1\V^\A. )^ r/. .mwi^f.-.s^amsE&:wm mii;9m^^--^.= '!XsmL THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA GIFT OF William F. Freehoff, Jr. SHOUT AND EASY ^ INTRODUCTION TO HERALDRY, JN TWO PARTS. PART I. Tlie Use of Arms and Araioury, Rules of Blazon and Marshalling Coats of Armour, with engraved Tables upon a new plan, for the instruc- tion of those who wish to learn the Science ; also the Regalia of England. PART. II. A Dictionary of Heraldry, with an Alphabetical List of its Terms in English, French, and Latin; also the different Degrees of the Nobility and Gentry of England, with Tables of Precedency. EMBELLISHED WITH FORTY-SIX COPPER-PLATES, Containing upivards of a Thousand Examples. Ci^e tDf)ole comyileJr from ific mogt apjrobetr ^uti&oritieg. THE TENTH EDITION, A"^iLTH CONSIDERABLE IMPROVEMENTS. BY HUGH CLARK. Uottiron: PRINTED FOR HENRY WASHBOURN, BRIDE-COURT. 1827. ^r A S J~^ QfS ]R E sIp.E C^, -to. Jy/^^^^H^^/ GIFT /v TO THE READER. / 7 The principal design of this work is to bring the Rules of Heraldry into a concise methodical order, as well for instruction as entertainment; many having attempted its study, but from its in- tricate and voluminous arrangements have been prevented from making any kind of progress. The following Introduction was first designed to instruct a few private persons, who, by its short and easy method^ soon gained a knowledge of the science. It is necessary, before a person at- tempt to blazon a coat of arms, he should first be well acquainted with the Points of the Escutcheon, Partition Lines, Metals, Colours, Ordinaries, and their Diminutives, Charges, Distinction of Houses, &c. Likewise the Rules of Blazon and Marshal- ling of Coat Armours (which are displayed in up- wards of A THOUSAND sclcct examples, neatly engraved ; the whole arranged upon a new, easy, and regular plan) ; and by following, with a little application, the rules and terms as laid down in the tables, he will be enabled to name them at sight: so thatthe study will become pleasing, and 524 ^^ IV will give the student a true and just knowledge of the first and most useful principles in this science. As this work is intended for the more speedy instruction in the Science of Heraldry, it is hoped that the generous reader will be so kind as to point out any errors that may have been overlooked ; or any useful hints, matter, or form, whereby the work may be improved : — they will be thankfully received, and carefully conveyed to the Editor. The Publishers. CONTENTS. Page Alphabetical List of heraldic terms^ in Eii- glish;, French, and Latin .... 264 Arms, the use of ...... 1 Arms assumptive II Arms of alliance . . . . . .12 Arms of adoption . . . . . .12 Arras of a bachelor 74 Arms of a bishop .,..., 70 Arms of a baronet ...... 78 Arms of a commoner and lady . . .78 Arms of community . . . . .11 Arms of concession . . . . .14 Arms, canting . . . . . .14 Arms of dominion . . . . .10 Arms of a husband and three wives . . 72 Arms of a husband and four wives . . .72 Arms of a husband and five wives . . .72 Arms of a husband and six wives . . .72 Arms of a husband and seven wives . . 73 Arms of an heiress . . . . .75 Arms of a knight of the garter and lady . . 77 CONTENTS. Arras of a dowager or maiden lady Arms of a maid Arms of patronage . Arms of pretension Arms paternal and hereditary . Arms quarterly Arms of succession Arms of a widow . Arms of a widow and heiress . Arms of a wife and two husbands Badges Barons .... Bishops .... Blazoning, rules of Blazoning of animals Blazoning of birds Blazoning of heavenly bodies . Blazoning of ordinaries . Blazoning oftrees and vegetables Borders . Charges Co-heiresses Colours Crest Crowns Croisades Crosses Dictionary of heraldic terms Distinctions of houses Duke .... Earl .... Escutcheon, description of Escutcheon, points of the Esquires ©ON TENTS. tlxterior ornaments of the escutcheon Furs .... Gentry, description of the Gentry, privileges of the Hatchments, explanation of Helmets Heraldic abbreviations Honour King, of the . Mantling Marquis Marshalling . Motto . Nobility and gentry, the different degrees Nobility, privileges of the Ordinaries Partition lines Precedency Precedency of men, table of Precedency of women, table of Prince of Wales Privileges of the nobility of the gentry . Procession to the chapel royal Queen, of the Regalia of England Rules of Blazoning Supporters Tombs and monuments . Tournaments Viscount Wreath . Yeomen VIU CONTENTS • riONS FOR PLACING THE I Table 2 to face page 18 3 : 20 4 . 21 5 . . 28 6 . 27 7 . 80 8 . 32 9 . . 35 10 . . 37 Plate A . 49 B . . 52 C . 55 D . . 58 E . 61 F . 63 G 65 H . 66 J . . 68 K . . 90 Regalia Plates to 'ace page Plate 1 . . . 86 2 , . 87 3 . . 88 Note^ The plates from 1 to 21 to be placed between pages 272 and 273. A SHORT AND F,^\SY INTRODUCTION TO % HERALDRY. PART I. Note, T, stands for Table, P^for Plate, N.for Number. Tables in Part First. Plates in Part Second. THE USE OF ARMS. The occasion of the rise of arms was undoubt- edly that order which their use produced; the consequences of confusion being generally rule and order; as men's sufferings naturally teach them to avoid all inconveniences by which they have suffered. Thus entered national ensigns for the better regulation of armies, &c. also all man- ner of personal distinctions, and that the shield, helmet, back and breast-plates, and surcoats worn over them, have had ornamental figures engraved • B » INTRODUCTION TO PART I. or painted upon them ; likewise on colours and standards in war, for the distinguishing of chiefs and considerable commanders, being devices on their shields, &.c. pointing out their persons to those under their command, and distinguishing them- selves one from another; which, without some such marks, could not effectually be, their persons being obscured by the armours they wore. It is observable that the ancients, for the most part, made choice of lions, tigers, dragons, and horrible chimeras ; or else of animals, as serpents, foxes, owls, &c. or such figures as might represent saga- city, cunning, or stratagem, according to their various dispositions, thereby meaning to menace and terrify their enemies, by setting forth their magnanimous and politic qualities ; for, as it is certain that every hke adheres to its like, so, even in cases of this nature, mankind is naturally de- lighted with things or animals like themselves, or whose predominant dispositions or qualities accord with their own; and from these the alluding qua- lities and intendments of these ancient assump- tions have been frequently termed hieroglyphics, &c. Feme says, " The first soueraigne that ever gave coate of amies to his soldiers, was King Alexander the Great, who, after the manner of his auncestors, desirous toexalt by some speciall meanes of honor his stoutest captaines and soldiers above the rest, to provoke them to incounter their eni- mies with manly courage, and by the advice of Aristotle, he gives unto the most valiant of his ar- iiiies certain signcs or emblemcs, to be painted I'AIIT I. HEUALDKY. O upon their armours, banners, and pennons, as tokens for their service in his wars.**' TOURNAMENTS. Tournaments, Justings, Tihings, &c. were ho- nourable exercises, formerly used by all persons of note that desired to gain reputation in feats of arms, from the king to the private gentleman ; and derived their name from tounier^ a French word (to run round), because, to be expert in these mi- litary exercises, much agihty, both of man and horse, was requisite, they riding round a ring, or turning often, as there was occasion. Their manner of assembling was thus: The time and place being appointed, challenges were sent abroad for such who desired to signalize themselves at the lists, and proper rewards pre- pared for the victorious, which drew a great con- course from all parts : it was the custom of those who went to these exercises to be in a complete mihtary equipage, with arms on their shields and surcoats, and caparisons on their horses; their esquires riding before, carrying their tilting spears with their pennons of arms at them ; as also the helmets to be worn in the exercise, adorned with wreaths of silk, being of the tinctures of their arms and their liveries, and thereon the crest. When tilting or tournaments were proclaimed, they hung two shields upon a tree at the appointed place, and he that offered to fight on foot signified as much by touching, the shield which hung by the 4 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. right corner; whilst, on the contrary, he who chose rather to exercise on horseback, touched that which hung by the left; for it was judged more honourable to fight on foot than on horse- back. While they were preparing the lists destined for the tournaments, they exhibited through the cloisters of some neighbouring monasteries, the armorial shields of those who designed to enter the lists. It was the ancient custom to carry the coats of arms, helmets, 8cc. into the monastery before the tournaments began ; and to offer up at the church, after the victory was gained, the arms and the horses with which they had fought : the former was done that they might be viewed by the lords, the ladies, and the young gentlewomen, to satisfy their curiosity ; and a herald, or pursuivant at arms, named to the ladies the persons to whom each belonged ; and if, amongst these pretenders, there was found any one of whom a lady had cause to complain, either for speaking ill of her, or for any other fault or injury, she touched the helmet or the shield of these arms to demand justice, and signifying, that she recommended her cause to the judges of the tournaments. These, after having gained the necessary information, were to pro- nounce sentence; and if the crime had been judi- cially proved, the punishment followed imme- diately. — Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry ^ p. ^Q. When a knight, &c. came near the barriers where the justings were to be held, he blew an horn or trumpet, at which the heralds there at- i' AIIT 1. HERALDRY. 5 lending came forth and registered his name, armo- rial bearings, and other proofs of his nobihty, in their books ; from whence came heraldry, or the art of blazon, which signifies a regular description of arms in their proper terms. The two contenders on horseback being let in, at several barriers, mounted on the ablest horses, they, after performing the usual ceremonies, and paying their respects to the sovereign or judges, as also to the ladies, took their several stations ; and being thus in rc^adiness, when the trumpets sounded, both at the same time couched their lances, and, spurring their horses, ran fiercely one against another, in such a manner that the point of their spears, lighting upon each other'*s armour, gave a terrible shock, and generally flew in pieces. If neither party received any damage, they usually ran three heats, which was acounted very honourable; but if a man was beaten off his horse, shaken in the saddle, let fall his lance, lost any piece of his armour, or hurt his adversary's horse, ail these were disgraces. These tournaments first began in Germany, in the tenth century, and became afterwards a ge- neral practice in Europe. CROISADES. The second grand occasion of the improvement of heraldry to its present perfection, was thecroi- sades, which were expeditions to the wars in the • b3 b INTRODUCTION TO PART I. Holy Land against the Infidels, begun in the year 1096, on which account they bore several new figures before unknown in arms, such as bezants, martlets, alerons, escallop shells, &c. besides great numbers of crosses, variously formed, which are to be seen in arms all Europe over. In process of time, these tokens, which we call arms, became remunerations for services, and were bestowed by emperors, kings, princes, generals, and chief commanders in the field, upon martial men, answerable to their worthy acts; the remem- brance whereof could not be better preserved to posterity than by these kinds of honourable re- wards; and though at first they were taken up at any gentleman's pleasure, yet hath that liberty for many ages been denied ; no one being, by the laws of gentility, allowed the bearing thereof, but those that are entitled thereto by descent, grant, or purchase. The common people are denied the use of them by the laws of all well governed nations. The following note may serve as an antidote tc the poison of modern sceptics: — " The world has been so long accustomed to hear the crusades con- sidered as the height of frenzy and injustice, that to undertake their defence might be perhaps a ha zardous task. We must, however, recollect, that had it not been for these extraordinary exertions of generous courage, the whole of Europe wouk have perhaps fallen, and Christianity been buriet in its ruins. It was not, as Voltaire has falsely oi weakly asserted, a conspiracy of rubbers; it wa: PABT I. HERALDRY. 7 not an unprovoked attack on a distant and unof- fending nation; it was a blow aimed at the heart of a most powerful and active enemy. Had not the Christian kingdoms of iVsia been established as a check to the Mahometans, Italy and the remnant of Christianity must again have fallen into their power, and France herself have needed all the heroism and good fortune of a Charles Martel, to deliver her from subjugation."" — Gerit. Mag. 1804. Ap. page 343." TOMBS AND MONUMENTS. Are no less comprised within the cognizance of the science of heraldry, than other solemn func- tions ; for as it is the part of heralds to range men in their due stations, and to appoint them their proper coats of arms, whilst living, so it belongs to them to regulate what ceremonies are to be ob- served at their funerals, and what memorials erected to them after their death. The most ancient, and even the most barbarous nations, paid this honour to the deceased, as believing it an inducement to others to perform glorious ac- tions, and a respect indispensable to be paid to him who had been an example of virtue whilst surviving in this world. Nisbet says, it w^as a custom of the Romans that were Nobiles, to have the statues of their ancestors made of wood, brass, marble, &c. and sometimes in wax, painted on the face to represent their like- ness, and dressed according to their quality ; if they 8 INTRODUCTION TO PAJtT I. had been consuls, with the Prwtea^ta, or long white robe edged with purple ; if Censors, their robes were purple ; if they had triumphed, their habit had gold flowers ; they were likewise adorned with the Fasces or bundle of rods, their axes and other marks of their magistracy, and the spoils taken from tlie enemy. These statues were kept in their courts, in a cabinet of wood ; upon solemn days the cabinets were set open, and the statues orna- mented and set out to view, in the court, just before the porch or gate, that the people might behold their merit and bravery; and when any of the family died, they were not only so exposed, but they were also carried before the corpse at the funeral, as ensigns of nobility. Of all nations, none exceeded the Romans in the magnificence of their monuments; all the great roads about their city were adorned with costly structures ; for they did not tlien bury in their temples, reserving them only for the service of their gods ; nor was it the custom to bury in churches for some centuries after the Gospel had dispelled the darkness of idolatry. In process of time, it was brought up to bury in churches ; and then all families of note appointed the place of repose for them and their successors, and erected stately monuments, adorned with figures, coat- armour, and epitaphs. That there might be some distinctive marks between the several persons so interred, the ancients established certain rules, which were then observed upon such occasions. Kings and princes, however they died, were TART I. HERALDRY. 9 represented on their tombs in their armour, with their escutcheons, crowns, crests, supporters, and all other marks of royalty. Knights and gentlemen could not have their effigies after that manner, unless they lost their lives in battle, or died within their own lordships. Those who died in battle, on the victorious party, were represented with their swords naked, the point upwards, on the right side, and their shield on the left, their helmets on their heads. Those who died prisoners were represented on their tombs without spurs, helmet, or sword. Such as died in battle on the vanquished side were to be represented without their coat over their armour, their sword in the scabbard, their vizor lifted up, their hands joined on the breast, and their feet resting on a dead lion. The son of a general, or governor of a strong- hold, if he died when the place was besieged, though ever so young, was represented in com- plete armour, his head resting on a helmet in- stead of a pillow. If a gentleman had served in armies during most part of his life, and in his old age became a religious man, he was represented on the lower part in complete armour, and above in the habit of the order he had professed. If a gentleman, or knight, who had been killed in single combat, had such a monument, he was to be in complete armour, with his battle-axe out of his arms lying by him, and left arm crossed upon his right. I 10 INTRODUCTION TO PART I On the contrary, the victor was led in tri umph to the church to give thanks to God; an( vv^hen he died he was represented on his toml armed at all points, his battle-axe in his arms with his right arm across over the left. But if any person had been accused of treason murder, a rape, or being an incendiary, instead o being honourably interred, he was treated in th( vilest manner, his arms broken, and his body drag ged on a hurdle, and cast out to be devoured b^ the fowls of the air, or hung upon a gallows. Notwithstanding all these rules, by degree every one is come to erect what monument h( pleases, and to place thereon any figures, and ii what posture he likes best. This may suffice t< show what was the practice when order was ob served ; many examples whereof are to be seen ii churches, &c. at this day. Arms being placed upon the fronts, and othei parts, of noble and ancient seats, show travelleri to whom they formerly belonged, and oftentime whose they at present are ; painted windows in form us also who were the founders and bene factors of ancient abbeys, churches, and othei religious houses; also colleges, as those in ou; two famous universities ; and other public build ings, such as hospitals, alms-houses, &c. so fre quent in our kingdom. ARMS OF DOMINION Are those which emperors and kings constantly bear, being annexed to the territories to cxpres; tART I. HERALDRY. 11 their authority and power : thej cause them to be stamped on their coins, and show them on their colours, standards, banners, coaches, seals, &c. ARMS OF PRETENSION Are coats borne by sovereigns who are not in I possession of the dominions to which such coats i belong, but who claim or pretend to have a right to those territories, viz. Spain quarters the arms of Portugal and Jerusalem, to show pretension to those kingdoms; England used till lately to quarter the arms of France; the Dukes of Savoy, those of the kingdom of Cyprus ; Denmark quar- ters those of Sweden, &c. ARMS OF COMMUNITY Are those of bishoprics, cities, universities, aca- demies, societies, companies, and other bodies cor- porate. t'" ASSUMPTIVE ARMS Are such as a man of his proper right may as- sume, with the approbation of his sovereign and of the king of arms. As if a man, being no gentle- man of blood or coat-armour, or else being a gen- tleman of blood and coat-armour, shall captivate, or take prisoner in lawful war, any gentleman, nobleman, or prince (as says Sir John Feme), he may bear the shield of that prisoner, and enjoy it to him and his heirs for ever. See an example, Plate C.Ti. 33. liZ INTRODUCTION TO PART I ARMS OF PATRONAGE Are such as governors of provinces, lords o manors, patrons of benefices, add to their family arms, as a token of their superiority, rights, anc jurisdiction. ARMS OF SUCCESSION Are those taken up by them who inherit certaii fiefs, or manors, either by will, entail, or donation which they quarter with their own arms. ARMS OF ALLIANCE Are such as (when heiresses marry into families arc taken up by their issue, to show their descen paternal and maternal; and by this means th memory of many ancient and noble familiei extinct in the male line, is preserved and cor veyed to posterity: which is one of the principi reasons of marshaUng several coats pertaining t distinct famihes in one- shield. ARMS OF ADOPTION Are those which you take from another fami] to be quartered with your paternal ones ; for ii stance, the last of a family may by will adopt stranger to possess his name, estate, and arms, an thereby continue the name and grandeur of h family in the world after his decease. It is to 1 observed, that, if the adopted stranger be of mo: iPART r. HERALDRY. IS noble blood and family than the adopter, he is not obliged by the testament to disuse his own name or arms ; but, if he be inferior, he is obliged to leave his own name, as also his proper arms, ex- cept he will marshal them after the arms of the adopter. Note^ The present custom for persons adopted, is to apply to His Majesty for his special warrant, to empower them to fulfil the will of the disponers, or to the parliament for an act. — Not, Anglic. ARMS PATERNAL AND HEREDITARY Are such as are transmitted from the first ob- tainer to his son, grandson, great-grandson, &c. Then they are arms of a perfect and complete no- bility, begun in the grandfather, or great-grand- father (as heralds say), growing in the son, com- plete in the grandson, or rather great-grandson, from which rises the distinction of gentlemen of blood in the grandson, or great-grandson ; and from the last, gentlemen of ancestry. Nisbet says, we may date the origin of arms as hereditary marks of honour, soon after the subversion of the Roman Empire by the Goths and Vandals, who sunk many liberal arts and sciences, but gave birth and life to heraldry (placing it in the room ofjtis imaginum), which is made up of the figures of animals, vegetables, and of other things suitable to their genius, for distinction, in time of battle. Thus the strong bore lions, boars, wolves, &c. ; for wit and craft they bore serpents, dogs, &c. This c r 14 INTRODUCTION TO PART : being the practice of the conquering Goths, was afterwards, through the ambition of some and virtuous desire of others, continued to repn sent their progenitors, as well by carrying th marks of their honour, as by bearing their names and enjoying their fortunes ; which natural figure being cast in a form by rules, their position, dig position, situation, and colours, became hereditar} and fixed within the shield, an ensign of honour from which the titles Scutifer and Escuyr becam honourable titles, to distinguish them from thos of an inferior rank. ARMS OF CONCESSION Are augmentations granted by the sovereign, o part of his ensigns, or regalia, to such persons a he pleaseth to honour therewith. Sandford says Henry VIII. honoured the arms of Thoma, Manners (whom he created Earl of Rutland) with an augmentation, upon account of his bein^ descended from a sister of King Edward IV. Hi: paternal arms were or, txw bars azure ^ a chicj gules. Note, The augmentations were, the chie) quarterly azure and gules; on the first, twojleun de lis in f ess or; on the second, a lion passam gardant or; third, as the second; fourth, as the first. See Plate A. n. 3. CANTING ARMS. Canting or allusive arms, or rebuses, are coats of arms, whose figiu'cs allude to the names, pro- PART I. HERALDRY. 15 fessions, &c. of the bearer; as a trevet, for Trevet ; three herrings, for Herring ; a camel, for Camel ; three covered cups, for Butler ; a pine tree, for Pine ; three arches, for Arches ; three harrows, for Harrow, &c. Having shown the antiquity and use of arms, we will proceed to the knowledge of their essential and integral parts, viz. the poiiits of the escutcheon, colours, furs, partition Ihies, ordinaries, charges, and distinctions of houses, which, for greater in- struction, are displayed upon an entire new plan. It is highly necessary, before a person attempts to blazon a coat of arms, he should be well ac- quainted with the terms and rules laid down in the following tables, which may be accomplished by a little practice and apphcation. OF THE ESCUTCHEON. Escutcheon, or Shield, in arms, means the original shield used in war, and on which arms were originally borne ; the surface of the escut- cheon is termed the field, because it contains such honourable marks as anciently were acquired in the field. Points of the Escutcheon mean certain points or locations, in which the figures or charges of the field happen to be particularly placed ; the shield is said to represent the body of a man, and has its parts taken therefrom, as by the example. Table 1. A signifies that part to be the dexter, or right hand chief; B, the precise middle chief; 16 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. C, the sinister, or left hand chief; D, the collar, or honour point; in regard that eminent men, as knights of the garter, thistle, &c. wear their badges of honour about their necks; in like manner is E called the heart, or f ess point, as being the exact middle of the shield; F, the nomhril or navel point; G, H, I, the dexter, middle, and sinister hose points; whence particular care ought to be paid thereto, for the more plain describing the position or seat of the things borne ; for the same figure, in the very same tinctures, borne in dif- ferent points of the escutcheon, renders those bearings so many different arms. Therefore these points, or locations, ought to be well observed ; for an arms with a lion in chief differs from one with a lion in base. PART I. HEllALDllY. TABLE I. 17 The dexter A B C or D right havid E side of the F escutcheon. G H I / Points of the Escutcheon. The sinister or left hand side of th« escutcheon. A Dexter chief. B Middle chief. C Sinister chief D Honour point. E Fess point. F Nombril point. G Dexter base. H Middle base. I Sinister base. Note^ The chiefis the top or chief part of the escutcheon, marked A, B, C ; the base is the lower part of the escutcheon, marked G, H, I. _ , — 18 INTRODUCTION TO 1»ART I TABLE II. OF COLOURS AND FURS. The colours used in the science of heraldry arc generally red, hlue^ hlacJc, green^ 'purple; termec in this science, gules, azure, sable, vert, and pur- 'pure. Note, Yellow and ivhite, termed or anc argent, are metals : Viz. ' Names. Colours, Or, - - . ■ - Yellow. Argent, - - - - White. Gules, - . - - Red. Azure, - ■ - - Blue. Sable, - ■ - - Black. Vert,- - . - - Green. Purpure, - - Purple. Note, Colours and metals, when engraved, an known by points and hatched lines; as or, the metal gold, is known in engraving by small dot? or points ; argent, a metal which is white, anc signifies silver, is always left plain ; gules, this colour is expressed by lines perpendicular fron top to bottom ; azure, a colour known by hori zontal lines from side to side; sable, a coloui expressed by horizontal and per^;cndicular lines crossing each other; veiit, a colour described b^ Table, ii AzTTRi: Argen^t /3LicA PURPURE GULE5 (lounfefJ^ao" PART I. HERALDRY. 19 hatched Hnes from right to left diagonally ; puii- PURE, a colour known by hatched lines from the sinister chief to the dexter base, diagonally. See the examples T. 2. S. Petrasancta, an Italian herald, about two centuries ago, is said to have been the first who thought of expressing the tinc- tures by lines and points. — Brydsori's Heraldry. OF FURS. Furs are not only used for the linings of robes and garments of state, the linings of the mantle and other ornaments of the shield, but also in the coat-armours themselves: viz. ermine, ermines, erminois, erminites, pean, vair, vair-en-point, counter-vair, potent-counter-potent ^ all v/hich may be seen under each head in the dictionary ; but for instruction we have only given the most com- mon in use : viz. Ermine, Ermines, Erminois, Vair, Counter Vair, Potent. Ermine is black spots on a white field, n. 1. Ermines is a field black, with white spots, n. %. Erminois, is a field gold, with black spots, n. 3. Vair is white and blue, represented by figures of small escutcheons, ranged m a line, so that the base argent is opposite to the base azure, n. 4. Counter-Vair is when the bells or cups of the same colour are placed base against base, and point against pointy n. 5. L ^ INTRODUCTION TO PART 1 Potent-counter-potent is a field coverei with figures like crutch-heads, termed potent counter placed^ n. 6. TABLE III. OF PARTITION LINES. Partition Lines are such as, party per pali party per be^idy party per Jess ^ party per chevroi party per cross, party per saltire, by which is ur derstood a shield divided or cut through by a lin or lines, either perpendicular, diagonal, travers( &c. agreeably to the form of those ordinaries, i in example. Note, The crooked lines, such £ the engrailed, wavy, &c. are used in heraldry, t difference bearings which would be otherwise tli same; for an escutcheon charged with a chic engrailed differs from a chief wavy, as much as the one bore a cross and the other a sal tire. Party per Pale is the field divided by a pe] pendicular line, as n. 1. Note, Party signifies parted or divided, and applied to all divisions of the field or charges. Party per Bend is a field divided by a di; gonal line from the dexter chief to the sinist< base, as n. S. Party per bend, Or and Ver name Hawly. Party per Bend sinister, see P. 16, n. 2.1 Party per Fess is a field equally divided t a horizontal line, as n. 3. Party per Chevron is a field divided I ^IS^SISIS .^uruxr^ /J 'jyi.j^Zy^iyT /VVW\A/W"/vV Yixixznxi. i Tabli: iv: PART I. HERALDRY. 21 isuch a line as helps to make the chevron, as n. 4. (Party per Chevron^ Sable and Argent, name Aston. Party per Cross, or quarterly, is a field di- vided by two lines, the one perpendicular, the other horizontal, crossing each other in the centre of the field, as n. 5. Party per cross, Argent and Gules, name Sir Henry Cock, of Hertfordshire. Party per Saltire is a field divided by two diagonal lines, dexter and sinister, crossing each other in the centre of the field, as n. 6. The crooked lines of partition are the en- gr ailed, invecked, wavy,nehule^imhattled, raguly, dancette, indented^ and dove-tail. See the ex- amples T. 3. Note, Indented and dancette seem alike in form, but the points of the dancette are much wider than the indented. TABLE IV. OF ORDINARIES. Ordinaries are those figures which, by their ordinary and frequent use, are become most es- sential to the science : viz. The chief, pale, bend, bend sinister, fess, bar, chevron, cross, and saltire; these have their diminutives: viz. The pallet, endorse, garter, cost, ribbon, baton, closet, &c. &c. as in T. 4. The Chief is formed by a horizontal Unc, and 9.2 INTRODUCTION TO PART I.l contains in depth the third of tlie field, as n. 1. Gules, a chief Argent, name Worksley. The Pale consists of two perpendicular lines, drawn from the top to the base of the shield, as n. 2. Gules a Pale Or, for the arms of Lord Hinkley. The pale has two diminutives — the half of the pale is called a pallet, as n. 3; and the half of the pallet is called an endorse, as n. 4, The Bend is formed by two parallel lines j drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base, as n. 5. Argent a bend engrailed Sable, the arms of Lord Fitzwater, Earl of Sussex. The Bend has four diminutives, the bendlet, n. 6 ; the^fl^r^^r, n. 7 ; the cost, n. 8 ; and ribbon, n. 9. The Bend Sinister, which passes diagonally from the sinister chief to the dexter base of the shield, as n. 10. The Bend Sinister has two diminutives ; the scarp, which is half the bend, as n. 11 ; and the baton, which is half of the scarp, as n. 12. The Fess is formed by two horizontal lines across the shield, and contains the third part of the field, and is always confined to the centre, as n.l3. The Bar is formed of two horizontal lines, and contains the fifth part of the field, as n. 14. The Bar is never borne single ; the bar has two diminutives ; the closet, which is half the bar, n. 15 ; and the barridet, which is half the closet, n. 16. Table at jniinniiriiUiiii Hriiiiirnni n d^ Sna/iAt lar KyjtciefiCe^L ^i^tjytc fly (cnecA/y ^ar)y:Pi/y (/ y> C77Z' cJaV^?, 'I. i PART I. HERALDRY. 23 The Chevron is formed of two lines placed llpyramidically like two rafters of a house joined together in chief, and descending in form of a pair of compasses to the extremities of the shield, n. 17. The Chevron has two diminutives ; the chevronel, which is half the chevron, n. 18; and pouple-close, which is half the chevronel, n. 19. The Cross. The Cross is formed by the meeting of two perpendicular with two horizontal lines near the fess point, where they make four right angles : the lines are not drawn throughout, but discontinued the breadth of the cross, n. 20. Azure a Cross Or, name Shelton, of Norfolk. The Saltire is formed by the bend-dexter and bend-sinister crossing each other in right angles, n. 2l. Argent, a Saltire Gules, name Gerrard, of Lancashire. The Pile is composed of two hnes which form a long wedge, n. 22. The Quarter is formed of two lines, one perpendicular, the other horizontal, taking up one fourth of the field, and is always placed in the chief, n. 23. The Canton is a square figure like the quarter, possessing only the third part of the chief, n. 24. TABLE V. A Gyron is of a triangular figure, composed of two lines, one diagonally from the dexter chief angle to the centre of the shield ; the other is 24 INTRODUCTION TO PART drawn horizontal from the dexter side of th( shield, meeting the other Hne in the centre of th« field, as n. 1. Flanches are formed by two circular lines and are always borne double, as n. 2. The Label, though used as a distinction ol houses, is placed by Holme as an ordinary for ite being variously borne and charged, n. 3. The Orle is an inner border of the same shape as the escutcheon, but doth not touch the extremities of the shield, the field being seen within and round it on both sides, as n. 4. or, an Orle azure, name Bartram, Lord of Bothal. The Tressure is a diminutive of the orle, half in breadth, and is generally borne flory and counter-flory. n. 5. The Frett is composed of six pieces, two of which form a saltire, and the other four a mascle, which is placed in the centre. The saltire pieces must be interlaced over and under the pieces that form the mascle, as n. 6. Vert, a frett Or, was the arms of Sir George Whitmore, a Lord Mayor of London. The Inescutcheon is a small escutcheon borne within the shield, and in the middle of a coat, or in chief, generally used to hold the arms of Ulster for the distinction of a baronet, n. 7. Note, If there are more than one in a coat, they are usually called escutcheons. Chaplet is always composed of four roses only, all tlie other parts being leaves, n. 8. TAUT I. HERALDRY. g5 OF BORDERS. A Border is a bearing that goes all round and parallel to the boundary of the shield in form of a hem, and contains the fifth part of the field, as n. 9. Note, When a border is plain, as the example, you are not to term it plain^ as it is always un- derstood so in the science : viz. argent, a border azure ; but if the border be engrailed, indented, &c. you must express it: viz. argent, a border engrailed azure. See the two examples, n. 10. and 11. Note^ In blazon, borders always give place to thQ^eMef, the quarter, and the canton; as for example, argent, a border ; gules, a chief azure : therefore the chief is placed over the border, see P. 16. n. 2. So that in coats charged with either a chiefs quarter, or canton, the border goes round the field until it touches them, and there finishes, see P. 16. n. 3 ; but in respect to all other or- dinaries, the border passes over them, see P. 16. n. 4. In a coat which hath a border impaled with another, be it either the man's or the woman's, the border must terminate at the impaled line, see P. 16. n. 5. This method is also to be ob- served in impaling a coat that hath either a single or double tressure, as P. 16. n. 6. A Border Engrailed. This border is D 2b INTRODUCTION TO PART I. bounded by small semicircles, the points of which enter the field, as n. 10. A Border indented is the same in shape like the partition line indented, as n. 11. A BoiiDER Quarterly is a border divided into four equal parts by a perpendicular and horizontal line, as n. 12. A Border Gobonated is a border composed of one row of squares (of two colours) and no more, as n. 13. A Border Counter-compony is a border composed of two rows of squares, as n. 14. A Border Checky is a border composed of three rows of squares, as n. 15. A Border Vair. Vair is represented by the figures, little bells or cups reversed, ranged in a line, so that the base arge?it is opposite to base azure, as n. 16. Paly is a field divided into four, six, or more (even number of) parts, by perpendicular lines, consisting of two colours; the first beginning with metal, and the last colour, as n. 17. Bendy is a field divided into four, six, or more (equal) parts diagonally, from the dexter to the sinister, or from sinister to dexter, and consists of two colours, as n. 18. Barry is a field divided by horizontal lines into four, six, or more (equal) parts, and con- sisting of two tinctures, as n. 19. Barry Pily of eight pieces argent and gules, as n. 30. Tabi.t: VI. 6'/ry. K-^^Cr//)e<^ y/7. 'atc7t^^ ^^ ^. OCi ^77177/ (^ ^ ^ ^ ralpjl pip I (^^^cd/^^ 4r.^A/7ecitd \ ^ GrmitifJ/ict^i ^yfft// liiu^ Mn?m^ -yiat/vmiatif ^ ' ^jtrna^ C Ka.fc^^ ^a^rfiiciuTtt Silt ':/7./r^/ S^^tai-^iytiil Gen^tt^d M'c. ]>A]IT I. HEllALDRY. 27 Note^ Paly, bendy, barry, the number of di- vision, are always even and to be specified ; as four, six, eight, ten or twelve, viz. Paly of six, harry of six, hendy of six, bari^ fily of eight argent and gules. See the examples, T. 5. LozENGY is a field or bearing covered with lozenges of different tinctures alternately, as lo- zengy^ argent and azure, n. 21. Checky is a field or bearing covered with small squares of different tinctures alternately, as n. 22. Note, When on ordinaries it always consists of three or more rows. Gykonny is a field divided into six, eight, ten, or twelve triangular parts, of two or more diff'erent tinctures, and the points all meeting in the centre of the field, as n. 23. Pretty consists of eight, ten or more pieces, each passing to the extremity of the shield, in- terlacing each other, as n. 24. TABLE VI. OF CROSSES. A Cross. The Cross is one of the ordinaries before mentioned. Note, It is borne as well indented, engrailed, &c. as plain ; but when jplain, as the example, n. 1. you only mention a cross, which is under- stood to be plain. A Cross Moline signifies a cross which turns round both ways at the exti^mities, as n. 2. 28 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. Azure, a Cross MoUne pierced Lozenge, or, name Molaneux of Lancaster. A Cross Flory. This signifies the ends of the cross to terminate in fleurs-de-Us, as n. 3. A Cross Patonce. This cross terminates hke the bottom of the fleur-de-hs, as n. 4. A Cross Potent. This cross terminates Hke the head of a cratch, which anciently was called a potent, as n. 5. A Cross Pattee is proper for a cross which is small in the centre, and so goes on widening to the ends, which are very broad, as n. 6. A Cross Avelane, so termed from the Latin nux avellance, a filbert, or hazel nut, as n. 7. A Cross Botone. This term is given be- cause its extremities resemble the trefoil. The French call it croix trefflee, as n. 8. A Cross Pommee signifies a cross with a ball at each end ; from pomme, an apple. See n. 9. A Cross Crosslet is a cross crossed again at the extremities, at a small distance from each of the ends, as n. 10. A Cross Crosslet Fitchy. So termed when the under limb of the cross ends in a sharp point, as n. 11. A Cross of four Pheons. That is, Jbur jiheons in cross, their points all meeting in the centre, as n. 12. A Cross of four Ermine Spots, or four Ermine Spots in Cross, their tops meeting in the centre point, as n. 13. A Cross Milrine. So termed as its form is PART I. HERALDRY. 29 like the mill-ink, which carrieth the millstone, and is perforated as that is. See n. 14, 15. A Cross Rayonnant is a cross from the angles of which issue rays, as n. 16. OF CHARGES. Charges are all manner of figures or bearings whatsoever, borne in an escutcheon, which are by custom become peculiarly proper to the science. A Lozenge. The shape is the same with that of a pane of glass in old casements, as n. 17. Note, In this form the arms of maidens and widows should be borne. The true proportion of the Lozenge is to have its width three parts in four of its height. A Fusil. The Fusil differs much from the Lozenge, it being longer and more acute. See the difference in n. 17, and 18. Note, If a Fusil is four inches in height, it must be but one inch and three-quarters in width, and so in proportion to any other height. Mascle. The shape is exactly square and perforated, as example n. 19. A Water Bouget was a vessel anciently used by soldiers for carrying of water in long marches, n. 20. A Trefoil, or three-leaved grass, as n. 21. A QuATREFOiL, or four-lcavcd grass, as n. 22. A CiNauEFoiL, or five-leaved grass. This charge is very frequent in armory, n. 23. A Rose in heraldry is always represented full d3 k 50 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. blown, with its leaves expanded, seeded in thei middle with five green barbs, as n. 24. TABLE VII. CHARGES. A Mullet, n. 1. Some have confounded stars and mullets together, which is easily recti- fied, by allowing mullets to consist of five points, and stars to be of six, eight, or more points. An Estoile, or a star of six waved points. See n. 2. A Gal-Trap; an instrument of iron com- posed of four points, so that whichever way it lay on the ground one point was always upwards : they were used to impede the enemy's cavalry in passing fords, morasses, &c. See n. 3. A Pheon is the iron part of a dart with a barbed head. n. 4. An Annulet, or Ring, by some authors said to be rings of mail. See n. 5. A Crescent, or Half Moon, has the horns turned upwards. See n. 6. An Increscent, or Half Moon with the horns turned to the dexter side. See n. 7. A Decrescent, or Half Moon with the horns turned to the sinister side. See n. 8. A Chess-Rook, a Piece used in the Chess, as n. 9. A Fountain is drawn as a roundle harry xmvy ofslv, argent and azure, as n. 10. TABI.T.^jr l^ulU ^.stoiL ^ ^^a/-h^a/t C/j/ iiintuct' Uirsr/'n/' Jncrf,i(rnt~ !<^^r/i!vrclled, jessed, and leislied, and the colours thereof lust be named ; pouncing is a term given when le is striking at his prey. Note, Edmondson remarks, that when small )irds are borne in coat-armour, they are most isually drawn in the form and shape of black- )irds, although they are represented in all the lifferent colours and metals of heraldry, and con- equently no distinction of species is made : there- ore in blazon they are called by the general term ►f birds only. Hence then, when you find birds nentioned in a blazon without expressing the ort they are of, they must always be drawn as )lackbirds in shape. FISHES. Fishes, of which there are many voracious, &c. )ut the terms differ not so much in their variety >f actions as of beasts; if swimming, naiant, rect, hauriant, &c. if feeding, vorant, as swal- owing all whole ; when the fins of fishes are of a lifferent tincture from their bodies, they are then aid to be Jinned of such a colour, naming it, as I dolphin proper, Jinned or. HEAVENLY BODIES. Should the bearing be of any heavenly body, uch as a planet, Sec. your first consideration is, n what state or condition such phi^et appears to ^' ^ INTRODUCTION TO PART I. be, as the sun, whether in his meridian or eclipse; or the moon, whether in her increase or decrease ^ &c. and so suit your descriptions general in proper astronomical terms: for as this is a rule, all blazons are the more elegant when expressed in the proper terms of the several arts or sciences which the figures to be described are of, or belonging to ; so you must take care not to omit any armorial ter^m necessary to he used, as such definition is said to pass for blazon. Thus is the coat of St. Clere, azure, the sun in his meridian proper. TREES AND VEGETABLES. When you meet with any kind of trees, or any vegetables, or their parts, you must observe, first, in what condition it seems to appear, as whether spread or blasted; what kind of tree, whether hearing fruit or not ; if a part only, what part . whether the trunk, branches, fruit, or leaves ,- if the former, whether standing or not ; if not, in what manner it seems to have been felled ; whe- ther eradicated or torn up by the roots ; see Plate C, n. 22. If the bearing consist of members, as its branches, fruit, or leaves only, whether with fruit, or ivithered ; or simply alone, whether slip- ped, as Plate H, n. 9, 10. Pendent (drooping) or e7'ect, which last holds good for all kinds of flowers or grain, when borne simply, or on their stalks. J^ (./, ^ /onn ?/?. y^CY': m /uif^ A^ mm Tb''.b';B r/^i'c ■ ^^ a//to/c I yfe>t>t/i -i/e h/y^/ y/;'^ ^Z;^ ^lSJ^/o/.-^ ^yo/ie^i ^uc//^ £ir S2L [ /ictiton m. 71 nu//ie/t/ vm^T^ I p^,^fiii "^ 7/. / vy^/>, ^ ^ ^/^/;//^r e /(cm/c>/ ryrn,>r IT ' ] i/jo/f'nrj \i:^imner\t^ | ''J/ie yht//tt(f?ft /3rnrr/cn f.i LOUff C/ia/i //ff> /'/?/' mh, ^liMiiiilt^^^ffin fe /^? Hn(/(/e 7?;r^. t;',yr(- PART I. HEllALDllY. 55 the dexter corner of the escutcheon in bend proper, name, Aldam. N. 31. Azure, a pile inverted in bend, sinister or, name, Kagg. N. 32, Argent, a triple pile, flory on the tops issuing out of the sinister base in bend, towards the dexter corner sable, name, Wroton. N. 33. Sable, a goshawk close argent, perching upon a perch, fixed in base, jessed and belled or, name, Weele. N. 34. Gules, a bend wavy argent, in the sinister chief point, a falcon standing on a perch or, name, Hawkeridge. N. 35. Or, a dexter arm embowed, issuing from the sinister fess-point out of a cloud proper, holding a cross-croslet fitchy, azure. BLAZONING OF PLATE C. N. 1. Gules, three lions' gambs erased argent, name, Newdigate. N. 2. Party per sal tire, sable and ermine a lion rampant or, armed and langued gules, name, Grafton. N. 3. Azure, the sun in his meridian, proper, name, St. Clere. N. 4. Argent, lion rampant gules, debruised by a fess azure, between three estoils issuing out of as many crescents of the second, name, Dillon., of Ireland. .N. 5. Argent, on a chevron sable, between three oak-leaves proper, as many bcsants, on a chief 56 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. gules, a sea-mew between two anchors erected of the first, name, Monox. N. 6. Quarterly, first and fourth azure, a pale argent, second and third gules, a bend argent. N. 7. Sable, four pallets ermine, name, Osias Humphrey, Esq. R.A. N. 8. Or, six annulets, three, two, and one sable, name, Lowther. Note, When six things are borne, three, two, and one, it is unnecessary to mention their position. N. 9. Gules, nine arrows or, each three, two sal tire- wise, and one in pale, banded together with a ribbon, feathered and headed argent, name, Biest. N. 10. Gules, five cross-croslets, fitchy in saltire, between four escalop-shells in cross or, name, Tonnson. N. 11. Azure, three hautboys between as many cross-croslets or, name, Bourden. N. 12. Azure, a salamander or, in flames proper, name, Cennino. N. 13. Party per chevron, argent and gules, a crescent counterchanged, name. Chapman. N. 14. Party per saltire or, and sable, a border counterclianged, name. Shorter. N. 15. Quarterly or and azure, a cross of four lozenges between as many annulets counter- changed, name, Peacocl^. N. 16. Argent, a chevron gules, between three scorpions reversed sable, name, Cole. N. 17. Argent, a fess engrailed, between three scorpions erect sable, name, Colle, PART I. HERALDlir. 57 N. 18. Sable, three scaling-ladders in bend ar- gent, name, Shipstowe. N. 19. Sable, a falcon or, his wings expanded, ' trussing a mallard argent, on a chief of the latter, a cross botone gules, name, Madden. N. 20. Argent, on a chevron azure, between three trefoils slipped party per pale, gules and vert, as many besants, name, Row. N. 21. Gules, three dexter arms conjoined at the shoulders, and flexed in triangle or, with the fists clenched towards the points of the shield proper, name, Tremmne. N. 22. Gules, the trunk of a tree eradicated (up by the roots) and couped in pale, sprouting out two branches argent, name. Borough, N. 25. Gules, a cherub, having three pair of wings, whereof the uppermost and lowermost are counterly crossed, and the middlemost dis- played or, name, Buocafoco. N. 24. Argent, a man's heart gules, within two equilateral triangles interlaced, name. Villages. N. 25. Gules, three besants figured, name. Gamin. N. 26. Argent, a chevron voided azure, between three flames of fire proper, name. Wells. N. 27. Sable, a chevron rompu, enhanced between three mullets or, name, Sault. N . 28. Sable, a chevron engrailed ermine between three annulets argent, borne by \he Rev. Charles Dat^/, of One-house, Suffolk. N. 29. Azure, a bull's head couped affronte ar- gent, winged and armed or, name, Hoaht^ of Holland. 58 INTRODUCTION TO PART 1 N. 30. Or, three stars issuing out of as man^ crescent gules, name, Bateman, Vise. Bateman. N. 31. Sable, a chevron or, between three attires of a stag, fixed to the scalp argent, name, Cocks f Lord Somers. N. 32. Argent, a man's heart gules, ensigned with an imperial crown or, on a chief azure, three mullets of the field, name, Douglas, of Scotland. Note, The reason of this singular charge is, thati one Douglas was sent on a pilgrimage to the! Holy Land, An. 1328, with the heart ofJRobertl Bruce, King of Scotland, which, by order of that prince, was to be and is now buried there. N. 33. Argent, on a bend gules, between three pellets, as many swans proper, rewarded with a canton sinister azure, thereupon a demi-ram mounting argent, armed or, between two fleurs- de-lis of the last, over all a baton dexter-wise, as the second in the canton ; this is the arms of Sir John Clarke, Note, The canton was the arms of the Duke of Longuevile, and was given as a reward to Sir John Clarke for his taking in lawful war Lewis de Orleans, Duke of Longuevile and Marquis of Rotueline, prisoner, at the battle of Bomy, near Terovane, August 16, aimo Hen. VHI. 5. N. 34. Azure, three sturgeons naiant in' pale argent, and debruised by a fret of eight pieces or, name, Stourgeon. N. 35. Or, three dice sable, each charged with an ace argent, name, Ambesace. I PART I. HERALDRY. 59 BLAZONING OF PLATE D. N. 1. Argent, a saltire gules, between four wolves* heads couped proper, name, Outlawe. N. % Gules, three demi-lions rampant, a chief or, name, Fisher. ^. 3. Argent, a fess sable, between three lions'* heads erased gules, langued azure, name Far- mer. N. 4. Gules, a lion couchant between six cross- croslets, three in chief, and three in base bar- ways, argent, name, Tynte. N. 5. Azure, a lion passant, between three estoils argent, name, Burrard. N. 6. Argent, a chevron gules, between three lions passant-gardant sable, name, Cooke. ;N. 7. Party per chevron, vert and or, in chief, a rose or, between two fleurs-de-lis argent; in base a lion rampant, regardant, azure, name, Gideon. ;N. 8. Party per pale, argent and sable, a lion ram- pant or, within a border of the field, engrailed and counterchanged, name, Chamjmcys. IN. 9. Argent, a lion sejant azure, between three torteauxes. N.IO. Argent, a lion saliant, in chief three pellets. N. 11. Gules, a lion rampant-gardant, double quevee (or fourchee) or, holding in his paws a rose branch proper, name, Masters. Note, The term quevee signifies the tail of a beast, and the term Jburchee denotes its being forked, as the example. 60 INTRODUCTION TO PART t N. 12. Or, a pale between two lions rampant sable name, Naylor. N. 13. Argent, three bars wavy azure, over all a lion rampant of the first, name, BulbecJc. N. 14. Argent, a chevron between three bucks tripping sable, attired or, name, Rogers. N. 15. Vert, a chevron between three bucks standing at gaze or, name, Robinson. N. 16. Argent, a bend engrailed azure, between two bucks'* heads cabosed sable, nameiNeedham. N. 17. Argent, three greyhounds currant in pak sable, collared or, name, Moore, N. 18. A hart cumbant upon a hill in a park paled, all proper, is the arms of the town of Derby. N. 19. Argent, three moles sable, their snouts and feet gules, name, Nangothan, N. 20. Gules, three conies sejant within a bor- dure engrailed argent, name, Conisbie. N. 21. Argent, a chevron gules, between three talbots passant sable, name, Talbot. N. 22. Or a chevron gules between three lionsiJ paws erased and erected sable, name, Austen, of Kent, Baronet. N. 23. Argent, two Hons' gambs erased in saltire, the dexter surmounted of the sinister, gules. N. 24. Sable, three lions' tails erect and erased argent, name, Corke. Note, The two plates E and-G are introduced to show the student of heraldry the concise and easy method (which is in practice among heralds, heraldic painters, and engravers) of tricking coats of arms. E TK % uY PART r. HERALDRY. 61 HERALDIC ABBREVIATIONS. Explanation Of the abbreviations made use of in the heraldic sketches and blazons of plate E and G. o ^ fOr, A Argent, Gules, G B Blue, V - stands for \ Vert, P Purpure, Sabfe, S Ppr Proper, Er Ermine, ABBREVIATED BLAZONS OF PLATE E. N. 1. A, a sal tire G, between four wolves'* heads couped Ppr. name, Outlawe. N. 2. G. three demy lions couped A, a chief O, name, Fisher. N. 3. A, ij^afess S, between three lions' heads erased G, langued B, name, Farmer. N. 4. G, a lion couched between six cross-cros- lets, three in chief, and as many in base A, name, Tunte. N. 5. B, a lion passant, between three estoils, A, name Burrard. ' N. 6. A chevron G, between three lions passant gardant S, name, CooJce. 52 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. N. 7. Party per chevron, V and O, in chief a rose O, between two fleurs-de-Us A, in base, a lion rampant regardant B, name, Gideon. N. 8. Party per pale, A and S, within a bordure of the same engrailed and counter-changed, a lion rampant O, name, Champneys, N. 9. A lion sejant B, between three torteauxes. N. 10. A, a lion saliant Ppr. and in chief three pellets. N. 11. G, a lion rampant gardant double quevee O, holding in his paws a rose branch Ppr. name. Masters, N. 12. O, a pale between two lions rampant S, name, Naylor. N. 15. A, three bars wavy B, over all a lion rampant of the first name, Bulheck, N. 14. A, chevron between three bucks tripping S, attired O, name, Rogers. N. 15. V, a chevron between three bucks stand- ing at gaze O, name, Robinson. N. 16. A, a bend engrailed B, between two bucks' heads cabosed S, name, Needham. N. 17. A, three greyhounds currant in pale S, collared of the first, name, Moore. N. 18. A hart cumbant upon a hill in a park paled, all Ppr. is the arms of the town of Derby. N. 19. A, three moles, S, their snouts and feet G, name, Nangothan. N. 20. G, three conies', sejant, within a bordure engrailed A, name Conishie. N. 21. A, a chevron G, between three talbots passant S, name, Talhot. PART I. HERALDRY. 63 N. 2.^ O, a chevron G, between three lions' paws erased and erect S, name, Austen. N . So. A, two hons' gambs erased in saltire, the dexter surmounted of the sinister G. N. 24. S, three Hons' tails erect and erased A, name, Corke. BLAZONING OF PLATE F. N. 1. Argent, a heron volant, in fess-azure, membered or, between three escalops, sable, name, Herondori. N. 2, Or, three kingfishers proper, name, Fisher. N. 3. Or, three eagles displayed gules, name, Eglefelde, N. 4<. Azure, a bend engrailed between two cy- gnets royal argent, gorged with ducal crowns, strings reflexed over their backs, or, name, Pit- Jield. N. 5. Azure, a pelican with wings elevated and vulning her breast argent between three fleurs- de-lis, or, name, Kempton. N. 6. Azure, three doves rising argent, their wings gules, and crowned with ducal coronets or, name, Baylie. N. 7. Argent, on a pile gules, three owls of the field, name, Cropley. N. 8. Argent, three eagles' heads erased sable, or, name, Yellen. N. 9. Argent, three peacocks in their pride proper, name, Pawne. N. 10. Or, three swallows close sable, name, JVatton. • 64 INTRODUCTION TO PAIlT I. N. 11. Azure, on a bend cotised argent, three martlets gules, name, Edwards. N. 12. Ermine, on two bars gules, three martlets or, name. Ward, N. 13. Argent on a fess between three trefoils azure, as many swans' heads erased of the first, beaked gules, name. Baker, N. 14. Argent, on a pale azure, three pair of wings conjoined and elevated of the first, name, Poiier. N. 15. Argent, six ostrich feathers, three, two, and one, sable, name, Jarvis, N. 16. Argent, a chevron between three eagles' legs erased sable, their talons gules, name. Bray. N. 17. Azure, a dolphin naiant embowed or, on a chief of the second, two saltires coupt gules, name, Frankland. N. 18. Or, three dolphins hauriant embowed azure, name, Vandeput. N. 19. Sable, a dolphin naiant, vorant a fish proper, name, James. N. 20. Argent, three eels naiant in pale, sable, . name, Ellis. N. 21. Or, three chalbots hauriant gules, name, Chalbots. N. 22. Argent on a bend azure, three dolphins naiant of the first, name, Fraiiklyn. N. 23. Sable, a chevron ermine between three salmons hauriant argent, name, Ord. N. 24. Argent, a chevron engrailed sable, between three sea-crabs gules, name, Bridger, I I TAUT I. HERALDRY. ABBREVIATIONS OF PLATE G. N. 1. A, a heron volant, in fess B, memberedO, between three escalops S, name, Herondon. N. 2. O, three kingfishers, Ppr. name, Fisher, N. 3. O, three eagles displayed G, name Eglefelde. N. 4. B, a bend engrailed between two cygnets royal A, gorged with ducal crowns, strings re- flexed over their backs O, name, Pitfield. N. 5. B, a pelican with wings elevated, and vulning her breast A, between three fleurs-de- lis O, name, Kempton. N. 6. B, three doves rising A, their legs G, and crowned with ducal coronets O, name Baylie. N. 7. A, on a pile G, three owls of the field, name, Cropley, N. 8. A, three eagles' heads erased S, armed O, name, Yellen. N. 9. A, three peacocks in their pride Ppr. name, Pawne. N. 10. O, three swallows close Ppr. name, Watton, N. 11. B, on a bend cotised A, three martlets G, name, Edwards. N. 12. Er. on two bars G, three martlets O, name, Ward. N. 13. A, on a fess between three trefoils B, as many swans' necks erased of the first, beaked G, name, BaJce^-. N. 14. A, on a pale B, three pair of wings con- joined and elevated of the first, name, Potter. N. 15. A, six ostrich feathers, S, name . •G S 66 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. N. 16. A, a chevron between three eagles' legs erased a la guise (guise signifies the thigh) S, their talons G, name Bray, N. 17. B, a dolphin naiant embowed O, on a chief of the second, two sal tires G, name, Franklin, N. 18. O, three dolphins hauriant B, name, Van- deput. N. 19- S, a dolphin naiant, vorant a fish Ppr. name, James. N. 20. A, three eels naiant in pale S, name, Ellis. N. 21. O, three chalbots hauriant G, name, Chalhot. N. 22. A, on a bend B, three dolphins of the first, name, Frankli/n. N. 23. S, a chevron Er. between three salmons hauriant A, name Ord. N. 24. A, a chevron engrailed S, between three sea-crabs G, name, JBridger, BLAZONING OF PLATE H. N. 1. Gules on a bend sinister, argent three the celestial signs, viz. Sagittarius, Scorpio, ai Libra, of the first. N. 2. Ermine three increscents gules, name, Stjmmes. N. 3. Azure, the sun, full moon, and seven stars or, the two first in chief, the last of orbicular form in base, name, Johannes de Fontihiis. N. 4. Argent on a chevron gules, between three crescents sable, ,'i mullet for a difference or, name, IVithcrs. PART I. HERALDRY. 67 N. 5. Argent, two bars sable, between six estoiles, three, two, and one gules, name, Pearse, N. 6. Argent, issuant out of two petit clouds in fess azure, a rainbow in the nombril point a star, proper. N, 7. Azure, a blazing star, or comet, streaming in bend proper, name, Cartwright. N. 8. Azure, a fess dancette or, between three cherubim's heads argent, crined of the second, name, Adye. N. 9. Argent, three woodbine leaves, bend- wise proper, two, and one, name, Theme* N. 10. Or, three woodbine leaves pendant azure, name, Gamhoa. N. 11. Azure, issuant out of a mount in base three wheat-stalks bladed and eared, all proper name, Garzoni. N. 12. Or, on a mount in base, and oak acorned proper, name, Wood. N, 13. Argent, three starved branches slipped sable, name, Blackdock. N. 14. Argent, three stocks or stumps of trees, couped and erased sable, name, Rewiozvre. N. 15. Or, on a bend sable, three clusters of grapes argent, name, Maro'a/. N. 16. Gules, a bend of the limb of a tree, raguled and trunked argent, name, Penruddoch N. 17. Barry of six pieces, or and sable, over all a pale gules, charged with a woman's breast distilling drops of milk proper, name, Dodge. N. 18. Argent, an arm sinister, issuing out of the dexter point, and extended towards the bi- 68 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. Ulster base, in form of a bend gules, name, Cornhill. N. 19. Argent, three sinister hands couped at the wrist gules, name, Maynard. N. 20. Or, a man's leg couped at the midst of the thigh azure, name, Haddoru N. 21. Sable, a chevron between three children's heads couped at the shoulders, argent crined or, enwrapped about the necks with as many snakes proper, name, VaugJian, N. 22. Argent, on a chevron gules, three men's skulls of the first, name, Bolter, N. 23. Or, a king enthroned on his seat, royal azure, crowned, sceptred, and invested of the first ; the cape of his robe ermine. These are the arms of the city of Seville, in Spain. N. 24. Gules, three demy savages, or wild men argent, holding clubs over their right shoulders or, name, Basil Wood. BLAZONING OF PLATE J. N. 1. Party per pale indented, or and gules, name, Birmingham, YisW^k^^ N. 2. Party per chevron^i«ey sable and or, three panthers^ heads erased counterchanged, name. Smith. N. 3. Party per fess dancette or and azure, two mullets pierced counterchanged, name. Double- day. N. 4. Party per bend crenelle, argent and gules, name, Boyle. »ART I. HERALBRY. 69 . 5. Party per bend sinister, ermine and er- mines, a lion rampant or, name, Trevor. . 6. Party per saltire argent and or, four eagles in cross sable, name, Barnsdale. . 7. Quarterly per pale, dove-tail, gules and or, name, Bromley. 8. Azure, a fess wavy argent, in chief three stars, name, JenJcinson. N. 9. Argent, a double tressure flory counter- flory, over alia fess imbattled, counter-imbattled gules, name. Miller. N. 10. Argent, on a fess raguly azure, three fleurs- de-lis or, name, Atwood. N. 11. Azure, two bars indented or, a chief argent, name, Stoner. N. 12. Or, a fess dancette sable, name, Vavasour. N. 13. Argent, on a fess engrailed gules, three leopards' faces or, name, Barbo7i. N. 14. Argent, a fess invecked, between three tor- teauxes. N. 15. Azure, a fess nebuly, between three cre- scents ermine, name, Weld. N. 16. Azure, a saltire quarterly quartered, or and argent, is the arms of the episcopal see of Bath and Wells. N. 17. Or, a fess cheeky argent and azure, name, Stezi^art. N. 18. Gules, a chevron counter-company argent and sable, between three fleurs-de-lis or, name, Shirlei/. N. 19. Quarterly, first and fourth argent, a che- vron gules between three tor*eauxes, second 70 INTRODUCTION TO PART I quarterly ; first, argent a bend gules ; second, argent a fess azure ; third, argent a chevron sable ; fourth, argent a pale vert ; third, argent a fess between three billets gules. N. 20. Ermine, two flanches azure, each charged with three ears of wheat couped or, name, Grehy. N. 21. Or, a buffalo's head caboshed sable, attired argent, through the nostrils an annulet of the last, ducally crowned gules, the attire passing through the crown, is the arms of Mecklenburg. N. 22. Or, a buffalo's head in profile sable, armed argent, ducally crowned gules, is the arms of the barony of Rostock in Mecklenburg. N. 23. Gules an arm embowed, habited to the wrist in armour, issuing from clouds on the sinister side, and holding between the finger and thumb a gem ring ail proper, round the arm at the elbow a ribbon tied azure, is the; arms of the county of Schwerin in Germany. ! N. 24. Argent, a wheel of eight spokes, gules, is the arms of the Bishop of Osnaburgh. MARSHALLING, In this science, is an orderly disposing of sundry coat-armours pertaining to distinct families, mar- shalled on account of descent, mariiage, alliance, gifts of the sovereign, adoption, &c. Such coats as betoken marriage, represent eithej: a match single or hereditary. By a single match is meant either the conjoining of the coat- PART I. HERALDRY. 71 armours of a man and woman, descended of distinct ^amilies, in one escutcheon palewise ; the man jears his coat on the dexter side of the escutcheon, and the sinister part for the woman. See the ex- ample, p. 13, n. 3. Note, Sometimes in blazon the man and woman are called baro7i and/emme. Note, there are three rules to be observed in impaling the arms of hus- 3and and wife. First, the husband's arms are always to be placed on the right side as baron, and the wife's on the left asjfemme. Secondly, that no husband can impale his wife's arms with his own on a surcoat of arms, ensign or banner, but may use them impaled on domestic utensils. Thirdly f that no husband impaling his wife's arms with his own, can surround the shield with the order of the garter, or with any other order. When a man marries an heiress and has issue 3y her, it is in his choice whether he will still bear ler coat impaled, or in an escutcheon of pretence upon his own ; because he pretendeth (God giving life to such his issue) to bear the same coat of his wife to him and to his heirs. Moreover the heir of those two inheritors shall bear these two hereditary coats of his father and mother to himself and his heirs quarterly ; the father's in the first and fourth, the mother's in the second and third quarters, to show that the inhe- ritance, as well of the possessions, as of the coat- rmours, are invested in them and their posterity : feee p. C. n. 6. Note, If the wife be no heir, neither her husband nor child shall havc^ further to do 72 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. with her coat, than to set up the same in their house pale-wise, to show the father's match with such a family. Concerning the bearings of several coat armours pale-wise in one escutcheon, (according to Gerard Leigh) viz. the marshalling of divers femmes with one baron, he says, '' If a man marry two wives, the first shall be placed on the sinister side of the cliief part, and the second's coat on the base im- paled with the husband," p. 13, n. 5. ARMS Of a man and his three wives ; the first two tierced in chief with his own, and the third in base, p. 13, n. 6. ARMS Of a man and his four wives ; the two first tierced in chief, and the third and fourth in base, p. 13, n. 7. ARMS Of a man and his five wives ; his own in the middle, with his first three on the dexter side, and the fourth and fifth on the sinister, p. 13, n. 8. ARMS Of a man and his six wives ; his own in the middle, with his first three on the dexter side, and the other three on the sinister, p. 13, n. 9. PAET I. HERALDRY. 73 ARMS Of a man and his five wives ; his own in the^ middle, with his first three on the 4exter side, and the fourth and fifth on the sinister. P. W, n. 8. ARI^IS Of a man and his six wives ; his own in the mid- dle, with his first three on the dexter side, and the other three on the sinistm-. P. 13, n. 9. ARMS Of a man and his seven wives ; his own in the middle, with his first four on the dexter side, and the other three on the sinister. P. 13, n. 10. Note, These forms of impalings are meant of hereditary coats, whereby the husband stood in expectancy of advancing his family, through the possibility of receiving issue, that so those heredi- tary possessions of his wife might be united to his patrimony. ARMS OF A WIDOW, :li| Is to impale the arms of her late husband on the dexter side of the paternal coat of her ancestor upon a lozenge. P. 13, n. 11. ARMS OF A MAIDEN, OR DOWAGER LADY OF QUALITY. If a maiden, or dowager lady of quality, marry a commoner, or a nobleman inferior to her rank H 74 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. their coats of arms must be set aside of one another in two separate escutcheons ; as the lady does still retain not only her title and rank, but even her maiden or widow appellation, she must therefore continue her arms in a maiden or widow's escut- cheon, which is a lozenge, placed on the sinister side of her husband's ; and the lady's arms orna- mented according to her title. See p. 18, n. 16. ARMS OF A WIDOW AND HEIRESS. The arms of a widow, being an heiress, are to be borne on an escutcheon of pretence, over those of her late husband, in a lozenge. See p. 13, n 1^ or ARMS OF A WIFE AND TWO HUSBANDS. Of a wife and her two husbands ; "the arms of the first husband in chief; the arms of the se- cond husband in base, impaled on the dexter side of her own. See p. 13, n. 13. ARMS OF A BACHELOR. And whilst he remains such, he may quarter his paternal coat with other coats, if any right to him belongs; but may not impale it till he is married. P. 13, n. 1. ARMS OF A MAID. Is to bear the coat of her anc cstor in a lozenge. See p. 13, n. 2. Note^ If her father did bear any difference in his coat, the same ought to be con- IPART I. HERALDRY. 75 tinued ; for by that mark of cadency of her father's, will be known of what branch she is from. When a coat of arms, surrounded with a border, is marshalled pale-wise with another, then that part of the border which is next the other coat impaled with it, must be omitted. See P. 13, n. 14. But if a bordered coat be marshalled with other coats quarterly, then no part of the border must be omitted. See p. 13, n. 15. ARMS OF AN HEIRESS. The arms of an heiress, when married, are not to be impaled with the arms of her husband, but are to be borne on an escutcheon of pretence, placed in the centre of the shield, as p. 13, n. 4. It is termed an escutcheon of pretence on account of its showing his pretension to her estate ; and if the husband has issue by her, the heir of those two inheritors shall bear the hereditary coats of arms of the father and mother quarterly. See example, p. C, n. 6. the first and fourth quarters containing the father's arms, and the second and third the mother's. Again, if he whose ancestor had mar- ried an heiress, should choose to bear the crest of her family in preference to that of his own, he certainly may do it, as being the representative of the lady's family. All co-heiresses convey also to their husbands a right of bearing their arms on an escutcheon of pretence the same as an heiress. Noief If all the brothers (}ic without issue, and leave sisters behind, as they are j:;o-inheritors of 76 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. the land and estate, so shall they be of the coat armor also without any distinction at all, to either of them; because by them the name of the house cannot be preserved, they being all reckoned but as one heir. Carter. Nisbet says, anciently women of noble descent used to bear their father's arms on their habits in a lozenge shield, to show their descent, and to join them with those of their husbands, they bore them on their habits, such as mantles and Mrtlcs; the practice is ancient, for in old illuminate books of heraldry and old paintings, great ladies are re- presented with arms on their mantles and kirtles : the ancient heralds tell us, when the arms are both on the mantle and kirtle, they are then those of their fathers, and when there are arms on the mantle different from those on the under habit, the kirtle, she is then a wife ; those on the mantle belong to her husband, who is a cloak to shroud the wife from all violence, and the other on the Mrtle belonged to her father, accompanied or ac- compagnee, an ancient term for the English word between or betwixt, as the ordinaries when placed between small charges. ARMS OF A BISHOP. Such as have a function ecclesiastical, and are preferred to the honour of pastoral jurisdiction, are said to be knit in nuptial bands of love and care for the cathedral churches whereof they are supciintcndants ; therefore, their })aternal coat is marshalled on the left side of the escutcheon, giv» >ART I. HERALDRY. 77 ing the pre-eminence of the right side to the arms of their see ; as the example, p. 18, n. 13. ARMS OF A KNIGHT OF THE GARTER, AND HIS LADY. When married, the arms of his wife must be placed in a distinct shield, because his own is sur- rounded with the ensign of that order ; for though the husband may give his equal half of the escut- cheon and hereditary lionour, yet he cannot share his temporary order of knighthood with her, ex- cept she be sovereign of the order. See the ex- ample, p. 18, n. 14. ARMS QUARTERLY, Is when a shield is divided into many parts, then it shows the bearer's alhance to several fa- milies : and it is to be observed, that in all mar- shalled arms, quarterly with coats of alliance, the paternal coat is always placed in the first quarter; as p. C, n. 6. Note, When a coat is borne with four or more quarterings, and any one or more of those quar- terings are again divided into two or more coats, then such a quarter is termed a grand quarter^ and is said to be quarterly, or counter-quartered. Plate_J^n. i^ \ C\ Note^ the first thit quartered arms in England was King Edward III. who bore England and ^France in right of his mother Isabel, daughter and heir oi Philip IV, of France, and heir also to her • H 3 78 INTRODUCTION TO TAUT I. three brothers, successively kings of France, which the same king afterwards changed to France and England upon his laying claim to the said king- dom ; and about the end of his reign did his sub- jects begin to imitate him, and quarter the arms of their maternal ancestors ; the first of whom is said to be Hastings, Earl of Pembroke. ARMS OF A BARONET. The arms of Sir George Beaumont, of Stough- ton, Leicestershire, baronet: azure, semec of,, fleurs-de-lis, a lion rampant or, in a canton argent, a sinister hand couped at the wrist and erect, gules. Note^ The canton, charged with the hand, is the arms of the province of Ulster in Ireland, and was given by King James the First, as a badge or augmentation of honour to all baronets. It may be placed as in the example, p. 18, n. 15, or in an escutcheon, and is generally borne in the most convenient part of the shield, so as not to cover any principal charge. ARMS OF A COMMONER AND LADY. | If a comnaoner marry a lady of quahty he is not to impale her arms with his own ; they are to be set aside of one another in separate shields, as the lady still retains her title and rank : therefore her arms are placed as the example, p. 18, n. 16. ART I. HERALDRY . 79 OF THE EXTERIOR ORNAMENTS OF THE ESCUTCHEON. The exterior ornaments of the escutcheon are the helmet, manthng, wreath, crest, badge, motto, supporters, crown, or coronet, HELMETS. The helmet being placed at the top of the es- cutcheon, claims our first attention. These pieces of armour for the head have varied in different ages and countries, both in form and the mate- rials of which they were made : viz. those of sove- reign princes are of gold, those of the nobility, of silver ; and those of gentlemen, of polished steel. See Plate 10. First, The full-faced helmet with six bars, all of gold, for the sovereign and princes of the blood. j Second, The full-faced helmet with five bars ; the helmet steel, and the bars and breast part gold, for dukes and marquises. Third, A profile or side-faced helmet of steel, the bars, bailes, or grills, and ornaments gold, for earls, viscounts, and barons. Fourth, A full-faced helmet of steel, with its beaver or vizor open, for baronets and knights. Fifth, a profile or side-faced helmet of steel, with the vizor shut, for an esquire. Note^ If two helmets are placed on one shield, they are usually set face to face in imitation of the Germans, who sometimes place ten or more hel- 80 INTRODUCTION TO PAKT I. mets on a shield, and in such case set the centre helmet effrontee, and those on each side looking towards that in the centre. MANTLING. The mantling was anciently fixed to the hel- met, like that now worn round the caps of our light dragoons. It was used as a covering or trim- ming which originally commanders wore over their helmets to defend them from the weather. When a commander came from the field of bat- tle, his mantling used to hang behind him in a loose, flowing, and ragged manner, occasioned by the many cuts he had received on his head ; there- fore the more hacked and cut the more honour- able it was accounted. Mantlings are now used like cloaks to cover the whole achievement, instead of the ancient mode of representing them as being coverings for the head, or ornaments flowing from the helmet. Note, According to the modernized mode of bearing mantles, those of the sovereigns are sup- posed to be of gold doubled with ermine ; those of the peers, crimson velvet folded, and ermine in- side ; and those of knights and gentlemen, crim- son velvet doubled with white satin. Mr. Edmondson (in his Complete Body of He- raldry) says, in the year 1760, he proposed to se- veral of the peers, to paint (on their carriages) their arms placed in mantles of crimson, with their edges thrown back so as to show their doub- PART L HERALDRY. 81 lings or linings, which should be of ermine, and containing a number of rows of ermine spots, equal to those of the guards on their coronation robes, expressing their respective degrees : viz. a baron, two rozvs ; a viscount, two and a half; an earl, three; a marquis, three and a half; a duke, four, &c. This proposal having met with general appro- bation, was carried into execution, and had the desired effect of showing the distinction between the several degrees of our nobility ; after which I formed mantles for the knights companions of the several orders, taken from the mantle and robes which they wear at their installations. WREATH. The wreath is placed over the helmet as a sup- port for the crest. It is composed of two rolls of silk twisted together, and of the colours or metal of the arms. Note, If one of the rolls be metal, the other must be of the principal colour of the arms ; but when therQ is no metal in the arms, then one of the rolls should be of the colour of the field, and the other part of the colour of the immediate charge. Note, In the time of Henry I. and long after, no man, who was under the degree of a knight, had his crest set on a wreath ; but this, like other frcrogativcs, has been infringed so far, tliat every ody now-a-days wears a wreath. Fornetfs He- 82 INTRODUCtlON TO PART I CREST. The crest is the highest part of the ornaments of a coat of arms, and is placed on the wreath. Anciently they were worn on the head of com- manders in the field, and then only in order to distinguish them from others by their followers. Note, After the institution of the order of the garter (and in imitation of King Edward the Third, who was the first King of England that bore a crest on his helmet) all knights companions of the order began to wear crests. This prac- tice soon became more general, until at length they were assumed discretionally by all those who considered themselves as legally entitled to bear arms. BADGES. Badges anciently were intended to be placed on banners, ensigns, caparisons, and the breast or shoulder of private soldiers, servants, and attend- ants; and that without any wreath, or other thing, under them. Badges were much used from the rei^n of King Edward the First until that of Queen Elizabeth, when they grew into disuse. Gerard Leigh says, the badge was not placed on a wreath in the time of Henry the Fifth ; and long after no man had his badge on a wreath under the degree of a knight. Notc^ The Earl of Dclawar bears the crainpette and impaled rose; and the Lord Abergavenny bears the portcullis and rose, which were ancient PART I. HERALDRY. »» badges of their families. See examples, p. 15, n. 31 to 35, which were ancient badges. MOTTO. The motto, mot, word, expression, saying, or epigr-aph, added or appropriated to arms, not being hereditary, may be taken, changed, varied, pr relinquished, when and as often as the bearer thinks fit ; and may, with impunity to the assumer, ie the very same as is used by other families. SUPPORTERS. Supporters are exterior ornaments, being placed It the sides of the escutcheon to support it. Mi- lestrier and others say, that supporters had their ^in from tilts and tournaments, wherein the cnights caused their shields to be carried by ser- vants or pages under the disguise of lions, bears, griffins. Moors, &c. who also held and guarded he escutcheons, which the knights were obliged expose to public view some time before the lists rere opened. Supporters have formerly been taken from such nimals or birds as are borne in the shields, and ometimes they have been chosen as bearing some llusion to the achievements of those whose arms bey support. It doth not appear to have been customary with ur ancestors to change or alter their family sup- orters ; neither is it a practice used in our days, xcept in some singular instances, and then it 84 INTRODUCTION TO PART L hath been done under the sanction of the royal sign-manual, &c. The practice of the sovereigns of England granting supporters to the peers of each degree, seems to have commenced in the reign of Kin^ Henry the Eighth, as did that of granting the like ornaments to the arms of the knights of the gar- ter and of the bath. ^ote. The royal supporters since King James the First have been a Lion and Unicorn. Edward III. first assumed, in the arms of England, the fleur-de-lis semee, and Henry IV. had them changed to three only. Mr. Shaw in his first Vol. of Stafibrdshire says, the sovereigns of England from Edward III. to Queen Elizabeth bore their supporters as follow : Edward III. A Lion and Eagle. Richard II. Not in the book. Henry IV. White Antelope and White Swan. Henry V. Lion and Antelope. Henry VI. The same. J Edward IV. Lion and Black Bull. ^ Edward V. Yellow Lion and White Lion, Richard III. Yellow Lion and White Boar. Henry VII. Lion and Red Dragon. Henry VIII. Lion and Silver Greyhound. Mary, Lion and Greyhound. Ehzabeth. The same. Gent. Mag, Sept. 1800. p. 843 The No-v^-Scotia baronets are, by their patent (^r creation, allowed to carry supporters, notwith standing that privilege was not indulged to th' PART I. HERALDRY. 85 English baronets, at the time of the institution of their dignity ; some of the English baronets bear supporters, but it is by virtue of a royal licence obtained for that special purpose. The kings of arms in England are not author- ised to grand supporters to any person under the degree of a knight of the Bath, unless they receive a royal warrant directed to them for that pur- pose : and yet Lyon king of arms of Scotland may, by virtue of his office, grant supporters without such royal warrant, and hath frequently put that power in practice. Note^ The eldest sons of peers, above the de- grees of a baron, bear the father's arms and sup- porters with a label, and use the coronet belong- ing to their father's second title, if he has one ; but all younger sons bear their arms with proper differences, but use no coronets or supporters. Crowns are used as an ornament which empe- rors, kings, and independent princes, set on their heads in great solemnities ; both to denote their sovereign authority, and to render themselves more awful to their subjects. 86 INTRODUCTION TO PART t. THE REGALIA OF ENGLAND. The Grown of England, with which the kings of England are crowned, is called St. Edward's crown. It is made in imitation of the ancient crown supposed to have been worn by that mon- arch, and which was kept in the abbey church of Westminster till the beginning of the late civil wars in the reign of King Charles the First, when, with the rest of the regalia it was taken away^ and sold in 1642. This very rich imperial crown of gold was made against the coronation of King Charles the Second ; and it is embellished with pearls and precious stones of divers kinds, as dia- monds, rubies, emeralds, and sapphires ; and hath a mound of gold on the top of it, enriched with a band or fillet of gold, embellished also with pre- cious stones. Upon the mound is a cross of gold, embellished likewise with precious stones, and three very large oval pearls, one of them being fixed on the top, and two others pendent at the ends of the cross. It is composed (as all the im- perial crowns of England are) of four crosses pat- tee, and as many fleurs-de-lis of gold placed on a rim or circlet of gold, all embelHshed with pre- cious stones. From those cvosses arise four circular bars, or arches, which meet at the top in form of rf E/iy/r//u/ PART I. HERALDRY. 87 a. cross, at the intersection whereof is a pedestal whereon is affixed the mound aforementaoned. The cap within this crown is of purple velvet, lined with white taffeta, and turned up with er- piine. N. B. This crown (called St. Edward's) is never altered, but remains the same for the crowning of every succeeding king or sovereign of Great Bri- tain for the time coming. The jewels and other precious stones, wherewith it is embellished for the time of the coronation, are taken out of the crown of state and fixed in collets, and pinned into this crown, called St. Edward's. After the coronation is over, the aforesaid jewels and dia- monds are taken out and replaced with mock stones to represent the real ones. See Regalia, Plate l.n.l. The crown of state is exceedingly rich, being lembellished with divers large rose or faucet, and table diamonds, besides a great quantity of pearl ; but it is most remarkable for a wonderful large ruby set in the middle of one of the four crosses, and esteemed to be worth ten thousand pounds ; as also for that the mound is one entire stone of a sea-water green colour, known by the name of an agmarine. The cap is of purple velvet, lined and turned up as the former. See Plate Regalia, p. 1, n. ^. PLATE 2. No. 1. The Crown, wherewith the Queen was crowned. 88 INTRODUCTION TO PART I. No. S. The Crown which the Queen wore in her return to Westminster-hall. No. 3. The Curtana, or Sword of Mercy, the blade f32 inches long and near two broad, is with- out a point, and is borne naked before the King at his coronation, between the Swords of Justice, spiritual and temporal. I PLATE 3. No. 1. The golden Sceptre with its Cross, set upon a large amethyst, of great value, garnished round with table diamonds. The handle of the Sceptre is spiral, but the pummel is set round with rubies, emeralds, and small diamonds. The top rises into a fleur-de-lis of six leaves, all enriched with precious stones, from whence issueth a mound made of the amethyst already mentioned. The Cross is decorated with precious stones ; length of the Sceptre, 33 inches. No. 2. The Sceptre with the Dove, the emblem of Peace, perched on the top of a Jerusalem Cross, ornamented with diamonds ; length of the Sceptre, 43 inches. This emblem was first used by Edward the Confessor^ as appears by his seal. It is also marked on the seals of Henry I. Stephen and Henry II. but omitted by Richard I. Rich- ard II. assumed it again on his seal; and it was also used by Edward IV. and Richard III. ; the ancient one was, with the rest, sold in 1642 by order of the then parliament ; this now in the Tower was not made till after the Restoration of PART f. HERALDRY. 89 King Charles: the length of the Sceptre, 43 inches. No. 3. St. Edward's Staff, in length 55 inches and a half, and three inches and three quarters in circumference, all of gold : this Sceptre is carried before the King at his coronation. No. 4. This Sceptre Queen Mary wore in pro- ceeding to her coronation with her consort the late King William : length of the Sceptre, 34 inches. No. 5. An ivory Sceptre, with a Dove on the top, made for the late King James the Second's Queen ; it is ornamented in gold, and the Dove on the top gold, enamelled white : length of the Sceptre, 37 inches. No. 6. The King's Coronation Ring. No. 7. The Queen's Coronation Ring. No. 8. The golden Orb or Globe, put into the King's right hand before he is crowned; and borne in his left, with the Sceptre in his right, upon his return into Westminster-hall after he is crowned. It is about six inches in diameter, edged with pearl, and enriched with precious stones. On the top is an amethyst of a violet co- lour, near an inch and a half in height, set upon a rich cross of gold, adorned with diamonds, pearls, and precious stones. No. 9. The Queen's Circle, worn in proceeding to her Coronation. CORONET. Coronet, from the Italian coronetta, a little crown or chaplct. •i3 90 INTRODUCTIOK TO PART I. The coronet of the Prince of Wales, as heir ap- parent of the crown of Great Britain, according to a warrant of King Charles the Second, dated 19th of Feb. 1660, is a circle or fillet of gold re- levated with four crosses patt^e, and as many fleurs-de-lis ; and from the two crosses pattee arise two semicircular bars, conjoined by a pedestal, and surmounted with a mound, thereon a cross pattee ; the whole being enriched with jewels and precious stones ; and within it is a lining, or cap of crimson velvet, turned up with ermine. See p. 9, n. 2. Note^ For the coronets of peers of Great Bri- tain, see Crowns and Coronets in the Dictionary of Terms, Part II. HATCHMENTS. SEE PLATE K. By the following rules may be known, upon sight of any hatchment, what the person was when living, whether a private gentleman, or a noble- man, by the coronet ; whether a married man, bachelor, or widower ; or whether a married wo- man, maid, or widow, &c. BACHELOR. PLATE K. When a bachelor dies, his arms and crest are painted single or quartered, but never impaled ; the ground of the hatchment under the shield is all black. MAIDEN. PLATE K. When a maiden dies, her arms (but no crest) HA-TCHMENTS "^^ PARTI. HERALDRY. 91 must be placed in a lozenge, and may be single or quartered, with the ground under the escut- cheon all black as the former. MARRIED MAN. PLATE K. When a married man dies, his arms are impaled with his wife's, the ground of the hatchment under his side of the shield in black, the ground under his wife's side in white ; the black side signifies the husband to be dead, and the white side de- notes the wife to be living. MARRIED WOMAN. PLATE K. When a married woman dies, her arms are im- paled with her husband's (but no crest), the ground of the hatchment under her side of the shield is black, that of her husband white; which signifies the wife to be dead, and the husband living. WIDOWER. PLATE K. When a widower dies, his arms are impaled with those of his deceased wife, with his crest ; the ground of the hatchment to be all black. WIDOW. PLATE K. When a widow dies, her arms arc impaled with her husband's in a lozenge (but no crest), the ground of the hatchment to be all black. 92 INTRODUCTION TO HERALDRY. PART I. When a man is the last of a family, the death's head supplies the place of a crest, denoting that death has conquered all. When a woman is the last of a family, her arms are placed in a lozenge, with a death's head on the top. END OF THE FIRST I'ART. A SHORT AND EASY INTRODUCTION TO HERALDRY. PART II. A DICTIONARY OF THE TECHOTOAL TERMS USED IN THE SCIENCE OF HERALDRY. PART II. ISlote, P. standi Jbr Plate, T. for Table, n, fyr number. Plates in Part Second, Tables in Part First. A. Abatements are certain marks of disgrace added to arms for some ungenteel action com- mitted by the bearer : but as there is not an in- stance of such dishonourable bearings in the present English coats of arms, we shall not msert them ; especially, as no person is obliged to make use of arms, it cannot be supposed that any one would voluntarily exhibit a mark of infamy to himself and family. 96 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Accidents of Arms. Edmondson says, they have no meaning in blazonry, although frequently mentioned by authors, who affirm them to be no more than the strictures and marks of differences. AccoMPAGNEE, an ancient term for the word between or betwixt. Accosted signifies side by side, as Guillim blazons the arms of Harman ; viz. Azure, a che- vron, between six rams, accosted, counter-tripping, two, two and two. See T. 9, n. 10. Accrued signifies a tree full-grown. AcoRNED. This term is for an oak-tree with acorns on it. Adder: the apparatus of its poison is very similar to that of the rattlesnake, and all the other poisonous serpents. The symptoms that follow the bite are an acute pain in the wounded part, with a swelling, at first red, but afterwards livid, which by degrees spreads to the adjoining parts, with great faintness, and a quick, though low, and sometimes interrupted, pulse ; great sickness at the stomach ; sometimes pain about the navel. The most esteemed remedy is common salad oil thoroughly rubbed on the wounded part. This is always used by the viper-catchers. Gules an adder no*wed, or, name, Nathiley. Addorsed signifies beasts, &c. turned back to back. T. 9, n. 7. Two lions rampant addorsed. Adumbration is the shadow only of any fi- gure, outlined and painted of a colour darker than the field. Affronte' for a savage's head full-faced. P. 13, n. 24. PART II. HERALDRY. - 97 Aisle, winged, or having wings. Alant, was a mastiff dog with short ears. It is one of the supporters to the arms of Lord Dacres. Allerion is an eagle without beak or feet ; so termed as having nothing perfect but its body, wings, and tail. T. 8, n. 6. Alternate signifies the positions of quarter- ings, partitions, and other figures, that succeed one another by turns. Amethyst ; the name of a precious stone of a violet colour, and formerly used in blazoning instead of purpure. Amphisien Cockatrice. See Basilisk. Anchor is the emblem of Hope, and taken for such in a spiritual as well as a temporal sense ; Hope being, as it were, the anchor which holds us firm to our faith in all adversities. P. 12, n. 10. Gules, an anchor in pale argent, the timber theieof or^ name, Goodrood. Anchored or Ancred, a cross so termed ; as the four extremities of it resemble the flook of an anchor. P. 4, n. 33. Angles, two angles interlaced saltirewise ; at each end an annulet. P. 13, n. 3. Note^ Tlirce pairs of these are borne by the name of Wastlcy. Anime'. See Incensed. Annulet, a ring. Leigh supposes annulets to be rings of mail, which was an armour of defence long before the hardness of steel was invented. When Julius Caesar landed in this island, iron j'ings were used instead of money. Mordon, The K 9W INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Romans by the ring represented liberty and no- bility, and by its circular form signified strength and eternity, T. 7, n. 5. Anshent or Ancient, a small flag or streamer, set up on the stern of a ship, or on a tent. 'Note, The guidon used at funerals was called an anshent. Ant. All the species of ants known in this country are gregarious, and, like the bees, consist of males and females, and neuters, of which the latter are alone the labourers. They build their nest in the ground, in which there are various apartments and passages. In forming the nest every individual assists. Ante, or Ente, ingrafted, or pieces let one into another, like dove-tail. See Flate J, n. 7. Antelope is an animal of the deer kind; his horns are almost straight, tapering gradually from his head up ; a long and slender neck, feet, legs, and body, like a deer. It inhabits moun- tainous countries, where they bound among the rocks with so much Hghtness and elasticity as to strike the spectator with astonishment. The eyes of the antelope are the standard of perfection in the East ; to say of a fine woman, that " she has the eyes of an antelope," is the highest com- pliment that can be paid her. Bingley's An. Biog. T. 7, n. 21, and n. 22, is termed an heraldic antelope. Anvil, P. 20, n. 6. Parti/ per chevron, argent and sable, three anvils, counterchanged ; name, Smith, of Abingdon, Berks. PART II. HERALDRY. 99 Apaumee is the hand open, with the full palm appearing, the thumb and fingers at full length. See p. 7, n. 32 and 33. A FREE is an heraldic figure, drawn like a bull, except that the tail is short, and without testicles. It is the sinister supporter to the arms of the Russia Merchants' Company. Auch-Duke's Crown is closed at the top by a scarlet cap, encompassed with a circle of gold adorned with eight strawberry-leaves, and closed by two circles of gold set with pearls, meeting in a globe crossed like the emperor's. P. 8, n. 16. Arch, gules, three single arches argent, their capitals and pedestals or, name, Arches. P. 18, n. 3. Argent is the French word for silver, and in heraldry is white. Note, Silver was formerly used, but, from its soon turning black, white was instituted. T. 2. Argent, in heraldry, signifijes purity and innocence. Armed signifies the horns, hoofs, beak, or ta- lons, of any beast or bird of prey (being their weapons), when borne of a different tincture from those of their bodies ; saying, armed so and so. Arming-Bugkle, a buckle in the shape of a lozenge. See P. 17, n. 9. Armory, one branch of the science of heraldry, consisting in the knowledge of coat-armours, as to their blazons and various intendments. Arms are hereditary marks of honour and de- scent, composed of certain tinctures and figures, either assumed, or else granted by authority, to distinguish persons, famUies, and communities. 100 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Arm Eeect, couped at the elbow. P. 13, n. 17. Arm in Armour, embowed proper, couped at the shoulder, grasping an arrow. P. 13, n. 22. Arms. Three dexter arms conjoined at the shoidders, and Jiexed in triangle y with the fists clenched. P. 13, n. 2. Philipot says, three arms conjoined was the hieroglyphic of concourse or consent in action. Guillim says, the arms and ! fists clenched, signify a treble offer of revenge for some injury done to the person, or fame of the first bearer. Arms. Two arms in armour, embowed, sup- porting a pheon. P. 13, n. 23. Arrache. See Erased. Arrondie signifies round or circular. See P. 6, n.31. Arrow, barbed and feathered. P. 1, n. 8. Vert an arrffw in pale oTy barbed and feathered^ argent, name. Standard, Note, It was a custom amongst the Persians, when they went to war, for every man to cast an arrow into a chest provided for the purpose, and placed before the throne of their king; and, at their return, every one to take his own shaft, that so, by the number of arrows remaining, the number of the deceased might be certainly known. Guillim. Arrows, when in bundles, are termed sheaves of arrows. Aspersed, by some authors used instead of strewed or powdered. Ass is the lively emblem of patience, and is not without some good qualities, for of all animals PART II. HERALDRY. 101 that are covered with hair, he is least subject to vermin ; he seems also to know his master, and can distinguish him from all other men ; he has good eyes, a fine smell, and an excellent ear. P. 11, n. 7. Argent^ a fess between three asses passant, sable, name, AsJcewe. In the time of Homer, Dacier says, an ass was not in such cir- cumstances of contempt as in ours. The name of that animal was not then converted into a term of reproach, but it was a beast upon which kings and princes might be seen with dignity, Pope^s Iliad. Ass IS signifies sitting, or sejant: the example is, A Lion assis affronte, or sejant gardant qfr fronte. P. 14, n. 6. AsTRoiDEs. See Mullet. Assyrian Goat. See Indian Goat. Atchievement, commonly called Hatch- ment, is the arms of some person or family borne together with all the exterior ornaments of the shield, as helmet, mantle, crest, motto, &c. of a person deceased, painted on canvas, and fixed against the wall of his late dwelling-house to denote the death. Athelstan's Cross. Party per saltire, gules and azure, on a besant, a cross botone or. This was the banner of Athelstan, who expelled the Danes, subdued the Scots, and reduced this country to one monarchy. P. 16, n. 14. Attired signifies the horns of a stag, buck, goat, bulls, unicorns, rams, &c. l^ote. When of .diflerent tinctures from their bodies, it must be mentioned. • k3 102 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Attires. A term for the horns of a stag or buck. Attires of a Stag are both the horns affixed to the scalp. P. 14, n. 33. AvELLANE, a Cross so called because the quar- ters of it resemble a filbert nut. T. 6, n. 7. Augmentations signifies a particular mark of honour, borne either on an escutcheon, or a canton, as the baronets of England. See p. 18. n. 15. Note, When augmentations are borne on a chief, fess, canton, or quarter, the paternal coat keeps its natural place, and is blazoned first. See the arms o^ Manners, Plate A, n. 3. Aylets, or Sea Swallows, represented sable, beaked and legged, gules ; some term them Cor- nish Choughs. Azure is the colour blue, and in engraving this colour is expressed by horizontal lines from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield. See T. % B. Badger. The address and courage with which it defends itself against beasts of prey, have caused it to be baited with dogs as a popular amusement; and on such occasions, though naturally of an in- dolent disposition, he makes the most vigorous ex- ertions and sometimes inflicts desperate wounds. A Badger is the Crest of Brooks. See P. 20, n. 13. Badges. See Badt?es, page 82. See P. 15, n. 31 to 35. PART II. HERALDRY. 103 Bag of Madder. This is a charge in the Dyers' arms. P. 3, n. 1. Baillonne signifies a lion rampant, holding a staff in his mouth. P. 15, n. 15. Balista. See Sweep. Ball-Tasselled, p. SO, n. 12. Argent, a chevron, between three halls sable, tasselled 07\ name, Ball, of Devonshire. Ball, fired proper. See Fire-Ball. Bande'. See Bend. Banded ; when any thing is tied round with a band of a different tincture from the charge, as a garb, or wheat-sheaf, a sheaf of arrows, it is said to be banded : for example, A garb azure, banded or. Banner, a square flag, standard, or ensign, carried at the end of a lance. Banner, disveloped; this term is used for an ensign, or colours, in the army, being open and flying, as P. 5, n. 1, Bar is less than the fess, and is a diminution, containing a fifth part of the field, and is borne in several parts of the field, whereas the fess is confined to the centre. T. 4, n. 14. Barbed. This term is used when the green leaves or petals which appear on the outside of a full-blown rose, are in heraldry called barbs. Barbed Arrow, an arrow whose head is pointed and jagged. Barbed and Crested, a term for the comb and gills of a cock, particularly if of a diffeient 104 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. tincture from the body. The usual term is, combed and wattled. Barbed, or Barbee, a cross so termed, as its extremities are like the barbed irons used for striking of fish. P. 6, n, 14. Bar-Gemel, from the Latin getnelli, twins, and signifies a double bar, or two bars placed near and parallel to each other. T. 7, n. 16. Baron and Femme is used in blazoning the arms of a man and his wife marshalled together side by side. Baron expresses the husband's side of the shield, which is the dexter, femme the sinister. See P. 13, n. 3. Baron's Coronet. See Crowns and Coro- nets. Barnacle, a large water-fowl resembling a goose; and by the Scots called a Cleg Goose. P. 5, n. 11. The barnacle hath a flat broad bill, with a hooked point ; the fore part of the head is white, with a bead of black between the eyes ; the neck and fore part of the breast are black, the belly is white and brown, the thighs blackish, the back black and brown, the tail black, the wings black, brown, and ash colour. Argent, a Jess, hetxveen three harnacleSj sable, name, Sir William Bernack, of Leicestershire. Barnacles are instruments to curb unruly horses. P. 2, n. 35. Argent, three barnacles gtdes, name, Barnack, of Leicestershire. Barrulet is a diminutive, and the fourth of the bar, or twentieth part of the field. T. 4, n, 16. f ART II. HERALDRY. 105 Barruly. See Barry. Barry is a field divided by horizontal lines into four, six, or more equal parts counter- changed, and is termed Barry of six, eight, ten, or twelve; it being necessary to specify the number. T. 5, n. 19. Barry of six, or, and azure, name. Constable, Barry-Bendy is a field equally divided into four, six, or more equal parts by lines, from the dexter chief to the sinister base, and from side to side interchangeably varying the tinctures. P. 3, n. 20. Barry-Bendy Sinister, by some authors termed Barry Indented, See P. 3, n. 19. Barry-indented, or harry of six, argent and sable indented one in the other, name, Gise. P. 3, n. 19. Barry-Pily of eight pieces gules, and or, name, Holland. T. 5, n. 20. Base is the bottom or lower part of the shield, marked with the letters G, H, I. See T. 1. In Base, is the position of any thiug placed in the lower part of the shield. See p. B, n. 33. Basilisk, heraldic, an imaginary animal, re- presented like the fictitious heraldic cockatrice, and with the head of a dragon at the end of its tail. It is called the Amphisien Cockatrice, from having two heads. P. 5, n. 13, Basket. See Winnowing Basket. Basnet, a name anciently used for a helmet ; ' argenty a chevron, gules, between three helmets proper, name, Basnet, 106 INTRODUCTION TO PART II, Bat. See Rere Mouse. Battering-Ram ; an ancient engine made of large pieces of timber, fastened together with iron hoops, and strengthened at one end with an iron head, and horned with the same like a ram, from whence it took its name. It was hung up by two chains, and swung forwards and backwards, by numbers of men, to beat down the walls of a besieged town or city. The battering-ram was invented by Epeus, at the taking of Troy. Fuller. P. 18, n. 7. Argent, three battering-rams, bar- wise proper., headed azure, armed and garnished m\ name, Bertie, Battle-Axe was a weapon anciently used in war, having an axe on the one side, whence it takes the name, and a point on the other ; as also a point at the end, so that they could thrust or cleave ; of great service then, when swords would not do execution upon armour, whereas these, with their weight and a strong arm, broke through! all. P. \% n. 21. Argent three battle-axes sable, name. Gyves or Hall. Hanway says, the battle- axe is one of the most ancient weapons among the Orientals, but it had been for some years neg- lected. In Persia, Nadir Shah restored the use of it in a more particular mminer : it was his favourite weapon; insomuch, that before he assumed the diadem, he was generally styled axe-khan. After- wards, he was often seen with a battle-axe in his hand, playing with it in his tent of audience. Battled Arrondie signifies the battlement to be circular on the top. PART li. HERALDRY. 107 Battled-Embattled is one battlement upon another, and is a line of partition. P. 7, n. S8. Batton, or Baston, signifying a staff or truncheon in heraldry, is generally used as a rebatement on coats of arms to denote illegitimacy. T. 4, n.l2. Beacon. In ancient times, upon the invasion of an enemy, beacons were set on high hills, with an iron pot on the top, wherein were pitch, hemp, &c. which, when set on fire, alarmed the country, and is called a beacon from its beckoning the people together. In the eleventh year of the reign of Edward III. every county in England had one. P. 2, n. 16. Note, Prior to king Edward, the fire-beacons were made of large stacks of wood. Guillim, Sable three beacons fired or, flames proper, name, Dauntre, Beaked. A term for the bills of birds, when borne of a different tincture from their bodies. Bear is a fierce creature, naturally slothful, heavy, and lumpish, but withal bold and daring ; they are inhabitants of the forests in the northern regions of Europe, and are also found on some of the Indian islands: they vary much in colour, some being brown, others black, and others gray. The brown bear lives on vegetables, and the black on animal food, which they destroy, suck- ing the blood. P. 14, n. 9. Or, a bear passant sable, name, Fitzourse. Bearing. See Charges. Beaver is that part of the helmet which de- 108 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. fends the sight, and opens in the front of the helmet. Beaver is the only animal among quadrupeds that has a tail covered with scales, serving as a rudder to direct its motions in the water. It is singular in its conformation, as having, like birds, but one and the same vent for its natural dis- charges. Beavers are industrious and laborious ; they erect their houses near the shore, in the water collected by means of a dam; they are built on piles, and are either round or oval. In case of floods they frequently make two or three stories in each dwelling; they collect a magazine of winter provisions, and appoint an overseer in tlie society, who gives a certam number of strokes with his tail, as a signal for repairing to particular places, either for mending defects, or at the ap- proach of an enemy. Argmt, a beaver erected sabky devouring a fish proper, armed gules ; this coat is in a window of New-inn Hall, London. P.H, n.9. Bebally, an ancient term for party per pale. Bee-iiive. Bees are the most wonderful and profitable insects yet known; they have three 1)roperties of the best kind of subjects; they :eep close to their king; are very industrious for their livelihood, expelling all idle drones ; they will not sting any but such as first provoke them. In heraldry, they represent industry. Argent^ a. heC'h'we beset with bees, diversely volant, sable ^ \\m\G,llooe. P. 11, n. 21. PART II. HERALDRY. 109 The calf J the goosey the bee ; The world is ruled, by these three. meaning parchment y penSy and wax. Note. The bee, among the Egyptians^ was the hieroglyphic of a prince managing the administra- tion and conduct of his kingdom and pubhc affairs. Belic. See Gules. Belled, having bells affixed to some part. See the example, A hazch rising jessed and belled. T. 9, n. 20. Bellows, P. 20, n. 9. Argent, three pair of bellows sable, name Scipton. Strabo says the inventor of bellows was Anacharsis. Bells are used as the proclaimers of joyful solemnity, and designed for the service of God, by calling the people to it. P. 17, n. 23. Sable, a Jess ermine, between three church-bells argent, is the arms of Bell, Note, In heraldry they are termed church-bells, to distinguish them from those which are tied to the legs of hawks or fal- cons. In ancient times, it was a custom to sprinkle bells with holy water at their being first placed in the tower of the church, to give them a power of repelling evil spirits from the church by their sound. Bexd is an ordinary formed by two diagonal lines drawn from the dexter chief to the sinister base, and contains the third part if charged ; and uncharged, the fifth of the field ; it is supposed to represent a shoulder-belt, or a scarf T. 4, n. 5. Bend-Sinister is that whicl^ comes from the 110 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. sinister chief to the dexter base, or from left to right. T. 4, n. 10. Party peK, Bend Sinister, argent and gules. P.16, n.l. In Bend is when things borne in arms are placed diagonally, from the dexter chief to the sinister base. See T. 10, n. 18. and P. A. n. 25. Bends enhansed. See Enhansed. Per Bend is when the field, or charge, is equally divided by a line drawn diagonally from the dexter chief to the sinister base; party per hend, or and vert, name Hawley. T. 3, n. % Bendy is when a field, or charge, is divided bendways into four, six, eight, ten, or more equal parts diagonally. Bendy qfsix^ argent and azure, name John de St. Philibert. T. 5, n, 18, a bor- der bendy, p. 3, n. 15. Bendlet is one of the first of the diminutives of the bend, and is in size half the breadth of a bend. T. 4, n. 6. Besants, or Bezants, are pieces of gold with- out any impression, and were the current coin of old Byzantium, now called Constantinople (the value of one being 375?. sterling, according to Kent in his abridgment of Guillim), and sup- posed to liave been introduced in arms by those who were in the holy war. T. 8, n. 9. ISlote, Roundles are so called, either wlien particoloured, or colour not known. Besca, a spade or shovel. Bezanty, a Cross, being composed of bezants. P. 4, n. 18. ^ PART 11. HERALDRY. Ill Billets are oblong squares, by somo taken for bricks, but generally supposed to be letters made up in that form. T. 8, n. 4. BiLLETTY signifies a field {charge or support- ers) strewed with billets when they exceed ten, otherwise their number and position must be expressed. BiRD-BOLT, a small arrow with three heads, as the example, P. % n. 27. Note, This arrow or bolt was discharged from a cross-bow. BiRD-BOLT, with a blunt head. P. % n. 26. Gules three hird-bolts argent, name Bottlesham. Note, Bird-bolts are often represented in armory with two or three heads ; therefore the number of heads must always be mentioned. Bladed ; this term is for the stalk or blade of any kind of grain or corn, represented in arms, borne of a different colour from the ear, or fruit. Blazon. Mr. Nisbet observes in his Treatise upon Cadency, this term is from the German word Blasen, which signifies the blowing of a horn, and introduced in heraldry, from an ancient custom the heralds had of blowing a horn at justs and tournaments, when they explained and re- corded the achievements of the knights sporters. To Blazon is to express in proper terms all that belongs to coats of arms. Blue-bottle is a flower of the cyanus. P. 5, n. 20. Argent a chevron, gules between three blue-bottles or, slipped vert, name Cherley. Boar, though void of horns, is an absolute IIJJ INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. champion; for he hath weapons, which are his strong and sharp tusks, also his target to defend himself, for which he useth often to rub his shoulders and sides against trees to harden them against the stroke of his adversary. Boars, while young, live in herds, for the purpose of mutual defence ; but the moment they come to maturity, they walk the forests alone and fearless. They seldom attack unprovoked, but dread no enemy, and shun none. P. 14, n. 20. Argent a hoar passant J gules armed or, name Trewartlten. Bolt and Tun is a bird-bolt in pale piercing through a tun, as P. 1, n. 22. Bonnet, a cap of velvet worn within a coronet. BoR DER or BoRDURE. Bordcrs were anciently used for the distinguishing one part of a family from the other, descended of one family and from the same parents. When used as a distinction of houses, the border must be continued all round the extremities of the field, and should always contain the fifth part thereof. T. 5, n. 9. Note, If a coat be impaled with another, either on the dexter or sinister side, and hath a border, the border must finish at the impaled line, and not be continued round the coat. See an exam- ple P. 13, n. 14; also P. 16, n. 5. In blazon, borders always give place to the chief, the quarter, and the canton : as for exam- ple, argent, a border ingrailed, gules, a chief azure : and therefore the chief is placed over the border, as the quarter and canton likewise are. In coats charged with a chief, quarter, or canton. ^ PART II. HERALDRY. 113 the border goes round the field until it touches them, and there finishes ; but, in respect to all other ordinaries, it passes over them. Plate. N'' Border Enaluron, - - - 3 9 Border Enurney, - - - 3 10 Border Quarterly, - - - 3 11 Border Verdoy, - - - 3 12 Border Entoyre, - - - 3 13 Border Diapered, - - - 3 14 Border Bendy, - - - - 3 15 Boss of a bit, as borne in the arms of the lo- rimers' or bitmakers' company. P. 1, n. 23. BoTEROLL, according to the French heralds, is a tag of a broad-sword scabbard, and is esteemed an honourable bearing. See P. 1, n. 24. 'Note, The crampet, which is the badge of the Right Hon. Earl De la War, was meant for the same ornament of the scabbard. See the two ex- amples, P. 1, n. 20, and n. 24. BoTONNY, or BoTONE, A Cross. This term is given because its extremities resemble the tre- foil. T. 6, n. 8. Bottom. See P. 5, n. 19- Argent, three bot- toms, in Jess gules, the thread or, name, Hohy, of Badland. BouRCHiER Knot is a knot of silk tied as the example P. 15, n. 34. Such a knot is borne as a crest of Wake, Bart. Bowen's Knot, see P, 3, n. 7. Gules, a • l3 114 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. chevron^ between three such knots, argent^ name Bow en. Bows. See P. 15, n. 29. Ermine three hows bent in pale gules, name Bowes. Herodotus says, the Scythians were the in- ventors of bows and arrows. Brasses are sepulchral engravings on large or small brass plates let into slabs in the pavement of ancient churches; pourtraying the effigies of illustrious persons ; the greater part of the figures are as large as life. The various colours for the dresses, armours, and coats of arms, in many in- stances, were laid on in enamel ; the attitudes well drawn ; and the lines of the dresses are made out with a precision and truth of imitation surprising. We refer for proof to the abbey church of St. Alban's, and St. Margaret's church, King's Lynn. Braced, Jjetted or interlaced, signifies figures of the same sort interlacing one another, as the ex- ample. Azure, three chevronels interlaced in base, and a chief or, name Fitz-Hugh, P. 7, n. 30. Brassarts, the armour for the elbow. Brassets, pieces of armour for the arms. Breast-plate. See Cuirass. Bretesse is embattled on both sides equal to each other. See an example P. 13, n. 6. Bridge, Or, on a bridge of three arches in Jess gules, masoned sable, the streams transjluent pro^ per, a fane argent, name Trowbridge of Trow- bridge. This seems to have been given to the bearer as an allusion to his name, quasi Through' bridge, with respect to the current and fall of PART II. HERALDRY. 115 the streams passing through the arches. P. 16, n. 22. Brigandine or Brigantine. See Haber- geon. Brimsey. See Gad Fly. Brise. See Rompu. Bristled signifies the hair on the neck and back of a boar. Broad Arrow. It differs from the pheon, by having the inside of its barbs plain, as P. 5, n.21. Broad-axe, P. 15, n. IS, Gules three broa^* axes^ argent, a demi Jleur-de-lis^ jo'med to each handle zvithinside, or, betweeii as many mullets 'pierced cif the lasty name Tregold. Broches are instruments used by embroiderers, and are borne in the arms of the embroiderers' company. P. 1, n. 5. Brogue, or Shoe, a token of expedition. P. 2, n. 9. Gules, a chevron between three brogues or^ name Arthure. Bronchant, See Over-all. Brunswick, Crown of, P. 8, n. 19. Bruske. See Tenne. Bucket, A Well, P.l, n. 7. Sable a chevron betiveen three well-bucJcets, argent, name Sutfcni. Well-Bucket, with feet as the example. Argent a well-bucket sable bailed ajid hoops or^ name Pemberton, P. 4, n. 30. Buckler, or Shield. Buckles, anciently worn by persons of repute and honour to their military belts, and girdles; 116 " INTRODUCTION TO PART II. is a bearing both ancient and honourable, and is a token of service. See P. 17, n. 9. NotCy The shape of buckles, as borne in a coat, must be de- scribed, whether oval, round, square, or lozenge, as they are various. Menestrier says, buckles, clasps, and rings, re- present power and authority in bearers, as also an acknowledgment of a dependence of a sovereign's power. Nisbet says, such things were of old ordinary gifts of superiors, as badges of fidelity and firm- ness. , Morgan says, these buckles were added as a sign of power and authority to the borders of the Stewarts, earls of Darnly and Lenox, upon ac- count of these earls being viceroys of Naples and Calabria. Nisbet's Heraldry, p. 410. Buffalo, a wild bull. P. 19, n. 14. Bugle, a Wild Bull. Bugle-horn, or Hunting-horn, is a frequent bearing in heraldry. Note, When the mouth and strings of this instrument are of different tinctures from the horn, then in blazon they must be named, and when it is adorned with rings, then it is termed garnished. P. \% n. 23. The bugle-horn was a common decoration to the dress of our an- cestors, and used by them for a variety of pur- poses ; as in hunting, battle, giving notice in an unfrequented place that a stranger was nigh, pr that a post was approaching. Bull. The strength of a bull is in his neck ; he is iieadstrong, and by his countenance you PART II. HERALDRY. 117 may know his force or gentleness; but all his threatenings are with his fore feet ; when he is angry and disposed to fight, he diggeth the earth, and casteth it from him with violence. Ermine, a bull passant gules^ name Bevile. The Egyp- tians consecrated the bull as the symbol of fecun- dity ; the Greeks also painted the horn of the bull, filled with ears of corn and fruits, to express this emblem ; and the poets sang the cornucopia in their verses. Savary. Bull's Head, cabossed. P. 14, n. 27. Bur, was a broad ring of iron behind the hand, on the spears anciently used at tiltings. BuRGANET, a steel cap worn by foot soldiers in battle. P. 5, n. 3. Burlimg-Iron, an instrument used by weavers, and borne in the arms of the weavers' company of Exeter. P. 5, n. 5. Bust, affronte, signifies the head, neck, and part of the shoulders, and the full face. See P. 13, n. J24 ; also a bust^ in profile^ P. 13, n. 25. Bustard. See P. 19, n. 13. C. Caboshed, or Cabosed, (Spanish), is when the head of a beast is cut close oiF behind the ears, and full faced, having no neck left to it. T. 9, 18. Cadency, or distinction of houses. Caltrap. See Galtrap. Calvary, a Cross, represents the cross on ^ 118 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. which our Saviour suffered on Mount Calvary, and is always set upon three steps. Note, Ac- cording to Morgan, the three steps signify the three Graces, whereby we mount up to Christ, Faith, Hope, and Charity. See P. 4, n. 19. Gules, a cross upon three steps or, name Jones, of Den- bighshire. Camel, is a wonderful creature for enduring hunger and thirst, and carrying great burdens through, the deserts of Arabia, &c. Azure, a camel argent, name Camel. P. 14, n. 23. Son- nini says, the camels, in their fits of rage, some- times take up a man in their teeth, throw him on the ground, and trample him under their feet. Eager to revenge themselves, they no longer re- tain any rancour, when once they are satisfied ; and it is even sufficient, if they believe they have satisfied their vengeance. Accordingly, when an Arab has excited the rage of a camel, he layj down his garments in some place near which the animal will pass, and disposes them in such i manner, that they appear to cover a man sleep- ing under them. Camelion. It resembles the common lizard. He can walk swiftly, and climb and fasten on the smallest branches of a tree, or hang upon them by the tail ; he neither lives on the air, nor rays of the sun, as the ancients supposed ; his food consists of real insects, which he catches by the help of a tongue about three or four inches long, which he shoots out of a kind of scabbard or case, without ever missing his aim. PART II. HERALDRY. 119 Cameleopardalis is an inhabitant of Africa; its height sixteen feet from the hoof to the extre- mity of its horns ; the colour is of grayish white ground, and large spots of dark brown, almost black. They feed upon the leaves of trees, and mostly on those of the mimosa. See P. 5, n. 2. Candlestick. This example is blazoned in the arms of the founders' company. A taper candlestick. See P. 6, n. 10. Canton, so called, because it occupies but a corner of the field, is either dexter or sinister, and is the third of the chief. T. 4, n. 24. Argent^ a canton sable, name Sutton, Cantoned, signifies a cross between four figures. Cannets, a terra for ducks, when they are re- presented without beak or feet. See T. 8, n. 5. Argent, a chevron gules, between three Cannets sable, name Dubuisson. Cap or Bonnet. See P. 4, n. 11. Argent, three such caps sable, banded or, name Capper, of Chester. Cap of Maintenance, is made of crimson velvet, lined and turned up with ermine, worn by nobility ; such a cap was sent by Pope Julius the Second, with a sword, to King Henry the Eighth ; and Pope Leo the Tenth gave him the title De- fender of the Faith, for his writing a book against Martin Luther. P. 9, n. 13. Caparisoned, is a horse completely furnished for the field. Cappeline. See Mantlings. 120 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11 Carbuncle. See Escarbuncle. Cardinal's Hat. Pope InnocentlV. ordained, that cardinals should wear red hats, whereby he would signify that those that entered into that order ought to expose themselves even to the shedding of their blood and hazard of their lives (if required) in the defence of ecclesiastical liberty. Argent^ a cardinaVs hat, with strings pendant and plaited in true-love Jcnots, the ends meeting in base gules ; these are the arms of Sclavonia. P. 1% n. 11. Casque. See Helmet. Castle is the emblem of grandeur and mag- nificence, sanctuary and safety. Castles have been granted for arms to such as have reduced them by main force, or been the first that mounted their walls, either at a breach, or by escalade. Or, a castle triple towered gules, the port displayed of the first ^ leaved argent. P. 16, n. 19. Note, Whatever tincture the castle is of, if the cement of the building is of another colour from the stones, then the building, being argent, is said to be masoned of such a colour, as sable, &c. When the windows and ports of castles are of a different tincture from the field and building, the windows and ports are supposed to be shut, and must be so expressed in the blazon ; if the win- dows and ports are of the tincture of the field, so that the field is seen through them, they are then supposed to be open ; if the port is in form of a portcullis, it is to be named in the blazon. Note, The difference between a tower and a castle is PART II. HERALDRY. 121 this ; the tower stands without walls to its sides, but a castle extends from side to side, as the ex- ample. See a tower, P. 16, n. 20, which points the difference. Cat-a-mountain, a wild cat ; this is a crea- ture well known, therefore needs no description ; in heraldry, it is taken for the symbol of liberty, vigilance, forecast, and courage. P. 11, n. 16, Note, These cats being always painted gardant, the word gardant need not be used in the blazon, Caterfoil. See Quatrefoil. Cathehine-Wheel, so called from St. Cathe- rine the Virgin (who suffered martyrdom in Alex- andria under the Emperor Maximinus), who had her limbs broke in pieces by its iron teeth. T. 7, n. 17. Azure a Catherine-wheel argent, name Wegirton, Centaur. See Sagittarius. Cercelee or Recercelee, a Cross, signifies circling, or curling at the ends like a ram's horn. P. 4, n. 4. Chain, P. 20, n. 22. Argent, three circles of chains, sable, name Sir Richard Hoo, Knight. Chains signify servitude and captivity, and some- times temperance and chastity, which bridle un- ruly passions. Chain-Shot. Some have taken this to be the head of a club called holy- water sprinkler, others to be balls of wildfire, generally supposed to be chain-shot, which is two bullets with a chain be- tween them ; their use is, at sea, to shoot down yards or masts or rigging of shigs. Azure, three M t }g2 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. chain-shots or ; this coat was borne by the Earl of Cumberland, next to his paternal coat. P.18, n. 8. Chamber, a term for a short piece of ordnance, without a carriage. P. 1, n. 6. Chapeau. See Cap of Maintenance. Chaplet, a garland, or headband of leaves and flowers. T. 5, n. 8. Note, A chaplet of roses, in heraldry, is always composed of four roses only, all the other parts being leaves. Ar- gent, three chaplets, vert, name Richardson, of Shropshire. Chaplets, or Garlands, were of great use among the Greeks in the affairs of love ; when' a man untied his garland, it was a declaration of his having been subdued by that passion ; and when a woman composed a garland, it was a tacit confession of the same thing. Chapournet, a httle hood. Charges, are all manner of figures or bearings whatsoever, borne in the field of a coat of arms,, which are by custom become peculiarly proper to the science. Charged. Any ordinary or figure, carrying any thing, is said to be charged therewith, azure, a saltire argent, charged with another gules, V. 18, n. 4. Charlemaign's Crown. This crown, which is divided into eight parts, is made of gold, weigh- ing fourteen pounds, and is still preserved at Nu- remberg. P. 8, n. 5. The fore part of the crown is decorated with twelve jewels, all unpolished. PART II. HERALDRY. 123 On the second part, on the right hand, is our Saviour sitting between two cherubs, with each four wings, whereof two are upward, and to downward, and under, this motto, Per me Reges regnant. The third part on the same side has only gems and pearls. On the fourth part is King Hezekiah sitting, holding his head with his right hand, and by his side Isaiah the prophet, with a scroll, whereon is this motto, Ecce adjiciam su^er dies tuos 15 an- nos : also over the heads of these figures, Isaias Propheta, Ezechias Hex. The fifth par^, which is behind, contains jewels seme. The sixth part has the effigy of a King crowned, and a scroll in his hand, with these words, Honor Regis judkium diligit : as also over his head. Rex David. The seventh part is only of gems ; but the eighth has a King sitting, with his crown upon his head, and on a scroll which he holds in both hands is this motto, Time Dominum, <§: Regem amato : as likewise over his head. Rex Solomon. On the top of this crown is a crqss, whose fore part contains seventeen jewels, and in the top of the cross are these words, IHS Nazarenus Rex Judceorum ; as also in the arch or semicircle, these, CHVONRADUS, DEI GRATIA ROMA- NORUM IMPERATOR AUG. which shows that the semicircle was added after Charlemaign's time, by the Emperor Conrad. . . 124? INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Checky, is composed of small squares of differ- ent tinctures alternately, as T, 5, n. 22. Cherub^s Head, is a child's head between two wings displayed. See P. 19, n. 2. Cherubim had the face of a man, the wings of an eagle, the back and mains of a lion, and the feet of a calf, Spencer. The prophet Ezekiel says, the Cherubim had four forms, a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle. See P. 22, n. 12. Chess-Rook, used in the game of chess. T. 7, n. 9. ermine three chess rooks gules, name Smert. See another shape, P. 19, n. 3. Chevalier, or horseman armed at all points, now out of use, and only to be seen in coat ar- mour, old pictures and prints. Cheval-Trap. See Gal-Trap. Chevron is an ordinary representing the two rafters of a house, joined together in chief, and descending in the form of a pair of compasses to the extremities of the shield, contains the fifth of the field. Gules a chevron armnL name Fulford. T.4,n.l7. Pee Chevron is when the field or charge is di- vided by such a line as helps to make the chevron, party per chevron, argent and vert, T. 3, n. 4. Chevronel, is a diminutive of, and in size half, the chevron. T. 4, n. 18. Note, When there are more than one chevron on a coat, and placed at equal distances from each other, they should be called Chevronels : but if they are placed in pairs, they are called couple closes. Ermine, two che- vronels azure, name Bagot. PART ir. HEUALDRY. 125 CiiEVRONNY, is the parting of a shield into se- veral equal partitions chevronwise. See P. 18, 11. 10. Chevrons Braced. See Braced. Chevrons Couched, signifies lying sideways. P. 3, n. 16. Chevrons Contrepoint signifies to stand one upon the head of another. P. S, n. 17- Chief, is an ordinary formed by an horizontal line, and occupies the upper part of the shield, and so termed because it hath place in the upper part of the shield and contains in depth the third of the field. T.4, n.l. In Chief, is a thing borne in the chief part or top of the escutcheon. See P. A. n. 2. viz. argent, a/ess, in chief three lozenges sable, name Astmi. CniMiERA, was feigned to have the head of a lion breathing flames, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon ; because the mountain Chimaera in Lycia, had a volcano on its top, and nourished lions ; the middle part afforded pasture for goats, and the bottom was infested with serpents. Belle- rophon destroying these, and rendering the moun- tain habitable, was said to have conquered Chi- maera. See Pope's Homers Iliad, P. 22, n. 9. Chimerical is such figures as have no other existence but in the imagination. See P. 13, n. 20. T. 7, n. 22, n. 23, n. 24. Church-Bells. See Bells. CiNABKE. See Gules. Cinquefoil, five-leaved grass, answering to the m3 1^ INTRODUCTION TO PART II. five senses in man, and signifies one that masters his affections, also one that overcometh his ene- mies, not only by valour, but wisdom. T. 6, n. 23. Or a Cinque/oil sable^ na.me Brailford, of Derby. Circular Wreath. See P. 3, n. 6. Civic-Crown, was a garland composed of oak leaves and acorns, and given by the Romans as re- ward to any soldier that saved the life of a Roman citizen in an engagement. This was reckoned more honourable than any other crow n, though composed of better materials. Plutarch says the reason why the branches of the oak should be made choice of before all others, is, that the oaken wreath, being sacred to Jupiter, the great guardian of the city, they might think it the most proper ornament for him who preserved a citizen. Note, The most remarkable person upon record in history for obtaining these rewards was one C. Siccius (or Sicinius) Dentatus : who had received in the time of his military service eight crowns of gold ; fourteen civic crowns, three mural, eighty- three golden torques or gold collars, sixty golden armillcc or bracelets, eighteen hastoe puree, a fine spear of wood, and seventy-five phalerce, a suit of rich trappings for a horse. Kennet. Clam, a Scotch term for an escalop or cockle- shell. Clarion or Claricord. See Rest. Cleche'e, a Cross, (voided and pomette) is spreading from the centre towards the extremities, then ending in an angle in the middle of the ex- PART II. HEllALDllY. 12T tremity, by lines from the two points that make the breadth till they come to join. P. 6, n. 17. Cleg Goose. See Barnacle. Clinched signifies the hand to be shut, as P. 13, n. 17. Close, when the wings of a bird are down and close to the body. T. 9, n. 19. Note^ The term is used for horse barnacles when they are not extended ; also to denote a helmet with the visor down, as P. 10, n. 4. Close-Girt, when figures are habited, whose clothes are tied about the middle. Closet, is the diminutive and half the bar in breadth. T. 4, n. 15. Closing-tongs, a tool used by the founders, and made part of their crest. P. 1, n. 9. Cobweb and Spider, a cohzvcb, in the centre a spider. P. 16, n. 10. This is the arms of Cobster, of Lombardy. Laws, like spiders^ webs, are wrought : Great flies escape, and small are caught. Cock, is a bird of noble courage, he is always prepared for battle, having his comb for a helmet, his beak for a cutlass to wound his enemy, and is a complete warrior armed cap-a-pee ; he hath his legs armed with spurs, giving example to the valiant soldier to resist danger by fight and not by flight. The domestic cock differs very widely from the wild descendants of its primitive stock, which are said to inhabit the forests of India, and most of the islands of the Indian seas. Bingleys An. Biog. V. 14, n. 14. Azii^'c, three cocks. 128 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. argent, armed, crested, and jelloped, proper, name Cdkaine. Cocke, a term used by Leigh for a chess-rook. Cockatrice ; an imaginary monster, which in his wings and legs partakes of the fowl, and in his tail of the snake. T. 7, n. ^l^. Sable, a cockatrice or, combed gides, name, Botke. Cockatrice Displayed, P. 3, n. 26. Sable a cockatrice displayed argent, crested, membred, and jelloped, gules, name, Buggine. Cognizance, or Crest. Porney says, crests were only worn by heroes of great valour, and by such as had a superior military command, in order that they might be the better distinguished in an engagement, and thereby rally their men, if dispersed ; but Cognisances were badges which subordinate officers, and even soldiers, did bear on their shields for distinction sake, being not entitled to a crest. Collared signifies any animal having a collar about his neck. Colours, and metals, when engraved, are known by points and hatched lines; as or, the metal gold, is known in engraving by small dots or points ; argent, a metal which is white, and signifies silver, is always left plain ; gules, this colour is expressed by lines perpendicular, from top to bottom ; azure, a colour known by hori- zontal lines from side to side; sable, a colour expressed by horizontal and perpendicular lines crossinnr each other ; vert, a colour described by hatched lines from right to left diagonally ; pur- PART II. HERALDRY. 1^9 PURE, a colour known by hatched lines from the sinister chief to the dexter base, diagonally ; the metals or and argent are allowed precedency to colours. T. 2. ISiote^ Colours, when compounded, (viz. gules with or signifies desire to conquer, with argent revenge, with vert courage in youth, 8cc.) were intended to signify this or that virtue in the bearer : it is bombast, and unbecoming the science, let Gerard Leigh's, &c. advocates assert what they please. Guillim, Colours. Yellow, White, Red, Blue, Green, Purple, Black, Orange, Murrey, _ 2 Names. Stones. Planets. Virtues. T ror, Topaz, Sol, Constancy. .s Argent, Pearl, Luna, Innocence. "S Gules, Ruby, Mars, Magnanimity. 0> Azure, Sapphire, Jupiter, Loyalty. 3 ' Vert, Emerald, Venus, Love Loyal. i Purpure, Amethyst, Mercury, Temperance. c3 j3 Sable, Diamond, Saturn, Prudence. 2 Tenne, Hyacinth, Dr°. Head. ^ ^Sanguine, Sardonix, Dr". Tail. Someauthorssay,Gentlemen,Esquires,Knights, and Baronets' arms, are blazoned by metals, and colours. Barons, Viscounts, Earls, Marquises, and Dukes, by precious stones. Sovereign Princes, Kings, and Emperors, by planets. These are no where used but in England, being justly held in ridicule in all other nations, and the most judicious of our own. — GuiUim. This custom is only a fantastic humour of our nation ; and, for my part, I shall avoid it as ridiculous, 130 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. being no where in the world used but here. Car- ters Analysis of Hon, Note, Nisbet says, art should imitate nature ; and as it would be an unnatural thing in common discourse, not to call red red, because a prince wears it, so it is unnatural to use these terms in Heraldry; and it may fall out to be very ridicu- lous in some blazons ; as, for instance, if a prince had for his arms an ass coiichant Mars, for the word Mars will agree very ill with asses^ sJieep^ lambs^ and many other things which are to be painted in heraldry; and a hundred other ex- amples may be given, but it is enough to say, that this is to confound colours with charges, and the things that are borne with colours. Columbine. This flower is borne in the arms of the Company of Cooks. P. 5, n. 4. Argent, a chevron sable, between three Columbines proper, name. Hall, of Coventry. Combatant, that is to say fighting or rampant, face to face. T. 9, n. 5. Or, two lions rampaiit, combatant gules, langued and armed azure, name, Wycombe. Comet, or Blazing Star, in heraldry, is a star of six points, with a tail streaming from it, in bend, as the example, P. H, n. 7; according to Guillim, is not of an orbicular shape, as other celestial natures are, but doth protract its light in length, like to a beard, or rather dilate it in the midst like a hairy bush, and growing thence taper- wise, in the manner of a fox's tail. Comets were sup[X)sed to prognosticate events of things to ?ART II. HERALDRY. ISl ;ome. They appear to be borne in coat-armour, )f which the aforesaid author gives us an instance, ;hus5 Azure, a comet, streaming in bend or, name, Cartwright. Compartments. See Partitions. Complement. This term signifies the moon when at her full. CoMPONY, Counter Compony, is when a jorder, pale, bend, or other ordinary, is made up jf two rows of squares, consisting of metals and [colours. See T. 5, n. 14. Confeonte, facing or fronting one another. Conger-Eel's Head, couped, is borne on a pale, name, Gascoigne. P. 6, n. 15. Conjoined, or Conjunct, signifies charges in jrms when joined together ; viz. gules, two lions rampant, conjoined under one head, gardant, ar- ^ent, name, Kellurn. See P. 15, n. 22. Seven mascleSj conjunct three, three, and one. P. 2, n. J2. Conjoined in Lure is two wings joined to- gether, with their tips downwards, as the ex- ample, T. 10, n. 2. Contourne signifies a beast turned to the inister side of the shield. P. 15, n. 23. Contrary-conid, an ancient term for gy- onny. The ancients called it contrary-conid, lecause all the colours of the arms meet together t the middle point of the shield, which they call le cone. Feme. , CoNTRE signifies counter, or opposite. Contrepoint is when two chevrons meet in INTRODUCTION TO PART II. the fess points, the one rising from the base, the other inverted, falling from the chief, so that they are counter or opposite to one another. See P. 3, n. 17. CouNTERTREvis, an ancient term for party per fess. CouRLETT. See Cuirass. CooTE, a bird : the feathers about the head and neck are low, soft, and thick. The colour all over the body is black, deeper about the head ; builds its nest of grass, broken reeds, &c. floating on the top of the water, so that it rises and falls with it ; the reeds among which it is built prevent its being carried down by the stream. P. 11, n. 17. Copper. An instrument used by the gold and silver wire-drawers to wind wire upon. It is borne by them as part of their armorial ensign. P. 1, n. 2. Copper Cake. See P. 4, n. 6. Ermine, three copper cakes gules, and on a chief gules, a cham- ber proper, name. Chambers, of London, Esq. Corbie, an heraldic name for a raven. Corded, a Cross, signifies wound about with cords, as the example, P. 6, n. 6. Cormorant. See P. 19, n. 16. Cornet, a musical instrument. P. 7, n. S3. CoRNiSH-ciiouGH, is a fine blue or purpk black bird, with red beak and legs, and is a nobk bearing of antiquity, being accounted the kin£ of crows. It frequents some places in Cornwal And North Wales, inhabiting there the cliffs anc ruinous castles along the shore. P. 14, n. 17. PART II. HERALDRY. 133 Corsica, Crown of. P. 8, n. 14. Cost, or Cotice, is one of the diminutives of the bend, seldom borne but in couples with a bend between them. T. 4, n. 8. Cot ICED, or Cotised, any thing that is ac- costed, sided, or accompanied by another. See Plate A. n. 20. Argent, on a heiid gules, coticed, sable three pair of wings conjoined of the firsts name, Wingjield, Cotice'. A term used by the French when an escutcheon is divided bendways into many equal parts. See Bendy. Cotton-Hank, P. 18, n. 6. Azure, a chevron betzveen three cotton-hanks^ argent, name, Cotton, Counterc HANGED is an intermixture of several metals and colours one against another. See an example, Plate C. n. 15. Quarterly or and azure, a cross of Jour lozenges betzveen as many annulets, counterchanged, name, Peacock. Likewise see the examples in P. 3, n. 19, 20, and 22. Counter-Compone, composed of small squares, but never above two rows. T. 5, n. 14. Counter-embowed, a dexter arm, couped at the shoulder, counter- embozi^ed. P. 13, n. 19. Counter-Imbattled. See the example, P. 13, n. 5. Azure, a Jess counter-imbattled, argent, name, Barnas, of Sussex. Counter-Passant is when two beasts are passing the contrary way to each other. T. 9, n. 8. Sable, two lions, counter-passant argent, 'collared gides, name, Glegg. Counter-Potent. See Potent. 134 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Counter-Perflew. See Perflew. Counter-Saliant. See Saliant. Counter-Tripping. See Tripping. Counter- Vair, or and azure; this fur differs from vair, by having its cups or bells of the same tinctures, placed base against base, and point against point, ranged with their heads and points one upon the other, as or upon or. T. 2, n. 5. Couchant signifies a beast lying down, but with his head lifted up, which (distinguishes the beast so lying, from dormant. The lion in this position signifies the illustrious hero, as also re- pose, or voluntary lying down, and not by force, for his nature is such, that he will not submit to correction. T. 8, n. 20. CouPED is when the head or any other limb of an animal, or any charge in an escutcheon that is borne, is cut evenly off. See the examples. T. 8, n. 16. P. 4, n. 14 Plate H. n. 14. n. 19. Note^ When boars^ bears, wolves, whales, and otters'' heads are couped close to the head, as ex- ample, P. 3, n. 2, it is termed couped close, to distinguish it from a boar's head couped, as P. 3, n. 3. Couped or Humette, a Cross, signifies cut, or shortened, that the extremities reach not the outUnes of the escutcheon. P. 4, n. 14. Couple-Close, so termed from its inclosing by couples the chevron, and contains the fourth part of a chevron. T. 4, n. 19. Couple-closes are always borne by pairs, one on each side of a chevron. See Plate A. n. 16. Sable, a chevron «#\ PART ir. HERALDRY. 1S5 between two couple-closes ^ accompanied with three cinquefoils or^ name, Tlenton. CouRANT, or in full course. T. 9, n. 16. Coward, or Cowed, is when a lion, or other animal, has its tail haneinff down between its legs, p. 15, n. 13. _ ^ ^ Crab; it is chiefly found in the water, where they feed on insects, worms, or vegetable sub- stances. They change their shells annually ; and when their skins are soft, for some time after their casting their shell, they are frequently devoured both by the stronger animals of their own species, and by many others. Argent, a chevron^ between three sea crabs gules, name, Bridger, Cramps, or Crampoons, are pieces of iron, hooked at each end, and used in buildings, to fasten two stones together. P. 1, n. 16. Crampet is* the chape at the bottom of the scabbard of a broad sword, and by the French termed Botterolle. Argent^ three botterolles gules ^ are the arms of the duchy of Angria. P. 1, n. 20. Cramponne, a Cross, so termed, as it has at each end a cramp, or square piece, coming from it. P. 4, n. 5. Crane. This is a large bird, upwards of five feet in length, the bill four inches long, the plu- mage ash-colour, the forehead black, the sides of the head, behind the eyes, and the back part of the neck, are white, the upper part of the neck ash-colour, some parts about the wings blackish ; from the pinion of each wing springs a tuft of loose feathers, curled at the end^ which may be 136 INTRODUCTION TO PAUT H. erected at will ; the legs are black. Wlieii the Cranes are assembled on the ground, they set guards during the night, and the circumspection of these birds has been consecrated in the ancient hieroglyphics as the symbol of vigilance. Crenelle. See Imbattled. Crescent, or half-moon, with its horns turned towards the chief of the shield ; by this position it differs from the increscent and decrescent. See T. 7, n. 6. Azure, a crescent argent, name, Lucy, Crescents, the prevailing badges among the Ibl- lowers of Mahomet ; as crosses, among the Chris- tians, were assumed in armories as general em- blems of victory over the Saracens. Brydson^s Heraldry. Crescented, a Cross, that is, having a cre- scent at eacli end. P. 4, n. S5. Crest is a figure placed upon a wreath, coro- net, or cap of maintenance, above the helmet or shield. No women, except sovereign princesses, attach to their arms the helmet, mantlings, wreath, crest, or motto. See P. 17, n. 5. Crested is when the cock, or other bird, has its comb of a different tincture from its body ; it is then termed crested of such a tincture, naming it. Crined is a term when the beard of an animal differs in tincture from its body. Cronel, the iron head of a tilting spear. P. 2, n. 19. Sable, a chevron, ermine, between three cr oriels, of a tilt spear, argent, name, Wiseman. Crosier. This staff (according to Polydorc Virgil) was given to bishops to chastise the vices PART II. HERALDRY. 137 of the people. It is called Baculus PastoraUs, as given to them in respect of their pastoral charge and superintendence over their flock, as well for feeding them with wholesopne doctrine, as for defending them from the incursions of the wolf; wherein they imitate the good and watchful shep- herd, of whose crook this crosier hath a resem- blance. P. 12, n. 8. Crosslet, a Cross, that is, crossed at each end. T. 6, n. 10. Cross-Bow. This instrument, mihtary (ac- cording to Polydore) was invented by the Cretans, who out of it used to shoot stones and darts. Ermine, a cross-bow bent in pale gules, name, Arblaster. P. 12, n. 1. The bow is an instrument to shoot arrows from ; they are of two sorts, the long-bow and cross-bow ; the first discharges an arrow by the force of him who draws the bow ; while the latter owes its extension to the power of a small lever, which is let off by means of a trigger. See P. 12, n. 1. C ROSS, one of the honourable ordinaries, formed by the meeting of two perpendicular with two ho- rizontal lines, near the fess-point, where they make four right angles ; the lines are not drawn through- out, but discontinued the breadth of the ordinary, which takes up only the fifth part of the field, when not charged, but if charged, the third. T. 4, n. 20. Upton says, the Cross is the hope of Christians, the resurrection of the dead, the guide of the blind, the life of those that were given over, the staff of the lame, the comfort of the poor, the • N 3 138 INTRODUCTION TO PART H, pilot of sailors, the harbour from danger, and the wall of the besieged. Crosses. The first use we find made of crosses was in the expeditions to the wars in the Holy Land, in the year 1096. There were also at that time great numbers who took crosses, which they received from the hands of the bishops and priests, and, being made of cloth or taffetty, were sewed on their garments, for which their expeditions were called croisades ; so by varying the form of the cross, each leader was known. Crosses were frequently placed at the meeting of roads, to ex- cite religious ideas in the passers by, to include in their prayers the soul of the erecter. Per-Cross. This term signifies the field to be divided into four equal parts, and to consist of metals and colours, or furs and colours, without any charge occupying the quarters ; but if the quarters be charged, then it is blazoned quarterly. Party per cross, gules, and argent, name, Cock, T. 8, n. 5. Cross of Jerusalem. See Jerusalem Cross. Cross-wise, or, in cross, is when any charges are placed in form of a cross, five being the com- mon number. See P. 4, n. 17 and 18. crowns and coronets of ENGLAND. Crown of the King of Great Britain is a circle of gold, enriched with pearls and stones, and hcightenetl up with four crosses pattee, and four fleurs-de-lis alternately; from these rise>four PART ir. HERALDRY. 1S9 arch-diadems, adorned with pearls, which close under a mound, ensigned by a cross pattee. P. 9. Note, Edward the IVth was the first sovereign of England that, in his seal, or on his coin, is crowned with an arched diadem. LucJwlm, Prince of Wales's Coronet is a circle of gold, set round with crosses pattee, and fleurs-de- hs, like the king's, but has only one arch, de- corated with pearls, and surmounted of a mound and cross, and bordered with ermine. P. 9, n. % Three ostrich feathers, argent, quilled or, infiled, with a Prince's coronet of the last, with an escrol, azure, thereon the words Ich dien, I serve P. 5, n. 24: this is the badge or cognizance of his Royal Plighness George Prince of Wales. The device was assumed by Edward the Black Prince, after the battle of Cressy, A. D. 1345*, (a town of France, in Picardy, and in the diocese of Meaux) where having, with his own hand, killed John, King of Bohemia, who served the King of France in his wars, and was his stipendiary, he took from his head such a plume and motto, and put it on his own, to perpetuate the victory. Younger Sons or Brothers of the Bloob Royal. The coronets of the present Dukes of Gloucester and York are a circle of gold, bor- dered with ermine, heightened up with four fleurs- de-lis, crosses pattee, and strawberry-leaves al- ternate. P. 9, n. 3. Nephews of the Blood Royal differ from the younger sons or brothers, by having straw- berry-leaves on the rim, as theirs have fleurs-de- lis. P. 9, n. 4. • 140 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Princess Royal. Coronets of the Princesses of Great Britain, are a circle of gold bordered with ermine, and heightened up with crosses pattee, fleurs-de-lis, and strawberry-leaves al- ternate. P. 9, n. 5. Duke'*s Coeonet is a circle of gold, with eight strawberry or parsley-leaves of equal height above the rim. P. 9, n. 6, Marquis's Coronet is a circle of gold, set round with four strawberry-leaves, and as many pearls on pyramidical points of equal height al- ternate. P. 9, n. 7. Earl's Coronet is a circle of gold, heightened up with eight pyramidical points or spikes ; on the tops of which are as many pearls, and are placed alternately below on the rim, with as many strawberry-leaves. P. 9, n. 8. Viscount's Coronet is a circle of gold, having sixteen pearls on the rim. Coronets were first assigned to viscounts in the reign of king James the First. P. 9, n. 9. Baron's Coronet, on a gold circle, six pearls, P. 9, n. 10. Coronets were assigned to barons by king Charles the Second, after his restoration. Notey The pearls on the English coronets are commonly called pearls, but they are always made of silver. Note^ Originally the barons wore scarlet caps turned up with white ; they afterwards wore caps of crimson turned up with ermine, and on the top a tassel of gold. This they used till the reign of Charles II., as before mentioned. In 1665, Charles the Second granted his royal PART II. HERALDRY. 141 warrants to the officers of arms in Scotland and Ireland, for the peers of each of those kingdoms to wear the same fashioned coronets as those of England, according to their several degrees. Archbishops as dukes, and bishops as barons of parUament, distinguish their mitres, by the former having their bandages enriched with ducal leaves, and the latter wearing them plain, in imi- tation of the ancient barons, before the present mode of coronets was introduced. P. 9, n. 11, and 12. The Earl Marshal's orders for the coronets wore at the coronation of his Majesty George II. : Baron's Coronet. Is a circle with six pearls upon the same, not raised upon points. Viscounfs Coronet. Is a circle with sixteen pearls thereon, and not raised upon points. Earl's Coronet. Is composed of eight pearls raised upon points, with small leaves between, above the rim. Marquis's Coronet. Is composed of four leaves and four pearls, raised upon points of the same height as the leaves, alternately above the rim. Duke's Coronet. Is composed of eight leaves, all of equal height above the rim. The caps of the coronets are of crimson velvet turned up with ermine, with a button and tassel of gold or silver at the top. It is his Majesty's pleasure, that all and every the Peers and Peeresses who shall attend the said coronation, do forbear to set or use any jewels or precious stones in their coronets. Whereas coach- 142 INTRODUCTION TO PAET II. makers, carvers, embroiderers, painters, silver- smiths, and other artificers, do presume (both upon coaches and making of coronets for this present coronation) to raise the pearls of the barons and baronesses' coronets upon pins or spikes (whereas they ought to be flat upon the ring or rim of the coronet), this is to warn all such workmen from the like error, and to enjoin and order them to take care to make all such coronets exactly as they were to be worn by the grant from King Charles II. of blessed memory, as they will answer the contrary at their perils. Sept 22, 1727." SUSSEX, M. Crowns Foreign. Plate S. 1 Celestial, 2 Eastern, 3 Imperial, 4 Pope, 5 Charlemaign, 6 Grand Seignor, 7 France, 8 Spain, 9 Portugal, 10 Denmark, 11 Russia, 12 Prussia, 13 Poland, 14 Corsica, 15 Electoral, 16 Arch-Duke, 17 Duke of Tuscany, 18 Dauphin, 19 Brunswick, 20 Doge of Venice, 21 Vallery, 22 Naval, 23 Mural, 24 Civic, 25 Triumphal, 26 Obsidional, 27 Chaplct, 28 Wreath. f PART II. HERALDRY. Crowns Foreign. Plate 19. 1 Bohemia, 13 Guelderland, 2 Sardinia, 14 Mentz, 3 Sicily, 15 Catalonia, 4 Holland, 16 Parma, 5 Orange, 17 Guastalla, 6 Hanover, 18 Baden, 7 Palatine, 19 Modena, 8 Cologne, 20 Holstein, 9 Waldeck, 21 Hungary, 10 Mecklenbu] rgh, 22 Sweden, 11 Genoa, 23 Mantua, 12 Lorraine, 24 Valence. 143 Note, These crowns are copied from the seals of the different countries. Crusuly is the field, or charge, strewed over with crosses. Crwth, an ancient term for a violin. Cry of war. Any word or sentence that used to become a general cry throughout an army upon its approach to battle. Cubit Arm, is the hand and arm couped at the elbow. See P. 13, n. 17. Cuirass, or breast-plate of armour. See P. 17, n. 1. Polycenus says, Alexander, considering that the body being encircled with armour might be a temptation to the soldiers to turn their backs upon their enemies, therefore commanded them to lay aside their back-pieces, and arm them- selves with breast-plates. 144 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. CuissEs are those parts of armour whicli cover the thighs and knees, and by former heralds were called Culliers. CuLLVERS, or CuUiers. See Cuisses. CuMBENT. See Lodged. Cuirassiers are horsemen that wear armour. Curriers' Shave. This tool is used by cur- riers to thin the leather, and is borne in the arms and crest of the Curriers'* Company. P. 5, n. 18. Cushion. This bearing is looked upon as a mark of authority, and is borne by many ancient families. P. 17, n. 15. Gules, three cushions er- mine, buttoned and tasselled or, name, Redman, Cushions ; distinctive characteristics of Eastern manners ~and luxury ; of such account as to have place in Mahomet's paradise. They appear to be borne in heraldry as trophies selected from the spoils of the infidels. Brydsoii's Heraldry. Cutting-Iron. A tool used by the patten- makers, and borne by them in their armorial ensign. P.2, n. 30. Cuttle.Fish, or Tnk-Fish. P. 19, n. 22. Cygnet Royal. This term is given to swans when they are collared about the neck with an open crown, and a chain affixed thereto. See P. 14, n. 15. Note, The most proper blazon is, a szcan argent, ducally gorged and chained or. When the head of a swan is a charge, it is bla- zoned, a sxvan^s neck (not head) erased or couped; but this is not the custom in regard to any other species of bird whatsoever. Cygnus, or Swan. PART II. HERALDRY. 14^ D. Dacre's Knot and badge. See P. 15, n. 35. Dancette is a larger sort of indenting (being wider and deeper than that called indented), whose points never exceed three in number. T. S. Note, See the difference in Plate J, n. 12. Or, a fess dancette sable, n. 11, is azure two bars in- dented or^ a chief argent Danish Axe. See P. 15, n. 11. Danish Hatchet. See P. 22, n. 6. Darnel, a term for a Cockel. Dauphin's Crown is a circle of gold, set round with eight fleurs-de-lis, closed at the top with four, dolphins, whose tails conjoin under a fleur-de-hs. P. 8, n. 18. Debruised, is when a bend or other ordinary is placed over any animal, whereby it is debarred of its natural freedom. See P. 15, n. 17. Decrescent shows the state of the moon when she declines from her full to her last quarter, and differs from the increscent by having the horns towards the left side of the shield. T. 7, n. 8. Azure, a decrescent proper, name, De la Luna. ' Defamed, signifies a creature to have lost its tail, as if it were disgraced, and made infamous by the loss thereof. P. 15, n. 14. Degraded, a Cross, from its having steps at each end. P. 4, n. 3. Argent, a cross degraded sable, name, Wyntworth. Demy signifies the half of a Jiing, as a demv- o 146 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. lion. See T. 8, n. 18. Or, a demy-lion rampajit gules, name, Mallory. Demy-Vol, is one wing. T. 9, n. 23. Demy Fleur-de-Lis. T. 10, n. 8. A demy Jleiir-de-lis gules, is the crest of Stoddyr, See another, P. 7, n. 24. Demy-Rose. See P. 15, n. 29. Or, on a Jess vert, hetxveen three battle-axes, gules, a fleur- de-lis or, inclosed by two demy-roses argent, name, Jenynges, Denmark, Crown of, P. 8, n. 10. Detriment, a term for the moon when edipsed. Devouring. See Vorant. Dexter signifies the right hand side of the escutcheon : the supporter, and every thing placed on the right hand, is termed the dexter ; it is also the male side in an impaled coat of arms. Dexter-Hand, the right hand. P. 7, n. 32. Azure a deocter-Jiaiid, couped argent, name, Brome. Dexter-Base is the right side of the base, represented by the letter G. See T. 1. Dexter-Chief is the angle on the right hand side of the chief, represented by the letter A. SeeT.l. A Dexter Wing. The right wing. Diamond is a precious stone, which in heraldry signifies the colour sable, or black. This stone was the third in the second row of Aaron's breast- plate. PART rr. HERALDRY. 147 Diapered is dividing the field in panes like fretwork, and filling the same with variety of figures. P. 3, n. 14. iVo/e, This seems more the fancy of the painter than a paternal bearing. DiFFAME. See Defamed. Difference is certain figures added to coats of arms, to distinguish one branch of a family from another, and how distant younger branches are from the elder. See Distinction or Houses. Diminutives ; the pale's diminutives are the Pallet and Endorse : the be^id has the Gar- ter, Cost, and Ribbon; the bar has the Closet, Barrulet, and Bar-Gemel ; the chevron has the Chevronel and Couple-Close ; the bend sinister has the Scarpe and Baton ; the bordurc has the Orle and Tressure ; the quarter has the Canton ; the flancli has the Flasque and Voider. See each in its respective place. Dismembered signifies a cross, or other thing, cut in pieces, and set up at a small distance, but keeping the form of the figure. See P. 4, n. 9. See a lion dismembered, P. 7, n. 14. Or, a lion rampant, gules, dismembered^ within a double tressure, flory, counterflory, of the second, name, Maitland, Displayed, for the wings of a bird when they are expanded, as in the example, ati eagle dis- placed. T. 9, n. 21. Distillatory, double-armed with two worms, and bolt-receivers on fire, being part of the arms of the Distillers' Company. P. 5, n. 14. Distinctions of Houses. These differences 148 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. serve to inform us from what line the bearer of each is descended ; these distinctions began about the time of Richard the Second (according to Camden, Clarencieux). P. 10. Nisbet says, in the tenth and eleventh centuries, memorial bearings were single, and plain, con- sisting of few figures ; for the distinctio7is used as marks of cadency were rare, and the practice of composing and marshalling them, either with some of the charges, or with the exterior orna- ments of other families, was not then in use. FIRST HOUSE. Fig. 1. is tlie label for the first son. Fig. % the crescent for the second son. Fig. 3. the mullet for the third son. Fig. 4. the martlet for the fourth son. Fig. 5. the annulet for the fifth son. Fig. 6. the fleur-de-lis for the sixth son. Fig. 7. a rose for the seventh son. Fig. 8. a cross moline for the eighth son. Fig. 9. a double quatrefoil for the ninth son. By these distinctions every brother or house ought to observe his or its due difference. Note, The distinctions made use of for dif- ferencing the several princes and princesses of the blood-royal of England, are generally labels differently charged. PART II. HERALDRY. ' 149 SECOND HOUSE. Fig. 1 . the crescent with the label on it for the iirst son of the second son. Fig. 2. tlie c?'escent on the crescent for the second son of the second son, of the first house, and so on. See P. 10. Note, The label is borne by the eldest son whilst his father lives, to signify that he is but the third person, his father being one, his mother another, and himself being the third. Crescent, the second son, to show that he should increase the family by estate or reputation. Mullet, or spur-rowel, the third son, to show that he should follow chivalry. Martlet, the fourth son, because, expecting no patrimony, he should become a soldier, and defend castles, which were the only old fortifications ; in which castles mart- lets used to make their nests. Annulet, the fifth son, to remind him to achieve great actions ; the badge whereof was, in old times, jus aureorum annulorum. Fleur-de-lis, sixth son, to remind him of his country and prince. Rose, seventh son, to remind him to endeavour to flourish like that excellent flower. Moline, eighth son, to remember to gripe when he can fasten, seeing he has nothing else to which he may trust. Double Quatrefoil, ninth son, to express that he is re- moved from his eldest brother, and the succession, by eight degrees. Mackenz'ie, Science of Heraldry. P. 72. DisvELLOPED signifies displayed, as colour:* 150 ' INTRODUCTION TO PART II. flying, or spread out, are in heraldry often said to be disveiloped. See P. 5, n. 1. Wyrley noteth in the life and death of the Capitol! de Bur, saying, " With threatening ax in hand I was at hand ; and my disveiloped penon me before."*' Dog. To no animal is mankind so much in- debted for services and affection as to the dog : among all the various orders of animal beings, no one has hitherto been found so entirely adapted to our use, and even to our protection, as thiss His diligence, his ardour, and his obedience, have been truly observed to be inexhaustible ; and his disposition is so friendly, that, unlike every other animal, he seems to remember only the benefits he receives ; he soon forgets our blows, and, in- stead of discovering resentment while we chastise him, he exposes himself to torture, and even licks the hand from whence it proceeds. Bingleys Anim. Biog. Oi\ a fess dancette, between three Talbots passcmt, sable, name, Carrack. Doge of Venice, Crown of. P. 8, n. 20. Dolphin is reckoned the king of fishes, and is used in several coats of arms : some authors sup- pose it is the emblem of friendship and prudence, because, when it apprehends a storm coming, it rises above the water, and swims towards the shore. The ancients invariably represent the dolphin with its back greatly incurvated. In their leaps out of the water they assume this form, but their natural shape is straight, the back being but slightly incurvated. Bingleys Ani7ti. Biog. P. 17, n. 2. The example in blazon is termed a PAP-T II. HEilALDRY. 151 dolphin fiaia7it cmbowed; but when a dolphin ap- ptjars in a coat straight, it is then termed a dolphin exf ended naiant ; when it is placed perpendicular, with its body in the form of a letter S, it is called springing and hauriejit ; but it is most usually blazoned a dolphin haurient torgued. Azure, a dol- phin haurient emboii)ed argent, name, Fitz-James, Dormant signifies sleeping, with the head rest- ing on the fore paws. T. 8, n. 19- Or, three lions dormant in pale sable, name, Lloyd, Dosser. See Water-Bouget. Double Dancette, a bend, according to Leigh ; the bend double dancette is a mark of bastardy- See P. 1, n. 13. Carter has this ex- ample, viz. azure a bend double dancette, argent, name, Lorks ; but makes no mention of the mark of bastardy. Double-IIeaded, a Lion. This instance is from Leigh, who says, the bearer did homage to two };)rinces (who both bore a lion rampant), for certain lands, by bearing a lion rampant with two heads, signifying the two princes he homaged. r. 15, n. 19. Or, a lion, double-headed, azure^ nariie. Sir John Mason. Double-Tailed, a lion rampant, double- tailed. P. 15, n. 18. Or, a lion double-tailed or queued, azure, name, IVandesford. DouBLE-FiTCHY, A Cross, cach extremity having two points. P. 6, n. 7. Double Parted, a Cross. P. 4, n. 16. Azure, a croas double parted, argent, name, Doubler, of Cheshire. 152 INTRODUCTION TO PART IF. Double-Plume, of ostrich feathers, is ge- neral! v composed o^ Jive at bottom, unA J'aur at top. "p. 15, 11.9. Double Rose. See P, 6, n. 21. Double Tressure, two tressures, one within the other. See Plate J, n. 9. Double Quatrefoil. The double quatrefoil is used as a distinction for the ninth brother. P. 10, n. 9- Doublings are the linings of.robes or mantles of state, or the mantlings in achievements. Dove is mild and meek, clean of kind, plen- teous in increase, friend of company, and forget- ful of wrongs. P. 11, n. 20. Dove displayed, viz. a dove displayed in the glory of the sun. P. 16, n. 12. Note, This bearing is a part of the arms of the Stationers' Company. Dove-Tail, one of the partition lines, wherein two different tinctures are set within one another, in form of doves' tails or wedges. T. 3. Dragon is an imaginary monster, but is used in heraldry, both in coatS; crests, and supporters. T. 8, n. 1. Gules, tliree dragons passant, in pale ermine, name, Blossun. Dragon's Head, in heraldry, is the colour tenne, or orange colour. Dragon's-Tail, in heraldry, is the term for sanguine or murrey, the colour of cold blood. Drawing-Iron, an instrument used by wire- drawers, and part of their armorial ensign. Sec P.6, n. 25. PART II. HERALDRY. 153 Ducal Coronet. See Crowns and Coronets of England. DuciPER, a term for a cap of maintenance. Dun-Fly. See Gad-Fly. E. Eagle. The eagle is accounted the king of birds, and signifies magnanimity and fortitude of mind, who seeks to combat with none but his equals. He disdains the possession of that pro- perty which is not the fruit of his own industry ; he seldom devours the whole of his game, but, like the lion, leaves the fragments and oiFals to the other animals. From his rising higher in the air than any of the winged race, he was termed by the ancients the celestial bird, and regarded as the messenger of Jupiter. The eagle was the tutelary bird and ensign of the Romans. Azure, an eagle displayed^ argefif, armed gules, name, Cotto7i. Spread Eagle, signifies an eagle with two heads, as the example. Note, It is more heraldic to say, 071 eagle with tzw heads displaced. P. 14, n. SI. According to Forney, the reason why the Emperor of Germany bears an eagle with two necks, is this : on the union of the kingdom of Romania, now a province of Turkey in Europe, its arms, which were an eagle displai/ed sable, being the same as those of the emperor, were united into one body, leaving it two necks as they are now. ^ 154 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Eagle Displayed. This term is for a bird whose wings are expanded or displayed, T. 9, n. 21. Eaglet, when there are more than one eagle in a coat without some ordinary between them, then in blazon they are termed eaglets, or young eagles. Earl's Coronet. See Crowns and Coro- nets of England. Eastern Crown, so termed from its being like that formerly worn by the Jewish kings ; it was made of gold, with rays about it, as the example. P. 8, n. 2. Eel : the eel forms evidently a connecting link, in the chain of nature, between the serpent tribe and the fishes, possessing not only, in a great measure, the serpent form, but also many of its habits. Arge7it, three eels 7iaiant, in pale bar-' ways, sable, name, Ellis. Eel-Spear, an instrument used by fishermen for taking of eels. P. 17, n. 21, Sable, a che- vron beUveen three eel-spear Sy argent, name, Stratele. Eguisce, a Cross, is that which has the two angles at the ends cut off so as to terminate in pomts. P. 6, n. 3. EiGHTFOiL, or double quatrefoil, is eight- leaved grass. Sylvanus Morgan gives this as a difference of the ninth branch of a family. See P.IO, n.9. Electoral Crown is a scarlet cap, faced with ermine, diademed with half a circle of gold, set PART II. HERALDRY. 155 with pearls, supporting a globe, with a cross o£ gold on the top. P. 8, n. 15. Elephant was, amongst the Persians, Egyp- tians, and Indians, the emblem of fidelity, justice, and piety ; and amongst the modern Arabs, Sia- mese, and Sumatrans, the emblem of magnani- mity, memory, and providence. In many of the Eastern countries, the white elephants are re- garded as the living manes of the Indian emperors. Each of these animals has a palace, a number of domestics, golden vessels filled with the choicest food, magnificent garments, and they are absolved from all labour and servitude. The emperor is the only personage before whom they bow the knee, and their salute is returned by the monarch. Bingleifs Anim. Biog. P. 14, n. 11. Gules an elephant passant argent^ armed or, name, El- phinston. Elevated, as wings elevated or erect signify the points of them turned upwards. See T. 10, n. 1. Embattled. See Imbattled. Embowed, a term for any thing bent or crooked like a bow, as the dolphin, T. 10, n. 6. A sinister arm couped at the shoulder, embowed. See P. 13, n. 18. Embrued, signifies a weapon, &c. that is bloody, viz. a spear head embrued gules. Emerald, a stone : it signifies in heraldry the colour vert or green. This stone was the first of ' the second row of Aaron's breast-plate. Accord- ing to the poets, the emerald was the symbol of love and generation. I 156 INTRODUCTION TO PART IT. Emew of the heralds, is the bird called by the naturahsts cassowary. Enaluron, for a border charged with birds. Note, The blazon would be more plain, and better understood, viz. on a border azure, eight martlets or. P. 2, n. 9- Endorse is the fourth of the pale, seldom borne but when a pale is between two of them. T. 4, n. 4. Enfiled, when the head of a man, or beast, or any other charge, is placed on the blade of a sword, the sword is said to be erifiled with a head, &c. Engrailed, a line of partition, by which or- dinaries are diversified, composed of semicircles, the teeth or points of which enter the field. T. 3. Also a bordure. See T. 5, n. 10. Engrossing-Block, a tool made use of by the wire-drawers. P. 1, n. 14. Enhansed, is when an ordinary is placed above its usual situation, which chiefly happens to the bend and its diminutives, viz. argent, three bendlets, enhansed gules, name, Byron. P. 7, n. 29. Engoulee, a Cross, a term for crosses, sal- tires, &c. when their extremities enter tjie mouths of lions, leopards, &c. P. 6, n. 23. Enmanche. See Manche. Ensigned signifies ornamented, as in the ex- ample, a mayts heart g;2des, ensigned with a croxvn or. See Plate C, n. 32. Ente signifies grafted or ingrafted. This term is used in the fourth grand quarter of his PART II. HERALDRY. 157 Majesty's arras, viz. Brimswick and Lunenhurgh impaled with Saxony^ ente en-pointe^ that is, grafted in point. Entoyer, for a bordure charged with dead or artificial things, to the number of eight. P. 3, n. 13. Note, The most approved method is to say, argent, a border sable, charged with eight plates, mentioning their number. Entrailed, a Cross. P. 7, n. 20. Lee says, the colour is not named, for it is always sable, and is no bigger than touched with a pencil or tricked with a pen. O, on a chev. S a Jleur-de- Us accompanied by two stags'* heads caboshcd be- tween three crosses, entrailed of the second, name. Carver. See P. 7, n. 20. Enurney, for a bordure charged with beasts. P. 3, n. 10. Note, The same may be observed here as before to the term entoyer, viz. argent a border, gules charged with eight lions passant^ of the first. Envelloped. See Enwrapped. Enwrapped, viz. a child's head couped below the shoulders, enwrapped about the neck with a snake: some say envelloped. Plate H, n. 21. Epaulier, the shoulder-plate of armour. Eradicated, a term for a tree or plant torn up by the root. See Plate C, n. 22. Erased, is when the head or limb of any creature is violently torn from the body, so that it appears jagged. T. 8, n. 17. Argent, a lio7fs head, erased gides, name, Govts. Note, When boars\ bears'*^ w(^ves\ whales' and p 158 INTRODUCTION TO PART It otters^ heads f are erased close to the head, as the example, P. 3, n. 4, it is termed erased close, to distinguish it from a boar*s head erased, as P. 3, 11.5. Erect signifies any thing upright or perpen- dicularly elevated, as T. 10, n. 1. Ermine is black spots on a white field. T. 2, n. 1. Sir G. Mackenzie says, The first user of this furr in arms was Brutus, the son of Silvius, who, having by accident killed his father, left that un- happie ground, and travelling in Bretaigne in France, fell asleep, and when he awoke, he found this little beast upon his shield, and from that time wore a shield ermine. Ermine, a Cross, or four ermine spots in cross. T. 6, n. 13. Ermine are white spots on a black field. T. 2. Erminites is the field white, and the spots black, with one red hair on each side. Erminois is the field gold, and the spots black. T.2, n.3. ISiote, The French say, d^or seme dliermincs de sable. And I would ask (says Coates, in his Dictionary of Heraldry) the most strenuous of my countrymen, if their method, as it is intel- ligible, is not preferable; and how, in case of need, they would write to be understood in an- other country, or language, as we understand them ? I am sure they must take other measures, or be laughed at upon such an occasion ; and I do not see but that reason looks to the full as well in England as any where. . PART II. HERALDRY. 159 Escallop- Shell was the pilgrims'' ensign in their expeditions and pilgrimages to holy places ; they vvere worn on their hoods and hats, and were of such a distinguishing character that Pope Alexander the Fourth, by a bull, discharged giving the use of them but to pilgrims who were truly noble ; and are now become of frequent use in armory. P. 1^, n. 2. Sahle an escallop-shell argent, name, Tr avers, EscARBUNCLE, a precious stone, resembling a burning coal in its lustre or colour; it was the third of the first row of precious stones in Aaron's breast-plate, whereon the name o^ Levi was en- graved, to show that divine knowledge should shine in the priests of the Lord, to illuminate the church. It is an ancient, but a vulgar error, to say an escarbuncle gives light in the dark. The ancient heralds drew Has in the pi ate ^ to express those rays which issue from the centre, ivhich is the stone. T. 7, n. 18. EscROL. See Scroll. Escutcheon, or shield, in arms, is meant the original shield used in war, and on which arms were originally borne : the surface of the escut- cheon is termed the field, because it contains such honourable marks as anciently were acquired in the field. Points of the Escutcheon express certain points or locations, in which the figures or charges of the field happen to be particularly placed ; the shield is said to represent the body of a man, and 160 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Jias its parts taken therefrom, as by the example, T. 1. A. signifies that part to be the dexter, or right hand chief; B. the precise middle chief; C. the sinister^ or left hand chief; D. the collar, or honour point., in regard that eminent men, as knights of the garter, thistle, &c. wear their badges of honour about their necks; in like manner is E. called the heart, or Jess point, as being the exact middle of the shield; F. the nombril, or navel point; G. H. T. the dexter^ middle^ and sinister base points; whence par- ticular heed ought to be had thereto for the more plain describing the position or seat of the thing borne; for the same figure, in the very same tinctures, borne in different points of the escut- cheon, renders those bearings as many different arms. Note, The dexter side of the escutcheon answers to the left hand, and the sinister side to the right hand of the person that looks on it. See the example, T. 1. Note, The use of these points is to difference coats exactly ; for an arms having a lion in chief differs from those which have a Hon in base; but where bearings are described without expressing the point where they are to be placed, they are then understood to possess the centre of the shield. Guillim. Note, The honour and nombril points are, by Randle Holme, and other heralds, reckoned superfluous and unne- cessary, as being seldom, if ever, used. Escutcheon of Pretence is that escutcheon in which a man bears the coat of arms of his wife, TART ir. HERALDllY. 161 being an heiress ; it is placed in the centre of the man's coat, and thereby show^th his pretensions to her lands, by his marriage, accrued to him and the heirs of his body. See P. 13, n. 4. Esprit, St. ; Cross of. This cross is worn by the knights of that order in France. P. 4, n. 22. EsTOiLE, or star, differs from the mullet by having six waved points, for those of the mullet consist of five plain points. T. 7, n. 2. Guillim says, if the number of points be more than six, the number must be expressed. Expanded, or Expansed. See Displayed. Eyes are borne in armory, and are emblems of vigilance and vivacity : harry nehule of six pieces, azure and argent, on a chief of tJie second, three eyes gules, name, De La Hay, of Ireland. F. Face. See Fess. Falchion, a kind of broad sword. P. 5, n. 10. See another, P. 20, n. 17, termed an ancient English falchion. Falcon, in heraldry, is usually represented with bells tied on his legs : when decorated with hood, bells, virols, (or rings), and leishes, then, in blazon he is said to be, hoodedy belled, jessed and leished, and the colours thereof must be named. Hawking, or falconry, though now disused, was one of the principal sports of our ancestors. A person of rank scarce went out without his hawk on his hand, which, in old paintings, is the criterion of nobility. The falcon and bj^irrowhawk were p3 162 INTRODUCTION TO PAFxT II. consecrated to Horu?. T. 9, n. 20. Sable a falcon with witfgs expanded o?-, name, Feche, of Sussex. Fan. See Winnowing Basket. Fang Tooth. See P. 22, n. 5. Azure, three Jang teeth in Jess or. name, Bathor. Fer de Fourciiette, a Cross, so termed, by having at each end a forked iron, Uke that for- merly used by soldiers to rest their muskets oa. P. 6, n. 18. Fermaile, or Fermeau, signifies a buckle. Fess Point is the centre of the escutcheon. See T.l, letter E. Fess, one of the honourable ordinaries, and contains a third of the field ; some authors say, it was a belt of honour, given as a reward by kings, &c. for services in the army. T. 4, n. 13. Fess Bretessed, has the same indents as counter-embattled ; but the example has both sides equal to cacli other. P. 13, n. 6. Or, a fiss bretessed gules ^ name, Crebott, of Sussex. Per Fess is v»'hen the field or charge is equally divided by a horizontal line. Part?/ per Jess, or and azure , name, Zusto, of Venice. T. 3, n. 3. Per Fess and Pale, signifies the field to be divided into three parts, by the fess line, and the pale line, from the fess point to the middle base point. P. 3, n. 30. Fesse Target, an ancient term for an escut- cheon of pretence. Fessely^ an ancient term for parti/ per fess. Fetlock, a horse fetlock. P. 5, n. 15. Fettered. See Spancelled. PART II. HERALDRY. 16'3 Field is the surface of the escutcheon or shield, which contains the charge or charges, and must be the first thing mentioned in blazoning. Figured is those bearings which are depicted with a human face, as Plate C. n. 25. File. See Label. Fillet is an ordinary, which, according to Guillim, contains the fourth part of a chief. Fimbriated, a Cross, having a narrow bor- dure or hem, of another tincture. See P. 6, n. 2. Fire, in heraldry, signifies those who being am- bitious of honour, perform brave actions, with an ardent courage, in the service of their prince and country. A rgent a chevron voided, azure ^ between three flames of fire 'proper^ name, Wells, Plate C. n. 26. Fire-Ball, grenade or bomb, inflamed proper. P. 12, n. 14. Fire-Beacon. This is by some ancient he- ralds termed a rack-pole beacon. See P. 12, n. 4. P. 2, n. 16. Fire-Beacon, termed so by some ancient writers. Edmondson thinks the example, (P. 3, n.8,) should be blazoned, a fire chest ; such chests, made of iron, and filled with fire, anciently used to warm the inside of large halls. Fire-Brand, viz. a fire-brand inflamed proper. P. 7, n, 27. ^otey Fire-brands in armory, arc generally represented raguly. Fire-Bucket, P. 20, n. 20. Argent^ three such Imckds, sable, name, Taine. 164 INTRODUCTION TO PART U. FiiiME, a term for a cross pattee throughout. SeeP. 16, 11.9. Fish-hook, P. 20, n. 15. Sable ^ a chevron^ between three jish-hoohs argent^ name, Medville, Fish-Wheel, P. 15, n. 30, or, a chevt'on be- tween three Jish-wlieels sable ^ name, Foleborne, Fitch r signifies fixed ; this term is used for crosses, when the lower branch ends in a sharp i point, and was used by the primitive Christians to fix in the ground for devotion, viz. a crots-croslet Jitchy^ as T. 6, n. 11. Double Fitchy, a Cross, each extremity having two points. P. 6, n. 7. Flanches. The flanch is composed of an arched line, drawn from the upper angle of the escutcheon to the base point of one side, and so on to the other, the arches almost meeting in the middle of the field. Flanches are never borne single, but in couples, and always in the flanks of the shields. T. 5, n. 2. Ermine, a star of eight rays, or, between two jlanches sable, name. Sir John Hobart, of Norfolk. Flank is that part of an escutcheon which is between the chief and the base. Flasques are like the flanch, but smaller, and, by some authors, given as a reward for virtue and learning, P. 7, n. 6. Note, Gibbon aflirms that the flasque and the flanch are one and the same. Flax-Breaker. See Hemp Break. Fleam, an instrument used by farriers in bleed- ing horses; some ancient heralds represent them. X'ART II. HERALDRY. 165 as P. 1, n. 16. Others term them crampoons, or cramps of iron, for fixing blocks of stone together. FlecxME, or Fleam, an ancient lancet, is borne in the arms of the Company of Surgeons. P. 19, n.7. Flesh-Pot, argent. See P. 1% n. 15. Argent three Jlesh-pots gules, with two handles, name Mmmbowch ier. Flexed signifies bent, as the example, Plate C, n. 21, viz. three deocter arms conjoined at the shoulders, andfiexed in triangle or, with thejists clenched proper, name, Tremaine. Fleur-de-Lis. By some this flower is called the lily, or flower of the flag, and has only three leaves, by which it differs from the lily of the garden, that having always five ; others suppose it to be the top of a sceptre ; some the head of the French battle- axe; others the iron of a javelin used by the ancient French. Dr. Orwade says, many of the deceased antiquaries, as well as some of the present day, have thought, and do think, that it was originally meant to represent that flower from which it derives its name, Gent. Mag. July 1806. P. 12, n. 19. Azure a fleur-de-lis argent, name, Digby. Fleury, a Cross. This cross is differenced from the cross-flory, by its having a line between the ends of the cross and the flowers, which that has not. P. 4, n. 32. Float, an instrument used by the bowyers, and borne as part of their armorial ensign. P. 1, n. 10. 166 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Flook, an Irish term for a large Jiouiidcr. Flory, signifies flowered with the French lily. Flory, a Cross, differs from the patonce, by having the flowers at the ends circumflex and turn- ing down. T. 6, n. 3. Azure, a cross jiory ar^ gent, name, Florence. Flotant, to express any thing flying in the air, , as a banner flotant. Flying Fish. This fish, if we except its head and flat back, has, in the form of its body, a great resemblance to the herring. The scales are large and silvery; the pectoral fins are very long; and the dorsal fin is small, and placed near the tail, which is forked. It inhabits the European, the American, and the Red Seas ; but is chiefly found between the tropics. These fish were known to the ancients ; for Phny mentions them under the name ofHirundo, and relates their faculty of fly- ing. P. 19, n. 8. FoRCENE, signifies a horse rearing or standing on his hinder legs. P. 11, n. 4.< FoRMEE. See Pattee. Foreign Crowns. See Crowns Foreign. Fountain : we find fountains borne hyStourton of Stourton, being a bend betzveen six fountains ^ in signification of six springs, whereof the river Sture,in Wiltshire, hath its beginning, and passeth along to Stourton, the head of that barony. Note, The fountain is draw7i as a rou7idle, barry xvavy i)f siiV, argent and azure. T. 7, n. 10. FouRCHY, A Cross, signifies forked at the ends, PART II. HERALDRY. 167 or divided. P. 6, n. 8. Per pale, or and vert, a cross four cliy gules, name, Sir John Hingham. Fox, hath a pregnant wit, and is subtile ; it may properly represent those who have done signal service to their prince and country, upon embas- sies, &c. where there is more use for wit and dex- terity than for strength or valour. P. 11, n. 15. Frasier, in French, signifies a strawberry plant. Note, This word is used by the heralds of Scotland in blazoning the coat o^ FraseVfUi allusion to the family name. It is by other heralds termed a cinquefoil. French-Crown, is a circle, decorated with stones, and heightened up with eight arched dia- dems, arising from as many fleurs-de-lis, that con- join at the top under a fleur-de-lis, all of gold. P. 8, n.7. Fret, a figure resembling two sticks lying sal- tireways, and interlaced within a mascle, by some termed Harrington's Knot, others the Herald's True Lover's Knot. T. 5, n. 6. Sahle, a fret or, name, Maltravers. Fretted, a Cross, fretted and pointed in form of five mascles. P. 4, n. 13. Fretted in triangle. See P. 14, n. 28. Azure, three trouts, fretted in triangle^ head or, tail argent, name, Trowtehech. Fretty. The ancients used a moveable tower builtof wood, and of such a height, that the towers of them overlooked the battlements of the city ; they were covered with raw hides, to prevent their 168 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. being burnt, and had also a net-work of ropes which hung before them, in order to deaden the violence of the stones that were thrown against them by the besieged ; the net- work seems to be what fretty was originally taken from. See CoU Iyer's History of England^ vol. 3, p. 47, and the example, T. 5, n. 24. Fructed, a term given in blazon to all trees bearing fruit. FuRCHY, signifies a tail forked, some say queue furchy. Furnished, a term for a horse when bridled,^^ saddled, and completely caparisoned. Furs, is the artificial trimming or furring of robes and garments of the nobility, &c. likewise in coat-armour. Mackenzie says shields were co- vered with skins, which coverings gave occasion to furs or skins now in mention, and this is a better reason for their being in shields than to say, be- cause they were used in mantles and garments. Fusil, derived from the French woxA fusee, a spindle; it is longer and more acute than the lozenge. T. 6, n. 18. Ermine, three fusils in fesse sable, name, Pigot. Fusil, or a spindle of yarn. P. 2, n. 14. FusiLLY, is when the field or charge is filled with fusils. P. 3, n. 28. Fusilly argent and gules, is the arms of Gemaldi de Monaco, in Genoa. [ PART II. HERALDRY. 169 G. Gads are plates of steel, and borne as a part of the arms of the Ironmongers' Company. P. 1, n. 11. Gad-Bee or Gad-Fly; this fly maketh a hum- ming noise when he flieth ; by some called the duii-Jly^ by others the horse-fly^ which in summer so much torments cattle. Sable, three gad-bees volant argent, name, Burning-hilL P. 11, n. 23. Gallie. See Lymphad. Gal-Trap, or Caltrap, used in war, when thrown in the way, to gall horses, which they do, always having one point upright. T. 7, n. S. Argent, three gal-traps sable, name, Trapps. Gamb, so termed when the whole fore leg of a lion, or other beast, is borne in arms. See Plate C. n. 1. Note, If it is couped or erazed near the middle joint, then it is called a paw. See Plate D. n. 22. Garb, for a sheaf of wheat or any other grain : it signifies plenty, community, friendship, and is a type of the resurrection. T. 7, n. 14. Gardant, signifying a beast full-faced, look- ing right forward, guarding, preserving, &c. T. 9, n. I. Garde-visure is that part of the helmet which is the safeguard and defence of the face and eyes. Garland, a wreath of leaves or flowers. Garnished signifies the ornament set on any charge whatsoever. 170^ INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Garter, the half of a bendlet. T. 4, n. 7. Gauntlet, an iron glove that covered the hand of a cavalier, when armed cap-a-jjee : gauntlets were introduced about the thirteenth century; the casque and these were always borne in the ancient processions ; gauntlets \f ere frequently thrown like the glove by way of challenge. P. % n. 21, and P. 22, n. 24. Note^ In blazon you must always add the word dexter or sinister^ as the charge happens to be. At Gaze, when a beast of chase, as the hart, looks full at you. T. 9, n. 13. Ged, a Scotch term, for the fish called a Pike. Azure, three geds^ hauriant argent, name, Ged. Gemells, and Gemevi^s. See Bar-Gemels. Genovilier, a piece of armour that covers the knees. Gerattie, an ancient term for powderings. Gilly-Flower, properly July flower, of a blood-red colour. P. IjU. 12. Argent, thr ee gilly- flowers^ slipped proper, name, Jorney. Gimbal-Rings. p. 20, n. 8. Argent, on a bend sable, three triple gimbal-rings, or, name Hawberke, of Leicestershire. Sylvanus Morgan says, it will be more heraldic to say, three aunuUts interlaced in triangie. GiMMAL, or Gemmow Ring, is a ring of double hoops, made to play into each other, and so to join two hands, and thus serves for a wedding ring, which pairs the parties. The name is derived from Gemellus^ Latin, Jumeau French. Giraffe. See Camelopardalis. PART II. HERALDRY. 171 GiRON. See Gyron. Glaive, or G leave. See Javelin. Glaziers' Nippers, or grater, is part of the arms of the Glaziers. P. 19, n. 4. Gliding; this term is used for serpents, snakes^ or adders, when moving forwards fesswise. Goat: it is found, in a domestic state, in most parts of the globe, being able to bear the extremes both of heat and cold ; it is playful and easily fa- miliarized ; in its fight, it is not so hardy as politic; therefore a martial man that useth more policy than valour in achieving a victory, may very aptly bear for his coat-armour this beast. P. 14, n. S^. Gules, a goat passant argent^ name, Baker. Gobony, or Gobonated, is always of one row of squares and no more. T. 5, n. IS. Golden-Fleece is the skin of a sheep, with its head and feet, hung up by its middle at a ring in a collar, as the example, P. 11, n. 8 : it is worn by the knights of that order in Spain, instituted by Philip duke of Burgundy, in memory of Gideon's fleece. GoLPS are roundles of the purple tincture. T. 8, n. 15. GoNFANXON, a banner, standard, or ensign. The gonfannon is borne as an armorial figure, or common charge, by families abroad, upon the ac- count they have been gonfaloniers, i. e. standard- bearers, to the church, as the Counts qf'Auvergne^ in France. Or, a o-oiifannon gules, Jringed vert, P. % n. 28. 17^ INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Gorge, a term in Leigh for a water-bouget. Gouged signifies a lion or other animal having a crown of a peculiar form about its neck. Gorget, a piece of armour worn round the neck, the origin of that which officers now wear when on duty. Gradient, a term applied to a tortoise walking. Grain-Tree. P. 19, n. W. Three sprigs of this tree is the crest of the Dyers' Company. Grand Seignior's Crown is a turban, en- riched with pearls and diamonds. P. 8, n. 6. Grappling-Tron. p. 15, n. 28. Azure^a chev- ron or, between three grappling-irofis of three Jlukes, double ringed at the top, name Stewins. Grasshopper. Amonsjst the Athenians grass- hoppers were so much esteemed, that they wore gold ones in their hair, to denote their national antiquity, or that, like the Cicadas, they were the first-born of the earth. Among the Egyptians, the hieroglyphic of music. P. 12, n. 5. Gray, a term for a Badger. See Badger. Greave, that part of armour that covers the leg from the knee to the foot. Greces signifies steps, viz. a cross on three greces. See P. 4, n. 19. Grey-Hound. See P. 22, n. 20. Grices, young wild boars ; sometimes boars are blazoned Grices^ in allusion to the bearer's name, Grice. Gridiron. P. 7, n. 19- Argent^ a clievron^ between three gridirons, sable, names, Laurence and Scott. TART II. HERALDRY. 173 Griffin is used in heraldry, but is an imaginary animal, never to be found but in painting; feigned by the ancients to be half an eagle, and the other half a lion ; devised to express strength and swift- ness joined together, P. 7, n. 13. Argent a grtf- jin rampanty azure, beaked or, name, Culcheth, Note, Nisbet says, those who have been or are vas- sals, and bear a lion for their arms, whose lords bear eagles, do frequently carry this creature, as composed of both. Philipot says, a griffin being a complicated mixture of eagle and lion, was the hieroglyphic of perspicacity and courage; its wings denoted its celerity ; its beak its tenacity ; and its talons its fury and rapacity. Griffin, male : this chimerical creature is half an eagle and half a lion, having large ears, but no wings : (we may say it owes its being to the he- ralds.) P. 7, n. 2. Gringollee, a Cross, a term for crosses, sal- tiers, &c. whose extremities end with the heads of serpents. P. 6, n. 12. Grittie, a term for a field composed equally of metal and colour. Gules signify the colour red, and in engraving is represented by perpendicular hues. T. 2. Note, Ghul, in the Persian language, signifies a rose, or rose-colour. G. Mag. Oct. 1798, p. 845. Gun Stone, an ancient term for pellet. GuRGES, or a whirlpool. This is the arms of the family named Gorges. See P. 5, n. 6. Note, The whirlpool is alv/ays borne proper, therefore there is no occasion ibr naming of the field, because the • q3 174 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. whole is azure and argent^ and takes up all the field, representing the rapid motion of the water turning round. Gutty, or guttee, from the Latin ^w^^fl^, a drop, is said of a field, or bearing, filled with drops. T. 8, n. 8. When these figures are black, they signify drops of pitch, which in blazon are termed gutty de poix ; so when blue, gutty de larmes, de- noting drops of tears ; when white, gutty d'eau^ signifying drops of water ; when yellow, gutty dHor^ denoting drops of liquid gold ; when green, gutty de vert, as signifying the drops of oil olive; and when red, gutty de sang^ as representing drops of blood ; their form or shape is the same, only the colours change their names. Note, The French use none of the before-mentioned varia- tions, but say gutte of such a colour. GuzES are roundles, of the sanguine murrey or blood-colour. Gyron signifies a gore in a robe, gown, or coat of armour, used by the ancients. T. 5, n. 1. Porney says, this term is the French for bosom, and these figures are called gyro?is because they meet in the centre or bosom of the shield. IVle- nestrier gives examples of gyrons in the arms of Glron in Spain, of which family are descended the Dukes of Ossone, who carry three gyrons in their arms, which, he says, represent three triangular pieces of stuflP, or gussets, of the coat-armour of Alphonsus the Sixth, king of Spain, who, fighting in battle against the Moors, had his horse killed ; and, being in danger, wasrescued, and remounted, PART ir. HERALDRY. \75 by Don Roderico de Cissneres, upon his horse, who, in the time, cut off three triangular pieces, or gussets, of the king's coat-armour, which he kept as a testimony, to show the king afterwards, that he was the man who saved him : for which the king advanced him to honour, and honoured his armorial bearing with three gyrons, P. 6, n. 1 ; and adorned it with a horse for a crest, to perpe- tuate to posterity the relief he gave the king. Note, When there is only one gyron in a coat, you may blazon thus, argent, a gyron sable, without mentioning the point from whence it issues, the dexter chief point being the usual fixed place. But if it stand in any other part of the shield, it must then be expressed. Gyronny is where a field is divided into six, eight, ten, or twelve, triangular parts, of two dif- ferent tinctures, and the points all uniting in the centre of the field ; gyrons signify unity, because theyare never borne single. T. 5, n. 23. Gyronnij of eighty argent and sable, name, Mazvgyron, H. Ha BECK, an instrument used by the clothiers in dressing cloth, two of them differing from each other in form, as P. 5, n. 9. That on the dexter is copied from the tool, which is invariably made in that form ; the other on the sinister, shows the form in which it is painted in the arms of the Clo- thiers' Company. Habergeon, a short coat of mail, consisting of a jacket without sleeves. P. 1, n. 17. 176 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Hail. See Weare. Half-Belt. P. 1, n. 3. Gules, two half-beUs and bucJiieSf argent, name, Pelham. Half-Spear, a term for a spear with a short handle. P.l, n.l8. Half-Spade. Azure, three half-spades or, the sides of the spade to the sinister. P. 5, n. 16. name, Davenport. Hand Dexter, the right hand. P. 7, n. 32. Hand Sinister, the l^t hand. P. 7, n. 33. Hands, in heraldry, signify power, equity, fide- lity. The hand is the pledge of friendship and fidelity, which was in ancient times confirmed by shaking of hands. Argent three sinister hands, couped at the wrist gules, name, Maynard. P. 22, n. 19. Harp, a musical instrument, commonly called a Welsh harp. By the harp, says Pierius, men used to signify a man of a stayed, well composed, and tempered judgment, because therein are con- joined diverse distinct sounds in note or accent ; which office man seemeth to perform when he doth moderate and reconcile his disordered and repugnant affections unto reason. P. 12, n. 17. The arms of the kingdom of Ireland are azure, a harp or, stringed ai^gent. King James was the first king of England that introduced the harp into the royal achievement of England, l^ote, Morgan says, the inventor of the harp was Mercury, who finding a tortoise by the side of the river Nylus, whose flesh was dried up, having been left upon the land, he struck the sinews thereof, which PART II. HERALDRY. ITT made a musical sound, and thereof he framed a harp. Harpoon, an instrument used for spearing of whales. P. 5, n. T. Harpy, a poetical monster, feigned to have the face of a virgin, and body and legs like a vulture. T. 8, n. 2. Azure a haryy with her icings dis- closed, her hair Jlotant or^ armed of the same. This coat standeth in Huntingdon church. Harrington Knot, a badge of the family of Harrington. See P. 15, n. 33. Harrows, are instruments used in husbandry. Ermine, three triangular harrows, conjoined in the nombril point gules, with a wreath argent, and of the second toothed or, name, Harrow. P. 18, n. 11. Harvest-Fly. Sable, a harvest-Jly in pale, volant, argent, name, Bolowre. P. 11, n. 29>. Mr. Spence,in his Polymetis, says, the butterfly is used by the Greek artists as an emblem of the human soul ; this emblem points out the survival and li- berty of the soul after its separation from the body in a stronger manner, than an animal which is first a creeping insect, and after dropping its slough, becomes (by an amazing change) a light, airy, flying, free and happy creature. Hat-Band. P. 20, n. 21. Gides, a chevron between three hat-hands argent, name, Maynes, Hatchment is the coat of arms of a person dead, being usually placed on the front of a house. See Hatchments, Plate K. Hauberk or twisted coat of piail. 178 INTIIODUCTION TO PART II. Hauriant, a term to express any fish erect, or upright, as if they were refreshing themselves by sucking in the air. T. 10, n. 4. Hawk, a bird of prey, and for its size a very bold and courageous bird, much used in heraldry, T.dj n. SO. The hawk was an Egyptian emblem of the sun and of light, on account of his rapid flight, and his soaring into the highest regions of the air, where light abounds. Volney, Hawk's Bell is of great antiquity, being worn by the high-priests of the Hebrews on the skirts of their upper garments in divine worship. P. 14, n. 35. Or^ on a Jess azure^ three JiawJcs' bells of thejirsf, name, Planke. Hawk's Lure. See Lure. Hay-Fork. P. 17, n. 8. Argent, a hay-fork between three mullets sable, is the arms of Baron Conyngha7n. Head in Profile, the head and side face couped at the neck. See P. 13, n. 21. Hearts, in heraldry, were given to denote the valour or sincerity of the be^irer, when arms were the reward of virtue. Gules, a chevron argent, between three hearts or, name, Frehody, Note, The heart is blazoned a human heart, and some- times a body heay^t. The ancients used to hang^ the figure of a heart with a chain from the neck upon the breast, signifying a man of sincerity. See P. 22, n. 21. Heath-Cock. p. 19, n. 18. Hedge-Hog, according to Guillim, signifies a man expert in gatheringof substance, and one that PART II. HERALDRY. 179 providently layetli hold upon proffered oppor- tunity, so, by making hay whilst the sun shines, preventeth future want. The Calmuck Tartars use these animals in their huts instead of cats. Azure, three hed^e-hogs^ or, name, Ahrahall and Herris. P. 11, n. 6. Helmets. The helmet is armour for the head, which the ancients used to ornament according to the degree of nobihty, with buckles, studs, and -circles of gold, and decorated with jewels: and our manner of bearing crests thereon is from the an- cient fancy of the Greeks and Romans, who used to adorn them with some kind of monstrous de- vice, as the head, mouth, or paw of a lion, to make them appear more terrible. P. 10. The first is the helmet of a king, prince, or duke, and is full forward, open-faced, and garde- visure. The second is the helmet of a marquis, carl, viscount, and baron, which is in profile, open- faced, and garde-visure. The third helmet, standing direct forward, with the beaver open, and without guards, for a knight or baronet. The fourth is a helmet sideways, with the beaver close, which is for all esquires and gentlemen. l^ote^ The helmets were copied from originals in the Tower. l>iote. If two helmets are to be placed on the top of a shield, for the crests to be thereon, they must be placed facing one another, as if two persons were looking at each other ; buW if three helmets 180 INTRODUCTION TO PART IP. are to be placed as before mentioned, the middle- most must stand directly forward, and the other two on the side facing towards it, like two persons looking upon the third. Herce. See Harrow. HiAciNTH. See Hyacinth. Hieroglyphics. Sir Isaac Newton, speaking of the time of Cambyses, saith, in those days the writing of the Thebans and ^Ethiopians was in hieroglyphics ; and this way of writing seems to have spread into the Lower Egypt, before the days of Moses ; for thence came the worship of their gods in the various shapes of birds, beasts, and fishes, forbidden in the second commandment. Now this emblematical way of writing gave occa- sion to the Thebans and ^Ethiopians, who, in the days of Samuel, David, Solomon, and Rehoboam, conquered Egypt and the nations round about, and erected a great empire, to represent and signify their conc^uering kings and princes, not by writing down then* names, but by making various hiero- glyphical figures ; as by painting Ammon with ram's horns, to signify a king who conquered Libya, a country abounding with sheep ; his father Amosis with a scythe, to signify that king who conquered the Lower Egypt, a country abounding with corn ; his son Osiris, by an ox, because he taught the conquered nations to plough with oxen : Bacchus with bulls' horns, for the same reason ; and with grapes, because he taught the nations to plant vines ; and upon a tiger, because he subdued In- dia ; Orus, the son of Osiris, with a harp, to signify PART II. HERALDRY. 181 the prince who was eminently skilled on that in- strument ; Jupiter upon an eagle, to signify the sublimity of his dominion, and with a thunderbolt, to represent him a warrior ; Venus in a chariot drawn by doves, to represent her amorous and lustful ; Neptune with a trident, to signify the commander of a fleet, composed of three squa- drons ; jEgaeon, a giant with 50 heads and 100 hands, to signify Neptune with his men in a ship of 50 oars; Thoth, with a dog's head, and wings at his cap and feet, and a caduceus writhed about with two serpents, to signify a man of craft, and an ambassador who reconciled two contending na- tions ; Pan, with a pipe and the legs of a goat, to signify a man delighted with piping and dancing; Hercules with pillars and a club, because Sesostris set up pillars in all his conquests, and fought against Libyans with clubs. Now from this hie- roglypliical way of writing, it came to pass, that, upon the division of Egypt into nomes by Seso- stris, the' great men of the kingdom, to whom the nomes were dedicated, w^ere represented in their sepulchres or temples of the nomes, by various hieroglyphics; as by an o:v, a cat, a dog, a cebus, a goat, a lion, a scarabasus, an ichneumon, a cro- codile, a hippopotamus, an oxyrijichus, an ibis, a crow, a hawJc, a leek ; and were worshipped by the nomes in the shapes of these creatures. Newt. Chron. p. 2^5. Hemp-Break, an instrument to make hemp soft and fit for use. P. S. n. 10. Argent, three • R 182 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. hemp-hreaks sable, name Hampsone or Hmnston, alderman of London. HiLTED, a term for the handle of a sword. Holy Lamb. See Lamb. Honour-Point is that point next above the centre of the shield, and is expressed by the letter D, table 1. Horse is a favourite beast among all nations, as being more useful to man than any other of the creation, either in peace or war, service or plea- sure ; naturally courageous, haughty, jealous of being outdone by another, tractable, docile and fleet ; very beautiful, and knows his master ; and is looked upon as the emblem of war. P. 14, n. 8. Sable, a horse argent, bridled gules, name, Trott, Horse-Shoe. This is the arms of Okeham, a town in Rutlandshire. In this town is an ancient custom, if any nobleman enters the lordship as an homage, he is to forfeit one of his horse's shoes, unless he redeem it with money. See p. 22, n. 17. Humetty signifies an ordinary which is cut off, and no where reaches to the edges of the shield. See P. 4, n. 14. Hunting-Horn. See Bugle-Horn. Hurts are roundles of the azure-colour. T. 8, n. 12. Hyacinth is a precious stone of a yellowish red hue, and in heraldry is used to express the colour tenne. Hydra, a fabulous creature, supposed to be a dragon with seven heads, as P. 1, n. 21. This is the crest of Barret, PART II. HEKALIXRY. 183 I. Ibex is an imaginary beast, in some respects like the heraldic antelope, but with this difference, that it hath two straight horns projecting from the forehead, serrated, or edged like a saw. P. 15, n. 4. Icicles, are in shape the same as gutty. Va- rious are the opinions concerning this bearing; some term them clubs, others gutties reversed, and others icicles. See P. 7, n. 15. Imbattled, or Crenelle, a term for the battle- ments of towers, churches, and houses, and is one of the lines of partition, T. 3. See an example, P. 13, n. 4, afess gules imbattled, Imbowed. See Embowed. Imbrued signifies any thing to be bloody, as spears* heads, when spotted with blood, as the ex- ample. Sable, a chevron between tlircc spear heads ai^gent, their points imbrued proper^ name, JeJf&rieSy of Brecknockshire. P. 7, n. 35. To Impale is to conjoin two coats of arms pale- ways ; women impale their arms with those of their husbands. See P. 13, n. 3. Imperial Crown is a circle of gold, adorned with precious stones and pearls, heightened with fleurs-de-lis, bordered and seeded with pearls, raised in the form of a cap, voided at the top like a crescent ; from the middle of the cap rises an arched fillet, enriched with pearls, and surmounted of a mound, whereon is a cross of pearls. P. 8, n. 3. Imperially Crowned, whejp any charge in 184 INTEODUCTION TO PART II. arms, crest, or supporters, are crowned with a re- gal crown. Incensed, a term for panthers, when repre- sented with fire issuing from their mouths and ears. See P. 14, n. 7. Increment. See Increscent. Increscent shows the state of the moon, from her entrance into her first quarter, by having her horns towards the right side of the shield ; it sig- nifies the rising of families, and even of states, for which reason it is borne by the Turks. T. 7, n. 7. Ermine, three increscents, gules, name, iSi/mmes, of Daventry, in the county of Northampton. Indented, one of the lines of partition, in shape the same as dancette, but its teeth smaller, and the number not limited. T. S, and a border indented. See T. 5, n. 11. Indian Goat, or Assyrian goat, resembles the English goat, except that its horns are more bent, and the ears like those of a talbot. P. 2, n. % These beasts are the supporters of the arms of Viscount SouthxvelL Indorsed. This term is for wings when placed back to back, as the example. See P. 7, n. 16, viz. two wings indorsed. T. 9, n. 24. Inescutcheon, a small escutcheon, borne within the shield, and is one of the ordinaries, and usually pliced in the fess-point. T. 5, n. 7. Er- mine, an escutcheon azure, name, Rokeley. Infamed. Sec Defamed. Infula. See Pope^s Crown. Ingrailed. See Engrailed. PART If. HERALDRY. 185 Ink-Fish. See Cuttle-Fish. Ink Moline, or Ink de Moline. See Millrine. In-Pride. See Peacock. Inter, a term for the word between. Interlaced, when chevronels, annulets, rings, keys, crescents, &c. are linked together, they are termed interlaced, viz. three chevronels^ interlaced in base. P. 7, n. 30. A cross of four bastoons in- terlaced. P. 4, n. 15. Invecked, one of the lines of partition, the same form as engrailed, but the points of it go into the charge. T. 3. NotCy See the difference in Plate J. n. 14. Argent, afess^ mveckedi, gules between three torteauxes. In the same plate, n. 13, is ar- gent on afess engrailed three leopards'' faces, or. Inverted, and conjoined. Inverted denotes any thing that is turned the wrong way ; particu- larly wings are said to be inverted when the points of them are down. T. 10, n. % Iron Ring, a tool used by the wire-drawers, and borne as a part of their armorial ensign. P. 2, n. 15. IssuANT, or Issuing, signifies the charge to be coming out of the bottom of the chief, as the ex- ample. Azure, on a chief or, a demy-lion issuant gules, name, Markham, T. 10, n. 9. J. James St., Cross of, so termed, because worn by the knights of that order in Spain. i\ 4, n. 23. Javelin, or short spear, with a barbed point. P. 2, n. 25. r3 186 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Jersey Comb, used by the wool-combers. P. 20* n. 2. Sable three Jersey-combs or, teeth argent, name, Bromley. Jerusalem, Cross of, so termed from God- frey of Bouillon's bearing argent, a cross-croslet, cantoned with four crosses or, in allusion to the five wounds of Christ. P. 16, n. 13. Jess ANT, signifies a lion or any beast rising or issuing from the middle of a fess, as P. 7, n. 26. The common method of heraldic writers is a lion jessant of a fess. But Edmondson is clearly of opinion, that it should be blazoned. A demy-lion jessant of a fess, as never more than half the lion appears. Jessant, a term to express shooting forth, as vegetables spring or shoot out, and is used in he- raldry to express the bearing of fleurs-de-lis com- ing out of a leopard's face ; for instance, sable three leopardi faces, jessant Jleurs-de-Us or ; for Morley of Sussex. Plate B, n. 20. Note, Ed- mondson says, an erroneous practice hath long been estabhshed among heralds, when showing the leopard's ^acQ jessant delis, of always turning the head bottom upwards, whereas the contrary posi- tion should be constantly observed, unless other- wise directed by the words of the blazon, viz. A leopard's face reversed. Jessant de lis. Jessed is a term for a hawk or falcon, whose jesses or straps of leather that tie the bells on the legs, and are generally of a different tincture from the body. PART II. HERALDRY. 187 Jesses, leather thongs, to tie the bells on the legs of the hawk and falcon. They are sometimes represented flotant, with rings at the end, as the example, P. 6, n. 13. A hawk's leg erased at the thigh, termed jessed, belled, and var veiled, Jew's Harp. P. 20, n. 11, as borne in the arms of Scopham. JoiNANT. See Conjoined. JowLLOPPED, signifies the gills of a cock when of a different tincture from his head. St. Julian, Cross of, by some called a saltire, crossed at its extremities; by others a cross trans- posed. P. 6, n. 24. Argent, a Julian cross sable, for Julian, of Lincolnshire. Jupiter, one of the planets, and in heraldry signifies the colour azure; in engraving is ex- pressed by horizontal lines. K. Kaarl Cat, a country word for a male cat. Keys Indorsed. P. 13, n. 16. The example is, two keys indorsed, the bows interlaced sable, three pairs of keys indorsed^ the bows interlaced, argent, name, Masquenay or Mackenay. Keys signify repose and safety. King-Fisher, a bird somewhat larger than the swallow; its shape is clumsy; the legs are very small, and the bill disproportionably long and broad ; the upper chap is black, and the lower yellow ; the top of the head and the coverts of the wings arc of a deep blackish green, spotted with ])right blue ; the back and tail arc of the most re- 188 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. splendent azure; the belly is orange-coloured ; and a broad mark of the same colour extends from the bill beyond the eyes, near which there is a large white spot ; the tail is of a rich deep blue, and the feet are of a reddish yellow : it is a most rapacious little animal, and feeds on fish : it chiefly frequents the banks of rivers ; this bird is most common in the seas of Sicily. Plate F, n. % or three Mng- Jishers proper , name, Fisher. Knots. See P. 6, n. 11. P. 15, n. 31, 3^, 33, 34,35. P. 3, n. 7. L. Label is used to difference the arms of the eldest son from the youngest ; by some supposed to be ribbons anciently worn by young men about the neck of their helmets, to distinguish them from their fathers. T. 5, n. 3, See P. 10, n. J. in the distinction of houses. Labels are ribbons that hang down from a mitre, or coronet. Lacy's Knot. See P. 6, n. 11. Lamb, or Holj'^-Lamb, passant, with a staff, cross and banner, is a typical figure of our Saviour, who is understood to be that Lamb mentioned in the Apocalypse of St. John. P. 14, n. 25. Lambeaux, a Cross, is a cross-pattee at the top, and issuing out at the foot into three labels, having a great mystery in relation to the top whereon our Saviour suffered ; sending out three streams from his hands, feet, and side. P. 4, n. ^1. Gules, a cross lambeaux argent; this is a German coat, name, Rudetzker. PART II. HERALDRY. 189 Lambrequin is the point of a label. Lamp. P. 17, n. 12. Gules a chevron, be- tween three lamps argent j with Jire proper y name, Farmer. Langued is a term for the tongue of beasts and birds, when of a different tincture from that of the charge. Note, all beasts and birds (except they are tinctured gules), are langued gules ; but when the beast is gules, he must be langued, and armed azure. This rule is never to be deviated from, except in such cases only where the blazon directs that the beast should be langued of any other colour or metal ; and then such colour or metal must be expressed. If a beast or bird is to be represented in coat armour, without either tongue or claws, you must say, when blazoning, sans langue and arms. Lattice. See Treilee. Launce, or tilting-spear, argent on a quarter^ gules, a lance in bendor, name, Knight. See P. ^2, n. 8. Laurel is the emblem of victory and triumph. Laverpot, or ewer, as borne in the arms of the Founders' Company. P. 2, n. 6. St. Lazarus, Cross of, worn by the knights of that order. P. 4, n. 24. Leather-Bottle, as borne in the arms of the Bottle-makers* and Horners' Company. P. 19, n. 5. Legs in Armour, three legs in armour, con- joined in the fiss point, spurred and garnished or ; this is the arms of the Isle of Mjyi. See P. 13, 190 INTIIODUCTION TO PART IL n. 1. 'Note^ Philpot says, three legs conjoined, was the hieroglyphic of expedition. Nisbet says, three legs of men, the device of the Sicihans, the ancient possessors of the Isle of Man. Leished, a term, Nisbet expresses, the line which passes from the collar of a hound, or any other dog. Lentally, an ancient term ^ox party per bend. Leopard, is about four feet in length, of a yellowish colour, and marked with numerous an- nular black spots, the tail about two feet and a half long. It is an inhabitant of Senegal, Guinea, and most parts of Africa, delighting in the thickest forests, and frequenting the borders of rivers, to wait for such animals as resort there to quench their thirst. The leopard will not eat carrion, nor deign to touch what has been killed by any other beast. Kolben. P. 14, n. 30. Sable, three leopards rampant argent spotted sable, name, Lynch. Leopard's Face. When the heads of leopards are erased or couped at the neck, as P. 7, n. 22, they are blazoned by theword head, viz. a leopard^s head erased : but if no part of the neck appears, and the position of the head is gardant, as P. 7, n. 21, it is then blazoned a Zao/jarcZ'syoc^, without mentioning the word gardant. Leopard Lione'. See Lion Leopardie. Level. This instrument is the type of equity and uprightness in all our actions, which are to be levelled and rectified by the rules of reason and justice ; for the plummet ever falls right howsoever it be held, and whatever befalls a virtuous man, PART ir. HERALDRY. 191 his actions and conscience will be uncorrupt and uncontrollable. P. 12, n. S4. Azure three levels, with their plummets or, name, Colhrand. Lever, a name sometimes given to the cormo- rant. Lilies of the Flag, are those borne in the arms of the kingdom of France. The lily is the emblem of purity and chastity. Limbeck, or Still. Heralds term it an an- tique Limbeck ; this example is part of the Pew- terers' arms. P. 19, n. 12. Lines. See Partition Lines. Lion. The lion is chiefly found in the interior of Africa, and in the hotter parts of Asia. His form is strikingly bold and majestic; his large head and shaggy pendent mane, his strength of limb, and formidable countenance, exhibit a pic- ture of terrific grandeur. Kolben says, his strength is prodigious, that a single stroke of his paw is sufficient to break the back of a horse, and one sweep with his tail will throw a strong man to the ground ; and when he comes up to his prey, he always knocks it down dead, and seldom bites it till the mortal blow has been given. This blow he generally accompanies with a terrible roar. ISlote, The Egyptians represent inundation by a lion, because it takes place under that sign ; and hence, says Plutarch, the custom of placing at the gates of temples, figures of lions with water issuing from their mouths. Volney. LiONCEL, a young lion : this term is used in he- raldry, when there are more thai* one lion in the same field. 19^ INTRODUCTION TO PART 11, Lion of England. This term is used when speaking of a canton, or augmentation of arms. In such case, instead of saying on a canton guIeSf a lion passant gardant or, as an augmentation, you say, he bears on a canton a lion of England, which hath the same signification. Lion Leopardie. This is a French term for what the English call a lion passant gardant. The word leopard is always made use of by the French heralds to express, in their language, a lion full- faced, or gardant. Thus when a lion is placed on an escutcheon, in that attitude which we call rampant gardant, the French blazon it a lion leopardie ; when he is passant only, they call him Leopard Lione. Edmondson's Heraldry, vol. i. p. 183. Lion of St. Mark. The arms of the repub- lic of Venice is of St. Mark, viz. a lion sejaiit gardant and winged or, his head encircled with a glory, holding in his fore-paws an open hook, wherein is ivritten. Pax tibi, Marce, evangelista mens ; over the deocter side of the book, a sword erect, all proper. P. 15, n. 20. Lion-Poisson, or sea-lio7i, so termed as the upper part is of a lion, and the hinder part ends in a fish's tail, with webbed feet ; this is borne by Inhqff, of Germany. This example was copied from the family seal. P. 15, n. 20. Lion-Dragon signifies the upper half a lion, and the other going off like the hinder part of a dragon. P. 15, n. 21. Or, a lion-dragon gides, armed, langucd, and croxvned of the first, name, Bretigni. Party per chevron, gules or, three Hon- VAUT II. HERALDRY. 193 dragons ducally crowned and couriter changed^ name, Easton. Lions Conjoined, under one head ; the tricor- porated Hon, and double-headed hon (according to Leigh,) are borne in armory symbohcally, and not as monsters. P. 15, n. 22. Litvit's Skin, is a pure white fur. Lizard, a small animal of the crocodile spe- cies. P. 17, n. 6. It delights in warm countries, and is very common in Italy : lizards are found on trees in summer, where they make a noise like the croaking of frogs. Lobster ; in blazon the term upright is given to all shell-fish when borne, as the example, be- cause they, wanting fins, cannot properly be termed hauriant. P. 14, n. 32. LocHABER-AxE. The ancient arms of the Highlanders were the Lochaber-axe, now used by none but the town guard of Edinburgh, a tre- mendous weapon, better to be expressed by a figure than words. See P. 4, n. 8. Pennant's Tour in Scotland. See two more, in Plate 22, n. 18. Lodged, a term for the buck, hart, &c. when lying on the ground. This term is used for beasts of chase, as couchant is for those of prey. T. 9, n. 17, Plate D, n. 18. Argent, on a mount proper, a stag lodged gules^ name. Hart-hill. Long Bow. Bent in pale^gides, name, Bowes. See P. 22, n. 14. ' Lozenge, a four-cornered figure, resembling a 194 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. pane of glass in old casements ; some suppose it a physical composition given for colds, and was in- vented to reward eminent physicians. T. 6, n. 17. Plutarch says, in the life of Theseus^ that Megara, an ancient town of Greece, the tomb-stones, under which the bodies of the Amazons lay, were shaped after that form ; which some conjecture to be the cause why ladies have their arms on lozenges. Forney's Herald. Lozenges, Cross of. P. 4, n. 17. Gules, a cross of lozenges, Jiory or, name, Fotherhy. P. 16, n.l5. LozENGY is when the field or charge is covered with lozenges. T. 5, n. 21. Lozengy, argent, and gules, name, Fitzwilliam. Lucy, an old term for the fish called a pike. P. 22, n. 7. LuMiERiES, are the eyes. Luna is the moon, and used in heraldry in- stead of argent. A Lure signifies two wings conjoined with their tips downward, joined with a line and ring, used by falconers to decoy their hawks, by casting it up in the air like a fowl. P. 14, n. 34. Gules, a lure, stringed and braced argent, name, Warre. Lure also signifies two wings conjoined and inverted, with the tips downward, are said to be in lure. T. 10, n. 2. LuTRA. See Otter. Lymphad is an old-fashioned ship with one mast, and rowed with oars. P. 2, n. 4. PART II. HERALDRY. 195 Lyre, a musical instrument. See P. 4, n. 28. Diodorus says that Hermes not only found out letters, but was also skilled in medicine and har- mony, and invented the ten-stringed Lyre. M. Madder Bag. See P. 3, n. 1. Maiden's Head, a term for the head and neck of a woman, couped below the breast, the head wreathed with a garland of roses, and crowned with an antique coronet. See P. 11, n. 2. Mail, armour for the body and arms, composed of small close rings, termed mail, ox ring armour, as if wove in a loom. The rings composing this armour, were woven together in different ways ; the ancient sort were not very complex ; but those |of later times had the work done in so curious a anner,thatornamentwas combined with strength, reventing the effects of sword or lance. Mail, hen painted or engraved, is made like the scales f fish, being the best resemblance in heraldry of he mail. See P. 1, n. 17. Mallet. P. 20, n. 24. Gules, a chevron be- tween three mallets or, name Soame. Malta, Cross of, so called because worn by he knights of that order. P. 4, n. 25. Manacles, or handcuffs. P. 2, n. 29. Manche, an old-fashioned sleeve with long ngers. T. 7, n. 13. Manciiet, a cake of bread Hke a muffin. Maned is the hair which hangsclown the neck 196 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. of horses, unicorns, tigers, or other animals whose mane is of a different tincture from its hody. Man Tiger, an imaginary monster, with body like a hon, face hke a man, and horns on the head. P. 18, n. 9- Mantle. This was a miUtary habit used in ancient times by great commanders in the field, as well to manifest their dignity as to repel the extremity of the weather, and to preserve their ar- mour from rust. P. 16, n. 24. Mantlings are ornamented foliage- work, for the adorning of helmets, in paintings of coats of arms. Mart NED, a term for the animal who has the lower part of its body like a fish. See P. 15, n. 20. P. 14, n. 29. Marine-wolf, or seal. It resembles a qua- druped in some respects, and a fish in others. Seals are common on most of the rocky shores of Great Britain ; they feed on most sorts offish, and are seen searching for their prey near shore ; their head in swimming is always above water ; they sleep on rocks surrounded by the sea ; they are extremely watchful, and never sleep long without moving ; but if disturbed by any thing, take care to tumble over the rocks into the sea. P. 11, n. 11. Argent a chevron ^ engrailed gides, he^ tween three marine wolves^ naiant sable, finned of the first, langued of the second, name, Fe7inor. St. Mark. See Lion of St. Maiik. Marks of Cadency. See Distinction of Houses, PART II. HERALDRY. 197 MARauis's Coronet. See Crowns and Co- ronets OF England. Mars, the name of one of the planets ; in he- raldry signifies the colour gules, and in engraving is represented by perpendicular lines. Martlet (very frequent in armories all over Europe) was borne by those who went to the Holy Land to fight against the Turks : this bird is fre- quently seen under the cornices of houses, with feet so short, and wings so long, that should they pitch on a level they could not easily rise ; there- fore they alight on high places, that they may drop on the wing. See T. 7, n. 15. Guillim observes that this bird, which is represented without feet, is given for a difference to younger brothers, to put them in mind that, in order to raise them- selves, they are to look to the wings of virtue and merit, and not to their legs, having but little land to set their feet on. P. 12, n. 4. Mascally, argent and gules, counterly^ name, Pogeis and Pegg. See P. 16, n. 8. Mascle. This figure in shape is exactly square, and perforated, as the example ; by some said to represent spots in certain flints found in Brit- tany. T. 6, n. 19. Gules y a mascle argent, name, Puges, Mascles, conjunct, ^w/e* seven mascles con- junct, three, three, and one, argent,r\ame, Ferrers. T. 2, n. S% Mascles, Cross of. P. 4, n. 12. Masoned, plain strokes representing the cement in stone buildings. P. 3, n. 27. • s3 198 . INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. Match, a military instrument. P. 17, n. 4. Argent on afess gules^ between two matches kin-' died proper, a martlet or, name, Leet. Match-Lock. P. 5, n. 12. Argent a chevron, between three match-locks sable, name, Leverage, Membered signifies the beak and legs of a bird, when of a different tincture from the body. Mercury is one of the planets, and in heraldry signifies the colour purple. Merillion, an instrument used by the hat- band makers, and borne as part of their arms. P. 2, n. 1. Mermaid is a fictitious sea animal, half a wo- man and half a fish, used in armories, of which there may perhaps be some resemblance in the sea ; but as represented in the example is a chi- merical figure, invented by poets and painters. P. 14, n. 4. Argent, a mermaid gules, crined or, holding a mirror in her right hand, and a comb in her left, name, Ellis. Merman, or Neptune. Mesles, an ancient term for a field composed equally of metal and colour, as gyronny, paly, bendy, &c. Mi-coupy, and Mipartee, an ancient term, when the half of the shield is divided per fess and per pale. Middle-Base is the middle part of the base, represented by the letter H, Table 1. Middle-Chief is the middle part of the chief, represented by the letter B., Table 1. Mill-Pic, an instrument used by mill-wrights. PART II. HERALDRY. 199 P. 17, n. 17. Sable on a chevron between three mill-pics, argent, as many mullets gules, name, Mosley. See another shape, P. 6, n. 5. Mill-Clack, represented as the example. P. 2, n. 23. Mill-Stone, charged with a millrine. P. 19, n. 11. Azure, three mill-stones argent, name, Milverton. MiLRiNE, A Cross, so termed, as its form is hke the mill-Hnk, which carrieth the mill-stone, and is perforated as that is. T. 6, n. 14 and 15. Miniver, a white fur, said to be the belly part of the skin of the Siberian squirrel. Mitre is a round cap, pointed and divided at the top, from which hang two pendants, fringed at both ends. The bishop's mitre is surrounded with a fillet of gold, whereas the archbishop's issues out of a ducal coronet ; this ornament is never used in England, otherwise than on coats of arms. P. 9, n. 12. l^ote, In Germany several families bear the mitre for their crest, to show they are advocates for, or feudatories of, ancient abbeys, or officers of bishops. Mole is formed to live wholly under ground, as if nature meant that no place should be left entirely untenanted. This animal seeks its prey under the earthy and whenever it removes from one place to another, is obliged to force its way through a resisting body. We should imagine that the life of this quadruped must be the most solitary in nature ; but notwithstanding all these seeming inconveniences, we discover no signs of ^00 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. distress or wretchedness in this animal. No qua- druped appears fatter ; none has a more sleek or glossy skin. P. 11, n. 12. Argent three moles sahle, their snouts and feet gules ^ name, ISlangothan, Mole-Hill, as the example, P. 1, n. 19. MoLiNE, A Cross, not so wide or so sharp as that which is called ancred. T. 6, n. 2. Argent a cross moline gules, name, Undal. Note, The cross moline is used as a distinction for the eighth brother. See Distinction of Houses. Monkey is a subtle and artful animal, small in stature, and has a long tail, by which it is known from the ape and baboon, that entirely want the tail ; no kind of a snare will take the monkey ; the natives of the torrid tracts suppose monkeys to be men, capable of speech, but obstinately dumb, for fear of being compelled to labour. P. 11, n. 14. Moon ; the moon is the type of the church ; for divines comparing Jesus Christ to the sun, do compare the church to the moon, as receiving all its beauty and splendour from him. It is the emblem of eternity, for that when most declined she renews again, and still grows young. It sig- nifies inconstancy and lightness, because of its frequent changes. MooR-CocK, an heraldic representation of the heath-cock. Argent a moor-cock sable, name, Moore. P. 11, n. 19. Morion, an ancient steel cap or helmet for the head. P. 17, n. 24 ; see another in P. 22, n. 22. This is borne by the Earl of Cardigan. Argefit, a chevron gules belxveen three morions azure. PART II. HERALDRY. 201 Morse. See Sea Lion. Mortar, P. 20, n. 2S. Sable, the mariar and pestle gules, name, Wakerly. Mortcours, are lamps used at funerals; they are borne as part of the wax-chandlers' arms. P.2, n.31. MoRTNE, is a term Colombiere has applied to a lion borne dead ; but is represented rampant ; and the term implies that he has neither tongue, teeth, nor claws ; which, he says, is borne hy Leon, an ancient barony in Brittany. P. 11, n. 1. Motto, a word or short sentence, inserted in a scroll, under, and sometimes over, a coat of arms, some alluding to the bearings, and some to the bearer^s name ; and others express some action, employment, or noble design ; and may be taken or left at pleasure. Mound signifies the world, which it represents, being a globe encircled, and having a cross on the top ; it represents the sovereign majesty and ju- risdiction of kings by the roundness of the mound ; and by the ensigning thereof with a cross is sig- nified that the religion and faith of Christ ought to be received and religiously embraced through- out his dominions. P. 12, n. 18. Justinia was the first who used the orb or mound with a cross on the top, which was introduced into England by Edward the Confessor. Luckomhe. Mountain Cat. See P. 11, n. 16. MouiiN, a terra for the blunted head of a tilt- ing spear. INTRODUCTION TO PART II, MoussuE, A Cross, for a cross rounded off at the ends. P. 6, n. 20. Mullet, supposed to be the rowel of a spur, and should consist of five points only ; whereas stars consist of six, or more. T. 7, n. 1. Argent a mullet gules, name, Haye, Some have con- founded stars and mullets together, which mistake is easily rectified by allowing mullets to consist of five points only, and stars of six, eight, or more. Bara says, mullets differ from stars by being al- ways pierced in the middle; Gibbon says, all French authors, and M'Kenzie, take the mullet for the rowel of a spur, which molette signifies in their language ; and they affirm it must be al- ways pierced, which differenceth it from a star. Guillim. Mr, Nisbet says, he ordinarily takes mullets for stars in blazons, when they accompany celestial figures, as those in the arms of Baillie ; but when they accompany military instruments, and other pieces of armour, for spur-rowels : when they have no such figures with them, but are alone in the shield, consisting only of five points, as in the arms of Sutherland, Douglas, &c. I take mul- lets then for stars, except some other documents, or tradition, make their signification appear. Nisbet's Heraldry^ part ii. p. 409. MuRAiLLE signifies an ordinary that is walled, as P. 18, n. 12. Azure on a pale walled, with three pieces o?i each side, or, an indorse sabky name. Sublet, PART If. HERALDRY. Mural-Crown was made of gold, with bat- tlements on the circle of it; was given by the Romans to him who first mounted the wall of a besieged town or city, and fixed the standard belonging to the army. P. 8, n. 23. Murrey. See Sanguine. MuscHETOR signifies an ermine spot, without those three spots over them that are used in er- mine. Musical Instruments, in heraldry, signify concord, joy, and fame. Musimon, a beast which is said to be engen- dered between a ewe-goat and a ram. P. 13, n. 20. Musion, an ancient term for a cat. Muzzled is when animals have their mouths tied with a muzzle. N. Naiant, when fish are borne horizontally across the field in a swimming posture. T. 10, n. 3. Naissant signifies (coming out) a lion, or other creature, that seems to be coming out of the middle of an ordinary or charge, as P. 7, n. 26. Narcissus : this flower consists of six petals, and, in shape, resembles the leaf of the cinquefoil. P. 2, n. 8. NavalXrown. Claudius, after surprising the Britons, invented this as a reward for service at sea : it was made of gold, and consisted of prows of galleys, and sails placed upon t|je rim or circle. INTRODUCTION TO PART IL alternately, and fixed over the gate of the imperial palace. P. 8, n. 22. Nebule, one of the partition lines, signifies clouds, and is used when the outlines of an or- dinary or partition line run arched in and out, as T.'S. NoMBiiiL-Poi NT, or navel-point, is that marked with the letter F, under the fess-point. T. 1. NowED, signifies tied or knotted, and is said of a serpent, wy vern, or other creature, whose bodies or tails are twisted like a knot. See P. 7, n. 17. The arms of the duchy of Milan is, argent ^ a ser- pent vairy in pale azure , crowned or, vorant an irifant issuing gules. The occasion of this bearing was thus : Otlio, first Viscount of Milan, going to the Holy Land with Godfrey of Bouillon, slew in a single combat the giant Volux, a man of an extraordinary stature and strength, who had chal- lenged the bravest of the Christian army. The Viscount having killed him, took his armour, and with it his helmet, the crest whereof was a serpent swallowing an infant ; worn by him, as it must be supposed, to strike terror into those that should be so bold as to engage him. O. Oak signifies strength, constancy, and long life; or, on a mount in base, an oak acorned proper^ name. Wood. Plate H, n. 12. Obsidional Crown, or garland : it was com- posed of grass, pv twigs of trees, interwoven as PART II. HERALDRY, 205 the example ; it was by the Romans given as a reward for him that held out a siege, or caused it to be raised, repulsing the enemy, and delivering the place. P. 8, n. 26. Ogress. See Pellet. Olive Crown, or garland. It was given by the Greeks to those who came off victorious at the Olympic games. P. 22, n. 4. Olive-Tree is the emblem of peace and con- cord; ovy a fess gules, between three olive- branches^ proper, name, Roundel, Ondee. See Wavy. OriNicus ; this beast is of heraldic invention ; its body and fore legs are said to be like those of a lion ; the head and neck like those of the eagle ; to the body are affixed wings, like those of a griffin ; and it hath a tail like that of a camel. P. 15, n. 6. Note, The opinicus is the crest to the arms of the barber- surgeons. Or signifies gold, and, in engraving, is re- presented by small dots all over the field or charge. T. 2, Or, t*tsoo bars sable, betzveen six lions'* heads couped, three, two, one, gules. Crest a demy- eagle, ermine, the wings displayed and erect or, Plate 16, n. 7. These arms appertained to Henry Kearsly, of London, gent, made register of all goods, ships, wares, and merchandises, that should be seized or stayed in any of the ports or other places whatsoever, within the realm of England, or town or port of Berwick, by reason of any un- lawful importations or expoi'talion* ; and this trust 906 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. he exercised from September 6, in the sixth year of King Charles the First, until the end of the year 1648, at which time he was removed by the usurped powers then in being, for his loyalty to the king, and so kept out, and suffered the loss of his place, until the happy restoration and re- turn of King Charles the Second, by whom he was, in the twelfth year of his reign, readmitted and restored to his office aforesaid. A patent to the said Henry Kearsly and his heirs, dated the 2d of October, 1662, by Sir Edward Byshe, Clarencieux. Guillims Display of Heraldry, Orb. See Mound. Ordinaries are any of those figures which, by their ordinary and frequent use, are become peculiar to the science ; such as the cross ^ chief pale, Jess, inescutcheon, chevron, saltiret hend, and bar. T. 4. Note, Feme says, before any of these ordinaries were ever used in arras, they an- ciently distinguished their leaders' shields with beasts, birds, fishes, plants, &c. The ordinaries began long after, and were used as differences. Orle signifies a border or selvage within the shield, at some distance from the edges. T. 5, 11. 4. Azure, an orle argent, name, Sir John Spring. In-Orle, that is, when things are placed re- gularly within the escutcheon, all about it, in the nature of an orle, near the edges. P. 7, n. 4. Note, Martlets, trefoils, &c. when in-orle, are always eight in number. PAUT ir. HERALDRY. ^7 Orle, of three pieces, sable ; this example is taken from Upton, to show that this ordinary is borne of many pieces. P. 16, n. 17. Orle and Bordure, sable, an orle within a bordure argent. P. 16, n. 18. Ostrich is the largest of all birds; when it holds up its head it approaches to the height of two yards ; from the idle story of its being able to digest iron, this bird is, in heraldry, painted with a horse-shoe in its mouth. The sandy and burning deserts of Africa and Asia are the only native residences of these animals. P. 14, n. ^4. Ostrich Feathers are always drawn with their tops turned down, as P. 15, n. 8, therefore that circumstance, as to the tops, need not be mentioned. Note, If in coat armoury an ostrich feather is white, and the quill part gold, or any other colour different from the feather, it is bla- zoned pemied of such a colour, sometimes shafted of such a colour, and some say quilled of such a colour. This latter term seems the most natural. Ostrich Feathers in Plume : if three fea- thers are placed together, as in P. 15, n. 8, they are termed a plume, and their number need not be mentioned in the blazoning; but if there are more than three, the number should be ex- pressed; for example, a plume of jive ostrich feathers. Further, if there are more than one row of feathers, those rows are termed in blazon heights ; for example, a plume of oitrich feathers ' in two heights, by some termed a double plume, as P. 15, n. 9. Where the plum(;is composed of 208 INTRODUCTION TO TART II. nine feathers, in two heights, they should be placed Jive in the bottom row, and Jour in the top TOW; if there are three heights, then the plume should consist of twelve feathers ; \'iz. Jive, jour, and three. They are termed a triple plume. See P. 15, n. 10. Otter, an amphibious animal; it is found only at the sides of lakes and rivers; it is not fond of fishing in a running stream ; in rivers it always swims against the stream ; choosing rather to meet than pursue the fishes it preys upon. The otter, when tamed, will follow its master like a dog, and even fish for him. An old otter will never yield while it has life ; nor make the least complaint, though wounded ever so much by the dogs, nor even when transfixed with a spear. Birigki/s An. Biog. P. 11, n. 10. Argent, a Jess betxveen three otters sable, name, Lutterel. Ounce, o^ Lynx. Over-All, is when any charge is borne over another. See Plate D, n. 13. Three bars wavy azure, over all a lion rampant of' the first, name, Bu/beck, Owl. This bird signifies prudence, vigilance, and watchfulness, and was borne by the Athenians as their armorial ensign. P. 14, n. 16. Note, Owls, in heraldry, are always represented full- faced. Chingius Khan, the first Tartarian em- peror, being defeated in an engagement, and seeing himself closely pursued, crept into a bush to hide himself, where he was no sooner laid but an owl perched upon the top of it; which when PART II. HERALDRY. 209 the pursuers saw, they neglected the search of that bush, supposing no man was there where so timorous a bird sat securely ; by which means Chingius preserved his life ; in memory thereof the Tartars have an owl in great veneration. Penn, Arct. Zooil. Ox. The ox is the most serviceable creature to man, and excellent food when killed : it was one of the most agreeable sacrifices that were offered among the Jews. The Egyptians wor- shipped it as a god, under the name Apis ; the ox is borne frequently in heraldry. The ox, in Egypt, was the symbol of fertility and inunda- tion. Savary, Padlock, sahle^ three padlocks argent, name, Lovett. P. 1, n. 1. Pale, is an honourable ordinary, consisting of two perpendicular lines drawn from the top to the base of the escutcheon, and contains the third middle part of the field. T. 4, n. 2. Note, The pale is like the pallisades used about fortifications, and formerly used for the inclosing of camps; for which reason every soldier was obliged to carry one, and to fix it according as the lines were drawn for the security of the camp. Forneys Heraldry, Pall, a cross, is the archiepiscopal ornament sent from Rome to metropolitans (it is made of the wool of white lambs), approf)riatcd to arch- t3 ®10 INTRODUCTION TO PART If. bishops; it resembles the letter Y in shape. It consists of pieees of white woollen stuff, three fingers in breadth, and embroidered with crosses. All Rellg. p. 315. See P. 4, n. 10. Pallet is a diminutive of the pale, containing one half of the breadth of the pale. See T. 4, n. 3. Pallisado. See Vallary. Pallisse is like a range of pallisades before a fortification, and so represented on a fess, rising up a considerable length, and pointed at the top, with the field appearing between them. Plate 16, n. 16. Palmer's Staffs. See P. 7, n. 3. Palm-Tree. See p. 22, n. 2. The Egyptians represented the year by a palm-tree, and the month by one of its branches ; because it is the nature of this tree to produce a branch every month. Volney. Paly is when the field is divided into four or more even number of parts, by perpendicular lines, consisting of two different tinctures inter- changeably disposed. Paly of six, or and azure, name, Gurney. T. 5, n. 17. Paly-Bendy, is by lines perpendicular, which is paly, and by others diagonal athwart the shield, from the dexter to the sinister, which is called bendy. P. 3, n. 22. Paly bendy sinister of six, or and azure, a canton, ermine, name. Buck, of Yorkshire. SeeP.3, n. 21. In-Pale, is when things are borne one above another perpendicular in the centre of the shield, in the nature of a pale. See T. 10, n. 16. PART II. HERALDRY. 211 Per, a particle generally used in heraldry, before an ordinary, to denote a partition of the field, as party perjess^ pale, he. Per Pale, so termed when the field or charge is equally divided by a perpendicular line, as T. 3, n. 1. Party per pale, or and sable, name, Searle. Panther. This beast is very beautiful, by reason of the variety of coloured spots wherewith his body is overspread : he is a fierce and cruel beast. Note, When he is depicted with fire issuing from his mouth and ears, he then is termed incensed. P. 14, n. 7. Papal-Crown. See Pope. Papillone is a field divided into variegated specks, like those on a butterfly, but ranged like the scales of a fish. P. 3, n. 25. Parrot. P. 17, n. 7. Of all foreign birds, the parrot is the best known among us, as it unites the greatest beauty with the greatest docility. Nole, Parrots are frequent in the arms of the ancient families of Switzerland ; occasioned by two great factions, in the year 1262, which were distinguished by their ensigns; the one having a red standard with a white star, and the other a white standard with a green parrot: and the famiUes that were concerned in those factions bore in their arms either stars or parrots. Partition Lines are such as party-per-pale, party-per-bend, party-per-fess, party-per-chevron, party-per-cross, party-per-saltire ; by which is un- derstood a shield divided or cut through by a line or lines, either perpendicular, d^igonal, traverse, 21^ INTRODUCTION TO PART II. &c. as in example, T. 3. Note, Why lines are used in heraldry, is to difference bearings which would be otherwise the same ; for an escutcheon charged with a chief engrailed, differs from a chief wavy as much as if the one bore a cross and the other a saltire. Party signifies parted or divided, and is ap- plied to all divisions of the field, viz. Party-per-pale is the field divided by a perpendicular line. T. 3, n. 1. Party-per-pale^ argent and gules ^ name, Walgrave. Party-per-pale and Chevron signifies the field to be divided into four parts, by two lines ; one is a pale line, the other a line in form of a chevron. P. 3, n. 31. Party-per-pale and Base is the field divided into three parts by the pale line, and a horizontal in base. P. 3, n. 32. Paschal Lamb. See Holy Lamb. Passant, for beasts when in a walking position. T. 8, n. 2S. Passant-Gardant, for a beast walking full- faced, looking right forward. The lion, in this position, denotes the prudent judge. T. 9, n. 1. Carter says, Gules a lion -passant, gardant or, was the coat armour of the dukes ofAquitaine, and was joined with the coat of the kings of England, by the match of Henry the Second, being before two lions, the posture aiid colours one and the same. Passant- Regardant signifies a beast walk- ing and looking behind him. T. 9, n. 12. PART ir. HERALDRY. 213 Passion, or cross of the passion, being like that of Calvary, but has no steps. Passion Nail. See P. 4, n. 31. Paternal signifies, in heraldry, the original arms of a family. Paternostre, a Cross, that which is made of beads. P. 4, n. 7. Patonce, a Cross, is flory at the ends, and differs from that which is so called, as that does circumflex and turn down : this extends and stretches to a pattee form. T. 6, n. 4. Vert^ a cross patonce, or, name. Boy dell, Patriarchal-Cross, so called from its being appropriated to patriarchs, as the triple cross is to the Pope. P. 4, n. 20. Note, Morgan says, the patriarchal-cross is crossed twice, to denote the work of redemption that was wrought on the cross, did extend to the patriarchs and pilgrims, viz. Jews and Gentiles. Pattee, a Cross, is small in the centre, and so goes on widening to the ends, which are very broad. T. 6, n. 6. Pattee, a cross pattee, throughout. See P. 16, n. 9. Some authors term it a cross pattee entire, Pattes are the paws of any beast. Pavillion. See Tent. Paw. See Game. Peacock, when it is borne affronte, with its tail spread, is termed in pride, as P. 7, n. 11 ; when it is represented with its wings close, as the example, P. 1, n. 15, it is blazoned simply a Pea- I 214 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. cock, and it must be drawn as the example. India and Ceylon are the real native countries of the common peacock. Pea-Rise, a term for a pea-stalk, leaved and blossomed; it is a part of the crest of St. Qiiintin, Peak, one of the furs, the ground black, and the spots gold. P. 13. Pearl, in heraldry, is used for argent, and in engraving is left white. Pegasus, among the poets, a horse imagined to have wings, being that whereon Bellerophon was fabled to be mounted when he engaged the Chimera ; azure, a Pegasus, the wings expanded argent^ are the arms of the Inner Temple of London. P. 2, n. 20. Pelican Heraldic. The pelican is generally represented with her wings indorsed, her neck embowed, pecking her breast ; and when in her nest feeding her young, is termed a pelican in her piety. This bird was in such esteem with the Egyptians, that they held it as a hieroglyphic of the four duties of a father to his children ; viz. generation, education, instruction, and good ex- ample. T. 7, n. 19. Pelican Natural. It size it exceeds the swan. This bird has an enormous bag attached to the lower mandible of the bill, and extending almost from the point of the bill to the throat. It lives on fish, for which it makes excursions out to sea. It is a native of Africa and America. Sec P. 22, n. 13. PART II. HERALDRY. S15 Pellets are black roundles ; some term them ogresses, and gun-stones. T. 8, n. 13. Pen. p. 20, n. 17. Gules , three pens ar- gent, name, Cowpen. Pendant signifies hanging down. Pennon, a small flag, ending in one sharp point, or two, which used to be placed on the tops of spears, with the arms, crest, or motto, of the bearer. Penny-yard-penny, so termed from the place where it was first coined, which was (as is sup- posed) in the castle of Penny-yard, near the market town of Ross, situated upon the river Wye, in the county of Hereford. P. 12, n. 16. Azure, three penny-yard-pence proper, name, Spence, Penoncles. See Pennon. Perclose, or demi-garter, is that part of the garter that is buckled and nowed. See example, P. 16, n. 23. Or, the perclose of three demi- garters nowed azure, garnished of the firsts name, Narboon, Perflew. See Purflew. Perforated. See Pierced. Petronel, an ancient name for a pistol. Pewit : see the example, P. 5, n. 23. Pheon, the iron part of a dart, with a barbed head, and is frequently borne in coats, and termed a pheon's head. T. 7, n. 4. Pheons, a Cross, of four. T. 6, n. 12. Ph(enix, a beautiful Arabian bird, famous among the ancients, who dcrcribe,it in form like 216 INTRODUCTION TO PAIIT II. the eagle, but more beautiful in its plumage; when advanced in age, it makes itself a nest of spices, which being set on fire by the sun, or some other secret power, it burns itself, and out of its ashes riseth another. In heraldry, a phoenix in Jlames proper^ is the emblem of immortality. T. 7, n. 20. Burnet, in his Theory of the Earthy says, " I do not doubt but the story is a fable as to any such kind of bird, single in her species, living and dying, and reviving in that manner : but it is an apologue, or a fable with an interpre- tation, and was intended as an emblem of the world, which, after a long age, will be consumed in the last fire; and from its ashes or remains will arise another world, or a new-formed heaven and earth. This, I think, is the true mystery of the phoenix, under which symbol the Eastern nations preserved the doctrine of the conflagration and re- novation of the world." VoL ii. p. 25, oct. edit. Pierced, a Cross, when any ordinary is per- forated or struck through, with a hole in it, so as the field may be seen ; the piercing must be par- ticularly expressed as to its shape, whether square, round, or lozenge ; viz. argent, a cross, square pierced, azure. P. 4, n. 1 . Pike Staff. See the example, P. 2, n. 3. Pillar. Or, a pillar sable, enwrapped with an adder argent, name, Myntur. P. 12, n. 3. The adder thus enwrapped about the pillar, sig- nifies prudence conjoined with constancy; both which being united in men of high spirit, do greatly avail to the achieving of noble enterprises. PART II. HKUALDRY. 217 Pile is an ordinary, and taken for tliose piles on which bridges, &c. are buih. Piles have been granted to such as have been very useful in found- ing commonwealths and colonies. T. 4, n. 22. Note, Edmondson is of opinion, when there are two, three, or more piles, issuing from a chief, and they are not expressed in the blazon to meet in a point, they should be drawn perpendicular. Argent a pile gules; this helonged to Sir John Candoys in the time of Edward the Third. Carter. Pilgrims' or Palmers' Staffs. See P. 7, n. 3, and No. 10. Azure three pilgrims^ crook staff's or, name Pilgrim. Pily-Bendy : or and azure, a canton erniine, name . P. 7, n. 1. Party-per-pile transposed. This kind of bearing is rare, as well as in regard of the trans- position thereof; for the natural bearing of piles is with the points downwards ; as also in respect that the field is divided into three distinct colours. This coat is borne by Meinsiorpe of Holsatia. P.3, n.33. PARTY-PER-ptLE in point, argent and azure. P. S, n. 34. Party-per-pile in traverse, argent a7id gules; so termed, by the lines having their beginning from the exact points of the chief and base sini- ster, and so extend to the extreme line in the fess ' point on the dexter side ; this coat is borne by Rathlowe of Holsatia. P. 3, n,35. 218 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Pincers, P. 17, n. 16, argent, afess, between three pair of pincers gules, name Russel. Pine-tree is the emblem of death, because being once cut, it never sprouts again. Argent, on a mount in base, a pine-apple tree Jructed 'proper, name Fine, Placcate, piece of armour worn over the breast-plate to strengthen it. Plate, is a round flat piece of silver, without any impression on it. T. 8, n. 10. Playing-Table, or backgammon-tables. P. 5, n. 8. Azure, three pair of backgammon tables open proper, edged or, name Pegriz. Plough. It was the manner, in ancient times, when a city was to be built, to limit out the cir- cuit thereof by drawing of a furrow with a plough, as Alex, ab Alex, noteth ; also used when they intended the final destruction of a city, to plough it up, and to sow salt therein : as we read that Abimelech, having taken the city of Sichem, put the people to the sword that were therein, destroyed the city, and sowed salt thereon ; which was done (as Tremellius noteth) in token of perpetual de- vastation thereof: but that kind of tracing out their cities was used as a happy presage of succeeding abundance and fertility, which the citizens should stand in need of. Azure, a plough in Jess ar- gent, name Kroge. P. 12, n. 1^. Plumby. See Purple. Plume. See Ostrich Feathers. Plummet, used by mariners to fathom the depth of water. P. 2, n. 11. PART II. HERALDRY. S19 Pointed, a Cross. See Equisce. Points of the Escutcheon. See Escut- cheon. Points, a Cross of sixteen points ; so termed from its having: four points at each extremity. P.6,n.4. In Point, is when swords, piles, &c. are so borne as resembling the point of a pile ; that is, that the points of those sharp bearings almost come to meet in the base of the escutcheon. Poison. See Marined. Poland, Crown of. P. 8, n. 13. PoMMEE, A Cross, signifies a cross with a ball or knob at each end ; also from pomme^ an apple. T. 6, n. 9. Pomegranate, the arms of the city of Gra- nada in Spain, is argent a pomegranate in pale, slipt proper; this figure is the emblem of royalty, as being crowned on the top. P. \% n. 6. Causin says, the pomegranate was the hieroglyphic of po- pulousness, the society of many nations; friendship. PoMEis, are green roundles, and termed from the French word poinme, an apple. T. 8, n. 14. PoMELLED, signifies the round ball or knob affixed to the handle of a sword or dagger. PoMMETTY, A Cross, Signifies more than one ball or knob at each end. P. 6, n. 19. Pope's Crown. See Tiara. Popinjay, a parrot, or parroquet. Porcupine is about two feet long and fifteen INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. inclies high ; the body is covered with quills from ten to fourteen inches long, and very sharp at the points: the quills of this animal incline back- wards, like the bristles of a hog ; but when the animal is irritated, they rise and stand erect like bristles. The opinion of its being able to dart its quills at its enemies, is now universally allowed to be fabulous ; they are firmly fixed in the skin, and are only shed when the animal moults them, as birds do their feathers. P. 11, n. 5. Gules a por- cupine sail ant argent, quilled and chained or, name Sir Simon Eyre, Lord Mayor of London, 1445. He built Leaden-hall. PoRTATE, A Cross, so termed, because it does not stand upright, as generally crosses do, but lies athwart the escutcheon in bend, as if it were carried on a man's shoulder. P. 6, n. 16. Portcullis, a falling door like a harrow, hung over the gates of fortified places, and let down to keep an enemy oat of a city or castle, the perpen- dicular bars being spiked, both to wound the as- sailants, and fix themselves in the ground. The portcullis is one of the distinctions of the royal house of Tudor. T. 7, n.l2. Portugal, Crown of, is a ducal coronet, height- ened up with eight arched diadems that support a mound, ensigned with a plain cross. P. 8, n. 9. Pose. See Stat ant. Potent, a Cross, so termed by reason of the resemblance its extremities bear to the head of a crutch, in Chancers description of old age, PART IL HER AX DRY. 221 " So eld she was, that she ne went A foote, but it were by potent.'''' T. 6, n. 5. Jzure, a cross potent or, name Brancliley. Potent-Counter-Potent, argent and azure; so termed, as this fur is said to resemble the heads of crutches ; so in blazon the colours being named, they may be tinctured with any other, as argent ^ sahle, &c. T. 2, n. 6. PouLDRON, that part of armour which covereth the shoulder. Powdering signifies the strewing of a field, crest, or supporters, irregularly with any small figures, as ermine, martlets, fleurs-de-lis, &c. Prasin, an ancient terra for green ; from the Greek, signifying a leek. Precise middle chief. See Middle Chief. Precise middle base. See Middle Base. Predominant signifies that the field is but of one tincture. Kimber. Preene, an instrument used by clothiers in dressing cloth. P. SO, n. 5. Azure, a preene^ or, name Preener, Premier, from the French, signifies^r.^^ ; and used by English heralds to signify the most an- cient peer of any degree by creation. Prestor John, or Presbyter John, is drawn as a bishop, sitting on a tomb-stone, having on his head a mitre, his dexter hand extended, a mound in his sinister, and in his mouth a sword fess- wise ; the point to the dexter side of the fields •u 3 L S2S INTRODtJCTION TO PART IL This is part of the arms of the episcopal see of Chichester. P. 16, n. 11. Pretence. See Escutcheon of Pretence. Pride : this term is used for turkeycocks and peacocks. When they extend their tails into a circle, and drop their wings, they are said to be in their pride. P. 7, n. 11. Primrose, an ancient term for the quatrefoil. Prisoners' Bolt. See Shackbolt. Proper : this term is for creatures, vegetables, &c. when borne in coats of arms in their natural colours. Proboscis is the trunk of an elephant. P. 17, 11. 20. Prussia, Crown of. P. 8, n. 12. PuRFLED, trimmed or garnished, a term for the studs and rims of armour being gold : viz. an arm in armour proper pitrjled or. PuRFLEwis the embroidery of a bordure of fur, shaped exactly like vair. When of one row, it is termed purflewed; when of two, counter-purflewed, and when of three, vair. PuRPURE is the colour purple, and, in engrav- ing, is represented by diagonal lines, from the: left to the right ; it is said to derive its name from ' a shell-fish called J;w72^^^ra. T. 2. Pyot. a provincial name for a magpye. PART n. UEKALDRY. 233 Q. QiTADRANs, Lat. a Canton. Quadrate signifies square, a cross potent quadrate in the centre, that is, the centre of the cross is square. See P. 4, n. 29. Quarter isanordinary of a quadrangular form, contains a fourth part of the field ; it is formed by two lines, one drawn from the side of the shield horizontally to the centre, and the other perpen- dicularly from the chief, to meet it in the same point. T. 4, n. 23. QuARTERiNGS are the partitions of a shield, containing many coats of arms. See Plate J, n. 19. Quarterly, is when a shield or charge is di- vided into four parts, by a pei'pendicular and ho- rizontal line, which crossing each other in the centre of the field, divide it into four equal parts called quarters. Plate C, n. 6. Plate J, n. 19. Quarterly Pierced, signifies a square hole in a cross, a millrine, &c. through which aperture the field is seen. See examples, P. 4, n. 1. Quarterly Quartered is a saltire quartered in the centre, and the branches are each parted by two different tinctures alternately. See Plate J, n. 16. Quatrefoil, four-leaved grass; this, as wcl as the trefoil, is much used in heraldry. T. 6, n. OQ. Queue, a term for the tail of an animal. S24 INTRODUCTION TO PAllT II. Quill of Yarn. See the example, P. 5, n. 22. Quintain, an ancient tilting block used'4n a sport or game, still in practice at marriages in Shropshire, and some other counties. The sport consists in running a tilt (on horseback) against a quintain, or thick plank, fixed in the ground. He that, by striking this plank, breaks the great- est number of tilting-poles, and shows the greatest activity, gains the prize ; which was formerly a peacock, but of late years hath been a garland. See the example, P. 19, n. 6. Quintal. There is one at OfFham, in Kent ; it stands upon a green in the midst of the village, and is about seven feet in length ; the transverse piece is about five feet in length, the broad part of which is marked with many circles about the size of a half-crown ; and at the other end is a block of wood, weighing about four or five pounds, suspended by a chain ; the whole of which turns round upon a pivot upon the upright part, and the game was played as follows : A man on horse- back being armed with a strong pole of a certain length, rides with full speed within a few feet of the quintal, and making a strong thrust at that part of it where the circles are marked, it is turned round with such violence, that unless he is very expert, he is sure to receive a blow on the head from the pendulous piece on the opposite side. See P. 22, n. 10. Gent. Mag. June, 1804, p. 517. Quiver of Arrows, a case filled with arrows. PART ir. HERALDRY. 225 » R. Rack-Pole Beacon. See Fire-Beacon. Radiant, or Rayonnant, is when rays or beams are represented about a charge, as T. 6, n. 16. Raguled is when the bearing is uneven or ragged, hke the trunk or Hmb of a tree lopt of its branches, so that only the stumps are seen. One of the hnes of partition, from its shape, is termed raguled. T. 3, P. 4, n. 2. Raguly, a Cross, it seeming to be made of two trunks of trees without their branches, of which they show only their stumps. P. 4, n. 2. Sable, a cross raguly, or^ name Stoway, Rainbow, a semicircle of various colours, aris- ing from clouds. The rainbow is a token of God's covenant with Noah, as appeareth Genesis ix. and 1.3. " I have set my bow in the clouds, and it shall be for a sign of the covenant between me and the earth," &c. — Ecclesiasticus xliii. 11. '^ Look upon the rainbow, and praise him that made it ; very beautiful is it in the brightness thereof; it compasseth the heaven about with a circle, and the hand of the Most High hath bended it." And indeed, worthy is he to be so praised, who, when he could have made a bow to destroy us, rather chose to make this bow to assure us he would not destroy us : a noble precedent to teach nobles to use their strength and their weapons rather to preserve and help, than ^o overthrow or S26 INTRODUCTION TO PART IT. hurt those who are under their power. Farnesius saith, that the rainbow appearing in the south be- tokeneth rain ; in the west, it foreshowedi thun- der; and in the east, prognosticates fair weather. Plate H, n. 6. Argent, a rainbow proper^ name Pont. Rampant is when a beast standeth upright on his hinder leg ; the Hon, in this position, signifies vigour and courage, also the hieroglyphic of he- roes and illustrious princes. T. 9, n. 2. Rampant-Gardant signifies a Hon standing upright on his hinder legs, full-faced, looking right forward ; in this position, it denotes the noble lord. T. 9, n. 2. Rampant-Regardant ; a term for any beast standing upright on its hinder legs, looking be- hind or towards its back, and signifies circum- spection and caution. T. 9, n. 4. Ram ; the chief part of his strength lieth in his head, where he is well armed to fight, and is of great force, passing all other sheep. The inha- bitants of Thebes regarded the ram as sacred, and do not feed on its flesh. Every year, on the fes- tival of Jnpiter, they cut off the head of a ram, and take off its skin, with which they cover the statue of the god. Herodotus, lib. ^. Proclus says, the Egyptians had a singular veneration for the ram, because the Image of Ammon bore his head, and that this sign, the first of the zodiac, was the presage of the fruits of the earth. Sabk a chevron, between three rams heads couped, ar^\ gent, name Ramsey. PART II. HEBALDIIY. 227 Raping, an old term for ravenous beasts when represented ^feedirig'. Raven. This bird is found in ahnost all coun- tries in the world, for it can bear any sort of weather ; he is very bold, flies to a great height, and has an extraordinary fine smell. Linnaeus observes, that the Swedes look upon ravens as sacred birds, and no one attempts to kill them. It is considered as the emblem of constancy ; or, a raven proper, name Corbet. P. 11, n. 18. Od- dune, Earl of Devonshire, having killed Hubba, the Dane, he got possession of the famous Reqfen, or enchanted standard : it contained the figure of a raven, which had been inwoven by the three sisters of Hinguar and Hubba with many magical incantations, and which, by its different move- ments, prognosticated, as the Danes believed, the I good or bad success of any enterprise. Hume. Ray, or stream of light, from any luminous body, as the sun or stars. Plate B, n. 30. Rayonnant, a Cross, is that which has rays of glory behind it, darting from the centre to all the quarters of the escutcheon. T. 6, n. 16. Rebated is when the top or point of a weapon is broken off. Rebatement. See Difference. Rebus, expressed in a remarkable manner in our sculptures of the 16th century, by an associa- tion of the figures of men, particular parts of the human body, and certain familiar objects in nature and art. Examples of name ; as Islip, Abbot of Westminster, sculptured in the ^-hurch a man, INTRODUCTION TO PART II, portrait of the abbot slipping from a tree. Bol- ton, prior of St. Bartholomew, Smithfield, sculp- tured in the church ; a bolt or arrow pierced through a tun. Rose Knot wing in a painting on glass in an old house, Islington, the representa- tion of a rose, a knot, or twisted cord, and a wing. Gent. Ma^. Ap. 1804, p. 328. Rebus, in heraldry, is meant such a coat as by its figure alludes to the name of the person ; as, three salmons yiov Salmon, apine-tree, for Pines, &c. Reed. See Slay. Regardant signifies an animal looking behind, having its face turned towards its back : as seeing, marking, vigilant. T. 9, n. 12. Rein Guard, for that part of armour which guards the lower part of the back. Rein Deer, as drawn in armory, is a stag with double attires; as the example, P. 15, n. 5. Remora. This word, in heraldry, is used to denote a serpent, in blazoning the figure of Pru- dence, which is represented holding in her hand a javelin entwined with a serpent proper; such serpent is expressed by the word Remora. Renverse, is when any thing is set with the head downwards, or contrary to its natural way of being; as a chevron with the point downwards, or when a beast is laid on its back. P. 11, n. 3. Rere Mouse, or Bat. This creature is of such near resemblance to both bird and beast, that it may be doubted of which kind it is ; for by its wings and flying, it should be a bird ; and by its body, a kind of mouse ; bringing forth its young yAUr II. HERALDRY. 229 alive, and suckling them with its paps, which no other bird doth ; neither hath any creature but this wings made of pannicles, or thin skins : argefit, a rere-mouse displayed sable, name Baxter. P. 14, n. 18. Recercellee. See Ceecelee. Recrossed is the same as a cross, croslet. Respecting, a term for fish, or tame beast, when placed upright one against the other. T. 10, ri. 5. Rest : this figure is termed by some a rest for a horseman's lance ; others a musical instrument, termed a clarion or claricord. T. 7, n. 11. Restriall, an ancient term for barry. Paly and Pily. Rhinoceros. This beast, which is of great bulk and strength, is found in the deserts of Ara- bia, and taketh its name from the horn in his nose. He is a mortal enemy to the elephant, whom he seldom meets without a battle. P. 14, n. 21. Ribbon, or Riband, is the eighth part of the bend, but does not touch the escutcheon at either end. T. 4, n. 9. Rich Colour. See Gules. Ring of gold, was used by the Romans as a mark of nobility ; the people wore silver rings, and the slaves iron. The ring is a type of fidelity. The ancients did not wear rings for ornaments as for use of sealing, in regard that the seal gave a better approbation than the writing, concerning the validity of the charter. Rising, for birds preparing to^y. T, 9, n. 20. X 230 INTRODUCTION TO PART IF, RoMPU, A Chevron, signifying a chevron, bend, or the like, to be broken. P. 3, n. 18. Sable, a chevron rompu, between three mullets or, name SaulL See Plate C, n. 27. Rose, in blazon, the following (according to Guillim) should be observed, viz. argent a rose miles, barbed and seeded proper. Note, The rose IS blazoned gules, (the leaves are called barbed^ and are always green, as the seed in the middle is yellow) the word proper should be omitted in blazoning this flower ; for it could not be under- stood of what colour, as there are two sorts, white and red, T. 6, n. J^4. The rose is used as a di- stinction for the seventh brother. See Distinc- tion OF Houses. P. 10, n. 7. Note, The roses of England were first pub- licly assumed as devices by the sons of Edward III. John of Gaunt, diike of Lancaster, used the red rose for the badge of his family and his brother Edward, who was created Duke of Yorl;, anno 1385, took a white rose for his device, which the followers of them and their heirs did afterwards bear for distinction in that bloody war between the two houses of York and Lancaster; which two families being happily united by Henry VII. the male heir of the house of Lancaster, in marrying Princess Elizabeth, the eldest daughter and heiress of Edward IV. of the house of York, in anno 1486, the tw^o roses were united in one, which be- came the royal badge of England. RosELETTES, Leigh says, signifies single roses, having five leaves each. PART II. HERALDRY. 231 Rose-Double. See P. 6, n. 21. RouNDLEs, or RouNDLETs; first is the Be- zant ; a piece of gold coin which was current in Byzantium (now called Constantinople). Second is the Plate ; a round flat piece of silver, with- out any impression, but, as it were, formed ready to receive it. When any of these figures are found of the colour green, they must (in blazon) be called PoMEis; if blue, Hurts; if red, Torteauxes; if purple, Golpes ; if black, Pellets ; if tenne. Oranges ; if sanguine, Guzes. T. 8, n. 9 to 15. According to the author of Notitia Anglicana, they signify little bread cakes used in the croi- sades, of variety of colours like our modern eat- able wafers, Noti, Angli. p. 72. ISlote, If there are two, three, or more, in a coat, and they be coun- terchanged, be they of any colour or metal, they retain the name of roundles, viz, party per pale, or and gules, three roundles counterchanged, name Jbtot. Note, Only English heralds term the roundles by their several names as above; whereas the French, and all other nations, have no such prac- tice, but express the colour of every roundle, terming them all torteauxes. RousANT, a term for a bird rising as if prepar- ing to take wing, but whose weight of body pre- vents it from rising into the air, as swans, &c. When this term is applied to a swan, we are to understaild that her wings are indorsed ; as the example, T. 10, n. 10. Ruby, a stone used in heraldry^nstead of gules, ^32 TNTRODUGTION TO PART II. being of a red colour. This stone was the last of the third row (of Aaron's breast-plate) whereon Gad was engraved. Russia, Crown of. P. 8, n. 11. RusTRE, is a lozenge pierced round in the mid- dle. Some authors say the rustre was fixed at the end of lances used in tournaments ; others, that it was a piece of iron which interposed between the heads of nails fixed on ports of cities and castles. See P. 6, n. 22. Boyer says, rustre is from the German raute, which signifies a nut of a screw. Sable is the colour black, and in engraving is represented by perpendicular and horizontal lines crossing each other. T. 2. Sacre or Saker, of the falcon kind ; the head grey, the feet and legs bluish, the back a dark brown. Sagittarius is an imaginary creature, being half man and half beast, and a poetical fiction ; it represents one of the twelve celestial signs, and was borne by King Stephen of England, by reason he entered the kingdom when the sun was in that sign, and obtained a great victory by the help of his archers ; and took for his arms the said sign, and left off bearing both the arms of his father Stephen Earl of Champaine, and his grandfather, William the Conqueror. Guillim, P. 14, n. 1. Sail, P. 20, n. 16. Gules j three sails argent, name Cavell. Pliny says, Icarus^ the son of Da?dalus, was the inventor of sails. PART ir. HERALDRY. 233 Salamander is represented like a small com- mon lizard ; its legs and tail are longer ; the belly is white ; one part of the skin is black, and the other yellow ; both of them very bright, with a black line all along the back, where those spots are, out of which (as some writers will have it) a certain liquor or humour proceeds, which quench- eth the heat of fire when it is in the same. Sala- manders are bred in the Alps, and some parts of Germany, in marshy wet places : that a salaman- der can live in, and not be burned by the fire, is without foundation of truth, for the experiment has been tried. A salamander was the hierogly- phic of constancy. P. 17, n. 3. Azure j a sala- mander^ or^ in the Jlames proper^ name Cen- nino. Saliant, signifies a beast leaping on its prey, and is the emblem of the valiant captain. T. 9, fl.6. Counter-Saltant is when two beasts on the same escutcheon are saliant; the one leaping one way, and the other another, so that they look the direct opposite ways; as the example, T. 9, n. 9. Salled Headpiece, an ancient term for a helmet. Salts, or Salt-cellars, are vessels, with salt falling from the sides, as borne in the arms of the Salters'' company ; as P. 15, n. 26. Some heralds have blazoned them sprinkling salts. They were •anciently drawn as the example. At coronation dinners, and all great feasts given J)y the nobility x3 S34 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. and gentry, it was usual to set one of these salts in the centre of the dining table ; not only for hold- ing salt for the use of the guests, but as a mark to separate and distinguish the seats of the superior sort of the company from those of an inferior de- gree ; it being the custom of former times to set the nobility and gentry above the salt, and the yeomanry and persons of lower rank below the salt. Hence the common expressions o^ above the salt^ and helow the salt, Saltire. This cross is an ordinary which is formed by the bend dexter and bend sinister cross- ing each other in the centre in acute angles, which, uncharged, contains the fifth, and charged the third part of the field. T. 4, n. 21. Per-Saltire is when the field is divided into four parts by two diagonal lines, dexter and sinis- ter, that cross each other in the centre of the field, dividing it into four equal parts, in form of a sal- tire, T. 3, n. 6. Party 'per saltire^ ermine and guieSy name Restnold, Sanguine is tlie murrey colour, or dark red, and is represented in engraving by lines diagonally from the dexter to the sinister side, and from the sinister to the dexter. P. 18, n. 2. Sans-Nombre signifies many whole figures strewed on the field ; but if part of them are cut ofl'at the extremities of the escutcheon, as the ex- ample, P. 7, n. 31, it then is termed Seme. Sapphihe in heraldry is used to express the colour azure, it being a stone of a fine sky blue colour, and the hardest next a diamond. It was I PART 11. HERALDRY. 235 one of the stones put into the breast-plate of the high priest of the Jews. Sardonyx ; this stone is used in heraldry in- stead of sanguine, or dark red colour. Saturn, one of the planets, and is used instead of the colour sable. Satyral, a fictitious animal, having the body of a lion, the tail and horns of an antelope, and the face of an old man. P. 18, n. 9- Satyre. See Man Tyger. ScALiNG-L adder. ThIs instrument is used to scale the walls of besieged castles and cities. Plate C, n. 18. Argent three scaling ladders hendways gules^ name, Killingworth. ScARPE ; it is supposed to represent a shoulder belt, or an officer's scarf. T. 4, n. 11. Sceptre, a royal staff, used Ijy kings ; azure a sceptre in pale or^ ensigned with an eye. P. 12. n. 9- The eye is the emblem of providence in government, being the watchman of the body ; the sceptre is an emblem of justice, so by some it is made an ancienter ensign of a king than the crown or diadem. Sceptres and crowns were in former times not hereditary, but the recompense of va- lour. Eustathius. The sceptre was originally a javelin without a head. Tarquin the old, first used it among the Romans, which he adorned on the top with an eagle. Forney^ s Heraldry. Scorpion, P. 17, n. 19, is one of the largest of the insect tribe, and is no less terrible from its size than its malignity. This insect, which is but too common in all hot climates, is extremely bold SS6 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. and watchful. Whenever any thing approaches, it seldom exhibits signs of fear, but, with its tail erect, and sting in readiness, as fully confident of the force of its poison, it waits an attack with courage and intrepidity, and seldom desists till either it is killed or its enemy is put to flight* Argent a Jess- engrailed between three scorpions, erect sable, name, Colle, Scotch Spur, P. 20, n. 19- This is the an^ cient way of making spurs (before rowels were invented), with the buckles fixed to the heel- piece, as the example. Tilliet says, that gilt spurs were fit for the dignity of a knight, and white spurs for an esquire. Scrip, argent a chevron between three palmers'' scrips, the tassels and bucJcles or, name, Palmer, P. 12, n. 7. In the chancel at Snoland, in Kent, where Thomas Palmer, that married with the daughter of Fitz- Simon, lieth buried, is the fol- lowing epitaph : " Palmers all our faders were, I a Palmer lived here ; And traveled still, till worn wud age I ended this world's pilgrimage. On the blest Ascension day, In the cheerful month of day, A thousand with four hundred seaven, I took my journey hence to heaven." Note, Palmer (so called from a staff of a palni- trcc, which they carried as they returned firom the PART II. HERALDRY. 237 holy war), a Pilgrim that visited holy places ; yet a Pilgrim and a Palmer differed thus : a Pilgrim had some dwelling-place, and a Palmer had none; the pilgrim travelled to some certain place, the Palmer to all, and not to any one in particular ; the Pilgrim must go at his own charge, the Palmer must profess wilful poverty ; the Pilgrim might give over his profession, but the Palmer might not. Bailei/. The dress of a Pilgrim was an under vest, with an outer robe, having half-open sleeves, showing the under-sleeves, which con- tinued to the wrists. On his head a broad-brimmed hat, with a shell in front ; on his feet sandals, or short laced boots ; in his hand a staff, and by his side a scrip. Nichols s Leicestershire, ScROGS, a term used by the Scotch heralds for a small branch of a tree. Scroll, or label, wherein the motto is in- serted. ScRUTTLE. See Winnowing-Basket. Scutcheon. See Escutcheon. Scythe, an instrument used in husbandry. Argent, a scythe, and in fess a fleur-de-lis sable, name, Snyde, or Sneyde. P. 7, n. 34. Note, Morgan says, Snyde, in the ancient Saxon lan- guage, did signify to cut : Snydee, a cutter, being our ancient name for a tailor as Verstegan testi- fies, till we had the name tailleur from the French, having the same signification. Sea-Horse; the fore part is formed like a horse, with webbed feet, and the hinder part ends in a fish's tail. P. 14, n.j5. 238 INTRODUCTION TO PART II, Sea-Gull. It inhabits the northern climates ; its food is fish ; the bill is strong and straight, and hooked at the point ; the nostrils are oblong and narrow, placed in the middle of the bill ; the tongue is cloven. The legs short and naked above the knees ; and the back toe small. P. 19, n. 17. Azure a chevron or, between three Sea- Gulls argent, name, Houlditch. Seal. See Marine-Wolf. Seal's Paw, erased, P. 19, n. 9- Argent^ a chevron between three seals^ paws, erased, sable. This is the arms of Yarmouth, in Norfolk. Sea-Dog is drawn in shape like the talbot, but with a tail like that of the beaver ; a scolloped fin continued down the back from the head to the tail \ the whole body, legs, and tail scaled, and the feet webbed. P. 15, n. 7. 'Note, Two such dogs are the supporters of the arms of Baron Stourton. Sea-Lion. The upper part is hke a lion, and the lower part like the tail of a fish. See P. 15, n. 20. Note, When the sea-lion is drawn erect, as P. 14, n. 29, it is blazoned, viz. a sea-lion, erect on his tail. Sea-Pie, a water-fowl of a dark brown colour, with a red head, and the neck and wings white. P. 15, n. 3, Gules, a chevron, between three sea- pies or, name, Sayer, or Sayer. Seax, a scimitar, with a semicircular notch hollowed out of the back of the blade. P. 15, n. 2. It is said to be formed exactly like the Saxon sword. Verstegan says, this was a weapon oi the Saxons, which they wore under their coats PART 11. HERALDRY. -when they slew the Britons in Salisbury plain. Rapin says, the word Saxon comes from Seax, which, in their language, signifies a sword. They had two sorts ; a long one, which they wore by their side, and another that was shorter, which served for a dagger : both were in the shape of a cut] as or falchion. Seeded is chiefly applied to roses, to express the colour of their seed. Segeeant signifies a griffin erect on its hind legs, with the wings indorsed, with wings dis- played as ready to fly. P. 7, n. 13. Segeant signifies sitting : the lion in this po- sition is supposed to be returning from his prey, taking his rest; for when he is sitting he is de- termined not to fly. Some authors say, the lion in this position is the emblem of the advised counsellor. T.8, n. 21. Sejant-Addorsed is when two beasts are sitting back to back. T. 9, n. 11. Argent, two squirrels sejant addorsed gules, name, SamwelL Seme is an irregular strewing without number, all over the field. P.7, n.31. Sengreen, or house-leek, is part of the arms of Caius College, Cambridge. Sentrie, an ancient term for Piles. Seraph's Head is a child's head between three pair of wings ; the two uppermost and two lower- most are counterly crossed ; the two middlemost iisplayed. See P. 19, n. 1. ' • Serpent. The Egyptians, Phoenicians, Greeks, 240 INTRODUCTION TO TART II. and Romans, used to worship the serpent. This animal, when stamped on money, and represented in painting, was a hieroglyphic of health and good fortune. It is probable that Moses, in order to oblige the Jews to address themselves to God, and to expect from Him health and the cure of their diseases, which they wanted, might therefore have set up the brazen serpent, which in Egypt was the hieroglyphic of both. Hist of all Rel. Shackbolt, by some called a prisoner's bolt. P. 2, n, 24, Sable, three pair of shackholts argent, name, Anderton. See one pair. P. 15, n. 27. Shafted is when a spear-head has a handle in it ; then it is termed shafted. Shake-Fouk. See Hay-Fork. Shamrocks, a term in Ireland for the trefoil, or three-leaved grass. Shave. See Curriers' Shave. Shield, an ancient piece of armour, carried on the arm, on which arms or devices were frequently borne. Note, Carter says, for the form, or rules for the shape of shields, there can be none ; for any form that a shield may be devised into, may be taken for the shape of an escutcheon. Ships are borne in arms, and very properly, by those who have performed noble actions at sea, and raised themselves to posts of honour for services on that element. Causin says, the ship is the emblem of importation and exportation. Shoveller, a species of water-fowl, somewhat like the duck. The ancient heralds drew this bird PART II. HERALDRY. 241 with a tuft on its breast, and another on the back of its head, as P. 15, n. 1. Gules, a shoveller argent, name, Lang ford. Shruttle. See Winnowing-Basket. Shuttle ; argent, three weaver i shuttles sable, tipped, and furnished uith quills of yarn, name of Shuttleworth, P. 12, n. 22. Weaving was the invention of the Egyptians. According to Phny, Arachne was the first spinner of flax- thread, the weaver of linen, and knitter of nets. 'Note, It seemeth that those arts were first learned by imitation of silk-worms and spiders, whose subtle works no mortal hand can match. Signet-Royal. See Cygnet-Royal. Silk-Hanks, P. 20, n. 14. Such are borne in the arms of the Silk-Throwers' Company. Sinister signifies the left side or part of any thing, and is the female side in an impaled coat. See the example, a sinister hand. P. 7, n. 33. Sinister Canton is the canton placed on the left side of the shield in chief. Sinister-Bend is a bend placed from the sinister-chief to the dexter base, and in size the same as the bend. Sinister-Chief is the left side of the chief, expressed by the letter C, Table 1. Sinister-Base, the left hand part of the base, represented by the letter H, Table 1. SiNOPLE signifies the colour green. Skein, a Scotch term for a dagger. Gules a chevron, between three skeins argent, hilled and S48 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. pomelled or, surmounted of as many wolves' heads, couped close, name, SJcein. Slay, Slea, or Reed ; an instrument used by weavers, and borne as part of the arms of the Com- pany of Weavers of the city of Exeter. P. 2, n. 18. Sling. See P. 19, n. 19. Such a sUng is part of the arms of Cawardyn; viz. sable, a sling hendwise between two pheon's heads. Slipped is a flower or branch plucked from the stock. T. 10,n.ll. Slughorn ; this term is used by the Scotch heralds for what the French call la cry de guerre, and the EngUsh the cry of war, Smallage Garland was given to the con- querors at the Nemean Games, so called from the Nemean Forest in Achaia, where they were celebrated in honour of Hercules, who there slew a great lion. Snail. The bearing of the snail signifies that much deliberation must be used in matters of great difficulty and importance ; for although the snail is slow in motion, yet by perseverance in its course, it ascendeth the top of the highest tower. P. 12, n. 13. Sable, a fess between three house- snailsy argent, name. Shelly. Snake, with his tail lodged in his mouth, among the Egyptians represented the year. Sol, the sun, and in heraldry sometimes is used to express gold, in blazoning the arms of sovereigns. Soldering-Iron, a tool used by the plumbers, PART II. HERALDRY. and borne in the arms of their company. P. 2, n.33. Spade-Iron, or the shoeing of a spade. P. 15, n. 25. Azure, three spade-irons or, name, Becton. Spain, Crown of. See P. 8, n. 8. Spancelled, or fettered, is when a horse has his fore and hind legs, of the near side, fettered with fetter-locks fastened to the ends of a stick. P. 19, n. 21 . This is the arms oi Percivall. SpEiivERs, a term for testis, so granted to the Upholders' Company. Sprang, in Hebrew, from whence the word Sphinx is derived, signifying overflowing. Spel- man. Sphinx is said to have had a head, face, and breasts like a woman ; body and legs like a lion, and wings like a bird. This figure is the Egyptian emblem of the overflowing of the Nile, which began at the entering of the sun into the sign of Leo, and continued during its passage through the constellation of Virgo, and ended at the Equinox. PUn. Nat. Hist. Book 18. This example is borne as a crest, name, Asgil. P. 14, n. 2. Spider. The spiders feed on flies; the web by which they entangle the insects is a surprising part of the animal economy. When they form the web, they are supplied with a glutinous matter contained in their bodies ; they have five teats for spinning it into thread. When they enter on this fabric, the animal distils a drop of glutinous liquor, and creeping along the wall and joining its thread as it proceeds, darts itself to tli^ opposite side, S44 INTRODUCTION TO PxVRT II. wliere tlie other end is to be fastened. The first thread first fiDrmed, being drawn tight and fixed at each end, the spider runs on it backwards and forwards, still doubling it, as on this depends the stability of the whole : it makes a number of threads parallel to the first, and then crosses them with others ; the clammy substance of which they are formed serving, when first made, to bind them to each other. At the bottom of the web is a funnel, in which the spider is concealed. In this den it watches with assiduity till its prey is en- tangled, on which it instantly darts with inevitable ruin. A cohweb^ in the centre a spider, name, Cobster, of Lombardy. See P. 16, n. 10. Splendor; this is a term for the sun, when represented with a human face, and environed with rays. Springing, for beasts of chase, is the same as saliant for those of prey. T. 9, n. 15. Square, P. 20, n. 7. Argent, a chevron, be- tween three carpenters' squares, sable, name, Attozo^ Squirrel : its head, tail, and colour, are much like those of a fox ; its food is nuts, fruits, and vegetables. P. 11, n. 24. Sruttle. See Winnowing-Basket. Stafford Knot. See the example. P. 15, n. 81. Or, on a chevron gules, a Stafford Knot argent, is the arms of Stafford town. Stag is an admired beast for its elegance and beauty. The senses of smelling and hearing are | in this animal remarkably acute. On the slightest ! PART II. HERALDRY. 245 alarm he lifts his head and erects his ears, stand- ing for a few minutes as if in a listening posture. Whenever he ventures upon unknown ground, or quits his native coverts, he first stops at the skirts of the plain, to examine all around : he next turns against the wind, to examine by the smell if there be any enemy approaching. T. 9, n. 14 Stars are used in coat-armour, and are the emblems of prudence, which is the rule of all virtues, enlightening us through the darkness of this world. Statant signifies an animal standing on all his feet. T. 8, n. ^S. Staves of an Escarbuncle are the eight rays that issue from its centre. See T. 7, n. 18. Stilts were anciently used for the scaling of walls, castles, See. See the example, P. 7, n. 5. Argent, two stilts in saltire sable, garnished or, is the arms of Newbi/, of Yorkshire. Stirrup. P. 17, n. 22. Gules, three siirrujps with bucjcles and straps or, name, Scudamore. Stork is the true and lively image of a son ; for whatsoever duty a son oweth to his parents, they are all found and observed in the stork : this bird is the emblem of piety and gratitude. The Thessalians worshipped the stork, and to kill one of these birds was death. Argent, a storJc sable, membred gules, name, Stai'hey, of Cheshire. P. 14, n. 19. Streaming, is the stream of light darting from a comet. Sec Plate H, n. 7. SuFFLUE, a term for a rest or clarion. • y3 S46 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Sun, in heraldry, is represented with a human face, environed with rays, and is termed a sun in its splendor. P. 17, n. 5. Super-Charge is one figure charged or borne upon another. Super-Imbattled, azure, a fess, super-im- battled, between six estoils or, name, Tryon, See Plate A, n. 8. Supporters are figures, animals, or birds, which stand on each side of the shield and seem to support the same. Suppressed. See Debruised. Surmounted, is when one charge is placed over another. See Plate A, n. 34, viz. sable, a pile argent, surmounted of a che^on gules, name, Dyxto7i. SuRTouT, a term for over-all, and signifies a small escutcheon, containing a coat of augmentation. Swallow. This bird is the most welcome harbinger, showing the approach of the pleasing spring. Or three swallows close, proper^ name, IVatton, SeeP.S2, n. 23. Swan ; the swan is called Apollo's bird, for his colour, which is the emblem of innocence; his strength is said to lie in his wings ; and is much borne in armory. P. 14, n. 15. Gules, a swan argent, memhered or, name, Leyliam, Swepe; used in ancient times to cast stones into towns and fortified places of an enemy. This instrument was invented by the Phoenicians. Fuller, P. 2, n. 17. Argent, a swepe azure, charged with a stone or, name, Magnall. TART II. HERALDRY. 247 Swivel, two iron links which turn on a bolt. See manacle. P. 2, n. 29- Notef Three such are borne on a chevron, in the arms of the Iron- mongers' Ck)mpany. Synamur. See Sanguine. Syphon. See Fire-Bucket. Syren, or Mermaid. T. Tabard, a short loose garment for the body, without sleeves, and was worn by our ancient knights over their armour, in order to distinguish them in battle ; whereon were embroidered their arms, &c. At present a tabard is worn only by heralds, on public occasions. Tabernacle. See Tent. Talbot, a sort of hunting dog between a j hound and a beagle, with a large snout, long, I round, hanging, and thick ears. The dog is the I emblem of love, gratitude, and integrity. P. 14, I' n. 26. Ardent a talbot passant, sable, gutte d^or, name, Shirrington. Taper-Candlestick. See Candlestick. Target. See Shield. Tasces, or Tasses, a part of armour to cover the thighs. Tassel is a bunch of silk, or gold fringe, and is an addition to the strings of mantles and robes of state. P. 17, n. 18. Gules three tassels, or, oame, Wooler. Tasseled ; that is, decorated with tassels. Tau, a Cross, or St. Anthony's ^ross ; so called INTRODUCTION TO PAllT II. because St. Anthony the monk is always painted with it upon his hatjit ; Hkewise named from the Greek letter tau. P. 4, n. 26. Teazel, the head or seed-vessel of a species of thistle ; it is used by clothiers in dressing cloth, and borne in the arms of their company. P. 2, n. 7- Tenne, or Tawny, signifies orange-colour, and in engraving is represented by diagonal lines from the dexter to the sinister side of the shield, traversed by perpendicular lines. P. 18, n. 1. Tent, tabernacle, or pavilion. Tents were the chief habitations of the ancient patriarchs, in the first ages of the world ; such kind of habita- tions best fit their uses, for they often remove their seats, to refresh their cattle with change of pasture. Such is the manner of the Arabs at this day, having no cities, towns, or villages, to in- habit, but the open fields, in tents, after the manner of the ancient Scythians. P. 16, n. 21. Sable, a chevron hehveen three tents, argent ^ name, Tenton. Tete signifies the head of an animal. Thatch-Rake. P. 20, n. 4. Thunderbolt, in heraldry, is a twisted bar in pale inflamed at each end, surmounting two jagged darts, in sal tire, between two wings dis- played with streams of fire : this was the ensign of the Scythians. P. 12, n. 20. The bearing of lightning signifies the effecting of some weighty business with much celerity and force : in all ages this hath been reputed the most quick, forcible, and terrible dart, winged with fate, wherewith the Almighty striketh where he pleaseth. PART II. HEEALDRY. 949 Tiara, a cap of golden clotli, from which hang two pendants, embroidered and fringed at the ends, seme of crosses of gold. This cap is inclosed by three marquises'* coronets; on the top is a mound of gold, with a cross of the same. Note^ When Boniface VIII. was elected into the see of Rome, 1295, first encompassed his cap with a co- ronet; Benedict II. ^ in 1,'335, added a second to it; and John XXII.^ in 1411, a third, with a view to indicate by them that the Pope is sovereign priest, the supreme judge, and the sole legislator amongst Christians. P. 8, n. 4. Forneys Elem, of Heraldry. Tierce is a term for a shield tierced, divided, or ingrafted into three areas. P. 6, n. 26 to 33. Note, These partitions, by tiercing tlie field, are not used by English heralds. TlERCE-IN-BEND. P. 6, n. 26. TiERCE-IN-PAIRLE. P. 6, n. 27. TiERCE-IN-PALE. P. 6, n. 28. TiERCE-iN-GYRONS, bend sinisterways. P. 6, n. 29. TiERCE-iN-PiLE, from sinister to dexter. P. 6, n.30. TiERCE-IN-GYRONS AroNDI. P. 6, n. 31. TiERCE-IN-MANTLE. P. 6, n. 32. Tierce-in-fess. p. 6, n. 33. Tillage, Rake-Head. P. 20, n. 3. Tilting-Spear. p. 22, n. 8. Timbre signifies a helmet ; and sometimes is used for the crest of a coat of arms. Tincture is the hue and coloyr of any thing in coat-armour; and under this denomination may 250 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. be included the two metals or and argent, on gold and silver, because they are often represented: yellow and white, and they themselves bear those colours. TiRRET, a modern term for manacles or hand- cuff's, as in the badges of the house of Percy. T. 10, n. 12. ToxMb-Stone. p. 20, n. 10. Three such are the arms of Tomb. Topaz, a stone of a gold colour, and is by some used instead of or. This stone was the second of the first row of Aaron'^s breast-plate, whereon the name o^ Simeon was engraved. Torn, an ancient name in heraldry for a spinning-wheel. Torqued, wreathed, from the Latin torqueo, to wreath. ToRQUED, for a dolphin haurient, which forms a figure similar to the letter S. See Plate F, n. 18. Torse. See Wreath. ToRTEAUx is a roundle of a red colour. T. 8, n. 11. Tortoise; vert^ a tortoise passant argent^ name, Gawdi/. The tortoise is an amphibious creature, much esteemed as well for the beauty of its shell as for the dehcacy of its flesh. P. 11, n. 13. These animals are extremely gentle and peaceable ; no animals whatever are more tena- cious of life ; even if their head be cut off" and their chest be opened, they will continue to live for several days. They pass the cold season in a state of torpidity. A tortoise introduced into the garden at Lambeth, in the time of Archbishop PART II. HERALDRY. 251 Laud, was living in the year 1753, a hundred and twenty years afterwards ; and when at last it perished, it seems to have been more from the accidental neglect of the gardener, than from the mere effects of age. Bingleys An. Biog\ TouRNE. See Regardant. Tower; argent, a tower sable, having a scaling-ladder raised against it in bend sinister, or. This is the arms of Cardivar ap Dinwall, Lord of Aberser, in South Wales. The ladder thus raised against the tower, may put us in mind to stand carefully upon our guard, who live in this world, as in a castle, continually assaulted by spiritual and corporeal enemies, who cease not to plot and put in execution whatsoever tendeth to our destruction. P. 16, n. 20. Towered is the towers or turrets on walls or castles. Transfluent, a term for water running through the arches of a bridge. See P. 16, n. 22. Transposed is when bearings are placed out of their usual situation. See P. 3, n. 3^. Trefoil, or three-leaved grass, is the emblem of perpetuity, signifying that the just man shall never wither, T. 6, n. 21. Argent a Jess nebule between three trefoils slipt gules, name, Thorp, of Gloucestershire. Treille, or laticed ; it differs from freMy, for the pieces in the treille do not cross under and over each other, but are carried throughout, and are always nailed in the joints. Argent, treille gules, nailed or, name, Bardonenche, J^ce P. 18, n. 5. 252 INTRODUCTrON TO PART II^ TiiESsuRE, allowed to be half the breadth of the orle, and is borne flory and counterflory : it passes round -the field in the same shape and form of the escutcheon, and is generally borne double, and sometimes treble. T. 5, n. 5. Plate J, n. 9. Note, If a coat be impaled with another, either the dexter or sinister side, and hath a tressure, the tressure must finish at the impaled line, and not to be continued round the coat. NotCj The double tressure flowered in the royal arms of Scotland, was the badge and memorial of that an- cient alliance between Charlemaign and Achaius, king of Scotland, in the year 792. The tres- sure flowerie encompasses the lion of Scotland, to show that he should defend the fleur-de-lys, and these to continue a defence to the lion, the ancient imperial ensign of Scotland since Fergus I. Trestle, or three-legged stool. P. 17, n. 14. Gjiles a fess humette, beixveen three trestles argent, name, Stratford. TiiEVET. P. 17, n. 13. Argent a trevet sable, name, Trevett, The trevet seemeth to be termed from its three feet, a tripod, which in Greek sig- nifies a stool of so many feet. Amongst the hea- thens, Apollo's priests gave answers from the oracle sitting on such a stool, whence he that speaketb oracles is said to speak tanquam ex tripode. Teevet, triangular. P. 7, n. 12. Jrgent a triangular trevet sable, name, BarUe. Tricorporated is a lion with three bodies, is- suing from the three corners of the escutcheon, and meeting- under one head in the fess point ; this de- PART II. HERALDRY. ^5f5 vice was borne by Edmund Crouchback, earl of Lancaster, brother to King Edward I. P. 15, II. 16. . Tripping, this term is proper for beasts of chase, as passant for those of prey, represented with one foot up as it were on a trot. See T. 9, n. 14. Argent a stag tripping'^ proper attired and unguledj or, name, Holme. Counter-Tripping is when two beasts are tripping, the one passing one way, and the other another, as the example, T. 9, n. 10. also, sahle^ two hinds counter-tripping in Jess-argent, name, Cottingham. P. 14, n. 13. Triple Plume. See Ostrich Feathers. Triparted, a Cross, flory. P. 6, n. 9. Triumphal Crown was composed of laurel, and granted to those who vanquished their ene- mies, and had the honour of a triumph. P. 8, n. S5. Note, In after- ages it was changed for gold, and not restrained to those that actually triumphed, but presented on several other ac- counts, as commonly by the foreign states and pro- vinces to their patrons and benefactors. Kennet. Tron-Onnee, a Cross, is a cross cut in pieces, yet so as all the pieces preserve the form of a cross, though set at a small distance from each other. P. 4, u. 9. Trunked ; this term is used when trees, &c. are couped, or cut oft* smooth. See the example, Plate H, n. 14. Trumpet. P. f22, n. 15. Argent, a chevron • z 254 INTRODUCTION TO ^ART II. engrailed, between three trumpets, sdble^ name. Thunder, Truncated, See Trunked. Trussing ; the example is a falcon, his wings expanded, trussing a mallard. See P. 3, n. 23. Trundles, quills of gold thread, used by the embroiderers, and borne in the arms of their com- pany. P. S, n. 2S. Turkey. The common turkey is a native of North America, and was first introduced from thence into England, in the reign of Henry VIII. The turkey is one of the most difficult birds to rear of any we have, and in its wild state it is found in great plenty in the forests of Canada, that are covered with snow above three-fourths of the year. P. 22, n. 11. Argent, a chevron sable, between three turkey cocks in their pride prcyper^ name. Yea, Turkish Crown. See Grand Seignior. Turnpike. See the example, P. 1, n. 4 ; also P. 19, n. 10, three such, sable, on afield argent, name, Woolstone. Feme says, this ingine, or municion, set and fixed, upon cawseys, bridges, and strait passages, to stop and forestall the horse- men of their way ; the like were set in the way, leading from New nam bridge, into the country of Picardie in old time, when as Caljays was English. Turnstile, or Turnpike. P. 17, n. 11. This example is borne as a crest by Sir Thomas George Skipwith, Bart. PART II. HERALDRY. 255 Turret, a small tower on the top of another. Turret. See P. 22, n. 3. Sable, on a be7idy between two turrets argent^ three jjheons, g'ules, on a chief or, u Imi passant, betxveen txvo lozenges azure, name, Johnson, TuRRETED, having small turrets on the top of a wall, as P. 16, n. 19. TuRQuiNE. See Azure. Tuscany, Crown of. P. 8, n. 17. Tusk, the long tooth of an elephant, boar, &c. Tusked, when the tusks of an animal are of a different tincture from its body. Tyger: this beast is said to be the emblem of swiftness, cruelty, revenge, and falsehood; for which reason the poets, when they would describe an inhuman, merciless person, say. He has sucked the Hyrcanian tigers. It is reported that those who rob the tygressof her young, lay pieces of look- ing-glass in the way she is to pursue them, where seeing her image, she stops, and gives them time to escape. In the church of Thame, in Oxford- shire, is still to be seen, argent, an heraldic tyger passant^ regardant^ gules, gazing in a mirror or looking-glass, name, Sibel, of Kent. Buifon says, the tiger braves every danger to secure her young, and will pursue the plunderers of them with the greatest inveteracy, and who are often obliged to drop one to secure the rest ; this she takes up and conveys to the nearest cover, and then renews the pursuit, and will follow them to the very gates of towns, or to the ships in which they may have taken refuge; and when she haf no hopes of rc> 256 INTHODUCTION TO PART II* covering her young, she expresses her agony by ihe most dismal howls of despair. Tyger Heraldic, so termed to distinguish it from the natural tiger. See T. 8, n. 3. Tyger Natural. See P. 22, n. 1. U. Umbraxed. See Entr ailed. Undy. See Wavy. Unguled, signifies hoofed. Unicorn, supposed to be a very beautiful beast, with a long twisted horn on its forehead ; its head and body like a horse, but has cloven feet, and l)air under the chin, like a goat, tail like a lion, and is of a bay colour; but, after the most diligent inquiry made by the most judicious travellers, in all parts of the world, there is no such creature to be found. P. 14, n. 5. Argent, a unicorn pas- sunt gnlcs, arined or, name, Stasam. Union, Cross of the. This form was settled as the badge of the union between England and Scotland, and is blazoned _, a,^itr^, a saltire argent, surmmmted of a cross gnles, edged of the second. See P. 4, n. 27. Urchin. See Hedge-hog. Urdee. See Cleciiee. V. Vair (according to Colombier) is a fur used for lining the garments of great men ; it consisted of pieces i)ut together, made in the shape of little HyxnT 11. HERALDRY, ^5" glass pots, which the furriers used to white furs in ; and because they were most frequently of an azure colour, those who first settled the rule of this science decreed, in relation to vair, that this fur in its natural blazon should be always arf^ent and azure. T. 2, n. 4. Vair a border. T. 5, n. 16. Vair Ancient, as appears by many good MSS. was represented by lines nebule, separated by straight lines, iu fess. See the example, P. 13. Vair, a Cross, being composed of four pieces of vair, their points turned one to another, in the form of a cross. P. 4, n. 34. Vair-en-Point, is a fur with the cups ranged upon a line counterwise, or and azure. P. 13. Vallary-Ckov/n was of gold, with pahsades fixed against the rim ; it was. given by the general of the army to a captain or solc^er that first en- tered the enemy's camp, by forcing the palisade. P. 8, n. 91. Vambraced, signifies an arm habited in ar- mour. See P. % n. 34, Gules ^ three dexter arms vambraced, in pale proper, name, Jrmstrong. This coat is very well adapted to the bearer's name, and serves to denote a man of excellent conduct and valour. Vamp LET, a piece of steel formed like a funnel, placed on tilting-spears just before the hand to secure it, and could be taken off at pleasure. Vannet, a term by some French authors for the escallop) or cockle-shell, when it is represented without ears. See P. 3, n. 11. • z 3 258 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Vakvelled. See Jesses. Vekice, Crown of the Doge of. P. 8, u. 20. Venus, one of the planets, used for the colour vert. Verdoy signifies a bordure to be charged with any kind of vegetables. The example is, argent a bordure azure, verdoy of' eight trefoils, argent. P. 3, n. 12. "Note^ It would be more heraldic to say, argent, a border charged with eight trefoils, ardent. Verry. The fur which is termed verry, always consists of four distinct colours, whose names must be mentioned in the blazon, as thus ; he beareth, verry, or, azure, sable, gules, &c. P. IS. Vert signifies the colour green ; it is repre- sented in engraving by diagonal lines from the dexter chief to the sinister base. T. 2. Vervels, small rings fixed to the end of the jesses, through which falconers put a string in order to fasten the bells to the falcons' legs. Viper : it is the only one either of the reptile^ or serpent tribes in Great Britain, from whoii bite we have any thing to fear : all the others an either entirely destitute of poison ; or, if thej possess any, it is not injurious to man. In ancient times the poison of the viper was collected by many of the European nations as a poison for their arrows, as that of other serpents is used by the inhabitants of savage nations, at the present day. Bingley An, Biog. ViROLLE is a term lor a hunting horn, when bcl round with metal or colour different from the horn. PART II. HEIIALDIIY. 259 Vizor. See Gardevizor. Voided is when an ordinary has nothing but an edge to show its form ; all the inward part sup- posed to be cut out or evacuated, so that the field appears through : therefore it is needless to ex- press the colour or metal of the voided part, be- cause it must of course be that of the field. P. 6, n. 17. VoiDERS. These figures are formed like the flonches and flasques, yet they differ from both, as being always less, and are said to be given as a reward to a gentlewoman for service done by her to the prince. P. 7, n. 7. Voider, according to Randle Holme, is cer- tainly a diminution of the flanch, and by -reason of its smallness cannot be charged. It is a bear- ing, but being very rarely used as such, several heraldic writers do not mention it. Vol, among the French heralds, signifies both the wings of a bird borne in armory, as being the whole that makes the flight. P. 7, n. 16. Demi- Vol is when only a single wing is borne in an arms. T. 9, n. S3. Volant : thus we term any bird that is flying. T. 9, n. ^2. V grant: a term for any fish, bird, beast, or reptile, swallowing up any other creature whole. Plate F.n. 19. VuLNED signifies wounded, and the blood drop- ping therefrom, as is represented on the breast of the example. Plate F. n. 5. Likewise a heart vulncd. P. 7, n. IS. Ars^ent ^i fas, gules, be- 360 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. tween three hearts vtdned, and distilling drops of blood on the sinister side proper^ name, Tote, W. Wake's Knot, See the example, P. 15, n. 32. Walled. See Muraille. Want. See Mole. Wast el-Cake, a round cake of bread. Water-Bags, P. 20, n. 18. Argent, two ivater-bags sable , hooped together or, name, Ba- nister, Note, By the help of the hoop, put about the person's neck, the bags anciently were carried. Warden, the name of a pear, and in armory sometimes termed a mar den only, in allusion to the name ; three pears being the arms of Warden. Water Bouget, being anciently used by sol- diers to fetch water to the camp. T. 6, n. 20. Water Bougit. See P. 22, n. 16. and T. 6, n. 20. Wattled, a term for the wattles or gills of a cock, &c. when of a different tincture from its body. Wavy has always three risings, and signifies waves rolling, also a line of partition ; it also shows the first bearer of such to have got his arms for services done at sea. T. 3. Weare, Weir, or dam, in Jess. It is made with stakes and osier twigs, interwoven as a fence against water. P. 7, n. 25. Some authors term it a Hate, PART II. HERALDRY. 261 Weel: this instrument is used to catch fish. P. 2, n. 12. Argent^ a chevron, ermine, between three weels, their hoops upwards, vert, name, Wylley, See another, P. 15, n. 30. Weel, P. 15, n. 30. Or, a chevron between three siich weels sable, name, Folborne. A¥ell, as example, P. 7, n. 8. Gules, three wells argent, name, Hadiswell. AVell. See the example, P. 7, n. 9, sable three wells argent, name, Borton. Well-Bucket, argent, a well-bucket sable, handle atid hoops or, name, Pemberton, See the example, P. 4, n. 30. Welke ; the name of a shellfish. T. 8, n. 7. Sable, afess engrailed between three welkes, name, Shelley, of Sussex, Bart. Wervels. See Vervels. Wharrow-Spindle : this instrument is some- times used by women to spin as they walk, sticking the distaff in their girdle, and whirling the spindle round, pendent at the thread, P. 2, n. 13. Whale's Head. See P. 3, n. 24. Argent, three whales'' heads sable, name, Whalley, Whielpool. See Gurges. Whintain. See Quintain. Wing of an Imperial Eagle. Note, The Germans and French always represent the wings of the eagle with a small feather between the pinion feathers. See P. 3, n. 29. Wings are hieroglyphics of celerity, and sometimes of pro- tection. Windmill-Sail, P. 19, n. 24. Aziiic, a S62 INTRODUCTION TO P^RT II. chevron f betwee7t three windmillsails, name, Mihies. Winged signifies the wings are of a different tincture from the body. Winnowing-Basket, for winnowing of corn, P. 5, n. 17. Jzure, three scruttles (or winnow-f ing-baskets) or^ name, Sivans. Wolf is a cruel, ravenous, and watchful creature, able to endure hunger longer than any other beast ; but, when pressed by it, breaks out and tears the first flock it meets with, and is there- fore compared to a resolute commander, who hav- ing been long besieged, being at last reduced to famine, makes a desperate sally upon his enemies, and drives all before him ; having vanquished his opposers, returns into his garrison laden with honours, plunder and provisions. P. 14, n. 10. Argenty a wolf passant sable, name, Walsalle. Wolves were formerly so numerous in this island^ that king Edgar commuted the punishments for certain offences, into the acceptance of a number of wolves^ tongues from each criminal ; and he converted a heavy tax on one of the Welsh princes into on annual tribute of three hundred wolves' heads. It appears from Hollingshed, that the wolves were very noxious to the flocks in Scot- land in 1577 ; nor were they entirely destroyed till about a century afterwards, when the last wolf fell in Lochaber, by the hand of Sir Ewen Came- ron of Locheil. Wool-Card, P. 20, n.l. Sable, three icooh cardSf or, namc^ CaniingUm, PARTr:^^ HERALDRY. 26*S Wreath, an attire for the head, made of linen or silk, of two different tinctures twisted together, which the ancient knights wore when equipped for tournaments: the colours of the silk are usually taken from the principal metal and colour contained in the coat of arms of the bearer. P. 8, n. 28. Wyvern is a kind of flying serpent, the upper part resembling a dragon, and the lower an adder or snake ; some derive it from vipera, and so make it a winged viper ; others say it owes its being to the heralds, and can boast no other creation, T. 7, n. 24. Argent, a wyvern gules, name, Drakes, of Ireland. Y. Yates, an ancient name in armory for gates. \ Zodiac, in bend sinister with three of the signs on it, viz. Libra, Leo, and Scorpio. See Plate H, n, 1. This coat is said to appertain to the king of Spain, in respect that he found out an unknown climate, under which his Indians have their ha- bitation. 264 INTRODUOTION^ TO PART 1] ALPHABETICAL LIST OF HERALDIC TERMS, ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND LATIN. English. Frencii. I Mil Abatement Abatement Dimir.utiones arn:o- runi Addorsed Addoss6 Adumbrat ion A4u»ibratus Alerions Aiglet^, Aiglons Aquilae Muiilse Anchored Ancre Anchoratus Annulet Annelet AnnuluSjVelAnnelius Argent Argent Argenteus Anned Arnie Armatus Armory Armoiries Insignia Attired Acome 'Avelane Cirux Avcllana Azure Azur Asureus PART H. HERALDRY. 'mo English. French. Latin. B. Bar Barre Vectis Bar-Gemel Jumelles Jugariae faseiolae Barrulet BareUe Barrula Barruly BareUe Transverse fasciolatus Barry Fasce Fasciatuni Barry Pily Parti Emanche Runcinatus Barry-per-palc Contreface Contrafasciatus Barbed and Crested Barbe et Creste Barbula et Crista Barnacles Pastomides Barnicle Barnicla Baton Baston Bacillus Beakal Becque Rostratus Bend Bande Tasnia Per Bend Sinister Contrebarre Contravittatus Bendy Bande Bendy of Six Contrebande Bend Sinister Ban-e Vitta In-bend En Bande Oblique dextrorsus positus Party.pcr-bend Tranclie Oblique dextrorsus bipartitum Bendlet Bandelette Bandula Bezant Besant Bizantius nummus Bezanty Besante BiUets BiUettes liaterculi BiUetty Billette Laterculatus Border Bordure Fimbria Bordered Borde Fimbriatus C. Caboshed Cabosse Ora obvertentia Caltraps Chausse-trappes Murices or Tribuli Canton Canton Quadrans Angujaris Cantoned Cantonnee Stipatus Charge Charge Figura Charged Charge Ferens Cheeky Echiquete Tesselatum Chess-Rook Jiusorius liatrunculus A A me INTRODUCTION TO PART U, English. French. Latin. Chevron Chevron Cantherius Per Chevron Mantele Manteliatum Chevrony Chevrone Cantheriatus Chief Chef Summum In Chief In Chef In Summo Cinquefoil Quintefeuille Quinquefolia Cleche Cleche Floralus Close Clos Clausum CoUared AccoU6 Combatant Affronte Pugnantes Compony Compone Compositus Counter-Compony Contre-Compone Counterchanged Parti de I'un en 1' tre Bretesse au-Transmutatus Counter-Imbattled Utrimque-Prinpatus Counter-quartered Cont'-Escartele Contraquadrate-parti. tus Patibulat.um Counter-potent Contrepotence Counter-Vair Contrevaire Coward Couee Cotice Cotice Taeniola Cottised Cotoye Utroque latere accinc- tus Jacens Couchant Couchant Couped Coupe A latere disjunctum Combed Crcste Couple-close Cantheria Courant Courant Currens Crowned Couronne Coronatus Crescent Croisant Luna Comuta Crest Crete Crista Crested Creste Cross Croix Crux In-Cross En Croix In modum crucis col- locata Crosslet Croisette Crucicula PART II. HERALDRY. 26^ English. D. French. Latin. Dancette Danche Denticulatus Defamed DifFame Demy Demi^ Dimidiatus Diapered Diapre Duriatus Differences Brisures Diminutiones Armo rum Displayed Eploye Expansus Dismembered Dismembre Dismembred Mome Mutilatijs Dormant Dormant Dormiens Doublings Double Dove-TaU Assemble E. Embattled Crenele Pinnatus Engrailed Engraile Striatus Engrafted Ente Insitus Environed Environe Septus Erased Arrache Lacer Eradicated Eradicatus Ermine Hermines Ermines Contre Hermines Escalop Coquille Conchilium Escarbuncle Escarbuncle Escutcheon Ecusson Scutum Etoile Etoile F. Per Fess Fitchy Fillet Fimbriated Flanch Flcrjr Face Fascia Coupe Transverse scctum Fich6 FigibUis Filet Franche Fimbriatus Flanque Orbiculi Segmentuni Florence ^Hiatus 268 Engl'uh. Fret Fretty Furs Fusil Fusilly JNTRODUCTION TO French* Frette Frette Pannes Fusee Fusele I'AIIT II. Latin. Caltratus Pellis Fusus Fusillatum Garb Gerbe Fascis frumentarius Galtrap Chaussee-trappe Murices Gardant Gardant Obverso ore Gliding Ondyante Undans Gorged Glaring Cymbalatus Gules Geules Ruber Gutty Gutte Gutis Respersum Gyron Giron Cuneus Gyronny Gironne Cuneatus H. Hauriant Hauriant Hauriens Helmet Casque Galea Horned Accome Hooded Chapperone Calyptratusf I. Tmbattled Crenelle Pinnatus Indented Danche Indentatus Incensed Anime Incensus Indorsed Adosse Ad invicem tergum vertentes Inescutchcon Ecusson Scutulum Ingrailed Engraille Striatus Invecked Canclle Invectus IsBuant Issunt Nasceus PART II. HUliALDUY. ^ui; English. French. haiiii. L. Label Lambel Lambella Lambrequin liambrequin Pennae lianguec Lampasse I^ingua liozenge Lozange Plinthiuni Lozengy Lozange Rombulis interstinc tus M. Mantle Manteau Pallium Martlet Merula Manche Manche Manica Mascle JMacle Macula Mossoned Massone Glutinatus Membred JMembre Tibiatus Milrind Fer de mouliii Ferrum Molcndiiia- rium Montant Montant Resupinus Mound Monde Mundus IMusseled Emmuscle Mullet Molctte Rotula Calcaris N Nebuly Nebule Nubilatum O. Or Or Aurum Orle Environc Limbus In Orle Envitone Ad oram positus Over all Sur le tout Toti superinductum P. Pale Pal Palus In-pale En Pal In Palum coUocatuss Pall Pairlc Paly Palle j^alis exoratus A A 3 270 INTRODUCTION TO PART H. English. I'alet l*aly-pcr.ft'ss Party-per-pale PapcUonnc Passant Patty Paw Perished Pheon Pile Pometty Potent Proper Puq)ure French. Vergette Contrepale Parti PapcUonne Passant Pate Patte Peri Fer do dard Pointe Pomette Poteuce Propre Pourpure Lali'ii. Palus Minutus Contrapalitus Partitus Papillionatus Gradiens Patens Fcrrum jaculi Pila pontis (Jolor naturalis Purpureus color Q. Quarter Quarterly Quartering Quarticr Escartele Escartcler Quarterly Quartered Centre cscartelcnt Quatrefoil Quatrefeuille Quadrans Cumulationes Aruio- Quatuorfolia R. Rampant Ranged Rebuses Reversed Regardant Respectant Rising Ronipu Roundlc Rampant Range Arms Parlantcs Renverse Regardant Affronte Essorant Ronipu Torteau Erectus Ordinatus Retrospiciens Pugnantcs Fractus TorUllii PAET ir. HERALDRY. English. S. Froiclu Sable Sable Ater, or Saltier Sautoir Party-per-Saltire Escartele en sautoir Saltire-ways Pose' en sautoir Saliant Saillant Salicns Scaled Escoielle Segreant Scgrant Erectus Sejant Assis Sedens Seme Seme Sparsus Shortened Racourci A ccisus Streaming Chevclee Stringed Enguiche Appensi Statant En Pied^ Surmounted Sunnonte 'S71 Latin. Tail Queue Cauda TaUoncd Ongl^ Ungulatus Tierce Tierce Tertiatum TreUle TreiUe Trefoil Treffle Trifolium Tripping More suo inccdens Trunked Trunque Truncatus Tusked Defendu Vair Vaire Varicgatum Vert Vert^ \'^iridis color Voided Vuide Evacualus Volant ^^olant Vol an s Vorant Elungoulant Vorans Umbrated Ombre Inumbratui 27S INTRODUCTION TO TAUT II. English. French, W. Water Bouget Bouse Wavy Onde Whirlpool Tournant d'Eau Two M^'ings expanded Vole A Wing Un Demi Vol Winged Aisle Wreath Torce Wyy&n Dragon Lathi. Uter Aquarius mili- taris Undulatus Gurges Ala Ala Simplex Tortile Viverra -laci/cc/i (■^o/^/^. B^/t Tin-nhi/fr '/ ,^ C/'.'atfiOrr Bucf,^t ^ 1 ^; W Jl Clcfiih; Tc son/ J- c?/r/j n^ r^y ^V. Gilli^ JFlcwe. j:i /4- !^ JS,., 16- .Dattcrff? Em/mm!/£lrc^ J'cacocn^^ Cramki ' y^jp^^- /* i) l$~W3^ JlaLcrpecn Jfa {9 mm 'L i^ 'a// oftfar 3[^ieJM -SOP JIlJf/l7t 23 24 i l"'V. -S?//" l<;^ T//W £et?.v// ^ Charge S r/nr/t/jt^/r'KAJslBS . W^rt^fu Tnc^ianGoaf TiUS'taf/ Xiiftn/ihad Can ic fine e5> LairerTot 7 i Teazel J^citri/dt /droqtie ffem/j/3/va/i // M T ^/ummer\ H'eel ^^?ffer I't^o^l Jronmiq IB ORDURES CoUNTERCHiP^^GINGS 2ZLlNES . .3 ^^^?<(^V ^'^^P,TaUkaaJrfCP,l.rr^,^^^^^^ Ch.o ss:bs. :, ^-^u^nS/ MA Jfy eurt/ wfnA fef^ \'y^a/r \frr/rr///ri/\ B 2. ^ C affia^cfiai(/ Suyfjffiftet Co/timOiuc Bimiti^Jti w1 i Har/h ttaym^ Taf'/c mi'uL J2, /S D/'itillafdrif i6^ F^itcc/t JInlf S/iade j8 CtnriciuSlu 21 J3rcafi^\nvvj 21 Outll cflfmn 20^ U ' IBltu IBottle 3 ^ Crosses ^Eaj\.titioi?^ liiNjQS. OHDH^AEaES ClTAIVGE,S ScrA^irTEKMS ,-M ^ I'OHEIGN Cuorwl^S. •^^^^i^^ Cp.O^\^ S kCoKONETS oi'ENGIiAND 'CJ or '/3'ra/Act\J 4- ^^~ yVinccJ^ net/ac 7 ^/Ju/i ?l7aiytiio JC usj (^M-otiiit^ JJ 3 5 // W? /v. f/? r/1 J3 On/1 ^^ G'ueJaerleimd Meri^^ IS Ca^n/^^m^ 16 Gu^x/hal/a 49 20 ^iCocUnoy^ Jfolihsiri^ Tyaer Pahn Tra Titrrcl Olive Cn'wn FmvyTootJb Banisblhlcbet Lacy TittingSpef. r. Cbima'/n QuiTltdl Ti(?-kcy Coc/c a C/jfrffhini /6 rdicanNntitml J.ong Bow Trfi?nf}ft /6 W/h'rBon^et ^7 m X9 i ^ M//\re Shor Loehabr/Acfs Ha/icf Grey Honrid iy 1 Heart ^ 94 Morion SwallffW Gfuinl/et i I PART II. HERALDRY. 27.? THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OP NOBILITY AND GENTRY. OF HONOUR. Honour, says Cicero, is the reward of virtue, as infamy is the recompense of vice; so that he who aspires to honour is to come to it by the way of virtue ; which the Romans expressed by building . the temple of honour in such manner, that there was no going into it without passing through the temple of virtue. Honour in itself is a testimony of a man's virtue ; and he that desires to be ho- noured, ought to perform something that is valu- able in the sight of God and man. Thus birth alone will not make a man truly honourable, unless his actions and behaviour are suitable to his de- scent. The tokens of honour are, being distin- guishably known, praiseworthy, excelling others, and generosity. Aristotle calls honour the greatest of outward goods. Honour ought to be more va- lued than all earthly treasures, and it is the hope of honour that excites men to perform noble ac- 1374 INTRODUCTION TO PART If. lions. The king is called \hejbuntain of honour, because it is in his power to bestow titles and dig- nities, which raise some men above others ; but the truest honour depends on merit, and it is sup- posed that sovereigns bestow their favours on such as deserve them : but if the contrary should hap- pen, the rank or precedence may be given, though the real honour may be still wanting. But this is too nice a point to be here treated of; and there- fore, taking honour in the common acceptation, honour is due to all great persons, as princes, generals, prelates, officers of state, &c. It is also due from children to parents, from youth to aged persons, from the laity to the clergy, and so in many other cases. This may suffice as to honour, because, should it be spoken of too nicely, it will scarce bear the test ; and many may think them- selves less honourable than they are willing ta conceit themselves. OF THE KING. The king is so called from the Saxon word /cow- ing, or cuningj from can^ intimating power ; or ken, knowledge, wherewith every sovereign should especially be invested : he ever having been of great reverence in these kingdoms of Europe, being of heavenly institution, ordained by God himself, the bond of peace, and the sword of justice. The titles of the king of England arc, the Most High and Mighty Monarch (George the Fourth), PART IL HERALDRY. 275 by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King; Defender of the Faith ; of the United Church of England and Ire- land, on earth supreme head ; Duke of Bruns- wick-Lunenburgh, Elector of Hanover, Arch- Treasurer and Elector of the sacred Roman Em- pire. He is st)^led Father of his country, and because the protection of his subjects belongs to his care and office, the militia is annexed to his crown, that the sword, as well as the sceptre, may be in his hand. A king is to fight the battles of his people, (mo- derns have reversed the system) and to see right and justice done to them; as also (according to his coronation oath) to preserve the rights and privileges of our holy church, the royal preroga- tive belonging to the crown ; the laws and customs of the realm ; to do justice, show mercy, keep peace and unity, &c. and hath power of pardoning where the law condemns. The king hemgprincipium, caput, et finis par- liamenti, may of his mere will and pleasure con- voke, adjourn, remove, and dissolve parhaments; as also to any bill that is passed by both Houses, he may refuse to give his royal assent without ren- dering a reason ; without which it cannot pass into a law. He may also, at his pleasure, increase the num- ber of members of both Houses, by creating more peers of the realm, and bestowing privileges upon any towns, to send burgesses by writ to parliament ;. 276 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. and he may refuse to send his writ to some others that have sat in former parliaments. NotCy This has proved very unfortunate to some kings. Since the union of England and Scotland, the king can neither make an English peer nor a Scottish peer ; all the peers that the king of Great Britain now creates, are either British or Irish peers. He hath alone the choice and nomination of all commanders and officers for land and sea service; the choice and election of all magistrates, coun- sellors, and officers of state ; of all bishops, and other ecclesiastical dignities ; as also the bestow- ing and conferring of honours, and the power of determining rewards and punishments. Note, This is now discontinued. By letters patent his majesty may erect new counties, universities, bishoprics, cities, boroughs^ colleges, hospitals, schools, fairs, markets, courts of judicature, forests, chases, free warrens, &c. ; and no forest, or chase, is to be made, nor castle, fort, or tower to be built, without his special licence. He hath also power to coin money, and to dis- pense with all statutes made by him, or his pre- decessors. The dominions of the kings of England were first England, and all the sea, round about Great Britain and Ireland, and all the isles adjacent, even to the shores of the neighbouring nations ; and our law saith the sea is of the lemance of the PART II. HERALDRY. 2?? king, as well as the land ; and as a mark thereof, the ships of foreigners have anciently asked leave to fish and pass in these seas, and do at this day lower their topsails to all the king's ships of war; and all children born upon these seas (as it some- times happens) are accounted natural-born sub- jects to the king of Great Britain, and need not be naturalised as others born out of his do- minions. To England Henry I. annexed Normandy, and Henry IT. Ireland, being styled only lord of Ireland, till the 33d of Henry VIII. although they had all kingly jurisdiction before. Henry II. also annexed the dukedoms of Guy- enne andAnjou,the counties of Poictou, Turenne, and May ne ; Edward I. all Wales ; and Ed ward III. the right, though not the possession, of France : but Henry V. added both; and his son, Henry VI. was crowned and recognised by all the states of the realm at Paris. King James I. added Scotland, and since that time there have been superadded sundry consider- able plantations in America. The king's dominions at this day in possession are. Great Britain and Ireland, and all the seas adjacent ; as also the islands of Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney, and Sark, which were parcel of the duchy of Normandy ; besides those profitable islands, Barbadoes, Jamaica, Bermudas, with several other isles and places in America, and some in the East Indies^ and upon the coasts of Afnca. _ B u ^78 INTRODUCTION TO PAET II. The mighty power of tlie king of England, be- fore the conj unction of Scotland, and total sub- jection of Ireland, which were usually at enmity with him, was well known to the world, and felt by the neighbouring nations ; what his strength hath been since was never fully tried till the Revo- lution, that the parliaments of all the three king- doms seemed to vie, which should most readily comply with their sovereign's desires and designs. All Europe is now sensible how great the power of this monarch is. Let our sovereign be consi- dered abstractly as king only of England, which is like a huge fortress, or garrison town, fenced not only with strong works, and the wide sea, but guarded also with excellent outworks, the strong- est and best-built ships of war in the world, and so abundantly furnished with men and horses, with victuals and ammunition, with clothes and money, that if all the potentates of Europe should con- spire, (which God forbid !) they could hardly dis- tress it, provided it be at unity with itself. No king in Christendom, or other potentate, re- ceives from his subjects more revenue, honour, and respect, than the king of England ; all persons stand bare in the presence of the king, and in the presence chamber, though in the king's absence, except one only person, which is the lord Kinsale of the kingdom of Ireland, whose noble ancestor, John de Courcy, earl of Ulster in that kingdom, having, in the reign of king John, performed an eminent service for his royal master, was, in re- PAllT II. HERALDRY. 9.79 ward thereof, permitted (and his successors) to be covered in the king's presence, wliich honour is still continued. Of the sacred person and life of the king, our laws and customs are so tender, that it is made high treason only to imagine or intend his death : and, as he is the father of his country, so every subject is obliged by his allegiance to defend him, as well in his natural as politic capacity; for the law saith, the life and member of every subject is at the service of the sovereign. OF THE QUEEN. The queen is so called from the Saxon word cimingine, as the king from koning ; and the queen sovereign, to whom the crown descends, is equal in power to the king. The queen consort, which is the second degree, hath very high prerogatives and privileges during the life of the king, she being the second person in the kingdom ; and, by our laws, it is high trea- son to conspire her death, or violate her chastity. This queen (who is allowed regal robes and a crown in the same form as a sovereign queen wear- eth) may be crowned with royal solemnity, and is permitted to sit in state by the king, although she be the daughter of a subject. She has likewise her courtiers in every office, distinct as the king hath, together with the yeo- men of the guard to attend her at home, and lier 5^80 INTRODUCTION TO PART 11. life-guard of horse for state and security when she goes abroad. She hath also her attorney, solicitor, and coun- sel, who are always placed within the bar, with those of the king, in all courts of judicature for the management of her affairs in law ; and the same honour and respect which is due to the king is due to her. The queen dowager, or queen mother, takes place next to the queen consort, and loseth not her dignity, although she should marry a private gentleman. OF THE PRINCE OF WALES. Since the union with Scotland, his title hath been prince of Great Britain, but ordinarily cre- ated Prince of Wales ; and as eldest son to the king of England, he is duke of Cornwall from his birtli, as likewise duke of Rothsay, and Seneschal of Scotland. ^t his creation lie is presented before the king in his surcoat, cloak, and mantle, of crimson vel- vet, being girt with a belt of the same, and the king putteth a cap and coronet upon his head, (the cap of the same of his robes, indented and turned up with ermine, and the coronet of gold, composed of crosses pattee, and fleurs-de-lis, with one arch, and in the midst a mound and cross, as hath the royal diadem), a ring on his middle VAUT II. HERALDRY. 281 finger, a staff of gold in his hand, and his letters patent, after they are read. His mantle of creation, which he wears at the coronation of a king, is doubled below the elbow with ermine, spotted diamond-ways; but the robe which he wears in parliament is adorned on the shoulders with five bars or guards of ermine, set at a distance one from the other, with a gold lace above each bar. NOBILITY. Nobility was originally inherent to virtue, which ennobled the person that possessed it, whatsoever the stock might be from which he was descended ; so that every man's own good and virtuous actions made him conspicuous, not the performances of his forefathers ; which was a real nobility, as pe- cuhar to the person that deserved, and not con- veyed by him to an ignominious son or grandson, as is too usual in our days, when many glory in being descended from ancestors who would dis- dain to own them if they were now living. But as all things in this world are subject to vicissi- tude, nobility, which, as has been said, was in its original only personal, is now become hereditary, and transmitted from father to son, which is prac- tised in most nations. This nobility is by civihans defined, an illiistrious descent, and conspicuous- ncss of ancestors, with a succession of arms, con- I'erred on some one (and by him to his family) by the prince, bv the law, or bv custom, as a reward " li B 3 282 . INTRODUCTION TO I'AKT II. of the good and virtuous actions of him that per- formed them. For as the dishonour of crimes committed by any person redounds to his descend- ants, so the reputation of the glorious actions of ancestors descends to their posterity, who ought in reality to endeavour to outdo those who have so caused them to be respected by others. This sort of nobility had its first rise in the person that merited, and so is reputed to increase and advance the farther it goes on, in the course of succession from the first founder. Warlike exploits and li- terature have been the proper and just methods for raising of men above the common sort, and above the degree they were born in. But later ages have produced too many instances of persons most abject and sordid, in all other respects, ad- vanced to those degrees which the nobility con- sists of, for their great wealth, and that very often acquired by the most base practices. But to pro- ceed in the nature of true nobility. — The learned say there are three sorts of it, which are, divine, worldly, and moral. The divine has respect to the original of the soul which comes from heaven ; the worldly regards blood, and a genealogy of many ancestors; and the moral refers only. to virtue, which is to gain us esteem. The divine depends on the power of God, the human on the good fortune of our birth, and the third on our own virtuous actions. Did we truly consider the great consequence of the first of them, we should less value the second, and render ourselves more capable of the third. In short, nobility, being i ART ir. TIERALDIir. 2S3 the greatest reward assigned to virtue, well de- serves to be esteemed among the chiefest of worldly things, and those who have it not ought to use their utmost endeavours to attain it. As for those who are so fortunate as to be descended from illustrious families, it is their duty to strive to add to the glory of their ancestors, by performing noble actions themselves, and sCirpassing them, if possible, in virtue and renown. In this descri}>- tion I have chiefly followed Colombicr. Glover gives us much the same account, only he runs it out to a much greater length, and deduces nobi- lity from the beginning of the world in the first patriarch, among the Jews ; then he passes to the Greeks, and so to the Romans; and, like the other, assigns three sorts of nobility, heavenly or theological, philosophical and political, being the same as above spoken of; but the political he di- vides into native and dative. Nobility native passes from the father to the son, who becomes noble because his father was so ; the dative is ac- quired by some such means as have been men- tioned above. DUKE. The title and degree of a duke hath been of more ancient standing in the empire, and other coun- tries, than amongst us ; for the first duke since the Conquest was Edward theBlack Prince, eldest son to King Edward III. who, in the year 11)37, was created duke of Cornwall, and by that creation the i^S^ INTRODUCTION TO PART II. first-born sons of the kings of England are dukes of Cornwall. A duke is said to be so called from dux, a leader, or captain, being /it the first always leader of an army, and was so chosen in the field, either by casting of lots, or by common voice ; but now, it is a dignity given by kings and princes to men of great blood and merit. The ceremony of creating a duke is in this manner : He must have on his surcoat, cloak, and hood, and be led between two dukes, an earl going somewhat before him on the right hand, bearing a cap of estate with the coronet on it (which cap is of crimson velvet, lined with ermine, and the co- ronet gold), but the cap must not be indented as that of the prince ; and on the other side must go an earl, bearing a golden rod or verge ; and before the duke that is to be created shall go a marquis, bearing the sword ; and before him an earl with the mantle, or robe of estate, lying on his arm ; which mantle is the same as that of the prince, being fine scarlet cloth, lined with white tafiety, and is doubled on the shoulders with four guards of ermine at equal distance, with a gold lace above each guard to difference it from that of the prince, which has five guards and laces: and being attired as aforesaid, in his surcoat, cloak, &c. and by the said peers (who must be in their robes of estate) conducted into the presence-chamber, after the oath, obeisance being made three times to tlie king sitting in his chair of estate, the person so vestcth kncelclh down, and garter king oi arms dc- I I'ART II. HERALDRY. 285 livering his patent to the king's secretary, he ddii- vereth it to the king, who delivers it again to be read aloud ; and at the word invesiiimis, the king puts a duke''s mantle (as before described) upon the person who is to be so made ; and at the words, gladio cincturamus, girts him with a sword ; at capped et circidi aurei impositionem^ the king, in like manner, puts upon his head the cap with the coronet ; and at these words, virg^ aitrecc tradi- tionem the king giveth the verge of gold and the rod into his hand ; then is the rest of the patent read wherein he pronounceth him duke, after which the king giveth the patent to the duke to be kept. Note, The mantle which a duke wears at the coronation of a king or queen over his surcoat, &c, is of crimson velvet, lined with white taffety, and is doubled with ermine below the elbow, and spotted with four rows of spots on each slioulder. A duke may have in all places out of the king's or prince's presence a cloth of estate hanging down within half a yard of the ground ; and so may his duchess, who may have her train borne up by a baroness. All dukes' eldest sons, by the courtesy of Eng- land, are from their birth styled marquises if their fathers enjoy that title, and the younger sons, lords, with the addition of their Christian name, as lord Thomas, lord James, &c. and all dukes' daughters are styled ladies. A duke hath the title of grace; and being writ- ten unto, is styled most high, jpotcut and noble 286 ' INTRODUCTION TO PART II. prince ; and dukes of the royal blood are styled most high, most mighty, and illustrious princes. Note^ That the younger sons of the king are by courtesy styled princes by birth, as are all their daughters princesses ; but their sons have the titles of duke, marquis, &c. from creation ; and the title of royal highness is given to all the king's children, both sons and daughters. AIARQUrS, A marquis, which by the Saxons was called marken-reve, and signified a governor, or ruler of marches and frontier countries, hath been a title with us but of late years, the first being Robert Vere, earl of Oxford, who, by king Richard II. in 1387, was created marquis of DubUn, and from thence it became a title of honour ; for, in former times, those that governed the marches were called lord marchers, and not marquises. The ceremony in creating a marquis is the same as used in the creation of a duke, only such things as are necessary to be changed, he being led by a marquis, and the sword and cap borne by earls; the coronet of which cap is part flowered, and part pyramidal, with pearls on the points and leaves of an equal height ; whereas that of a duke hath only leaves, and his mantle four guards ; but that of a marquis has but three guards and a half. His oath is the same as that of a duke, as is his coronation mantle, with only this diflcrence, his mantle has four rows of spots on the right shoulder PART II. HERALDRY. S87 and but tlirce on the left ; whereas a duke has four rows on each. This honour of marquis is hereditary, as is that of a duke, earl, viscount, and baron; and the eldest son of a marquis, by the courtesy of England, is called earl, or lord of a place ; but the younger soils only lord by their Christian names, as lord John, &c. and the daughters of marquises are born ladies ; the eldest son of a marquis beneath an earl. > EARL. The next degree of honour is an earl, which title came from the Saxons ; for in the ancient English Saxon government, earldoms of counties were not only dignities of honour but ofBces of justice, hav- ing the charge and custody of the county whereof they were earls, and for assistance had their deputy called vicecomes, which office is now managed by sheriffs. The first earl in Britain that was invested by girting with the sword was Hugh de Pusaz, bishop of Durham, who, by King Richard the First, was created earl of Northumberland. An earFs robes no ways differ from a duke's or marquis's, except that a duke's mantle has four guards, a marquis three and a half, and an earl's but three, with a gold lace ; and his coronation mantle is the same as theirs, with only this differ- ence, a duke has four rows of spots on each shoul- der ; a marquis four on the right, and but three on the left; and an earl has but ^ree on each. 288 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. His cap Is also the same as those aforesaid, but his coronet is different ; for, as a duke'*s has only leaves, a marquis's leaves and pearls of equal height, his has the pearls much higher than the leaves. When an earl is to be created, he is attired in his cloa]<, surcoat, &c. being led between two earls, and three others going before, all in their robes of estate, of whom the first bears the sword and girdle, the second thQ mantle, and the third the cap and coronet ; and after the oath taken, which is the same with that of a duke and marquis, he being conducted into the presence chamber (the king sitting on his throne), kneels down while the patent is reading. Then is the mantle of estate put on him by the king, the sword girt about him, the cap and coro- net put upon his head, and the patent of his crea- tion delivered into his hand. After a man is created an earl, viscount, or any other title of honour, above the title he enjoyed before, it is become parcel of his name, and not an addition only; but in all legal proceedings he ought to be styled by that his dignity. An earl hath also the title of lordship ; and being written to, is styled right honourable. By courtesy of England, an earl's eldest son is born a viscount (and is called lord of some place), and all his daughters are ladies ; but his younger sons have no title of peerage. PART II. HERALDRY. 289 VISCOUNT. The next degree of honour to an earl is a viscount, which was anciently an office under an earl, who, being the king's immediate officer in his county (for that their personal attendance was often required at court), had his deputy to look after the affairs of the county, which officer is now called a sheriff, retaining the name of his sub- stitution (in Latin vicecomes) ; but about the 18th of Henry VI., 1440, it became a degree of honour, he conferring this title upon John Lord Beaumont, by letters patent, with the same ceremony as that of an earl, marquis, and duke. A viscount, at his creation, has a hood, surcoat, mantle, verge, cap, and coronet, and his mantle has two guards and a half, each having a gold lace; his coronation mantle has three rows of spots on the right shoulder, and two on the left. His coronet, which is a circle of gold, is adorned wdth twelve silver balls. The title of a viscount is, right honourable and truly noble, or potent lord. The eldest son of a viscount has no title of peerage, nor are his daughters ladies; but the eldest son and daughter of the first viscount in Great Britain and Leland are said to be the first gentleman and gentlewoman without a title in the said kingdoms. c (; .^90 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. BISHOPS. The two arclibishops have a superintendency over all the churches of England, and in some measure over the other bishops; and the arch- bishop of Canterbury has a kind of supereminency over the archbishop of York ; for he has power to summon him to a national synod or convocation, and is primate of all England, and next to the royal family ; precedes not only dukes, but all the great officers of the crown ; nor does any, ex- cept the lord chancellor, or lord keeper, come be- tween him and the archbishop of York. He is primate and metropolitan of all England, and has the title of grace given him, and most reverend father in God. To the archbishop of Canterbury it properly belongs to crown the king, to consecrate a new- made bishop, and to call provincial synods, ac- cording to the king's writ to him directed for that purpose, the bishop of London being accounted his provincial dean, the bishop of Winchester his chancellor, and the bishop of Rochester his cliaplain. The archbishop of York, who is primate of England, and metropolitan of his province, hath the honour to crown the queen, and to be her perpetual chaplain; and hath also the title of grace, and most reverend father in God. Next to the two archbishops in the episcopal college, the bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester, have always the precedency, by a PART II. HERALDRY. 291 Statute made 21 H. VIII.; and all the other bishops according to the priority of their con- secrations. The bishop of London precedes, as being bishop of the capital city of JEngland, and pro- vincial dean of Canterbury ; the bishop of Dur- ham, as count palatine, and earl of Sedberg; and the bishop of Winchester, as prelate of the order of the Garter. Note^ All bishops (as spiritual barons) are said to be three ways barons of the realm ; viz. by writ, patent, and consecration ; and they precede all under the degree of viscounts, having always their seat on the king's right hand in the parlia- ment-house ; and being the fathers and guardians of the church, are styled fathers in God. As the two archbishops are called most re- verend, and have the title of grace, so the inferior bishops are called right reverend, and have the title of lordship given them. A bishop's robe, in pavhament, is of fine scarlet cloth, having a long train, and is doubled on the shoulders with miniver, edged with white ermine, as is the bosom ; and when he goes to the House of Lords (and the sovereign there), his train is supported by four chaplains to the door of that house ; but then, by a red ribbon fixed to the end of the train and tied in a loop, he supports it himself, the loop being put over his right wrist ; and in that form he takes his seat, having a four- square cap on his head. 29S INTRODUCTION TO PART II. BARONS. A temporal baron is an hereditary dignity of nobility and honour next to a bishop ; and of this degree there are two sorts in England ; viz. a baron by writ, and a baron by patent. A baron by writ is he unto whom a writ of summons m the name of the sovereign is directed, without a patent of creation, to come to the par- liament, appointed to be holden at a certain time and place, and there to treat and advise with his sovereign, the prelates, and nobility, about the weighty affairs of the nation. I'he ceremony of a baron by writ is this : he is first brought by Garter king of arms in his sovereign's coat to the lord chancellor, between two of the youngest barons, who bear the robe of the baron ; there he shows his prescript, which the chancellor reads, then congratulates him as a baron, and invests him with the robe; and the writ being delivered to the clerk of the parlia- ment, the baron is showed to the barons by the said king of arms, and placed in their house ; and from thence is this title allowed him as hereditary, and descendible to the heir-general. The first institutor of a baron by patent was King Richard II., who, in the year 1388, and the eleventh of his reign, created John Beauchamp, of Holt-Castle, baron of Kidderminster, and in- vested him with a surcoat, mantle, hood, cape, and verge. A baron has but tM'o guards and laces PART II. IIERALDKY. 293 Oil each shoulder; neither has his coronation mantle but two rows of spots on each shoulder. Note, A baron had no coronet till the reign of King Charles II., when he was adorned with a circle of gold, and six silver balls set close to the rim, but without jewels, as now borne. The form of creating a baron by patent is this : The king sitting in state in the presence-chamber, first the heralds by two and two, and then the principal king of arms alone, bearing in his hand the patent of creation, and a baron the robe ; and then the person to be created follows betwixt two other barons, who, being entered the presence- chamber, make obeisance to the king three times ; after which the king of arms delivereth the patent to the lord chamberlain of the household, and he to the king, and the king to one of his principal secretaries of state, who reading it aloud, at the word investimus the king puts on him the baron's robe. When the patent is read, the king gives it to him that is created, who, returning thanks for his great honour, withdraws. Now it is simply by the delivery of the patent. Note, A barony by patent goes to the heir male, being almost universally so limited. But a barony by writ now goes to the heirs-general ; and, in case of more female heirs than one, it becomes in abeyance ; when the king may make his option, and grant it to which of them he thinks fit. Liidiomhc. • c c3 g04 INTRODUCTIO!^ TO PART II. THE l^RIVILEGES OF THE NOBILITY. The nobility of England enjoy many great privileges, the principal of which are as follow : First, They are free from all arrests for debt, as being the king's hereditary counsellors : there- fore a peer cannot be outlawed in any civil action ; and no attachment lies against his person; but execution may be taken upon his lands and goods. For the same reason they are free from all attend- ance at court-leet, or sheriffs' turns ; or, in case of a riot, from attending the posse comitatus. Secondy In criminal causes they are only tried by their peers, who give in their verdict not upon oath, as other juries, but only upon their honour. And then a court is built on purpose, in the middle of Westminster Hall, at the king^s charge, which is pulled down when their trials are over. Third, To secure the honour of, and prevent the spreading of any scandal upon peers, or any PART ir. HERALDRY, 205 great officer of the realm, by reports, there is an express law, called scandalum magnatum^ by which any man convicted of making a scandalous report against a peer of the realm, though true, is condemned to an arbitrary fine, and to remain in prison till the same be paid. Fourth^ Upon any great trial in a court of justice, a peer may come into the court and sit there covered. No peer can be covered in the royal presence, without permission so to be, ex- cept the lord baron of Kinsale, of his majesty's kingdom of Ireland. In case of a poll-tax, the peers bear the greatest share of the burthen, they being taxed every one according to his degree. OF ESQUIRES. A title of honour above a gentleman and below a knight. This appellation, termed in Latin armiger, or scutariuSj served anciently to denote such as were bearers of arms, or carried the shield ; and was accordingly considered as a name of charge and office only, but crept in among other titles in the reign of Richard II. ; and little mention is made of this, or the addition of gentleman, in ancient deeds, till the time of Henry V., when, by a statute in the first year of his reign, it was enacted, that in all cases where process of outlawry lay, the additions of the estate, degree, or profession of the defendant should be inserted. g96 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. This statute having made it necessary to ascer- tain who was entitled to this degree, the most learned in the art, or degrees of honour, hold now that there are seven sorts of esquires; viz. 1st, Esquires of the king's body, limited to the number of four ; they keep the door of the king's bedchamber, whensoever he shall please to go to bed, walk at a coronation, and have pre- cedence of all knights'* younger sons. Sndly, The eldest sons of knights, and their jeldest sons successively. 3dly, The eldest sons of the youngest sons of barons, and others of the greater nobility ; and when such heir-male fails, the title dies likewise. 4thly, Such as the king invests with collars of SS, as the kings at arms, heralds, &c. or shall grant silver or white spurs; the eldest sons of those last mentioned can only bear the title. 5thly, Esquires to the knights of the Bath, being their attendants on their installation ; these must bear coat-armour, according to the law of arms, are esquires for life, and also their eldest sons, and have the same privileges as the esquires of the king's body. 6thly, Sheriffs of counties and justices of peace (with this distinction, that a sheriff, in regard to the dignity of the office, is an esquire for life, but a justice of the peace only so long as he con^ tinues in the commission), and all those who bear special office in the king's household, as gentle- men of the privy chamber, carvers, sewers, cup- bearers, pensioners, Serjeants at arms, and all that PART II. HERALDRY. 297 have any near or especial dependence on the king's royal person, and are not knighted ; also captains in the wars, recorded in the king's lists. 7thly, Counsellors at law, bachelors of divinity, law, and physic; mayors of towns are reputed esquires, or equal to esquires (though not really so) ; also the penon bearer to the king, who is a person that carries his flag or banner ending in a point or tip, wherein the arms of the king, either at war, or at a funeral, are painted, which office is equivalent to the degree of an esquire. Besides, this degree of esquire is a special privilege to any of the king's ordinary and nearest attendants ; for be his birth gentle or base, yet if he serve in the place of an esquire, he is ab- solutely an esquire by that service; for it is the place that dignifies the person, and not the person the place ; so if 'any gentleman or esquire shall take upon him the place of a yeoman of the king's guard, he immediately loses all his titles of honour, and is no more than a yeoman. There is a general opinion, that every gentle- man of landed property, that has c£SOO a year, is an esquire ; which is a vulgar error, for no money whatsoever, or landed property, will give a man properly this title, unless he come within one of the above rules ; and no person can ascribe this title, where it is not due, unless he please, there being no difficulty in drawing the line by the above account : but the meaner ranks of people, who know no better, do often basely prostitute this title ; and, to the great confusion of all rank INTRODUCTION TO PART I and precedence, every man who makes a decent appearance, far from thinking himself any way ridiculed by finding the superscription of his letters thus decorated, is fully gratified by such &n address. ''^^^'^ ^^- HERALDRY. 299 DESCRIPTION OF THE GENTRY OR CIVIL NOBILITY OF ENGLAND; Taken from the last Edition of Guillim's Display or Heealdry. Gentleman, Generosus^ seemeth to be made of two words, the one French (Gentil), honestus vel honesta parente natus ; the other Saxon (man), as if you would say, a man well born ; and under this name are all comprised that are above yeomen and artificers ; so that nobles are truly called gentlemen. By the course and custom of England nobility is either major or minor. Ma- jor contains all titles and degrees from knighthood upwards : minor all from barons downwards. Gentlemen have their beginning either of blood, as that they are born of worshipful parents, or that they have done something worthy in peace or war, 300 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. whereby they deserve to bear arms, and to be accounted gentlemen. But in these days, he is a gentleman who is commonly so taken. And whosoever studieth the laws of this realm, who studieth in the university, who professeth liberal sciences, and, to be short, who can live without manual labour, and will bear the port, charge, and countenance of a gentleman, he shall be called master, and shall be taken for a gentleman : for true it is with us, tanti eris aliis quanti tibi Jiceris : and if need be, a king at arms shall grant him a patent for a new coat, if that there are none that of right doth appertain unto him from his ancestors ; and if so, confirm that upon him. But some men make a question whether this manner of making gentlemen is to be allowed of or not? And it may seem that it is not amiss ; for, first, the prince loseth nothing by it, as he should do if he were in France; for the yeoman or husband- man is no more subject to tale or tax in England than the gentleman : but on the other side, in every payment to the king the gentleman is more charged, which he beareth with content ; and in any show, muster, or any other particular charge of the town or county where he dwelleth, he is at a greater expense for the preservation of his honour; and for the outward show, in all respects, he deports himself like a gentleman : and if he be called to the wars, whatsoever it cost him, he must appear well accoutred, having his attend- ants, and show a more manly courage, and tokens of a generous education, by which means he shall PART U. HERALDRY. 3()1 purchase a greater fame. For as touching the policy and government of the commonwealth, it is not those that have to do with it which will magnify themselves, and go above their estates, but they that are appointed magistrates, &c. are persons tried and well known. See Sir Thomas Smith, Repuh. Angel, chap, of esquires and gen- tlemen. In thefive-and-twentieth of Queen Eliza- beth the case was, that " Whereas it is required by this statute of the first of Henry the fifth, chap. 5, that in every writ, original process, &c. in which any eaoigit shall be awarded, that additions should be given unto the defendant of their estate and degree," &c. And the case was, that one was a yeoman by his birth, and yet commonly called and reputed a gentleman; and yet it was adjudged, that a writ might be brought against him with the addition of gentleman, forsomuch as the intention of the action is to have such a name given by which he may be known ; this is sufficient to satisfy the law, and the act of parliament ; for nomen dicitui', quia notitiam facit. But if a gentleman be sued by addition of husbandman, he may say he is a gentleman, and demand judgment of the writ without saying (and not husbandman) ; for a gentleman may be a husbandman, but he shall be sued by his addi- tion most worthy : for a gentleman, of what estate soever he be, although he go to plough, and common labour for his maintenance, yet he is a gentleman, and shall not be named in legal pro- ceedings yeoman, husbandman, or labourer, • D D 302 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. If a gentleman be bound an apprentice to a merchant or other trade, he hath not thereby lost his degree of gentility. But if a recovery be had against a gentleman by the name of a yeoman, in which case no action is necessary, then it is no error ; so if any deed or obligation be made to him by the name of yeoman. If a capias go against A. B. yeoman, and if the sheriff take A. B. gentleman, an action of false imprisonment lieth against the sheriff; but if A. B. yeoman be indicted, and A. B. gentle- man be produced, being the same man intended, it is good. If a man be a gentleman by office only, and loseth the same, then doth he also lose his gen- tility. By the statute 5 Ehz. cap. 4, entitled an " Act touching orders for artificers, labourers, servants of husbandry, and apprentices," amongst other things it is declared, " That a gentleman born, &c. shall not be compelled to serve in husbandry." If any falcon be lost, and is found, it shall *be brought to the sheriff, who must make proclama- tion ; and if the owner come not within four months, then if the finder be a simple man, the sheriff may keep the hawk, making agreement with him that took it : but if he be a gentleman, and of estate to have and keep a falcon, then the sheriff ought to deliver to him the said falcon, taking of him reasonable costs for the time that he had him in custody. I'ART II. HERALDRY. 303 A commission is made to take children into cathedral churches, &c. one in another"*s place, where children are instructed to sing for the furnishing of the king's chapel ; these general words, by construction of law, have a reasonable intendment ; viz. " That such children, who be brought up and taught to sing to get their living by it, those may be taken for the king's service in his chapel, and it shall be a good preferment to them ; but the sons of gentlemen, or any other that are taught to sing for their ornament and recreation, and not merely for their livelihoods, may not be taken against their wills, or the con- sent of their parents and friends." And so it was resolved by the two chief justices, and all the court of Star-chamber, anno 43 Eliz. in the case of one Evans, who had by colour of such letters patent taken the son of one Clifton, a gentleman of quality in Norfolk, who was taught to sing for his recreation ; which Evans, for the same offence, was grievously punished. And to the end it may withal appear what degrees of nobility and gentry were in the realm before the coming of the Normans, and by what merits men might ascend, and be promoted to the same, I will here set down the copy of an English or Saxon antiquity, which you may read in Lam- bert's Perambulation of Kent, fol. 364, and En- glished thus : " It was sometimes in the Enghsh laws that the people and laws were in reputation, and then were the wisest of the people worship-worthy each in S04 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. his degree, earl and churle, tlieyne and under- tlieyne. And if a clmrle so thrived that he had fully five hides of land of his own, a church and a kitchen, a bell-house and a gate, a seat and a several office in the king''s hall, then was he thenceforth the theyne's right- worthy ; and if a theyne so thrived that he served the king on his journey, rode in his household, if ho then had a theyne which him followed, who to the king's ex- pectations five hides had, and in the king's palace his lord served, and thrice with his errand had gone to the king, he might afterwards with his fore-oath his lord's part play at any need ; and of a theyne that he became an earl, then was thence- forth an earl right-worthy. And if a merchant- man so thrived that he passed over the wide sea thrice of his own craft, he was thenceforth the theyne right-worthy. And if a scholar so thrived through learning that he had degree and served Christ, he was thenceforth of dignity and peace so much worthy as thereunto belonged, unless he forfeit, so that he the use of his degrees remit." It is observed that the Saxons, out of all those trades of life which be conversant in gain, admit to the estate of gentry such only as increased by- honest husbandry or plentiful merchandize. Of the first of which Cicero affirmeth, that there is nothing meeter for a freeborn man, nor no men fitter to make braver soldiers ; and of the other, that it is prize-worthy also, if at the length being satisfied with gain, as it hath often come from the irea to the haven, so it changeth from the haven PART II. IIERALDIIV. 305 into lands and possessions. And, therefore, whereas Gervasus Tilburiensis, in his Observations of the Exchequer, accounted it an abusing of a gentle- man to occupy publicum mercimofiium, common buying and selling ; it ought to be referred to the other two parts of merchandize, that is, to a nego- tiation, which is retailing and keeping of an open shop, and to a function, which is to exercise mer- cery, or as some call it, to play the chapman, and not to navigation, which (as you see) is the only laudable part of all buying and selling. And again, whereas by the statute of Magna Charta, cap. 6, and Merton, cap. 7, it was a dis- couragement for a ward in chivalry, which in old time was as much as to say a gentleman, to be married to the daughter of a burgess, I think that it ought to be restrained to such only as professed handicrafts, or those baser arts of buying and selling to get their living by. But to show how- much the case is now altered for the honour of tradesmen, it may be remembered that Henry the Eighth thought it no disparagement to him when he quitted his^queen to take Anne, the daughter of Thomas BulJen, some time mayor of London, to his wife. The statute of Westminster 2, cap. 1, which was made in the thirteenth of king Edward the First, was procured especially at the desire of gentlemen for the preservation of their lands and hereditaments, together with their surnames and families; and therefore one calleth this statute m 806 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. gentiUtum municipale ; and the lawyers call it jtis taliatum et taliahile. The children only of gentlemen were wont to be admitted into the inns of court ; and thereby it came to pass that there was scarce any man found (in former ages) within the realm skilful and cunning in the law, except he Avere a gentle- man born, and came of a good house ; for they, more than any other, have a special care of their nobihty, and to the preservation of their honour and fame ; for in these inns of court are (or at leastwise should be) virtues studied and vices exiled ; so that for the endowment of virtue, and abandoning of vice, knights and barons, with other states and noblemen of the realm, place their children in those inns, though they desire not to have them learned in the laws, nor to have them live by the practice thereof, but only upon their parents' allowance. You have heard how cheap gentility is pur* chased by the common law ; but if you look more strictly into the perfection thereof, you will find it more honourable ; for gentlemen well descended and qualified, have always been of such repute in England, that none of the higher nobility, no, nor the king himself, have thought it any dis- paragement to make them their companions: therefore I shall set down the privileges due unto them, according to the laws of honour, as I find them collected out of Sir John Feme, Sir VVilham Segar, Mr. Carter, in his Analysis of Honour, and other good authors, which are as follow. I'ART II. HERALDRY. ^307 THE IPRIVILEGES OF THE GENTRY 1. Pro ho7iore sustmendo ; if a cliurleor pea- sant do detract from the honour of a gentleman, he hath a remedy in \B.yf,actione iTijariarum: but if by one gentleman to another, the combat was anciently allowed. 2. In equal crimes a gentleman shall be pu- nishable with more favour than the churle, pro- vided the crime be not heresy, treason, or exces- sive contumacy. 3. The many observances and ceremonial re- spects that a gentleman is and ought to be ho- noured with by the churle or ungentle. 4. In giving evidence, the testimony of a gen- tleman is more authentic than a clown's. 5. In election of magistrates and officers by vote, the suffrage of a gentleman should take place of an ignoble person. 6. A gentleman should be Reused from base 308 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. services, impositions, and duties, both real and personal. 7. A gentleman condemned to death ought not to be hanged, but beheaded, and his examination taken without torture. 8. To take down the coat-armour of any gentle- man, to deface his monument, or offer violence to any ensign of the deceased noble, is as to lay buf- fets on the face of him if alive, and punishment is due accordingly. 9. A clown may not challenge a gentleman to combat, quia conditiories impares. Many other are the privileges due to gentlemen, which I forbear to repeat, referring the reader to the books before cited. For the protection and defence of this civil dignity they have three laws : the first, jm<9 agni- tionis, the right or law of descent for the kindred of the father's side : the second, jus stirpis, for the family in general : the third. Jus gentilitatis^ a law for the descent in noble families, which Tully esteemed most excellent ; by which law a gentleman of blood and coat-armour perfectly possessing virtue was only privileged. To make that perfection in blood, a lineal de- scent from Atavus, Proavus, Avus, and Pater, on the father's side was required ; and as much on his mother's line ; then he is not only a gentle- man of perfect blood, but of his ancestors too. The neglect of which laws hath introduced other sorts of gentlemen, viz. men that assume that dignity, but are neither so by blood nor coat- PART II. HERALDRY. 309 armour ; which style only hurries them on to an unruly pride, which is indeed but rude and false honour, termed by Sir John Feme apocTyphai^ and debarred of all privilege of gentility. These gentlemen nomine, non re, saith he, are the stu- dents of law, grooms of his majesty's palace, sons of churles made priests or canons, &c. or such as have received degree in schools, or borne office in the city, by which they are styled gentlemen, yet they have no right to coat-armour by reason thereof. As to the student of the law. Sir John Feme allows him the best assuranc(; of his title of gen- tleman of all these irregular gentlemen, as he terms them, because he is named in some acts of parliament ; yet he i^ith, fe is also debarred of all honour and privilege by the law of arms. And anciently none were admitted into the inns of court (as before noted) but such as were gen- tlemen of blood, be their merits never so great ; nor were the church dignities and preferments bestowed indifferently amongst the vulgar. The Jews confined their priesthood to a family : but Jeroboam debased it in his kingdom, by preferring the basest of his people to the best of duties. The Russians, and some other nations, admit none to the study of the law but gentlemen's younger sons. The decayed families in France are suj)- ported and receive new life from the court, camp. Jaw, and ecclesiastical preferments ; take the most solenm and serious, who contemn the world : if such arc wanting to fill up their vacancies, llm 310 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. ingeniouser sort of the plebeians are admitted : by which means their church and state are in esteem and reverence, being filled most commonly with the best blood and noblest by birth amongst them ; whereas, with us, every clown that can spare but money to bring up his son for any of those studies bereaves the gentry of those benefices, and robs them of their support ; which grand abuse is the cause of the general corruption in the state civil and ecclesiastic; whereas, were this preferment made peculiar to the gentry, they would stand more upon their honour, and live without being a burthen to their relations. The achievement of a gentleman hath no dif- ference with that of an esquire, both their hel- mets being close and sideways. OF YEOMEN. The yeomen, or common people, for so are they called of the Saxon word zemen, which signifies common, who have some lands of their own to live upon ; for a earn of land, or a plough land, was in ancient time of the yearly value of five nobles, and this was the living of a sokeman or yeoman ; and in our law they are called legates homines, a word familiar in writs and inquests. And by divers statutes it hath been enacted, That none shall pass on any inquest unless they had forty shillings freehold in yearly revenue, which raaketh (if the most vahic were taken to the pro- TART ir. HERALDRY. 311 portion of moneys)above sixteen poundsof current money at this present. And by the statute 27 Ehz. ch. 6, every juror must have ibrty pounds lands. In the end of the statute made ^S Hen. VI. chap. 15, concerning the election of knights for the parliament, it is ordered and expressly pro- vided, " that no man shall be such knight which standeth in the degree of a yeoman."" It appeareth in Lambert's Perambulation of Kent, p. t367, that the Saxon word telphioneman was given to the theyne or gentleman, because his life was valued at one thousand two hundred shil- lings ; and in those days the lives of all men were rated at certain sums of money ; to the churle or yeoman, because the price of his head was taxed at two hundred shillings. Which things, if not expressly set forth in sundry old laws yet extant, might well enough be found in the etymology of the words themselves, the one called a twelve hundred man, and the other a twyhind^ for a man of two hundred. And in this estate they pleased themselves, insomuch that a man might (and also now may) find sundry yeomen, though otherwise comparable for wealth with many of the gentle sort, that will not yet for that change their con- dition, nor desire to be apparelled with the title of gentry. By the common law it may appear in the 1 Edw. II. de Militibus, and 7 Hen. VI. 15, men that had lands to the value of twenty pounds ^rr annum, were compellable at the king s pleasure to take upon them the order of ^nighthood ; and 31^ INTRODUCTION TO PART II. upon summons, there came a yeoman who might expend a hundred marks per annum, and the court was in doubt how they might put him off; and at last he was waved, because he came the second day. By this sort of men the trial of causes in other countries proceedeth ordinarily; for of them there are greater number in England than in any other place, and they also of a more plentiful livelihood ; and therefore it cometh to pass, that men of this country are more apt and fit to discern in doubtful cases and causes of great examination and trial, than are men wholly given to moil in the ground, to whom that rural exercise engendereth rudeness of wit and mind. And many franklins and yeo- men there are so near adjoining as you may make a jury without difficulty; for there be many of them that are able to expend one or two hundred pounds pe?' annum. As in the ancient time the senators of Rome were elected a censu ; and as with us, in confer- ring of nobility, respect is had to their revenues, by which their dignity and nobility may be sup- ported and maintained ; so the wisdom of this realm hath of ancient time provided, that none shall pass upon juries for the trial of any matter real or personal, or upon any criminal cause, but such as, besides their moveables, have lands for estate of life, at the least to a competent value, lest for need or poverty such jurors might easily be corrupted or suborned. And in all cases and causes the law hath con- PART IT. HERALDRY. 313 ceived a better opinion of those that have lands and tenements, or otherwise are of worth in move- able goods, that such will commit or omit nothing, that may any way be ]:)rejudicial to their estima- tion, or which may endanger their estates, than it hath of artificers, retailers, labourers, or such-like, of whom Tully saith, Nihil proficiuntur, nisi ad modum mentiuntur. And by divers statutes cer- tain immunities are given to men of quahty, which are denied to the vulgar sort of people ; read hereof amongst others, 1 Jac. cap. 127. By the statute of 2 Hen. IV, cap. 27, amongst other things it is enacted, That no yeoman should take or wear any livery of any lord upon pain of imprisonment, and to make fine at the king's will and pleasure. These yeomen were famous in our forefathers' days for archery and manhood ; our infantry, which so often conquered the French, and repulsed Scots, were composed of them, as are our militia at present, who through want of use and good dis- cipline are degenerated from their ancestors' va- lour and hardiness. ' As the nobility, gentry, and clergy, have certain privileges peculiar to themselves, so have the com- monalty of England beyond the subjects of other monarchs. No freeman of England ought to be imprisoned, outed of his possession, disseised of his freehold, without order of law, and just cause shown. To him that is imprisoned may not be denied a habeas corpus, if it be desired ; and if no just cause EE 814} INTRODUCTION TO PART IT. be alleged, and the same be returned upon a ha- beas corpusy the prisoner is to be set at Uberty. By Magna Charta, 9 Hen. III. no soldier can be quartered in any house except inns, and other public victuaUing-houses, in time of peace, with- out the owner's consent, by the petition of right, S Car. I. No taxes, loans, or benevolences, can be imposed but by act of parliament. Idem. The yeomanry are not to be pressed to serve as soldiers in the wars unless bound by tenure, which is now abolished ; nor are the trained bands com- pellable to march out of the kingdom, or be trans- ported beyond sea, otherwise than by the law of the kingdom ought to be done ; nor is any one to be compelled to bear his own arms, finding one sufficient man qualified, according to the act before mentioned. No freeman is to be tried but by his equals, nor condemned but by the laws of the land. These and many other freedoms make the most happy, did they but know it ; and should oblige them to their allegiance to their prince, under whose power and government themselves, their rights and pri- vileges are preserved, and quietly enjoyed ; yet such is the inconstancy of men's nature, not to be contented with the bhss they enjoy. I f PART II. HERALDRY. 3L OF PRECEDENCY. Touching place and precedency, it is first to be noted, that persons of every degree of honour or dignity take place according to the seniority of their creation^ and not of years, unless descended of the blood royal, in which case they have place of all others of the same degree. The younger sons of the preceding rank take place from the eldest son of the next mediate, viz. the younger sons of dukes from the eldest sons of earls ; the younger sons of earls from the eldest sons of barons. There have been some alterations made as to precedency (as may be observed by inspecting the tables) and therefore some exception will appear to some of the foregoing rules, by some decrees and establishments of King James I. and King Charles I., whereby all the sons of viscounts and barons are allowed to precede baronets. And the eldest sons and daughters of baronets have place given them before the eldest sons and daughters of any knights, of what degree or order soever, though superior to that of a baronet (these being but temporary dignities, whereas that of baronets is hereditary) ; and the younger ^ons of baronets 316 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. are to have place next after the eldest sons of knights. Note also, that as there are some great officers of state who take place (although they are not no- blemen) above the nobility of higher degree ; so there are some persons who, for their dignities in the church, degrees in the universities, and inns of court, officers in the state or army (although they are neither knights nor gentlemen born) yet take place amongst them. Thus all colonels and field officers (who are honourable) as also master of the artillery, and quarter-master general ; doc- tors of divinity, law, physic, and music ; deans, chancellors, prebendaries, heads of colleges in the universities, and Serjeants at law, are, by courtesy, allowed place before ordinary esquires. And all bachelors of divinity, law, physic, and music; masters of arts, barristers in the inns of courts ; lieutenant-colonels, majors, captains, and other commissioned military officers ; and divers patent officers in the king*'s household, may equal, if not precede, gentlemen who have none of these qua- lifications. In towns corporate, the inhabitants of cities (and herein those of the capital or metropolitan city arc thejfirst ranked) are preferred to those of boroughs and those who have borne magistracy to all others. And here a younger alderman or bailey takes not precedency from his senior by being knighted, or as being the elder knight, as was the case of alder- man Craven, wlio (though no knight) had place as senior alderman, before all the rest who were PART II. HERALDRY. 317 knights, at the coronation of King James. This is to be understood as to public meetings relative to the town ; for it is doubted whether it will hold good in any neutral place. It has been also de- termined in the Heralds' Office, that all who have been lord mayors of London shall every where take place of all knights-bachelors, because they have been the king's lieutenants. It was likewise adjudged in the case of Sir John Crook, Serjeant at law, by the judges in court, that such Serjeants as were his seniors, though not knighted, should have preference, notwithstand- ing his knighthood. — Sir Geoi'ge Mackenzie of Precedency. All colonels are honourable, and by the law of arms ought to precede simple knights. Guillim's Display f &c. AVomen before marriage have precedency by their father ; but there is this diiFerence between them and the male children, that the same prece- dency is due to all the daughters that is due to the eldest ; but it is not so among the sons. By marriage a woman participates of her hus- band's dignities ; but none of the wife's dignities can come by marriage to her husband, but are to descend to her next heir. If a woman have precedency by creation, de- scent, or birth, she retains the same, though she marries an inferior. But it is observable, that if a woman nobly born marry any nobleman, as a baron, she shall take place according to the degree of her husband, though she be a duke's daughter. A £ E 3 318 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. A woman privileged by ojarriage with one of noble degree shall retain the privilege due to her by her husband, though he should be degraded by forfeiture, &c. for crimes are personal. — Mac- hcnzie of Precedency. The wife of the eldest son of any degree takes place of the daughters of the same degree, (who always have place immediately after the wives of such eldest sons;) and both of them take place of the younger sons of the preceding degree. Thus the lady of the eldest son of an earl takes place of an earl's daughter, and both of them precede the wife of the younger son of a marquis ; also the wife of any degree precedes the wife of the eldest son of the preceding degree. Thus the wife of a marquis precedes the wife of the eldest son of a duke. This holds not only in comparing degrees, but also families of the same degree among themselves; for instance, the daughter of a senior earl yields place to the wife of a j unior earPs eldest son : though, if such daughter be an heiress, she will then be allowed place before the wives of the eldest sons of all younger earls. — Segar, p. 240. PART II. HERALDRY. 319 TABLE OP PRECEDENCY AMONG MEN. The King. The Prince of Wales. King'*s sons. King's brothers. King's uncles. King's grandsons. King's brother's or sister's sons. Archbishop of Canterbury. Lord High Chancellor, or Lord Keeper. Archbishop of York. Lord High Treasurer. Lord President of the Privy-council. Lord Privy-seal. Lord High Constable. Earl Marshal. Lord High Admiral. Lord Steward of His Majesty's Household. Lord Chamberlain of His Majestt/s Household. Dukes, Marquises. The eldest sons of Dukes. Earls. The eldest sons of Marquises. The younger sons of Dukes. Viscounts. 320 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. The eldest sons of Earls. The younger sons of Marquises. Bishop of London. Bishop of Durham. Bishop of Winchester. All other Bishops according to seniority ofconse* cration. Barons according to their patents of creation. Speaker of the House of Commons. The eldest sons of Viscounts. The younger sons of Earls. The eldest sons of Barons. Knights of the most noble order of the Garter. Privy Counsellors. Chancellor of the Exchequer. Chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster. Lord Chief Justice of the King's-bench. Master of the Rolls. Lord Chief Justice of the Common-pleas. Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Judges and Barons of the degree of the Coif of the said courts according to seniority. Bannerets made tinder the King's banner or stand- ard, displayed in a7i army royaly in open zvar, and the King personally present. The younger sons of Viscounts. The younger sons of Barons. Baronets. Bannerets ??o^7wat?e by the King himself in person. Knights of the most honourable order of the Bath. Knights Bachelors. Masters in Chancery. PART II. HERALDRY. 3^1 Eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers. The eldest sons of Baronets. The eldest sons of the Knights of the Garter. The eldest sons of JBannerets. The eldest sons of the Knights of the Bath. The eldest sons of Knights Bachelors. The younger sons of Baronets. Esquires of the King's Body, or Gentlemen of the Privy-chamber. Esquires of the Knights of the Bath. Esquires by creation. Esquires by office. Younger sons of Knights of the Garter. Younger sons of Bannerets of both kinds. Younger sons of Knights of the Bath. Younger sons of Knights Bachelors. Gentlemen entitled to bear arms. Clergymen, Barristers at law, Officers in the Navy and Army, who are Gentlemen by profession. Citizens. Burgesses, &c. 322 INTRODUCTION TO TART IT. TABLE OP PRECEDENCY AMONG WOMEN. The Queen. Princess of Wales. Princesses, daughters of the King. Princesses and Duchesses, wives of the King's sons. Waives of the King's brothers. Wives of the King's uncles. Wives of the eldest sons of Dukes of the blood royal. Daughters of Dukes of the blood royal. Wives of the King's brother's or sister's sons. Duchesses. Marchionesses. Wives of the eldest sons of Dukes. Daughters of Dukes. Countesses. Wives of the eldest sons of Marquises. Daughters of Marquises. Wives of the younger sons of Dukes. Viscountesses. Wives of the eldest sons of Earls. Daughters of Earls. Wives of the younger sons of Marquises. Baronesses. Wives of the eldest sons of Viscounts. Daughters of Viscounts. PART n. HERALDRY. S9S Wives of the younger sons of Earls. Wives of the eldest sons of Barons. Daughters of Barons. Wives of the younger sons of Viscounts. Wives x)f the younger sons of Barons. Baronesses. Wives of the Knights of the Garter. Wives of Bannerets of each kind. Wives of the Knights of the Bath. Wives of Knights Bachelors. Wives of the eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers. Wives of the eldest sons of Baronets. Daughters of Baronets. Wives of the eldest sons of Knights of the Garter. Daughters of Knights of the Garter. Wives of the eldest sons of Bannerets. Daughters of Bannerets. Wives of the eldest sons of Knights of the Batli. Daughters of Knights of the Bath. Wives of the eldest sons of Knights Bachelors. Daughters of Knights Bachelors. Wives of the younger sons of Baronets. Daughters of Knights. Wives of Esquires of the Sovereign's Body. Wives of Esquires to the Knights of the Bath. Wives of Esquires by creation. Wives of Esquires by office. Wives of the younger sons of Knights of the Garter. Wives of the younger sons of Bannerets. Wives of the younger sons of Knights of the Bath. Wives of the younger sons of Knights Bachelors. S24< INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Wives of Gentlemen. Daughters of Esquires. Davighters of Gentlemen. Wives of Clergymen, Barristers at Law, and Offi- cers m the JNavy and Army. Wives of Citizens. Wives of Burgesses, &c. I'ART ir. HERALDRY. 825 PROCESSION TO THE CHAPEL ROYAL, Pursuant to an Order of the Earl Marshal. Thejhllonsoing is the Procession which was made in April 1 726, wherein the Knights of the Bath are ranged, viz. Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber. Kniffht Marshal alone. Master of the Jewel Office. Treasurer of the Chamber. Pursuivants of Arms. Heralds of Arms. Knights of the Bath, viz. Sir Thomas Coke. Sir John Monson. Sir William Yonge. Sir Robert Clifton. Sir William Monson. Sir T. W. Wentworth, Sir Michael Newton. Sir William Gage. Sir William Morgan. • F F 326 INTRODUCTION TO PART II. Privy Counsellors, not Peers. According to their seniority at the Council Board, and amongst them the following Knights of the Bathy if no other Privy Councillors intervene ; viz. Sir Charles Wills, K. B. Sir Robert Sutton, K. B. Sir R. Walpole, K. BJ^ Chancellor of the Exchequer. Sir Paul Methuen, K. B. Treasurer of the Household. Younger sons of Earls, being Knights of the Bath, • if no other intervene. Sir Thomas Lumley Saunderson, K. B. Sir Conyers Darcy, I Sir William Stanhope, K. B. I K. B. Sir Spencer Compton, IC. B. And Speaker of the House of Commons. Barons. Robert Lord Walpole, K. B. Hugh Lord Clinton, K. B. John Lord De la Warr, K.B. Eldest S071S of Earls, being Knights of the Bath. John Lord Glenorchy, George Lord Malpas, K.B. K.B. * Sir Robert Walpole was father of Lord Walpole, both made Knights of the Bath at the same time. TART II. HERALDRY. ' 327 Bishops. Viscounts, Amongst them Knights of the Bath, viz. John Viscount Tyrconnel, in Ireland, K. 13. George Viscount Torrington, K. B. Younger Sons of Dukes, beifig Knights of the Bath, viz. Lord Nassau Powlett, K. B. Earls. Amongst them Knights of the Bath, viz. William Earl of Inchiquin, K. B. Thomas Earl of Pom- fret, K. B. George Earl of Halifax, K.B. AVilliam Anne Earl of Albemarle, K. 15. Talbot Earl of Sussex, K.B. Henry Earl of Dclo- raine, K. B. John Earl of Leicester, K. B. Eldest Sons of Dukes, being Knights of the Ba!h. Charles Earl of Burford. Dukes. William Duke of Manchester, K. B. John Duke of Montague, K. B. Charles Duke of Richmond, K. B. Lord Steward of the Household. NorroyKingofArms. | ClarenceuxKingofArms F F r 9. 328 INTRODUCTION TO HERALDRY. Lord Privy Seal* Lord Treasurer. Lord Chancellor. Ld. Presid. of the Council. Archbishop of York. Abp. of Canterbury. Gentleman C Garter King of 1 Gentleman Usher. I Arms. 3 Usher. Prince William, K. B. Prince of Wales, K. G. Earl Marshal, j Sword of State. \ ]^?^^ ^^f.* ( j Chamberlam. Sergeant at Arms. ^ The Sovereign. [ Sergeant at Arms. Lord Chamberlain, or Vice Chamberlain. Captain of the Guard. Captain of the Yeomen. I Captain of the Gentle- I men Pensioners. Gentlemen Pensioners. Yeomen. 329 INDEX Of the Names of the Gentlemen whose Arms arc engraved and blazoned as Examples in the In- troduction to Heraldry. Those marked with *, the Arms are engraved and blazoned ; thos^ with this mark f , the Arms are blazoned only. A. Abrahall page I79t Abtot 231t Adye 67* Aldham 64* Ambesace 58* Amherst 51* Anderton 240t Arblaster 137t Arbuthnot 53* Arches 99t Armstrong > . . . . 257t Arthure 1 ISf Askewe lOlf Aston 21* Aston 125t Asgil 243t Atkins 52* Atwood 69* Austen 60* B. Bagot ..124* Baines 52* Baker 64t Baker 65* BaU lost Banister 260t Bamack 102t Barker 52* Barnes page 133t Bardonenche 239t Barkle 252t Bamsdale 69* Barbon 69* Barret 182t Basnet 105t Bateman 57* Bathor 162t Baxter 229* Baylie 63* BazUWood 60* Becton 243t Bell 109t Beringer 52* Berkley 50* Bemeck 104t Bertie 106t Beville 117t Biest 56* Birmingham 68* Blackstock 67* Blossim 1 52+ Bolter 68* Bolowre 177t Borton 261t Bothe 128t Bottlesham 111+ Borough 57* Bvurdcn 56* ff3 330 INDEX. Bowen page IHf .Bowes 18G* Bowes 193t liowes 1 14f BoydeU SlSf Boyle 68* BraUford 126t Branchley 221 Bray 64* Bretigni 192t Bridget 135* Bromley 69t Bromley 69* Brome 146t Buck 210t Buggine 128t Bulbeck 59* Buocafoco . 56* Bumaby 53* Buminghill 169t Burrard 59* Byron 156t C. Camel llSf Cartwright 67* Cartwright 131t Carver 157t Cardington 262t Carrack 150t Capper 116t Cennino 56* Chalbots 64* Champneys 59* Chambers 132t Chapman 56* Cherley lllf Chute 53* Clark 58* Clive 50* Cobster 127* Cocks 57* Cole 56* Colic 56* Colbrand page lOlf Cook 59* Conisbie 60* Corke 60* Comhill 68* Cotton 133t Cottingham 253t Constable 105t Cock 21t Cockaine 129t Conyngham 178t Corbet 227+ Crebott 162t Cropley 63* Culcheth 173t D. Dallison 51* Dauntre 107* Davy 57* Davenport 176t DelaHay 161t De la Luna 145t Dinj^rall 238t Digby 165t DiUon 55* Downs 51* Doublet 151t Douglas 57* Dodge 67* Doubleday 68* Drummond 53* Drakes 263t Dudley 50* Dubisson 1 lOf Dyxton 246* E. Easton 193t Edwards 64* Eglefelde 63* EUis 190 and 64* Elphinston ISSf Eyre 220 INDEX. 331 Ewaxt page 54* F. Farmer 189* Fennor 197t Ferries 197t Fisher 188* Fitzourse 107t Fitz-Hugh 114t Fitz- William 194t Florence IGGf Fortherby 194t Folebome 261t Fontibus 66* Fraunces 50* Frankland ; . . . . 64* Franklyn 64* Frampton 50* Frebody 178t Fulford 124* O. Gamin 57* Gamboa 67* Garzoni 67* Gascoine . . .- ISlf Gawdy 250t Ged 170t Gideon 59* Gise .lost Glegg 133t Goodrood 97t Govis 157t Gomaldi 168t Gorges 173t Grafton 55* Greby 70* GrevUe 52* Gumey 210t Gwyn 54* Gyves lOGf JI. Hawberkc 170-f Haydon page 53* Hawkeridge 55* , Haddon 68* Hall I06t HaxthiU lOSf Harman 96t Hawley 20 and 108t Harrow 177t Hampsone 182t Haye 202t HadisweU.... 261t Herendon 63* Herris 171t Highlord 51* Hingham 167t Hilbome 53* Hildesley 53* Hope 50* Hoast 67* Hobart 164t Holme 253+ HoUand 105t Hoby list Hoo 121t Houlditch 238t Humphrey 55* Hunter 61* Hulse 52* J. James 64* JefFeries 183t Jarvis 64* Jenkinson 69* Jenynges • • • • 146t InhofF I92t Jones 118* Jomey 170t Johnson 255t Julian 187t K. Kiigg 54* KcniDton 6:i* S32 INDEX. Kearsley . . . w page 205* KeUum ISlf Kinnard.. 52* Killingsworth 235t Knight 50* Knot 51* Kroge 219t L. Laurence 172t Langford 241t Leeson 49* Leet 198t Leverage 198f Leon 201t Leyham 246t Lowther 55* Lynch 190* Lorks 151 Lovett 209t Lloyd 151t Lutterel 208t Lucy ISGf M. Mackenay 187t Masquehay 1 87t Markham 185t Maitland 147t Mallory Hlf Maltravers 167t Magnall 24«* Mason lolf Maynard 171t Maynes 177t Manners .... 49* Madden 56* Masters 59* Maroley G7* Maynard 68* Blawgyron 175t I\Iedville 164t Mendorf 51* Mcinstorpc 217-|' Milncs page 262t Miller 69* Alilverton . . 199t JMonox 55* Morley 53 and 179t Moore 59* Moore 200t Mounbowchier 165t Mosley 199t Myntur 216t N. Narboon 215t Nathiley 96* Naylor 59* Nangothan 60 and 200* Newton 53* Needham 59* Newby 245t Newdigate 55* Norton 54* O. Ord 64* O'Haia 51* Outlawe 58* P. Packer 52* Paulet 54* Pawne (>'.',* Palmer 236t Peacock 133* Pelham 176t Pegriz 218t Pearce 67* Penruddock 67* Pemberton 115t Peche 162t Percival 243t Pigot 50 and 168t Pigot 50* Pitiicld 63* Pilgrim 217t INDEX. 333 Pine page 218t Planke 178t Pogeis 197t Pont 226* Potter 64* Porter 53* ; Powlet 54* Prince 52* Preener 221t h- Puckering 51* c: Puges 197t f- R. Rawlyns 53* Rawline 54* Rathlow 218t Renton 50* Restwold 234t Rewtowre 67* Redman 144t Rich 52* Richardson 122t Row 56* Rogers 59* Robinson 59* Rooe lost Rokeley 184t Roundel 205t Russel 218t Rudetzker 188t S. Samwell 239t St. Clere 55* St John 49* StPhilibert.. llOf Sault 57* Sayer 238t Scott ...172t Scipton 109* Scropham 187* Scudamore 245t Srarle 210t ;rtcr 56* Shipstowe page 56* Shirley 69* Shutdeworth 241t Shelly 242t Shirington 247t Simeon 52* Skein 242t Smert 124t Smith 98t Smith 68* Smyth 50* Sneyde 237t Snigg 51* Soame 195t Spring 206t Spence 215t Stratele 154t Standard lOOf Stoway 225t Stourton 51* Stapletpn 54* Stourgeon 58* Stoner 69* Stewart 69* Stoddyr 146t Stewins 172t Stratele 154t Starkey 245 Stasam 256 Stratford 252t Stasam 256t Sublet 203t Sutton 119t Swans 262t Symms 184 and 66t . T. Taine 163t Talbot 60* Tenton 248t Theme 67* Thunder 254 Tomb 250* Totc^ 200 334 INDEX. Tounson page 5G* Tremaine 56* Trewarthen 112 Trevor 69* Trowbridge 114t Tregold Il5t Trott ....182t Travers 159t Trapps 169t Troutebeck 167t Trevet 252t Turnor 52* Twisden 52* Tryon 246* Tynte 58* U. Undal 200* V. Vandeput 64* Vaughan 68* Vavasour 69* Villages 57* W. Wandesford ISlf Wastley 97t Wakerley 200t Warden 260t Walsalle . page 262t Warre 194t Walpole 50* Ward 64* Whalley 261t Wylley 261t Wycombe ISOf WagstafF 51* Walgrave 211t Watton 63* Weele 54* Wells 163* Weld 69* Wegirton ..121t Wingfield 133 Wiseman 136t Withers 66* Woodvile 50* Wood 67 and 70* Wooler 247 Woolstone 264t Wroton "54 Wyntworth 145t Y. YeUen 63* Yeo 254 Z. Zusto 162t THE END, LONDON : PRINTED BY THOMAS DAVISON, WHITEFUIABS. K GENERAL LIBRARY -U.C. BERKELEY I BDDmabD77