lifornia onal uty SWvMS > ..-a- 9 ,^ ' UCSB LIBRARY OUTLINE OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE KlSUAHELI LANGUAGE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE It I \ I li V DIALECT BY THE REVD Dp. J. I,. UIMI'F, MISSIONARY OF THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY IN EAST-AFRICA. TliKlftittEN, PRINTED BY LUD. FRIED. PUBS. 1850. PREFACE *). In presenting these pages to the Honoured Society, to which I owe under God my stay, first in Abessinia, and now on the South-East African coast, I have to offer a few pre- fatory remarks relative to the Language, which I have gram- matically delineated under the unassuming title Outline of the Elements of the Kisuaheli Language." I. That I have undertaken a difficult task, will be admitted by every one who considers the circumstan- ces under which I have compiled the Outline. As the Kisuaheli Language has never been reduced to writing (for aught I know), there was no literary source **}, *) The Author gives this Preface (with little alteration) as he has written it in 1845> when he presented his first Manuscript of the Outline to the late Mr. Coates, then Lay-Secretary of the Church-Missionary Society. **) The Author became acquainted with Mr. Archbell's Bechuana grammar in 1846, and with Mr. Boyce's Kaffir gram, in 1847. While he much regrets on one hand, not to have seen those valuable works at an earlier Period, he feels glad on the other, as in all probabi- lity he would not have written a Kisuaheli grammar. With the first Part of the Dictionary composed by the late lamented Baptist-Mis- sionary Mr. Merrich , in the Isubu tongue , spoken at Bimbia near the Cameroons, the author has been made acquainted in last August during his short stay in England. He read this work with the grea- 1 * on which I could draw; consequently I was compelled to beat an untrodden path from its beginning. A rather imper- fect knowledge of the vulgar Arabic, which I had acquired in Egypt and on the Red Sea, was the only means, with which I started at the commencement of my Kisuaheli studies in 1844. The native interpreters, whom I was after a long search enabled to employ, were only intent upon gaining their bread by assisting me in my studies. With regard to their lingual capacities, they were perfect babes, whom I had to train up for a considerable time, until they could com- prehend my grammatical views. Like Gregorius the pre- ceptor of Mr. Ludolf , the celebrated grammarian and Histo- rian of Ethiopia, they would (when consulted on the root of a Verb or Noun) stand gaping before me and say words do neither take roots nor bear fruits in our co- untry." What an amount of trouble and perseverance was on my part required in working with such rugged tools, I need not mention. No wonder, why the learned Mr. Lu- dolf on the frontispiece of his Amharic Grammar delineated the figure of a man, who strikes with a spade into the ground, but who at the same time holds also forth the palm- twig of good hope and success of his hard toil. Now that a great deal of lingual and other difficulties, which opposed my Missionary operations, has been success- fully, as I conceive, surmounted, I cannot look back to the past period of my stay on the East coast of Africa, without offering my humble thanks to God for his having enabled me to accomplish this and other important labour prepara- test interest, as he was not aware, that, what he calls the Nilotic family of languages exstends so far to the North of the Equator in West- Africa. rrr -'-" tJ ^"^ tory to the Society's Mission on the Coast and in the Interior, where Millions of immortal beings have not yet heard the voice of the gospel which must be published among all na- tions in these latter days. My plan of delineating the rudiments of the Kisuaheli language originated simply in a personal desire. I had in the beginning no other intention but to concentrate and round up in a succinct sketch those grammatical matters which I considered correct and tenable, whilst I excluded other points, the correctness and settledness of which I questioned at that stage of my knowledge of this language. In this form the Outline was compiled in Octbr. 1844. Afterwards I intended to touch again upon the subject, as I wished to put my fellow-labourers, whom I expected from Europe, in possession of proper materials for their study of the Kisuaheli immediately after their arrival. But when I saw myself in the beginning of this year (1845) disappointed in my anxious hope, I put off doing over again the original sketch, until the rainy season of this year compelled me to suspend my excursions from Mombas to the surrounding country, and gave me leisure for the revision of the original sketch, which in the mean time had been more matured from the increased knowledge of the Kisuaheli, and from the acquaintance with the cognate Dialects, the Kinika and Kikamba , with which my excursions to the pagan tribes around Mombas had brought me into contact. In concluding the remarks on my personal relation to this little work, I would only add, that perhaps many per- sons would wish me to have chosen an other systematical arrangement, more founded on the peculiarity of the Nilotic Idiom *) than on the traditionary manner of grammatical sy- *) What the Author means with regard to the Nilotic family of _ 6 stematisation. But after some consideration I thought it better, to leave this matter to future grammarians of the Kisuaheli, and to the learned men at home, who have more leisure and talents, than the Missionary abroad, whose primary object is apostolic, not scientific *). II. Importance of the Kisuaheli language relative to the cause of Science, Commerce and Christianity. Whether the Scholars of the Hebrew, Ethiopic and Arabic will derive any important aid from the knowledge of the Kisuaheli, is a question which I must answer in the ne- gative; though it cannot be uninteresting to the Arabic Scho- lar, to observe the manner in which the Arabic has been amalgamated with the Kisuaheli, nor can it be unprofitable or tedious to inquire, whether not the original meaning or some modification of many an Arabic Word might have been preserved in the hitherto hidden treasury of this African lan- guage. But it is general philology, or philosophy of lan- guages, and African philology in particular, which may feel interested in a language which is spoken within 10 or 12 de- grees of Latitude on the immediate sea-coast of East-Africa **), languages he has explained in his Vocabulary of 6 Eastafrican lan- guages. See its preface. *) An instance, how admirably well the learned men at home can manage the rough literary materials afforded by Missionaries abroad, may be seen in the Magazine of the german Orientalist So- ciety I and II Number, 1848- A Missionary fares best if he simply states the dry matter of facts and observation , and leaves the form and results to the learned at home. **) See the Preface of the Vocabulary of 6 East-African lan- guages. 7 and which is only a dialect of a family of languages, ramified and scattered all over South-Africa. However deficient this language may be in many respects, if compared with the Semitic or Japhetitic languages, yet we must be surprized at the vigour, moveableness, tendency to clearness, and other grammatical phenomena, which this language manifests through- out. It has its own stamp and typus, which we may call the Hamitic in distinction from the Semitic and Japhetitic. And this characteristic stamp is its beauty as well as its di- gnity *). We are aware, that the Hamitic languages are deficient in pliancy and capability with respect to philoso- phical researches and deductions; we are aware, that they carry in their intestines an amount of massiveness and bul- kiness, which is against the oriental and occidental tasle, but still we maintain, that this is their characteristic beauty, quite in accordance with the bodily and mental complexion and with the final destination of the Africanic mankind. We therefore admire in this fact the same Divine Wisdom , which has dis- played herself only in a higher degree among the children of Shem and Japhet, in order that her various gifts be recog- nised in the varions quarters and individualities of the human family. We do not expect, that the African mankind will ever perform considerable atchievements in philosophy, or in the theoretical branches of science, but we believe, that it will cultivate the body or the practical point of civilisation and Christianity. Therefore its language contains such strongly corporealising elements in its grammatical construction. And indeed, why should we wish, that the Africans should go through the same processes and struggles which Japhet's children had to encounter when we consider that their cosmopo- *) See the remarks in Chapter II, on the Nouns. litic destination will be different from that of the descendants of Shem and Japhet? In the Abessinian languages, especially in the Ethio- pic, and in Tigre and Gurague its dialects, we find the Semi- tic Element still predominant; the Amharic manifests already a strong inclination of breaking through this barrier; the So- mali and Galla languages have still more thrown off the Semi- tic fetter, whilst the Kisuaheli and its cognate idioms have en- tirely kept the Semitic aloof. The Kisuaheli indeed, has not quite rejected the Semitic element in a Lexicographical re- spect , in as much as many Arabic words have been amal- gamated with the Kisuaheli from the constant intercourse of the Wasuaheli with Arabia, and from the Muhamedan religion, which they profess, but in point of grammatical construction and form it is purely african. Now if we] reflect, that the Kisuaheli is spoken, at least understood from the Equator down to the Portuguese settlements at Mosambic , consequently, that (from the geo- graphical position of the Suaheli country) *), it offers the key to the languages of the Interior, with which it is in- timately related, we cannot help attaching great importance to this language. The scientific traveller, who intends to col- lect informations on the coast, or to make researches in the Interior, can hardly proceed without the knowledge of this language. Nor can the merchant, who has an establishment on any part of this coast, conduct his mercantile transactions with a set of people, who are almost unmanageable, if the foreigner cannot converse with them in their own lan- *) See the Author's lithographed map annexed to his Journal descriptive of a journey to Ukambani, inserted into the Church-Mis- sionary Intelligencer of last September. This Periodical contains chi- efly Missionary information of a scientific nature. 9 guage without the picklock of a selfish interpreter. There is every prospect, that the friendly disposition of Seid-Seid, the Sultan of Mascat (commonly called the Imam of Mascat, though he styles himself Sultan, and not Imam) who rules the Suaheli coast, and who since ten years has taken up his permanent residency on the Island of Sansibar (Zanzebar), will more and more direct the attenion of the civilised world to East-Africa and render the Suaheli coast the starting-point of commercial and scientific pursuits to the Interior. But paramount are the claims of philanthrophy and Chri- stianity with respect to this coast for the Gospel must be preached among all nations. The herald of the Gospel, the Missionary is the patriot of the world. No coast, no country, no mountain nor river, nor language is to impede his pro- gress, until the whole human family lies at the foot of the Cross of Christ. Now it appears to me an important fact, that, as the Arabic language prevails in the North and North East of Africa, so the Suaheli presents in the South East the key to the Interior of this continent. Consequently the herald of the Gospel in this quarter stands in need only of one language, by the instrumentality of which he can master in a short time all the dialects spoken from the line down to the Cape of Good Hope. So wonderfully simple are the leadings of Di- vine Wisdom, to bring about the greatest results, when it suits her purpose at the fulness of time. III. General remarks on the term Suaheli and the history of the Suaheli coast. A) According to the explanation, which the Natives have frequently given me in reply to my inquiries on 10 this subject, the term Suaheli would signify equal or like subtilty or artificea, or according to an other interpretation n make subtilty (saua hila). The natives referred me to the Arabic Word hila which means -astutia, techna, dolus. o / See Golii Lexicon Arabico - Latinum pag. 669 a^J^y^, and *P sawa aequalis, see pag. 1241 cU**. The Arabs are not constant in one and the samer manner of writing the name Suaheli. Being unable to trace things back to their proper causes, and like all uncultivated Nations, being fond of play- ful names and derivations, they contrived an explanation which suited their view relative to the Suaheli, in whose character they certainly observed a great deal of subtilty or artfulness, as the Suaheli themselves acknowledge, so much so, that they often boast of this their character, saying when they are puzzled ware not we Suaheli i. e. men who know to get out of difficulties by an artful contrivance. , I cherish a strong objection against this derivation, plausible as it seemed to me at first. A second derivation of the Word Suaheli is, as follows. Suhel signifies in Kisuaheli South-East, and South- West. This expression is probably connected with the Arabic suhailon (see Golii Lex p. 1230) canopus; Stella. As for instance Bu- kini or Madagascar lies to a Suaheli navigator toward the Suhel, so in the same manner the Arab navigator considered the Suaheli coast to be situated toward the Suhel or South- West of Arabia. A third derivation, which may be considered to be the most correct, refers to the Arabic SaheI (pi. Suahel) strand, sea-beach, coast. Consequently, Suaheli the inhabi- tant of the Sea-coasts, in opposition to the Interior. And as the East-Coast of Africa is generally very low, but the coun- \\ try adjacent to it rises and becomes mountainous at the di- stance of 15 and 20 miles inland, Suaheli may also signify inhabitant of the low coast, or low land in general, in oppo- sition to the mountaineers, or inhabitants of the higher land, the watu wa mrima (people of the mountain). B) Concerning the History of the Suaheli. In a matter, where all records leave us in the dark, we can only make up the historical deficiency by means of con- jectures, founded on the traditions of the Natives, and their intercourse with other nations, whose history lies more un- veiled before the European Historian. I am told by some Suaheli, that their forefathers origina- ted in the South of Arabia, and that the Islands of Patta and Lamu are considered by the Natives to have been the primitive settlements of those Arabs who left their home and crossed the Indian Ocean. This report is undoubtedly true, if we un- derstand it right. That many Arabs at an early period may have been induced to exchange their home of barren rocks and sandy deserts for the finer climate and for the productive soil of the East-african coast, where a little toil afforded them ample subsistence, who will deny this? Up to the present day, Arabs do emigrate from Arabia, and fix their abodes either on some Eastafrican Island, or on the main land, where they mingle with the Natives so rapidly, that their children, who are educated by slaves not knowing arabic, do seldom under- stand their mother tongue. This happened undoubtedly from time immemorial, even before the rise of the Muhamedan re- ligion in Arabia. There is no doubt but that those rulers of South Arabia, to whom the Himiaritic inscriptions owe their existence, will have sent their boats to the Suaheli coast, which at that time certainly maintained a connexion with Ethi- opia and central Africa in general. South-Arabia was then 12 in the possession of a high degree of civilisation, of which the present Arabs have no idea; wherefore they ascribe the ancient monuments still existing in Arabia, to super-natural evil powers. Those great rulers in their various enterprises could hardly pursue their schemes without receiving supplies from the Suaheli coast. Slaves, wood, provisions etc must have been exported from this coast to Arabia from time im- memorial; whilst the articles of more civilised life were ex- ported from Arabia to East-Africa as is the case up to the pre- sent day. However those great Arab rulers may have impro- ved their native soil in an artificial way, yet their subjects could not comfortably subsist without a connexion with the african coast, as is the case up to this day. The famous Queen of Sheba, whether she may have been the ruler of South- Arabia, or Abessinia, or of both countries united, as was most likely the case, cannot be thought to have been unconscions of the commercial advantages, which her subjects derived from a connexion with this coast, and we may suppose, that Solomon himself was encouraged or occa- sioned by this Queen, to extend his commercial efforts also to this quarter of Africa. Up to this period native boats come from the various ports of the Red Sea to the Suaheli coast, and proceed even so far as to Mosambic and Madagascar, to exchange their goods. And there is no doubt, that in ancient times the intercourse between the Red Sea, India and South East- Africa was more frequent and vigorous, as Africa was then in this quarter not so much distracted and infested, and consequently a greater amount of wealth must have been accu- mulated on this coast, which attracted the traders of Arabia and India. The Gold of Sofala was certainly not unknown to those traders, whose boats could sail as far as to that coast, while navigation South from the Kilimani-river down to the 13 Cape of good Hope was scarcely practicable, at least very tedious and dangerous from the strength and instability of the winds, which is not the case between Arabia and Madagascar, where the Monsoons are as regular as the navigator can wish for. The great influence which the Ethiopic kings must have exercised upon central Africa, cannot have permitted barba- rous tribes, to disturb and interrupt the roads of the carawans. And that the inflnence of those kings must have been consi- derable, we perceive from II. Xron. 14, 9. where Zerah the Ethiopian came out against Assa with an host of a thousand thousand. A king who was able to gather such an army, must have been in the possession of an extended territory far be- yond the frontiers of Meroe and the present Abessinia. But as soon as in the process of time the power of the Ethiopic kings, and the civilisation of Eastern Africa in general was on the decline, the barbarous tribes got the ascendency in the Interior, and this circumstance had a great influence on this coast of Africa. The Aborigines of the Suaheli coast, when pressed by other hostile tribes pouring from the Interior, were of course friendly disposed toward the settlers, who came from Arabia to dwell among them. The superiority of the Arabs became soon conspicuous among the Natives, who by degrees confor- med themselves to their manners and customs, whilst the Arabs gave up their native language and spoke the tongue of the majority of the country. Thus the Arabs obtained power and influence upon the natives, who at last embraced the religion of the Arabs, and thus the Suaheli race was completed. Those aborigines, who would not conform themselves to the foreig- ners, were compelled to retire to the higher country, which the Muhamedans were not strong enough to conquer. In general the Suaheli Muhamedans seem not to have been inspired with that 14 fanatism, which characterised their co-religionists in other quarters. In the first instance, those Arabs who had emigra- ted to the Suaheli coast before the rise of Muhamedanism, were pagans like the Aborigines themselves, and must have opposed their compatriots, who afterwards approached the coast with their new ideas. The Muhamedan Arabs were there- fore at first only tolerated by the older Arabs and by the ab- origines. A long period elapsed, until the united heathen po- pulation could be prevailed upon to adopt the Muhamedan tenets. But when the adoption of the Muhamedan religion had actu- ally taken place, and the Suaheli were strong enough to carry fire and sword into the territories of the pagan tribes inland, the Providence of God in the very nick of time stemmed their progress by suffering the barbarous Galla tribes to advance toward the coast, and by breaking the Arab power by means of the Portuguese, with whom the history of the East-Coast of Africa steps out from the field of conjecture and veiling. The gallant Vasco De gama met with the Arabs at Mo- sambic, Kiloa, Mombas and Malinde, at which latter place he also met with Natives of India, which the cnterprizing na- vigator discovered by the assistance of Banians from Calicut. The residence of Banians at Malinde shows clearly, that an early connexion between India and the Suaheli coast must have subsisted; though the Arabs had got the start of the In- dians concerning the location of permanent settlements, and the preponderating influence on the immediate sea -shore. Vasco De gama was vigorously opposed by the Arab party of the Suaheli whereever he landed; because they not only hated his religion, but also could well foresee the effects which the appearance of a superior naval power would pro- duce on their Settlements on the coast, and on their monopo- lised trade with the Red Sea and India. An all over-ruling - 15 Providence was at period watchfal and efficacious on the In- dian Ocean and the Red Sea. The Arabs maintained a consi- derable naval force in the latter Sea. Abessinia was on the brink of destruction, occasioned by the combined Muhamedan power of Adel and Arabia. The Arabs after the down-fall of Christianity in Ethiopia would undoubtedly have joined their out-posts on the Suaheli coast, in order to cross the african Continent from East to West (and the North was theirs}, as they once had attempted to traverse Europe from West to East, to conquer and proselytise the whole world, which in their opinion was promised to the prophet of Mecca. But the des- cendants of those victims which were butchered by the Mu- hamedans in the 8 lh century on the Pyrenean Peninsula, were destined to arrest the progress of their fanatism in Easteru Africa. The Red Sea was cleared of the Arab forces; Abes- sinia was wrested from the Muhamedan hands by the as- sistance of the Portuguese, and portions of the Suaheli coast had to bow before the crown of Portugal. But whilst and before the Portuguese checked the progress of Muhamedanism by sea and by land, the Galla checked it from the main land, as their Southern neighbours, the Wanika, Wakamba and other tribes would have been not strong enough to oppose the Muhamedan encroachments. After the Portuguese had left the Suaheli territory and limited themselves to their settlement in Mosambic, the principal towns and islands of the coast had their own native rulers, until the present Imam of Mascat united the whole coast under his sway, by conquering most of the once independent petty principa- lities. His friendly disposition toward foreigners, Europeans as well as Americans, warrants the hope, that the East Coast of Africa will become accessible to every foreign legitimate enterprise. 16 IV. On the Suaheli Alphabet. Although the Arabs in process of time had forgotten their mother-tongue, yet they continued adhering to its Alphabet, using the Arabic characters in their letters and writings, as far as these characters were feasable to the Kisuaheli Sounds, for which the Aborigines of the country possessed no alpha- bet at all. And supposed , the Arab Settlers who interming- led with the Suaheli Aborigines, had met with an Alphabet of the country, they would most likely not have deviated from that of their mother-language, the arabic letters being held sacred by most of the Muhamedans all over the world. At the commencement of my Suaheli studies I often thought about using Arabic letters in my translations and other writings, but at last I resolved on the adoption of Roman cha- racters for the following reasons. a) I perceived, that the Arabic Alphabet is too inconvenient in itself, and too unwieldy for the writing of African languages. b) In the process of time I observed, that the South African Missionaries had already introduced Roman characters into the Nilotic family of languages, to which the Ki- suaheli belongs. c) I considered, that by the introduction of Arabic letters a wide door would be opened to Muhamedan Prosely- tism among the inland tribes which may hereafter be christianised and civilised d) I conceived, that it is the Japhetitic race which will and must give the impulse to the improvement of the Nilotic tribes. Hence the Arabic Alphabet would only be an encumbrance on the Europeans who are, or will be engaged in the work of civilising and christianising these tribes and lastly. e) I pondered on the facility which by the Roman Alpha- bet would be presented to the Natives in studying Eu- ropean languages. For these reasons I adopted the Ro- man characters, which agree pretty well with the Nilo- tic sounds. In .my humble opinion the Natives of every Continent must be Japhetised, of course on the principle of prudence and in a limited degree; for Japhet is the soul, or intellect of the world. All efforts of arousing the world from its lethargy must proceed from Japhets children, until those of Shem and Ham will be able to teach themselves, and a brother shall no more be compelled to teach the other because they will all together be taught by the spirit from above. That this blessed time may be hastened, and that all nations of the globe may be united in the bond of love and peace through the operation of the gospel, is my humble and unceasing pra- yer to God, whose ways are wonderful in every continent, in every land and every individual. To Him, the Saviour of the fallen and redeemed mankind be all honour and glory for ever and ever. Lastly, in presenting this little work to the public I consider it my daty, to record the humble tribute of sincere gratitude which I owe to His Higness the Imam of Mascat, to Messrs Waters *) and Ward, the United States' Consuls, but above all- to Major Hamerton, H. B. M's Consul and Hon. Go's Re- sident at Zanzibar for the friendly disposition and unwearied kindnes which all of them , especially Major Hamerton have *) Mr. Waters left Zanzibar 1844 and was succeeded by Mr. Ward. 2 18 manifested toward me and my subsequent 'fellow-labourers the moment that I have arrived on the Suaheli coast until I left it in April last. May these kind friends continue their friendly aid also in future, and may all others at home and abroad, who have hitherto felt interested in the Church-Mis- sionary Society's Mission in East-Africa, increase their Chri- stian sympathy, prayer and other assistance for the effectual prosecution of its operations, until a solid Mission-chain has united the East and West of this degraded continent and may they rest assured, that all other secondary objects the discovery and civilisation of the Interior will follow in the im- mediate train of christianisation , but of Christianisation alone. Dagersheim, in the Kingdom of Wiirtemberg 1. November 1850. J. L. Krapf. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pr e f ace. I. Part. Phonology. Chapter I. Kisuaheli Alphabet and Pronunciation. Chapter II. On Accentuation. Chapter III. Euphonical Changes. II. Part. Ktymology. Chapter I. On the Article. Chapter II. On the Noun. Section I. Gender of the Noun. Section II. Classification of Nouns. Section III. Post-prefixes of the Noun. Section IV. Derivation of Nouns. Chapter III. On the Verb. Section I. Paradigm of the Regular Verb. Section II. Paradigm of the Irregular Verb. Section HI. Various formations of the Verb. Section IV. Auxiliary Verb. Chapter IV. On the Numerals. Chapter V. On the Pronouns. Chapter VI. Personal Infixes and Suffixes. Chapter VH. On the Adverbs. Chapter VEIL On the Prepositions. Chapter IX. On the Conjunctions. 2* 20 - III. Part. Syntax. Chapter I. On the Nature and Requisite of Sentences. Chapter II. Construction of Substantives and Adjectives. Chapter III. Number and Cases of Declension. Chapter IV. On the Degrees of Comparison. Chapter V. On the Numerals. Chapter VL On the Pronouns. Chapter VH. On the Verb. Section I. Tense. Section II. Construction of the Verb with the other Parts of the Sentence. Appendix. A) Translation and Analysis of Joh. 1. 1 7- B) Modes of Salutation. Grammarians are accustomed, to treat First of the form and sound of the letters, Phono- logical Part. Secondly of the different parts of Speech, or of the different sorts of words, Etymological Part. Thirdly of the right disposition in sentences, Syntactical Part. FIRST PART. PHONOLOGY. FORM AND SOUND OF THE KISUAHELI LANGUAGE. CHAPTER L THE ALPHABET. abdefghijklmnoprstuvwyz. Compound letters c s j t d. Diphthongs ai au e ei oi. NOTES. 1. The reasons which have induced the author of this grammar, to adopt the Roman characters in preference to the Arabic or Ethiopic which he might have chosen, have been stated in the Preface. 2. As a perfect Alphabet of any language is to contain only such a number of letters , which is precisely equal to 22 the number of simple articulate sounds belonging to that lan- guage, it is manifest, that the grammarian who reduces the Kisuaheli language to writing for the first time, would be very wrong in transferring the whole amount of Roman or English Letters to the Kisuaheli Alphabet. For this reason we have omitted the letters c q x. The English c can be rendered by k and s. q can be rendered by k and kw. x can be rendered by ks or gs. 3. Table of Pronunciation, to which the Author of this grammar has constantly adhered in his several works written in East-African Languages *). a sounds like a pure german a, or like the English a in father, e sounds like a german e or like the English e in err, or met. g like the german g or like the English g in an- ger; gilt. h like h in horse, j sounds like in James or Jesus, o like o in old; order, u like u in truth ; full. v sounds like v in love. w like w in waft. y **) like the german j , or like the English y in yard; yoke. *) With the exception of his Kinika Spelling book and Gospel according to St. Luke, in which works he has used an orthography which differs a little from the present standard. Those works were printed at Bombay in 1848. **) For the sake of the orthography of foreign names we may retain the letter y, to express the sound i, like in Lydia, Hydra. 23 z sounds always like the german z or like the English ds or ts. z never sounds like the English s in zone; zoology. 4. Compound letters. c stands for the german ch, or English kh although the English can hardly pronounce this guttural so- und. Roco spirit (in Kisuaheli). s stands for sh exg. susa to make descend. j this letter is more soft than j , which stands for dsh like in James. But j is a middle sound between dsh and y. It can hardly be pronounced by an Eu- ropean exg. maji water; ku jiia to know. Some Europeans will pronounce it like madshi, others like mayi; ku dshua or ku yiia. There is no dsh sound in full, but only an inclination to it, as it were. It is a peculiarly African sound , which seems to corre- spond most with the sound dy in Mr. Tutschek's ex- cellent Grammar of the Galla Language, in which the learned author has taken considerable pains to ex- press with exactness the various sounds of the beau- tiful language of the Galla. But Mr. Boyce in his Grammar of the Kaffir Language makes an appropriate remark, when he says, that many sounds of the Kaffir Language will never be properly pronounced by an adult European. This remark applies to most of the African Languages, which, if I remember well, Pliny calls the most uncouth. t stands for th. d for dh. 5. The compound letters tch or tsh are expressed by tj exg. tjiia frog. 6. Ph is rendered by f like in the Italian. 24 7. For the sake of etymology and clearness the letter z is resolved into ts or ds exg. matso means in Kinika the eyes but mazo (scil. mambo) signifies good things or matters. 8. The pronuntiation of the nasal sound ng or ngn, or n alone, can have little difficulty for those who know french or Amharic. Gniagnania to commit violence; nti land. 9. Diphtongs. ai exg. amem-pendai he loved him. au exg. nimesehau I have forgotten. e pepo wind; e stands for the german a or latin ae. Pele itch. ei exg. Teita a country in the Interior, oi exg. Kiwoi Proper name of an influential Mkamba. CHAPTER II. ACCENTUATION. In Kisuaheli and Kinika the stress of the voice is gene- rally laid on the penultimate syllable, but in Kikamba it is placed as close as possible to the beginning of the word a position which exercises a remarkable influence on the modulation of this language which is spoken by a conside- rable number of naked Africans in the Interior. 1. Monosyllables of course have no difficulty with regard to Accentuation exg. ju above; pa give. 2. With Dissyllables the accent rests generally on the penultimate ' exg. siku day; baba father. However there are many exceptions from this rule, which refers to dissyllable nouns, verbs, adjectives and prepositions. 3. Trissyllable Nouns have the Accent generally 25 on the penultimate exg. niiimba house; urongo lie; msungu European; mtanga sand. 4. Trissyllable Verbs place the accent on the pen- ultimate and antepenultimate exg. takata *to be clean; fa- nia to make; onia to show. 5. Polysyllable Verbs follow the same rule exg. tangulia to go before or precede; gawania divide. 6. The preformative addition of a Noun causes no alteration of the accent exg. jina (name) pi- majina; intoro (robber) pi watoro. But the afformative addition changes the accent exg. baba (father), babayango my father. 7. This rule often holds good with verbs likewise exg. da'ka to desire amedaka he has desired, but ame- dakia he has made (him) desire. Oniesa he made him see = he showed him ona te see. But lingana (to be equal) has linganisa to equalise. 8. Words of Arabic and other foreign origin retain their original accent exg. kiibali (to receive) from the arabic Verb kabala; amini to believe; dahabu gold. But when afformative Additions take place, these nouns or verbs conform to the rules of numb. 6 and 7. We desist from swelling the number of rules of Accen- tuation to a greater extent, as the learner in cases of doubt- fulness must be referred to the Dictionary and to the pro- nunciation of the Natives. It is however a matter of great im- portance that he strive for the acquisition of a correct accent, as the meaning of many words can only be understood by attending to the proper accent. Thus for instance ungue means pork, while iingue signifies ^ropea. Kondo me- ans quarrel and kondo signifies sheep. Toa to take away but toa bring forth. 26 CHAPTER HI. EUPHONICAL CHANGES. 1. Elision or Ejection with the Compensation of an other letter takes" place in the formation of concrete and Ab- stract Substantives exg. mpensi (beloved one, friend) from the Verb ku penda to love. Mapensi or Upensi-love. Mfuasi (follower) from ku fuata to follow. Mafuasi following. In some words elision is not attended by the compensation of an other letter , but the pronunciation is modified a little so as to show, that an elision has taken place. This is espe- cially the case in vowels subsequent to a labial letter. This kind of elision should in writing- be intimated by an apo- strophe exg. b'ana (master) for buana; m'otto (fire) for muotto ; m'esi for muesi (month). The natives in speaking jump, as it were, over the u, which they suppress on the lips. But an acute ear will soon observe the elision of the letter, which returns in the prefix of the. Plural exg. m'esi (month) pi. miesi; m'otto (fire) pi. miotto. 2. Contraction takes place in words in which IAVO vowels of the same nature coincide exg. mangalio (sight, look) for maangalio; mandisi (writing) for maandisi; lali- kiia (it was) for la alikiia; muanso (beginning) for mua anso. Contraction is especially used, when a preposition or Verb or conjunction is connected with a pronoun exg. pamoja nai (together with him) for pamoja na yee. Nasui (with us) for na suisui; nanui (with you) for na nuinui; nao (with them) for na wao. Ame-m-pigai (he has beaten him) for ame-m-piga yee (him); ame-ni-piga mi (he has beaten me) for ame-ni-piga mimi (me). Furthermore contraction is used in the suffixes of several Nouns , in which the Kinika form has been intro- duced into the Kisuaheli exg. babai (his father) for babay- 27 akwe; ndugiiyo (thy brother) for nduguyako; mkewe (his wife) for mkewakwe. However, the learner is not bound to use this irregular form in Kisuaheli, though it is more fre- quent in conversation, than the regular one, which is not contracted. 3. Addition of a letter takes place, when the infixed personal pronoun of the third Person (in the Singular num- ber) is followed up by a vowel or the letter h in Kinika exg. ku-mu-6na (to see him) for ku-m-6na. The same is the case in concrete substantives derived from a verb muoni (observer); muhenda in Kinika (maker) for moni or mhenda. 4. Reduplication of syllables (not of letters, as in the Ethiopic or Amharic) occurs in the constitution of Verbs and Nouns, with the purpose of giving intensity to the meaning of the word exg. kijelejele shouting; maji maji (properly water - water) ; kimetemete radiancy; mballimballi divers; ku tembelea to run about, ramble (tembea to fetch a walk). 5. Exchange of letters occurs sometimes exg. ku tafiiti and tafiti to seek, look or examine; ku piboa and pi- goa to be beaten; ku gua and biia to fall (in Kinika). Here we may compare the exchange of letters in Kisuaheli and Kinika. pa in Kisuaheli becomes va in Kinika. la in Kisuaheli becomes ra in Kinika. ta in Kisuaheli becomes tsa or za in Kinika. te in Kisuaheli becomes he in Kinika. ua in Kisuaheli becomes ula in Kinika. ia in Kisuaheli becomes ira in Kinika. jwa in Kisuaheli becomes iroa in Kinika *). *) This is at least the general way of exchanging letters from the Kisuaheli into Kinika, and vice versa. 28 PART II. ETYMOLOGY. On the different sorts of words, their various modifica- tion, their derivation. To the different sorts of words, or parts of speech belong the Article, the Noun, the Adjective, the Pronoun, the Verb, the Preposition, the Conjunction and the Interjection. CHAPTER I. ON THE ARTICLE. At the commencement of his Kisuaheli studies the Author of this Outline was opinion, that this language possessed an Article, as he observed a frequency of various Preforma- tives or Prefixes, which seemed to show the existence of an Article. Such prefixes are: m, u, ki, mu, ni. But in the pro- gress of his studies he found this opinion untenable, since he observed, that these preformatives or Prefixes had no meaning in themselves, but were intended by the genius of the language, to render a Noun capable of being recognised and classified, as it were. He perceived, that these prefixes were not ex- actly destined, to distinguish the gender, but to exhibit the mental process, or the manner in which the mind of the Nilo- Hamitic race of Africa contemplates the creation, as will be mentioned in the chapter following. CHAPTER II. ON THE NOUN. - We are aware, that many Nouns of the KisuaHeli are re- ducible to Verbs, and that on this account the Verb should have - 29 - the precedence of treatment, but the natural development claims in other languages the logical priority to the Noun. And as to the Kisuaheli and its cognate idioms, there are spe- cial reasons, which, as we shall presently see, assign the pre- cedence to the Noun. It cannot be otherwise but that (Mr. Boyce says in his Kaffir-grammar p. 7 cfr also Mr. Archbell's Bechuana Gram- mar p. 8) a great peculiarity must immediately strike a stu- dent, whose views of language have been formed upon the examples afforded by the inflected Languages of ancient and modern Europe". In Kisuaheli (like j n the languages of the mentioned grammarians) the whole business of Declension, Conjugation etc. is carried on by Prefixes, and by the chan- ges which take place in the initial letters of words subject to grammatical Government. Now as Euphony (Mr. Archbell thinks) is evidently one great object, to which these lan- guages are subservient, and as this is secured by the frequent recurrence of similar letters aud syllables promoting an easy and agreable transition from one word to another; this pe- culiarity, upon which the whole grammar depends, has been, with the greatest propriety, termed the Euphonic or Alliteral Concord". I perfectly agree in general with the view which ascri- bes this peculiarity (which stands as the crux grammaticorum In the South-african languages) to Euphony, but I doubt whe- ther the penetrating genius of philosophising Linguists will rest satisfied with the judgement of the alluded Grammarians of South-Africa. No doubt Euphony has its share in this pe- culiarity, but the true cause of the latter lies in the deep re- cesses of the South-African mind, which in its contemplation of the world assigns a different position to every noun, classi- fies as it were, the Noun, and renders this classification mani- 30 - fest by the various forms, which by virtue of its grammatical monarchy or chieftaincy, it imposes upon the verb, adjective and other parts of spech, which are, as it were, the Noun's grammatical dependencies or camp-followers. The mind of the Southafrican divides, as it were, the whole creation into two halves, of which the one is governed by the principle of spontaneity of movement, and of creative activity, whilst the other follows the principle of passiveness and necessity. The Southafrican mind distinguishes the animate creation from the inanimate. And again, it distinguishes in the animate creation rational and^ irrational beings, men and brutes. Furthermore, in the inanimate creation it distinguishes between life and death, as it were. Many subjects, which imply a creative or generative power, partake of the form which is prefixed to a noun belonging to the rational creation, but are at the same time immediately distinguished from rational beings, when we look to the position, in which such a noun stands to its gram- matical dependencies *). In general, it would seem, that the Soulhafrican mind in the formation and cultivation of its lan- guage was guided by the impression of life which pervades the whole creation in various gradations or modifications. And there is no doubt, that this impression, which was con- ceived from the idea of life acting in the whole creation, led the Soulhafrican to the idea of good and evils spirits, which in his opinion preside over trees, mountains^ rivers etc. And whilst the Hindoos fell into the error of Pantheism, the South- *) Here we may give only one instance mti msiiri umean- gtika, a beautiful tree is fallen, but ratu insuri ameanguka, auf&tty man is fallen. The Noun mti has the Prefix of a Noun banging to the rational creation, but in tke Prcformative of the Verb we See immediately its difference from those Nouns, which do really belong to the rational creation like mtu. - 31 Africans were swept away by that of Fetishism, because both of them misunderstood the idea of life, and must misunder- stand it, as long as they remain destitute of the knowledge of the true giver of life. After the Southafrican mind had been (by an intrinsic power) prepared to contemplate the world in the manner which we have pointed out in a general glimpse, the whole physiognomy of his social and geographical condi- tion must have assisted him in the further development and cultivation of his language for it is an axiom in the history of mankind, that external conditions must contribute to realise of what a nation is capable, or for what it is internally pre- pared and disposed. Thus for instance the african climate and external condition contributed to realise the black colour with which the negroes were imbued by their first progenitor, who being the prototype of his descendants must be supposed to have tinctured his immediate offspring with that complexion,' which under certain climatic (and other) circumstances was to be developed and realised *). In like manner the genius of the Nilotic languages found in the social and geographical condition of South-Africa an occasion for the development of its respective seminality. As we observe after the fall of a tropical rain nature unfolding its luxuriant life in many bulky appearances or like as we descry in South-Africa a mul- titude of detached lofty mountains which rise over the exten- *) Hence it follows, that the Hamitic race would be the same in point of complexion etc. if it had taken up its dwelling-places in Europe or Asia. The same would be the case with tha Japhetites and Shemites, if Africa had been assigned to them for their resi- dence. Of course , a slight modification of colour etc. would have taken place in consequence of the external conditions and influences of the different Continents but in the main points the seminality of the Progenitor would have developed itself in the descendants. 32 - sive plains and serve as way-marks to the carawan-leader in the dreary wilderness or like as we meet with numerous chiefs, who inspire their detached tribes with life and move- ment, so we do recognise in the Soulhafrican languages a tendency of forming separate families or classes of Nouns, which carry life, light and movement into the whole structure of these languages. We cannot deny, that these languages deal with us too luxuriously in one respect, and again too parsimoniously in an other, but this is the characteristic, and therefore the beauty of those african languages, however it may contrast with the inflected languages of Europe and Asia *). SECTION I. GENDEE OF THE NOUNS. According to what has been exhibited in the preceding paragraph , we can hardly speak of a Gender in Kisuaheli. But if we be required to speak of this subject, we may say, that there are but two grammatically distinct genders, the per- sonal und the neuter. The personal gender includes the mas- culine and feminine. To this gender belong all Nouns which refer to rational or irrational animals. Nouns not referring to this class of beings, belong to the Neuter gender. The mas- culine gender is distinguished from the feminine a) by different words distinctive of the sexes exg. b'a'na master; m'a'na mistress; mfulana young man; msija'na young woman, girl; jogolo or jimbi cock; kiiku hen. *) The author of tliis grammar was exceedingly pleased with the accurate judgment of Professor Pott. See Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenl&nd. Gesellschaft I. und II. Heft pag. 24 und 153. (1848.) _ 33 _ b) by the addition of the words miime (male) for the mas- culine, and mke (female) for the feminine exg. Msiingu miime an European man; Msungu mke an Eu- ropean woman; gnombe miime a bullock; gnombe mke a cow; mana miime son (male child); mana mke daug- ther (female child). It must be noticed, that several Nouns, which are perso- nal in sense, are neuter in gender. Their being personal is soon recognised when they are brought into connexion with a Verb, adjective or other parts of speech. Thus for instance, baba (father), mama (mother), ndiigu (brother) etc. has not the Euphonic particle or prefix of the personal but of the neuter Nouns, or rather they have no prefix at all, but their being personal is easly recognised in the connexion of the sentence. SECTION II. CLASSIFICATION OP NOUNS. Nouns may be best classed according to the Prefixes or Particles by which they may be recognised or rendered con- spicuous and distinct from each other. As some Nouns have no prefix, neither in the Singular nor in .the Plural, or only in the Plural and none in the Singular, or vice versa, we shall divide the Nouns into prefixed and in part- prefixed and non-prefixed Nouns. A) Prefixed Nouns in Singular and Plural. a) Mtu man, plural wa'tu men. b) Mto river, mito rivers. c) Mukono hand, mikono hands. d) unuelle hair, nuelle hairs. 3 - 34 e) waraka letter, niaraka letters. f ) litu cause nititu causes. g) kitu thing vvitu things. h) jiwe stone mawe stones, i) janda finger wianda fingers, j) jombo vessel wiombo vessels, k) ulimi tongue ntliini tongues. B) In part -prefixed. kasa box plural niakasa boxes, niiimba house, no prefix of the plural, n'ti country, no prefix of the plural. C) Non- prefixed Nouns. simba lion - no prefix of the Plural ) ofthe g.^^ ungiio cloth no prefix ofthe Plural. ' NOTES. 1. Common people, or slaves may sometimes be heard using a prefix in Nouns which have none in the Plural exg. gnombe cow pi. wagnombe. But this is improper language. In like manner slaves use the plural-prefix in the word mbiisi (goal) saying wabiisi goats. The learner must not imi- tate this language. 2. Abstract and collective Nouns derived from verbs and adjects have no prefix of the Plural exg. uharibifu cor- ruption; utukuffu greatness. 3. Nouns which have the prefix mu but belong to the rational creation, change it in the plural into wa, like other nouns of this kind. Muarabu (an Arab) pi. Waarabu; Muhindi (a Hindoo) pi. Wahindi. 4. The Word ,,moyo (heart) forms in the Plural mioyo, or as other Suaheli pronounce, nioyo; uwingo heaven forms the Plural mbingo heavens. 35 - * 5. With those Nouns which have no distinct prefix in the singular or plural, the deficiency of Number is made up in the Noun governed (nomen rectum) , or in the dependen- cies of the governing Noun (nomen regens). Thus for in- stance, kondo wamekufFa the sheep died. Ngiifu sa Mungu the powers of God. Niurnba simeanguka, the houses are fal- len; babasango my fathers; pundasako thy donkeys; ungiio ya nduguyango the cloth of my brother but ungiio sa ndu- gusango the clothes of my brothers. Mbiisi ya babai the goat of his father, but mbiisi sa babase the goats of his fathers. From these instances is clear, that the non-prefixed no- men regens remains unchanged in the Plural but that only the Nomen rectum, or the dependency of the Nomen regens is influenced (by the particle sa or s). Here we may remark, that this language leaves us not without a proper substitute or expedient when we might feel disposed to find fault with the want of clearness and copious- ness. 6. Some Nouns have a double form of Prefix in the Plu- ral exg. gu (foot) forms magii and migii; jiwe (stone) has mawe and majiwe stones. 7. Prefixes of the Nouns in the Kinika language : 1) miitu man, plural alu men 2) miiho river miho rivers 3) mukuno hand mikono hands 4) luzerre hair nierre hairs 5) lurimi tongue niurimi tongues 6) kasi work no plural *) 7) zina name mazina names 8) niumba house no plural *) The plural ,,makasi (works) occurs sometimes. 3* 36 _ 9) vatu place no plural 10) kiln thing witu things. 8. The learner must consult the Dictionary, when he is doubtful on the prefixes of the Nouns. SECTION III. ON THE POST-PREFIXES OF THE NOUN. The various combinations and relations, in which the substantives in a connected speech may be united amongst themselves and with other parts of speech, are in other lan- guages expressed by changes affecting the Noun itself, in connexion with the article, accompanying the substantive; but the Kisuaheli pursues an other course. It is destitute of what we call Declension of the substantives. It expresses the va- rious relations of the Cases by a separate monosyllable Par- ticle, which we will call Post-prefix in order to render it di- stinct from the Prefix of the Noun (mentioned in the prece- ding Section) which may be called the Initial-Prefix (or ante- prefix) as it is included into the beginning of a Noun. The foundation of the Post-prefix is the letter a which undergoes a modification according to the governing Noun on which it is dependent, or to which it has its reference. On this account it might be called relative Prefix, or Euphonic Prefix, as it serves to create Relation and Euphony or harmony with the go- verning Noun. It is probable, that the letter a is the divested Infi- nitive of the Verb to be (In Kisuaheli kiia, resolved into ku (to) and a be), so that the Post-prefix would appear to be a kind of relative exg. wa = he who is. But as this is perhaps too keen a supposition, we better abstain from it altogether, and restrict ourselves to the enumeration of Post-prefixes by way of exemplification. 37 Singular. Mtu wa Uniamesi Muarabu wa Meseri Mto wa nti Mukono wa miiili Usso wa Wasuaheli Waraka wa wall Kitu ja Mungu jina la mfalme neno la kuelli Kasi ya baba Niiimba ya inawe Plural. watu wa Uniamesi men of Uniamesi a country in the Interior. Waarabu wa Meseri the Arabs of Egypt, mito ya nti the rivers of the country, mikono ya muili the hands of the body, niiisso sa Wasuaheli the faces of the Wasuaheli men. niaraka sa Wali letters of the governor, witu wia Mungu things of God. majina ya mfalme names of the king, maneno ya kuelli words of truth, kasi sa baba works of the father, niumba sa mawe house of stones* Mahali or pahali pa raha place of rest. A plural of the Noun mahali which alone forms a Postprefix with p, is not used, for aught the author knows. But it is probable that the form muahali mua raha (places of rest) is in use. The following table contains the Kisuaheli Postprefixes corresponding with those of the Kinika Language. Kisuaheli. wa pi. wa wa pi. ya wa pi. sa ja pi. wia la pi. ya ya pi. sa pa Wa; ya; ja; la; wia; sa; pa; Kinika. wa pi. a wa pi. ya wa pi. sa ja pi. wia ra pi. ga ya pi. sa va. wa; a; ya; ja; ra; ga; wia; sa; va; lua; - 38 Exemplification of the Kinika Post -prefixes. Miitu wa Usambara plural atu a Usambara men of Usambara (a country). Miihi wa miizi mihi ya miizi trees of the town, luzerre lua kizoa nierre sa kizoa hairs of the head. Neno ra Mulungu maneno ga Mulungu words of God. kitu ja zi witu wia zi things of the country, niumba ya zumbe niumba sa zumbe houses of the king, vatu va atu place of men. NOTES. 1. As the general idea of Case in the Declensions of Nouns has a reference to the termination of the Noun, and as there are many instances, both in Latin and Greek, in which the Nominative and Accusative or objective Cases have the same form, and can be distinguished only by the connexion of the sentence, and notwithstanding the grammarians apply Cases to the mentioned languages, and as the same course is taken in English, which bears in this respect the nearest re- lation to the Kisuaheli, it would seem proper to admit of a Case in this language for the sake of showing the logical con- nexion of the words for a Noun governed by an active Verb or preposition is differently circumstanced from a Noun in the Nominative or in the Accusative Case. But there being no absolute necessity for introducing Cases into the Kisuaheli, we have taken the course laid down in this section, leaving the choice to future grammarians, who could say little beyond what we may mention in a few words. 1) The Nominative being the Case which expresses simply the name of a thing, or the subject of a Verb, has no characteristic mark in the Kisuaheli. 39 2) The genitive, or Possessive Case has a variety of characteristick signs, which may be termined Postpre- fixes (mentioned above). 3) The Dative, or Appropriating Case is not distinguished by any peculiar mark. When it can be expressed, it is rendered by a preposition, exg. nimekuenda kua Wali I went to the governor. This kind of Dative may be styled the Dative of Persons; whereas in general the Dative is not required , as the Verb has in itself a ten- dency to the Accusative or Objective Case exg. nime- mu-ambia Wali I spoke to the Governor, literally I said or told the governor. Ame-m-pa Wali kitu, literally He gave him the governor a thinga. 4) The Accusative is the same with the Nominative, and may easily be recognised by the connexion of the words of the speaker or writer. 5) The Vocative-Case places the particle ewe (abbre- viated from wewe thou) before the Noun in the singular exg. ewe Mungu o God! ewe sultani o king! and egnui in the Plural exg. egnui watu , o ye men ! But this form is only used in a solemn address to God or men. 6) The Ablative is formed by means of prepositions, of which two ni and mua are affixed to the Noun in a pe- culiar manner exg. niumbani in the house, at home. Nimekiibali mukononimuakwe I have received it at his hand literally in hand from or of him. Miongonimua Mungu in the side or part from God. Mukono hand; miongo si- des, parts ni preposition by mua from. In conclusion of this section we would notice the word muigni which deserves the attention of the Learner. Muigni signifies wpossessor, proprietor". When it is connected with a Noun, it demands no Post-prefix, but when it is connected 40 with a Verb following, the Infinitive Particle ku (to) cannot be omitted exg. muigni mali possessor of property, but rauigni ku penda mali, the lover of property literally 55 the possessor to love property. Wegni feda the possessors of money but wegni ku daka feda those who desire money, literally the possessors of desiring (to desire) money. The word muigni is extremely useful for translating many abstract ideas and combinations of European Languages into the Kisuaheli with clearness and precision. In like manner, when a Noun is connected with a Verb, which assumes the meaning of a Substantive, the Postprefixes must be connected with the Particle of the Infinitive exg. jombo ja ku pigia, literally: an instrument to beat with = an instrument of beating, or a beating instrument; kijiko ja ku lia a spoon to eat with = a table spoon; jembe la ku limia a peculiar instrument of the East-Africans to cul- tivate the ground agricultural instrument, spade. SECTION IV. ON THE DERIVATION OF NOUNS. A) Derivation of concrete Nouns or Substantives. Concrete Nouns may be formed 1) by means of the Participle, as apendai he who loves = the lover, exg. mtu apendai mali the man who loves property = the lover of pro- perty, a covetous man. Watu apendao mali men loving property = lovers of property covetous men. Ajuai kitu he who knows a thing the knower of a thing, pi. wajuao kitu they who know a thing = the knowers of a thing. It must be observed, that, as this form of the Parti- 41 ciple retains its reference to the Accusative Case, like in Englisch, no Postprefix can be used after this kind of Noun. We can, therefore, not say ajuai wa kitu, but ajuai kitu he knowing a thing. 2) By an other kind of Participle, which has a prefix standing before the first radical letter of the Verb. Mtenda ka'si man making work = work-man or wor- king man pi. watenda kasi work-men; mpenda mali a lover of property. Muonia watu an exhorter of people (ku onia to ex- hort or show). Muharibu niiimba destroyer of a house (ku haribu to destroy). This form likewise requires no Postprefix, as the Verb which constitutes the concrete Noun, continues to main- tain its reference to the Objective Case, like in the above- mentioned form of Participle. 3) By a form which subjects the last radical to a change, or to an augment, and requires a Postprefix after the Noun. Mpensi wa Mungu lover of God (ku penda); msemi wa maneno speaker of words (ku sema); msomi wa jiia reader of a book (ku soma); muamsi wa mji judge of a town (ku amiia to judge); mfuasi wa ada follower of a custom (ku fuata to follow). Mfiini wa mpiinga the reaper of rice (ku fiina). Examples of the augmented form: Msemaji speaker; msomaji reader; mpa'ji giver; muu- waji or muuaji wa watu the killer or murderer of men; mjuaji or mjiifi wa maneno the knower of words = the learned man; muomfi and muombaji the beggar (ku omba to beg). 42 4. Many concrete Nouns are formed from abstract sub- stantives exg. mkondo quarreller from kondo quar- rel; Mnika pl.Wanika inhabitants of the wilderness from nika (or Unika) wilderness. 5. Of special use in forming Concrete Substantives is the word Muigni already mentioned in Section III.; exg. muigni rehema the possessor of mercy = the mer- ciful. muigni dambi possessor of Sin = Sinner, muigni niumba house holder, muigni ku penda lover, muigni ku piga beater, or beating person, muigni ku jiia haya n'nani? Literally the possessor to know this who is he? i. e. who knows this? who is the knower of this? B. Derivation of abstract Substantives. 1. Abstract Substantives derived from VerBS by means of a change of the last Radical. patO'la mali obtaining or acquisition of property (ku pata to obtain, receive, acquire), pendo la feda love of money, somo la jtio reading of a book. jengo la niumba building of a house (ku jenga to build.) makutano*) ya watu assembly of men (ku kutana to as- semble) maamsi judgment (ku amiia judge), mafiino reaping, harvest, maneno talk, speech (ku nena to speak), maumifu suffering, pain (ku tima to feel pain). *) The Plural with the Prefix is of more frequent occurrence than the Singular which has no Prefix (like in pato). 43 mafunaji reaping; masoma'ji reading; mauwaji killing, murder; manoaji drink; masemaji talking; mapaji giving. This augmented form occurs seldom and seems to imply the idea of contempt (at least in many Nouns), as for in- stance the Germans would say Schlachterei (butchery), Schel- merei (knavery). Uharibifu destruction; upungiifu want (ku pungiika to fail, to be wanting); ujiifi knowledge; upumbafu folly (ku pumbaa to be a fool); utjaji fear, (kutjatofear); ukulima agri- culture (ku lima to cultivate land); usemaji eloquence (ku sema, to speak); utuma slavery from tuma to send, mtuma a slave; mtume a prophet, especially Muhammed; uffungtio key (ku fungiia to open) ; upeo broom (ku pepea to broom). 2. Abstract Substantives derived from Concrete Nouns ubana Lordship, bana Lord, Master. uwakili stewardship, wakili steward, ufalme kingdom , mfalme king, uunguana freedom, muunguana free man. 3. Abstract Substantives derived from adjectives ukiiba greatness , kiiba great. ujaje littleness, jaje little. upeke singleness, peke single. Thus the Kisuaheli forms in an easy way substantives which signify character, quality, office, employment, state, condition, action, habit, dominion. 4. Substantives signifying instrumentality, agency, lo- cality etc. are formed after the following examples: m'iko wa ku pikia spoon for cooking = kitchen spoon, jombo or kidude ja ku pigia, instrument to beat with = beating instrument exg. hammer, mahali pa ku andikia place for writing = writing office. - 44 - 5. Lastly we may notice , that the Kisuaheli and Kinika Languages frequently use the Infinitive of Verbs (to form Substantives) in connexion with the preposition kua. Kuffa kuakwe his death, literally to die in, with, or from him, kuja kuango my coming, ku daka kuako thy desire. But the Learner must bear in mind, that this form is never accom- panied by Post- prefixes, but only by the Preposition kua. He cannot say ku daka ya mtu the desire of man. Nor can he say ku daka kua mtu, but ku daka kuakwe his desire. The Kinika uses frequently this form. The Wanika instead of sa- ying ,,malondoge his desire, would prefer the expression" ku londa kuakwe. Ku loha kuakwe or ku lohakwe his drea- ming (ku loha to dream). CHAPTER ffl. ON THE VERBS. The Verb (next to the Noun) being the most essential part of Speech, we think it proper, to dwell on it at this place, reserving the adjective, Numerals, Pronouns etc. to subse- quent chapters. .'' <. , V SECTION I. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE VERB. Conjugations, Voices, Moods, Tenses, Numbers, Persons. 1. Verb is usually defined to be a Word which signi- fies to be, to act or to suffer. 2. Verbs are considered to be of three kinds, Active, Passive and Neuter. 45 a) The Active Verb, which is also called Transitive or ob- jective (as the action passes over to the object) ex- presses an action which implies an Agent, and an ob- ject acted upon. b) The Verb Passive expresses a suffering or receiving of an action, and implies an object acted upon, and an agent - by which it is acted upon. c) The Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but being or a state of being. As its effect docs not pass over to any object, it is also called intransitive. 3. Auxiliary, or helping Verbs are those, by the help of which Verbs are principally conjugated. The Paradigm will show, how far there is occasion for the application of Auxi- liaries in Kisuaheli. 4. In point of quality verbs are divided into Per- fect and Imperfect. We shall see, how far this division ex- tends to the Kisuaheli. The learner will be pleased, to know previously, that the flexion and formation of Kisuaheli Verbs presents little difficulties compared with Semitic and other languages. 5. To the Verbs belong Number, Person, Mood and Tense. a) The Kisuaheli has but two Numbers, Singular and Plu- ral, there being no Dual, as in Arabic. b) Each Number has three persons, as in English. There is no Feminine gender, but only Masculine and Neuter, if we may make this distinction. c) TheMood consists in the change which the Verb un- dergo.es, to signify various intentions of the mind. The Moods in Kisuaheli are as follow: ) The Infinitive Mood, which expresses a thing in an unlimited manner without any distinction of 46 Number or Person as in English ku nena to speak; ku fania to make. The Infinitive contains the root of the Verb. /?) The Imperative Mood, expressive of order, exhortation, Request, permission etc. y) Optative or Potential, expressive of wish, liberty, permission, obligation, possibility, con- dition etc. Negative. I was not loving. I Einika. sikarire nikihensa kukarire uki n kakarire aki - etc. etc. Past Perfect Tense. I had loved, (affirmative) 1. nali or nli or naliki or nliki penda 2. ulipenda or uliuki 3. alipenda or aliaki 1. tualipenda or tualituki 2. mualipenda or mualmiki- 3. walipenda orwaliwaki nari hensa or nere niki bensa uri uere uki ari uere aki huari huere huk muari muere muki ari acre aki The Suahili men use also to say: nimekwisa penda, lit- terally: I have finished to love = I have and had loved. They endeavour to express, that an action has been perfectly fini- shed *- exg. tumekwisa kiila we have eaten the act of ea- ting is past.' Negative. I had not loved. 1. sikuli or sili or sali penda 2. hukuli or hull penda 3. hali penda 1. hatuali (or katuali) penda 2. hamuali (or hamli) penda 3. havvalipenda sikuri hensa kukuri hensa kari hensa kahuri or kahuari hensa kamuari hensa kari or kaari hensa. - 53 These different forms of the Preform atives arise from the various dialects of the Kisuaheli. There are many other forms, which the mixture of people (from various quarters) has in- troduced. There are the Dialects of Patta, of Monibas, Pemba, Zanzibar, Kiloa etc. which come into contact with each other. But if the Learner will commit this paradigm to his memory, he wilt easily find his way through the mass of tongues. The Kisuaheli of Patta is considered to be the purest and in- deed it Is that Kisuaheli Dialect, which seems to have kept itself most aloof from foreign invasions. We have conformed ourselves to that of the Island of Mombas (or Omwita). Future present Indefinite Tense. I shall or will love, (affirmative) Kisuaheli. Kinika. 1. tapenda i nendahensa 2. uta penda unda hensa 3. ata penda yunda hensa 1. tuta n hunda hensa 2. mla i) munda 3. wata f> anda Negative. I shall or will not love. 1. sita penda 2. huta f, 3. hata 1. hatuta 2. hamta hawata penda. - 3. sinda hensa kunda kanda ~> pi. 1. kahunda 2. kamun- da 3. kanda hensa. - 54 - a) Future Present Imperfect Tense,*) I shall or will be loving. (affirmative) Kinika. nendakala nikihensa Kisuaheli. 1. takua niki penda or ni- pendai 2. utakua uki penda or u- pendai 3. atakua aki p enda or apen- dai. etc. etc. ^ . Negative. I shall or will not be loving. undakala uki yunda aki 1. sitakiia niki penda 2. hutakua uki 3. hatakua aki sindaka'la niki hensa hundaka'Ia uki kandaka'la aki - etc. etc. Or - I)) nenda sira or mala ku hensa unda or ku yunda or ku etc. etc. 1. Takwisa ku penda 2. utakwisa ku penda 3. atakwisa ku penda 1. Tutakwisa ku 2. mta ku 3. wata ku Future Present Perfect Tense. I shall have loved. 1. Takua nlio penda nendakala nirio hensa, or neye hensa *) This tense is also expressed in this manner : takua rauigni ku penda I shall be a possessor to love of loving = I shall be loving. 55 2. utakua ulio penda \ 3. atakua alie penda 1. tutakua tulio penda 2. mtakua mlio 3. watakua walio undakala urio hensa or waye hensa yundaka'la urio hensa or aye hensa hundakala hurio hensa or hoo hensa mundakala murio hensa or moo hensa andakala ario hensa or ao hensa. I should or must love, ya-ni-pasa ku penda j gana-ni hamira ku hensa. I would or desire to love, nada'ka ku penda | nalonda ku hensa. I should be loving, ya-ni-pasa kiia muigni ku penda. I would be loving, nada'ka kiia muigni ku penda. Future Past Perfect Tense. I should have loved, yangali-ni-pasa ku penda*) | gazi-ni-harnira ku hensa. I would have loved, ningali daka ku penda | ningalonda ku hensa. Imperative Mood. (Affirmative.) Sing, love or do love, penda Plur. love ye pendani iwa muigni ku penda iwani wegni ku penda be thou possessor of be ye possessors of Or hensa hensani. kala muigni kn hensa kalani egni ku or] *) ningalipasoa ni ku penda. | ninga hamiroa ku hensa. - 56 Negative. Kisuaheli. Kinika. Si penda, do not love si hensa si pendani do ye not love si hensani. The Suaheli and Wanika are not very fond of using the Impe- rative - forms. They prefer speaking in the Potential Mood unless the categorical Imperative be required by the Speaker. A fo- reigner may be excused, in this respect, but his expression is not ex- actly according to the usage of the language. Potential Mood. I may, can love, let me love. 1. mimi nipende 2. wewe upende 3. yee apende 1. suisui tupende 2. nuinui mpende 3. wao wapende mimi nihense uwc uhense ie ahense suisui huhense muimui muhense ao ahense. Negative. I may not love, let me not love. 1. Nsi pende nsi hense 2. usi usi 3. asi asi 1. tusi husi 2. msi msi 3. wasi asi Present Perfect Tense. I may, can have loved, let me have loved. hensa 1. ninge penda 2. unge 3. ange 1. tunge 2. mge 3. wange mnga unga anga hunga munga anga 57 Kisuaheli. 1. singe penda 2. hunge 3. hange 1. hatunge 2. hamge 3. hawange Negative. Kinika. singa hensa kunga kanga kahunga kamunga kanga Past Perfect Tense. I might or would have loved. ningari hensa (not used) 1. ningali penda 2. ungali 3. angali 1. tungali 2. mungali 3. wangali Negative. I would not have loved. 1. singali penda 2. hungali 3. hangali 1. hatungali 2. hamgali 3. hawangali Subjunctive Mood. Present Indefinite Tense. Affirmative. If I love. 1. mimi niki penda 2. wewe uki 3. yee aki 1. suisui tuki 2. nuinui mki 3. wao waki niki hensa uki aki huki mum uwe ie suisui muimui mki ao aki 58 - Negative. If I love not. Kisuaheli. Kinika. 1. iiiiini nikitoa ku penda nikizoa or nikissa hensa 2. vvewe ukitoa ku ukissa 3. yee akitoa kn akissa etc. etc. Present Perfect Tense. Affirmative. If I have loved, when I have loved after or as soon as I loved. 1. mimi nlipo or nilipo penda | nirivo hensa, or novo hensa 2. uwe ulipo penda 3. yee alipo 1. suisui tulipo 2. nuinui mlipo 3. wa alipo unvo or ovo arivo or avo hurivo or hovo murivo or moovo arivo or avo Negative. If I have not loved (not having loved), as I have not 1. nsipo penda nsivo hensa 2. usipo usivo 3. asipo asivo etc. etc. Future Tense. If I shall love or loving. 1. ntakapo penda 2. utakapo 3. atakapo 1. tutakapo 2. mtakapo 3. watakapo nendavo hensa undavo andavo hundavo mundavo andavo 59 1) Participles of the Active Voice. a) Present Participle. I loving-, or I who love. 1. mimi nipendai 2. uwe upendai 3. yee apendai etc. mimi nihensaye uwe uhensaye ie ahensaye etc. (See above Present Imperfect Tense.) The Suaheli people like to say mimi ndimi nipendai, I, yea I, or I the very same or the very man who loves wewe ndiwe upen- dai ; yee ndie apendai ; suisui ndisui tupendao , nuinui ndinui mpen- dao, wao ndfo apendao. This Participle has no Negative. When the latter is re- quired , it must be rendered with the relative pronoun , and the negative form of the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood as : I not loving mimi ambai kuamba hapendi. b) Perfect Participle. I having loved. 1. mimi nlio penda *) 2. wewe ulio penda 3. yee alie penda 1. suisui tulio penda 2. nuinui mlio penda 3. wao vvalio penda. mimi nriohensa, or neyehensa, or nizeyehensa, or nikeye hensa. Negative. I having not loved. 1. mimi nsie penda 2. wewe usie penda 3. yee asie penda 1. suisui tusio penda 2. nuinui msio penda 3. wao wasio penda. nisie hensa. *) or nliekua nikipenda or nliekua muigni ku penda. -~ 60 c) Future Tense of the Participle. I who shall be loving. 1. ntakai penda 2. utakai penda 3. atakai penda 1. tutakao penda 2. nitakao penda 3. watakao penda. ndaye hensa undaye hensa andaye hensa hundao hensa inundao hensa andao hensa. Passive Voice ku pendoa to be loved. 1) Present, napendoa I am loved i nahensoa. Negative, sipendui I am not loved | . sihensoa. 2) Imperf. present, nipendoai (I being loved) | nihensoaye. 3) Imperf. perfect, nime pendoa (I have been loved) | nizihensoa. Negative. sikupendoa | sihenseroe or sikukiia nikipendoa I was not loved | sikarire nikihensoa. 4) Perfect Tense, nali pendoa I had been loved or naliki pendoa nisiki hensoa. or nlihi or nalihi pendoa. 5) Future present indefinite, tapendoa | nendahensoa. 6) Future present Imperf. Tense. takiia nikipendoa or takua muigi ku pendoa. nendakala nikihensoa. 61 AH the rest of Moods is to be formed according to the Preformatives of the Active Voice, and by inserting the cha- racteristic letter (o) of the Passive. Imperative. pendoa be thou loved pendoani be ye loved. si pendoa. hensoa. hensoani. Negative. si hensoa. ku toa pendoa. 1. nipendoe 2. upendoe 3. apendoe etc. Infinitive. Potential. nihensoe uhensoe ahensoe etc. Reflexive Verb. naji penda I love myself waji penda thou lovest thyself aji penda he loves himself, etc. etc. nazi hensa unazi hensa unazi hensa. Negative. si jipendi. nime jipenda. Perfect. kazi hensa. nizizihensa. ji penda (nafsiyako) ji pendani (nafsisenu) Imperative. zihensa (moyoo) zihensani (mioyoyenu). Negative, si ji pende. si ji pendeni. Infinitive, ku ji penda (nafsiyakwe) ] ku zihensa (moyowe). 62 Potential. nijipende. nizihense. The Suaheli and Wanika people frequently give additional strength to the Reflexive Verb by the Substantive nafsi and in Kinika moyo (heart) , which words serve as reflexive pronouns (like in Hebrew and Arabic). SECTION III. IRREGULAR VERBS. These are chiefly monosyllabic Verbs in the Infinitive Mood, but which retain the Infinitive Particle ku in several tenses, where Euphony seems to require it or because the auxiliary kiia (to be) exercises an influence on these Verbs. Paradigm of irregular Verbs #}. I) ku ja to come, Kin. ku za. 1) Present Indicative (affirmative, negative). 1. naja (I come) 2. waja 3. aja or yuwaja 1. tuaja 2. muaja 3. waja. sijildonotcome huji haji hatuji hamji hawaji. 2) Present Imperf. naza siza unaza kuza unaza kaza hunaza kahuza munaza kamuza anaza. kaza. 1. nijai I coming 2. ujai 3. ajai etc. nizaye uzaye azaye etc. *) The irregularity of these Verbs affects only the Perfect and Future Tenses. We should expect the form nimeja and taja, but the particle ku cannot be omitted in the Perfect and Future Tenses. 63 1. nime kuja 2. ume kuja. nalikuja. takuja. 1. nije 2. uje 3. aje. ninge kuja. nikija nlipokuja ntakapo kuja. ndo (come thou) 3) Perfect Tense, sikuja nizikuza sizire hukuja. uzikuza. kuzire. 4) Past perfect Tense, narikuza. Future. sitakuja or nendakuza. sidakuza taa'ta kuja. nendarijakuza. Potential. sije nize size usije uze usize asije. aze. asize. etc. etc. , Perfect Tense, singe kuja. j ninga kuza. i singa kuza. Subjunctive Mood. Present, perfect, future. nikitoa kuja nikiza nisipo kuja. novo kuza andavokuza. Imperative Mood. sije nikissa kuza nisivo kuza. nzo size ndoni(comeye) sijeni nzoni. sizeni. etc. etc. etc. ku-m-jia, in Kinika ku-m-zira to come upon or for him. majio Kinika maziro the coming. II) Kull'a to die Kinika kulFua. nafia (I die) waffa aifa siffi huffi haffl naffua unaffua unaflua. siffua kuffua katluu. 64 nimekuffa(idied) nali kufla si kufla nizeifua takuffa. sita kufTa. nendaffua. etc. etc. etc. Imperative. fa sife fua fan! sifeni fuani inalViji death int'u dead mafazi luil'u pi. wafu pi. n in il'u siffuere sindafltia. siffue. siffueni. kitl'ia to die to one Kinika kuH'ira. ku filiwa to be deprived of somebody by his death. ku-m-fisa to kill. Ill) ku to eat, Kinika kii ria. siria kuria karia. I eat nala I eat not sili naria thou wala thou not huli unaria he ala he not hali unaria. etc. etc. etc. he has eaten amekula uzeria he has not eaten hakiila kakari he shall eat atakula. yunda Imperative. la eat; lani eat ye sile eat not; sileni eat ye not. ria, nani ku liwa or ku lika. to be eaten. sine, sinem. Passive. ku rivva or ku rika. Causative. ku lisa to make him eat = to feed him. ku rissa. 65 Reciprocal. ku lana (to eat together) ) kuriana. IV) Kiinoa to drink. Passive: ku noewa. Causative. ku noesa ku noeana ku noesana. | ku noesa. Reciprocal. V) ku pa, Kinika kii va to give, napa I give; sipi I give not. | nava | siva. Passive: ku pawa or pewa, Kinika ku heva. VI) ku kwisa, (ku sira) ku mala to finish, na isa I finish nama'la. wa isa thou unamala. VII) ame kiisa he has sold (Kinika ku giisa) kusa to sell. Negative in Kisuaheli. hausi or hosi he does not sell, husi thou doest not sell susi I do not sell hatusi we do not sell hamusi you do not sell hausi (or haosi) they sell. na usa (I sell) or nosa wa usa (thou) or wosa wa usa (he) or yuosa tua usa (we sell) or tuosa muausa (you sell) or mosa wausa (they sell) or wosa. Passive: kiisoa to be sold. ku usiana to exchange in trading business. VIII) ku toa to take, Kinika ku hala. 1. natoa I take 2. watoa 3. atoa. si toai I take not hutoai hatoai. 5 66 Imperative: toa take, sitoai. toiini, sitoeni. Passive: ku toaliwa. IX) ku toa to cast or bring out (ku lafla in Kinika. natoa I cast out sitoi I do not cast out. Imperative: toa, sitoe. toani, sitoeni. Passive: ku tolewa. Causative: ku tosa exg. usuru to make him pay duty, to make tributary. X) kii tja fear. natja I fear, sitji I do not fear. ame kutja he feared. Passive: ku tjoa or kutjewa to be feared. Causative: ku lisa to frighten one. SE2CTIOW IV. VARIOUS ENDINGS, SIGNIFICATIONS AND FORMATIONS OF THE VERB IN THE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES. I) Verbs ending in aa (contracted a), Intransitive and tran- sitive. Kisuahili. ame ja he was full ame jasa he filled. ame wa he wore (a cloth) ame wika he clothed (a man) ku k;i to sit (to be) , ku ka'wa to stay amekawilia he stayed much, he tarried ku kawilisa to delay one. Kinika. uziizala. uziizasa uzi fuala uzi fuika ku kiila ( ku sagala). 67 II) ea objective, transitive, intransitive. a me nenea (kn nena to speak) to speak to one, or for one or against one ku tokea, to come out to one= to appear, or be present to one (ku toka to go out). ame tegemea (to lean on) ku tegemesa (to support) ku kuea, to go up, ku kue- lea, ku kuesa, to exalt, ku potea, ku potelea, to be lost. ku potesa, to lose, (ku penda to love) ku pen- delea to favour ,- ku pen- desea to please, (ku letla to bring) ku lettea to send. Ill) ewa is the passive form of the active ea. uzi gombera (ku gomba to speak) ku laira (ku la) ku ejemera. ku ejemesa. ku kuera, ku kuesa. ku angamika. ku angamisa. (ku reha) ku rehera. uzi gotnberoa. ame nenewa he was spoken (by). ame pendesewa, he was pleased, ame potewa (ame potesewa) he was lost, seduced. IV) esa, ea, esa (causative). uzi henseseroa. uzi angamikoa. ku ongesa (ku ongea to be much) to increase; ku ongesea to increase any thing to any man. ku onjesa (ku onjera). 5* 68 ku teketesa to burn one (ku teketea to burn (intrans) ku zoraa (viesa) mohoni ku via (or ku zomeka). V) ia, passive ioa or iwa. ku fania to make (passive fanioa) angalia to look, pass, angaliwa. ku 6 nia exhort , pass, ku onioa. ku tia to put, pass, ku tiwa. ku stakia to accuse, pass, slakiwa. ku andikia to write to somebody. ku henda ku lola ku oniesa ku buma ku stakira ku andikira. VI) ilia, passive iliwa. ku enjirira (ku njira). ku zirira. (kuza) ku bumira. ku sulia or kahasa. ku kimbirira (ku kimbira). ku ngilia and ngililia to en- ter into one (ku ngia to enter) ku jilia to come to him or upon him (ku ja to come) ku tilia, and ku tililia to put into (ku tia to put) ku suilia (ku suia to seize) to forbid one. ku kimbilia (ku kimbia to escape) to escape to one VII) i ii (of arabic origin) passive iwa. ame kiibali he received, passive amekubaliwa. amekubalisa he made to receive, ku mnasii to abuse ku mnasiiwa to be abused, ku fitini to hate one ku fitiniwa. ku lani to curse ku laniwa ku staki to accuse. The passive of these verbs is in Kinika formed in iwa and iroa exg. ku stakiroa to be accused. The form iroa is always to be preferred as being purer Kinika - though the perpetual intercourse of the Wanika and Suaheli has accustomed the former to the other form. 69 VIII) eka and ika passive forms, tendeka ( ku tenda todo) hendeka. done; gawanika divided; gafika. haribika spoiled; banansika. IX) ana iana kana sana inana. Forms of the Recip. Verb (or Passive forms in some verbs). Kisuaheli. ku onana to meet; ku pen- dana to love one another ku gawanikana to be divided into parties. ku gawanisana to be into parts. ku gawania to divide ku gawanisa to give a share ku juikana (ku jiia to know) to know each other. ku ahadiana to covenant. ku sikamana or ku sikana (ku sika to hold) to lay hold of ku tangamana to mix one- self up with. ku tambulikana to be known (ku tambiia to know). ku patika'na (ku pata) to be found. ku ambatana to adhere to. Kinika. ku onana. ku hensana. ku gafiana. ku gafisana. ku manikana (ku mania to know), id. ku guirana. ku zangamana or zangani- kana. ku manikana. ku patikana. ku guirana. X) oa passive olewa oaliwa. ku ongoa to take the lead, pass, ongolewa. ku oa to marry a woman, pass, olewa. longola, passive longoloa. ku lola ku loloa. 70 kti hala haloa. ku lafia lafioa. ku ondoa to take away, ku ku ussa ussoa. ondolewa. ku toa to take, ku toaliwa. ku toa to put out, ku tolewa. XI) oa into osa in the Active Voice, ku ongoa, ku ongosa to lead one. ku toa, ku tosa. XII) tia into usa and usa ufia. ku vunguka, vungusa. ku pungua to be wanting. ku pungusa to shorten. ku tambulisa to make known (to tanobua). ku sunguka, to turn round. ku sungusa to surround. ku tukua to carry. ku tukusa to make one car- ry, to load. ku kauka to be dry. ku kausa to make dry. ku jua to know. ku jufia to make known. XIII) ua into uka, uawa, liwa, kana. ku pungua (to be short) ku punguka, to fail. ku ua to kill; ku uawa to be killed (or ku uliwa). ku tukua (carry) ku tuku- liwa. ku amua (to judge) ku amu- liwa or amuawa to be judged. ku tambua, ku tambulikana. ku nunua(buy) kununuliwa. ku manisa. ku sunguluka. ku sungulussa. ku zukula. ku zukusa. ku uma. ku umisa. ku mania, ku manisa. ku vungula, ku vungukiroa. ku ulaga , ku ulagoa. ku zukula, ku zukuloa. ku alamula, ku alamuloa. ku manikana. ku guloa (ku gula to buy). 71 XIV) u into isa (in the Causative) and iwa (in Passive). Kisuaheli. ku rucusu, pass, rucusiwa to give permission; he obtained permission. ku siibudu to be strong; ku subudisa to make firm. ku delimu to wrong one; pass, ku delimiwa he was wronged. ku abudu he served; ku abu- disa to make one serve. Kinika. ku va amri. ku hewa amri. These Verbs are of Arabic ori- gin , as no pure Kisuaheli Verb docs terminate in u. XV) ana into anioa (or iwa). ku tukana to despise. ku tukanioa to be despised, or ku tukaniwa. ku hukana. ku hukanoa. ku hukaniroa. The Verb ku fania to make, ku fania (ku fana, ku lamina to be like ku henda. to) to make. ku fanisa to make well. ku henda to ku fanisia to make well to him = to ku hendera. prosper or bless him. ku fanioa to be made. ku hendoa. ku fanika, to be repaired ku hendeka. ku fanikiwa to become rich, ku fanisoa and fanisiwa to be blessed, ku faniwa to be made like to. ! We do not presume to have fully and systematically arranged this Section , but we trust , that we have supplied the student with ample materials, and sufficient light to find his way through the re- maining difficulties. 72 AUXILIARY VERB. kiia to be. kutoa kua not to be. atakua he shall be. hatakua he shall not be. amekua he was. hakua he was not. alikua he had been. ku kala. kuzoa kala. kandakala. uzikala. kakala or kakarire. wakala. Imperative. Iwa (be thou); siwe be not. kala iwani (be ye); siweni ye. kalani Potential, negative 1. niwe may he be siwi sikale. sikaleni. 2. uwe 3. awe 1. tuwe 2. muwe 3. wawe angekiia angalikiia huwi haawi hatuwi Iwmuwi hawawi Perfecte Tense, he would have been. Akawa he became. akale ukale nikale negative asikale usikale nisikale. etc. etc. akakala etc. etc. akawa, ukavva, nikawa, tukawa, mkawa, wakawa Yuwawa or wawa he becomes, yuwawa, wawa, nawa, | unakala, kakala. tuawa, muavva, wawa. negative. hawi, huwi, siwi, hatui, hamui, hawawi. 73 - 1. nikiwa 2. ukiwa Subjunctive. nikikala uki 3. akiwa, when he is. awai he who is aliekiia he who was atakai he who shall be. aki Participle. akalaye ayekala or ariekala andaye. 1. nakiia 2. wakua 3. akua he grows etc. Amekiia he grew, negative sikiii nakula hukui una- hakui una- negat. sikula ku- ka- etc. Yu or ni he is, si he is not. Affirn lative. Negative. he is yu (ni) si (si yee) y si (or zi) thou art u (orni) hu u ku J am ni si ni si we are tu (ni) hatu hu kahu you mu (ni) hiiniu mu kaiuu they wa (ni) si ni si Yuna he has. 3. he has yuna hana yuna kana 2. una huna una kuna 1. nina sina nina sina 1. tuna hatuna huna kahuna 2. nina hamna muna kainna 3. wana hawana ana kana 74 Yuko he is there. yuko he is ha'ko yuko ka'ko uko thou art huko uko kuko niko Jam there siko niko siko tuko we hatuko huko kahuko mko you hamuko muko hamuko wako hawako ako ka'ko hakuna or hap ana kava'na There is not, or not found. In German: es giebt nicht; in French : il n'y a pas. This form docs never undergo any change. The Euphonic Concord has no influence on it. Exg. hapana niumba there is no house; hapana or hakuna kasa, or intu, or ukuni or kitu etc. Perfect he had exg. he had a slave *) alikua nai intuma. He shall have a house , atakua nayo niumba. Kin. yundakala nayo niumba. Impersonal V e r b s. By impersonal verbs we can in Kisuaheli only mean such verbs, which, though they have a reference to per- sons and do govern persons, yet are not governed by a Noun which implies a person. ya-m-pasa he must ya-ku - - thou ya-ni I must ya-tu we ya-wa you ya-wa they etc. hai-m pasi he must not hai-ku hai-ni hai-lu ga-mu-hamira ga-ku ga-ni negative kaga-mu-hamira. etc. *) u&re or wakala nai msttnic. 75 gazi-mu-hamira. ganda-mu-hamira. ga-mu-hamire. Perfect. yame-m-pasa. yali-Hi-pasa. Put. yata-m-pasa Potential, ya-m-pase. ya-ku-pase. Subjunctive, yaki-m-pasa. yaki-ku-pasa. In the Passive the Euphonic Concord takes place, exg. amepasoa ni ku enenda he was obliged to go ; Kinika: uzi- harniroa ni ku enenda. But in the active we must say : yame- m-pasa ku enenda. Kin. gazi-mu-hamia or hamira ku enenda. Literally, it forced him to go he must go. yatosa it is enough, suffices, ya-mtosa for him. ame-m-tosea he sufficed for him. ame-m-toselesa he satisfied him. CHAPTER IV. ON THE NUMERALS. 1. Cardinal Numbers. Jvisuahcli. Kinika. ] one mmoja mmenga limue two inbili mbiri ili 3 tatu hahu (tahu) itatu Kikdmba. - 76 - Kisu&heli. Kinika. Kikdmba. 4 nne nne. inna 5 tano zano idano 6 setta handahu (tan ) dantatu 7 sabaa 8 nane fungahe nane monsa niania 9 kenda kenda ikenda 10 ki'mii kumi ikmiii 11 kumi nammoja 12 kumi na mbili kumi na mmenga kumi na mbiri ikumi na imue ili 13 kumi na tatu kumi na hahu itatu 14 nne nne inna 15 tano zano idano. etc. etc. etc. 20 aserini 21 aserini na inmoja mirongo miiri (10) (2) mirongo miiri na mmenga miongo ili miongo ili na imue 30 talatini 40 arbaini mirongo mihahu minne miongo idatu inna 50 camsini mizano idano 60 settini mihandahu dantatu 70 sabaini 80 tamanini mifungahe minane monsa niania 90 tissini kenda ikenda 100 mia (makiimi kumi) gana ':l | (ana) miongo iku- mi. 200 miateni (mia mbili) magana mairi maana aili 77 Kinika. Kik&mba. magana mahahu* inaana atatu manne etc. mazano mahandahu mafungahe manane ' r .- , r kenda kumi Kisuaheli. 300 talata mia (mia tatu) 400 arba mia (mia enne) 500 camsa mia (mia tano) 600 setta mia (mia setta) 700 sabaa mia (mia sabaa) 800 tamanu mia (mia nane) 900 tissu mia (mia kemla) 1000 elf Upwards of 1000 the Wanika are not accustomed to count. But the arabico-Suaheli manner of counting must be introduced as follows : 10000 elfkumi; 100000 mia elf or lakki; 1000000 kumi mia sa elf, or lakki kumi (or millioni). a billion mia lakki or Kar. a trillion mia Kar, or kurur. a quatrillion mia kurur or baj. The expressions lakki, Kar etc. have probably been introduced by the Banians of India, who have been trading to the Kisuaheli coast from time immemorial. The common people know nothing of these terms. 108 mia na nane. Kin. gana na nane. 109 kenda. kenda. 1850 elf na lamanu mia na camsin. 78 Kinik. : magana kumi , na magana mana'ne, na mirongo mizano. The Suaheli who understand the Arabic, use the Ara- bic Numbers, which, I have no doubt, will and must be in- troduced in schools , as the manner in which the Wanika and Wakamba count their numbers is too inconvenient for the quick management of the arithmetical progressions. the first (man) the second the third the tenth the eleventh the twelfth 2. Ordinals. (mtu) wa kwa'nsa mosi wa pili talu kumi kumi na nimoja na mbili wa mozi viri hahu (or tahu) kumi nammenga na rnbiri. We need scarcely remember the Student, that the Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers are Subject to the Euphonical rules. See the Se- ction on the Prefixes of the Nouns. Firstly Secondly Thirdly 3. Adverbial Numerals. kua mozi (vatu va mozi) muanso or ma'hali pa kwansa mahali pa pili tatu viri ( viri) tahu ( hahu) 4. Numerals of Iteration. how many times once marra inuja I kana menga twice mbiri | ya viri (orkaviri) Kinika: nui-ihe uka-muongese kaviri call him for the second time. 79 5. Numbers of Multiplication. Simple (one fold) ya jino mmoja [ ya zino menga. twofold ya meno mawili ya meno maili. a threefold rope, ugue ya meno matatu. Kin. lugue lua meno mahahu. 6. Distributive Numbers. Kisuaheli. one by one mmoja mmoja mbili mbili. Kinika. mmenga mmenga. mbiri mbiri. CHAPTER V. ON THE PRONOUNS. 1. Personal. Kisuaheli. I mimi (mi) thou wewe (we) he yee we suisui you nuinui they wao or wo Kinika. mimi or mino liwe ie suisui or suino muimui or muino a'o We have in this table only regard to the Kinika Dialect of the tribe Rabbai. 2. Possessive Pronouns. mine thine wango, yango, jango, lango, pango, pi. wian- go, sango, muango. wako, yako, jako, lako, pako, pi. wiako, sako, muako. wango, yango, jango, rango, vango, pi. viango, sango ango gango. o, yo, jo, ro, vo. pi. vio, so. 80 his or hey ours yours theirs wakwe, yakwe, jakwe, lakwe, pakwe, pi. wiak- we, sakwe, muakwe. wetu, yetu, jetu, letu, pe- tu, pi. wietu, setu,muetu. wenu, yenu, jenu, lenu, penu, pi. \vicnu, senu, muenu. wao, yao, jao, lao, pao, we, ye, je, re, ve. pi. vie, se, ga. wehu, yehu, jehu, rehu, vehu, pi. wiehu, sehu, gehu. wenu, yenu, jenu, renu, venu, plur. vienu, senu, genu. ao, yao, jao, rao, vao, pi. viao, sao, gao. pi. wiao, sao, muao. These forms serve as separable (or absolute) Pronouns and as suffixes to Nouns. We shall show their use in Nouns with possessive Suffixes. Singular. my child mtotowango muhohowango thy child mtotowako inuhohoo his child wakwe muhohowe our wetu wehu your wenu wenu their wao wrio Plural. my children watoto wango ahoho ango thy wako ako his wakwe e our wetu wehu your wenu wenu their wao ao. my box thy Singular. kasa lango lako kasa rango ro 81 English. Kisuaheli. Kinika. his box kasa lakwe kasa re our letu rehu your - lenu renu their - lao rao. Plural. my boxes makasa yango makasagango thy yako - go his yakwe - ge our yetu gehu your yenu genu their yao. gao. Singular. my thing kitujango kitujango thy - jako jo his jakwe kituje our jetu Jehu your jenu jenu their jao. - jao Plural. my things witu wiango witu viango thy wiako witii vio his wiakwe witu vie our - wietu viehu your wienu vienu their wiao. - viao. Singular. my place mahali pango valu vango thy pako vatiivo his pakwe vatiive etc. etc. etc. 6 82 Plural. my places mahali muango thy muako his muakwe etc. etc. Singular. my house niumba yango niumba yango thy yako yo his yakwe - Y e etc. etc. etc. Plural. my houses niumba stingo niumba stingo thy sako niumbaso his sakwe niumbase etc. etc. etc. 3. Reflexive Pronoun. I myself mimi nafsiyango mimi moyo wango thou thyself wewe yako wewe moyoo he himself yee akwe ie moyowe we ourselves suisui setu suisui mioyo yehu you yourselves nuinui senu muimui mioyo yenu they themselves wao sao. ao mioyo yao. The Suaheli use also the following form : I myself mimi muniewe or muigniewe thou thyself wewe he himself VPP J we ourselves suisui wegniewe you yourselves muiimii they themselves wao to love oneself the Suahili can say: ku jipenda, or ku ji- penda nafsiyakwe, or ku penda nafsiyakwe. 83 4. Demonstrative Pronoun. a) for near Persons, huyu this, pi. hawa these. Kin. hiyu pi. hia b) for Remote Persons, yule or huyule that, pi. wale or hawale. The proper application of the Euphonical forms must be well regarded. We will illustrate them by examples. Plur. watu h'awa watu wale or ha- wale maneno haya hayaleoryale niumba hisi hisile or sile witu hiwi hiwile or wile Sing. A) This Man mtu huyu that man mtu yule B) This word, neno hili that neno hilile C) this house niumba hi that hiile D) this thing kitu hiki that kitu hikile or kile E) this fire m'otto hu that m'otto hule. Kinika. Sing. miitu hiyu mutu hiiiya neno hiri neno hirira niumba hi or hino kitu hiji hijo, hijira m'oho hiu hiira Plur. atu hia alu hano maneno higa higano or higara hisi hisira witu hivi hivira or hiwiro 6* 84 5. Relative Pronouns. Sing. the who (man) ambai kuamba ambaye kuamba pi. they who (men) ambao kuamba ambao kuamba the word which neno ambalo kuamba ambaro or rambaro kuamba the words which maneno ambayo ku- ambago or gambago amba kuamba the river which mto ambao kuamba inulio ambao or uam- bao kuamba the rivers which mito ambayo kuamba iniho ambayo kuamba the house which niumba ambayo ku- niumba - amba the houses - niumba ambaso ku- saambaso kuamba amba the thing which kitu ambajo kuamba kitujaambajo kuamba the things witu ambafio kuamba witu wiambafio ku- amba. or wilifio the place which mahali ambapo ku- vatu vaambavo kuamba amba. The thing which was made kitu kilijo fanioa or ambajo kuamba jalifanioa |kitu kirijo hendoa. Table of Relatives connected with Nouns aad Verbs. the man whom mtu ambai kuamba na mutu ambaye ku: na I love (m) penda hensa or mtu nimpendai mutu ni-mu-hensaye the word which neno ambalo kuamba neno rambaro k. na- I love napenda hensa or neno nipendalo jneno nihensaro the thing which kitu ambajo kuamba na- kitu ambajo - na (ki) I love penda hensa or kilu ni (ki) pendaio. kitu ni (ki) hcnsajo 85 the stones which I love or the fire which I or the things which I love or the houses which or or the place which or the man whom thonhastloved or the word we have loved or the thing which they havelo- ved the thing he shall love the things we love mawe ambayo kuamba na (ya) penda mawe nipendayo motto ambao kuamba napenda motto nipendao witu ambafio k. na- penda witu ni (wi) pendafio niumba ambaso k. na (si) penda nipendaso nisipendaso mahali ambapo kuam- ba ni pendapo mlu ambai kuamba uliin- penda mtu uliompenda. neno ambalo tualilo penda neno tulilo penda kituambajo kuambawa- li penda or kilu walijo penda kitu atakajo penda or atakuja kip end a witu ambafio kuamba huapenda. witu hu wipendafio, or wilifio huapenda. mawe amba'go k mawe ni (ga) hensago moho ambao moho nihensao witu ambafio witu ni (wi) hensafio niumba 'sa ambaso ni hensaso vatu ambavo ni hensavo mutu urio mu hensa 86 the thing which he does not love wich he has not a thing which is loved or the things wihch are or or wich are not or or words he has loved or he has not loved the word which he not the fire he lo- ved the house he shall the houses kitu ambajo k. hapendi kitu ambajo k. haku- penda kitu ambajo k. japendoa kitu kipendoajo. witu ambafio k. wiapen- doa witu wipendoafio witu wilifio pendoa witu ambafiio k. hawi- pendui wisifio pendoa wilifio hawiku pen- doa. maneno ambayo k. ali- penda alio ya penda asio ya penda neno asilo penda. motto aliu penda niumba ata pendayo ata pendaso. From these examples we learn, that, if we may not use the relative ambai kuamba,*) we need only put the Verb into If we may call it Relative. Its literal meaning is saying to say. 8T the participial form, and apply the Euphonic. exg. neno nipendalo the word which I love = J loving it ; mtu ni m pendai the man I him loving. We have already mentioned the favourite expres- sion mimi ndimi I, yea I the very man who. ndie, ndio, ndilo, ndijo, ndifio, ndiso, ndiyo. Negative: sie, (it is not him) sio, silo, sijo; sifio, siso, siyo. Kin. ndie or ndeye, ndiro neg. sie or see, siro etc. etc. mimi ndimi ambai kuamba nlipenda, or mimi ndimi nlio- penda; yee ndie ambai kuamba alipenda, oryee ndie aliependa. hili ndilo neno, this, yea this is the very word; haya ndiyo maneno these, yea these are the very words hiki ndijo kitu ambajo kuamba japendoa or hiki ndijo kitu kipendoajo this is the very thing which is loved; kilijo pendoa which was loved. hiwi ndifio witu wilifio pendoa or hiwi ndifio witu wip endoa'fio. hisi ndiso niumba sipendoaso these are the very houses which are loved. 6. Interrogative Pronouns, a) personal Interrogative Pronouns. Kinika. who? nnani? niani? whose? wa, ja, la, sa ya pa ya, wa ja, ra, va, nnani? sa niani? who is he? yee nnani? ie niani? art thon ? wewe unani? uvve unia'ni? am I? mimi nnani? mimi niani ? are we? suisui tu mini? suisui huniani? - are you ? nuinui m nani? muimui muniani? are they? wa'o nnani a'o niani? which of both of nnani wawili hawa niani airi hia these has 88 done this? To whom has he given the money? Both of us cannot know whom has Rashid beaten? whose is this book? whose are these things? whose is this box? whose are these boxes? is this tree? are these trees? is this busi- nes? works are these? is this goat? or or whose are these goats? walio fania haya? nnani amempai feda ? suisui wawili hatuwesi ku jiia Rasidi alimpiga nnani? juo hiki ja nnani? witu hiwi ni wia nnani? kasa hili la nnani'.'' makasa haya enda nni? mti 1m ni wa nnani? miti hii ni ya nnani? kasi hi enda nnani? kasi hisi sa mini? mbusi huyu omboa- nnani? mbusi huyu ya nnani? nnani muigni mbiisi huyu? mbusi hisi sa nnani? aohenda higa? R. uzimpiga niani? juo hiki nija ani? wituhivi ni via ani? kasahiri ni ra ani? makasa higa ni ga ani? rniihihiuniwa ani? inihi hii ni ya ani? kasi hi ni ya ani? makasi higa ni ga ani? mbiisi hiyuniwa ani? or mbusi hawa omboa nnani? The term omboa can only be used after a Noun regens belonging to the Rational or Brute creation.*) *) The word omboa (possessor) receives suffixes as : omboako, omboae'nu, exg. omboaenu usima wa milele. or usima wa mile'le ni wenu (you have eternal life.) The term nda seems to stand for ndie ya or ndio ya exg. maandisi nda nnani? whose is the writing? 89 b) Impersonal Interrogative. what which? what does he say? what did he do? or what has he lost? what shall he get ? nini? ni? je anena nini or anena je? amefanianini, orni? amefania je? nini kilijo-m-potea? atapata je? or ata- pata ni or nini? nini? ni? ze? unagomba nini? unagomba ze uzihenda ni or uzihenda ze? nini kirijo-mu-an- gatnika yundapata ze? c) Universal Interrogative. which man has done ni mtu gani aliefania ni mutu ani ayehen- this? haya? da higa? what sort of men have ni watu gani walio- ni atu ani aohenda done this? fania haya? higa which thing? kitu gani? kitu jani which things? witu gani witu viani? what state? mambo gani? imambo gani? 7. Distributive Pronuns. Each of his friends kulla mmoja wa marafikiyakwe Kin. : kulla mmenga wa asenae. every man kulla mtu mmoja Kin.; kulla mutu mumenga. neither of them hapana mmoja muao; Kin.: kavana mmenga. 8. Indefinite pronouns. There is not any, or one that does good, no, not one, hapana muigni ku fania wema; hatta mtu mmoja. Kin. kavana muigni ku henda wizo, hatta mutu mumenga. 90 - all men watu wothe situ ossi all things wilu wiot-he witu viossi all matters kasi sot-he kasi sossi all boxes makasa iothe makasa gossi all places mahalipothe(muothe) vatu vossi every thing kitu jothe kitu jossi whoever will do it, shall be paid kulla mtu ambai kuamba afania or kulla mtu afaniai or kulla muigni ku fania ata- pa'wa feda. somebody | felani. you are all gone astray nuinui niothe mualipotea Kin: nuii- niui muossini muangamika. we all saw it. suisui sotlic tumeona, suisui sossi huzilola, they all went away wot-he wao wametoka; ossi ao azila. sucii peupie wam iniiiMU wit ir,i\\ ;i or kama hawa am KaraKara n or za hia. an other man mtu mungine mutu mungine. other men or others watu wangine atu angine other affairs mambo mangine id other cities miji mingine mizi mingine CHAPTER VI. PERSONAL INFIXES AND SUFFIXES. Infixion, or insertion takes place betwfeen the first Radi- cal Letter of the Verb, and the characteristic Preformative of the Tense. The suffixion of personal Pronouns to the Verb is of secondary moment, and serves only to render the ob- ject of the Personal pronoun more conspicuous and distincty marked. The suffixes are mere contractions or abbre- viations of the Personal Pronouns. They are fre- - 91 quently used to secure clearness, beauty and vigour of expression. Table of Infixes and suffixes of a Verb wich has a reference to a Noun belonging to the Rational Creation. he loves me ' a-ni-penda a-ni-hensa or a-ni-penda-mi a-ni-hensa-mi he loves Ihee a-ku-penda a-ku-hensa ov a-ku-penda-we a-ku-hensa-we he loves him a-m-penda a-mu-hensa or a-m-pendae a-mu-hensa-e he loves us a-tu-penda a-hu-hensa or a-tu-penda-sui. a-hu-hensa-sui he loves you a-wa-penda a-a-hensa or a-wa-penda-nui a-a-hensa-mni he loves them a-wa-penda a-a-hensa or a-wa-penda'o. a-a-hesano. negative. he does not love me ha-ni-pendi ka-ni-hensa or ha-ni-pendi-mi ka-ni-hensa-mi.' he does not-thee ha-ku-pendi ka-ku-hensa or ha-ku-pendi-we k a-ku-hensa-we he does not-him ha-m-pendi ka-mu-hensa or ha-m-pendi-e ka-mu-hensa e he does not-us ha-tu-pendi ka-hu-hensa or hatu-pendi-sui ka-hu-hensa-sui you ha-wa-pendi ka-a-hensa or ha-wa-pendi-nui ka-a-hensa-mui them ha-wa-pendi ka-a-hensa or jha-wa-pendi-o. ka-a-hensao. he loved me-ame-ni-penda uzi-ni-hensa he loved me not, haku-ni-penda ka-ni-hensere - 92 - he shall love me, ata-ni-penda; he not love me hata-ni-penda ; he shall be loving me atakai ni penda or atakuja ni penda he who loves me yee a-ni-pendai he who loved me. alie-ni-penda he who loved me not, asie-ni-pcnda thou lovest me or thou-thyseff. wewe wa-ni-penda wewe wa ni-penda-mi wewe wa-ji-penda yunda-ni-hensa kanda-ni-hensa andaye-ni-hensa yunda kuza ni hensa. ie a-ni-hensaye arieor aye-ni-hensa. asie-ni-hensa. uwe una-ni-hensa or - hensa-mi uwe una zi hensa. etc. etc. Imperative. ni-penda-mi or mimi Kin.: ni-hensa-mi ni-pendani-mimi. love me love ye me do not love me si-ni-pende-mi do ye si-ni-pendeni-mi. do not love him si-m-pendee; doyelovenothim si-m-pedeni-e do ijot love them si-wa-pendeo do ye ont si-wa-pendeni-o Pot ential. May he love me-a-ni-pende-mi thee a-ku-pende-we him a-m-pendee Mayst thou love me u-ni-pende-mi. Negat. : May he not love me asi-ni-pen- de-mi. ni-hensani-mi si-ni-hense-mi si-ni-henseni-mi si-mu-hensee si-mn-henseni-ie si-a-henseo si-a-henseni ao. a-ni-hense-mi a-ku-hense-we a-mu-hensee a-ni-pende-mi. asi-ni-hense-mi. It is unnecessary to extend the Paradigm any farther, *) A Negative of the Present Participle must be rendered in this manner : he who loves me not : ambai kuamba ha-ni- pendi. 93 as the Scholar himself will be able to form the infixes and suffixes in any tense of the Moods if he will commit to memory the following table : a) Infixes. Sing. 1. ni (me) Kin. ui 2. ku (thee) ku 3. m (him) and mu before in (mil) Plur. 1. tu (us) a vowel. hu 2. wa (you) a 3. wa (them) a b) Suffixes. Singul. 1. mi or mimi (me) Kin. mi 2. we or wewe (thou) we 3. e or yee (him) e Plur. 1. sui or suisui (us) sui 2. nui or nuinui (you) mui 3. o or wao. (them ao But the Infixes and suffixes which we have mentioned just now, have only a reference to Nouns of the Rational and brute creation- the Infixes caused by Nouns of the irrational creation are different, as will be seen from the following table: I. preformatives of Verbs. Kisuaheli. Kinika. 1. man likes water Mtu apenda inaji. 1 . the water-comes from far Maji yatoka mballi. 3. the wood burns well ukuni wateketea wema. 4. the thing is done kitu kimetendeka mutu unahensa mazi. mazi ganala kurre ukuni waakka wizo. kilu kizihendeka 94 - Kisuaheli. 5. The box falls. kasa la anguka. 6. the things are stolen witu wia iboa. 7. the house burns niutnba inatekelea the house was burnt niumba ime teketesoa. the houses fall niumba saangiika. 8. this thing falls kitu hiki ja anguka Kinika. kasa rabua. witu wia ioa. niumba ina akka. niumba izizomoa mohoni. niumba sabua. kitu hiki ja bua. II. Infixes. mtu ame-ya-penda man loved it exg. maji. mtu a-u-penda man likes it exg. ukuni. mtu ata-ki-penda man shall like it, exg. kitu. mtu ha-li-pendi man loves not, exg. kasa. mtu ame-wi-penda man loved them, exg. witu hiwi. mtu a-si-penda man loves them, exg. niumba (pi.) mtu a-i-penda man loves it, exg. unguo (cloth) mtu a-m-penda man loves him, exg. mana wakwe child). In Kinika. (his uzi-ga-hensa scil. mazi una-u- sc. ukuni unda-ki sc. kitu ka-ri- sc. kasa uzi-vvi-hensa (witu) una-si niumba. una-i unguo una-mu (mutu) mtu apendai yee III. Suffixes, the man who loves him. 95 the man who loves it, scil. ukuni. sc. kasa. sc. kitu. unguo. sc. mtu apenda-o lo - J yo so fio The cloth which the man loves unguo mtu apendayo, for unguo ambayo kuamba mtu apenda or a-i-penda.u Kinika. mutu a-m-hensaye. ahensao. sc. niumba (pi) sc. witu. - jo. so. - fio. These forms are vere simple, if the learner will but keep in mind the fundamental rule, which demands a strict attention to the Euphonic of the Noun. If he will regard this essential point of view, he will always know what Euphonical Preformative or Infix , or Suffix must be used. Lastly the Student is requested to read over the follo- wing table: Negat. he has no child. liana or hanai mtoto. huna or hu sina or si hatiina or hatunai mtoto. he has a child, thou, I etc. 3. yuna or yunai mtoto. 2. una or unai 1. nina or ninai 1. tuna or tunai 2. mna or mnai 3. wana or vvanai hamna or hamnai hawana or nai - 96 PI. he has children yuna or yunao watoto. mm or unao nina or ninao he has money, yuna or yunayo feda. una or unayo he has a box. yuna or yunalo kasa. una or unalo he has a thing, yuna or yunajo kitu. he has wood, yuna or yunao ukuni. una or unao he has things. , yuna or yunafio witu. una or unafio he has houses, yuna or yunaso niumba. he has no houses, hana or hanaso niumba. he has a place, yuna or yunapo mahali. Negative. hana or hanao watoto. huna or hu sina or si - hana or hanayo feda. huna or hu hana or hanalo kasa. huna or hunalo hana or hanajo kitu. hana or hanao ukuni. huna or hunao hana or hanafio witu. hu or hu hana or hanapo mahali. The man has a house, nitu yuna niumba. the house has good stones, niumba ina mawe mema. the stones do very well, mawe yafa mno. the chair has three legs, kill kina magii matatu. the fire has wood, nf otto una ukuni. the clothes have much dirt, unguo sina taka nengi. the box has four legs, kasa lina magft matatu. 97 Negative. inlii hana niumba haina pi. niumba hasina mawe hayana kit! h akin a motto hauna kasa halina mahali hapana Kinik. kana kaina kasina kagana kakina kauna karina kavana. CHAPTER VII. ON THE ADVERBS. I. Adverbs of time. a) Present time, now sasa or wakati hu; to day leo; now adays katika samani hisi ; b) of time past, long since wakati ungi ulipopita; some time ago wakati ujaje ulipopita, before, muanso, mbelle, kale; hitherto, hatta sasa or hatta hapa; lately kua ka- ribu; yesterday jana; the day before yesterday jiisi. c) of time to come, erelong, karibu; punde; kua ki- pindi kidogo; henceforth hangu sasa; soon harraka or hima, or tessihili; to-morrow keso; after to-morrow keso kiitoa. d) of time indefinite, often marra nengi; sometimes marra mmoja mmoja; seldom si mno kabisa; daily kulla siku; still tena, yearly muaka kua muaka; never kabisa; again marra ya pili; instantly sasa hiwi or pindi hisi, or upesi, or kua muongo hu. II. Adverbs of Place. Above ju; abroad nde; before mbelle; behind, niu- 98 ma; far mballi or kule; where wapi? here ha'pa, there ha'po. III. Of Succession of time. First muanso; next kisa or punde; last raisoni; early namapema or mbitiinbiti. IV. Of quantity. Much, nengi, sana , mno ; little jaje, kidogo', haba; enough yatos.a; abundantly, kua ungi; how much wangapi? katrigani? very, sana, mno; thus hiwi or kana hiwi. V. Of doubt. Possibly yemkini; perhaps la'boda or kua na'sibu. VI. Of Negation. No sifio; hy no means ka'bisa. The negation connected with the Verb has been exhibited in the Paradigm ku penda . VII. Of Affirmation. Truly kua kuelli; verily kua yakini; yes ewa, or ai, or marhaba. Yes and no is usually rendered by the repetition of the Verb used by the Person asking as: wewe ume fa- nia ha'ya? respon. (mimi) nimefa'nia; or siku fa'nia, no, I have not done it ; undoubtedly hakiina teswisi. VIII. Interrogation. Wherefore? kua sebabu gani? when? lini? how gensi gani or gissi gani? or kuani? The verb connected with kuaui stands usually in the Infinitive Mood , if the perspicuity of the sentence will permit this position as : kuani ku fania haya ? why to do this ? = why hast thou done, or does thou do this ? IX. Of Manner. This kind of adverbs is frequently formed by placing the preposition kua before a Substantive (though kua is not al- 99 ways required) exg. cheerfully kua fiiraha; badly kua uofu or maofu ; truly kua kuelli. Very frequently the Suaheli form adverbs by placing kua before the Infinitive Mood as: kija ku sinda victoriously (by conquering), kua ku jiia knowingly (by knowing), kua ku amimi faithfully. Additional remarks on the chapter of the adverbs. In committing the adverb of place where, there, here etc. to memory, the student is requested, to attend to the ru- les of Euphony, and to the change of persons which may be addressed in the conversation. mtu yuwa'pi? jiwe li motto u kitu ki niumba i niumbasi mahalipa witu wi miti i ma'we ya watu wa men? niyupi .where is he? he is there yupo where is the man? - stone ? fire? _ _ thing? . house? houses? place? things? trees ? stones? thou art there upo I am there mpo neg. hapo neg. hupo neg. sipo Kin. yuvo negat. kavo. Kin. uvo neg. kuvo. Kin. nivo neg. sivo. 7* 100 we are there tupo neg. hatupo Kin. huvo neg. kahuvo. you are there mpo neg. hampo Kin. inuvo neg. kamuvo. they are there wapo neg. hawapo Kin. avo neg. kavo. He was there, aliko or alialiko or alialipo, amekuapo. thou wast there waliko or waliuliko or waliulipo, umekuapo. I was there, naliko or naliniliko or nalinilipo or nimekuapo. we were there, tualiko or tualituliko or tualitulipo etc. you were there, mualiko or mualitnuliko or mualimulipo. they were there, waliko, waliwaliko, waliwalipo, walikuapo. Imperative: be there iwa'ko or iwa uliko. pi. iwaniko or iwani niliko. neg. siweko or siwe uliko. pi. siweniko or siweni mliko. there is a man mtu yiipo, neg. hapo. there is a stone, jiwe lipo, neg. halipo. there is fire, motto upo, neg. ha upo. there are stones, ma'we ya'po, neg. haya,po. there are houses, niumba sipo, neg. hasipo. there is a place, mahali papo, neg. hapapo. Kinika: yuvo neg. kavo; uvo neg. kauvo. rivo - karivo; gavo kagavo. sivo kasivo; ivo kaivo. avo kavo. vavo kavavo. the man is there in mtu yumo, neg. hamo. the stone jiwe limo , neg. halimo. the fire motto umo , neg. haumo. 101 Kin. yumo neg. kamo; rimo neg. karimo. gamo kagamo; kimo kakimo. wimo kawimo; umo kaumo. The man is here (in town) mtu jii mumu. Hamna, Kin. kamna (there is nothing inside) serves for all negative phra- ses of the kind as : hamna maji there is no water inside (in the jar or pit). The phrase hamna is never changed. (See hapa'na and hakuna.) CHAPTER VIII. ON THE PARTICLES OF RELATION or Prepositions. Ab ove ju ya (Kin. zula ya) exg. ju ya mbingo above the heavens. About katika, exg. katika muariso wa mua'ka, about the beginning of year. After a) niuma ya, or kiniuma ja (behind) exg. kiniuma jakwe behind him. b) bada ya, or miso wa , exg. bada or misa wa jakula af- ter the dinner. c) mfano wa, or kama (like), exg. mfano wa ada after the fashion. This Preposition can frequently be rendered by the Accusative-Case exg. arne-m tafiti wali he inqui- red after the governor. Against ju ya or kua ku teta (by opposing) or ki niuma ja exg. amekuenda kiniuma ja amriyango, or kua 102 ku teta na amriyango, or ju ya amriyango, he went against ray order. Along kandokando ya, exg. kandokando ya poani, along the coast. Amidst, amid katikati ya, exg. katikati ya niumba. Among Aro und kua upande (on the side) wa - or kua ku sunguka, exg. nti isungukayo Mombasa or upande wa Mombasa around Mombas (the country which Surrounds Mombasa ). At - a) katika, exg. at Mombas katika Mombasa. b) mua or miongonimua, exg. miongonimuakwe at him at his hands. c) kua, exg. kua kima kidogo at a small price. d) wao walipodaka or kua ku daka kuao at their request (when they required or in their ) Before mbelle ya or sa, before the king mbelle sa mfal(u)me ; mbelle sango before me. Behind kiniuma (ku'd niuma ya) ja, exg. kiniuma jango behind me. Below tini ya, exg. tini ya inaji. Beneath Beside or besides a) kua upande wa, exg. kua upande wa niumba ya wali beside the house of the governor. b) ju ya, exg. ju ya haya beside this. c) with verbs, exg. amepotea akiliyakwe he was beside himself. Between, betwixt beina ya or katikati between ourselves katimuetu. Beyond 103 a) kua kuko, exg. Bombay kua huko beyond Bombay. b) saidi ya or ju ya, exg-. saidi or ju ya kipimo beyond measure. By a) upande wa, exg. he sat by you, ameketi upande wako. b) katika, cxg. by sea katika ba'hari (baharini). c) kua, exg. siku kua siku day by day. d) ni or miongonimua, amepigoa ni msomesi, he was bea- ten by the instructor. e) by circumlocution: he walked by him amekuenda ame-m-pita or amekuenda kua ku-m-pita. He was sa- ved by accepting my advice ameokoka kua ku ku- bali masauri yango, or alipo kiibali etc. Concerning a) kua sebabu ya (on account of), b) kua ku hesabu or akihesa'bu or alipohesabu (by consi- dering, or after having considered). Down katika tini or kuendea tini or tini ya. During a) katika or kua, exg. katika or kua wa- kati wa Mosesi during the time of Moses, b) pindi during his residence at Mombas pendi alipo- keti Mombasa, or akiketi Mombasa (present tense). Ere mbelle ya, exg. mbelle ya muaka mungine ere an other year, or kabla ya muaka mungine, or muaka mungine usitassa ku pita. Asitassa or asijaketi Un- guja before he dwelt at Zanzibar. Except -- pasipo; or by way of circumlocution. He brought all things except two boxes - - ameletta witu wiothe, makasa mawili bassi yame salia (only two boxes re- mained); or hakuletta (he did not bring); or amea'ta (he left) or amesasa (he left behind) makasa mawili. For a) kua sebabu ya exg. nime-m-penda kua sebabu ya akili sa'kwe, I loved him for his understanding. - 104 - \ b) (kua) mahali pa = in the place of = instead. Tafania kitu hiki mahalipako I will do this thing in thy stead = for thee. c) with the Accusative, nime-ku-pelekea waraka I have sent a letter for you; nimekufanisa haya I have done it for you or kuako wewe in your behalf. d) kitu hiki jako wewe this thing is for you = belongs to you. e) ndie, ndiwe etc. mimi na-m-pendai for my part I love him. He did well for an Arab amefania vvema, nai ndie Muarabu hiiyu. f ) kua kasi or sebabu he went to Patta for this affair amekuenda Palta kua kasi hi. g) I allowed him time for his meal, nime-m-pa wakati wa kula jakula jakwe. 10 I have no wish for f a m e , mimi sidaki jina mku or sidaki ku pata jina mku. i) He went for town, amekuenda mjini. j) for a long time or many years, siku nengi, or hangu miaka mingi. k) He was produced for the people to talk with him, ame- lettoa mbelle sa watu ku nena nai. 1) It is too bad for you to say it ni ruaofu kuako, huwesi ku nena. m) He clothed him well for against catching cold ame-m- wika wema kutoa ku sikoa ni beredi or asisikui ni beredi. if) oh for a sword! kuamba nli nao mimi upa'nga! From (ni) kua, mua, miongonimua; nimesikia kuako, I heard it from you. Kua kitjo from fear. In a) kua, katika in time kua wakati mema; in this place katika mahali hapa. 105 b) ni exg. niumbani in the house; mjini in the town (mji town). c) nimua, exg. niumba nimuakwe in his house. d) by way of circumlocution; in his infancy, wakati alipokua mtoto (when he was a child). Into ndani ya, which serves also to express in exg. in the belly ndani ya matumbo. Watupa feda ndani ya kasa or katika kasa. He threw the money into the box. Amen- gia niumba or niumbani or ndani ya niurnba, he went into the house. Near karibu na, exg. karibu na ndia near the road. Of wa, ya, ja, la, pa, sa, wia. f f miongonimua, or by way of circumlocution ame- pata milango simepambamika na bawaba. He found the doors off the hinges (see out of). On, upon a) ju ya, exg. ju ya mti on the tree. b) kua, exg. kua magu on foot. c) by circumlocution, exg. a book on geography', juo ki nenajo, or kifunsajo (which speaks or teaches) elima (or ujiifi wa) ya nti (the knowledge of the earth.) v e r ju ya, over the fire ju ya m'otto or m'ottoni, over night katika usiku or 'usiku. He mourned over his dead friend ame-m-lilia raffiki aliekuffa. Over against exg. the cup is over against me ki- kombe kina-m'-lekea or kina-ni-kabili (ku lekea, ku kabili to be opposite to ). Out of mua, kua, or by way of circumlocution. Ametoka niumbani or katika niumba, he went out of house; out of love to me kua ku penda mimi. It is out of fashion, kitu hiki kimetoka katika ada, or hakina ada sasa. Save (except, besides) asipo, isipokua, isipo (see except). 106 - Since tangu, since those days tangu siku hiso. since my return, tangu nliponidi. Through, kua exgr. through much toil kua masaka inunpi ; through thirst of money kua ku daka feda. the ball went through his belly popo imengia imepita matumboyakwe (went and passed the belly). Throughout kua iullio: throughout the land kua nti iothe. Till hatta, exg. tangu siibiici halta usiku from morning till night. To to this day halta siku hi; from year to year tangu muaka hatta muaka. From here to Bara'wa hapa na Bara'wa. He went from Mombas to Zanzibar, ametoka Om- wita araekueuda Unguja. he is born to this, ame wialiwa ku fania mambo haya. I read the book to this man nime-m-so- mea mtu huyu juo hiki; or mine soma juo mbelle ya or kua mtu huyu. He went to bed amekuenda ku lala. The debt amounts to a 100 dollars, deni ni reali mia, or deni yapata reali mia; to advantage kua ku pata feida. To my knowledge he is very busy, najua, yee yuna kasi nengi. This is nothing to what he did yesterday kitu hiki hakina, amefania jana saidi ya hiki; as to me, I go to Bombay, laken mi mi naenenda Bombay. Toward or towards upande or uelekeo wa (on the .side or direction of); upande wa or uelekeo wa mao ya jua toward sunrise or east. Uelekeo wa Bukini toward Ma- dagascar. Toward the end of my journey (katika) miso wa ndiayango. He behaved himself well toward his master ame-m-fania wema B'anawakwe or amefania wema kua Cor na) Banawakwe. He followed him toward the castle ame-m-fuata ku endea ngoine (or ngomeni). He has com- mitted no injury towards him hakufania maofu juiyakwe. - 107 - Under tini ya exg. tini ya maji under the water amefunsoa kuango he was under my instruction. Up ju ya up stairs ju ya deraja. With in ndani ya; exg. ndani ya niiirnba. within 6 hour's walk kua ndia ya setta saa within 3 years kr.a iniaka mitatu. he remains within call yuwaketi mahali awe- sapo ku ihoa kua kulla kipendi. With, na, kua, pamoja na. amekuenda pamoja na Bana he went with the master. They met with him wamc- onana nai. He is mad with joy yuna wasirnu kua fiiraha. It was usual with the king-.imekua ada kua mfalme. With good reason kua sebabu mema. I have nothing with me, hapana kitu kuango. The rest is with you-Masaso ni kuako. He went home with tke enjoyment of. good health, amerudi nium- bani muakwe aki pumsika kua afia mema. a place with water mahali pa maji, or palipo na maji or (in perfect palipokua na maji). A house with men niumba ilio na watu, or mahali palipo (na) or pa kaapo or pa ketipo watu. A country with a king, nti ilio na sultani, or yegni sultani, or iketio or ikaayo sultani. A man with or of truth, mtu alie na kuelli, or anenai kuelli. A box wilh, or of money kasa lililo na feda. An ink stand with ink-kilupa kilijo na wino, or kikaajo wino; a bottle with something kitupa kinajo kitu. A box with kasa linalo; a bag with mfiiko unao. Without - nde ya. exg. nde ya milango without doors. Asipo exg. he did it without self-love, amefania haya asipo ji penda nafsiyakwe. He spoke these words without any regard to the greatness of the king-ame nena maneno haya asipo hesabu uku wa Sultani. A place without men, mahali pasio (na), orpasipo (na) walu. A house without men niumba isio na watu or isiokiia na watu. 108 In concluding this chapter we may offer a few remarks regarding the Kisuaheli prepositions in general. 1) The original, or physical acceptation of a preposition must always he kept in mind - - exg. katika for kati or katikati, literally the middle or midst - - hence katikati ya niumba ; or katika niiirnba, hut not katika ya niiimha. 2) The Suaheli man considers his preposition to be in- here nt to the Verb, which on this account has the nature of an objective or transitive Verb (like the English to go a journey, to live a virtuons life), whilst the European Languages demand a preposition to intimate the relation which the Verb itself does not express. Therefore when an Eng- lishman is to say, he went to Zanzibar,* the Suaheli says simply, amekuenda Unguja. He cannot allow the word go to drop over his lips without having the idea of going or moving to a certain place. 3) Objective verbs render the application of a pre- position superfluous exg. He spoke to the Governor ame- rau-ambia wali. Ame-m-soraea he read to him; ame-mu- ombea he prayed for him = interceded er pleaded for him. 4) The European Student is requested to consider these remarks, and to guard himself against ill-humour when he feels himself puzzled at the want of Prepositions. He must endeavour to paraphrase his own expressions in a manner corresponding with the genius of the Kisuaheli. What Mr. Murray (in the fiftieth Edition of his English grammar) says in the chapter of Conjunctions pag. 128 may suitably be quoted at this opportunity Till men began to think in a train, and to carry their reasonings to a considerable length, it is not probable that they would make much use of 109 conjunctions (and likewise of prepositions), or of any other connectives, Ignorant people, and children, generally speak in short and separate sentences. The same thing is true of barbarous Nations: and hence uncultivated Languages are not well supplied with connecting particles. The Greeks were the greatest rcasoners that ever appeared in the world; and their language accordingly abounds more than any other in Connectives. CHAPTER IX. OF THE CONJUNCTIONS. A Conjunction is a part of Speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences. It sometimes connects only words. A) Conjunctions Copulative. And na; also tcna: as well as na-na; not only but also si bassi-laken tena. First, firstly, mua'nso, wa kwansa; secondly wa pili; kisa or punde; lastly rnisoni or bada ya kulla kilu. While or whilst, exg. wakati nlioasa kua maneno haya, wali aliningilia or alinifikilia While I was thinking about these things, the Governor came in to me. After exg. pendi tulipo-m-piga, lualiwekoa kifun- giini, or miso wa kn-m-pigai tualifiingoa after we had beaten him, we were put into prison. As soonas, exg. as soon as he arrived, he died wa- kati aliofika, alikufla. or alipofika alikuffa. No sooner than. He no sooner heard the voice than he left the house, aliposikia kelele, alitoka niumbani. Till hatta; wait till he comes, ngoja hatla yuwaja, or hatta atakapokuja. When Aliugiia nlipo-mu-6na he was sick when I saw him; akija, nambia-mi, tell me when he comes. - HO Ere before. Ere or before he had time to escape, he was seized asija pata wakati wa ku kimbia, alikamatoa, or asitassa kua na wakali wa ku kimbilia , aliguiwa. Before he goes or went asi ja ku enda or asitassa ku enda, or kabla ha- tassa ku enda. before tliou goest usija or usitassa ku enda. before I go nsija or sitassa ku enda or kabla silassa ku enda or kabla sitassa ku enda. etc. etc. Not till. exg. It was not till he went on shore that he got better hakupoa uellewakwe hatta aliposusoa poani. Since. Since he came hither pindi or tangu alipo kuja hapo. Conjunctions Conditional. If. If you have too much money, give it to the poor (na) kuamba feda una'so saidi, wa'pe mafukara. If thou hadst not gone to Kiloa, thou wouldst not have fallen sick kuamba wewe hukuenda Kiloa, hungaliugiia. Provided that kuamba yee (kuambai) yuwarudi tu (bassi) na-m-samehea maofuyakwe. Provided that he returns, I will pardon him for his. Else This man is alive, else he could not walk, kuamba mlu huyu hakiia msima, hangewesa ku tembea. Conjunctions positive. a) Causal. For. He is a powerful king-for he is loved by his people sultani huyu muigni ngiifu, hakika'i (hakika yee) amependoa ni rayasakwe, or kua sebabu ya ku pendoa ni watu wakwe. As. As I lived in Egypt, I know many people there kua sebabu mimi nimeketi katika Meseri, najua watu wangi hapo or, kua sebabu nlio keti Meserini, etc. or mimi najua watu wangi katika Meseri-hakika'-mi nimeketi bapo. HI _ Because hakika kutoa ku. siangalie usso, hakika- we wawesa ku kosa or kutoa ku kosa. That. I do not think that he will come to-day sikatiri, yee kuja leo or yee atakuja leo. Such as hatta, exg. mambo ni haya halta yapatia mali nengi watu wa biasera. The more the more kua saidi kua saidi or sidi-sidi. The poorer a man is in his spirit, the nearer is he to God mtu akisidi ktia meskini roconirnuakwe, yuwasidi kua ku-m- jon-gea Mungu (atamjongea Mi'mgu kua saidi. Conjunctions illative or connective. Therefore ua sebabu hi. Then then you will not do it any more, na hiwi hutafania marra ya pili. So orso why hiwi, or kuani or gissi gani. B Conjunctions Disjunctive. a) disjunctive sensu proprio either au au (arabic) whether or, whether he comes or not I shall not be at home, kuamba yuwaja au haji, mimi sitakuako kalika niumba. Neither nor wala wala or hapana hapana exg. hapana Rasidi hapana Ibrahim awesai ku fania neno hili. Neither R. nor Ibr. can do this. I was not born nor bred a Blacksmith, mimi siku wialiwa wala sikulewa kua muhiinsi. b) adversative. But, yet, notwithstanding, whereas, however laken or walaken. howsoever, exg. I shall go to the place how remote soever it may be taku- enda mahali hapo, ijapokiia mballi sana, or kuamba ni mballi sana. c) exceptive, but, not but, only, unless, save, except, no other but yourself can do it hapana mtu mungine isipo- kua nafsiyako wewe, awesai ku fania haya. Swear not unless you know that you speak the truth, siape, kuamba hu- kujiia ku nena kuelli. d) restrictive, but, as bassi tu. It is but your wickedness, which brought all this distress upon you haya bassi maofuyako yalio lelta masaka juiyako. It is not but lie what he says urongo tu (or utiipu) maneno yakwe iothe. e) comparative, than, as as, as so. He gave him more money than was due to him. ame-m-pa feda saidi ilio-m-pasa ku-m-pa. he is greater than myself, yee ni mkuba kuliko-mi, or yee yuwa-ni-pita kua ukiiba. as he has done katna alifio fania. As he likes rice, so I like bread-ni kaina yee apenda mtelle, ni kama hiwi mimi napenda mukate. f) Concessive, though. Mlu huyu awesa ku potewa ni kulla feda yakwe, asipokiia mtu meskini, cr laken hatakua mtu meskini this man may lose all his money, though he shall become no poor man. g) strictly adversative, unless, without. Man cannot be truly happy, unless he fear God mtu hapati bacti ngema na yegni kuelli kuamba hamtji Mungu. unless by force isi pokua kua ngiifu. suisui hatuwesi ku fania kasi ngema tusi- popata ngufu sa Mungu. Notice the following phraseology : ame-pala kitu asijo ki daka he received the thing without having asked for it. Ame- pata witu asi-fio-wi-daka. Amejua jiwe asiloliona. He knew the stone without seeing it. Amekwansa kasi asiokwisa (pi. asisokwisa) he commenced the business without finishing it. Ameona ukuni asiujua. h) circumscriptive, but that. - - It is a pity but that you have lost this good knife, si wema, wewe ku potesa kissu hiki njema. I havo no doubt but that tho king will come to-day mimi sina teswisi, sultani yuwaja leo. - 113 - i) Explanative as cabari hisi sikatiriwe kama alama (kiia alama) ya wita witakafio kuja (or wilifio karibu) These news may be considered as an indication of appro- aching war. CHAPTER X. INTERJECTIONS. The words used to express some passion or emotion of the mind may be arranged and exhibited in the following manner. 1) Interjections of grief oh ah woi ! 2) Interjections of silence, mama orniamasa pi. sani quiet! 3) of haste, quietly! harraka, hima, upesi ! 4) of attention and caution, look! behold, softly angalia ! sikia! tesama! 5) of completion imekwisa finished! 6) of compliance, yes, well! ni mema! ndio! ndifio. 7) of refusing, I will not, sifio, sidaki! 8) ofadress, oh! ewe pi. egnui (watu) ! 9) of astonishment ni ajabu, kituja ajabu! oh wonder! 10) of abhorrence, far be it from me kitu hiki kiepu- kanenami, or jepuene or jondoeni or najondolewe (ku ondoa to remove.) 11) of assent to be sure! kuelli, ni kuelli! yakini! hapana maneno! 12) of calling, ho! hodihodi! hodini! karibiini. 13) of expulsion begone! toka! muondoeni! mu- epueni! ondoka! aepukane nami ! ndasako! Interjectional phrases. ye fools! nuinui wajinga! mna wasimu! What a great man! ni mtu msima gani! 8 H4 How pretty he is! ni msiiri sana! Peace be with you! okofu omboenu! Peace be with thee! okofu omboako! Adieu! kua heri! answer kua heri ya ku onana (in the happiness of meeting again) pi. kua herini! Woe unto you I wole ni wenu, or wole omboaenu. Woe unto you! wole ni wako, or wole omboako! PART III. SYNTAX. CHAPTER 1. ON THE NATURE AND REQUISITE OF SEN- TENCES. In the construction of sentences the Kisuaheli follows the natural and logical order of words, as the English does. a) Simple sentences. nti ni kuba. The earth is great. mtii ni muofu man is bad. wali ameharibu mji the Governor has destroyed the town. b) Compound sentences. Gnombe yuwajua muigniewe, na punda yuwatambua ma- lm I i pa ku lisoii ni Ranawakwe; laken Israeli hajui, na watu- wango hawaasa kua haya Yesaias 1, 3. The copula nniu (is) is not always expressed = and we may, therefore, say Mungu ni muigni rehema'? and nMungu muigni re- hemau god is merciful. It is however frequently required for the sake of perspicuity and stress. 115 The attribute follows the copula, whether it may be se- parate or implied in the Verb. God is not a body but a spirit Mungu si muili, laken ni roco. The men were 100 watu wa- likua miii. But you may also say walikua watu mia. CHAPTER II. CONSTRUCTION OF SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. A. Substantive with Substantive. a) if two or more Substantives are in a state of apposition, they must agree in Number vvatiima watu waiime men slaves ; rnttuna mtu rnume a man-slave. b) Substantives of origin, quality or possession are joined to other Substantives by the Genitive: niumba ya sultani (the house of the king) ukiita wa ma' we wall of stone. Pisi mmoja ya ngano one measure of wheat. B. Construction of Adjective with Substantive. a) An adjective connected with a Substantive gives the precedence to the latter as: mtu mema or mtu muofu a good or bad man. maka'sa makiiba great boxes. b) The adjective must agree with the Number of the Substantive: .watu wadogo little men ; miti mirefu high trees, wilu widogo little things. 8* 116 c) The adjective must conform itself to the Euphonical form of the Substantive as : ukiini ukii a large piece of wood. kijana kikuba a tall lad. ma'we masuri fine stones. juo kikuba, a larg book; mtu muofu bad man. watu wawili wangine waofu sana two other very bad men. niumba nsima a good house. d) The example of the phrase (niumba nsima) is to remind the scholar that the adjective undergoes a change after a certain class of Nouns, with which it may be con- nected. A small house, niumba kuba a large house; niumba ndogo bahari kuba sea; jiwe suri (fine stone) jiwe kafu hard stone , not likafu as we should have expected. Msungu mku (not mkuba) a great European, siku kii, a great day = a feast, jiwe kii stone. e) If adjectives are joined to Nouns which have no Plu- ral form expressed, the following rules must be observed. o) if the Substantive is of the Neuter gender (not belonging to the brute or rational creation) but has no plural form expressed , the adjective re- mains unchanged in the plural, and it is only the connexion of speech which points out the number kasi kuba a great affair, and great affairs. niumba nsiiri a line house, or fine houses. /?) but if the Substantive is of the Masculine gender (belonging to the rational or brute creation) and 117 has no plural form expressed, the adjective as- sumes the regular plural form, as : gnombe wakiiba watano five large cows. gnombe mkiiba mmoja one large cow. simba wadogo wawili two little lions. niuni wasiiri na wadogo pretty and little birds. y) If the Pluralform of a Substantive belonging to the rational creation, should be ma, the adjective adopts the form wa, though sometimes it does conform itself to the Substantive. Mayahiidi wawili, two Jews. Mahabusia wasiiri, fine Abessinians. f ) Adjectives with suffixes must agree with the case and number of the subject mimi pekeyango, I alone, we we pekeyako, thou alone, yee pekeyakwe, he etc. g) If Adjective -Participles are used, gender, number and person must strictly be attended to yee ni mtu alie aminiwa, he is a faithful man. wewe ni mtu ulio - thou art mimi ni mtu nlio I am etc. etc. niumba iliojengoa mema, a well constructed house, witu wilifio nunuliwa, purchased things, suisui watu tulalao, we are sleeping men. mambo mabaya yatakayo kuja, coming evils, mtu alalai, a sleeping man. wewe mtu utukanai, thou art a blaspheming man. Concluding remarks on the adjectives. As we have (in the etymological part of this gramma- H8 tical outline) not attended to the adjective concerning its de- rivation, we must offer a few remarks on this subject. 1. Adjectives are derived by using the genitive of a Sub- stantive as: Roco ya utakatifu , the Spirit of Holiness i. e. the holy Spirit. 2. Adjectives are derived from Verbs as : mtakatifu (from ku taka'la to be clean) clean. mjnli a learned man from ku jiia to know. 3. By the application of muigni: mtu muigni afia a healthy man. mali, a rich man (possessor of wealth), mti wegni matiinda, a fruitful tree, kitu jegni uofu, a bad thing, kuni segni ngiifu, strong pieces of wood, maneno yegni urongo, lying words; neno legni kuelli true word, mti wegni tansu, a leafy tree. 4.By the application of Participles, mtu alalai, a sleeping man. ndia ilionioka, a way which was straight a straight way. mti usio na matunda, a fruitfess tree, mtu arie na kuelli, a truthful man. 5. Adjective denoting plenty, can be rendered by the verb ku ja to be full : ulimengu waja masa'ka , the world is full trouble = a troublesome world. 6. By the Conjunction kama (like as) we can express adjectives which signify similitude or tendency to a charakter yuna usso kama inuifi or yuna usso wa muifi he has a thievish face (or yuna usso wa mfano wa inuifi). 119 7. The latter signification can also be rendered by the Verb yuwafana'na na = he resembles : mtu huyu yuwafana'na na kija'na, he is a childish man. 8. Negative adjectives are frequently formed by con- necting the negative particle si with a substantive exg. si kuelli not truth not true = lie, falsehood. Maneno yalio si kuelli = ya'sio na kuelli = yasio yegni kuelli. Si mpa'ji not giver = tenacious, stingy. Si maneno no words = non- sense non-sensical. Si witu no things (noughty) nothingal, if the word were used in English. CHAPTER III. NUMBER AND CASES OF DECLENSION. A. On the Number of Nouns. 1. Nouns referring to a mass etc. are generally found in the Singular da'habu (gold), feda (silver), mtanga (dust). 2. Nouns referring to certain periods of time, as siku day; usiku night; saa hour; magribi evening; siibuci mor- ning; wakali time. But muaka (year) has miaka in the Plural. 3. Nouns which signify confines, shores, bordes are ge- nerally used in the Sing. as : poa coast; upande side or frontier. 4. Powers or faculties of the Soul are generally used in the plural, especially if derived from a Verb as mapensi love; maaso thought ; matumainifu hope (ku penda [to love] to asa [to think] tumaini [hope]). Even those nouns which 120 are derived from the Arabic, are frequently used in the Plu- ral as: akili reason, exg. akilisakwe his reason, or reasoning powers. 5. The nouns of the form u afu efu ifu ufu signi- fying character, qualities, office, state, condition, habit etc. which are chiefly abstract Nouns, do not occur in the Plural Number. 6. The Nouns muili, moyo form the Plural miili (bodies) and mioyo or nioyo (hearts). B. On the Cases of Declension. 1. It has been observed in the Chapter on the Prepo- sitions-, that the Kisuaheli language uses the Accusative, when other languages would require the application of a pre- position as: ametoka Lamu he departed from Lainu. 2. However, if the idea of going or entering into is to be conveyed to the hearer's mind , ni is to be added to the last Radical of the Noun as: amengia jomboni or jaha- sini or niumbani. 3. The questions how long? how much? how often? are rendered by the Accusative, or rather Nominative, as no Accusative - form of the Noun exists in Kisuaheli : amekuja marra nengi he came often. Ameketi miesi mitatu nti ya Wa- galla he resided three months in the Galla-country. 4. The Genitive -case expresses possession, qua- lity, origin, price, quantity, measure or space of time. Majiimba ya Sultani ; niumba ya mawe ; watiima wa nti ya Wahabusia; pisi tano sa mtelle; amenuniia mahindi ya reali tano ya kima, he bought maize three dollars worth. Ndia (ya) siku mbili. - 121 CHAPTER IV. ON THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON. A. 1. Saidi ya (more than); 2. kiiliko or 3. saidi kuliko. The expression saidi is taken from the Arabic. Kitu hiki ni kikiiba saidi ya kile this thing is greater than that Plural : witu hiwi ni wikiiba saidi ya wile. This phrase can also be rendered : kitu hiki ni kikiiba kuliko kile, or saidi kuliko kile. The particle ya cannot be applied after kuliko, but it can ne- ver drop after saidi. Perhaps kiiliko is to be derived from the Kikamba word ku lika to enter. Hence the Suaheli would express the above phrase this man is great so that the other cannot en- ter into his greatness is consequently less great than the former. But this explanation seems to be rather too artificial. We best explain kuliko by referring the student to the Kinika word lika equal, or to the galla word lakau to count, number, or the Amharic lakka to measure, and nleka the measure. See Mr. Tutschek's Galla and Isenberg's Amharic Dictionary. Kuliko - mi pro kuliko - mimi we wewe sui suisui nui nuinui kulikoo wa'o. Mtu huyu ame-ni-penda sana saidi ya yule, or kua ungi saidi ya yule , this man has loved me more than that. B. The degree of comparison is frequently rendered by the 122 application of a Verb. Rasidi yuwa - m - pita wali kua ukua'si , or uta'giri Rashid passes, or excells the Governor in riches or yuna mali saidi ya wali , Rashid is richer than the Governor lit. has more riches than the Governor. C. The Superlative is rendered by placing the adjective kulla or wothe behind the particle saidi ya or kuliko as: sultani ni mkuba kuliko, or saidi ya masultani othe, this is the greatest king ; malaika wa-m-pita mtukuangiifu,lakenMunguyuwapita wilu wiolhe kua ngufu the angels are mightier than men, but God is the mightiest of all or: malaika wana ngufu saidi ya inlu , laken Mungu ni nm- igni ngufu tena saidi ya wiumbe wia'kwe wiossi (than all his creatures); Wasungu wana misungu mikuba saidi ya watu wothe wa nti the Europeans possess the greatest know- ledge upon earth or wasungu wajua saidi ya watu wothe wa nti. CHAPTER V. ON THE NUMERALS. 1. Cardinal Numbers whether they be connected with a substantive or stand alone , must correspond with the pluralform of the Subject , to which they may have their re- ference. Watu wawili or watatu, two or 3 men; mawe matano five stones ; miti minane eight trees. 2. Some Cardinals do not admit of a change; 123 these are chiefly of Arabic origin, as: setta, saba'a, aserini, talatini etc. 3. Kenda (nine) is never changed *) 4. Mmoja is used in the plural in the phrase : pia inamo- ja (scil. mambo), it is all the same, it makes no difference. 5. Notice the phrase watu elf wegni ku panda ferasi 1000 horsemen; kumi elf wegni ku enenda kua magii 10000 footmen. CHAPTER VI. ON THE PRONOUNS. 1. The pronoun is applied : a) when it is the subject of a sentence yee yuwaona he sees ; mimi naamini I believe. b) when it is emphatical, nuinui hamjui, laken mi- ni i najua , You do not know, but I know it. 2. The possessive pronoun is used: a) in great stress, kasa hili ni Ian go. b) in replies to questions as: niumba hi ya nani? whose is this house? resp. ni yango, it is mine. c) in cases where other languages use a preposition as : amewandalia jakulajetu he prepared food for us. 3. The demonstrative the same, very same" (ndie) is of importance, as it renders the sentence more expressive and clear. *) Kumi receives a prefix only when it is used as a Substan- tive (the tenth) in a decimal progression exg. makiimi matatu three tenths = 30. makumi kiimi ten tenths = 100. 124 Mungu muigni rehema ku , ndie Banawetu na muokosi- vvetu , God who is of great mercy , H e is our Lord and Sa- viour. Notice well the Euphonical reference to the Subject- Noun according to chapter IV. 4. Whennnani? who? is connected with a Noun, the terra ,,gani" must be used , mlu gani? which man? gnombe ga'ni which cow? kitu jani which thing? (In Kinika.) 5. The verb which follows immediately after nna'ni or gani, is usually rendered in the Participle nna'ni aliefania haya? who has done this = who is he, who did it? Nnani awesai ku fania kitu kiki? who can do this thing? But if the stress lies on the verb, the participle may be omitted as: mtu gani alii e! la feda? 6. The indefinite Pronoun kulla or iothe all a) kulla is used in the Singular and precedes the Noun, contrary to the rule of the priority of the Noun , con- nected with adjectives kulla mtu, kulla kitu. b) when it should be used absolutely, the word pia (all) is substituted as: ametoa pia, he took all. Pia has no Prefix. c) the word othe (wothe, iothe, jothc, sothe, pothe) is ge- nerally used in the Plural, and may stand before, or after the Nouns, as the stress of speech may require. Watu wothe or wothe watu all men. Notice also the following expressions: suisui sothe tumeona, we all have seen it, nuinui niothe or wothe wenu you all; wa'o wothe or wothe wao they all. Nuinui wothe we- nu muajua you all know. 7. Other indefinite Pronouns: something any thing. Ame-m-pa kitu or kitu kimoja he gave him a thing, or one thing some thing. Haku-m-pa kitu hatta kimoja, 125 he gave him nothing at all. Hakuna or hapana mtu there is nobody = none. Watu wajaje a few men ; watu wangi ma- ny men; kitu kingi much. 8. Of Reciprocity. a) Amepiga mmoja muensiwe one beat his comrad = each other. Wamepigana mmoja na muensiwe. b) Kulla mmoja a-m-pende muensiwe may every one love an other (his comrad). Pendanani nuinui kua nuinui or na wensiwenu! love ye each other! Suisui tuapendana, suisui kua suisui, we love each other. 9. Many adverbs and prepositions are treated like Sub- stantives; wherefore they assume the regular Suffixes of the Nouns : mbelle ya'ngo or mbelle sango before me. jui yango above me; tini yango below me, kiniuma jango behind me etc. 10. Lastly the student is requested to take notice of the Nominal-Suffixes joined to the Verb ku en da or kuenenda to go 1) yuwenda wiakwe his going, or he is now about to go, or yuwendasakwe; endasakwe let him go. 2) wendawiako or sako, thy going, endesako go thou (thy way). 3) nendawiango, my going, or nenda sango. nenendesango let met go. 4) Tuenda wietu our going, or tuende setu let no go. 5) muenda wienu, your going or muende senu. 6) wawenda wiao or sao (wendasao). This manner of expression reminds us of the first and 12G second form of the Constructive Mood in the Amharic Lan- guage. (See Mr. Isenberg's Amharic grammar p. 70.) It does not occur in any other Kisuaheli Verb, that we are aware of. CHAPTER VII. ON THE VERB. SECTIOM I. TENSES. 1. Although we have (pag. 49) assigned a place to every tense, which the Kisuaheli Language renders conspi- cuous, yet we would not be too positive regarding the ade- quate relation which the Kisuaheli Tense bears to the English. It seems that the form ,,ame" (amc penda he has loved) cor- responds with the English Perfect Tense, whilst the form ana (anapenda he loved) indicates the Imperfect, and the form aliu (alipenda) points to the Pluperfect though this form may sometimes also be used for the Imperfect. The forms amea and ali* would thus hold good to express the historical Tenses. The form aka (akapcnda) seems chiefly to be used when two verbs are connected by the Conjunction and exg. amekuja akaona, aka sinda *). In Kinika it seems also to point to the nearest futurity - - exg. enenda ukalole go and see ; ni enende nikalale I may go and sleep or I may go to sleep. The historical Tenses are in Kin. expressed by the forms waanduziexg. wagombahcsaid; wakuzn akasinda *) Aka denotes in the Kikamba Language the future Tense exg. aka e'nda he shall or will love. 127 - he came and got the victory. When the Kinika requires the Pluperfect, or perfect Past Tense, it uses the form uere (he was) which is = alikua of the Kisuaheli exg. alikua aki- penda he had loved -- Kinika uere akihensa. Alikwisa kula or aliaki kula, Kin. Warnala kuria, or uere akiria he had eaten. The character of ali as being the form of the Pluper- fect, is made manifest in the Subjunctive Mood Present Per- fect Tense. Pindi alipo ona or miso alipo ona , or simply alipo ona when he had seen that etc. though this may also be rendered when he saw. a The best expedient, therefore, is, to use walipokua akipendau as the true Pluper- fect. Pindi walipo kuawaki-m-piga kija'na , wamekuenda when they had (been beating) beaten the boy, they went ofF. The Euphonical forms of the Subjunctive Mood (Perfect Tense) in Kinika are as follows : 1) mulu avolola or arivo and azovolola negative asi- volola. After the man had seen. 2) witu wiovo or wizovo (wirivo) haloa after the things had been taken; neg. wisivo. 3) kilu jovo (or kizovo, kirivo) riwa when the thing had been eaten : nee. kisivo. 6 4) ubomuwe ovo zeresoa (or urivo) when his greatness was humiliated; neg. usivo. 5) milomo iovo (or irivo) ambiroa, after the words had been said; neg. isivo. 6) lukuni Iovo ahuka (lurivo), neg. lisivo. 7) jiwe rovoussoa (or rizovo or ririvo) neg. risivo. 8) maneno gavo (or gazovo) fiomoa when the words were read; neg. gasivo. 9) Niumba iovo (or izovo) gnsoa(neg. isivio) 10) Niumba (pi.) sovo (sirivo) savo) gusoa (neg. sisivo, 128 Participles Perfect, 1) aye or azie or akaye; 2) pi. wirifio; 3) kirijo; 4) 66 (neg. usio) (exg. ubomu oozere- soa the greatness which had been humiliated); 5) yoyo (neg. isio); 6) luzilo (neg. lusilo); 7) ririro, (neg. ri- siro); 8) garigo or gazigo (neg. gasigo); 9) siliso (neg. sisiso). Participle of the future: 1) mutu andaye lola the man who shall see (subjunctive undavo lola when he shall see) 2) witu windavio (subjunctive windrivo kuza); 3) kitu kindajo kuza (subj.kindavo); 4) ubomu undao zeresoa (subj.undavo- zeresoa); 5) milomo indayo (or ilondayo ku gomboa) (subj. indavo); 6) lukuni lundalo (subj. lundavo); 7) jiwe rindoro subj. rindovo) ; 8) maneno gandago (or galondago ku) (subj. gandavo); 9) Niumba indayo (subj. indovo); 10) niumba sindaso (subj. sindovo.) If the Kinika Scholar will commit these forms to his me- mory, he will easily find his way through the Kinika Paradigm of the Verb. We thought it proper to introduce them at this place, though they should have been exhibited in the table of the Paradigm. 2) The future tense is clearly expressed in Kisuaheli. If a certain state or condition of futurity is indicated, an auxi- liary Verb is used as: atakuja or atakua penda or ku pen- da, atakapo kuja, when he shall be to come. 3) Pindi aki is the form of the Subjunctive Mood Present Tense with reference to time, as: pindi akija when he comes; but kuamba points to a condition or causal connexion kuamba yuwafania haya. atafiingoa if he does this, he shall be imprisoned. The Natives sometimes seem to mix both forms together, when they na kuamba orjamba akipenba, if he, or if God pleases instead of When God pleases. 4) Verbs derived from the Arabic, and ending in i or u - 129 - have no distinct form of the potential Mood as: May he command aamuru , which can also mean he commands. 5) Regarding the Tenses of the Potental Mood , notice the following instances: a) kuamba kasisetu simekwisa jana, suisui tun- gal i to ka leo if our affairs had been finished yesterday, we would have departed to day. b) kuamba alikuja leo, mimi ningali-m-kiibali if he had come to day, I would have received him. c) singeketi nti hi, na kuamba Wali haku-ni-ambia-mi, keti nti hi I would not have dwelt in this country, if the gover- nor had not said etc. or kuamba wali hange-ni-ambia-mi etc. d) kuamba mtu huyu hakuenda katika wita hange or han- gali kuffa. e) na kuamba tnposi alikuapo, nduguyango hange kuffa. f) kuamba hukuenenda Ungtija, hungali ugiia. g) Na kuamba mambo haya ni hiwi (yakua hiwi) tusinga- galivvesa ku enenda. h) wewe huna raha moyoni muako kua sebabu ya ku toa (ku) penda Mungu. i) jamba hamgaliketi hapa, hamgeona feida hi. The original meaning of the Verb ku toa (lest) is diffi- cult to explain. It can scarcely be identical with ku toa to producea, or with ku toa to take away. The Kinika lan- guage possesses appropriate terms for to express these Verbs; fku toa kin. ku lafia ; ku toa kin. ku hala) whilst ku toa is rendered in Kinika by the Verb kuzoa (contracted kussa). Probably the original meaning is lo be wanting.a The Suahelis say for instance, nimetoa kuja. I did not come. (I was wanting to come, I failed to come.) Nor is it likely, that this verb will be identical with ku zoa (in Kinika") to go down, (exg. ziia rize zoa the sun set, or went down). 9 130 - Kisuaheli Phrases. nime mu-ambia ku toaku nen- da, or niine-mu-ambia, asi nende or usinends I told him, not to go, that he should not go; or he should not go; or go thou not. Angalia sana, kutoa ku anguka or usiangiike, take care or see well, lest thou fallest, or fall not. SKC TIOV II. CONSTRUCTION OF THE VERB WITH THE OTHER PARTS OF THE SENTENCE. 1. The Kisuaheli Verb is capable of including subject, object and attribute, thus expressing a whole sentence in it self as : aine-m-kujia or ame-m-kujilid he came upon him ; ame-m-tungilia he looked into him. The Infix, Pronoun and Preposition lies in the Verb itself in these instances. 2. gender, number and Person must be regarded in the position of the Verb, watu wame-ku-penda-we people loved thee. maji yame-ki-haribu kulla kitu the water spoiled every thing. 3. As to collective Nouns, it appears, that the Verb is sometimes placed in the Plural Number, whilst at other times it follows the number and gender of the collective Noun exg. ungi wa watu wamekutana or umekutana a multitude of people were assembled. In the first instance the speaker refers to the Nomen rectum; in the second, he regards more the Nomen Regens. kundi la kondo lime kuffa. ungi wa gnombe ume kamatoa. makutano ya watu yametapanikana. 4. when there are several subjects in one sentence , the Verb stands in the Plural provided that it be dependent on Nouns of the rational creation wali na mtotowakwe wame- kuja the Governor and his son came. 5. when the Person, who is addressed, or who speaks, 131 forms one of the subjects , the Verb must be in the Plural as ; babayango, wevve na mimi tutakuenda keso. ndugu- yango na wewe muajiia kitu hiki. wao na suisui hatujui. 6. The adverb stands always immediately after the Verb ame-m-piga sana (or kua kuelli) kijanajakwe. 7. For the sake of clearness and precision it is neces- sary, that the reference of the Verb to its object be intimated by the application of that Euphonical Infix, which the object may have required as: nna'ni aliefania hitu hiki? Rasidi ame-ki-fania. 8. The Verb is always to stand before the object, upon which it is intended to act. Baba ame-m-penda manawakwe (not baba manawakwe arne-rn-penda). It is account of of this logical order of the Kisuaheli construction, that this language does not require any sign of the accusative , which could (for instance) not be omitted in the Amharic Lan- guage, in which the Verb has its place behind the Object upon wjiich it has acted. Wherefore, he who has got some knowledge of the position of the Verb relative to its subject and object, will easily discern the physiognomy of a language, as the relation of the Verb to its subject and object has a great influence or effect upon a variety of grammatical forms and processes. But acessante causa, cessat et effectusa. Appendix to this Grammatical outline. A. . Analysis of the first 7 Verses of the 1. Chapt. of the Gospel according to St. John. Kisuaheli. Kinika. 1. Muanso lalikiia neno, na neno lalikua kua Mungu, na Mungu alikua neno. 2. Hilo ndilo lalikua muanso kua Mungu. 1. Muanso rere neno, na neno rere kua Mulungu, na Mulungu uere neno. 2. Hiro ndiro rere muanso kua Mulungu. 9* 132 -- 3. Kulla kilujalifanioakuak- we; na isipokuai, haki- kiia kitu kimoja kilijo fa- nioa. 4. Kua'kvve umekiia usima ; na usima umekua muanga wa watu. 5. Na muanga wasaga kisa- ni; na kisa hakiku-u-ku- bali. 6. Alikiia intu alie tiimoa ni Mungu, jinalawke Yohan- nes. 7. Huyu amekuja usuhuda'ni, ku-u-suhudia Muanga, watu wothe ku amini kuakwe. 3. Kitu jossi jere hendeka kuakwe; na isivo kala ie kakarire kitu kimenga kirijo hendeka. 4. Kuakwe uere usima; na usima uere mulangasa wa a'tu. 5. Na mulangasa unagnala kisani; na kisa kaki-u- guirire. 6. Uere mutu aye hiimoa ni Mulungu, zinare Yohan- nes. 7. Hiu wakuza usuhuda ku- u-suhudira mulangasa, atu ossi ku amini kuakwe, Analysis for the exercise of the Student of the Kisuaheli. 1) Mua'nso contracted of mua anso from beginning anso (from ku ansa to begin) see (pag. 42) the manner of de- riving abstract substantives. Mua is preposition, see pag. 104. lalikua (neno) instead of la alikua, which is contracted according to pag. 26. The euphonical la is required on account of neno AH abstracte Substantives derived from Verbs, and ending on o have la for their euphonical prefix (see pag. 42). Neno the saying. We might call it an Infinitive Noun, i. e. a Noun formed from the root of the verb in its simplest state , which is the Imperative and Infinitive, (see pag. 42).' The plural of neno ismaneno words, kua is pre- position, at, with, in etc, na -and., is copulative Conjunction. 133 - It connects only Nouns and Adjectives, but not Verbs.*) M u n gu . or as the Muhamedan Suahelis generally say. Muigni-esi-Mun- gu. God the Most High, or possessor of esi (asima) Majesty. Mungu is probably derived from ku ongoa to guide, govern, or ku unga to join together ?? 2) Hili is demonstrative Pronoun, see pag. 83. ndilo the very same see pag. 87 3) Kulla-all-indefinite Pronoun see pag. 120 kitu - thing, see pag. 34. jalifanioa was made contracted of ja alifanioa the Euphonical ja is required on account of kitu. Alifanioa Perfect Tense of the Passive Voice ku fa- nia to make, kuakwe in or through him (pag. 104.) isipokuai without there having been he amekua he was. Perfect of the Subjunctive, alipokua when he was, neg. asipokua when he was not; but as the Verb stands in an impersonal position, the initial letter requires an Imper- sonal Euphonic, isipokua has the meaning of the preposition without (see pag. 107) The i added to isipokua, points to the personal pronoun which should be ^isipokua yee con- tracted isipokuai. without him . hakikua, was not see the auxiliary Verb kua to be; amekua he was; hakua he was not but as kitu precedes, the euphony requires an inserted-ki-hence ha ki kua. kimqja one, see the Nume- rals, kilijo which, see relative Pronouns pag. 55. Umekua was -- the euphonical u is produced by the Noun usima, life; nisima living, healthy, safe. Muanga light natural light oppos. to the artificial light which is called taa. Muanga seems to be an enlargement of the Noun anga air, atmosphere, wa watu the Genitive form wa is gover- ned by the word muanga (see pag. 37). watu pi. of mtu man. wasaga shines the preformative wa is occasioned by the *) Except iu the Infinitive, exg. kn se'ma naku teka to speak ond to laugh. 134 word muanga ; ku saga to shine brightly; hence ku sa- gasa (or sagasa mini) to enlighten. Kisani in darkness. The ablative of kisa, see p. 39. hakiku-u-kiibali has not-it-received, hakikubali refers to kisa, the negative form of the per- fect Tense, from ku kubali, to receive, u is infix and refers to muanga. See 94 on the infixes, and pag. 131. 6. Alietumoa who was sent ku tuma to send hence mtume a messenger, prophet. The Suaheli call Muhammcd an mtume in a special sense; ni preposition, generally used when transitive verbs are put in the Passive. Jinalakwe, his name; jina name. 7. Huyu , pronoun demonstrative, amekuja came p. 62. usuhudani in or with a testimony - - usuhuda testi- mony from the Arabic. ku-u-suhudia to give or bear witness, to testify, u-like in haki ku-u-kuba'li. wothe all, see p. 124. ku aniini the Infinitive of the Verb amini believe. It is taken from the Arabic. kua'kwe through him , and in him. It would perhaps be better to translate kua mukonowakwe through his hand = his instrumentality. B. Modes of Salutation. 1. In the Morning before or at Day-break. Kisuaheli. kuna kuja or kume kuja or kuna kwisa kuja Kinika. kuzeja kuna'ja. 135 2. On meeting after day-break in the Morning time. ujelewe how has thou rested or slept? resp. navve ujelewe. mjelewe? resp. tumejelevva (address to many persons). uzilalaze? uzilala, uzijereroa (ndo wi- zo) (zilala, zilamuka). lamkani? resp. misa - mui? kurere kuenu? resp. kurere. ndo wizo. sa mtana? Avhat state of the day? resp. ni heri, uamba sako.*) it is well, what is thy state ? or resp. tuambasango ni ngema. our state is good. To many persons : muambaje? or muhali gani? resp. tuambasetu ni ngema or tu wasima. what is thy state? what does thou say? wa amba-je? resp. ngema, nawe wa am- ba-je? well, what doest thou say, or how doest thou do? 3. At or about Noon. mzana'-ni? resp. muisa mui. muderoa? resp. huzideroa. muzi sinda-ze? huzi sinda, liuzi deroa. (huzi sinda to). *) Literally thy sayings to aniba to say Hence jatobo , pi. inambo, state . 136 - 4. General terms, what is thy state? uhali *) gani? it is good, njema; jewewe and thou? orna- wewe or unawe? or je- yako or jesako or yam- baje? Is the state well? yambo (jambo) sana? awe hujambo sana? haliyango ngema. Kama lulu, kama marga- ni, kama fedaluka (like pearls etc.) nami yango ngema (na- misango) or sijambo. sijuiyako or sako I do not know your state. On parting in the evening : kuna kiitoa (the sun has set in), resp. kulituelle. 5. On departing. Adieu! kua heri (in prospe- rity or happiness). resp. kua heri ya ku onana (in happiness of meeting Kinika. kuzezoa, resp. ninende nikalale; kua heri ya Mu- lungu. *) Hdli, from the Arabic Hal signifies state, condition, like jambo, which see above. 137 again) or kua heri, kisa takuja, or tutakuja ku onana, or kisa tuonane, Mungu aki penda. In happiness afterwards I shall or let us meet again, please God. 6. Salutation of Slaves or Inferiors. nasika mou, Bana or Muigni, or Muana or Muunguana resp. of the Superior ai, or marhaba (well). nimekwisa sikamou I seize thy feet, oh Lord or oh possessor, or Lady, oh Noble! (for nasika mukono or inagu) I seize the hand , or feet. = I reverence thee very humbly. I have made my reverential bow. We shall not wonder at this abundance of Salutations (of which we have pointed out only a few) if we know, that the Suaheli was- tes his morning hours in running from house to house, to his friends or Superiors, ku amkia (as he calls it) to make his morning - saluta- tions. In no part of the globe time is so valueless, than with the idle and carnal Muhamedan of East-Africa who performs scarcely any other business but that of prayer and visiting the establishment of his wives and slaves. This life of idleness (and in consequence thereof trickishness) arises chiefly from the abundance of Slaves purchased for a trifle in the Interior, opposite to the island of Sansibar. 138 C. Table representing the various Classes of Nouns, their government in the Genitive Case , and their Euphonical Preformatives of Verbs. The man of the house comes came shall come I. mlii w;i niumba waja ame-kuja ata kuja The body of man dies died shall die II. muili wa mlu waffa ume-kuffa uta kuffa The chair of Rashid falls fell shall fall III. kiti ja Rasidi ja angiika kime angiika kita (kina) The box of flower is full was full shall be - IV. kasa la unga laja (or lina) lime ja lita The house of stone avails availed shall - niumba ya mawe i-fa (ja) ime-fa ita-fs. The place of water is was shall be there V. mahali pa maji papo pame-kuapo pata ku- apo. Plural. The men of the coun- come came shall co- try me walu wa nti waja wame-kuja wata kiija The bodies of men are buried were buried shall be - miili ya walu ina sikoa ime-sikoa ita The chairs of R. fall fell shall fall witi wia R. wia angiika wime wita The boxes of flower are full were full shall be - maka'sa ya unga yaja (ya- yame ja yata na ja) 139 The houses niumba of sa stones mawe- avaii sa fa availed simc fa shall sita D. Table of the Preformatives of the Verb. (Affirmative and negative forms.) I. Imperative. negative Clove) Penda PI. pendani sipende sipendeni II. Infinitive. (negative) to love kutoa ku penda (ku) penda. III. Indicative. a) Present Tense. b) Perfect. 1 1. na penda I sipendi nime penda siku penda 2. wa hu ume huku 3. a ha ame haku ' ^a- 1. tua hatu tame hatuku 2. mua ham mine hamku 3. wa hawa wame hawaku c) Pluperfect. d) Future Tense. nli or nali - sikuli ta - penda sita - penda uli hukuli uta huta ali halt ata hata tuali hatuaii tuta hatuta muali hamuali mta hamta hawali hawali wata hawata IV. Subjunctive. a) Present. b) Perfect. niki- penda nikitoa ku p. nlipo -penda nsipo-penda uki ukitoa ulipo usipo aki akitoa alipo asipo 140 tuki-penda tukitoa ku p. tulipo- penda tusipo penda mki mkitoa mlipo msipo waki wakitoa walipo wasipo b) Future Tense of the Subjunctive. ntakapo penda The Negative: kuamba utakapo sitakua nikipenda, atakapo etc. tutakapo mtakapo .. _ watakapo V. Potential. a) Present. b) Perfect. 1. ni-pende nsi pende ninge penda singe penda 2. u usi unge hunge 3. a asi ange hange 1. tu - tusi tunge hatunge 2. m msi rage - hamge 3. wa-pende. wange hawange Pluperfect. 1. ningali penda singali penda 2. ungali hungali 3. angali hangali 1. tungali halungali 2. mungali hamgali 3. wangali hawangali VI. Participles. a) Present Tense. | (negative) 1. nipendai ambai kuamba sipendi 2. upendai hu 3. apendai ha - 141 - 1. tu pendao 2. m 3. wa ambao kuamba hatu pendi ham hawa b) Perfect Tense of the Participle. nlio penda ulio alie tulio mlio walio nsie penda usie asie tusio msio * wasio c) Pluperfect aliekiia akipenda. d) Future ataka'i penda. E. Table of Infixes and Suffixes. He loves himself, me, thee, us, you, them, 3. a-ji-penda a-ni-penda-mi a-ku we a-tu- sui a-wa nui a-wa pendao Thou lovest thyself, me, him, us, them. 2. wa-ji-penda wa-ni-penda-mi wa-m-penda-i wa-tu-penda-sui vva-wa-penda-o. We love ourselves, thee, him etc. 1. tua-ji-penda tua-ku-penda-we tua-m-pendai tua-wa-penda-nui tua-wa-penda-o. You love yourselves, me, him, etc. 2. mua-ji-penda mua-ni-penda-mi mua-m-penda-i mua-tu-penda-sui mua-wa-penda'-o 142 - I love myself, thee, him etc. 1. na-ji-pcnda na-ku-penda-we na-m-penda-i na-wa-penda-nui na-wa-pendao. They love themselves, me etc. 3. vva-jipenda wa-ni-penda'-mi wa-ku-penda wa-m-pendai wa-tu-penda-sui wa-wa-penda-nui wa-wa-pendao. The Author might have added Specimina of the Kiteita, Kijagga, Kipare, Kisambara, Kisegeju, Kisegiia and Kimakiia Languages, but he thought it better, to reserve this subject to a future period, when he or his fellow-labourers shall have leisure to compile a Vocabulary of these and other Languages not contained in his printed Vocabulary of 6 East- African Languages, which in the mean time may satisfy in a measure the wants of the friends of East-african Philology. University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. OCT 7 1991 MAY 2 5 19J3 A 000 850 562 o HHH| .MI am Univer Sou Lil IMMEBrTB^KH^lflnjKBHl ^JmmmimUmM ^iilisSiiiiil