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 Guide to the 
 
 State Mineral Exhibit 
 
 Old Hall of Delegates 
 Annapolis, Md. 
 
 Installed by the 
 
 Maryland Geological Survey 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY 
 
 GUIDE 
 
 TO THE 
 
 STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 ILLUSTRATING THE 
 MINERAL RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES 
 
 GEOLOGY AND 
 MODERN METHODS OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION 
 
 INSTALLED BY THE 
 
 MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 IN THE 
 
 OLD HALL OF DELEGATES 
 
 AT 
 ANNAPOLIS, MD. 
 
 BALTIMORE, 1912 
 
JSorfc Q^afttwore ( 
 
 BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 
 
COMMISSION OF THE MARYLAND 
 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 PHILLIPS LEE GOLDSBOROUGH, . . ... President. 
 
 Governor of Maryland. 
 E. C. HARRINGTON, . , . ,. . . . . . 
 
 Comptroller of Maryland. 
 
 IRA REMSEN, . , ' . .'.' . . Executive Officer. 
 President of the Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 R. W. SILVESTER, . ' Secretary. 
 
 President of the Maryland Agricultural College. 
 
 WM. BULLOCK CLARK, . .' . . . State Geologist. 
 EDWARD B. MATHEWS, . _^- . Assistant State Geologist. 
 WALTER W. CROSBY, . . ... Chief Engineer. 
 
 EUGENE H. SAPP, Curator. 
 
 324681 
 
GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 PLAN OF STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT. 
 
 1. Clay Exhibit. 
 
 2. Fireclay Products. 
 
 3. Brick-Tile Pavilion. 
 
 4. Slate Pavilion. 
 
 5. Earthenware Exhib.it. 
 
 6. Publications. 
 
 7. Model of Baltimore. 
 
 8. Building Stone Pyramid. 
 
 9. Large Polished Boulders. 
 
 10. Exhibit Systematic Geology. 
 
 11. Mason -Dixon Line Monu- 
 
 ments. 
 
 12. Ore Exhibit. 
 
 13. Pottery and Decorative Stone. 
 
 14. Model of Coal Fields. 
 
 15. Lime and Cement Exhibit. 
 
 16. Limestone Exhibit. 
 
 17. Silica Exhibit. 
 
 18. Feldspar and Flint Exhibit. 
 
 19. Feldspar and Flint Exhibit. 
 
 20. Road Views. 
 
 21. Soils, Marl and 
 
 Highway Exhibit. 
 
 22. Road Sections. 
 
 23. Coal Pyramid. 
 
 24. Obelisk. 
 
GUIDE TO THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 INSTALLED AT ANNAPOLIS BY THE 
 
 MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 HISTORY OF EXHIBIT. 
 
 The materials forming the exhibit have been gradually col- 
 lected by the Maryland Geological Survey over a period of 
 several years, the nucleus being the Maryland Mineral Exhibit 
 at Buffalo in 1901. This was largely added to in the preparation 
 of the State's exhibit at Charleston the following winter and was 
 still further increased in preparing the notable exhibit of Mary- 
 land's Mineral Resources for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition 
 at St. Louis in 1904. A smaller exhibit was made for the James- 
 town Exposition in 1907, and also incorporated. Altogether the 
 exhibit is the most complete collection of Maryland mineral prod- 
 ucts that has ever been brought together. 
 
 The exhibits of the State's mineral wealth made by the Survey 
 were remarkably successful in receiving the commendation of 
 the juries of award at all of the expositions. At Buffalo the 
 only gold medal awarded to any State for its collective exhibit 
 of mineral resources was awarded to Maryland ; at Charleston, 
 among other awards it received 12 special gold medals, twice the 
 number awarded any other State for mineral exhibits ; and at St. 
 Louis the exhibit as a whole received the grand prize, while 
 parts of the display and individual exhibitors received 2, grand 
 prizes, 8 gold, 23 silver and numerous bronze medals. It also 
 received the highest award at Jamestown. Many of these medals 
 together with the diplomas of award are displayed in the exhibit. 
 
 The various collections constituting the State Mineral Exhibit 
 represent the diversified activities of the State and the Geological 
 Survey, under whose auspices they have been installed. This 
 organization was created by an Act of the Assembly of 1896 and 
 
6 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 its scope has been enlarged by subsequent enactments. As at 
 present organized the work is conducted by the State Geologist 
 and his associates under the supervision of the Commission 
 named on a preceding page. 
 The Survey is directly responsible for the work of investigating 
 
 VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 the various mineral deposits of the State and in the preparation 
 and issuance of the maps and publications giving the results of 
 these investigations. In co-operation with the different National 
 bureaus it is rapidly completing the preparation of a series of 
 large scale county maps which represent the topography and 
 election districts, the geology, the agricultural soils, and the forest 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 7 
 
 growth which will give to the people of the State detailed and 
 accurate information regarding these, various subjects. These 
 maps are accompanied by exhaustive reports on the physical 
 features of each of the counties. Each report includes discussions 
 of the physiography or surface configuration, the geology and 
 mineral resources, the agricultural soils and the crops best adapted 
 to them, the climatology or weather conditions, the hydrography 
 and water-power, the terrestrial magnetism, and the forestry 
 resources. Besides these volumes the Survey also has under prep- 
 aration various reports on special subjects, and elaborate publi- 
 cations have already been issued on the building stones, the clays 
 and clay products, the coals, the limestones, and the iron ores. 
 The Survey also serves as a bureau of information regarding 
 the mineral wealth of the State and annually collects statistics 
 regarding the value and amount of output of the mines, quarries, 
 and other mineral industries. Since the organization of the 
 Survey the annual output of mineral products has more than 
 doubled in value. 
 
 For twelve years, from 1898 to 1910, the Survey had charge 
 of the State road building and constructed nearly one hundred 
 and fifty miles of highways at an expense of about one million 
 and a half dollars. It has also prepared all of the State's 
 mineral exhibits at expositions in recent years. 
 
 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTIONS. 
 
 The general arrangement of exhibits may be seen on the 
 accompanying diagram. Toward the east side of the hall are the 
 structural materials including the clay products, such as fire- 
 brick, terra cotta, tile and the different types of structural brick, 
 slate, and the building and decorative stones. On the west side 
 of the hall are the displays of pottery manufactured in Mary- 
 land and the various coals found in the State. On the south 
 side are the agricultural soil types and certain special exhibits 
 such as those of lime and cement, flint and feldspar, barytes, and 
 silica (diatomaceous earth). On the north side are the iron and 
 
s 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 copper ores. On the walls are instructive exhibits of the methods 
 of road construction, several plate-glass cases containing a syste- 
 matic collection of rocks, minerals and fossils found in Maryland, 
 maps showing the distribution of certain physical features through- 
 out the State and numerous special maps, pictures and transpar- 
 encies illustrating the work of the Maryland Geological Survey. 
 
 .APPALACHIAN PRCVIMCE. 
 
 r 
 
 
 OF 
 
 -;^^Wf-\ 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 ' ~ /yT" - 
 
 SHOWING THE 
 
 ' . .<-' 
 
 PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES 
 
 
 MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 WM BULLOCK CLARK, STATE GEOLOGIST 
 
 -; 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 MAP OF MARYLAND SHOWING THE PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES. 
 
 LARGE GENERAL WALL MAPS. 
 
 On the north and west walls, above the other exhibits, are 
 three large maps of Maryland, 7x12 feet in size, which show 
 many of the characteristic physical features of the State. They 
 represent respectively the Physiographic Provinces, the Relative 
 Elevations and the Geology and Agricultural Soils. Much infor- 
 mation appears upon them which might be easily overlooked, 
 and some of this, which can be readily derived from the maps, 
 is presented in the following paragraphs. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 9 
 
 MAP SHOWING PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES. 
 
 This map shows that Maryland forms a portion of the Atlantic 
 slope, which stretches from the crest of the Alleghanies to the 
 sea, and furthermore that the State is divisible into three more 
 or less sharply defined regions known as the Coastal Plain, corre- 
 sponding to Eastern and Southern Maryland; the Piedmont 
 Plateau corresponding to Central and Northern Maryland ; and 
 the Appalachian Region corresponding to Western Maryland. 
 Each of these divisions has particular characteristics which have 
 their influence on the mineral and agricultural industries, and 
 consequently intimately affect the welfare of the people. 
 
 The Coastal Plain includes the low, partially-submerged sur- 
 face extending from the line of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
 to the edge of the continental shelf, about 50 miles off the shore 
 of Worcester County. It consists of two divisions, the submarine 
 division to the east of the present ocean border, at times in the 
 past epochs forming part of the land area, and the subaerial 
 division, or land portion, which is divided by the Chesapeake 
 Bay into the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore. The Coastal 
 Plain differs from the other provinces of the State in its nearly 
 level surface configuration, and its marine and brackish estuaries. 
 On the Eastern Shore it is generally low, the greater portion 
 of the country being less than 25 feet above sea level, elevations of 
 100 feet and more being rare and confined to the northern part 
 of the district. Its rivers of estuarine character are broad and 
 navigable for long distances until they pass abruptly into insignifi- 
 cant sluggish streams. On the Western Shore the same conditions 
 hold true except that the land is higher, in places exceeding 250 
 feet in elevation, and the surface of the country correspondingly 
 rougher. Throughout the entire Coastal Plain several terraces 
 may be recognized rising from one level expanse to another. 
 These represent stages in the later geological history of Mary- 
 land and were formed by the action of waves working on the 
 soft materials in much the same way as they are at the present 
 time acting on the low cliffs along the Chesapeake Bay shore 
 and the smaller estuaries. 
 
10 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 The Piedmont Plateau is a low-lying country of complex origin 
 whose rolling surface is traversed by highlands and cut by valleys 
 which often trench the upland as deep gorges. It is divided into 
 an eastern division and a western division by the inter-stream 
 elevation known as Parr's Ridge, which, passing from western 
 
 VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 Montgomery County across Howard and Carroll counties, rises 
 to an elevation of over noo feet near the Pennsylvania line. A 
 close study of this central portion of Maryland shows that the 
 level-topped hills and broad stretches between the streams are 
 remnants of old plains cut out of the high plateau that formerly 
 stretched across the district from the Appalachians to the sea. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 11 
 
 Four such plains may be recognized by patching together their 
 present remnants. The history of this district has also left its 
 impression on the inhabitants. The best farming lands lie either 
 on the flat-topped ridges or on the richer but wetter flood-plains 
 of the valleys, and here may be found the most prosperous 
 agriculturalists. The trenching of the old plains has exposed the 
 
 VIEW OF RELIEF MODEL OF STATE, SHOWING ELEVATIONS. 
 
 underlying rocks and stimulated the quarrying of building stones. 
 It has also determined the location of the highways, while the 
 waters descending from the highlands to the valley bottoms have 
 developed water-powers which have been utilized by the numerous 
 small mills throughout the district. 
 
 The Appalachian Region, extending from the Piedmont Plateau 
 on the east to beyond the western limits of the State, consists of a 
 series of parallel mountain ranges separated by deep valleys. 
 
12 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 As the map shows, this region may be divided into the following 
 four natural divisions: the Blue Ridge on the east, followed by the 
 Great Valley (Hagerstown Valley), the Alleghany Ridges from 
 North Mountain to Big Savage Mountain, and the Alleghany 
 Plateau from this point to the western limits of the State. These 
 are but small segments of similar divisions which extend north- 
 ward into Pennsylvania and southward across the Virginias into 
 the South Atlantic States. 
 
 The accentuated surface features of the Appalachian Region 
 have strongly influenced the life of the inhabitants. The obstacles 
 to communication offered by successive parallel ridges delayed 
 settlement and restricted the east and west lines of travel to the 
 valleys of the Potomac in Maryland, the Susquehanna in Penn- 
 sylvania, and the James in Virginia. Even before the advent of 
 the Europeans the Indians had adopted these same lines of travel, 
 which are now utilized by the railroads, canals, and highways. 
 The steepness of the mountain slopes limited the farming to the 
 valleys, and lumbering and grazing to the mountains, while the 
 presence of great beds of coal has been the cause of the develop- 
 ment of large mining communities in the Georges Creek and 
 Upper Potomac Valleys. 
 
 MAP SHOWING RELATIVE ELEVATIONS. 
 
 The large map showing the Relative Elevations of the different 
 parts of the State represents in a different way the facts shown 
 on the relief model of the State, a view of which is given 
 on page u. The increasing elevation is shown on the map by pro- 
 gressively deeper colors, the highest points being represented by 
 the darkest colors. This map and the cut of the model show 
 the great expanse of land below 100 feet on the Eastern Shore, 
 the higher and more rugged character of Southern Maryland, 
 where most of the surface outside the stream valleys is over 100 
 feet, the broad Plateau of Central Maryland lying between 500 
 and 1000 feet, the Blue Ridge and Catoctin mountains with their 
 tops averaging nearly 2000 feet, the Alleghany Plateau of 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 13 
 
 Allegany and Garrett counties fully 2500 feet high, and the 
 summits of Big Savage and Great Backbone mountains rising 
 above 3000 feet. 
 
 MAP SHOWING GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS AND AGRICULTURAL SOILS. 
 
 The large map on the wall over the glass cases and the new 
 geological map of the State recently published give even more 
 
 VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 information regarding the physical features of the State than 
 either of the foregoing maps, since all of the features depicted on 
 the former are more or less directly the result of the differences 
 in the underlying geological formations. The geological maps 
 show by their different groupings of colors that there are funda- 
 
14 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 mental differences between the rocks of the three physiographic 
 provinces already described. Those of the Piedmont Plateau 
 are the earliest and most crystalline, and include representatives 
 of the oldest rocks known (Archean and Paleozoic) and many 
 igneous rocks (granite, gabbro, diabase, etc.), over which are 
 found in places early Mesozoic deposits. The rocks of the 
 Appalachian Region are next in age and belong for the most 
 part to the Paleozoic era, ranging from the Cambrian to the 
 Permian. The Coastal Plain contains the youngest and least 
 consolidated rocks, ranging in age from the later Mesozoic to the 
 Recent. 
 
 The diversity of geological formations, fifty-six of which are 
 shown on the more detailed and smaller map elsewhere in the 
 exhibit, is unusual, no other State in the Union of similar area 
 containing representatives of as many types as those occurring in 
 Maryland. Moreover these formations range in age from the 
 oldest to the youngest with but few breaks. 
 
 Maryland thus contains an epitome of the geological history 
 of the earth. So far as this history relates to Maryland it may 
 be summarized as follows: 
 
 During the earliest periods of which there is any record there 
 probably existed in the Piedmont Region of Maryland a land 
 area, with a series of low ridges or mountain chains, extending 
 from near the Blue Ridge eastward beyond the present limits of 
 land for some distance over what is now the Atlantic Ocean. 
 A large but shallow sea extended westward along whose shores 
 were sands and gravels similar to those of the present coasts. 
 These became the Cambrian sandstones of the Blue Ridge and 
 nearby areas. The shore-line probably was not straight and long 
 arms of the sea may have extended northeasterly across the Pied- 
 mont in which were laid down sandstones and limestones the 
 latter of which have now become the marbles of Baltimore and 
 Howard counties. Certainly this was the case in the Great 
 Valley, where the Shenandoah limestones carry fossils of great 
 antiquity. 
 
 This great inland sea continued for eons, its shore-line shifting 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 15 
 
 from time to time, and its waters teeming with numberless forms 
 of life whose remains may be found as fossils in the rocks to- 
 day. The shifting of the shore-line, the change in the height of 
 the land to the eastward, and the growth and death of millions 
 
 VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 of little animals are all told in the sandstones, shales, and lime- 
 stones of Appalachian Maryland. With all the changes back and 
 forth there was a gradual permanent shifting of the shore-line 
 westward until in Carboniferous time there were only great 
 swamps in Western Maryland in which were deposited thick 
 beds of vegetable matter which became the great beds of coal 
 that have been of such value to the people of the State. Finally, 
 
16 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 toward the close of the Paleozoic era, the shore-line of this western 
 sea passed beyond the limits of Western Maryland. Since 
 then few if any deposits have been laid down in this area. 
 Its subsequent history has been one of folding of the rocks 
 into arches and basins as they are found to-day, and of the 
 gradual wearing away of the uplifted land by the rains and 
 running waters. During the progress of these events in the 
 western part of the State similar changes were probably taking 
 place to the eastward, but little is known of the incidents 
 because the records have been obscured by later deposits. It is 
 probable, however, that the Atlantic Ocean was working its way 
 westward, for the red sandstones of Frederick and Montgomery 
 counties record the fact that soon after the formation of the coal 
 beds narrow estuaries of the Atlantic, not very different from the 
 present Chesapeake Bay, extended for long distances along the 
 foot of the Blue Ridge and to the eastward. At this time the 
 entire region was a low plain extending from the Atlantic on the 
 east westward as far as Cumberland and possibly beyond the 
 limits of the State, although there are some indications that the 
 waters of western Allegany and Garrett counties flowed westward 
 and not to the Atlantic. Remnants of this old plain may still be 
 seen in the tops of Parr's Ridge, Blue Ridge, Dan's and Big 
 Savage mountains. 
 
 On this old surface were laid down the earliest deposits of the 
 Coastal Plain. Time and again, owing to the seaward tilting 
 of the land, the Atlantic has swept back over the border of the 
 Piedmont Plateau, and more than once the land has been worn 
 down to an almost featureless plain, with only here and there a 
 ridge rising above its general level. Each change is recorded in 
 the clays and sands of the Coastal Plain or in the surface fea- 
 tures of different parts of the State. 
 
 The geological map, together with the samples and model, 
 shows where the commercial beds of coal are to be looked for 
 and gives to one who may read it a knowledge of the extent and 
 something of the depth of the more important seams. It tells, 
 when compared with the specimens in the collection, approxi- 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 17 
 
 mately where the different kinds of clay or building stone may 
 be found and indicates where search should be made for quarry 
 sites favorably located to transportation facilities and markets. 
 The relation between the soils and the underlying formations 
 
 VIEW OF A PORTION OF THE STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT AT ANNAPOLIS. 
 
 makes it possible to gain similar information respecting the places 
 where agricultural soils of desired types occur. 
 
 The scale of both geological maps is manifestly too small to 
 indicate these facts in detail. This information is to be obtained 
 from the large scale county maps and publications of the Mary- 
 land Geological Survey. 
 
18 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 COUNTY MAPS. 
 
 About the walls are numerous county maps prepared by the 
 Survey to illustrate the topography and election districts, the 
 agricultural soils, the geology, and the forest types of the different 
 counties. These county maps and the publications can be obtained 
 at small cost from the office of the Survey at the Johns Hopkins 
 University. 
 
 TRANSPARENCIES. 
 
 The beautiful transparencies in the different windows, colored 
 in autumnal foliage, depict a few of the many picturesque 
 features of Maryland scenery. Many of the subjects are taken 
 from Western Maryland, where the relief is greatest and the 
 scenes most striking. Equally attractive spots, with quieter lines 
 and softer blending of woodland, hill and stream, may be found 
 in the eastern and southern parts of the State. The circular 
 transparencies represent the appearance of typical Maryland 
 rocks when seen with the aid of a polarizing microscope. 
 
 MODELS. 
 
 The models of portions of Maryland territory are of interest 
 since they represent two distinctly different types of surface. The 
 largest model is that of Baltimore and vicinity, which is 6x4 feet 
 and is on the scale of 4 inches to the mile. This particular model 
 is unusual since there has been no exaggeration of the elevation*. 
 The slopes of the hills and the valleys are the same as they are in 
 nature. This makes the model look very flat, but it emphasizes 
 the error of the popular misconception regarding the roughness 
 of the earth's surface. 
 
 The model of the coal fields of Garrett and Allegany counties 
 seems more exact, but here the region is quite mountainous and 
 the relative elevations have been made five times higher than 
 they are in nature. This model is particularly instructive in 
 illustrating how different geological formations resting one above 
 another have been folded, bringing them to the surface in a 
 succession of different outcrops. This is well shown in the 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 19 
 
 position of the coal beds which outcrop about the edges of the 
 Georges Creek valley but are often buried at its center. 
 
 The model of Cecil County is also on an exaggerated vertical 
 scale and represents the transition from the highlands of the 
 Piedmont Plateau to the lowlands of the Coastal Plain. 
 
 MINERAL PRODUCTS. 
 
 Maryland, though relatively small in area, has a great variety 
 of mineral products, chiefly non-metallic, which afford the basis 
 for important commercial enterprises or give promise of pros- 
 pective value. Many of these deposits have been worked since 
 early Colonial days, especially the clays and iron ores; others, 
 like the coal, have been the basis for important industries for more 
 than half a century; while still others, such as the feldspar in- 
 dustry, are of relatively recent development. The annual output 
 for these industries has been steadily on the increase, and few 
 realize the magnitude of the local enterprises which reached in 
 value $11,587,636 in 1910. The accompanying figure shows the 
 relative values of the annual production in the different mineral 
 industries. 
 
 VALUE OF THE ANNUAL OUTPUT OF MINERAL 
 PRODUCTS, 1896-1910. 
 
 Year. 
 
 Coal and 
 coke. 
 
 Stone. 
 
 Flint and 
 feldspar. 
 
 Sand and 
 gravel. 
 
 Lime and 
 cement. 
 
 1896 
 
 $3,299,928 
 
 $457,764 
 
 * 
 
 
 $365,477 
 
 1897 
 
 3363.996 
 
 458.811 
 
 * 
 
 
 286,441 
 
 1898 
 
 3,532,257 
 
 703,873 
 
 * 
 
 
 399.938 
 
 1899 
 
 3,667,056 
 
 636,547 
 
 * 
 
 
 372,322 
 
 1900 
 
 3,927.381 
 
 727 640 
 
 $33.420 
 
 
 421,745 
 
 1901 
 
 5,046,491 
 
 866.524 
 
 45,929 
 
 
 488 3?2 
 
 1902 
 
 5,579,869 
 
 1,113,854 
 
 83,236 
 
 
 487,597 
 
 1903 
 
 7,189,784 
 
 1,126,993 
 
 86,898 
 
 
 46H.11 3 
 
 1904 
 
 6,940,739 
 
 1,160.676 
 
 98,867 
 
 $219,268 
 
 345 329 
 
 1905 
 
 6,941,882 
 
 1,409.053 
 
 75,552 
 
 436.828 
 
 393,741 
 
 1906 
 
 7,602,790 
 
 1,370,924 
 
 12H.832 
 
 285,797 
 
 383.135 
 
 1907 
 
 8,035,772 
 
 1,555,415 
 
 92.503 
 
 268,048 
 
 334,316 
 
 1908 
 
 6.m,375 
 
 1,070.62:> 
 
 104.563 
 
 404,166 
 
 332,455 
 
 1909 
 
 5,591.148 
 
 1,146,793 
 
 86,663 
 
 193.757 
 
 482,446 
 
 1910 
 
 7,174.931 
 
 1,243,334 
 
 97,750 
 
 396,357 
 
 629.923 
 
20 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 
 
 
 [ 
 
 
 Year. 
 
 Clay and 
 clay 
 products. 
 
 Ores (gold, 
 copper, iron 
 mineral 
 paint). 
 
 Miscella- 
 Minorai neous (soap- 
 ^l 1 ?! 1 stone, talc, 
 waters. marl< Qmca ^ 
 
 etc.). 
 
 Total. 
 
 j 
 
 1896 
 
 $1,595,055 
 
 $53,304 
 
 $58,339 
 
 $4,631 
 
 $5,834,498 
 
 1897 
 
 1,312,889 
 
 27,660 
 
 21,185 
 
 4,747 
 
 5,475,729 
 
 1898 
 
 1,254.860 i 18,862 
 
 29,779 
 
 4.531 
 
 5,944,150 
 
 1899 
 
 1,683,596 i 26,557 
 
 13,045 
 
 10,344 6,409,467 
 
 1900 
 
 1,714,234 67,429 
 
 36,849 
 
 10,845 
 
 6.939,543 
 
 1901 
 
 1.613,663 i 45,135 
 
 57,680 11,500 
 
 8,175,244 
 
 1902 
 
 1.915,417 61,826 
 
 45,100 5,500 
 
 9,282,339 
 
 1903 
 
 1,921,821 
 
 as,6i2 
 
 45,918 
 
 9.360 
 
 10,883,498 
 
 1904 
 
 1,886.277 
 
 25,421 
 
 44,320 5,850 
 
 10,726,747 
 
 1905 
 
 2,282,856 
 
 35,152 
 
 44,627 
 
 6.782 
 
 11,626,473 
 
 1906 
 
 2,178,617 
 
 15,624 
 
 58,334 
 
 21,416 
 
 12,043.469 
 
 1907 
 
 1,916,238 
 
 34,767 
 
 110,039 
 
 32,250 
 
 12,397.348 
 
 1908 
 
 1,472,481 
 
 37.758 
 
 75,858 
 
 23,700 
 
 9,694.929 
 
 1909 
 
 1,774.676 
 
 32,061 
 
 90,855 18,000 
 
 9.416.398 
 
 1910 
 
 1,898,674 
 
 38,743 
 
 102,371 5,543 
 
 11,587,636 
 
 BUILDING STONE PYRAMID. 
 
 The pyramid shows 56 cubes representing the most prominent 
 building stones of the State. Each cube is 8 inches in diameter, 
 with each of its six faces differently trimmed, effectively bringing 
 out the possibilities of the stone. The tops represent the natural 
 face of the rock, the front faces are polished and the sides are 
 bush-hammered, pointed, or otherwise dressed to emphasize the 
 quality and varying appearance of the stones. On one side of 
 the pyramid are the granites, including the well-known products 
 from Port Deposit, Woodstock, Guilford, Ellicott City, and 
 Baltimore. Another side is devoted to the sandstones, including 
 those from Baltimore, Carroll, Frederick, Montgomery, Wash- 
 ington, and Allegany counties. A third is devoted to the darker- 
 colored serpentines, gabbros and trap rocks. A fourth side 
 includes the white marbles from Baltimore County and the lime- 
 stones from the western part of the State. Each side is supported 
 by polished risers of Woodstock, Guilford and Port Deposit 
 granite, and Baltimore gneiss. The whole is capped by a pyramid 
 of polished Potomac marble from Washington Junction. At each 
 corner stands a graceful polished column. One is of deep green 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 21 
 
 Ores (iron, copper, gold, etc.), $38,743. 
 'Mineral waters, $102,371. 
 
 Porcelain materials, soapstone, talc, etc., $103,293. 
 
 Road materials, $225,000. 
 Sands and gravel, $396,357. 
 
 Lime and cement, $629,923. 
 
 Building and decorative stone, 
 $1,018,344. 
 
 Clays and clay products, 
 $1,898,674. 
 
 Coal and coke, 
 $7,174,931. 
 
 DIAGRAM SHOWING RELATIVE VALUE OF MARYLAND MINERAL 
 PRODUCTS IN 1910. 
 
22 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 serpentine, or verde antique, from Harford County; another of 
 brown or Seneca sandstone; a third of glistening white Beaver 
 Dam marble, and a fourth of the monumental gray granite from 
 Guilford and Port Deposit. Each column is surmounted by a 
 polished ball of the same material. 
 
 The large field boulders of serpentine and Potomac marble 
 
 MAP 
 
 OF 
 
 MARYLAND 
 
 SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION 
 OF 
 
 BUILDING STONES 
 
 MAP OF MARYLAND SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BUILDING STONES. 
 
 with their polished surfaces are of especial interest in showing 
 the use that may be made of what at first glance appears to be 
 worthless material. 
 
 Near the pyramid, in the center of the hall, is an obelisk of 
 Potomac marble resting on a base of light gray sandstone, show- 
 ing what can be accomplished by this method of treatment. Back 
 of the central table in the niche is a column of serpentine from 
 Baltimore County resting on a granite base from Port Deposit. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 23 
 
 Additional specimens of decorative stone are exhibited in the 
 large glass case in the center of the room. 
 
 The rocks of the State include many varieties of excellent 
 building and decorative stones. The largest portion of the pro- 
 duct is obtained from the Piedmont Plateau, or that part of the 
 State lying north and west of Washington and Baltimore and 
 east of the Blue Ridge. The central location of this area, 
 traversed as it is by several railroads, places it within a con- 
 venient distance of the prominent Eastern cities. The rich variety 
 of the rocks suitable for structural and decorative purposes is 
 attested by the many beautiful specimens in this collection. The 
 areal distribution of the more prominent types is given in the ac- 
 companying figure, and the principal features are described in 
 the following paragraphs. 
 
 Granites. Granite is the broad family name that is applied to 
 a large and common group of rocks which are usually of a some- 
 what mottled light gray color, and almost always carry the min- 
 erals quartz and feldspar as essential constituents. Besides these, 
 which constitute the mass of the rock, there are dark-colored iron- 
 bearing minerals such as black mica or biotite, hornblende, and 
 occasionally pyroxene. Certain of the granites in which the con- 
 stituents are arranged in roughly parallel lines, as well as certain 
 other rocks with a similar banded arrangement of the same min- 
 erals, are called gneiss. 
 
 The regions in Maryland where granite and gneiss are most 
 extensively worked are at Port Deposit in Cecil County, in the 
 vicinity of Baltimore, at Woodstock or Granite in Baltimore 
 County, and at Ellicott City and Guilford in Howard County. 
 Specimens from each of these localities may be found in the 
 collection. Other areas in Howard, Montgomery, and Frederick 
 counties and in the District of Columbia contain some good stone, 
 but this is quarried only for local use. 
 
 Marbles and Limestones. The marbles and limestones are more 
 widely distributed throughout the State than the granites, occur- 
 ring in larger or smaller areas in all the northern, central and 
 western counties. 
 
24 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 The marbles have long been known for their great value in 
 building and monumental work, and have been utilized since 
 the beginning of the last century. They are, with a single ex- 
 ception, confined to the highly crystalline rocks of the Piedmont 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE PAN- AMERICAN EXPOSITION, 
 
 BUFFALO, 1901. 
 
 Plateau. Those which are being worked at present occur in 
 Baltimore and Washington counties. The former is extensively 
 used in building and decorative work, while the latter has only 
 recently been put on the market as a decorative stone. Specimens 
 of the former may be seen in the columns and cubes of the build- 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 25 
 
 ing stone pyramid, and slabs of the latter are displayed in the 
 large glass case. 
 
 The Potomac marble, or " calico rock," is an interesting variety 
 which is found at several places along the eastern slope of 
 Catoctin Mountain, being quarried at Washington Junction. It 
 is represented in the pyramid and in the small obelisk nearby, 
 as well as by smaller specimens in the large glass case. 
 
 The serpentine or " verde antique marble " has been used as 
 a decorative stone and is quarried in a small way in Harford 
 and Baltimore counties, while other areas are found in Cecil, 
 Howard, and Montgomery counties. That the stone is well suited 
 to form beautiful columns and slabs is shown by the many 
 specimens in the collection. 
 
 The limestones are confined to the western part of the State, 
 where they have been quarried for local building purposes and 
 for road metal and cements. These stones are usually of a deep 
 blue color when freshly quarried, but upon exposure they gradu- 
 ally change to dove-gray, giving a most pleasing effect to the 
 surfaces of the buildings. 
 
 Sandstones. Although there is but one sandstone within the 
 State which has attained any considerable reputation as a build- 
 ing stone, there are many formations in different parts of the area 
 which furnish suitable sandstones for local construction. As is 
 the case with all building stones, the factor of transportation 
 facilities is so important that only those materials can come into 
 general use which are high class and favorably situated to prom- 
 inent lines of travel either by rail or by boat. 
 
 Among the different sandstones the most important is that of the 
 Triassic formations which is found in Montgomery, Frederick, and 
 Carroll counties. This is the source of the red and brown sand- 
 stones used in many of the better class buildings in the cities. The 
 stone is easily worked, suitable for delicate carving, of pleasing 
 color and sufficiently permanent when properly used to withstand 
 moderate exposure. The variations in color are shown by com- 
 paring the column from Seneca with the pedestal from Wash- 
 ington Junction. 
 
26 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Gabbro, Diabase, etc. Occasionally the darker-colored igneous 
 rocks such as the coarse-grained gabbro and the finer-grained dia- 
 base are put on the market as " dark granites." The gabbro 
 occurs in large areas in Cecil, Harford, Baltimore, and Howard 
 
 NEAR VIEW OF MINERAL EXHIBIT AT BUFFALO, 1901. 
 
 counties. The diabase occurs in the same counties as narrow 
 dikes. In Frederick County, where it occurs in wide dikes and 
 sheets, especially near the Pennsylvania border, it has been worked 
 to some extent as " Gettysburg granite." The bright green 
 epidote schist of the Blue Ridge might be worked as a decorative 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 27 
 
 stone, but up to the present time it has not been utilized. Speci- 
 men cubes of these various rocks may be seen on the pyramid. 
 
 SLATE PAVILION. 
 
 The slate pavilion is erected to display the well-known Peach 
 Bottom slates manufactured along the Mason and Dixon line in 
 Harford County, Maryland, and York County, Pennsylvania, 
 where the slate beds form a ridge lying east and south of the 
 town of Delta, Pennsylvania, and Cardiff, Maryland. The ex- 
 hibit shows the large, irregular masses as they come from the 
 quarry to the shed, the rough blocks into which the larger masses 
 are broken and from which the roofing slates are split. The 
 split slates are shown in their irregular shapes and when trimmed 
 ready for the market. The slate rock does not differ chemically 
 from many worthless shales and argillites, but the material has 
 been recrystallized until the constituent particles are all arranged 
 in parallel positions. It is this which gives the cleavage to the 
 rock. The material is so strong and even-grained that it can be 
 carved and sawed in spite of its cleavability. 
 
 The slates are particularly valuable because of their perma- 
 nency of color. One may compare the sample taken from the old 
 Slate Ridge church, where the slate was exposed to the weather 
 for over one hundred years, with the freshly-quarried slates nearby 
 and detect no change in color. The appearance of the quarries, 
 the methods of quarrying and stacking in " ricks " before ship- 
 ment are shown by the photographs in the booth and on the side 
 wall near the corner. The method of laying roofing slates is 
 well shown in the columns, where the slates of one course may 
 be seen overlapped for a distance of two to three inches by the 
 slates of the next but one course above. The unit of sale of slates 
 is a " square " or enough slates to cover a hundred square feet 
 when laid with a " lap " of -2,\ to 3 inches. The number of pieces 
 in a square varies with the size of the slate. 
 
 CLAYS AND CLAY PRODUCTS. 
 
 The table near the eastern entrance to the hall is devoted to 
 selected samples of clays arranged according to their uses and the 
 
28 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 geological age of the deposits in which they occur. Near the 
 door are eighteen bottles containing samples of fire-clay, which 
 is used in the manufacture of fire-brick, stove-linings, re'torts and 
 many other objects intended to withstand great heat. The term 
 fire-clay does not indicate anything beyond the fact that the 
 material does not fuse under 3000 F. Two types, represented 
 
 , ,'' ' : U " <,*v=~- v v'-v-X-i.f!--* ... *+' ("'*--\" : ; 
 
 / 
 
 MAP OF MARYLAND SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF CLAYS. 
 
 in the large blocks, are usually recognizable among the high-grade 
 fire-clays of Western Maryland, namely, the plastic or soft fire- 
 clay which develops moderate plasticity on grinding, especially 
 after exposure to the weather, and the hard or flint clay which 
 develops little or no plasticity on grinding. The clays occur 
 together and are mixed in the different works at Mt. Savage and 
 elsewhere. The fire-clays of the eastern part of the State are usu- 
 ally plastic, especially those of the Arundel formation. Examples 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 29 
 
 of many of the shapes of fire-brick made in Maryland are 
 arranged beneath the windows along the east wall. The samples 
 between the large blocks and the east erid of the table represent 
 many of the brick, terra cotta, sewer-pipe and pottery clays. The 
 industry based upon these different clays in Maryland is one of 
 the largest in the State, while the abundance of material is so 
 great that these industries could be much more largely developed 
 than they are at present. 
 
 The principal terra cotta clays are the buff-burning ones from 
 the Arundel formation and the sandy or variegated clays of the 
 Patuxent formation. From these, excellent terra cotta and roof- 
 ing-tile are made, as is shown by the handsome specimens on the 
 wall at the back of the table and on the roof of the adjacent 
 pavilion. The uniformity of grain, pleasing color, and marked 
 susceptibility to high-grade molding are well shown in the large 
 model of the great seal of the State. The clays used in the manu- 
 facture of sewer-pipe are chiefly from the Arundel formation. 
 
 The pottery clays include the impure kaolins from Cecil County 
 and the various clays from the Arundel, Patapsco, and Columbia 
 formations. According to their varying character they may be 
 used for white earthenware and porcelain, stoneware and yellow- 
 ware, or for common red earthenware. The manufacture of 
 pottery forms a most important branch of the Maryland clay- 
 working industry, and their attractive products may be seen in 
 different parts of the room, especially in the large case in the 
 center of the hall. 
 
 Brick-clays are very abundant and well distributed throughout 
 the State. They are found in all the clay-bearing formations of 
 the Coastal Plain of Eastern Maryland, in the residual soils of the 
 Piedmont Plateau throughout Central Maryland, and in the shaly 
 deposits of the Appalachian Region of Western Maryland. The 
 Columbia clay loams, on account of their grittiness and fer- 
 ruginous character, are excellently adapted to the manufacture of 
 common brick and are widely used in the vicinity of Baltimore. 
 They have enough iron to burn to a good red color, sufficient 
 quantity of fine particles to give the desired plasticity and enough 
 
30 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 grit to prevent excessive shrinkage in burning. The Tertiary 
 clays are less wide-spread, but are well suited to the manufacture 
 of pressed or common brick. The clays of the Raritan formation 
 are buff-burning and are well developed in Anne Arundel 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE SOUTH CAROLINA INTERSTATE 
 AND WEST INDIAN EXPOSITION, CHARLESTON, 1902. 
 
 County, where they are worked extensively for pressed brick. 
 The Patapsco formation consists essentially of variegated clays, 
 which are well exposed near the water from Anne Arundel to 
 Cecil counties. They occur in large bodies, are quite plastic and 
 are well adapted to supplying the materials for large clay-work- 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 31 
 
 ing plants in common, or pressed brick, or terra cotta. The 
 Arundel, or iron-ore clays, are abundant and excellently adapted 
 for the making of both common and pressed brick. They are 
 moderately siliceous, highly plastic, and sufficiently rich in iron 
 to burn to a good red color. The Patuxent clays are usually 
 either too sandy to make good common brick or not sufficiently 
 refractory for making the higher grade fire-brick wares. 
 
 The residual clays of the Piedmont Plateau include the white 
 kaolin deposits of Cecil and Harford counties and the impure 
 residual clays which may be worked for common brick. These 
 may be found overlying the granites, gabbros, serpentines, gneisses, 
 shales, and limestones, and their character will vary somewhat 
 according to the character of the underlying rocks. The gabbros 
 yield highly plastic, deeply ferruginous clays; the granites, clays 
 less plastic and less ferruginous; the Triassic sandstones, uneven, 
 impure clays; and the limestones of the Frederick and Hagers- 
 town valleys, medium to high grade residual brick-clays. 
 
 The Appalachian Region contains many shales; few of these, 
 however, are likely to prove serviceable for the manufacture of 
 brick or other clay products except in the case of the valuable 
 fire-clays already discussed and the shales of the Jennings for- 
 mation of Devonian age. The latter, while a trifle too siliceous 
 and granular when fresh, upon weathering grind to a reasonably 
 plastic mass which yields a good vitrified paving brick. The 
 Tuscarora sandstone near Cumberland also yields the sand for 
 the " lime-sand " brick which is now being put on the market. 
 
 The products from some of these different clays are represented 
 in the pavilion described in the following paragraph. 
 
 BRICK AND TILE PAVILION, 
 
 This pavilion is constructed of different types of products from 
 the plants of the various clay-working operators within the State. 
 Of the six columns two are constructed of high-grade common 
 brick from the works of the Baltimore Brick Company, two are of 
 the light colored lime-sand brick from the Cumberland Granite 
 Brick Company, and two are of face brick from the Washington 
 
32 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, whose materials are secured 
 from Harmans, Anne Arundel County. The pavilion is floored 
 with enameled brick from the works of Andrew Ramsay at Mt. 
 
 MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF MARYLAND COAL BASINS. 
 
 Savage, and with the different types of brick manufactured by 
 the Washington Hydraulic-Press Brick Company, the latter 
 separated by a few courses of lime-sand brick from Cumberland. 
 The roof is covered with glazed roofing-tile from the Edwin 
 Bennett Roofing Tile Works of Baltimore. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 33 
 
 The transparencies hung in this pavilion represent the appear- 
 ance of Maryland granite and diabase as seen in thin section 
 under a polarizing microscope. 
 
 COAL PYRAMID. 
 
 Near the west entrance to the hall is a pyramid composed 
 of coal cubes from the different mines, topped by a large pillar 
 of coal from the mines of the Consolidation Coal Company. 
 These specimens of coal have been sent by the more prominent 
 operators now engaged in working the many beds of Maryland 
 coal. There are over thirty different beds of coal which have 
 been recognized as occurring in Maryland, but at the present time 
 only seven or eight of these are worked for more than local 
 demands. The coals of the State occur in five basins, as indicated 
 in the accompanying map. Of these basins the most important is 
 the Georges Creek, and the next in importance its southern contin- 
 uation known as the Upper Potomac basin. The others are as yet 
 practically undeveloped and supply only local demands. The 
 principal mines of the Georges Creek basin are in the " Big 
 Vein," or Pittsburg seam, although there is a rapidly-growing 
 development in the use of the underlying " small veins." In the 
 Upper Potomac basin the small deposits of " Big Vein " within 
 the State have been exhausted, and all of the operations are now 
 in the smaller veins, which in this basin cover a large area. 
 
 The Maryland coals are softer than anthracite and less volatile 
 than the bituminous coals of Pennsylvania, and are accordingly 
 known as semi-bituminous. They possess great value for steam 
 and smithing purposes and are used extensively as fuel for loco- 
 motives, steamboats, and factories along the Atlantic coast. 
 
 ORE EXHIBIT. 
 
 Maryland is rich in mineral resources, but unlike many other 
 States, her wealth does not lie in valuable ore deposits of precious 
 or useful metals. These, however, are Rot lacking although only 
 a few deposits have sustained profitable industries. The ore table 
 
34 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 in the center of the hall includes exhibits of Maryland ores of 
 iron and copper, and also of gold. 
 
 Ores of iron are found widely distributed in Maryland, the 
 most extensive deposits thus far discovered being the brown 
 hematite ore of Frederick and Carroll counties; the carbonate 
 
 BUILDING STONE EXHIBIT AT CHARLESTON, 1902. 
 
 ore of Prince George's, Anne Arundel, and Baltimore counties ; 
 and the red and brown hematites found in the Coal Measures 
 of Western Maryland. The iron industries of the State started 
 with local ores, but the discovery of extensive deposits else- 
 where has practically stopped the mining of hematite ores within 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 35 
 
 the State. The high quality of the carbonate ores still makes 
 it possible for them to compete with the cheaper materials from 
 the South and West. The iron from 1 the Muirkirk furnace is 
 of exceptional quality, showing a tensile strength of 30,000 to 
 40,000 pounds to the square inch. The product of this plant was 
 largely used by the United States Government in its manufacture 
 of gun carriages and armor-piercing projectiles. Specimens of 
 Colonial pig, modern pig, test pieces and the ore itself may be 
 seen in the exhibit. The hematite ores from the Piedmont 
 Plateau and Western Maryland are also well represented. 
 
 Ores of copper are found in the Piedmont Plateau and in the 
 Blue Ridge. Those of the Piedmont evidently occur in a series 
 of zones extending across Frederick and Carroll counties and 
 about the Bare Hills, near Baltimore. In every instance they 
 seem to be closely related to igneous rocks, though often occurring 
 most abundantly in limestone, as at the well-known Liberty 
 mines. Prior to the discovery of rich deposits in Michigan in 
 1844, and later in Montana and Arizona, Maryland was an 
 important copper-producing State. At the present time there 
 are no deposits within the State which are worked profitably. 
 
 Gold ore is found in Montgomery County. Some remarkably 
 rich specimens have been obtained, but the gold is so unevenly 
 distributed that it has never been worked with profit. 
 
 POTTERY AND DECORATIVE STONE EXHIBIT. 
 
 The large glass case near the western entrance is devoted to 
 a display of Maryland pottery and decorative stones. The former 
 is the product of two Baltimore potteries which rank among the 
 best in the United States. The older of these is the Edwin Ben- 
 nett Pottery Company, represented by the wares on the right 
 hand side of the case on entering the hall. Among the pieces 
 shown are high-grade dinner, tea, and toilet ware in American 
 porcelain, jardinieres with colored glazes and many other forms, 
 some with ornamentation in relief. This company built the first 
 high-grade pottery plant south of the Mason and Dixon line. 
 The younger pottery is that of D. F. Haynes & Son, known as the 
 
36 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Chesapeake Pottery. This firm has made many noted wares such 
 as the " Clifton," " Avalon," " Calverton," and " Arundel." 
 Their work is represented by parlor and banquet lamps, clocks, 
 and large decorative vases, characterized by originality of design, 
 grace of form, and delicacy of execution. Both firms have 
 received awards of distinction at all the expositions. 
 
 The south end of the case contains polished slabs of Maryland 
 decorative stones, among which may be noted the beautiful slabs 
 from the recently developed quarries at Eakles Mills, in Wash- 
 ington County, and the " verde antique," or serpentine, from 
 Harford County. 
 
 OTHER MATERIALS. 
 
 The table in the centre of the south wall and the two tables 
 adjacent to it contain displays of miscellaneous products including 
 limestones, shales, feldspar, flint, dry paints and mortar coloring, 
 barytes, diatomaceous earth, agricultural soils and marls. 
 
 The lime and cement industries of the State are represented 
 by limestones and shales of various kinds from several areas. 
 The various changes in the process of the manufacture of Port- 
 land cement are shown by specimens of limestone and shale, the 
 clinker formed by burning these together, and the finished Port- 
 land cement obtained by grinding the clinker. This important new 
 industry is represented by extensive exhibits of the Tidewater 
 Portland Cement Co., and the Security Cement and Lime Co. 
 Specimens of the raw materials used for a flux in smelting or for 
 agricultural and building lime may be seen beneath the table. 
 
 The feldspar, which is exhibited in large blocks, smaller 
 samples, and pulverized to different grades of fineness, represents 
 a small but interesting Maryland industry which is growing. 
 The original mineral occurs in coarse-grained masses throughout 
 the eastern part of the Piedmont Plateau, but is mined most 
 extensively in Cecil County and along the valley of the Patapsco 
 between Sykesville and Ellicott City. Two kinds of " spar " are 
 distinguished, the potash and soda, and the product to be market- 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 37 
 
 able must be free from iron and other coloring impurities and 
 relatively free from quartz. To get the material in this condition 
 usually requires hand picking, although methods have been 
 devised in Maryland for cleaning the product by machinery. 
 Specimens from Henryton show what can be done in this way. 
 The crude mineral is usually shipped to Trenton, New Jersey, 
 or to Ohio, where it is ground and used in the manufacture of 
 porcelain. 
 
 The flint, or quartz, has been successfully quarried in Cecil, 
 Harford, and Baltimore counties. It is found in large vein-like 
 masses of more than usual purity, which are represented in 
 boulders along the south wall. It also occurs along the contact 
 between granites and gneiss where original impurities have been 
 removed and the rocks reduced to a white pulverulent quartz. 
 The flint is reduced to a powder by grinding and this flint flour is 
 shipped in bags to different points within and without the State. 
 Different stages in the fineness of grinding are represented in the 
 exhibit. 
 
 The barytes, which is found in the limestone, sometimes asso- 
 ciated with the copper, is one of the heaviest of harmless white 
 substances. It is sometimes ground and used as an adulterant 
 of powdered sugar or white lead paint. It is not worked in the 
 State at present. 
 
 The diatomaceous earth, tripoli, or silica, shown in large blocks 
 and bottles at the end of the table consists almost exclusively of 
 numberless skeletons of microscopic plant-forms known as dia- 
 toms. The largest of these are scarcely one-hundredth of an inch 
 in diameter and most of them average less than one-fifth as large. 
 In Anne Arundel, Calvert, and Charles counties there are beds 
 which are 30 to 40 feet thick made up of these minute forms. 
 The material is used in silver polishes, toothpowders, and soaps, 
 where a delicate abrasive is desired, and it has also been used 
 for coverings for steam-pipes and for dynamite cartridges. An 
 assortment of dry paints and mortar coloring is represented in the 
 exhibit on the same table. 
 
 The agricultural soils are selected to illustrate several types 
 
38 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 from different parts of the State. Each type as it occurs is repre- 
 sented in the larger bottles, while the smaller bottles show the 
 relative amounts of silt, fine sand, gravel, etc., which constitute 
 the given soil. The finer soils are better suited to slow-growing 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 
 EXPOSITION, ST. Louis, 1904. 
 
 crops such as corn, wheat, and grass, the coarser and more open 
 soils to short-term crops such as vegetables, fruits and berries. 
 If the soils are too fine they pack to a hard clay; if too coarse 
 they are hard to work and do not retain sufficient moisture for 
 the crops. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 39 
 
 The marls, represented by several typical samples, were for- 
 merly used extensively for enriching the soils, but in recent years 
 they have been displaced by artificial fertilizers, which, while 
 more expensive, yield a quicker return for the investment. 
 
 COLLECTION OF SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGY. 
 
 The wall between the two entrances is devoted to four plate- 
 glass cases containing a systematic collection of specimens of 
 rocks, minerals, and fossils illustrating the different geological 
 formations of the State, while below these are larger specimens 
 of especial interest. Each of the four cases is devoted to one of 
 the four major divisions of the geological history of the State. 
 
 On the left are the oldest rocks, representing what the geol- 
 ogists call the Archean. This period of the earth's history rep- 
 resents the time when the crust was being formed and the sur- 
 face prepared for organic life. It covers a great interval of time, 
 probably millions of years, and its chief representatives to-day 
 are crystalline rocks of igneous origin such as the granites, gab- 
 bros, and serpentines, the ancient volcanic rocks of the Blue 
 Ridge and the equally crystalline gneisses of Baltimore and 
 vicinity. 
 
 The second case represents the Paleozoic era, or the time from 
 the first extensive development of life, to the close of the Coal 
 Measures. The fossils and rocks of this era are diversified and 
 the specimens contained in the case are especially representative 
 of the rocks and fossils found in Western Maryland. 
 
 The third case is devoted to the Mesozoic era, or the time after 
 the formation of our coal beds, to the advent of considerable 
 numbers of animal and plant forms closely related to those living 
 to-day. The specimens in this case are especially representative 
 of the red sandstones of Montgomery, Frederick, and Carroll 
 counties, and the clay formations of northern Prince George's 
 and Anne Arundel counties, and southern Baltimore, Harford, 
 and Cecil counties. 
 
 The fourth case contains rocks and fossils of the Cenozoir, or 
 
40 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 latest era, in which the animals and plants are progressively 
 more and more like those living to-day, many of the fossil forms 
 found in Maryland being ancestral types of the plants and 
 animals now living in the State. The specimens in this case are 
 especially representative of the counties of Southern Maryland 
 
 VIEW OF EXHIBIT LOOKING SOUTH AT ST. Louis, 1904. 
 
 and the Eastern Shore, which are so largely composed of uncon- 
 solidated sands, clays, and marls. 
 
 Beneath the cases a similar but less exact classification by age 
 is followed. The tracks of animals and seaweed-like markings 
 represent some of the oldest evidences of life found in the State ; 
 then the bones of huge reptiles which lived along the Maryland 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 41 
 
 bays. Farther to the right are the skulls and bones of whales, 
 and the trunks of cypress trees which lived in Maryland long 
 before the advent of man. 
 
 MASON AND DIXON LINE MONUMENTS. 
 
 On either side of the ore exhibit near the entrances to the hall 
 are stone monuments which were brought from the Isle of Port- 
 land, England, about 1765 for the marking of the boundaries of 
 the State. For over seventy-five years the proprietors of Mary- 
 land, Pennsylvania, and Delaware had carried on a controversy 
 regarding the boundaries between their possessions. The English 
 courts had decided what the lines should be and local surveyors 
 had attempted to lay these out on the ground without complete 
 success. In 1763 the proprietors agreed to send over the noted 
 surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon to complete the 
 work. They arrived in Philadelphia in the fall of that year and 
 were busy for four years in running and marking the various 
 boundaries. They placed monuments like those in the collection 
 along the entire Delaware-Maryland boundary and along the 
 Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary as far west as Sideling Hill 
 in Allegany County. Every fifth mile was marked with a 
 " crown stone " bearing the arms of Lord Baltimore on the 
 Maryland side and the .arms of the Penns on the opposite side. 
 The intermediate miles were marked by " milestones " on which 
 were engraved the letters M pointing towards Maryland and P 
 pointing towards Pennsylvania and Delaware. The northern 
 line became famous in after years as the division line between 
 the North and the South. 
 
 HIGHWAY EXHIBIT. 
 
 The highway exhibits of the Maryland Geological Survey 
 comprise the materials on the table on the west side of the room, 
 the revolving frame showing views of Maryland roads before 
 and after improvement, and the model sections of different types 
 of roads on the west wall of the hall. 
 
42 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 The exhibits on the table represent by photographs and speci- 
 mens the methods of making tests on road metals, paving bricks, 
 cements, etc. The different road metals are tested as to their 
 wearing power by subjecting the fragments to rubbing against 
 each other in a " rattler " for a given length of time. The softer 
 the rock the more the fragments are rounded and the more dust 
 is formed. This dust is then tested for its cementing power 
 to see whether the worn material on a road will harden after the 
 rain or remain as a dust to be blown about by the wind. Paving 
 bricks are tested in the same way to see how they will withstand 
 the wear of horses' feet. Their strength is also tested to see how 
 much of a load they will support without breaking. Cements 
 are likewise tested to determine their relative strength and 
 bonding power. 
 
 Specimens of different kinds of rock, brick, and cement are 
 shown before and after the tests have been applied. The results 
 of this work have been of the greatest service to all sections of 
 the State in informing the authorities how to select the best 
 materials for the different works of construction. 
 
 The views of Maryland roads give an excellent idea of the 
 changes produced by modern construction. Many different types 
 are shown in the revolving frame. ' 
 
 On the wall to the right of the entrance are six cases, each 
 about 20 feet long, with glass fronts and tops. Five of these 
 cases contain full-sized cross-sections of different kinds of roads 
 built according to the best modern practice by the Maryland 
 Geological Survey. The sixth case shows a cross-section of a 
 road built under the old-fashioned method of simply spreading 
 a large quantity of roughly-broken stone on an unprepared road- 
 bed and then covering the same with sufficient dirt to induce and 
 aid the travel to pack down this loose stone. The large amount 
 of stone required, the unsatisfactory result and the imperfections 
 of th-is method, as well as the reasons for the higher cost of 
 maintenance of roads built in this manner, are easily seen by 
 comparison with the sections in the other cases. 
 
 The top case to the left shows a properly constructed road of 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 43 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF EXHIBIT MADE BY THE SURVEY AT THE 
 JAMESTOWN EXPOSITION, 1907. 
 
44 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 gravel. The case underneath this shows how gravel or oyster 
 shells may be used as a first course in those localities where stone 
 is more expensive, and yet the amount of travel is sufficient to 
 require a stone surface in order to save in annual maintenance. 
 The bottom section to the left shows a road built of stone with 
 an under-drain. The thickness of the stone in this section is 
 8 inches instead of the usual 6 inches, and, with the under-drain, 
 shows about the extreme amount of stone used even on very soft 
 and wet sub-grades. Under modern methods, were the sub-grade 
 too poor to permit of permanent results from this form of con- 
 struction, unless stone was unusually abundant and cheap, some 
 other expedient would be used to improve the sub-grade rather 
 than the use of more crushed stone. 
 
 The top section at the right shows a properly constructed shell 
 road, built with the aid of a roller. The life of such a road 
 should be considerably longer than that of a road made by simply 
 dumping the shells on a flat surface and allowing the travel to 
 consolidate them. In the latter instance the shells would taper 
 out so thin at the sides as to be likely to cut through should a 
 heavy load come on them at an inopportune time; and once the 
 edges begin to break away the road rapidly goes to pieces. With 
 a shell road built as shown in the case the sides are fully as 
 capable of supporting a load as the center. Then, too, the shells 
 under the roller assume generally a position with the flat sides 
 and not the edges of the shells opposed to the travel; also the 
 shells underneath the top inch or so are not as much broken up 
 as they would be in being packed down under the traffic, with 
 the result that the road becomes firmer and less subject to wear. 
 
 The middle section on the right shows the ordinary 6-inch 
 macadam road as built under modern methods. The width of 
 the " metal," which under the law may be stone, gravel, oyster 
 shells, marl, or any " good material," is shown as 12 feet in 
 all the sections, which is the standard adopted by the State, 
 although this standard is departed from where allowable, if so 
 requested by the county, the shell roads being often reduced 
 to 9 feet and the stone roads occasionally built as wide as 14 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 45 
 
 feet. The observer will notice how, under the action of the 
 roller, the various particles of stone and gravel become wedged 
 together and how much fewer unfilled chinks there are in the 
 metalled portion of the road, and consequently how much less 
 dirt there is in the metal to absorb moisture to the detriment 
 of the metal surface in wet or freezing weather. Everyone knows 
 that, in dry weather, a clay road may become hard, and as long 
 as it is absolutely dry it will be almost impossible for any load 
 to make an impression on it. The minute, however, it begins to 
 absorb moisture it becomes soft and cuts up. Consequently, if 
 the sub-grade under the stone or gravel or shells can be kept 
 dry, the sub-grade should support without difficulty the stone 
 layer and the load on top of it; and the "metal" itself, from 
 its nature, will of course stand the effects of travel and wear 
 better than even a dry sub-grade. 
 
 The sub-grade needs to be protected from water in two ways: 
 first, from the water that falls on the surface, and second, from the 
 water that tends to soak into it from the adjacent ground. In 
 the lower left hand case it is seen how the water is drained 
 out of the sub-grade by making the surface practically water-tight, 
 and it will be readily seen by examining the several cases how 
 much more nearly water-tight the stone surface built under 
 modern methods is than the stone surface built under the old 
 methods. All the little openings between the pieces of stone in the' 
 metalled portion become filled with stone chips and stone dust, 
 and the surface does become actually water-proof, when built 
 under modern methods. Under the old methods, however, so 
 much dirt accumulates between the loosely-packed pieces of 
 stone that the water readily finds its way down into the sub- 
 grade, and the road ruts and cuts through and, as mentioned 
 above, frost helps this process by expanding the mud between 
 the pieces of stone when it solidifies, and driving still farther 
 apart the stones themselves. 
 
 A still futher advantage of the modern methods will be noted 
 in the position that the particles of stone themselves assume 
 under the roller. Under the old methods, the stone lay loosely 
 
46 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 packed in every position, often with points uppermost. Under the 
 roller the stones naturally assume a position with flat sides upper- 
 most, and it can be readily understood how much slower a stone 
 will wear down if a flat side instead of an edge is subjected 
 to wear. 
 
 The shape of the sections is an important consideration. The 
 road built by the old method, from the form of its surface, collects 
 the travel into ruts which tend to hold water to the detriment of 
 the road, and unless the stone portion is made very wide, and 
 consequently a large amount of stone is used, it frequently 
 becomes quite difficult for teams to pass without turning sharply 
 down over the edge of the stone onto the earth side-road. When 
 properly built, as shown in the cases, it will be noted how 
 readily the water is shed to the ditches, there to be carried off 'to 
 the natural water courses away from the road, and how very 
 easy it is for one team to pass another without the necessity of 
 both teams, or even more than one set of wheels of one of the 
 teams, leaving the metalled portion. The earth shoulders on the 
 side of the metal are even with it and are, in the process of con- 
 struction, thoroughly rolled. In but a short time they become 
 so hardened from the stone dust that is washed down on them 
 and from the growth of grass, weeds, etc., that they will support 
 an ordinary load without any trouble, and the effective width of 
 the travelled way is at least 18 feet, although only 12 feet of 
 stone or gravel have been used. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 FORMATION. THICKNESS. 
 
 47 
 
 .2 I Quaternary 
 S | Tertiary 
 
 |.S J Cretaceous 
 i g ) Triassic 
 
 Permian 
 
 Carbonif- 
 erous 
 
 Devonian 
 
 Silurian 
 
 Algonkian 
 
 
 
 
 75 Feet 
 800 " 
 
 1300 " 
 1500+ " 
 
 390 
 
 2G95 
 
 2975 
 
 5585 
 
 11935 
 
 5000+ 
 
 GENERALIZED SECTION OF MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. 
 
48 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 TABLE OF MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. 
 
 CENOZOIC. 
 Quaternary. 
 Recent. 
 Pleistocene ....... Talbot 
 
 Low-lying- terrace com- 
 posed of gravel, sand and 
 clay; 25 ft. 
 Wicomico 
 
 Medium level terrace, 
 carrying boulders and grav- 
 el, sand and clay; 25 ft. 
 Sunderland 
 
 High-lying terrace com- | 
 posed of loam, sand and I 
 gravel; 25 ft. J 
 
 n i r, 
 
 = Columbia Group. 
 
 Tertiary. 
 Pliocene (?) 
 
 Miocene 
 
 .Lafayette 
 
 Gravel and sand occur- 
 ring at higher elevations; 
 30 ft. 
 
 St. Mary's 
 
 Clays, sandy clays and 
 marls; 150 ft. 
 Choptank 
 
 Clays, sandy clays, sands ^Chesapeake Group, 
 and marls; 125 ft. 
 Calvert 
 
 Clays, sandy clays, marls 
 and diatomaceous earth ; 
 200 ft. 
 
 Eocene 
 
 .Xanjemoy 
 Greensands, 
 
 sands; 125 ft. 
 
 Aquia 
 Greensands, 
 
 marls; 175 ft. 
 
 clays and 
 
 sands and 
 
 :Pamunkey Group. 
 
 MESOZOIC. 
 Cretaceous. 
 Upper Cretaceous. 
 
 , Rancocas 
 
 Greensands, sands and 
 marls. 
 Monmouth 
 
 Greensand and sand, lo- 
 cally indurated; 75 ft; 
 Matawan 
 
 Greenish-black, sandy 
 clay, containing green con- 
 cretions and lignite; 100 ft. 
 Magothy 
 
 Sands with dark carbona- 
 ceous clays; 50 ft. 
 Raritan 
 
 Interbedded sands and 
 clays; 400 ft. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 49 
 
 Lower Cretaceous. .Patapsco 
 
 Variegated clays; 200 ft. 
 
 Arundel > 
 
 Interbedded clays with 
 
 iron ores; 125 ft. 
 
 Patuxent 
 Interbedded sands and 
 
 clays; 350 ft. 
 
 > = Potomac Group. 
 
 Triassic Newark 
 
 Red and gray sandstones 
 and shales with diabase. 
 
 PALEOZOIC. 
 Permian . . 
 
 Carboniferous. 
 Pennsylvanian 
 
 Mississippian 
 
 .Dunkard 
 
 Thin shales and lime- 
 stones with coal; 390 ft. 
 
 . Monongahela 
 
 Black shales, sandstones, 
 and 14 ft. coal seam ; 240 ft. 
 Conemaugh 
 
 Sandstones and shales 
 with coal and fireclay; 6CO- 
 700 ft. 
 Allegheny 
 
 Sandy and carbonaceous 
 shales and sandstones with 
 coal seams; 260-350 ft. 
 Pottsville 
 
 Massive conglomerates and 
 sandstones with fireclay and 
 coal; 330-380 ft. j 
 
 .Mauch Chunk 
 
 Red shales and sandy 
 shales and thin sandstones; 
 650 ft. 
 Greenbrier 
 
 Gray and brown siliceous 
 limestones; 400 ft. 
 Pocono 
 
 Massive gray coarse sand- 
 stone; 250 ft. 
 
 -=Coal Measures. 
 
 Devonian. 
 Upper Devonian ...Catskill (Hampshire). 
 
 Alternating red shales and 
 sandstones; 1900-2000 ft. 
 
 Jennings 
 
 (Genesee-P o r t a g e-Oh e- 
 mung) 
 
 Vari-colored shales and 
 sandstone; 3800-4000 ft. 
 
50 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Middle Devonian ..Romney 
 
 (Onondaga-Marcellus-Ham- 
 ilton.) 
 
 Dark gray shales and 
 sandstones; 1600 ft. 
 
 Lower Devonian ..Oriskany 
 
 Cherty calcareous sand- 
 stones; 325-350 ft. 
 
 Helderberg 
 
 (Keyser-C o e y m a n s-New 
 Scotland-Becraft.) 
 
 Dark blue and gray lime- 
 stones; 350 ft. 
 
 Silurian Tonolpway 
 
 Argillaceous limestone 
 with some interbedded cal- 
 careous shale. The lime- 
 stone weathers into hard 
 platy fragments which ul- 
 timately form a red soil; 
 600 ft. 
 
 Wills Creek 
 
 Calcareous shale with 
 some interbedded argilla- 
 ceous limestone, weathering 
 into soil containing few 
 rock fragments. Four ce- 
 ment beds are present. The 
 Round Top member at the 
 base of this formation con- 
 sists of red shale and sand- 
 stone. Several beds of 
 sandstone also occur in the 
 upper part of the forma- 
 tion; 550 ft. 
 
 McKenzie 
 
 Drab shale alternating 
 with thin beds of lime- 
 stone; 275 ft. 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Vari-colored shales and 
 sandstones with iron ore- 
 bands; 550-600 ft. 
 
 Tuscarora 
 
 Massive white quartzitic 
 sandstone; 250-300 ft. 
 
 Juniata 
 
 Alternating thin-bedded 
 red shales and sandstones; 
 650 ft. exposed. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 51 
 
 Ordovician 
 
 .Martinsburg 
 
 Dark slaty shales; 
 1000 ft. 
 
 700- 
 
 Peachbottom slate 
 
 High grade blue-black 
 roofing slate. 
 Cardiff quartzite 
 
 Finely conglomeritic 
 quartzite. 
 
 Wissahickon phyllite and 
 schist 
 
 Sericite and chlorite 
 schists with numerous 
 quartz eyes. 
 
 Mica schists and gneiss 
 usually much crinkled 
 and carrying garnets, 
 cyanite and staurolite. 
 
 Cambrian 
 
 Chambersburg 
 
 Thin-bedded, dark, fos- 
 siliferous limestone with ir- 
 regular clayey partings ; 
 100-750 ft. 
 
 Stones River 
 
 Thin-bedded, pure, even- 
 grained limestone with thin 
 chert stratum near the 
 middle; 675-1050 ft. 
 
 Beekmantown 
 
 Thick-bedded limestone 
 with interbedded magne- 
 sian beds and layers of 
 oolite, conglomerate, and 
 cherts at several horizons; 
 2785 ft. 
 
 Conococheague 
 
 Thin-bedded, blue, band- 
 ed limestone with siliceous 
 laminae, conglomeratic at 
 base; 1635 ft. 
 
 Elbrook 
 
 Gray to pale-blue shaly 
 limestone and calcareous 
 shales with thick-bedded, 
 siliceous limestone in the 
 lower and middle part ; 3000 
 ft. 
 
 Waynesboro 
 
 Gray calcareous sand- 
 stones and purpLe shales; 
 1000 ft. 
 
 Tomstown 
 
 Massive and thin-bedded 
 limestone, in part cherry 
 and magnesian, with shale 
 and white clay at the base; 
 1000 ft. 
 
 Cockeysville marble 
 
 Fine and coarse-bedded 
 "crystalline marble fre- 
 quently dolomitic. 
 
52 
 
 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Antietam 
 
 Dull brown sandstones 
 grading into shales; 500- 
 800 ft. 
 Harpers 
 
 Gray, sandy shales with 
 sandstone layers; 2750 ft. 
 Weverton 
 
 White sandstone quartzite 
 and conglomerate; 1250 ft. 
 Loudon 
 
 Dark slate with lime- 
 stones, shales ; sandstones 
 and conglomerates; 100-500 
 ft. 
 
 ARCHEAN. 
 
 Algonkian 
 
 .Acid and Basic Volcanics 
 
 Fine grained compact 
 rocks usually much altered 
 by development of sericite 
 and epidote. 
 
 Setters quartzite and 
 
 mica-schist 
 
 Micaceous quartz schist 
 or vitreous quartzite usu- 
 ally carrying black tour- 
 malines. 
 
 Baltimore gneiss, etc. 
 
 Highly crystalline gneiss 
 of alternating h o r n - 
 ^blendic, micaceous and 
 "quartzose types, often in- 
 truded with pegmatites, 
 granites, gabbros and 
 serpentines. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 53 
 
 LIST OF OPEEATOES. 
 
 COAL. 
 ALLEGANY COUNTY. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE. 
 
 Consolidation Coal Co ...Baltimore Consolidation Nos. 
 
 1 to 11. 
 
 Union Mining Co " Union. 
 
 New York Mining Co Mt. Savage Union Nos. 1 and 2. 
 
 Barton and Georges Creek Valley 
 
 Coal Co Baltimore Carlos. 
 
 Potomac Coal Co " Potomac. 
 
 Georges Creek Coal Co., Inc " Nos. 1, 12, 13, 14, 
 
 16, 17. 
 
 American Coal Co Lonaconing Caledonia and ' 
 
 Jackson. 
 
 Maryland Coal Co New York Appleton, Kings- 
 land, New Det- 
 mold and Patton. 
 
 New Central Coal Co " Koontz & Big Vein. 
 
 Piedmont and Georges Creek Coal 
 
 Co Frostburg Washington Nos. 1 
 
 to 5. 
 
 Piedmont Mining Co Baltimore Pekin. 
 
 Midland Mining Co Cumberland New Enterprise and 
 
 Trimble. 
 
 Bowery Coal Co Frostburg Bowery. 
 
 H. & W. A. Kitchens Coal Co " Borden. 
 
 Phoenix and Georges Creek Min- 
 ing Co Phila., Pa Phoenix and Elk- 
 hart. 
 
 Brailer Mining Co Mt. Savage Bald Knob. 
 
 Moscow- Georges Creek Mining Co. .Cumberland Moscow Nos. 1 and 
 
 2. 
 
 Frostburg Fuel Co Frostburg Tyson No. 2. 
 
 Chapman Coal Mining Co Baltimore Swanton. 
 
 Cumberland-Georges Creek Coal 
 Co Phila., Pa Penn. 
 
 Frostburg Coal Mining Co Morrison. 
 
 Maryland Coal & Iron Co Frostburg Trotters Run. 
 
 Davis Coal & Coke Co Baltimore Buxton. 
 
 Wachovia Coal Co Cumberland Waco. 
 
 Cumberland Basin Coal Co Phila., Pa Parker, Bond and 
 
 Cook. 
 
 Rawlings & McCulloch Frostburg Bloen Avon. 
 
 Chabot Coal Co Eckhart Mines Chabot. 
 
 Michael Barnard " Parkersburg. 
 
 The Franklin Coal Co Westernport Franklin No. . 1. 
 
 GARRETT COUNTY 
 
 George C. Pattison Bloomington Pattison. 
 
 Bloomington Coal Co " Bloomington. 
 
 Monroe Coal Mining Co Bethlehem, Pa Elk Run Nos. 1 and 
 
 2. 
 
54 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Three Forks Coal Mining Co Elaine, W. Va Jasper. 
 
 Hamill Coal & Coke Co " Haniill No. 1. 
 
 Potomac Valley Coal Co " Dante. 
 
 Elaine Mining Co New York ...Elaine. 
 
 Garrett County Coal & Mining 
 
 Oo Bethlehem, Pa Dodson Nos. 1, 
 
 and 4. 
 
 Upper Potomac Coal Co Phila. , Pa Upper Potomac. 
 
 Brainard Coal Co " Nos. 1, 2 and 3. 
 
 Glade Run Coal Co " Beechwood. 
 
 Cutchell and Gates Bayard, W. Va Bayard. 
 
 Western Maryland Coal & Coke Co.Friendsville Nos. 1, 2, and 3. 
 
 LIME AND CEMENT. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 Wm. H. Everhart Westminster Bachmans Mills. 
 
 O. J. Keller Lime Oo Buckeystown Buckeystown. 
 
 Geo. M. Bushey & Son Cavetown Cavetown. 
 
 A. M. Isanogle Thurmont Catoctin. 
 
 James F. McKee Clear Springs Clear Springs. 
 
 Miss M. Bissell Price Cockeysville Cockeysville. 
 
 Denton S. Warehime Westminster Cranberry. 
 
 Henry J. Kneriem " Cresaptown. 
 
 * Cumberland and Potomac Ce- 
 ment Co. . ; Cumberland Pinto. 
 
 * Cumberland Hydraulic Cement 
 
 & Mfg. Co " Cumberland. 
 
 Joseph Dressman Long " 
 
 C. A. L. Miller Cumberland 
 
 John D. Crum Walkersville Daysville. 
 
 T. Turnbaugh Boring Dover. 
 
 George W. Hose Clear Spring Dry Run. 
 
 J. J. Brown , Smithsburg Edgemont. 
 
 Fountain Rock Lime Co. (J. W. 
 
 Stimmel) Woodsboro Walkersville. 
 
 M. J. Grove Lime Co. Limekiln Frederick and 
 
 Limekiln. 
 
 R. Rush Lewis ...Frederick Frederick. 
 
 Tabler Lime & Stone Co " " 
 
 Gilmer Schley " " 
 
 D. C. Kemp Lime Co " " 
 
 Charles A. Councilman Glyndon Glyndon. 
 
 Edward A. Cockey & Son Owings Mills Gwynnbrook. 
 
 * Security Cement & Lime Co Hagerstown Security. 
 
 W. M. Widmyer Hancock Hancock. 
 
 Daniel Sunday Hansonville. Hansonville. 
 
 George W. Yost Clear Spring Clear Spring. 
 
 T. Guy Nichols Brookville Highland. 
 
 LeGore Lime Co LeGore LeGore. 
 
 M, Frank McAleer Walkersville McAleers. 
 
 G. T. Baker Marriottsville Mamottsville. 
 
 Daniel F. Roddy Mt. St. Mary's Motters. 
 
 George H. Strine & Son Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant. 
 
 D. K. Cramer " " 
 
 Mordecai C. Jones " New London. 
 
 Louis C. Zile New Windsor New Windsor. 
 
 Henry Mosser Oakland Oakland. 
 
 J. L. Federline Olney Olney. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 55 
 
 Potomac Valley Stone & Lime Co. .Hagerstown Pinesburg. 
 
 D. D. Keedy Keedysville Rohrersville. 
 
 J. Hubert Wade Boonsboro Sharpsburg. 
 
 John T. Dutterer Silver Run : Silver Run. 
 
 Wm. A. Leppo " " 
 
 Rohrer Bros Smithsburg Smithsburg. 
 
 Wm. C. Dittman Texas Texas. 
 
 Wm. P. Lindsay " 
 
 Effie D. & J. H. Cfeeger, Admin. .Thurmont Thurmont. 
 
 Joseph F. Moser " " 
 
 F. A. Roddy " " 
 
 David G. Zentz " " 
 
 * Tidewater Portland Cement Co.. Union Bridge Union Bridge 
 
 Wm. H. Hyde 
 
 David Cramer Walkersville Walkersville. 
 
 David A. Devilbiss 
 
 Fountain Rock Lime Co 
 
 Woodsboro 
 
 Westminster ., ...Westminster. 
 
 Goodwin Lime Co 
 
 Wm. R. Yingling 
 
 David Robertson 
 
 B. F. Shriver & Co 
 
 Wm. A. Roop 
 
 Mrs. Catherine Wagner 
 
 Wakefield Mill & Lime Co...' 
 
 Milton M. Morelpck , 
 
 Wm. B. Thomas & Son 
 
 Charles F. Trescher Cumberland Winchester Bridge. 
 
 S. W. Barrick & Son Woodsboro Woodsboro. 
 
 Jacob Eichelberger " " 
 
 * Cement Operators. 
 
 CLAY AND CLAY PRODUCTS. 
 
 BRICK AND TILE. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. \VORKS. 
 
 Baltimore Brick Co Baltimore Baltimore City and 
 
 County. 
 
 Baltimore Retort & Fire Brick Co. . " Baltimore. 
 
 Westport Paving Brick Co " Westport. 
 
 Columbia Stove Brick Works " Baltimore. 
 
 Baltimore Terra Gotta Works. " " 
 
 Berlin Brick Co Berlin Berlin. 
 
 C. T. Neepier Catonsville Catonsville. 
 
 South Baltimore Harbor and Im- 
 provement Company Baltimore Brooklyn. 
 
 C. F. Thomas & Son Brick Co Buckeystown Buckeystown. 
 
 Cambridge Brick Co Cambridge Cambridge. 
 
 Barnett & Robinson " " 
 
 H. S. & V. M. Barnett Chestertown Chestertown. 
 
 George M. Collins Crisfleld Crisfield. 
 
 Queen City Brick & Tile Co Cumberland Cumberland. 
 
 Cumberland Granite Brick Co " " 
 
 Burns & Russell Co Baltimore Dundalk. 
 
 The Maryland Terra Gotta Co " " 
 
 The Easton Brick & Tile Mfg. Oo.Easton Easton. 
 
 John Gilpin Brick Co Elkton Elkton. 
 
 Frederick Brick Works! Frederick Frederick. 
 
 Maryland Brick & Supply Co " " 
 
56 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Savage Mountain Fire Brick Co. . . Frostburg Frostburg. 
 
 Big Savage Fire Brick Go " " 
 
 Bilbrough & Bros Greensboro Greensboro. 
 
 Henson Brick & Supply Co Hagerstown Hagerstown. 
 
 James E. S. Pryor.. " " 
 
 L. H. Wiebel " 
 
 Excelsior Brick & Pottery Co. 
 
 of Baltimore Halethorpe Halethorpe. 
 
 Hancock Shale Brick Co Hancock Hancock. 
 
 F. F. Greenwell Leonardtown Hanover Mills. 
 
 Ferdinand Cook Federalsburg Hynson. 
 
 Elias W. Oursler Westminster Westminster. 
 
 H. K. Oursler " " 
 
 Andrew Ramsay Mt. Savage Mt. Savage. 
 
 Union Mining Co. of Allegany Co. . " " 
 
 Big Savage Fire Brick Co Frostburg Allegany. 
 
 Mayer Bros " Frostburg. 
 
 Muirkirk Brick Co Washington, D. C Muirkirk. 
 
 Green Hill Fire Brick Co North East North East. 
 
 North East Fire Brick Co " " 
 
 United Fire Brick Co " 
 
 Columbia Brick and Plaster Co... " " 
 
 Independent Brick Co. Orangeville Orangeville. 
 
 Hugh McMichael Pocomoke City Pocomoke City. 
 
 Princess Anne Brick Co Princess Anne Princess Anne. 
 
 Somerset Tile Co " " 
 
 David S. Strayer & Sons Ridgley Ridgley. 
 
 Champion Brick Co Baltimore Rosedale. 
 
 Hans Kudritzky St. Michaels St. Michaels. 
 
 Peninsula Brick Co Salisbury Salisbury. 
 
 Salisbury Brick Co " 
 
 W. L. Purnell Snow Hill Snow Hill. 
 
 W. S. Lewis & Son " " 
 
 D. W. Zentz Thurmont Thurmont. 
 
 V. Bonomo Westover Westover. 
 
 Wicomico Brick Co Salisbury White Haven. 
 
 Conococheague Brick & Earth- 
 
 ernware Co Williamsport Williamsport. 
 
 Laurel Brick Works Laurel :. .Laurel. 
 
 POTTERY. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. WORKS. 
 
 Edwin Bennett Pottery Co Baltimore Baltimore. 
 
 Chesapeake Pottery " " 
 
 Columbia Stove Brick Works " " 
 
 M. Ferine & Sons " " 
 
 Balto. Clay Tobacco Pipe Works . . " " 
 
 George S. Kalb & Sons Catonsville Catonsville. 
 
 J. J. Nottnagel & Son Frederick Frederick. 
 
 Excelsior Brick & Pottery Co Halethorpe Halethorpe. 
 
 RAW CLAY. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. WORKS. 
 
 Big Savage Fire Brick Co Frostburg Allegany. 
 
 Savage Mt. Fire Brick Company. . . " Frostburg. 
 
 S. C. Chew '....Mantua, N. J Bacon Hill. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 57 
 
 Ernest Hartung Baltimore Baltimore. 
 
 J. C. Weaver's Sons " " 
 
 A. Hopkins Dorsey * Dorsey. 
 
 Chas. W. Simpers North East Eder and Leslie. 
 
 W. R. Grosh, Estate of Elkton Elkton. 
 
 Josephus Smith Hanover Hanover. 
 
 Union Mining Co. of Allegany Co. . Mt. Savage Mt. Savage. 
 
 American Clay Co Philadelphia, Pa North East. 
 
 Hanna Mining Co North East " 
 
 North East Fire Brick Co " " 
 
 Owens & Stadelman " " 
 
 E. Vernon Zimmerman Woodlawn Catonsville. 
 
 Maryland Terra Cotta Works Halethorpe Halethorpe. 
 
 Frederick Link " Washington Road. 
 
 J. Frank Kalb ... ... Woodlawn Woodlawn. 
 
 GRANITE. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 J. H. Atkinson Baltimore Baltimore. 
 
 Harry C. Campbell Windsor Hills Windsor Hills. 
 
 Wm. M. Longley Quarry Co Baltimore Franklin Road. 
 
 Daniel A. Leonard " Baltimore. 
 
 The I. H. Peddicord & Sons Quarry 
 
 and Transfer Co " Gwynns Falls. 
 
 The Schwind Quarry Oo " Baltimore. 
 
 The Hook & Ford Contracting Co. . " Woodberfy and 
 
 Dickeyville. 
 Standard .Lime & Stone Company. . " Boonsboro and 
 
 Dickerson. 
 
 Werner Bros Ellicott City Ellicott City.. 
 
 Lukens & Yerkes Philadelphia Frenchtown. 
 
 Chas. E. Ehmann Baltimore Govanstown. 
 
 Feaney & Atherton Granite Granite. 
 
 Guilford & Waltersville Granite Co . Baltimore 
 
 Miller & Kirkpatrick Guilford Guilford. 
 
 The Perryville Granite Co Easton, Pa Perry ville. 
 
 McClenahan Granite Co Port Deposit Port Deposit. 
 
 J. E. Baker York, Pa Phoenix. 
 
 Thos. B. Gatch & Sons Raspburg Raspburg. 
 
 Frank H. Zouck Reisterstown Reisterstown. 
 
 John F. Parks Timonium Ruxton. 
 
 Thos. S. Gerry Rowlandsville Rowlandsville. 
 
 Armstrong & 'McDowell Port Deposit " 
 
 B. F. Pope Stone Company Baltimore Savage. 
 
 Frank Peach & Co Woodstock Woodstock. 
 
 Potomac Granite Co Washington, D. C Montgomery Co. 
 
 W. T. Manning Baltimore near Savage. 
 
 Conway Quarry Company " Lochraven. 
 
 Thomas R. Martin & Sons. Woodlawn Franklintown. 
 
 McMahon Bros Mt. Washington Mt. Washington. 
 
 John Walters Baltimore Pikesville. 
 
 McGuire & Shea Ruxton Ruxton. 
 
 Blue Mount Stone Co Whitehall Whitehall. 
 
 The Casparis Stone Co Columbus, Ohio Havre de Grace. 
 
58 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 LIMESTONE. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 Fisher & Carozza Baltimore Green Sprg. Valley. 
 
 Geo. M. Bushey & Son Cavetown Cavetown. 
 
 George Downin Hagerstown Cearfoss. 
 
 Cumberland Hydraulic Cement & 
 
 Mfg. Company Cumberland Cumberland. 
 
 John D. Crum Walkersville Daysville. 
 
 Wm. F. Myers Boring Dover. 
 
 Peter Brookey Frederick Frederick. 
 
 Ezra Houck, Jr " " 
 
 M. J. Grove Lime Co Limekiln Frederick and 
 
 Limekiln. 
 
 R. Rush Lewis Frederick Frederick. 
 
 Charles A. Councilman Glyridon Glyndon. 
 
 Edward A. Cockey & Son Owings Mills Gwynnbrook. 
 
 S. P. Angle .Hagerstown Hagerstown. 
 
 Clarkson Brothers " " 
 
 Hagerstown City Quarry " " 
 
 Union Stone Co York, Pa Halfway. 
 
 Frank P. Little Hancock Hancock. 
 
 LeGore Lime Co LeGore LeGore. 
 
 P. P. Zepp Marriottsville Marriottsville. 
 
 Daniel R. Miller Maugansville Maugansville. 
 
 Wm. Carbaugh New Windsor New Windsor. 
 
 Potomac Valley Stone Co Hagerstown Pinesburg. 
 
 D. D. Keedy Keedysyille Rohrersville. 
 
 A. M. Isanogle Catoctin Thurmont. 
 
 David Cramer Walkersville Walkersville. 
 
 D. A. Devilbiss " " 
 
 Goodwin Lime Co Westminster Westminster. 
 
 Wm. R. Tingling " 
 
 B. F. Shriver & Co " " 
 
 E. C. Brown " " 
 
 Myers-Crump Stone Co Corrigansville Corrigansville. 
 
 Allegany County Road Directors. . .Cumberland .Mt. ' Savage. 
 
 W. C. Ditman Texas Texas. 
 
 Miss M. Bissell Price Cockeysville Cockeysville. 
 
 Baltimore Marble & Trading Co. .Baltimore Lochraven. 
 
 Tabler Lime & Stone Co Frederick Frederick. 
 
 C. F. Hammond... ...Oakland Oakland. 
 
 MARBLE. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 Beaver Dam Marble Co Baltimore Cockeysville. 
 
 Washington Marble Co New York Eakles Mills. 
 
 The Eastman Stone Co Baltimore Whitehall. 
 
 Baltimore County Marble & Trad- 
 ing Co " Baltimore. 
 
 Maryland- Alabama Marble Co New York Benevola. 
 
 L. C. Rines Eakles Mills Boonsboro. . 
 
 Whitef ord Green Marble Co Whitef ord Cambria. 
 
 Cardiff-Cambria Marble Co New York Cardiff. 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 59 
 
 SANDSTONE. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 E. C. Schaidt Cumberland Cumberland. 
 
 J. C. Brydon Bros. Co Graf ton, W. Va Bloomington. 
 
 J. T. Bridges & Co Hancock Hancock. 
 
 B. S. Randolph Berkeley Spgs. , W. Va. Dam No. 6. 
 
 Samuel Spangler Taneytown Kump. 
 
 William Clutz 
 T. H. Eckenrode. . 
 James D. Haines. . 
 James B. Reaver. . 
 0. T. Shoemaker. . 
 
 .Taneytown. 
 
 SLATE. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 Baltimore Peach Bottom Slate Co. . Baltimore Cardiff. 
 
 Cardiff Peach Bottom Slate Mfg. 
 
 Co Delta, Pa 
 
 Peach Bottom Slate Co. of Har- 
 
 ford County " " 
 
 Peerless Slate Co " " 
 
 The Proctor Slate Co " 
 
 South Delta Peach Bottom Slate 
 
 Co " 
 
 Bennett Creek Slate Co Washington, D. C Thurston. 
 
 FLINT AND FELDSPAR. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 A. M. Benzinger Woodstock Woodstock. 
 
 J. T. Cavey " 
 
 Deland Mining & Milling Company. Havre de Grace Baldfriar. 
 
 Harry Fairbank Woodstock Woodstock. . 
 
 Parlett & Cavey " " 
 
 E. E. Fagan Gwynn Oak, Baltimore. Hollofields. 
 
 Golding Sons Co Trenton, N. J Rock Springs and 
 
 Davis Station. 
 
 Guilford & Waltersville Granite Co. Baltimore Woodstock. 
 
 Thomas & Son Westminster Westminster. 
 
 Eureka Mining & Operating Co Trenton, N. J Granite. 
 
 H. Clay Whitef ord & Co Flintville Flintville. 
 
 Glen Morris Supply Co Glen Morris Glen Morris. 
 
 Harf ord County Flint Co Conowingo Conowingo. 
 
 Geo. W. Cavey Woodstock Woodstock. 
 
 Peach & Whelan Glenarm Notchcliff and 
 
 Glenarm. 
 The Husband Flint Co Baltimore Deer Creek. 
 
 SAND AND GRAVEL. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. PITS. 
 
 Arundel Sand & Gravel Co Baltimore Spring Gardens, 
 
 Magothy River, 
 and Curtis Creek 
 (dredging). 
 
60 GUIDE TO STATE MINERAL EXHIBIT 
 
 Columbia Granite & Dredging Co . Washington, D. C Marshall Hall. 
 
 Potomac Granite Co " on Canal near 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Potomac Dredging Co " near Washington. 
 
 Excelsior Brick & Pottery, Co Halethorpe Arbutus. 
 
 Adam John & Bro '. " Benson Ave. 
 
 John C. Leonard Baltimore Baltimore. 
 
 J. T. Bridges & Co Hancock Hancock. 
 
 P. L. Hopper Havre de Grace Conowingo. 
 
 B. S. Randolph Berkeley Spgs., W. Va.Dam No. 6. 
 
 The Cumberland Granite Brick Co. Cumberland Cumberland. 
 
 Cumberland Sand Co Pittsburg " 
 
 Contee Sand & Gravel Co Laurel Laurel. 
 
 Brennan Sand Co Philadelphia, Pa Robinson. 
 
 Foltz Bros Waynesboro, Pa Rock Forge. 
 
 James D. Haines Taneytown Taneytown. 
 
 Fred. Link Halethorpe Halethorpe. 
 
 H. L. Thomas Norfolk, Va Gibson Island. 
 
 W. T. Manning " near Laurel. 
 
 Clark Bros Severn Severn. 
 
 Roland Park Company Roland Park Roland Park. 
 
 Wm. R. Delia Baltimore Curtis Creek. 
 
 Miss M. Bissell Price Cockeysville Cockeysville. 
 
 DeBoy Sandman Co Halethorpe Halethorpe. 
 
 Joseph E. Smith Westport Westport. 
 
 Deland Mining & Milling Co Havre de Grace Havre de Grace. 
 
 A. V. Hoffman Smithsburg Leitersburg. 
 
 Andrew Miller " " 
 
 Ernest Lecrone " Rock Forge. 
 
 GOLD. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE. 
 
 Capital Gold Mining & Develop- 
 ment Co Cropley Cropley. 
 
 R. Scott Allen " 
 
 Maryland Gold Mining Co " 
 
 Great Falls Gold Mining Co Washington, D. C.... ..Great Falls. 
 
 COPPER. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE. 
 
 Virginia Consolidated Copper Co. . Union Bridge Liberty. 
 
 IRON ORE. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. MINE. 
 
 Mason & Dixon Mining Co Shrewsbury, Pa Bachmans Mills 
 
 Ebbvale Mining Co Hanover, Pa Ebbvale. 
 
 Ellery F. Coffin Muirkirk Muirkirk. 
 
 Jos. E. Thropp Everett, Pa ...Thurmont. 
 
 MINERAL PAINT. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. PIT. 
 
 Jas. B. Macneal & Co Baltimore Baltimore and 
 
 vicinity. 
 
 Wm. Dagler Hanover Hanover. 
 
 Hanna & Andrus Chicago, 111 " 
 
MARYLAND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 SPRINGS. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE, SPRING. 
 
 Altamont Spring Water Co Washington, D. C near Deer Park. 
 
 Carroll Springs Forest Glen Forest Glen. 
 
 Chattolanee Spring Water Co Baltimore Chattolanee. 
 
 Mardela Mineral Spring Water Co. .Mardela Mardela. 
 
 Rockhill Indian Spring Rockville Rockville. 
 
 Buena Vista Spring Water Co Baltimore Edgemont. 
 
 Castalia Spring Water Co ...Washington, D. C Branchville. 
 
 Spaws Spring Water Co Eastpn Easton. 
 
 Ruxton Heights Water Co Baltimore Ruxton Heights. 
 
 Sylvan Dell Water Co " Rognel Heights. 
 
 Hillsdale Water Co " Hillsdale. 
 
 Caton Spring Water Co " Catonsville. 
 
 Hancock Sulphur Springs Hancock Hancock. 
 
 SILICA. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. PIT. 
 
 Maryland Silicate Co New York Lyons Creek. 
 
 TALC AND SOAPSTONB. 
 
 OPERATOR. OFFICE. QUARRY. 
 
 Deland Mining & Milling Co. ..... Havre de Grace Bald Friar. 
 
 Thomas & Son Westminster Westminster. 
 
 Maryland Soapstone Co Baltimore Marriottsville. 
 
PAT. JAN. 21, 1908 
 
 VB 10154 
 
 
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