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 tJjjlLETIN 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF/TEXAS 
 
 NO. 311 
 
 ISSUED SIX TIMES A MONTH 
 
 EXTENSION SERIES NO. 41 
 
 JANUARY 22, 1914 
 
 Physical Training and Athletics 
 
 Care of the Body, Playground Games and Equipment, 
 Athletic Contests, Organization of Meets, Leagues, etc. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. J. ROBINSON, 
 
 Director of Interscholastic Athletics 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
 AUSTIN, TEXAS 
 
 Entered as second class mail matter at the postoffice at Austin, Texas 
 
351-11 13-3m-4409 
 
 BULLETIN 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
 
 NO. 311 
 
 ISSUED SIX TIMES A MONTH 
 
 EXTENSION SERIES NO. 41 
 
 JANUARY 22, 1914 
 
 Physical Training and Athletics 
 
 Care of the Body, Playground Games and Equipment, 
 Athletic Contests, Organization of Meets, Leagues, etc. 
 
 BY 
 A. J. ROBINSON, 
 
 Director of Interscholastic Athletics 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 
 AUSTIN, TEXAS 
 
 Entered as second class mail matter at the postomce at Austin. Texas 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page. 
 
 Preface 5 
 
 To the Teacher 7 
 
 Organizing for Interscholastic Contests 8 
 
 How Teachers '^an Help 10 
 
 Training for a Track Team 11 
 
 Care of the Body 11 
 
 Running 13 
 
 Jumping 16 
 
 Pole Vault 17 
 
 The Shot Put 18 
 
 The Hammer 18 
 
 The Discus 19 
 
 The Baseball Throw 19 
 
 The Three-Legged Race 19 
 
 Potato Race 20 
 
 Single Relay 21 
 
 Shuttle Relay 21 
 
 Potato Shuttle Relay 21 
 
 All-up Relay 21 
 
 Pass Ball Relay 23 
 
 Tug-of-War 23 
 
 Chinning 23 
 
 The Training of Young Athletes, by F. W. ("Tex") Ramsdell. 24 
 
 Competitive Games . 31 
 
 Volley Ball 31 
 
 End Ball 33 
 
 Captain Ball 33 
 
 Basket Ball 34 
 
 Boundary Ball 35 
 
 Corner Ball 35 
 
 Pass and Goal Ball 36 
 
 Football 36 
 
 Baseball 37 
 
 Tennis 38 
 
 Athletics for Girls. . 39 
 
4 Contents 
 
 Page. 
 
 Group-Average Contests 41 
 
 Boys' Division 43 
 
 Girls' Division , 44 
 
 Athletic Badge Test for Boys 47 
 
 Athletic Badge Test for Girls 48 
 
 A Few Athletic Terms Denned 49 
 
 Laying Off An Athletic Field 50 
 
 Equipment for Athletic Meets 52 
 
 Conduct of An Athletic Meet 54 
 
 For a County League 54 
 
 Model Constitution for a School Athletic' Association 58 
 
 Playground Equipment 61 
 
 References . (>3 
 
PREFACE 
 
 This Bulletin is primarily for assisting members of the Uni- 
 versity Interscholastic League in the organization and conduct of 
 athletic contests, in training for the same, and in matters of phys- 
 ical education- and playground activities generally. The Consti- 
 tution of the League provides for county and district contests and 
 a final meet in athletics, as well as contests in debate and decla- 
 mation. Many teachers, especially in rural schools, have had no 
 training in organized play and athletics, and consequently hesi- 
 tate to enter their schools in the contests. This Bulletin is de- 
 signed to aid such teachers, as well as the pupils. The detailed 
 rules governing regular track athletics are given in the Bulletin 
 containing the Constitution of the League, hence they are not 
 repeated here. 
 
 The annual membership fee for each school in the League is 
 $1.00. This fee should be sent to E. D. Shurter, Chairman, or 
 to A. J. Eobinson, Treasurer, University Station, Austin, Texas. 
 Payment of the fee entitles a school to enter both the public 
 speaking and the athletic contests, and to receive loan libraries 
 land the special bulletins prepared for the assistance of schools in 
 training for the contests. 
 
 .Besides this Bulletin, each member of the League will receive 
 free four copies of Bulletin 291 on Compulsory Education and 
 also one or more copies of Bulletin 292, on Literary Societies, 
 Debating, etc. A copy of Bulletin 274, containing the Consti- 
 tution of the League, will be sent on request to anv person in 
 the State. 
 
IMPORTANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION 
 
 To the Teacher: 
 
 You are acquainted, doubtless, with the present-day crusade in 
 behalf of physical education. It is not' a fad, but a serious-minded 
 effort on the part of educators and leaders the country over to 
 stave off what ex-President Chas. W. Eliot of Harvard University 
 says is the gravest danger which threatens us as a nation the 
 dissipation of our physical energies. Educators are agreed that 
 the nation of the future will be the one which takes the most in- 
 telligent care of the body. The more complex our civilization be- 
 comes, the greater the nervous strain under which people have 
 to live; hence the more urgent it is that we do something to make 
 the nervous organism more capable of enduring the strain. Physi- 
 cians are stressing the point that the best way to check tubercu- 
 losis, typhoid, and similar diseases, is to build up the lungs, 
 heart, and general vitality while young. Any scheme of educa- 
 tion, therefore, or any school, which neglects the bodies of its 
 pupils, fails in the most important matter of all. The aim of 
 education, nowadays, is to make men and women efficient; to 
 make them capable of doing useful work well and to take pleasure 
 in so doing. They will find this impossible, in the long run, 
 however well trained they may be in other respects, unless" they 
 are efficient physically. This aside from the equally vital consid- 
 eration that the physical capital of the children of today must be 
 conserved if the children of the next generation, or the next, are 
 not to be physically bankrupt. 
 
 Physical education has many phases, but most of them are sub- 
 served by intelligent use of play and athletics. In fact, these are 
 the two chief directions which the growing movement for more 
 careful physical training has taken. 
 
 ATHLETICS AND EDUCATION 
 
 Of course, there are many abuses, or have been, connected with 
 athletics; but that is all the more reason why teachers should 
 unite in efforts to direct and control athletics, to the end that 
 these abuses may be reduced to a minimum. Rightly conducted, 
 the various events can be made conducive to health in many ways. 
 Not only does the athlete profit by the exercise he gets and by the 
 power of endurance which he develops while in training, but he 
 profits also by the habits of cleanliness, of regular sleep, and of 
 care in eating and drinking, which he finds he must cultivate in 
 order to win in the various events. One caution I wish to make 
 right here, and that is, that you do not over-emphasize the im- 
 
8 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 portance of winning. Seek rather to get the boys to take part in 
 the contests for the fun there is in them; and seek also to enlist 
 all the pupils in your school in some form of outdoor athletics. 
 To this 'end, make use of the contests described in this Bulletin 
 for the highest class-average standing, the all-round athletic 
 badge contests, and miscellaneous games and playground activi- 
 ties. Correspondence is invited upon any phase of playground 
 activities, or playground direction and equipment. When possi- 
 ble, the University director of interscholastic athletics will on re- 
 quest visit a school and help to get things started. Books from 
 the Loan Library on Physical Training may be had on request by 
 members of the Leagues 
 
 NECESSITY FOR DIRECTED PLAY 
 
 This matter of play for all the children of a school has other 
 important aspects besides that of physical education. It has been 
 said that if a child is not given the opportunity to play, it cannot 
 grow up into a man or woman at all. Certain it is that if the 
 child does not get to play under desirable conditions the chances 
 are it will find a place in undesirable environment in the back 
 alley, the back yard of a pool hall, or somewhere or other with 
 harmful rather than helpful results. Especially in the rural com- 
 munities is this important, for outside of their school life the 
 children there do not get much chance to be together in play. 
 Boys on the farm do not need as much attention to their physical 
 training as city boys need; but they need, more than do city boys, 
 the stimulus of games to arouse their ambition and to reveal to 
 them their powers. They need also, very much, the lessons of 
 team work, of leadership, and other social virtues, which other- 
 wise they have so little opportunity to -develop. 
 
 ORGANIZING FOR INTERSCHOLASTIC CONTESTS 
 
 If, in addition to the inter-class games and individual contests 
 among the pupils, you have also interscholastic contests, whether 
 it is baseball, track athletics, or any other sport, the first thing 
 to do is to organize by drawing up a set of rules to govern, and 
 have these rules made known not only to the pupils but to the 
 parents and to the school with whom you intend to have athletic 
 relations. Some things to bear in mind are: 
 
 (a) Draw up strict eligibility rules, requiring a minimum 
 attendance and scholarship record of all boys on the team. 
 
 (b) Decide in advance as to the number of games, together 
 with dates where possible. As a rule, it is not best to jplay many 
 games during a season. 
 
 (c) Have a card for each pupil, something like the following: 
 
/'/ii/sical Training and Athletics 9 
 
 Public School 
 
 Registration Card for Athletics and Games. 
 
 \anio 
 
 Birth (Day) (Month) (Year) 
 
 My son or daughter (mark out one) has my permission to take 
 part in the following athletic events, under the supervision of the 
 
 school : 
 
 (Write yes or no after each.) 
 
 Running Jumping Putting Shot 
 
 Baseball Hammer, etc 
 
 Football Basket Ball Tennis 
 
 End Ball Captain Ball Goal Ball 
 
 (Signed) 
 
 (Parent or Guardian.) 
 
 (Reverse side of card.) 
 
 Xnmber .Date 
 
 Name Sex 
 
 Grade Scholarship standing. . : 
 
 Events prohibited 
 
 Competed 
 
 Age Weight Height 
 
 Any physical defects tending to make participation in athletics 
 
 harmful ._ 
 
 Permission to enter given by Principal 
 
 (e) Appoint capable students as your assistants to look after 
 various ends of the management, but hold them strictly responsi- 
 ble, and have each to make out a written report at the end of 
 the season. One student may be your clerk, one the ground- 
 keeper, one the press agent, one the entertainment manager to 
 help you look after certain supplementary features connected with 
 a contest, especially the entertainment of visiting teams. This 
 last feature should never be neglected. 
 
 (f) Have a definite plan as to time and place of practising, 
 and see to it that practice is regular, that it is not too long, and 
 that it does not interfere with the other school work. Emphasize 
 the importance of this point, and after insisting on the business- 
 like conduct of practice, give credit to pupils who do this work 
 satisfactorily, just as you would give credit for any other school 
 work. 'If it is worth the teacher's time and that of the pupils 
 to practice regularly and systematically for athletic events, then 
 pupils deserve credit for it just as much as for satisfactory work 
 in arithmetic or geography. 
 
10 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 HOW TEACHERS CAN HELP 
 
 How can teachers help in developing play and athletics along 
 right lines? They can help, first, by giving some attention to 
 the study of the subject, by reading one or two good books, such 
 as Sargent's Physical Education, until they have an adequate con- 
 ception of the various problems involved. 
 
 They can help, secondly, by learning a number of games and 
 teaching them to the children; by trying to become, to the best 
 of their ability, the real play-leader of all the children. They 
 can also learn, very easily, a few elementary points on track ath- 
 letics or other competitive contests, and encourage the contestants 
 to train properly. 
 
 They can help, thirdly, by enlisting the active assistance of 
 some individual in the community who has had experience in 
 athletics, and especially by enlisting the co-operation of parents. 
 Wiith full understanding of each other's aims and viewpoints, 
 parents and teachers may do away with most of the evils attend- 
 ing athletic contests. 
 
 They can help, finally, by insisting upon gentlemanly conduct 
 on the part of players, and helping the players to take a proper 
 view of honor in athletics. They can get in touch with other 
 teachers, and co-operate with them in promoting friendly rela- 
 tions between contesting teams. They can thus do much to teach 
 their pupils to take defeat manfully, to play the game fairly, and 
 to treat officials with proper respect. There seems to be a general 
 looseness among the schools, in this particular, and it is a point 
 which needs very great attention. If our athletic contests pro- 
 mote hostility rather than friendliness between the contesting 
 teams, it is perhaps better not to have them. There is no good 
 reason, however, why this should be the case. With united effort 
 on the part of teachers, where the spirit of true sportsmanship 
 prevails among them, it will not be the case. But it is impossible 
 to cultivate true sportsmanship among the pupils, if teachers them- 
 selves do not possess it. Every effort should be made to treat 
 visiting teams as real guests, and to make the conditions of the 
 contests just as favora'ble for them as for the home team. On the 
 other hand, a visiting team should be encouraged to accept what 
 they get without complaint, and not to be too ready to suspect 
 officials or others of unfairness. It is only by co-operation among 
 teachers and other officials along these lines that many of the 
 worst evils now attending interscholastic contests will ever be 
 destroyed. 
 
TRAINING FOR A TRACK TEAM 
 
 DANGER OF OVER-EXERTIOX AND EARLY SPECIALIZING 
 
 In the first place, boys under fourteen or fifteen should not 
 enter for long runs or weight events. If they do, the strain and 
 over-exertion are likely to cause permanent injury. Specializing 
 too early is bound to have a bad effect on the body. The body is 
 no stronger than its weakest part, and if blood and nutriment 
 which should belong to one part of the body is repeatedly taken 
 by another part on which a special strain is laid, that part which 
 was robbed of its share is bound to become weakened in the long 
 run, and thus produce disease or disability. Even the older class of 
 high school boys sum clinics over-train or over-exert themselves in 
 these severe tests. The great athlete whose advice on training is 
 given elsewhere in this Bulletin never did any special training 
 until he was grown. But he laid the foundation for later per- 
 formances by building up a strong body. If, while a boy, he had 
 taken up one vicious habit, such as smoking two or three cigarettes 
 daily, he would never have become a famous sprinter and football 
 star. 
 
 CARE OF THE BODY 
 
 The care of the body is the all-important thing. To win con- 
 tests, the body must be kept in condition. That means attention 
 to the following essentials of health : 
 
 (a) Food and Drink. In matters of food, every one must be 
 his own physician, to a certain extent. What is good for one 
 may not be good for another. You should find out what agrees 
 with you and what does not, and eat accordingly. Do not be 
 afraid to eat plenty of good food, although you may find that a 
 little dieting will do you good, especially before a contest. If you 
 are troubled with indigestion, dieting will aid nature, but dieting 
 will not remove fat, as some people suppose. It takes exercise to 
 do that. 
 
 To promote good digestion, avoid an undue amount of pastry 
 and sweets. Avoid also an excessive meat diet. Be agreeable at 
 the table. Avoid any unpleasantness anywhere, but especially at 
 the table. Do not eat wlien tired, and avoid any hard work, either 
 mental or physical, directly after eating. Do not eat hastily, nor 
 at all times of the day or night. Be regular, and take your time. 
 If you are troubled with biliousness, it is probably due to over- 
 eating, or the consumption of animal fats that aie difficult to 
 digest. A good remedy is to change your diet, and _not eat so 
 much. Learn from the text-book on physiology and hygiene the 
 various food values of different articles of diet, such as brain food, 
 
12 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 heat-producing food, and muscle-producing food, and then try to 
 suit your diet to include the better classes of each kind of food, 
 including more of the kind which you seem to stand most in 
 need of. 
 
 As to drinking, it is unnecessary to say anything about intoxi- 
 cants, when every child knows their injurious effects. Generally 
 speaking, coffee and tea would better be left alone, if one wishes 
 to make a strong, healthy, long-lived man or woman. But some 
 people do not seem to have any trouble from these stimulants, 
 when taken moderately. It is safe to say, however, that for a 
 growing boy or girl coffee and tea will do no good and will be 
 likely to do .much harm, especially if one engages in athletic con- 
 tests where strong hearts and steady nerves are required. Most 
 of the drinks sold at soda fountains are not injurious in them- 
 selves, but they are very injurious when taken to excess, as is too 
 often the case. A glass of water before breakfast will be found 
 a fine thing for the digestion. As to drinking cold water, milk, 
 etc., opinions differ, but the majority are against drinks that are 
 more than moderately cold. A cold drink may not harm a 
 stomach of strong vitality but may do much harm to one of low 
 vitality. Contestants often drink too much cold water during a 
 contest. This is very bad, not only for its permanent effect, but 
 it renders the contestant incapable of putting forth his best effort 
 at the time. 
 
 A word should be said about tobacco, especially cigarettes. You 
 have read in the text-book and you have heard people preach to 
 you about the harm of cigarettes, but did it ever come home to 
 you? You are now thinking of trying for the track team. You 
 know, and everybody knows, that cigarettes weaken the heart. 
 You know, also, that to win where there is much competition, you 
 must have a strong heart. What will you do? Continue to use 
 cigarettes, or be sensible, self-respecting and manly, and "cut them 
 out"? It is up to you. 
 
 (b) Exercise, and Rest. Most boys in our State outside of the 
 larger cities, get enough exercise in a general way. But quan- 
 tity alone will never accomplish the best results. Suppose you 
 have a hard day's physical labor before you. You have had such 
 tasks before, and you were tired, worn-out, when you were through. 
 Now try it this way: Start in a little slowly, in a playful spirit. 
 Then ginger up, and work with a will, harder and harder, but 
 still in a playful spirit. After some time at this rate, stop. Throw 
 3 r ourself on the ground, with something over you if handy, and 
 relax for five minutes. Then go at it again, harder than ever, 
 for an hour, then rest again. Just before dinner, go through a 
 five-minutes' exercise of swinging the arms, bending over, and 
 other gymnastics, and repeat this just before going to work after 
 dinner. At the end of the day, sprint for a hundred yards. You 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 13 
 
 will find that you ha.ve done more work, and are feeling better, 
 than when you pegged away without interruption all day long at 
 an ordinary clip. 
 
 This applies to athletic exercise also. Take it easy at first. 
 Then put life into }^our efforts, and will. Then stop, and rest, or 
 do something different. Put the play spirit into your work and 
 the work spirit into your play. Exercise with a will. Stop short 
 of fatigue. Vary exercise frequently, and see that each part of 
 the body gets its share. 
 
 (c) Bathing. Always follow vigorous exercise with a .sponge 
 bath, in cold water if you are of high vitality and in Lukewarm 
 water if your vitality is low. Another time for a cold bath is 
 immediately on rising in the morning. Always follow a cold bath 
 with a brisk rub down, especially if yon are going out in the open 
 air. Do notTaKe a hot bath too often, but a good hot bath once 
 a week, taken just before retiring, is necessary to cleanse the skin 
 thoroughly. 
 
 (d) Clothing. Dress, as far as you can, according to the 
 weather and what you are doing. While practising or competing 
 in athletics, always put on a sweater or coat the moment you cease 
 perspiring. This will keep your muscles from getting chilled and 
 keep them in good condition. Sore arms and legs are caused many 
 times from failure to observe this simple rule. Especially in the 
 winter months, take care not to get unduly exposed to cold winds 
 after a work-out. 
 
 RUNNING 
 
 A sprint is a race at full speed from start to finish. All races 
 up to the quarter, arid in most cases it too, are now run as sprints. 
 In sprinting, we must pay attention to (a) the start, (b) getting 
 into the stride, (c) acquiring staying power. 
 
 THE START IN , SPRINTING 
 
 When a sprint race is called, dig two holes for your feet, one 
 about six inches back of the starting line, the other about eighteen 
 inches 'back, and a little to one side. The latter hole should be 
 deeper, and steep so as to give a good brace for the ball of the 
 foot, 
 
 At the command of the starter, "On your marks," place your 
 feet in the holes, with your fingers on the line. One knee should 
 be about opposite the instep of the other foot. At th6 command, 
 "Get set," place yourself in a springing position, with hips raised, 
 arms straight, head up and bod}' leaning forward. Distribute 
 your weight evenly on both feet, with a little on the fingers. 
 Weight should be on balls of feet. Take a deep breath. Con- 
 centrate all your attention on your spring. At the crack of the 
 pistol, spring forward with all the force on both feet. Do not 
 
14 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 straighten up at once,, but do so gradually, within three or four 
 paces. 
 
 Get into y our stride as quickly as possible, always looking 
 straight ahead. Take only one or two breaths in a short print. 
 One breath should carry you from thirty to fifty yards. Do not 
 let up at the tape, but dash into it, hands up, at top speed as if 
 you had ten yards more to go. 
 
 Incline your body slightly forward, but not too much. Keep 
 your head up, chin somewhat forward. Do not raise heels too 
 high, but the instant feet are up, bring them forward, legs always 
 in a straight line. Raise your knees well in front, but not too 
 soon, as this will shorten your stride. Point your toes straight 
 ahead, and hit the ground hard at each bound. Do not force 
 your stride longer than it is naturally. If you keep good form, it 
 will lengthen itself. 
 
 In the 220 yards dash, you may hold back just a little for the 
 final effort, if you don't get too far behind. 
 
 J^ever run a race without dancing around and warming up. 
 Take several deep breaths just before going to your marks. In 
 practice, never run the full distance at top speed at first. The 
 following is a good plan to follow in practice for the shorter 
 dashes: 
 
 Monday. Practise the start five times. Do not run at full 
 speed more than 20 yards. Take a short rest after each start. 
 Take an easy jog for 50 or 60 yards, and finish the 100 yards fast. 
 
 Tuesday. Take 300 or 400 yards at an easy jog. 
 
 Wednesday. Practise the start three times. Rest, then run 50 
 yards full speed. Rest, and run 60 yards full speed. 
 
 Thursday. Practise starting six or eight times. Take 300 
 yards at an easy jog. 
 
 Friday. Go 80 yards at full speed. Rest, then go 50 yards at 
 speed. Jog 100 yards. 
 
 Saturday. Practise the start twice. Run 100 yards at speed. 
 Rest, then jog 200 yards. 
 
 For the quarter mile run, use the crouching start as in the 
 shorter sprints. In the half-mile and mile runs, start from an 
 upright position. 
 
 Points in the rules for runners to remember are: 
 
 (a) As soon as you go to the track, get a program, and get 
 your number and pin it on you. 
 
 (b) At starting, if any part of your body touches the ground 
 in front of the line before the signal is given, it is a foul and the 
 offender is punished by being set back a yard or more for each 
 offense. 
 
 (c) The finish of a race is the whitewash line on the ground, 
 and not the tape stretched above it. A race is not finished till the 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 15 
 
 runner readies this line. To avoid striking the tape with your 
 hands or arms, throw them up as you finish. 
 
 (d) In races on a straight track, each runner has his own 
 lane, and he must not cross into another's lane or interfere with 
 him in any way. To do so is a foul. 
 
 (e) In races on a circular track, you must not cross in front 
 of another runner till you are at least two strides ahead of him. 
 To do so is a foul. You must not run into or otherwise interfere 
 with another runner. 
 
 RELAY RACES 
 
 The relay races ordinarily run by select teams of school boys 
 are the mile and the half-mile relays, with four boys on each 
 team, each boy in the mile relay running a quarter mile and each 
 boy in the half-mile relay running 220 yards. But a relay race 
 may be run with any number of boys competing provided the same 
 number is on each team, and the distance for each runner may 
 vary from 30 yards to a quarter mile. 
 
 Suppose it is a half-mile relay, with four on each team, and 
 suppose there are four teams. The teams draw for places. The 
 other runners of a team must keep the same positions at the start 
 that the first runner had. The first runner on each team carries 
 a stick or flag, which he must hand to the second runner at his 
 finish line. The second runner must wait at the finish of the first 
 220 yards to receive the stick ; he cannot run back to meet the 
 first runner. He in turn must hand it to the third runner at the 
 finish of the next 220 yards, and so on. The team whose last 
 runner first reaches the finish line with the stick is the winner. 
 
 This race can be easily run with a very large number of 
 boys on each team, and it is always very interesting to the spec- 
 tators. If theje is to be a handicap for any team, the whole dis- 
 tance allowed is allowed at the start of the race. 
 
 HURDLE RACES 
 
 The hurdle race commonly run by school boys is the 120 yards 
 low hurdles. The hurdles, 'ten in number, are 30 inches high, 
 and are placed 10 yards apart, the first and last, ones being 15 
 yards from the start and the finish, respectively. Hurdle racing 
 requires a great deal of speed as well as jumping ability and 
 endurance. It is one of the most trying of all athletic events, 
 and for that reason should not be run except by robust boys. 
 
 The easiest, but not the fastest way to clear the hurdle is to 
 swing the left foot inward nearly parallel with the hurdle. If 
 your legs are long enough, quicker time can be made by keeping 
 the leg straight. JPractisc with one hurdle until you can clear it 
 in proper form without slacking your speed. Face the hurdle 
 squarely, and take it at top speed. As you go over, throw your 
 
16 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 weight forward, pointing the front leg out and down, and keep 
 your foot pointed straight ahead as you alight. Learn to hit your 
 stride instantly on reaching ground, making the first step short. 
 Keep your body well balanced over the leg as you descend. When 
 you have learned one hurdle well, and not before, try two, then 
 three,, then all of them. The right form is of the greatest im- 
 portance, and unless you are willing to take the patience to prac- 
 tice faithfully, you will never he a good hurdler. Eemember the 
 three main points: (1) to take each hurdle at top speed, and 
 facing it, (2) to throw the body forward and point the front leg 
 somewhat, out in front as you go over, and (3) to hit the ground 
 with the weight well on the first foot so that the second foot can 
 instantly take a short step and you can hit your full speed at once. 
 
 A hurdler needs an especially strong body, besides speed. The 
 muscles of the neck, abdomen, and hips and legs should be strong, 
 and also the arms. These may be strengthened by special gym- 
 nastic exercises. 
 
 The hurdler must remember, (1) not to knoc-k the hurdles over, 
 (2) not to step on top of them. 
 
 RUNNING HIGH JUMP 
 
 In this event it is very important to practise the run until you 
 know just the right distance to get the take-off. You must not 
 rise too near the bar, for that will throw you into it, and if you 
 rise too far back you will not go over it at your greatest height. 
 Speed is not necessary, nor is a long run. It is best to approach 
 the bar straight in front and to make the last step short and 
 quick, as in the running broad jump. As you rise, say on the 
 left foot, throw the right leg up in front parallel with the bar 
 and close to the body, swinging the arms up and out. As you go 
 over the bar, the body should be in a horizontal position, the left 
 leg being brought up and over the bar with a twist of the body 
 and an upward swing of the left arm. 
 
 STANDING HIGH JUMP 
 
 The feet must not leave the ground but once in an attempt. 
 If so, it counts as a trial without result. Throw the body up side- 
 wise to the bar, and throw the right leg over the bar first. Then 
 as the body goes over, swing the left leg up and over. As in the 
 running high jump, do not keep the body in an upright position, 
 for that would require strength to be used that would otherwise 
 help in lifting the rest of the body over the bar. As the body 
 goes over, it should be in a horizontal position-. 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 17 
 
 RUXXIXG BROAD JUMP 
 
 There should be a take-off board, 2 inches by 4 inches by 2 
 feet, flush with the ground, and the earth should be dug out 3 
 inches dee]) for. 2 square feet in front. The jump ^is measured 
 from the take-off, and not from where the jumper rose. Hence 
 you must practise until you rise' easily from the take-off. If you 
 step over it, it is a trial without result, and if you rise back of 
 it, you lose that much distance. The jump is measured to the 
 nearest mark made by any part of the jumper's body. This re- 
 quires you to keep your balance and not fall or jump backward, 
 on alighting. 
 
 Do not run too far; about fifteen paces is far enough. Practise 
 till you have the strides down so that you will rise at the take-off. 
 To get momentum, speed is very important, and should be great- 
 est about nine or ten paces from the take-off. Just before reach- 
 ing the take-off, you should slacken your speed so as to throw 
 your effort into your spring. The last step should not be long, 
 but should be short and quick. Throw the body up and forward,- 
 swinging the arms up and forward also. Bring the knees well 
 up, and "do not let the feet down too soon, but throw them for- 
 ward. /The momentum 'of the body will carry it on so that you 
 will not fall back. 
 
 . STAXDIXG BROAD JUMP 
 
 The same rules as to take-off board, measuring, etc., apply in 
 this jump as in the running broad jump. The feet must not 
 leave the ground but onc-e in an attempt. One common fault with 
 untrained jumpers is not to get the body high enough in the air. 
 You should give a strong spring upward as well as forward, and 
 bring the knees well up in front, throwing the feet forward as 
 you land. 
 
 HOP, STEP, AXD JUMP 
 
 The same rules as to take-off board, measuring, etc., apply in 
 this event as in the broad jumps. The jumper must spring from 
 one foot, for otherwise it is not a hop. He must first hop, then 
 step, then jump, .and there must be no stop between any two of 
 these. 
 
 THE POLE VAULT 
 
 ' The pole should be 14 or 16 feet long, and the best material is 
 spruce. A better grip is had if 3^011 wind the pole with electric 
 tape. Grasp the pole, thumb up. You can tell by practise the 
 best place for each hand. One should be a little below the cross 
 bar and the other about twice as far above it. If you rise from 
 the left foot, carry the pole on the right side of the body, and 
 swing the body to the right of the pole as you rise, keeping close 
 
18 Bulletin of tlie University of Texas 
 
 to it. Begin the run about thirty paces from the bar, and be at 
 top speed about fifteen paces away. The last step should be short 
 so you can throw momentum into the spring. ' Practise the run until 
 you can pla^-e the point of the pole in the hole in front of the 
 take-off accurately without having to give it attention. Just as 
 the pole is settled, leap forward and .up with all your strength,, 
 throwing the legs upward and giving a strong pull with the arms, 
 at the same time making a half turn with the body so that it faces 
 the bar. As you leap into the air with legs uppermost, slip the 
 lower hand up to the other one. It must not be placed above the 
 other one, nor can you raise the upper hand. As your feet and 
 body clear the bar, throw your legs downward, at the same time 
 giving the pole a push as you let it go, throwing the arms up. 
 This brings them clear of the bar. 
 
 PUTTING THE SHOT 
 
 While weight and strength are very important in this event, 
 yet a great deal depends on form. In getting form, learn first 
 the "reverse/' then the glide, and finally practise making the con- 
 nection between the glide and the "reverse." 
 
 In practising the "reverse," stand with left side to the front. 
 Hold the shot in the palm of the hand, grasping it with the 
 fingers and letting it rest a little on the base of fingers. Keep 
 arm close to the body, holding shot well up by the shoulder. The 
 other arm should be stretched out and up, and the body bent 
 back and down. But do not stoop too low in making the put. 
 Now quickly reverse this position, pushing the right arm out and 
 up, taking one step forward with right leg, and drawing left arm 
 and leg back. Get all the force and speed possible in this move- 
 ment. Be sure to keep the shot up and arm .close to shoulder. 
 Bring the body around before shooting the arm out. 
 
 The glide is made by taking two steps forward from rear of 
 circle, keeping left leg in front. After learning the reverse and 
 glide, it is very important to make the reverse after the glide 
 without any stop whatever. The glide is to put momentum into 
 the reverse, and if any hesitation occurs whatever, this momentum 
 is lost. 
 
 THROWING THE HAMMER 
 
 Face opposite to the direction of the throw, reaching around 
 with hammer as far as you can. Swing it around the head 
 three times, then make the first turn of the body, covering very 
 little distance. The next turn and the next are made at increas- 
 ing speed. At the end of the third turn you should be against 
 the stop board of the circle. Keep the body ahead of the hammer, 
 and stand on the toes when throwing. You will have to practise 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 19 
 
 carefully to control the direction of the throw and to stay in the 
 circle. 
 
 THE DISCUS 
 
 The throw of the discus is made in somewhat similar manner 
 to that of the hammer, but weight and strength are not so im- 
 portant as skill. The same attention must be given to getting 
 the glide and the reverse easily and smoothly, and to putting 
 ever increasing speed into the turns. You must be careful here, 
 aiso, to stay in the circle, for otherwise it is a foul. A good deal 
 of attention will have to be given to getting the proper hold on 
 the discus. Let it lie flat against the palm of the hand, spread- 
 ing the fingers out so that they grasp the outer edge. Try the 
 stationary throw until you get that down, before trying the turn; 
 
 BASEBALL THROW 
 
 A baseball throw for distance is ordinarily made after a short 
 run,, but it was thought best to require that this event in meets 
 under the direction of the Interscholastic League, should be made 
 from a seven-foot circle as in the hammer, discus, and shot events, 
 as this will call for more skill, and greater control of the body. 
 You should practise to get the right elevation. It is not a good 
 idea to throw too high; about forty-five degrees is best. It 
 is a well known fact that many of the speediest baseball pitcjiers 
 cannot throw the ball as far as some fielders who have not so much 
 speed when pitching. This shows the importance of practice. No 
 matter how strong you are, you can throw much further after 
 practising faithfully. 
 
 The baseball throw for accuracy is another good event. Fix a 
 catcher's mitt or a pad of some kind, about four feet from the 
 ground and 50 or 65 feet away. Allow three trials, as in other 
 field events, counting the best one. For touching the mitt but 
 glancing off, allow one point. For hitting the mitt squarely, allow 
 five points. If there is a tie between teams, move the line back 
 five yards and have them throw again. If there is still a tie, 
 allow one point more to the team hitting the mark squarely the 
 greatest number of times. 
 
 THREEr-LEGGED RACE 
 
 Besides being very interesting to spectators, this event calls for 
 a great deal of skill and speed. Fasten a strap to the inside 
 ankles of two runners, and join these by a loop strap three inches 
 long. Fasten a similar strap above the knees, with a connecting 
 loop two inches long. It is well to have one runner taller than 
 the other, so that he can get a good hold over his partner's 
 shoulder around his waist. Practise the start faithfully, and run 
 
20 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 just as if you were running the race alone. This event requires 
 a great deal of practice, but the improvement that will result is 
 well worth it. 
 
 POTATO BACE 
 
 This is another very interesting event, but very trying, and 
 hence should not be made long. Place four potatoes two feet 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 D 
 
 Figure No. 1. Potato Race. 
 
 apart, the first one five yards from the starting line. Each run- 
 ner must get one potato at a time and put it in the basket behind 
 the starting line, touching the line each time. A large number 
 of contestants can take part at a time, but of course each must 
 have a separate line of potatoes. There should be lanes two feet 
 wide between one contestant's line and another's, and it is a 
 foul for a contestant to step into one of these lanes. The lanes 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 21 
 
 should be three feet apart. Where there are only a few con- 
 testants, it is not necessary to have these dividing lanes. 
 
 SINGLE RELAY 
 
 This race is suitable to teams having large numbers. Like any 
 other relay race, there must he the same number in each team, 
 and each contestant runs only once. Each team is in single file 
 behind the starting line. The first runner dashes forward, touches 
 a line fifteen yards in front, returns, and touches off the next 
 runner, who runs as the first one did, and so on. The team whose 
 last runner first crosses the finish line wins. 
 
 SHUTTLE RELAY 
 
 Divide each team into two equal numbers, facing each other 15 
 yards apart. The first runner of one division runs across and 
 touches off the first one in the second division, who runs back and 
 touches off No. 2 in the first division, and so on. The team 
 whose last runner first crosses the finish line wins. 
 
 POTATO SHUTTLE RELAY 
 
 Line up as in shuttle relay, on lines 18 yards apart. On a 
 line straight from the center of each team and five yards from 
 the line, place a basket containing four potatoes. The first run- 
 ner must take these potatoes, one at a time, and place the first 
 one two yards beyond the basket, the next-two yards beyond that, 
 and so on. He then runs on and touches off the first runner in 
 the second division, who must replace the potatoes, one at a time, 
 in the basket, and touch off No. 2 in the first division, who dis- 
 tributes the potatoes again, and so on. The last runner, after re- 
 placing the potatoes in the basket, finishes in a dash across the 
 line back of the basket. This requires that the number on a team 
 be even, and not odd. 
 
 ALL-UP RELAY 
 
 Line up as in single relay. Fifteen yards in front of each line 
 are two 3-foot circles touching each other and parallel with the 
 starting line. In one circle are three Indian clubs or similar ob- 
 jects, standing upright. The first runner of a team runs for- 
 ward, moves the. clubs from one circle to the other, using only one 
 hand, and returns, touching off runner No. 2, who runs and 
 moves the clubs back to the first circle, and so on. The clubs 
 must be left upright each time. Otherwise, the runner must re- 
 turn and place them upright before touching off another runner. 
 The last runner to move the clubs finishes in a dash over the line, 
 and the one who finishes first, wins. 
 
Bull din of the University of Texas 
 
 te 
 
 ZV*K - 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 23 
 
 PASS BALL RELAY 
 
 Teams Hue up in single file parallel with each other. The one 
 in front, at the signal passes a basket ball over his head to the 
 one behind, who passes it overhead to the next one, and so on. 
 The last one in the line, on receiving the ball, rims around a fixed 
 point in front anc> hands the ball to the one in the front of the 
 line, and then takes position in front. The ball is passed back 
 as before. When the one who was in front at first is in front 
 again, the race is over. 
 
 TUG-OF-WAR 
 
 There may be a very large number on a side, but it is usually 
 best to limit the number to not more than twelve on a side. The 
 rope should be either four-and-a-half or five inches in circum- 
 ference and made of manilla. There should be a clamp fixed at 
 the middle, and the nearest contestant on either side should not 
 be nearer than three feet of this clamp. There should be another 
 clamp at the 3-foot mark on either side of the middle, to indicate 
 this point, but it must be in front of the front contestant's hand. 
 There must be no knots or other obstructions on the rope, and 
 contestants must not wrap the rope around their arms, legs, or 
 bodies, nor may they wear gloves or shields on the hands. They 
 may use adhesive substances on the hands. No weights shall be 
 worn except where teams are limited as to weight. If the re- 
 quired distance is not made by either side after five minutes, a 
 rest of two minutes shall be allowed, and if after another five- 
 minutes' pull the distance has not been made, the award shall be 
 made to the team having made the farthest pull. 
 
 CHINNING 
 
 In chinning the bar, use the reverse grasp, with back of hands 
 away from the body. Do not jerk, or swing, but pull straight 
 up, You must also let down complpetely after each pull up. 
 The bar must be high enough for you to let down full length 
 without touching the ground. In practising this event, take 
 especial care not to try more than one or two times at first, but 
 -after the first two or three days, practise several times daily. 
 Never raise the body your greatest number of times more than 
 once a week, and be careful against over-exertion. 
 
THE TRAINING OF YOUNG ATHLETES 
 
 F. L. ("TEXAS") EAMSDELL, 
 
 MARSHALL TRAINING SCHOOL, SAX ANTONIO 
 
 (Captain University of Texas Track Team, 1907; Intercollegiate Cham- 
 pion of America in 100 yards dash, 1910; Champion of Great Britain in 
 100 yards and 200 yards run, 1910 and 1911; Half-back, University of 
 Pennsylvania Football Team, 1909, 1910; Director of Outdoor Athletics, 
 Carnegie Technical Schools, Pittsburg, Pa., 1911-1912.) 
 
 BEGIN TRAINING EARLY 
 
 It is desirable to begin training for track athletics early in the 
 winter or even in the fall, for in most parts of this branch of 
 sport it takes time and patience to acquire the "form" that is 
 necessary for success. In Texas, moreover, it is generally possi- 
 ble to train out doors all the winter. In this respect Texas boys 
 have a great advantage over those in the North, for outdoor train- 
 ing, except in bad weather, is far more beneficial than that in a 
 gymnasium. 
 
 One of the most essential things for this winter training is to 
 keep colds from settling in the muscles of the young athletes, 
 especially the runners. The best way to do this is to have each 
 runner wear a heavy pair of long underdrawers while he is out 
 on the track. These should be' worn until spring, when all chance 
 for cold is gone. If a cold once gets into a runner's muscles, it 
 will give trouble for a long time and may cause a soreness that 
 will last all season. During the time the boys are wearing these 
 drawers, never let them pull them off to take starts or trials. 
 They should do their work with them on. 
 
 THE TRACK WORK 
 
 Care at the First of the Season 
 
 The trainer cannot be too careful at the first of the season, 
 especially with beginners or even with boys who have previously 
 done track work. On the first day out they will want to run 
 races among themselves and to put in every particle of energy 
 they have. As a result they frequently become sore and stiff and 
 then get discouraged because they fall into worse physical condi- 
 tion than before they began training. Then, too, they find them- 
 selves incapable of doing as well as they expected and soon con- 
 vince themselves that they can never become track athletes. At 
 first, do not let them work hard or Ions: at a time. It is neces- 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 25 
 
 sary only for them to get the dosiivd muscular action, to acquire 
 better muscular coordination. If the training is begun in the 
 spring, it is even more necessary not to let them work too hard 
 at first. Let the runners go only at about three-fourth speed, and 
 when the work begins to punish them let them slow down to a 
 jog and after getting rested go again. Be careful not to give 
 ihem too long a "work-out."' The point is never to let them work 
 down completely in practice, but to see that they reserve their 
 strength for later effort, and in the meantime acquire good mus- 
 cular coordination. If this sort of practise is given regularly you 
 will soon find them able to go a little further each day. 
 
 fl Warming Up" 
 
 In all cases a runner should spend a great deal of time in 
 warming up before a race or hard practise; and under no con- 
 sideration should be exert himself greatly unless his muscles are 
 properly, warmed and loosened up. Otherwise, he is "likely to 
 "pull" a tendon; and when once this has happened, that tendon 
 can never be depended upon again. Ninety-nine out of every 
 hundred troubles of this sort are caused by not warming up prop- 
 erly. The best way to warm up is to take easy swings up and 
 down the track, gradually letting the muscles -warm by this light 
 use, and then dance up and down on the toes, bringing the knees 
 up to the chest. The first should be practised by distance men, 
 while both should be used by sprinters. Sprinters should take 
 especial care to get properly warmed up, because the sudden and 
 strenuous exertion required of them is the most likely to' cause 
 trouble. On the day of the race have the runner go out half an 
 hour before the race especially if it is a cool day and spend 
 some ten or fifteen minutes warming up; then have him come in 
 and have his muscles well rubbed, and keep him covered up warm 
 until his race. Then, before he goes to his marks, have him 
 :spend a little time dancing about on his toes to get his muscles 
 properly loosened. When waiting at the marks before a race, never 
 keep still, keep dancing. If one stands still for a moment, the 
 muscles wil] become set and will not respond nearly as well as 
 they should. 
 
 Training tJte Runners 
 
 Trainers often make the mistake of spending too much time in 
 -coaching the sprinters to get a quick start, saying that the sprint 
 is won or lost there. That would be true only when the runners 
 are of equal speed and strength, and it may hold for a very short 
 sprint like the 50-yard dash; but it is a mistake for the standard 
 distances. A quick start is very important, but it is not nearly 
 .as important as a strong finish. Generally, the man who wins 
 
26 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 races is not the one who is first away from his holes, but the first 
 into his running, provided he has any "running," and then has 
 the strength to finish hard. Have the sprinter spend most of his 
 time in swinging along at about three-fourths speed a good fast 
 swing. He should just let his legs carry him along, running 
 smoothly, with a good stride. Have him swing anywhere from 
 100 to 250 yards, five or six times, after he once gets warmed 
 up, until it begins to "pull"; then stop, dance around a bit, and 
 go again. But all the time he should keep moving while in his 
 running clothes. Have him work out of his holes only enough 
 to keep familiar with them, and enough to connect his start 
 quickly with his running stride. 
 
 By the swings he increases his speed, endurance, and stride; 
 while the thing to work for in the starts, about one afternoon a 
 week, is to get the connection between the start and the running 
 stride as soon as possible. In the start, the main thing is the 
 concentration of mind upon the exertion of all the muscular ener- 
 gies the instant the gun is fired. 
 
 For the longer runs, I have found it best in general to work 
 a man beyond the required distance at a slightly reduced speed 
 to develop strength and endurance, and under the required dis- 
 stance at a slightly greater speed to develop speed and staying 
 ability. In the first I should say about one and one-half times 
 the distance, while in the latter, about three-fourths the distance. 
 (But in no case let your runner run until he is exhausted.) This 
 will apply generally from the quarter mile up. However, I have 
 found better results by sticking mostly to the under distance in 
 the quarter, though that depends on the style of race he is to 
 run. The style I like best in this race is to run from the shot 
 of the gun all the way that is, do not save back for a sprint at 
 the finish. The quarter is, in fact, the hardest race on the pro- 
 gram. My method for it is to start training the sprinter at the 
 gait you expect him to have to run it say, 52 seconds and tell 
 him to keep that gait until he begins to tire, then to slow down 
 to a jog. He should do this each day, after he has properly 
 warmed up. You will find that he will be able to get a little 
 farther every day, until he gets around 350 or 400 yards. Then 
 the excitement of the race will easily carry him the remaining 
 distance. 
 
 Remember never to let a boy run himself out completely except 
 in a race. In a race he is out to win, but in practice he is pre- 
 paring himself for the race and should, therefore, build up and 
 conserve his physical energy in order to accumulate a large store 
 for the great event. It is obvious that if he is , allowed to run 
 his strength out each day in practice he will not have the extra 
 t amount needed on the day of the race. Often you hear of a 
 'sprinter running a wonderful trial race a day or two before a 
 
27 
 
 meet and then not being ;vl)le to repeat it on the day when he 
 needs to. This is because he had exhausted his strength in the 
 trial race and did not have sufficient time to restore it for the 
 final race. The same is true of all athletes, the jumpers, vaulters 
 and even the weight men. Never let your man try his best for 
 the full distance of toner than once in each week. Don't let the 
 runner carry a stop-watch, nor let him see you holding a watch 
 on him. except now and then when estimating his pace. When 
 constantly used, it does more harm than good. 
 
 Till-: FIELD EVENTS 
 
 Form is required more in the field events than in the track 
 events, for, while many good runners have different styles of run- 
 ning, in the field events the regulation form is very essential. 
 Therefore, in these it is especially necessary to begin work early 
 in the year. In these, too, one should warm up gradually before 
 trying hard, -and in the jumps and pole vaults the warming up is 
 just as essential as in the sprints and practically of the same nature. 
 
 Figure No. 3. The Discus. Rl and LI indicate 
 
 first position of feet; lines show movement 
 
 to final position. Drawing of lines is 
 
 not exact. 
 
 The hammer depends on the number of turns taken. Of course^ 
 the form' is the same, only, the more turns taken the less care can 
 be taken for each turn. The turns are made as shown in diagram 
 No. 4. The left foot is kept on the ground and is slid back even 
 just as essential as in the sprints and of practically the same 
 nature. 
 
 The hammer and discus are worked on the same principle, that 
 is, the turn is. One of the most essential things in the throwing 
 of these is to keep on the ground. Do not jump up in the air 
 when turning. If so, you lose your purchase and the ground and 
 YOU have no power back of your heave. 
 
28 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 With the discus it is simply two quick swinging steps with the 
 power of legs, body, and arm back of the throw when turned loose, 
 with the right after each turn. On the beginning of the turns 
 the hammer is ahead of the man pulling him around, but in mak- 
 ing the swing around the man gets ahead of the hammer, and it 
 again passes him about the time he slides the left foot back. So 
 the hammer and man pass each other twice in making each turn. 
 
 The best way to get both the hammer and discus is to study it 
 out for yourself. It will soon become clear to you. 
 
 Jn turning the hammer loose always throw it over your 
 shoulder and never under, as the required elevation cannot be got 
 from below your shoulders. An elevation of about 45 degrees is 
 what you should work for in 'all the weight events. The essen- 
 tial thing in the shot put is the simultaneous drive from leg, body, 
 and arms. In the pole vault it is to get the slide; in the high 
 jump, the kick and turn as the jumper rises above the bar. 
 
 Figure No. 4. The Hammer Throw. Rl and LI show 
 first position of right foot and left foot. Lines show- 
 ing motion of right foot should swing wider. 
 
 In starting off with a beginner it is a good thing to put a short 
 handle on the hammer until he gets the required form, then grad- 
 ually extend it to the proper length. Dont let a boy become dis- 
 couraged because he does not do well at first. It usually takes a 
 long time for a man to become a good vaulter or hammer thrower. 
 
 One of the most necessary things -for the trainer to do is to 
 make a study of the habits and disposition of each individual he 
 is tndng to train. You rarely find two persons of exactly the 
 same temperament, and, therefore, the work that suits one may 
 not suit the other at all. A nervous, high strung boy should 
 never be made to do the same amount of work as a slow, phleg- 
 matic one. Sometimes you will see a trainer trying to make a 
 whole squad of young fellows do the same kind and amount of 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 29 
 
 work and wondering why some of them progress and others be- 
 come stale. Always watch the men carefully and give them the 
 work they seem to require. Always fit the work to suit the in- 
 dividual and never, under any circumstances, try to make the in- 
 dividual fit the work. The central dominating purpose in the 
 training is to work to get the athlete into the best physical condi- 
 tion possible at the time of the contest not a week before or a week 
 after, but on the day. It takes an experienced man to do that, 
 and often he goes wrong. All will agree that for an athlete to 
 put forth his best efforts, he must be in his best condition. It is 
 in bringing about this condition that the trainers differ. 
 
 The hardest problem that confronts the trainer is to keep his 
 men in ..condition after he once gets them there. It is impossi- 
 ble for a man to keep on a keen edge for a race any great length 
 of time, therefore most trainers like to have a particular contest 
 before them to work towards, and then try to bring the men into 
 condition gradually so that they will be in the best of condi- 
 tion on the day of the meet, This is where the trainer must 
 use judgment and common sense and exercise restraint. Often 
 a man runs a good race in a preliminary meet a few weeks before 
 the big event and then "goes back" before the real race comes off. 
 That means that he has become stale. He did too much work 
 and trained himself to too fine a point It is better, when the 
 great event of the season is at the close, to lose the early meets 
 than to over-train your men for them and run the risk of having 
 them stale at the time of the great contest. 
 
 As to dieting, a subject that seems to trouble a great many, 
 the best general rule is for each young athlete to study his own 
 condition and find out what agrees with him and what does not. 
 Then he should eat what agrees with him and let the other things 
 alone. No one can be at his best unless he has his stomach in 
 good condition. He can eat almost any good wholesome food dur- 
 ing the greater part of the reason, but should be very careful 
 what he eats for a few days before the race. I have known train- 
 ers who would not let their men eat the ordinary meal before the 
 race. That, I think, is a mistaken idea. I have always eaten 
 before my own races; but I was very careful what I ate, and 
 always ate it at least two or three hours before the race. 
 
 Never let the athlete use stimulants of any kind nor eat pies 
 or any kind of pastry, coffee, greasy meats, biscuits or hot cakes 
 while training. Everybody knows the harmful effects of stimu- 
 lants. The other things are hard to digest, and, by, remaining as 
 a load in the stomach, tend to reduce the strength of the athlete, 
 keeping him out of "condition." 
 
 A great many boys think that they should be in condition after 
 training for two or three weeks. At the best this is impossible, 
 for it takes more time than that to bring about the proper mus- 
 
SO Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 collar development; and when boys have been going along for 
 forty-nine or fifty weeks in a year, smoking and otherwise violat- 
 ing training rules., it is absolutely absurd to think they can get 
 the effects all out of their system and be strong in a couple of 
 weeks. To be an athlete one should take the best care of himself 
 all of the time. The better care he takes during the winter, the 
 better and quicker he will find his form in the spring. 
 
 You sometimes hear doctors condemn athletics as injurious,, say- 
 ing that it causes the heart to become enlarged, and, in after years, 
 fat and flabby. This is true in lots of cases, but it is not the 
 athletics that hurts, it is the sudden change from training to 
 "breaking, training." The man who lives a good, moderate and 
 clean life the year round is not hurt by athletics. The man who^ 
 has the fat and enlarged heart is the one who breaks training 
 after football and track season by getting on- a spree for a. few 
 days.' It has been clearly proven that a properly trained and 
 clean-living athlete will not be bothered with an enlarged heart. 
 So if you lead a clean, consistent life, don't be afraid; athletics 
 won't bother your heart, but will strengthen it. 
 
COMPETITIVE GAMES 
 
 Only a few of the many good games can be mentioned here. 
 Do not try too many, but concentrate upon several live teams in 
 one game. Emphasize as much as possible those games that call 
 for large numbers of players. It is better to teach one game well, 
 and get it well rooted at a school, than to make spasmodic at- 
 tempts at half a dozen. 
 
 VOLLEY BALL 
 
 This game is becoming very popular, and rightly so. It is the 
 best of exercise for students who have spent hours seated at desks 
 with shoulders bent, or for other classes of people who get little 
 exercise of the arms, chest, and back. It may be played on courts 
 of every size, and by any number on a side. The standard court 
 is 25 feet by 50 feet, with a net 27 feet long and 7 feet 6 inches 
 high at the middle, stretched across the middle of the court 
 parallel with the ends, and attached to posts 1 foot from the sides. 
 Enlarge the court to suit large numbers of players. The ball is 
 of rubber, from 25 inches to 27 inches in circumference, and from' 
 9 to 12 ounces in weight, It costs from $2.50 to $4.00. The 
 server stands with one foot on the back line. He bats the ball 
 with open hand over the net into any part of the other court. A 
 server may have .two trials if the ball hits the net and rolls over 
 into the court. If it does not go into the other court he loses his 
 serve. A server continues to serve until he is retired by his fail- 
 ure to serve properly or the failure of his side to return properly. 
 If the other side fails to return properly, it counts one point for 
 the server's side. Twenty-one points make a game. 
 
 A service that would strike the net may be hit by another of 
 the server's side and if it falls over the net in the other court it 
 is a good, service. 
 
 To be returned, a ball must be hit by a player's hand or hands 
 before touching the ground, and knocked over the net with or 
 without touching it, into the other court. You must not allow 
 the ball to touch your body, and you must not touch the net with 
 your arms or body. You must not hit the ball twice before an- 
 other of your side has hit it, but after the ball has been hit by 
 another of your side, you may hit it and. knock it over. Players 
 on a side take their turns in serving. 
 
 A good player wil cover a certain part of his court, and work 
 with his team-mates. He will strike the ball with both hands, 
 and pass to his team-mate at proper times. He will watch for 
 uncovered spots in the other court, and try to put the ball there. 
 
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Physical Training and Athletics 
 
 33 
 
 END BALL 
 
 This is a fine game for large numbers as a preparation for 
 captain ball or basketball. It is especially good for girls. 
 
 Use .a basketball. The court is 30 feet square, but may be 
 larger to suit the number of players. Divide court into two equal 
 parts, and draw a line parallel with center line, and 3 feet from 
 each end line. In this end space put one-third of a team, and 
 the other two-thirds on opposite side of center line. The ball is 
 tossed up by official between two "guards" at the center. The 
 one touching it first gets a free throw. The object is to throw 
 the ball over the heads of opponents to one's end players in the 
 end space. Every time a ball is caught by an end player, it 
 counts one point. A game lasts twenty minutes, divided into two 
 ten-minute halves, with a three- or five-minute rest between. 
 
 It is a foul to allow a ball to roll into opponent's territory, to 
 push, pull, or otherwise play roughly. On a foul, the opposing 
 team gets a free throw, and when ball rolls into opponent's ter- 
 ritory, it counts one point for opponents. If ball goes out of 
 bounds, the pkwer on whose side it went out may return it to a 
 team-mate on opposite side of court. 
 
 CAPTAIN BALL 
 
 This game is played with a basketball, and there may be from 
 ten to sixteen players on a side. Have a 3-foot -strip dividing 
 
 Figure No. 6. Captain Ball. 
 
 ground into equal parts. On each side, in a semicircle, arrange 
 bases 2 feet in diameter, 6 feet apart, the nearest being at least 
 
34 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 6 feet from the central strip, and a captain's 'base being inside 
 each string- of outer bases, at least 10 feet from them. A base- 
 man stands in each outer base, with the captain in the inside base. 
 On the outside of each base is a guard of the opposing team. The 
 referee tosses up the ball in the neutral strip between two guards. 
 The first to catch it with both hands has the throw. The object 
 is to pass the ball to one's basemen. Each time it is caught by a 
 baseman after a throw from another of that team's basemen, ex- 
 cept the captain, it counts one point, and each foul counts one- 
 point for the other side. If the captain catches the ball after a 
 catch by each baseman in succession, it counts two points, and it 
 also counts two extra points when all the outer basemen have 
 caught the ball in the same play. 
 
 A catch by a captain from an outer baseman scores. 
 
 A catch from the captain does not score. 
 
 A second catch by the same baseman in the same play does not 
 score. 
 
 It is a foul (a) to take more than one step with ball; (b) to" 
 hold it longer than 3 seconds; (c) to touch it while held by an 
 opponent; (d) to touch or trip an opponent; (e) for guards to 
 step into neutral or opponent's territory; (f)'for guards to step 
 into a base; (g) for a baseman to step out of his base with both 
 feet at a time. 
 
 BASKETBALL 
 
 The rules for basketball are too many to give here. They may 
 be found in No. 7 of Group VII, Spalding's Athletic Library, 
 price 10 cents. Some general points in playing the game are : 
 
 (1) Keep in the game every minute, and be quick in thought, 
 as well as in action. 
 
 (2) Use team work. Do not try too long throws, but pass 
 the ball to your team-mate. Work for the success of the team. 
 
 (3) Play fairly, and do not be too rough. 
 
 (4) Do not run or walk with the ball. 
 
 (5) Practise to be accurate as well as quick. 
 
 (6) Warm up before a game. 
 
 (7) Learn the rules, and jplay by them.- Do not complain 
 of officials. 
 
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BOYS' AND GIRLS' BASKETBALL 
 
 (1) Boys are allowed to run all over the court, and the field 
 is not divided into three courts. The number of players for boys 
 is five on a side; for girls, five, six, seven, or nine on a side. 
 
 (2) Length of halves is greater for boys. 
 
 (3) Rules for out-of-bounds and fouls as to guarding are not 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 
 
 35 
 
 as strict for boys, thus making the game much more strenuous for 
 them, than for girls. 
 
 The basketball rules for girls are found in Group VII, No. 7A 
 of the Spalding Athletic Library. 
 
 BOUNDARY BALL 
 
 Played with a Basketball. 
 
 Boundary ball is good training for basketball. It may be played 
 by from six to fifty on a side. Divide the field into two equal 
 parts. Place a team in parallel lines in each half of the field, the 
 front line being 10 feet back of center line. 
 
 One player stands on his front line and starts game by trying 
 to throw ball so that it will fall to the ground beyond the op- 
 ponents' rear boundary line. The opponents may move up and 
 down field to prevent this or to catch the ball. Where it is caught, 
 that team lines up there and back of the spot where ball was 
 caught, and the player tries to throw the ball back over the rear 
 line of opponents. Each time ball falls over opponent's rear 
 boundary line, it counts one point, and a game is five points. It 
 is a foul to go into opponent's territory or beyond one's rear 
 boundary line. On a foul, ball goes to opponents for a throw, 
 
 CORNER BALL 
 
 Played by a basketball, with from six to fifty on a side. Di- 
 vide field into two equal parts, and in rear corners mark off 
 
 J 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 6 O 
 
 
 
 6 o 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 Figure No. 7. Corner Ball. 
 
36 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 goals 4 feet square. Players stand at even distances over field, 
 one team one each side of center line, except that a goal man is 
 in each goal at rear of opponent's field. The ball is started as 
 in end ball, by a player at center. Each side tries to throw ball 
 over opponents to the goal men. Each time such a ball is caught 
 by a goal man, it is 1 point, and a game equals 21 points. When 
 he catches the ball the goal man tries to throw it back to his side 
 for another attempt, and the other side tries to interrupt the 
 throw. It is a foul to step outside of one's goal or for another 
 player to step into his opponent's goal. On a foul, the ball goes 
 to the other side for a throw from the center. 
 
 You must not run with the ball. Have team work. Do not 
 throw too far, but pass to team-mates. Do not bunch up. Make 
 your throws high and well aimed. 
 
 PASS AND GOAL BALL 
 
 This is a most excellent game, combining as it does the three 
 features of speed, accuracy, ' and interest. Another advantage is 
 that a, large number may take part. 
 
 Each team has a basketball and- basketball goal. Each team 
 lines up in single file back of its goal, with nearest man 6 feet 
 from the goal, and the players at equal distances apart. The ball 
 is passed from the player farthest from the goal to the next man, 
 and so on until it reaches the one nearest the goal, who tries to 
 throw the ball in the basket, and keeps trying till he succeeds. 
 He then runs to the rear of the line, and passes the ball to the 
 next man, who passes it to the next, and so on, each man having 
 moved up one place. When the last player has made the goal and 
 raced back to the rear of the line, the game is over, and the side 
 which finished first, wins. 
 
 FOOTBALL 
 
 It is unnecessary in this Bulletin to discuss the rules of football, 
 or to give hints on the game, as it cannot be learned except under 
 a coach who already knows the game well. It is a game full of 
 good features, and one also attended with grave dangers when not 
 handled properly. One great objection to football as a school 
 game comes from the keen rivalry and the anxiety to win, which 
 is liable to lead teachers as well as students to give too much time 
 to it, to resort to questionable means in order to win, and to 
 harbor suspicions and ill-feeling against opposing teams. There 
 is really no necessity for such a state of affairs, and teachers and 
 students alike are appealed to, to unite in an effort to raise this 
 fine game above the reproaches to which it is sometimes subjected 
 because of the over-zealous efforts to win. Let us keep always 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 37 
 
 uppermost in our minds the determination to play fairly and to 
 have respect for officials. Always have a thorough understanding 
 with opposing teams as to terms and rules before the game, and 
 then when it is over abide by the result. Always let the visiting 
 team be treated as guests, both before and after the game. See 
 that every precaution is taken to keep the field clear of spectators, 
 and let coaches impress upon their players the principles of clean 
 playing. Whenever it is necessary to 'go outside of the school 
 faculty to get a coach, let him and the principal have a thorough 
 understanding as to the conduct of players, time of practice, eligi- 
 bility list, and schedule. Let the arrangement with other teams 
 always be between faculty managers and not students, and let 
 these arrangements be made as far ahead as possible. Do not 
 schedule more than six or eight games with other schools during 
 a season. Encourage class games. In the cities there could be 
 a series of games among the ward schools. 
 
 Extra precaution must be taken against over-exertion, especiallly 
 l.y younger boys and by those who have been injured. No boy 
 should be allowed in a football game who is not of high vitality 
 and free from constitutional weakness, and in every case a player 
 who has been injured should be compelled to leave the game. 
 Strict insistence should be made upon scholastic standards on the 
 part of high school players. Not only will this help the school 
 studies, but it will help to keep down professionalism. , 
 
 Much will be accomplished for the game of football as a school 
 sport, when schools throughout the State observe uniform and strict 
 eligibility rules. To stimulate interest in the matter, teams were 
 invited to compete for a final championship game in 1913, played 
 at the University of Texas. At the State Teachers' Association in 
 Dallas, on November 29, 1913, an Athletic Council was created to 
 draw up a detailed plan for football, baseball, and other contests 
 not provided for in the Constitution and Eules of the University 
 Interscholastic League. This council is composed of five repre- 
 sentatives of high schools, and the University director of inter- 
 scholastic athletics. Since the council has not yet taken action, 
 its recommendations can not be included in this Bulletin. 
 
 BASEBALL 
 
 This most popular of all games requires, as does football, the 
 very closest supervision. It is not so strenuous as football, but 
 the love of it is likely to lead to neglect of study or home work, 
 and the eagerness to win too often overcomes the sense of fair 
 play and the spirit of good will towards opponents. To remedy 
 this, try to make interclass games popular, .and do not give all the 
 time to training a single winning team. 
 
Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 TENNIS 
 
 This is deservedly a most popular game, with old and young 
 alike. It affords plenty of exercise without being too strenuous. 
 ': is a scientific game, and requires constant practise to make per- 
 fect. A successful tennis player must have speed, accuracy, and 
 must be able to act and to think quickly. In doubles, he must 
 also be able to play with his partner; i. e., he must develop team 
 work. The greatest difficulty with tennis as a school game is, 
 that only a very few can play at a time. The tennis rules are 
 found m No. 4, Spalding's Athletic Library. 
 
ATHLETICS FOR GIRLS 
 
 Until recently, little attention was given to athletics for girls. 
 But we recognize now the truth that girls' athletics are equally 
 important with athletics for boys, although for somewhat differ- 
 ent reasons. A boy's athletics afford an outlet for his inherited 
 fighting instinct, and must be more or less violent and the rivalry 
 keen. But for girls it is not the case. Great harm has been done 
 to girls' athletics by making them merely an imitation of boys' 
 athletics. For girls, no events should be included that call for 
 violent effort or great endurance. Interclass contests are prefer- 
 able to inter-school contests. Team games are better than indi- 
 vidual rivalry, and games in which large numbers can take part 
 are most to be encouraged. Aside irom the folk dances and sing- 
 ing games which should occupy a prominent part on the program, 
 the following is suggested as a suitable list of events for a girls' 
 .athletic meet : 
 
 Fifth and Sixth Grades 
 
 Thirty-yard and fifty -yard dash. 
 
 Walking with hands suspended from horizontal ladder. 
 
 Relay race (each girl running 30 yards). 
 
 Shuttle relay. 
 
 Potato relay. 
 
 Seventh Grade 
 
 Fifty-yard and sixty-vard dash. 
 
 Volley ball. 
 
 Potato race. 
 
 Basketball throw. 
 
 Walking with hands suspended from horizontal ladder. 
 
 Relay race (each running 30 yards). 
 
 Basketball. 
 
 Bean bag target toss. 
 
 Potato shuttle relay. 
 
 Eighth and Ninth Grades 
 Knd ball. 
 Volley ball. 
 Pass ball relay. 
 Pass and goal ball. 
 Basketball throw. 
 Basketball. 
 Tennis. 
 
40 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 Tenth and Eleventh Grades 
 Volley ball. 
 Pass ball relay. 
 All-up relay. 
 Shuttle relay. 
 Easketball throw. 
 Corner ball or end ball. 
 Pass and goal ball. 
 Captain ball. 
 Tennis. 
 
GROUP-AVERAGE CONTESTS 
 
 These contests are for the purpose of getting the entire body 
 of students to take part in games and athletics. Since they reach 
 those students who need attention most, such contests should re- 
 ceive every encouragement from the teacher. 
 
 The groups may be on basis of school, grade, age, weight, or 
 height. Where there is competition among several schools for the 
 highest school average, it may not be necessary to make any di- 
 vision as to weight, class, etc., if the schools are anything like the 
 same size and kind. 
 
 At least 80 per cent of a group should be required to take part 
 in each event selected. The average is found by adding the total 
 number of points made in each event, dividing this by the number 
 taking part or by 80 per cent of the group where less than 80 per 
 c-'ent take part, and then dividing the sum of averages in the vari- 
 ous events by the number of events. ^The result would be the all- 
 round class or school average. 
 
 There may be competition between classes in a school, or be- 
 tween different schools as to highest average made by any one 
 class. For instance, there may be a contest between the sixth 
 and seventh grades in a school for the highest average, giving a 
 slight handicap in favor of the sixth grade, or in favor of all in 
 either grade who are below a certain weight or height. There 
 may be contests between all the high school grades on the same 
 basis. Several schools may compete for the highest average made 
 by some particular grade, or by a particular weight or height 
 class. 
 
 A plan for a county-wide contest in this most desirable form of 
 athletics was first worked out by Mr. E. L. Allen and adopted by 
 the schools of Westchester county, N. Y., in 1910. So successful 
 did it prove and so obvious were its good points that county 
 schools in various parts of the country have recently adopted it. 
 A description of the plan mentioned may be had from the Y. M. 
 C. A. Press, at 124 East Twenty-eigth Street New York, for 10 
 cents. 
 
 The plan mentioned above is for boys only. Below is given a 
 modified form of the plan, made simpler by reducing the five 
 weight classes to three and containing a Girls' Division. A num- 
 ber of schools in Van Zandt county, Texas, and in various other 
 parts of the State, have organized for these contests during 1913-4. 
 
 CLASS ATHLETICS FOR HIGHEST AVERAGE STANDING IN A COUNTY 
 
 General Rules 
 
 1. Eligibility. Every boy weighing 60 pounds and every girl 
 9 years old or over are eligible, unless pronounced by teacher or 
 
42 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 physician to be physically unfit, or unless written objection is made 
 by the parent. 
 
 2. Every eligible pupil competes in each event. 
 
 3. The record in each event is found by dividing the total 
 number of points made by all pupils in a class by the number tak- 
 ing part or by the number of eligibles. If the number of eligibles 
 is less than 80 per cent of the class, divide by the number repre- 
 senting 8'0 per cent of the class. 
 
 4. The records for all events, for a class, is found by dividing 
 the sum of records in the various events, by the number of events, 
 or by four for boys and three for girls. The school record for 
 Boys 7 or Girls' Division, is found by dividing the sum of the 
 records of the three classes of a division by three. The All-Bound 
 School Record is found by averaging the records of Boys 7 and 
 Girls' Divisions. 
 
 5. For boys, there are three weight classes, as follows : 100-lb. 
 class, or all weighing 60 Ibs. and not over 100 Ibs. 125-lb. class, 
 or all weighing over 100 lf!s. and not over 125 Ibs. Unlimited 
 class, or all weighing over 125 Ibs. 
 
 6. For girls, there are three classes according to age, as fol- 
 lows: 12-year class, or all 9 years old and not 13. 14-year class, 
 or all 13 years old and not 15. Unlimited class, or all 15 and over. 
 
 7. A boy is weighed on the day of the first event. He must be 
 weighed by the teacher, and must be in his shirt sleeves and with 
 shoes on. A girl's class is determined by her age on the day of 
 the first event. 
 
 8. There are four events for boys and three for girls. The 
 first event in each division must be held by January 24, and the 
 last event by March 22. Xo two events for one division must be 
 held nearer together than two weeks. 
 
 9. After each event is held, the teacher must -send promptly to 
 the office of the Director a complete record of the event, according 
 to forms furnished by him. 
 
 10. Each contestant scoring 50 points in each event will be 
 placed in the Honor List as being up to the average all-round 
 athlete standard, and each boy or girl who scores 100 points in 
 each event will be placed in the 100-Point Class and presented 
 with an appropriate badge for the actual cost of the badge, which 
 will not be more than 15 cents. 
 
 11. A complete record of each contestant will be preserved, 
 and his or her ranking with all the contestants of the county will 
 be made. 
 
 12. Championships. (1) The weight- or age-cla<ss having 
 highest ranking in a school is Weight- or Age-Class Champion of 
 the School. 
 
 (2) The weight-or age-class having highest ranking of all 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 43 
 
 schools in the same weight- or age-class will be Weight- or Age- 
 Class Champion of the County for that weight- or age class. 
 
 (3) The weight- or -age-class having highest ranking of all 
 weight- or age-classes of all schools will be All-Round-Weight- or 
 Age Class Champion of the County. 
 
 (4) ' The school having highest ranking in Boys' or Girls' Di- 
 vision, of all schools in the county, will be School Champion of 
 the County in that division. 
 
 (5) The school having highest average ranking in both di- 
 visions will be Ail-Round School Champion of the County. 
 
 (6) The individual having highest standing in the school in 
 his or her division will be Individual Champion of the School for 
 that division. 
 
 (7) The individual having highest standing in his class in the 
 county will be individual champion of the county for that class. 
 
 (8) The individual having highest standing in the county for 
 all classes will be All-Round Individual Champion of the County. 
 
 BOYS' DIVISION 
 Events and basis of scoring are given below : 
 
 100-lb. Class Honor 
 
 Points. Standard. 100 Points. 
 
 Standing broad jump 3 ft. 11 in. 6 ft. 8 ft. 1 in. 
 
 80-yd. dash 14 sec. 12 sec. 10 sec. 
 
 Chinning 3 times 7 times 11 times 
 
 Baseball throw 100 ft. 150 ft. 200 ft. 
 
 125 Ib. Class- 
 Standing broad jump 4 ft. 8 in. 6 ft. 6 in. 8 ft, 10 in. 
 
 100-yd. dash 15f sec. 13f sec. llf sec. 
 
 Chinning 4 times 8 times 12 times 
 
 Running broad jump 8 ft. 6 in. 12 ft. 8 in. 16 ft. 10 in. 
 
 Unlimited Class 
 
 Standing broad jump 5 ft, 5 in. 7 ft. 6 in. 9 ft, 7 in. 
 
 100-yd. dash 14 sec. 12 sec. 10 sec. 
 
 Running high jump 3 ft. 3-J in. 4 ft. 4 in. 5 ft. 4-J in. 
 
 Putting 8-lb. shot ' 22 ft. 6 in. 35 ft. 47 ft. 6 in. 
 
 Points shall be scored as follows : 
 
 Dashes, for each J sec. better than minimum. .' 5 pts. 
 
 Standing broad jump, for each J in. better than minimum. .1 pt. 
 
 Chinning, for each time better than minimum 12^ pts. 
 
 Running broad jump, for each inch better than minimum ... 1 pt. 
 Running high jump, for each in. better than minimum ... 1 pt. 
 Putting 8-lb. shot, for each 3 inches better than minimum. .1 pt. 
 Baseball throw, for each foot better than minimum 1 pt. 
 
44 Bulletin of tlie University of Texas 
 
 RULES GOVERNING THE EVENTS 
 
 The regular rules in the Constitution and Eules of the Univer- 
 sity Interscholastic' League will govern the events in this contest, 
 except as modified by the following: 
 
 (1) A stop-watch must be used in the running events. Where 
 only one stop-watch is used., each contestant must run alone. 
 
 (2) In the running high jump, a string or rope must not be 
 used in place of a cross bar. 
 
 (3) Baseball Throw. Two lines are made, a throwing line 
 and another 15 feet back. A boy may start at the back line 
 and run to the throwing line. He must not step over the line in 
 throwing. Only a Spalding or Beach regulation ball is allowed. 
 
 GIRLS' DIVISION 
 The events with basis of scoring are as follows: 
 
 12-Yr. Class Honor 
 
 Points. Standard. 100 Points. 
 
 Basketball throw 12ft. 22ft. 32ft. 
 
 Potato race 45 sec. 43 sec'. 41 sec. 
 
 Standing broad jump 3 ft. 8 in. 5 ft, 9 in. 7 ft, 10 in. 
 
 14- Yr Class- 
 Basketball throw 18ft. 28ft. 38ft, 
 
 Potato race 42 sec. 40 sec. 38 sec. 
 
 All-up Indian club race 32 sec. 30 sec. 28 sec. 
 
 Unlimited Class 
 
 Basketball throw 24 ft. 34 ft. 44 ft. 
 
 All-up Indian club race 30f sec. 28f sec. 26f sec. 
 
 Bean bag target toss 30 points in 65 points 100 points in 
 
 If minutes, in same time, same time. 
 
 Points shall be scored as follows : 
 
 Basketball throw, for each foot better than minimum 5 pts. 
 
 Potato race, for each J sec. better than minimum 5 pts. 
 
 All-up Indian club race, for each sec. better than minimum . 5 pts. 
 Standing broad jump, for each J in. better than minimum . . 1 pt. 
 
 Bean bag target toss, for each toss give points as per description 
 given below. Give no points for a score of not over 30 in the 
 time limit of If minutes. 
 
 RULES GOVERNING THE EVENTS 
 
 1. Baselcet ball Throw. A girl must stand back of the throw- 
 ing line and throw with one hand. She must not run before the 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 45 
 
 throw. She must not step over the line in throwing; to do so is 
 a trial without result. Three trials are allowed. 
 
 (2) Potato Race. At one end of a line 20 yards long, place 
 a basket containing three potatoes. Draw three 2-foot circles at 
 intervals of 5 yards along this line, the nearest one being 5 yards 
 .from the basket. At the opposite end of the line from the basket 
 is the starting line. The -circle nearest to starting line is No. 1, 
 the next No. 2, and the next No. 3. A girl starts at the starting 
 line, runs to the basket, gets one potato and places it in circle 
 
 Figure No. 8. Potato Race. 
 
 No. 1. She then gets another and places it in circle No. 2, and 
 then places the third potato in circle No. 3, passing between basket 
 and starting line each time. She then runs to starting line, and 
 returns and replaces potato No. 1 in the basket, then No. 2, then 
 No. 3, passing around the basket each time. She then finishes in 
 a dash across the starting line. Only one trial allowed. 
 
 3. All-up Indian Club Race. Two tangent circles, each 3 feet 
 in diameter, are 30 feet in front of starting line. In one circle 
 are three 1-lb. model BS Indian clubs, upright. A girl runs from 
 starting line, and transfers clubs to the other circle, using only 
 one hand. She returns to the starting line, then makes two more 
 trips, transferring clubs each time. The clubs must be left up- 
 right each time. She then finishes in a dash across the starting 
 line. One trial allowed. 
 
 4. Bean Bag Target Toss. Draw on the ground three concen- 
 tric circles, with diameters of 2 feet, 4 feet, and 6 feet, respec- 
 tively. A girl stands back of a line 10 feet from outer circle, 
 and tosses a bean bag 6 inches square and containing -J-lb. of 
 beans. If the bag falls .within the inner circle, it counts 15 
 points ; if between the inner and middle circle, it counts 10 points, 
 and if between middle and outer circle it counts 5 points. Only 
 1J minutes are allowed each contestant. After each throw a girl 
 must run and pick up her bag and return to throwing line. Two 
 trials are allowed. 
 
 HOW TO PROCEED 
 
 After enrolling your school for the contest, provide the 
 an- things, such as stop-watch, measuring tape, jumping pit, 
 
 1. 
 
 necessary 
 basketball, shot, etc. 
 
 2. Make a short talk to the pupils, explaining the contests. 
 
 3. Get prizes offered for the winning classes and individuals. 
 
46 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 4. Weigh the boys so as to give them an idea of what class 
 they will be in. Classify the girls by age. 
 
 5. Appoint leaders of the various classes. 
 
 6. Hold preliminary contests to let the pupils know what they 
 can do. 
 
 7. Provide the following blanks, either from the county di- 
 rector, or the State director: 
 
 (a) Individual Record Cards. 
 
 (b) School Report. 
 
 (c) Detailed School Record. 
 
 8. On the day of the contest, weigh each boy and assign to 
 proper class. 
 
 9. Give list of eligibles in each class and list of those ex- 
 cused. 
 
 10. In holding the test, be very careful to be as accurate as 
 possible. Record each pupil's effort. 
 
 11. Make out complete report of the test as per forms sup- 
 plied, and send to the Secretary or Director promptly. 
 
 OTHER EVENTS FOR CLASS-AVERAGE CONTESTS 
 
 Where there are several grades or classes in the same school, 
 or several wards in a city or town, competitive games may be used 
 for class-average contests. Some such games, in which large num- 
 bers majr take part, are: End ball, corner ball, all-up relay, pass 
 ball relay, shuttle relay, potato shuttle relay, single relay, volley 
 Kail, tug-of-war, pass and goal ball. 
 
 Sometimes, in order to stimulate interest, it is desirable to 
 have a somewhat different method of finding the class standing 
 than that described above, where competitive games are used. For 
 instance, in such contests as the relays mentioned above, it may 
 be desirable to allow 10 points to the winning class in a dual 
 contest, and require three games to be played by each class. If 
 a class wins three games, its average standing is 30. If a class 
 does not win a game, its class standing is zero. This method is 
 simpler than others, but not quite as satisfactory in determining 
 the real amount of proficiency shown by each class. 
 
 In volley ball, large classes may be* divided and opposing sec- 
 tions in two classes paired off by lot, each side being entitled to 
 all the points it makes, and the winner being given five additional 
 points. Basketball may be used in the same way, as also end 
 ball, corner ball, and captain ball. 
 
ATHLETIC BADGE TEST FOR BOYS 
 
 To encourage the boys of ordinary or undeveloped physical 
 powers to practise to attain greater all-round efficiency, the Play- 
 ground Association of America recently adopted a standard for 
 three different stages of development,, and offered a suitable badge 
 to every boy in the United States who would -qualify in one of 
 these three classes. Below is given a similar plan, and any boy 
 or girl in any school that is a member of the University Inter- 
 scholastic League may obtain one or more of the three badges 
 upon qualifying for the same. 
 
 Class A 
 
 Chinning, 4 times. 
 
 Standing broad jump, 5 feet 9 inches. 
 Sixty-yard dash, 9 seconds. 
 
 Class B 
 
 Chinning, 6 times. 
 
 Standing broad jump, 6 feet 6 inches. 
 One-hundred-yard dash, 14 seconds. 
 
 Class C 
 
 Chinning, 9 times. 
 Kuning high jump, 4 feet 4 inches. 
 Two-hundred-twenty-yard run, 28 seconds. 
 
 Provisions as to the Badge Tests. (1) To secure one of the 
 badges, a boy must be in regular attendance at a school in the 
 Universit}- Interscholastic League. (2) He must qualify in all 
 three events in a class. (3) The tests must be made under the 
 direction of the teacher. (4) The teacher must certify to the 
 University Director of Interscholastic Athletics that the boy has 
 qualified for the badge applied for according to the requirements. 
 (5) For chinning, the rules governing that event found elsewhere 
 in this Bulletin must be observed; so also in the broad and high 
 jumps. Only one trial shall be allowed in chinning, one in the 
 running events, and three in the jumps. (6) . In the running 
 o vents, a stop-watch must be used. (7) Only one badge may be 
 obtained by the same boy in any one year. 
 
 The Badges. On qualifying in any one of the three classes, a 
 boy may secure from the Executive Committee of the University 
 Interscholastic League a bronze badge with suitable inscription, 
 by payment of 15 cents to cover the actual cost of making it. 
 All the badges are of bronze, but of different design. They are 
 
48 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 inexpensive, but neat, and represent physical attainment, and not 
 money value. Each school in which pupils win these badges will 
 receive a certificate of the same, containing the names of such 
 pupils, and this can be hung upon the school wall. 
 
 ATHLETIC BADGE TEST FOR GIRLS 
 
 The Executive Committee of the Interscholastic League also 
 offers similar bronze badges to every girl in a school in the League, 
 under the same general provisions stated for the Boys' Athletic 
 Badge Test, except that the events, with the standard in each, 
 are as follows : 
 
 Class A 
 
 Potato race, 42 seconds. 
 
 All-up Indian club race, 30 seconds. 
 
 Bean bag target toss, 100 points in 2 minutes. 
 
 Class B 
 
 Potato race, 39 seconds. 
 Basketball throw, 36 feet. 
 Balancing, with bean bag on head, 24 feet, 
 
 Class C 
 
 All-up Indian club race, 26 seconds. 
 
 Bean bag target toss, 150 points, 2 minutes. 
 
 Basketball throw, 42 feet. 
 
 Special rules for the Girls' Athletic Badge Test are : 
 
 (1) The rules governing the potato race, basketball throw, 
 all-up Indian club race and bean bag target toss that are given 
 under Class Athletics, Girls' Division, pp. 44-45 of this Bulletin, 
 shall also govern in this Badge Test. 
 
 (2) A beam or piece of timber 2 feet wide and 12 feet long 
 is used. A girl must, with bean bag on her head, start at the 
 center, walk forward to the end, then without turning she must 
 walk backward to the center; then she must turn and walk for- 
 ward to the end, then turn and walk to the center. Only two 
 trials are allowed. The bag must not be touched by the hand. 
 
A FEW DEFINITIONS 
 
 (1) Amateur and Professional. Briefly, an amateur is one 
 who takes part in athletic contests for the love of them, or for 
 the benefit, physically, or otherwise, to be derived. 
 
 A professional is one who competes in athletics for a living. 
 
 In order to protect and encourage amateur sport, the Amateur 
 Athletic Union and similar organizations have drawn very strict 
 lines between an amateur and a professional, and as a rule those 
 who enter contests under the direction of amateur organizations 
 are forbidden to compete with professionals. An amateur becomes 
 a professional when he competes for money or for a prize of more 
 than $35.00 in value, when he becomes connected with a pro- 
 fessional club, or when he competes with or against professionals. 
 The detailed rules on this point are found on pages 98 and 99 of 
 No. 12A of the Spalding Athletic Library. 
 
 (2) Novice. A novice is one who has never won a prize of 
 any kind in an athletic contest. 
 
 (3) Handicap and Scratch. A scratch race or contest is one 
 in which all contestants have the same chance. In a scratch race, 
 all start from the same line and at the same time. A handicap 
 is an allowance iri time or distance in favor of one or more of the 
 contestants. Very often it is desirable to have handicap events. 
 A meet among the students of the same school or town where 
 there is great difference as to ability may be made extremely at- 
 tractive and interesting by having handicap events. For instance, 
 suppose in a 100-yard dash there are five boys, and at the time 
 the winner crosses the line No. 2 is two yards behind him, Nos. 
 3 and 4 are each 1 yard behind No. 2, and No. 5 is six yards be- 
 hind Nos. 3 and 4. Then handicap them as follows: Set No. 5 
 on the line. Set Nos. 3 and 4 six yards back, No. 2 seven yards 
 back, and No. 1 nine yards back. That gives all an equal chance 
 to finish first. 
 
LAYING OFF AN ATHLETIC FIELD 
 
 (a) The Track. If you have the room, a quarter-mile track 
 is the most desirable length. But a great many fields are too 
 small for a quarter-mile track. Probably the one most commonly 
 practicable is the track with six laps to the mile. To Lay off such 
 a track, proceed as follows: 
 
 On a line 322 feet 2 inches long, mark off A and B, 98 feet 
 6 inches from each end. With these points as centers describe 
 semicircles facing each other, with radius of 98 feet 6 inches. 
 Draw tangents to these semicircles parallel with the original line. 
 These tangents, with the semicircumferences, form the track, but 
 it is measured on a line 1 foot 6 inches outward from the cir- 
 cumferences and tangents. A straightaway 100-yard track can 
 be laid off. diagonally across the field, and there will be room for 
 jumping pits, pole vault, 7 foot circle for shot put, hammer, etc., 
 inside the track. A baseball field can be laid off by starting at 
 one end of the longest line across the field, for the home base. 
 Also, a football field can be laid off lengthwise the field. The 
 best track is a mixture of good loam with cinders and a little clay. 
 An all-cinder path is not good, as it gets too hard. The ideal 
 path is one that does not get hard and dusty when dry, nor too 
 soft when wet. 
 
 (b) Jumping Pit. The take-off board should be a joist 8 
 inches wide flush with the ground, and the earth should be dug out 
 3 inches deep for 2 square feet in front of the take-off. The earth 
 should also be loosened in front of the take-off to a distance of 
 24 feet. The run-way for the running jumps should not be too 
 hard, but the earth should be firm enough to give speed. The 
 run-way should be level. 
 
 (c) Seven-foot Circle. This should be not far from one cor- 
 ner of the field, and the ground in the direction of the throws 
 should be level, and should be away from the jumping, pole vault- 
 ing, etc., so as not to" endanger contestants or officials in those 
 events. 
 
 (d) Baseball Field. If the same ground is used for a base- 
 ball field that is used for track, let the line of home and second 
 base be on the line running through center of field parallel with 
 the tangents as described above. Place the home base 34 feet 10 
 and f inches inside the field on this line. At the point where 
 track begins to curve, draw a perpendicular to the straight part 
 of track, and 34 feet 10 and f inches inside track on this line, 
 place first base. On the same line, 34 feet 10 and f inches from 
 opposite side, place third base. From first and third bases draw 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 
 
 51 
 
52 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 perpendiculars to the lines going from those bases to home base. 
 These will meet at second base. 
 
 (e) Football Field. The same ground may be used for foot- 
 ball that is used for other events. It may be laid off somewhat 
 diagonally across the track, so as to get the longest distance. 
 After drawing the longest diagonal of the track, measure off on 
 it 360 feet. Draw a parallel to this line on each side 80 feet 
 from it. The resulting rectangle is the field of play. Thirty feet 
 inside each end line, draw a parallel with it. These are the goal 
 lines. The goal posts are on the goal lines, 18 feet 6 inches apart. 
 
 (f) Basketball, Volley Ball, Etc. These may be laid off in 
 the opposite corner of the field from the jumping pit, etc., as 
 stated above. The dimensions of a basketball court may vary a 
 little, but are usually 50 by 70 feet. A court should not exceed 
 4000 square feet. Volley ball courts vary in size to suit the num- 
 ber of players, but the standard court is 25 by 50 feet. The de- 
 tails about dimensions, etc., may be found in the 10-cent volumes 
 on the various games, published by the American Sports Publish- 
 ing Company, New York. 
 
 EQUIPMENT FOR ATHLETIC MEETS 
 
 (1) General. To conduct an athletic meet properly, you 
 should have, besides a well laid off ground, the following: Sev- 
 eral steel measuring tapes, plenty of lime for marking, stakes, 
 hammer, saw, etc., one or more balls of twine, stop-watches, 
 starter's pistol, entry blanks, score cards, programs, flags, relay 
 sticks, competitors' numbers, and megaphone. 
 
 (2) Running. All straightaway races should be run in lanes, 
 one for each runner, the lanes' being marked off with lime or 
 whitewash or with stakes. For the hurdle races, use ten hurdles 
 for each runner, each being 30 inches high. The hurdles can be 
 very easily made by the students, out of light strips of pine, using 
 two short strips at the bottom of the frame for it to rest on. 
 
 (3) Jumping. For the broad jump, have a board 8 inches 
 wide and 3 feet long sunk flush with the earth for the take-off 
 board. Fasten the board in the ground with bolts at least 2 feet 
 long. In the high jump, make two uprights as follows: Two 
 spruce or pine poles 2 inches by 2 inches by 8 feet long. Use for 
 base of each upright two strips 22 inches by 4 inches by 2 inches. 
 Use ordinary shelf brackets to brace the uprights on the bases. 
 Bore holes through the uprights 1 inch apart, beginning 18 inches 
 above the ground. About 4 feet from ground the holes should be 
 every quarter inch. Eun a fish cord through the holes, and attach 
 two shot bags for weights. Be sure that cord does not sag in 
 the middle. It is always best at important meets to use a stick 
 for cross-bar instead of a cord, and the stick should always be re- 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 53 
 
 placed with the same side up. If stick is used, let it rest on 
 small pegs, which should point in the direction of the jump, and 
 reach not over 3 inches from the uprights. 
 
 (4) Pole Vault. Uprights for vaulting may be made similar 
 to those 'for jumping. In fact, the same ones may be used, pro- 
 vided they are high enough. The pole should be 12 or 14 feet 
 long, and the best material is spruce. Each contestant ought to 
 have his own pole. 
 
 (5) Weight Events. A 7-foot circle may be made from old 
 wagon tires. The toe board is easily made, and consists of a 
 piece of wood four feet long and curving with the circle, and 4 
 inches high. As in the case of take-off board, it should be firmly 
 fastened to the ground with long rods driven down at least 2 feet. 
 
 A shot, hammer, discus, etc., should be furnished by the man- 
 agement of the meet. But a contestant may use his own ma- 
 terials if they are correct in weight, size, etc. 
 
CONDUCT OF AN ATHLETIC MEET 
 
 Any athletic- meet, whether large or small, should be conducted 
 in an orderly manner. Otherwise, little will be accomplished, and 
 pupils will fail to get the lesson of discipline which is by no means 
 the least lesson to be learned from athletic training. 
 
 (.1) Organization. The following committees for anything 
 like a large meet will be found helpful: 
 
 (a) Games Committee. The central committee, to look after 
 the meet generally, secure officials, and hear reports from the 
 other committees. 
 
 (b) Publicity Committee. To give announcements to the 
 press, get out circulars, and keep the meet before the public in 
 various ways. This committee may also act as an Invitation Com- 
 mittee: 
 
 (c) Finance Committee. To sell tickets, keep the gate, take 
 charge of money, and settle bills. 
 
 (d) Ground Committee. To see that the ground is properly 
 laid off, and that .the necessary equipment is provided. 
 
 (2) Officials. The necessar}^ officials, together with their 
 duties, are given in University Bulletin- 274 containing the Con- 
 stitution and Rules of the Interscholastic League. As any one 
 desiring this bulletin may have it on request, the matter of officials 
 will not be repeated here. 
 
 (3) .Entries, Programs, Etc. The various committees must 
 see that entry blanks are filled out, programs published, and con- 
 testants properly numbered. 
 
 A COUNTY MEET 
 
 (1) Let the county director call a meeting of the executive 
 committee early in the school year, so that place and time of 
 meet may be set, and steps taken to enlist a large number of 
 schools in the meet. 
 
 (2) Send to the schools of the county an announcement of 
 the meet, with list of events, prizes, etc., and canvass the schools 
 for entries. 
 
 (3) Require every school to send to the Director two weeks 
 before the meet a list of contestants, with their eligibility certi- 
 fied to by the principal. 
 
 (4) Require every school to send to the Director one week be- 
 fore the meet an entry blank showing the name of each contestant 
 and the events for which he enters. A suitable entry blank is 
 given below: 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 55 
 
 ENTRY LIST 
 
 Of School 
 
 for the 
 
 County Annual Athletic Meet 
 
 of the 
 
 UNIVERSITY INTEBSCHOLASTIC LEAGUE 
 to be held at Hogan, Texas, March 6, 1914 
 
 JUNIOR DIVISION 
 
 To , County Director. 
 
 DEAR SIR: The following pupils, whose names appear on the 
 -eligibility list sent to you from this school, desire to enter for 
 the events indicated: 
 
 50-yard dash. Running broad jump. 
 
 1. 1. 
 
 2 2 
 
 3 3 
 
 4 4 
 
 W (5) 
 
 Pole vault. Chinning bar. 
 
 1 ' 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 ,3 '. 3 
 
 4. 4. 
 
 (3) (6) 
 
 100-yard dash. 520-yard run. 
 
 1 1 
 
 2 2 
 
 3 13 
 
 4. 4. 
 
56 
 
 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 (7) 
 
 (10) 
 
 Eunning high jump. 
 
 Baseball throw. 
 
 1 
 
 1 . . 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 (8) 
 
 (11) 
 
 Standing hop, step and jump. 
 
 Tug-of-war. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 (9) 
 
 
 440-yard run. 
 
 Half-mile relay race. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 . - 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 , Principal. 
 
 (5) As the time approaches for the meet, the various com- 
 mittees must set io work to see that the meet is well advertised, 
 officials secured, grounds prepared, etc. If it is necessary to run 
 off preliminaries, these may be set in the morning, or possibly in 
 the afternoon two hours before the finals. If the meet is large, 
 and there are many contestants in public speaking, it would be 
 desirable to give two days to the meet, devoting the first day to 
 preliminaries. The program, which must not be changed after 
 it is published, should give the names of contestants in each 
 event, with their number and school. 
 
 Below is a model program : 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 
 
 57 
 
 PROGRAM 
 
 Boys' Junior Division 
 
 (FINALS) 
 
 When 
 called. 
 
 Events. 
 
 School. 
 
 No. 
 
 Names. 
 
 P. M. 
 
 2:30 
 
 50-yard dash 
 
 
 
 
 
 2:35 
 
 Pole vault 
 
 
 
 
 2:45 
 
 100-yard dash 
 
 
 
 
 2:55 
 
 Running 
 broad jump 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chinning 
 
 
 
 
 3:30 
 
 220-yard run 
 
 
 
 
 3:40 
 
 Running 
 high jump 
 
 
 
 
 4:00 
 
 Standing hop, 
 stepandjump 
 
 
 
 
 4:10 
 
 440-yard run 
 
 
 
 
 4:20 
 
 Baseball 
 throw 
 
 
 
 
 4:35 
 
 Tug-of-war 
 
 
 
 
 5:00 
 
 Half-mile 
 relay 
 
 
 
 
 Co. Annual Athletic meet, 
 
 Texas, March 6, 1914. 
 
MODEL CONSTITUTION FOR A SCHOOL ATHLETIC 
 ASSOCIATION 
 
 ARTICLE I. NAME 
 SECTION 1. The name of this organization shall be the 
 
 ARTICLE II. OBJECT 
 
 SECTION 1. The object of this organization shall be to promote 
 and control athletic exercises among the students of this school. 
 
 ARTICLE III. MEMBERSHIP 
 
 SECTION 1. Any student, teacher, or trustee of this school may 
 become a member of this organization by the payment of an 
 annual membership' fee of 
 
 SEC. 2. Any former student, teacher, or trustee of this school, 
 or other citizen of this community may become an honorary mem- 
 ber of this school by a two-thirds vote at a regular meeting. 
 
 SEC. 3. Any member may be expelled from [his organization 
 by a two- thirds vote. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. EIGHTS AN^D PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERS 
 
 SECTION 1. Every member of this organization may use the 
 grounds, apparatus, etc., in the possession or control of the club, 
 under the rules governing the same that may be made. 
 
 SEC. 2. Every member in good standing may vote or hold 
 office. 
 
 SEC. 3. No member not in good standing shall vote or hold 
 office. 
 
 ARTICLE V. MEETINGS 
 
 SECTION 1. The regular meetings of this club shall be 
 
 SEC. 2. At the request of members, the President shall 
 
 call a meeting. 
 
 SEC. 3. A quorum shall consist of members in good 
 
 standing. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. OFFICERS 
 
 SECTION 1. The officers shall be a President, Vice-President, 
 Secretary, Treasurer, Sergeant-at-Arms, and Games Committee. 
 
 SEC. 2. The Games Committee shall consist of the President 
 and four (4) other members. 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 59 
 
 ARTICLE VII. ELECTIONS 
 
 SECTION 1. Officers shall be elected every three months dur- 
 ing the session of school. 
 
 SEC. 2. Should any officer he absent without a reasonable ex- 
 cuse from two consecutive regular meetings, his office shall be 
 declared vacant. 
 
 SEC. 3. An officer shall hold office till his successor has been 
 elected. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. DUTIES OF OFFICERS 
 
 SECTION 1. The President (here insert the customary duties 
 of such officer). 
 
 SEC. 2. The Vice-President (here insert the customary duties 
 of such officer) . " 
 
 S'EC. 3. The Secretary (-here insert the customary duties of 
 such officer). 
 
 SEC. 4. The Treasurer (here insert the customary duties of 
 such officer). 
 
 SEC. 5. The Games Committee shall act as advisory council 
 to the President and managers of various athletic sports. It shall 
 act as the assistant to the President in the execution of his duties, 
 and shall have power to control and conduct such athletic 
 contests as this organization may see fit to authorize. This com- 
 mittee may approve or reject the schedule proposed by the man- 
 ager of any sport. 
 
 SEC. 6. The manager of each sport or team shall be the imme- 
 diate executive officer of such sport or team, and shall perform 
 the customary duties of such officer. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII 
 
 This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of those 
 present and voting, provided the amendment was read at a pre- 
 ceding regular meeting. 
 
 BY-LAWS 
 ARTICLE I. DUES 
 
 SECTION 1. The regular dues shall be 
 
 SEC. 2. Any member in arrears to the amount of 
 
 shall be notified and unless giving satisfactory reasons for same 
 shall be dropt from active membership. 
 
 ARTICLE II. CONTESTS AUTHORIZED 
 
 SECTION 1. This organization authorizes the following inter- 
 school games and contests: Football, baseball,, basketball (girls' 
 and boys'), tennis, volley ball, track meets. 
 
60 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 ARTICLE III. ELIGIBILITY TO CONTESTS 
 
 1. No one shall take part in any game or contest who 
 is not an undergraduate student at this school, under 21 years of 
 age, and who is passing in three full courses. 
 
 SEC. 2. No one shall take part in any game or contest who has 
 not attended this school at least one-half of the time since the 
 beginning of the term or one-half of the past two months. 
 
 SEC. 3. No one shall take part in any game or contest who 
 has ever competed for money, or for a prize of more than $35.00 
 in value, or who has ever taught or assisted in teaching athletic 
 exercises for money. 
 
PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT 
 
 A bulletin dealing exclusively with playgrounds and playground ' 
 games will be published by the University Extension Department 
 in the near future, hence only a few general points will be given 
 here. 
 
 Playground equipment and playground apparatus are not the 
 same. Equipment includes the idea of efficiency,, while apparatus 
 includes merely the mechanical appliances. 
 
 The first essential in playground equipment, granted that we have 
 already a play leader, is the proper division of the ground. There 
 should be at least three separate divisions: (1) for the children, 
 both boys and girls, (2) for the larger girls, and (3) for the 
 larger boys. Where possible, another division should be made for 
 the intermediate boys, those between the age of childhood and the 
 age of youth. Boys of this period are likely not to care for the 
 strenuous contests of the older boys, neither for the simpler plays 
 of the little fellows. For this class it is well to have a separate 
 place, containing jumping pit, see-saws, swinging rings, and hori- 
 zontal bar and horizontal ladder. 
 
 The children's side should have at least" two sand boxes, built 
 around a tree or near to the house so shade can be had. The box 
 should have neither top nor bottom. Make a ^rame out of four 
 planks 1 foot by 8 feet by 1 inch, place frame on the ground, and 
 fill with good .clean sand. The sand should not be dirt; it should 
 be the kind used by builders. Children should not be allowed to 
 eat lunches in the box, and it must be kept free from scraps, 
 paper, etc. It is best to leave the box open at all times if it can 
 be kept clean; otherwise, have a lid to close it when school is not 
 in session. Small wooden spades or shovels can be easily made 
 by the older pupils for use in the sand box. 
 
 Another important piece of apparatus for the children's side 
 it? the see-saw. These should not be higher than four feet. Sev- 
 eral can be supported by one large pole resting on large posts with 
 iron clamps holding the pole to posts. Each see-saw can be fixed 
 underneath the pole by means of an iron clamp around the see- 
 saw and another around the pole, with the two clamps united by . 
 an iron link. 
 
 Swings and traveling rings are other important pieces of ap- 
 paratus for the older children. A number of rings and swings, 
 and also two or three teeter ladders and one horizontal bar can 
 all be arranged on one large wooden frame. The posts should be 
 placed deep in the ground, and it is always best to place them 
 
62 Bulletin of the University of Texas 
 
 in concrete. It pays in the long run, probably, to have steel ap- 
 paratus, but well-built wooden apparatus will last a long time. 
 
 A merry-go-round, slide, or giant's stride, will add immensely 
 to the popularity of the children's side of a playground. 
 
 Tlie Slide. This is deservedly one piece of apparatus that will 
 be in continuous use. An objection sometimes made to the slide 
 is that it is dangerous. This need not be, if two precautions are 
 taken: (1) See that the incline is made of good, smooth timber, 
 preferably maple; (2) have a railing to keep children from falling 
 off. Another objection to the slide is that it soils clothes. This 
 objection, too, may be removed by having a good maple incline, 
 and by having mats to sit on after a rain. 
 
 For the larger girls, there- should be swings, traveling rings, 
 tennis, basket ball, and volley ball courts. 
 
 Construction of Apparatus. The high cost of most pieces of 
 playground apparatus places it beyond the reach of many schools, 
 especially rural schools. But we should bear in mind that a suc- 
 cessfully supervised playground does not need an abundance of 
 apparatus, necessarily. The two primary requisites are a play 
 leader, and room. A back lot where there is room "for a baseball 
 diamond will be more attractive to boys than a smaller ground full 
 of different pieces of apparatus but where there is no room to play. 
 
 For those pieces of apparatus really needed in most school play- 
 grounds, two important points must be considered: (1) The 
 cost; (2) durability. Home-made apparatus has the advantage of 
 cheapness, but often lacks the other essential^ durability. The 
 problem of supplying really serviceable and durable apparatus at 
 the lowest possible cost has been worked out with great success by 
 Prof. C. C. Foster of Fort Worth, Texas, and also by Prof. C. A. 
 Jameson of Houston. By the courtesy of these gentlemen the 
 results of their efforts will be published in the forthcoming bulletin 
 on Playgrounds. 
 
REFERENCES 
 
 (1) Athletics 
 
 The following numbers in the Spalding Athletic Library, pub- 
 lished by the American Sports Publishing Company, New York, 
 will be found very helpful. They may be had for 10 cents each 
 except where a, different price is given : 
 
 No. 12A. Official Athletic Rules. 
 
 No. 87. An Athletic' Primer. 
 
 No. 252. How to Sprint. 
 
 No. 255. How to Run 100 Yards. 
 
 No. 174. Distance and Cross-Country Running. 
 
 No. 259. How to Become a Weight Thrower. 
 
 No. 246. Athletic Training for School Boys. 
 
 No. 231. Schoolyard Athletics. 
 
 No. 314. Girls' Athletics. 
 
 No. 156. Athlete's Guide. 
 
 No.. 302. Y. M. C. A. Athletic Handbook. 
 
 No. 2R. Strokes and Science of Lawn Tennis (25 cents). 
 
 No. 1. Official Baseball Guide. 
 
 No. 2. Official Football Guide. 
 
 No. 324. How to Play Football. 
 
 No. 2A. Official Soccer Football Guide. 
 
 No. 4. Official Lawn Tennis Annual. 
 
 No. 7. Official Basketball Guide. 
 
 No. 7A. Official Basketball Guide for Women. 
 
 Other good books on athletics are: 
 
 Stecher: Guide to Track and Field Work. McVey Publish- 
 ing Co., Philadelphia (1229 Archer Street), 50 cents. 
 
 Clark: Practical Track and Field Athletics. Duffield & Co., 
 $1.00. 
 
 Lee: Track Athletics in Detail. Harper Bros., New York, 
 $1,25. 
 
 Crowther: Rowing and Track Athletics. Macmillan Co., New 
 York, $2.00. 
 
 Barbour : Book of School and College Sports. D. Appleton & 
 Co., New York, $1.50. 
 
 Dudley & Kellor: Athletic Games for Women. Henry Holt 
 & Co., New York, $1.25. 
 
 Handbooks of the Public School Athletic Leagues of New York, 
 Baltimore, Newark, Buffalo, and other cities. American Sports 
 Publishing Co., New York, 10. cents each. 
 
64 Bulletin of the" University of Texas 
 
 Hofer: Folk Games and Dances. The Dale Association, Bos- 
 ton, 75 cents. 
 
 Arnold: Gymnastic Games Classified, ibid., $1.00. 
 Duryea : Dance Songs of the Nations, ibid., $2.00. 
 
 (2) Miscellaneous Games 
 
 Bancroft: Games for the School, Home, and Gymnasium. 
 Macmillan Co., New York, $1.50. (A most excellent book.) 
 
 Johnson : Education by Plays and Games. Ginn & Co., New 
 York, 50 cents. 
 
 Johnson : What to Do at Recess. Ginn & Co., New York, 25 
 cents. 
 
 Bulletin on Play and Athletics. Published by State Depart- 
 ment of Education of Virginia. Richmond. 
 
 Steelier : ' Handbooks of Lessons in Physical Training and 
 Games, three parts. McVey Publishing Co., 1229 Archer Street, 
 Philadelphia, 35, 35, and 50 cents each. 
 
 Kingsland : ' Book of Indoor and Outdoor Games. Doubleday, 
 Page & Co., New York, $1.50. 
 
 Burchenal : Folk Dances and Singing Games. G. Schirmer, 
 Publisher, New York, $1.50. 
 
 ( 3 ) Playgrounds 
 
 The Pla}-ground, a. monthly magazine. Published by the Play- 
 ground Association of America, No. 1 Madison Avenue, New York. 
 $1.00 a year. 
 
 Mero: American Playgrounds. The Dale Association, Boston, 
 $1.50. (Invaluable.) 
 
 Pamphlets published by the Playground Association of America,- 
 1 Madison Avenue, New York, 5 and 10 cents each. 
 
 The following manufacturers of playground apparatus will be 
 glad to submit plans and prices for apparatus. 
 
 A. G. Spalding, Chicopee, Mass. 
 
 (4) Physical Education 
 
 Sargent: Physical Education. Ginn & Co., $1.50. 
 
 American Physical Education Review, a monthly magazine. 
 Published by the Physical Education Association of America, 
 Springfield, Mass., $3.00 a year. 
 
 Gulick: Physical Education by Muscular Exercise. P. Blakis- 
 ton & Sons, 1012 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, 75 cents. 
 
 No. 290. Spalding Athletic Library, Get Well, Keep Well, 10 
 cents. 
 
 No. 149. Spalding Athletic Library, Care of the body, 10 cents. 
 
Physical Training and Athletics 65 
 
 No. 7R. Spalding Athletic Library, Physical Training 
 Simplified. 
 
 No. 208. Spalding Athletic Library, Physical Education and 
 Hygiene. 
 
 Tvler: Growth and Education. The Dale Association, Boston, 
 $1.50. 
 
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