell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "abundant, breeds*' (Boardmau) ; 
 York, "quite common resident" (Adams). 
 
 Subfamily PARING. Titmice. 
 
 Genus PARUS Linnteus. 
 Subgenus PARUS Linnaeus. 
 
 305. (735.) Parus atricapillus Linn. Chickadee. 
 
 One of our commonest resident species, occurring everywhere. 
 This confiding, curiosity loving bird pronounces its name very 
 plainly upon every occasion, so there is no need of its going uniden- 
 tified, even by the merest tyro. I have often while in the woods 
 drawn a small band of these birds to within a few feet of me by 
 imitating their call, or by making a whistling or squeaking noise. 
 In addition to their cry of "chick-a-dee-dee" they utter a great 
 variety of chirps and whistles. In the spring time their mating 
 call is a sweet, whistled succession of two or three notes which 
 cannot readily be put on paper. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "abundant resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "Fort Fairfield and Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 109) ; Cumberland, "common resident" (Mead) ; Frank- 
 lin, common resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common resident, especially 
 common on the wooded islands" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "abundant resi- 
 dent" (Gardiner Branch) ; Kuox, "resident" (Racklift) ; Oxford, "breeds 
 commonly*' (Nash) ; Penobscot, "common resident" (Knight) ; Piscata- 
 quis, "common resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common resident" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common 
 resident" (Knight) ; Washington, "common resident*' (Boardmau) ; 
 York, "common resident" (Adams). 
 
 306. (740). Parus hudsouicus Forst. Hudsonian Chickadee. 
 Chiefly occurring as a somewhat rare winter visitor. It also is 
 
 resident in the extreme northern and eastern counties, though very 
 
15IRDS OF MAIM.. 127 
 
 rare in this guise. It has been reported by Dr. Brewer as being 
 seen on Mt. Desert in summer, July and August, this being the 
 southernmost record for summer. 
 
 County Records. Audroscoggin, "rare winter visitor" (Johnson); 
 Cumberland, "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "rare winter resident" (Rich- 
 :ti.U -. Hancock, "winter migrant" (March) ; Oxford, "occurs at Upton" 
 (Brewster, Bull. Xutt. Oru. Club, Vol. 3, p. 20); Penobscot, "winter 
 visitor of variable abundance, usually rare" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "common winter visitor" (Homer) ; Washington, "not common, a few 
 breed" (Board man). 
 
 Family SYLVIIDJE. Warblers, Kinglets, Gnatcatchers. 
 
 Subfamily REGULIN^E. Kinglets. 
 
 Genus REGULUS Cuvier. 
 
 307. (748). Regulus satrapa Licht. Golden -crowned King- 
 let. 
 
 Of general distribution throughout our limits and resident to a 
 certain extent. While most abundant in fall and spring, these 
 birds are not uncommon in winter, being usually seen in flocks 
 associated with Nuthatches, Chickadees and Creepers. In the 
 summer they resort to the topmost branches of the taller ever- 
 greens, and here the nest is usually situated. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common winter resident" (John- 
 son) ; Cumberland, "properly a summer resident, suspect a few remain 
 through winter, abundant in migrations" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Port- 
 land, p. 5) ; "common winter migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common 
 migrant" (Swain) ; Hancock, "have seen it in summer" (Knight) ; Ken- 
 nebec, "very rare winter resident" (Powers) ; Knox, "resident" (Rack- 
 liff) ; Oxford, "common" (Nash) ; Penobscot. "common in summer, 
 breeds, abundant in migrations, rare in winter" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, 
 "resident" (Whitman) ; Sagadahoc, "migrant, common in fall of 1896" 
 (Spinney) ; Somerset, "common, a frequent summer resident" (Morrell) ; 
 Waldo, "summer resident" (Spratt) ; Washington, "quite common, a few 
 winter, rarely breeds" (Boardman) ; York, "not common migrant" 
 (Adams). 
 
 308. (749). Regulus calendula (Linn.). Ruby-crowned 
 Kinglet. 
 
 Not so common as the preceeding, and more likely to be seen in 
 the migrations, than at any other season. Winters south of the 
 state and in summer the majority pass north of our boundaries. 
 However it is an indisputable fact that a limited number occasionally 
 
128 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 remain here through the summer. On May 31, 1897, while collect- 
 ing in a thick woods of mixed spruce and fir, my attention was 
 attracted by the constantly recurring song of a Kinglet. With the 
 aid of a pair of opera glasses I located the songster, and found 
 that he was accompanied by his mate who was engaged in building 
 her nest. She would seek suitable material in the immediate 
 vicinity, and with her mouth filled with huge pieces of moss, 
 gleaned from the tree trunks, she would repair to the top of a 
 spruce tree which was near at hand. I climbed the tree and located 
 the nest near the extremity of a limb, 25 feet from the ground, but 
 well concealed from observation from below. It was then a mere 
 foundation of mosses and had evidently just been commenced. 
 The birds were somewhat shy, but by careful observation I failed 
 to detect the yellow crown patch of satrapa, nor was I able to fully 
 satisfy myself that they were calendula. I made a number of sub- 
 sequent visits to the nest and watched the actions of the birds, 
 becoming fully satisfied of their identity. On June 15th the nest 
 was ready to be lined, and I did not again visit it until the 24th, 
 when I found it was deserted, this doubtless being due to my 
 unusually close examination of it during my previous visit. 
 
 The nest, which is now in my possession, was situated near the 
 end of a limb, 25 feet from the ground and about 8 feet from the 
 main trunk. It was supported by a number of small twigs which 
 drooped from the limb and was directly under it. Exteriorly it is 
 composed of mosses, mostly such species as grow on the trunks of 
 trees, mixed with a few lichens of the genus Cladonia, Parmelia, 
 and Usnea. Viewed from a distance of a few feet it looked like a 
 green ball of moss. Interiorly it is composed of Usnea longissima, 
 closely interwoven and intimately mixed with feathers and small 
 quantities of moss. The lining is not completed. The exterior 
 depth is four and the interior three inches, while the outside diame- 
 ter is three and the inside one and one-half inches. A few days 
 later I visited the same woods, obtained a glimpse of the birds, 
 and heard the song of the male, but soon lost sight of them. The 
 locality was about four miles from Orouo, Penobscot County. 
 
 County Records. Androseoggin,, "fairly common"' (Johnson) ; Cum- 
 berland, "common transient" (Brown's Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 5); 
 Franklin, "comrnon'migrant" (Richards) ; Hancock, "occurs, status not 
 known" (Knight) ; Kennebec, "very rare migrant" (Dill) ; Kuox, "rare 
 
r.IUDS OF MAINK. 129 
 
 migrant" (Kacklift): Oxford. -Tan'" (Xash > : I'enobscot, "common 
 migrant, rare summer ivsid.'tit"; Knight) ; Piscataquis. common migrant'* 
 (Homer, : Sagadahoe. "rare. one specimen" (Spinney); Somerset, "rare. 
 havt- >iice seen it when I was sure it was breeding" (Morrell) ; Wash- 
 ington. "rare, may breed' 1 (Boardman) ; York, -not common migrant" 
 (Adams). 
 
 Subfamily POLIOPTILINjE. Gnatetitchers. 
 POLIOPTLLA Sclater. 
 
 309. (751). Polioptila ca-rulca (Linn.), Blue-gray Gnat- 
 catcher. 
 
 An accidental cstray from the south, only two positive instances 
 of its occurrence being known. These both rest on the excellent 
 authority of Mr. Brown. One of these was observed at Cape 
 Elizabeth, Cumberland County, August 21), 1880. (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 5). The second example of this species was 
 observed at the same place, April 18, 1896. (Cf. Brown, The 
 Auk, Vol. 13, p. 204). 
 
 Family Tl'RDIlKK. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Blue- 
 
 birds, etc. 
 
 Subfamily 'ITHDIXJ-:. Thrushes. 
 
 Genus TURDUS Limm-us. 
 Subgenus HYLOC1CHLA Baird. 
 
 310. (755). Turdus mustelinus Gmel. Wood Thrush. 
 
 Of rare occurrence as a summer resident, being found only near 
 the southern and southwestern boundaries. 
 
 County Itecords. Franklin, ; *rare summer resident, have taken nest, 
 
 __-and bird" (Swain); Keuuebec, "given in Smith's List as having 
 
 ii.M-n taken at Vassalboro" (Cf. Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, 
 
 -t and Stream); Oxford, "have secured two sets of eggs during 
 
 a period of eight year-" (Nash); York, "taken at Saco" (Goodale, 
 
 The Auk. Vol. -2. p. 215). 
 
 'Ml. (75(5). Turdus fuscesceus Steph. Wilson's Thrush. 
 
 A common summer resident, most abundant in the counties of 
 the Alleghanian fauna, although not uncommon in the extreme 
 northern and eastern counties. 
 
130 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Count y Records. Androscoggiu, "common summer resident" (John- 
 sou) ; Aroostook, "breeds at Houlton" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Oru. 
 club, Vol. 7, p. 108) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Brown's 
 Cat. Birds of Portland, p. 3), "rare" (Mead) ; Franklin, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common summer resident" (Dorr) ; 
 Kennebec, "common summer resident" (Gardiner Branch) ; Oxford, 
 "breeds commonly" (Nash) ; Penobscot, "quite common summer resi- 
 dent" (Knight) ; Sagadahoc, (Spratt) ; Somerset, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "not uncommon summer 
 resident" (Boardrnan) ; York, "common summer resident" (Adams). 
 
 312. (757). Turdus aliciae Baird. Gray-cheeked Thrush. 
 Occurs within our limits as a migrant only, breeding north of 
 
 the United States. While it must occur in considerable numbers 
 during the migrations, the fact remains that it has escaped the 
 notice of nearly all the collectors of the state, doubtless owing to 
 the resemblance to its near relative, the Olive-backed Thrush. 
 
 County Records. Cumberland, ''uncommon transient" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 3). 
 
 313. (758a). Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.). Olive- 
 backed Thrush. 
 
 A somewhat rare summer resident in many parts of the state, 
 while in some places it is common. During the nesting season it 
 need not be looked for except within the Canadian fauna, while 
 elsewhere it occurs in the migrations. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "rare summer resident" (Johnson) ; 
 Aroostook, "Fort Fairfleld and Houltou" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 108) ; Cumberland, "rare migrant" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "rare summer resident" (Richards) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 (Murch) ; Kennebec, "very rare summer resident" (Robbius) ; Kuox, 
 "summer" (Rackliflf) ; Oxford, "breeds rarely" (Nash); Penobscot, 
 "not common summer resident" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common sum- 
 mer resident" (Homer) ; Washington, "not common summer resident" 
 (Boardman). 
 
 314. (759b). Turdus aonalaschkre pallasii (Cab.). Hermit 
 Thrush. 
 
 Our commonest Thrush as a migrant and summer resident. I 
 have seen it in late October and also early April. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "fairly common summer resident" 
 (Johnson); Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Brown's Cat. 
 Birds of Portland, p. 3), "common summer resident" (Mead) ; Franklin, 
 "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "summer resident" 
 
OF MAIXK. 131 
 
 (Murch) ; Kenuebec, "common summer resident" ((iardiner Branch); 
 Kuox, "summer" ( IJ.-u-klitV) ; Oxford, "breeds commonly" i Na-h : 
 Penobscot, "common summer resident and breeder" (Knight) : l'iscat:i- 
 quis, "common summer resident" (Homer); Sagadahoc, ''common 
 summer resident*' (Spinney); Somerset, "not very comm>n summer 
 ivsidi'iit" (Morrell); Waldo, "common summer resident" (Knight); 
 Washington, "abundant summer resident" (Boardman) ; York, (Adams). 
 
 Genus MERULA Leach. 
 
 315. (761). Merula migratoria (/,//<//.). American Robin. 
 An abundant summer resident everywhere. It has also been 
 
 observed in winter near our southern boundary, but probably does 
 not regularly remain throughout the entire season. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggiu, "abundant summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "seen at Fairfield" (Batchelder, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 
 Vol. 7, p. 108) ; Cumberland, "common summer resident" (Mead) ; 
 Franklin, "common summer resident" (Swain) ; Hancock, "common 
 summer resident" (Murch) ; Keunebec, "abundant summer resident" 
 (Gardiner Branch); Kuox, "summer resident" (Rackliff); Oxford, 
 "breeds commonly" (Xash) ; Penobscot, "abundant summer resident, 
 April to Xovember" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common summer resident" 
 (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; Somerset, 
 "common summer resident" (Morrell) ; Waldo, "common summer resi- 
 dent" (Knight) ; Washington, "abundant summer resident" (Boardmau) ; 
 York, "formerly abundant summer resident, wintered in 1888 and 1889, 
 only two nests seen in 1896" (Adams). 
 
 Genus SIALIA Swainson. 
 
 316. (766). Sialia sialis (Lhm.). Bluebird. 
 
 Formerly of common and general occurrence as a summer resi- 
 dent. During the past two years, 1895 and 1896, the species has 
 been of very rare occurrence in most places, although locally com- 
 mon in a few places. 
 
 County Records. Androscoggin, "common summer resident" (John- 
 son) ; Aroostook, "breeding at Houltou" (Batchelder, Bull. Xutt. Orn. 
 Club, Vol. 7, p. 109); Cumberland, "common (?) summer resident"' 
 (Mead); Franklin, "summer resident, not common at present" (Swain) 
 Hancock, "rare summer resident" (Murch) ; Kenuebec, "very rare sum- 
 mer resident" (Powers) ; Kuox, "summer" (Rackliff) ; Oxford, "breeds" 
 (Xash); Penobscot, "formerly common, now rare, only about fifteen 
 seen in the past two years" (Knight) ; Piscataquis, "common summer 
 resident" (Homer) ; Sagadahoc, "common summer resident" (Spinney) ; 
 Somerset, "formerly a common summer resident, for the past two years 
 a rare migrant" (Morrell) ; Waldo, (Spratt) ; Washington, "not common 
 summer resident" (Boardmau) ; York, "rare visitant, formerly common" 
 (Adams). 
 
132 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 INTRODUCED SPECIES. 
 
 This list contains such birds as have been introduced into the 
 state, never having naturally occurred here, and which have been 
 known to breed after their liberation. Such species as the Prairie 
 Hen, Sharp-tailed Grouse, Capercailzie, Black Grouse and Euro- 
 pean Quail, which were either let loose in limited numbers and 
 known not to have survived, or whose survival and breeding is in 
 doubt, are not considered entitled to a place in this list. 
 
 317. Columba livia. Domestic Pigeon. 
 
 Although introduced by man and originally domesticated, this 
 species has escaped and breeds abundantly in the cornices of dwell- 
 ings, deserted lofts, bridges and similar situations within our 
 larger towns and cities. It is therefor seemingly entitled to a place 
 in this list. These birds are not at all particular regarding the 
 time of the year they choose for nesting. This present winter, 
 1897, I have, during the month of February, seen Pigeons engaged 
 in incubating their eggs in nests in the cornices of houses, exposed 
 to the force of every storm. One such nest I passed every day on 
 my way down town. In late January I also saw a young bird, not 
 long from the nest and still unable to fly very well. From their 
 filthy habits they are very undesirable neighbors about houses and 
 churches, though from this statement one should not infer that the 
 birds themselves are dirty. It is the dirt they strew around that 
 makes their presence Undesirable. 
 
 318. Passer domesticus (Linn.). English Sparrow. 
 Although commonly known as English Sparrow because this 
 
 bird was imported from England, the true name is European House 
 Sparrow. It was first introduced to the state in 1854. when Col. 
 William Rhodes liberated specimens at Portland. (Cf. Rhodes, 
 Forest and Stream, Vol. 8, p. 165). Others were liberated in the 
 same locality in 1858, by T. A. Dtibois. (Cf. The English Spar- 
 row in N. A., p. 18). Some individuals, who thought they were 
 conferring a great benefit upon us, afterward liberated some of 
 these birds at Bangor and Lewis ton. From these centers of infec- 
 tion the curse has spread until the entire state is involved. Origi- 
 nally introduced in hopes they would exterminate injurious insects, 
 the birds have swarmed over the entire state, although confined 
 
I'.IKDS OF MAINE. 133 
 
 mainly to the vicinity of towns, villages and cities. The few insects 
 they eat are mainly such as have been attracted to street lights, and 
 would have perished without the interference of the Sparrow-. 
 Their food is chiefly vegetable matter, consisting in a great part 
 of the undigested portions of grain in horse droppings, although they 
 do not disdain bread, wheat and other delicacies which may be strewn 
 by friendly hands for their benefit. Being resident, they take pos- 
 session of the bird houses erected for the benefit of the Purple 
 Martin and Tree Swallow while these latter are south for the win- 
 ter, and upon the return of the rightful owners a fierce struggle for 
 the nesting place results, although the Martins usuall} 7 prove 
 victorious. Were the Sparrows of any great benefit their presence 
 could be endured, but they are not only useless, but uoisy, quarrel- 
 some, and often directly injurious. I have seen them in. large 
 flocks, feeding on oats and wheat standing in the fields near 
 Bangor. Their huge filthy nests of straw and rubbish are placed in 
 every conceivable situation, from the limb of a tree or the shelf of 
 an electric street-light, to the cornice of a building or a hole in the 
 eaves. When present in numbers, they paint and bespatter 
 buildings with their filth. The very slight amount of good which 
 they do by destroying injurious insects, would have been done far 
 better and without half the bluster by the native birds that these 
 foreigners have dispossessed. As regards distribution, we may 
 safely say they are found in every town, village and city through- 
 out the state. Recently while driving from Fort Fairfield to Lime- 
 stone in Aroostook County, I was surprised to notice from one to 
 three or more pair of these birds at nearly every country dwelling 
 which I passed. They probably found abundance of food during 
 the summer months, but when winter came they must either have 
 been fed b} 7 the inmates of the farmhouses, or forced to retreat to 
 the neighboring towns which were at least seven miles dis- 
 tant from some of the localities where the Sparrows were seen. I 
 can personally vouch to having seen the pests in every county in 
 the state. 
 
134 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 HYPOTHETICAL LIST. 
 
 I have consigned to this list such species as probably occur in 
 the state, but whose occurrence has not been proved by the actual 
 capture of specimens within our limits. Here also are men- 
 tioned birds recorded from Maine or New England by previous 
 authors, but which are now positively known not to have been 
 taken within the actual limits of the state, although many have 
 been taken very near our boundaries. Under each species its 
 status or probable status will be found outlined in as comprehen- 
 sive a manner as the information at my disposal will allow. Many 
 birds taken at Grand Men an and other islands of that vicinity, 
 which are politically a part of New Brunswick, have been given as 
 Maine birds by previous writers on the subject. Such will be 
 found discussed here to a greater or lesser extent. 
 
 Family URINATORID^E. Loons. 
 Genus URINATOR Cuvier. 
 
 1. (9). Urinator arcticus (Linn.). Black-throated Loon. 
 
 This species is given in the A. O. U. Check List of North Amer- 
 ican Birds as being of casual occurrence in autumn and winter in 
 the northern United States, east of the Rocky Mountains. In 
 Smith's List of the Birds of Maine this species is given, but its 
 occurrence does not seem to be satisfactorily shown. There is no 
 doubt but what it will probably be added to our list upon the best 
 of evidence before many years have gone by. 
 
 Family ALCID^E. Auks, Murres, and Puffins. 
 Genus CEPPHUS Pallas. 
 
 2. (28). Cepphus mandtii (Licht.). Mandt's Guillemot. 
 
 The A. O. U. Check List gives this species as being found along 
 the Atlantic coast, in winter as far south as Massachusetts. In 
 view of this fact it is highly probable that it will ultimately be 
 found to be a fairly regular winter visitant to our coast. On 
 account of the resemblance of this species to the Black Guillemot 
 it would easily pass unrecognized except by Ornithologists. 
 
BIRDS OF MAIM . 
 
 135 
 
 Family LARID^E. Gulls and Terns. 
 Genus GAVIA Boie. 
 
 3. (39). Gavia alba (Gunn.). Ivory Gull. 
 
 A specimen has been taken by Mr. Boardman at Grand Menan, 
 New Brunswick, and hence it is accorded a place in this part of 
 the list, although it has no claim as a bird of the state and is not 
 likely to be taken within our limits. 
 
 Genus LARUS Linnaeus. 
 
 4. (4f>). Lams kumlieni Brewst. Kumlien's Gull. 
 
 Probably a regular winter visitor to the state, and doubtless 
 commoner than would seem possible from the few reports received 
 concerning it. Mr. Harry Merrill of Bangor has a specimen of 
 this bird, shot in the vicinity of Eastport and possibly in Maine 
 waters, although very near to the New Brunswick limits. This 
 species is also referred to in Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, in 
 the Forest and Suva in for April 12, 1883, under the White-winged 
 (iull *of which Mr. Smith considers this bird a mere phase of 
 plumage. In a recent letter from Mr. Smith he says: "I have 
 examined a number of them in the flesh but have never shot them 
 here, although I have observed them alive in Portland Harbor and 
 at Scarboro." While this evidence is almost sufficient to give the 
 bird a place in the list, still there seems to be some slight tinge of 
 doubt that positively identified specimens have actually been taken 
 in the state, and until this is proved beyond a doubt it will have to 
 be assigned to the hypothetical list. 
 
 Family PROCF,LLARIID^E. Fulmars and Shearwaters. 
 
 Genus FULMARUS Stephens, 
 f). (86). Fulmarus glacialis (Linn.}. Fulmar. 
 
 This is reported as a winter seabird at Grand Menan, by Mr. 
 Boardmnn. It is also given in the A. O. U. List as occurring as 
 far south as Xt-w Jersey. While there is no reasonable doubt but 
 what it occurs as a winter visitor along the coast, yet there 
 have been no specimens recorded from the state. 
 
 *Larus leucopterus Faber, or Iceland Gull. 
 
136 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 6. (86 a). Fulmarus glacialis minor ( Kjcerbwlling) . Lesser 
 Fulmar. 
 
 Given in the A. O. U. List as occurring south to Massachusetts. 
 It will probably be found associated with the preceding species 
 along our coast, and it is only a question of time when both will 
 be added to our list. 
 
 Genus PROCELLABIA Linnaeus. 
 
 7. (104). Procellaria pelagica Linn. Stormy Petrel. 
 
 Given by Mr. Boardman as of accidental occurrence at Grand 
 Menan. It is quite likely to occur accidentally along our coast. 
 
 Family FREGATID7E. Man-o'-War Birds. 
 Genus FREGATA Brisson. 
 
 8. (128). Fregata aquila Linn. Man-o'-War Bird. 
 
 Given in Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, 
 Vol. 20, p. 185, as a straggler past the Maine coast to Nova 
 Scotia, where it has been taken. It does not seem advisable to 
 admit a species to the state on such presumptive evidence. 
 Steam's "New England Bird Life" p. 342, says : "Mr. Purdie's 
 manuscript informs us that a specimen was taken, but not pre- 
 served, about twelve years ago, at Boothbay, Maine". This does 
 not seem perfectly satisfactory grounds for admitting the species 
 to the list. 
 
 Family ANATID^E. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. 
 Genus CAMPTOLAIMUS Gray. 
 
 9. (156). Camptolaimus labradorius (Gmel.}. Labrador 
 Duck. 
 
 This species probably formerly occurred along our coast in winter 
 but has not been taken of late years. The last known example was 
 taken at Grand Menan, N. B., in 1871, and Ornithologists now be- 
 lieve that the species is extinct. Mr. Boardman gives the species as 
 formerly occurring at Grand Menau. 
 
IJIRPS OF MAINE. 137 
 
 Genus CHEN Boie. 
 10. (169.1). Chen cierulescens (Linn.}. Blue Goose. 
 
 This species will probably be taken within our limits at some 
 future date. A specimen was shot at Lake Umbagog, New 
 Hampshire, October 2, 1896, by Mr. Charles Douglass. (Cf. 
 , The Auk, April, 1897, p. 207). 
 
 (ieuus ANSER Brisson. 
 
 11. (171a). Auser albifrons gambeli (Hartl.). American 
 White-fronted Goose. 
 
 Given by Mr. Boardman as accidental at Grand Menan, New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 Subfamily CYGNINJE. Swans. 
 Genus OLOR Wagler. 
 
 12. (180). Olor columbianus (Ord). Whistling Swan. 
 
 A specimen of this bird is said to have been taken near the 
 mouth of the Kennebec River, at Brick Island, November, 1881. by 
 William Williams, and it is recorded by Smith in Forest and 
 Stream, Vol. 20, p. 125. While the identification of this specimen 
 was probably correct, still the fact that it was neither preserved 
 nor seen by an Ornithologist who was acquainted with the species 
 in question, makes the record open to some slight doubt, and con- 
 sequently the species is cited here. 
 
 Family ARDEID^E Herons, Bitterns, etc. 
 
 Genus ARDEA Linnaeus. 
 Subgenus GARZETTA Katip. 
 
 13. (197). Ardea candidissima Gmel. Snowy Heron. 
 Taken by Mr. Boardmau at Grand Menan, where it was an 
 
 accidental visitor from the south. 
 
 Family RALLID^E. Rails, Gallinules, and Coots. 
 
 Genus PORZANA Vieillot. 
 Subgenus CRECISCUS Cabanis. 
 
 14. (216). Porzaua jarnaicensis (Gmel.). Black Rail. 
 
138 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 A Rail, probably of this species, was shot at Scarborough, 
 October 4, 1881, but unfortunately was not preserved. For a 
 record of this see Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, Forest and 
 Stream, Vol. 20, p. 124. 
 
 Family RECURVIROSTRID.E. Avocets and Stilts. 
 Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson. 
 
 15. (226). Himantopus mexicanus (Mull.). Black-necked 
 Stilt. 
 
 Given in Smith's List of the Birds of Maine, Forest and Stream, 
 Vol. 20, p. 124, as being taken by Mr. Boardman near the mouth 
 of the St. Croix River. In a list received from Mr. Boardman he 
 states that this specimen was taken just over the boundary in New 
 Brunswick, so consequently it cannot be given a place in the 
 general list. It is a purely accidental visitant. 
 
 Family SCOLOPACID^E. Snipes, Sandpipers, etc. 
 Genus MACRORHAMPHUS Leach. 
 
 16. (232). Macrorhamphus scolopaceus (Say). Long-billed 
 Dowitcher. 
 
 In Brown's Catalogue of the Birds of Portland, page 26, under 
 M. griseus, he says: "I am confident that the western race, 
 scolopaceus, visits us occasionally, although I have never met with 
 it myself. Supposed examples of this form have twice been sent 
 me for identification, in both instances, unfortunately, during my 
 absence from town." 
 
 Genus EREUNETES Illiger. 
 
 17. (247). Ereunetes occidentals Laiur. Western Sandpiper. 
 This species is of quite frequent occurrence on the Atlantic 
 
 coast, and may possibly be looked for in this state. 
 
 Family CHARADRIIDJE. Plovers. 
 
 Genus ^EGIALITIS Boie. 
 Subgenus OCHTHODROMUS Reicheubach. 
 
 18. (280). ^Egialitis wilsouiar ( Ord) . Wilson's Plover. 
 Given in the A. O. U. Check List, page 102, as being casual 
 
 north to Nova Scotia. 
 
 
I'.IKDS OK MAIXK. 139 
 
 Family ILKM ATOPODID^E. Oyster-catcliers. 
 Genus ILKMATOPUS Linnrcus. 
 
 19. (286). Haem&topus palliatus Temm. American Oyster- 
 catcher. 
 
 Accidental, a specimen having been taken near Eastport, Wash- 
 ington County, by Mr. Boardman. (Cf. Smith, Forest and Stream, 
 Vol. 20, p. 45). I am informed by Mr. Boardman that this bird 
 was really taken on Canadian soil, and consequently is not a bird of 
 
 the state. 
 
 Family TETRAONID^E. Grouse, Partridges, etc. 
 Genus BONASA Stephens. 
 
 20. (300). Bonasa umbellus (Linn.}. Ruffed Grouse. 
 While this species has been given in every previous state and 
 
 county list published, yet there is no positive proof that specimens 
 have actually been taken in the state. Nearly all records of this 
 bird are referable beyond doubt to the Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 
 It has been deemed advisable to refer this species to the hypothet- 
 ical list until satisfactory proof of its presence in the state has 
 been adduced. 
 
 Family FRINGILLID^E. Finches, Sparrows, etc. 
 Genus GUIRACA Swainson. 
 
 21. (597). Guiraca cajrulea (Linn.). Blue Grosbeak. 
 
 In New England Bird Life the author states that this species 
 wa> recorded as being found near Calais by Mr. Boardman (Proc. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 9, 1832, p. 127), and also that it is 
 included in Herrick's ''Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Menan." 
 It is very probable, in view of later developments, that both of 
 these instances refer to one specimen which was taken at Grand 
 
 The American Barn Owl, Strix pratincola Bonnp., has not a particle of right to be 
 rated as a Maine bird. Smith's List cited it, apparently upon the evidence of the 
 notorious "Falmouth specimen." 
 
 The Boat-tailed Grackle, fjuiscalus major rieill., is given in Smith's List as being 
 seen by him at Second Lake, Washington County, but personally I must confess 
 that I doubt this record, and until a specimen has been taken "within our limits, 
 1 must decline to recognize this species as a bird of Maine or even New England. 
 It is apparently not even entitled to a place in the hypothetical list. 
 
140 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Menan, and accordingly the species is not entitled to a place in the 
 state. In a letter received from Mr. Boardman he gives this as a 
 Grand Menan bird only, two specimens having been taken there. 
 
 Family VIREONID7E. Vireos. 
 Genus VIREO Vieillot. 
 
 22. (631). Vireo noveboracensis (GmeL). White-eyed Vireo. 
 The White-eyed Vireo was given in Smith's List, but its claim to 
 
 a place in our list is not based upon satisfactory evidence. Being 
 essentially a bird of the Carolina fauna its occurrence is very 
 doubtful. 
 
 Family MNIOTILTIDJE. Wood Warblers. 
 Genus HELMITHERUS Rafinesque. 
 
 23. (639). Helmitherus vermivorus (GmeL). Worm-eating 
 Warbler. 
 
 The sole claim of this species to a place in the list is based upon 
 a specimen from Maine recorded by A. E. Verrill. (Cf. Verrill, 
 Proc. Essex Inst., Vol. 3, p. 156). Asl have not seen this pub- 
 lication, I am unable to state the grounds upon which he has 
 recorded the bird's presence in the state, but regard its occurrence 
 as very doubtful. 
 
 Genus HELMINTHOPHILA Ridgway. 
 
 24. (646). Helmiuthophila celata (Say). Orange-crowned 
 Warbler. 
 
 Ascribed to Maine by Audubon, but as he mentions the species 
 as breeding in eastern Maine it seems probable that his record is 
 the result of a misapprehension. There is certainly no modern 
 record of its occurrence in the state. 
 
 Family TROGLODYTID^E. Wrens, Thrushes, etc. 
 Genus CISTOTHORUS Cabanis. 
 
 25. (724). Cistothorus stellaris (Licht. ) . Short-billed Marsh 
 Wren. 
 
 This species is credited to Penobscot County in Smith's List. 
 (Cf. Smith, Forest and Stream, Vol. 19. p. 445). He here states 
 that the nests and eggs have been taken in Penobscot County. I 
 
I'.IKDS OF MAINE. 141 
 
 have given this subject a thorough investigation, and am unable to 
 obtain any authentic data regarding these reported nests and eggs. 
 One so-called Marsh Wren's nest I have seen has proved to be that 
 of the tield mouse, and quite different from genuine nests of the 
 species. There have been no birds of this species actually takrn 
 within our limits, and consequently I am obliged to relegate this 
 species to the hypothetical list. Nevertheless I will state that 
 personally I have good grounds for believing that these birds occur 
 with us. I have seen birds in a marsh, near Hangor, which I am 
 very sure were Marsh Wrens. 
 
 Family TrRDID.K. Thrushes, Solitaires, Stonechats, Blui'- 
 
 birds, etc. 
 
 Genus TURDUS Liunwus. 
 
 !';. (7."7a). Turdus alicia? bicknelli ( A'/>//'\). BicknelFs 
 Thrush. 
 
 This species undoubtedly occurs as a migrant, and in all prob- 
 ability it will ultimately be found breeding on some of our higher 
 mountain ranges, as it is already known to breed on the White 
 Mountains in New Hampshire. 
 
 Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein. 
 27. (765). Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.). Wheatear. 
 
 There are no cases of the occurrence of this species on New 
 England soil, all records to the contrary notwithstanding. These 
 records have all been based upon specimens taken by Mr. Board- 
 man, and in a recent letter he informs me that one of these birds 
 was taken at Grand Menan, New Brunswick, while the other was 
 taken August 25th, 1879, on Indian Island, near Eastport, but in 
 New Brunswick. These are the only instances I am aware of 
 where this bird has been found near our boundaries. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The number of species given in the list as positively occurring 
 within our limits is 320. Of these I have included among the per- 
 manent residents some 20 species, two of these being introduced 
 and naturalized. The summer residents number 114. The species 
 which occur chiefly or entirely as migrants are 74 in number. The 
 winter residents and winter visitors of fairly regular occurrence 
 
142 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 include 39 species. The accidental or casual visitants and strag- 
 glers include 65 species, while the remaining 2 species formerly 
 occurred within our limits but are now extinct in the state. 
 
 In the synopsis given below I have endeavored, with the evidence 
 at hand, to place each species under that heading which seemed to 
 most nearly represent its status in the state, while by appropriate 
 markings I have designated those which might be included under 
 other headings by another person. Persons disagreeing with my 
 grouping of any species will find in the text of the work, under that 
 species, data from which they are at liberty to draw their own 
 conclusions. 
 
 PERMANENT RESIDENTS. 
 
 The majority of the 26 species given here are resident, 
 but those designated by an asterisk are chiefly or entirely 
 entirely confined to the Canadian fauna during the breeding season. 
 It is highly probable that in the case of some species the same 
 individual birds do not remain in one locality throughout the year, but 
 birds which summer here go south for the winter, and are replaced 
 during that season by individuals which have summered north of 
 our limits. 
 
 *Black Guillemot, * American Herring Gull, *Leach's Petrel, Bob- 
 White?, *Canada Grouse, Canadian Ruffed Grouse, American 
 Long-eared Owl, Short-eared Owl, Barred Owl, *Saw-whet Owl, 
 Screech Owl, Great Horned Owl, Hairy Woodpecker, Downy Wood- 
 pecker, Pileated Woodpecker, Blue Jay, *Canada Jay, *Northern 
 Raven, American Crow, American Crossbill, White-winged Cross- 
 bill, White-breasted Nuthatch, *Red-breasted Nuthatch, Chickadee. 
 
 INTRODUCED SPECIES Domestic Pigeon, English Sparrow. 
 
 SUMMER RESIDENTS. 
 
 The species which occur in greatest numbers as summer residents, 
 include 114 birds, some of which might have been equally well 
 included under one of the other headings. Those designated by an 
 asterisk have been known to occur in winter, though usually rare 
 at this season. 
 
 Pied-billed Grebe, *Loon, Laughing Gull, Common Tern, Arctic 
 Tern, *Black Duck, Wood Duck, American Bittern, Least Bittern, 
 Great Blue Heron, Green Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron, Virginia 
 Rail, Sora, American Woodcock, Bartramian Sandpiper, Spotted Sand- 
 
HIKI OF MAIM.. 143 
 
 piper, Piping Plover, Mourning Dove, Marsh Hawk. Sharp-shinned 
 Hawk, Cooper's Hawk, *Red-tailed Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, 
 Broad-winged Hawk. *Bald Eagle, American Sparrow Hawk, 
 American Osprey, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Black-billed Cuckoo, 
 Belted Kingfisher, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker, Red-headed Wood- 
 pecker, Flicker, Whip-poor-will, Nighthawk, Chimney Swift, Ruby- 
 throated Hummingbird, Kingbird, Crested Flycatcher, Phoebe, 
 Olive-sided Flycatcher, Wood Pewee, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, 
 Alder Flycatcher, Least Flycatcher, Bobolink, Cowbird, Red- 
 winged Blackbird, Meadow Lark, Baltimore Oriole, Bronzed 
 Grackle, *Purple Finch, *American Goldfinch, Vesper Sparrow, 
 Savanna Sparrow, Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Acadian Sharp- tailed 
 Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, Chipping Sparrow, Field Spar- 
 row, Slate-colored Junco, Song Sparrow, Swamp Sparrow, Towhee, 
 Rose-breasted Grosbeak, Indigo Bunting, Scarlet Tanager, Purple 
 Martin, Cliff Swallow, Barn Swallow, Tree Swallow, Bank Swallow, 
 *Cedar Waxwing, Loggerhead Shrike, Red-eyed Vireo, Philadel- 
 phia Vireo, Warbling Vireo, Yellow-throated Vireo, Blue-headed 
 Vireo, Black and White Warbler, Nashville Warbler, Tennessee 
 Warbler, Northern Parula Warbler, Cape May Warbler, Yellow 
 Warbler, Black-throated Blue Warbler, Myrtle Warbler, Magnolia 
 Warbler, Chestnut-sided Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Black- 
 hurnian Warbler, Black- throated Green Warbler, Pine Warbler, 
 Yellow Palm Warbler, Oven-bird, Water-Thrush, Mourning Warbler, 
 Maryland Yellow-throat, Wilson's Warbler, Canadian Warbler, 
 American Redstart, Catbird, Brown Thrasher, House Wren, Winter 
 Wren, Brown Creeper, *Golden-crowned Kinglet, Wood Thrush 
 (very rare), Wilson's Thrush, Olive-backed Thrush, Hermit Thrush, 
 American Robin, Bluebird. 
 
 MIGRANTS OR TRANSIENT VISITORS. 
 
 I have here included some 74 species whose status seems 
 most nearly represented by this heading. Those designated 
 by an asterisk are summer residents to a greater or lesser 
 extent. Those marked with a dagger (t) are known to have 
 occurred in winter, some being regular winter residents in limited 
 numbers, while others are very rarely observed at this season. 
 
 * t Horned Grebe, t Red-throated Loon, Pornarine Jaeger, 
 Parasitic Jaeger, Long-tailed Jaeger, Ring-billed Gull, 
 
144 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 fBonaparte's Gull, Caspian Tern, *Roseate Tern, Greater 
 Shearwater, Sooty Shearwater, tGanuet, * t American Merganser, 
 
 * fRed-breasted Merganser, *Hooded Merganser, t^^llard, Bald- 
 pate, Green-winged Teal, *Blue-winged Teal, Shoveller, Pintail, 
 
 * Redhead, American Scaup Duck, Lesser Scaup Duck, *Riug- 
 necked Duck, * tAmerican Golden-eye, * tBuffle-head, *Ruddy 
 Duck, Lesser Snow Goose, Canada Goose, Brant, *Yellow Rail, 
 Florida Gallinule, American Coot, *Red Phalarope, Northern 
 Phalarope, *Wilson's Snipe, Dowitcher, Stilt Sandpiper, Knot, 
 Pectoral Sandpiper, White-rumped Sandpiper, Baird's Sandpiper, 
 *Least Sandpiper, Red-backed Sandpiper, Semipal mated Sandpiper, 
 Sanderling, Hudsonian Godwit, Greater Yellow-legs, Yellow-legs, 
 *Solitary Sandpiper, Willet, Hudsonian Curlew, Eskimo Curlew, 
 Black-bellied Plover, American Golden Plover, Killdeer, *Semi- 
 palmated Plover, Turnstone, Passenger Pigeon, *Duck Hawk, 
 *Pigeou Hawk, *Rusty Blackbird, *fPiue Siskin, Ipswich Sparrow, 
 Nelson's Sparrow, White-crowned Sparrow, |Tree Sparrow, Lin- 
 coln's Sparrow, Fox Sparrow, *Black Poll Warbler, American 
 Pipit, *Ruby-crowned Kinglet, Gray-cheeked Thrush. 
 
 WINTER RESIDENTS OR WINTER VISITORS. 
 
 Under this heading I have placed 39 species. Those preceded 
 by an asterisk are known to occur throughout the entire year, 
 although some of these, notably the Scoters, do not breed within 
 our limits. 
 
 Holboell's Grebe, * Puffin, Murre, Briinnich's Murre, Razor- 
 billed Auk, Dovekie, Kittiwake, Glaucous Gull, Iceland Gull, 
 Great Black- backed Gull, Cormorant, * Double-crested Cormorant, 
 Barrow's Golden-eye, *Old Squaw, Harlequin Duck, Northern 
 Eider, * American Eider, King Eider, * American Scoter, * White- 
 winged Scoter, * Surf Scoter, Purple Sandpiper, * American Gos- 
 hawk, American Rough-legged Hawk, Great Gray Owl, Richard- 
 son's Owl, Snowy Owl, American Hawk Owl, * Arctic Three-toed 
 Woodpecker, * American Three-toed Woodpecker, Horned Lark, 
 Prairie Horned Lark, * Pine Grosbeak, * Redpoll, Snowflake, Lap- 
 land Lougspur, Bohemian Waxwing, Northern Shrike, *Hudsonian 
 Chickadee. 
 
P.IKDS OF MAIXK. 145 
 
 ACCIDENTAL OR CASUAL VISITANTS AND STRAGGLERS. 
 It seems very hard to draw any definite line between birds 
 *vhich are accidental or casual and those which are stragglers. 
 The Co species given here are either not regular in their occurrence, 
 purely accidental, or, in the case of Wilson's Petrel and one or 
 two others, birds which migrate northwards at the close of the 
 breeding season for some unknown reason. Birds placed here, with 
 the evidence now at hand, may ultimately be proved of regular 
 occurrence, and they can then be assigned to some other group. 
 
 Tufted Puflin, Herring Gull, Sabine's Gull, Gull-billed Tern, 
 Least Tern, Sooty Tern, Black Tern, Black Skimmer, Pintado 
 Petrel, Wilson's Petrel, American White Pelican, Gad wall, Can- 
 vas-back, Greater Snow Goose, Hutchin's Goose, Wood Ibis, 
 American Egret, Little Blue Heron, King Rail, Clapper Rail, Corn 
 Crake, Purple Gallinule, Wilson's Phalarope, American Avocet, 
 Curlew Sandpiper, Marbled Godwit, Ruff, Buff-breasted Sandpiper, 
 Long-billed Curlew, Belted Piping Plover, Willow Ptarmigan, Tur- 
 key Vulture, Black Vulture, Swainson's Hawk, Golden Eagle, 
 White Gyrfalcon, Gray Gyrfalcon, Gyrfalcon, Black Gyrfalcon, 
 Arctic Horned Owl, Dusky Horned Owl, Arkansas Kingbird, 
 Starling, Yellow-headed Blackbird, Orchard Oriole, Bullock's 
 Oriole, Evening Grosbeak, Amadina rubronigra (escaped cage- 
 bird), Hoary Redpoll, Holboell's Redpoll, Greater Redpoll, Chest- 
 nut-collared Longspur, Grasshopper Sparrow, Seaside Sparrow, 
 Cardinal, Dickcissel, Louisiana Tanager, Summer Tanager, Pro- 
 thonotary Warbler, Louisiana Water-Thrush, Connecticut Warbler 
 (probably rare migrant), Yellow-breasted Chat, Mockingbird, 
 Carolina Wren, Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 
 
 SPECIES NOW EXTINCT IX THE STATE. 
 
 The Great Auk formerly occurred as a winter visitant but it is 
 now extinct. The Wild Turkey formerly occurred in the state, 
 probably being a permanent resident. It has not been noted here 
 for many years. 
 
 10 
 
146 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 FAUNAL AREAS. 
 
 Zoogeography, or the geographical distribution of species, is a 
 comparatively new science, but, nevertheless, one destined to prove 
 of the utmost economic importance to the agriculturist. Plants and 
 animals are naturally found in certain climates where the condi- 
 tions of temperature and surroundings are congenial to them. 
 Some species have the power of adapting themselves to circum- 
 stances and are found in many diverse climates, while others are 
 exclusively confined to certain regions over which the same condi- 
 tions prevail, and need not be looked for elsewhere. These latter 
 are said to be indigenous to a life area, and by aid of these species 
 we are enabled to divide the country into an ultimate number of 
 life areas which are termed faunae. When by study and observa- 
 tion of a certain plant or animal in various localities, we have 
 finally arrived at the conclusion that wherever we have found that 
 particular species the conditions of climate, surroundings, etc., are 
 uniform, we may then safely say, on hearing from some outside 
 observer that this same species is found in his locality, just what 
 the climate and surroundings of that locality are, without ever hav- 
 ing seen it. Of course we are always open to error due to the fact 
 that this species may be able to adapt itself to other conditions, 
 but from a close and long-continued study of certain North Ameri- 
 can plants and animals, it has been almost positively demonstrated 
 that they are exclusively confined to regions over which similar 
 conditions prevail. In some cases the primary life areas are char- 
 acterized by the prevalence over them of entire families or genera, 
 while in the case of the minor or fauual areas the prevalence of 
 certain species or subspecies and, equally important, the absence 
 of others characteristic of other areas, are links in the chain of 
 evidence by which we are enabled to map the limits of these 
 divisions. 
 
 The change from one area to another is not at all abrupt, but 
 instead as we near their common boundary we find species common 
 to both occurring on the same grounds. In such cases, the preva- 
 
i:iKl> OF -ViAINK. 147 
 
 lence of the species of one of the faume will result in determining 
 the area to which that region belongs. 
 
 It is of the utmost importance to note the fact that these life 
 areas do not regularly blend with one another, but the points of 
 their iutergradation may be compared to the meeting of the water 
 and land along the irregular, indented coast of Maine. The 
 irregularity of these life areas and the mapping out of their various 
 spurs and projections are of the utmost importance to the farmer. 
 By utilizing the northern projections of a more southern fauna he 
 is able to grow its indigenous plants just so much nearer to a 
 northern market, while some dozens of miles to the eastward his 
 neighbor may be utilizing a southward extension of a colder life 
 area to grow boreal plants so much nearer to a southern market. 
 In general the southern extensions of the colder areas will be found 
 along the higher mountain ranges, while the northern branches of 
 the warm areas are in the lowlands. 
 
 With these explanations we will proceed to an enumeration of 
 the various primary and secondary areas. The entire world has 
 been divided into eight primary life areas, termed Realms, as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 (1) The Arctic Realm extends across the northern continents, 
 reaching from the northern limit of forest growth to the pole. It 
 is remarkable for the paucity and specific identity of the forms of 
 life occurring throughout it. 
 
 (2) The North Temperate Realm extends from the northern 
 limit of forest growth south to the palm tree belt. 
 
 (3) The American Tropical Realm includes tropical America. 
 
 (4) The Indo-African Realm consists of all Africa, except the 
 northern portion, and tropical Asia with its islands. 
 
 (5) The South American Temperate Realm includes temperate 
 South America. 
 
 (6) The Australian Realm embraces Australia and the islands 
 of Oceanica adjacent thereto. 
 
 (7) The Lemnriau Realm is confined to the island of Mada- 
 gascar. 
 
 (8) The Antarctic Realm occupies the same position in the 
 south as does the Arctic in the north, and the species inhabiting it 
 are likewise few and of general distribution. The birds are mainly 
 pelagic. 
 
148 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 All of extreme northern North America is within the Arctic 
 Realm, south of this comes the North Temperate which extends 
 quite to the southern boundary of the United States, except in 
 Florida and Texas where the American Tropical Realm enters their 
 extreme southern portions. 
 
 Owing to lack of space. I will not enter into a discussion of the 
 minor life areas except such as concern Maine directly. Any one 
 who may wish to enter into a thorough investigation of this sub- 
 ject will find interesting articles on it as follows : The Geograph- 
 ical Distribution of North American Mammals, J. A. Allen, Bull. 
 Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. 4, pp. 199-243. The Geogr. and Geol. 
 Distribution of North American Animals. The Origin and Distri- 
 bution of North American Birds, J. A. Allen, The Auk, Vol. 10, 
 pp. 99-150. Various reports of the U. S. Department of Agri- 
 culture, Division of Ornithology and Mammology, contain inter- 
 esting articles by Dr. Merriam who is well known as an authority 
 on this subject. 
 
 The North Temperate Realm is divided into regions of which the 
 North American Temperate Region alone concerns us. This in 
 turn is divided into two subregions, the Cold Temperate and the 
 Warm Temperate. The Cold Temperate Subregion is divided into 
 four faunae of which one, the Canadian, enters Maine. We have 
 here one of our faunae traced from its fountain head down through 
 the classification. 
 
 The Warm Temperate is divided into two provinces, a Humid or 
 Eastern Province and an Arid or Western Province. The Humid 
 Province is divided into the Appalachian and Austroriparian Sub- 
 provinces, the former of which concerns us. This is divided into 
 three faunae, the northern of which is named the Alleghaniau, and 
 which enters our state in the southwestern part. We have then 
 the Cold Temperate and Warm Temperate Subregions, as repre- 
 sented by the Canadian and Alleghanian Faunae, meeting in our 
 state. Under such condition one would expect to find a very inter- 
 esting commingling of the species common to each, and such is the 
 case. 
 
 In mapping out the Canadian Fauna I have used various char- 
 acteristic trees, birds and annimals, as aids in determining its 
 southern limits. The forests of fir and spruce, indicate that the 
 regions where they predominate are Canadian in character. The 
 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 149 
 
 Canada Porcupine, Northern Hare, Red Squirrel, and Jumping 
 Mouse are characteristic mammals. A partial list of the birds is 
 found in the table below. 
 
 r.IUDS OF THE CANADIAN FAUNA. 
 
 Black Guillemot, American Herring Gull, Leach's Petrel, Red- 
 breasted Merganser, American Goshawk, Olive-sided Fly- 
 catcher, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher, Canada Jay, Northern 
 Raven, Rusty Grackle, Pine Siskin, Acadian Sharp-tailed 
 Sparrow, White-throated Sparrow, Slate-colored Junco, Red- 
 breasted Nuthatch, Olive-backed Thrush, Golden-crowned Kinglet, 
 Water-Thrush, Brown Creeper, Winter Wren, Myrtle Warbler, 
 Black-throated Blue Warbler, Bay-breasted Warbler, Black Poll 
 Warbler, Wilson's Warbler, Magnolia Warbler, Alder Flycatcher. 
 
 The above is merely a partial list of the birds which distinguish 
 the limits of this fauna. Some of these occur in slight numbers in 
 the Alleghaniau while others are extreme Canadian types and occur 
 well within its limits. However they may all be regarded as fairly 
 distinctive. 
 
 The Alleghanian Fauna is characterized by such trees as the 
 pine and oak. The birds are given below. 
 
 I.-ast Bittern, Green Heron, Mourning Dove, Meadow Lark, 
 Yellow-billed Cuckoo, Field Sparrow, Sharp-tailed Sparrow, Wood 
 Thrush, Towhee, Brown Thrasher, House Wren, Bob-white. 
 
 The birds cited above may be considered fairly typical of their 
 respective fauiue, and the prevalence of the species of one over 
 those of the other will settle to which fauna a given locality belongs. 
 
 Previous observers have assigned the dividing line between our 
 fauna.' to a somewhat indefinite locality near Mount Desert Island. 
 Beginning here, the Alleghanian Fauna has been stated to include 
 the territory south of the line of mountains which run in a south- 
 : 1 v direction across the state. Part of this is wrong in view 
 of information of which I am now possessed. 
 
 We may safely assign to the Canadian Fauna the entire granite- 
 ridged, spruce-covered sections of the coast. The Laureutiau Hills 
 with their outspurs present features which are in strong contrast to 
 those of the southwestern part of the state. The southern limit of 
 growth of the low, stunted spruces of the coast is coincident with 
 the distribution of the majority of Canadian birds, although many 
 arc not found quite so far southwards. 
 
150 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 In a recent article regarding the "Sharp-tailed Finches of Maine" 
 Mr. A. H. Norton speaks of the habitat of the Acadian Sharp-tail 
 as follows : "North of Scarboro, beginning with Cape Elizabeth, 
 its eastern boundary, the coast presents an uneven or hilly face of 
 rocks, indented with numerous coves and bays, studded with dry 
 ledgy islands. Between the hills are innumerable arms of the sea 
 often extending as * 'tide-rivers" or fjords several miles inland, 
 bordered by narrow swales. Coincident with these features is the 
 low spruce woods, so conspicuous a feature of the Maine coast, so 
 characteristic of the scanty soiled granite ridges, and the fog 
 drenched coast of the northeast. Very different in appearance are 
 the broad marshes of Scarboro and western Maine, backed by soil- 
 clad verdant slopes, with pine and hard woods replacing the spruce." 
 (Cf. Norton, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 2, pp. 100-101). 
 
 In my judgment he has here outlined the dividing line between 
 the two faunae, and the Canadian thus extends along the coast to 
 Cape Elizabeth. A few miles back in the interior these Canadian 
 features cease, and we will find ourselves in the midst of Allegha- 
 nian surroundings. These latter extend eastward in the interior into 
 Lincoln County, where the two regions seemingly meet, as is evi- 
 denced by the pine trees and spruces being about equal in numbers. 
 To the northward the Alleghanian surroundings probably predomi- 
 nate till the line of mountains which runs southwesterly across the 
 state is reached. In the absence of specific proof regarding this 
 point, I have been obliged to accept the evidence of previous 
 writers on the subject and follow their conclusions. 
 
 All of the region to the eastward of the Penobscot River, together 
 with that north of the before-mentioned chain of mountains, is 
 Canadian in character. Of this there can be no doubt. We may 
 therefore say that Aroostook, Franklin, Hancock, Penobscot, 
 Piscataquis, Somerset, and Washington Counties are Canadian. 
 To these may be added, provisionally, Kuox and Waldo. A narrow 
 Canadian strip extends along the coast through Lincoln and Saga- 
 dahoc into Cumberland. The northern parts of Androscoggin, 
 Kennebec, and Oxford may be also included in this fauna. 
 
 The Alleghauian includes all of York County and such parts of 
 Androscoggin, Cumberland, Kennebec, Lincoln, Oxford, and 
 Sagadahoc as have not been previously designated as Canadian. 
 
UIKDS OF MAINE. 15 L 
 
 With the information at hand this is the best I am able to do in 
 re-arranging our fannal lines. It is highly probable that isolated 
 areas of one fauna will be found to occur well within and entirely 
 surrounded by the other. These isolated areas will ultimately be 
 mapped out with a precision which cannot now be attempted. 
 During the past month J have obtained information which has 
 changed conclusions I formerly held regarding the limitations of 
 these areas. 
 
 From personal observation I am able to state that Hancock 
 County is purely Canadian in characters, and this is likewise true 
 with Penobscot, where Canadian characters slightly predominate. 
 Such parts of Waldo as I have been over are likewise Canadian, 
 although I have not been in the southwestern part. The conclu- 
 sions arrived at regarding the other counties are derived from the 
 combined observations of others and myself. 
 
152 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 I have given below a partial list of various books and publica- 
 tions which contain articles relating more or less directly to the 
 Ornithology or Oology of the state. The titles of many may not be 
 exactly or correctly quoted here, owing to the fact that I have 
 seen but a very small portion of the publications cited. I doubt 
 not but that most of them will be recognized under the titles given 
 them. The list does not claim to be either complete or exact, but 
 is given to serve as a slight aid to persons who wish to go more com- 
 pletely into the literature relating to our birds. Such publications 
 as Coues's Key, Ridgway's Manual, and others relating to the birds 
 of North America at large are cited because of their general bear- 
 ing on the subject, and for this same reason a few of the numerous 
 periodicals are also given. Notes regarding many of the publica- 
 tions cited have been taken from Steam's New England Bird Life. 
 1832. Williamson, William D. The History of the State of 
 
 Maine (etc.). For notes on birds see pp- 140-150 of 
 
 Vol. 1. 
 
 1861. Holmes, E. Zoology of Maine. See Sixth Annual Report 
 
 of Secretary of Maine Board of Agriculture, pp. 113-122. 
 About 193 species nominally listed. 
 
 1862. Catalogue of the Birds of Maine. In Proceedings of the 
 
 Portland Society of Natural History, Vol. 1, pp. 66-71. 
 About 230 species, some of which were reported without 
 the slightest evidence of their occurrence. List nominal. 
 
 1862. Boardman, George A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in 
 the Vicinity of Calais, Maine, and about the Islands of 
 the Bay of Fundy. Proceedings of the Boston Society of 
 Natural History, Vol. 9, pp. 122-132. Two hundred and 
 thirty-one species with annotations. 
 
 1862. Holmes, E. Birds of Maine. Addenda. Second Annual 
 Report of Natural History and Geology of Maine, p. 118. 
 
 1862. Verrill, A. E. Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, 
 Oxford County, Maine. Proceedings of the Essex Insti- 
 tute, Vol. 3, pp. 136-160. Annotated list of 159 species 
 and also a list of 107 Maine birds not seen at Norway. 
 
BIRDS OF MA INK. 153 
 
 1863. Samuels, Edward A. Mammalogy and Ornithology of 
 New England. Report of United States Commissioner 
 of Agriculture, 1863, pp. 265-286. Of little importance 
 regarding Maine species. 
 
 1863. Verrill, A. E. Additions to the Catalogue of the Birds 
 Found in the Vicinity of Calais, Maine, and About the 
 Islands of the Bay of Fundy. Proceedings of the Boston 
 Society of Natural History, Vol. 9, pp. 233-234. Twelve 
 species added to Boardman's 1862 list. 
 
 1865. Hamlin, Charles E. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the 
 Vicinity of Waterville, Kennebec County. Tenth Annual 
 Report of the Secretary of the Maine Board of Agricul- 
 ture, 1865, pp. 168-173. 
 
 1867. Samuels, E. A. Ornithology and Oology of New England. 
 Some Maine birds are referred to in this publication. 
 
 1867. Wyimui. Jeffries. An Account of Some KJcekkenmced- 
 
 dings or Shell-heaps in Maine and Massachusetts. Ameri- 
 can Naturalist, Vol. 1, 1867, pp. 561-584. 
 
 1868. Cones, Elliott. A List of the Birds of New England. 
 ISI;D. Boardmnn, (ieorge A. Breeding of Rare Birds (at Mill- 
 town). American Naturalist, Vol. 3, 1869, p. 222. 
 
 1869. Boardman, George A. The Black Vulture in Maine. 
 
 American Naturalist, Vol. 3, 1869, p. 498. 
 
 1871. Boardman, Geo. A. Ornithological Notes from Maine. 
 
 American Naturalist, Vol. 5, 1871, p. 662. 
 
 1872. Maynard. C. J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Coos County 
 
 New Hampshire and Oxford County, Maine. With Notes 
 by William Brewster. Proceedings of the Boston Society 
 of Natural History, 1871, pp. 356-385. This is an 
 annotated list of 164 species. 
 
 1873. Brewer. Dr. T. M. Catalogue of the Birds of New Eng- 
 
 land. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural His- 
 tory, Vol. 17, 1875, pp. 436-454. Contains notes relating 
 to the status of most species. 
 1875. Brown, Nathan C. Ornithological Notes from Portland, 
 Maine. Rod and Gun, Vol. 6, 1875, p. 81. 
 
 Flagg, Wilson. Birds and Seasons of New England. 
 
 Brown, Nathan C. Notes on Birds New to the Fauna of 
 Maine. Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, Vol. 
 2, January 1877, pp. 27-28. Five species given. 
 
154 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 1877. * Minot, H. D. The Land-Birds and Game-Birds of New 
 
 England, with Descriptions of the Birds, Their Nests and 
 Eggs, Their Habits and Notes. 
 
 1878. Brewer, Dr. T. M. Notes on Certain Species of New 
 
 England Birds, with additions to his Catalogue of the 
 Birds of New England. Proceedings of the Boston 
 Society of Natural History, Vol. 19, pp. 301-309. 
 
 1879. Brown, Nathan C. Notes on a Few Birds Occurring in 
 
 the Vicinity of Portland, Maine. Bulletin of the Nuttall 
 Ornithological Club, Vol. 4, 1879, p. 106. 
 
 1879. Boardman, Geo. A. Southern Birds Down East. Forest 
 and Stream, Vol. 13, p. 605. Notes the occurrence of 
 the Black Skimmer and Black Vulture in Maine. 
 
 1881. Stearns, W. A. New England Bird Life, a Manual of 
 
 Ornithology. Edited by Dr. Cones. Part 1. Oscines, 
 Singing Birds. Lee and Shephard, Boston. 
 
 1882. Brown, Nathan Clifford. A Catalogue of the Birds Known 
 
 to Occur in the Vicinity of Portland, Me., Especially in 
 the Townships of Falmouth, Deering, Westbrook, Cape 
 Elizabeth and Scarborough, Briefly Annotated. Proceed- 
 ings of the Portland Society of Natural History, Decem- 
 ber 4, 1882. 248 species are given here with more or 
 less complete annotations. 
 
 1882-83. Smith, Everett. The Birds of Maine, with Annotations 
 of Their Comparative Abundance, Dates of Migration, 
 Breeding Habits, etc. Forest and Stream, Vol. 19, 1882, 
 Nos. 22-26, and Vol. 20, 1883, Nos. 1-7 and 10-13. 
 Total number of species given here is 303 but some are 
 included on insufficient evidence. 
 
 1883. Stearns, W. A. New England Bird Life, etc. Part 2, 
 
 Birds of Prey, Game and Water Birds. Lee and Shep- 
 hard, Boston. Many records of birds from Maine are 
 cited here. 
 
 1889. Brown, Nathan Clifford. Supplementary Notes on the 
 Birds of Portland and Vicinity. Proceedings of the Port- 
 land Society of Natural History, Vol. 2, part 1, p. 37. 
 Adds 8 species to his previous list, and gives additional 
 notes on 33 species. 
 
BIRDS OF MA INK. 155 
 
 1889. Davie, Oliver. Xcsts and Eggs of North American Birds. 
 Hann and Adtiir, Columbus. References are made here 
 to the nesting of certain species in Maine. 
 
 1891. Walter, Herbert E. The Birds of Androscoggin County. 
 
 Notes on the Perching Birds of Androscoggin County, 
 Supplemented by u Catalogue of Other Species, Excluding 
 the Shore an 1 Water Birds, also identified in the county. 
 From the History of Androscoggin County. This is an 
 annotated list of 95 species, while 38 more are given 
 nominally. Eighteen other species are mentioned as 
 being reported in the state but not yet observed in the 
 above county. 
 
 1892. Bendire, Captain Charles. Life Histories of North Amer- 
 
 ican Birds ; with Special Reference to their Breeding 
 Habits and Eggs, with Twelve Lithographic Plates. 
 ( Government Printing Office, Washington. Gallinaceous 
 Birds Raptores. Quotes Manly Hardy extensively re- 
 gardinir the habits of many Maine birds. 
 
 1895. Minot, Henry Davis. The Land-Birds and Game-Birds of 
 New England. Second Edition, edited by William 
 Brewster. The Riverside Press, Cambridge. Many 
 Maine birds are recorded here. 
 
 1895. Chapman, Frank M. Handbook of Birds of Eastern North 
 America, etc. Third Edition. New York, D. Appleton 
 & Co. The occurrence of certain species in Maine is 
 cited here. 
 
 1895. Bendire, Captain and Brevet Major Charles. Life His- 
 tories of North American Birds from the Parrots to the 
 (irackles, with Special Reference to their Breeding Habits 
 and Eggs, with Seven Lithographic Plates. Washington, 
 Government Printing Office. Quotes Mr. Hardy regard- 
 ing Maine birds. 
 
 1895. American Ornithologists' Union. The A. O. U. Check- 
 
 List of North American Birds. Second Edition. Cam- 
 bridge, Mass. Refers to many birds as inhabiting 
 Maine. 
 
 1896. Ridgway, Robert. A Manual of North American Birds. 
 
 Illustrated by 464 Outline Drawings of the Generic Char- 
 acters. Second Edition. J. Lippincott Company, Phil- 
 adelphia. 
 
156 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 1897. Norton, Arthur H. Sharp-tailed Finches of Maine. 
 Remarks on their Relationship and Distribution. Pro- 
 ceedings of the Portland Society of Natural History, Vol. 
 2, March 15th, 1897, pp. 97-102. 
 
 . Coues, Elliot. Key to North American Birds. 
 
 . Chamberlain, Montague. NuttalPs Ornithology. A New 
 
 and Revised Edition. NuttalPs Land, Game and Water- 
 Birds, Colored Plates and Many Illustrations. 2 Yols. 
 Refers to certain Maine birds. 
 
 . Capen's Oology of New England. 
 
 . Maynard's Birds of Eastern North America. 
 
 . Wilcox, , Common Land Birds of New England. 
 
 PERIODICALS IX WHICH REFERENCES TO MAINE BIRDS 
 HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED, 
 
 The Auk, a Quarterly Journal of Ornithology, Published for the 
 American Ornithologists' Union. New York, L. S. Foster. $3.00 
 per annum. 
 
 The Osprey, an Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Ornithology, 
 Edited by Walter A. Johnson, associated with Dr. Elliot Coues. 
 Published by the Osprey Company, Galesburg, Illinois. Subscrip- 
 tion $1.00 yearly. 
 
 The Nidologist, Exponent of American Ornithology and Oology, 
 Published Monthly with Illustrations, by Henry Reed Taylor, 
 Alameda, California. Subscription $1.00 per year. 
 
 The Ob'logist. Monthly. Published by Frank H. Lattiu, Albion, 
 New York. Subscription 50 cents per year. 
 
 The Museum, a Journal Devoted to Research in Natural Science. 
 Published the Fifteenth of Each Month by Museum Publishing 
 Company, Walter F. Webb, Manager, Albion, N. Y. $1.00 
 yearly. 
 
 Maine Sportsman, Published the First of Every Month. Her % 
 bert W. Rowe, Bangor. $1.00 per year. The official organ of 
 the United Ornithologists of Maine. 
 
BIRDS OF MAINE. 157 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 Since the first forms of the list have gone to press, many addi- 
 tional notes of interest have been received from various sources. 
 Mr. Everett Smith should have been given credit for furnishing a 
 number of notes on the occurrence of certain species in various 
 parts of the state. Mr. A. H. Norton has recently furnished a 
 partial list of birds observed in Lincoln County. Such notes as 
 were received too late for insertion in their proper places in the 
 list are given here. 
 
 Colymbus holba'llii (Reinli.). Holbcell's Grebe. 
 "Winter resident, Knox County" (Norton). 
 
 Colymbus auritus Linn. Horned Grebe. 
 
 Winter resident. Knox County" (Norton). 
 
 Cepphus grylle (Linn.), Black Guillemot. 
 
 "Lincoln County, breeding in fair numbers in 1895" (Xortou). 
 
 Uria lomvia (Linn.). Briiunich's Murre. 
 
 "Two specimens found dead in the ice in Bridgton and Otisfield" 
 
 (Mead). 
 
 Stercorarius pomarinus (Temm.). Pomarine Jaeger. 
 "Lincoln County, three seen on June 23rd and again on the 24th, 1895" 
 (Norton). 
 
 Larus leucopterus Faber. Iceland Gull. 
 Knox County in winter" (Norton). 
 
 Larus argentatus smithsoniauus Cones. American Herring 
 Gull. 
 "Lincoln County" (Norton). 
 
 Larus atricilla Linn. Laughing Gull. 
 
 "Lincoln County, about 14 birds breeding in June, 1895. I took an egg 
 
 Knox County in 1896" (Norton). 
 
 Larus Philadelphia (Ord). Bonaparte's Gull. 
 "Lincoln County, observed in June, 1895" (Norton). 
 
 Sterna hirundo Linn. Common Tern. 
 
 "Lincoln County, still quite common and breeding iu]1895" (Norton). 
 
158 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 Stern paradisaja Brtinn. Arctic Tern. 
 
 "Lincoln County, still quite common and breeding in 1895" (Norton). 
 
 Hyclrochelidon nigra surinamensis (GmeL). Black Teru. 
 
 "Knox County, rare, credit is due Mr. Kackliff for taking a specimen in 
 this county" (Norton). 
 
 Oceanodroma leucorhoa (VieilL). Leach's Petrel. 
 "A few breeding in Lincoln County" (Norton). 
 
 Sula bassana (Linn.). Gannet. 
 
 "Lincoln County, one seen in June, 1895" (Norton). 
 
 Aythya vallisneria (Wils.). Canvas-back. 
 
 Prof. Wm. L. Powers writes that four specimens were shot near Gar- 
 diner, Kennebec County, in the fall of 1895. I have had the pleasure of 
 viewing one of these which is at present in his collection. 
 
 Oidemia americana Sw. and Rich. American Scoter. 
 
 "Have seen a female which was shot near Gardiner in Kennebec 
 County" (Knight). 
 
 Oidemia perspicillata (Linn.). Surf Scoter. 
 "Northern Cumberland, somewhat rare visitant" (Mead). 
 
 Ardea virescens Linn. Green Heron. 
 "Northern Cumberland, occasional" (Mead). 
 
 Nycticorax nycticorax naevius (Bodd.). Black-crowned Night 
 Heron. 
 
 "Northern Cumberland, one specimen, young, in twenty-rive years" 
 
 (Mead). 
 
 Nyctea nyctea (Linn.). Snowy Owl. 
 "Waldo County, occasional" (Spratt). 
 
 Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.). Red-winged Blackbird. 
 "Waldo County, common summer resident" (Spratt). 
 
 Acanthis linaria rostrata (Cones). Greater Redpoll. 
 
 Mr. A. H. Norton writes : "I regret to note that I mailed you an un- 
 corrected copy of my notes on the Redpolls. The year, 1895, should 
 have been 1896." Accordingly all his notes which are quoted regarding 
 this subspecies should be dated 1896. 
 
BIRDS OF MA INK. 159 
 
 Lanius borealis VieilL Northern Shrike. 
 Waldo Couuty" (Spratt). 
 
 Dendroica blacklmrma? (Gmel.). Blackburnian Warbler. 
 Waldo Couuty. rare" (Sprntt). 
 
 Anthus peusilvaiiicus (LafJt.). American Pipit. 
 
 "Wa.-s coiniimn at WiNou'n Mills. Oxford Couuty, iu September and 
 October, 1870" (Mead). 
 

INDEX. 
 
 A. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Acadian Owl us 
 
 Sharp-tailed Sparrow 98 
 
 Acanthis horneniaiinii exilipes 92 
 
 linuria 93 
 
 linaria holboellii 93 
 
 linaria rostrata 93,158 
 
 Accidental or casual visitants and stragglers 145 
 
 Accipiter atricapillus 59 
 
 cooperi 59 
 
 velox 58 
 
 AccipitriiKt- 58 
 
 Actitismacularia 50 
 
 Addenda 157 
 
 meloda 52 
 
 meloda circumcincta 53 
 
 st'iuipalmala 52 
 
 vocifera 52 
 
 wilsonia 138 
 
 64 
 
 Agelaius phoeniceus 87,158 
 
 Aix sponsa 30 
 
 Alaudidae 82 
 
 Alca torda 16 
 
 Alcedinidre 71 
 
 Alcidse 15,134 
 
 Alcime 16 
 
 Alcyones 71 
 
 Alder Flycatcher 80 
 
 Alle alle . 17 
 
 Allinse 17 
 
 American A vocet 44 
 
 Barn Owl , 139 
 
 Bittern 38 
 
 Coot 43 
 
 Crossbill 91 
 
 Crow 84 
 
 K^rct ... 39 
 
 Kid>r 34 
 
 Golden-eye 32 
 
 Goldfinch 94 
 
 Golden Plover . 51 
 
 Goshawk 59 
 
 II 
 
162 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 American Hawk Owl 70 
 
 Herring Gull 19,157 
 
 Long-eared Owl 66 
 
 Merganser 27 
 
 Osprey 65 
 
 Oyster-catcher 139 
 
 Pipit . 121,159 
 
 Redstart 121 
 
 Robin. 131 
 
 Rough-legged Hawk 61 
 
 Scaup Duck 31 
 
 Scoter 34,158 
 
 Sparrow Hawk 65 
 
 Three-toed Woodpecker 73 
 
 White-fronted Goose 137 
 
 WhitePelican 26 
 
 Woodcock 44 
 
 Ammodrainus caudacutus 97 
 
 caudacutus nelsoni 97 
 
 caudacutus subvirgatus 98 
 
 maritimus 98 
 
 princeps 96 
 
 sandwichensis savanna 96 
 
 savannarum passerinus 97 
 
 Ampelidae 107 
 
 Ampelinae 107 
 
 Ampelis cedrorum 107 
 
 garrulus 107 
 
 Anas americana 29 
 
 boschas 28 
 
 enrol inen sis 29 
 
 discors 29 
 
 obscura 28 
 
 strepera 29 
 
 Anatidae ... 27,136 
 
 Anatinae 28 
 
 Ancylocheilus 47 
 
 Anorthura 124 
 
 Anser albifrons gambeli 137 
 
 Anseres 27 
 
 Anserinae 36 
 
 Anthus pensilvanicus 121, 159 
 
 Antrostonius vociferus 75 
 
 Aphrizidas 53 
 
 AppleBird 108 
 
 Aquila chrysaetos 61 
 
 Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis 61 
 
 Arctic Horned Owl 69 
 
 Tern 21,158 
 
 Three-toed Woodpecker 73 
 
 Ardea caerulea 40 
 
 candidissima ' - 137 
 
 egretta 39 
 
 herodias ... 39 
 
 virescens , 40, 158 
 
 Ardeidae 38,137 
 
 Ardeinae 39 
 
 Ardetta exilis 38 
 
INDEX. 163 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Areas, faunal , 146 
 
 Arenaria interpres ->.; 
 
 Arenariinee .. 53 
 
 Arkansas Kingbird 78 
 
 Asio accipitrinus 66 
 
 wilsonianus 66 
 
 Astur 53 
 
 Auk, Great 17 
 
 Razorbilled 16 
 
 Avocet, American 44 
 
 Aythya affinis 31 
 
 americana , 31 
 
 collaris 3-> 
 
 inarila nearctica 31 
 
 vallisneria 31, 159- 
 
 B. 
 
 Baird's Sandpiper 46 
 
 Bald Eagle 62 
 
 Baldpate 29 
 
 Baltimore Oriole 88 
 
 Bank Swallow 107 
 
 Barn Swallow 106 
 
 Barred Owl 66 
 
 Barrow's Golden-eye 32 
 
 Bartramia longicauda 49 
 
 Bartramian Sandpiper 49 
 
 Bay-breasted Warbler 115 
 
 Belted Kingfisher 71 
 
 Belted 1'iping Plover 53 
 
 Bibliography 152 
 
 Bicknell's Thrush 141 
 
 Bird, Apple 108 
 
 Butcher 108 
 
 Cherry 107 
 
 Hair 99 
 
 Man-'o-War 136 
 
 Peabody 99 
 
 Thistle 94 
 
 Yellow 94 
 
 Birds of the Canadian Fauna 149 
 
 Birds of Prey 57 
 
 Bittern, American 38 
 
 Least 38 
 
 Black and White Warbler Ill 
 
 Black and Yellow Warbler 115 
 
 Black-bellied Plover 51 
 
 Black-billed Cuckoo 70 
 
 Blackbird, Red-winged 87,158 
 
 Rustv 88 
 
 Yellow-headed 
 
 Blackburnian Warbler 11:. I.Y.- 
 
 Black-crowned Night Heron 40, 158 
 
 Black- Duck 28 
 
 Guillemot 15,157 
 
 Gyrfalcon 
 
 Black-necked Stilt L> 
 
 Hlack-poll Warbler 116 
 
164 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 P.lnck Rail 137 
 
 Skimmer 22 
 
 Snowbird 100 
 
 Tern.. 22,158 
 
 Black-throated Blue Warbler 113 
 
 Green Warbler 116 
 
 Loon 134 
 
 Black Vulture 58 
 
 Bluebird 131 
 
 Blue Goose 137 
 
 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 129 
 
 Blue Grosbeak 139 
 
 Blue-headed Vireo 110 
 
 Blue Jay S3 
 
 Blue-winged Teal 29 
 
 Boat-tailed Grackle 139 
 
 Bobolink 85 
 
 Bob- white 53 
 
 Bog Hen 38 
 
 Bohemian Waxwing 10~ 
 
 Bonaparte's Gull 20,157 
 
 Bonasaumbellus 139 
 
 umbellus togata 54 
 
 Botaurinre 38 
 
 Botaurus lentiginosus 38 
 
 Brant 37 
 
 Branta bernicla 37 
 
 canadensis 37 
 
 canader.sis hutchinsii 37 
 
 Bridge Pewee 79 
 
 Broad-winged Hawk 60 
 
 Bronzed Grackle 89 
 
 Brown Creeper 125 
 
 Brown Thrasher 123 
 
 Briinnich's Murre 16,157 
 
 Bubonidae 66 
 
 Bubo virginianus 68 
 
 virginianus arcticus 69 
 
 virginianus saturatus 69 
 
 Buff-breasted Sandpiper 50 
 
 Buffle-head 32 
 
 Bullock's Oriole 88 
 
 Bunting, Indigo... .. 103 
 
 Butcher Bird 108 
 
 Buteo borealis 60 
 
 latissinms 60 
 
 lineatus 60 
 
 swainsoni 60 
 
 Butorides 40 
 
 c. 
 
 Calcarius lapponicus 95. 
 
 ornatus 95 
 
 Culidris arenaria 47 
 
 Camptolaimus labradorius 136 
 
 Canachites 54 
 
 Canada Goose 37 
 
 Grouse 54 
 
 Jay 83 
 
INDEX. 165 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Canadian Fauna, Birds of the 149 
 
 Ruffed Grouse 54 
 
 Warbler 121 
 
 Canary, Wild 94 
 
 Canvas- back 31,158 
 
 Cape May Warbler 113 
 
 Caprimulgi 75 
 
 Capri7imlgid;v 75 
 
 Cardinal 102 
 
 Ctirdinalis cardinalis .... 102 
 
 Carolina Wren l-x 
 
 Carpodacus purpureus 
 
 Caspian Tern 21 
 
 Casual visitants 146 
 
 Catbird 123 
 
 Catharista atrata 58 
 
 Cathartes aura 57 
 
 Cathartida3 57 
 
 Cedar Waxwing 107 
 
 Ceopliloeus pileatus 74 
 
 Cepphi 14 
 
 Cepphus grylle 15,157 
 
 mandtii 134 
 
 Certhia familiari.- ainericana 125 
 
 Certhiiriw !-"> 
 
 (Vryle alcyon 71 
 
 Chietura pelagica 76 
 
 Ch:i'turin:n 76 
 
 Chanulrhdu- 51,138 
 
 Charadrius doniiiiicus 51 
 
 Chu ritonetta albeola 32 
 
 Chat, Yellow-breasted 120 
 
 Chaulelasnms 29 
 
 Clu-lidon erythrogastra 106 
 
 Chen crerulescens 137 
 
 hyperborea 36 
 
 hyperborea ni valis 36 
 
 Cherry Bird ., 107 
 
 Chestnut collared Lougspur 
 
 Clirstnnt-sided Warbler 115 
 
 Chickadee 126 
 
 Hudsonian 126 
 
 Chimney Swift 76 
 
 Chipping Sparrow it'. 1 
 
 Chippy '.''. 
 
 Chordeiles virginlamu 76 
 
 Ciconije 38 
 
 Ciconiid-e 38 
 
 Circus hudsonius 58 
 
 Cif-t hothorus stellaris 140 
 
 Chunatores 78 
 
 Clangula clangula americana 32 
 
 islandica o2 
 
 Chipper Rail.. 41 
 
 Cliff Swallow 105 
 
 Clivicolariparia U.7 
 
 Coccothraustes vespertinus 89 
 
 Coccyges 70 
 
 Coccyginre 70 
 
166' BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Coccyzus americanus 70 
 
 erythropthalmus 70 
 
 Colaptes auratus 75 
 
 Colinus virginianus 53 
 
 Columbse 56 
 
 Coluinba livia 132 
 
 ColuuibidsB 56 
 
 Colymbus auritus 13,157 
 
 bolboellii 13,157 
 
 Common Tern 21,157 
 
 Connecticut Warbler 119 
 
 Contopus borealis ... 79 
 
 virens 80 
 
 Cooper's Hawk 59 
 
 Coot, American 43 
 
 Cormorant 26 
 
 Double-crested 26 
 
 Corn Crake. . .. 42 
 
 Corvidae ... 83 
 
 Corvinze 84 
 
 Corvus americanus 84 
 
 corax principalis 84 
 
 Coturnicops 42 
 
 Coturniculus 97 
 
 Cowbird 86 
 
 Crake, Corn 42 
 
 Creciscus 137 
 
 Creeper, Brown 125 
 
 Crested Flycatcher 78 
 
 Crex crex 42 
 
 Crossbill, American 91 
 
 White-winged 92 
 
 Crow, American 84 
 
 Crymophilus fulicarius 43 
 
 Crytopelicanus 26 
 
 Cuckoo, Black-billed 70 
 
 Yellow-billed 70 
 
 Cuculi 70 
 
 Cuculidse 70 
 
 Curlew, Eskimo . 51 
 
 Hudsonian 51 
 
 Long-billed 51 
 
 Sandpiper 47 
 
 Cyanocitta cristata 83 
 
 Cygninse 137 
 
 Cypseli 76 
 
 D. 
 
 Daflla acuta 30 
 
 Daption capensis 23 
 
 Dendragapus canadensis 54 
 
 Dendroicaaestiva ' 113 
 
 blackburnise 116,159 
 
 cserulescens 113 
 
 castanea 115 
 
 coronata 114 
 
 maculosa 115 
 
INDEX. 167 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea 117 
 
 pensylvanica 115 
 
 striata 116 
 
 tigrina 113 
 
 vigorsii 117 
 
 virens 116 
 
 Dickcissel 103 
 
 Diving Birds 13 
 
 Dolichonyx oryzivorus 85 
 
 Domestic Pigeon 132 
 
 Double-crested Cormorant 26 
 
 Dovekie 17 
 
 Dove, Mourning 57 
 
 Dowitcher .... 45 
 
 Long-billed 138 
 
 Downy Woodpecker 72 
 
 Dryobates pubescens medianus 72 
 
 villosus 72 
 
 Duck, American Scaup 31 
 
 Black ... 28 
 
 Harlequin 33 
 
 Labrador 136 
 
 Lesser Scaup A 31 
 
 Ring-necked 32 
 
 Ruddy 36 
 
 Wood 30 
 
 Duck Hawk 64 
 
 Dusky Horned Owl ;<> 
 
 Dysporus 25 
 
 Dytes 13 
 
 E. 
 
 Eagle, Bald , 62 
 
 Golden 61 
 
 Eave Swallow 105 
 
 Ectopistes migratorius 56 
 
 Egret, American 39 
 
 Eider, American 34 
 
 King 34 
 
 Northern 33 
 
 Empidonax flaviventris 80 
 
 minimus 81 
 
 traillii alnorum 80 
 
 English Sparrow 132 
 
 Ereunetes occidentalis 138 
 
 pusillus 47 
 
 Erionetta 34 
 
 Erismatura jamaicensis 36 
 
 Eskimo Curlew 51 
 
 Evening Grosbeak H9 
 
 F. 
 
 Falco columbarius 64 
 
 islandus 62 
 
 peregrinus anatum 64 
 
 rusticolus 63 
 
168 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Falco rusticolus gyrfalco ,. 63 
 
 rusticolus obsoletus 63 
 
 sparverius 65 
 
 Falcones 58 
 
 Falconirtse . . 58 
 
 Falconina? 62 
 
 Faunal areas. 146 
 
 Field Sparrow 100 
 
 Finch, Grass 95 
 
 Purple . .. 90 
 
 Fish Hawk 65 
 
 Flicker 75 
 
 Florida 40 
 
 Florida Gallinule 43 
 
 Flycatcher, Alder 80 
 
 Crested. ... 78 
 
 Least 81 
 
 Olive-sided 79 
 
 Yellow-bellied 80 
 
 Fox Sparrow 102 
 
 Fratercula arctica 15 
 
 Fraterculinae 15 
 
 Fregata aquila 136 
 
 Fregatidae 136 
 
 Fringillidae 89, 139 
 
 Fulica americana 43 
 
 Fulicinse 43 
 
 Fuligula 31 
 
 Fuligulinae 31 
 
 Fulmar 135 
 
 Lesser 136 
 
 Fulmarus glacialis 135 
 
 glacialis minor 136 
 
 Gadwall 29 
 
 Galeoscoptes carolinensis 123 
 
 Gallinaceous Birds . 53 
 
 Galiinse 53 
 
 Gallinago delicata 45 
 
 Gallinula galeata 43 
 
 Gallinule, Florida 43 
 
 Purple ... 42 
 
 Gallinulinse 42 
 
 Gannet 25,158 
 
 Garrulinee 83 
 
 Garzetta 137 
 
 Gavia alba 135 
 
 Gelochelidon nilotica 20 
 
 Geothlypis agilis 119 
 
 Philadelphia 119 
 
 trichas 120 
 
 GlaucousGull 18 
 
 Gnatcatcher, Blue-gray 
 
 Godwit, Hudsonian 48 
 
 Marbled 48 
 
 Golden-crowned Kinglet 127 
 
INDEX. 169 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Golden Eagle 61 
 
 Golden-eye, American :;j 
 
 Barrow's 32 
 
 Goldfinch, American 94 
 
 Goose, American White-fronted 137 
 
 Blue 137 
 
 Canada 37 
 
 GreaterSnow 36 
 
 Hutchin's 37 
 
 Lesser Snow 36 
 
 Goshawk, American 59 
 
 Gracklf, Pxmt tailed l:v. 
 
 Bronzed >'.' 
 
 Purple >'.' 
 
 Grass Finch !O> 
 
 Grasshopper Sparrow 97 
 
 Gray-cheeked Thrush 130 
 
 Gray Gyrf alcon 63 
 
 Great Auk 17 
 
 Black-backed Gull 18 
 
 Blue Heron 
 
 Greater Redpoll 93,158 
 
 Shearwater 23 
 
 Snow Goose 36 
 
 Yellow-legs 48 
 
 Great Gray Owl 67 
 
 Horned Owl 68 
 
 Grebe, Holbcell's 13,157 
 
 Horm-d ... 13,157 
 
 Pied-billed 14 
 
 Grern Heron 40,158 
 
 Green-winged Teal J. 
 
 Grosbeak, Blue 
 
 Evening >'. 
 
 Pine 90 
 
 Rose-breasted 103 
 
 Grouse, Canada 54 
 
 Canadian Ruffed 54 
 
 Ruffed 139 
 
 Gyrf alcon 63 
 
 Black 63 
 
 <ir:iy 63 
 
 White 
 
 Guillemot, Black ... 15,157 
 
 Mniult'S 134 
 
 Guiraca ca'.rulea 139 
 
 Gull, American Herring 19, 157 
 
 Bonaparte's 20, 157 
 
 Glaucous ]> 
 
 Great Black-backed 18 
 
 Herring Ill 
 
 Iceland 18,157 
 
 Ivory 135 
 
 Kumlien's 135 
 
 Laughing I'.t, i:>7 
 
 Ring-billed 19 
 
 Sabine's 20 
 
 Gull-billed Tern 20 
 
170 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 H. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hrematopodidae 139 
 
 Hsematopus palliatus 139 
 
 Hair Bird 99 
 
 Hairy Woodpecker 72 
 
 Haligeetus leucocephalus ... .... 62 
 
 Haliplana 22 
 
 Harelda hyemalis 33 
 
 Harlequin Duck 33 
 
 Harporhynchua rufus 123 
 
 Hawk, American Rough -legged 61 
 
 American Sparrow 65 
 
 Broad-winged 60 
 
 Cooper's 59 
 
 Duck 64 
 
 Fish 65 
 
 Marsh 58 
 
 Pigeon ... . 64 
 
 Red-shouldered 60 
 
 Red-tailed .. 60 
 
 Sharp-shinned 58 
 
 Swainson's 60 
 
 Helminthophila celata 140 
 
 peregrina 112 
 
 rubricapilla Ill 
 
 Helmitherus vermivorus 140 
 
 Helodromas 48 
 
 Hermit Thrush 130 
 
 Herodias 39 
 
 Herodii , 38 
 
 Herodiones .. .. ..... 38 
 
 Heron, Black-crowned Night 40,158 
 
 Great Blue 39 
 
 Green 40, 158 
 
 Little Blue 40 
 
 Snowy.. 137 
 
 Herring Gull 19 
 
 Hesperiphona 89 
 
 Hierof alco 62 
 
 Himantopus mexicanus 138 
 
 Hirundinidse 105 
 
 Histrionicus histrionicus 33 
 
 Hoary Redpoll 92 
 
 Holbcell's Grebe ... . 13,157 
 
 Redpoll 93 
 
 Hooded Merganser 28 
 
 Horned Grebe 13, 157 
 
 Lark 82 
 
 House Wren , 124 
 
 Hudsonian Chickadee 126 
 
 Curlew 51 
 
 Godwit 48 
 
 Hummingbird, Ruby-throated . 77 
 
 Hutchin's Goose 37 
 
 Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis 22, 158 
 
 Hylocichla 129 
 
 Hypothetical List 134 
 
INDEX. 
 
 171 
 
 I. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ibis, Wood 38 
 
 Iceland Gull 18,157 
 
 Icteria virens 120 
 
 Icteridae 85 
 
 Icterus bullocki 88 
 
 galbula 88 
 
 spurius '. fS 
 
 Indian Hen 38 
 
 Indigo Bunting 103 
 
 Introduced Species 142 
 
 Introduction 5 
 
 lonornis martinica 42 
 
 Ipswich Sparrow 96 
 
 Ivory Gull 135 
 
 J. 
 
 Jaeger, Long-tailed 18 
 
 Parasitic 17 
 
 Pomarine 17,157 
 
 Jay,Blue 83 
 
 Canada >3 
 
 Junco hyemalis 100 
 
 Slate-colored 100 
 
 K. 
 
 Killdeer .... 52 
 
 Kingbird 78 
 
 Arkansas 78 
 
 King Eider 34 
 
 Kingfisher, Belted 71 
 
 Kinglet, Golden-crowned 127 
 
 Ruby-crowned 127 
 
 King Rail 41 
 
 Kittiwake 18 
 
 Knot 45 
 
 Kurnlien'sGull 135 
 
 L. 
 
 Labrador Duck 136 
 
 Lagopus lagopus 56 
 
 Lamellirostral Swimmers 27 
 
 Laniidse 108 
 
 Lanius borealis 108,159 
 
 ludovicianus 108 
 
 Lanivireo 110 
 
 Lapland Longspur 95 
 
 Laridae 18,135 
 
 Larinae 18 
 
 Lark, Horned 82 
 
 Prarie Horned 82 
 
 L Meadow 87 
 
172 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Larus argentatus 19 
 
 argentatus smithsonianus 19,157 
 
 atricilla 19,157 
 
 delawarensis 19 
 
 glaucus 18 
 
 kumlieni 135 
 
 leucopterus 18,157 
 
 marinus 18 
 
 Philadelphia 20,157 
 
 Laughing Gull 19, 157 
 
 Laws relating to Ornithology and Oology 9 
 
 Leach's Petrel 24,158 
 
 Least Bittern 38 
 
 Flycatcher 81 
 
 Sandpiper 46 
 
 Tern 22 
 
 Lesser Fulmar 136 
 
 Scaup Duck 31 
 
 Snow Goose 36 
 
 Limicolaa I. 43 
 
 Limosa f edoa 48 
 
 haemastica 48 
 
 Lincoln's Sparrow 101 
 
 Little Blue Heron 40 
 
 Loggerhead Shrike 108 
 
 Long-billed Curlew 51 
 
 Dowitcher 138 
 
 Longipennes 17 
 
 Longspur, Chestnut collared 95 
 
 Lapland 95 
 
 Long-tailed Jaeger 18 
 
 Long-winged Swimmers 17 
 
 Loon 14 
 
 Black-throated 134 
 
 Red-throated 14 
 
 Lophody tes cucullatus 
 
 Louisiana Tanager 104 
 
 Water-Thrush 119 
 
 Loxia curvirostra minor 91 
 
 leucoptera 92 
 
 Lunda cirrhata 15 
 
 M. 
 
 Macrochires 75 
 
 Macrorhamphus griseus 45 
 
 scolopaceus 
 
 Magnolia Warbler 115 
 
 Mallard 
 
 Mandt's Guillemot 134 
 
 Man-o'- War Bird 136 
 
 Marbled God wit 48 
 
 Mareca 
 
 Marsh Hawk , 
 
 Martin, Purple 
 
 Maryland Yellow-throat 120 
 
 Meadow Lark ' 
 
 Megascops asio 68 
 
INDEX. 173 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Melanerpes erythroeepluilus 74 
 
 MHanitta. 35 
 
 M<'l<>agrin:t' 56 
 
 Meleagris gallopavo 56 
 
 Melospi/a tasciata 101 
 
 georgiana 101 
 
 linc-olnii 101 
 
 Merganser, American... -27 
 
 americanus 27 
 
 Hooded 28 
 
 Red -breasted 27 
 
 serrator -27 
 
 Mei-gina- 07 
 
 Merula migratoria 131 
 
 Mi'thrioptrrus 123 
 
 Micropalama liimantopus 45 
 
 Micropodidae 76 
 
 Migrants 143 
 
 Miiiiin;r 122 
 
 Miinus polyglottos 122 
 
 Mniotilta varia Ill 
 
 Mniotiltida- 111,140 
 
 Mockingbird 122 
 
 Molnthrus ater 86 
 
 Moo-r Hird 4 
 
 Mourning Dove 57 
 
 Mourning Warbler 119 
 
 Murre 16 
 
 Brunnich's 16, 157 
 
 Myiarchiis crinitus 78 
 
 Myrtle Warbler 114 
 
 N. 
 
 Nashville Warbler Ill 
 
 Nelson's Sparrow 97 
 
 NYttion 29 
 
 Night-hawk 76 
 
 Northern Eider 33 
 
 Parula Warbler 112 
 
 Phalarope 44 
 
 Raven 84 
 
 Shrike 108,159 
 
 Numenius borealis.. 51 
 
 hudsonicus 51 
 
 longirostris .. 51 
 
 Nuthatch, Red-breasted 125 
 
 White-breasted 125 
 
 Nuttallornis 79 
 
 Nyctala acadica 68 
 
 tenguialmi richardsoni 67 
 
 Nyctea nyctea 69, 158 
 
 Nycticorax nyeticorax naevius 40,158 
 
174 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 o. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Oceanites oceanicus .. 25 
 
 Oceanitinse 25 
 
 Oceanodromaleucorhoa 24,158 
 
 Ochthodromus 138 
 
 Oidemia americana 34,158 
 
 deglandi 35 
 
 pei'spicillata 35,158 
 
 Old-squaw 33 
 
 Olive-backed Thrush 130 
 
 Olive-sided Flycatcher 79 
 
 Olor columbianus 137 
 
 Oporornis 119 
 
 Orange-crowned Warbler 140 
 
 Orchard Oriole 88 
 
 Oriole, Baltimore 88 
 
 Bullock's 88 
 
 Orchard 88 
 
 Oscines 82 
 
 Osprey, American 65 
 
 Otocoris alpestris 82 
 
 alpestris praticola 82 
 
 Oven-bird 118 
 
 Owl, Acadian 68 
 
 American Barn 139 
 
 American Hawk 70 
 
 American Long-eared 66 
 
 Arctic Horned 69 
 
 Barred 66 
 
 Dusky Horned 69 
 
 GreatGray G7 
 
 Great Horned 68 
 
 Richardson's ... 67 
 
 Saw-whet 68 
 
 Screech 68 
 
 Short-eared 66 
 
 Snowy 69,158 
 
 Oxyechus 52 
 
 Oyster-catcher, American 139 
 
 P. 
 
 Paludicolse 41 
 
 Pandion haliaetus carolinensis 65 
 
 Pandioninse 65 
 
 Parasitic Jaeger 17 
 
 Paridae 125 
 
 Paringe 126 
 
 Partridge 55 
 
 Par us atricapillus 126 
 
 hudsonicus 126 
 
 Passenger Pigeon 56 
 
 Passerculus 96 
 
 Passer domesticus 132 
 
 Passerella iliaca . 102 
 
 Passeres 78 
 
INDEX. 175 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Passerina cyanea 103 
 
 Pavoncella pugnax 40 
 
 Peabocly Bird 99 
 
 Pectoral Sandpiper 46 
 
 Pelecanidae 26 
 
 Pelecanus erythrohynclios 26 
 
 Pelican, American White 26 
 
 Pelidna 47 
 
 Pelionetta 35 
 
 Pendulinus 88 
 
 Percliing Birds 73 
 
 Perdicinae 53 
 
 Periodicals containing references to Maine birds 156 
 
 Perisoreus canadensis 83 
 
 Permanent Residents 142 
 
 Perissoglossa 113 
 
 Petrel, Leach's 24,158 
 
 Pintado 23 
 
 Stormy 136 
 
 Wilson's 25 
 
 Petrochelidon lunifrons 105 
 
 Pe wee, Bridge 7; 
 
 Wood 80 
 
 PhalaerocoracicUw 26 
 
 Phalacrocorax carbo 26 
 
 dilophus 26 
 
 Phalarope, Northern 44 
 
 Red 43 
 
 Wilson's 44 
 
 Phalaropuslobatus 44 
 
 Phalaropodidte 43 
 
 Phaleriiu 15 
 
 Phasiani 53 
 
 Phasianidte 56 
 
 Philadelphia Vireo 109 
 
 Philohela minor 44 
 
 Phoebe 79 
 
 Pici 72 
 
 Pu-idae 72 
 
 Picoides americanus 73 
 
 arcticus 73 
 
 Pied-billed Grebe 13 
 
 Pigeon, Domestic 132 
 
 Pa-seiiger 56 
 
 Pigeon Hawk 64 
 
 Pileated Woodpecker 74 
 
 Pine-creeping Warbler 117 
 
 Pint- Grosbeak 90 
 
 Siskin 94 
 
 Warbler 117 
 
 Pinicola enucleator .. 90 
 
 Pintado Petrel 23 
 
 Pintail 30 
 
 Plpilo erythrophthalmua 102 
 
 Piping Plover 52 
 
 Pipit, American 121,159 
 
 Piranga erythromelas 104 
 
 ludoviciana 104 
 
 rulmi v 104 
 
176 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Plautus impennis 17 
 
 Plectropbenax nivalis 95 
 
 Plover, American Golden . 51 
 
 Belted Piping 53 
 
 Black-bellied 51 
 
 Piping 52 
 
 Semipalmated 52 
 
 Wilson's 138 
 
 Podicipidse 13 
 
 Podicipides 13 
 
 Podilymbus podiceps -. 14 
 
 Polioptila caerulea 129 
 
 Polioptilinae - 129 
 
 Pomarine Jaeger 17,157 
 
 Poocffites gramineus 95 
 
 Porzana Carolina 41 
 
 jamaicensis 137 
 
 noveboracensis 42 
 
 Prarie Horned Lark 
 
 Procellaria pelagica 136 
 
 Procellariidae 23,135 
 
 Procellariinse 23 
 
 Progne subis 105 
 
 Protbonotary Warbler Ill 
 
 Protonotaria citrea Ill 
 
 Ptarmigan, Willow 56 
 
 Puffin, 15 
 
 Tufted 1ft 
 
 Puffinus gravis 23 
 
 Strickland! 23 
 
 Purple Fincb 90 
 
 Gallinule 42 
 
 Grackle 89 
 
 Martin 105 
 
 Sandpiper 46 
 
 Pygopodes 13 
 
 Q. 
 
 Querquedula 
 
 Quiscalus quiscula aeneus 89 
 
 major 139 
 
 R. 
 
 Rail, Black ... 137 
 
 Clapper 41 
 
 King 41 
 
 Virginia 41 
 
 Yellow 42 
 
 Ralli 41 
 
 Rallidae 41,137 
 
 Rallinse 41 
 
 Rallus crepitans 41 
 
 elegans 41 
 
 virgini anns 41 
 
 Raptores 57 
 
INDEX. 177 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Raven, Northern ... . 84 
 
 Razor-billed Auk 16 
 
 Recurvirontra americana . 44 
 
 Recurvirostridre 44, 138 
 
 Red backed Sandpiper 47 
 
 Red-breasted Merganser -27 
 
 Nuthatch 125 
 
 Red-eyed Vireo 109 
 
 Redhead 31 
 
 Red-headed Woodpecker 74 
 
 Red Phalarope 43 
 
 Redpoll 93 
 
 Greater 93,158 
 
 Hoary 92 
 
 Holboell's '.<:{ 
 
 Red-shouldered Hawk 60 
 
 Redstart, American 121 
 
 Red-tailed Hawk 60 
 
 Red-throated Loon 14 
 
 Red winged Blackbird 87,158 
 
 Reed Bird 86 
 
 Reguliiue 127 
 
 Regulus calendula 1-21 
 
 satrapa 127 
 
 Rice Bird 86 
 
 Richardson's Owl 67 
 
 Ring-billed Gull ... 19 
 
 King Neck 52 
 
 Ring-necked Duck 32 
 
 Rissa tridactyla 18 
 
 Robin, American 131 
 
 Roseate Tern 21 
 
 Rose-breasted Grosbeak > 103 
 
 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 127 
 
 Baby-throated Hummingbird 77 
 
 Ruddy Duck 36 
 
 Ruff 49 
 
 Ruffed Grouse 139 
 
 Rusty Blackbird 88 
 
 Rynchodon 64 
 
 Rynchopidiw 22 
 
 Rynchops uigra 22 
 
 s. 
 
 Sabine's Gull 20 
 
 Sacorhamphi 57 
 
 Sanderling 47 
 
 Sandpiper, Baird's 46 
 
 Bartramian 49 
 
 Buff-breasted 50 
 
 Curlew 47 
 
 Least 46 
 
 Pectoral 46 
 
 Purple 46 
 
 Red-backed 47 
 
 W hite-rumped 46 
 
 Semipalmated 47 
 
 Solitary 49 
 
 12 
 
178 
 
 BIRDS OF MAINfi. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sandpiper, Spotted 50 
 
 Stilt 45 
 
 Western 138 
 
 Sapsucker, Yellow-bellied ... 73 
 
 Savanna Sparrow 96 
 
 Saw-whet Owl 68 
 
 Saxicola oenanthe 141 
 
 Sayornis pho3be 79 
 
 Scarlet Tanager 104 
 
 Scolecophagus carolinus 88 
 
 Scolopacidse 44,138 
 
 Scoter, American 34, 158 
 
 Surf 35,158 
 
 White-winged 35 
 
 Scotiaptex cinerea 67 
 
 Screech Owl 68 
 
 Sea Duck 34 
 
 Seaside Sparrow 98 
 
 Seiurus aurocapillus 118 
 
 motacilla 119 
 
 noveboracensis . . 118 
 
 Semipalmated Plover 52 
 
 Sandpiper... 47 
 
 Setophagaruticilla 121 
 
 Sharp-shinned Hawk 58 
 
 Sharp-tailed Sparrow 97 
 
 Shearwater, Greater 23 
 
 Sooty 23 
 
 Shite-poke 38 
 
 Short-billed Marsh Wren 140 
 
 Short-eared Owl 66 
 
 Shoveller 30 
 
 Shrike, Loggerhead 108 
 
 Northern 108,159 
 
 Sialiasialis 131 
 
 Siskin, Pine 94 
 
 Sitta canadensis 125 
 
 carolinensis 125 
 
 Sitting 125 
 
 Skimmer. Black 22 
 
 Slate-colored Junco 100 
 
 Snipe, Wilson's 45 
 
 Snowbird, Black 100 
 
 Snowflake .'. 95 
 
 Snowy Heron 137 
 
 Owl... 69,158 
 
 Solitary Sandpiper 49 
 
 Somateria dresseri 34 
 
 mollissima borealis 33 
 
 spectabilis 34 
 
 Song Birds .. 
 
 Songless Perching Birds 78 
 
 Song Sparrow 101 
 
 Sooty Shearwater 
 
 Tern 
 
 Sora 41 
 
 Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed 
 
 Chipping 99 
 
 English 132 
 
INDEX. 179 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Sparrow, Field 100 
 
 Fox 102 
 
 Grasshopper 97 
 
 Ipswich 96 
 
 Lincoln's 101 
 
 Ni Ison's 97 
 
 s.ivanna 96 
 
 > aside 98 
 
 Sharp-tailed 97 
 
 Song l 101 
 
 Swamp 101 
 
 Tree 9f 
 
 Vesper 95 
 
 White-crowned w 
 
 White-throated ... 98 
 
 Spatula clypeata 30 
 
 Species now extinct in the State 145 
 
 Sphyrapicus varius 7.S 
 
 Spinus pinns 94 
 
 tristis 94 
 
 Spi/a americana 103 
 
 Spizt'lla nionticola 99 
 
 pusilla 100 
 
 socialis 99 
 
 Spotted Sandpiper 50 
 
 Squatarola squatarola 51 
 
 Stake Driver 38 
 
 Starling 85 
 
 Steganopodes 25 
 
 Steganopus tricolor 44 
 
 Stercorariidw 17 
 
 Slercorarius longicaudus 18 
 
 parasiticus 17 
 
 pomarinus 17,157 
 
 Sterna antillarum 22 
 
 doiiKalli 21 
 
 f uliginosa 22 
 
 hirundo 21,157 
 
 paradisaea 21, 158 
 
 tschegrava 21 
 
 Sternime 20 
 
 Sternula 22 
 
 Stilt, Black-necked 138 
 
 Stilt Sandpiper 45 
 
 Stormy Petrel 136 
 
 Stragglers 146 
 
 Streptoceryle 71 
 
 Striges 66 
 
 Strix pratincola 139 
 
 Sturnella inagna 87 
 
 Sturnidae 85 
 
 Sturnus vulgaris 85 
 
 Sula bassana 25,158 
 
 Sulidte 25 
 
 Summary 141 
 
 Summer Residents 142 
 
 Summer Tanager 104 
 
 Summer Yellow-bird 113 
 
 Surf Scoter 35,158 
 
180 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Surnia ulula caparoch 70 
 
 Swainson's Hawk 60 
 
 Swallow, Bank 107 
 
 Barn 106 
 
 Cliff 105 
 
 Eave 105 
 
 Tree 106 
 
 Swamp Sparrow 101 
 
 Swan, Whistling 137 
 
 Swift, Chimney 76 
 
 Swimmers, Lamellirostral 27 
 
 Long-winged 17 
 
 Totipalmate 25 
 
 Tube-nosed 23 
 
 Sylvania canadensis 121 
 
 Sylvania pusilla. 120 
 
 Sylviidse 127 
 
 Symphemia semipalmata 49 
 
 Syrnium nehulosum 66 
 
 T. 
 
 Tachycineta bicolor ... 106 
 
 Tachy triorchis 60 
 
 Tanager, Louisiana 104 
 
 Scarlet 104 
 
 Summer 104 
 
 Tanagridae . 104 
 
 Tantalinse 3S 
 
 Tantalus loculator 38 
 
 Teal, Blue-winged 29 
 
 Green-winged 29 
 
 Tennessee Warbler 112 
 
 Tern, Arctic 21,158 
 
 Black 22, 158 
 
 Caspian 21 
 
 Common 21 , 157 
 
 Gull-billed 20 
 
 Least 22 
 
 Roseate 21 
 
 Sooty 22 
 
 Teter-up 50 
 
 Tetraonidse 53,139 
 
 Tetraoninse 54 
 
 Thalasseus 21 
 
 Thistle Bird 94 
 
 Thrasher, Brown 123 
 
 Thrush, Bicknell's 141 
 
 Gray-cheeked 130 
 
 Hermit 130 
 
 Olive-backed 130 
 
 Wilson's 129 
 
 Wood 
 
 Thryothorus ludovicianus 
 
 Thunder Pump 
 
 Tinnunculus 
 
 Tip-tail 
 
 Tip-up 50 
 
INDEX. 181 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Totanus flavipes 48 
 
 melanoleucus. , 48 
 
 solitarius 48 
 
 Totipalmate Swimmers 25 
 
 Towhee 102 
 
 Transient Visitors 143 
 
 Tree Sparrow 99 
 
 Swallow 106 
 
 Tringa alpina paciflca 47 
 
 bairdii 46 
 
 canutus 45 
 
 f erruginea 47 
 
 fuscicollis ... 46 
 
 maculata 46 
 
 marititna 46 
 
 minutilla 46 
 
 Trochili 77 
 
 Trochilidse 77 
 
 Trochilus colubris 77 
 
 Troglodytes aedon 124 
 
 hieuuilis 124 
 
 Troglodytidas 122,141 
 
 Troglodytinae 123 
 
 Tryngites subruficollis 50 
 
 Tube-nosed Swimmers 23 
 
 Tubinares 23 
 
 Tufted Puffin 15 
 
 Turdidae 129,141 
 
 Timlinse 129 
 
 Turdus alicisa 130 
 
 alicite bicknelli 141 
 
 aonalaschkae pallasii 130 
 
 fuscescens 129 
 
 mustelinus 129 
 
 ustulatus swainsonii 130 
 
 Turkey Vulture 57 
 
 Turkey, Wild 56 
 
 Turnstone 53 
 
 Tynmnidiu 78 
 
 Tyrannus tyrannus 78 
 
 verticalis 78 
 
 u. 
 
 Uriatroile 16 
 
 lomvia 16,157 
 
 Urinator arcticus 134 
 
 in i her 14 
 
 lumme 14 
 
 Urinatoridae 14,134 
 
 V. 
 
 Vesper Sparrow 95 
 
 Vireo, Blue-headed 110 
 
 gilvus 110 
 
 flavifrons 110 
 
 noveboracensis 140 
 
182 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Vireo olivaceus 109 
 
 Philadelphia 109 
 
 philadelphicus 109 
 
 Red-eyed 109 
 
 solitarius 110 
 
 Warbling 110 
 
 White-eyed 140 
 
 Yellow-throated 110 
 
 Vireonidae ' 109, 140 
 
 Vireosylva 109 
 
 VirginiaRail 41 
 
 Vulture, Black 58 
 
 Turkey 57 
 
 w. 
 
 Warbler, Bay -breasted 115 
 
 Black and White Ill 
 
 Black and Yellow 115 
 
 Blackburnian 116,159 
 
 Black-poll 116 
 
 Black-throated Blue 113 
 
 Black-throated Green 116 
 
 Blue Yellow-backed 112 
 
 Canadian 121 
 
 Cape May 113 
 
 Chestnut-sided 115 
 
 Connecticut 119 
 
 Magnolia 115 
 
 Mourning 119 
 
 Myrtle 114 
 
 Nashville Ill 
 
 Northern Parula 112 
 
 Orange-crowned 140 
 
 Pine 117 
 
 Pine creeping 117 
 
 Prothonotary Ill 
 
 Tennessee 112 
 
 Wilson's 120 
 
 Worm-eating 140 
 
 Yellow us 
 
 Yellow Palm ... 117 
 
 Yellow-rumped 114 
 
 Warbling Vireo 110 
 
 Water-Thrush, 118 
 
 Louisiana 119 
 
 Waxwing, Bohemian 107 
 
 Cedar 107 
 
 Western Sandpiper 138 
 
 Wheatear 141 
 
 Whip-poor-will 75 
 
 Whiskey Jack 84 
 
 Whistling Swan 137 
 
 White-breasted Nuthatch 125 
 
 White-crowned Sparrow 98 
 
 White-eyed Vireo 140 
 
INDEX. 183 
 
 PAGE 
 
 White Gyrfalcon 62 
 
 White-rumprd Sandpiper 46 
 
 White-throated Sparrow 98 
 
 White-wiiitfrd Crowbill si-j 
 
 White-winged Scoter 35 
 
 Wild Canary 94 
 
 Wild Turkey 56 
 
 Wilh-t 49 
 
 Willow Ptarmigan 56 
 
 Wilson's Petrel 25 
 
 Phalarope 44 
 
 Plover 138 
 
 Snipe 45 
 
 Thrush 129 
 
 Warbler 120 
 
 Winter Residents 144 
 
 Winter Visitors 144 
 
 Winter Wren 124 
 
 Woodcock, American 44 
 
 Wood Duck 30 
 
 Ibis 38 
 
 Woodpecker, A mericau three-toed 73 
 
 Arctic three-toed 73 
 
 Downy 72 
 
 Hairy 72 
 
 Pileated. 74 
 
 Red-headed > 74 
 
 Wood Pewee 80 
 
 Thrush 129 
 
 W arblers Ill 
 
 Worm eating Warbler 140 
 
 Wren, Carolina 123 
 
 House 144 
 
 Short-billed Marsh 140 
 
 Winter 124 
 
 X. 
 
 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 86 
 
 Xenmsablnii 20 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 80 
 
 Sapsucker 
 
 Yellow-billed Cuckoo 70 
 
 Yellow Bird 94 
 
 Summer 113 
 
 Yellow-breasted Chat 120 
 
 Yellow Hammer 75 
 
 Yellow-headed Blackbird 86 
 
 Yellow-legs 48 
 
 Greater 48 
 
 Yellow Palm Warbler 117 
 
 Rail 42 
 
 Yellow-rumped Warbler 114 
 
184 BIRDS OF MAINE. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Yellow-throat, Maryland 120 
 
 Yellow-throated Vireo 110 
 
 Yellow Warbler 113 
 
 Yphantes 88 
 
 z. 
 
 Zamelodia ludoviciana 103 
 
 Zenaidura tnacroura 57 
 
 Zonotrichia albicollis . 98 
 
 leucophrys 98 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 15, No. 5, line 6, pond should read Pond. 
 
 " 26, No. 43, line 7, Fauna should read fauna. 
 
 " 27, No. 46, line 4, Fauna should read fauna. 
 
 " 28, No. 48, line 1, Anas boachas should read Anas boschas. 
 
 " 34, No. 68, line 3, eastwerd should read eastward. 
 
 " 37, No. 77, line 10, ant should read an. 
 
 " 47, No. 112, last line, Boradman should read Boardman. 
 
 " 90, No. 215, line 2, varyiing should read varying. 
 
 " 94, No. 222, line 2, line 5, 1895 should read 1896. 
 
 " 97, No. 233, line 10, cavdacutus should read caudacutus. 
 
 " 98, No. 234, line 14, should read (Cf . Norton, Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1897 
 
 p. 100). 
 
 " 142, line 15, omit "entirely." 
 

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
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 RECALL 
 
 LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS 
 
 Book Slip-55m-lO,'68(J4048s8)45S A-31/5 
 
N9 587747 
 
 QL684 
 Knight, O.W. M2 
 
 A list of the birds K62 
 of Maine. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 DAVIS